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BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY
OF THE
COUNTY OF LITCHFIELD,
CONNECTICUT:
COMPRISING
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
OF
DISTINGUISHED NATIVES AND RESIDENTS Of THE COUNTY;
TOGETHER WITH
COMPLETE LISTS OF THE JUDGES OF THE COUNTY COURT,
JUSTICES OF THE QUORUM, COUNTY COMMISSIONERS,
JUDGES OF PROBATE, SHERIFFS, SENATORS, &c.
FROM THE
ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY TO THE PRESENT TIME.
BY PAYNE KENYON KILBOURNE.
NEW YORK:
CLARK, AUSTIN & CO., 205 BROADWAY.
MDCCCLI.
EMIGRANT SONS AND DAUGHTERS
THIS VOLUME
IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED
BY
THE AUTHOR.
CONTENTS
PAGK.
Preface, 7
Ethan Allen, . 9
Oliver Wolcott, ll. d 24
John Trumbull, ll. d. 39
Seth Warner, .......... 53
Nathaniel Chipman, ll. d 70
Samuel J. Mills, Sen'r 75
Daniel Chipman, ll. d. ........ 81
Stanley Griswold, 84
Martin Chittenden, 89
Samuel J. Mills, Jr., 92
Ephraim Kirby, 103
John Cotton Smith, ll. d . . 107
Ira Allen, 117
Jonathan Brace, 121
Bezaleel Beebe, 126
Frederick Wolcott, 132
Augustus Pettibone, 135
Nathaniel Smith, 137
Horace Hoi ley, ll. d 140
Abraham and Plnneas Bradley, 154
Richard Skinner, ll. d 161
Joseph Vail I, 164
David Bostwick, . 175
Ebenezer Foote, 181
Daniel S. Dickinson, 187
V)
Jedediah Strong,
Edmund Kir by,
Ambrose Spencer,
William Ray, .
Timothy Merritt,
Henry W. Wessells,
Araasa J. Parker, ll. d.
Elijah Board man,
Elisba Whittlesey,
Junius Smith, ll. d.
Peter B. Porter, .
Nathaniel W. Taylor, n. d.
Joseph I. Foote, d. d.
William Thompson Bacon,
Frederick Whiltlesey,
Samue! S. Phelps,
John Pierpont,
Jeremiah Day, n. d., ll. d.
Ebenezer Porter, d. i>.
Horatio Seymour, ll. d.
Thomas Day, ll. d.
Nathan Smith,
Frederick A. Tallmadge,
Arphaxad Loomis,
William W. Boardman,
John Milton lloiley,
Mrs. Laura M. Thurston,
Francis Bacon,
Charles G. Finney,
George B. Holt,
Ebenezer Porter Mason,
Brief Sketches, &c,
Appendix, County Officers, &<
PREFAC E.
" The history of nations," says Plutarch, " is little else than
the history of its warriors, sages, poets and philosophers." In a
similar sense, this volume may be properly entitled a history of
Litchfield County. The author has endeavored to collect and pre-
serve in a durable form, the prominent incidents in the history of
some of the more conspicuous personsages, who have spent their
lives among us, or who have gone out from our borders and distin-
guished themselves in other fields of usefulness and fame. The
body of the work is devoted exclusively to sketches of natives of'
the County, who are either numbered among the dead or who are
residents abroad. The rule thus adopted, must of course exclude
not a few men, now high in office and honor at home. These, and
many other natives and former residents of the County, are briefly
noticed at the close of the volume.
Litchfield County is the youngest in the State in point of organi-
zation— having been incorporated at the October Session, 1751.
Much of the land, moreover, having been very rough and unin-
viting, some of our towns were the very last in the State to be set-
tled. Persons are now living who can remember when wolves
and other wild animals inhabited the " Green Woods" and other
regions in the northern part of the County. When, therefore, we
VI 11
take into consideration the newness of the country around us, and
the privations and hardships incident to pioneering in the midst of
mountains, and rocks, and swamps, and interminable forests, such
as our fathers here encountered, we have no fear in comparing the
number and position of our great men, with those of any other
region of no greater limits and population.
Most of the materials for this volume have been collected from
original sources ; at the same time the author has availed himself
of such other facts and sketches as have fallen in his way, without,
in all cases, giving credit. He has aimed to make his work as
correct as possible, though even in that particular, it is by no means
improbable, that errors of date or otherwise, may now and then
be discovered. He hopes it will prove an interesting and valued
memorial to those for whom it is especially intended.
Litchfield, August 4. 1851.
BIOGRAPHY.
ETHAN ALLEN.
Among the most conspicuous in laying the foundation upon
which the'independent State of Vermont has been reared, and
indeed the leader and champion of that lesolute band of hus-
bandmen, who first planted themselves in the wilderness of
the Green Mountains, was Ethan Allen. He was born in
Litchfield,* January 10, 17S7. His parents soon after-
wards removed to Cornwall where other children weie born,
making- in all six sons and two daughters— Ethan, Heman,
Heber, Levi, Zimiri, Ira, Lydia, and Lucy. The family sub-
sequently became residents of Salisbury, where, in 1762,
Ethan was one of the proprietors of the Iron Furnace. All
the brothers grew up to manhood, and at least four of them
emigrated early to the territory west of the Green Mountains*
where they all were active and conspicuous characters in their
border feuds and in the Revolutionary struggle — and the name
*Biographers have differed in regard to the place of his birth. Hinman says
he was a native of Roxbury ; Allen's Biographical Dictionary calls him a native
of Cornwall; Salisbury has also been named as his birth place. Sparks and
Barber have correctly designated Litchfield as the place of his birth— his birth
being recorded upon the records of that town His father was Joseph Allen of
Coventry ; his mother was Mary Baker of Woodbury.
to
of Ethan Allen gained a renown, which spread widely while
he lived, and has been perpetuated in history.
The territory on which the Aliens and their associates selr
tied, was then called the " New Hampshire Grants," and was
claimed hy the Government of New York — a claim, however,
which the settlers openly and vigorously resisted. In 1 76 i,
tht Crown having declared I he Connecticut River to he the
boundary line between New York and New Hampshire, the
New York Governor decided that jurisdiction meant the some
thing as right of property, and forthwith proceeded to vacate
all the titles by which the settlers held their lands, and even
issued writs of ejectment. This roused to its full extent the
spirit of the Green Mountain Boys. Ethan Allen was ap-
pointed an agent to manage the affairs of the defendant before
the Court at Albany ; and, having secured the aid of Mr, In-
gersoll, an eminent counsellor in Connecticut, it is scarcely
necessary to add, that the cause of the settlers was defended
with great boldness and ability. The verdict was of course
given to the plaintiffs — it being the theoretical and practical
doctrine of the New York government that nil of Governor
Wentworth's grants wrere illegal.
It is recorded, that after Allen retired from (he Couit at Al -
bany, two or three gentlemen interested in the New York grants
called upon him, one of whom was the King's attorney general
for the colony, and advised him to go home and persuade his
friends of the Green Mountains to make the best terms they
could with the new landlords, intimating that their cause was
now desperate, and reminding him of the old proverb, that
" might often prevails against right." Neither admiring the
delicacy of the sentiment, nor intimidated by the threat it held
out, Allen replied, " The gods of the valleys are not the gods
of the bills." This laconic figure of speech he left to be inter-
preted by his visitors, adding only, when an explanation was
li
asked by (lie King's attorney,* that if liis troops ever come to
Bennington his meaning should be made clear.
The purpose of his mission being thus brought to a close,
Allen returned and reported the particulars to his constituents.
The news spread from habitation to habitation, and created a
sudden and loud murmer of discontent among the people.
Seeing, as they thought, the door of justice shut against them,
and having tried in vain all the peaceful means of securing
their rights, they resolved to appeal to the last arbiter of dis-
putes. The inhabitants of Bennington immediately assembled,
and came to a formal determination to defend their property by
by force, and to unite in resisting all encroachments upon the
lands occupied by persons holding titles under the warrants
granted by the governor of New Hampshire. This was a bold
step ; but it was promptly taken, and with seeming determin-
ation to adhere to it at any hazard, and without regard to con-
sequences. Nor was this decision changed or weakened by a
proposition on the part of the New York patentees, made about
this time, which allowed to each occupant a fee simple of his
farm, at the same price for which the unoccupied lands in his
neighborood were sold. The first purchasers still insisted, that
this was requiring them to pay twice for their lands, and that in
any view the proposal was not just, inasmuch as the value of
unoccupied lands depended mainly on the settlements which
had been made in their vicinity by the toil and at the expense
of the original occupants. In short, the time for talking about
charters, and boundaries, and courts of judicature, was past,
and the mountaineers were now fully bent on conducting the
controversy by a more summary process. Of the wisdom or
equity of this decision, it is not our province or purpose to de-
cide.
Actions of ejectment continued to be brought before the Al-
bany courts; but the settlers, dispairing of success after the
precedents of the first. cascs3 did not appear in defence, nor
12
give themselves any more trouble in the matter. Next came
sheriffs and civil magistrates to execute the writs of possession,
and by due course of law to remove the occupants from the
lands. At this crisis the affair assumed a tangible shape. The
mountaineers felt themselves at home on the soil which they
had subdued by their own labor, and in the territory over
which they had begun to exercise supreme dominion, by meet-
ing in conventions and committees and taking counsel of each
other on public concerns. <„To drive one of thenTfrom home,
or deprive him of his hard earned substance, was to threaten
the whole community with an issue fatal alike to their clearest
interests, andjothe rights which every man deems as sacred
as life itself. It was no wonder, therefore/ that they should
unite in a common cause, which it required their combined ef-
forts to maintain.
In all the feats of enterprize and danger, as well as in mat-
ters of State policy, Ethan Allen had 'from the first been the
chief adviser and actor. It was natural that, in arranging their
military establishment, the people should look up to him as the
person best qualified to be placed at its head. He was ap-
pointed colonel-commandant, with several captains under him,
of whom the most noted were Seth Warner and Remember
Baker, both natives of Roxbury, Conn. Committees of safety
were likewise chosen, and intrusted with powers for regulating
local affairs. Conventions of delegates, representing the peo-
ple, assembled from time to time, passed resolves and adopted
measures, which tended to harmonize their sentiments and con-
centrate their efforts.
Open war now existed, and hostilities hac] commenced.
Sheriffs, constables, magistrates and surveyors, were forcibly
seized and punished whenever they were so unlucky as to be
caught on the grants. Frequent acts of violence on the part
of the Green Mountain Boys, as they were called, drew down
upon them the special wrath of the government of New York.
la
Proclamation succeeded proclamation, in the first of which Go*
vernor Tryon branded (he settlers as 'rioters,' whom the sher,-,
iffs were commanded to seize and imprison ; in the second
they were pronounced 'felons,' and offered a reward of £20
for the arrest of Allen and Warner ; in the third, a reward of
£150 was offered for Allen, and £50 each for six others. —
Not to be outdone in exercising the prerogatives of sovreignty,
Colonel Allen 'and his friends issued a counter proclamation,
offering a reward of £5 for the delivery of the attorney general
of New York into their hands, But notwithstanding the fre-
quency of the Governor's proclamations, no one of Allen's
men was ever apprehended.
Affairs were proceeding in this train of aciive hostilities,
when Tryon, despairing of ever conquering ihe 'felons,' resol-
ved to try a milder policy. He wrote to the inhabitants of
Bennington, under date of May 19, 1772, expressing a. desire
to do them justice, and requesting them to send a deputation
for consultation and peaceable negotiation. To any deputies,
thus sent, he piomised protection, except Allen, Warner, and
three others named. The settlers, always ready for an honor-
able peace, acceded to the proposal, and dispatched Stephen
Fay and Jonas Fay on the mission. Tryon received the dep-
ties with much politeness, and laid their grievances before his
council. After due deliberation, the council reported that all
suits respecting the lands in controversy, and all prosecutions
growing out of said suits, should be suspended, until the King's
pleasure should be known. This report was approved by the
Governor, and with it the deputies returned home. The news
spread quickly to the cabins of the remotest settleis, and with
it went the spirit of gladness. The single cannon, constituting
the whole artillery of Allen's regiment, was drawn out and dis-
charged several 'times in honor of the occasion ; and Captain
WTarner's company of Green Mountain Boys, paraded in battle
array, fired three volleys with small arms ; and the surrounding
multitude answered each discharge with huzzas.
1 »
Hut unluckily this season of rejoicing was short. During
the absence of the deputies, it was ascertained that a noted
surveyor from New York was in one of the border town, run-
ning out lands. Allen rallied his men, pursued and captured
him, and, after breaking- his instruments, they passed the sen-
tence of banishment upon him, threatening him with death if
he ever returned. On this expedition Allen discovered an in-
truder from New York upon the grants, who had dispossessed
an original settler. Him he also banished, burnt his cabin, and
restored the saw mill and premises to their first owner.
The fame of these exploi.s soon reached New York, and
kindled anew the anger of Governor Tryon and his council.
The governor wrote a letter of sharp rebuke to the inhabitants
of the grants, complaining of the conduct as an insult to the
government and a violation of public faith. This letter was
taken into consideration by the committees*of the several towns,
assembled at Manchester, who voted to return an answer —
which was drafted by Ethan Allen, secretary of the conven-
tion.
The answer was written with great force and perspicuity,
but was not dictated by a spirit calculated to conciliate the feel
ings of Tryon and his council. The feelings of animosity be-
tween the two parties were daily becoming stronger and more
embittered, when it was suddenly arrested by events of vastly
greater moment, which drew away the attention of the political
leaders in New York from these border feuds. The Revolution
was on the eve of breaking out; and the ferment which already
had begun to agitate the public mind from one end of the con-
tenent to the other, was not less active in that city than in other
places. From this time, therefore, the Green Mouatain settlers
were permitted to remain in comparative tranquility.
Early in the year 1775, as soon as it was made manifest
that open hostilities must soon commence between the colonies
and !he 'mother country, it began to be secretly whispered
15
among (lie principal politicians of New England, that ihe cap
ture of Ticonderoga was an object demanding the first, attention.
Several gentlemen at that time attending (he Assembly at Hart-
ford, Connecticut, concerted a plan for surprising- that fortress
and seizing its cannon for the use of our army, then marching
from all quarters to the environs of Boston. A committer was
appointed, at ihe head of which were Edward Mott and Noah
Phelps, with instructions to proceed to the frontier towns, in-
quire into the state of the garrison, and, should they think propc",
to raise men and take possession of the same. To aid the pro-
ject, one thousand dollars were borrowed from the treasuiy, for
which security was given.
On their way, the committee collected sixteen men in Con-
necticut, and went forward to Pittsfield in Massachusetts,
where they laid open their plan to Colonel Eastern and John
Brown, who agreed to join them, and they proceded in compa-
ny to Bennington. On the route, Easton enlisted between 40
and 50 volunteers As no time was to be lost, a council of
war was immediately held, in which it was voted that Colonel
Ethan Allen should command the expedition, that James Eas-
ton should be the second in commandj and Seth Warner the
third. Allen having first rallied his Green Mountain Boys,
it was decided that he should march with the main body ol their
combined forces, (about 140 men,) directly to Shoreham,
opposite Ticonderoga — which point was reached on the 9th of
May. With the utmost difficulty boats were procured, and 83
men were landed near the garrison. The approach of daylight
rendering it dangerous to wrait for the rear, it was determined
immediately to proceed . The commander in chief now address-
ed his men, representing that they had long been a scourge to
arbitrary power, and famed for their valor : and concluded
by saying, "I now propose to advance before you, and in per-
son conduct you through the wicket gate; and you that will go
with me voluntarily in this desperate attempt, poise your fire-
!■;
locks!" In an instant every firelock was poised. Ai the head
of ihe centre file he marched instantly to the gate, where a
sentry snapped his gun at him and retreated through the cover-
ed way ; he pressed forward into the fort, and formed his men
on the parade in such a manner as to face two opposi.se barracks.
Three huzzahs awakened the garrison. A sentry, who asked
quarter, pointed out the apartments of the commanding oiftcer ;
and Allen, with a drawn sword over the head of Captain De
La Place, who was undressed, demanded the surrender of the
fort. " By what authority do you demand it V9 inquired the as-
tonished commander. "I demand it. (said Allen) in the name
of the great Jehovah and of the continental congress." The
summons could not with safety be disobeyed ; and the fort, with
its valuable stores and 49 prisoners, was immediately surrender-
ed. Crown Point was taken by Warner the same day, and the
capture of a sloop of war soon afterwards, made Allen and his
brave party complete masters of Lake Champlain.
In the fall of 1775, Allen went twice into Canada to observe
the disposition of the people, and attach them if possible to the
American cause. During this last tour, Col. Brown met him
and proposed an attack upon Montreal in concert. The propo-
sition was eagerly embraced, and Col. Allen, with 110 men,
crossed the river in the night of September 24. In the morning
he waited with impatience for the signal from Col. Brown, who
had agreed to co-operate with him — but he waited in vain.
He made a resolute defence against an attack of 500 men, and it
was not until his own party was reduced in number to 31. that
he surrendered. A moment afterwards, a furious savage rush-
ed towards him, and presented his firelock with the intention of
killing him. It was only by making use of the body of the offi-
cer to whom he had given his sword, as a shield, that he escaped
destruction.
From Colonel Allen's own Narrative we make the following inter-
esting extracts :
17
The regular officers said that they were very happy to see Col.
Allen. I answered them, that I should rather have seen them at
■■General Montgomery's camp. The gentlemen replied that they gave
full credit to what I said, and as I walked to the town, which was,
as I should guess, more than two miles, a British officer walked at my
right hand, and one of the French nobles at my left ; the latter of which,
in the action, had his eyebrow carried away by a glancing shot,but was
nevertheless very merry and facetious, and no abuse was ottered me
till I came to the barrack yard at Montreal, where I met Gen. Prescott,
who asked me my name, which 1 told him. He then asked me wheth-
er I was that Coi. Allen who took Ticonderoga. I told him I was
the very man. Then he shook his cane over my head, calling many
hard names, among which he frequently used the word Rebel, and
put himself into a great rage. I told him he would do well not to
cane me, for I was not accustomed to it, and shook my fist at him —
adding, that was the beetle of mortality for him, if he offered to strike ;
upon which Capt. M'Cloud, of the British, pulled him by the tkiri
and whispered to him (as he afterwards told me) to this import ; that
it was inconsistent with his honor to strike a prisoner. He then or-
dered a Serjeant's command with fixed bayonets to come forward and
kill thirteen Canadians, which were included in the treaty aforesaid.
It cut me to the heart to see the Canadians in so hard a case, in con-
sequence of their having been true to me ; they were wringing their
hands, saying their prayers, as I concluded, and' expected immediate
death. I therefore stepped between the executioners and the Cana-
dians, opened my clothes, and told Gem Prescott to thrust his bayo-
net into my breast, for I was the sole cause of the Canadians takiug
up their arms. The guard in the meantime, rolliug their eye balls
from the General to me, as though impatient, waiting his dread com-
mands to sheath their bayonets in my heart. I could, however, plain-
ly discern that he was in a suspense and quandary about the matter.
This gave me additional hopes of succeeding ; for my design was not
to die, but to save the Canadians by a finesse. The General stood a
minute, when with an oath he made the following reply : " / will
not execute you now ; but you shall grace a halter at Tyburn'* I re-
member I disdained his mentioning such a place. I was, notwith-
standing, a little inwardly pleased with the expression, as it significant-
ly conveyed to me the idea of postponing the present appearances
of death, besides his sentence was by no means final, as to ''gracing
a halter t" although I had anxiety about it after I landed in England,
as ihe reader will find in the course of this history. General Prescott
then ordered one of his officers to take me on board the Gaspee
schooner of war, and confine me, hands and feet, in irons, which was
donu the same afternoon I was taken.
I now come to the description of the irons which were put on me.
The handcuff was of a common size and form, but my leg irons. J
18
should imagine, would weigh thirty pounds; the bar was eight feet
long, and very substantial ; the shackles which encompassed my ancles,
were very tight. 1 was told by the officer who put them on, that it
was the king's plate, and I heard others of their officers say, that it
would weigh forty weight. The irons were so close upon my ancles, N
that I could not lie down in any other manner than on my back. I
was put into the lowest and most wretched part of the vessel, where
I got the favor of a chest to sit on ; the same answered for my bed
at night, and having procured some little blocks of the guard, who,
day and night, with fixed bayonets, watched over me, to lay under
each end of the large bar of ray leg irons, to preserve my ancles from
galling, I sat on the chest or lay back on the same, though most of
the time, night and day, I sat on it ; but at length having a desire to
lie down on my side, which the closeness of the irons forbid, I desired
the Captain to loosen them for that purpose, but was denied the favor.
The Captain's name was Royal, who did not seem to be an ill-natured
man ; but oftentimes said that his express orders were to treat me with
such severity, which was disagreeable to his own feelings ; nor did he
ever insult me, though many others who came on board, did. One of
the officers by the name of Bradley was very generous to me ; he
would often send me victuals from his own table ; nor did a day fail,
but what he sent me a good drink of grog.
I was confined in the manner I have related, on board the Gaspee
schooner, about six weeks ; during which time I was obliged to throw
out plenty of extravagant language which answered certain purposes,
at that time, better than to grace a history. To give an instance ; upon
being insulted, in a fit of anger I twisted off a nail with my teeth,
which I took to be a ten-penny nail ; it went through the mortise of
the bar of my handcuff, and at the same time I swaggered over those
who abused me ; particularly a Doctor Dace, who told me that I was
outlawed by New York, and deserved death for several years past ;
was at last fully ripened for the halter, and in a fair way to obtain it.
When I challenged him, he excused himself in consequence, as he said,
of my being a criminal. But I flung such a flood of language at him
that it shocked him and the spectators, for my anger was very great. I
heard one say, " d — n him, can he eat iron V After that, a small pad-
lock was fixed to the handcuff' instead of the nail ; and as they were
mean-spirited in their treatment to me, so it appeared to me that they
were equally timorous and cowardly.
I was sent with the prisoners taken to an armed vessel in the river,
•which lay off against Quebec, under the command of Capt. M'Cloud,
of the British, who treated me in a very generous and obliging manner,
and according to my rank ; in about twenty-four hours I bade him
farewell with regret ; but my good fortune still continued. The name
©f the Captain of the vessel I was put on board, was Littlejohn ; who
with his officers, behaved in a polite, generous, and friendly manner
19
I lived with them in the cabin and fared on the best ; my irons having
been taken off contrary to the oiders he had received from the com-
manding officer ; but Capt. Littlejohn swore that a brave man shculd
not be used as a rascal on board his ship.
When a detachment of Gen. Arnold's little army appeared on Point
Levy, opposite Quebec, who had performed an extraordinary march
through a wilderness country, with a design to have surprised the capi-
tal of Canada, I was taken on board a vessel called the Adamant,
together with the prisoners taken with me, and put under the power
of an English merchant from London, whose name was Brook Watson*
— a man of malicious and cruel disposition. A small place in the ves-
sel, enclosed with white oak plank, was now assigned for the prisoners,
and for me among the rest. I should imagine that it was not more
than twenty feet one way, and twenty two the other. Into this place
we were all, to the number of thirty-four, thrust and handcuffed, two
prisoners more being added to our number, and were provided with
two excrement tubs. In this room we were obliged to remain during
the voyage to England ; and were insulted by every blackgu ird sailor
and tory on board, in the cruellest manner ; but what is the most sur-
prising is, that none of us died on the passage.
When I was first ordered to go into the filthy enclosure, through a
small sort of door, I positively refused, and endeavored to reason the
before-named Brook Watson out of a conduct so derogatory to every
sentiment of honor and humanity, but all to no purpose ; my men be-
ing forced into the den already ; and the rascal who had charge of the
prisoners, commanded me to go immediately in among the rest.
When the prisoners were landed, multitudes of the citizens of Fal-
mouth, excited by curiosity, crowded together to see us. I saw num-
bers of people on the top of houses, and the rising adjacent ground was
covered with them of both sexes. The throng was so great that the
King's officers were obliged to draw their swords and force a passage to
Pendennis Castle, which was near a mile from the town, where we
were closely confined, in consequence of orders from Gen. Carlton,
who then commanded in Canada.
JVJy personal treatment by Lieut. Hamilton, who commanded the castle
was very generous ; he sent me every day a fine breakfast and dinner from
his own table, and a bottle of good wine. Another aged gentleman, whose
name I cannot recollect, sent me a good supper. But there was no distinc-
tion in public support between me and the privates — we all lodged on a
sort of Dutch bunk, in one common apartment, and were allowed straw.
The privates were well supplied with fresh provisions, and with me took
effectual measures to rid ourselves of lice.
Among the great number of people who came to see the prisoners, some
gentlemen told me that they had come fifty miles on purpose to see me, and
desired to ask me a number of questions, and to make free with me in con*
* Afterwards Lord Mayor of London,
20
rersatfon. I gave for answer that I chose freedom in every sense of the
word. Then one of them asked me what my occupation in life had been ;
I answered him, that in my younger days I had studied divinity, but was
a conjurer by profession. He replied that I conjured wrong at the time I
was tak^n ; and I was obliged to own it that time, but I had conjured
them out of Ticonderoga. This was a place of great notoriety in England,
so that the joke seemed to go in my favor,
The prisoners were landed at Falmouth a few days before Christmas,
and ordered on board the Solebay frigate, Capt. Symonds, the eighth day
of January 1776, when our hand irons were taken off The Solebay, wilh
sundry other men of war, and about forty transport, rendezvoused at the
cove of Cork, in Ireland, to take provisions and water.
The narrative is too long to be followed farther. By a cir-
cuitous route Allen was carried to Halifax, where he remained
confined in jail from June to October, and was then removed
to New York. In the latter city he was admitted to parole
with other officers, while his men were thrust into the loath-
some churches and prison-ships, with the prisoners taken at
Fort Washington. He was kept in New York about a year
and a half, much of the time imprisoned, though some times
permitted to be out on parole.
Col. Allen was exchanged for Col. Campbell, May 6, 1778,
and after having repaired to head quarters, and offered his ser-
vices to Gen. Washington in case his health should be restored,
he returned to Vermont. His arrival, on the evening of the
last of May, gave his friends great joy, and it was announced
by the discharge of cannon. As an expression of confidence
in his patriotism and military talents, Congress sent, him a com-
mission as Colonel in the continental army, and the legislature
appointed him Major-General and commander of the Vermont
Militia. It does not appear, however, that his intrepidity was
ever again brought to the test, though his patriotism was tried
by an unsuccessful effort to bribe him to attempt a union of
Vermont with Canada. He was elected by his fellow-citizens
a member of the State Legislature, and a special delegate to
the Continental Congress. He died suddenly at his estate in
Colchester, (Vt.,) February 13, 1789.
The writings of General Allen were like himself — bold,
pointed, often ingenious, but without polish, and sometime*
21
with little refinement or taste. In addition to several pamph-
lets growing out of the controversy between the Green M -m-
tain Boys and the government of New York, he published a Nar-
iative of his captivity, in a volume of nearly 200 pages, and a
work entitled, "Allen's Theology, or the Oracles of Reason,'*
the design of which was to ridicule the idea of revealed religion.
As may well be supposed, this last work added nothing to his
popularity even in his own neighborhood. Descended from the
puritans, the people of New England had too much reverence
for the religion of their ancestors to see it assailed with impuni-
ty even by one who had been a favorite. Preachers declaim-
ed against him, critics derided, and poets lampooned him.*
*The following piece of satire from the pen of the celebrated Di\ Lemuel
Hopkins, we find in Dr. E. H. Smith's Collection of American Poetry, printed
at Litchfield, by Collier & Buel, in 1794.
"ON GENERAL ETHAN ALLEN.
" Lo Allen, 'scaped from British jails,
His tushes broke by biting nails,
Appears in hyperborean skies,
To tell the world the Bible lies.
See him on green hills north afar,
Glow like a self-enkindled star,
Prepared (with mob -collecting club
Black from the forge of Beelzebub,
And grim with metaphysic scowl,
With quill just plucked from wing of owl,)
As rage or reason rise or sink,
To shed his blood, or shed his ink.
Behold, inspired from Vermont dens,
The Seer of Antichrist descends,
To feed new mobs with hell-born manna
In Gentile lands of Susquehanna;
And teach the Pennsylvania quaker
High blasphemies against his Maker !
Behold him move, ye staunch divines !
His tall head bustling through the pines b
All front he seems like wall of brass,
And brays tremendous as an ass ;
One hand is clenched to batter noses,
While t'other scrawls -gainst Paul and Mosei !"
22
An interesting fact is related of General Allen by the late
President Dwight, which would indicate that the veteran hero
had in reality very little genuine faith in his own system of di-
vinity. He had a favoiite and much beloved daughter, who
had early been instructed in the principles of Christianity by
her pious mother, and into whose mind he had also labored to
instil his own peculiar sentiments. She died young — and in
her last sickness she called her father to her bed-side, and thus
addressed him — "Father, I am about to die; shall I believe
ii: the doctrines which you have taught me, or in those which
my mother has taught me ?' Allen was overcome with emo-
tion— his lip quivered — his voice for a moment, i altered. " My
child, believe what your mother has taught you !" was his re-
ply.
" There is much," says Br. Sparks, " to admire in the
character of Ethan Allen. He was brave, generous, and
frank, true to his friends, true to his country, consistent and
unyielding in his purposes, seeking at all times to promote the
best interests of mankind-*-a lover of social harmony, and a de-
termined foe to the artifices of injustice and the encroach-
ments of power. Few have suffered more in the cause of
freedom, few have borne their sufferings with a firmer con-
stancy or a loftier spirit. His courage, even when apparently
approaching to rashness, was calm and deliberate. No man
probably ever possessed this attribute in a more remarkable
degree. He was eccentric and ambitious, but these weak-
nesses, if such they were, never betrayed him into acts dishon-
orable, unworthy, or selfish. So rigid was he in his patriotism,
that, when it was discovered that one of his brothers had
avowed tory principles, and been guilty of a correspondence
with the enemy, he entered a public complaint against him in
his own name, and petitioned the Court to confiscate his pro-
perty in obedience to the law. His enemies never had cause to
question his magnanimity, nor his friends to regret confidence
2%
misplaced or expectations disappointed. He was kind, benev-
olent, humane and placable. In short, whatever may have
been his peculiarities, or however these may have diminished
the weight of his influence and the value of his public services,
it must be allowed that he was a man of very considerable
importance in the sphere of his activity, and that to no individ-
ual among her patriot founders is the State of Vermont more
indebted for the basis of her free institutions, and t he achieve-
ment of her independence, than to Ethan Allen."
General Allen was twice married. His second wife, and
children by both marriages, survived him.
« ■ 1 V ! ~ * ' 1 w
NOTE. — The following persons were taken prisoners with General
Allen, and were carried with him to England, viz.- -Roger Moore, of
Salisbury ; Peter Noble, (made his escape to Cape Fear in Carolina ;)
Levi Barnum, of Norfolk; Barnabas Cane, Preston Denton, John
Gray, Samuel Lewis, William Gray, David Goss, and Adonijah Max-
um, of Sharon ; Zachariah Brinsmade, of Woodbury ; Wm. Drink-
water, of New Milford ; Jonathan Mahee, of Goshen ; Ebenezer Mack,
of Norfolk, &c. — See Hinman1 s History of the Revolution, p. 5*71.
Mr. Maxum (whose name is given above,) is still living in Sharon.
24
OLIVER WOLCOTT
The family of WoLcott were among the earliest of the
colonists of New England, Henry Wolcott the ancestor,
having emigrated from the mother country in 1630, to escape
the religious persecutions of the day.
His eldest son, of the same name, was one of the patentees
under the Charier of Charles II., and for many years a magis-
trate of the Colony. Simon, another son, was a farmer in
Windsor and left a numerous issue, of whom the youngest son
was Roger Wolcott, a man distinguished in the province
both for his civil and military services. From a weaver, with
no property and little education, he rose to the rank of Chief
Justice and Governor ; and was Major General and the second
officer in command at the capture of Louisbourg. He died in
1767, aged 89.
Oliver, youngest son of Roger Wolcott, established him-
self as a physician at Litchfield; and on the organization of
the county of that name, in 1751, he was chosen its first Sher-
iff. He was afterwards a Signer of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, Lieutenant-Governor, and Governor,
OLIVER WOLCOTT, ll. d., son of the preceding, was
born at Litchfield, on the 11th of January, 1760. The rudi-
ments of his education he received at the common town school,
of which one Master Beckwith was then teacher. He was a
mild man, more devoted to the fishing rod than the birch, and
under his tuition the pupil made at least as much proficiency in
angling and squirrel shooting as in Lilly's grammar. Maternal
anxiety for his health, which was delicate, gave him perhaps a
larger liberty in I his respect, and he improved it to the acquir-
ing of an iron constitution. At odd hours he was employed in
•tending the cattle and the other occupations of a farmer's son.
At a period much later than this, Litchfield was on the out-
skirts of New England civilization, ami presented a very dif-
ferent aspect from its now venerable quiet. The pickets which
guarded its first dwellings were not yet destroyed. The Indi-
an yet wandered through its broad streets, and hunters as
wild as our present borderers, chased the deer and the pan-
ther on the shores of the lake. The manners of its inhabitants
were as simple and primitive as those of their fathers, a centu-
ry back, in the older settlements on the Connecticut. Trav-
eling was entirely on horseback, except in the winter, and but
a casual intercourse was carried on with the distant towns.
Occasionally, and more frequently as they became more inter-
esting, tidings reached them from Boston, and even from the
old world. Here among the mountains the future Secretary
passed a tolerably happy boyhood, except when on Sundays
he was encased in a suit of tight scarlet breeches and forced to
wear shoes, a penance reserved for that day, and endured with
much dissatisfaction.
At the age of thirteen he had mastered the lore then requis-
ite for entering college. His father, although considering him
too young, was yet willing to let him exercise his own discre-
tion, or perhaps catch a glimpse of the world. The outfit of a
student was not cumbrous, and, mounted on a steady horse,
with a passport to the clergy on the road, Master Oliver for the
first time left his native village.
His first halt was at the venerable parson Trumbull's, the
father of the poet, John Trumbull. In an account of this ad-
venture some years ofter, he says, " I found parson Trumbull
in the field superintending laborers. He received me well,
ordered my horse to be taken care of, and invited me to a farm-
er's dinner; He looked kindly at me, and placing his hand on
26
my head, said, I was one of the old stock of Independents. I
did not understand his meaning,~but as it was said to be a lam-
ily characteristic, I recollected it ever after. I was dismissed
in season to get to parson Leavenworth's, at Waterbury, before
sunset. Here I found another agricultural clergyman, who
lived well in a good chouse, but in a poor parish, where the
lands did not enable his parishioners to afford a support equal
to that received by parson Trumbull. On asking my name,
placing his hands on my head, he enquired whether I intend-
ed, if I was able, to be like old Noll, a republican and a King-
Killer ? These words were new phrases to my ears, but I treas-
ured them in my memory."
After spending a week in viewing New Haven, some mys-
terious apprehensions of the coming trial, and the awe inspired
by the solemn wigs and robes worn by the professors, convin-
ced him, what his father's opinion had failed to do, that he was
too young to enter college. He therefore retraced his steps,
pondering on the wonders he had seen, and on his newly dis-
coved family characteristic, The year after, however, 1774,
he returned to New Haven and entered college. Thick com-
ing events soon explained the meaning of his clerical friends,
Of Wolcott's class/ there were several who afterwards be-
came eminent in different pursuits. Among them may be
mentioned Noah Webster, Joel Barlow, Uriah Tracy, and
Zephaniah Swift. One of them, Dr. Webster, speaks as fol-
lows of Wolcott's collegiate reputation — " I was an intimate
friend, classmate, and for some months room-mate of Governor
Wolcott. My acquaintance with him was of nearly sixty
years' duration. I found him always frank and faithful in his
friendship, and generous to the extent of his means. He was
in college a good scholar, though not brilliant. He possessed
lhe firmness and strong reasoning powers of the Wolcott fami-
ly, but with some eccentricities in reasoning."
During the long absence of General Wolcott, (Oliver's fath-
2T
er,) in the State and national councils and in the field, Mrs,
Wolcott managed hi3 farm and educated his youngest children
«~-thus enabling him to devote himself to the public service un-
fetter by private anxieties. Indeed, her devotion to the cause
was not exceeded by that of her husband, and the family un-
derwent privations and fatigues during some of the years of the
revolution, which, not uncommon then, would startle the mat-
rons of our more peaceful days.
In April, 1777, the studies of young Oliver were broken in
upon, by a call to more stirring scenes than the groves of Yale.
He was in Litchfield on a visit to his mother, when the news
arrived that a large body of the British under Tryon had landed
and marched to Danbury to destroy the continental stores.
Awakened at midnight by the summons to repair at the ren-
dezvous of the militia, he armed himself ; and his mother fur-
nished his knapsack with provisions and a blanket, hastened
his departure, and dismissed him with the charge " to conduct
like a good soldier." The party to which he was attached
reached the enemy at Wilton, where a skirmish took place, in
which, as well as in the subsequent attacks during the retreat
of the British, Wolcott participated.
The next year he took his degree at Yale College, and im-
mediately commenced the study of law at Litchfield under
Tapping Reeve. In 1779, after the destruction of Fairfield
and Nor walk, he attended his father as a volunteer aid, to the
coast. At the close of this service, he was offered a commis-
sion in the continental service, which he declined in conse-
quence of having already entered upon his professional studies.
He however shortly after accepted a commission in the Quar-
ter Master's department, which being stationary at Litchfield
would the less interfere with them.
During the severe winter of 1779-80, famine added its ter-
rors to excessive cold. The deep snows in the mountain region
•of thtt State, and the explosion of the paper system rendered
4
k almost impossible to procure the necessaries of life. Con-
necticut had been in the foremost rank of the supporters of the
war ; she had contributed freely from her narrow resources,
and' the blood of her sons had fattened every battle-field. Nev-
er the seat of much opulence, the few individuals who had
possessed comparative wealth were reduced to indigence, the
towns were burdened with the support of the families of the
soldiers in addition to the usual poor. And now when cold
and hunger threatened their utmost rigors, when a dark cloud
hung over the fate of the country, when misfortune attended
its arms, and bankruptcy its treasury,xthe courage of her citi-
zens failed not. The records of her towns, the votes of recruits
to the army and of bread to the suffering, showed that she had
counted the cost of the struggle, and was willing to meet it.
It may well be supposed that the resources of so zealous an
advocate for the war as General Wolcott, were not withheld.
Every dollar that could be spared from the maintenance of the
family, was expended in raising and equipping men ; every
blanket not in actual use was sent to the army, and the sheets
were torn into bandages or cut into lint, by the hands of his
wife and daughters. During almost the whole of this winter
had he been in Congress, and his absence threw upon young
Oliver an almost insupportable burden, in obtaining fuel and
provision for the family, and in keeping open the roads for the
transportation of stores. At that time the line of traveling and
carriage, from New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Rhode
Island, to Pennsylvania, had, in consequence of the incursions
of the enemy, been turned northward of the highlands of New
York. Much of the army stores and ordnance had been de-
posited at Litchfield, and in his capacity as Quarter Master,
the charge of providing for their safe keeping and conveyance*
fell upon him.
One family anecdote is interesting and may be mentioned
here, although the circumstance occurred earlier in the war.
20
Before the revoluti'Dn, a leaden equestrian Stafue of George
III., stood in the Bowling Green in the city of New York. —
Soon after the war commenced, this statue was overthrown,
and lead being valuable, it was sent to General Wolcott's at
Litchfield for safe keeping ; where, in process of time, it was
cut up and run into bullets by his daughters and rheir friends.
An account of the number of cartridges made by each, is stiH
preserved among the family papers. This conversion of a mon-
arch in into practical arguments of the people, as may be sup-
posed, furnished abundant material for the wits of the day.
The hospitalities of his house and his father's public charac-
ter, introduced young Wolcott to many persons of distinction
in the army and in Congress. In the year 1780, he thus re-
ceived General Washington, who, with his suite, among1 whom
were Hamilton and Meade, passed through the district. The
arduous duties thrown upon him at so early a period of his lifey
and his constant intercourse with men, were high advantages
in their influence in forming and ripening his character.
In January, 1781, he became of age, and was immediately
admitted to the bar. He shortly after removed to Hartford.
Such was his poverty, that he left home with no more than
three dollars in his pocket, and to defray his expenses, on
reaching Hartford he accepted a clerkship in the office of the
Committee of the Pay-Table, with a salary amountingto about
fifty cents per diem, in specie value. His diligence in this em-
ployment attracted the notice of the General Assembly, who,,
in January, 1782, unsolicited, appointed him one of the mem-
bers of the Committee, at that time the central beard of ac-
counts. Being the junior member, it became a part of his-
duty to call upon the Council of Safety at their almost daily
sittings, and receive and execute their directions. There, un-
der the keen inspection of Governor Trumbull and the Council,
he became initiated into the system of public affairs, and per-
sonally known to many of the prominent characters in different
BO
departments. His labors from this time, to the end of the war
were incessant.. Cut off from the society natural to his age,
and at twenty-one thrown upon his own resources, in a situa-
tion arduous and responsible, he acquired the self-confidence,
the intense application to business, the practical habits and
iron perseverence, which formed the basis of his success in life.
* In May, 1784, he was appointed a Commissiener for the State
of Connecticut, in concert wi(h Oliver Ellsworth, with full
power to adjust and settle the acounts and claims of the State
against the United States, with the Commissioner on the part
of Congress. In May, 1788, the Committee of the Pay-Table
was abolished, and theoffice of Comptroller of Public Accounts
instituted. Wolcott was appointed Comptroller, and continu-
ed to discherge the duties of the office with general acceptance
until the establishment of the National Treasury, in the fall
of the succeeding year.
In 1785, he had married Elizabeth, the only daughter of
CoL John Stoughton, a descendant of one of the families who
sealed Windsor, and a distinguished officer of the French War.
During his residence in Hartford, Wolcott formed or cemen-
ted a friendship with a number of men, then young, but after-
wards well known for their wit and literary attainments. Such
were Juhn Trumbull, Dr. Lemuel Hopkins, Richard Alsop,
Barlow and Webster, few cities in the Union could boast of
a more cultivated or intelligent society than Hartford, whether
in its men or women ; and, during the intervals of business, he
was enabled, in the study of the English classical writers and
intercourse with educated minds, to make amends for the irreg-
ularities of his education. He never, even during the pressing
occupations of after life, forgot his literary tastes ; his powerful
memory enabling him to recall long passages of the English
poets, with whom he was especially familiar.
At this time, in concert with his literary friends, he occasion-
ally indulged in writing poetry. Among his poems is one en-
3i
tied " The Judgment of Paris," of which it is only necessary
to say, it would be much worse than Barlow's epic, if'it were
not much shorter.
Upon the organization of the General Government under
the new Constitution, in September, 1789, Mr. Wolcott receiv-
ed from President Washington the appointment of Auditor of
the Treasury. The appointment was announced to him in the
following letter from Colonel Hamilton —
New York, September 13 th, 1789.
Sir:
It is with pleasure I am able to inform you, that you have been
appointed Auditor in the Department of the Treasury. The salary of
this office is $1500. Your friends having expressed a doubt of your
acceptance, I cannot forbear saying that I shall be happy to find the
doubt has been ill-founded, as from the character I have received of
you, I am persuaded you will be an acquisition to the Department,
I need scarcely add that your presence here as soon as possible is
•essential to the progress of business.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
Alexander Hamilton,
Secretary of the Treasury.
Mr. Wolcott, after some hesitation, accepted the appoint-
ment, and forthwith took up his lesidence in New York, the
then seat of Government. Mr, Eveleigh, the Comptroller of
the Treasury, died in the spring of 1791 ; soon after which
Colonel Hamilton addressed a letter to the President, warmly
recommending the appointment of Mr. Wolcott to the vacant
post. In that letter he says- —
'" This gentleman's conduct in the station he now fills, has been that
of an excellent officer. It has not only been good, but distinguished.
It combines all the requisites which can be desired — moderation with
firmness, liberality with exactness, indefatigable industry with an ac-
curate and sound discernment ; a thorough knowledge of business,
and a remarkable spirit of order and arrangement. Indeed I ouo-ht
to say, that I owe very much of whatever succecs may have attended
the merely executive operations of the department to Mr. Wolcott ;
and I do not fear to commit myself, when I add, that he possesses in
an eminent degree all the qualifications desirable in a Comptroller of
the Treasury— that it is scarcely possible to find a man in the United
States "more competent to the duties of that station than himself — few
-who could be equally so."
It is hardly necessary to add, that Wolcott received the ap-
pointment of Comptroller.
The U. S. Bank, created during the late session, was organi-
zed in the summer of 179 1 . Wolcott was offered the Presiden-
cy of the Bank, with an ample salary, which he declined ;
"preferring the public service, and believing that such a station
would be deemed unsuitable for ayoung man without property."
At this time, and during the whole of Wolcott's residence in
Philadelphia, which had now become the seat of Government,
his situation, though involving laborious duties, was in a high
degree delightful. A society at that time existed there, mark-
ed by every characteristic which could recommend it to one of
a cultivated mind and social disposition, embracing much of the
genius, the worth, and no little of the wit and the beauty of the
county, and cemented by mutu.il confidence and congeniality
of opinions and pursuits. Of this society, two members of
Wolcott's family, his younger sister and his wife, were them-
selves no inconsipuous ornaments. The former, married to
the Hon. Chauncey Goodrich, was distinguished for her per-
sonal beauty and brilliant conversation ; Mr3. Wolcott, with
less beauty, had still a countenance of much loveliness, and
manners graceful and dignified. To the most femenine gen-
tleness of disposition' she added sound sense, and that kind of
cultivation which is acquired in intercourse with thinkers. —
Both belonged to a class of women of whom Connecticut could
then boast many, whose minds were formed, and habits of re-
flection we directed by men ; and without coming within the
category of female politicians, they had been almost from child-
hood familiar with questions of public and general interest.
An anecdote of Geneial Tracy,* whose sarcasms were of old
dreaded alike in the Senate chamber and in the drawing-room,
* Hon. Ukiah Tracy, of Litchfield, then in the U. S. Senate.
has been preserved, commemorative at once of Mis. Wolcott's
attraction and his own peculiar wit. Mr. Lis' on, who suc-
ceeded Mr. Hammond as British Minister at Philadelphia, and
who was thoroughly English in his ideas, on some occasion re-
marked to him, ''Your countrywoman, Mrs. Wolcott, would
be pdmired even at St. James.' " "Sir," retorted the Senator
from Connecticut, "she is admired even on Litchfield Hill !"
On the last day of January, 1795, Col. Hamilton resigned
the office of Secretary of the Treasury, and Mr. Wolcott was
commissioned as his successor on the 2d of February following.
The Cabinet now consisted of Edmund Randolph, Secretary
of State ; Oliver Wolcott, Jr., of the Treasury ; Timothy Pick-
ering, of War; and William Bradford, Attorney General.
It appeals that Washington had Wolcott in view among the
persons upon whom the office of Secretary of State might be
conferred. Mr. Jefferson says, " He asked me what sort of a
man Mr, Wolcott was. I told him I knew nothing of him my-
self. I had heard him characterized as a cunning man."-—
Judging from his subsequent appointment to a more responsi-
ble office, this hear-say slander had not much weight with
Washington. Nothing could in fact be more unjust. The last
quality of Wolcott's mind was ' cunning.'
Wolcott had at this time but just completed his thirty-fifth
year ; but though thus young, he possessed in an eminent de-
giee the requisites of a minister of finance. He had not, it is
true, the brilliant qualities of genius ; but he had a comprehen-
sive and well regulated mind, a judgment matured and reliable,
strong practical good sense and native shrewdness. President
Washington placed the fullest confidence in his intelligerce
and patriotism, and frequently consulted him on matters of
great public importance. On the 25th of March, 1796, the
President addressed him the following queries —
-Sir:
The Resolution moved in the House of Representatives for the pa-
pers relative to the negociation of the Treaty with Great Britain, hav-
ing passed in the affirmative, I request your opinion —
34
Whether that branch of Congress hath or hath not a right by the
Constitution, to call for these papers ? Whether, if it does possess
the right, it would be expedient, under the circumstances of this par-
ticular case, to furnish them ? And in either case, what terms would
be more proper, to comply with* or refuse the request of the House ?
These opinions in writing, and your attendance, will be expected
at 12 o'clock to-morrow. George Washington."
With the Fourth Congress, (1797,) the administration of
Washington closed; Was it strange that there were few smiles
on his last reception day, or that tears fell from eyes unused to
them upon the hand that many pressed for the last time 1 The
relation in which the Secretaries had stood with the President,
had been one of respectful but affectionate intimacy. Famil-
iarity with him was a thing impossible, but the most c6rdial
and unreserved friendship was extended to all whom he trusted
and esteemed. Wolcott, among others, had enjoyed much
of the domestic society of the President's house, His gentle
and graceful wife had been regarded with maternal solicitude
by Mrs. Washington, and was the friend and correspondent of
her eldest daughter. His child had been used to climb, con-
fident of welcome, the knees of the chief ; and, though so ma-
ny years his junior, while Wc lcott's character and judgment
had been held in respect by the President, his personal and
social qualities had drawn towards him a warm degree of in^
terest.
On leaving the seat of Government, Washington presented,
it is believed, all his chief officers, with some token of regard.
To Wolcott he g.tve a piece of plate. Mrs. Washington gave
his wife, when visiting her for the last time, a relic still more
interesting. Asking her if she did not wish a memorial of the
General, Mrs. Wolcott replied, "Yes, I would like a lock of
his hair. " Mrs. Washington, 'smiling, took her scissors and
cut off for her a large lock her husband's, and one of her own.
These, with the originalsof the President's letters, Wolcott pre-
served with careful veneration, and divided between his survi-
ving children.
35
" On the retirement of General Washington," says Wolcott,
" being desirous that my personal interests should not embar-
rass his successor, and supposing that some other person might
be preferred to myself, I tendered my resignation to Mr. Ad-
ams before his inauguration. The tender was declined, and I
retained office under my former commission."
On the 8th of November, 1800, Mr. Wolcott sent the Pres-
ident his peremptory resignation of the office of Secretary of
the Treasury — which was accepted by Mr. Adams- At Mr.
Wolcott' s request, a Committee was appointed by Congress
to examine into the condition of the Department which he
had vacated. The Committee consisted of Messrs. Otis, Nich-
olas, Griswold, Nicholson, Wain, Stone, and Craik ; who, af-
ter a thorough investigation, unanimously reported that "the
financial concerns of the couniry have been left by the late
Secretary in a state of good order and prosperity."
The subject of this notice had now, and as he supposed for-
ever, retired from public life. The necessities of his family
required that he should at once enter upon some active em-
ployment for their maintenance — his whole property consisting
at this time of a small farm in Connecticut, and a few hundred
dollars in cash. He had the satisfaction of going out of office
poorer than when, at the first establishment of the Government,
he entered upon the duties of the auditorship. Men had not
in those days acquired the art of becoming rich in ihe public
service — though even then our officers were not exempt from
the charge of peculation and fraud. It was a period character-
ized by unprecedented bitterness of party spirit. The ste-
reotyped charge of defalcation, made by the organ of the Jef-
fersonian party, the Aurora, and other kindred prints, received
a momentary impulse from two events of the winter of 1800-
1801. Fires successively occurred in the buildings occupied
by the War and Treasury Departments. Furious attacks were
at once made upon the federal officers, of which Wolcott re»
«6
ceived bis full proportion. The fires, as a matter of course,
were attributed to design, and party malignity vented itself m
accusations of the most attrocious kind. The fact that the
persons under whose charge the Departments had so long been,
had resigned, and that the federal party itself was on the eve
of going out of power — that, predictions of such occurrences
had been among the thousand calumnies of hack editors — gave
a tempory but only a temporary coloring to those falsehoods.
A Committee of the House was appointed on the 10th of Feb-
ruary, to examine into the cause of these occurrences — a ma-
JDrity of whom were members of the opposition. The Com-
mittee reported that in regard to the fire in the War Depart-
ment there was " no evidence whatever on which to ground a
suspicion of its originating in negligence or design ;" that
concerning the fire in the Treasury Department, "they had
obtained no evidence which enables them to form a conjecture
satisfactory"— and therefore " choose to report in the words of
the witnesses themselves." The published testimony of those
witnesses, (though unsatisfactory to a party committee,) fully
exhonorated Mr. Wolcott from all blame in the eye of the
public.
Mr. W. now left Washington and repaired to Middletown,
Connecticut, where his family had for some time resided.
His resources but little exceeded what was necessary to satis-
fy his family expenses for a few months. Most unexpectedly
to him, he was nominated by President Adams as Judge of
the United States Circuit Court for the second district, embra-
cing the States of Connecticut, Vermont, and New York —
which nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate.
This was a proud day for Wolcott — a day which forever silen-
ced the calumnies of his political and personal enemies, both
in and out of Congress. Partizan libelers no longer dared to
throw out their base insinuations relative to the burning of the
Treasury building, for the object of their vengeance was shields
it
ed by the unanimous vote of the American Senate, a targe pro-
portion of whose members were his political opponents.
On the 3d of March, 1801, the ascendency of the federal
party in the United States ended, Mr. Jefferson succeeding
Mr. Adams in the Presidential chair.
In 1802, the Judiciary Act under which Mr, Wolcott had
been appointed to the Judgeship, was repealed. He then took
up his residence in the city of New York, where he engaged
in mercantile business, in company with nine other gentlemen,
with a capital of $100,000. During the succeeding year, the
Merchants* Bank, a joint stock corporation, was created, and
he was elected its President The hostility of De Witt Clinton
and Governor Lewis, however, shortly after destroyed it by
effecting the passage of the act known as the 'restraining act.*
It was subsequently re-incorporated, and flourished for many
years under the Presidency of the late Lynde Catlin, Esq., also
a native of Litchfield.
On the expiration of the charter of the first Bank of the
United States, Mr. Wolcott employed nearly all his capital in
establishing the Bank of America. It was incorporated in
1812, and he was chosen its first President, which office he
held until 1814, when, in consequence of political differences
betwreen himself and the directors of the institution, he resign-
ed. About this time, (in connection with his brother, the late
Hon. Frederick Wolcott,) he commenced the extensive man-
ufacturing establishments at Wolcottville, near Litchfield.
In 1815, he returned to his native town, and in the follow-
ing year was placed in nomination by the democratic party as
their candidate for Governor of the State of Connecticut, but
was defeated. In 1817, he was elected Governor; and the
same year he was chosen a member of the Convention which
formed our present State Constitution, and was called to pre-
side over the deliberations of that distinguished body. He
was annually re-elected Governor for leu successive years.
38
Governor Wolcott subsequently returned to New York, and
died there on the 2d of June, 1833. He was the last survivor
of Washington's Cabinet. The departure of few men from
the world, ever produced a moie deep and general feeling of
sorrow. AU felt that a most important link in the chain
that united the present generation with the era of the Father
o( bis Country, was broken.
m
John t r u m fc u l L ,
^fhe family of Trumbull was among the early settlers of Ne#
England. Their ancestor came from England, and in 1645
fixed his residence at Ipswich in Massachusetts. His son*
John, removed to Suffield, in this State. He had three sons,
John, Joseph,' and Benoni. The Rev. Benjamin Trurnbulh
D. D., the historian of Connecticut, was a grandson of Benoni \
Joseph settled at Lebanon, and at his death left one son, Jon-
athan Trumbull^ who Was Governor of the State during" the
whole of the revolutionary war* and whose patriotic exertions
are amply recorded in history. Two of his sons were Jona-
than Trumbull, afterwards Governor of the State> and John
Trumbull, the celebrated painter, whose merits have long been
distinguished both in Europe and America.
The subject of this sketch was the grandson of John Triim-
bull, eldest son of him who first settled at Suffield. He was
born on the 13th day of April, old style, in the year 1750, in
the then parish of Westbury, but since formed into a separate
town by the name of Watertown, in Litchfield county. The
settlement of that village was begun a (ew years before his
birth. His father, who was the first pitstor ol the Congrega-
tional church in that place, was a good classical scholar, high-
ly respected by his brethren, and for many years one of the
Trustees or Fellows of Yale College. His mother was a daugh-
ter of the Rev. Samuel Whitman, of Farmington, in Hartford,
and grand-daughter of the Rev. Solomon Stoddard, D. D., of
Northampton, Massachusetts.
4o
Being an only son, and of a very delicate and sickly consti;
tution, he was of course the favorite of his mother. She had
received an education superior to most of her sex, and not only
instructed him in reading, from his earliest infancy, but find-
ing him possessed of an extraordinary memory, taught him all
the hymns, songs, and other verses, with which she was ac-
quainted. The Spectator and Watts' Lyiic Poems were the
only works of merit in the belles-lettres, which he possessed.
Young Trumbull not only committed to memory most of the
rhymes and poetry they contained, but was seized with an un-
accountable ambition of composing verses himself, in which
he was encouraged by his parents. The country clergy at
that time generally attempted to increase their income by keep-
ing private schools for the education of youth. When he was
about five years of age, his father took under his care a lad,
seventeen years old, to instruct and qualify him for admission
as a member of Yale College. Trumbull noticed the tasks
first imposed — which were, to learn by heart the Latin Acci^
dence and Lilly's Grammar, and to construe the Select Collo-
loquies of Corderius, by the help of a literal translation. With-
out the knowledge of any person, except his mother, he began
the study of the Latin language. After a few weeks, his fath-
er discovered his wishes, and finding that by the aid of a better
memory, his son was able to outstrip his fellow-student, en_
couraged him to proceed. At the Commencement in Sep-
tember 1757, the two lads were presented at college, examined
by the tutors, and admitted as members. Trumbull, however,
in consequenee of his extreme youth at that time, and his sub-
sequent ill health, was not sent to reside at college until 1763,
He spent these six years in a miscellaneous course of study,
making himself master of the Greek and Latin authors usually
taught in that institution, reading all the books he could meet
with, and occasionally attempting to imitate, both in prose and
verse, the style of the best English writers whose works he
41
fcould procure in his native village. These Were of course
few. Paradise Lost, Thompson's Seasons, with some of the
poems of Dryden and Pope, were the principal. On commen-
cing his collegiate life, he found little regard paid to English
composition, or the acquirement of a correct style. The Greek
and Latin authors, in the btudy of which, only, his class were
employed, required but a small portion of his time. By the
advice of his tutor, he turned his thoughts to Algebra, Geome-
try, and astronomical calculations, which were then newly
introduced and encouraged by the instructors. He chiefly
pursued this course during the three first years. In his senior
year he began to resume his former attention to English liter-
ature. Having received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in
1767, he remained three years longer at college as a resident
graduate. Being now master of his own time, he devoted
himself chiefly to polite letters ; reading all the Greek and
Latin classics, especially the poets and orators, and studying
the style and endeavoring to imitate the manner of the best
English writers.
His acquaintance now commenced with Timothy Dwight,
afterwards President of the University, who was then in his
third year in college, and two years his junior in age. That
young gentleman had translated two of the finest Odes of
Horace, in a manner so elegant and poetical as would not have
disgraced his more mature intellect. Happy in the discovery
of a rising genius, Mr. Trumbull immediately sought his ac-
quaintance, and began an intimacy which continued during
their joint residence at New Haven, and a friendship which
was terminated only by death.
At this period the learned languages, mathematics, logic,
and scholastic theology, were alone deemed worthy of the at-
tention of a scholar. They were dignified with the name of
"solid learning." English poetry and the belles-lettres were
called nonsense, and their study was deemed an idle waste of
42
time. The two friends were obliged to stem the tide of gen-
eral ridicule and censure. This situation called forth the sa-
tirical talents of Trumbull, in occasional humorous poetical
essays. Their party was soon increased by the accession of
several young men of genius ; and a material change was
eventually effected in the taste and pursuits of the students.
In 1769, they began the publication of a series of essays in
the manner of the Spectator, in a gazette printed in Boston,
and continued it several months. They next commenced a
course of similar essays in the New Haven papers, which in-
creased to more than forty numbers.
In September, 1771, Messrs. Trumbull and Dwight were
chosen tutors of Yale College. From this period, every effort
wps unanimously made to cultivate in that seminary a correct
taste in style and elocution.
In 1778, Trumbull published the first part of a poem, which
he entitled, The Progress of Dullness, designed to expose the
absurd method of education which then prevailed; he added
a second and third part in the course of the next year. Dwight
about the same time published a poem entitled, America, writ-
ten in the manner of Pope's Windsor Forest. He had some
time before begun his greatest poetical work, The Conquest
of Canaan, and now completed his first sketch in five books.
By the advice of Mr. Howe, a tutor in the same institution, he
added the Vision of Futurity, which now makes the tenth book,
and upon the suggestion of Mr, Trumbull, he inserted the
night-scene of the battle, illuminated by the burning city of
Ai. The whole was the work of Dwight — those gentlemen
assisting him only by their criticism and advice. After their
dispersion, he considerably altered and enlarged the poem, and
published it in its present form, in eleven books.
During their residence at the university, several young gen-
tlemen were associated in their literary and poetic society*
particularly Messrs. David Humphreys and Joel Barlow.
43
Trumbull, while he held the office of tutor, devoted as much
attention as his other avocations would admit, to the study of
law, which he had now selected as his future profession. In
November, 1773, he was admitted as a practicing attorney at
the bar in Connecticut, but immediately went to Boston, and
entered as a student in the office of John Adams, Esq., after-
wards President of the United States, taking lodgings with Tho-
mas Gushing, Esq., then Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives, but since a delegate to Congress and Lieutenant Gov-
ernor of Massachusetts. He was now placed in the centre of
American politics. The contest between Great Britain and
the Colonies approached rapidly towards a crisis. The vio-
lence of party was extreme. The Governor, Council, Judges,
and all the legal authority under the crown, employed their
utmost efforts to establish the universal supremacy, and enforce
the oppressive acts, of the English Parliament. In the con-
test, Trumbull warmly espoused the cause of the people. —
Though he prosecuted his studies with the utmost attention,
he frequently employed his leisure hours in writing essays on
political subjects, for the public gazettes, — which had perhaps
a greater effect from the novelty of his style, and the caution
he used to prevent any discovery of the real author. Nor did
he neglect occasionally to cultivate the muse ; and just before
he left Boston, he anonymously published his Elegy on the
Times, which is now known throughout the country. Even
then verging towards hostility in Massachusetts, the sessions
of the courts being suspended, and Mr. Adams absent at the
Congress, in Philadelphia, Trumbull returned to New Haven,
and successfully commenced practice at the bar, in November
1774. The following year was a period of terror and dismay.
The war had. commenced by the battle at Lexington. Un-
conditional submission, or a total rejection of the authority of
England, presented the only alternative. Every exertion was
made by the friends of American liberty, to inspire confidence
44
hi our cause, to crush the efforts of the " tory party," and to
prepare the public mind for. the declaration of independence.
With these views, at the solicitation of some of his friends in
Congress, Trumbull wrote the first part of the poem of " Mc-
Fingal," which they immediately procured to be published at
Philadelphia, where Congress was then assembled. He had
also formed the general plan of the work, sketched some of the
scenes of the third Canto and written tke beginning of the
fourth, with the commencement of the Vision, at which point,
not being gifted with the prophetic powers of his hero, he left
it unfinished.
In November 1776, he married Miss Sarah Hubbard, daugh-
ter of Colonel Leverett Hubbard, of* New Haven. That town
being exposed to invasion, and all business lapidly declining,
he returned in the following May to his native place, where he
remained during the four succeeding years. Too constant ap-
plication to his studies, and the fatigue of attending courts at
a distance in all seasons, especially during the severe winter of
1780, occasioned the loss of his health by a nervous decline.
With the hope of recovery, by a change of situation to a place
more advantageous to his professional business, and more
agreeable by its literary society, he removed with his family to
Hartford in June 1781.
A friendly club was soon established, which assembled once
a week for the discussion of questions on proposed subjects,
legal, philosophical, and political. Trumbull, though fully
employed in the duties of his profession, was one of its most
active members. The fate of the revolution being now event-
ually decided by the capture of Lord Cornwallis and his army,
the friends of the author urged him to complete the poem of
McFingal, and having obtained his promise, they immediately
put in circulation a subscription for the work. Thus situated,
he employed his leisure hours in revising the first half of the
poem, which he divided into two Cantos, and in composing the
45
last. The whole was finished, and the first edition published;
at Hartford, before the close of the year 1782. As no author
at that period was entitled by law to the copy right of his pro-
ductions, the work soon became the prey of every bookseller
and printer, who chose to appropriate it to his own benefit,
Among more than thirty different editions, one only, at any
subsequent time, was published with the permission, or even,
the knowledge of the author.
Our author thus introduces his hero and his subject ;
When. Yankies, skilled in martial rule,
First put the British troops to school ;
Instructed them in warlike trade,
And new manoeuvre of parade — -,
The true war- dance of yankee-reels,
And manual exercise of heels ;
Made them give up, like saints complete,
The arm of flesh, and trust to feet,
And work, like christians undissembling,
Salvation out, with fear and trembling ;
Taught Percy fashionable races,
And modern modes of Chevy-chases :
From Boston, in his best array,
Great 'Squire McFingal took his way,
And graced with ensigns of renown,
Steered homeward to his native town,
His high descent our heralds trace
To Ossian's famed Fingalian race ;
For though his name some part may lack,
Old Fingal spelt it with a Mac ;
Which great M'Pherson, with submission >
We hope will add, the next edition.
His fathers flourished in the highlands
Of Scotia's fog benighted islands ;
Whence gained our 'Squire two gifts by right,
Rebellion and the Second-sight.
40
Of these the first, in ancient days,
Had gained the noblest palm of praise,
'Gainst kings stood forth, and many a crown'd hea.dk
With terror of its might confounded,
Till rose a King with potent charm,
His foes by goodness to disarm,
Whom every Scot and Jacobite
Straight fell in love with at first sight ;
Whose gracious speech, with aid of pensions,
Hushed down all murmurs of dissensions,
And with the sound of potent metal,
Brought all their blustering swarms to settle ,
Who rained his ministerial mannas,
Till loud Sedition, sang hosannahs ;
And good Lord Bishops and the Kirks
United in the public works.
For these our 'squire among the valiant'st
Employed his time and tools and talents ;
And in their cause with manly zeal,
Used his first virtue, to rebel ;
And found this new rebellion pleasing
As his old king- destroying treason.
Nor less availed his optic clight,
And Scottish gift of second-sight.
No ancient sybil famed in rhyme,
Saw deeper in the womb of time ;
No block in old Dodona's grove,
Could ever more orae'lar prove.
Nor only saw he all that was,
But much that never came to pass •
Whereby all prophets far outwent he,
Though former days produced a plenty '
For any man with half an eye,
What stands before him may espy,
But optics sharp it needs, I ween,
To sec what is not to be seen,
47
In another part of the same canto, our author thus hits a
class of men in each of the professions which is not even yet
extinct;
And are there in this freeborn land,
Among ourselves a venal band,
A dastard race, who long have sold
Their souls and consciences for gold — •
Who wish to stab their country's vitals,
If they may heir surviving titles —
With joy behold our mischief brewing,
Insult and triumph on our ruin ?
Priests who, if Satan should sit down
To make a Bible of his own,
Would gladly for the sake of mitres,
Turn his inspired and sacred writers ;
Lawyers, who should he wish to prove
His title to his old seat above,
Would, if his cause he'd give 'em fees id,
Bring writs of Entry sur disseisin,
Plead for him boldly at the session,
And hope to put him in possession ;
Merchants who, for his kindly aid,
Would make him partner in their trade,
Hang out their signs in goodly show,
Inscribed with " Beelzebub & Co."
And Judges, who would list his pages, ,
For proper liveries and wages ;
And who as humbly cringe and bow
To all his mortal servants now ?
There are — and shame with pointing gestures,
Marks out the Addressers and Protesters ;
Whom, following down the stream of fate,
Contempts ineffable await,
And public infamy forlorn,
Dread hate and everlasting scorn.
48
'In the following lines McFin ;al exercises his faculty of
"second sight," in foretelling the" doom of Britain and the us-
ing glory of America. Are not his predictions relative to our
own country, already verified 1
Now view the scenes in future hours,
That wait the famed European Powers.
See where yon chalky cliff's arise,
The hills of Britain strike your eyes';
Its small extension long supplied
By vast immensity of pride, —
So small, that had it found a station
In this new world at first creation,
Or were by Justice doomed to suffer,
And for its crimes transported over,
We'd find full room for't in Lake Erie, or
That still larger waterpond, Superior,
Where North on margin taking stand,
Would not be able to spy land.
No more, elate with power, at ease
She deals her insults round the seas ;
See dwindling from her height amain,
What piles of ruin spread the plain !
With mouldering hulks her ports are fill'd
And brambles clothe the cultured field.
See on her cliffs her Genius lies,
His handkerchief at both his eyes,
With many a deepdrawn sigh and groan,
To mourn her ruin and his own !
While joyous Holland, France and Spain,
With conquering navies rule the main,
And Russian banners wide unfurled,
Spread Commerce round the eastern world.
And see (sight hateful and tormenting,)
Th' American empire proud and vaunting,
From anarchy shali change her crasis,
And fix her powers on firmer basis,
To glory, wealth and fame ascend,
Her commerce rise, her realms extendi
40
Where now the panther guards his den,
Her desert forests swarm with men,
Her cities, towers and columns rise,
And dazzling temples meet the skies ;
Her pines, descending to the main,
In triumph spread the watery plain,
Ride inland lakes with favoring gales,
And crowd her ports with whit'ning sails,
Till to the skirts of western day,
The peopled regions own her sway.
These brief extracts will give the reader some idea of the
style and manner of this greatest of American Satires a po-
em which Blackwood called "the Hudibrasof the new world."
" McFingal" is a builesque epic of some thousands of lines,
directed against the enemies of American liberty, and holding
up to particular scorn and contempt, the tories and British
officers, civil, military and naval, then in this country. It is a
merciless satire throughout. Whatever it touches, it trans-
forms ; kings, ministers, lords, bishops, generals, judges, ad-
mirals, all take their turn, and become in the light or associa-
tions in which they are exhibited, alternately the objects of
our merriment, hatred, or scorn: So wedded is the author to
this vein of sarcasm, that even McFingal himself, the professed
friend of England and champion of the tories, is made in fact
the scoffer of both them and their cause. The story of the po-
em may be thus briefly stated | the hero, a Scotchman and
justice of the peace in a town near Boston, goes to a town
meeting, where he and one Honorius make speeches at each
other through two whole cantos^ At the end of the second
canto, the meeting breaks up tumultuously ; and the people
gather round a liberty pole, erected by the mob. Here Mc-
Fingal makes a violent speech of near two hundred lines, at
fhe end of which he is pursued by the whigs, and brought back
50
to the liberty pole, where the tory constable is swung alof^
and McEingal tarred and feathered. The latter is then set at
liberty ; he goes home, and at night makes a speech to some
of history friends in his cellar, extending through the rest of
the poem, leaving only room to tell that the mob broke off the
address in the middle by assaulting the house, and McFingal
escaped to Boston.
After the peace in 1783, in consequence of mobs and insur-
rections in various parts of the country, the public became sen-
sible of the want of an efficient general government, and a
protracted contest ended in the adoption of the federal con-
stitution. During most of this exciting period^ several of the
principal literary characters of the State were resident in Hart-
ford, and gave to the friends of order whatever assistance could
be afforded by their publications. The principal work they
produced wasa series of essays entitled "American Antiquities,"
first printed in the gazettes of New Haven and Hartford, and
re-printed in other newspapers in almost every part of the Un-
ion. At this time public curiosity had been awakened by the
discovery of ancient Indian fortifications, with other relics,
which were considered as proofs that this Country had once
been inhabited by a people highly advanced in the arts of civ-
ilized life. The story of the emigration of Madoc, with a body
of Britons and Welch, about the year SO0, and of an existing
tribe of their descendants in the interior part of the continent,
was revived and circulated. These writers assumed the fic-
tion, that in digging among the ruins of one of those forts, an
ancient heroic poem in the English language was found. The
essays consisted of supposed extracts from that poem, (which
they styled, The Anarchiad,) accompanied with critical re-
marks in prose. Colonel Humphreys, who had seen a similar
work in England, called The Rolliad, ascribed to Fox, Sheri-
den, and their associates, was the first proposer of the design.
Most of the essays were written in concert. The writers were
51
Humphreys, Barlow, Dr. Lemuel Hopkins, and our author.
The publications of these gentlemen were supposed at the
time to have had considerable influence upon the public taste
and opinions ; and, by the boldness of their satire, to have
checked and intimidated the leaders of disorganization and in-
fidel philosophy.
After the adoption of the federal constitution, Trumbull was
first called to act in a public capacity — he having been appoint-
ed State's Attorney for the County of Hartford in 1789. In
1792, he was elected a Representative from Hartford to the
State Legislature, where he took an active and influential part
in their deliberations and debates; particularly in obtaining
an enlargement of the funds and an alteration of the charter
of Yale College*. But the increasing burden of his employ-
ments, public and professional, again impaired his health, and
at length reduced him to the lowest stages of nervous debility,
He spent the summers, for two or three successive years, in
taking long journeys and visiting the most noted mineral
springs, in quest of health, but in vain. In 1795, he resigned
the office of State's Attorney, and declined all public business.
In November 1798, he experienced a severe fit of sickness,
from which, contrary to expectation, he escaped with his life,
and which appeared to form the crisis of his nervous disorders.
His convalescence, though slow, was favorably progressive ;
and as, during his long confinement, he never relinquished his
habits of reading, nor his attention to public affairs, he was
enabled, on his return to society, to resume his farmer rank in
his professional and official employments.
In May 1800, Trumbull was again a member of the Legis-
lature ; and during the following year, he was chosen a Judge
of the Superior Court of the State oi Connecticut. From this
period he declined any interference in politics, and applied
himself exclusively to the duties of his office — being of opinion
that the character oi a politician and political writer were in*
r,2
consistent with the station of a Judge, and destructive of the
confidence of suitors in the impartiality of judiciary decisions;
In 1808, he received from the Legislature the additional ap-
pointment of a Judge of the Supreme Court of Errors. He
was happy in the society of his brethren of the bench, and the
Courts of the State were at no period more respectable for le-
gal science, or more respected for the justice and integrity of
their adjudications.
To these offices he was annually appointed until May 1819,
when he, with all his associates on the bench, were removed
from office — a State Constitution having been adopted, and a
new party having risen into power.
He was for several years Treasurer of Yale College, from
which institution he subsequently received the honorary degree
of Doctor of Laws.
Trumbull continued his residence in Hartford until 1825,
when he removed to Detroit, Michigan, and tbere spent the
remainder of his days in the family of his daughter, Mrs.
Woodb ridge, (wife of the distinguished Senator and Governor.
Woodbridge.) He died in Detroit in 1831.
5$
SETH WARNER.
This renowned warrior and successful leader in the civil
commotions amidst which the foundations of a sister State
were laid, was born in Roxbury, then a parish of Woodbury,
in the year 1743. Without any advantages for an education
beyond those which were found in the common schools of those
times, he was early distinguished by his energy, sound judg-
ment, and manly and noble bearing. In 1763, his father, Dr.-
Benjamin Warner, removed with his family to Bennington, in
the New Hampshire Grants, the second year after the first set-
tlement of the town. The game with which the woods aboun-.
ded at once attracted the attention of young Warner, and he
was soon distinguished as an indefatigable, expert and success-
ful hunter. About this time a scene began to open, which
gave a new direction to his active and enterprizing spirit — the
controversy between New York and the settlers upon the New
Hampshire Grants had commenced. As a general outline of
the history of this controversy has been given in the biograph-
ical sketch of Ethan Allen, it will be referred to again only so
far as may be necessary to illustrate the principal events in the
life of Colonel Warner.
It will be remembered that the colonial government of New
York not only claimed exclusive eivil jurisdiction over the set-
tlers on "the Grants," but even assumed a right of property in
the soil ; consequently the New York sheriffs, constables, ma-
gistrates, &c, were constantly being sent into the disputed
territory, to dispossess those settlers who had not purchased
their right from Governor Tryon, It was to resist these ar-
54
bitraryacts, and this assumption of civil power, that the uJVen
Mountain Boys formed themselves into a military compact,
constituted their own courts of judicature, and not unfrequent^
ly executed "summary justice" upon the agents of what they
regarded as a foreign government. In all these border feuds,
extending through a series of years, Seth Warner and Ethan
Allen were the acknowledged leaders and champions of a
band of patriots as heroic and self-sacrificing as any tha* the
world ever saw. Twins in fame, and fellow-pioneers in the
cause of American freedom, they suffered and triumphed to^
gether— -together they were declared outlaws, and hunted like
wild beasts through the mountain-forests — side by side they
fought the battles of independence — and side by side their
names are written high in the niche of human glory,
Previous to 1770, many acts of violence had been commits
ted by both of the billigerent parties ; but it was not until this
year that the Goveinor of New York attempted to enforce his
authority over the Grants by resort to military force. The
Green Mountain Boys having learned that the Sheriff of
Albany county was on his way to their settlements with 750
armed militia, immediately organized a military association, of
which Allen was appointed Golonel commandant, and Seth
Warner, Remember Baker, and others, were appointed Cap^
tains. The Sheriff and his force, having advanced at night up-
on the dwelling of a settler, were suddenly surprised by the
Mountaineers in ambush, and the whole posse ingloriously
fled without a gun being fired on either side. The settlers
were not again disturbed for some months, but in the mean
time they occasionally met for exercise and discipline. John
Monro, in a letter to Governor Tryon, says, " The rioters have
established a company at Bennington, commanded by Captain
Warner, and on New Year's day [1771] his company was re-
viewed, and continued all day in military exercise and firing
at marks."
55
On the 27th of November, 1771, the Governor of New York
issued a proclamation offering a reward of ,£20 each, for the
arrest of Warner, Allen, and Baker. On the 22d of March
following, John Monro, moved by a hope of the reward and a
desire for notoriety, resolved to attempt the arrest of Baker.
Having collected ten or twelve of his friends and dependents,
he proceeded to the house of Baker in Arlington, before day-
light. The intruders broke open his door, rushed upon and
wounded him by a cut across his head with a sword, and hav-
ing bound him, he was thrown into a sleigh and conveyed with
the greatest speed towards Albany. The news of this trans-
action being sent by express to Bennington, Warner withtiine!
Others immediately mounted their horses aild set off at full
speed, determined td intercept the "Yorkers" ; and they did
overtake them before they reached the Hudson. On the first
appearance of the pursuers, the abductors threw the prisoner
overboard and fled. Finding Baker nearly exhausted by his
sufferings and loss of blood, they refreshed him, dressed his
wounds, and conveyed him home, to the great joy of his family
and neighbors.
Shortly after this, Monro made an attempt to arrest Warner.
While Warner, in company with a single friend, was riding on
horseback in the vicinity of Monro's residence, he was met by
Monro and several of his dependents ; a conversation ensued*
in the midst of which Monro seized the bridle of Warner's
horse and commanded those present to assist in arresting him.
Warner, after vainly urging him to desist, struck Monro over
the head with a dull cutlass and leveled him to the ground.
Though stunned and disabled for the time, he received no per-
manent injury, and the spectators manifesting no disposition to
interfere, Warner passed on without farther interruption.
Finding the settlers intractable, the government of New
York next endeavored to bring them to terms by negotiation ;
but failing in this also, they resorted to threats and intimida-
56
tion. A law was immediately passed, threatening "death
without benefit of clergy" against any one who should wilfully
"oppose any civil officer of New York in the discharge of his
official duty." At the same time, Governor Tryon issued a pro-
clamation, increasing the reward for the arrest of Warner and
Allen to £56 each. This sanguinary law, as Well as these
proffered bribes, were simply themes of derision to the sturdy
settlers. No Green Mountain Boy ever fell into the hands of
the enemy during the continuance of this controversy.
Warner, having thus been engaged as a prominent leader of
these Mountaineers in defence of their property against the
oppressive acts of the Royal Government of New York
from the year 1763 to 1775, was perfectly prepared to enter
heart and soul in the defence of his whole country against the
oppressions of the Royal Government of Great Britain. Ac-
cordingly, We find him in the very commencement of the Rev-
olutionary War, engaged in the enterprize against the enemy's
posts on Lake Champlaim
The reduction of Ticonderoga and CroWn Point having
been secretly resolved upon, in 1775, by the Legislature of
Connecticut in concert with several of the most eminent men
in other parts of New England, a Committee was appointed
to proceed to the frontier towns, ascertain the strength of the
garrisons, and, should they think proper, raise men for their
capture. At Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the Committee were
joined by Colonel Easton with about fifty volunteers; and at
Bennington, by Colonel Allen and his Green Mountain Boys.
On reaching Castleton, May 7th, a council of war was held,
and Ethan Allen, James Easton, and Seth Warner, were ap-
pointed to command the expedition. The surprise and capture
of Ticonderoga by Allen, on the 10th of May, are familiar to
every American. Warner had succeeded in crossing the lake
with his men, just in time to find that the garrison had sur-
rendered. As soon as the prisoners were properly secured,
54
Warner set out with a detachment of mef, take Crown Point.
Strong head winds drove back the boats, and the whole party
returned (he same evening'. The expedition was, however,
renewed on the following day, and the result was all that could
have been desired. ' The men were made prisoners, and one
hundred and thirteen cannon were captured. Just previous to
this, Colonel Allen had sent a messenger to Captain Baker,
who was at Onion River, requesting him U) join the army at
Ticonderoga with as large a number of men as he could as-
semble. Baker obeyed ; and when he was coming up the
lake, he met two small boats, which had been despatched by
the enemy from Crown Point to carry intelligence of the re*
duction of Ticonderoga to St. Johns and Montreal, and solicit
reinforcements. The boats were seized by Baker, and he ar-
rived at Crown Point just in time to unite with Warner in tak-
ing possession of that post.
<5rown Point, next to Ticonderoga, was the strongest and
most important garrison on Lake Champlain. For many years
previous to 1759, it had been in possession of the French. In
that year, an expedition was fitted out by the British Govern-
ment, comprising 18,000 men, and arms and ammunition in
proportion, for the express object of capturing these two for-
midable fortresses. The command of the expedition was giv-
en to Sir Jeffrey Amherst, who succeeded in accomplishing
the object deemed so desirable by his King. They remained
in possession of the British from that time until they were cap-
tured by the invincible Warner and Allen and the heroic spir-
its under their command.
Congress subsequently ratified these doings, and ordered
that all the officers and soldiers who marched against the for-
tresses on Lake Champlain should receive the same pay that
they would have been entitled to had they belonged to the
continental army.
The soldiers, having served out their time, now returned
58
home ; and Warner and Allen were forthwith sent to (he con-
tinental congress, by the people of the Grants, for the especial
purpose of soliciting authority to raise a new regiment, and to
obtain the necessary funds for paying off the soldiers recently
disbanded. In both these objects they were successful. They
were welcomed by Congress with great cordiality, were for-
mally introduced on the floor of the House, and each in an
address stated the objects which had called them to the seat
of government, and communicated such information as was
desired by ihe members. They then repaired to the congress
of New York, where they were received with the same consid^
eration, notwithstanding they were objected to by certain
members on the ground of their being outlaws.
The delegates having concluded their mission, returned to
their friends* The committees of the several towns assembled
at Dorset to choose officers for the new regiment, which was to
be commanded by a lieutenant-colonel. Seth Warner was
chosen lieutenant-colonel, and Samuel Safford major. Dr.
Jared Sparks, in his biography of Ethan Allen, commenting
upon the result of this election, says, " Whether Colonel Allen
declined being a candidate, or whether it was expected that
the regiment would ultimately have a colonel and that he
would be advanced to that post, or whether his name was
omitted for any other reason, I have no means of determining."
The subjoined extract from a communication from the Hon.
Daniel Chipman, of Vermont, to the author of this volume, will
solve the query. Referring to the above passage from Sparks,
he justly remarks, " This, it is obvious, is calculated to lessen
the real merit of Warner with posterity. To prevent this
false impression, they should be informed that in the conven-
tion which met at Dorset on the 27th of July, 1775, for the
purpose of nominating field officers, Warner was nominated
by a vote of 41 to 5; and this was a fair expression of public
opinion of the two men at that time." Allen was a candidate
59
for the office, as appears by his letter to Governor Trumbull,
written shortly after, in which he says he was overlooked be-
cause the old men were reluctant to go to war. For a bold,
desperate, off-hand enterprise, Allen was invariably the leader
selected ; but in choosing a commander for a long and doubt-
ful campaign, where coolness, perseverence, and patient endur-
ance, united with patriotism, bravery and tact, were deemed
requisite to success, Warner was preferred.
In September, 1775, we find Warner at the head of his re-
giment, during the seige of St. Johns by Montgomery. Gen-
eral Carleton, while crossing the St. Lawrence with 1000 men
to relieve the garrison at St. Johns, was attacked from the
south shore by Colonel Warner with about 300 Green Moun-
tain Boys. By a sudden and well-directed fire of musketry
and grape-shot, Carleton's force was thrown into the utmost
confusion and retreated with precipitation and disorder. In
consequence of this defeat, the garrison was left without relief,
and Major Preston, the commander, was obliged to surrender.
By this surrender, several cannon, a large quantity of military
stores, and 600 prisoners, fell into the hands of the Americans.
Warner's regiment having served as volunteers, and the men
being too miserably clad to endure a winter's campaign in that
severe climate, on the 20th of November Montgomery dis-
charged them with peculiar marks of respect, and his thanks
for their meritorious services. The gallant officer now re-
turned home with his regiment, but instead of enjoying a res-
pite from fatigues and hardships, he was called on to return to
Canada in the dead of winter. General Wooster, in a letter to
him, dated at Montreal, January 6, 1776, after giving an ac-
count of the defeat at Quebec, says, c< I have sent an express
to Gen. Schuyler, to Washington, and to Congress, but you
know how very long it will be before we can have relief from
them. You, sir, and your valiant Green Mountain Boys, are
in our neighborhood ; you all have arms, and I*am confident
60 /
ever stand ready to lend a helping hand to your brethren
distress ; therefore, let me beg of you to raise as many men as
you can, and have them in Canada with the least possible de-
lay, to remain till we can have relief from the colonies. You
will see that proper officer are appointed under you, and the
officers and privates will have the same pay as the continental
troops. It will be well for your men to start as soon as they
can be collected. No matter whether they all march together,
'but let them come on by tens, twenties, thirties, forties, or fif-
ties, as fast as they can be prepared to march. It will have a
good effect upon the minds- of the Canadians, to see succor,
coming in. You will be good enough to send copies of this
letter or such parts of it a* you shall judge proper, to the people
below you. I can but hope the people will make a push to
get into this country, and I am confident I shall see you here,
with your men, in a very short time." And General Wooster
was not disappointed. He did see Warner in Canada, with,
his men, even before he anticipated. Probably no revolutionary
patriot during the war, performed a service evincing more en-
ergy, or a more noble patriotism, than the raising of a regiment
in so short a time, and marching it to Quebec in the face of a
Canadian winter. The men of this day would shiver at the.
thought of it.
The following letter from General Schuyler to Washington,
(written only about two weeks after the above call upon War-
ner,) shows the promptness with which that call was respond-
ed to :
Albany, January 22, 1776.
Dear Sir — Col. Warner has been so sucessful in sending men into
Canada, and as a regiment will soon be sent from Berkshire county in.
Massachusetts, and as I am informed by letter from Congress, that
one regiment from Pennsylvania and one from New Jersey will im-
mediately be sent to Albany, and put under my command, and as these
troops can be in Canada as early as any which your Excellency can
send from Cambridge, the necessity of sending on those troops which
]; had the honor to request you to send,, will be superceded.
61
I am, sir, with respect and esteem, your Excellency's most obedient
and very bumble servant, PHILIP SCHUYLER.
His Excellency, George Washington.
Warner had advantages in the performance of this service,
which no other man possessed. His regiment of Mountaineers
had long been armed in self-defence, and were accustomed
to rally at his call almost at a moment's warning. As they
had hitherto been successful in every enterprise, they had the
most perfect confidence in their leader, and they moreover
loved him for his moral and social qualities- He sympathised
with all classes, and this rendered him affable and familiar wit)
them, while at the same time he maintained a self-respect and,
a dignified deportment.
This winter campaign in Canada proved extremely dis-
tressing. The troops were in want of comfortable clothing,
barracks, and provisions. Most of them took the small pox^
and many of them died. At the opening of spring, in May
1776, a large body of British troops arrived at Quebec to relieve
the garrison, and the American army, in their distressed situ-
ation, were compelled to make a hasty retreat. Warner took
a position exposed to the greatest danger, and requiring the
utmost care and vigilance. He was ever in the rear during
the retreat, picking up the wounded and the diseased, assisting
and encouraging those who were least able to take care of
themselves, and generally keeping but a few miles in advance
oi the British, who closely pursued the Americans from post
to post. By calmly and steadily pursuing this course, he
brought off most of the invalids, and with this corps of the dis-
eased and infirm, arrived at Ticonderoga a few days after the
main army had taken possess ion of that post.
Highly approving of these extraordinary exertions, Congress
resolved to raise a regiment out of the troops who had served
with so much reputation in Canada, to be commanded by a
Heutenant-colonel. Of this regiment, also, Warner was ap-
62
pointed lieutenant-colonel, and Samuel Safford major. Most
of the officers of the regiment were persons who had been dis-
tinguished by their opposition to the claims and proceedings
of New York. By this new appointment, Warner was agair
placed in a situation perfectly suited to his genius, and, in con-
formity with his orders, he raised his regiment and repaired to
Ticonderoga, where he remained until the close of the cam-
paign of 1776:
On the 16th day of January, 1777, the convention of the
New Hampshire Grants declared the whole district to be a free
sovereign and independent State, by the name of Vermont,
The provincial congress of New York was then in session,
and, on the 20th of the same month, announced the transac-
tion to the continental congress, complaining in strong terms
of the conduct of Vermont, denouncing it as a dangerous re-
volt, and at the same time remonstrating against the appoint-
ment of Warner to the command of a regiment independent
of the Legislature of New York, " especially as this Col. War-
ner hath been constantly and invariably opposed to the Legis-
lature of this State, and hath been on that account proclaim-
ed an outlaw by the late Government thereof. It is absolute-
ly necessary to recall the commission of Warner, and the of-
ficers under him, to do us justice." No measures were taken
by Congress, at this time, to interfere in the civil concerns of
the two States, or to remove Warner from his command. Still
anxious to effect this purpose, the Legislature of New York,
on the 1st of March following, wrote again on the subject, and
among other things declared, that " there was no probability
that Warner could raise such a number of men as would be an
object of public concern," Congress still declined to dismiss
so valuable an officer from their service. On the 23d of June
following, Congress was obliged to take up the controversy
between New York and Vermont, but instead of proceeding to
disband Warner's regiment, on the 30th of the same month,
63
they resolved, " that the reasons which induced Congress to
form that corps were, that many officers of diffeient States
who had served in Canada, and who, as was alleged, might
soon raise a regiment, but who were then unprovided for,
might be retained in the service of the United States."
Fortunately, Governeur Morris was the only member pres-
ent from New York, when Congiess acted upon this subject ;
and he was too true a patriot and too honorable a man to vote
to recall Warner's commission, even though he knew he was
incurring the displeasure of his constituents by not doing so.
While Burgoyne was on his way up Lake Champlain in the
summer of 1777, Col. 4 Warner addressed the following letter
to the Vermont State Convention, then in session at Windsor ;
Rutland, July 1, 17 77.
Gentlemen : Last evening I received an express from the General
commanding at Ticonderoga, advising me that the enemy have come
up the lake, with 17 or 18 gun-boats, two large ships, and other craft,
md lie at Three Mile Point. The General expects an attack every
hour. He orders me to call out all the militia of this State, of Mas-
sachusetts and New Hampshire, to join him as soon as possible. I
have sent an express to Col. Simonds. Col. Robinson and Col. Wil-
liams are at Hubbardton, waiting to be joined by Col. Bellows, who is
with me. When the whole are joined, they will amount to 700 or
800 men. I knew not to whom to apply except to your honorable
body, to call out the militia on the East side of the mountain. I shall
expect that you will send on all the men that can possibly be raised,
and that you will do all in your power to supply the troops at Ti-
conderoga with beef. Should the seige be long, they will be abso-
lutely destitute, unless the country exert themselves. If 40 or 50
head of beef cattle can be brought on by the militia, they will be paid
for by the commissary, on their arrival. The safety of the post de-
pends on the exertions of the country. Their lines are extensive and
but partially manned, for want of men. I should be glad if a few
hills of corn unhoed should not be a motive sufficient to detain men at
home, considering the loss of such an important post might be irre-
trievable.
I am, gentlemen, with the greatest respect, your obedient and very
humble servant, SETH WARNER.
When Ticonderogo was evacuated, on t he night of the 6th
-of July, 1777, thf. main body of the American army took the*
road through Hubbardton and Castleton. When they arrived
at Hubbardton, the rear guard was put under the command
of Warner, with orders to follow the main army, as soon as
those who were left behind should come up, and keep about a
mile and a half in the rear. The retreat of the Americans
was no soontr discovered by the British, than an eager pursuit
was begun by Fraser, with the light troops, who was soon fol-
lowed by Reidesel with the greater part of the Brunswick re-
giment. Frazer continued the pursuit through the day, and
learning that the rear guard of the American army was not
far distant, he ordered his men that night to lie on their arms.
Early on the morning of the 7th, he renewed the pursuit, and
about 7 o'clock commenced an attack on the Americans un-
der Warner. Warner's force consisted of his own regiment,
and the regiments of Colonels Francis and Hale. Hale, for
some reason retired, leaving Warner and Francis with only
seven or eight hundred men to dispute the progress of the en-
emy. The conflict was fierce and bloody. Warner charged
the enemy with such impetuosity, that they were thrown into
disorder, and gave way, but they soon recovered, formed anew,
and advanced upon the Americans, but were again brought to
a stand. At this critical moment, Reidesel arrived and joined
Fraser, with his troops, and Francis fell, fighting bravely at the
head of his regiment, which then gave way, and the fortune of
the day was decided. The Americans fled into the woods in
all directions. Those of Warner's regiment, who heard the
order to that effect, repaired to Manchester, the others, with
Francis's regiment, followed and joined the main army, and
marched to Fort Edward.
Warner was soon after stationed with his troops at Man-
chester, where, by order of the Council of Safety, Herrick's
regiment of Rangers was placed under his command.
Many of the inhabitants the present county of Rutland were
Co
what were termed "torit s," or friends of the Crown. Some
of them, in consequence of being so near the Canadian fron-
tier, were led to seek British protection more through fear than
from principle. These men were very offensive to the Whi'-s,
particularly because of their furnishing the British troops with
large quantities of fresh provisions. In consequence of the
"aid and comfort" thus afforded to the enemy, Gen. Schuyler
directed Warner to sieze and bring in all the property north of
Manchester which might be liable to fall into the hands of the
British, and to arrest the tories and cause them to be sent into
the interior. These orders were promptly and thoroughly ex-
ecuted. Large droves of cattle were driven into Bennington,
and sold under the direction of the Council of Safety, who held
a perpetual session in that town during the summer. Many
of the protectionists escaped and joined the enemy; others
were taken and brought before the Council of Safety, and all
declared that they took the oath of allegiance to his Majesty
by compulsion, that they did not consider themselves bound
by it, and were ready to take the oath of aiiegiance to the Uni-
ted States. After taking this oath, they were discharged.
Most of them soon after fought bravely in the battle of Ben-
rington.
Through the whole of this unpleasant business, the magna-
nimity and humanity of Warner were conspicuous. Only one
person was killed or injured by, the scouts during the summer,
and that one was killed through a misapprehension.
About the first of August, Stark arrived at Manchester with
some 800 New Hampshire militia, on his way to the seat of
war on the Hudson; By General Schuyler's order, these ve-
ry militia were to be stationed at Manchester, under the com-
mand of Warner, but the Government of New Hampshire had
given Stark the command of the militia of that State, indepen-
dent of the Continental officers. Situated as Stark and War-
ner were, men of narrow minds, influenced bv the mere love
C6
of personal glory, would have come in collision at once. But
theyy actuated by higher motives, were ready to serve their
country in any station in which they could be most useful.
They therefore acted together cordially, manifesting a high
degree of respect for each other, and in the Bennington battle
they in fact commanded jointly, so that if the result had been
disastrous, Congress would have censured Warner for yielding
the command to Stark.
Though Warner had assisted Stark in planning the battle of
Bennington, his regiment (which had been left behind at Man-
chester,) did not arrive on the battle-ground until the Ameri-
cans were beginning to fall back. Disappointed that they had
not been in season for the first engagement and shared in the
glory, they now advanced and attacked ihe enemy with great
spirit and resolution. The British troops, who had just been
exulting in the prospect of an easy victory, were now brought
to a stand, and more of the scattered militia being brought
forward by Stark and Herrick, the action became general.
The combat was maintained with great bravery on both sides,
until sun-set, when the enemy gave way, and were pursued
till dark.
In the two engagements at Bennington, the Americans
took four brass field pieces, four ammunition wagons, and
above 700 prisoners, with their arms and accoutrements. The
number of the enemy found dead on the field was 207, their
number of wounded not ascertained. The loss of the Ameri-
cans was 30 killed and about 40 wounded.
The following letter from General Gates to the President of
the Massachusetts Council, renders it probable that Warner
was present with his regiment at the capture of Burgoyne—
Albany, 25th November 1*777.
Dear Sir — This letter will be presented to the Hon. Council, by
Colonel Seth Warner, an officer of merit. His business at Boston, is
to solicit your Hon. Board to give order for a supply of clothing, for
Ihe regiment under his command. Having experienced the good be-
67
havior of this corps during the summer campaign, I cannot but recjm
mend them to your good offices, for the supply they so much want,
and the more especially as I hare in view a service of much importance
m which Colonel Warner's regiment will be very actively concerned.
I am, sir, with respect, your most humble and obedient servant,
HORATIO GATES.
It is very certain, that after this Warner was able to perform
but very little active service. His constitution, naturally strong
and vigorous, gave way under the fatigues and hardships which
he endured in the service, particularly in his winter campaign
in Canada, It has been seen that in the year 1776, Congress
gave Warner the command of a regiment with the rank of
lieutenant colonel. He held the same rank at the battle of
Bennington, but soon after was appointed colonel, and Safford
lieutenant colonel. In a return of his regiment, made Novem-
ber 10, 1777, Colonel Warner was returned sick at Hoosic.
He recovered from this sickness, but was never afterwards
able to perform any active duty in the war, and of course re-
ceived no farther promotion. He however continued in com-
mand of his regiment, residing with his family in Bennington,
to the end of the year 1781. In the mean time, the number
of men in the regiment had been greatly reduced by the loss-
es sustained in several hard fought actions, and by the capture
of Fort George, by the enemy, in October, 1780, which was
garrisoned by about 70 of Warner's regiment, under the com-
mand of Captain John Chipman,
On the first of January, 1781, the regiment was reduced,
under a resolution of Congress, and some of the officers were
transferred to other regiments. Chipman was promoted to
the rank of Major in the New York line.
In the year 1782, Warner returned with his family to Rox-
bury, his native town, in the hope of obtaining relief from the
painful disorders under which he was suffering ; but his hopes
proved fallacious, and he gradually wasted away till the 26th
63
of December, 178 i, when death put an end to all his earthly
sufferings.
His funeral serman was preached by the Rev, Thomas Can-
field, from Samuel 1, 27. " How are the mighty fallen, and
the weapons of War perished."
Seth Warner was over six feet in height, erect and well pro-
portioned, his countenance, attitude and movements indicative
of great strength and vigor of body and mind, of resolution,
firmness and self-possession. His commanding appearance,
and known character, undoubtedly saved him from many an
attack by the New Yorkers. In one instance only, during the
long controversy with New York, did any one attempt to ar-
rest him single-handed. He pursued his public and private
business among the settlers in the different (owns, with appar-
ent unconcern, and yet he was always prepared for defence;
He was for so long a time and so ardently engaged in the
public service, that his attention seems to have been wholly
diverted from his own private concerns. He had been so long
engaged in maintaining the rights of propeity, that a disposition
to acquire it seemed to be wholly eradicated ; and the mode-
rate estate which he inherited having been spent in the service
of his country, he left his family destitute. The proprietors of
several townships gave him tracts of land of considerable val-
ue, as a reward for his services in defence of the New Hamp-
shire grants, but the greater part, if not all of them, were sold
for taxes, and his heirs never received any considerable bene-
fit from them. In October, 1787, the Legislature of Vermont
generously granted his heirs 2000 acres of land, in the north-
west part of the county of Essex. It was then supposed that
this land w^ould become valuable by a settlement of that part
of the county, but it was subsequently found that the tract was
of little or no value, and it yet remains unsettled.
The following inscription is on the tablet erected over his
grave in the Roxbury burying-ground—
69
In memory of
COL. SETH WARNER. ESQ.,
Who departed this life, December 26, A. D. 1784,
In the 42d year of his age.
Triumphant leader of our armies' head.
Whose martial glory struck a panic dread,
Thy warlike deeds engraven on this stone
Tell future ages what a hero's done.
Full sixteen battles he did fight
For to procure his country's right.
Oh ! this brave hero, he did fall
By death, who ever conquers alt.
When this you see, remember me,
NATHANIEL CHIPMAN
The common ancestor oi all those bearing the name of
Chipman in North America, was John Chipman, born in Barn-
stable, England, a. d. 1614. He emigrated to America in
1630, at the age of 16, and married a daughter of John How-
land, one of the pilgrims who landed from the May Flower
upon the Rock of Plymouth. He settled on a farm in Barn-
stable, Massachusetts, on which his descendants have ever
since resided. He was made a freeman by vote of the town,
in December 1662. His son, Samuel, wasborn at Barnstable,
August 15, 1661 — married Sarah Cobb, and had ten children,
one of whom was John Chipman, born in 1691, graduated at
Harvard College, was ordained minister at Beverly, Mass., in
1715, and died in 1775, aged 84. He had fifteen children.
Their descendants are very numerous in Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, among whom is the Hon. Ward Chipman, one of
the Commissioners under the Treaty of Ghent for settling the
North Eastern Boundary.
The eldest of the ten children of Samuel Chipman, was
Thomas, born November 17, 1687. He settled in Groton,
Connecticut, and had five sons, Thomas, John, Amos, Samuel
and Jonathan. In 1740, ke removed with these sons to Salis-
bury, in the present county of Litchfield. In the following
year, the town was organized, and he was chosen the first
Representative to the Legislature. When the county of Litch-
field was organized, in 1751, he was appointed a Judge of the
county court but died before the first term. His son Samuel
married Hannah Austin, of Suffieid, Conn., and had six sons,
71
Nathaniel, Lemuel, Darius, Cyrus, Samuel and Daniel — the
eldest and first named being the subject of this sketch.
NATHANIEL CHIPMAN, ll. d., was born in Salisbury,
Nov. 15, 1752. In 1772 he commenced his studies prepara-
tory to entering college, and, after spending only nine months
with his books, he became a member of the freshman class in
Yale College, at the age of twentj^-one years. He immediate-
ly took a high stand in his class, which he maintained through-
out his collegiate course. Although he had a peculiar taste
for the languages, he had the reputation of a universal scholar.
In consequence of the systematic course pursued by him in his
studies, he was enabled to devote a certain portion of every
day to general reading-, and writing. Several pieces of his po-
etry, written during this period and subsequently, are preser-
ved in his Memoir, edited by his brother, the Hon. Daniel
Chipman- — which evince a true poetic taste, and a remarkable
facility at versifying.
During hi? senior year — in the spring of 1777 — the subject
of this notice received a Lieutenant's commission in the revo-
lutionary army, which he accepted and at once entered the
service of his country. The succeeding winter and spring he
spent at Valley Forge ; and afterwards participated in the
battles of Monmouth and White Plains. In a letter dated,
"Camp, at Fredericksburg, October 3, 1778," to Mr. Fitch,
(afterwards President of Williams College,) he writes, "I shall
spend the winter in Salisbury, Connecticut, in the study of
law. W'inter quarters are now in agitation. Litchfield is
talked of for this division. Where they will be is uncertain as
yet. I think, from all appearances, we may reasonably con-
clude that the glorious contest draws near a glorious conclu-
sion, when, with the blessing of heaven, we may enjoy the
sweets of liberty in peace. '* He resigned his commission soon
after, and, as intimated above, commenced his legal studies in
his native town. At the annual commencement of Yale CoU
71
lege in 1777, while he was absent in (he army, the degree of
Bachelor of Arts was conferred upon him, and his name was
enrolled among the regular graduates of that institution.
In a letter to the same gentleman, dated at Salisbury, Janu-
ary 1, 1779, he writes in the following strain of prophetic
pleasantry — " I have not yet taken the attorney's oath, but
expect to take it in March, and then I shall probably settle in
Bennington, where I shall indeed be rata avis in terris, for
there is not an attorney in the State. Think, Fitch, think
what a figure I shall make, when I become the oracle of law
to the State of Vermont t" On the 20th of March following,
he writes to the same friend, informing him that he has been
admitted to the bar, and in a few days shall start for Vermont.
He then faceciously adds, " Ha, ha, ha ! I cannot but laugh
when I think what a flash we shall make, when we come to be
members of congress. And then again I am vexed when I
think how many steps there are by which we must mount to
that pinnacle of happiness. Let's see: First an attorney, then
a selectman, a huffing justice, a deputy, an assistant, a mem-
ber of congress. Is not this a little vexing? However, we
must make the best of it."
On the 10th of April, he arrived at Tinmouth, the then cap-
ital of Rutland county, Vermont — to which place his parents
had previously removed. During this and the following year,
several able lawyers became residents of the State, and the
litigation growing out of the disputed land-titles gave them,suf-
ficient employment. Nathaniel Chipman immediately took a
high stand at the bar, and was employed in nearly every impor-
tant case that came before the courts of that State. In 1784
he was a member of the State Legislature, where he ren-
dered himself useful in quieting the turbulent feelings existing
in the minds of a majority of the members, growing out the pe-
cuniary distress occasioned by the war. In 1786, he was elec-
ted an Assistant Judge of the Supreme Court — an office which
?3
he accepted, but resigned the next year;
The reader of this volume will have seen, in the sketches of
Allen and Warner, some particulars respecting the controver-
sy between New York and Vermont. This controversy was
far from being settled when Chipman removed into the latter
State. On the 5th of July, 1780, the legislature of New York
passed an act appointing Robert Yates, John Lansing, GuMan
Verplanck, Simeon De Witt, Egbert Benson and Melancthon
Smith, commissioners, with full power to acknowledge the
sovreignty of Vermont, and to adjust all matters of controversy
between the two states. And on the 23d of October follow-
ing, the legislature of New York passed an act, appointing
Nathaniel Chipman, Isaac Tickenor, Stephen R. Bradley, Ira
Allen, Elijah Paine, Stephen Jacob and Israel Smith, commis-
sioners on the part of Vermont, to treat with those of New York.
The difficulties were all amicably adjusted ; and on the 6th of
January, 1791, the State Convention met at Bennington to
decide the question, whether Vermont should accede to the
union, Of this convention Chipman was a member; and* af-
tei the question was decided affirmatively, he and Lewis R<
Morris were appointed to attend congress and negociate for
the admission of Vermont into the federal union.
In October, 1779, Nathaniel Chipman had been elected
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and continued in that office
two years, when he was appointed Judge of the United States
Court for the District of Vermont. There was very little bu-
siness in this court, and he resigned in 1793, and returned to
his practice at the bar. In October, 1796, he was re-elected
Chief Justice. During the same. year, he was appointed one
of a committee to revise the code of statute laws • and nearly
all the acts known" as the revised laws of 1797, were written by
him.
In 1797, he was elected a Senator in Congress for ste years
from the 4th of March, 1798. In that body he was distinguish-
74
ed for his talents, learning- and independence. From lSOb* to
to 1811, inclusive, he was a representative to the legislature.
In March, 1813, he was chosen one of the council of censor*
— a council consisting of thirteen persons elected by a general
ticket, at the expiration of every seven years, whose duty it is
to revise the constitution, suggest amendments, call conven-
tions to consider such amendments, &c. *In October, 1813, he
was once more' elected Chief Justice, but two years afterwards
was displaced in consequence of the ascendency of another
political party. At this time the judges were elected annually.
In 1816, Judge Chipmanwas appointed Professor of Law in
Middlebury College, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the re-
signation of his brother, the Hon. Daniel Chipman. He hacJ
previously received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dart-
mouth College.
He published, in 1793, a wo*k entitled, '* Sketches of the
Principles of Government," and a small volume entitled, "Re-
ports and Dissertations."
During the last ten years of his life, he lived somewhat se"
eluded, with few companions except his books, and occupied
himself with their daily study until a short time before his death:
He departed this life at Tinmouth, February 15th, 1843, in the
91st year of his age:
Nathaniel Chipman married Sarah- Hill, of Tinmouth, and;
&ad five sons and two daughters, viz., Henry, Jeffrey, Edwin,
Laura, Evelina, and two others.
-
0 AMUEL J . MILLS, Sen
** Father Milk," (as he was familiarly called,) was born hi
the beautiful valley of the Housatonic, in the town of Kent.,
a. d. 1743, and graduated at Yale College in 1764. He stud-
ied divinity with the celebrated Rev. Dr. Bellamy, of Bethlem,
and was ordained pastor of the church in Torringford, in his
native .county, on the 29th of June, 1769. In this quiet and
rural parish he spent the remainder of his days in the pastoral
.office, though in 1822, after a ministry of fifty-four years, he
had a colleague who relieved him of most of his public duties.
So many anecdotes have gone abroad over the country, de~
signed to illustrate simply his eccentricities, that few of those
who are familiar with his name, have any correct idea of his
'bis real character as a man and a preacher. In person he was
portly, very erect, and in height overtopped all his compeers ;
he had a large, ruddy face and high forehead, more venerable
and majestic for the wiute wig above. His voice and manner
were unique. His deep reverence for God and the Bible — the
shaking of his large frame with sudden and strong emotion—
his inimitable naturalness in stating facts — and the entire ease
with which he could convulse those around him with laughter,
and the next moment make them sober as the grave itself —
were peculiarities which caused him to stand out in bold relief
among the men of his generation, and have contributed in
giving his name to posierity. In the pulpit he was at home ;
perfectly self-possessed, the master of his subject, and impress-
ed himself with the importance of his theme, no man could
more effectually chain the attention of his auditory. His metb-
76
od of illustration was one of the principal things that gave to,
his preaching its peculiar- cast of originality. Scriptural his-
tory, and the history of the church in all ages, were made pro-
fitably subservient to him in this respect. Nor did his obser-
vant eye fail, with the same object in view, to notice current
events. Whether he rode, or conversed, or read, he gleaned
something that would be of use to him in the illustration and
inculcation of truth. He lacked nothing in the compass of his
voice to express what his mind conceived, or his heart felt.
The tones, the cadence, and the emphasis which he used, the
light of his eye, the expression of his countenance, and his ev-
ery motion, indicated what seemed to be a perfect perception
and discrimination, Kis appositeness, the singular associa-
tions with which his mind teemed, and the vividness of the pic-
ture which he presented to others, not unfrequently affected
those not familiar with his manner, with levity. Of this he
seemed to be unaware. While a smile was lighted up in the
countenances of his auditors, his eyes were not unfrequently
suffused with tears. Others may be regarded as examples for
imitation, but much as there was found to admire in the man-
ner of Mr. Mills, none could safely attempt to imitate it.
Those who saw him at a distance, would be ready to sup-
pose that his habits of study were loose, and that he was not
laborious in his investigations. He did, indeed, read less than
some, but few thought more than he, or to better effect. He
read, so far as was necessary to furnish materials for thought,
and with these his active mind was ever busy. His sermons,
though generally unwritten, were thoroughly studied, and ex-
celled in logical arrangement and practical power. He was
for many years one of the editors of the Connecticut Evangel-
ical Magazine, and as a writer he displayed great tact, vigor,
and correctness of style.
Mr. Mills was greatly esteemed ?nd blessed in his ministry,
bj*h at home and abroad, and several powerful religious awa-
77
kenings were among' the fruits of feis preaching. The interest
which he took in the henevolent opeiations which distinguish-
ed the latter period of his life, was peculiar fot one of his age.
His habits of feeling- and acting were evidently formed under
the influence of the spirit which produced this era. Hence he
was prepared to hail its commencement, and his heart never-
ceased to glow in view of the wants which shed upon it such
signal lustre. Apparently, it did not cost him a struggle to,
give up a beloved son to the service of the American Board.
When he learned the purpose of this excellent son, and sup-
posed he was soon to go far hence to (he Gentiles, he seemed
ready so bless God for having imparted such grace, and to.
deem the sacrifice required of him a privilege. He contempla-
ted with wonder and admiration, the enlargement of the Re-
deemer's kingdom. This was a theme ever present on lib
mind and tongue. He lost, in his advanced age, his interest
in other things, but in this it never abated. His recollection
of person? and things failed, at length, but this subject was
fresh with him to the last.
Under the title of " Old Father Morris," Mrs. Harriet Beech,
er Stow, (a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Beecher, then of Litch-
field,) gives us her recellections of Mr. Mills in her "May
Flower"— from which we make the following extracts :
Of all the marvels that astonished my childhood, there is none I
remember to this day with so much interest as the character of old
Father Mills When I knew him he was an aged clergyman, settled
over an obscure village in New England. He had enjoyed the advan-
tages of a liberal education, had a strong original power of thought, an
omnipotent imagination, and much general information ; but so early
and so deeply had the habits and associations of the plow, the farm,
and country life, wrought themselves into his mind, that his after ac-
quirements could only mingle with them, forming an unexampled
amalgam, like unto nothing but itself. He was an ingrain New Eng-
ender, and whatever might have been the source of his information, it
came out in Yankee form, with the strong provinciality of Yankee
dialect,
It is in vain to attempt to give a full picture of such a genuine
unique ; but some slight and imperfect dashes may help the imagina-
tion to a faint idea of what none can fully conceive but those who
have seen and heard old Father Mills.
Suppose yourself one of half-a-dozen children, and you hear tha
cry, " Father Mills is coming V3 You run to the window or door, and
you sec a tall, bulky old man, with a pair of saddle-bags on one arm,
hitching his old horse with a fumbling carefulness, and then deliber-
ately stumping toward* the house. Vou notice his tranquil, florid,
full-moon face, .enlightened by a pair of great, round blue eyes, that
roll with dreamy inattentiveness on all the objects around, and as he
takes oft' his hat, you see the white curling wig that sets off his round
head. He comes towards you, and as you stand staring with all the
children around, he deliberately puts his great hand on your head, and
with a deep, rumbling voice, inquires., " How d'ye do, my darter? Is
your daddy at home ?" " My darter" usually makes off as fast as
possible in an unconquerable giggle. Father Mills goes into the house,
and we watch him at every turn, as, with the most liberal simplicity }
he makes himself at home, takes off his wig, wipes down his great face
writh a checked pocket-handkerchief, helps himself hither and thither
to whatever he wants, and asks for such things as he cannot lay his
hands on, with all the comfortable easiness of childhood.
I remember to this day how we used .to peep through the crack of
the door or hold it half ajar and peer in to watch his motions ; and
how mightily diverted we were with his deep, slow7 manner of speaking,
his heavy, cumbrous walk, but, above all, with the wonderful facul-
ty of hemming which he possessed. His deep, thundering, protracted
a-hem-em was like nothing else that ever I heard; and when once, as
he was in the midst of one of these performances, the parlor door sud-
denly happened to swing open, I heard one of my roguish brothers
calling, in a suppressed tone, "Charles! Charles! Father Mills has
hammed the door open !" and then followed the signs of a long and
desperate titter, in which I sincerely sympathized.
Hut the morrow is Sunday. The o}d man rises in the pulpit, lie
is not now in his own humble littfe parish, preaching simply to the
hoers of corn and planters of potatoes, but there sits Governor W.,
and there is Judge R., and Counsellor P., and Judge G. In short,
he is before a refined and literary audience. But Father Mills rises ;
he thinks nothing of this — he cares nothing — he knows nothing, as he
himself would say, but " Jesus Christ and him crucified." It was after
this very sermon, that Governor Griswold, in passing outjof the house,
laid hold on the sleeve of his first acquaintance — " Pray tell me," said
he, " who is that minister ?"
"Why, it is old Father Mills."
" Well, he is an oddity— and a genius too ! 1 declare ! he continued,
i have been wondering all the morning how 1 could have read the Bible
7{)
foso little purpose as not to see all these particulars he lias presented*"
I once heard him narrate in his picturesque way the stoiy of Laaarf
us. The great bustling city of Jerusalem first rises to view, and you
are told, with great simplicity, how the Lord Jesus " used to get tired
of the noise ;" and how he was " tired of preaching again and again
to people who- would not mind a word he said ;" and how, " when it
came evening, he used to go out and see his friends in Bethany.3' Then
he told about the house of Martha and Mary : " a little white house
among the trees," he said ; " you could just see it from Jerusalem."
And there the Lord Jesus and his disciples used to go and sit in the
evenings, with Martha, and Mary, and Lazarus. Then the narrator
went on to tell how Lazarus died, describing with tears and a choking
voice, the distress they were in, and how they sent a message to the
Lord Jesus, and he did not come, and how they wondered and won-
dered ; and thus on he went, winding up the interest by the graphic
minutiae of an eye-witness, till he woke you from the dream by his tri-
umphant joy at the resurrection scene.
On another occasion, as he was sitting at a tea table unusually sup-
plied with cakes and sweetmeats, he found an opportunity to make a
practical allusion to the same familiar story. He spoke of Mary as
quiet and humble, sitting at her Saviour's feet to hear his woids ; but
Martha thought more of what was to be got for tea. Martha could
not find time to listen to Christ : no ; she was " cumbered with much
serving" — "around the house, frying flitters, and making gingerbread."
At another time Father Mills gave the details of the annointing of
David to be king. He told them how Samuel went to Bethlehem, to
Jesse's house, and went in with a -'How d'ye do, Jesse?" and how,
when Jesse asked him to take a chair, he said he could not stay a min-
ute ; that the Lord had sent him to annoint one of- his sons for a king ;
and how, when Jesse called in the tallest and handsomest, Samuel
said "he would not do ;" and how all the rest passed the same test ; and
at last, how Samuel says, " Why, have not you any more sons,
Jesse ?" and Jesse says, " Why, yes, there is little David down in the
lot f and how as soon as ever Samuel saw David, " he slashed the
oil right on him;" and how Jesse said "he never was so beat in all
his life !"
Father Mills sometimes .used his illustrative talent to very good
purpose in the way of rebuke. He had on his farm a fine orchard of
peaches, from which some of the ten- and twelve-year-old gentlemen
helped themselves more liberally than even the old man's kindness
thought expedient. Accordingly, he took occasion to introduce into
his sermon one Sunday, in his little parish, an account of a journey he
took : and how he was very warm and very dry ; and how he saw a fine
orchard of peaches that made his mouth water to look at them. " So,-'
says he, " I came up to the fence and looked all around, for I would
not have touched one of them without leave for the world. At last
t spied a man, and says I, ' Mister, won't you give me some of your
80
peaches '." So the man came and gave me nigh a hat full. And while
\ slood there eating, J said, 'Mister how do you manage to keep your
peaches'." 'Keep them!' said he, and he stared at me; ' what do
you mean?' ' Yes sir,' said I; 'don't the boys steal them?' ' Boys
steal them ?' said he ; ' no indeed !' ' Why, sir,' said I, ' I have a whole
lot full of peaches, and I cannot get half of them'--here the old man's
voice grew tremulous — ' because the boys in my parish steal them
bo.' ' Why, sir,' said lie, ' don't their parents teach them not to steal ?'
And I grew all over in a cold sweat, and I told him, I was afeared
they didn't ' 'Why how you talk !' says the man ; ' do tell me where
you live ?' ' Then,' said Father Mills, the tears running over, ' I was
obliged to tell him I lived in the town of TV After this Father Mills
kept his peaches.
Although the old man never seemed to be .sensible of anything
tending to the ludicrous in his own mode of expressing himself, yet he
had considerable relish for humor, and some shrewdness of repartee.
One time^as he was walking through a neighboring parish, famous for
its profanity, he was stopped by a whole flock of the youthful repro-
bates of the place : — ' Father Mills ! Father Mills ! the devil's dead !'
' Is he ?' said the old man, benignly laying his hand on the head of
the nearest urchin, ' you poor fatherless children !'
But the sayings and doings of this good, old man, as leported in the
legends of the neighbourhood, are more than can be gathered or re-
ported. He lived far beyond the common age of man, and continued
when age had impaired his powers, to tell over and over again the
same Bible stones that he had told so often before.
[Here end our extracts from Mrs. Stow. The following anecdote
is from another source :]
Paul Peck, one of the first settlers of Litchfield, was the most fa-
mous hunter and trapper in the county. In one of his sermons, Fa-
ther Mills, wishing to illustrate the progress and certain doom of the
sinner, compared him to a timid Berkshire fox, that set out on a trip
to the Sound. "When he started, he was fearful and cautious — wari-
ly shunning every appearance of evil, and trembling at the sound of
a leaf; but having passed the hunters of Salisbury, the hounds of
Cornwall, and the snares of Goshen, lie considers himself safe ;
proud of his superior adroitness in thus escaping from predicted evils,
he becomes more and more heedless and self-conceited ; he enters
Fat Swamp at a jolly trot — head and tail up — looking defiance at the
enemies he has left far behind him ! But oh, the dreadful reverse !
in the midst of his haughty reverie he is brought to a sudden and ev-
erlasting stop, in one of Paul Peck's traps /"
Father Mills died in Torringford, in May, 1833, at the age
of 90 years, and in the 64th year of his ministry.
81
DANIEL CHIPMAN
DANIEL CHIPMAN, ll.d., (brother of Chief Justice
Chipman,) was born at Salisbury, October 22, 1765. Inl775,
his father removed with his family to Tinmouth, in what was
then called the New Hampshire Grants, in the present county
of Rutland, Vermont. Daniel labored on the farm until No-
vember 1783, when he commenced his studies preparatory to
entering college. In the following year he entered Dart-
mouth College, graduated in 1788, and immediately com-
menced the study of the law with his brother above alluded
to. He was admitted to the Bar in 1790, opened an office in
Rutland, and soon had an extensive practice. In 1793, he
represented the town of Rutland in the Convention held at
Windsor for amending the Constitution.
Mr. Chipman removed to Middlebury, in the county of Ad-
dison, in 1794, which town he frequently represented in the
Legislature until 1808, when he was elected a member of the
Council — in place of which the Senate has since been consti-
tuted. In 1812, he was elected a Fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences. Most of the time between
1809 and 1815 he represented Middlebury in the Legislature,
and in 1813 and '14 he was chosen Speaker of the House. In
1815 he was elected to the Congress of the United States — and
attended the first session, but was confined at home by sick-
ness during the second session. The following year his heatlh
was so far restored that he resumed the practice of law ; and
in the years 1818 and '21, he was elected to the Legislature,
In 1822 he published an Essay on the Law of Contracts for
me Payment of Specific Articles — which was well received by
the legal profession generally, and highly commended by
Judge Story, Chancellor Kent, and other eminent jurists. In
the Preface to this work, Mr. Chipman urged the importance
of having the decisions of the Supreme Court reported ; and
at the next session of the Legislature, an act was passed pro-
viding for the appointment of a Reporter, and he was selected
for that office. He published one volume of Reports, when
ill health compelled him to relinquish his station.
In the Preface to his Reports, he suggested and urged the
idea of elevating the Legislature, by constituting a Senate ;
and in 1836 an amendment of the Constitution to that end was
proposed, and a Convention called. In the mean time, the
subject of this sketch had retired from public life, and taken up
his residence in the secluded village of Ripton. Such, how-
ever, was his desire to have the amendment adopted, that he
yielded to the wishes of his fellow-townsmen, and represented
them in the Convention. He was justly regarded as the
champion of the Amendment in that body— which Amendment
was, after three or four days' debate, adopted by a majority of
three. It was universally admitted that the project would
have failed had it not been for the vigorous and well-directed
efforts made in its behalf by Mr, Chipman. A speech which
he delivered on the occasion was published in a pamphlet
form.
Since the death of his brother, Judge Chipman, he has pub-
lished his biography, under the title of—" The Life of Nathan-
iel Chipman, ll. d., formerly a member of the United States
Senate, and Chief Justice of the State of Vermont ; with Se-
lections from his Miscellaneous Papers." This work has also
been highly extolled by Chancellor Kent, and others, whose
capacity to judge of its merits none will question. Mr. C. has
recently written and published the Life of Col. Seth Warner,
a distinguished officer of the Revolution.
83.
Tn 1848, the subject of this brief memoir received the degree
of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College, This distinguish-
ed honor in connection with those so often received from his
fellow citizens, afford the most gratifying indications not only
of his high, attainments as a scholar, but of the general esteem
in which he has long been held by the people of his adopted;
State-
84
STANLEY GRISWOLD
STANLEY GRISWOLD was'bornin Torringford, Novem-
ber 14, 1768. Like most farmers' sons at that period, his
youth was passed alternately on the farm and at the district
school, until he reached the age of sixteen years, when he
was placed in an academy. At the age of nineteen, he en-
tered the freshman class of Yale College, at which institution
he graduated in September 1786. For about a year thereaf-
ter, he taught a high school and then began the study of Di-
vinity with the learned Rev. Dr. McClure, of East Windsor.
He commenced preaching early in the year 17S9, and soon
after received an invitation to settle over the chuich in Lyme,
which he declined. On the 14th of June of the same year,
he began to preach as a candidate in New Mil ford, and was
there installed as a colleague of the Rev. Mr. Taylor, Janua-
ry 20, 1790. About this time he was married to Elizabeth^
daughter of Dr. Samuel Flagg, of East Hartford.
At the time of his ordination, and for a period of years after,
lie was very popular with his people, and ndeed with all who
heard him preach. He was a good writer, an easy and grace-
ful speaker, and having the advantage of a good voice and a
fine persona! appearance, few equalled and BtilJ fewer excelled
him in pulpit oratory. In ordinary and private intercourse, he
familiar and pleasant, and seemed in all respects well cal-
culated to gain and retain friends.
The principles of the Government seemed at that time to be
in a 'state of chaos, and the great minds of (he nation were al-
most universally drawn into the vortex of -politics. "Jeflerso-
85
man Democracy," as it was termed, had risen into popularity
in many sections of the country. In New England, however,
(as is well known,) Jefferson was regarded by the clergy and
by religious people generally, as but little better than an avowed
Atheist — and his political adherents were consequently looked
upon with suspicion and prejudice. To the young- and ardent
mind of Griswold, glowing with the fire of genius, aspiring to
whatever was true and progressive in Freedom, and grasping-
after new thoughts and new theories, the political fabric of the
great apostle of democracy was seized upon as the most perfect
model of a republic which had been conceived. Unaccustom-
ed to conceal his opinions on matters of general interest and
importance, and conscious of the rectitude of his motives, he
did not hesitate from the first to declare his preferences in con-
versation whenever he thought proper to do so. As a matter
of course, it was soon noised abroad that Mr. Griswold was a
" democrat." Still his popularity was net materially affected:
thereby, so long as his sentiments were not publicly expressed.
His talents and eloquence secured for him crowded audiences,
and elicited the applause of his hearers, though very many
mourned over what they regarded as his errors.
When first settled, he was regarded (and probably justly so,)
as belonging to the Colvinistic School of divines. But after a
few years his brethren in the ministry gradually became dis
satisfied with some of his religious tenets, and the Rev. Mr.
Day, of the neighboring palish of New Preston, was deputed
to converse with him on the doctrines. Not being satisfied
with Mr. G/s conduct and opinions as expressed on that occa-
sion, Mr. Day made an unfavorable repoit to the Association,
and ultimately preferred charges against him. What the pre-
cise charges were, are unknown to the author of this volume,
far her than that they were designed to impeach his orthodoxy,
and did not in any way affect his moral character. Mr. Gris-
wold, however, was cited to appear and make answer thereto
68
before a session of the Association convened at Roxlmry,*
From some cause of nlledged informolity, he refused to ap-
pear in person, until they should first annul their proceedings
claimed to be irregular, and receive his explanation as from an.
uncensured brother. To this proposition the Association did
not think proper to accede, but forthwith proceeded against
him ex parte, cutting him off from his connection with that body.
The people of his charge very generally espoused his cause
with much zeal and earnestness, and he continued his minis
(rations with them for several years after his connection with
the Association had been ihjis forcibly dissolved.
In March 1801, the demociats of the State held a Jubilee at
VValliugford, in New Haven county, in honor of the election of
Jeiferson and Burr to the Presidency, and Vice Presidency of
the United States, and Mr. Giiswold was invited to deliver a
Sermon on tjie occasion. He accepted the invitation, though
strenuously, advised against it. by. his friends, who warned him
* Since this Sketch was prepared for the press, the Rev. Truman
Marsh, of Litchfield, has put into our hands a pamphlet entitled, "A
Statement of the Singular Manner of Proceeding of the Rev. Asso-
ciation of the South Part of Litchfield County, in an Ecclesiastical
Prosecution by them instituted against the Rev. Stanley Griswold,
Pastor of the First Church of Christ in New Milford ; who, without
being heard in his own defence, was by them sentenced to an exclu-
sion from their Associate Communion. Together with a subsequent
Address to said Association, by Neheaaah Strong, Esq., of said New
Milford, late Professor of Nahual Philosophy in Yale College. Hart-
ford : Printed by Elisha Babcoek, 1797."
On the 2d of July, 1797, the charges against Mr. Griswold were,
at his request, read before bis church and congregation, immediately
after divine service. Mr. G. having retired, it was Voted, unanimous-
ly, that, having attended constantly on his preaching since his settle-
ment in New Milford, " they have never been led to entertain an opin-
ion opposed to the doctiines preached by him, but ever have and still:
do feel satisfied with his preaching ;" they deprecated "all interfer-
ence from aboad," and further express their "serious wish that there-
may be no further interposition from said Association/' Arc. The
Commmittee appointed to record and transmit the vote to the A
ation were, Sherman Board man, Nehemiah Strong, Abel Iline, Josiah,
Starr, Elizur Warner, Philo Ruggles, and Daniel Everett.
of the consequences of such a step to him as a minis! e'r. But
as he had evidently ere this resolved upon leaving the ministry,
these admonitions had less effect than they might otherwise
have had. His sermon was published and had a wide circula-
tion.* This, together with a private letter from him to the Hon
Mr. Coit, Representative in Congress from New London coun-
ty, (which by some means found iis way into the public prints,)
brought his political sentiments fully and fairly before the
world. It was swch an unusual event for a minister of the
"standing order," in New England, to avow his preference for
the opinions of the democratic party, that his name and fame
spread rapidly throughout the country.
In the fall of 1802, Mr. Griswold resigned his pastoral
charge in New Milford, much against the wishes of many
members of his church and congregation, who regarded him
as persecuted on account of his political opinions. He subse-
quently preach for a short time in Greenfield, though not with
the design of settling — and soon after abandoned the pulpit
altogether.
In 1804, he left his native State, and established a demo-
cratic newspaper at Walpole, New Hampshrie, which was
conducted with great ability and obtained a wide-spread influ-
ence and popularity. During the following year he was call-
ed from this situation to Michigan, having received from Presi-
dent Jefferson the appointment of Secretary of that Territory
— the notorious Gen. William Hull then being Governor. For
reasons which were never given to the public, the Governor
and Secretary did not long harmonize in their views. The
* A new edition of this Discourse was printed at New Haven in 1 84 5,
by Mr. J. H. Benham. It is entitled, " Overcome Evil with Good :
A Sermon Delivered at Wallingford, Connecticut, March 11th, 180 1>
before a numerous collection of the Friends of the Constitution, of
Thomas Jefferson, President, and of Aaron Burr, Vice President of
the United States. By Stanley Griswold, A. M., of New Milford,
Hartford— Printed by Elisha Babcock, 1801."
former, it is said, suspected the latter with attempting to sup
plant him. However that may have been, the Secretary short-
ly resigned his post and took up his residence in Ohio.
In 1809, Mr. Griswold received from Governor Huntington
the appointment of Senator in the Congress of the United
States, to fill a vacancy then existing in the Ohio delegation.
In that illustrious body he soon distinguished himself as an el,
oquent debater, and men of all parties acknowledged his abili-
ty as a statesman and his integrity as a patriot.
Soon after the term for which he was appointed had expir-
ed, he was nominated by the President and confirmed by the
Senate, as United States' Judge for the North Western Ter-
ritory. This new post he was destined to occupy but a short
time. While out upon a judicial circuit, he contracted a fever
which terminated fatally. He died at Shawneetown, Illinois,
August 21, 1814, aged 51 years.
89
MARTIN CHITTENDEN
The subject of this sketch was a son of the Hon. Thomas
Chittenden, (the first Governor of the State of Vermont,) and
was born in Salisbury, March 12, 1766. In 1776 the entire
family removed from Connecticut to Williston, in the northern
part of Vermont— a region which was at that time almost an
unbroken wilderness. During the same year, they took up
their abode in the south part of the State, where they remain-
ed until the close of the revolutionary war.
Martin Chittenden fitted for college, in part, under the
instruction of the Rev. Mr. Farrand, of Canaan, in his native
county, and subsequently studied at More's School, at Hano-
ver, New Hampshire. He graduated at Dartmouth College
in 1789. In consequence of feeble health at this period, he
did not study a profession, but engaged in agricultural pursuits
- — an employment of which he was passionately fond, and which
(aside from his public duties,) chiefly occupied his time
and attention through life. He located himself in Jericho,
Chittenden county ; in 1789 he was appointed a Justice of the
Peace, and during the following year was elected County
Clerk, and a Representative to the Legislature. To the last
office he was re-elected for six successive years, and several
times afterwards. In 1793, he was appointed Judgs of the
County Court, and, three years after, was elected Chief Judge,
the duties of which latter station he faithfully performed for
seven years, and until transfered by the people to a higher
post of duty and responsibility. He was elected a Represen-
tative to the National Congress in 1803, and held his seat in
90
that honorable body until 1813— a period of ten years. His
congressional career was eminently useful and popular, though
not brilliant. He seldom addressed the House, yet the views
and opinions of few members were more respected or had
more influence, in and out of Congress, than his.
In 1814 and 1S15 he was elected Governor of the State,
The period of his administration was one of great excitement
and alarm among his constituents, occasioned by the war then
existing between the United States and Great Britain. Ver-
mont, being upon the frontier of the British possessions, and
lying along the borders of a lake which extended into the en-
emy's country, was peculiarly exposed to the incursions of the
foe. During the September of 1814, it was ascertained that a
British fleet was coming down the lake. General Macomb,
who commanded the American troops at Plattsburg, opposite
Burlington, sent over a summons to Governor Chittenden for
the immediate presence and aid of the Vermont Militia. Gov-
ernor C, (considering it uncertain upon which side of the lake
the enemy would land, and believing it to be his first duty to
protect the inhabitants of his own State,) peremptorily refused
to comply with the summons of the commanding General.
A portion of the enemy's troops landed at Plattsburg, though
the principal fight was upon the water. This act of the Gov-
ernor's— though now generally regarded as right — was seized
upon with great avidity by his political opponents, and with
such success as to overthrow his administration in 1816.
We have thus far spoken of Governor Chittenden only as a
civilian. As a military officer he was eminently popular, and
rose to the highest honor. At the age of twenty-four, he was
appointed aide-de-camp to Lieutenant Governor Olcott ; and
at the age of thirty-three he had attained the rank of Major-
General.
Governor Chittenden was married, March 12, 1796, to Anna
Pi
Bently, who died September 25, 1827. They had two. sons
and two daughters ; the sons only are living.
Governor C. departed this life, September 5, 1840, in the
75th year of his age— leaving a large estate, and an honorable
fame, to his posterity.
9%
SAMUEL J. MILLS
SAMUEL JOHN MILLS, " the Father of Foreign Missions
in America," was the son of Samuel J. Mills, a venerable con-
gregational clergyman in Torringford, (celebrated no less for
his ardent piety than for his eccentricities,) at which place he.
was born on the 21st of April, 1783. His mother was a wo-
man of pre-eminent piety, and early dedicated him to the God
whom she delighted to serve. The years of his childhood
were spent beneath the paternal roof, in the enjoyment of such
instructions as were commonly bestowed upon the children of
New England ministers at that period.
Dining a revival of religion which took place in his father's
parish when the subject of this sketch was about fifteen years
of age, his mind became painfully exercised on the great
themes of religion. In vain he struggled for light and hope.
All that resided beneath the same roof, and all who remained
of his father's descendants, himself excepted, had expressed a
hope of pardon, and had united with the church — st'ill he gro-
ped in darkness and despondency. In this state of mind he
continued for more than two years. In November, 1801, after
a most solemn and earnest appeal from his mother, young Mills
left home with the design of spending the winter at an Acade-
my in Litchfield, about sixteen miles distant. The morning
of his departure was a memorable one in his history. After
he had left, the mother betook herself to earnest prayer for her
son — and he for himself. " That very morning," says the
Rev. Dr. Spring, " it pleased the IT >|y Spirit to knock off the
chains frcm this unhappy prisoner, and introduce him to the
93
liberty of the sons of God. He had not gone far before he h ad-
such a view of the perfections of God, that he wondered Vie
had never seen their beauty and glory befoie. He retired a
short distance into the woods, that he might be the more at lib-
erty to contemplate the character of God, and adore and extol
his amiable sovreignty"
The direction of young Mills' thoughts may be gathered
from a single suggestion soon after his return from Litchfield,
viz., c that he could not conceive of any course of life in which
to pass the rest of his days, that would prove so pleasant as to
preach the gospel to the heathen.' It is worthy of remark that
from that hour, though but a youth of sixteen, he never lost
sight of his darling object. During his stay at home, and while
toiling at the plough, he made a solemn consecration of him-
self to the cause of foreign missions. "Thus," adds Dr. Spring,
" in a retired field in Litchfield county, was the King of Zion
beginning that great course of operations which have produced
such a mighty revolution in the American Churches, and which
bear so intimate a relation to the progressive glories of his
kingdom.''
In 1806, Mills entered Williams College, and graduated in
1810. While in that institution there was an extensive religious
revival there, of which he was the chief instrument, and very
many who have since become foreign missionaries became sub-
jects of grace at that time.
Previous to the efforts of Mills, several Missionary Societies
had been formed in this country, but the} had all been devoted
exclusively to the support of domestic missions. But in trac-
ing the rise and progress of Foreign Missions, we have little
else to do than to follow the leading events of Mr. Mills' life,
from his first year in college, to the embarkation of the Amer-
ican Missionaries for Calcutta, under the direction of the
American Board of Commissioners foi Foreign Missions, in the
year 1812. Although from a youth he had manifested a re-
94
markable interest and zeal in (he cause, it was not until he
became a member of college that his real objects and designs
were made manifest to the world. He there unburthened his
mind to a few fellow-students ; these be led to a secluded spot*
where, by the side of a larue haystack, they devoted the day to
fasting and prayer, and familiar conversation on this new and
interesting theme ; and he had the satisfaction of finding a like
spirit kindling in their bosoms.
After graduating, he became a resident graduate of Yale
College. His ostensible object was the study of theology :
hot his great purpose was to ascertain whether there were not
some kindred spirits in that institution. Shortly after his arri-
val in New Haven, he became acquainted with Obookiah, a
heathen youth from Owyhee, one of the Sandwich Islands*
who will be again referred to hereafter.
Having succeeded, in an eminent degree, in infusing a mis-
sionary spirit into a goodly number of students and graduates
of the college, he became a member of the Theological Sem-
inary at Andover. Here he was more than ever active in urg-
ing the claims of the heathen upon the attention of his breth-
ren in the institution ; and it is sufficient to add, that from their
number wTent forth in after years, a Newel], a Hall, a Nott,
and a Judson. The hallowed influence of Mills spread rapid-
idly among the religious people of New England. It was by
his instrumentality, and the advice and co-operation of the
Professors at Andover, and the Rev. Drs. Worcester and
Spring, that on motion of the last named gentleman the subject
was first introduced to the atfention of the General Association
of Massachusetts, at their annual meeting at Bradford. June
27, 1810. On that occasion the following paper was intro-
duced—
** The undersigned, members of the Divinity College, respectfully
request the attention of their Reverend Fathers, convened in General
Association at Bradford, to the following statement and inquiries •
" They beg leave to state, that their minds have long been impress-
06
ed with the duty and importance of personally attempting a Mission
to the Heathen — that the impressions on their minds have induced a
serious, and they trust a prayerful consideration of the subject in its
various attitudes, particularly in relation to the probable success and
the difficulties attending such an attempt — and that after examining
all the information which they can obtain, they consider themselves as
devoted -to this work for life, whenever God in his providence shall
open the way.
"They now offer the following inquiries, on which they solicit the
opinion and advice of the Association. Whether, with their present
views and feelings, they ought to renounce the object of Missions as
visionary and impracticable — if not, whether they ought to direci their
attention to the eastern or the western world ; whether they may ex-
pect patronage and support from a Missionary Society in this country,
or must commit themselves to the direction of a European Society ;
and what preparatory measures they ought to take previous to actual
engagement ?
"' The undersigned, Feeling their youth and inexperience, look up to
their Fathers in the Church, and respectfully solicit their advice, di-
rection, and prayers.
ADONIRAM JUDSOF, Jr.
SAMUEL NOTT, Jr.
SAMUEL J. MILLS,
SAMUEL NEWELL."
This document was referred to a special committee, who
reported favorably, urged the young' men to persevere in their
glorious undertaking, and submitted the outlines of a plan
which at that meeting was carried into effect in the appoint.-
ment of a Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, " for
the purpose of devising ways and means, and adopting and
prosecuting measures, for the spread of the Gospel in heathen
lands." Here was laid the corner-stone of an edifice, which
will long be an ornament to the American Church ; such was
the origin of an institution, which, for the extension of its plans
and the wisdom of its direction, has long been a distinguished
monument of divine favor to the American people.
The first efforts of this organization, resulted in the embark-
ation of the Rev. Messrs. Hail, Nott, Judson, Rice, and New-
ell, for Calcutta, in February 1812. Missions were also soon
after established in Ceylon, the Sandwich Islands, &c.
913
In consequence of the deep interest which Mills felt in the
Welfare of Obookiah, he conceived the idea of establishing a
Mission School for the education of heathen youth. He took
the young Owyhean under his personal care, and instructed
him in the use of language and in the precepts of religion.
They lived together in New Haven, Torringford, and Andover.
Wherever they went, the interest excited in behalf of the
youth was very great. Meantime Mills continued to agitate
his favorite project, until he had the gratification of seeing the
Mission School established at Cornwall, ic his native county.
The'institution was received under the care of the American
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in the autumn of
1816, and it was from this School that the Sandwich Island
Mission originated In 1819, it contained thirty -two pupils
from various heathen nations.
Mi\ Mills received ordination as a gospel minister, at New-
buryport, Massachusetts, in company with Messrs. Richards,
Bard well, Meigs, Poor, and Warren, on the 21st of June, 1814,
all destined to missionary services. Shortly afterwards, he
began to make preparations for a missionary tour through the
western and southern States, Such was his impression of the
the importance of this service, that he performed two distinct
tours through those sections of the Union — the first of which
was made under the direction and patronage of the Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts Missionary Societies ; and for the sec-
ond, he obtained the assistance of the Philadelphia Bible and
Missionary Societies. The objects of these tours were, to ex-
plore the country and learn its moral and religious state— -to
preach the gospel to the destitute — and to form and promote
the establishment of Bible Societies and other religious and
charitable institutions. In connection with the Rev. John F.
Schermerhorn on his first, and the Rev. Daniel Smith on his
second tour, he passed through New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Kentucky, Tennessee, &c, to New Orleans, Nearly six hun-
07
(fred miles of their route lay through a mere wilderness. The
Report made by Mr, Mills, of these tours, is one of the most
interesting ever given to the public. Preaching to the soldiers
of Generals Jackson, Adair and Thomas, at their respective
camps — visiting the hospitals for the sick and wounded — and
attending to the spiritual wants of the British prisoners in their
dungeons — these were some of his employments during his
mission to the south west in 1814.
On his return, it was his paramount desire to turn the a'-
tention of the Atlantic Stares to the destitute regions he hail
visited. He accordingly presented their claims to the Socie-
ties in Philadelphia and Baltimore, and to the Connecticut
Bible Society — which immediately set on foot measures for the
supply of the South and West with Bibles ; the Connecticut
Society promptly voting five hundred copies for gratuitous dis-
tribution in Louisiana.
Among Mr. Mills' great projects of benevolence was the
formation of a National Bible Society. Dr. Spring remarks :
" The formation of this great national institution Mr. Mills thought
of, suggested, and pressed the suggestion, long before it probably en-
tered into the mind or heart of any other individual. With the gen-
tlemen who were interested in the early stages of this measure, he had
frequent interviews ; and though he concealed the hand that moved it
forward, was himself the principal mover of the design, and a princi-
pal agent in inducing others of greater weight of character, to become
its abettors. If the lofty edifice has inscribed on one side the endear-
ed and memorable name ©f Elias Boudinot, it has on the other the
humbler inscription, Samuel J. Mills."
The American Bible Society was formed in the city of New
York on the Sth day of Ma), 1816.
Mr. Mills' next great effort was.to unite the Presbyterians of
the General Assembly, the Dutch Reformed, and the Associate
Reformed churches, in the missionary cause, and the result
was, the formation of The United Foreign Missionary Society-
About this time he spent some months in the city of New York,
seeking out the wretched abodes of poverty and vice, cheering
98
and relieving the wants of the suffering, and lifting up the
fallen.
Hut the darling object of Mr. Mills, and the one for which
he seems to have been specially raised up, was the ameliora-
tion of Africa. The civil, moral and spiritual degradation of
that benighted land, lay with continual weight upon his mind.
His first effort in his new enterprise, was, to establish a sem-
inary for the education of colored men in this country, with a
view to their becoming missionaries in the land of their fathers,
The institution, through his instrumentality, soon went into
operation under the management of a Board of Directors ap-
pointed by the Synod of New York and New Jersey, and Mr.
Mills accepted an appointment as their Agent. He had at the
same time a commission from the Directors of the Foreign
Mission School at Cornwall. In a letter dated at Philadel-
phia, July 15, 1816, he" says— "I arrived in this place yester-
day from Baltimore. I collected for the Mission School while
in the State of Virginia, about fifteen hundred dollars. I re-
ceived at Baltimore, and two or three other places in Mary-
land, for the African School, about eight hundred dollars/*
These schools flourished for several years ; but at length, miss-
ing the fostering- care of their projector and friend, they died.
A colonization project had long occupied the thoughts of
Mills, and in all his travels South and West, he had labored
to awaken on the subject a spirit of inquiry and interest. A
kindred feeling, in the meantime, was beginning to burn in the
hearts of other distinguished philanthropists. A preliminary
meeting of the friends of the scheme was held at the residence
of Elias B, Caldwell, Esq., in the city of Washington, towards
the close of the year 1816, at which Mr. Mills was present.
He was also present and participated in the deliberations of
the meeing at which the American Colonization Society was
formed, held on the 1st day of January, 1817.
At the commencement of the Society's operations, great
99
embarrassment was felt thiough want of information as to the
most eligible places for the establishment of a colony. With
a view to obviate this difficulty, it was resolved to commission
some person of suitable qualifications to explore the western
coast of Africa, This commission, replete as it was with
responsibility, was put into the hands of Mr. Mills. No soon-
er had he accepted it, than he saw the importance of having
a colleague to share the burthen with him in this arduous mis-
sion. As the funds of the Society would not then allow of
this appointment, Mr. Mills was employed in forming Auxilia-
ry Societies in several of the large cities, till the Board felt
warranted in incurring the additional expense — and gave Mr.
Mills the privilege of selecting his own companion on the tour.
His thoughts were at once directed to a kindred spirit, viz , the
Rev. Ebenezer Burgess, Professor of Mathematics and Natu-
ral Philosophy in the University of Vermont. To him he im-
mediately wrote on the subject, and in September, 1817, Mr.
B. signified his acceptance of the appointment.
Messrs. Mills and Burgess left America on the 16th of No"
vember following, and after a perilous voyage arrived in Eng-
land late in December. They at once presented their letters
to Zachary Macauley, Esq., formerly Governor of Sierra
Leone, and to the Rev. Messrs. Pratt and Bickersteth, Secre-
taries of the Church Missionary Society, who were partially
informed as to the designs of the Colonization Society and the
nature of the embassy, and gave them many expressions of their
confidence. Mr. Wilberforce also received them with great
cordiality, and introduced them to Lords Bathurst and Gam-
bier, and to his Royal Highness the Duke bi Glocester — all of
whom entered into the objects of the mission with enthusiasm.
Lord Bathurst gave them letters of introduction to the Gov-
ernor of Sierra Leone, and other officers on the coast ; and
Lord Gambier called upon them at their rooms, and politely
i»rofl«red them any service in his power.
100
Having adjusted their affairs in Ei gland, ihcy tmbaiked for
Africa on the 2d of February, 1818. A pleasant passage
brought them to ihe coast of that continent on the 12th of
March. The incidents of the voyage, as well as their journey
along the coast in pursuing the objects of their mission, are
graphically related by Mr. Mills in his journal. After spend-
ing upwards of two months in exploring the country, and col-
lecting and noting facts, they embarked for the United States,
via. England, on the 22d of May.
The health of Mr. Mills was feeble when he left America,
and the climate of Africa and the fatigues which he had under-
gone there, had not improved it. It was a delightful evening
when he left those heathen shores. The sun was just going
down, and the mountains of Sierra Leone appeared in their
majesty and beauty. As he stood on the quarter- deck, taking
a last glance of Ethiopia, his bosom began to heave with
thoughts of home. " We may now," said he to his colleague,
be thankful to God and congratulate each other, th.it the la-
bors and dangers of our mission are past. The prospect is
fair, that we shall once more return to our dear native land,
and see the faces of our beloved parents and friends. " To all
human appearance, this was true ; but .an all-wise providence
had ordered that he should not realize this prospect.
On the evening of the 5th of June, when about two weeks
out, he took a heavy cold, became ill, and expressed some ap-
prehensions of a fever. lie continued to grow worse until the
16th, when, between two and three p. m., he gently folded his
hands on his breast, as if to engage in some act of devotion,
while a celestial smile seltled upon his countenance, and
yielded up his spirit.
Thus, in his thirty-fifth year, did this beloved man close his
life of distinguished piety and usefulness. Brief as was his
career, he contributed more, perhaps, to the, formation and
advancement of the existing national benevolent societies, than
101
any other man of the age in which he lived, or even of litis
age. The American Bible Society, the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the American Coloniza-
tion Society, the Foreign Mission School at Cornwall, and the
African School at. Baltimore, all had their origin, either direct-
ly or indirectly, with him. And when they were once organ-
ized, he devoted his whole energies to the furtherance of the
objects for which they were designed. To the eye of man,
the shaft of death could not have fallen upon one in whom
was centered so many hopes for the moral and religious reno-
vation of our race. Blessed be his memory ! No monumental
marble records his worth — no fragrant dews shall descend up-
on his tomb. His dust sleeps unseen amid the pearls .and
corals of the ocean, and his name shall swell upon the breeze
and be echoed by the wave, until the dawning of that day when
the sea shall give up her dead.
After the arrival of Mr. Burgess in this country, the Coloni-
zation Sociely presented a memorial to Congress, through the
Speaker of the House, Mr. Clay, from which we extract the
following —
" In order to obtain the most accurate information, from seources
of the most unquestionable authority, the Society sent out, at great
expense, two Agents, Messrs. Mills and Burgess, who have pro- ed
themselves eminently qualified for the undertaking. They proceed-
ed to the west coast of Africa, where they prosecuted their researches
with such zeal, industry and intelligence, as to have contributed es-
sentially to the illustration of many important and interesting facts
connected with the geography, climate, soil, and products, of that
part of the continent, and with the habits, manners, social institutions,
and domestic economy, of its inhabitants. From the information thus
obtained, the present penod would seem to be designated, by a com-
bination of favorable circumstances, as the fortunate crisis for reducing
to test of actual experiment, these views and objects of the Society,
which have already met so encouraging a notice from Congress," &c:
" The volume of accurate and valuable information, collected by them,
will be found among the documents which we now beg, sir, through
your kind mediation, to present Congress."
102
[Note.— A volume of 250 pages was published in 1820, with
the following title: " Memoirs of the Rev. Samuel J. Mills,
late Missionary to the South-Western section of the United
States, and Agent of the American Colonization Society, de-
puted to explore the Western Coast of Africa. By Gardner
Spring, D. D." The foregoing Sketch is mainly compiled
from this work.]
103
EPHRA1M KIRBY.,
This gentleman was a native of Litchfield, and was born on
the 23d of February, 1757. His father was a farmer in mod-
erate circumstances, and Ephraim was employed on the farm
during his boyhood. At the age of nineteen, (fired with the
patriotism which burst into a flame throughout the country on
the news cf the battle of Lexington,) he shouldered his musket,
and inarched with the volunteers from Litchfield to the scene
of conflict, in time to be present at the battle of Bunker Hill;
He remained in the field until independence was achieved, with
only such intervals as he was driven from it by severe wounds.
He was in nineteen battles and skirmishes — among them,
Brandywine, Monmouth, Germantown, &ck — and received
thirteen wounds, seven of which were sabre-cuts on the head,
inflicted by a British soldier at Germantown, where Kirby was
left for dead upon the field. These "honorable scars" he
carried with him through life.
At the close of the Revolution, he rejected with indignation
the offer of pecuniary assistance to speculate in soldiers' certi-
ficates, by which he might have amassed wealth without labor.
He would not tarnish the glory of the cause of Freedom, by
thus taking advantage of the necessities of his comrades in
arms — preferring, penniless as he was, but conscious of the
fire within, to take a more congenial road to eminence. By
the labor of his own hands he earned the price of his education.
For some time he was a member of Yale College, and in 1787
he received from that institution the honorary degree of Mas-
ter of Arts. Mr. Kirby studied the legal profession in the of-
KM
fice of Reynold Marvin, Ksq., who had been King's Attorney
be fere ihe war, and who relinquished the office for the purpose
of engaging with all his might, in the great struggle for inde-
pendence. After he was admitted to the Bar, Mr. Kirby was
married to Ruth Marvin, the excellent and accomplished
daughter of his distinguished patron and preceptor.
In 1791, Colonel Kirby was for the first time elected a Rep-
resentative to the; Legislature — a post of honor and responsibil-
ity to which he was subsequently re-chosen at thirteen semi-
annual elections. As a legislator, he was always distinguished
for the dignity of his deportment, for his comprehensive and
enlightened views, for the liberality of his sentiments, and for
his ablility, firmness and decision.
On the elevation of Jefferson to the Presidency in 1801, Col.
Kirby was appointed Supervisor of the National Revenue for
the State of Connecticut. About this peiiod, he was for sev-
eral years a candidate for the office of Governor, Upon the
acquisition of Louisiana, the President appointed him a Judge
of the then newly organized Territory of Orleans. Having
accepted the station, he set out for New Orleans ; but he was
not destined to reach the place. Having proceeded as far as
Fort Stoddart, in the Mississippi Territory, he was taken sick,
and died on the 2d of October, 1804, aged 47— at a period
when a wide career of public usefulness seemed opening upon
him. His remains were interred with the honors of war, and
other demonstrations of respect.
While in the practice of the law in his native town, in the
year 1789, he published a volume of Reports of the decisions
of the Superior Court and Supreme Court of Errors in this
State. This was a novel undertaking ; being the first volume
of Reports ever published in Connecticut, and perhaps in the
United States,* It was executed with faithfulness, judgment,
* Pease and Niles's Gazetteer spaaks of this work as the first vol-
ume of Reports published in Connecticut ; Colonel Edmund Kirby,
10f>
and ability, and is now regarded as Authority in nil our Courts!
Col. Kirby was a man of tbe highest grade of moral as well
as physical courage — elevated in his feelings and aspirations
—warm, generous and constant in his attachments — and of
indomitable energy. Pie was, withal, gentle and winning in
his manners, kindly in his disposition, and naturally of an ar-
dent and cheerful temperament, though the last few years
of his life were saddened by heavy pecuniary misfortunes.*
As a lawyer, he was remarkable for the frankness and down-
right honesty of his advice to clients, striving always to prevent
litigation, uniformly allaying irritation and effecting compro-
mises, and only prosecuting with energy the just and good
cause against the bad. He enjoyed the friendship of many of
the sages of the Revolution, his correspondence with whom
would form interesting materials for the history of his time ;
but, unfortunately, almost all of it was lost at sea between
New York and St. Augustine, some twenty-five years 'ago.
A few letters to and from President Jefferson are, however,
still preserved by Col. Edmund Kirby, of Brownville, New
York, which are interesting as showing the relations of confi-
expres^es his belief that it was the first work of the kind ever pub-
lished in the United States,
* Col. Kirby had acquired a handsome property by his profession,
but in an evil hour he employed an agent to purchase for him a large
tract of new land in Virginia. This agent betrayed his trust, and by
his dishonesty involved his affairs in irretrievable ruin. To be har-
assed by liabilities which he could not meet, was, to an honest and
sensitive mind like his, a source of the keenest solicitude. This reverse
took place but a short time before his appointment to the judgeship,
and consequently he left Litchfield for the la,t time in a very dejected
state of mind. My friend and kinsman, who still survives, (Colonel
J. Kilbourne, late member of Congress from Ohio.) informs me that
he unexpectedly overtook Col. Kirby while crossing the Alleghanie^
in the summer of 1804, and traveled with him for many miles. Kir>
by was then on his way to fulfil the duties of his appointment in Louis-
iana. He was gloomy and sad, and expressed his forebodings that he
should never return to his native State.
100
dence existing between the subject of this notice and that
great statesman.
Mrs. Kirby died at Litchfield, in October, 1817, aged 53.*
* We cannot forbear inserting here the following beautiful and
well deserved tribute to the memory of this estimable lady, contained
in a private letter from her gallant and lamented son already alluded
to, (Col. Edmund K.,) to the author cf these pages — dated August 4,
1848. "She is worthy of honorable mention on the page that com-
memorates those who have done most to reflect honor on Litchfield
— so full of cherished memories ! She possessed a rare combination
of talents and accomplishments, blended with all Christian virtues
that adorn and make the female character lovely. Born to the pros-
pect of a fortune, highly educated and refined, she met the reverses of
after life with equinimity and energy, and a display of practical tal-
ent for the business of life, in the husbandry of her narrow resources
and the education of her children, that commanded the admiration of
all who knew her."
107
JOHN COTTON SMITH.
In the year 1639, the Rev. Henry Smith was the minister at
Wethersfield, on the Connecticut River. A few years be-
fore, the Rev. John Cotton and the Rev. Richard Mather, har-
rassed by the persecutions to which the non-conformists were
subjected, left their mother country and sought refuge in the
feeble colonies of New England. They had both been emi-
nent in their native country for learning and piety. A son of
the latter, the Rev. Increase Mather, was for twenty years
President of Harvard College, He married a daughter of the
Rev. John Cotton, and from this marriage sprang the Rev.
Cotton Mather, of world-wide renown. His daughter, Jeru-
sha, married Mr. Samuel Smith, of Suffield, a grandson of the
Rev. Henry Smith, above-mentioned, and was the mother of
the Rev. Cotton Mather Smith, the father of the subiect of this
sketch. He was for more than fifty years the minister of the
church in Sharon, in this county, where his name is still pre-
served in the affectionate traditions of the people, as a sound
divine, a most faithful and tender-hearted pastor, and a man of
great personal dignity. His wife was a daughter of (he Rev.
William Worthington, of Saybrook, one of the old puritan
women, in whom faith was the fountain of mild dignify and
earnest well-doing.
Of th3se parents JOHN COTTON SMITH wan born in
Sharon, February 12, 1765; and he could thus enumerate
among his ancestors no less than seven of the clergy of New
England, some of whom are illustrious in her history. It was
the great biessing of his childhood to receive his training in
108
one of the best of the old New England households, where
Law stood embodied in patriarchal authority, and Christian
Faith gave the key-note to the domestic harmonies ; and much
of the loveliness of his character was doubtless owing to the
pure and quickening atmosphere of his father's house.
His early education, till he was six years old, was commit-
ted to his mother; and he pursued his classical studies partly
in Sharon and partly with the Rev. Mr. Brinsmade of Wash-
ington. He entered Yale College in 1779, being then in his
fifteenth year.* Though so young, he passed through his col-
legiate course, with honor, acquiring a high rank as a scholar,
and preserving his moral principles and habits from the slight-
est stain. It was at the time of the Revolution, the heroic era
in our annals, when the energies of our people were quicken-
ed to their utmost — and, although our young student took no
part in the war, his whole heart went with his country in her
struggle for freedom. His father was a zealous patriot, having
served as chaplain in the campaign of 1775, and full of hope
as to the issue even in the darkest reverses. The son partook
of the father's spirit, and with the hopefulness of youth anti-
cipated a high and honorable destiny for his new-born country.t
He graduated in 1783, the year of the termination of the
* The following winter his father went to bring him home for the
vacation. A great snow storm came on, and they were compelled to
leave their sleigh in Woodbury, and travel to Bcthlem on horseback.
By (.hat time the roads had become impassable to horses, and, fearing
that they might be wholly blocked up, they set out, with Dr. Bellamy's
sanction, on Sunday afternoon, on snow-shoes, reached Washington
that night, Warren the next day, and home on the third.
f" The appearance of a large British army from Canada, under Gen.
Burgoyne, and the expedition up the North River, under Gen. Vaugh-
an, in 1 777, filled the whole country with terror and despondency.
The firmness and confidence of Parson Smith, however, remained un-
broken, and his efforts to revive the drooping spirits of his people were
unremitted. In the month of October, he preached a sermon from
these words, " Watchman, what of the night*' The watchman saith,
the morninir cometh." He dwelt upon the indications which the deal-
109
war, and immediately entered on the study of the law in the
office of John Canfield, Esq., in his native village. In 1786,
he was admitted to the Bar of Litchfield county, then inferior
to none in the State for the brilliant array of legal and forensic
talent : among whom we may mention Reeve, distinguished
for his wisdom and learning as a jurist, as well as for the ex-
cellence of his moral and religious character ; Tracy, surpass-
ed by none in sparkling wit and subduing eloquence; and Na-
thaniel Smith, who, by the energy of extraordinary talents,
forced his way through great disadvantages to the highest pro-
fessional eminence. With these and other distinguished com-
petitors, Mr, Smith soon obtained a high reputation, and a
lucrative practice.
-In 1793, he was first chosen to represent his native town
in the General Assembly of Connecticut ; and from 1796 to
1800, he was without interruption a member of the lower
House. At the October session 1799, he was appointed Clerk
— and in both of the sessions of the following year he was el-
evated to the Speaker's chair.
In October 1800, he was chosen a member of Congress to
fill a vacancy occasioned by a resignation, and at the same time
ings of providence afforded, that a bright and glorious morning was
about to dawn upon a long night of defeat and disaster. He told his
congregation he believed they would soon hear of a signal victory
crowning the arms of America, and exhorted them to unshaken con-
fidence in the final triumph of their cause. Before the congregation
was dismissed, a messenger arrived in Sharon with the intelligence of
the surrender of Burgoyne's army: The letter was immediately sent
to Parson Smith, who read it from the pulpit, and a flood of joy and
gratitude burst from the entire audience. — Conn. Hist. Coll.
A body of Hessians, belonging to the same army, marched through
Sharon after their .capture, and their officers were hospitably enter-
tained at Parson Smith's. The next morning, when drawn up for
march, they sang psalms in their noble language, and then moved on
to the sound of sacred music. His son, (John-Cotton,) then twelve
years old, was so much delighted with it, that he followed them along
way on their march, and he often spoke of it with enthusiasm after-
wards.
fio
he was elected to the full teim of the 7th Congress. When
he entered the National Legislature, the Federal party was
still in power ; but the close of that session saw the sceptre
pass out of its hands, and the party with which he acted lost
its national ascendency forever. During almost the whole of
his congressional career, he was in a minority ; and the honors
which he received were not, therefore, the reward of a parti-
zan by a dominant faction. Nor did he ever seek to conciliate
his political opponents; he was an open, decided, uncompro-
mising opponent ; and yet, such were his talents as a states-
man, such his bearing as a gentleman, and such the spotless
integrity of his character, as to command the respect and win
the confidence of the House and of the country during times
of the most violent party excitement. After the first session,
he was Chairman of the Committee on Claims so long as he
held his seat — a most laborious office at that time, when there
was less subdivision of duties in Congress than now, but which
he filled with great ability and reputation. Clear-sighted,
prompt, energetic and indefatigable, he was able rapidly to dis-
entangle the most perplexed subjects, and present them with
luminous distinctness ; while his lofty rectitude, never soiled
even by the breath of suspicion, gave moral weight to his de-
cisions, as coming from one who would never sacrifice justice
to party or even national ends.
He was oftener called to the chair in Committee of the
Whole than any other member, especially when those questions
were before the House which were most fitted to awaken par-
ty animosities. In the celebrated discussion on the Judiciary
in 1801, he presided to universal acceptance — on one occasion,
when the excitement was at its bight, sitting immvoable in his
place, with the firm endurance of a Roman Senator, for twelve
hours. His Congressional career closed in 1 806, when he
resigned his seat that he might minister to the comfort of his
aged father. He did not resume his practice at the Bar, but
Ill
devoted himself to the management of his farm, and to those
literary pursuits which were congenial to his refined taste.
But his townsmen would not suffer his talents to be wholly
buried. He was sent to the Lower House of the State Legis-
lature in the autumn of the same year, and was again chosen
Speaker ; and he continued a member of that body until 1809,
when he was elected to the Council. In October of that year,
he was elevated to the bench of the Supreme Court, in the
place of Roger Giiswold, who had been elected Lieutenant
Governor. Before the second term of this Court was held,
Mr. Giiswold was elevated to the chief magistracy, and Judge
Smith was called from the bench to fill the office of Lieutenant
Governor.
Of his associates on the bench, the venerable Simeon Bald-
win, of New Haven, father of the ex-Governor, is now (1849)
the only survivor.
In consequence of the death of Governor Griswold in Oc-
tober 1812, Mr. Smith became acting Governor. For the
four following years, and until the political revolution oi 1817,
he was elected to the office of Governor, which station he filled
with eminent ability and faithfulness.
The life of a Governor of Connecticut is generally tranquil,
and presents few incidents for history. The narrow limits of
our territory, the orderly habits of our people, and the stability
of our institutions, leave little to be done by our rulers save
cairn supervision and such gentle amendments as the change
of circumstances may require. Apart from the war, there is
nothing demanding special notice in Governor Smith's admin-
istration. He adorned the station* by the consummate grace
and dignity with which he appeared on all public occasions.
All the duties and proprieties of the office were most faithfully
performed and observed, and his Slate Papers were distinguish-
ed for perspicuity and classic elegance, He was always equal
to the occasion.
yi2
From his retirement in 1817 until his death, a period of al-
most thirty years, he lived upon his estate in his native town,
wholly withdrawn from all participation in political affairs, and
devoted to the studies and employments befitting a scholar, a
gentleman, and a Christian.
The connection of Governor Smith with the great moral and
religious enterprises of the age, was an important feature in
his later life. He rejoiced when the Church, startled out of
the sleep of the last century by the shock that engulphed the
monarchy of France, began to grope her way in the morning
twilight, and with weak faith and dim vision to gird herself for
her work, as the light of the world and the pillar' and ground
of the truth. He was President of the Litchfield County For-
eign Mission Society, and of the Litchfield County Temperance
Society ; he was also the first President of the State Bible So-
ciety, which preceded by several years the national institution.
In 1826, he was chosen President of the American' Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions ; and in 1881, President
of the Ameiican Bible Society, — thus receiving the highest
marks of confidence and esteem which the christian public
could bestow upon him. The former he resigned in 1841, but
the latter he retained until his death.
It was a noble spectacle to see the retired statesman conse-
crating his old age to such a work. Standing wholly apart
from political contests, yet full of filial anxiety for his country,
he gave to the Church of God the first place in his affections
and labors. Nor was it only in enterprizes the magnitude of
which might seem to give them an outward magnificence, that
he felt an interest; he was equally for those humble works of
which the world takes but little notice. His wisdom and gen-
tleness made him much sought for in healing the wounds of
distracted churches, and never was he more thankful than
when he saw a blessing on those labors of love.
Besides the political and religious honors already mentioned,
113
he received several of a literary kind. In 1814, the degree
of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by his Alma Ma-
ter. During the following- \ ear, he wo? elected a member of
the Northern Society of Antiquaries in Copenhagen, Denmark.
He was also elected a member of the Connecticut Historical
Society, and an honorary member of the Massachusetts His-
torical Society, in the aims and objects of which societies he
entered warmly, and gave them his cordial support. He was
for several years an occasional contributor to various scientific
and literary periodicals, and was a deeply interested observer
of the progress of those arts, sciences, and inventions, which
tend to advance civilization, and promote the partial or general
welfare of our race. His essays on these subjects, evince
patient investigation, deep research, correct observation, with
occasional prophetic glimpses of their probable results in the
unknown future.
But the portraiture of Governor Smith's character will bein-
complete, without giving greater prominence to the element of
the Christian gentleman. He was an eminent ornament of a class
of which very few survive, commonly spoken of as gentlemen
of the old school. This is commonly understood to designate
a lofty tone of manners which belonged' to a state of society
now gone by, and the loss of which is as little to be regretted
as the obsolete fashions of our grandsires' coats, The free and
easy spirit of our age rejoices in its deliverance from the un-
comfortable restraints of those punctilious times, and ridicules
the antique forms of social and public life. But manners are
shaped by principles. They are the expression of the senti-
ment, of the moral and spiritual character, of men ; and when
these are debased, they will stamp their meanness on the man-
ners also. Outward coarseness and vulgarity are a fruit and
an index of moral debasement ; and the stately and beautiful
forms of life are the fit embodiment of high and honorable
feeling, though they may be the decora ted sepulchre that hides
114
the corruption of death. The loftier manners of past ages,
grew out of their loftier principles. The life of man was felt
to be encompassed by a heavenly Light. Society was a di-
vine structure, and office-bearers therein were the representa-
tives and ministers of God. Hence a reverential spirit, and its
outward expression, a respectful manner, grew out of the faith
of men in the Invisible as symbolized in the visible, in the Eter-
nal as symbolized in the temporal In the father they saw set
forth the everlasting fatherhood of God ; in the ruler, the ma-
jesty of the great King. Admiration of the person, was a
distinct thing altogether from reverence for the office-bearer ;
the individual properties of the stone, were not confounded
with the powers given it by its place in the arch.
Governor Smith was trained from childhood to revere and
obey ; life, in the forms in which it was developed around him,
was full of sacredness, and thus the ground-work was laid of
that gentlemanly character, that union of courtesy and suavi-
ty with a princely bearing, for*\vhich he was so eminently
distinguished.* Elevated above all around him by the official
honors which he had so nobly worn; possessed of an ample
estate, which enabled him to live in the style of dignified sim-
plicity suited to his station, and which was the fit decoration
and instrument of his majestic character j and standing among
his townsmen, not as a novus homo, but as the scion of an hon-
ored stock, that for more than a century had struck its roots
deep in thesoil, and thus invested with strong hereditary claims
* IS.vys Mr. Andrews, ".His dwelling had a nobility about it, in
harmony with the man. Its position was one of almost unequalled
beauty, near the western base of tint range of hills which separates
much of the rugged county of Litchfield from the gentle slopes of
Dutchess, and "overlooking a landscape of considerable extent and
great loveliness. And the old stone mansion itself, with its spacious
and lofty piazza, its battlemented roof, its regal look— it was a fit
abode for one
• Whose soul was likt a star, and dwell apart.'
115
on their affections, he entered upon the last great period of his
life, a recognized guide and leader of men. And seldom are
such gifts turned to nobler account. He was a fountain of
purifying and ennobling influences. All loved and revered him;
and well it is for men when they can find worthy objects to
love and revere.
But we must come to the closing scenes of his life. His last
appearance in public was in New Haven at the annual com-
mencement of Yale College, August, 1845. Yielding to the
entreaties of his friends against his own convictions, he con-
sented to preside at the meeting of the Alumni. The journey
in the heat of summer, across the rough and rain-washed hills
of his native county, w.is too much for his advanced years. A
night's severe illness followed — and when the morning came,
he was too enfeebled for the task he had undertaken. But
he had never known the pain of giving disappointment, and,
rallying his strength, he passed with slow and trembling
steps up the lofty hall — but how were all shocked at the
death-like paleness of his countenance, so unlike its wonted
freshness. Twice in that stifled atmosphere he fainted ;
but even then we saw how painful it was for his energetic
will to relinquish its purpose- Never before had he assumed
a duty that crushed him. From that illness he never fully re-
covered ; and after a few weeks of extreme bodily suffering,
under which he manifested great patience and faith, on the 7th
of December, 1845, the spirit of John Cotton Smith departed
to its rest.
" That," says Andrews, " was the quenching of a great light.
A Man was taken from us— a man for whom all may mourn,
for the beauty and majesty of manhood shone forth in him.
Noble aims, an unspotted life, a tender conscience, the sim-
plicity and gentleness of childhood united with manly vigcr, ail
were his,"
116
.** *uUiOgy upon Governor Smith was pronounced before
the Connecticut Historical Society, af its annual meeting in
1846, by the Rev. Wm. W. Andrews, of Kent, from which the
foregoing sketch is mainly compiled.
117
IRA ALLEN
IRA ALLEN, (a younger brother of Ethan Allen,) was
born in Cornwall, a. d. 1752, and in early life removed to the
wilderness of Vermont (then called the NewHampshire Grants.)
Though less known to the world than the brother alluded to,
Ira acted a part equally honorable and useful, and shaied
much more largely in the civil and political honors of their
adopted State. He was actively engaged in the celebrated
controversy between Vermont and New York, and subsequent-
ly in the American Revolution. In the latter, he rose to the
rank of Colonel, and was distinguished for coolness, patience,
and courage.
In 1780, the British Generals in America began to meditate
the scheme of bringing Vermont into a union with Canada, by
taking advantage of the disputes which had continued so long
and waxed so warm between the settlers and the New York
Government. Knowing the bitter feelings thus engendered,
and the delay and hesitancy with which Congress had treated
her remonstrances and petitions, these officers supposed Ver-
mont would be ready to accept tempting overtures from the
British. This idea received encouragement from the fact, that
Congress afforded but a slender defence to these frontiers,
while the Governor of Canada could at any time send a force
srrong the settlers sufficient to bear down all opposition. The
first step was, to bring over some of the leaders. According-
ly, on the 30th of March, 1780, Col. Beverly Robinson wrote
to Ethan Allen, revealing the plan and suggesting negocia-
iions. This letter did not reach Allen until July. He imme-
118
d lately bent back trie messenger, and ... confidence laid tht
communication before Gov. Chittenden and a few other friends.
That they might not be outdone in the allowable stratagems of
war, (hey bethought themselves to turn to a profitable account
this advance on the part of the enemy. Several prisoners from
Veimont were then confined in Canada, and it was advised
that the Governor should write to the commandeHn Canada,
proposing a cartel for an exchange. A letter was accordingly
written and despatched with a flag. Soon after, the British
fleet were seen coming up the Lake. Tho alarm spread, and
thousands of Green Mountain Boys rushed to arms. The
commander on board the fleet sent, secretly, a letter to Gov.
Chittenden with a flag, assenting to the proposal for the ex-
change of prisoners, and offering a truce with Vermont until
the cartel should be arranged. As this arrangement was not
publicly known, the people were surprised to see the fleet re-
treating down the Lake, and the military disbanded and going
home. Ira Allen and Maj. Fay were appointed Commission-
ers to meet others fiom Canada, and settle the t«;rms of a car-
tel. The season was so far advanced, however, that they were
obstructed in their voyage across the Lake by the ice, and
were obliged to return.
"In the month of May following," says Col. Stone, in his
* Life of Brant,' " the Governor and Council of Vermont
commissioned Colonel Ira Allen to proceed to the Isle au Noix*
to settle a cartel with the British in Canada, and, if possible,
negociate an armistice in favor of Vermont. The arrange-,
ments for this negotiation were conducted with the most pro-
found secrecy, only eight persons being cognizant of the pro-
ceeding. Colonel Allen, accompanied by one subaltern, two
sergeants, and sixteen privates, departed on his mission on the
first of May, and, having arrived at the Isle au Noix, entered
at once upon his business — negotiating with Major Dundas,
the commander of that post, only on the subject of an exchange
119
of prisoners, but more privately wiih Captain Sherwood and
George Smith, Esq., on the subject of an armistice. The stay
of Allen at the island was protracted for a considerable tim*;
and the conferences with the two commissioners, Sherwood
and Smith, were frequent, but perfectly confidential— A lien
carefully avoiding to write anything, to guard against acoi
dents. After a negotiation of seventeen days, the cartel wa<
arranged, and an armistice verbally agreed upon, by virtue of
which hostilities were to cease between the British forces and
the people under the jurisdiction of Vermont, for a specified
time. Notwithstanding the suspicions of the people were
aroused, so adroit was their management that the Aliens held
communication with the enemy during the whole summer
without detection. On more than one occasion, British
Guards of several men came to the very precincts of Arlington,
delivering and receiving packages in the twilight."
On neither side would it answer to confide the secret of the
armistice to the subordinates and soldiers. They, of course,
regarded the opposing armies as enemies in good faith — a fact
which in one instance, at least, placed the superior officers in
an embarrassing predicament. An American sergeant having
been killed by the British, in a skirmish, Gen. St, Leger sent a
messenger to Gov. Chittenden, with the sergeant's clothes,
and an explanatory letter, in which he expressed regret for his
death. This letter by some means fell into the hands of the
people, and a popular clamor was the consequence. Major
Runnels confronted Ira Allen, and demanded to know why
St. Leger was sorry for the death of the sergeant. The an-
swer was evasive and unsatisfactory. The major repeated the
question, and Allen replied that he bad better go to St. Leger
at the head of his regiment, and demand the reason for his
sorrow in person. A sharp altercation ensued, which had the
effect, for a short time, to divert the attention of the people
from the letter itself.
120
This hneste o:» the part of these few leaders, had the desired
■effect, to protect the settlers from the attacks of the British
until the news of the capture of Cornwallis, soon after which,
the enemy left the Lake»
Ira Allen was a member of the Convention which formed
the Constitution of Vermont, and was chosen one of the com-
missioners to negotiate for the admission of the State into the
federal union. He was also appointed the first Secretary of
State, and was subsequently member of the Council, State
Treasurer, and Surveyor General. Hnving risen to the rank
of Major-General of the militia, in December, 1795, he pro-
ceeded to Europe to purchase arms, as a private speculation, for
for the supply of the State. In France he contracted for
twenty thousand muskets and twenty-four brass cannon, with
a part of which, on his return to New York, he was captured
and carried to England, being charged with the purpose of
supplying the Irish rebels with arms. This led to a litigation
of eight years in the court of admiralty, but the result was final-
ly in his favor.
He was the author of " The Natural and Civil History of
Vermont" — a work of much merit, and esteemed as unques-
tionable authority in regard to the part which that State acted
the border warfare and in the revolutionary struggle.
The subject of this notice died in the city of Philadelphia,
January 7, 1814, in the 67th year of his age.
121
JONATHAN BRACE
Another one in that group of worthies which Litchfield Courts
ty has produced— ^-one valued in all the relations of life, and
long entrusted with great public interests — was the subject of
this sketch.
JONATHAN BRACE was born in Harwinton, Novem-
ber li, 1754, His father, after whom he was named, (and
who had ten children, five sons and five daughters,) was one
of the first settlers and a substantial farmer in that town. Jon-
athan had such advantages as the schools of the village at that
time afforded ; and being a good scholar and desirous of a lib-
eral education, he was sent to Yale College. During his col-
lege course, he appreciated the value of time, and was distin-
guished by close application to his studies, and received the
baccalaureate in 1779. Of this institution, at which he grad-
uated, and whose interests he ever afterwards cherished, he
was subsequently elected one of the Corporation.
Mr. Brace made a public profession of religion at the age of
twenty years, and designed to have chosen the Christian min-
istry as his sphere of action and duty ; but the arrangements
of Providence seeming to order otherwise, he commenced the
study of the law, under the direction of Oliver Ellsworth, then
of Hartford, and afterwards Chief Justice of the United States.
Soon after his admission to the bar, he removed to Manchester,
Vermont, and in the counties of Bennington and Rutland he
obtained a very extensive and lucrative practice in his profes-
sion. While there, he held for a considerable part of the time
the office of State Attorney for the county of Bennington, and
122
attended courts in the State of New York. He was also ap-
pointed a Justice of the Peace for said county, and was elected
by the freemen 'of the State a member of the Council of Cen-
sors.
From Manchester, he removed to Glastenbury, Conn.,
where he had married, and where he had lived for a time be-
fore going to Vermont. Here he was several times chosen by
his fellow townsmen a Representative to the Legislature, and
faithfully served them in that capacity in the years 1788, '91,
'92, '93 and '94. In August of the latter year, he removed to
Hartford, and there pursued his professional business with
good success. There were at that period men of high attain-
ment at the Hartford bar, but he was inferior to none of them;
His bodily frame was large, manly, and commanding, his voice
full and sonorous, his countenance indicative of honesty and
benevolence, and his manner easy and popular. Add to this,
an intimate acquaintance with the law, and the springs of hu-
man conduct — the ability of seizing upon the main points in a
case, and of reasoning logically on common sense principles,
connected with so complete a control of his temper and spirit
as never to be thrown off his guard or unduly excited by the
remarks of his opponents — and you have an idea of what he
then was before a jwry, and as an effective lawyer. These
qualities were duly appreciated, for he was chosen to the of-
fices of State Attorney for the county of Hartford, Judge uof
the County Court for said county, and Judge of Probate for
that District. In May, 1798, he was elected an Assistant;
in 1799, he was chosen a member of Congress, in the room of
the Hon. Mr. Coit, deceased; in May 1800, he was re-elected
to Congress, and attended the winter following. That session
closed in May 1801, and was the last meeting of that body in
Philadelphia. At its close, his health being impaired, he ten*
dered his resignation, which was accepted. He was, however,
again chosen an Assistant in May 1802, and afterwards an-
123
nually until May 1819, when the State having adopted a new
Constitution, he was chosen a Senator — that title being sub-
stituted in place of Assistant, and that branch of the Legisla-
ture being denominated the Senate which before had been
styled the Council. He was again chosen a Senator in 1820,
and attended the session that year in New Haven, and declined
a further election. The office of Judge of the County Court
he held twelve years, and the office of Judge of Probate fifteen
years. He was likewise for a protracted period one oi the
Common Councilmen for the city of Hartford, subsequently
one of the Aldermen, and subsequently still, Mayor, which of-
fice he held nine years, and resigned the same on account of
age. For more than thirty years he was annually appointed,
in connection with the Rev. Dr. Perkins, of West Hartford, a
Trustee of the Missionary Society of Connecticut, which office
he held until the time of his death ; which occurred in Hart-
ford August 26, 1837. The following notice of that event is
extracted from the Connecticut Observer, of which the Rev.
Horace Hooker of Hartford was the Editor,
Died, in this, city on the 26th inst. Hon. Jonathan Brace, aged
83.
Rarely has the grave closed over a member of our community, who
was more widely esteemed, or more fondly loved. His worth, early
appreciated, won for him the confidence of the public ; — and most of
the offices of honor and trust which it was in their power to bestow,
were conferred upon him. He was several times elected to the
State Legislature ; and held successively the offices of State Attorney,
Judge of the County Court, Judge of Probate, a Representative to
Congress, and Mayor of the City. These responsible stations he
ably filled, so ably, that he could say, what few can say, that he was
ejected from no one of them. All of them he voluntarily resigned.
But while distinguished as a civilian, he was no less distinguished as a
christian. Here he shone pre-eminent. Admitted to the church at
the early age of twenty, his character was moulded under the purify-
ing, elevating influences of divine truth, and the divine Spirit. Hence
the production of a character, signally symmetrical and faultless.
In his daily walk, he embodied Paul's idea of " the living epistle."
He was " read of men," and the reading was profitable to them,
His life exhibited the lovliness and energy of the gospel ; — and his
124
course fulfilled, he came to the grave "as a shock of corn corueth in
its season."
He died, as such an one might be expected to die. Perfectly con-
scious of his critical situation, he was composed and tranquil. The
valley of the shadow of death was not dark to him. The star of
Bethlehem shone in upon it, with a reviving light. " Having so often
given myself away to the Saviour," he obseived, "in the days of
my health, it is easy for me to do it now, and there is rich consolation
in the act. Precious Jesus, fie £* precious ! a In this delightful frame
of mind- "the silver cord was loosed," and he entered, we cannot
doubt, that celestial city, at whose gate he had been sitting so many
years, breathing the fragrance, and listening to the music which was
wafted from within.
We are melancholy at the passing of such men from us. We need
their services. We need them to stimulate us to virtue, and win^p
to goodness. Above all, we need their prayers. These "avail
much ;" and hence when their lips are sealed in death, the severity of
the loss keenly affects us. May their mantles be caught hy those
who succeed them.
"■ Those suns have set,
0 rise some other such !"
To the above sketch of his life and notice of his death a few
remarks may be appropriately appended.
That he must have had some marked intellectual and moral
features, is manifest, for nothing less, would have enabled him
to hold so many offices, and hold them so long. He was in
public life from 1782, till 1824, forty two years, — holding
during all this period, one or more important offices. It is
doubtful whether there was ever a native of our county, per-
haps we might say of our state, who was honored in a greater
variety of ways, — who had committed to him more responsible
trusti, and who in the discharge of the duties thereby imposed,
was brought in contact with a larger number o^ his fellow
men. He was not so honored because his political sentiments
were concealed. Those were well known, and known to be
in accordance with those of Ellsworth, Jay, Hamilton, Picker-
ing and Ames. He was not so honored because he could be
used by others as a tool, would move as he was moved. He
was indepe ndent, marked out his own path, and walked in it,
Th$ q uestion with him was,— not what is popular, but what is
123
right; and so well was this understood, that no one would
venture by any appeal to his self-interest, to caiise him to
swerve from the line of rectitude. The secret of his success
lay in the fact, that men had confidence i?i him — confidence in
is talents and integrity ; — confidence in hi m as an honest man ;—
a confidence in him as a lawyer, that he would be employed in
no cause, touching which he had not a fair conviction of its
justice ; and confidence in him as a statesman, that however he
might vote, speak, or act, it would be as a tender, enlightened
conscience dictated. Hence he was respected even by the
wicked, who " felt how awful goodness is," and received the
patronage and support of those who were politically opposed
to him.
Such a man must have been very useful in his day; per-
haps more so, than if he had carried out his original intention of
preaching the gospel ; for his influence which was invariably
thrown on the side of righteousness, had additional weight
from tjie fact that it was cast by a layman and civilian, and
go not cast professionally. Uniformly kind, uniformly firm to
his convictions of duty, and inflexibly opposed to iniquity in
all its forms, he " served his generation faithfully by the will of
God ;" and while many a widow whose rights as Judge of
Probate he vindicated, and many a fatherless one whom he
protected, and many an unguarded youth whom he counselled
and befriended, have had occasion to bless him, and have
blessed him*; his native town and county, if true to themselves,
must ever count him among those who are worthy of their
esteem.
U'6
BEZAIEEL BEEBE,
BEZALEEL BEEBE was born in Litchfield on the 28th
of April, 1741. He was a son of Ebenezer Beebe, who emi-
grated from Fairfield county to Litchfield in the early settle-
ment of that town, and purchased a tract of land lying on the
north side of Bantam Lake, which is still owned and occupied
by his descendants. The mother of the subject of this notice,
was Berthia Osborn, sister of thalate Capt. John Osborn of
Litchfield — both natives of Long Island.
In 175S, at the age of seventeen years, Bezaleel Beebe was
enrolled as a soldier in the French and Indian war, a»d march-
ed with Capt, Evarts' company to Fort St. George, where he
was for some time stationed. He soon after enlisted into Ma^
jor Rogers' celebrated corps of Rangers, an account of whose
daring exploits was subsequently published in London by their
heroic commander. While with Rogers, he participated in the
sanguinary fight which resulted in the capture of Major (after-
wards General) Putnam. At this time, Gen. Abercrombie
commanded the Northern Army, but was goon after superce-
ded by Lord Amherst, During much of the succeeding year,
he was a soldier in Capt. Whiting's company, and was station-
ed at Fort Miller. In 1760, he enlisted under Capt. Archi-
bald McNiel, of Litchfield, and shared in the glory and perils
of the reduction of Montreal. He continued with McNiel un-
til the close of the war in 176$, having in the meantime been
appointed Sergeant.
His country having no longer need of his services in the
field, young Beebe, now in his 22d year, returned home, and
12*
engaged in the labors of the farm. On the 1 1th of July, 1764*
he was married to Elizabeth Marsh, daughter of John Marsh
of Litchfield, and settled upon his paternal estate, hoping to
spend the remainder of his days in the quiet enjoyment of do-
mestic life. But his lot was cast in troublous times. Only a
few years of peace had elapsed, before the spirit of revolution,
too long smothered in the breasts of the people, burst into a
flame throughout the colonies. At the April session of the
General Assembly of Connecticut* 1775* a law was passed
mustering into the public service one-fourth of all the militia of
the colony—formed into companies of 100 men each, and into
six regiments. He was commissioned as Lieutenant of one of
these companies* and immediately joined his command. This
entire force was sent to Boston soon after battle at Lexington;
In July of the same year, the Legislature sent one hundred
•oldiers, with their officers, to man the fortresses on Lake
Champlain, which had been recently captured from the British*
Lieutenant Beebe, who accompanied this expedition, was sta-
tioned at Crown Point, having been transferred to the Quar^
ter Master General's department.
In January, 1776, he received a Captain's commission, and
at once raised a company for an eight weeks' campaign for the
defence o[ New York, at the expiration of which period the
company was disbanded and returned to their homes. At the
following May session of the General Assembly, it was
deemed advisable, "inconsequence of the alarming movements
of the ministerial army and navy," to raise two new regiments
for the defence of this and other colonies, and subject to join
the continental army if so ordered by the Governor: These
troops were placed under the command of Colonels Waterbury
and Hinman, and Captain Beebe was appointed to the com-
mand of one of the companies in Hinman's regiment, and was
for some time in active service in New York and New Jersey.
At this time, the second lieutenant of his company was James
128
Watson, who subsequently rose to an honorable rank as an of-
ficer, and, aftei the war, became a Senator in Congress from
the State of New York. JEarly in November, Captain B. was
placed in command of thirty-six picked men, raised for the de-
fence of Fort Washington near New York. On the 16th of
that month, the Fort, after a desperate resistance on the part
of its brave defenders, fell into the hands of the British, and
all the Americans were either killed or taken prisoners.* The
subsequent, treatment and sufferings of the prisoners, who were
confined in the Sugar House and on board the prison-ships, is
perhaps without a parallel in the history of the wars of any
civilized nation. Crowded into & narrow space, without air,
and for two days without food, contagion and death were the
natural consequences. The dysentary, small pox> and other
terrible diseases, broke out among them, and very few of the
whole number survived the terrible ordeal. December the
£7th, an exchange of prisoners took place \ but only eleven
of those who gurVived Were able to start for Connecticut — six
of whom died en the way. The remainder of those who were
living at that date, being too ill to be removed, where all, with
a single exception, (Sergt. Mather,) died within a few days — *
ottist of them with the small pox. Captain Beebe, in consid-
* As these thirty-six men, selected for so fearful an enterprize, were
all or nearly all from Litchfield county, this is deemed a fitting place
in which to record their names and destiny for the admiration of their
posterity; Corporal Sam3l Coe, Jeremiah Weed, Joseph Spencer and
John Whiting were killed at the time of the capture ; Sergt. David Halh
Isaac Gibbs, Timothy Stanley, Amos Johnson, Samuel Vaill, Nathan-
iel Allen, Gershom Gibbs, Enos Austin, Daniel Smithy David Olm-
sted, Jared Stuart^ John Lyman, Aaron Stoddard, John Parmely, Joel
Taylor, AleX; McNiel, Gideon Wilcoxon, Elijah Loomis, and Phineas
Goodwin, died in prison or within a few days of their liberation ; Tim-
othy Marsh, Berius Beach, Oliver Marshall, Elisha Brovvnson, Zebulori
Bissell and Remembrance Loomis, died on their way home ; Solomon
Parmely is supposed to have been drowned from the prison -ship ;
Sergeant Cotton Mather, Thomas Mason, Noah Beach, Daniel Bene-
dict, James Little and Oliver Woodruff, reached their homes, but two
vr three of them died soon after. Oliver Woodruff lived until 1847.
it*
eration of his office, was allowed the limits of the city, but was
compelled to provide himself with food, lodging, &c„ or go
without. He was accustomed to visit his men daily, so long as
as anyremained, but he could do little to alleviate their wretch,
ed condition. There then being no British officer of his rank
in the hands of the Americans, he was not exchanged with the
other prisoners, but was confined within the 'limits' for nearly
a year at his own expense. During a part or whole of this
period, the celebrated Ethan Allen was held as a prisoner in
and near New York, and Captain Beebe often met him on
parol and consulted with him on the condition of his men and
the means for their relief.
On the 13th of August, 1777, the General Assembly re-
solved to raise a regiment by voluntary enlistment, to serve in
the northern department, or elsewhere ; and appointed Sam-
uel McLellan, Colonel of said regiment ; Noah Phelps, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel ; and Bezaleel Beebe, Major. It was'further
resolved, that the Governor and Council should give all necessa-
ry orders for raising and directing the same, during the recess
of the Assembly. This regiment, which was to continue in
service thirty-one days, was socn raised, and served in Rhode
Island and parts adjacent under orders from the Governor and
Council. On the 2 tth of September following, the Assembly
ordered that a recruiting officer to enlist men for the continental
army and to arrest deserters, should be appointed in each of the
six brigades of the Slate. Major Beebe was appointed for the
sixth brigade, and Litchfield was designated as his place of
rendezvous. Here he remained until he was appointed Lieu-
tenant-Colonel, in 1780, when he was stationed with his regi-
ment at Horse-Neck. Early in the following year, he receiv
ed a Colonel's commission, and was soon after appointed to the
command of all the Connecticut troops raised for the defence
of the sea coast. Under this appointment he was assigned thi
duties and received the emoluments of a Brigadier-General,
130
In the auturan of 1781 he retired from the army, and once
more returned to his home. But his fellow-citizens still had
claims upon his services which they were unwilling to relin-
quish; It was a period of great interest and anxiety to the
American people. Just emerging in triumph from the War of
Revolution, their laws were to be re-modelled and their system
of government to be formed and established, and men of wis-
dom and experience were needed in the councils of the State
and nation. Colonel Beebe was elected a member of the Le-
gislature of Connecticut for the October Session, 1781, and he
continued to be re-elected at intervals until 1795, when he de-
clined being again a candidate for the House — a treaty of peace
having in the mean time been concluded with Great Britain,
and our general and State governments being fully established
and in successful operation. He, however, continued to
serve his fellow-townsmen in various public employments
for several years thereafter, and always to the entire satis-
faction of his constituents. Few men ever possessed in a
more eminent degree the confidence of those who knew him
— confidence not only in his honesty, but in his ability to per-
form whatever trusts might be committed to his care. He
died in his native town on the 29th day of May, 1824, aged 83
years — his wife surviving him only about a year. He had three
sons, viz., Ebenezer, (Major U. S. Army, died in the service
during the last war with Great Britain,) William, and James,
(both of whom have been members of the Senate of Connec-
ticut,) and three or four daughters. The Hon. Julius Rock-
well, Representative in Congress from Massachusetts, is his
grandson.
Colonel Beebe was in person tall, portly and erect, with an
open, cheerful, and benevolent countenance, and in all res-
pects he was a noble specimen of a man. As a soldier, legis-
lator and citizen, he was worthy of imitation for his devoted
patriotism and self-den jring labors ; as a Christian, he adorn-
131
ed the doctrines of the cross by a life of practical godliness.
The spirit of missions, and the other great benevolent projects
which characterized the church and the world during his lat-
ter years, found in him an earnest friend and zealous supporter.
Long accustomed to look upon death with the eye of an un-
clouded faith> the summons for his final departure found tym,
not only waiting but anxious to go.
13*
FREDERIOK WOLOOT T
FREDERICK WOLCOTT, a younger brother of the
last Governor Wolcott, (a sketch of whose history will be found
in this volume,) was born in Litchfield, Nov'r. 2. 1767. His
boyhood was spent in his native town, and necessarily partook
much of the excitement consequent upon the Revolution. His
father, during much of this period, was absent from home —
sometimes on military duty, and sometimes in his seat as a
member of the continental congress. When, in 1 776, the lead-
en statue of George the Third was torn by a mob from its po-
sition on the Bowling Green in New York, and conveyed to
the care of General Wolcott, Frederick, then a lad of nine
years, assis'ed in casting it into bullets for the use of our army
In 1787, he graduated at Yale College1, and soon after entered
upon the study of the law, but was prevented by ill health
from engaging in its practice. His uncommonly sound and
mature judgment early attracted the attention of the public, so
that without the least solicitation on his part, he was called to
the discharge of many important civil trusts before he had at-
tained the age of 25 years.
In 1793, Mr. Wolcott was appointed Clerk of the Court of
Common Pleas and of the Superior Court, and, upon its estab-
lishment five years afterwards, Clerk of the Supreme Court.
These offices he continued to hold until his resignation in 1836.
In 1796, he was appointed Judge of Probate for the District of
Litchfield, a station to which, notwithstanding the fluctuations
of party, he was annually re-elected by the Legislature for
forty-one successive years. In 1802 and in 1803 he was a
member of the House of Representatives ; and in 1810 lie wa*
chosen by the freemen of the Stale, a member of the Council,
in which body he sat until after the adoption of the Constitution
. in 1819. At this date the Council was abolished, and the Sen-
ate organized in its stead; and Judge Wolcott wassubsequently
for several years elected Senator.
Within the limits of the last brief paragraph, we have passed
over almost a life-time in the years of one whose prime was
literally spent in the public service ; yet in thus enumerating
the various offices of trust and responsibility which he filled so
long and so well, we are conscious of having given but a single
item of his history. His was a life of unsullied purity and ex-
tensive usefulness. Wherever good might be accomplished,
whether in the humble walks of life or in the more enlarged
sphere of benevolent operations, he was a willing and welcome
actor. 'Hence, all institutions of learning, and societies for
ameliorating the physical and moral condition of mankind, ev-
er found in him a warm and efficient friend. He was President
of the Litchfield County Foreign Mission and Education Soci-
eties, President of the Board of Trustees of the Litchfield
Female Academy, Fellow of the Conneoticut Academy of Arts
and Sciences, Member of the Corporation of Yale College,
&c, &c.
No man was less covetous of the world's applause, yet few
received more fully the homage and regard of his fellow men,
not only in his native State, but wherever he was known. With
a commanding personal appearance, and a countenance of
singular majesty and benignity, he moved among his compeers
like a being of superior mould. His clear and comprehensive
mind, well disciplined, and well stored with common sense,
combined with a calm and tender conscience, furnishing strong,
instinctive and enlightened perceptions of right and wrong,
admirably qualified him for an arbiter and judge. He held
with equal balance the scales of justice, and when the spotleei.
134
cnnine of the judicial robe was placed upon him, it touched
nothing less pure and spotless than itself. All his official du-
ties were discharged in the most exemplary manner, and those
who required his services and counsel, will long remember the
fidelity and urbanity with which they were performed. And
although these duties were often arduous and complicated, and
his decisions on legal points numerous, it is worthy of honora-
ble record that not one of them was reversed by the higher
tribunals.
But the charms of Judge Wolcott's character were most
attractively unfolded in the peaceful and retired scenes of pri-
vate and social life. In these he most delighted to move, and
in these it is most pleasing to contemplate him. Possessing a
singularly modest and unassuming deportment, a frank, gener-
ous and cordial disposition, he loved the exercise of those kind-
ly offices which pertain to the citizen, the neighbor, the friend,
the father and the christian. In the performance of the vari-
ous duties incident to these relations, he was pre-eminently
happy. In these the moral beauty of his character was daily
developed in all its loveliness. His elevated standard of duty
and honor, and his warm and benevolent spirit, qualified him,
for a prudent counsellor and compassionate friend. He re-
joiced in relieving the distresses of the widow and the orphan ;
and when relief could not be extended to human suffering, he
delighted to bind up the broken-hearted and to pour the oil of
consolation into the bosom of affliction. Meek and merciful,
pure in heart, and a peace-maker, he enjoyed in all their rich-
ness the blessings which they ensure, and clothed in this pan-
oply of power and love, like his great Master, he "went about
doing good.'* Hence he was appropriately denominated the pa-
triarch of the village, a pillar in the church a luminary in the land.
Judge Wolcott died May 28, 1837, leaving several children.
His first wife was Bettey Huntington, of Norwich, who died
April 2, 1812 ; his 2d, Mrs. Sally W, Cook, died Sept. U, 1842,
135
AUGUSTUS PETTIBONE.
Colonel Giles Pettibone, of Simsbury, in Hartford county,
was one of the earliest settlers and most prominent citizens of
Norfolk. He was the first Representative of that town to the
General Court, the first Judge of Probate for the District, the
second Town Treasurer, and one of its earliest Magistrates.
After sharing in the labors and triumphs of a pioneer for more
than half a century, he died at an advanced age in 1810,
greatly lamented by the entire community.
AUGUSTUS PETTIBONE, his son, was born in Norfolk,
February 16, 1765. He was admitted to the bar in early man-
hood, and in a few years was regarded as one of the shrewdest
lawyers in the county. He was elected a Representative to
the Legislature at the October Session, 1800, and was re-
elected at twenty-eight semi-annual elections— his father, whom
he succeeded in the House, having previously been a member
of that honorable body at twenty-six sessions ! In 1812, the
Legislature appointed him a Justice of the Quorum for the
bounty of Litchfield, and four years after elevated him to the
bench of the Common Pleas. Upon the re-organization of the
County Courts in 1820, Judge Pettibone was appointed Chief
Justice of his native county, and so continued by annual ap-
pointments for eleven years.
In 1818, he was a member of the Convention which formed
the Constitution of this State ; and in 1830 and '31, he was
elected to the Senate from the 17th district. He was also for
seventeen years Judge of the Probate Court for the District
of Norfolk.
\'6f>
We have thus briefly noted some of the public employments
of one who, for a period of more than forty years, bore a con-
spicuous and useful part in (he public affairs of Litchfield coun-
ty. The simple fact that he was so long, and in such. a variety
of ways, honored by his fellow citizens, is of itself a sufficient
indication of the fact that Augustus Pettibone was not an or-
dinary man He was distinguished for the extent of his legal
acquirements, as well as for his talents, industry, and strict
sense of honor. He was a safe counseller, a just judge, a use-
ful legislator, and an exemplary citizen. After a quiet and
cheerful old age, he departed this life at his residence in Nor-
folk, on the 5th of October, 1847, in the 83d year of his age,
leaving a wife but no descendants. The monument erected
to his memory in the grave yard of his native town, is one of
the finest in the State.
13
NATHANIEL SMITH.
The "Smith Family" is an extensive one, the world over ;
and he who shall accomplish the herculean task of beginning
and completing its genealogy, will be worthy of the thanks of
that innumerable and respectable race. Scarcely a town or
village can be found, either in Great Britain or America, where
the name does not exist ; no haunt, of depravity, no lonely back-
woods settlement, no office of honor in Church or State, where
the Smiths have not been repiesentated.
In another part of this volume, we have traced the genealo-
gy of the late Governor Smith, of this State, back to the Rev.
Henry Smith, the first minister of Weathersfield. We have not,
however, succeeded in obtaining any definite information rela-
tive to the remote ancestry of that distinguished branch of the
family with which we have now to do. The.father of the sub-
ject of the brief sketch given below, was a pioneer of that part
of Woodbury since incorporated into the town of Roxbury.
Tie married a sister of the celebrated Gen. Benjamin Hinman
of the Revolution, (a woman of superior mental endowments,)
and had three sons who became men of eminence, viz., Na-
thaniel— Phineas, (the father of the Hon. Truman Smith,) long
a Magistrate and Representative — and Nathan, formerly of the
U. S. Senate.
NATHANIEL SMITH was born in Roxbury, January G,
1762. His labors upon the farm in the rugged aud mountain-
ous region of his nativity, gave him a robust constitution and
sinewy frame ; while his early struggles* with', and triumphs
138
over, the indigence and hardships consequent upon war and a
new country, gradually disciplined his mind for the important
positions wl'ich he was destined to occupy. Soon after the close
of the Revolution, he commenced the study of the law with
Judge lleeve of Litchfield, and, after being admitted to the bar,
opened an office in Woodbury in 1789. He rose rapidly in
his profession, and in public esteem. For keenness of discern-
ment, accuracy in investigation, adroitness in argument, and
energy of delivery, he had few if any equals in the State. In
1790, he was elected a member of the House of Representa-
tives, and was eight times re-elected. In 1795, he was cho-
sen a member of the Congress of the United States, and after
remaining in that body for four years, he was elected a mem-
of the Council of his native State. In 1806, he was promoted
to the office of Judge of the Superior Court and Supreme
Court of Errors. He remained upon the bench until 1819—
having thus been constantly in public life for the period of
twenty-nine years.
Though compelled to forego the advantages of a collegiate
education, his studies were by no means confined to his pro-
fession. He early made respectable progress in the study of
the classics, and was a proficient in the abstruse sciences. At
the age of thirty-three, the honorary degree of Master of Arts
Was conferred upon him by Yale College, and he was subse-
quently elected a Fellow of the Connecticut Academy of Arts
and Sciences,
His success as a lawyer lay in his tact and power, united to
a uniform consistency and integrity of purpose which inspired
the jury with confidence in him and in his cause. He never
resorted to the petty quibblings of the craft, for the purpose of
diverting the minds of the jurors from the real points at issue;
but with a steady, systematic, straight-forward argument, he
presented his cause with luminous perspicuity, and he seldom
failed in the accomplishment of his object. As a judge, he
139
tempered judgment with mercy, and, wherever the demands
q{ justice would allow, he delighted to say to the offender, "Go;
and sin no more." As a legislator, he was eminently wise,
patriotic and sagacious. His mind seemed to comprehend at
a glance, the various bearings which any proposed measure
might have upon the public weal ; and he possessed the rare
faculty of so vividly presenting the subject to the minds of oth-
ers, that they could see it in the same clear light. As a man of
mind — ?of exalted capabilities, and pure aspirations — *few of his
generation might be compared with, him. A distinguished
Governor of the State, now living, lately said of him, " Connec-
ticut never produced a greater intellect that Judge, Smith pos-
sessed."
He died in Woodbury, March 9, 1822, in the (j.lst year of
his age.
110
II ORA G E II 0 L L E V .
The present village of Lakevillc, in the town of Salisbury,
near the northwest corner of the county and of the State, was
the birth-place of the subject of this memoir. The town boasts
of having given birth to very many persons who have been
highly distinguished in our countr}7, and who still adorn its civ-
il, military and literary walks. Its iron soil, at once rugged
and fertile, seems to have a peculiar adaptation to the produc-
tion of vigorous intellect. G lowing patriotism, patient industry,
ardent enterprize, and exuberant fancy, have been its common
products. These active energies, as exhibited in the character
of its sons, are diffused throughout the nation. Its towering
mountains, its beautiful lakes, its luxuriant valleys, though de-
serted by the genius they inspired and nurtured, still claim
their share in those ardent aspirations which sent it forth to
an admiring world, and in that affection which, amidst toil and
vicissitude, ever directs its warmest impulses to the cherished
remembrances and dear scenes of its birth and infancy. Which
of its sons, on revisiting his native village, does not direct his
eye afar off to the lofty Tachannac, and the pile of stones
which his boy-hands assisted to raise as an altar to fame on its
summit 1 Which of them is not moved by the sight of the pla-
cid Wonscopomac, with its woods and lawns and the little skiff
upon its 'waveless mirror?' W7hich of them is not inspired
with holy sentiments, as he sees the dwelling of his father, with
its orchard and meadow bathed by the limpid waters'? Which
of them does not feel his heart g!ow with religious emotion,
while on a Sabbath morning he presses on with the throng of
141
neatly dressed youths and, maidens, old men and children, and
discovers in (he distance,
"■ The village church among the trees,
Where ^rst his lisping prayers, were given,
Whose solemn peal still swells the breeze,
Whose taper spire still points to heaven."
Luther Hqlley, (the father of Horace,) was descended in
a direct line from Edmund Halley, a celebrated English philos-
opher, born the 29th of October, 1556,- In St. Leonardos Parish
Shoreditch, London. His great-grandfather came from Eng
land and settled in Stratfprd, Connecticut, and afterwards re
moved to Stamford. His grandfather married Waitstill Webb
and continued at Stamford until his children were grown up
when he removed to Sharon, in this county, being one. oftbe.
first settlers of that town. His second son, John, whose wife's
name was Sarah Lord, was the lather of Luther. Luther was
a' man of unusual energy and enterprize, and rose from com-
parative indigence to circumstances of independence and great
respectability. He died in 1826.
HORACE HOLLEY, ll, p,., was born on the 13th of Feb-
ruary, 1781. He early manifested a more than usual degree of
mewtal vivacity, and, even in childhood, gave indications of
high and generous qualities. Blessed from birth with a sound;
and healthful frame, no physical infirmaties checked the ex-
pansion of his faculties. His senses were perfect; his percep-.
tfons were quick and clear, and his memory retentive and ready.
Thus qualified to learn, he was naturally fond of trying his
opening powers ; and the acquisition of new ideas, from what-
ever source, was to him an enjoyment. He was placed at the
common district school in the immediate vicinity of his father's
hojise, when he was but little more than three years old; and;
the peculiarly rapid progress which he made in the simple stud-
ies suited to his age, proved his aptitude to receive instruction*
and plainly showed that his lessons wrere no burden to him.
The first ten years of his life passed in this wray, chiefly at;:
142-
school or in such light labor as was suited to his years^ anjtj
which, intermingled with the customary sports of childhood,
served both to develope his corporeal powers, and to give a
healthful tone to his mind. With such faculties, and such a
disposition to use them, he soon became familiar with the com-
mon rudiments of knowledge ; and as nothing farther was to
be acquired at a district school, he was permitted to avail him-
self of other modes of gratifying his active spirit. His father,
in addition to the cultivation of a farm, was pretty extensively
engagedin country trade, which gave occasion for the transpor-
tation of considerable quantities of produce and merchandise,
and to many errands of business from home. New York was
then, as now, the ultimate market for that quarter of the coun-
try, and intercourse with it, previous to the construction of the
Housatonic Railroad, was carried on through the freighting
villages on the Hudson river, A drive to Rhinebeck, or Red.
hook, or Poughkeepsie, on a smooth road, through a cultivated
and pleasant district, with a pair of good horses, and charged
with, business, was no repulsive employment to a lad of manly
temper and enterprizing spirit. It wTas well adapted to pro-
mote many valuable objects, It was calculated to help for-
ward a knowledge of men and things — of the modes of bur
siness, and the relative value of commodities — to throw a youth
in a beneficial way upon his own resources, and to aid in giving
firmness and tone to character ; and in this kind of occupation,
this new school of practical education, was young Holley fre-
quently and cheerfully engaged, while yet a boy of twelve oe
thirteen years of age, the promptitude, accuracy and fidelity
with which he discharged his trust, always bringing tokens of
parental approbation-
About this time, his father, in pursuance, of his original pui>
pose of educating Horace for a merchant, sought a place for
him in the city of New York. Finding, however, that a sitar
ation in a mercantile house of respectable standing and exten-.
143
Vive connexions, could not be procured for him without paying
a considerable premium for the privilege, the design was relin-
quished, and he went into his father's store, as the best means
then at hand of furnishing him with wholesome occupation, cul-
tivating habits of industry, and advancing his knowledge of bu-
siness. Still, he was not exclusively devoted to this employ-
ment; but, with those of his biothers then at home, he was
occasionally on the farm and at school, and, wherever enga-
ged, was active, faithful, intelligent and efficient.
As his faculties unfolded, however, and as the impulse from
within gave more decided indications of the direction of his pro;
pensities and tastes, it became more and more obvious that
intellectual pursuits attracted him most powerfully ; and the
rising desire to obtain a liberal education strengthened, until his
thoughts became so engrossed with that object, his hopes and
wishes so clung to it, that his father finally consented, and
came to the determination to set apart for the purpose that por-
tion of his estate with which he had intended to set him up in
business. The plan being adopted, it was speedily acted upon ;
for procrastination was no part of the character ot father or
son. Accordingly, in 1797, Horace, then being sixteen years
old, was taken to Williamstown, in Berkshire county, Massac
ehusetts, and placed in the academy or preparatory school con-
nected with Williams College, with the view, when the prop-
er time should arrive, of entering him in that institution. At
that early period, however, Williams College was more limited
in literary means than at present. Perceiving the deficiences
in that establishment, and ascertaining the superior advantages
of Yale College, after completing, his preparatory studies at
Williamstown, he went to New Haven, and entered the Fresh-
man Class of Yale at the commencement of the collegiate year
in 1799. Yale was then flourishing under the auspices of its
celebrated President, Dwight, whose brilliant reputation shed
lustre on the institution committed to his care, and whose indf-
144
vidua] fame had long before become fixed as a part of the pub-
lic glory of his country. Horace now found his long cherish-
ed desire for knowledge in the way of being satisfied. His
•course was upward, from the beginning. He studied intensely
and stood among the foremost. He had his full share of col-
lege honors, and has since been heard to say, that during the
four years of his college life, he was never the subject of a fine*
or admonition from his tutors. Indeed, he was a favorite with
them all, and with the President, the best test of talent and
application. He was also distinguished in the polite circles of
the town, for his elegant person, polished manners, and intellect-
ual conversation. He already began to take that lead in socU
ety which he ever afterwards maintained. He discovered also
thus early, that taste for mental philosophy, then called meta-
physics, and not so much in repute or so well understood as at
present, for which he became so much distinguished.
The religious revival of 1803, which spread over New Ha-
ven, extended also into the college. Many of the students
were numbered among its subjects. It is hot strange that one,
of the enthusipstic temperament we have described, should have
caught its influence. His mind, equally ardent in every thing*
imbibed ihs spirit of the time, and gave all its eloquence to di-
vine things. The debating clubs were changed into meetings
of religious exhortation and prayer.
With these softened feelings, during the Senior vacation, he
retired to the bosom of his brother's family, then in Poughkeep-
sie, to prepare for the last honors of his college, being appoint-
ed to deliver an oration. Here he was seized with the fever
find ague, which nearly unfitted him for the task. Pale and
emaciated, he appeared upon the stage on commencement-
day, and, as he ever did, carried with him the admiration, as
well as the deep sympathy of the audience.
It will give the reader some idea of the state of religious feel-
ing at that time existing in college, to state, that a great pro-
145 '
portion of the graduating class, before parting for their distant
homes, entered into a solemn engagement in writing, to pray
'for each other at a certain hour every day. Bound together
by so many ties, the parting was solemn and affecting. They
embraced in tears, and bade each other adieu — with many an
eternal adieu !
In the winter following his graduation, we find the subject
°f this sketch in the office of Riggs and Radcliff, New York, as
a student at law. All his energies were for some months en-
gaged in this study. But soon a reaction took place which gave
a different direction to his mind, and determined his destiny
for life.
This change, which gave to the profession of divinity one of
its brightest ornaments, and a most eloquent expositor, may be
ascribed in a great measure to the influence of Dr. Dwight,
who, much interested in his favorite pupil, was desirous of en-
gaging in this service so much active talent. He was proud
of this son of his beloved institution; one who was no bad
example of his own mind and manner, his powerful eloquence
and successful instruction.
Accordingly, in the summer of 1804, Holley entered as a
student of theology under Dr. Dwight, and resided in the fam-
ily of the venerable Dr. Dana. Here he engaged in his new
course of study with all the zeal which novelty as well as ardor,
and a lively satisfaction with the late change in his destiny,
could inspire. Here also he cultivated poetry, and indulged
his tastes and his friendships.
On the first of January, 1805, Mr. Holley was married in
New Haven, to Miss Mary Austin^ a lady of many and varied
accomplishments, since distinguished as the biographer of her
husband, and author of "The History of Texas," to which
country she some years since accompanied her uncle, the cel-
ebrated General Stephen Austin. The first six months after
their marriage were spent beneath the paternal roof in Salisbu-
11$
ry. The lime of the young- divine, the date of whose license
preceded but a few days that of his manage, was employed,
during a severe winter in the country, in writing sermons and
pursuing his theological studies. In the following summer he
repaired to New Haven, and various invitations were received
by him. Much expectation was excited by the advent of the
young pulpit orator, and it was in no respect disappointed. —
Invitations pressed upon him, and he was not long in select-
in0, a residence— and the selection in a personal point of view,
as often happens to the young and romantic, was made less in
reference to the real wants of life, than to taste, literary ease,
and rural retirement. It is sufficient to name Greenfield Hill-,
Fairfield county, Connecticut, which once boasted as its pastor
the venerated President of Yale, Timothy Dwight, who cele-
brated its beauties in verse, and who retained an after influence
on its destinies. He was ordained by the Western Consocia--
tion of Fairfield, September the 13th, 1805- The parish voted
" to give Mr. Holley five hundred and sixty dollars per year for
his services in the ministry, so long as said parish and Mr. Hol-
ley shall agree." It was at the option of either to dissolve the
union, when they should consider it no longer expedient to
remain together. There was never the least disaffection be-
tween them, but after the experience of nearly three years, it
wps found that the salary was too small. And though the sit-
uation was delightful, the people kind, the professional duties
congenial, the tender charities of life agreeable, it was not in
the power of so small a community to increase the annual sti*
pend of their pastor. A dissolution of his pastoral connection
with this parish was consecpaently effected on the 13th of Sep*
tember, 1808.
Again at New Haven, ever the starting point of his hopes,
and freed from all engagements and every external influence,
Mr. Holley determined on a journey through Massachusetts
and Maine. He had now reached the maturity of his intellect,
34T
an J perhaps no man ever presented a finer combination of rare
qualities. His mind was active, vigorous and glowing; his
person manly, graceful any imposing ; — and he had a power of
eloquence which few possess and none surpass. On ihe 13th
of October vvc find hi.ni at Marblehead, where he remained
preaching with such success that he was invited to become the
paster of the church in that place. This, however, he declin-
ed. He received also, about this time invitations from Middle-
town, Albany, New York, and other places ; but he detei min-
ed against establishing himself in either. Having finished bis
engagement in Marblehead, he repaired to Boston, whither his
fame hid preceded him ; and we next find him preaching at
the Old South Church, always to crowded houses. Subse-
quently he was engaged at the- church in Hollis street, where,
after several weeks' probation, he was invited to take the pas-
toral charge. He did not hesitate to accept of a situation so.
eligible — a situation that not only promised but more than re-
alized all he had hoped. His installation took place on the
8th of March, 1809. This connection continued' for ten years,
and no society and minister ever lived together more harmo-
niously— he giving to his people the most entire and perfect
satisfaction, and receiving from them every demonstration of
affection and esteem. His sermons were generally extempo-
raneous, or, if written, were seldom finished, but left to be fill-
ed out by the suggestions of the moment. His method of com-
posing, or of preparing them, was as follows. His mind was
richly stored with information on all subjects ; he never forgot
anything he had once learned, and he learned all things accu-
sately and definitely. Whatever he read or saw in his walks
during the week, was made tributary to his Sabbath exercises..
Frequently a visit, or an accidental conversation with one of
his parishioners, would furnish a train of thought upon which,
his hearers hung with intense interest. Hence these sermons
were always practical, always addressed to the heart and un-
derstanding ;, and hence, in part, their power.
148
It was his custom to enter his study on Saturday evening-,
and remain there until a late hour, more lor the purpose of re-
flection than composition, to arrange the plan of his discourse,
and to make notes. After a few hours of sleep, he was again
in his study, when he would suffer no interruption from any
cause, not even stopping for breakfast. He then entered the
pulpit, fired with his theme, and livited all attention for an hour
or more, with scarcely a recurrence to his notes. If the after-
noon service required a similar effort, he ate no dinner. If he
dined, he would take a familiar subject and treat it less elabo-
rately.
His mornings were spent in intense study — for everything
with him was intense ; and his evenings were devoted to the
current literature of the day, which he read aloud in his fami-
ly, and to the enjoyment of yociety and conversation, which
w ere made subservient to the objects on which his mind was
acting in retirement. Thus the fruits of his studious hours
were brought into society, and thus also society in its turn add-
ed its contributions to the stores of his intellect and taste. II is
occasional sermons were composed with care and written out.
In 1815, he was invited to the Presidency of Transylvania
University in Kentucky, to which invitation, however, he gave
little heed. The church and society over which he was settled
were united and happy under his ministrations — and the idea
of leaving them appears not to have entered into his thoughts.
The change which is alledged to have taken place in his views
of the Trinity, during his iesidence in Boston, did not in the
least estrange his people from him. In November, 1817, the
invitation from Transylvania was unanimously renewed, and
with so much authority, promise and plausibility, that he was
induced to listen to the proposition, and to undertake a journey
thither. On reaching Lexington, he was welcomed with dem-
onstrations of joy by all. From his correspondence it appears
that he was invited to preach in their several pulpits by the
149
Rev. Messrs, Vandeman. (Baptist,) Wi.rd,* (Ej is< opal;) M< -
Chord, (Presbyterian,) and also by the ministers of? the Mcth
odist and Associate Reformed chinches. In one of his letters
he says —
"This morning I breakfasted at Mr. Clay's, who lives a mile and a.
half from town. Ashland is a very pleasant place, handsomer than i
had anticipated. The grounds are beautiful, the lawns and walks ex-
tensive, the shrubbery luxuriant, and the garden well supplied. The
native forest of ash in the rear, adds a charming effect to the whole.
After breakfast Mr. Clay rode inwith me, and we went with the- Trus-
tees, by appointment, to the college, to visit the professors and stu-
dents. They were all collected in the largest hall to receive us. I
made a short address, which was received in a kind manner. I was
then conducted to the Library, the Apparatus and the Recitation
Rooms. The library is small and the apparatus is smaller. There is
no regular division of students into classes as in other colleges, ihkI:'
but few laws. Everything is to be done, and so much the better, as
nothing is to be reformed. Almost the whole is proposed to be left to
me to arrange- I am now making all necessary inquiries, and a meet-
ing of the Trustees is to be called next week."
After remaining in the vicinity for several weeks, informing
himself of the state of feeling which existed- among the people,
as well as of the prospects of the institution, he, on the 13th of
April, 1818, signified his acceptance of (lie invitation. He
seems to have regarded the new field before him with all his
wonted enthusiasm. In a letter to Mrs. Holley, after reverting
to the love which he bore the Holiis street church, and his de-
termination to leave it, he adds, "I shall make a sacrifice in
many things, but I shall do my duty, and if I meet with success
it will be glorious. I am not about to bury myself, or my tal-
ents, humble as they are, from an active and conspicuous
sphere This whole western country is to feed my seminary,
which will send out lawyers, physicians, clergymen, statesmen,,
poets, orators and savans, who will make the nation feel them.
It is a great opening, and I should be pusillanimous to shrink
from it, on account of the sacrifice I shall make in the refine-
* Rev. John Ward, a native of Litchfield, Conn.
150
meats of society, and the breaking up of connections, however
dear to my heart. The course I am pursuing is a high and
honorable one, entirely above the region of clouds and storms
of sects, and in a clear and pure day. I breathe an atmosphere
more agreeable to me, in the large view that I take, than I have
breathed before."
It now only remained to break up his connection in Boston.
He immediately informed his church and society of his decis-
ion, and returned home to make the necessary preparations for
removing his family to Kentucky. His Farewell Discourse,
which was a master-piece of eloquence, drew together an im-
mense crowd of listeners. The large church, which had been
erected and consecrated for him, was not only filled, but the
entrance, the steps, and; even a part of the street, were crowded:
with people — and thousands were moved to tears by the pa;
thos and power of his eloquence.
In the autumn of 1818, Dr. Holley removed to Lexington,,
with a stipulated salary of $3,000 per annum, and was inducted
into office on the 1 9th of December following. This act, as
had been anticipated, proved a life-spring to the institution.
It was like the sun to vegetation, after the lapse of a dreary
winter. Pupils came in from every quarter, until, in a few
months, the institution was highly respectable in numbers and
importance. But it will be useless to follow Dr. Holley
through the nine years of his Presidency of Transylvania.
Suffice it to say, that the institution which, in 1818, was little
more than a grammer school, with but a, single class, and that,
of insignificant numbers, grew and flourished under his care,
until, in 1824 and 1825, it numbered 400 students, divided into
the four college classes — with an elevated standard of study,
and a high and growing reputation. But subsequently to this
period, the spirit of sectarianism set itself to work against the
University and its distinguished head ; in consequence of which
Dr. Holley, feeling that his prospects of extended usefulness
151
were in a degree curtailed, signified to the Trustees, in the.
spring of 1826, his intention of resigning his post. This step
was regarded with deep regret by the citizens of Lexington and
hy the friends of the University generally. Not a few who had
been hostile to him, expressed a readiness to unite in a general
request that he would retain his station, declaring that in future
he should have their cordial support But their repentance
came too late. Although, some months after writing it, Dr*
Holley was induced to recall his letter to the Board, he carried
his intended resignation into effect in the spring of 1827.
On the 27th of March, of the year last named, he left Lex-
ington, accompanied for a considerable distance by a proces-
sion of pupils, citizens, and friends. On his arrival at New
Orleans, he was waited upon by several distinguished and
wealthy citizens, with a proposal to establish for him a College
uear that city. As soon as it was ascertained that he regarded
the plan with favor, a subscription was started for the object •,
which in three or four weeks amounted to thirty thousand dol-
lars. But the hot season had now arrived, and Dr. Holley
found his health rapidly failing him. He, therefore, resolved
upon a visit to his friends at the North, and accordingly took
passage (with Mrs, Holley*) on board the ship Louisiana, for
New York. The remainder of our story is sad, and soon told.
When a few days out, he was seized with a violent illness,
which terminated fatally on the fifth day from his embarkation
• — July 31, 1827, aged 46 ; and on the following day his re-
mains were consigned to the bosom of the ocean.
Thus passed from the earth one of its purest and most gifted
spirits— distinguished alike for his learning, his virtues, his
genius, his broad philanthropy, and his inspiring eloquence.
As the tidings of his death spread through the country, they
were received with demonstrations of sorrow and mourning.
tn New Orleans, Lexington, Plymouth, Boston, and elsewhere,
* This estimable lady died in New Orleans, in September, 1846,
151'
furierai discourses were delivered. The Rev. John Pierpont,
$)r. Molley\s successor in the Mollis street church, pronounced
a discourse on his life and character, by request of his society ;
null the same " p'easant yet mournful" duty was assigned to
Prof. Charles Caldwell by the University over which the de-
ceased had so long presided. We cannot better close this
sketch than by Copying the following paragraphs from the Dis-
course by Prof. Caldwell :
"As nn orator it may be asserted of Dr. Hollcy, as truly as it was of
the great Chatham, in reference to his Roman virtues and peerless en-
dowments, that., in some respects, at least he ' stood alone.' In that
capacity, neither truth nor justice forbids me to add, "that 'modern
degeneracy had not reached him.' Of the orators of antiquity, whose
fame is the theme of classical story, and who still furnish models for
the world's imitation, the mantle of inspiration would seem to have de-
scended to him and gifted him like themselves. In the eloquence of
the pulpit he was the paragon of his country, if not of the age, and
might calmly look down on all the efforts of cotemporary rivalry. —
Nor, in that line of oratory, has his superior, perhaps, ever shed a
lustre on any age. Bossuet, of France, was not more elevated, v-ebes
meat, and impressive, nor Massillon himself more enchantingly attract-
ive. To award to him a triumphant ascendency over Chalmers and
Irving, the living Massilon and Bossuet of Britain, is but to do what
has been repeatedly done, by sundry judges, whose decision is entitled
to undisputed confidence. To say the least of them, the matter, ar-
rangement and language of his discourses were equal to those of the
discourses of the British orators ; and his delivery of them incontesti-
bly and greatly superior. In general opulence of diction, and splen>-
dor of elocution, more especially in the majesty of lofty and solemn
declamation, he left the two foreign divines immeasurably behind him.
!* Nor, of his powers of analysis, when topics of depth and intricacy
presented themselves, am I inclined to speak in less elevated terms.
Here, as on all other points, he descanted as he thought, with accuracy,
vigor, and resplendant perspicuity. Even matters of mystery almost
ceased to be mysterious, as they fell from his lips irradiated by his
genius."
" As if she had cast him intentionally in her happiest mould, and en-
dowed him in a moment of her most abundant prodigality, Nature had
showered on this her favorite, in unwonted profusion and' of the choic-
est stamp, those minor attributes, which are so powerful in their in-
fluence, as the exteriors of oratory. In person and general aspect, as
heretofore mentioned, he was not only elegant and imposing, but
loo
splendidly beautiful. But, with out any of that delicacy, which though
peculiarly characteristic'^ youth adheres to some throughout their
lives, or the slighest admixture of feebleness or effeminacy, °his beauty
was as masculine as it was rare and attractive. With a stature of the
most approved dimensions, a figure sosymetrical as to be almost fault-
less, features bold, expressive, and comely, giving strength to a coun-
tenance beaming with the brightest intelligence, and animated with
the workings of the loftiest sentiments and the most ardent feelings,
h3 truly and emphatically gave to the world, assurance of a man—
' take him for all in all, we shall not look upon his like again.'
" Thus configured, gifted and accomplished, when he ascended, in
his flowing toga, the pulpit or the rostrum, assumed the air and atti-
tude of the orator, and threw his eyes around him on an admiring
audience, the presentation itself was a burst of eloquence an exquis-
ite exordium to a splendid discourse. Under the illusion of the moment,
the Genius of Oratory, indebted for his existence to poetic fiction,
might have been almost fancied to have started into actual beino-, and
stood forth to view, clothed in the/orm and aspect most suitable to
his character. An ordinary address from a source^of such promise
would have been deep disappointment. One of consummate elegance,
opulency, and force, could slone redeem the pledge that was proffer-
ed. When to these attributes were added, a mellow, rich, and silver-
toned voice, thrilling at times with the very essence of melody, and of
unusual compass, flexibility and power an enunciation uncommonly-
distinct and varied ; a manner in the highest degree tasteful and ani-
mated, and action the most graceful, expressive, and appropriate, the
combinaticn to give to elocution all its fascination, and produce by its
most powerful and indelible effects, was as complete as nature in her
bounty could bestow. To render it irrestible, nothing^ was wanting but
the outpourings of a mighty and cultivated intellect — and the whole
were united in the person of the deceased."
" And, though man had been silent when his body was committed
to the deep, the rolling surf, as it broke over the reef near which he
was deposited, would have resounded to him, as it did, a solemn re-
quiem, which will never cease to salute the ear of the passing mariner,
while the winds shall continue to waft him and, the ocean to be his
home. And, amidst the roar of the mighty waters, his repose will
be as peaceful as if he slept under fretted marble, or the grassy-
sod, silently wept on by the dews of evening, and smoothed by the
vespers of the softened breeze."
ABRAHAM AND PHINEAS BRADLEY.
Stephen Bradley emigrated from England about the rear
1660, and settled in Guilford, Connecticut, where he died on
the 20th of June, 1702, aged 60 years. He had son? Ste-
phen and Abraham. The latter was born in Guilford, May
IS, 1675, married Jane Learning, and died April 20, 1721,
aged 46 years. He had three sons, viz., Abraham, Daniel,
(died in Salisbury, Ct, in 1794,) and Joseph, (died at Guilford,
in 1799.) Abraham, last named, was born July 26, 1702,
graduated at Yale College, married Reliance Stone, and died
in 1771, aged 69 years. He had three sons, viz., Abraham,
Learning,* and Peleg.
Abraham Bradley, last named, was born in Guilford, on
the 11th of December, 1731. In 1763, he married Hannah
Baldwin, of Litchfield, where he settled and resided for up-
wards of thirty years. He subsequently removed to Hanover,
(near Wilkesbarre,) Penn., and in his latier years went to re-
side with his son Phineas, near Washington City, D. C. He
was successively master of a vessel, surveyor of lands, select-
beaming Bradley settled in Litchfield, where he died in 1821,
aged 85 years — leaving three sons and three daughters. One of his
sons, the late Capt. Aaron Bradley, was a member of the Legislature
from Litchfield at six sessions. One of his daughters, Anne, married
the late Mr. Levi Kilbourn ; another, Lucy, married Mr. Jacob Kilbourn
—both of Litchfield:
155
man, town treasurer, representative to the legislature, justice
of the peace, captain in the militia and in the revolutionary war,
judge, town clerk, &c. His wife died in Wilkesbarre, Sept.
18, 1804, aged 67 ; he lived to be about 90 years old.
ABRAHAM and PHINEAS BRADLEY, (sons of Capt.
Abraham Bradley,) were both natives of Litchfield — the form-
er, born February 21, 1767; the latter, July 17, 1769. As
their public career was passed together in the same Depart-
ment of the Government, we have deemed it advisable to blend
the outlines of their histoiy in a single sketch, The elder
brother was educated for the bar, and in early manhood com-
menced the practice of his profession in the beautiful valley of
the Wyoming, in Pennsylvania — where he married Miss Han-
nah Smith, of Pittst on, Luzerne county. The younger brother
was bred a physician, and, after practicing a short time in Mid-
dletown, Ct., he opened a drug store in his native town. From
thence he removed to Painted Post, N. Y., and soon after to
Wilkesbarre, Pa. He married Miss Hannah Jones, of Litch-
field, a lady eminently distinguished lor pleasing manners and
personal beauty.
When, in 1791, Colonel Pickering was called by Washing-
ton to take charge of the Post Office Department, Abraham
Bradley, then an Associate Judge of Luzerne county, (where
Colonel P. exercised the daties of Prothonotory,) was invited
to accompany him to Philadelphia as a confidential clerk. A
very unassuming man, yet a lawyer of competent learning,
with a clear and discriminating mind, and an industry which
knew no relaxation while there was a duty to be performed,
a more valuable officer could not have been selected than
Judge Bradley. He accepted the invitation, and soon remov-
ed with his family to the seat of Government, and entered up-
on his new and arduous duties.
But the Post Office, then in extreme infancy, needing addi-
tional aid, Dr. Bradley also received an appointment in that
156
Department. Abraham was appointed Assistant Postmas-
ter General in 1799; and very early after a second Assis-
tant Postmaster General was authorized by law. The station
was conferred on Dr. Bradley, the former having* charge of the
accounts, collecting, disbursing, settling with postmasters, &c. ;
while Phineas took upon himself the more difficult, because
more varying and complicated business of arranging pos-
routes, forwarding the mails, making and enforcing contracts.
The difficulties experienced at every step may be best appreci-
ated by men, thorough-going business men, who will for a min-
ute give their minds to the establishment of a mail line, say
eastwardly, from Philadelphia to Boston: At every ten or
twelve miles along the main stem there must be ramifications,
diverging lines starting off on each side into the country, up
the North river, on to Long Island, through every leading road
in Connecticut ; indeed, through all New England. On each
of these ramifications innumerable other branches shootout.
Some of the mails are daily, some weekly, some once a fort-
night ; but they must be arranged to depart and meet so as to
answer prompt and regular connexion and facilities throughout
the whole. "A mail contractor myself for twenty years,"
says a correspondent of the National Intelligencer, "I he propo-
als for contracts were ever a puzzle to me — a labyrinth too in-
tricate for me to explore, and the most sagacious business man
-would find the arrangement a tangled skein most difficult of
unravelment. Precisely the mind lo manage this complicated
machinery was that of Dr. Phineas Bradley. From the time
he entered the Dapartment he availed himself of the best
lights afforded him, and, as if by intution, saw through the
whole matter with the clearness, I had almost said, of inspira-
tion. With the rapid settlement of the country and the extra-
ordinary development of its businesi and resources, the situa-
tion of Dr. Bradley was no sinecure. No servant ever (oiled
harder ; but his way was cheered by the consciousness (for
157
he had a noble ambition) that he was in the path of duty, per-
forming highly useful and honorable service to his country,
while he was establishing his own reputation and fairly serving
his own interest."
Colonel Pickering having been called to the execution of
other trusts, a succession of Postmasters General followed : —
Habersham from the South, Granger from Connecticut, Meigs
and McLean from Ohio, succeeding. Party politics raged then
as now, and the "tempestuous sea of liberty," wiih its rolling
waves and rushing storms, shook at times not only the Depart-
ment but the Government itself; yet the Bradleys remained
at their elevated posts, commanding by their talents, capacity
for business, unwearied application, and unspotted integrity,
universal confidence. Appointed by Pickering, it need hardly
be said they were both Federalists of the old school ; but min-
gling the rarest prudence with the most free and unreserved
expression of their opinions, they passed the ordeal of all the
Administrations for nearly forty years without scath, and, ex-
cept in one instance, without serious alarm — a matter alike
honorable to themselves and to the Democratic gentlemen who
were called to preside over them.
Thus it may be said that the Post Office Department, from
infancy to childhood, and from childhood up to vigorous mat-
urity, was nursed and educated under the superintendence of
Phineas and Abraham Bradley. They laid its foundations in
wisdom, they erected the edifice in strergth, they adorned it
with a beauty approaching perfection. This brief sketch is no
fitting place for statistics, or it would be a pleasure to trace up
from small beginnings the extension of post routes, the mail
stage accommodations, the multiplication of post offices, the
steady increase of income and expenditure, from the time they
entered to the period they left the establishment. A fact new
to many, and not incurious, may be here stated. In early
times, it being deemed necessary to increase the speed of the
158
mail on one of the great routes, the Government established a
line of stages between Philadelphia and Baltimore — the Gen-
eral Post Office owning horses and carriages and hiring dri-
vers. The fare through between the two cities, on the Gov-
ernment Line, was ten dollars.
On the coming in of Governor Barry, of Kentucky, as
Postmaster General, in 1829, whose administration of the De-
partment, proved so unfortunate, Abraham Bradley was dis-
missed, to make room for an influential partizan of the Admin-
istration. Dr. Bradley would have been retained, but he de*
clined to remain. Twenty-five hundred dollars a year, though
a strong temptation, could not for a moment shake his resolve
to leave the office, if his faithful brother was dismissed, or, as
he deemed it, dishonored. The confidence and affection ever
existing between these brothers, present a most amiable trait in
their characters. For a season the Department was in no lit-
tle perplexity ; for, though the papers were all there, and in
excellent order, Dr. Bradley's head, his wonderfully retentive
memory, were wanting, and seemed indispensable to explain
the intricate involutions; and connections when a new adver-
tisement for mail contracts was to bs made out. So remarka-
bly clear and tenacious was his memory, thatthere was scarcely
a metter pertaining to his office which he could not explain
without reference to a paper.
The Bradleys, during their continuance in office, probably
wrote more letters than any other two men in the nation.
Brief and pertinent, it might be regarded a wonder if one in a
thousand ever occupied more than a single page. Their hand
writings were peculiar, yet different. If ever seen, they could
iiever be mistaken, for they were unlike any other in existence.
Neither of them was a diner out, a giver of parties, an attend-
ant upon levees, or seen as courtiers at the houses of the great.
^Each at home, living in elegant simplicity, their hospitable ta-
: .: . .. ]
150
lies were ahvays well set, and iheir doors were opened with
a cordial welcome to their friends and occasional guests.
Abraham Bradley was a book-man. In his hours of leisure
he loved study, talked philosophy and metaphysics, was fond
of abstruse speculations, and wrote well on every subject oh
which he chose to employ his pen. Asa more active recreation,
acriculture was his delight. He had a farm some eight or
ten miles from the city, whither he was wont to resort whenever
his public duties would permit. Extremely domestic, moder-
ate in all his wants and expenditures, he ought to have accu-
mulated a fortune. But after the education of a fine family of
children, who do honor to his name and memory, he left but a
moderate independence.* In 1793, he drew and published
a map of the United States, which soon passed to a second
edition. In 1814, he commenced the great work of preparing
his Map of Post Roads, which was subsequently published, and
which contained every mail route and every post office in the
United States, with the distances clearly defined. This was
the first work of the kind ever given to the public, and for ac-
curacy and minuteness of design, it has never been equalled.
Dr. Bradley, on the other hand, was thoroughly read in the
great book of human nature. Man he had studied to advan-
tage, and rarely has any one understood his subject more per-
fectly. There was no affectation of graceful manner or fash-
ionable politeness about him. A bow would have been to him
an awkward affair ; but he met you with a cordial shake of the
hand — a cheerful " gocd morning." Perfectly master of the
topics of the day, you would seldom meet a more intelligent
gentleman, or interesting companion. Tall, a high forehead,
dark thin hair, yet so long as to be tied behind, dress plain,
* Among the reasons assigned by the Government paper, for the
removal of Abraham Bradley, it was asserted that he had accumula-
ted a property of $100,000 ; it was subsequently stated that Dr.
Phineas Bradley was the individual meant.
160
countenance habitually cheerful ; an excellent physician, nat-
urally so, above and beyond the rules of art ; though he did
not practice for his fee, he was ever attentive and most wel-
come at the bedside of his friends when ill. This doubtless in-
creased his influence among those with whom he was associa-
ted. For many years he resided at " Clover Hill,'" his country
seat, two miles north of the Capitol. " Clover Hill," with its
charming embelishments, awakened the muse of his aged fa-
ther, and produced a poem of no inconsiderable merit from the
pen of that venerable gentleman, who enjoyed in advanced age
the gratifying success and unceasing attentions of his sons and
their families, emulous to make him happy. Dr. Bradley was
for many years a consistent member of the Presbyterian church;
In liberality — and his means were ample — no name stood be-
fore his, when religious or charitable objects solicited his sub-
scriptions.
The sketch is done ; the mere profiles are taken, " It would
require a volume," says the writer already quoted, "to do jus-
tice to their biography, every page of which would be a portion
of the history of the rise, expansion and success of the Post
Office, which contributes so largely to the general intelligence
and happiness of the people. The merits and blessings of that
great establishment are more especially theirs than any other
persons who have yet lived. Their image and superscription
is impressed on every leaf of its growth. Marble statues of the
two Bradleys ought to be chiselled in the best style of Persico,
and placed on the right and left of the two entrances of the
noble structure wherein it is accommodated."
Phineas Bradley died in the Spring of 1845 — having sur-
vied his brother several years. Both left highly respectable
families, some of the sons having risen to eminence at the bar
and in public stations.
•161
KIC H ARD SKINNER-
RICHARD SKINNER, ll. d., (son of General Timothy
Skinner,) was born in Litchfield, on the 30th May, 1778. He
Teceived his legal education at the Law School of his native town,
was admitted to the bar of Litchfield county in 1800, and dur-
ing the same year, emigrated to Manchester, Vermont, where
he spent the remainder of his days. He immediately took a
high stand in his profession, and though surrounded by older
and long distinguished competitors, he was in a few years
acknowledged as the ablest lawyer in the State. In 1801, at
the early age of 23 years,, he was appointed State's Attorney
for the county of Bennington, where his extraordinary talents,
legal accumen, and great forensic powers, were put to severe
though triumphant test. An intellect less vigorous, a purpose
less determined, would have quailed before the formidable ar-
ray of learning, shrewdness, and experience, which his pecul-
iar position rendered it necessary for him to combat. But,
conscious of his own abilities, he bore himself with a mild dig^
«ity and a loftiness of purpose, which secured for him not only
the admiration but the good will of his associates at the bar
and of the public generally. Young as he was, and thus ear-
ly elevated to a station to which much older men aspired, he
did not forget the respect and courtesy due to his seniors. His
demeanor in their presence, and towards them, was perfectly
unassuming and deferential ; he was more ready to receive
instruction, than to instruct,
In 1809, Mr, Skinner was appointed Judge of Probate for
Bennington county ; and at the age of thirty-five he was elect-
162
ed a member of the American Congress. In fulfiling the du-
ties of the last office, his labors were as arduous as his position
was peculiar. Our nation was in the midst, of a war with
Great Britain, when Judge Skinner entered the councils of the
nation. Me, and the State which he represented, had steadily
opposed the measures and policy which had originated the war.
The contest having been, as he believed, unnecessarily begun,
it became an interesting question in ethics, how far he ought
to go towards carrying it on — a question which we do not pro-
pose to discuss, much less decide. A step too far in one direc-
tion, might justly cause his patriotism to be suspected; while
a step too far in an opposite course, might be chargable with
inconsistency. It is sufficient to add, that Judge Skinner so
far discovered and pursued the " happy medium'' as to pass the
ordeal without scath.
In 1816, the Legislature appointed him an Associate Judge
of the Supreme Court ; and during the following year, he was
elevated to the office of Chief Justice of the State of Vermont.
In 1818, he was a member of the House of Repiesentatives
from Manchester, and was elected Speaker of that bedy.
In 1820, Judge Skinner was elected to the office of Govern-
or of the State — and was re-elected in 1 82 1, and again in 1822.
The period of his administration was characterized, not only in
his own State but throughout the nation, by unusual quietness.
There was a calm on the sea of party politics — a lull of the
giant storm which previously had well nigh shipwrecked the
Union, and with it the hopes of a world smuggling for freedom.
Those were genial and prosperous days for that sturdy old
commonwealth — a commonwealth as immovable in her adhe-
rence to the principles and spirit of liberty, asher own majestic
mountains. Soon after retiring from the chair of the chief ma-
gistracy, he was re -elected Chief Justice, a station which he
continued to fill with general acceptance until 1829, when he
retired from public life.
163
Though Governor Skinner thus for a series of years occu-
pied the highest civil and judicial stations within the gift of the
people of his adopted State, his thoughts and labors were by no
means exclusively engaged in objects pertaining to those stations.
He felt that the various benevolent and religious societies of
the day, had claims upon him which he could not innocently
or honorably resist. Hence they ever found in him an earnest
co-worker and liberal patron. He was an officer of various
local benevolent associations, besides being President of the
North-Eastern Branch of the Ameiican Education Society,
and member of the Board of Trustees of Middlebury Colle°'e.
From the institution last named, he received the degree of
Doctor of Laws.
He died at his residence in Manchester, May 23d, 1833, in
the 55ih year of his age-
164;
JOSEPH VAILk.
JOSEPH VAILL, (son of Captain Joseph Vaill, who emi-
grated from Southhold, L. I., to Litchfield about 120 years
ago,) was born in Litchfield, July 14, 1751. His mother, Je-
rusha Vaill, was a daughter of Mr. William Peck, of the same
place. He continued to reside with his parents, engaged in the
labors of the farm, until he had reached the age of twenty-one
years.
In 1772, a plan was proposed by Mr. Jeremiah Osborn, who
had removed from Litchfield the preceding yearinto the neigh-
borhood of Dartmouth College, for several young men to de-
fray the expense of a college education for themselves, by,
tending a saw mill and grist mill, the property of the college,
which he had taken to run on shares. A brother of Mr. Os.
born had before this become a member of Dartmouth College.
The subject of this sketch had long been desirous of a public
education, but the way had seemed hedged up with insur-
mountable difficulties. Two of his acquaintances, however,
concluded to make trial of the plan proposed, and he signified
to his parents his desire to join in the new and arduous enter-
prize ; but they raised such strong objections, that he at first
felt it to be his duty to abandon the project. His father was
considerably advanced in life, and had no other son except an
infant ; he had seven daughters mostly dependant on him. —
These were considerations which weigned heavily upon the
mind of the son, but they did not deter him from wishing and
hoping for the consummation of his favorate idea. In Septem-
ber he received a lettei from Mr. Osborn which fixed his de-
1(35
termination to go. His father ottered him one half of his
estate if he would remain on the farm ; but he replied that he
would rather give up his claims to any part of it than not to go.
His friends generally regarded the scheme as wild and visiona-
ry, and did all they could to persuade him to stay, but in vain.
His father rendered him such assistance as he was able,, and
he set out for the college, in company with three others, Sep-
tember 28th, 1772, taking with him his axe and such clothing
and books as were deemed most necessary. These four young-
men took with them one small horse, on which the youngest
and most feeble of their number rode most of the way — the
others traveling on foot, with their packs slung across their
backs. The distance they were to travel was computed to be
one hundred and eighty miles. Mr. Vaill thus speaks of tills
journey : " I had only about fifteen shillings in money in my
pocket to bear my expenses on the journey ; and as this prov-
ed insufficient,!" received some more from one of our company.
We traveled on an average about thirty miles a day. L had
never before been twenty miles from home, nor gone on foot a
whole day at a time. I became excessively weary, and at times
was almost ready to lie down in the street. On the third day,,
as we went from Hartford, on the east side of the Connecticut
River, we reached the Chickopee River in Massachusetts; and
finding the bridge gone, one of our number rode the horse over
and ascertained that it was not dangerous as to depth. We
then pulled off our stockings and shoes, and waded across, a
distance of about ten rods. The water was cold, the stream;
rapid, and the bottom covered with sharp and slippery stones.
We reached Claremont, in New Hampshire, on Saturday night,
and put up over the Sabbath at a small tavern on the beach,
of Sugar River. The landlord was an Episcopulian. A
meeting was held at his house on the Sabbath, On Monday,
October 5th, we reach the College Mills."
Few young men at this day would practice such selfdenial
166
for the purpose of obtaining an education. The following-
additional extracts from Mr. Vaill's narrative, will let the
leader still further into the nature of the labors and privations
of t lie students of those primitive times. Is it to be wondered
at that they made robust and vigorous men !
" The mills were one mile south from the college. They
stood on a large brook, and near them was an interval of fif-
teen or twenty acres of land, which interval wras nearly sur*
rounded on one side by a high hill of simicircular form, which
extended from north east to south wsst. This hill was thickly
covered with forest trees. The road from the mills to the col-
lege, after about sixiy rods of level land, ppssed directly up
this hill, thence through a hemlock swamp, nearly half a mile
in width, before it reached the plain where the college stood.
"We found Mr. Osborn living alone in a small framed unfin-
ished house, which had been built for (he man who should
tend the college mills. A more solitary and romantic situation
can seldom be found. The howling of the wild beasts, and
the plaintive notes of the owl, greatly added to the gloominess
of the night season, Mr. O. was supplied with some provis-
ions and utensils, sufficient for one who lived in his solitary
condition. His lodging was a box made of boards, called a
bunk, with a ticken filled with pine shavings, and a sufficient
covering of Indian blankets. For the first week we strangers
took each one a blanket and slept upon the floor ; but in a
short time we furnished ourselves writh bunks and straw beds,
and utensils sufficient to take our meals in a more decent man-
ner. The first four or five weeks we spent in tending the mills,
and in clearing away the trees near our house, which furnish-
ed a supply of fuel for the winter. One of our company soon
gave up the idea of studying, and returned to Connecticut be-
fore winter. Three of us now entered on the study of the Lat-
in Grammar, and so continued through the winter. Our tutor
was a brother of Mr. J. O., and a member of the Sophomore
167
Class in college. We gave him his boaul for his services in
teaching us ; and we had no other teacher until wc entered
college. During the first winter, we studied in our cold house,
and used pine knots to burn for lights, instead of candles, for
a part of the time. I lodged with » one of my classmates in
the chamber, which we reached by a ladder placed in the en-
try. My pillow was a duffed great coat, and our covering nar-
row Indian blankets. We did our own cooking and washing
until the latter part of March, when a young married couple
came from Connecticut and lived in our house, and superin-
tended our domestic affairs. Having repaired a small cottage
near by, built in part of logs, we removed into that to study
and lodge, where he remained during the next summer, suf-
eri ng many inconveniences, and undergoing many privations.
V On the return of spring in 1773, as soon as the ice dis-
solved, we resumed our sawing. We sawed about sixty thou-
sand feet of pine boards, and stuck them up. We also tended
the grist mill in our turns, besides burning over several acres of
ground, and clearing the same for tillage ; we sowed a part
with clover seed for mowing and pasture, and planted yearly
about one acre of corn, besides our garden. Our corn-field
was never plowed. We employed our hoes in planting the
corn, and we dug our field, when the corn was up, with our
hoes. The first spring efter we commenced our settlement
there, the measles broke out in our family, and proved fatal
to one of our number. This was an afflictive Providence to
us all. In the first summer, we built a new convenient housp.
One of our number and myself constructed the chimney : and
for want of cattle, we backed the stones from several rods dis-
tance. The mantle-stone two of us carried on our shoulders
nearly a mile ; and the jamb-stones we backed some distance.
By the time we had finished our house, which was in Septem-
ber, my health was very much reduced ; and I experienced so
severe an attack of dysentery, attended with a burning fever;
1CS
that for several clays my life was greatly threatened, ftiit
through a merciful Piovidenc, I was at length restored to
health. Thus I continued to labor and study for two years,
.before I, with one of the company, entered college. My hard-
ships were excessive, and especially in the spring, when, after
studying through the winter, we turned out in the latter part
of March, two of us at a lime, and tended the saw mill for
about six weeks together. We made it our rule to saw every
evening, except Saturday and Sunday evenings, until ten
o'clock, and in the meantime some one in his turn tended the
grist mill.
" About two years after we commenced our enterprize, twO
young men from Massachusetts joined us, one of whom brought
on an excellent cow, which furnished us with milk and butter
for most of the year*, and greatly contributed to our living
more comfortabty. After I entered college, I went twice and
sometimes three times a day to recite with my class In the
winter, we rose at five o'clock, and having united in morning
prayer in our family, I set off for college, having to face the
north-west wind, which was cold and piercing in that climate ;
and not, unfrequently I had to break my path through a new
fall of snow a foot in depth or more. It is marvellous I did
not freeze my limbs, or perish with the cold, especially as I
was but thinly clothed. I had scarcely a moment's leisure
from one week or month to another. I was frequently exposed
to being drenched with water when mending the trough or
buckets of the water wheel ; and in one instance, I experi-
enced a narrow escape from being torn in pieces by the saw."
In 1777, then in his junior year, Mr. Vaill, finding his health
greatly impaired by his routine of labors and hardships, sought
advice of the President of the College, (Rev. Dr. Wheelock,)
whether some other course might not be open to him by which
Jie might defray his expenses and pursue his studies. The
President proposed that he should remove into college, and takre
160
charge of certain Canadian boys, who had been sent there to
receive an English education, and that he should have his board
and tuition for instructing and taking the oversight of them.
Accordingly he took a room in college — became the instructor
of these boys— and in this manner defrayed his expenses and
at the same time kept up with his class, till his health failed
under this change. He was taken down with a violent billious
fever, which confined him for several weeks. As soon as he
was able to travel, he visited his parents, with whom he re-
mained until his health was fully restored. On his return to
college, he took charge of More's School, so called from a
benefactor of the institution. This school was kept in a room
in the college, and by means of this service, Mr. Vaill continu-
ed to defray his expenses for some time, when, in consequence
(if the excitement and alarm occasioned by the inarch of Bur-
goyne, the college exercises were suspended, and he once
more took up his abode at his father's house in Litchfield. He,
however, resumed his studies with his class in the spring of
1778, and received his degree in the August following.
Having honorably finished his college education, Mr. Vaill
at once turned his attention to the study of Theology ; and for
this end he went to reside with the Rev. Mr. .Storrs, of North-
bury, (now Plymouth,) in his native county, Oct. 14, 1778.
Here again he Was favored with the privilege of teaching a
public school in the winter, which enabled him to meet his
pecuniary engagements. Mr. Storrs also gave him privileges,
received him into his family, furnished him with fire- wood,
gave him the use of his library and instructed him gratuitously.
He remained with Mr. Storrs till May, 1779, when the Associ-
ation to which Mr. S. belonged, met at his house, and on his
recommendation, Mr. Vaill offered himself for examination ;
and, having sustained himself in ils several parts, he was li-
censed as a candidate for the gospel ministry.
The first Sabbath after he was licensed, he preached for Mr.
no
Storrs, and about three weeks after, he was sent for to preacfr
in Hadlyme, in the County of New London. After supplying
the pulpit of the Congregational Church in that place for five
months, he received a unanimous invitation to become its pas-
tor. He ultimately accepted the call, and was installed on the
9th of February, 1780, On the 12th of the following Octo-
ber, he was married to Miss Sarah Fowler, eldest daughter of
Rev. Joseph Fowler, of East Haddam. The connection was
an eminently happy one, Mrs. Vaill having been educated in
a minister's family, knew how to accommodate herself to the
situation she was to fill, and her good sense and exemplary pie-
ty procured for her the respect and confidence of the people to
whom her husband ministered.
We cannot, in a work like this, follow this excellent divine
through the long peiiod of his ministry. For nearly sixty years,
he remained in the pastoral office over the church in Hadlyme,
although, during the last few years of his life, he was relieved
from active duty as a preacher by a colleague. In the pulpit,
Mr. Vaill was plain and simple in his style, and solemn and ar-
dent in his manner. His countenance was grave and sober, in-
dicative of sincerity and seriousness of purpose; His voice was
full and distinct, so that it could easily be heard in all parts of
the assembly. Although he could not properly be ranked
among the greatest of preachers, he was nevertheless quite
above the ordinary grade — often eloquent and powerful, and
always edifying and instructive. He possessed a natural
shrewdness, and quickness of discernment in regard to men
and things, which gave his conversation at times a faceciou&
turn, highly enlivening and interesting. Many anecdotes are
still in remembrance, illustrative of this trait in his charac-
tsr. It was by means of this trait,, that he was sometimes
very severe in his retorts upon such as would accost him im-
pertinently, or, for the sake of drawing forth some humorous
^eply. At times, also, his wit would spend itself pleasantly
171
upon his friends. It would flow out so unexpectedly and from
under so ministerial a countenance, and with such pertinence
of application, that every one in the company would be amused
and yet no one be injured or offended by it.
In addition to his clerical duties, Mr. Vaill devoted some por-
tion of his time for several years to the instruction of youth.
Among those who were instructed by him in the preparatory
stages of their education, were the Rev. Drs. Griffin and Har-
vey, and Wm. Hungerford, Esq., of the Hartford bar. By
means of this school, he was enabled to assist his two sons in
obtaining their College education, and^also to give his daugh-
ters an education. These sons have long been useful and con-
spicuous ministers. The eldest, Rev. William F. Vaill, became
pastor of the church in North Guilford in 1808 ; in 1820, he
was dismissed from the'pastoral care of this church, and went
on a mission to the Osage Indians, under the patronage of the
United Foreign Mission Society. The Rev. Joseph Vaill, Jr.,
(youngest son of the subject of this sketch,) was ordained as
pastor of the church in Brimneld, Massachusetts, in 1814. —
At the settlement of each of these sons, the father preached
the ordination sermon. His farewell address to his eldest son,
just upon the eve of his departure with his family for his mis-
sion-ground in the far western wilds, was published. It is a
most interesting and affecting memorial. In concluding that
address, he says, "No matter, my dear children, whether you
are laid in the sepulchre of your fathers, or whether your dust
be deposited three thousand miles from the land of your nativi-
ty. If you die in the Lord, it will be as glorious to meet your
descending Redeemer, when the voice of the archangel and
the trump of God shall awake you from the sleep of death, in
the Arkansas country, as to rise surrounded by your former
Christian connections."
As early as 1792, a missionary spirit began to manifest itself
in Middlesex Association, to which Mr. Vaill belonged, in
172
some special efforts in behalf of the new settlements in (jj«
State of Vermont. A temporary mission was projected to
Vermont by the Association referred to, and Mr. Vaill was se-
lected to go on this mission. He consented, and went into
that State and spent six weeks, laboring in destitute places.
His pulpit was supplied in his absence by his clerical brethren.
In the year 1807, the Trustees of the Missionary Society of
Connecticut, appointed and commissioned JVIr. Vaill to perform
a mission to the " Black River country," in the State of New
York. He was absent from his people, on this mission, fifteen
Sabbaths. In the report of his labors, which he presented Ip.
the Trustees, they were furnished with gratifying evidence that
he was well received, and that the mission had been attended
with good.
In the latter part of the year 183], finding the infirmities of
age increasing upon him, Mr. Vaill entered into an arrange-
with his people for them to procure him a colleague. To en-
able them to do this, he consented to relinquish his salary
when the arrangement should go into effect. Accordingly, in
the spring of 1832, the Rev. Ralph S, Crampton was installed
colleague pastor of the church in Hadlyme. He was dismiss-
ed in the autumn of 1834 ; and in the following spring, the
Rev. George Carrington was installed colleague pastor with
Mr. Vaill. Though Mr. V. had now retired from the respon-
sibility of supplying the pulpit on the Sabbath, still he did not
lose his interest in his people. He was about among them, en-
couraging whatever was calculated for their good, strengthen-
ing the hands of his colleague, and exercising a fatherly affec-
tion over his parishoners, In the winter of 1836, he broke up
his family establishment, and went to reside with his son-in-law,
David Evarts, Esq., of Killingly. Here he remained in the
full enjoyment of a quiet old age, occasionally visiting his peo-
ple at Hadlyme and the neighboring pastors, until the 21st. of
November, 1838, when he "fell asleep in Jesus," in the 88th
173
year of bis age, and 59th of his ministry. He was burled at,
Hadlyme ; his funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. Isaac.
Parsons, of East Haddam.
Mr. Vaill wrote well and much, though he published but
little. In 1796, a poem of his was printed in pamphlet form,
entitled, " Noah's Flood." This poem, containing about five
hundred and fifty lines, is preserved in the library of the Con-
necticut Historical Society. Several minor poetical pieces are
printed in the same pamphlet. The following is the com-
mencement of the principal poem—
" In the beginning, from chaotic night,
God, by his powerful voice, called forth the light.
When he the corner stone of nature laid,
The morning stars their joyous homage paid,
And all the sons of God, with sweet amaze,
In glorious concert joined to shout his praise ;
They saw with raptured minds this work divine,
And gazed to see the rays of Godhead shine ;
Saw the thick darkness sever from the light,
And infant time commence her day and night."
The extract which follows is from the conclusion of the
poem —
" The world, once drowned, is now reserved in store,
To be destroyed by God's consuming power.
Redemption finished, and his Church complete,
The elements shall melt with fervent heat ;
Dread lightnings flash, and peals of thunder roll,
And rock the burning world from pole to pole ;
Creation welter in a mass of fire,
When days, and time, and nature, shall expire !
When God shall pour his vengeance from on high,
Where will poor infidels for covert fly ?
No Ark to screen them from the fiery flood,
The powers of darkness, or the wrath of God ;
No hiding-place for safety can be found,
174
In dark retreats, or caverns of the ground ;
No one to guard them from the burning flame,
Or fiercest wrath of the incensed Lamb."
The Sermon which Mr. Vaill preached at the ordination of
his son Joseph, in 1814, was published. The Connecticut
Evangelical Magazine contains several of his essays over the
signatures of Senex and Jethro. He was also a contributor to
several religious periodicals.
[A volume of 236 pages was published by Taylor & Dodd,
New York, in 1839, entitled, "Memoir of the Life and Char-
acter of the Rev, Joseph Vaill, late Pastor of (he Church of
Christ in Hadlyme. By the Rev. Isaac Parsons, Pastor of the
Church in East Haddam.v]
I) A V I D BOSTWICK.'
John and Arthur Bostwick came over from Cheshire,'
England, and settled in the town of Stratford, Connecticut.
Arthur subsequently removed to Bedford, New York. John
removed to New Milford with his family in 1707, he being the
second white person who settled there. He had seven sonsj
viz., John, Robert, Ebenezer, Joseph, Nathaniel, Lemuel, and
Daniel ; the last named having been the first white male child
born in New Milford.
John Bostwick, Jr., married Mary Bushnell, of Danbury, in
1711, and had five sons, viz., Bushnell, John, Benajah, David,
and Samuel.
DAVID BOSTWICK was born in New Milford, January
8th, 1721, and graduated at Yale College in 1740. On leav-
ing college, he was engaged as a teacher in an academy at
Newark, New Jersey, under the inspection of the Rev. Aaron
Burr, afterwards President of the College of- New- Jersey — -
with whom Mr. Bostwick at the same time pursued the study
of divinity. He was ordained to the work of the gospel min-
istry, and installed pastor of the church in Jamaica, Long Isl-
and, October 9th, 1745. The sermon on that occasion was
preached by (he Rev. Mr. Burr, and subsequently published,
Here Mr. Bostwick remained upwards of ten years, enjoying
in a very high degree the affection and respect, not only of the
people of his charge, but also of his brethren in the ministry
* For most of the materials of this sketch the author acknowledges
his indebtedness to David E. Bostwick, M. D., of Litchfield.
1/0
and tin? churches in general. During this period large addi-
tions were made to his church, and his fame as an eloquent
and most successful preacher, rapidly extended. There was,
however, little excitement in his parish, except on the occa*
sion of a visit from the celebrated George Whiteiicld, whom
Mr. Bostwick admitted into his pulpit in spite of the remon-
strances of his deacons and many of his church members. The
tumult caused by this event was intense, but temporary in its
duration ; and many were afterwards constrained to acknowl-
edge the goodness of God in sending that great evangelist
among them.
The First Presbyterian Church in the city of New York
was established in 1719, and Mr. Anderson, a Scotch minister,
was settled over it. In 1727, he was succeeded by the Rev.
Ebenezer Pemberton. Mr. Alexander Gumming was chosen
colleague to Mr. Pemberton in 1750; but in consequence of
a most unhappy difficulty among the members relative to cei
tain doctrines and measures, both the pastors soon after re-
signed. For a length of time, the church remained destitute
of a pastor. Two or three eminent divines were invited to the
pastoral office— among whom was the Rev. I)r. Bellamy, of
Bethlem, Conn.,-- -but the invitations were declined because of
the divisions alluded to. The church and society now began
to turn their thoughts towards the Rev. David Bostwick, as
the man of all others best calculated to heal their divisions and
unite them ic one harmonious body. In July, 1755, they gave
him a call. The people of Jamaica made warm and persever-
ing opposition to the removal of their minister ; and the divided
state of tlie church in New York, formed another obstacle to
his acceptance of the invitation. The Presbytery, on the matter
being laid before them, referred a decision to the Synod, which
met in Newark, in the month of September following. The
Synod appointed^ committee to meet at Jamaica on the 29th
of October, that they might deliberate more at leisure, and
Ill
decide wilh more light. The committee met at the time and
place designated ; when the elders, deacons and trustees of
the church in New York, presented a memorial, praying in
the most earnest yet respectful terms, that they would favor
the acceptance^ their call to Mr. Bostwick. The committee
not being able to agree, referred the case back to the Synod.
A special meeting of the Synod was therefore called, which
convened at Princeton on the 14th of April 1756. After a full
hearing of the delegates from the churches of Jamaica and
New York, his removal to the latter place was decided upon.
In this decision Mr. Bostwick acquiesced ; and his pastoral
relation to the church at Jamaica was thereupon dissolved,
Mr. Bostwick shortly after removed his family to the city,
and entered on his new charge. Possessing pulpit talents su-
perior to most of his brethren, he was a very popular preacher ;
and his piety and prudence, which were no less conspicuous,
rendered him highly acceptable to his people, and to the city
in general. The result of this choice proved as favorable as
the most sanguine expectations of its friends.
Smith, in his History of New York, published in 1758, says
in reference to this church and its pastor —
" The congregation consists at present of twelve or fourteen
hundred souls, under the pastoral charge of the Reverend Mr.
David Bostwick, who was lately translated from Jamaica to
New York by a synodicel decree. He is a gentleman of mild,
catholic disposition, and being a man of piety, prudence and
zeal, he confines himself entirely to the proper duties of his pro-
fession. In the art of preaching, he is one of the most distin-
guished clergymen in these parts. His discourses are method-
ical, sound and pathetic ; in sentiment, and in point of diction,
singularly ornamented, He delivers himself without notes,
and yet with great ease and fluency of expression."
In 1762, the society purchased a parsonage, and gave the
use of it to Mr. Bostwick in addition to his stated salary, The
178
congregation having greatly increased, and Mr. Bostwick's
health becoming much impaired in consequence of overexer-
tion, it was deemed advisable that a colleague should be settled.
According!}', in October, 1761, a call was given to the Rev.
Joseph Treat, a member of the Presbytery of New Brunswick
— which was accepted, and the colleague immediately entered
upon his new duties. But (he joint labors of these two emi-
nent divines were destined soon to terminate. Mr. Bostwick
died on the 12th of November, 1763, aged 42 years.
In 1758, Mr. Bostwick published a sermon entitled, "Self
Disclaimed and Christ Exalted," which received the warm re-
commendation of Gilbert Tennent He published, also, an
account of the Life, Character, and Death, of President Da-
vies, prefixed to Davies' Sermon on the Death of George II.,
1761. Soon after the death of Mr. B., a small volume appear-
ed from the New York press, with the following title, " A Fair
and Rational Vindication of the Right of Infants to the Ordi-
nance of Baptism. By David Bostwick, A. M., late Minister
of the First Presbyterian Church in the city of New York." In
1765, an edition of this work was published in London, " Re-
printed for Edward and Charles Dilly, in the Poultry, near the
Mansion-House," In 1837, it was re-published by Robert
Carter, 112 Canal street, New York.
The compiler of the last mentioned work, say?, in the pre-
face to the first edition, " The subtance of this treatise was
composed for the pulpit, and preached but a (e\v weeks before
the author's decease To those who were acquainted with
the mild and pacific temper, the gentle and cautious deport-
ment of Mr. Bostwick, and the general course of his ministry,
it may seem strange that a controverted point should have oc-
cupied his mind just before he entered into the joy of his Lord.
Especially, as it was remarked by his hearers, that he appear-
ed in his public discourses, for several months before his depart-
ure, to have been under an uncommon impress of the glorious
179
and dreadful realities of the future world. The truth was, that
this excellent and godly servant of Christ thought the subject
of such high concernment in religion, that it well deserved his
attention even in the immediate view of eternity."
Several biographical sketches of Mr. Bostwick have been
published, all of which agree in ranking him among the first
ministers of his generation. Middleton's Ecclesiastical Biog-
raphy, in an extended notice of him, says, "Though he was
remarkable for his gentleness and prudence, yet in preaching
the gospel he feared no man. With a lively imagination, and
a heart deeply affected by the truths of religion, he was ena-
bled to address his hearers with great solemnity and energy*
Few men could describe the hideous deformity of sin, the mis-
ery of man's apostacy from God, the wonders of redeeming
love, and the glories and richness of divine grace, ic so distinct
and affecting a manner."
The London edition of his work on Infant Baptism, contains
a brief notice of his life, from which we make the following
extract :
" As a preacher, Mr. Bostwick was uncommonly popular.
His gifts and qualifications for the pulpit were, of a high order.
His appearance and. deportment were peculiarly venerable ;
possessing a clear understanding, a warm heart, a quick ap*.
prehension, a lively imagination, a solid judgment, and a strong-
voice ; he spake in a distinct, deliberate and impressive man-
ner, and with a commanding eloquence. He was a Divine of
the old stamp, fully believing and faithfully teaching the pure
doctrines of Christianity, contained in the Holy Scriptures, and
as they were declared in. the public ^confessions of the Reform-
ed churches in their original and genuine meaning. He wa
a scribe well instructed in the great truths of Revelation, anc
knew how to defend them. In treating divine subjects, h
manifested an habitual reverence for the word of God, a deep
sense of the worth of souls, and an intimate knowledge of the
180
the human heart. He preached not himself, but Christ ; and;
when delivering his message, he remembered in whose place he
stood, and was kept from the fear of men."
Mr. Bostwick married a Miss Ilinman, of Southbury, and
left four sons and six daughters, viz., Andrew, David, William,
James, Mercy, Polly, Hannah, Amelia, Lucretia, and Nancy.
Mercy and Lucretia died unmarried; Polly married Gen,
Robertson, of Philadelphia ; Hannah married Gen. Alexander
McDougal, of the continental army, afterwards a Senator in
Congress from the State of New York ; Amelia married a Mr,
Plumb ; Nancy married Captain McGee, U. S. Army.
181
EBENEZER FOOTE
EBENEZER FOOTE was the eldest son of John Foote,.
by his second wife, Mary Peck, and was born on the 6th of
July, 1773, at Watertovvn. His grandfather, Dr. Thomas
Foote, lived and died — his father was born, lived and died —
and he was born, on the same farm, which is still in the family,
being now owned and occupied by his nephew, Mr. Hubert
Scovill. John Foote, the father of Fbenezer, was an industri-
ous and successful farmer. He had eight children, three
sons and five daughters, to whose support and education he
devoted the proceeds of his farm. His second son, John, and
his youngest son, Samuel Alfred, received liberal educations at
college. Ebenezer being the eldest, was designed by his father
to be the farmer of the family ; and remained on the farm un-
til he was twenty years of age. He then became anxious to
change his pursuit. He wished to acquire an education and
enter the profession of law ; it then being the expectation of
the family that John would enter th# ministry. His parents -
did not oppose his wishes, and after the season of labor was -
over in the autumn of 1792, he left home, went to the neigh-
boring town of Cheshire, and commenced classical studies un-
der the tuition of the Rev. John Foote, with a view of prepar-
ing himself for entering college, and in the sophomore or jun-
ior class. He pursued these studies nearly two years, not,
however, giving his whole time to them, as he was obliged to
devote a considerable portion of it to teciehing school for the
purpose of earning in part the means of obtaininghis education.
Finding that full four years would be required to complete his
182
collegiate course,, with, the interruptions alluded to, he deter-
mined to enter at once upon the study of his profession. Ac-
cordingly he went to Litchfield, and entered the law school of
the Hon. Tapping Reeve, and commenced the study of the
law. This school deservedly had a high reputation, and fur-
nished great facilities for acquiring a knowledge of legal science*
Mr. Foote here pursued his studies for two years, a portion of
each year being spent in teaching. In December, 1796, he
was admitted to the bar of Litchfield County, and in the lan-
guage of his license, was allowed "full right and authority to
practice, as attorney and counsellor at law, in all the courts,
as well supreme as inferior, both of law and equity, throughout
this State." Soon after obtaining this license, he removed to
the State of New York, and established himself at Lansing-
burg, in the county of Rensselaer. He reserved the small por-
tion which his parents were able to give him until this time of
his need. In February, 1797, he sold the land which his fa-
ther had given him on his attaining his majority, and with the
nroceeds provided an outfit for the commencement of his career
in life. He was a dutiful son, and left the paternal roof with
the affection and blessing of pious parents.
Admission to the courts in the State of New York was at that
time easy, and after a few months professional study he wras
licensed to practice. His first license was given to him in No-
vember, 1797, by the Court of Common Pleas of Rensselaer
county. His admission into the other and higher courts of the
State, followed soon afterwards. A strong constitution, a large
and vigorous frame, a full and manly voice, a mature intellect,
a ready and rough wit, together with uncommon self-reliance,
fitted him for success in the profession which he had chosen.
That success he obtained at once. He also became a promi-
nent politician, and was soon an active and influential member
of the old republican party. He early acquired the confidence
of the leaders of that party in his adopted Stale, and in after
183
years his political opponents, in consequence of the intimacy
and friendship existing between him and the late Chief Justice
Spencer, who was the leading spirit of the republican party of
that day, used to call him ''Spencer's Foot."
Troy proving to be a more fortunate location for a commer-
cial town, and increasing more rapidly in business and popu-
lation than Lansingburg, and being also the shire town of the
county, Mr. Foote soon changed his residerice to that place and
entered into copartnership With John Bird, Esq., (a native of
Litchfield,) a gentleman of brilliant intellect and finished schol-
arship. Their copartnership continued for several years, and
was finally dissolved by the death of Mr. Bird. In 1801, only
four years after his admission to the bar, Mr. Foote had ac-
quired considerable eminence in his profession. He had at-
tracted the notice and secured the friendship of Governor
George Clinton. So high an estimate did the Governor put on
his talents and worth, that in August of that year he caused
him to be appointed Assistant Attorney General of the State;
The District over which his official jurisdiction extended, em-
braced the large and flourishing counties of Columbia, Rens-
selaer and Greene. The duties of this office required the ex-
ertion of high professional talents, and they were discharged by
Mr, Foote to the entire satisfaction of the public. He held the
station for several years, and until a change in the party politics
of the State caused a general change in the official incum-
bents.
After the discontinuance of the professional connection be-
tween him and Mr. Bird, he pursued his business alone for
sometime ; but finding it impossible to attend the courts where
his extensive practice required his presence almost constantly,
and also give the requisite attention to the attorney's business
in the office, he entered into a new copartnership with a gen-
tleman of high respectability, who had industry and tact for
business, and was well versed in the practice of the law. This
18*
was a fortunate arrangement for both. Their labors were iii-
cesunr, and they were very prosperous. His partner gave his
attention principally to the duties of an Attorney and Solicitor
which confined him to the office, while Mr. Foote performed
those of counsellor and advocate. He was almost constantly
engaged In" the trial and argument of causes. He excelled
particularly in trials before juries, and in that branch of his
profession had few if an supeiiors in the Stale. His influence
and standing as a politician kept pace with his progress as a
lawyer.
Finding that the capital of the State afforded a more con-
venient location for him than the then village of Troy, he
dissolved his copartnership in August, 1808, and shortly after-
wards removed to the city of Albany, where he spent the re-
mainder of his days. During this period he took an active part
in politics, wrote considerably for th3 press, and exerted a strong
influence in favor of the side he espoused. He was on one oc-
casion a prominent candidate for the office of United Slates
Senator, and his friends for a time believed they should accom-
plish his election, but did not.
His young- and only surviving brother, Samuel A. Foote,
entered his office as a clerk in 1811. Samuel North, Esq.,
was then his partner. Mr. North's ill health obliged him to
■withdraw from the duties of his profession in February, 1812.
From that time, Mr. Foote's brother took charge of the business
of the office. Mr. North's illness proved fatal. He died in
January, 1813, while yet a young man, beloved and admired in
life, and mourned in death, for his moral qualities and intel-
lectual attainments. This event opened the way for a profes-
sional connection between Mr. Foote and his brother, who had
then just attained his majority, but had not studied law the
length of time required by the rules of the court for admission
to the bar. Mr. Foote, however, availing himself of the lime
had spent in the office while a youth, and before entering col-
185
lege, made a special application to the Court, who dispensed
with the rule in favor of his brother, and admitted him to an
examination. He was found qualified, received his license,
and (he brothers entered into copartnership in January, 1813.
This connection was happy and prosperous, but of shoit dura-
tion. Mr. Foote attended the Circuit Court of Rensselaer
County, held at Troy in the early part of July, 1814. He
was engaged in several important trials; the weather was
unusually warm, and his temperament ardent. Over exertion
brought upon him a bilious fever. lie returned home, medi-
cal aid was obtained and nothing serious apprehended for some
days. But on the fourth or fifth day of his illness, the fever
began to rage and the disease assumed an alarming aspect.
On the 21st of that month, and in the 42d year of his age, af-
ter an illness of only eleven days, he died in the full maturity
of his intellectual and physical powers.
Mr. Foote was a large man, full six feet in height, had a
good constitution, and a well formed and muscular frame. His
forehead was high, and his eyes dark and remarkably bright.
Cut down unexpectedly and early in life, no portrait of him
was taken, and his likeness only remains in the recollection of
those who knew and now survive him. He was married to
Elizabeth Colt in December 1803. She survived him, and
also a daughter and only child, born in December 1804. His
daughter was married some years after his death to Lebbeus
Booth, Esq. Mr. Foote had a strong and active mind, a
Warm and generous heart. Had he enjoyed the advantages of
an early and thorough education, he would have had few equals
in this country. As he was, he had no superiors in the State
of New York, in those contests at the bar where ready wit,
strong and discriminating judgment, powerful reasoning and
great intellectual resources were essential to success. He
wrote as he spoke, with vigor and wit, but without the elegance
or polish of a finished scholar. A brief notice like the pres-
j86
ent will not permit a reference to any of tn<. n. ^i,.,.. . .
in which he was engaged, nor extracts from his speeches,
many of which were published in the newspapers and pamph-
lets of the day, nor even a recital of ihe many anecdotes told
of him, and which show the force and brilliancy of his unpolish-
ed but exhnustless and spicy wit.
One act of Mr. Foote's life should not be omitted, nor fpr*
gotten whenever his name is mentioned. The present Fe-
male Academy in the city of Albany, owes its existence main-
ly if not entirely to him. It is now and has been ior many
years one of the most valuable institutions in this country. It
was commenced in February, 1814, under the name of the
11 Union School in Montgomery Street." The original sub-
scription paper is still extant, bearing date the 24th of that
month. The subscriptions are made payable to Mr. Foote,
who, it is proper to remark, started the project and obtained
the subscribers' names.
^x^
•
18'
DANIEL S . DICKINSON
The able and distinguished Senator whose name heads this
sketch, is a native of Goshen, and was born on the 11th of
September, 1800. When he was about six years of age, his
father removed to the present town of Guilford, Chenango
county, N. Y. Carrying with him into that new country his
New England habits and spirit of enterpiize, he established a
common school, of which his own family, with others, had the
benefit. Daniel attended this school winters until he had
reached the age of sixteen, when he was apprenticed to a me-
chanic in the neighborhood, to learn the art and mystery of
manufacturing woolen cloths. From this time he had no other
advantages than such as are common to all apprentices. Hav-
ing procured such books as he could, he continued the more
practical studies, without the aid of a teacher, among which
was the art of surveying, which he subsequently practiced ex-
tensively. At the termination of his apprenticeship, he had
qualified himself for a teacher, and for several years thereafter
divided his time between teaching, studying, surveying, and
working at his trade.
In 1822 he married. In 1825 he commenced studying law
in the office of Messrs. Clark & Clapp, counsellors at law,
Norwich, N. Y. Being destitute of pecuniary means, and hav-
ing a family to supp >rt, he still continued to teach and survey,
rising early and sitting up late to pursue his professional studies,
until 1829. In February of that year, he was about making
application to the Court of Common Pleas of Chenango coun-
ty for admission to the bar; but was informed that this would.
188
be opposed by some of the senior members, the rule of all courts
requiring that the studies must be pursued "in the office,"
while his had in part been pursued out of the office. He ac-
cordingly waived the application to the inferior court, and
went to Albany where the Supreme Court of the State was
then sitting— called in person upon Chief Justice Savage, rela-
ted to him the peculiarities of his history, and asked to be ad-
mitted to examination. The Chief Justice granted his request,
and he was admitted to the Supreme Court, which gave him
access to every court in the State.
Mr. Dickinson immediately opened an office in Guilford,
where he did a small business until 1831, when he removed
to Binghamton, Broome county, a distance of forty miles from
his former residence. Here his business rapidly increased, and
he was brought in collision with some of the ablest members
of the bar in the State. In 1834, he was chosen President of
the village of Binghamton ; and in 1836, he was elected a
member of the Senate of New York for four years, ending the
31st of December, 1840, As a Senator, he was ex officio a
Judge of the Court for the correction of errors.
In 1840, Mr. Dickinson was nominated for the office of Lieu-
tenant-Governor of the State, but was defeated at the general
election. In 1842, perceiving that he was often spoken of by
the public press in connection with the office last named, he
wrote a letter declining the honor of a nomination. He wus,
however, nominated, and elected by about 25,000 majority.
He entered upoa the duties of this siation on the 1st of Janua-
ry, 1843, and continued their exercise for two years. The
Lieutenant-Governor ot that State is President of the Senate,
Chief Judge of the Court of Errors, a Regent of the University,
President of the Canal Board, &c.
In the autumn of 1844, he was elected a Presidential Elector
fui he State at large, and as such gave his vote for Mr. Polk
for resident of the United State.*. About the same time, he
ISO
received from Governor Bouck the appointment of United
States Senator, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resigna-
tion of Mr. Tallm.idge, whose term was to expire on the 4th of
March, 1845. On the assembling of the Legislature, he was
elected to fill that vacancy, and was subsequently re-elected for
the full term of six years, which expire March 4, 1851,
In addition to the legislative and congressional speeches,
(some of which have been widely circulated and extensively
read,) several of his addresses have been published. The
earliest of these with which we have met, was delivered atthe
Annual Fair of the Queens County (N. Y.) Agricultural Society,
October 17, 1843. The only other one now before us, is An
Address to the Hermean Society of Geneva College, August
2, 1848.
Governor Dickinson is still in the prime of life, and a long
public career may be still before him. Of course any sketch
of him at this time must of necessity be incomplete. The fact,
too, that he is so conspicuous and earnest a partizan, renders
it no easy task for a biographer to do him "equal and exact
justice." He has net been content to run a noiseless career,,
or walk in the beaten track of ordinary life. Few public men.
have more unrelenting' political enemies than he — and still
fewer could ever rally around their standard a host of more
devoted personal and political friends. None who have known
him personally, or who have listened to or read his addresses
will call in question his ability. As a self-made man, his his-
tory is. full of interest and encouragement to the youth of our
republic.
In May, 1850, several hundred of his fellow-citizens in the
counties of New York, Westchester, Kings, Queens and Rich-
mond, addressed him a card inviting him to a public dinner in
the city of New York, in order that they might " have the op-
portunity of giving full utterance to the sentiments of respect
and confidence with which his distinguished political services
190
to our country hud iftpirecl them." In concluding- their invita-
tion they say, " In the try ing- crisis through which oui country,
and we may add, the cause of the world's freedom and of re-
publicanism, is now passing, the State of New York is most
fortunate in being represented in the Senate of the Union by
one whose patriotism soars above the level of time serving:
purposes, and whose eminent talents and moral worth com-
mand respect, both in the State he represents and in the Coun-
cils of the Nation." Among the names signed to this card,
we recognize those of ex-Mayors Mickle, Lawrence, and
Morrris ; Hon. Messrs. Win, B. Maclay, James R. Whiting,
Aaron Ward, Campbell P White, Gen. Sandford, Gen. George
P. Morris, Theodore Sedgwick, Francis B. Cutting, Schuyler
Livingston, Gen. Henry Storms, and Oihers equally distin-
guished. The municipal authorities of New York also joined
the citizens in doing him honor.
The invitation was accepted by Senator Dickinson, and the
17th of June was fixed upon for a public demonstration. On
the afternoon of that day he arrived in the cars from Philadel-
phia, accompanied by ex-Senator Stewart, of Maryland. On
reaching New York in the steamboat from Jersey City, his hon-
or, Mayor Woodhull, in company with a Special Committee
from both branches of the Common Council, went on board the
boat, and after each member of the Committee had been intro-
duced to the Senator, the Mayor read to him the Resolution of
the city authorities, and addressed him briefly, cordially wel-
coming him, and extending to him the hospitalities of the city.
At the conclusion of Senator Dickinson's reply, he was con-
ducted by the commitiee to a splendid barouche, (drawn by
four dark bay horses,) in which he was seated with the Mayor,
the President of the Board of Aldermen, and Alderman Shaw.
In the rear of the barouche followed a train of carriages, con-
taining the members of ths common council and other persons
connected With the city government. The New York Globe
191
adds, " A large number of citizens were in attendance at the
landing, and greeted the favorite son of the Empire State in
true republican style. At the Astor House, where rooms had
been provided for the guesi by direction of the City Authorities,
Senator Dickinson was waited upon by hundreds of citizens,
who were anxious to pay their respects to the man whom they
had so long admired as being one of the warmest defendeis of
our state and national liberties."
The Dinner came off at Tammany Hall during the evening,
and over two hundred citizens shared in the festivities. The
toasts and speeches on the occasion, however, were too much
of a partizan character to be reported here. W'e will conclude
this sketch with two 01 three extracts of letters from distin-
guished statesmen which were read at the festival.
The Hon George M. Dallas, late Vice President of the Uni-
ted States, writes as follows — " As patriots and politicians, you
have every reason to approve the public conduct of your Rep-
resentative in the Senate of the United States, Gov. Daniel S.
Dickinson. During my service in that chamber, I did not fail
to notice the untiring zeal, manly frankness, quick and pow-
erful ability which he invariably applied to forward the interests
and sustain the sentiments of the commonwealth of New York
It is no wonder that you should desire, at the present interest-
ing juncture in national affairs, to mark prominently with your
encomium and encouragement a public agent so eminent, so
honorable, and so useful ; and it would give me very sincere
gratification, were it in my power, to join you at the enter-
tainment for that purpose on Monday next, to which you have
obligingly invited me. I am, however, constrained by my en-
gagements to forego this pleasure, and content myself with of.
fering to your indulgent adoption the following toast : 'The
Patriot Senator of New York — He who cherishes no higher aim
than his country's good, and adopts no higher law than his
country's Constitution,' "
192
The Hon. L3*vis Cass says, "I have received your invita
tion to be present at 'he dinner to b • given to your able and
patriotic Senator, Governor Dickinson, for his services during
the period of exc.tement growing out of the slavery question,
and regret that I cannot accept it. This testimonial of your
approbation ha* been as nobly won as it is honorably bestowed.
It comes in good time, and from a good quarter — from the Com-
mercial Metropolis of our country, and now, when the dark
hour is upon us. I have observed with pride and pleasure the
conduct of your Senator, during this whole unhappy controver-
sy, and never was a State represented in the councils of our
nation, with more patriotism, firmness and consistency."
Letters of similar purport were read from Governor Marcy-,
Hon. James Buchanan, Hon. George Bancroft, Chancellor
Walworth, Governor Toucey, &c.
19(i
JED EDI AH STRONG
Perhaps no name occurs more frequently upon the Litch-
field Town and County Records, for a period of twenty-five
years, than that of JEDEDIAH STRONG. He was a son
of Supply Strong, one of tht>, first settlers of Litchfield, where he
was born on the 7th of Nov'r. 1738. In 1761, he graduated
at Yale College, and first studied divinity, but soon abandoned
it for the profession of law. He became a member of the bar
of this county, but, being constantly in some public station for
many years thereafter, he had little or no business before the
C ourts.
In 1771, Mr. Strong was elected a Member of the Connec-
ticut House of Representatives, and held a seat in that body
for thirty regular sessions — during several of which he was
Clerk of the House. In 1774, he was chosen a Member of the
Continental Congress. In 1 780, the Legislature appointed him
a Judge of the County Court, an office which he held for elev-
en years. In the mean time he had been elected to the Coun-
cil, or Upper House of the Legislature, in place of which the
Senate has since been constituted. In all of these honorable
public employments he appears to have given general satisfac-
tion, both to the Government and to the people.
"At a town meeting of the inhabitants of Litchfield, legally
warned, held on the 3 1st of August 1770, — Mr. Abraham
Kilborw, Moderator — It was Voted to chose a Committee to
attend the General Meeting of the Mercantile and Landed
Interests of the Colony, at New Haven, on the day after the
Commencement. Jedediah Strong, Esq., and Capt. John
Osborn, were chosen said Committee."
J 04
In 1774 and '75, he was appointed a member of the Revo-
lutionary "Committee of Inspection,'' in connectkm with Ol-
iver Wolcott, James Morris, Seth Bird, Abraham Kilborn,
Andrew Adams, Abraham Bradley, and others.
At the commencement of the Revolution, Mr, Strong was
appointed by the General Court, a Commissary of Supplies for
the Army. In April, 1775, the Governor and Council sent
him to Albany with a special commission to secure all " the
arms belonging to this colony, left theie during the French
War, and return them as soon as might be." In the spring of
the following year, the Legislature selected him as one of a
committee "to procure ,£1,800 in specie, in exchange for bills,
and pay the same to the Governor for the use of the Northern
Army, on a request of Congress." During the period of the
disaffection in the army in 1777, complaint was made to the
Legislature against several militia officers in Litchfield county :
and Jedediah Strong, Capt. John Watson, Reuben Smith, and
H. Fitch, were appointed a committee " to examine the facts
and report to the Assembly."
In 1788 he was chosen a Delegate to the Convention which
adopted the Constitution of the United States.
Judge Strong was also conspicuous in all matters of local in-
terest in the town. He was Town Clerk for sixteen years —
a Lister and Inspector for six years — a Selectman for thirteen
years — besides being a Constable, Grand Juror, Surveyor, &c.
The first wife of Judge Strong was Ruth Patterson, to whom
he was marriad on the 17th of April 1774. She having died,
he was married to Susannah, daughter of the Hon. George
Wyllys, of Hartford, (Secretary of State,) on the 22d of Janu-
ary, 1 788. Previous to this last date, his popularity had begun
to wane. By our town records it appears (hat committees
were appointed to oppose certain claims of his against the town
— and subsequently a committee was chosen to prosecute him
few siWnrn^ "/}i,ao tn *v»p town." He had scarcely been mar-
195
ried a year, before his young wife petitioned the General
Court for a divorce, on the ground of intemperance, personal
abuse, &c. ; and her petition was granted. In 1789 he re-
resigned the office of Town Clerk " at the particular request
of the Selectmen." — and after the year 1791, he appears to
have lived in obscurity and poverty until his death in 1802:
His remains were interred in the burying -ground west of the
village of Litchfield, but no stone was ever erected to his mem-
ory. He left one daughter, who died unmarried.
EDMUND KIEBY.
In another part of this volume we have briefly noted the life
and character of the Hon. Ephraim Kir by, a distinguished
lawyer and politician of the last generation. He had three
sons, viz., Ephraim, who died young ; Reynold-Marvin, a Ma-
jor in the U. S. Army ; and Edmnnd, the subject of this sketchy
One of his daughters married Major Belton, of the Army ; an-
other became the wife of Colonel Joseph L. Smith, who was
formerly an attorney in Litchfield, subsequently an officer in
the Army, and at a still later period was Judge of the District
ol East Florida. She was the mother of Major Ephraim K.
Smith, who fell in the assault on Molin del Rey, in Mexico ;
and Lieutenant Edmund K. Smith, who was also distinguish-
ed in the war with Mexico.
EDMUND KIRBY was born at Litchfield on the 8th of
April, 1794, and continued to reside in his native town until
the breaking out of the war between the United States and
Great Britain in 1812, when he received a Lieutenant's com-
mission in the Army. He served with distinction throughout
the war, on the Northern and North- Western frontier, and re-
ceived the highest commendation from his superiors in rank.
Immediately after the Peace of 1815, he was placed in com-
mand of the military station at Detroit, in the Territory of
Michigan. This was a frontier post, and the few white set-
tlers scattered along the line, were constantly exposed to the
depredations of the savages. Hence the duties of the officers
and soldiers there stationed, in protecting and defending our
own citizens, were frequently of the most onerous and difficult
197
nature — requiring courage, sagacity, and skill. Here Kirby
remain for five years, and until appointed Aide-de-Camp to
Major-General Jacob Brown, whose daughter he married. In
1821, he was transferred to the City of Washington, having
been appointed to the honorable and responsible post of Ad-
jutant General. He remained at the seat of Government, in
the discharge of the duties of this office, for about two yearss
when, having been appointed Paymaster, he took up his resi-
dence in Brownville, Jefferson county, N. Y., (the seat of his
father-in-law, Gen. Brown,) where his family have since con-
tinued to reside.
From 1833 to 1840, Major Kirby served faithfully through
the Black Hawk, Creek and Seminole wars. His duties 2?roper,
were but a small part of those actually rendered by him. On
the march, in the camp, and in the field — wherever duty or
danger might call — he was wise and prudent in council, and
prompt and efficient in action. The diseased or the wounded
soldier found him at his side, to soothe his sufferings and ad-
minister relief.
Soon after General Taylor marched to the Rio Grande,
he was joined by Major Kirby, who continued at his side, as an
accepted Volunteer Aide-de-Camp, until the "Regulars" were
called to join General Scott. For his distinguished services at
the taking of Monterey, he was promoted to the rank of Lieu-
tenant-Colonel. In addition to his arduous duties as Chief of
the Pay Department, he also acted as a Volunteer Aide to Gen-
eral Scott at Vera Cruz, Cerra Cordo, Contreras, Cherubusco,
Chepultepec, and the City of Mexico, and distinguished him-
self for wisdom, bravery and fidelity. For his meritorious ser-
vices in this campaign, he was honored by the President and<
Congress with a Colonel's commission.
In private as well as in public life, Colonel Kirby was a
model man. Every object of local or general enterprise, or of
private charity, found his heart right and his hand open, As
198
a husband, a father, a friend, a neighbor, he had few equals-
no superiors. No man was ever more universally beloved
while living, or more sincerely mourned in death, than Edmund
Kirbv.
On his return homeward from his last campaign in Mexico,
he was greeted with many gratifying demonstrations of public
regard. Landing at Sackett's Harbor, citizens and soldiery
turned out en masse to welcome him. The Watertown (N. Y.)
Journal of May 3d, 1848, says, " On Thursday last, the ring-
ing of bells, the booming of cannon, and other demonstrations
of popular enthusiasm, announced to the people of Brownville
and its vicinity that their excellent fellow-citizens, Colonel
Kirby, was returning to his home. Although the unexpected
manner of his arrival was such as to preclude any preconcert
of arrangement, and disappointed the desire of thousands of the
adjacent country to join in the congratulations and welcome ;
yet a large cavalcade of his friends were able to meet him be-
fore his arrival in town, and before reaching the village the en-'
tire population had formed in procession, and gave him a most
cordi.il and heart- felt reception." He was addressed by Thom-
as Y. Howe, Esq-, in behalf of the citizens — to which Colonel
Kirby responded. " The reply," says the Journal, " was
drowned in cheers — three times three, and one more, the pro-
cession moved on to the gate of his beautiful and beloved home-
stead, and with a parting sheer hit him to the embraces of his
family."1
After spending a few weeks at home, he repaired to Louis-
ville and Cincinnati, for the purpose of discharging and paying
off the Western Volunteers — a difficult and arduous duty, but
one which he most faithfully performed. While at the city
last named, he addressed a communication to the author of
this volume, detailing the principal incidents in the life of his
father, brother, &c. Of himself he modestly remarks, " I am
not conscious of deserving a conspicuous notice in your work:
H)9
My career has been humble — my aspirations for a higher and
more enlarged sphere of action, in the walks of my profession,
especially during the last two years, have been curbed by the
higher powers, and I can only hope to transmit to my children
a name free from reproach. " His anticipations in this respect
are more than realized. Completing his duties abroad, he once
more returned to his home, where he devoted the intervals of
his public labors to the superintendance of his noble farm. He
had long been known as an eminent agriculturalist — had at
various times been an officer of the New York State Agricultu-
ral Society, and early in 1849 he was appointed by the Gov-
ernor one of the Commissioners to matt-ire a plan for an Agri-
cultural College and an Experimental Farm.
So prominent had Col, Kirby's long and faithful public ser-
ices rendered him, that, upon the elevation of General Taylor
to the Presidency, he was frequently spoken of in the news-
papers as one who would in all probability be called to a seat
in the new Cabinet ; and we have good reasons for saying,
that such would have been his destiny had not one of the chief
offices of the Government (that of Vice President,) been held
by a citizen of New York.
A disease of the liver, contracted in Mexico, gradually un-
dermined his naturally strong constitution, and he died at Avon
Springs, (whither he had gone in the hope of obtaining relief
from the medicinal waters,) on the 20th of August, 1849. His
remains were taken to his residence at Brownville, and were
committed to the earth on the 22d, with military honors, the
troops from Madison Barracks being present. The notice of
his death, and of the time appointed for the rites of sepulture,
although brief, brought together the largest assemblage ever
convened on a funeral occasion in Jefferson county. Thou-
sands on foot and in carriages pressed towards the church,
where a solemn and impressive Sermon was delivered by the
Rev. Wm. H, Hill, Rector of St. Paul's, At the grave, the
200
service of the Episcopal Church was read, three vollles were
fired by the U. S. Troops present, and tfce body of our friend
was left to its slumbers, until the trumpet shall summon him
to the last dread Muster-Day !
The following extracts from Mr. HilPs Funeral Discourse,
present his character as a citizen and as an officer, in its true
light: After alluding to the dishonesty and the defalcations
of many of the agents of Government, the preacher continues:
But who and where is he that can rise and say that that man ever
■#ave place to such a temptation, even for an hour ? The challenge
may be made from the great Lakes to the swamps of Florida — from
the Northeastern Boundary to the halls of the Montezumas (and he
was the public servant over all that extent,) and the answer would be
from old and young, officer and private, President, Cabinet, public offi-
cer, and all with whom he was brought in contact — "he was faithful
to his trust." He never learned that there could be any difference
between public and private honesty. He would have scorned such
an intimation, had it come to him even from his nearest friend. Tens,
and I may say hundreds of millions of dollars of public money have
passed through his hands. Not one cent remained on its passage,
save the exact amount justly due him for his arduous and most faith-
fully discharged, duties. Comparatively brief as has been my per-
sonal intercourse with him, I have seen and know enough to satisfy
me, that he lies there this moment the victim of personal, unwearied
devotion to his public duties.
In Mexico, though his station as Chief of the Pay Department — had
he been a man of but common mould — might justly have exempted
him from the vast mass of the personal labor which he actually per-
formed— yet he endured all this additional task, lest the public busi-
ness might become entangled through the want of capacity or experi-
ence of some who had been entrusted with a particular branch ot it.
With all his fellow officers, he too endured equally the hardships of
a long and weary campaign. The dangers of the battle-field he never
shunned, though his station never called him to such a post. He felt,
as he expressed himself to me, that though many precious lives kat
home were dependent on his own— and I need not tell you he never
forgot them — yet, situated as he was, he owed all his energies to his
country and his companions in the field, and he might not withhold
them. Hence he was found a volunteer, a cheerful and accepted
volunteer, to both of those distinguished Generals upon whom so much
depended. In the thickest of the battle was he found, and his fellow
officers knew and felt and said, that in all those terrible scenes of peril
on the Rio Grande, and on the route from the Gulf to the City of
1'0\
Ntotco, no coward's heart was hid in the breast of Edmund Kjrby.
He was there, not because his soul loved such scenes, but because he
felt that his duty called him there. His brave and lion Heart could
not be kept in the quiet tent of the Paymaster. He must be in the
■battle where his friends and companions needed and well appreciated
his services.
All these public dangers and fatigues, 1 repeat, he shared equally
-with his companions. But when they could rest, he might not. Day
and night did this faithful public servant draw upon the energies of
his iron constitution, until the wonder is, that we ever had the pleas-
ure of meeting him again. And since his return, I can bear witness
how unceasingly he toiled to finish up the labors which had been
imposed upon him, and which were arduous enough to i xhaust and
"break down the energies and constitution of any three men. Person-
al fatigue was as nothing to him — and even when sickness had sapped
the very foundations of that iron frame, he would still sit for hours in
-his chair writing and working for the public, whose servant he was,
while the perspiration of real anguish would bedew his whole coun-
tenance. Often when seeing him thus have I besought him to save him-
self. Others added their expostulations. But he had only one answer.
The work was to be done, and he must do it. And he labored thus,
until his relaxed muscles almost refused to grasp the pen, which to
him was more fatal than the sword, for it drained out his very heart's
blood. Such was the fidelity of the deceased to his public trust. It
was not for an hour, or month, or year merely, but for life. He lived
and he died an honest man. His example in this is bright, without a.
spot. He served his country faithfully, and surely; with his example
before us, I may say to all those present, who like him, are entrusted
with public duties — "Go ye and do likewise."
I need scarcely add, that the same sterling unintermitting honesty
and fidelity marked all his private dealings, and his relations to the
society about him. We all mourn a friend lost. His energies, his
public spirit, and his confessedly commanding position in society, have
so interwoven him and his name with almost every thing in which any
of us had any personal interest, that we can scarcely begin to realize
the blank which has been made. Every eye was upon him. If he
moved, we telt cjnfident that the particular work would succeed.
Was there any station of usefulness to be filled or any public trust to
be discharged, involving either pecuniary or other responsibility ?—
Whose name rose spontaneously to every lip as the man for that sta-
tion or trust ? I need not answer. It seemed as if in reference te-
him, envy herself had ab tained from exerting her baleful influence.
He was respected, esteemed, beloved by all. We all weep, for we have
■lost a father, a brother, a friend. Oh ! there was no stimulated woe,,
no hypocritical pretence, in those saddened faces, which almost
202
literally lined the road for the last few miles of our journey home-
ward. There were all ages and sexes and classes. All knew him and
all mourned that their friend — not one of whom they had read in books
or heard by the hearing of the ear merely, but their own, personal,
true friend had been called away.
Col. Kirby leaves behind him a widow and nine children to
mourn his loss. One of his sons (Jacob Brown Kirby,) gradu-
ated at Yale College the Wednesday preceding his (CoL K.'s)
death.
203
AMBROSE SPENCEit.
Albany, April 4, 1848.
P. K. Kilbouhne, Esq. —
Sir — Your letter of October 12, 1847, to my deceased father,,
the late Judge Spencer, requesting information respecting incidents in
his life, must have arrived at Lyons after the severs attack of the dis-
ease which terminated his life, and when, of course, he was unable to
pa}>" any attention to it. As I find it among his letters, I have deem-
ed it proper to explain the reason why it has not been answered. My
father was taken ill in April, but no serious apprehensions of any fatal
result were entertained until the 1st of October, when he had severe
chills, and from that time he was confined to his bed until his death
on the 13 th of March last.
The best answer I can give to your enquiries, is contained in a bio-
graphical notice of him in the Evening Journal of this city, of the 14th
of March, a copy of which I enclose herein, and which is very accu-
rate in its data, &c. Very Respectfully, Yours,
J. C. SPENCER.
AMBROSE SPENCER was born December 13th, 1765,
in the town of Salisbury, in the State of Connecticut. His
father was a mechanic and a farmer, who, although in mode-
rate circumstances, by his industry and economy, obtained the
means of giving his two sons, Philip and Ambrose, the very
best educatiou which the country then afforded. He often de-
clared his conviction that he could noj better endow his sons,
if it cost all he had, than by giving 1hem a finished education.
The generosity and self-devotion of this resolution at that time,
and under the privations which it occasioned, render it worthy
of record. The two sons entered Yale College in the autumn
of 1779, and after remaining three years, were removed to
Harvard University, where they graduated in July, 1783. The
201
subject of this notice was then but 17 years and six months
old. This fact, as well as the concurring testimony of his
classmates, among whom were John Cotton Smith and Har-
rison Gray Otis, show that he must have possessed remarka-
ble talent as well as close application to enable him to pass
through the rigid discipline of that day, and to receive the hon-
ors of Harvard.
He devoted himself to the profession of the law, and studied
for some time with John Canfield, an eminent lawyer of Sharon,
in his native county, and completed his studies with John Bay,
at Claverack, and with Ezekiel Gilbert, at Hudson, New Ycrk.
Before he was nineteen, he married Laura Canfield, a daugh-
ter of his preceptor, and made Hudson his residence. In 1786
he was appointed clerk of the city ; and in 1793, he was elect-
ed a member of the Assembly of New York from Columbia
county. In 1 795, he was elected to the Senate for three years,
and in 1798, was re-elected for four years. In 1796, he was
appointed asssistant attorney-general for the counties of Colum-
bia and Rensselaer. In February, 1802, he was appointed
Attorney General of the State ; and in 1804, he received the
appointment of a Justice of the Supreme Court, of which he
was made Chief Justice in 18 1 9. His professional practice is
known to have been very extensive and very successful. He
was engaged in every important cause in that part of the State,
and often met in forensic contest the great intellects that illu-
mined that peiiod— Hamilton, Burr, Brockholst and Edward
Livingston, Josiah Ogden Hoffman, Richard Harrison, Abra-
ham Van Vechten, John V. Henry, William W, Van Ness, and
others of less notoriety. His advancement to the highest hon-
ors of his profession, at a time when office sought merit and
talent, is the best proof of the estimation in which his powers
and attainments were held.
During the period of his service in the Senate, he became
the personal friend and political associate of De Wilt Clinton*
20o
and there commenced an intimacy which, with a short interval
of alienation, continued during the life of that great benefac-
tor of his native State, It was during this period, also, that
the great political revolution occurred which placed Mr. Jef-
ferson in the Presidency. How much of this result was attri-
butable to the efforts of Messrs. Clinton and Spencer, it is
now needless to enquire. But by the general voice of their
political friends, they were placed in the front of battle and at
the head of the Republican columns in the State. During
this struggle, those gentlemen were chosen members of the
Council of Appointment, at that time the dispenser of all the
patronage of the State. A controversy arose between ihe ma-'
jority of the Council and Governor Jay respecting the claim
of the latter to the exclusive right of nominating officers to the
Council, which agitated the State, and resulted in calling a
Convention of Delegates to expound and amend the Consti-
tution, which body sustained the views of the majority of the
Council.
During his whole life, Judge Spencer took a warm interest
in the public events effecting the destiny of his country, and
contributed his best services to the promotion of its welfare.
Ardent in his temperament, as resolute as he was honest in
his purposes, and firm and persevering in the execution of
them, he necessarily became mingled with the political organ-
ization of the times through which he passed. But he was no
blind partizan ; he saw and deprecated the errors of his own
associates as freely as he exposed those of his antagonists.
And it was his known independence and disinterestedness, his
fearless maintenance of truth and justice on all occasions, that
gave his opinion that great weight which for a long series of
years they received not only from his friends, but from the
whole community.
The judicial course of the subject of this notice has given him
a reputation over the whole extent of our country, equal to that
206
of its most distinguished jurist*. For nearly twenty years he
was associated on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State,
and in the Court of last resort, with Kent, Thompson, Piatt,
Woodworfh and Van Ness. No lawyer need be informed that
those twenty years were the Augustan age of our jurispru-
dence. The reports of cases decided by these Judges, became
standard authorities in the various States of this Union, and
were quoted with the highest respect in Westminster Hall.
They adapted the principles of the common ktw of England to
the new exigencies of our country — a task requiring the most
profound knowledge and the greatest circumspection, — and
were distinguished as well for their conformity to the spirit of
our institutions, as for their soundness and perspicuity. In
these decisions, Judge Spencer had his full share; Indeed,
it is but just to say, according to the concurrent testimony of
those best able to judge — the members of the legal profession
— to the opinions delivered by him does the Court owe much
of its reputation for strict and accurate reasoning, clearness of
views and of language, and a thorough comprehension of the
philosophy of the common law. Although Judge Spencei
held to be one of the best, if -not the first, common law lawyer
of his time, yet his opinions delivered in the Court for the Cor-
rection of Errors, show that he was also a consummate master
of equity jurisprudence.
Having nearly arrived at the period limited by the then
Constitution for judicial service, Judge Spencer retired from
the bench in January, 1823, amidst the universal regret of those
who had witnessed his labors. The accomplished reporter of
the decisions of the Supreme Court, William Johnson, Esq.,
in the dedication of the Twentieth Volume of his Reports, lias
expressed the general sentiment of the Bar and of the com-
munity, in the lofty testimony he bears to the strict impartiality,
stern justice, and unwavering independence, of Judge Spencer
during his long judicial career, and amidst party contentions
of the most ferocious character.
807
In 1808, during his judicial term, Judge Spencer was ap-
pointed by the Legislature together with Peter J. Monroe, to
prepare and report such reforms and improvements in the
Chancery System of the State, as they should deem expedi-
ent. This report, made in March, 1809, was enlightened,
comprehensive, and well adapted to the wants of the State.
It proposed the division of the State into three equity districts,
with a Chancellor for each, and a court in banc consisting ol
the three Chancellors, and various modifications of the prac-
tice and improvements of the whole system, which, if they
bad been then adopted, would have obviated the necessity of
the extensive and vital changes which have recently been
made. It is singular that many of the modern changes are in
conformity with those recommended by the report of 1809.
After leaving the bench, Judge Spencer devoted himself
for a few years to the legal profession, more, it is presumed,
more for the sake of (he occupation it afforded, than for the
emolument. His usual success attended him, but he found
the cares and anxieties of the profession irksome and encroach-
ing too much on his time. He soon occupied a farm in the
vicinity of Albany, and employed himself in superintending its
cultivation. He was chosen Mayor of the city of Albany, and
served his fellow citizens in that capacity to their great grati-
fication. In 1829 he was elected to the Congress of the Uni-
ted States, and discharged all the duties of the station during
his term. He declined taking any leading part in the political
movements of the day, although his advice and aid were al-
ways at the command of his friends. The difficulty with the
Cherokee Indians was, however, of a character calculated to
enlist his warmest sympathies. His innate love of justice,
which had been invigorated by his judicial duties and had be-
come the ruling principle of his life, was shocked by the treat-
ment of that unfortunate people ; and with characteristic en-
ergy and fearlessness, he united with Wirt and that noble
•>08
■oand of statesmen and philanthropists, who resisted and en-
deavored to arrest the cruel aggressions and the monstrous
injustice of our government. But it was in vain. In vain did
the virtuous Marshall and his associates on the bench of the
Supreme Court of the United States, declare the eternal prin-
ciples of right. The law was too weak. Cupidity and vio-
lence triumphed over a helpless people, and drove them from
the land in which they were born and from the graves of their
ancestors, into a wilderness.
He continued his agricultural pursuits in the vicinity of
Albany, enjoying the universal esteem and regard of the com-
munity, until 1839, when he removed to the village of Lyons,
— having previously lost by death his last wife. In that se-
questered village he lived in the calm enjoyment of a green old
age, and in the grateful recollections of a well spent life, until
summoned hence. Possessing a vigorous constitution, impro-
ved by great regularity and temperance of life, he scarcely
knew disease until his last fatal sickness. His wonderful
health at his advanced age, ana the firmness and elasticity of
his step, were for years the admiration of all who knew him.
In 1844, he was President of the Whig National Convention
held at Baltimore, which nominated Henry Clay for the Pres-
idency and Theodore Frelinghuysen for the Vice Presidency
of the United States. The last public act of his life was to
address an able letter to his fellow-citizens in opposition to
a proposed amendment of the Constitution, providing for an
-elective judiciary with brief terms of office. In an eloquent
and logical argument, equal to the best efforts of his best days,
he presented the subject in a manner to elicit universal com-
mendation of its ability and manliness.
Some years previous to his death, Judge Spencer became a
member of the Episcopal church, and was sustained in his
last days by the hopes and promises of the Gospel.
209
The Hon. John Canfield Spencer, a son of Judge Spencer,
was a member of Congress from 1817 to 1819; and was sub-
sequently Secretary of Stale for the State of New York In
1841, upon the resignation of the Harrison Cabinet, he was
appointed to and accepted the office of Secretary of the United
States Treasury, which he held until the close of President
Tyler's Administration,
210
WILLIAM KAY.
WILLIAM RAY was born in Salisbury, on the^th of De-
cember, 1771. While he was a child, his father removed to a
remote town in the State of New York, where the son had lit-
tle opportunity for cultivating those intellectual and literary
tastes which were very early developed in him. At the age of
en, he left the paternal roof and went to Dover, in Duch-
s county, where he assumed the charge of a school. He
. abandoned this occupation, and engaged in trade, which
•sued for several years. His commercial speculations,
er, proved unsuccessful, and finally issued in bankruptcy.
Finding it impossible to obtain a release from his creditors, or
to procure employment for the support of himself and wife, he
left his home in the spring of 1803, and started for Philadel-
phia in search of some congenial occupation. He traveled
through the State of Pennsylvania under circumstances of
great distress, and with but very slender pecuniary resources.
Lie was overtaken by sickness ; his last cent was expended ;
and he at length reached Philadelphia in a state of extreme
destitution, and not yet restored to a comfortable degree of
health. Here new trials awaited him. He failed to procure
employment, and, impelled by his necessities, on the 13th of
June, t803, he enlisted into the maritime service of the United
Stales. He admits that " imprudence, vice, intemperance and
prodigality, were the primaiy causes of his misfortunes ;" and
pleads that "the miseries and horrors of painful mancipation,
Bnd a thousand concomitant evils and sufferings, ought, in
2H
some c ^rec, to expiate bis iaults and follies in the benignant
eyes of Charity.
On the 3d of July, Ray and his comrades were ordered on
board the frigate Philadelphia, under the command of Captain
Bainbridge, destined to join our squadron against Tripoli. She
sailed in the course of the same month, having on board a com-
plement of three hundred men. The frigate proceeded pros-
perously on her voyage, and arrived at Gibraltar on the 26th
of August. Here she remained a few days, and was joined by
several American ships of the line. Information being receiv-
ed that a vessel with Barbary colors was cruising off the 'Rock,'1
the Philadelphia went in pursuit of her, under English colors.
The stranger was easily captured, and proved to be a Moroc-
co vessel mounting twenty-two guns, and containing about one
hundred men. The prize had captured an American brig,
which the Philadelphia, on the following day, overtook and
re-captured, liberating her crew from their bondage. The
frigate, in company with the prize and brig, then returned to
Gibraltar. In October, the Philadelphia proceeded to the
island of Malta, and from thence sailed for Tripoli. On the
3lst day of October, she fell in with an enemy's vessel off the
harbor of Tripoli, and gave chase. The pirate stood in for the
town, and the frigate made every effort to cut off her retreat.
Having no pilot on board who understood the harbor, and be-
coming excited in the pursuit, the Americans ventured in too
far, and when about three miles distant from the town, their
vessel struck upon a shoal, and remained fast. Every effort
was made, though in vain, to release her, while the enemy,
emboldened by her condition, sent off three gun-boats against
her. It was a little past twelve o'clock when the frigate struck,
and the crew continued firing at the bjats, at the same time
endeavoring to get their ship afloat, until four o'clock in the
afternoon, when, unable to escape or longer to resist, they
struck their flag, and ihe Philadelphia was consigned lo her
212
piratical victors. The enemy immediately boarded her, when
convinced that she had in reality surrendered, and the officers
and crew were soon escorted into the presence of their new
master, the Bashaw of Tripoli.
From this period, for more than a year and a half, the his-
tory of Ray and his comrades is a tale of sad captivity and.
hardship. The officers of the Philadelphia suffered much from
confinement, and the want of proper nourishment : but the
greatest misery was allotted to the unfortunate crew. Strip-
ped of almost all their clothing, reduced to so pitiful an alow-
ance of food that life could scarcely be sustained, they were
driven forth in bands to the performance of the most incredi-
ble labors; and when sickness necessarily succeeded to such
unnatural exertions, the wretched captives received from their
tyrants only threats and blows. At one time we find many of
them employed to raise the wreck of a vessel, deeply sunken
in the sand. At the coldest season of the year they are forced
into the water at sunrise, and compelled to shovel the sand from
the bottom, and carry it in baskets to the bank. Once through-
out the day they are allowed a scanty meal, when they resume
their labors until sunset, and then return to their prison to pass
the night upon the damp earth, and await the horrors of the
succeeding day. Again, at another season, many of them are
compelled, barefooted and almost naked, to drag a heavy wag-
on five or six miles into the country, over burning sands, and
back again, loaded with timber, before any food was allowed
them, except, perhaps, raw vegetables. A number were re^
leased from their sufferings by death, and to the survivors life
became a burden almost insupportable. Eyery exertion in his
power was made by Captain Bainbridge for the relief of his
crew, and frequently, through the Danish Consul, he was en-
abled to send them some comfortable provisions. Yet he was
himself a captive also, and could effect but, little for their relief.
But the American Government was not unmindful of the
213
fate of its unfortunate defenders. Duringthe summer of 1804,
an American squadron was sent out under Commodore Preble
against Tripoli. On the 3d of August, the squadron stood in
for the harbor, and commenced a severe cannonade against
the shipping, and also bombarded the town. Three of the
Tripolitan gun-boats were captured, three were sunk, a num-
ber of prisoners were taken, and many killed and wounded,
with but little loss on the part of the Americans. On the 7th,
Commodore Preble renewed the attack on the town with much
execution, though sustaining a greater loss than on the former
occasion. The Bashaw still demanding a large ranso m for
his prisoners, on the 26th of August, and again on the 3d of
September, the attack was renewed upon the town, and upon
the gallies and gun-boats of the enemy. Soon after, the
weather proving unfavorable, and the ammunition being great-
ly reduced, the Commodore dismissed all the vessels but three,
for Syracuse, and with these determined to keep up the block-
ade. He was shortly afterward joined by two other ships un-
der command of Commodore Barron, to whom the charge was
resigned. But the season was now so far advanced that little
more was done to the enemy, save the capture of a number of
vessels laden with wheat, and bound for the Tripolitan market.
Early the following season the Bashaw was willing to treat
for peace. He wras impoverished in his finances, and justly
alarmed at the report of the formidable armament preparing
against him. On the 26th of May, three American frigates
appeared in sight. The smallest came near the town, and
hoisted the banner of peace, a signal to which he gladly res-
ponded. The frigates however disappeared, and hope and
fear alternately agitated the breasts of the Tripolitans and
their miserable captives. On the 29th, three frigates and a
brig bore down upon the town, and displayed the signals of
peace, which were immediately answered from the castle.
From this period, friendly negociations went on rapidly, and
214
on the 3d day of June, 1805, the articles were signed. At 4
o'clock in the afternoon a salute was fired from the frigates
and batteries, causing transports of wild delight in many a long-
desolate bosom. Ray enthusiastically exclaims,
" But ah ! what joy when the saluting sound
Was heard to thunder through the arches round !
Enraptured lays the choral hundreds sung,
And that drear mansion once with gladness rung !"
The "saluting sound" of course spoke freedom to the Amer-
ican captives, and their first act on regaining their liberty was
one so noble that it ought not to be omitted. They immedi-
ately resumed a subject which had before enlisted (heir sympa-
thies— that of librating a fellow-prisoner, a friendly Neapolitan,
who had been able to render several of them essential services.
They subscribed over three hundred dollars, wrote to Captain
Bainbridge, had the sum deducted from their wages, and re-
stored their still captive friend to freedom.
Ray now entered as Captain's clerk on board the frigate
Essex, and returned home during the following year. What-
ever may have been his conduct before entering the service,
it was irreproachable during his connection with it, and he left
with the good will and respect both of his commander and of
all the other officers.
In 1809, the subject of this notice settled in a town in Es-
sex county, New York, and resumed his old mercatile occupa>
tion, but with no better success than before. In 1812, upon
the declaration of war with Great Britain, he was appointed
a Brigade Major in the detached militia stationed at Pitts-
burgh. After a short term of military service, he resided in
vaiious parts of the State of New York, and finally settled in
Onondaga, where he filled the offices of Justice of the Peace
and Commissioner in Courts of Record He died in Auburn
in, 1827.
215
The first work of Ray was published in 1808, entitled, "Hor-
rois of Slavery, or the American Tars in Tripoli." It is a
well written narration of the unfortunate expedition of the
Philadelphia, and the subsequent sufferings of her crew, to-
gether with a description of Tripoli, the manners and customs
of its inhabitants, and the transactions of the United States
with that government. The volume is interspersed with va-
rious poetical effusions, and a few pages of verse are appended
to it.
In 1821, Ray published a volume of poems, containing also
a brief narrative of his sufferings in Tripoli. His poems are
characterized by melodious versification, and are often forci-
ble. Yet they lack imagination, and betray a want of delicate
taste in their author. Rev. C. W. Everest give him an hon-
orable place in his " Poets of Connecticut," from which work
this sketch is principally taken.
In the conclusion of his long and well written "Exordium'*
to his first volnme, Ray deprecates criticism, alluding, we pre-
sume, as well to his verses as his Narrative, and he may be
head in his own defense : ^tL
" Reader ! lay prejudice aside,
And let calm reason be your guide ;
If in the following, then, you find
Things not so pleasing to your mind,
And think them false, why disbelieve them J
Errors of weakness ? then forgive them »
And let our sufferings and abuses
For several facts make some excuses ;
And when you 're captured by a Turk,
Sit down and write a better work !"
We make two or three extracts from his poems on the fol-
lowing pages-*
216
TRIPOL I.
Ye lurid domes ! whose tottering columns stand,
Marks of the despot's desolating hand ;
Whose weed-grown roofs and mouldering arches shows
The curse of tyranny, a nation's wo ;
In every ruin, every pile, I find
A warning lesson to a thoughtful mind.
Your gloomy cells expressive silence break,
Echo to groans, and eloquently speak .
The Christian's blood cements the sthe stones he rears
This clay was moistened with a Christian's tears ;
Pale as these walls, aprisoner of has lain,
Felt the keen scourge and worn the ruthless chain,
While scoffing foes increasing tortures pour,
Till the poor victim feels, alas ! no more !
Here thy brave tars, America, are forind,
Locked in vile prisions, add in fetters bound.
* * * Must free Columbia bow
Before yon tinsel tyrant's murky brow ?
Cringe to a power which death and rapine crown ?
Smi^tt a smile, and tremble at a frown ?
KneeRt a throne, its clemency implore,
Enriched by spoils and stained with human gore ?
Bear the sharp lasb, the ponderous load sustain,
Suppress their anger, and revenge restrain ?
Leave a free clime, explore the treacherous waves^
The sport of miscreants and the slave of slaves ?
Heavens ! at the sight each patriot bosom glows
With virtuous hatred on its country's foes ;
At every blow indignant passions rise,
And vengeance flashes from resentful eyes.
But Heaven in just, tho' man's bewildered mind
Th the dark ways of providence is blind ;
Else why are some ordained above the rest,
Or villains treated better than the best ?
217
Why, martyred virtue, hang thy injured head ?
Why lived an Arnold, why a Warren bled ?
Earth's murderers triumph, proud oppressors reign
While patriots bleed, and captives sigh in vain ?
Yet slumbering Justice soon shall wake and show
Her sword unsheath'd, and vengeance wing the blow,
Columbia's genius, glorious as the sun,
With thy blest shade, immortal Washington,
Unite to guard us from nefarious foes,
And Heaven defend, and angels interpose !
VILLAGE GREATNESS.
In every country village^where
Ten chimney-smokes perfume the air,
Contiguous to a steeple,
Great gentle-folks are found, a score,
Who can't associate any more
With common " country people."
Jack Fallow, born amongst the woods.
From rolling logs, now rolls in goods,
Enough awhile to dash on —
Tells negro -stories, smokes cigars,
Talks politics, decides on wars,
And lives in stylish fashion.
Tim Ox-goad, lately from the plow,
A polished gentleman is now,
And talks of " country fellows ;"
But ask the fop what books he's read,
You'll find the brain-pan of his head
As empty as a bellows.
218
Miss Faddle, lately from the wheel,
Now talks aftectedly genteel,
And sings some tasty songs, too ;
But my veracity impeach,
If she can tell what part of speech
Gentility belongs to.
Without one spark of wit refined.
Without one beauty of the mind,
Genius, or education,
Or family, or fame to boast —
To see such gentry rule the roast,
Turns patience to vexation.
To clear such rubbish from the earth,
Though real genius, mental worth,
And science to attend you,
You might as well the sty refine,
Or cast your pearls before the swine ;
They'd only turn and rend you.
THE WAY TO BE HAPPY.
Do troubles overwhelm thy soul,
Like billows of the ocean,
That o'er the shipwrecked victim roll
In terrible commotion ?
Seize bold Imagination's wing
And soar to heaven, so seeming,
Or reign a potentate or king- -
rTis all obtained by dreaming.
Do pain and poverty unite
To rob thee of all pleasure ?
Like thieves break in at dead of nicjht,
And steal away thy treasui e ?
219
The treasure of a tranquil mind,
With joy and rapture teeming,
Seek, seek, my friend, and thou shalt find
More solid joy in dreaming.
For let the world still darker frown
Than night-clouds on creation,
And shower its tenfold vengeance down,
Its wrath and indignation,
On this devoted head of mine,
One star is still left gleaming —
One light that will forever shine,
The hope, the bliss of dreaming.
Whene'er I lay me down to rest,.
With toils and sorrows weary,
A heart most feelingly distressed,
And all on earth looks dreary ;
Aerial powers around me throng,
With light and glory beaming,
And waft my raptured soul along
The paradise of dreaming.
And oft as pensively I walk
In solitary places,
I hear celestial spirits talk,
And think I see their faces ;
They bid me leave all earthly things,
While tears of grief are streaming—
I mount Imagination's wings,
And find my heaven in dreaming.
THE LIEUTENANTS.
Who's he that walks with such a swagger
With cockade, uniform and dagger,
Holding this motto up to view,
" I am much better, sir, than you ?"
220
Why, 'tis our officer — young Davy —
A smart Lieutenant of the Navy ;
Who's challeng'd, tho' they call him cruel,
Twice twenty bumpers to one duel,
And fought where clubs, not cannon, rattle,
A score of watchmen in one battle ;
Wounds he's received— in all his clothes,
And bled profusely — at the nose ;
For which grown bolder still and braver ,
He basks in govermental favor.
And who is that with feathered head,
And coat broad-faced with warlike red ?
That blustering, tell me what it means ?
Why, he's Lieutenant of Marines ;
Whose duty 'tis to follow fashions,
To draw his pay and eat his rations ;
To 'list recruits for calls emergent —
To drill them, or to make his sergeant —
Defraud them out of half their pay,
Then flog them, if a word they say ;
For all the art of war consists
In pay-rolls and provision lists,
Well filled, which men are forced to sign,
i — This, this is martial discipline.
221
TIMOTHY MERRITT
TIMOTHY MERRITT, a celebrated clergyman of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Barkhamsted, in
October, 1775. He entered the ministry in 1796, and was
stationed on New London Circuit, where his services were
both acceptable and useful. During* the next year he was
stationed on the Penobscot Circuit, in the Province of Maine,
and continued in that Province for about fourteen years. Du-
ring this period his labors were arduous and peculiar. He
filled appointments constantly on the Sabbath, and delivered
occasional week-day lectures j and, as most of the stationed
preachers were unordained, he had to visit their societies to
administer the ordinances, and assist in organizing and regu-
lating affairs necessary for the peace and prosperity of the
cause. Occasionally he attended Quarterly Meetings for the
Presiding Elders, from twenty to an hundred miles from home,
taking appointments in his way to visit the churches. He went
to his appointments in canoes, and skated to them in winter,
on the streams and lakes of that cold region,
Mr. Merritt had by this time become one of the most emi-
inent and successful preachers of his denomination in New
England. From 1817 to 1830, he was stationed in Boston,
Providence, New Bedford, Lynn, Springfield and Bristol, and
extensive revivals followed his ministry. In 1831, he was
the editor of Zion's Herald. From 1832 to 1835 he was in
New York, as one of the editors of the Christian Advocate and
Journal.
222
Thence he returned to the New England Conference, and
was stationed at Lynn a second time, where he continued two
years. His health and physical energies failing, he was pla-
ced upon the superanuated list, and there continued until his
death.
Mr. Merritt was in many respects an extraordinary person.
Possessed of rare intellectual endowments, and blessed with
an unusual degree of mental and bodily vigor, he was fitted to
endure the fatigues and labors incident to the new and wild
region in which his lot was cast for many years. The Rev.
A. Stevens, A. M., in his "Memorials of Methodism," calls
him " a prince and a great man in our Israel." One of his as-
sociates in the ministry says of him, " No man has been taken
from the Itinerant ranks of New England, who had a higher
claim to an honorable memorial among us, than had Mr. Mer-
ritt. He was a learned man — a man thoroughly read in di-
vinity and philosophy ; critical in his observations — powerful
in analysis — of untiring application — deeply experienced in the
things of God — always exhibiting the fruits of the spirit by the
patience of faith and the labors of love. He was a self-taught
man. By close and long continued application, he acquired
a terse, perspicuous and beautiful stj'le of writing and speaking.
The attention he bestowed upon the arguments of an opponent,
before answering him, was remarkable. He weighed every
word, and comprehended it, before he framed a sentence, and
then replied in the most concise and forcible manner, Thus
he seldom either misunderstood or misrepresented — always
kept directly to the point, and seldom failed of a complete vic-
tory. There was a dignified simplicity, a loftiness of language
and thought, accompanied by a solemnity and fervency of spir-
it, which awed the hearer, and made him feel that God was
near : and not unfrequently, as the good man's soul filled and
gathered strength, and in the light and majesty of confiding
faith, rose higher and higher still, the spectator would stand
223
entranced, like an astonished Israelite looking up into the
mountain to see Moses talking wilh God."
Another clergyman says, "Holiness to the Lord, was his
constant motto. He literally forsook all to follow Christ and
seek the salvation of his fellow-men. Both his mental and phy-
sical system were formed for the work, He had a muscular
energy fitted for labor and fatigue. He was constantly grasp-
ing for new subjects of thought and new scenes of usefulness.
Mr. Merritf s gravity was not sour or sombre, so as to render
him unsocial or unamiable. I ever found in him one of the
most free and social companions of my life. The out-pourings
of his amiable heart never appeared more interesting and ex-
cellent than in his confidential correspondence, which I have
had the happiness to enjoy for more than forty years, and to
which I never refer without the purest pleasure. As a preach-
er, his subjects were generally well chosen, his manner serious,
plain, distinct and direct. He was often doctrinal, and in these
discourses he stated his object and presented his propositions
with precision, and brought his Scripture proofs aptly, fully,
and forcibly. His inferences and reflections were various and
pertinent. He felt that he was called to defend the great doc-
trines of the gospel, and did it fearlessly, searching, out and ex-
posing error and detecting sophistry. But his most delightful
theme was the doctrine of holiness. In treating of this he
found ample scope for illustrating every part of Christian expe-
rience, and of explaining and enforcing all the practical duties
enjoined in the gospel. There were no flashes of wit, no ef-
forts of eloquence to excite a stare, no meretricious drapery,
no bombast, no passionate exclam ations for effect, no useless
verbiage to fill an empty sp ace — but a straight-forward, plain
effort to open, explain and improve the subject and to profit
his hearers. The duties of a pastor were conscienciously and
faithfully performed by him, as the various places of his charge
can testify,"
224
When his physical energies gave^way, his active mind felt
the shock and totterings of the earthly tabernacle. But this
was the time for the more beautiful development of Christian
resignation and calm submission. He died in the full exercise
of faith, and patience, and love ; and his memory is embalmed
in the affections and gratitude of many hearts. A likeness of
Mr. Meriitt may be found in the frontispiece of "The Memorials
of Methodism," before alluded to.
H25
HENRY WALTON WESSELLS,
This distinguished officer in the army of the United Statesi
is a son of Dr. Ashbel Wessells, of Litchfield, in which town
he was born the 20th of February, 1809. He spent the year
1828 at Captain Partridge's Military School in Middletown,
Conn., where he was a classmate of Thomas H. Seymour,
of Hartford, since distinguished in the councils of the nation
and as an officer in the late war with Mexico.
In July, 1829, young Wessells entered as a cadet at the
West Point Military Academy, and graduated in 1833. He
at once entered the Army as brevet second-lieutenant in the
Second Infantry — a regiment to which he has ever since been
attached, and in which he has won all his laurels as a military
commander. The two years immediately succeeding his grad-
uation, were spent at Hancock Barracks, near the disputed
boundary between Maine and the British Possessions, and in
Boston. In 1835, he was engaged in the Creek War in Geor-
gia, and subsequently, until the breaking out of the Seminole
War in Florida, he was stationed at Green Bay and Fort Gra-
triot. In 1837, Lieut. Wessells joined the army in Florida,
and the five succeeding years were passed in the protracted
and most dangerous struggle with the Seminole Indians.
On the breaking out of the war between the United States
and Mexico, in 1846, Lieut. Wessells sailed with the troops
under General Scott for Vera Cruz, in Colonel Riley's regi-
ment, and was promoted to a Captaincy soon after his arriva1
on the enemy's territory. He was actively engaged in the
great battles of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churu*
226
busco, and at the capture of the city of Mexico. In all thes*
engagements, he was conspicuous; but was particularly dis-
tinguished in that of Contreras, in which he was wounded,
and for his services in which he was brevetted a Major. In
the official report of Colonel Riley he is commended in the
highest terms. Major Mori is, in his report, alluding to a
most important crisis in the history of that eventful day, says,
" The color-sergeant, Dennis Daily, manfully bearing- himself
among the foremost, was shot dead ; and Captain Wessells,
though wounded at the same time, gallantly raised the colors
and pressed on." We may add, that Morris's report is chiefly
occupied with details of the services of Captains Wessells and
Casey.
On his return from Mexico, in the autumn of 1848, Major
Wessells re-visited his native town ; but sailed soon after (No-
vember 10,) with the regiment bound for our newly acquired
territory on the shores of the Pacific — and is now in California.
In May, 1849, the Legislatute of Connecticut, in consider-
ation of the distinguished services of Major Wessells in his
country's cause, appropriated the sum of $300 for the purchase
of a Sword, to be presented to him in the name of the Slate ;
and Governor Trumbull, General Francis Bacon, Colonel
George C. Woodruff, Colonel Henry D. Smith and Major A.
C. Goodman, were appointed a Committee to procure the
sword, and make a public presentation of it.
On the 24ih of December, 1849, a meeting of the citizens
of Litchfield was held at Spencer's Mansion House, to make
preparations for the ceiemony of Presentation — Chief Justice
Church in the Chair, and Dr. George Seymour, Secretary*
At this meeting, the following gentlemen were appointed a
Committee of Arrangements, viz., — Generals George P. Shel-
tonof Southury, William T. Kingoi Sharon, Edward A. Phelps
of Colebrook, Frederick Buel of Litchfield, and Merritt Hem-
ingway of Watertown, Colonels David Gould of Sharon, Rob*
bins Battell of Norfolk, John C. Smith of New Milford, Wif,.
Ham F. Baldwin of Litchfield, CharlesB. Smith of Wolcottville„
Peter W. Mills of Kent, DwightW. Pierce of Cornwall, Major
Chester W. Birge, Captains Charles Coe of Winsted, William
S. Nash of New Hartford, Solomon Marsh of Litchfield, Quar-
ter Master George B. Turrell of South Farms, Dr. David E.
Bostwick and Lieutenant Alfred H. Beers of Litchfield.
The following particulars of the ceremony of Presentation
are copied from the Litchfield Enquirer of January 31, 1850 :
Notwithstanding the severe storm of the preceding day, (which pre
vented the attendance of many from abroad, who bad designed being
present,) a large concourse of citizens and strangers was drawn together
to witness tbe interesting ceremony, and to do honor to one whose
conduct has reflected so much honor upon the town and State which
gave him birth.
The day dawned beautifully. At sunrise, a national salute was fired.
The ** Bacon Guards," commanded by Capt. L. W. Wessells, and the
" Litchfield Artillery," commanded by Capt. Solomon Marsh, paraded
during the forenoon, and presented a fine appearance. At half past
12, a Procession was formed, under the direction of Adjutant- General
Shelton, (Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements,) and Colonel
Baldwin — which moved around the East Park in the following or-
der—
1. Military Companies.
2. Band.
3. Committee of Arrangements.
4. Committee of Presentation and Reception.
5> Officers, Past and Commissoned.
6. Citizens and Strangers.
Returning, the ceremony of Presentation took place on the Balcony
of the Mansion House, in the presence of the crowd of spectators who
thronged the street and side-walk in front, and some hundreds of ladies
in the hall, balcony, and the rooms adjacent. Colonel Woodruff,
in behalf of the Committee and of the State, made the presentation ;
the gallant Colonel T. H. Seymour, of Hartford, (by request and in
behalf of the absent Major,) received the beautiful present.
col. woodruff's address.
Colonel Seymour :
The Legislature of this State, at its last session, made a liberal
appropriation for the purchase of a Sword, to be presented to Major
Henry W. Wessells, as a testimonial of respect for his bravery and;
gallant conduct in the late war with Mexico.
228
A Committee was subsequently appointed to procure the Sword;,
and make a public presentation thereof. In the absence of His Excel-
lency the Governor, and owing to the decease of the late and lamented
Major General of this State, it has devolved upon me, as the organ of-
the Committee, to announce, that we have procured the Sword, and are
now prepared to present it.
I need not say how gratifying it would be to us to meet Major Wes-
sells on an occasion so interesting — to grasp the hand so often raised
in defense of his country — and to embrace the form so fearlessly ex-
posed in vindication of that country's honor. But, sir, the soldier is
not his own ; and duty detains the gallant Major at his post far towards
the setting sun, in that golden land acquired in no small measure by
his own bravery.
And permit me to say, sir, that no more fitting representative than,
yourself, could have been selected by him, to act in his behalf on this,
occasion. You have been the companion of his youth, and in the hard-
ships of the Camp ; you have participated with him in the dangers of
the bloody battle-field ; you, if not an eye-witness to his efforts, are well
informed of the lion-hearted courage with which he led his command
against the bravest troops of Mexico ; together you have borne no
undistinguished part in those triumphs, unequalled on Mexican soil
since the days of Cortez, and in that crowning victory which gave to us
possession of the Imperial City of the Montezumas.
You may have known him, too, when, the stern soldier being laid
aside., he retired to the sweet scenes of social and domestic lif % His
affability, his benevolence, his generosity, need no eulogy ; his moral;
virtues no recapitulation. To know him, is to love and admire him.
Of such a Soldier, and such a Man, this State has reason to be proud
— is proud, and delights to show him honor. And every citizen of this
his native town and county glories in saying, he is one of us.
And we may well sympathise with his venerable parents, who early
surrendered a beloved son to their country's service. We may imagine
the torturing fear which has harrowed their souls, lest he should fall a
victim to the pestilence, or the sword of the enemy ; and the tumultu-
ous joy, with which tidings of his safety, and the honorable report of
his conduct, have swelled their breasts ; consummated by this testimo-
nial of the respect of his fellow-citizens for a favorite son, — sweet in-
cense to a parent's heart.
To the Major, in his exile from his native hills, we trust, the ceremo-
nies of this day will prove an assurance that his past services are not
unappreciated, and that the remembrance thereof will alleviate hi? la-
bors, and encourage him in his honorable career.
We then present to you for him, this beautiful emblem of his profes-
sion. May its purity never be sullied in an unrighteous cause. Re-
ceive it from a State, not lavish nor indiscriminate in its honors. Re-
feive it as a token of the gratitude of this Republic.
229
Col. seymour*s reply.
(blonel Woodruff — Sir :
I come forward with a degree of pleasure, which forhids anything,
like reluctance on my part. I appear in the presence of your towns-
men, and my fellow-citizens of the State, to discharge one of the most
gratifying duties which can be laid upon any man — a duty enlivened
by the warmest recollection of early friendship, and supported by the
honor of the position it has devolved on me to occupy on this occasion.
The pleasure of which I have spoken, derived from a desire to fulfil
the request of an absent friend, is not unmixed with those painful re-
grets, which the mention of another to whom you have referred, has
brought forcibly to mind- -regrets which come like shadows between,
the living and the dead. Nor am I insensible to the force of those
memories which show us, that there is a vacancy in the .ranks of the
youthful soldiers who have taken a part in this ceremony, which is bcth.
seen and felt by them and all of this assembly.
Far from the scenes of this day, the officer whom I have the honor
to represent under circumstances of such peculiar interest, will deeply
lament with us the execution of the stern decree which has consigned
to an early grave, the object of his grateful consideration and regard
— that grave which we so lately saw bedewed with the tears of weep-
ing relatives, companions and friends.
" The hand of the reaper
Takes the ear I hat is hoary,
But the voice of the weeper
Wails manhwod in glory."
I have listened, sir, with feelings of personal gratification to the just
tribute which you have been pleased to pay to the social and domestic
virtues of our absent friend, as well as to those sterner qualities which
the service of his country required ; in which service, he will feel grate-
ful for the assurance which has been given, that his efforts have not
been unappreciated. Strongly attached as I know him to be to the
place of his birth, where his affections are firmly planted — bound by
many personal ties to his native State, the honor conferred upon him,
however he may choose to consider it beyond his deserts, will greatly
influence his course I am convinced, and shed a light along the path
of his chosen profession, whether that path shall hereafter be* strewn
with the blessings of peace or torn by the storms of war.
In confirmation of what I have said, and in support of the weight
which I attach to his feelings on this subject, I might mention, that
at successive interviews which I had with him prior to the late battles
in which he distinguished himself, and often afterwards, I had cause
to be impressed with the strength uf his filial regard for the home of
his youth, and the State to which he belonged. From what I believe
I know of bis local attachments, which kindle the pride of the soldier,
23fr
and of his high regard for the honor of his native State, — from what
is generally known of his ardent desire to serve his country to the best
of his abilities, I may safely assume in reply to your remarks, that this
gift from the State will be affectionately preserved by him, and never
dishonored in his hands.
Though often his companion abroad, I cannot say that I was a wit-
ness to the gallant part which he took in the struggles to which you
have alluded. But I had the plearure to hear him spoken of in terms
of the highest praise by those under whose immediate orders he acted.
Our State had many like him in the old line of the army, who, with
him, served through the entire war, with honor to themselves and to
the State. They are too well known through the official reports, the
true history of the war, to require any notice from me. They belong,
together with my friend Wessells, to that accomplished class of officers
in our army whose military science, and admirable prowess, exhibited
in so many battle-fields of the war, have justly contributed to the
honor of the institution at which they were educated.
Pardon me for saying in this connection, that on a recent occasion
similar in its object to this, I could not divest myself of the reflection,
that amongst those to whom I have already referred, many might have
been found better entitled to the honors of the State than myself— to
whom I would gladly have yieldeJthe precedence. The gallant offi-
cer— neighbor to my honorable friend of the committee from another
county— who won his brightest laurels in the openmg blaze of the war,
from what I believe I know of his generous nature, will not hesitate to
credit the sincerity of the avowal which I have felt called upon thus
publicly to make.
Whilst I have felt called upon by a sense of respect for that portion
of the American Army in which we find the candidate for the honors
of this day — allow me to turn for a moment from the living to the dead.
I am forcibly reminded that this is the birth-place of the lamented
Kirby, so highly eulogized in the report of General Worth, and of that
chivalrous spirit, E. Kirby Smith, who fell at Molino del Rev, whose
heroic death it is impossible to recall without at the same time bringing
to mind the fate of anothsgcallant youth of the highest promise, born
in an opposite section of IS Mate, descendant of a race of heroes,
the youthful Rogers, who fell under the walls of the last proud fortress
which held the Key to the City of Mexico.
"And the soldier of the legion in a foreign land lay dead."
I have already expressed the pleasure with which I have come for-
ward to receive this sword in behalf of its rightful owner, whose ser-
vices you have met to commemorate and reward. I have but a few-
words to add in full discharge of the duties I have undertaken.
In the presence of these fair ladies of his native town, before these
citizens and citizen soldiers, witnesses of this ceremony, I have now the
honor to accept of this gift from the State of Connecticut to Major
231
&ENRY W. Wessells of the 2d Infantry, United States Arm v. In its
rare workmanship and significant devices he will see the friendly hand
which bade the arts contribute to polish and adorn it, and I feel
assured that he will preserve it in sacred remembrance of his honored
State, and of the youthful Senator, now alas no more, whose voice
filled the halls of legislation with the praise of the absent whose deeds
he contributed to reward.
Cheered and encouraged by the proud distinction which has been
conferred upon him, a deep sense of gratitude, mingled with the du-
ties of his military career, will make those duties light, and the flinty
couch of the soldier as a bed of down. Having been a party in the
war which has given us vast possessions on the Pacific border, he has
been called with others to protect the flag which floats over those rich
acquisitions — that flag which, wherever it waves, over plain, or moun-
tain land, or sea-girt shore, prefigures the power of the Anglo-Saxon
race, or heralds the march of our language and our liberties.
In no vain boast I may say of him that he will seek to be among the
foremost to guard that proud banner in whose shining folds the Star
of his native State gleams brightly in the clustering "old thirteen"
— and brighter still in the reflected beams from the new-born States
which have been added to the glorious constellation of the American
Union. And should he be called again to those sanguinary fields,
Where the sword must point the way to victory or death, however his
heart may relent in view of the calamities of war, his hand we have no
doubt will be firm to execute whatever his country shall demand in
the name of Justice, Order, and Libertf.
At the conclusion of this address, three hearty cheers were given by
the crowd for Major Wessells, and three more for Colonel Seymour
— which were responded to by a salute from the artillery.
During the ceremony, we noticed among those standing on the
balcony, the Hon. H. D. Smith, Treasurer of the State, the Hon.
Abijah Catlin, Comptroller of the State, and Major Webb, late of the
Army in Mexico.
A grand Military Ball came off in the evening, in which between
four and five hundred persons participated.
The sword is straight, and of the usual length. The blade is of the
finest temper, beautifully wrought and ornamented to within about ten inch-
es of its point. The hilt is of gold inlaid with pearl ; in the strips of pearl
gold studs are inserted, and in the centre "of the pearl upon one side of the
hill is an oriental garnet. In the upper end of the hilt is a topaz, and
near the base an emerald, both set in gold. A massive gold cord is at-
.ached to the top of the hilt, passes to its base, and thence depends, ter*
minating in a tassel. Just below the hilt is a gold plate on which are
^ngraved the arms of the State of Connecticut and its motto ,{ qui trans-
ulit sustinet.'* Upon the scabbard which is heavily gilt throughout, any
tquisitely polished except where embossed, is a gold plate containing the
^ing inscription, viz ;
232
" The State of Connecticut to
Major HENRY W. WESSELLS,
2d Infantry, U. S. Army,
for distinguished services at Vera Cruz, Cerro Oordo, Contreras and
Churubusco"
Below is a representation of arms in relief bound together; upon the
band are inscribed the names of tni battles above mentioned. Still lower
is another representation of weapons of war, also in relief. The point of
Ihe scabbard is projected by an acorn-shaped fence upon its edge's.
Major Wessells was married in September, 1834, to Mary
T., daughter of Chester Griswold, Esq. ; she died at Fort Kingf,
Florida, in the autumn of 1841, leaving one daughter who still
survives, In 1S44, he was married to Miss Hannah Cooper,
o Cooperstown, N. Y., a niece of J. Fennimore Cooper ; by
this marriage he has had three children, two sons who are liv-
ing, and a daughter, Julia, who died in California in June 1849.
9S3
AMASA J. PARK ER.
This gentleman, who holds so conspicuous a place among
the distinguished men of the empire State, was born in Shar-
on, Ellsworth parish, on the 2d of June, 1807. A notice of
him in the "American Biographical Sketch Book," prefaces a
sketch of his public services with the following complimentary
remarks concerning this county : " It has been remarked, that
there is no neighborhood in the United States, of the same
limits and population, which has been the birth-place or tb.e
home of so many eminent men, as the county of Litchfield.
ft is a region of hard hills and rocky farms, contiguous to no
commercial cities, and crossed by no important lines of travel
- — but its homesteads, so quiet and retired, have beeri the fa-
vorite haunts of the genii. Here the bracing, air 0f the h,oM«
lands, and the habits of industry an I self-dependence, formed
from childhood, have given strong lungs and vigoro n frames,
expanded souls, and spirits fcVi of energy, to a hundred men,
where the influences ot s'lty life will scarcely endow with the
same gifts a single one,"
The Rev. Daniel Parker, f father of the subject of this notice,)
^was a graduate of Yale College. He married Miss Anna
Fenn, daughter of Thomas Fenn, TSsq., and was for alniDst 20
years the settled minister at Ellsworth. During this period
he established and had charge of an academy at that place,
which acquired. a high reputation, and in which many young
men, since distinguKned in vaiious parts of the Union, were ed-
ucate^. He was a, son of Amaza Parker, of Watertown,
Conn., m which* place Thomas Fenn, above named, also re-
tided.
234
In 1816, Mr. Parker removed with bis family to Greenville*
Greene county, N. Y., and took charge of an academy at that
place. Here Amaza J. Parker, then only nine years of age,
commenced the study of the Latin language. At the end of
two years, he was placed at an academy in Hudson, and from
thence was transferred to the city of New York. At the age
of sixteen, he had completed the usual course of collegiate
study, although not within the Walts of a college.
In May, 1823, as its principal, he tock charge of Hudson
Academy, an incorporated institution, subject to the visitation
of the regents. During the four years which he remained at
its head, the academy stood high in public estimation; His
age was not then mature, and his pupils, scattered over the
State, were afterwards surprized to learn that their preceptor
was younger than many of themselves. During this time, the
argument was used by the academy at Kinderhook, a rival in-
stitution, that the principal of the Hudson academy was not a
graduate of a college. To obviate any such objection, Mr.
Parker availed himself of the opportunity afforded by a short
vacation, to present himself at Union college, in order to take
an examination for the entire course, and to graduate with the
class. This he did, and took his degree of bachelor of arts, in
July, 1825.
During the latter part of his term at the Hudson academy
he entered as a student at law, in the office of that sound jurist,
John W. Edmonds, then residing at Hudson, and since judge
of the supreme court. At the age of twenty, in the spring of
1828, having resigned his charge, Mr. Parker retired to Del-
hi, Delaware county, for the purpose of pursuing his legal
studies in the office of his uncle, Col. Amasa Parker, a prac-
ticing lawyer of eminence at that place. He continued there
until his admission to the bar, at the October term, in 1828.
He then formed a co-partnership with his uncle, which lasted
fifteen years, during which period they were engaged in a most
extensive practice
195
Delaware county having for forty years been strongly dera^
ccratic in its politics, Mr. Parker was early engaged in the
great political struggles of the day. In the fall of 1833, at
the age of twenty-six, he was elected a Representative in the
State Legislature, whete he served on the Committee of Ways
and Means, and in other important positions. In 1835, he
was elected by the Legislature, a Regent of the State Universi-
ty— a rare honor for so young a man — the post never having
been before conferred upon one of his age-
At the age of twenty-nine, he was elected a member of the
twenty-fifth Congress, to represent the district composed of
the counties of Delaware and Broome. It is here worthy of
remark, that at both elections, he ran without opposition, the
opposite party deeming it useless lo bring a candidate into the
field against him. While in Congress he served upon several
important committees, and his speeches were upon the public
lands, the Mississippi election' question, the Cilley duel, and
other great subjects of the day, all of which may be found in
the Congressional Globe.
In the fall of 1839, he was a candidate for the office of State
Senator, in the third senatorial district. The canvass was a
very exciting one, owing to the fact that a United States Sena-
tor was to be elected by the next legislature, in the place of Mr.
Tallmadge, Very great exertions were made, and about fifty
thousand; votes were polled. The result was, the election of
the whig candidate, the late Gen. Root, by a small majority.
On the 6th of March, 1841, he was appointed Circuit Judge,
on accepting which he immediately took up his residence in
the city of Albany, and continued there during his term of of-
fice. The duties of this appointment were very laborious, an<J
required the most constant application. As Judge in the com-
mon law courts, and as Vice Chancellor in the Court of Equi-
ty, the whole of his time was occupied and heavy responsibili-
ties devolved upon him. In addition to the ordinary business
2tt
of his district, the anti-rent difficulties added much to his labors.
He commenced his civil calenders with questions of title, ar^d
at the oyer and terminer, the most painful duties were impose d
upon him, in punishing violations of ihe public peace. His
labors at the Delaware Circuit, in 1845, will not soon be for-
gotten. He found in jail upwards of one hundred persons, un-
der indictment. At the end of three weeks, the jail was clear-
ed, every case having been disposed of, by conviction or other-
wise. Two were sentenced to death for the murder of Sheriff
Steele, and about fifteen to confinement for various periods in
the state prison ; and for the lighter offences, fines were in sev-
eral cases imposed. The course pursued by Judge Parker
met with general approbation. After the adjournment of the
court, the military were dismissed, peace was restored, and
no instance of a like resistance to the law has since occurred
in that county.
During the following summer, the degree of Doctor of Laws
was conferred upon Judge Parker by Geneva College.
His term of office as circuit judge terminated with the then
existing Constitution of the State, and at the first election held
under the new Constitution, he was chosen a Judge of the
Supreme Court.
On the 27th of August 1834, Judge Parker was united in
marriage with Miss Harriet L. Roberts, of Portsmouth, New
Hampshire, and they have now six children.
ELIJAH BOARD MAN
ELIJAH BOARDMAN was the third son of Sherman on tf
Sarah Boardman, and was born in New Mdford, March 7, 1760..
His excellent mother used mosi feelingly to relate to her young'"
er children, that, while busily employed in her household con-.
(perns, she thought she heard a noise like that occasioned by
something falling into the water ; and stepping to the door to
look for her little boy, she saw the water in a large trough in
motion, and found her child lying at the bottom of the trough.
Had the almost inaudible sound not reached the mother's ear
his name would scarcely have been heard beyond that little
family circle, and his services and influence would have been
lost to his country and the world.
His early education was conducted chiefly by his mother, at
home, until the winter of 1779-80, when a very excellent in-
structor was employed. From his too rapid growth and con-
sequent debility, he became unable, before this period, to en-
dure constant labor on the farm ; and he occasionally attended
school in the village, walking to and from it, a distance of two
and a half miles each day. At the age of fifteen years, he com-
menced the study of Latin with the Minister of the parish, the
Rev. Nathaniel Taylor, who had a private class. In March.
1776, himself desirous of the service and with his father's con-
tent, lie enlisted as a common soldier into the revolutionary
army, he now being sixteen years of age. The regiment in
which he enlisted was commanded by Col. Charles Webb, and
was one of the sixteen regiments first raised by authority of the
Cofttfajental Congress. The officers of the company to which
235
young Boardman belonged, were Captain Isaac Bostwicfc,
Lieutenant Kimball, Lieutenant Elisha Bostwick, and Ensign
Amos Bostwick — all except the first lieutenant being from the
town of New Milford. The first destination of the regiment
was for Boston, but before getting out of the limits of Connec-
ticut, they were ordered to New London, where they embarked
for Hew York, in and about which city the regiment remained
until it was evacuated by the American army, in the month •!
October.
Shortly before this event, Mr, Boardman was seized with a
dangerous illness, from which he had but partially recovered,
when the retreat of the army seemed to render his situatioq
hopeless. In this extremity, observing a wagon to stop near
the house in which he was, he improved the opportunity afford-
ed by the driver being a moment absent, and exerting to the
utmost his wasted strength, he threw himself into the wagon.
"When the driver was about to eject him, an officer passing by
ordered him to desist, and to permit the sick man to ride as far
as the wagon was going. This was to the neighborhood of
Kingsbridge. There Mr. Boardman was left, lying on the
ground, and incapable of further exertion. In that situation
he was discovered by a neighbor of his father, who had gone
to New York to convey home a sick relative. The neighbor
took him to a place of safety, and gave immediate notice to his
father, who hastened to his relief. His state of health render-
ing it quite manifest that he could render no further service
during the remainder of the period for which he had enlisted,
a discharge was obtained, and he was brought home in a de-
plorable state. He slowly recovered ; but his constitution, as
he always thought, then received a shock, the effects of which
were abiding.
In the autumn of 1777, he performed a short tour of duty
on the Hudson, and then returned home and entered upon a
course of study under the direction of a private tutor. He wu
IS*
fcfeon after employed as a clerk in the store of Elijah and Arch-
ibald Austin, then prominent merchants in New Haven. In
the fall of 1781, he commenced business ns a retail merchant
in New Mil ford. For eleven years, his brother Daniel was his
partner in business ; and subsequently he was associated for a
few years with Elijah Bennett. In 1 819, the establishment
was sold out to Stanley Lockwood, and Mr. Boardman relin-
quished the mercantile business.
In September, 1795, the subject of this sketch became a
member of the Connecticut Land Companjr, and, as such, one
fc-f the purchasers of the Connecticut Western Reserve, so
called, now forming the. northern part of the State of Ohio.
T hat part of this purchase lying east of the Cuyahogo River
the Company caused to be surveyed and divided into town^
ships and tracts ; and a partition among the purchasers was
made by lot, in May, 1799. By this partition, Mr. Boardman
tind his immediate associates became entitled to two entire
townships and the "equalizing lots" of land (as they were call-
ed,) annexed thereto. Hisinterestextended to somewhat more
than half of each township. No. 1 of the second range, was
named, after him, "Boardman" — a name which the town still
retains. Some years after, the Land Company, having com-
pleted the survey of that part of their purchase lying west of
the Cuyahoga, made, in the same manner as before, a partition
among the purchasers. By this, Mr. Boardman and his as*
sociates became the proprietors of the town of Medina.
Mr. Boardman's assiduous attention to his piivate concerns,
long prevented his taking an active part in the political dis-
cussions which became rife throughout the country, soon after
the establishment of the new Constitution of the United States.
Yet, from the habitual activity of his mind, he was by no means
an inattentive observer of passing events. About the year
1800, howeyer, he became quite prominent as a politician in
Connecticut But having embraced the principles of the par-
ty which then, and for a considerable time after, wa9 in the mi-
nority in the State, he received no higher appointment than
that of Representative lo (he State Legislature, to which he
was six times elected between and including the years 1803
and 1816. When the political party to which he was attached
gained a partial ascendency, he was elected, in 1817 and again
in IS18, an Assistant, or member of the Upper House. In
May, 1 S 1 9, when the New Constitution of the State went in-
fo operation, lie was elected to the State Senate, and continued
in thof body until May, 1821, when he was elected to the
Senate of the United Slates. He occupied his seat in th^ 'iaU
fei bod'v durinsf the two sessions of the seventeenth px«„«
pikI continued a member until his death, »;\;ich t00u la'ce at
ttoardman, Ohio, (while oh a vfci» Vnere,) A:^Usi 18, 1823.
His remains were brought * \ u;"- , c .-.
» .o a«.w ^Ill0rcj for interment.
Froui mlure. plllirn(;nn t , .. :'■■., • t. n
, uuiiluiuii^ nnc-{ |,abit, \\j was emphatically a
practical man in p1* reSpect3. Mis business talents were un-
common ^ ;^i(j j}js constancy in their exercise was rarely sur-
^Josed. His natural temperament inclined him to hilarity ; but
Vis strictlv moral and industrious habits >o far repressed ibis
natural propensity, as to give him raihei the appearance of
giavity than of its opposite, in the latter part of bis life. Yet
h's natural and acquired case and urbanity, rendered him a
pleasing companion both to the grave and the gay. His ten-
der emotions were easily excited, and not easily concealed ;
nor weie they ever suppressed but from a sense of duly or pro-
priety. He was benignant and exemplary in his domestic re-
lations— and just in bis dealings with all. He had been for
manv years previous to his death, a consistant member of the
Episcopal Church.
On the toth of September, 1792, Mr. Boardman was mar-
ried to Miss Mary Ann Whiting, daughter of Dr. William Whi-
ting, of Great Barrington, Mass., and had six children, viz ,
1, Hon. William W., of New Haven ; 2, Henry M., who mar-
241
ncd diirah H„ daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Efcnh&ni, then
of New Mil ford, and died at Boardman, Ohio, in I S i 5 , leaving
four sons ; 3. George S., who graduated at Union College,
and died at the a°:e of 26 ; 4. Caroline M.. the wife of ihe
Rev. John Frederick Sehroeder, D. D., of New York, who has
eight children ; 5. Mary Anna, who died at the age of 17
years ; 6. Caroline E., unmarried.
Mrs. Boardman was a lady eminent for her piety, judgment,
talents, and dignity of character. She died in June, 184S;
and during the following year, her Memoirs, edited by Dr.
Sehroeder, were printed in a handsome volume of 478 pages*
3**
ELISHA WHITTLESEY
ELISHA WHITTLESEY is a native of Washington, New
Preston Society. While he was a child, his parents removed
to Salisbury, where his boyhood was chiefly spent. He early
qualified himself for admission to the bar, and commenced the
practice of his profession on the l< Connecticut Reserve," in
the State of Ohio. He rose rapidly in public estimation, and
was soon universally esteemed not only for his soundness and
ability as a lawyer, but as a gentleman of singular uprightness
a:ul disinterestedness of purpose.
In 1823, Mr. Whittlesey was elected to Congress from the
Reserves and was continued a member of that body, by suc-
cessive re-elections, for eighteen years ! Of his long and
distinguished congressional career we prefer to let others sptak.
In 1837, the "Pennsylvania inquirer/' published in Philadel-
phia, contained a series of sketches of public men, under the
head of " Portrait Gallery," which were widely copied. The
second sketch of the series is as follows —
The Honorable Eltsiia Whittlesey, of Ohio, is one of the oldest
member^ of Congress, and lias held a seat in the House of Represen-
ts iv s ever since I can ijernember. Of his early history I know but
Be is >i native of Connecticut, but eaily in youth emigrated to
Ohio, and there commenced the practice of the law. As a lawyer, lie
was soon distinguished in rhe west, for the soundness of his judgment,
the correctness of his purposes, a. id an unyielding integrity, which, if
the scandal of the world is to be accredited, does not always attach
itself to the followers of the legal profession. The confidence reposed
in him by the people, soon induced them to delegate him as their
Representative to Congress, and if I mistake not, he has held the seat
h% now occuniat since the voar 1821,
3 4S
For manr years past, Mr. Whittlesey has held the important and
esponsible place of Chairman of the Committee on Claims, an office that
requires a greater degree of industry, actual labor, and patience, than
any other that falls within the duties of the House. The business of
this committee is to examine and investigate all private claims, or
claims presented by individuals against the government, and report
their merits to the House. In discharging duties like these, the
chairman of the committee is necessarily subjected to intense labor,
as many of the claims presented to him involve all the principles of the
:ommon and statute law of the country, and not unfrequently are
:!osely connected with the documentary history of the Republic from
its very foundation. To ascertain the justice of Amey Darden's
;laim for the loss of a horse during the war of the Revolution, for in-
stance, all the papers of the old Continental Congress, and the regis-
try of the original War office, had to be ransacked — a labor that
would, at its opening, have staggered and dismayed any other man
than Mr. Whittlesey. Claims, requiring a corresponding amount of
labor, are of daily occurrence, and are investigated with alacrity by
the indefatigable and untiring Chairman of the Committee on Claims.
The duties of the Chairman of the Ways and Means, are but trifles,
so far as labor is concerned, in comparison with those which devolve
on the Chairman of the Committee on Claims, and which are dischar-
ged with promptitude and a zeal that command the respect of all
sides of the House of Representatives.
The House has unbounded confidence in the ability and integrity of
Mr. Whittlesey, so much so, that it invariably adopts whatever he
may report ; and it is only necessary to have it understood, that the
Chairman of the Committee on Claims has reported favourably to a
claimant, to secure immediate redress. The confidence thus secured
is as advantageous to the business of this House, as it is to the security
of justice to individual merit, and the futherance of parliamentary jus-
tice. And whilst it subserves the ends and aims of legislative action,
it reflects a credit on Mr. Whittlesey of far greater moment than all
the glory that can be attained at the hands of partizan warfare.
As a useful — as an indefatigable legislator, Mr. Whittlesey has no
superior in Congress— rnay, he has not an equal. His whole time and
study are directed to the furtherance of the public good, not to the
promotion of mere party warfare and discipline ; and in the discharge
of the trusts reposed in him, he is above the reach of the contamin-
ating influence of party creeds and party dictation. In legislating he
knj.vi but one party — his country. Ever anxious to promote the
best interests of the people, and expedite the true course of legislation,
he never annoys the House with a harrangue for the purpose of send-
ing a speech home to operate in his district, or to influence his election.
He daily has occasion to participate in debate, but he is always brief,
•oncise. distinct, and confines himself exclusively to the subject under
2H
dircussicn. If he rises to offer a fe* remarks on the Navy Appro-
priation, or on any other subject, he discusses the subject itself, and
does not, like nine-tenths of the speakers in the House, direct himself
to all other matters this side of the grave, to the exclusion of the
question at issue.
In debate, he is distinguished for clearness, perspicuity, precision,
and a rigid adhesion to facts as they present themselves, and never
strains at effect. He is always listened to with attention and great
respect; nnd what he utters always produces a desirable influence.
His manner is plain and unostentatious, adapted to the every day scenes
and business of life. No man ever listened to him for a moment,
without passing judgment in favor of his integrity, his statesmanlike
qualities, and practical good sense.
Mr, Whittlesey is about five feet eight or ten inches high, rather
thick set, and possesses a countenance which is an idex of his heart.
Stern integrity, benevolence, and morality, are to be read in his fea-
tures ; and his whole life has been a comment, and an illustration of
his physiognomy. Without any ostentatious parade of his benevo-
lence and morality, he has devoted a life, now somewhat protracted,
to the good of his country and the world ; and I do not believe, that
he has at any time perpetrated an act, for the consequences of which
he need blush. Although now well advanced in life, he is in the
midst of a " green old age ;5' and notwithstanding he is on the down-
hill side of sixty, a course of morality, of virtue, temperance, and of
honor, has shielded his constitution against the invasions of age, and
lie does not appear to be more than two-and-forty.
Mr. Whittlesey is a whig, and acts with the party in maintaining its
general principles, but is by no means a violent or a noisy partizan.
He undoubtedly is of opinion, and correctly too, that the principles of
a party, and the honour of a country, can be maintained without re-
sorting to acts of violence, or to the enactment of the scenes of actual
outrage, which not unfrequentiy, at all stages of the world, have dis-
graced party struggles.
He possesses ail the great talents necessary to the office of Chief
Executive of the United States, and if people could be induced to se-
lect a candidate for their suffrages, on the basis of legitimate worth and
merit, their favour would be conferred on just such a man as the Hon.
Elisha Whittlese}7, of Ohio — a man who is an honor to his country,
and who has proved himself, by a long series of public duty, to be a
Patriot too pure, and a man too incorruptible, to be swayed by party,
whilst engaged in discharging the duties of an enlightened American
Statesman.
U p*>n the elevation of General Harrison to the Presidency,
Mr. Whittlesey was appointed Auditor of the United Stales
Trei-ury for the Post Office Department. He consequently
'24 5
declined a re-election to Congress, and on tiie 1 9th of March,
1841 , he entered upon the duties of his new office, and re-
mained in their faithful and efficient discharge until near the
close of President Tyler's administration, when he resigned.
In 1845, he was appointed General Agent and Director of
the Washington National Monument Society — a post which
he still holds. His energetic and systematic efforts in behalf
of this grand national enterprise, have contributed in an emi-
nent degree to its success. In 1849, Mr. Whittlesey was
made First Comptroller of the Treasury of the United Slates,
and he still continues to discharge the complicated and res-
ponsible duties of that important office.
*4e
JUNIUS SMITH
JUNIUS SMITH, ll. d , a son of Major-General David
Smith, was born in Plymouth, October 2, 1780. He gradua-
ted at Yale College in 1S02, and during the following year he
was a member of (he Litchfield Law School. In 1803, he pro-
nouned the annual oration before the "Cincinnati of Connec-
ticut," a Society composed of Revolutionary Officers.
In 1S05, by a somewhatsingulartrain of circumstances, Mr.
Smith became a resident of London. His brother, David, was
engaged in commercial business in New Haven, and was, in
conjunction with Captains Gad Peck and Elnathan Atwater
of that city, owner of the ship "Mohawk," and engaged in the
West India trade. This ship was captured by a British crui-
zcr, sent into Tortola, and condemned. The subject of this
sketch was then practicing law in New Haven, and was appli-
ed to by the owners to go to London and prosecute an appeal
in the High Court of Admiralty. He accepted the invitation,
and sailed from New York on the 25th of November of that
year. He had no idea of remaining in London longer than
might be necessary to complete the business entrusted to his
care ; but the time was protracted more than four years, be-
fore the Lords of Appeal would even give him a hearing. The
decision of the Vice Admiralty Court in Tortola was reversed,
and the avails of the ship and cargo were restored. In the
mean time Mr. Smith had become extensively engaged in
commerce, and connected as he was with the house of TalU
madge, Smith & Co., of New York, it was not an easy matter
for Jiim to quit his post.
247
In 1810, his business requiring bis presence in New York,
he sailed for that city on the l9th of November. Having dis-
solved his partnership, and visited his friends in Connecticut
and elsewhere, he returned to London during the following
spring. On the 9th of April, 1812, he was married to Miss
Sarah Allen, daughter of Thomas Allen, Esq., of Huddenfield,
in Yorkshire — a young iady distinguished for her many accom-
plishments and her ardent piety.
Mr. Smith continued his mercantile pursuits until 1832 —
sometimes with much success, and sometimes in adversity —
when he commenced the great, work of Atlantic Steam Navi-
gation, which has led to such important results. On the 12th
of August, in that year, he sailed from London for New
York, with his wife and daughter, in the British barque, St.
Leonard, Captain Rutherford. He chartered the vessel for the
voyage out, and had 150 passengers on board. The passage
proved rough and tedious, and was protracted to fifty-seven
days. The practicability of crossing the Atlantic by steam,
and the vast advantages which would result from that mode of
conveyance, occupied his thoughts ; and the more he consid-
the subject, the more clearly it developed itself to his mind,
until he became perfectly convinced that it was not only prac-
ticable but the most philosophical mode of navigating the
ocean. Upon his arrival in New York, he began to disclose
his views on this subject, and to argue the question with those
of his friends who differed from him in opinion, and who could
see nothing but insuperable difficulties. The project was
never out of his mind, and all the objections raised and all the
difficulties foreseen, only served to confirm his own opinion.
He answered all objections to his own satisfaction, and gath-
ered strength in the combat, although he knew they remained
unconvinced, for their incredulity was visible in every feature.
It was not a slight affair for a single individual, without the
co-operation of others, to devise, shtpe and follow out measured
246
which were to change the system of commercial intercourse
between Europe and America, and establish a mode of navi-
gation, new in itself, against the combined interests of com.
mercial and nautical men, against the uniform practice of ah
past ages, and the stubborn, unbending prejudices of the world.
Having maturely considered the undertaking in all its bear-
ings, he determined, previous to his leaving New York in De-
cember, 1835, to propose the scheme to some of the most influ-
ential merchants of that city. He did so ; and the answer was
characteristic if not rational — "Try the experiment when you
get back to London, and if it succeeds, we will then join you."
Not one favored the plan upon independent grounds. He was
not much disappointed — for he had no very sanguine expecta-
tions that the merchants of New York would lead the way.
Mr. Smith sailed from New York on the 20th of December,
and on the 24th of January he arrived in London. To en list
the public generally, at that period, in sucli an undertaking,
was to his mind an unpromising undertaking. The only
chance of success seemed to be, that of inducing those already
engaged in the steam coasting trade, and who had therefore
had some experience in a smail way, to look favorably upon
the project. With this view he called upon Mr. Jones, a
Director of the London and Edinburgh Steam Navigation Com-
pany, whose steam vessels were then the largest afloat, explain-
to him his views, and solicited his co-operation in carrying into
effect the plan of navigating the Atlantic by steam. After two
or three interviews, this gentleman requested Mr. Smith to
commit his ideas to writing, and he would lay them before the
Directors. In compliance with this request, he wrote the fol-
lowing letter :
London, Feb. 9, 1833.
Dear Sir, — In conjunction with my friends in New York, I am de-
Eirous of forming a line of steam-packets to run between this port and
New York, I apprehend that four in number will be sufficient, and
fully equal to tht twelve American sailing ships now running on tht
240
same line ; and the cost of the four steam -packets, at 30,000/. each,
frill be about the same as the aggregate cost of the twelve American
line of packets now running;.
It is my intention to have two British and two American ships ; and
the reason is, first, to combine the interests of the two countries in
their support; and secondly, to afford a certain conveyance both ways
for goods of foreign as well as domestic growth and manufacture. By
the treaty of commerce with the United States, British ships cannot
take foreign goods into the United States, nor can American ships
bring foreign goods from the United States to England for home con-
Sumption, but the converse is true of both. It will; therefore, be read •
ly seen that a line formed of the ships of both nations, to sail alternately
will embrace all branches of the carrying trade. I left London for
New York in August last, and the hitter place far London, on the 20th
December. My friends in New York make no doubt of the practica-
bility nor of the success of such an undertaking, and have assured me
that they will build two steam- vessels suited to the object in view, as
soon as they learn that the plan, so far as regards the British interest,
can be carried into execution here. %
In New York, the plan is regarded as one of the first importance to
the commercial interests of both countries.
I examined and traveled in many American steam-packets, but they
have not one calculated for a sea voyage. They are all constructed
to run upon the rivers* sounds, bays, and canals. These packets are in
general very roomy, and calculated to cany a great many passengers.
The North America, in which I took passage on the 16th October,
at New York, for Albany, 145 miles up the Hudson river, is 230 feet
in length, 30 feet beam, has two 60-horse low-pressure engines, which
work at the rate of 26 strokes of the piston per minute. This packet
is calculated to accommodate 1200 passengers, and there were 400
on board at the time mentioned. She draws but 4 feet of water, and
performed the passage to Albany, against the current of the river, in
twelve hours, including stoppages at the numerous landing-places on
both sides of the river. Several other packets of nearly equal dimen-
sions ply upon this river, a particular description of which is unneces-
sary here. The same general description of packets run in all the
rivers, sounds, bays, <fcc, from which you will perceive their unfitness
for the high seas.
The commercial intercourse between- Great Britain and New York
is of late years so amazingly increased, that more than 40,000 pa*
sengers and emigrants landed in the last year in the port of New Yc
from Europe, chiefly from Great Britain.
Since the construction of the Erie Canal, running through the Stu
of New York 350 miles, from Albany to Lake Erie, opening a wa>
eorumuuieation every step of the way from London to the Niaga
250
Falls, the Lakes, Canada, Ohio, Michigan, and ait of the western pari
of the United States, now peopling with astonishing rapidity, and tbs
establishment of elegant and convenient packet-boats upon the canal
for the accommodation of passengers, New York has become the great
thoroughfare for travelers and emigrants from every part of Europe.
Whatever mode of conveyance will shorten and facilitate the passage
from Europe, is certain to have a preference ; and a line of steam'-
packets from London to New York, would have not only the support
of Great Britain, but of all Europe. I can hardly expect in a short
letter to open up the subject so fully to those unacquainted with the
American trade, as to induce them to enter into my views fully at
once, or to appreciate the commercial advantages which it promises.
It was under this impression that I proposed1, if I he company enter-
tained doubts as to the success of the undertaking, to charter of them-
a suitable vessel for two voyages, or two vessels for one voyage each,
and to take upon myself the result of such an experiment.
The distance from Portsmouth to New York is about 3,000 mile?,
and a good packet ought to make the passage in twelve or thirteen
days. •
From March to October is generally the best season of the year for
passengers, and if we sail from London 20th April to 1st May, it
would be in good time.
I am quite sure that no foreign pert can offer such decided advan-
tages for a line of steam-packets as New York, and up to the present
time the ground is unoccupied.
I abstain at present from entering into any calculations as to the
probable returns to New York. If these hints are not entertained, T
should be glad to have them considered as confidential, and should feel
obliged for as early an answer as practicable, for my future govern-
ment. Your obedient servant, Junius Smith.
20, Abchurch-lane.
To this letter the following laconic answer was received*
which put an end to any further correspondence in that quar-
ter.
35 Leadenhall'-street, Feb. 27, 1833.
Mr. Junius Smith — Sir: Your letter of the 9th Instant, addressed-
to Mr. Jones, was this day laid before the committee of the London
and Edinburgh Steam-packet Company, and I am directed to state,-
they decline your proposal for this season, as all their vessel* are oth*
erwise appointed. Sir, your most obedient servant,
A. Mitchell.
251
There was but one other steam vessel in England besides
those owned by the London and Edinburgh Company, of suf-
ficient size, or in any way adapted to risk a voyage across the
Atlantic, and that was the " London Merchant." This ship
was then in the service of Don Pedro, in Portugal. Mr. Smith
resolved to wait her return. In May, 1833, she arrived at
Blackwall, and he went down immediately to examine her.
She was a strong, well built ship, in bad condition, miserably
fitted up—and could not well have been more filthy if a cargo
of pigs, instead of Don Pedro's soldiers, had inhabited her.
Still, he thought she might be put in condition to go the voy-
age, and accordingly applied to a gentleman interested in the
ship, and offered to charter her for New York. After some
d?ys spent in talking, he learned that there were sixteen own-
ers ; and to induce sixteen owners of one vessel to listen to so
preposterous a scheme as the one contemplated, was entirely
hopeless—rand he consequently abandoned her.
Seeing the difficulties which attended all his efforts to char-
ter a ship, and feeling at the same time the unsuitableness of
the ships themselves for go long a voyage, he turned his atten-
tion most seriously to the formation of a company for the pur-
pose of building steam-ships for Atlantic navigation. The
more he resolved this point in his mind, the clearer he saw he
was following the safest and most correct course, [and there-
fore was soon reconciled to former disappointments.
Not a single individual whom he consulted at this time, gave
him the slightest encouragement, and as yet he had taken no
steps to ascertain the bearing of public opinion. It seemed
necessary that some measures to that end should be taken ;
for he felt that ultimate success must depend upon public sup-
port- He knew London well. Few men had experienced
more of its commercial life than he had. Hence, he was
well aware of the importance of wealth, distinguished con-
nexions, and a titled name, in successfully carrying forward
252
any new enterprize in that great metropolis. Without these,
and eyen without the least encouragement from the honored
and great, he was not disheartened. Relying solely upon
the intrinsic merit of his enterprize, he resolved to persevere.
On the 1st of June, 1835, he published a Prospectus of a
joint stock steam navigation company in his own name — for
in truth he find could no one to second him — proposing to
raise £100,000 in 200 shares, of £500 each, to construct*
steam ships for the New York trade. These Prospectuses
were widely distributed, at a considerable expense of money
and labor. No person in the American trad« was omitted,
and most of the public companies and public officers were
furnished with a copy. Not a single share was applied for,
nor did Mr. Smith expect many applications. But one object
he had in view was answered. Through those employed in
distributing the prospectuses, he learned what the feeling of
the public was upon the subject, A few looked upon the
scheme with some favor, and several gentlemen called upon
him to make inquiries. Generally, however, the plan was
made the subject of sarcasm, slander, and ridicule. The
storm raised by the shipping interest and all in the American
trade, with a single exception, was a fearful thing to encoun-
ter, and Mr. Smith took some time to consider before proceed-
ing further. The expense was heavy, the labor severe, and
the risk of defeat and consequent loss and disgrace, deserved
some attention. He was not long in deciding upon his course.
He revised his Prospectus, raised the capital stock to .£500,-
000, and and adopted the name of The British and American
Steam Navigation Company, though as yet he had not secured
a single Director. He called personally upon all the princi-
pal American Houses to solicit their aid by becoming Direc-
tors, and every one declined. By this time Mr. Smith was
convinced that the company must be formed, if at all, entirely
independent of the shipping interest. This increased the dif-
253
ficulty ten fold. Those must be enlisted who were sti angers
in the field, and who must, be argued into the belief that they
could do what those concerned in the trade could not do.
After encountering various other obstacles, which it is un-
necessary to detail, the company was organized, with the fol-
lowing Board of Directors, viz., Isaac Solby, Esq.. (Chair-
man of the London and Birmingham Railroad Co.,) chairmany
Moses Allen, Esq., Colonel Aspinwall, Captain T. Laikins,
James Beale, Henry JJainbridge, Charles Enderby, George
Lunell, Joseph R. Pirn, Junius Smith, and Paul Twigg, Esq's.
Macgregor Laird, Esq , of London, was chosen Secretary,
and several Bankers to the Company were appointed. Seven
of these Directors resided in London, and one in each of the
cities of Bristol, Liverpool, Dublin, and Cork.
Ad erti^ements were now published in the daily journals,
informing the public of the formation of the Company and
stating where shares might be obtained. Applications poured
in from all quarters. The capital was raised to £l, 000, 000,
and a resolution was adopted to establish two lines of steam
ships to run to New York — one from London and one from
Liverpool. In July, 1836, the Directors gave notice that they
were ready to receive plans and proposals, and in September
a contraet was made with some ship builders in London, to
construct a steam ship of 2016 tons burthen — the keel of
which was laid on the 1st of April, 1837. This vessel, after
the accession of Victoria to the throne of England, was called
the " British Queen."
The company were delayed in sending out this ship by the
failure of those who contracted to furnish the engines ; in
consequence of which the Sirius, a steam ship of about 700
tons, was chartered and dispatched for New York. This was
the first ship that ever crossed the Atlantic propelled by steam,
Subsequently the British Queen crossed it from London and
the President from Liverpool. Mr. Smith embarked in the
254
British Queen on the I2th of July, I £39, and at half- past 12
o'clock, P. M., she was under full headway, shooting out to
sea from Spithead, (he eastern extremity of the Isle of Wight,
wilh 1 50 passengers. They had a most delightful run, and at
2 o'clock ou the morning of the 28l h of July, they were at
Sandy Hook, waiting for a pilot — thus making the passage in
fourteen and a half da) s. On Thursday afternoon, August
•2d, they hauled out ot dock and proceeded down the Narrows,
cheered by innumerable spectators who thronged the wharves,
shipping, batteries, &c , and accompanied by several steam-
boats, gaily decorated and crowded with ladies and gentlemen.
Returning to England, on the 14th they took on board a
£owes pilot — twelve days from pilot to pilot, and thirteen and
a half days from New York to Portsmouth. Mr. Smith ar-
rived at his own house precisely on the day and hour he bad
£xed upon previous to leaving England,
The navigation of the ocean by steam, was now no longer
a doubtful experiment. The praises of Junius Smith were
jjpon every tongue. He was elected President of the Conir
pany which he had founded, and Yale College conferred upon
him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. We shall not
speak of the untold advantages which have resulted and may
yet result from the persevering labors of this one man ; pos-
terity will do him justice.
Having accomplished this great object of his ambition and
hopes, he turned his thoughts into another channel. He had
visited those countries where Tea was the staple production,
and had minutely watched its growth and cultivation in con-
nection with soil and climate ; and having satisfied himself relr
ative to the feasiblity of the plan, he determined to introduce
its cultivation into his native county. With this view he pur-
chased an extensive plantation in Greenville, South Carolina,
where for some eight years past he has been experimenting
with this new article of agriculture. The following letter cm
the subject is contained in the last Patent Office Repori :
Dear Sir : — The frequent notice's which have appeared in the pub-
lic journals, by those Who have visited my tea-garden in Greenville,
S. C, and by those who have not, seem to render superfluous the ad-
dition of another word.
Nothing but your request to make a communication on the subject
of tea cultivation, through the the Patent Ohrce, would induce me to
risk the danger of wearying the public ear and of exposing myself to1
obloquy.'
During the past year the tea-plant under my care has passed through'
severe trials, from" the injury received in transplanting, from the heat
generated in the packing-cases, from the v\ant of shelter during the
severe frosts of February, from the excessive heat in June, and from
the drought of 58 day's Continuance in July and August. The
plants were divested of their leaves and generally of their branches
and twigs in February, during my absence in New York. Knowing
that the plants were tender, and not, fortified by age and mature
growth against severe weather, I had directed them to bo covered in
case a material change of temperature should occur. But these or-
ders were neglected, and they consequently suffered from that cause.
The plant is sufficiently bard'y to resist any weather occurring in
this part of the country, when seasoned for one year.
The plant has grown thrifty since April, and the quantity of foliage,
buds and blossoms, show that the root has taken strong hold, and- is'
now fully equal to produce its fruit next autumn, which always follows
the year after the blossoms. I have a variety of both black and
green tea-plants. The buds and blossoms of the latter did not aps
pear until a fortnight after the black? tea-plant. But the blossoms
were larger when they did appear in September, October, November,
and December. From present appearances, I think the blossoms of
some of the late plants will continue to unfold until spring. It is not
an unusual thing for the blossoms and the fruit to appear at the same
t'rme upon- the same plant. In this particular it differs from any
plant I have seen. As my chief object, at present, is to cultivate and-
increase the tea-nut, it will be a year or two perhaps before I attempt
to convert the leaf into tea. The root supports the leaf and fruit,
and the leaf the root, so that neither can be spared without detri-
ment.
This climate appears congenial to the growth of the plant, and
the soil is so diversified in this mountainous district that there is no-
difficulty in selecting that best adapted to seed growing plants, ©4r
that designed for the leaf only. Upon the plantation purchased thW
256
summer, I have light yellow, dark-brown, red clay subsoil, of a fria-
ble character, with a surface soil sufficiently sandy to answer the
demands of the plant. I do not see any reason to doubt, from a year's
experience, that the tea- plant in its varieties will flourish in what I
heretofore denominated the tea-growing district of the United States,
as well as in any part of China.
The slowness of its growth requires patience. But when once es-»
iablished, the tea-nuts will supply the moans of extending cultivation,
and the duration of the plant for twenty 5*ears diminishes the ex-
pense of labor. To illustrate the hardihood of the plant, I may ob-
serve, that notwithstanding the zero severity of February frost des-
troyed the leaves and branches of most of the plants, and those novv
blooming in great beauty and strength are from roots the growth of
this summer, I have one green tea-plant the stem and branches of
which withstood the frost of February without the slightest protection:
and is now a splendid plant, covered with branches and ever-green
leaves, affording undeniable evidence not only of its capability of re-
sist ino- frost, but of its adaption to just such a degree of temperature.
I have often remarked that the tea- plant requires for its perfection
the influence of two separate and distinct climates, the heat of sum-
mer and the cold of winter. The thermometer in this vicinity during
the heat of summer generally ranges from 74 at 6 o'clock A. M. to
82 at 3 o'clock P. M., only one day during the summer so high as 86.
This is a most agreeable temperature, nights always cool, which
the tea- plant enjoys, and the days hot and fanned with the mountain
breeze.
The drought I found the most difficult point to contend with, ows
jng to the want of adequate means for irrigation. I lost 20 or 30
plants through this, and learned that no tea plantation should be es-
tablished without irrigation. After two or three years there will be!
little necessity for it, because the depth of the roots will generally
then protect the plant.
My plantation at Golden Grove is well supplied with water, or I
Should not have purchased it at any price.
It is the first and most important point to secure a southern Of
western aspect, a gentle declivity the second, salubrious air and suit-
able soil the third.
Our country is filled with natural tea plantations, which are only
waiting the hand of the husbsndman to be covered with this luxuri-
ant and productive plant.
I know the public is naturally impatient of delay. Like corn, it is
expected that the tea-nuts will be p'anted in the spring, and the crop
gathered in the autumn. But they forget that the tea-plant does not
interfere with any other crop, and when once planted it does not soon
require a renewal.
257
I have sometimes felt this impatience myself, and longed for a cup
of tea of my own growing, but I have never had one. As a husband-
man, I must wait some time longer, and let patience have her perfect
work. Your obedient servant,
JUNIUS SMITH.
Golden Grove Tea Plantation.
Greenville, S. C. December 11th, 1849.
In July, 1851, Mr. Smith writes to the New York Journal of
Commerce, that he has just drank for the first time, a dish of tea
of his own raising.
Mrs. Smith, (the wife of the subject of this sketch,) died in
1836. They had one child, a daughter, who became the wife of
the Rev. Edward Knight Maddox, a graduate of Cambridge and a
clergyman of the church of England. In October, 1842, Mr.
Maddox was appointed a chaplain to the army in India. They
sailed for Calcutta with a little son about two months old, in
November of the same year. In September, 1843, he was appoint-
ed chaplain to the important station of Mearut, a little north of
Delhi, and about seven hundred miles east of Bombay. Mrs.
Maddox has since died.
33
258
PETER DUEL PORTER.
General PETER B. PORTER, (son of Colonel Joshua Por-
ter,) was born in Salisbury in 1773., and graduated at Yale Col-
lage in 1791, in the class with the Hon. Lyman Law, of New
London, and the Hon. James Gould, LL.D., of Litchfield. Hav-
ing completed his legal "studies with Chief Justice Reeve of Litch-
field, he, in company with his brother, the late Hon. Augustus
Porter, emigrated to Western New York, they having purchased
large tracts of land in that then wilderness. The country around
him increased rapidly in population and resources, and he was
called early to the performance of various public trusts. Having
passed, step by step, through various offices of minor grade, in
1809 he was elected to represent the western district in the Con-
gress of the United States, in which body he served with fidelity
and distinction on some of the most laborious committees. In the
summer following, he was chosen by the legislature of New York,
in conjunction with De Witt Clinton and Gouveneur Morris, a
Commissioner to explore the route from Albany to Buffalo, and
report upon the feasibility of uniting the waters of Lake Erie with
those of the Hudson. The Report subsequently presented by
these Commissioners, determined jtjie grand question of commen-
cing the "Erie Canal" — one of the greatest works of internal
improvement in the world.
In 1811, Mr. Porter was agah>« elected to Congress for another
fall term of two years. The events which transpired during this
259
latter period, and in which he was an active participant, were
among the most important in our history. The long series of
alleged indignities to our countrymen and our flag, were brought
to a crisis by a declaration of war by our Government against
Great Britain, in 1812. Mr. Porter was among the earliest and
most efficient advocates of the justice and policy of that decla-
ration. During the exciting sessions of 1811 and 1812, he was
Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations. In the latter
part of November, 1811, he reported a set of resolutions, authori-
zing immediate and active preparations for war ; and on the 11th
of December following, justified their propriety and necessity by a
speech of great ability, firm and energetic in its tone, yet temperate
and judicious, Soon after the war, he was elected Secretary of
State for New York ; and was also appointed by President Madi-
son, one of the Commissioners to run the boundary line between
the United States and the British possessions.
In 1818, he was transferred from the national councils to the
field — having been appointed Major General and Chief in com-
mand of the New York state troops. From that time until the
close of the war, General Poter was in active service, and distin-
guished himself in several engagements on the northern frontier.
It is a fact not generally known, that in 1815 he received from
President Madison the- appointment of Commander-in-chief of the
army of the United States — a post which he respectfully decli-
ned. The letter tendering to him that distinguished station, is
still in the hands of his family at Niagara Falls.
At the termination of that unhappy conflict, in 1815, General
Porter was once more elected to Congress. At the close of that
term, he declined a re-election, ancl retired to his seat at Niagara,
intending to spend the remainder of his days in the quiet of domes-
tic enjoyment. He was regarded as one of the great men of the
nation, and the annual throng of visitors to the Falls, were wont to
pay him respectful homage and share in his cheerful hospitality.
For his services in the war, the legislature of New York voted him
260
an elegant and costly sword, with appropriate devices and inscrip-
tions commemorative of his military career.
In 1828, President Adams called him from his retirement,
having appointed him to an important post in his cabinet, that of
Secretary of War. lie repaired at once to the seat of govern-
ment, and entered upon the arduous duties of the office, and con-
tinued to discharge them with extraordinary industry and fidelity,
until the inauguration of President Jackson ; when, presuming that
his place would be wanted by some friend of the new administra-
tion, he sent in his resignation. The famous John H. Eaton suc-
ceeded him, who was soon succeeded by General Lewis Cass of
Michigan.
The wife of General Porter was Leticia Breckenridge, of Ken-
tucky, a sister of the Rev. Robert J. Breckenridge, D. D. a dis-
tinguished clergyman of that state. She died at Black Rock, N.
Y. iii August, 1831, leaving a son and daughter. General Porter
died at Niagara Falls, March 20, 1844, aged 71 years.
'■&r
261
NATHANIEL W . TAYLOR, D. 0,
The Rev. Nathaniel Taylor, the second minister in New Mil-
ford, was settled over the Congregational church in that town, in
June, 1T48, and continued his pastoral duties there until his death,
in December, 1800 — over fifty two years. His wife was Tamer,
daughter of the Rev. Daniel Boardman, his predecessor in the pas-
toral office. His sons were 1, John B. died in infancy ; 2, Nathan-
iel ; 3, General Augustine, graduated at Yale College, was an
officer in the Revolution, and died in Sharon in 1816 ; 4, Colonel
William Taylor, graduated at Yale College, died in New Milford,
in 1841.
Nathaniel Taylor, Esq. (son of the Rev. Nathaniel Taylor,)
Avas born in New Milford in 1T53 ; married Anna Northrop ; he
died in 1818. Their children were, 1, Laura, died in childhood ;
2, John, died in 1837, aged 60 ; 3, Charlotte, married the Hon.
David S. Boardman of New Milford, and died in 1846 ; 4, Nathan-
iel W. the subject of this sketch.
The Rev. NATHANIEL W. TAYLOR, D. D. was born in
New Milford, June 23d, 1786, and graduated at Yale College in
1807, in the class with the Hon. John P. Cushman, M. C, Thomas
L. Grimke, LL. D., Jacob Sutherland, LL. D., Rev. Samuel
R. Andrew, and other distinguished men. Having completed a
regular course of theological study, he was ordained and installed
pastor of the First Congregational Church and Society in New
Haven, April 8, 1812. In this relation he continued the prompt
Zo2
discharge of his ministerial duties, for a period of ten years —
during which time he established for himself the reputation of
being one of the ablest and soundest divines in New England; and
what is still more to his praise as a faithful ambassador of the Great
Head of the Church, he became the instrument of everlasting good
to very many who sat under his preaching.
In November, 1823, Dr. Taylor was appointed to and accepted
the important post of " Dwight Professor of Didactic Theology"
in Yale College — a position which he still occupies with distin-
guished ability. He has long occupied a prominent position in the
religious world ; being regarded as the official exponent of the
system of theology taught in one of the largest and most important
theological seminaries in the United States. But aside from his
peculiar position, his sermons and lectures, published and unpub-
lished, have attracted very general attention from their own intrin-
sic merits — the soundness of their philosophy, the loftiness and
dignity of their language, and the depth and fervency of piety
which they exhibit.
While in the pastoral office, Dr. Taylor was married to Miss
Rebecca Hine, daughter of Major Beebe Hine, then of New Mil-
ford, but now a resident of New Haven. His only son, Nathaniel,
graduated at Yale College in 18d4, and is now a practicing physi-
cian in New Haven.
263
JOSEPH I. FOOTE, D. D.
Rev. JOSEPH I. FOOTE was born in Watertown, November
7, 1796. We have no information of his early life and education,
until be graduated at Union College, N. Y. in 1821. He fitted
himself for the Christian Ministry at the Theological Seminary at
Andover, Mass., where he spent three years. In 1826, on the
26th of October, he was installed pastor of the Congregational
Church and Society in West Brookfield, Mass. in which relation
he resided there until May 1, 1832. In the year following he
was called to the charge of the church in Salina, N. Y. where he
resided until 1835, when he removed to Courtland in the same
state, where he continued to labor in the ministry until 1837. In
1839 he removed to Knoxville, East Tennessee, to the pastoral
charge of the church in that place. Here his reputation as a
scholar and divine arrested the attention of the corporation of
Washington College, in that section of the state, who conferred
upon him the degree of D. D. and tendered him early in 1840,
the presidency of that Institution. This College was the first incor-
porated west of the Alleganies. It dates back to 1794, and
within its walls were educated many of the most distinguished
professional men in the Southern and Western States. Dr. Foote,
after consulting the advice of his friends, accepted the presidency,
and on the 9th of April, 1840, left Knoxville on a visit to the seat
of the College in Washington county. On his way, he preached
on the Sabbath, April 13, at Rogersville, from a part of the apos-
264
folic benediction — "The communion of the Holy Ghost be with
you all" — unci on the following Sunday, at New Providence,
from another part — "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be
with you all." These labors were his last, and seem prophetic of
his end. On the 20th, as he was continuing his journey, he was
thrown from his horse near Leesburg, and received such injmy
that he expired on the following day, twenty hours after his Ml —
the day preceding that on which he was to be inaugurated Presi-
dent of the College, and enter on anew and wide career of useful-
ness.
The following summary of Dr. Foote's character is taken from a
Biographical Sketch of him, published soon after his death.
" By this mysterious and afflictive dispensation of Providence,
the church of Christ has lost a bright and shining light — the
cause of literature and science, an illustrious and efficient advo-
cate and patron — a large circle of friends and acquaintances their
pride and ornament — and a fond and devoted wife, a kind and
affectionate guide and protector.
" As a faithful, zealous, and evangelical preacher, Dr. Foote
had few equals, and perhaps no superiors. As a theologian, he
was thoroughly conversant with the various systems of faith embra-
ced by the different denominations of the Christian church. As a
controvertist, he made no compromise with essential error, either
in the doctrines or order of the church ; but with that boldness
and intrepidity which characterized the Fathers of the Reforma-
tion, he combatted whatever he believed to conflict with the plain
canons of Scripture, or to stand in opposition to the advancement
of a pure, practical, and evangelical religion. As a scholar and
writer, he stood pre-eminently high ; and the frequent contribu-
tions of his pen to the New York Literary and Theological
Review, and other periodicals of equal celebrity, have placed him
on an eminence in polemic and didactic theology, to which but fe
can, with confidence, aspire. In his intercourse with the world
he was frank and undisguised — an instructive and sociable com-
w
265
panion — a candid, sincere, unaffected and sympathizing friend;
and in his domestic circle, a very pattern of tenderness and affec-
tion."
The address which Dr. Foote had prepared to deliver on the
occasion of his inauguration was published immediately after his
death. In this address he advocates the claims of the College in
a very able manner. The following extract shows his sympathy
with the poor, to whose doors he would carry the means of the
highest intellectual improvement.
" A prominent motive in extending the operations of the Col-
lege, is the education of the poor. I use not this term in reproach.
Who, almost in the whole circle of distinguished schools, has not
been indigent ? If from the lists of those who have been distin-
guished officers in Colleges, or pre-eminent in the profession of
Law, Medicine or Divinity, or celebrated for their attainments in
science — if from these lists we were to strike out the names
of those who were originally indigent, how small then would be
the remainder ? Nor is this scarcely less true of the many who
have risen to the principal places of honor in the several states,
and even in the nation itself.
" There is a disposition in the community to compound indigence
with ignominy, and to treat the poor as if they were criminal ; no
other tendency is so injurious to the general elevation of society
or to our republican institutions. It is, indeed, an affecting fact,
that scarcely a son of the indolent, the worthless and the immoral
has ever risen to eminence in our country. The habitations of
vileness engrave their own character so legibly on their children,
that it is rarely, or never, obliterated. By far the greater portion
of those, who in our country have been denominated poor, are
entirely competent to sustain their families at home. They are
honest. Their morals are without a stain. They are beloved by
all their neighbors. Their children are trained in every virtue.
They are the joy of their parents and the delight of their wealthy
neighbors. If instead of undertaking to procure an education in
34
266
the liberal arts and sciences, they were to apply themselves to agri-
culture, to merchandize, or to any ordinary employment, it is
unquestionable, that competence and perhaps wealth would soon
smile around them. But if instead of limiting their circle of use-
fulness by these boundaries, their minds contemplate a wider range
of operation ; if instead of growing up with the rapidity of the pop-
lar, they endeavor to acquire the solidity and the expansion of the
oak ; if their hearts are fixed on being widely and permanently
useful to the human race, such aspirations in the youthful bosoms,
ought to he hailed by the community. Facilities ought to be pro-
vided for the development of such desires and faculties. With
steady and persevering industry, these minds will soon shine with
a lustre, equal to that of a prince in his court, or the sons of the
rich in their palaces.
" They will, indeed, outshine all those whose industry is not of
the most stern and enduring kind. Time would fail me to recount
by name the distinguished men who, from an honorable poverty in
childhood, have risen by persevering industry and economy to the
very summit of literary and professional excellence. Excluded
from participating in the commercial affairs of the country, the
commodities of the agriculturist cannot be made to yield him those
pecuniary returns which reward the husbandmen of other regions.
Hence, many whose home is blessed with abundance, can procure
but limited means to sustain themselves or their children abroad.
For such individuals, this institution has always been an asylum ;
and while she has educated her full share of the rich and the hon-
orable, she has always been the patron of the honest and the obscure.
In this she will persevere. It is undeniable, that greater facilities
than any now enjoyed in these regions for acquiring an education,
can here be offered at a comparatively small expense. The door
will always be opened for the admission of the moral, industrious
and persevering sons of the community to enter. Equally with
the heirs of the opulent, will it be our delight to train those who
cannot otherwise be prepared for extensive usefulness. In this
267
country, neither honor nor office is hereditary. Every boy is born
a candidate for the Presidency of the United States. Thus the
sons of the rich and the poor are equally permitted to run. ' But
one receiveth the prize ;' the son of an obscure minister of the gos-
pel, or of a laborer in bricks and mortar, or of a lonely widow, is
as likely as any other one to sit in Washington's seat and adminis-
ter the government of his country."
During his connection with the church at West Brookfield,
Dr. Foote prepared and delivered " An Historical Discourse'' on
the occasion of the annual Thanksgiving, November 27, 1828,
which was published. This discourse exhibits much patient
research, and is full of interesting facts relating to the settlement
and early history of Brookfield, and breathes an affectionate and
grateful spirit towards the fathers of the town and of New England*
It concludes with impressing on the present generation the duty
not only of preserving but of increasing the means of civil and reli-
gious liberty which have come down to us from our ancestors.
" A review of the dispensations of Providence is calculated to
impress our minds with the importance of increasing, as well as
perpetuating the blessings which we enjoy. Had not our ances-
ters acted on this principle, they would have remained in subjec-
tion to an oppressive prelacy. They would never have crossed the
mighty deep, to seek an asylum in the Western hemisphere.
They would never have taken up their abode in the immense wil*
derness of America. Had those who first arrived in this place,
been content with a bare subsistence and with the few privileges
which they then enjoyed, the forest would still have covered these
hills and plains. These fields would never have been cultivated.
These dwellings would never have been erected. These houses
for the instruction of children and youth would never have been
reared. These cheerful villages would not have risen. These
temples for the worship of Jehovah would never have been built.
It was care for those who should come after them, that chiefly
influenced our ancestors to cultivate the soil, and to lay deep and
268
broad the foundations of literary and ecclesiastical institutions. It
was the regard of each succeeding generation for the welfare of
posterity, that has caused these blessings to accumulate in their
descent to us. And shall we be content to hand down to the next
generation only the inheritance which was left us by our fathers ?
Is it enough that we preserve the rights and privileges which we
have received ? Shall the stream of civil and religious blessings,
which in passing each generation became broader and deeper,
receive no tributaries from us ? Can we do nothing to advance to
that state of perfection at which it is destined eventually to arrive
' when nation shall no more lift up sword against nation,' and when
there shall be nothing to molest or intimidate throughout the wide
extent of God's earthly dominions? Shall the wheel of civil and
intellectual and moral improvement, which during two centuries
has been increasing its rapidity, instead of receiving additional
impulse, be retarded in our generation? 0 let gratitude for the
blessings which we inherit, impel us to make efforts for the good of
those who shall come after us. Let us endeavor to leave some
memorials of our regard for future ages ; and when our bodies shall
have mingled with the dust, and our very names been forgotten,
may those ' who arise and declare' the ' mighty acts of the Lord,'
find amongst their occasions of thankfulness, that their blessings
were augmented by our generation."
A volume of Dr. Foote's Sermons, edited by his brother, the
Rev. George Foote, was published after his decease, and have
elicited high praise from some of the most eminent theologians of
the country.
269
WILLIAM THOMPSON BACON
WILLIAM THOMPSON BACON was born at Woodbury, in
Litchfield county, on the 24th of August, 1814. At the age of
twelve he was sent to the " Episcopal Academy," at Cheshire, to
be fitted for college, but, after two years, determined on a mercan-
tile life, and became a clerk in the city of New York. After
three years, at the age of seventeen, he established himself in
business in New Haven. In a short time, however, he withdrew
from his mercantile connection, and devoted himself to study.
He entered Yale College in 1833, where he was regularly gradu-
ated in 1837, and was appointed by his class to deliver the Vale-
dictory Poem, at the time of the leaving the Institution. During
the following autumn, he entered the Divinity School of New
Haven, and, after the usual term of study, was licensed as a min-
ister in the Congregational denomination. On leaving that insti-
tution, he was married to a daughter of Professor Knight, of the
Medical Department of Yale College, and, in 1842, was settled
over the Congregational church and society in the town of Trum-
bull, where he remained until 1845, when ill health compelled him
to ask a dismission. He subsequently became one of the editors
of the " New Englander" a quarterly magazine of great ability.
He was also for a few years the editor and proprietor of the New
Haven daily and weekly " Journal and Courier," which he con-
ducted with marked ability and success. He is now engaged in
his ministerial labors in Kent, in his native county.
Soon after leaving college, Mr. Bacon published a volume of
270
Poems from a Boston press, which, in 1840, passed into a third
edition, revised and enlarged. In 1848, a new volume of Poems
from his pen, was published by Mr. Putnam of New York, con-
taining two hundred and seventy five pages. His lighter Poems
possess much simplicity and grace. He has a fine perception of
natural beauty, and his graver productions are pervaded by a cur-
rent of deeply reflective moral and religious sentiment.
The following will serve as specimens of his Poems.
ROME.
The Coliseum's lonely walls still tower,
In all their massy strength, to greet the skies ;
The Caesars' hundred palaces of power
In undecayed magnificence still rise ;
And towers, and tombs, and temples desolate,
Tell of the solemn grandeur of her state.
The winding walks are there, which, erst, have rung
With steel-shod foot, and hoof, and clattering car,
When hosts met hosts, like Waves on wild waves flung,
And Fury sped the thunderbolt of war;
And there, to greet the traveller, still rise
The trophies of a thousand victories.
Each step records some tokens of a day,
Whose pomp and power we cannot comprehend ;
'Tis grandeur in the grandeur of decay,
Where ruin mars what man has scorned to mend;
And, as from pile to pile the step is led,
We seem amid the dwellings of the dead.
We walk amid those temples tottering ;
Each foot-fall starts the young owl from her rest ;
Where mantling vines round mouldering arches cling,
To furnish forth the bat her dusky nest;
271
And every breeze that through the ruin strays,
Seems like the ghost of Rome's departed days.
Romans and Roman matrons wandered here ;
Here blushed the cheek as its sweet beauty spoken ;
Trembled the delicate hand, and sparkled clear
The bright drop in the eye, at Love's fond token ;
And children's voices woke these streets all day,
And echoed the light laugh of maidens gay.
Tempest, and terror, war, and flood, and fire,
And cruelty, and guilt, and avarice,
These have been here, and wreaked their vengeance dire,
On pillared fane, and smouldering precipice;
Yet sits she still amid the solemn scene,
Queen of the hills! ay, "every inch" a Queen.
Rome's greatness, and Rome's grandeur may not be
The greatness and the grandeur that we prize;
Yet, though her soul was chained, her mind was free ;
And power was there which men cannot despise;
She lifted her proud arm, each flag was furled,
And, at her haughty beck, bowed down the world.
And with her, though a tyrant in her mood,
Was genius, learning, talent consecrate;
And though on land and sea her track was blood,
Yet intellectual greatness marked her state ;
For while was heard the trumpet's deafening clang,
The Forum thundered with the loud harangue.
Yet we walk forth upon the breast of earth,
And dare to speak and tell how great we are;
Less than the ancient worthies from our birth,
We talk of deeds of daring — thus we dare;
It is as if the young and timorous dove
Should mate itself with the proud bird of Jove !
272
"THE LEAVES ON THE BOUGH STIRR'D."
The leaves on the bough stirr'd,
Are fading and falling,
And the wind and the wood-bird
Are mournfully calling;
And music around us,
Of landscape and river,
And feelings that bound us,
Are passing for ever.
The mists of the mountain,
With morning upspringing,
The chime of the fountain,
Its melody ringing ;
The foam where the river burst
Up to the day,
And all by the sweet stream nurs'd,
Passing away.
So hearts we have cherish'd,
When life was before us,
Are grown cold or perish'd,
As years have roll'd o'er us ;
And we look in the faces,
Once glowing with gladness,
And we find in their places,
But sorrow and sadness.
0, life! it is tearful,
We 're all of us sighing;
The moment we 're cheerful,
That moment we 're dying;
And all we have tasted,
And all we have spoken,
Are hopes — that are wasted,
And hearts — that are broken.
-27S
FREDERICK WHITTLESEY.
FREDERICK WHITTLESEY was bom in Washington,
(New Preston Society,) on the 12th of June, 1799. His fa-
ther, David Whittlesey, Esq., still survives; his mother was
Martha Pomeroy, a daughter of Quartus Pomeroy, of North-
ampton, Mass. When about ten years of age, Frederick com-
menced a course of studies preparatory to entering college —
first with the Rev. Dr. Backus of Bethlem, and subsequently
under the tuition of the Rev. Samuel Whittlesey* then pastor
of a church in New Preston. From thence he went to the
Academy of the Rev. Daniel Parker, in Sharon, Ellsworth So-
ciety, where he completed his preparatory studies.
In the autumn of 1814, he entered the Freshman Class of
Yale College, and graduated in 1818. Soon after, he entered
as a law student in the office of Bleeker & Sedgwick, in Alba-
ny, N. Y., and after remaining there about nine months, he
became a member of the Litchfield Law School. At the end
of one year, lie took up his abode with his kinsman, Robert
Campbell, Esq., of Cooperstown, N, Y., with whom he fin-
ished his legal education, and was admitted to the bar of the
Slate of New York, at Utica, in October 1821. During the
whole course of his professional studies, he was distinguished
for his application, and prontted by the advantages allowed
him. He was not only well qualified for the bar, but in the
mean time he had reviewed the classics, devoted much time
to general literature, and had to a considerable extent practiced
in the art of composition.
214
After his admissidh to the bar, Mr. Whittlesey spent about
three months at his father's house in Connecticut, revolving in
his mind where he should commence business. Remember-
ing the pleasant associations connected with Cooperstown, he
finally returned to that village, opened an office, and remain-
ed there about nine months. Not meeting with a success ade-
quate to his wants and wishes, he became somewhat uneasy.
He finally packed up his books, made his way to the Erie Ca-
nal, placed himself, trunks and boxes, on board a boat, and pro-
ceeded westward in search of some indefinite place of residence
which should afford a prospect of subsistence. He had a vague
idea of ultimately reaching Detroit — but there was no definite
purpose in his mind, except to go somewhere and settle down.
He followed the Canal as far as Rochester, where it then ter-
minated. The weather was bad — the roads were muddy be-
yond precedent. He was wearied and ill, and instead of pro-
ceeding onward, put up at a public house. Rochester was but
a small village, and he knew not a soul there. While tarrying
in this place, undecided and desponding, he made some ac-
quaintances, who suggested it as a favorable point of location.
He decided to remain rather than encounter the miserable
thoroughfares which lay beyond — and accordingly opened an
effice, November 1822. From that moment, he looked upon
Rochester as his home, and such it has continued to be un-
til the present time.
In 1824, the first Bank was established in Rochester, and in
some of the disputes growing out of its establisment, Mr,
Whittlesey was appointed one of its Attorneys. During the
following year, he was appointed Clerk of the Court of Equity
for the Eighth Circuit of the State of New York — an office
which he held until 1830, when the Courts were differently
arranged. In September 1825, he was married to Miss Ann
Hinsd-ile, daughter of Bissell Hinsdale, Esq., of Winsted^ in his
sative county, who is still living.
275
In 1826, the abduction of William Morgan occurred, on ac-
count of his alleged revelation of the secrets of Free Masonry,
The nature of his offence, and the mystery which shrouded his
fate, caused great excitement in the community in which the
events occurred. At a public meeting held in Rochester in
relation to this transaction, Mr. Whittlesey was chosen one of
a Committee of Investigation, since known as the "Morgan
Committee." In connection with others, he bestowed much
time and labor in investigating the circumstances of this abduc-
tion— in endeavoring to unravel the dark conspiracy — in tra-
cing out his mysterious fate, and seeking to bring the perpe-
trators of a great social crime to justice. This investigation
almost imperceptibly ran into politics, and led to the formation
of the Anti-Masonic Party, of which Mr. Whittlesey was an
active and leading member. Previous to this time he had be-
come one of the editors and proprietors of a political newspa-
per, in which his talents as a writer had become favorably
known to the public. In 1S26, he was appointed Commis
er of Deeds ; and during the following year he was appointed
one of the Trustees of the village of Rochester, and subse-
quently was elected Clerk of the Board of Trustees of that
village. In 1829, he was appointed Treasurer of the County
of Monroe, and held the office for two years.
Mr. Whittlesey was elected a Representative to Congress
in 1830, from the district composed of the counties of Monroe
and Livingston ; and was re-elected in 1832, from the district
composed of Monroe county alone. Having served his con-
stituents in this capacity for four years with distinguished abil-
ity and general acceptance, his congressional career termina-
ated on the 4th of March, 1835. ^
In 1839, the Legislature of the State of New York passed a
jaw creating the office of Vice Chancellor of the Eighth Judicial
Circuit, and Mr. Whittlesey was appointed to that office by the
Governor and Senate. He continued to discharge the duties
27a
q{ this appointment for eight years, when the office ceased un-
der the provisions of the new Constitution; In 1847, he was
one of the Whig candidates for the office of Judge of the Court
of Appeals, a new Court created by the Constitution then re-
cently adopted, and to which the Judges were elected by the
people. Immediately upon ceasing to be Vice Chancellor, he
was appointed by the Governor and Senate, a Judge of the old
Supreme Court, which was to continue in existence until July
1848. In January 1850, Judge Whittlesey was appointed
professor of Law in Genessee College.
277
SAMUEL SHEATHER PHELPS.
SAMUEL S. PHELPS was born at Litchfield, May 13th,
1793. His father, Captain John Phelps, was a wealthy and
respectable farmer in Litchfield, and a soldier of the Revolu-
tion. Soon after the war broke out, he enlisted into a com-
pany of cavalry commanded by Captain Moses Seymour, of
the same town, which was present at the battle of Saratoga,
and rendered other valuable services in the struggle for Amer-
ican Independence. He was the only son of Edward Phelps,
who was a Representative to the General Court of Connecti-
cut in 1744 and '45, and who died at an advanced age, on the
same farm where he had spent a great part of his life, and to
the possession of which his son succeeded. John Phelps mar-
ried Miss Sheather, of Litchfield, and had several children, most
of whom still reside in that town. The subject of this sketch
was the youngest sou, and named after his maternal uncle*
Samuel Sheather.
At an early age, Samuel was placed under the care of the
Rev. Ammi Robbins, of Norfolk — who kept a family school
for boys — where he pursued the preparatory studies required
for entering college. Judge Phelps still occasionally refers,
with great apparent pleasure, to the days he spent with the
good Connecticut pastor who laid the foundation of his mental
discipline— always speaking of him in affectionate terms, and
as one of whom he has ever retained a reverent and kindly re-
membrance.
In September, 1807. at the age of fourteen, he entered Yale
College, where he was duly graduated, and with credit to him-
2*78
self, though considerably younger than most of his class — among
the number of whom were the Hon. John M. Clayton, late
Secretary of State, and the Hon. Roger S. Baldwin, formerly
Governor of Connecticut, and United States Senator.
The winter ensuing was spent at the Litchfield Law School,
where he attended the lectures of Judges Reeve and Gould.
In the following spring he removed to Vermont, and took up his
residence at Middlebury — a town which had been settled
chiefly by emigrants from Connecticut, and, in a great propor-
tion, from Litchfield county. He there continued his legal
studies in the office of the Hon. Horatio Seymour, since a Sen-
ator in Congress from Vermont. At that time, (1812,) party
spirit ran high ; in New England, and in the particular region
where he lived, the Federal, Anti-War party was strongly in
the ascendant. Notwithstanding this, however, he was a de-
cided Democrat and a warm supporter of the Administration.
Soon after hostilities commenced, he was dratted as one of the
100,000 men who were to hold themselves in readiness, and
during the summer was ordered to the Canadian frontier. He
continued in the ranks at Burlington and Plattsburgh until au-
tumn, when he received from President Madison ihe appoint-
ment of Paymaster in the United States' service. In that ca-
pacity he remained, until the object of his appointment was
accomplished.
Returning to Middlebury, he resumed his law studies, and
was admitted, in December, 1814, to practice in the Superior
Courts, and, three years after, in the Supreme Court. Here
he continued in an extensive and successful practice for the
next seventeen years, and until called upon to give up these
duties, to fill high and responsible public stations. Previous
to the termination of this period, he was elected (in 1827) one
of the Council of Sensors. The address to the people, put
forth by this Council, was written by Mr, Phelps.
One peculiar feature in the Constitution of Vermont, at that
2^0
peiiod, was the vesting of the principal legislative power in one
body of men, ealled the House of Representatives — subject,
however, to the approval and consent of the Governor and
Council, The latter body consisted of one member from each
county in the state, elected by general ticket. In 1821, Mr.
Phelps was elected a member of the Legislative Council, and
during the session of the Legislature of that year, he was ap-
pointed a Judge of the Supreme Court. This office he held
by successive elections until 1838.
In the autumn of 1838, Judge Phelps was elected to the Sen-
ate of the United States, and at the close of his term of six
years, was re-elected to the same office in 1844.
The military appointments held by Senator Phelps, we may
add, have been, Paymaster in the governmental service, Aid to
Gov. Galusha, adjutant of a regiment, captain of a volunteer
company of riflemen, and colonel of a regiment. The office
of brigadier-general he declined in favor of a friend who stood
next in the line of promotion.
The high reputation which Judge Phelps enjoyed, as a mem-
ber of the Supreme Bench, would undoubtedly (notwithstand-
ing the too frequent change of judicial officers in his State) have
retained him in that capacity for many years beyond the time
of his resignation, to enter the Senate, but for that event. Nc*
decisions of the Vermont Bench are more highly valued than
his, as contained in the Reports from 1831 to 1838. None are
more marked by clearness and force of language, as well as by
a deep and thorough scrutiny of the whole case, in all its bear-
ings, that exhausts the subject, and leaves scarcely room for a
cavil. The confidence of the people at large in his integrity
and ability in this capacity has been rarely equalled, and their
admiration of his judicial character*and talents cannot be ex-
pressed in exaggerated terms. As an advocate, his reputation
is not confined to his own State, or to New England. His ar-
guments before the Supreme Court of the United States, at
280
Washington, have made him very generally known as one
who has few superiors as a cogent and powerful reasoner — one
who, at a glance, can look through the merits and bearings of
a case, and leave no strong point for his client unoccupied, and
no assailable point in the positions of his adversary unattacked.
We deem it no impropriely to mention here the remark of one
highly distinguished, both as advocate, orator and statesman,
after arguing a complicated and important case before the Su-
preme Court, in which Judge Phelps was his opponent : " I
would rather," said he, " have met any other lawyer from New
England. Judge Phelps has no superior there or in the coun-
try."
In the Senate, he has been known as a useful and influen-
tial, rather than as a noisy member ; a man of sound practical
judgment, and acting fearlessly up to his convictions of right ;
cautious and conservative, yet not to such an extreme but that
he can recognize and cheerfully adopt every real and positive
improvement ; true to the Constitution he has sworn to sup-
port, and to the Union ; and commending himself, by his cour-
tesy and candor, to the respect and esteem of all parties. He
seldom speaks, unless some important question is pending, and
unless, on that question, he has some well-considered opinions.
His quiet and industrious labors in the committee-room — and
especially as a member of the committee on Claims, and of the
committee on Indian Affairs, in one or both of which capacities
he has rendered efficient service for several jears- have been
highly appreciated by his associates at Washington, and have
not been valueless to the country.
Several able speeches have been delivered by him in the
Senate, two of which, in particular, attracted much attention
in all parts of the Union, ^Ve allude to his speech on the bill
(known as Clayton's Compromise,) reported by a select com-
mittee of the Senate, of which he was a member, in the summer
of 1848 ; and to that on the Vermont auti slavery resolutions,
'281
'Oil the Vermont Anti-Slavery Resolutions, during the spring
of 1850. From the well known anti-slavery sentiment of the
people of Vermont, and the course of northern Senators gen-
erally, he was placed in a difficult position by his support of
what was, for the moment, almost universally denounced at
the North. Yet he never wavered from his convictions of duty
in obedience to popular clamor ; and, whether light or wrong
in his positions, he had the satisfaction of subsequently see-
ing his course generally approved by his constituency. His
speech on the Anti-Slavery Resolutions of his State, secured
for him at once a high position as an orator and statesman,
and was received with admiration by the Senate and the coun-
try; It was copied entire into newspapers in various parts of
the Union — especially at the North and West.
Senator Phelps was appointed on the Select Committee of
Thirteen, to whom were referred various matters pertaining
to Slavery, With instructions to report some suitable plan for
the adjustment of existing difficulties. Reluctantly he con-
sented to act on that Committee, and from their report, sub-
sequently drawn up and piesented by Mr. Clay, he very pro*
perly dissented.
Senator Phelps was one of the distinguished guests on board
the U. S. Frigate " Princeton," at the time of the memorable
explosion of the mammoth gun, which killed several members
of President Tyler's Cabinet and other prominent gentlemen.*
* The following letter from Senator Phelps to a gentleman in Boston,
was published soon after the occurrence of the terrible catastrophe —
Washington, March 3d, 1844.
My Dear Sir — Yoar kind letter of yesterday came to hand this evening.
My escape from death by the tremendousx>ccurrence on board the Princes-
ton, was narrower than you or the public are aware. I stood at ihe breach
of the gun, and I suppose nearer to it than any man except those employed
in discharging it. I had with rae a young lady from Maryland, (Miss
Somerville,) whom I had just introduced to Colonel Benton, and who
was the only lady on board exposed. The Colonel and I were both pros,
trated, and he is on his back still. My hat disappeared, and I have made
no inquiry for it. The young lady's bonnet went with it. Her dress was
torn. My surtout was lorn open, and my pantaloons demolished- Her
282
He himself narrowly escaped death — but, through the inter
vention of a merciful Providence, he still lives.
He was appointed to deliver the annual address before the
American Institute in October 1850, but in consequence of
the protracted session of Congress, he was unable to fulfil the
appointment. On the 4th of March, 1851, after being twelve
years in the Senate, he retired to private life, and was suc-
ceeded in that body by the Hon. Solomon Foote.
face was scorched, and the poor girl stood like a statue, unconscious. I
did not lose my consciousness for a moment. I took a glance at the scene
caught her round the waste, and carried her below. I witnessed a scene
there which I shall not attempt to describe — it was one of agony, frenzy.
The shrieks of an hundred females — wives, daughters, sisters — the beauty,
the loveliness of the land — are still ringing in my ears. The imploring
appeals to know the fate of the nearest and dearest objects of their affec-
tion^ cannot be forgotten. "Sir," said one, " they will not tell me about
my husband." I knew her not, but she was at that moment a widow.
Her husband was blown to atoms. Another, in a state of frenzy, was
caught in the arms of her husband, and assured, by his ardent embrace
and fervent kiss, that he was safe ; but the agonized being who had, at
that moment, made that trying appeal to me, augured too surely that she
would feel that embrace no more. My friend, you will hardly believe me
when I tell you I was calm, collected. It was no time for trepidation. I
felt as if introduced into the presence of my Maker. The scene was un-
earthly: every selfish feeling vanished : even my own life was of no ac-
count. I was taken to the portals of eternity, and felt that I was survey*
ing, not the paltry interest* of time and sense, but man's eternal destiny.
The first tear that started from my eye, fell upon the few lines which con^
vOyed to my beloved and devoted wife the assurance that she was not a
widow, nor her children fatherless.
But it is past ! The friends who but a moment before the fatal accident
were seated with me at the festive board, blest with health and clothed
with honor — the select and distinguished few, a nation's pride and a na-
tion's ornament — are now in the presence of their God, whither I musl
soon follow. My worthless lite has been spared — may it not have been for
the purpose of a better preparation 1 Adieu. S. S. PHELPS.
•283
JOHN PIERPONT.
The Rev. JOHN PIERPONT is a lineal descendant of
the Rev. James Pierpont, the second minister of New Haven,
who is supposed to have been allied to the noble English fam-
ily of his name, which held the earldom of Kingston, and bore
the motto "Pie repone te." The grandson of Mr. Pierpont
of New Haven was a resident of Litchfield, where his son, the
subject of this sketch, was born, on the 6th of April, 1785,
He entered Yale College at fifteen years of age, and was reg-
ularly graduated in 1804, After assisting for a short time the
Rev. Drf Backus, in the charge of the Academy at Bethlem,
he went to South Carolina in the autumn of 1805, and resided
as a private tutor in the family of Col. William Alston, with
whom he remained for nearly four years. Here he commen-
ced the study of the law, which, after his return to Connecti-
cut in 1809, he continued in the law school at Litchfield.
In 1812, Mr Pierpont was admitted to the bar in Essex
County, Massachusetts, and practiced his profession for a tine
in Newburyport. Here he first became known to the public
in a poetical character, by delivering before the " Washington
Benevolent Society" of Newburyport, a patriotic poem entitled
" The Portrait," which was afterwards published. His health
demanding more active employment, he relinquished his pro-
fession, and engaged in mercantile transactions, first in Boston
and subsequently in Baltimore. In 1816, he abandoned these
pursuits, and about the same time published the " Airs of Pal-
estine," three editions of which were published in the course
two years. He now devoted himself to the study of theology,
284
first at Baltimore, and afterwards at the Theological School
connected with Harvard College. In October, 1818, he left
that institution, and in April of the following year, was ordain-
ed pastor of the Hollis Street Church, in Boston, as successor
to the Rev. Dr. Holley, who had been elected President of
Transylvania University, in Kentucky,
In 1835, Mr. Pierpont left his native country, and passed a
year among the most interesting scenes of foreign travel. He
visited England, France and Italy, and from thence extended
his tour through Greece into Asia Minor, and to Constanti-
nople. On his return, he resumed his pastoral charge in Bos-
ton, which he retained until 1846 — a period of more than twen-
ty-seven years from his settlement. After leaving that city,
he was for a sbort time a resident of Troy, New York, but was
subsequently'settled over a church in Medford, Massachusetts,
where he still resides. In addition to his more legitimate du-
ties as a pastor, he has been often and zealously engaged in
various moral and political reforms. He was at one election,
the regular candidate of the Liberty Party for the office of
Governor of Massachusetts ; and in the autumn of 1850, he
was the Free Soil candidate for Representative to Congress
from the district in which he resides— but there being no choice,
he withdrew from the contest before another election.
The " Airs of Palestine" is a poem of about eight hundred
lines, in the heroic measure, designed to illustrate the influence
of music upon the passions of mankind, by examples chiefly
drawn from sacred history. It was written in the cause of
charity, its recitation having formed part of the exercises of an
evening concert of sacred music for the benefit of the poor.
It is the largest work of our author, and its graceful verse and
glowing imagery have justly rendered it one of the most pop-,
ular of American poems. The minor and occasional poems of
Mr. Pierpont have been numerous, and of a highly varied
character. They are composed in almost every variety of
285
measure, and are generally marked with more of boldness and
less of delicacy that the " Airs of Palestine." They were
collected and published with the latter poem, at Boston, in a
duodecimo volume, Mr. Pierpont is elected as the Poet of
the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale College for the year 1851.
In addition to his poetical works, Mr. Pierpont has publish-
ed several school books, which have been very popular.
The following extracts from his poems will give the reader
some idea of his style and talent ;
THE PILGRIM FATHERS.
The pilgrim fathers — where are they ?
The waves that brought them o'er,
Still roll in the bay, and throw their spray,
As they break along the shore ;
Still roll in the bay, as they rolled that day,,
When the May-Flower moored below,
When the sea around was black with storms,
And white the shore with snow.
The mist that wraped the pilgrim's sleep,
Still broods upon the tide :
And his rocks yet keep their watch by the deep,
To stay its waves of pride.
But the snow-white sail, that he gave to the gale,
When the heavens looked dark, is gone,
As an angel's wing, through an opening cloud,
Is seen, and then withdrawn,
The pilgrim exile — sainted name !
The hill, whose icy brow
Rejoiced, when he came, in the morning's flame,
In the morning's flame burns now.
And the moon's cold light as it lay that night
On the hill-side and the sea,
Still lies where he laid his houseless head,
But the pilgrim — where is he ?
The pilgiim fathers arc at rest ;
When Summer's throned on high,
And the world's warm breast is in verdure dresse d
Go, stand on the hill where they lie.
The earliest ray of the golden day
On that hallowed spot is cast ;
And the evening sun, as he leaves the world,
Looks kindly on that spot last.
The pilgri m spirit has not fled,
It walks in noon's broad light ;
And it watches the bed of the glorious dead,
With the holy stars, by n ight.
It watches the bed of the brave who have bled,
And shall guard this ice-bound shore,
Till the waves of the bay where the May-flower lay
Shall foam and freeze no more.
DEDICATION HYMN.
O Thou, to whom, in ancient time,
The lyre of Hebrew bard was strung,
Whom kings adored in songs sublime,
And prophets praised with glowing tongue,-
Not now, on Zlon's height alone,
Thy favored worshipper may dwell,
Nor where, at sultry noon, thy Son
Sat, weary, by the patriarch's well.
From every place below the skies,
The grateful song, the fervent prayer—
287
The incense of the heart— may rise
To heaven, and find acceptance there.
In this thy house, whose doors we now
For social worship first unfold,
To Thee the suppliant throng shall bow,
While circling years on years are rolled.
To Thee shall age, with snowy hair,
And strength and beauty, bend the knee,
And childhood lisp, with reverend air,
Its praises and its prayers to thee.
O Thou, to whom in ancient time,
The lyre of prophet bards was strung,
To thee, at last, in very clime,
Shall temples rise, and praise be sung !
INVOCATION.
From the "Airs of Palis tine.1 *
0, Thou Dread Spirit ! Being's End and Source I
Check thy bright chariot in its fervid course ;
Bend from thy throne of darkness and of fire,
And with one smile immortalize our lyre.
Amid the cloudy lustre of thy throne,
Tho' wreathy tubes, unheard on earth, are blown,
In sweet accord with the undying hymn
Of angel choirs and harping Seraphim,
Still hast thou stooped to hear a shepherd play,
To prompt his measures and approve his lay.
Hast thou grown old, Thou, who forever livest !
Hast thou forgotten, Thou, who memory givest !
How on the day th'.ie ark, vrith loud acclaim,
From Zion's hill to Mount Moriah came,
288
iBeneath the wings of cherubim to rest,
In a rich veil of Tyrian purple dressed ;
When, harps and cymbols joined in echoing clang>
\Vbeft psalters tinkled, and when trumpets rang,
Thou didst descend, and, rolling thro' the crowd-,
Inshrine thine ark and altar in thy shroud,
And fill tlie temple with thy mantling cloud !
And now, Almighty Father, Well we know,
When humble strains from grateful bosoms flow>
Those humble strains grow richer as they rise.
And shed a balmier freshness oil the skies !
What though no Cherubim are here displayed*
iNo gilded walls, no cedar colonnade,
No crimson curtains hang around our choir*
Wrought by the cunning artizan of Tyre j
No doors of fir on golden hinges turn >
No spicy gums in golden censers burn ;
No frankincense, in rising volumes, shrouds
The fretted roof in aromatic clouds ;
No royal minstrel, from his ivory throne*
Gives thee his father's numbers or his own ;
If humble love, if gratitude inspire,
Our strain shall silence even the temple's choir,
And rival Michael's trump, nor yield to Gabriel's lyrei
289
JEREMIAH PAY
JEREMIAH BAY, D. D., LL. D., late President of Yale
College, was born in New Preston, a parish in the town of Wash-
ington, Connecticut, 1773. His father, the Rev. Jeremiah Day,
who was graduated at Yale College in 1756, was pastor of the
church in New Preston, and lived to an advanced age, much
respected. President Day was entered a freshman in Yale Col-
lege, 1789, but on account of infirm health, did not complete his
collegiate course with the class to which he at firsc belonged.
After an absence of several years, he rejoined the College, and
received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1795.
This was the year of Dr. Dwight's accession to the presidency.
By the removal of Dr. Dwight from Greenfield, the school which
he had established in that village, and which had flourished very
greatly under his instruction, was destitute of a preceptor. Mr.
Day was invited to take charge of this school, and continued in it
a year; when he was elected a tutor in Williams College, Massa-
chusetts. Here he remained two years. In Yale College, he
commenced his tutorship in 1798. He had early chosen Theology
as a profession, and while officiating as tutor, began to preach as
a candidate for the ministry. On the resignation of Professor
Meigs, who had been called to the presidency of the University of
Georgia, Mr. Day was elected, in 1801, to succeed him as Profes-
sor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. At this time Mr.
Day was in feeble health, and was obliged to suspend the business
37
290
of instruction. By the advice of his physician, he passed one
winter in the island of Bermuda. In 1803, his health was so far
restored that he entered upon his professorship; the duties of
which he continued to discharge, till the death of Dr. D wight, in
1817, when he was elected to the office of President. He was
inaugurated in July of the same year. On the same day in which
he was introduced into the presidency, he was ordained, by the
clerical part of the Fellows, a minister of the gospel.
While President Day was Professor of Mathematics and Natural
Philosophy, he published several mathematical treatises for the use
of students in that department; which are used in Yale College,
and some, or all of them, extensively in other institutions. While
he was President of the College, he published several occasional
sermons, and "An Inquiry respecting the Self-determining Power
of the Will, or Contingent Volition."
In 1817, the College in Middlebury, Vermont, conferred on
President Day the degree of Doctor of Laws, and in 1818, Union
College, in Schenectady, the degree of Doctor of Divinity. The
degree of Doctor of Divinity, likewise, was conferred on him in
1831, by Harvard University.
President Day occupied his station until 1846 — longer than any
other head of the College. Yale College has been peculiarly for-
tunate in its Presidents ; and it may be said with truth, that it at
no time flourished more, than under the administration of President
Day. His learning and talent united to great kindness of heart,
and urbanity of manner, secured alike the respect and love of
the thousands of pupils committed to his charge.
291
REV. EBENEZER PORTER, D. D.
EBEKEZER PORTER was born October 5, 1772, at Cornwall.
His father, Hon. Thomas Porter, was a farmer, but for many years,
especially in the latter part of his life, was somewhat prominent as
a political man. In 1779, he removed with his family to Tinmouth,
a small town in the Southern part of the county of Rutland, Ver-
mont. Dr. Porter began to fit for college at an early age, under
the instruction of his brother-in-law, the Rev. Mr. Osborn, then
minister of Tinmouth. He completed his preparatory studies
under the superintendence of the Rev. Job Swift, D. D., pastor of
the Congregational church in Bennington, Vt. He entered the
freshman class in Dartmouth College in 1788, and in 1792 received
the degree of A. B. At the commencement exercises, he had the
first appointment. During the whole college course, he had sus-
tained a high rank as a scholar.
The remark has not unfrequently been made, that the standing
of a student in college furnishes little or no data on which to esti-
mate his subsequent usefulness or reputation. Cases, indeed,
occur of premature growth. The mind which shoots suddenly to
manhood, may speedily decay. Boys who have excited extraordi-
nary hopes in college, have afterwards sunk into utter obscurity.
The mind is also sometimes under the stimulus of vicious excite-
ments. A young man toils for the highest honors of his class.
Day and night his powers are stretched to the utmost intensity.
A stranger to the hallowed motives to literary effort furnished by
the Christian religion, he nourishes his feverish hopes. The goa?
292
is reached ; the vale<Mct<mt oration is secured; the starring scenes
of commoncemenb-day vanish; the plaudits of too partial friends
have lost their relish. The unhappy youth is thrown out upon the
■world without an object or a motive. His mental energies suffer a
fearful collapse. We hear no more of him. He is a disgrace to
one of the learned professions, or betakes himself to a life of idle-
ness, or lingers out a miserable existence in dissipation. Perhaps
his health was ruined by his unnatural application while in the col-
lege. The valedictory has been in more than one instance a pre-
cursor to the grave. The constitution was shattered by the enor-
mous draughts which the four years made upon it. Still we are
inclined to think that the character in college is a pretty good
index of the whole subsequent life. The early developments, as
a general thing, correspond to the subsequent history. Mind is
not so changeable in its aspects as to falsify every prediction.
Some of the most powerful motives which stimulate the youthful
scholar are of a permanent, as well as a laudable character.
Years of idleness in college are occasionally recovered at a single
bound, or atoned for by subsequent indefatigable application. But
this is not the ordinary law. " Seest thou a man diligent in his
business; he shall stand before kings." This is as applicable to a
scholar's life, as to that of any other person.
Dr. Porter's career is an illustration of this conclusion. He
studied industriously and methodically in college ; in the whole of
his subsequent life, so far as his health permitted, he was a hard
student. In college he acquired for himself respect and an honor-
able rank; in his professional career he maintained the same
ascendancy.
Dr. Porter became pious during his junior year in college. The
circumstances connected with this interesting event in his history
are not known to the writer of this article. The year after he
left college, he connected himself with the Congregational church
in Washington, Litchfield county. Conn. Of this church he was
afterwards pastor. It was then under the pastoral care of the
293
Rev. Noah Merwin, with whose daughter Dr. Porter subsequently
became connected in marriage.
After leaving college, Dr. Porter spent several months in teach-
ing a school. He then commenced the study of divinity in the
celebrated private theological school of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Bel-
lamy, in Bethlem, Conn. Of this distinguished divine and theolog-
ical instructor, his pupil frequently spoke in terms of the highest
veneration and respect. For vigor and clearness of intellect; for
his power in presenting doctrinal truth to the understanding and
the conscience ; for the hold which he gained in the judgement and
affection of the students in divinity who resorted to his house ; and
for the great and happy effects produced by his preaching, his
lectures and his published discourses, Dr. Bellamy ranks very
high among the theologians of this and of other lands. The
American church has great reason to rejoice that she has been
favored with such luminaries as Drs. Bellamy, Strong, Hart,
Beecher, Backus, Stephen West, Hopkins, Dwight, Hyde, and oth-
ers. Perhaps no county in New England has been more highly
favored in this particular than our own beloved Litchfield. Not a
little of the spiritual good which Dr. Porter was enabled to effect,
is, no doubt, to be attributed to the counsels, and example of Dr.
Bellamy. The length of time employed by Dr. Porter in the study
of divinity, is not certainly known. It was probably about sixteen
or eighteen months. On the 6th of September, 1796, he was
ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Washington, vacant
by the death of Mr. Merwin.
The Theological Seminary at Andovcr was opened on *he 28th
of September, 1808 ; on which occasion the Rev. President Dwight
of Yale College, one of the visitors, delivered a sermon. At the
same time, the Rev. Eliphalet Pearson, LL. D., professor elect of
sacred literature, was ordained. Rev. Leonard Woods, D. D.,
was appointed Abbot professor of Christian theology. Soon after,
Rev. Edward D. Griffin, D. D., was chosen Bartlet professor of
sacred rhetoric. On the resignation of Dr. Pearson, Rev. Moses
294
Stuart of New Haven, Conn., was chosen professor of sacred litera-
ture ; and on the resignation of Dr. Griffin, the Rev. Ebenezer
Porter, the subject of the present sketch, was appointed professor
of sacred rhetoric.
The appointment of Dr. Porter was made in 1811. On the
18th of December of that year, the South Consociation of Litch-
field county held a special meeting at the house of Dr. Porter, for
the purpose of considering the circumstances of the application,
and, if thought advisable, to dissolve the relation between him and
his people. The clergymen present on this occasion, were the Rev.
Drs. Backus of Bethlem, Tyler of South Britain, Beecher of
Litchfield, and the Rev. Messrs. Benedict of Woodbury, Chase of
South Farms, Swift of Roxbury, Whittelsey of New Preston, Tay-
lor of Bridgewater, Hart of Plymouth, and Gelston. The Conso-
ciation, after considering the whole subject, came to the conclusion
unanimously, that it was Dr. Porter's duty to accept the appoint-
ment. His pastoral relation was accordingly dissolved.
On Wednesday, April 1, 1812, Dr. Porter was inaugurated as
professor of sacred rhetoric in the theological seminary at Ando-
ver.
In the mental habits and character of Dr. Porter there were
very obvious and striking excellencies. His sound common sense
must have been apparent to the most superficial observer. In his
public performances, there were, frequently, remarks of great pith
and sententiousness, which were not drawn from books, but from a
close observation of human nature. During his journeys, and in
his extensive acquaintance with men and institutions, he had treas-
ured up numerous and striking anecdotes illustrative of the foibles
and the weaknesses, or of the commendable points in human char-
acter. In the thousand incidents of familiar and domestic life he
exhibited a keen insight in respect to the motives by which men
are governed. No one was better qualified to give advice to young
men in relation to the many points where they would come in con-
tact with society. Dr. Porter was also remarkable for his industry.
295
It was a habit which he early acquired, and which he retained
through life. He had to contend with frequent bodily indisposition,
and, for many of the latter years of his life, with a shattered and
broken constitution. Yet no moment, in which it was possible to
labor, was lost. He seized with avidity upon every interval from
pain. Even when under the pressure of severe suffering, and
unable to leave his study, he had contrived some mental employ-
ment, which would relieve the tedium of confinement, and at the
same time, be useful to his fellow creatures. In this respect, he
resembled Richard Baxter, of whose writings he was extremely
fond, and who labored indefatigably, while suffering under almost
all the ills to which men are incident. This industry was, however,
very far removed from all bustle and excitement. There was not
the least affectation of extraordinary diligence. Some men, by
their glowing zeal and boisterous industry, convey the impression
that they have no method in their labors, and that their work will
need amendment, if not an entire revision. Dr. Porter was ever
calm and collected, for he clearly apprehended the nature of his
duties, the order in which they were to be performed, and the
strength necessary for their accomplishment. Dr. Porter possessed
a discriminating mind. In power of profound investigation on
abstruse subjects he was excelled by some other men. But he
mastered whatever he undertook. He clearly apprehended the
relations of the different parts of a subject, and the bearing of the
whole on a particular object. His study of language, his skill in
the use of it, the necessity, imposed upon him by his office, of
skillfully analyzing sentences, doubtless contributed to this result.
Language without meaning, terms without discrimination, discourse
without logic, no one was more unwilling or less liable to exhibit.
This fault in others, when it fell under his observation, and when
circumstances rendered it proper, he subjected to a severe yet
just and kind animadversion. There is a great perfection in Dr.
Porter's style of writing. So far as the nice balance of sentences,
the harmonious collocation of their members, and the selection of
296
apt and beautiful words are concerned, he was rarely ever excelled.
There was no heterogeneous agglomeration of epithets or of sen-
tences, no verbiage, no confusion of metaphors. Every thing
was distinct, clear, finished. We have the same associations
respecting the perfection of his style, which we have with that of
Prof. Play fair, Thomas Campbell, and Prof. Frisbie. His words
fell on the ear like the music of Handel. In his best discourses,
the extreme polish was not apparent. The order was so logical,
and the sentences were so clearly and precisely expressed, as to
occupy the entire attention of the hearer. It found a lodgment in
the inmost soul. Some of Dr. Porter's sermons, as delivered by
him when in the enjoyment of comparative health, were felt in the
conscience and in the heart, and produced great and permanent
effects. After all which may be said respecting unstudied nature,
the out-breaking of natural eloquence, the happy disregard of rule
and of formality, of which we so frequently hear, it is yet refresh-
ing and instructive beyond expression to listen to well-composed
sentences, which have been subjected to the revision of a severely
disciplined mind. There is a perfection in some of the sentences
of a few English writers, like Milton and Cowper, which we are
wholly unable to describe, but which affords the highest mental
pleasure.
A prominent trait in the social character of Dr. Porter wras his
exact and methodical arrangement of all his business transactions,
in connection with great benevolence of character, and, consider-
ing his means, extensive charities. No individual was ever less
obnoxious to the charge of avarice. We never heard the least
intimation of any thing resembling meanness in his intercourse with
his fellow-creatures. At the same time, a thoroughly bred
accountant could not have managed his affairs more systematically
and prudently. His habits in this particular, as must be the case
with all good habits, descended to things minute and compara-
tively unimportant. It is a most valuable acquisition, and worthy
of the serious attention of all students, who would, on the one hand,
297
preserve themselves free from the charge of avarice and a want of
fair and honorable dealing, and, on the other hand, maintain the
rules of Christian economy, providing things honest in the sight of
all men, in order that they may render their families comfortable,
and have wherewithal to bestow upon him that needeth. A parsi-
monious habit and a wasteful expenditure are equally removed
from the spirit of the Christian religion. Cheerfulness was an
interesting and prominent trait in Dr. Porter's domestic character.
When suffering severe pains of body, while confined whole dreary
winters to his house, or compelled, on the approach of winter, to
leave his beloved home and his ardently cherished seminary, and
repair to a warmer climate and the society of strangers, he still
maintained the serenity of a composed mind. When any thing
betidecl ill to the cause of his country, or of Christianity, he was
not accustomed so to dwell on the unfavorable aspect, as to cloud
his brow in gloom, to distrust a merciful Providence, or to incapaci-
tate himself for labor. His natural character was undoubtedly
peculiarly amiable. The influence also of a firm and humble hope
in Christ, had refined and perfected an original endowment of
nature. We may also add that there was a remarkable simplicity
and honesty of character in Dr. Porter. No one ever accused him
of duplicity, double dealing, equivocation, or any thing of the kind.
He possessed a sterling integrity, founded on Christian principle,
which carried him above all the arts of evasion and of insincerity.
He was an Israelite indeed, in whom there was no guile. No
one ever imagined that Dr. Porter could be enlisted in any under-
taking which would not bear the light of clay and the scrutiny of
an enlightened conscience. At the same time, there was nothing
scrupulous or over-just in his habits of thinking or acting. He did
not fall into the fault of some excellent men, in following the letter
of the law beyond its spirit, or of pressing rules excellent in them-
selves into matters indifferent, and thus creating positive injustice.
Combining these, and other interesting traits of social character
which we have not room here to delineate, Dr. Porter was, as
38
298
might have been expected, an interesting companion, a tender and
faithful counselor, a conscientious instructor, and a Christian gen-
tleman.
Dr. Porter's religious views were distinguished for the attribute
of clearness. He did not possess the spiritual imagination of Pay-
son, nor the amplitude in range of John Howe, nor the fertile
invention of Richard Baxter, but the objects of faith which came
within the scope of his mental view, were most distinctly appre-
hended, and left on his character and conduct the most definite
impressions. His religious reading was extensive, and always
discriminating, his acquaintance with pious men and sacred institu-
tions was varied and long continued, his religious experience
decided and thorough, and all were turned to the best practical
purposes. The system of religious doctrines which he cherished,
and at all times firmly maintained, accorded with that taught by his
venerable theological instructor, Dr. Bellamy. After mature and
careful examination, he was convinced that this system was founded
on the Scriptures. Hence, in the exhibition and defence of it, he
was explicit and decided. Yet he was never intolerant, nor perti-
nacious. He never maintained the opinion, nor exemplified it in
his practice, that orthodoxy, in the absence of the Christian tem-
per, is acceptable to heaven, or that the mode and spirit in which
a doctrine are exhibited are of no consequence, provided the doc-
trine itself be sound. He strove to maintain peace, and a Christ-
ian temper, while he explained and enforced the pure truth of the
gospel, never postponing or undervaluing peace while he contend-
ed for purity. Scarcely any topic was exhibited more frequently
or impressively in his public preaching than the importance of love
for the truth and Christian meekness, in addition to zeal for ortho-
doxy ; and that eminent spiritual affections ought always to accom-
pany and consecrate fresh acquisitions of religious knowledge. He
was ever aware of the great danger of substituting biblical or theo-
logical learning for vital piety. His influence upon the seminary,
and upon candidates for the ministry, in this respect, was con-
stantly and successfully exerted.
299
To our various public charitable institutions, Dr. Porter was a
uniform and invaluable friend. He not only felt a deep interest in
them, and offered prayer in their behalf, but contributed liberally
for their support. He perceived their intimate and essential rela*
tion to the kingdom of Jesus Christ, and to the promotion of the
best interests of the human race. To no one of these institutions
did he exhibit a stronger attachment, than to the American Edu-
cation Society. He was among the first to perceive the necessity
of special efforts to seek out and bring forward ministers and
missionaries for the numerous fields which are whitening for the
harvest. To this important subject, from the outset, he gave a
large amount of thought and personal effort. His extensive and
important influence in the southern States, as well as in other por-
tions of the country, was most cheerfully exerted. When this
Society was called to experience severe embarrassment and trial,
Dr. Porter remained stedfast to its interests, and prompt to afford
encouragement and aid. Every successive year in its history fur-
nishes evidence of the wisdom and forecast of his views in relation
to this great cause. At the anniversary of the Society in Boston,
in 1820, he delivered a sermon, wdiich has been regarded as
among his ablest productions. It discovers the anxious paternal
interest which he felt in the subject. It is filled with facts dis-
playing the most elaborate and careful research, and is written
with his accustomed taste and power.
Dr. Porter died at Andover on the 8th of April, 1834, at the
age of sixty-two years. He had been for many years an invalid.
Early in the spring, some severe domestic afflictions were the
means of still further reducing his feeble frame. The powers of
nature sunk3 till the energies of his- body and mind entirely gave
way. Owing to the absence of reason, for the last few days of
his life, he was not able to give those testimonies of the precious-
ness of the Christian hope, which, in other circumstances, his uni-
form and consistent piety, his mature and settled views of Christian
truth, would have led us confidently to anticipate.
300
The funeral services were attended on Friday, the 11th of
April. A procession of the trustees, patrons, and students of the
theological and literary institutions was formed at Dr. Porter's
house, and moved with his remains to the chapel, where prayers
were offered by the Rev. Drs. Dana and Church, and a sermon
was preached by the Rev. Dr. Woods, from John xvii. 4, " I have
glorified thee on the earth ; I have finished the work which thou
gavest me to do."
The following is the inscription on a neat monument, in the form
of an obelisk, of white marble, which has since been erected to his
memory, by the American Education Society.
[In front]
SACKED
to the memory of
EBENEZER PORTER, D. D.
who died 1834, aged sixty-two years;
was graduated at
Dartmouth College, 1792,
ordained as Pastor at
Washington, Conn. 1795,
inaugurated as
Professor of Sacred Rhetoric
in the Theological Seminary
at Andover, 1812,
appointed President of the same
1827.
[On the right sid .]
Of cultivated understanding,
refined taste, solid judgment,
sound faith and ardent piety ;
Distinguished for strict integrity
and uprightness,
kind and gentle deportment,
simplicity and godly sincerity;
A Father to the Institution
with which he was connected,
a highly useful Instructor,
a zealous Patron of the
Benevolent Societies of the times
in which he lived,
301
a true Friend to the temporal
and eternal interests of
his fellow beings ;
Living, he was peculiarly loved and revered ;
Dying, he was universally lamented.
[On the leftside.]
The
American Education Society,
to whose use he bequeathed
the greater part of his property,
in token of their high esteem,
and grateful remembrance of
his services and bounties,
have caused this monument
to be erected.
The following is the most complete list of Dr. Porter's publica-
tions, which we have been able to make. It is probable that some
single sermons are not included.
1. Missionary Sermon ; Hartford, Conn. 1806.
2. Fatal Effects of Ardent Spirit ; Hartford, Conn. 1811.
3. Great Effects from Little Causes ; a Sermon before the Mora!
Society, Andover, 1815.
4. Sermon at the Ordination of the Rev. Israel W. Putnam,
Portsmouth, N. H. 1815.
5. Character of Nehemiah ; a Sermon ; Andover, 1816.
6. Sermon at the Dedication of the Chapel of the Theological
Seminary; Andover, 1819.
7. Sermon at the Ordination of the Rev. Thomas J. Murdoek ;
Portland, Me. 1819.
8. Sermon at the Installation of Rev. D. Oliphant; Beverly,
Mass. 1819. #
9. Young Preacher's Manual, or a Collection of Treatises on
Preaching; Boston, 1819, 1 vol. 8vo. A second edition enlarged,
has since been published.
10. Sermon before the American Education Society ; Boston, 1820.
11. Signs of the Times; a Sermon delivered at the Public Fast ;
Andover, 1823.
12. Analysis of Vocal Inflection; (Pamph.) Andover, 1824o
302
13. Analysis of the Principles of Rhetorical Delivery; 1 vol.
18mo. ; Andover, 1827.
14. Rhetorical Reader, and a course of Rhetorical Exercises; 1
vol. 18mo. ; Andover, 1831. Fourteen editions of this book have
been published.
15. Syllabus of Lectures ; (Pamph.) Andover, 1832.
1G. Treatise on Spiritual Mindedness, by John Owen, D. D*
abridged by Ebenezer Porter, D. D. ; Boston, 1833, 1 vol. 18 mo.
17. Lectures on Homiletics and Preaching, and on Public Prayer,
together with Sermons and Addresses, 1 vol. 8vo. ; 1834. An edition
of this volume was published in London, in 1835, with a Preface, and
with Notes, by Rev. J. Jones of Liverpool.
18. A Practical Exposition of the 130th Psalm, by John Owen*
D. D. abridged by Ebenezer Porter, D. D. ; Boston, 1834, 1 vol.
18mo.
Since the death of Dr. Porter there have been published from his
manuscripts —
19. The Biblical Reader, consisting of Rhetorical Extracts from
the Old and New Testaments, revised for publication by T. D. P.
Stone ; Andover, 1834, 1 vol. 18 mo. ; and
20. Lectures on Eloquence and Style; 1836.
Dr. Porter also published some Sermons in the American National
Preacher ; various essays, biographies, etc. in the Connecticut Evan-
gelical Magazine, the Panoplist, the Spirit of the Pilgrims, and the
American Quarterly Register.
The Lectures on Eloquence do not comprise an entire course.
They were intended as a sequel to those which have been incorpora-
ted into the Author's Analysis of Rhetorical Delivery. He was indu-
ced to enlarge on the vocal organs, by the urgent request of those
whose judgment he regarded, and because no instruction on the abuses
of those organs, had been accessible in any regular form to young
ministers. The Lectures on Style are also designedly limited in
extent, embracing only a few topics, the discussion of which was deemed
most important in its bearing on the reputation and usefulness of the
American Pulpit. All the Lectures discover* that good sense, that
careful discrimination and cultivated taste, visible in the author's pre-
vious publications. They are well worth the study, not only of theo-
logical students, but of all who are preparing to become public speak-
ers, or to influence the public mind by the press.
"03
HORATIO SEYMOUR, L.L.D
Was born at Litchfield, Conn., May 31st, 1778. He was of the
sixth generation in lineal descent from Richard Seymour, one of
the first settlers of Hartford. This Richard Seymour, his son
John, his grandson John, and his great grandson Moses, all lived
and died in Hartford. Moses Seymour, the great grandson of
Richard, and the grandfather of Horatio, was born at Hartford in
1705, and died there, Sept. 24th, 1795, aged 85. *His wife
Rachel was born in 1716, and died July 23d, 1763, aged 47.
Major Moses Seymour, Jr., the son of Moses and the father of
Horatio, was born at Hartford, July 23d, 1742, removed early to
Litchfield, and married Mary, the daughter of Ebenezer Marsh,
Esq., of Litchfield, a pious and estimable woman. Major Seymour
was in the war of the Revolution, and was present at the surrender
of Burgoyne. He represented the town of Litchfield in the State
Legislature, much of the time, from 1795 to 1812; was Town
Clerk from 1789 to 1826, and Senior Warden of St. Michael's
Church, Litchfield, more than seventeen years. He died, greatly
respected, Sept. 17th, 1826, aged 84. His wife died, July 17th,
1826, aged 73. They had six children, namely: (1.) Clarissa,
born Aug. 3d, 1772, married in October, 1791, to Rev. Truman
Marsh, who was born in Litchfield, Feb. 22d, 1768 ; graduated at
Yale in 1786 ; was ordained a Deacon by Bishop White, in March,
1790, and a Presbyter by Bishop Seabury, in June, the same
year; became the Rector of St. John's Church, New Milford, till
November, 1799; then Rector of St. Michael's Church, Litch-
304
field, till 1810. (2.) Moses Seymour, Jr., Esq., born June 30th,
1774, married Mabel Strong, of Addison, Vt., was for several
years Postmaster in Litchfield, and High Sheriff, and died there,
May 8th, 1824, aged 52. His son, Dr. George Seymour, born
in 1817, is a physician in Litchfield, and has twice represented
that town in the State Legislature. (3.) Ozias Seymour, born
July 8th, 1776, married Miss Sebrina Storrs, of Mansfield, Conn.,
was for several years Sheriff of Litchfield county, and died in
1851. His wife died, Nov. 2d, 1814, aged 28, leaving an only
son, Origen S. Seymour, Esq., who was born, February, 1804,
graduated at Yale in 1824, and is a noted lawyer in Litchfield,
and now a member of Congress. (4.) Horatio Seymour, the
subject of this memoir. (5.) Henry Seymour, born May 30th,
1780, removed to Utica, State of New York, became wealthy, was
Mayor of Utica, Canal Commissioner, State Senator, and died
recently,, leaving a widow and reputable descendants. One of
his sons, the Hon. Horatio Sejinour, of Utica, was the Democratic
candidate for Governor of New York, in 1851. (6.) Epaphro-
ditus Seymour, born July 8th, 1783, removed to Brattleborough,
Vt., where he still lives, and is president of a bank. He was
never married.
Horatio Seymour, the fourth child of Major Moses Seymour,
was, from early childhood, amiable, studious, and decorous in all
his conduct. He fitted for College at New Milford, under the
instruction of his brother-in-law, the Rev. Truman Marsh. The
first year after his graduation, he was an assistant teacher in the
academy at Cheshire, Conn. The next year he spent in Litch-
field, attending the Law School of Judge Reeve. In October,
1799, he removed to Middlebury, Addison county, Vermont, and
became a student of law in the office of the Hon. Daniel Chip-
man. In the spring of 1800, he was admitted to the bar, and
commenced business in Middlebury, which has been his place of
residence ever since. In 1809, he was elected a member of the
Council, or Upper House, in the State Legislature ; and for seven
305
or eight years, he was annually elected to that body. In October,
1820, the Legislature of the State appointed him a Senator in the
United States Congress for six years from the 4th of March, 1821;
and, at the expiration of that term, he was reelected for a second
term of six years. In 1833 he resumed the practice of law, and
has continued it to the present time. In 1836 he was the whig
candidate for Governor of Vermont, but Mr. Palmer, the anti-
masonic candidate, was elected. Up to the time that he went
into the United States Senate, his law practice had been very
extensive, and his pecuniary affairs prosperous. He had acquired
an amount of property, which might be deemed a competency for
the remainder of life. But he subsequently lost it all, and chiefly
by becoming surety for others. Since he left the Senate, his pro-
fessional business has afforded him a good support, and has also
enabled him every year to pay a considerable amount of debts.
Still he is destitute of property. In October, 1847, the Legisla-
ture appointed him Judge of Probate for the district of Addison.
This affords him employment a great part of the time, and adds
something to his means of support. The Corporation of Yale
College, at the Commencement in 1847, conferred on him the
honorary degree of LL. D.
In the spring of 1800, Mr. Seymour was married to Miss Lucy
Case, of the town of Addison, Vt., who bore him six children, and
died in October, 1838. Since her death he has remained single.
His six children were — (1.) Ozias Seymour, educated at Middle-
bury College, a lawyer in Middlebury, and residing near his father.
He has a wife and five children. (2.) Moses Seymour, bred a
merchant, engaged in business in Middlebury, was unfortunate in
his business, and removed to the West, a few years ago, and now
resides in Geneva, Walworth County, Wisconsin, where he culti-
vates a small farm. He has a wife and two children. (3.) Mary
Seymour, who died in June, 1821, at the age of sixteen, of con-
sumption. (4.) Emma Hart Seymour, married Philip Battell,
Esq., son of the late Joseph Battell, of Norfolk, and died of
39
306
consumption, November, 1841, leaving two small children, a son
and a daughter. These grandchildren and their surviving parent
now constitute a part of Mr. Seymour's family. (5.) Horatio
Seymour, Jr., was educated at Middlebury College, and is a
lawyer of note at Buffalo, State of New York. He has a wife
and two children. (6.) Henry Seymour, was a merchant's clerk
until of age, never embarked in regular business, and was never
married. He was with the army in Florida during most of the
Seminole war, afterwards went to the coast of Africa in the United
States ship Jamestown, returned in the ship, and died in Boston,
January, 1847.
Mr. Seymour united with the Episcopal Society in Middlebury
at its first organization, and for several years has been the Senior
Warden of the parish. He has been a communicant in the Epis-
copal church for many years.
He says : " I have, through life, with a few exceptions, enjoyed
good health, and am at present exempt from bodily infirmities to a
much greater degree than are most persons who have arrived at
my advanced age. I attend regularly the sessions of the court in
this county, and take part in the trial of causes. I keep an office,
and am regular and constant in my attention to the business of it.
So long as I shall be blessed with the measure of health I now
enjoy, I ought not to feel any anxiety in relation to a comfortable
support."
807
THOMAS DAY, L. L. D,
Was the third son of Rev. Jeremiah Day, a Congregational minis-
ter, in New Preston Society, in the town of Washington, and a
younger brother of Rev. Jeremiah Day, D. D., LL. D., President
of Yale College. He was a descendant, in the sixth generation,
from Robert Day, of Hartford, who was born in England, came
to America among the first settlers in Massachusetts, and joined
the company of one hundred persons, who, in 1638, removed from
Newtown, Mass., to Hartford, Conn,, with the Rev. Thomas
Hooker, the first minister of Hartford. Thomas Day was born at
New Preston, July 6th, 1777. He passed his childhood and
youth under the paternal roof, attending the common district school
in winter, and laboring with his brothers on a farm in summer.
His father and older brother first instructed him in Latin and
Greek ; and he afterwards spent some months under the tuition of
Barzillai Slosson, Esq., in the neighboring town of Kent. The
winter of 1793-4 he passed at an academy in New Milford. Thus
fitted for College, he entered the Freshman Class in the spring of
1794, and graduated in 1797, at the age of twenty.
During his first year after graduation, he attended the Law
lectures of Judge Reeve, at Litchfield. From September, 1798,
to September, 1799, he was a Tutor in Williams' College, and, at
the same time, read law under the direction of Daniel Dewey,
Esq., of Williamstown, afterwards a Judge of the Supreme Court
of Massachusetts. In September, 1799, Mr. Day went to Hartford,
80S
read law for about three months with Theodore Dwight, Esq., was
admitted to the bar in December, 1799, and immediately entered
on the practice of law in Hartford, where he has resided ever
since. In October, 1809, he was appointed by the General
Assembly of Connecticut, Assistant Secretary of State ; and in
1810, he was elected Secretary of State by the people, and re-
elected for twenty five successive years, or until May, 1835.
In May, 1815, he was appointed associate Judge of the County
Court, for the County of Hartford, and annually afterwards, except
one year, until May, 1825, in which year he was made Chief
Judge of that Court, and was continued in that office, by succes-
sive annual appointments, until June, 1833. In March, 1818, as
one of the two senior aldermen of the city of Hartford, he became
one of the Judges of the City Court, and continued such, by suc-
cessive annual elections, until March, 1831.
Mr. Day was one of the Committee who prepared the edition of
the Statutes of Connecticut, published in 1808; and by him the
notes Were compiled, the index made, and the introduction written.
He was also one of the Committee who revised the Statutes in
1 821, and likewise one of a Committee to prepare and superintend
a new edition in 1824.
In June. 1805, he began to attend the Supreme Court of Errors,
for the purpose of taking notes and reporting the decisions of that
Court; and he has attended ir over since for the same purpose.
Provision being made by law for the appointment of a Reporter,
Mr. Day was appointed to that office in June, 1814, and has been
continued in it to the present time. As a volunteer, he prepared
and published reports of cases decided by the Supreme Court of
Errors, from 1802 to 1813, in five volumes 8vo ; and as official
Reporter, reports of cases decided by the same Court, from 1814
to 1846, inclusive, in seventeen volumes royal 8vo, the 18th being
now in course of preparation. He has also edited several English
law works, in all about forty volumes, in which he introduced
notices of American decisions, and sometimes of the later English
309
Cases, either by incorporating them in the text, or by appending
them as notes in the margin, together with other improvements.
Mr. Day's name likewise stands connected with many literary
and benevolent institutions. He is, or has been, one of the
Trustees of the Hartford Grammar School, and Clerk of the Board ;
one of the Trustees of the Hartford Female Seminary, and Presi-
dent of the Board ; one of the Vice Presidents of the American
Asylum for the education of the Deaf and Dumb ; one of the
Trustees of the Retreat for the Insane ; one of the Directors of
the Connecticut Bible Society ; President of the Hartford County
Missionary Society, auxiliary to the Am. B. C. F. M. ; President
of the Connecticut Branch of the American Education Society ;
President of the Goodrich Association, &c. &c. He was an
original member of the Connecticut Historical Society, and aided
in its organization, in 1825, being at that time its Recording Sec-
retary. On the revival of the institution in 1839, he became its
President, a position which he still retains.
Mr. Day was married on the 18th of March, 1813, to Sarah
Coit, daughter of Wheeler Coit, of Preston, (now Griswokl,) who
was a grandson of the Rev. Joseph Coit, of Plainfield, one of the
first class of Yalensian graduates. They have had eight children,
two sons and six daughters. One of the sons died in infancy, the
other son and all the daughters but one are living. They are Sarah
Colt, bom in 1814, resides with her father ; Elizabeth, born in
1816, is the wife of Prof. N. P. Seymour, of the Western Reserve
College, and resides at Hudson, Ohio ; Thomas Mills, born in
1817, graduated at Yale in 1837, was admitted to the bar in
Hartford, 1840, and is resident in Boston ; Catherine Augusta,
born in 1819, was recently married ; Harriet, born in 1821, is
the wife of John P. Putnam, LL. B., who graduated at Yale in
1837, and resides now in Boston ; Robert, born in 1824, and died
the same year ; Mary Frances, born in 1826, and Ellen, born in
1829, and died in 1850,
At the Commencement of Yale College, in 1847, the Corporation
of that Institution conferred on Mr. Day the Honorary Degree of
LL.D.
310
NATHAN SMITH,
The Honorable NATHAN SMITH, of New Haven, was born
in Roxbury, in 1770. He was a son of Richard Smith, and brother
of the late Hon. Nathaniel Smith, whose history is briefly sketched
in this volume. His mother was a daughter of Benjamin Hurd,
and grand-daughter of Benjamin Hinman, of Woodbury.* The
parents of the subject of this sketch were plain, unaspiring people,
yet among their descendants have been some of the most eminent
lawyers and statesmen of the commonwealth.
On arriving at a suitable age, Nathan was transferred from the
farm to the office of his brother above named, and afterwards to
that of Judge Reeve, to learn the "art and mystery" of the law;
and in due time he was admitted to the bar of his native county.
He commenced the practice of law in the city of New Haven,
where he continued to reside until his death. Slowly but surely,
he won his way to the highest professional eminence. Indeed,
he was an enthusiast in the profession he had chosen, ever
regarding success therein, as the goal of his ambition. Conse-
quently, he studied the standard legal authors of England and
America thoroughly and systematically. No practitioner in the
Connecticut Courts better understood the law in all its crooks and
turns, and no one could more effectually impress the minds of a
jury with his own views and feelings on any case, than he. The
theoretical and practical, the profound and witty, were so happily
* In the sketch of the Hon. Nathaniel Smith, (p. 137,) we erroneously stated that
his mother was a Hinman.
311
blended in his arguments, that while they attracted the admiration
of the listener, they were almost certain of securing the wished
for verdict. His wonderful success at the bar, however, must not
be attributed solely to his talents and ingenuity. His strict regard
for justice and right, would not permit him to plead a case which
he knew to be grossly unrighteous. Before enlisting his services
in any cause, he was wont to examine minutely the main facts and
circumstances connected with it ; and if convinced of its justice,
he entered upon the discharge of his duties to his client with his
whole soul, and rarely failed of coming oif victorious. It was his
own manifest confidence in the goodness of the cause he advocated,
united to a knowledge of his uniform integrity of purpose, which
so surely won from every jury a favorable verdict.
Mr. Smith was not a politician, and had the utmost contempt of
the office-seeking propensity of many of his legal brethren, And
even if his own ambition had been turned into that channel, it is by
no means certain he would have been successful. The political
party with which he acted, was for a long series of years in the
minority in the region in which he lived ; and where party lines
are closely drawn, a zeal for place and power not unfrequently
triumphs over merit. His name was sometimes, without his con-
sent, used by his fellow-citizens in the political struggles of the
times. In 1825, he was a principal opponent of Oliver Wolcott
for the office of Governor of Connecticut. There were, however,
some offices more directly in the line of his profession, which he
did not dislike, though he was far from seeking them. He was
for many years State's attorney for the county of New Haven,
and subsequently, United States' attorney for the District of Con-
necticut. In these stations, his peculiar genius and learning were
often rendered conspicuous.
In May, 1832, Mr. Smith was elected a Senator in the Con-
gress of the United States, to succeed the Hon. Samuel A. Foote,
whose term would expire on the 3d of March following. He took
his seat in that distinguished body, March 4, 1833, and continued
to discharge the duties of the station until the 6th of December,
312
1835, when he died suddenly in the city of Washington, in the
66th year of his age. The correspondent of the New York Daily
Advertiser, gives the following account of the funeral ceremonies
of Senator Smith, which took place on Wednesday, the 9th of
December.
"The flag-staff, with the American flag floating at half mast, denoted
early on the morning of Wednesday, that the capitol was to be the
scene of solemnity. At 12 o'clock the hour of adjournment came.
The ladies' gallery was filled with the beau'y and fashion of the nation,
and the opposite gallery was not less crowded with spectators, all anx-
ious to witness the obsequies. A motion was made for adjournment
till 12 o'clock on the following day, which was carried hy a silent vote.
Prior to this, however, the President and Vice President of the United
States, the Heads of Departments, public and private Secretaries, with
the Senators and clergymen entered and seated themselves in the
Senate chamber. Soon the coffin was borne in by servants with broad
white scarfs around their hats. Next came the Representatives with
crape upon their left arms, preceded by the members from Connecticut,
(the state of the deceased,) in deep mourning, with a broad black
scarf extending from the right shoulder under the left arm. The Vice
President was in the chair; the President and Heads of Departments
sat on the left side of the front row of seats ; the Senators and Repre-
sentatives filled the remaining seats. Opposite the President were the
delegation from Connecticut. All was still and solemn as the grave,
when the minister, dressed in a black robe over which was a white
scarf, arose from the seat in front of the Vice President's chair, repeat-
ing some expressive and appropriate texts from the volume of Holy
Writ. He addressed the assembly for some minutes, when, after
invoking a blessing from the Almighty, the funeral procession was
formed. The Committee of Arrangements, dressed in white scarfs,
preceded the hearse ; next came the pall-bearers ; then followed the
clergymen, President, Vice President, Secretaries, Members and
Citizens. The procession consisted of one hundred carriages, extend-
ing nearly a mile in length. All of the hackmen were dressed in a
uniform mourning, with a crape around their hats. The deceased
was carried to the national burying-ground, where, after the accus-
tomed services, the procession was re-formed and returned. The
whole scene was truly impressive and solemn — worthy of the nation
and of the venerated character of the deceased."
In 1808, Mr. Smith received the honorary degree of Master of
Arts from Yale College,
318
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS TALLMADGB.
The Hon. F. A. TALLMADGE, the celebrated lawyer and
politician of the City of New York, is a son of the late Hon.
Benjamin Tallmaclge, an officer of the Revolutionary Army and for
fifteen years a distinguished member of Congress from Connecticut.
The subject of this sketch was born in Litchfield, August 29th,
1792, and graduated at Yale College in 1811, in the class with
his distinguished fellow-townsman, the Hon. S. S. Phelps, of Ver-
mont. Immediately after graduating, Mr. Tallmadge entered the
Law School at Litchfield, and after prosecuting the usual course of
legal studies, he was admitted a member of the Bar of Litchfield
County.
In 1814 he commenced the practice of his profession in the
City of New York. Notwithstanding he was surrounded by
experienced and eminent lawyers, he soon rose to distinction in
the metropolis, and in a few years he was regarded as one of its
most successful advocates and counsellors. In 1834, he was
elected an Alderman of that city, and while a member of the
Common Council, in the fall of 1836, he was chosen a member of
the State Senate, and was subsequently elected its presiding officer.
As a Senator he was ex officio a Judge of the Supreme Court for
the Correction of Errors. After remaining a member of that dis-
tinguished body for four years, Mr. Tallmadge was appointed by
the Governor and Senate, to the office of Recorder of the City of
New York — a post which he occupied for five years. As Chief
Justice of the Police Court in the city, his labors were arduous
40
314
and responsible, and it is sufficient praise to say that he discharged
them promptly and faithfully.
In 1846, he was elected a Representative to the Congress of
the United States. In the autumn of 1848, before the expiration
of his Congressional term, he was elected Recorder of New York
by the people — his being the first election to that office under
the new Constitution of the State. He still occupies the station.
Soon after locating in New York, Mr. Tallmadge was married to
a daughter of the Hon. Judson Canfield of Sharon, in his native
County. His public career has been eminently popular, and as he
is still in the prime of life, we trust new honors await him.
315
ARPHAXAD LOOMIS,
Was born at Winchester, on the 9th of Apiil, 1798. His father
was a farmer, in very moderate circumstances. Arphaxad was the
fifth son, and from the time his father removed with his family to
Herkimer county, New York, until his fourteenth year, he was
accustomed to steady service on the farm. He enjoyed, however,
the usual opportunities afforded to boys in the country, of attending
the common school, and which he improved to good advantage.
When fourteen years of age, his father hired him out as the teacher
of a common school, seven or eight miles from home. He was
then quite small of his age. His agreement was six dollars per
month, and to "board round." He subsequently, for several
successive years, taught school in the winters, and during the
summers he attended the academy at Fairfield, Herkimer county,
paying his tuition by his winter earnings. According to the com-
mon practice of that institution, he lived in his room, at the acad-
emy, upon his own food, a week's supply of which he was accus-
tomed to carry from his father's house, a distance of four miles,
every Monday morning. He also wore the home-made garments
of his father's household. It was understood, however, that he
was not to be a burden to the family, even to this extent, and
accordingly, his winter's earnings were, with the exception of
"tuition," and "book-money," regularly paid over to his father,
as an equivalent for his supplies. He was very desirous of going
through a collegiate course, but his resources would not permit the
gratification of this ambition.
81 6*
In 1818, he entered his name as a student in a law office at
Johnstown, Montgomery count;.-. At the end of three months,
however, his funds became exhausted, and he was compelled once
more to commence teaching. Although he sometimes brooded in
deep despondency over his want of means to prosecute his legal
studies, lie was determined not to " give up." Having heard that
a teacher of his acquirements might probably find good employ-
ment at Watertown, Jefferson county, he borrowed ten dollars of
his father, and on the 20th of December, 1818, he started on foot
with a knapsack on his back, over the bleak hills and frozen ground.
Owing to the extreme cold, which happened to set in about that
time, the journey proved a very severe one, and to that he attrib-
utes his impaired hearing.
At Watertown, he obtained employment in the district school.
Here, also, he entered a law office, and pursued his legal studies.
At the end of three months, he obtained sufficient law business to
enable him forever to relinquish the school room, and to continue
his studies without further interruption. He completed them at
Sacketts Harbor, in January, 1825, and took his license as attor-
ney at law. He spent the twro succeeding years in practicing in
the office where he finished his course. A part of the third year
was spent in a journey through the south-western states, with a
vague notion that he would locate himself in a new country, and
"grow up with it." He visited Gen. Jackson, and saw all the
lions in his way. He found the country, however, too "new" for
his taste, and returned to his father's house exhausted in funds,
and in feeble health. After recruiting himself to some extent, he
iinally located at Little Falls, Herkimer county, his present resi-
dence. He there devoted himself to the practice of his profession,
with considerable success.
In February, 1828, he was appointed surrogate of Herkimer
county, which office he held until 1837. In the winter of 1884,
his name was sent to the senate, by Gov. Marcy, for the office of
circuit judge : but, owing to an apprehension that his defective
317
hearing would interfere with the proper discharge of the duties,
the nomination was subsequently withdrawn. On that occasion he
received complimentary letters from all the democratic senators,
assuring him that nothing but the said impediment had induced
them to advise the substitution of another person.
During the spring of the same year, Gov. Marcy appointed him
on the commission, with Messrs. Elisha Litchfield and Eli Moore,
to investigate the subject of mechanical labor in the state prisons ;
also, the prison policy and discipline. After a most laborious
investigation, a report and bill, both drawn up by Mr. Loomis,
were submitted to the legislature, in 1835, on which the law of
the year was based. This had the effect of subduing the prevail-
ing excitement for several years, when the continual disregard of
the regulations, by executive officers of the prisons, caused the
mechanical interests in the state to renew the complaint.
In the fall of 183G, Mr. Loomis was elected a representative in
congress, and took his seat at the first session under Mr. Van
Buren's administration. During the long session of 1837-8, he
was a member of the committee on private land claims, and his
labors were so severe as to seriously impair his health. The
following session he served on the committee on public lands,
where he also found that there was work to' do. While on the
latter committee, he strenuously exerted himself to prepare the
way for the sale of lands to actual settlers only, and at a very
moderate price, believing then, as now, that all other sales are
detrimental to the public interest. He also exerted himself in
favor of postage reform, and the regulation of the franking privi-
lege, and with this object he introduced many resolutions of inquiry
into the existing abuses, and which had the effect of hastening the
subsequent action of congress on those subjects.
On the 1st of January, 1841, Mr. Loomis took his seat in the
New York legislature, as a representative of Herkimer county.
Here, entertaining strong convictions of the great evils of a public
debt, and thinking that he perceived a strong tendency to create
318
debts, and in many cases from selfish motives, it occnred to him
that these tendencies might be lessened, if not entirely obviated,
by preventing any public debt, unless sanctioned by the direct
vote of the people themselves. In addition to giving his views
through the press, on the 14th of January, 1841, he introduced a
resolution to amend the constitution, so as to restrain the legisla-
ture from borrowing money, or creating any public debt, except to
repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or to defend the state in war,
unless authorized by a direct vote of the electors, at a general
election. This proposition was approved by most of the democratic
papers in New York, and other states. Many of the editors kept
it at the head of their columns for months. Although the resolu-
tion was not carried, yet its frequent repetition by him during
succeeding sessions, resulted, in the convention of 1846, of which
Mr. Loomis was an active member, in its adoption.
Of the arduous labors of Mr. Loomis, as chairman of the judi-
ciary committee, in the legislature, and of his eminent services as a
member of the convention, and which seriously injured his health,
our limits, will not permit us to speak. It will be sufficient to say,
that a more devoted public servant cannot be found.
319
WILLIAM W. BOARDMAN.
This gentleman is a son of the late Hon. Elijah Boardinan, of
the United States Senate, and was born in New . Milford, on the
10th of October, 1794. During his boyhood, he was for a while
at school in Great Barrington, Mass., among his mother's relatives,
and was thence transferred to Bacon Academy, at Colchester,
where he fitted for College. In the autumn of 1808, he entered
Yale College and graduated in due course, before he was eighteen
years of age. The following year was spent by him as a resident
graduate at Harvard College. He read law with David S. Board-
man, Esq., of New Milford, and at the Litchfield Law School, and
commenced the practice of the legal profession at New Haven, in
1819, where he still resides.
Upon the organization of our State Government under the new
Constitution, in May, 1819, Mr. Boardman was elected Secretary
of the Senate, and was annually re-elected until 1824, when he
was appointed Judge of Probate for the District of New Haven ;
a post which he filled for five years. In 1830, he was elected to
the Senate of this State, and was twice re-elected. In the spring
of 1836, he represented New Haven in the Connecticut House of
Representatives, at which session he had a somewhat famous
debate with the Hon. Perry Smith (since of the United States
Senate,) then a member from New Milford. At the extra session
held during the following winter, the law relating to electors' meet-
ings, enacted in pursuance of an amendment of the Constitution,
was drawn up and reported by him. Mr. Boardman was again a
320
member of the House in 1837, and was appointed chairman of the
Committee on Divorces. At the same session he proposed amend-
ments to the Constitution, giving the election of Judges of Probate
and Justices of the Peace to the people, and though they failed at
that time, they have recently been adopted.
In 1838 and 1839, Mr. Boardman was a member of the House,
and elected Speaker both years. In 1840, he w8s chosen amem-
of the 26th Congress to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resigna-
tion of the Hon. Win. L. Storrs, who had been transferred to the
Supreme Bench; and was a member of the Committee on Private
Land Claims. In April, 1841, he was re-elected to the National
House of Representatives, and during the three sessions of the
27th Congress, he served as Chairman of the Committee on public
buildings and grounds.
The subject of this sketch was returned as a member of the
Connecticut Legislature in 1845, and was again elected Speaker.
He was also a member in 1849, and would have been elected Speaker
on one of the ballotings if he had withheld his own vote. On the
ballot alluded to, Mr. Boardman had 110 votes ; John C. Lewis,
Esq., of Plymouth, had 108 ; and there was two scattering votes,
one of which was cast by Mr. Boardman. On the following ballot
Mr. Lewis was choseu by one majority. During this session, Mr.
B. was Chairman on the part of the House of the Committee on
Divorces, the late Gen. Bacon, of Litchfield, being Chairman on
the part of the Senate. In 1851, Mr. Boardman was once more
a member and candidate for Speaker of the House.
We have thus given the leading events in the history of one of
the distinguished sons" of Litchfield County — a gentleman who is
still in the prime of life and on the highway to new preferment.
321
JO PIN MILTON HOLLEY
JOHN MILTON HOLLEY, (son of a distinguished gentleman
of the same name,) was a native of Salisbury, where he was born
in November, 1802. He graduated with distinguished honors at
Yale College, in 1822, and after pursuing a course of legal study,
he was admitted to the New Y7ork bar in 1825, and commenced
practice the next year at Lyons, in Western New York, where he
has ever since resided. His learning, capacity, and integrity, soon
placed him in the front rank of his profession. To a mind at once
brilliant and solid, he united those generous qualities of the heart
which attract the love and confidence of mankind. Popular hon-
ors were showered upon him, and, during his whole career, he
enjoyed the most gratifying demonstrations of public regard. In
various stations of public trust he exemplified the remark that offi-
cial elevation is made truly illustrious by the personal worth and
fidelity of the incumbent. He was chosen to represent his county in
the Assembly of his State in 1838, and again in 1841. In the
Legislature of his State he gained a high reputation for eloquence
and ability. Ever firm and unyielding in the assertion of what he
deemed to be the truth and the right, always fearless and bold in
the expression of his convictions, yet the ingenuous candor of his
spirit disarmed hostility by winning the admiration and friendship
of political opponents. Whilst he had no personal enemies, no man
could boast a more devoted u troop of friends."
In 1845, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the State Senate.
In 1846, he was chosen to represent the 27th Congressional dis-
41
322
trict, composed of the counties of Seneca and Wayne, in the Thir-
tieth Congress, and was, at the time of his election, in the enjoyment
of health which gave promise of a long life of usefulness and honor.
But, he was struck suddenly down with a fit of pulmonary apo-
plexy from which he never fully recovered. Being desirous to dis-
charge with fidelity his representative obligations, at the commence-
ment of the ensuing session, though exceedingly feeble and infirm,
he repaired to the Capital } and took part in the organization of the
House, and yielded reluctantly to the advice of his physician and
friends to seek relief in repose and a southern clime. Immediately
after the opening of the session, he proceeded to Jacksonville, in
the State of Florida, where the genial influences of the climate
seemed to revive him for a season, and his friends were flattered
with the hope of his recovery. But a sudden return of the disease
brought with it a fatal termination, and he expired on the 8th of
March, 1848. He died conscious of the mighty change which
awaited him, calm and resigned, in the hope of a glorious future.
The companion of his life, who had accompanied him with that
fidelity and affection known only to woman, was present at his bed-
side, to smooth his dying pillow, and close his eyes in death. In
writing to a friend, the day before his death, he said, "With hopes
of earthly fame or distinction I have done ; I seek those better
things to which the humblest votary may aspire." He had evi-
dently withdrawn his thoughts from " the competitions, factions, and
debates of mankind," to contemplate the higher concerns of that
immortal existence upon which he now has entered.
On the 18th of March following the decease of Mr. Holley, the
Hon. Washington Hunt, Representative in Congress from the State
of New York, arose in his place and said:
Mr. Speaker, I rise to discharge a mournful and unwelcome duty.
tlpon me h;ts been devolved the melancholy task of announcing to the
House that. John M. Holley, one of the Representatives of the State
of 2s ew York, has departed this life. He died at Jacksonville, in
Florida, on the 8th instant, after a protracted illness, which he endured
with calnmcrs and Christian resignation.
323
I feel the inadequacy of language to express the grief with which I
am penetrated by this afflicting event. The nation has lost one of her
noblest sons, and the public councils are deprived of the services of a
pure patriot and a wise statesman. The estimation in which his virtues
were held by the people of the State to which he belongs, forms of
itself, the highest eulogium upon his character.
Mr. Speaker, in the community where our lamented colleague had
dwelt so long, the intelligence of his death will be received with the.
deepest sorrow. Universally beloved while living, his loss will be uni-
versally mourned; whilst the memory of his manly graces and virtues
will be fondly cherished by all who knew him.
I dare not trust myself to speak of the domestic circle which is made
desolate, and the hallowed ties which are sundered by this afflictive
dispensation. Would that we might impart consolation to the bereaved
family by the expression of our affectionate sympathy and condolence!
May they be sustained and comforted by the protecting power of the
Supreme Being whose merciful promise it is to be the widow's friend
and "a father to the fatherless."
In conclusion, Mr. Speaker, I offer the following resolutions:
Resolved, That this House has heard, with deep sensibility, the
annunciation of the death of Hon. John M. Holley, a member from
the State of New York.
Resolved, That this House tenders to the relatives of the deceased
the expression of its smypathy on this affecting event, and, as a testi-
mony of respect for the memory of the deceased, the members and
officers of the House will go into mourning by wearing crape on the
left arm for thirty days.
Resolved, That, as a further mark of respect for the memory of the
deceased, this House do now adjourn.
The Hon. D. S. Dickinson announced the death of Mr. Holley
in the Senate, and paid a feeling and appropriate tribute to his
memory. Both Houses adjourned.
324
MRS. LAURA M. THURSTON.
MRS. THURSTON was the daughter of Mr. Earl P. Hawley,
and was born in Norfolk, December, 1812. Her parents being in
moderate circumstances, her early advantages for education were
such only as were afforded by the common district school. On
arriving at maturer years, however, she found means to enter Mr.
J. P. Brace's "Female Seminary," in Hartford, where she prose-
cuted her studies with unusual diligence and success, and secured
the marked approbation of the Principal and teachers. After
leaving this Institution, she was for a few years engaged as a
teacher in New Milford and Philadelphia, and subsequently became
an assistant in Brace's Seminary. Here she remained until 1837,
when, upon Mr. Brace's recommendation, she left Connecticut to
take charge of the Academy at New Albany, in the State of
Indiana. In 1839 she was married to Mr. Franklin Thurston, a
merchant of NeAV Albany. She was at this time a frequent con^
tributor to the Western papers and periodicals, usually over the
signature of "Viola," — and soon won for herself the reputation
of beino; one of the best female writers at the West. But in the
midst of her growing fame, and ere her dreams of earthly happi-
ness had scarcely begun to be realized, death marked her for his
victim! Yet, when he came to execute his dread commission, he
found her not unprepared. In the bloom of youth and health she
had consecrated herself to God, and the hopes she had long cher-
ished did not desert her as she descended "the dark valley."
325
When told that she must die, her joyful exclamation was, "Is it
possible I shall so soon be in Heaven !" She expired on the 21st of
July, 1842.
In the autumn of 1843 the author of this volume accompanied
a literary friend to the "Childhood's Home" of Mrs. Thurston.
Her early residence is situated about three miles to the north-east
of the village of Norfolk, Litchfield county, Connecticut — in a quiet,
secluded nook, shut out, as it were, from the great world; in short,
just such a place as a poet might choose for the undisturbed indul-
gence of his day-dreams. On our way thither, we paused for a
moment over the foundations of the now demolished school-house,
where, in early childhood, my friend had been the school-companion
of the future poetess ; and many pleasant reminiscences of those
halcyon days were called to mind, and related by him, as we pur-
sued our way down the green lane, toward the cottage which had
been her home from infancy. The dwelling is a small, venerable
looking, wood-colored building, of but a single story, located about
half a mile from the main road, on a path which has the appear-
ance of being but seldom traveled. Her father still resides thare,
and appears to take a pride in the growing fame of his daughter.
He pointed out to us the spot on which she was born, about two
miles distant, near the borders of a small and picturesque lake —
from whence he removed to his present residence, during her first
year. He also showed us several of her poems, and gave us the
materials from which the annexed brief sketch of her history is
drawn.
The following beautiful poem, descriptive of the home and scenes
of her childhood, (the frequent perusal of which first induced in
us the desire to visit them,) is preserved in the Appendix to Gris-
wold's " Poets and Poetry of America." It was written after her
removal and settlement in the West, and but a short time previous
to her death.
326
THE GREEN HILLS OF MY FATHER LAND.
The green hills of ray father-land,
In dreams still greet my view ;
I see again the wave-girt strand,
The ocean-depth of blue;
The sky, the glorious sky, outspread
Above their calm repose;
The river o'er its rocky bed,
Still singing as it flows!
The stillness of the Sabbath-hours,
When men go up to pray,
The sun-light resting on the flowers,
The birds that sing among the bowers,
Through all the summer day!
Land of my birth! — mine early home!
Once more thine airs I breathe!
I see thy proud hills tower above —
Thy green vales sleep beneath ;
Thy groves, thy rocks, thy murmuring rills,
All rise before mine eyes;
The dawn of morning on thy hills,
Thy gorgeous sun-set skies;
Thy forest, from whose deep recess
A thousand streams have birth,
Gladdening the lonely wilderness,
And rilling the green silentness
With melody and mirth.
I wonder if my home would seem
As lovely as of yore !
I wonder if the mountain stream
Goes singing by the door !
•327
And if the flowers still bloom as fair,
And if the woodbines climb,
As when I used to train them there
In the dear olden time!
I wonder if the birds still sing
Upon the garden tree,
As sweetly as in that sweet spring,
Whose golden memories gently bring
So many dreams to me.
I know that there hath been a change —
A change o'er hall and hearth —
Faces and footsteps new and strange,
About my place of birth.
The heavens above are still as bright
As in the years gone by,
But vanished in the beacon-light
Which cheered my morning sky !
And hill, and vale, and wooded glen,
And rock, and murmuring stream,
Which wore such glorious beauty then,
Would seem, should I return again,
The record of a dream.
I mourn not for my childhood's hours,
Since in the far-off West,
'Neath summer skies and greener bowers,
My heart hath found its rest.
I mourn not for the hills and streams,
Which chained my steps so long ;
But still I see them in my dream,
And hail them in my song !
And often by the hearth-fires blaze,
When winter eves shall come,
We'll sit and talk of other days,
And sing the well-remembered lays,
Of my green mountain home !
328
Who that lias been a sojourner in a land of strangers, can fail
to appreciate the beauty and pathos of these exquisite lines?
Thousands of hearts luwcfelt all that the writer has here portrayed,
but who could have expressed those feelings so well ? At such times,
how naturally the " winged thoughts" fly back to our " fatherland,"
— reviving the scenes hallowed by early associations- — and re-uni-
ting the long-severed links in the chain of youthful companionship !
And how natural it is in our search after happiness, to turn from
the joys of the past, to the joys of the future! The beautiful and
quiet picture of domestic felicity which the writer has drawn in the
concluding stanzas, will be admired by every kindred mind ; and
few will read it without a heart-felt sigh that her gifted spirit must
so soon have taken its departure from earth, even though we
rejoice in the full assurance that she has found "a home of rest"
in a purer and better world.
As our eyes rested upon the scenes which had once been so
dear to her, and which she was wont to look back upon with feel-
ings of interest from her new home in the far west, it was sad to
reflect upon the changes which a few years had wrought, not only
"o'er hall and hearth," but in the absence of many of those sim-
ple ornaments which, during her residence there, had helped to
make up the attractions of the spot. The "woodbines," (which
then almost covered the dwelling,) soon missed the fostering care
of her who
"Used to train them there
In the dear olden time."
And nothing is now to be seen of them, save a few straggling, half-
decayed vines. The flowers which once adorned the door-way
and garden-walks, no longer attract the admiration of the passer by.
Yet still
"The mountain stream
Goes singing by the door."
And now, as then —
"The birds still sing
Upon the garden tree,"
though she is no longer there to listen to their melody.
S29
The poems which follow will serve as specimens of her peculiar
talents.
ON CROSSING THE ALLEGANIES.
The broad, the bright, the glorious West,
Is spread before me now!
Where the gray mists of morning rest
Beneath yon mountain's brow!
The bound is past, the goal is won j
The region of the setting sun
Is open to my view:
Land of the valiant and the free —
My own green mountain land — to thee>
And thine, a long adieu!
I hail thee, Valley of the West,
For what thou yet shalt be!
I hail thee for the hopes that rest
Upon thy destiny !
Here, from this mountain height, I see
Thy bright waves floating to the sea*
Thine emerald fields outspread;
And feel that, in the book of fame,
Proudly shall thy recorded name,
In later days be read.
Yet, while I gaze upon thee now,
All glorious as thou art,
A cloud is resting on my brow,
A weight upon my heart.
To ine, in all thy youthful pride,
Thou a land of cares untried,
Of untold hopes and fears;
Thou art — yet not for tliea I grieve;
But, for the far-off land 1 leave,
I look on thee with t^ars.
Oh! brightly, brightly, glow thy skies
In Summer's sunny hours !
42
The green earth seems a paradise,
Arrayed in Summer flowers!
But oh ! there is a land afar,
Whose skies to me are brighter far,
Along the Atlantic shore !
For eyes beneath their radiant shrine,
In kindlier glances answered mine:
Can these their light restore ?
Upon the lofty bound I stand,
That parts the East and West ;
Before me, lies a fairy land ;
Behind, a home of rest !
Here, Hope her wild enchantment flings,
Portrays all bright and lovely things,
My footsteps to allure;
But there, in Memory's light, I see
All that was once most dear to me —
My young heart's cynosure!
THE PATHS OF LIFE.
An Address to a Class of Givls about leaving School, in Indiana.
Go forth! the world is very wide,
And many paths before ye lie,
Devious, and dangerous, and untried t
Go forth, with wary eye!
Go! with a heart by grief unbowed!
Go! ere a shadow, or a cloud,
Hath dimmed the laughing sky!
But, lest your wandering footsteps stray*
Choose ye the straight, the narrow way;
Go forth! the world is very lair,
Through the dim distance as ye gaze;
And mark, in long perspective, there,
The scenes of coming days*
331
Orbs of bright radiance gem the sky,
And fields of glorious beauty lie
Beneath their orient rays ;
Yet, ere their altered light grow dim,
Seek ye the Star of Bethlehem !
Go forth ! within your distant homes
There are fond hearts that mourn your stay ;
There are sweet voices bid ye come ;
Go ! ye must hence, away !
No more within the woodland bowers
Your hands may wreathe the Summer flowers,
No more your footsteps stra^;
To hail the hearth, and grove, and glen,
Oh! when will ye return again!
Not when the Summer leaves shall fade,
As now they fade from shrub and tree,
When Autumn winds, through grove and glade*
Make mournful melody ;
The long, bright, silent, Autumn days,
The sunset, with its glorious blaze,
These shall return — but ye,
Though Time may all beside restore,
Ye may come back to us no more.
Go ! ye have dreamed a fairy dream,
Of cloudless skies and fadeless flowery
Of days whose sunny lapse shall seem
A fete mid festal bowers !
But of the change, the fear, the strife,
The gathering clouds, the storms of life,
The blight of Autumn showers,
Ye have no vision — these must be
Unveiled by stern reality !
Ye yet must wake, (for Time and Care
Have ever wandered side by side,)
332
To find earth false, as well as fair,
And weary too, as wide.
Ye yet must wake, to find the glow
Hath faded from the things below,
The glory and the pride !
To bind the willow on the brow,
Wreathed with the laurel garland now.
But wherefore shall I break the spell
That makes the Future seem so bright?
Why to the young glad spirit tell
Of withering and blight?
'T were better, when the meteor dies,
A steadier, holier light shall rise,
Cheering the gloomy night ;
A light when others fade away,
Still shining on to perfect day.
Go, then ! and when no more are seen,
The faces that ye now behold,
When years, long years, shall intervene,
Sadly and darkly told ;
When time, with stealthy hand, shall trace
His mystic lines on every face,
Oh, may his touch unfold
The promise of that better part,
The unfading Spring-time of the heart!
PARTING HYMN,
Sung aX the close of the Anniversary Exercises of the New Albany Theological Seminary.
Brethren, we are parting now,
Here perchance to meet no more:
Well may sorrow cloud each brow,
That another dream is o'er.
333
Life is fraught with changeful dreams,
Ne'er to-morrow as to day ;
Scarce we catch their transient gleams,
Ere they melt and fade away.
But, upon the brow of night,
See the Morning Star arise ;
With unchanging, holy light
Gilding all the Eastern skies.
Bethlehem's Star! of yore it blazed,
Gleaming on Judea's brow,
While the wondering Magi gazed;
Brethren, let it guide us now.
Guide us over land and sea,
Where the tribes in darkness mourn,
Where no Gospel jubilee
Bids the ransomed ones return ;
Or, beneath our own blue skies,
Where our green savannahs spread,
Let us bid that Star arise,
And its beams of healing shed.
Shall we shrink from pain and strife,
While our Captain leads the way?
Shall we, for the love of life,
Cast a Saviour's love away?
Rather gird his armor on,
Fight the battles of the Lord,
Till the victory be won,
And we gain our long reward.
Oh ! may many a radiant gem,
Souls redeemed by us from woe,
Sparkle in the diadem
That our Leader shall bestow.
Change and trial here may come ;
But no grief may haunt the breast,
334
When we reach our heavenly home,
Find our everlasting rest.
Broken is our household band,
Hushed a while our eyening hymn
But there is a better land,
Where no tears the eye shall dim:
There is heard no farewell tone,
On that bright and peaceful shore;
There no parting grief is known,
For they meet to part no more.
ELEGIAC STANZAS.
She sleepeth: and the Summer breezes, sighing,
Shedding the green leaves on the fountain's breast,
And the soft murmur of the stream, replying
Unto her melody, break not their rest,
I know thy hearth is lonely: that thy dwelling
No more may echo to that loved one's tread;
I know too well thy widowed heart is swelling
With silent grief: yet weep not for the dead.
She yet shall waken ; on that morning glorious
When day shall evermore displace the night;
O'er time, and care, and change, and death victorious,
A holy seraph in the land of light.
Yes, she shall waken ; not to earthly sorrow,
Not to the blight of care, the thrill of pain ;
Wake to the day that ne'er shall know a morrow,
To life that may not yield to Death again.
She rests in peace: for her forbear thy weeping:
Thou soon shalt meet her in the world on high :
The care-worn form in yonder grave is sleeping,
But the freed spirit lives beyond the sky.
335
Francis bacon
FRANCIS BACON, the third son of Asa Bacon, Esq., was
bora in Litchfield, in January, 1820, and graduated at Yale Col-
lege in 1838. He pursued his professional studies with the Hon.
0. S. Seymour, was admitted to the Bar of Litchfield county in
1840, and at once commenced the practice of the law in his native
village. He was soon ranked among the most able and popular
advocates in our courts. In 1842, he removed to Lancaster,
Pennsylvania, and formed a legal co-partnership with the Hon.
Thaddeus Stevens, one of the most successful lawyers in that state.
Here he gradually won for himself an honorable reputation, and his
growing fame and extended practice were regarded with just pride
by his friends in Connecticut. He regarded his location as per-
manent, but, upon the death of his only remaining brother, E. C*
Bacon, Esq., he was persuaded to return to Litchfield, that he
might be near his venerable parents, and solace their declining
years.
Being once more established amid the cherished scenes and
friends of his youth, where he had long been a favorite, his success
at the bar and in political life was almost unprecedented. In 1845,
he was appointed Clerk of th6 Probate Court for the District of
Litchfield. Having risen to the rank of Colonel of the Regiment
with which he was connected, in 1846 he was elected Brigadier
General, but declined the office. Upon the re-organization of the
militia system of Connecticut, by which the entire militia of the
state was embraced in one division, he was elected Major General
336
by the Legislature. In 1847 and 1848, he was the whig candi-
date for Representative from Litchfield. During two successive
sessions of the Legislature, those of 1847 and 1848, he was chosen
First Clerk of the House of Representatives ; and in the spring
of 1840, he was elected to the Senate by an unparalleled plurality
of votes. Much to his credit, he received the suffrages of many
of the best men among his political opponents, who appreciated his
talents and personal worth beyond mere party expediency. In the
discharge of legislative duties he was sincere and ardent, but ever
courteous in his manners ; while no political asperity embittered
the intercourse of private life : hence he enjoyed the respect and
kind regard of all. In the honorable Senate he was its youngest
member, and yet his quick perception of truth and character, his
retentive memory, his ready and discriminating judgment, his
practical tact, his flowing eloquence, and his conservative course,
secured for him an influence much beyond his years — an influence
which was much felt in several important acts of legislation.
General Bacon died on the 16th of September, 1849, in the
30th year of his age. His funeral was attended on the afternoon
of the Wednesday following his decease, drew together a very
large collection of people from Litchfield and the adjacent towns,
and many members of the bar and other prominent gentlemen from
a distance. The silence and solemnity which seemed to pervade
all hearts, bore convincing testimony to the respect and affection
with which the entire community regarded the deceased, and the
bereavement which all felt they had sustained in his untimely
departure. Among the strangers present, were the venerable
ex-Chief Justice Williams, and Judges Waite and Storrs, all of the
Supreme Court; the Hon. D. S. Boardman, of New Milford, late
Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas ; the Right Rev. T.
C. Brownell, D. D., Charles Chapman, Esq., Francis Fellows, Esq.
Col. Thomas H. Seymour, (since Governor,) and Quarter-Master
General Ely, of Hartford ; Adjutant-General Shelton, of South-
bury ; Brigadier-General King, of Sharon; Hon. William W.
337
Boardinan, of New Haven ; Professor Lamed, of Yale College ;
Professor Stewart, of Trinity College, &c. There were also pres-
ent, several clegymen of various denominations, and members of
the bar, from the towns in the vicinity.
At the late residence of the deceased, the funeral services were
commenced with a prayer by the Rev. Mr. Swan, of the Congre-
gational Church. At half-past two o'clock, the remains were taken
to St. Michael's Church, accompanied by the mourners, citizens,
&c. As the procession entered, a voluntary of solemn music was
played upon the organ by Miss Julia H. Beers. The funeral ser-
vice was read by the Rector, the Rev. Dr. Fuller, who then
preached from the text, " He being dead yet speaketh," in which
he portrayed the character of the deceased, and most feelingly
urged the solemn admonitions which his death awakened, upon all
present. Appropriate prayers were then read by Bishop Brownell.
The services being over, the procession formed, and moved to
the East Burying Ground, in the following order : —
Clergy.
Citizens on foot.
Members of Societies of Odd Fellows.
Members of the Bar.
Military,
Litchfield Union Blues, and New Milford Rifle Company.
Pall Bearers.
General King,
Colonel Ely,
G. H. Hollister, Esq.
G. F. Davis, Esq.
Colonel R. Battell,
General Shelton,
Col. Thoma3 H. Sevmour,
E. B. Webster, Esq.
C. B. Smith, Esq.
E. C. Buel, Esq.
Relatives in Carriages.
Judges of the Supreme Court, and Citizens in Carriages.
At the Burying Ground, the solemn burial service of the Epis-'
copal Church was read by the Rev. Dr. Fuller, and the remains
of the deceased were committed to the silent dust, near the splen-
43
did monument recently erected to the memory of his brothers, who
died abroad.
We conclude this sketch with two or three extracts from the
Funeral Sermon of the Rev. Dr. Fuller.
Speech is the utterance of thought, the audible expression of the
emotions of the soul. The distinguished individual whose sudden
departure from our midst we all so deeply deplore, and whose mortal
remains we are about to convey to their last resting-place, was a man
of whom every one that knew him must say, 'k He speaketh.''" lie did
not merely live and move, but he spake, and exerted an influence. He
was not the silent and passive person who floats through life without
being observed and respected, but at all times and in all places he
caused his voice to be heard, and his talents, opinions, and character to
be felt and appreciated. This was true even in his boyhood, passed
amidst the lovely scenes of this delightful region, when he showed the
same characteristics that marked his maturer years: intelligence,
memory, activity, energy, decision, generosity, courage. This was the
case in his youthful clays, while he was engaged in study; for his class-
mates, both at school and in college, will never forget the mental and
moral qualities which attached them to himself. His voice was heard
and his influence felt during his brief but successful legal, military and
political career, in which he proved himself a sagacious and eloquent
counselor and advocate, an energetic officer and efficient disciplinarian,
and a diligent and patriotic legislator and statesman. In the social
and family circle, his words of intelligence and kindness, of neighborly
intercourse, of filial affection, and of domestic love, will never fade
from the memories of his bereaved and afflicted friends and relatives.
In the house of prayer his lips were vocal with the prescribed expres-
sions of confession and supination, of thanksgiving and praise; while
in his dying hour, he professed with decided and fervent voice, his
firm belief in all the articles of the Christian faith, and sealed his con-
victions of the truth of our heaven-born religion, by requesting to be
baptized into the adorable name of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.
ButVhile our lamented fellow-citizen and Christian brother was
thus speaking and acting in a wide and rapidly extending sphere of
honor and usefulness, an inscrutible Providence had appointed him to
an early grave. A fever, which is the bane of our salubrious New
England, fastened witli stealthy approach upon his athletic frame, baff-
ling all medical skill, and mocking the tears and prayers of distressed
neighbors and relatives, till now, the last of three manly and premis-
ing brothers, the only children of their aged and stricken parents, the
dutiful son, their pride and hope, their support and staff, the affection-
ate husband, the beloved companion, the useful citizen, the rising law-
339
yer, the respeo'ed general, the honorable senator, lies before us, silent,
speechless, unconscious, motionless, dead!
But, "he being dead yet speaketh;" not indeed with the living
voice, for we shall no more hear his energetic tones, either at the fire-
side, in professional consultation, in secret fraternity, at the bar, on
the bristling parade, on the tented field, or in the halls of legislation ;
but he though dead speaketh to us by his examjjle; and he speaketh
to us as an affecting witness to the vanity of worldly pursuits: while
our Saviour Christ, who, though once dead, is alive for evermore, also
speaketh to us by this mournful event as a hud and earnest admon-
isher, to seek with fervent zeal the great salvation which he offers to all
who love and obey him.
Thus fast and thickly did honors cluster upon a man, who had not
yet completed his thirtieth year. Nor was this the apparent summit
of his political eminence, since it was the universal conviction, not
only among his friends, but likewise among his opponents, that there
was no office in the gift of his native State, which he would not sooner
or later occupy. Honored as a lawyer in his own county, and through-
out the Commonwealth as a soldier and a statesman, he was inquired
after by the citizens of one of our largest cities, as a civilian, whom
they desired to have established in their midst; so that had his life
been spared, and he desired the change, he might have soon ceased to
be a resident of his beloved Litchfield.
But when thus on the high road to distinction and honor, he is
stopped in his ascending path by the unsparing hand of death. What
a comment upon this world's transitoriness ! what an affecting witness
is this dead advocate, general, and politician, thus cut down in the
prime of his days, and in the vigor of his strength, to the vanity of
earthly pursuits! His eminence, what is it? A heap of dust, which
the wind of death has unexpectedly scattered! His honors, where are
they now ? Faded flowers, to be buried with him in the lowly and
forgotten grave! His future wealth, so carefully preserved for his
future benefit by his doating parents, of what use is it to him in his
present state? Of no more service than is his perishing body to his
departed spirit, which, if he died in the Lord, now rejoices to be freed
from the burden of the flesh. Thus alfectingly does our dead son and
brother bear witness to the emptiness -and worthlessness of all earthly
objects: and may the Spirit of God write this impressive testimony
indelibly upon the hearts of all who are acquainted with this distress-
ing providence which has invested this whole community with sadness
and mourning!
This entire community, which is deeply impressed by the sad prov-
idence which has convened us this afternoon, might, by the dead, be thus
340
admonished, could his voice once more be heard : Boast not your-
selves of to-morrow, for ye know not what a day may bring forth ; for
what is your life ? it is even a vapor which appeareth for a little while,
and then vanisheth away. The end of all things is at hand ; in sucJi
an hour as ye think not, the Son of Man cometh ; be therefore sober,
and watch unto prayer, that your loins may be girt about, your souls
may be prepared for death, and yourselves waiting and ready for the
advent of your Judge.
Ah! desolate parents, chastened relatives, gentlemen of the law,
soldiers, christian brethren, citizens: the departed and lamented one
will not speak to us again ! but, till the voice of the archangel and the
trump of God, announcing the final judgment, and the descent from
heaven of the Son of Man, shall awake the slumbering dead, he shall
lie in silence, sealed and deep, which no lapse of years, no revolution
of ages can ever break ! To his long rest in the dust of the earth we
then lay him down, with the assured hope, that if he died in the Lord,
he is sleeping in Jesus, who by the sudden and calamitous bereave-
ment we have all sustained, as well as by his living word and striving
Spirit, is calling to every one of us, who is still reposing in his sins :
Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and I will give thee
light: hear, and your soul shall live!"
341
CHARLES G. FINNEY.
REV. CHARLES G. FINNEY, the celebrated Revivalist,
was born in Warren, on the 29th of August, 1792. The following
interesting facts respecting his early life, conversion, &c. are con-
tained in communication to the New York Evangelist, in May,
1850, written from Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y.
" His father was a plain farmer. On reaching manhood, he left
the paternal estate, and commenced the study of law in this village.
He also led the choir of the Presbyterian church. His clear intel-
lect and independence of character, gave him a commanding influ-
ence over the youth of the place. He was intellectually orthodox
on the great doctrines of revelation, but impenitent and careless.
His views of Christian duty were so vivid, that he poured contempt
on the apathy of the church. A fellow-student, (now Judge
W ,) remarked to me recently, that Finney asked him one
evening to attend a prayer-meeting. They went, and upon their
return, Mr. F. said with an oath, that it made him indignant to
hear Christians pray after that fashion — >uthey didnH know what
they wanted" He often told professors of religion and clergymen,
that they were not sincere— • that it was not possible to believe that
he and others were on the verge of hell, and yet be so indifferent in
regard to the terrific fact — and assured them, if he ever served God,
it would be in earnest — he would " pull men out of the fire." This
fearless manner gave him tremendous power, and one minister
remarked that the young people would not be converted while
342
Finney was here. But during the great revival of 1821, he was
reached by the truth of God — in an agony of conviction, he
retired to a grove alone, and yielded to the Spirit. Returning to
his office, he invited Dea. B. to come in; and with tears and smiles
of rapture, told him what had transpired. When it was known in
the place, many seemed to feel like the disciples when Saul was
converted — they were in doubt. When he arose in the crowded
sanctuary soon after, his first expression was, "My God! is it If
He acted immediately on his former assurance. No modern
Christian ever more literally exemplified Paul's experience, who
warned men day and night with tears. This has ever been his
manner of life, from that time of consecration to the Lord. His
way of conducting meetings was always solemn ; he never appealed
to the animal feelings ; his dependence was prayer, and a pungent
presentation of God's law and man's ruin, without hope but in the
arms of a Mediator. Mr. F. doubtless, had faults — some eccen-
tricities, but they were those of a man who was thoroughly pene-
trated with a sense of eternal realities. Heaven and hell were
words full of meaning to him. We find everywhere noble monu-
ments of his labors in the gospel — the pillars in many a Zion, will
call him blessed at the last day. And doubtless a rank of pro-
fessed disciples, and among them not a few ministers, who have
ignorantly or malignantly reproached him, will gaze there upon his
radiant crown with wonder, while their own will be set with com-
paratively a few stars of rejoicing."
Mr. Finney commenced his labors in the ministry in 1824, at
the age of thirty-two. His preaching, from the first, seems to
have had a startling effect upon his auditors, and powerful revivals
followed his labors wherever he went. He determined not to
enter the pastoral office, but to continue his labors as an evange-
list, which he did, with wonderful success, until 1835, when he
accepted a Professorship in Oberlin College, Ohio. He, however,
continued to preach in the City of New York during certain por-
tions of each year, for some time after his removal to Ohio.
343
In 1848, Prof. Finney visited England, where he was received
with high consideration by the Christian public. In that country
he continued for about three years, returning to New York just in
time to participate in the "Anniversary Exercises," in May, 1851.
Of his labors abroad, something may be inferred from the following
significant paragraph from the London Morning Chronicle : "Dr.
Finney, the celebrated American revivalist, leaves England for his
native country by the next Steamer. Though he came here for
purposes of health and relaxation, he has not been idle. His fer-
vid eloquence has created a powerful and we hope a permanent effect
wherever he preached. Perhaps no man since the days of George
Whitfield, has succeeded in producing a more wonderful sensation. "
The following are some of Prof. Finney's published works, viz :
"Sermons on Important Subjects," 277 pp. 8vo ; three editions of
which had, been published in this country, in 1836, and several
editions abroad ; " Lectures on Revivals," pp. 437, 12mo ; six edi-
tions of which had been published in 1835 ; " On Sanctification,"
pp. 150, 16mo, 1840 ; " Systematic Theology," 2 vol. pp. 600
and 583, 8vo, 1847; "Guide to the Saviour," 204 pp. 16mo;
and several other smaller works. An edition of " Systematic The-
ology" was published in London in 1851, in one volume of 1016
pages, with a preface by the Rev. Dr. Redford, of Worcester, who
says that " when a student he would gladly have bartered half the
books in his library to have gained a single perusal of this volume."
344
GEORGE B. HOLT.
This gentleman was bom in Norfolk, in the year 1790, and is
now in the 60th year of his age. With fine talents, more of a
practical than of a showy kind, he has been enabled to leave his
mark, broad and deep, on the early Legislation of Ohio, and the
future historian, in giving to the public that desideratum, a history
of that State, (for it has yet to be written,) must give the name of
Mr. Holt a place among the patriotic and the far-seeing statesmen
of the commonwealth, who, a quarter of a century ago, planted
the seed which has made Ohio the third, if not the second in rank
among the states of the Union.
The parents of Mr. Holtr -early designed him for the legal pro-
fession, and his inclinations being nothing averse to the course
marked out, he entered the Law School of Judges Reeve k Gould,
in Litchfield, and in 1812, underwent an examination, and being
found qualified, was licensed to practice law.
Ohio, at that time, was in the u far west," and the hardy emi-
grants who had sought its wilds, after the close of the war, were
loud in their praises of its vast fertility, and of the magnificent
wildness of its scenery. The ambition of young Holt was fired —
he wished to see the country, — to become a part and parcel of it,
and to share the privations of its settlers, and in 1819, we find him
a citizen of the then small village of Dayton, and the following
year, he raised his shingle as an Attorney at Law.
The profession of law, at that time, was no sinecure. The cir-
cuits extended over many counties, in most of which roads were
345
but bridle paths, and houses of entertainment few and far between,
Bridges, there were none in the country, and when the streams
were swollen into angry floods by the spring freshets, the members
of the bar had to brave the torrent, and trust to a frail canoe, after
driving their horses across, or else to plunge in, and trust to their
horses to carry them safe across, and then, wet, chilled and weary,
to traverse the woods for miles before they could espy the blue
smoke of the log cabin, by whose hospitable hearth they could dry
their clothes. The history of the early bar of that state, would be
among the most readable of books, for many were the mishaps and
adventures of these disciples of Blackstone and Chitty, which still
live in memory, and are cherished by the younger members of the
profession, as the child cherishes the legends in which his father
bore a part.
During the Administration of Mr. Monroe, party politics meas-
urably died away, nevertheless there were times, places and occa-
sions in which the spirit of party was temporarily aroused. Such
was the fact in Dayton, in the year 1822, when Mr. Holt estab-
lished, and for three years conducted the " Miami Republican," a
newspaper, devoted to news, agriculture, and the dissemination
of Democratic doctrines.
In the fall of 1824, Mr. Holt was a candidate for, and elected
to, the Legislature of the State, and deeply participated in the
passage of the laws which made that session the most important
ever held in Ohio. The lands of the State were then divided into
first, second and third classes, and taxed accordingly — -the improved
farms as high as the wild lands of the same class. The injustice
of the system and the gross inequality of the classification, by
which the sterile hills of eastern Ohio, in many cases, were taxed
as high as the rich alluvian of the Miami and Sciota valleys, called
loudly for amendment, yet it was not until the session of 1824-'25
that the evil was abated by the adoption of the ad valorem system,
which from that time, became the settled policy of the State.
New York, under the auspices of De Witt Clinton, had commenced
44
346
her canal policy, by which the waters of the Hudson were united
with those of Lake Erie, so as to have a direct water communica-
tion between the inland seas of the Northwest and those of the
Atlantic. The necessity of similar communications between the
Lakes and the Ohio river, sweeping through Ohio, had excited
public attention, and with it, an oppositton of a bitter kind.
Judge Holt stood forward as a prominent advocate of the work, and
employed the columns of his paper to favor the measure, and this
fact brought him forward more prominently as the man for the
crisis. He was elected to the Legislature, and during the session
which followed, the first canal law was passed, and under which
the Ohio and the Miami canals were commenced, and the policy of
the State in favor of internal improvements, from that moment was
considered settled.
Ohio, at that time, had no school system. Parents in the thinly
settled portions of the State, were forced to rely on chance for
teachers, who were themselves better fitted to be taught than to
be the instructors of embryo men, and who mainly relied upon the
birch and ferule, to beat learning into the head of their pupils.
Money at the time was scarce — but little produce was exported,
and many men who had a farm they could call their own, were yet
in circumstances too straitened to allow them to give their children
that schooling so much needed, to make them useful citizens of
community. To remedy this evil — to give all, the rich, the poor,
the high and the low, the same benefits of a common school edu-
cation, was a matter which excited much attention. Fortunately
for the State, the Legislature of 1824 -'25 was composed of men
of more enlarged philanthropy than any which preceded it. Mr.
Holt was appointed a member of the committee to whom the sub-
ject was referred, and that committee reported a bill which passed
into a law, and which established the common school system of
Ohio.
To us, at this day, it seems a matter of astonishment, that such
a system should meet with opposition ; yet such was the fact. It
847
was deemed as a daring infringement on the right? of property —
as a tyrannical and unjust law, which drew money from the pockets
of the wealthy, to educate the children of other men. The poor
were appealed to, and were told by those who opposed the law,
that their children were to be educated at pauper schools, and
their pride was thus aroused to resistance ; and, at the next elec-
tion, the clamor became so great that many of the friends of the
school system were sent into retirement. The colleague of Mr.
Holt went down in the contest, and the Judge was reelected,
chiefly from the fact that his services in securing the passage of
the law for the construction of the Miami canal, in which his con-
stituents felt a deep interest, gained him a popularity which ill-
founded clamor could not shake. He was reelected to the Legis-
lature at the next session.
In 1827, during the palmy days of the militia system, Mr. Holt
was elected Brigadier General, and for some years commanded
one of the finest Brigades in the State.
At the annual election in 1828, Mr. Holt was elected to the
State Senate, and served during the sessions of 1828 -'29 and
1829 -'30. He was Chairman of the Committee on Internal
Improvements, then one of the most important .in the body.
During the last session of which Mr. Holt was a member of the
Legislature, he was elected President Judge of the Circuit Court,
in which he had practiced law, and served during the constitu-
tional term of seven years. At the commencement of his term of
service on the Bench, the circuit was composed of the counties of
Montgomery, Clark, Champaign, Logan, Miami, Darke, Shelby and
Mercer. The counties of Allen and Putnam were subsequently
attached to the first circuit, over which Judge Holt presided, in
lieu of Clark, Champaign and Logan, which were transferred to
the seventh circuit.
At the end of his service as President Judge, Judge Holt par-
tially resumed the practice of law, and, during which time, under
appointment of the Court, he served one year as Prosecuting
348
Attorney of Montgomery county, one year in the same office in
Mercer, and two terms in the same station in the county of Van
Wert.
At the session of the Legislature of 1842-43, Judge Holt was
again called to the Bench, by a reelection to the office of President
Judge of the same circuit, and served out his constitutional term.
During the interval between his first and second term as pre-
siding Judge of the Common Pleas Court of his circuit, Judge
Holt divided his time between his practice and agriculture and
stock growing, of which latter he was always passionately fond,
and spent large sums in improving the breed of cattle — he having
introduced into the counties of Miami, Mercer and Montgomery,
the first thorough bred short-horned Durham cattle — part of which
time he filled the honorable station of President of the Agricultural
Society of Montgomery county.
At the breaking out of the Cholera in Dayton, during the summer
of 1849, it became an object of much concern, to have an able
and energetic Board of Health, that the fell ravages of the disease
might be stayed. Judge Holt, having been among the earliest
and constant volunteers to visit and minister to the relief of the
sufferers, was made President of the Board, in which capacity his
sendees were constant, efficient, and highly valued by the citizens.
During the spring of 1850, in casting around for a man, at once
available for his personal wTorth and popularity, and with an
enlarged mind, to be the candidate of the Democratic party, in
a county where the tide of popular favor runs in a contrary direc-
tion, Judge Holt was found to possess all the requisites, and he
received the nomination and was elected to the important station
of Delegate to revise, amend or change the Constitution of the
State. On his arrival in Columbus, to attend to the responsible
duties of his station, he met Jacob Blickensderfer, of Tuscarawas,
who had participated as a member from the county he represents,
in the House of Kepresentatives, during the important session of
1824 -'25. From the adjournment of that Legislature, Judge
349
Holt and Mr. Blickensderfer had never met, until they came
together as Delegates to form a new Constitution for the State, for
which they they had aided, a quarter of a century since, in giving
a canal policy and a school system, which have stood the test of
time, and have aided much in bringing Ohio to its present proud
position.
As President Judge of the first Judicial circuit, Judge Holt
gained an enviable reputution. He ranked, before his election to
the Bench, as a sound lawyer, and to that he soon added the
highest reputation of an able and impartial Judge. During a
service of fourteen years in the service of the State, as presiding
Judge of a circuit distinguished for the legal talent of its bar, it
is a high compliment to say, that he gave entire satisfaction, and
that, popular as he ever has been as a man, his popularity as a
Judge exceeded it.
For thirty-five years past, Judge Holt has been a member of
the Presbyterian Church, and although far from being a bigot in
his religion, has ever been recognized as a sincere Christian.
While on the Bench, he saw, in its worst form, the evils of intem-
perance, and he was among the early, as he has ever been the
steady friend of the temperance cause.
The mind of Judge Holt, as we before intimated, is less showy
than solid. The distinguishing traits are a subjection of all ques-
tions to a philosophic test, industry in investigation, and a perseve-
ring pursuit of and rigid adherence to the just and true. In his
domestic attachments, ardent and constant ; ready and reliable in
his friendships ; and an active philanthropist. In politics he is a
Democrat, with a strong tendency to radicalism. In the Conven-
tion he was at the head of the committee on Jurisprudence, and,
though a silent member, yet, if we mistake not, his impress for
influence and utility, in the result of its deliberations, will be found
deep and enduring.
350
EBENEZER PORTER MASON
Was born in Washington, December 7th, 1819. His father, the
Rev. Stephen Mason, a native of Litchfield, was pastor of the
Congregational Church in Washington, at the time of the birth of
the subject of this notice. Young Mason, though he died in his
21st year, attained so distinguished a rank as a scholar, as to excite
the wonder and admiration of the great men with whom circum-
stances brought him in contact. At the same time, his amiable
deportment and strict regard for Christian principle, won for him
the affection of all.
Ebenezer pursued his preparatory studies at the celebrated
school at Ellington, and entered Yale College in the autumn of
1835. Professor Olmsted says — "I well remember his appear-
ance at that time, and the impression he made on me. He was
now in his seventeenth year, but his figure, complexion and whole
air, were those of a child of fourteen — being slender in person,
complexion hale, voice soft, and his whole appearance very juve-
nile. I was immediately struck with the superiority of his math-
ematical powers and attainments, from the full and luminous expla-
nations he gave of the principles of arithmetical rules, and from
the ready and correct solutions he furnished of problems. I was
uncommonly impressed with his adroitness in extracting roots, and
in explaining the reason for each step of the process. Even in
extracting the cube root, he required no figuring ; but, soon after
a case was proposed, he gave the answer by a process purely men-
tal. I remember mentioning to a gentleman associated with me
351
in the examination, that that boy was or would make a first rate
mathematician. The first notice I had of his taste for astronomy,
was one evening, when a small party of students of the senior
class went, under my direction, to look for Halley's Comet, with a
small telescope. It had already been seen in the large col-
lege telescope, (which had afforded to Professor Loomis and
myself the first view that was obtained of that remarkable body,
on this side of the Atlantic ;) but the object was now to find it by
the aid of a small refractor. Mason obtained permission to be
present, and excited much notice by his familiarity with the stars."
He soon became distinguished for the solution of problems, and
obtained therefor the first premium of the Freshmen class. Not
content with this, he even went in advance ; and, simply for his
amusement, solved all the problems of the Sophomore class. Some
of these problems were of the most difficult class, but they were
solved with great elegance and apparent ease, and many of them
by several different methods. In the above paragraph, Professor
Olmsted alludes to the "taste for astronomy" which Mason early
manifested. The Professor, speaking of him during his Freshmen
year, remarks: "Instead of the transient and superficial views
which most persons are satisfied to take, when they first have
access to a large telescope, we see him exploring at once all the
phenomena of Jupiter — his belts — his moons, with their eclipses
and the shadows -they cast on their primaries. With great delicacy,
he marks the exact position of each body observed; and, if it has
motions, delineates the precise path it has among the stars. The
more hidden objects of astronomy are immediately sought for, as
the Asteroids, Double Stars and Nebulge ; and we find only a day
or two intervening before his resolution served him to rise in a
cold morning, before day, to enjoy the luxurious view of the sys-
tem of Saturn. This was the beginning of a course of night-
watchings which speedily terminated his earthly career." His
enthusiasm in this department of science continually increased,
and he resolved, during his Sophomore year, to devote his* life to
$52
his favorite pursuit. By means of a telescope, and other instru-
ments of his own construction, he commenced calculating eclipses.
During his Senior collegiate year, in connection with a fellow-
student, he made the largest telescope then ever constructed on
this side of the Atlantic.
Mason graduated in August, 1839. After remaining in New
Haven for a few months as a resident graduate, pursuing his favorite
studies, and writing and stereotyping a "Practical Treatise on
Astronomy," he was invited to a Tutorship in Western Reserve
College, Ohio. In consequence of the continued decline of his
health, his friends dissuaded him from accepting the appointment.
In the summer of 1840, he was selected as one of the Assistants
to the Commissioners for exploring and fixing the disputed bound-
ary between Maine and Canada. Thinking that the more active
duties connected with such an expedition might be a means of
restoring his health, he joined the Commissioners, at Portland,
about the 1st of September. For several weeks, he was busily
engaged in making surveys and taking observations — traveling on
foot, or being rowed up the wild rivers of that inhospitable region
— encamping out nights — and, in short, enduring all the fatigues
and privations and hardships of the more robust members of the
expedition. About the 1st of November, he returned to New
York, and soon after took up his residence in the family of Pro-
fessor Olmsted, where he completed his work on Astronomy, which
was soon after published.
His health continuing to decline, in December he started on a
visit to some relatives in Richmond, Virginia, hoping that the
balmy air of the South might prove beneficial to him. He died
at the residence of his uncle, (Rev. J. H. Turner,) near Rich-
mond, on the 24th of that month, aged twenty-one years and
seventeen days. In 1842, his Memoirs were published by Pro-
fessor Olmsted, in a volume of 252 pages, with the following title :
"Life and Writings of Ebenezer Porter Mason; interspersed with
Hints to Parents and Instructors, on the Training and Education
of a Child of Genius."
BRIEF NOTES
Of some of the more prominent Natives and Residents of Litchfield
County, not sketched in the preceding pages.
AD VMS, Andrew, LL. D,, a native of Stratford, and a graduate of Yale Col-
lege, settled in Litchfield in 1774, where he spent the remainder of his days.
He was a Representative, Assistant, member of the continental congress, and
chief justice of the State. Died November 29, 1799, aged 63. His mother
died in Litchfield in 1803 aged 105 years.
ALLEN, John, a native of Great Barrington, Mass., fettled in Litchfield as
a lawyer in 1785, and died therein 1812. He was a Representative, member
of Congress, &c. : he was not only a man of great intellect, but of giant stature
— measuring full six and a half feet in height and weighing about 300 lbs. He
received the honorary degree of A. M. at Yale in 1791. His son, John W. Ah*
]en of Cleveland, Ohio, was lately in Congress.
ALLEN, Pelatiah, a native of Windsor, was the first settler of Barkham-
stead in 1745. and remained the only inhabitant for ten years — clearing and
cultivating t h 3 land in summer and hunting in winter. When apprehensive
of danger, he used i© repair to a fortified post in the northein part ol JVew
Hartford. After the organization ot the town, he was often a Representative
and Magistrate.
AUSTIN. Aaron, colonel, a native of Suffleld, but settled at JVew Hartford
soon after the Revolution, (in which he was an officer,) and died there in 1829.
For a long series of years, he was in public life y i i 1805, he received an hon -
orary degree at Yale college, of which institution he was for fifteen years a
member of the Corporation.
AVERILL. Chester, a native of SaVsbury, died in that town in 1S36, while
Professor ot Chemistry in Union College.
B \C0N, Eoaphroditus C, (son of Asa Bacon, Esq.,) was born in Litchfield,
graduated at Yale college in 1833, and settled in his native town in the prac
tice of law He was twice a Representative, and in 1836 was a Delegate to
the Whig National Convention, He was distinguished as a historian and an-
tiquarian. Died at Seville, Spain, in 1844, aged 34. His brother Frederick,
a gallant officer of the Navy, was lost off Cape Horn with the U. S. sloop sea-
Gull, of the Exploring Expedition, in 1810, aged 24.
BACKUS. Azel, D. D., a native of Norwich and a graduate of Yale, was set-
tled over the congregational church in Belhlem in 1791, and remained there
until 1313, when he accepted a call to the Presidency of Hamilton college.—
Died in 1816, aged 51, His son, Dr. Frederick Backus of Rochester, N. Y-,
has been a member of the New York Senate.
B VLDWIN, Ashbel, a native of Litchfield, was the first Episcopal minister
ever ordained in the United State3 — August 1735. He was a rector in his na»
tive town, and in Stratford. Died in Rochester, N, Y., in 1846, aged 89,
BALDWIN, Eli, emigrated from J\eu> Milford to Ohio, and in 1335 was a
candidate for Governor of that State— receiving ?5,156 votes.
354
BALDWIN, Jehiel,died in Washington June 1, 1531, m hia 102d year
B\LDWiN, Augustus, General, a native of G>shen, emulated to Hudsoh'-.
Ohio — subsequently settled in Franklin, and died thire in 1333, while Presi«
dent of the iVlassilon Bank, aged 50.
BARSTOW, Gamaliel H., a native of Sharon, settled in Broome county, NY;
and became State Senator, State Treasurer, and in 1831 was elected to Congress.
BATTELL, Joseph, was born in Milford in 177 i — early removed with his
parents to Woodbury and from thence to Torrington. At. the early age of 18
he commenced the mercantile business in Norfolk, where he spent the remain-
der of his life I? became eminent for his wealth, liberality, enterprize and
hospitality . iides being an officer and munificent patron ot various benevo-
lent societi ! learned institutions, he was often a Representative, and was
member o! I Convention which formed the Constitution of this State. He
married Sarah, daughter of the Rev. A. R. Robbins, the first pastor of the con-
gregational church in Norfolk. Mr. Battell died suddenly Decembers, 1841,
67,
BATTELL, Charles I., born in Torringford in 1789— graduated at Yule col-
lege in 180S — and was recently Judge of the Circuit Court of Indiana. He is a
resident of Evansville, Ind.
BEEBE, Ebenezer, (son of Colonel Bezaleel Beebe,) was born in Litchfield in
1772,- he was a Major in the U S. Army in the last war with Great Britain,
and was Inspector-General of the Northern Division. Died at Plattsburg, 1815.
BEECHER, Lyman. D, D. now President of Lane Seminary, was pastor of
the first congregational church in Litchfield from 1810 to 1826— by fat the most
active and laborious part of hi9 life. All of his sons became congregational cler-
gymen, viz. William, Edward, D, DM George (died in 1843,) Henry Ward,
Charles, Thomas K, and James. The daughters are, Catharine E. and Harriet,
(well known authors,) Mary, and Isabella. Dr. Beeoher was born in New Haven
in 1775 ; his mother died during his infancy, and he was given to her sister,
Mrs. Lot Benton of Guilford, who brought him up. The infant when received
by Mrs Benton weighed only three and a half lbs.
BEECHER, Philemon, General, born in Kent — emigrated to Ohio, became
Speaker ot the House, and in 1S17 succeeded Colonel Kilbeurne in Congress.
BEECHER, Luther Fitch, D. D. of Albany, is a native of Goshen.
BEERS, Seth P. born in Woodbury in 1781; was admitted to the bar in Litch-
field in 1805 and has ever since resided in that town. He has been a senator
and representative, clerk and speaker of the House, Commissioner of the School
Fund foi twenty- five years, and Fellow of Trinity college,-
BELLAMY, Joseph, D. D. spent fifty years (his entire ministerial life,) in
Hethlem; he was esteemed as one of the most learned and eloquent divines of
his day. In 1750 he published True Religion Delineated — his works were is-
sued in tnree volumes in 1811, a new edition of which wa9 published in 1850.
He kept for a long time a theological school. Settled 1740 — died 1790, aged 71.
BENNETT, Milo L. Judge of the Supreme Court of Vermont, is a native of
Sharon.
BINGHAM, Caleb, a well known author, compiler and publisher in Boston,
was born in Salisbury, and graduated at Dartmouth college. Died in 1817.—
Nathan Towson, now Paymaster General of the Army, married his daughter,
BIRD, John, (son of the eminent Doct. Seth Bird,) was a nati\e of Litchfield
and a graduate nf Yale. He commenced the practice of law in his native town,
but removed to Troy in 179 J, and was there elected to the Legislature and to
Congress. His brilliant but eccentric career terminated in 1806, aged 38.
BIRDSEY, Victory, (son of E. Birdsey and grandson of Rev. Nathvn Birdsey
of Strafford, who died at the age of 101 yean,) is a native of Cormvell and a
355
graduate of Williams college v settled in Pompey, Onondaga county, New York,
and became a representative, member of the Constitutional conrcntion, and
in 1815 and 1841 was elected to congress
BISSELL, Aldcn, a native of Litchfield, settled in Meigs county, Ohio, and
became Judge of the court ol common pleas,
BOARDMAN. David S. a native and resident of JYew Milford, has been a
representative, senator, and chief judge of the court ef common pleas. His
brother, Homer Boardman, who died in 1851, had been representative, senator
and preiidential elector.
BOOTH, Reuben, a native of Kent, settled in Danbury as a lawyer, rose to
the rank of Litulenant Governor of the State, and died in 1848.
BOSTWICK — long an honorable and conspicuous name in JVew Mi/ford. —
Colonels Elisha and Bushnell were officers of the Revolution, and atterwards
well known in civil life ; Rev, Gideon was the first Epiucopal minister in Great
Barrington, Mjss. Several others have been honored at home and abroad,
BRADLEY, William A. late Mayor of Washington City, D C, and now
Postmaster, was born in Litchfield in 1794.
BRINSMADE, Daniel N. (son of the Rev. Daniel Brinsmaue, the first minis-
ter of Washington,) graduated at Yale in 1772; lived and died in his native
town. He was longer in public life than any other person who ever lived there.
Died in 1826, aged 75. General Daniel B. Brinsmade is his son.
BUEL, John, from Lebanon, was a first settler and original proprietor of
Litchfield in 1720— and there became a deacon, captain, representative and
magistrate; he died in 1740 aged 74. His wife, Mary Loomis, died in 17S8
aged 90 — having had 4L0 descendants, 336 of whom survived her.
BUEL, David Jr.of Troy, N. Y. is a native of Litchfield ; he has been First
Judge of the Renselaer county court, member of the Constitutional convention
of 1821, and is. now a Regent of the University.
BUSHNELL, Horace, D.D., th.3 celebrated Hartford Divine, was bom in
Litchfield in 1802 > graduated at Yale college in 1827 : and for the last twenty
years has been pastor of the North congregational church in Hartford. He is
selected t« preach .the sermon at the Centennial Celebration of Litch-
field County, August 13th and 14th, 1851 : he has probably delivered more
orations and discourses on anniversary occasions, than any other New England
clergyman. The author hoped tc have obtained an extended sketch of his life.
BUTLER. David, D. D., born in Harwinton in 1761— was rector of St. Mi*
ehaei's church in Litchfield from 1794 to 1799 — was afterwards rector of a
church in Troy until his death, which occurred July 11, 1842, at the age of 80.
Rev, Clement M, Butler, D D, now chaplain of the U. S. Senate, is his son.
BURNHAM, Oliver, born, lived and died in Cornwall. In youth he was a
revolutionary soldier — in early manhood a practical Surveyor — and subsequent-
ly for many years a Representative, Magistrate, and Judge of the County Court,
He died in 1845.
BURRALL — of Canaan— one of the most distinguished names in the county.
CATLIN — of Harwinton and Litchfield. Several of this family have been
or are distinguished : among them, Jacob D. D. of New Marlborough, Mass. —
Lynde, President of the Merchant's Bank in New York city— Putnam, of Mon-
trose, Penn , (fathei of George the painter and historian of the aboriginees,) a
Judge of the common pleas — George S. member of Congress, &c. from Windham
county — Abijah, late senator, judge, comptroller, and now commissioner of the
school fund — Julius of Hartford-
CHITTENDEN, Thomas, from Guilford, settled in Salisbury in 1750, and
was a resident of that town lor 24 years, during which time he was elected
colonel of militia, representative, ice. In 1774 he emigrated to Vermont, and
in 1778 was chosen Governor of that state, to which office he was re-elected
356
tor 18 year?. He died in 1797; his memoirs by the Hon, Daniel Chipman were
published in 1850.
CHIPMAN, Lemuel, born in Salisbury in 1744— studied medicine and
settled in Pawlet, Vt, represented the town in the legislature at 14 sessions,
and was judge of the Rutland county court from 1789 to 1794. Ahout the year
1800, heremoved to Ontario county, New York, and was there chosen a mem-
ber of the senate and judge oi the county court. His brother, Darius, was a
representative from Rutland, and state's attorney for 14 years,
CHILDS, Haman \V. colonel, resided in Litehfitld until 1830, when here-
moved to New York : he twice represented the city in the legislature, was
collector of the city revenue, commissioner of streets and lamps, and manager
of the American Institute, Died in 1851, aged 50.
CHAPIN, Graham H, a native of Salisbury and a graduate of Yale, was elec-
ted to congress from the state of New Yoik in 1S3S— died in 1542.
CHURCH, Samuel, LL D., was born in Salisbury in 1785— graduated at Yale
college in 1803, and settled in his native town as a lawyer He was represen-
tative at six sessions, senator three years, judge of probate eleven years, ant
member of tlj.e Constitutional convention. In 1832 he was appointed a Judge
of the Superior Court and Supreme Court of Errors, and in 1847 he was elee'ed
Chief Justice, In 1845. he removed to Litchfield, his present residence. His
son, Albert E. Church, is Professor of Ma. hematics at West Point.
CHURCH, Le.nan, of Canaan, brother of the preceding, one of the most
eminent and successful lawyers in the county, died in 1849.
COLLIER, Thomas, a native of Boston, established the Litchfield Monitor in
1731 — the first newspaper ever published in the county — which he continued
for20 years. He died at Binghamton, N. Y., about ten years since.
COLLIER, John A. son of the preceding, settled in Binghamton, where he
still resides. He has been a member of the legiilature, member of congress,
comptroller of the state, presidential elector, &c. His brother, General James
Collier of Steubenville, Ohio, was recently collector of the national customs for
California. They are both natives of Litchfield.
DAVIES, Charles, LL. D., born in Washington — has been Professor at West
Point, in the New York University, and in Trinity college. He is the author of
fifteen or twenty volumes, several ot which are mathematical woiks.
DEMING, Miner R., son of Stephen Deming, Esq. of Litchfield, was born in
Sharon in 1S10— removed to Cincinnati in 1836, and to St. Mary's, Illinois, in
1839- In 18-12, he was elected brigadier general ; and was chiet commander of
the State troops during the Mormon War. He was elected high sheriff of Han-
cock county in 1844 ; died in 1845,
DUTTON, Mathew R. born in Walerlown in 1783 : was Professor of Natural
Philosophy and Mathematics in Yale college from lSt*2 until his death in 1825.
DUTTON, Henry, Professor of Law in YaleCollege, is a native of Plymouth.
He has been a representative, senator, judge of the N. Haven county court, &c.
EDWARDS, Jonathan, D D. President of Union college, studied divinity
with Dr. Joseph Bellamy, vtas licensed to preach by the South consociation of
Litchfield county, and was pastor ot the church in ColebiookUova January 1796
to July 1799— and there wrote some of his most important works, Died 1801.
EMERSON, Ralph, D. D , now Professor at Andover, was pastor of a church
in Norfolk for 12 y'rs. His son, Joseph, a now Professor in Beloit college, was
born in that town.
FRANKLIN, John, colonel, an officer of the revolution, and afterwards con-
spicuous in Wyoming. Pennsylvania, was a native of Canaan; he was fre-
quently a representaiiva and judge in Pennsylvania, and in 1787 he was arrest-
ed and imprisoned in Philadelphia on a charge of treason. He w«is liberated
on bail, which, by connivance of the authorities, was never required to be paid.
E8 KV IEMSHA MlTTt'li E I. h I
PB.OPESSOB OF riiKMivrnY. M l\r;i: Al.oc.Y AMI ckoi.im; V.
IX THE rxiVKI'.SlTV OT WORTH (Ai.'OI.IXA .
i Hiin-,,,,,,- society >i. dip n
35?
FOOTE, Samuel A. a native of Water town, now a resident of Canarada'gua,
New York, and a Judge oi the Supreme Court of that state. He formerly prac-
ticed law in Albany and in New York city.
GALUSHA, Jonas, for 20 years a resident of Salisbury, emigrated to Vermont
and was for nine years Governor of that State. Died 1834, aged 83.
GOLD. Thomas Rugglee, a native of Cornwall and a graduate of Yale, set-
tled in Whitestown.New York, in 1809 was elected to congress, and was twice
re-elected. Died in 1526,
GOULD, James, LL. D , a native of Branford and a graduate of Yale, settled
in Litchfield, where he resided until his death in 1838. For about 40 years he
was associated with Judge Reeve in conducting the Law School at that place
He was Jud^e of the supreme court, and author of a work on special pleading.
HITCHCOCK, Samuel J., LL. D , a native of Beihlem, and a graduate and
tutor of Yale college, in which institution he was instructor of law until his
death in 1845 ; he was mayor ot the city of New Haven, judge of the county
court, and commission?!' of bankruptcy under the national bankrupt law.
HOLLEY— -of Salisbury— one of the most talented families in the state,
HOLMES, Uriel, from Hartland, graduated at Yale in 1781, studied law in
Litchfield, settled in that town and remained there until his death ; he was a
representative, judge, and member of congress.
HI N MAN.— This has Jong been one of the most respectable and prominent
names in that part of the county embraced in the present town of Southbury.
Southbury was incorporated in 1786, and was annexed to New Haven county
in 1S06. Joel ol the supreme court, and Royal R, late secretary of State, were
born in this county — as were also a long list of officials who have borne the
name during the last century. [See appendix] They are all descendants of
Edward Hinman, a sergeant in the life guard ot Charles II. who came to this
colony and died at Stratford in 1681.
HUNTINGTON, Jabez W, a native of Norwich and a graduate of Yale in
1306, vvas a resident of Lilehfield for about 30 years — represented the town in
the legislature and the county in congress; and became a judge of the supreme
court and senator in congress. Died in his native town in 1847.
HUDSON, David, a native of Goshen, emigrated to Ohio in 1800, and found-
ed the town of Hudson,
JACKSON, William, D. D. a native of Cornwall and pastor of the congrega-
tional churches ot Dorset and East Rupert, Vermont, for 46 years, died in 1845
aged 74. His epitaph says he was the * founder of the first Education Society
in the U. S, and was the first member of the corporation ot Middlebury college.'
JANES, Edmund, D. D. one of the present Methodist Episcopal Bishops of
the United States, is a native of Salisbury.
JEWETT, Freeborn G. born in Sharon— settled in Onondaga county, New
York, and has been surrogate, representative, member of congress, and is now
Judge of the Court of Appeals.
JOHNSTON, Josiah S. a native of Salisbury, removed in 17S9 with his pa-
rents to Kentucky. He emigrated 'rom thence to Louisiana where in 1821 he
was elected to congress — and in 1825 he was chosen United States Senator, On
his return homeward from Washington city in the spring of 1S33, he was in-
stantly killed by the bursting of a steamboat boiler on the Ohio river, May 19.
His father. Dr. John Johnston, died at Washington, Ky. October 25 1833.
JUDSON, Adoniram, born in Woodbury in 1751— graduated at Yale, and
was pastor of the congregational churches in Maiden, Wenham and Plymouth,
Mass. until 1817, when he became a Baptist, resigned his charge, and died soon
after. He was the father of the late Rev, Dr. Jud3on, of the Burman Mission,
LAWRENCE, Jame9 R. General, a native of JSIorfolh, but a resident of Syr*
acu3e, New York, was a member of the legislature in 1825 '38 '39 '40— Judge
358
of the county couit in 1847. and is now United States Attorney for the Northern
District of New York. His brother, Grove, also of Syracuse, was First Judge of
the county court for several years from 1S38.
LYON, Mathew, colonel, a native of Ireland, came to this country in 1758
and was tor several years a resident of this county. He emigrated to Vermont
and was there elected to congress in 1797 and again in 1799; he soon alter re-
moved to Kentucky, and was sent to congress from that State from 1803 to 1811.
His son, Chittenden Lyon, was in congress from Kentucky lor eiuht years. Both
of colonel Ly* i's wives were natives ot this county, the first being a niece of
Ethan Allen, the second a daughter of Governor Chittenden.
FRYMAN — long an honored and honorable name in Goshen. The head of the
family was Deacon Moses Lyman fiom Northampton who died in 1768, —his
son, Colonel Moses Lyman, a brave officer of the revolution, died in 1829, aged 87.
LYMAN, Samuel, son of deacon Moses; born in Goshen Jan. 25, 1749, and
graduated at Yale in 1770; settled in Springfield, Mass. — became a Judge of the
supreme cour', and in 1795 was ejected to congress, and served in that body five
years. Died in 1802.
LYMAN, Darius, son of colonel Moses, born in Goshen July 19, 1789, and
graduated at Williams college in 1810— settled at Ravenna, Ohio, where he still
resides. He has been much in public life, and in 1832 was a candidate for Gov*
ernor of Ohio — receiving 63,185 votes, to 71,251 for Governor Lucas. Mr. L)>
man is now a member of the Ohio Senate.
MARVIN, Reynold, a native of Lyme and a graduate ol Yale in 1748, was the
first lawyer in Litchfield and King's Attorney for the county. Died in 1802.
MONSON. Levinus, born in Canaan, graduated at Yale, and settled at Hu-
bart, New York, his present residence — he wa3 formerly a judge of the county
court, and is now a judge of the supreme court.
MITCHELL, Elisha, D. D., a native of Washington and a graduate of Yale
in 1813, is now Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University ol Norlh Car-
olina — [See plate.
MERWIN, Orange, a native and resident of New Milford, was a member of
congress tour years commencing in 1825.
McNIEL. David, colonel, a native of Litchfield, settled in Phelps, New York,
and became a Judge of the court of common pleas.
OWEN, John, a native ot Salisbury, died in Chatauque county, New York, in
1843, aged 107,
OSBORN, Selleek, from Danbury, was editor of the Litchfield Witness in
1804 '5 — and distinguished as a poet- During the war of 1812 he published a
newspaper in Wilmington, Delaware. Died in Philadelphia in 1S26.
PECK, John M., a native of Litchfield, a celebrated Baptist minister at Rock
Spring, Illinois. He is so popular with the people, that the whigs of that state
a few years since (about 1845,) nominated him for Governor.
PECK, William V., of Portsmouth, Ohio, and Judge of the circuit court of
that state, is a son of Litchfield parents, and way brought up from infancy to
manhood in that town.
PE^ET, Harvey P., LL.D., a native of Bttlilem, is now President of the New
York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb.
PETTIBONE, Rufus, a native of Norfolk, and a graduate of "Williams col-
lege, settled in St. Louis and became judge ol the supreme court of Missouri.
PORTER, Augustus; a native of Salisbury, was an early pioneer ol Western
New York, 'where he became an extensive landholder, and a Judge. He died
at Niagara Falls in 1850. Peter B. Porter, Jr, lato speaker of the New York
House, and Augustus A. Porter, late senator in congress from Michigan, are his
sons.
359
PIERCE, John, a-lonel, a native of Litchjield, became Paymaster-General of
the Army, and Commissioner for settling War Accounts— died in New Yoik in
1788, He was brother of Miss Sarah Pierce, the founder of the Litchfield Fe-
male Academy, who is still living.
PIERPONT, Robert, born in Litchfield in 1792— settled in Vermont, became
lieutenant governor and is now a Judge of the supreme court.
REEVE, Tapping. LL. D., born at Brookhaven, L. I., and graduated at New
Jersey college in 1763; settled at Litchfield and became chief justice of the State.
He established the Litchfield Law School, the most celebrated in the Union,
with which he was connected until his death in 1823. His first wife was a
sister of the celebrated Aaron Burr, who sp.mt several of his early ye^ars in the
Judge's family, and was here when, on hearing of the battle of Lexington, he
started for the scene of conflict and entered the army.
ROGERS, Edward, of Madison, New York, and a graduate of Williams col-
lege in 1S09, is a native of Cornwall; he was elected to congress in 1839
RIGGS, Dr. Lewis, a native of JVorfolk, was' elected to congress in 1841 from
Western New York.
ROBBINS, Thomas, D. D. son of Rev. Ammi R. the first minister in Norjolk,
was born in that town in 1777, and graduated at Yale in 1796 Having dis-
charged the duties of a pastor for about filty years, in 1*45 he accepted the
appointment of Librarian of the Connecticut Historical Society — a post which
he si ill holds. He ha* the largest antiquarian library in the country ; and ha9
published t'.vn 01 three volumes, asd fifteen sermons and addresses in pamphlet
form. The degree ol doctor ol divinity was conferred on him at Harvard.
ROCKWELL— a distinguished name in Colebrook ; the Hon Julius, SpeaK-
er of the Massachusetts House, and member of congress, was born io that town.
SANFORD, Edward f. naw American Secretary of Legation to^ France, is a
native of Wcodbury.
ST. JOHN, Daniel B late member of congress from the state of New York-
and nov? superintendend of the banking sy?tem, is a native of Sharon,
SEDGWICK — one of the most eminent names in the county. All who bear
it among us, are descendants of Richrrd, a Major General in Cromwell's army.
A branch of the family removed from West Hartford to Cornwall in 1"749. —
Theodore, LL. D, (speaker of the National House and President of the Senate,)
then a child of three years, was brought up in that town- A goodly number of
the name have been or are piominent men,
SHELDON, Daniel Jr, was born in Washington — died at Marseilles, France,
hi 1828, while secretary of legation to that country.
SKINNER, Roger, born in Litchfield in 1773— settled at Sandy Hill, New
York, and became a Senator and United States District Judge.
SMITH, Perry, of New Milford, has been a representative, judge of probate
and Senator in Congress.-
SMITH, Truman, a native of Roxbury and resident of Litchfield, has been a
representative, member of coagress,and is now United States Senator.
STRONG, Theron R, a native of Salisbury, settled in Palmyra, New York,
and was elected to congress in 1839, [Moses Strong, a native of the same townr
settled in Rutland, Vermont, became chief judge of that county, and died in
1842, aged 70. Adonijah and Martin were also prominent, men.]
STERLING— Ansel of Sharon and Elisha of Salisbury— both eminent men in
public and private life, are natives of Lyme,
360
TALL'UADGE, Benjamin, colonel, a distinguished officer of the conii •
hental army, was born at Brookhaven, [j. I,, in 1754, and graduated at
Yale in 1773. He entered the army in 1776, and was in several impor-
tant battles. In 17S4, he settled in LHclfield% and resided there until his
death in 1835. He was a member of congress from 1800 10 1815.
TALLMADGE, Henry F. was born at Litchfield in 1787 ; he is now U.
S. Marshal for the Southern District of New York. Benjamin, Jr,, his
brother, a Lieutenant in the Navy, died on board the United States frigate
Brandy wine, off Gibi altar, June 20, 1831, aged 36.
TANNER, William, a native of Rhode Island, but long a resident of
CornwflK died in that town a few years since at the age of 104 years. —
After 100 years old, he became a professed conyert to Christianity and
joined the Methodist church.
TRACY, Uriah, General,^ natiye of Norwich and a graduate of Yale,
settled in J tchfield, and there spent his entire professional and official life.
He was a member of congress three, and United Slates Senator eleven
years; and died in the latter office, in Washington city, in 1607,
TICKNOR, Luther, M. D., of Salisbury, President of the State Medi-
cal Society, &c, died in 1846. Caleb, his brother, a native of that town,
and distinguished as a physician and author, died in New York city in
1840, aged 36. Another brother, Benajah, is a surgeon in the Navy.
WATSON, James, b. in Washington, fitted for college with Rev. A. R.
Robbinsof Norfolk, and graduated at Yale in 1776. He was an officer of
the Revolution, at the close of which he settled in New York city, and
there became a wealthy merchant. He was appointed Naval Officer, and
a Director of the Bank of the United States — and in 1798 he was elected a
Senator in congress. Died in 1806. His parents are both buried in a
retired little graveyard about half a mile south-west of Bantam Lake in
Litchfield, under a red-stone tablet erected by their distinguished son.
WOODWARD, Samuel B., M. D., a native of Torrington, settled as a
physician at Wethersfield and in 1832 was elected to the State Senate. —
He was subsequently Superintendent of the Insane Retreat at Hartford,
and of the Massachusetts Lunatic Asylum- Died in 1849. | Several of
his brothers have been or are prominent physicians.]
WOODRUFF, Morris, a native an^ resident of Litchfield, died in that
town in 1841, He had been Major General, representative, Judge of the
county court, presidential elector, &c. His son, Lewis B., is now Judge
of the court of common pleas for the city and county of New York.
WOODRUFF, Clark, brother of the preceding, has been Judge of the
supreme court of Louisiana.
361
APPENDIX
LITCHFIELD COUNTY,
North of the ancient towns of Waterbury, Woodbury and New
Milford long remained a wilderness after most of the other parts
of the State were settled. To secure the fee of the soil to the
colonists, when at and subsequently to the administration of Sir
Edmund Andros, efforts were made to wrest from us our charter
privileges, the General Assembly granted Patents to several
towns ; and as most of Litchfield County was not then embraced
in any townships, the land was granted to the inhabitants of Hart-
ford and Windsor, as far west as the Housatonic river. All other
parts of the State, not included in any townships, when the dan-
ger was over, quietly and without question reverted to the Colony ;
but Hartford and Windsor on pretence that it was a bona fide
grant, laid claim to the whole. While the controversy was pend-
ing, Litchfield was incorporated ; and the government gave indica-
tions of a determination to do right and improve these lands, then
called Western Lands, for the benefit of the whole Colony. But
the leading men of Hartford and Windsor were determined to give
the government no peace till their rights were acknowledged.
Finally, wearied out with their importunity, the General Assembly,
after reserving to Litchfield their chartered rights, ceded the East
46
362
portion of the territory to Hartford and Windsor, and those towns
relinquished all claim to the Western portion. The dividing line
has Goshen and Norfolk on the West, and Torrington, Winchester
and Colebrook on the East. Hartford took for their portion the
townships of New Hartford, Winchester and Hartland ; and Wind-
sor took Barkhamsted, Torrington and Colebrook. Harwinton was
divided one half to each town, and named from the two towns,
Har -Win -ton. The portion secured to the government was laid
out into townships and rights, which were sold at auction at the
several count v seats.
Norfolk was
sold at
Hartford,
Goshen
u
New Haven,
Canaan "
U
New London,
Cornwall "
U
Fairfield,
Kent
a
Windham.
And the avails appropriated originally for schools, though after-
wards some part was allowed to be used for ecclesiastical pur-
poses.
The several towns of the County were incorporated as follows :
though most of them did not send members to the General Assem-
bly till several years subsequently.
Wtoodbury, incorporated 1683. The towns taken from Wood-
bury were
Bethlem, incorporated May, 1787 ;
Southbury, incorporated, May, 1787, and annexed to New-
Haven County in .
Roxbury, incorporated October, 17 96 ; and part of
Washington, incorporated Jan. 1770. The other parts of
Washington were taken from New Milford, Litchfield and Kent.
New Milford was incorporated Oct. 1712.
Litchfield " " May, 1710.
Harwinton " " Oct. 1737.
New Hartford " " Oct. 1738.
Sharon, Salisbury, (?) Canaan, Goshen and Kent, Oct.
1739. From Kent was taken
363
Warren, incorporated May, 1786.
Cornwall was incorporated May, 1740.
T0RRINGT0N " " Oct. 1740.
Norfolk " " May, 1758.
Hartland, May, 1761. Annexed to Hartford County.
Winchester, May, 1771.
Barkhamsted and Colebrook, Oct. 1779.
Watertown was taken from Waterbury and incorporated May,
1780, and annexed to Litchfield County. And included
Plymouth, incorporated a separate town, May, 1795.
Woodbury was originally embraced in Fairfield County.
New Milford, Sharon and Salisbury in New Haven County.
All the other towns in Hartford County.
The Act of Oct. 1751, constituting the County was
" Be it enacted, &c. That the townships of Litchfield, Wood-
bury, New Milford, Harwinton, New Hartford, Barkhempstead,
Hartland, Colebrook, Norfolk, Canaan, Salisbury, Kent, Sharon,
Cornwall, Goshen, Torrington and Winchester, lying in the north-
westerly part of this Colony, shall be and remain one entire County,
and be called the County of Litchfield ; the
bounds of which County shall extend north to the Colony line and
west to the Colony line, till it meets with the township of New
Fairfield, and to include the towns above mentioned." [Col. Rec.
VIII. 84.
JUDGES of the county court.
Acces.
Exit.
William Preston, Woodbury,
1751
1754
John Williams, Sharon,
1754
1773
Oliver Wolcott, Litchfield,
1773
1786
Daniel Sherman, Woodbury, 1786 1791
Joshua Porter, Salisbury, " 1791 1808
Aaron Austin, New Hartford, 1808 1816
364
Augustus Pettibone, Norfolk,
David S. Boardman, New Milford,
William M. Burrall, Canaan,
Ansel Sterling, Sharon,
Calvin Butler, Plymouth,
Ansel Sterling, Sharon,
William M. Burrall, Canaan,
Abijah Catlin, Harwinton,
Elisha S. Abernethy, Litchfield,
Ilolbrook Curtis, Watertown,
Hiram Goodwin, Barkhamsted,
Charles B. Phelps, Woodbury,
Hiram Goodwin, Barkhamsted,
Access.
Exit.
181G
1831
1831
1836
1836
1838
1838
1839
1839
1840
1840
1842
1842
1844
1844
1846
1846
1847
1847
1849
1849
1850
1850
1851
1851
JUSTICES OF THE QUORUM.
Access.
Exit.
John Miner, Woodbury,
1704
1716*
John Sherman, Woodbury,
1708
1714*
U ii u
1723
1728*
Joseph Miner, "
1725
1739*
William Preston, "
1740
1751*
Thomas Chipman, Salisbury,
1751
1753
John Williams, Sharon,
1751
1754
Samuel Canfield, New Milford,
1751
1754
Ebenezer Marsh, Litchfield,
1751
1772
Joseph Bird, Salisbury,
1753
1754
Noah Hinman, Woodbury,
1754
1759
Elisha Shelden, Litchfield,
1754
1761
Increase Moseley, Woodbury,
1755
1780
Roger Sherman, New Milford,
1759
1762
Daniel Sherman, Woodbury,
1761
1786
* In Faii-field County.
365
Bushnell Bostwick, New Milford,
Joshua Porter, Salisbury,
Samuel Canfield, New Milford,
Jedediah Strong, Litchfield,
Heman Swift, Cornwall,
Aaron Austin, New Hartford,
Nathan Hale, Canaan,
David Smith, Plymouth,
Daniel N. Brinsmade, Washington,
Judson Canfield, Sharon,
Birdsey Norton, Goshen,
Augustus Pettibone, Norfolk,
Uriel Holmes, Litchfield,
Moses Lyman, jr., Goshen,
Oliver Burnham, Cornwall,
Cyrus Swan, Sharon,
Martin Strong, Salisbury,
John Welch, Litchfield,
ASSOCIATE JUDGES.
Access.
Exit.
1762
1776
1772
1791
1777
1790
1780
1791
1786
1802
1790
1808
1791
1809
1791
1814
1802
1818
1808
1815
1809
1812
1812
1816
1814
1817
1815
1817
1816
1818
1817
1819
1817
1820
1819
1820
Martin Strong, Salisbury,
1820
1829
John Welch, Litchfield,
1820
1829
William M. Burrall, Canaan,
1829
1836
Morris Woodruff, Litchfield,
1829
1838
Hugh P. Welch, "
1836
1838
COUNTY COMMISSIONED.
Morris Woodruff, Litchfield, appointed 1839
Joseph H. Bellamy, Bethlem, " 1839, '41
John Boyd, Winchester " 1840, '9, '50
William Beebe, Litchfield, " 1840
366
Lester Loo-mis, Barkhamsted,
Frederick Kellogg, Cornwall,
Russell C. Abernethy, Torrington,
Oliver W. Pickett, New Milford,
Leman W. Cutler, Watertown,
Joseph I. Gaylord, Goshen,
Stephen Deming, Litchfield,
William P. Russell, Salisbury,
Hiram Goodwin, Barkhamsted,
Dunning Babbitt, New Milford,
Eli Mygatt, New Milford,
Henry L. Randale, Roxbury,
Daniel Parsons, Sharon,
Peleg Shepard, Barkhamsted,
William Cothren, Woodbury,
appointed 1841, '4, '5
1841, '2,
'3
1842, '3
1842, '3
1844, '5
1844, '5,
1 8 \ CK
%
Io40
1846, 51
1847, '8
1847, '8
1849
1850
1850
1851
1851
'7, '8, '9
CLERKS OF THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS AND THE COUNTY
COURT, AND OF THE SUPERIOR COURT AFTER ITS ESTAB-
LISHMENT IN THE COUNTY IN 1798.
Access. Exit.
Isaac Baldwin, 1751 1793
Frederick Wolcott, 1793 1836
Origen S. Seymour, 1836 1844
Gideon H. Hollister, 1844 1845
Access. Exit.
Origen S. Seymour, 1846 1847
Gideon II. Hollister, 1847 1850
Elisha Johnson.
1850
SHERIFFS.
Access. Exit.
Oliver Wolcott, 1751 1772
Lynde Lord, 1772 1801
John R. Landon, 1801 1819
Moses Seymour, jr. 1819 1825
Ozias Seymour,
Albert Sedgwick,
Charles A. Judson.
Albert Sedgwick,
Access. Exit.
1825 1834
1834 1835
1835 1838
1838
367
JUDGES OF PROBATE.
YEARS OP APPOINTMENT ARE SPECIFIED.
Barkhamsted District, from New Hartford District in 1834.
Lancelot Phelps, 1834 Hiram Goodwin, 1847
Amos Beecher, 1830, '7, '46, '5 Lester Loomis, 1848, '9
Jesse Ives, 1838 to '45 James Eggleston, 1851
Canaan District, from Sharon District, in 1846,
William M. Burrall, 1846 Miles T. Granger, 1849 to '51
William G. Pierce, 1847, '8
Cornwall District, from Litchfield District in 1847.
Philo Kellogg, 1847, '8 Frederick Kellogg, 1850, '1
Burritt B. North, 1849
Harwinton District, from Litchfield District in 1835.
Benajah Hayden, '35 to '7, 42, 3 Lewis Smith, '44, '5, '7 to 9, '51
Abijah Catlin, 1838 to 1841 Martin Cook, 2d, 1846, '50
Kent District, from New Milford District in 1831.
N. P. Perry, 1831 to '4, '8 to '41 R. Fuller, jr. 1842, '3, '9 to '51
Frederick Chittenden, 1835, '6 J. C. Hatch, 1844, '5, '7, '8
Wells Beardslee, 1837 John H. St. John, 1846
Litchfield District includes Goshen and Warren ; from Hart-
ford and Woodbury, Oct. 1742.
Ebenezer Marsh, 1742 to '71 Phineas Miner, 1838,'9
Oliver Wolcott, 1772 to '95 Ralph G. Camp, 1840, '1, '4, '5
Andrew Adam, pro tern, 1776 Charles Adams, 1847 to '9.
Frederick Wolcott, 1796 to 1836 Oliver A. G. Todd, 1850
E. S. Abernethy,'37, 42, '3, '46 Henry B. Graves, 1851
868
New Hartford District, from Sunshiny District in 1825 ;
originally in Farmirigton District.
Isaac Kellogg, 1825 to '32, '34 Roger XL Mills, 1838 to '41,
Lancelot Phelps, 1833 '44, '5, '7 to '51
Tertius Wadsworth, 1835 to '37 Wait Garrett, 1842, '3, '6
New Milford District, from Woodbury and Sharon Districts
in 1787.
Samuel Canfield, 1787 to '89 Perry Smith, 1833, '5
Daniel Everet, 1790 to 1804 George Taylor, 1836, 7, '42, '3
David S. Boardman, 1805 to '20 Thomas B. Lacey, 1846
Jehiel Williams, 1821 to '31 David G. Sanford, 1847, '8, '51
Nathaniel Perry, 1832, '4, '8 to Julius B. Harrison, 1849, '50
41, '4, '5
Norfolk District, from Simsbury and Litchfield Districts, 1779.
Giles Pettibone, 1779 to 1806 Daniel Hotchkiss, 1846
Augustus Pettibone, 1807 to '21 Darius Phelps, 1847, '9
Mich'l F. Mills, 1822 to '41 '4 '5 William R. Peck, 1848, '51
Joseph Riggs, 1842 John Dewell, 1850
James C. Swift, 1843
Plymouth District, from Waterbury District in 1833.
Calvin Butler, 1833 to '41 Henry B. Graves, 1845, '7
El'a Johnson, 1842, '3, '6, '9, '50 Barnabas W. Root, 1848
Calvin R. Butler, 1844 Ammi Giddings, 1851
Roxbury District, from Woodbury District in 1842.
H. B. Eastman, 1842 to '4, '50 Henry L. Randall, 1846
Aaron W. Fenn, 1845, '7 to '9 Myron Downs, 1851
Salisbury District, from Sharon District in L847.
John G.Mitchell, 1847 to '51
369
Sharon District from Litchfield District, Oct. 1755.
John Williams, 1755 to 1773 C. F. Sedgwick, 1840, '1, '4, '5
Joshua Porter, 1774 to 1810 '7, '8, '51
Elisha Sterling, 1811 to 1820 John G. Mitchell, 1842, '3, '6
Samuel Church, 1821 to 1832 James Orr, 1849, '50
William M. Burrall 1833 to '39
Torrington District, from Litchfield District in 1847.
George D. Wadhams, 1847 to '9 Henry S. Barbour, 1851
Harlow Fjler, 1850
Washington District from Woodbury and Litchfield Dists. 1832.
Daniel B. Brinsmade, 1832 to Ithiel Hickox, 1837, '42, '43
'4, '8 to '41, '4, '5, '7 to '9,51 William Moody, 1846
Frederick S. Fenn, 1835, '6 Daniel G. Piatt, 1850
Watertown District from Waterbury District in 1834.
Holbrook Curtiss, 1834, '5, '8 Merrit Hemmingway, 1837
to '45, '47 to '49 Charles S. Woodward, 1846
Benjamin De Forest, 1836 Allyn M. Hungerford, 1850, '1
Winchester District includes Colebrook ;• from Norfolk Dis-
trict in 1838.
John Boyd, 1838 Samuel W. Coe, 1843, '9, '50
Gideon Hall jr., 1839 to '41, Roland Hitchcock, 1846, '51
'44, '5, '8 William H. Rood, 1847
Daniel Coe, 1842
Woodbury District from Hartford and Fairfield Dists. Oct. 1719.
John Sherman, 1719 to '27 John Strong jr., 1816, '17, '34
Joseph Minor, 1728 to '56 Charles B. Phelps, 1823 to '33,
Daniel Sherman, 1757 to '94 '35 to '37, '42, '3, '6, '9 to '51
Nathan Preston, 1795 to 1804, Nathan'l B. Smith, 1838 to '41
'18 to '22 Leman B. Sprague, 1844
Noah B. Benedict, 1805 to '15 Thomas Bull, 1845 '7, '8
47
370
JUDGES OF SUPERIOR COURT.
Andrew Adams, Litchfield,
appointed Chief Justice in
Tapping Reeve, Litchfield,
appointed Chief Justice in
Nathaniel Smith, Woodbury
John Cotton Smith, Sharon,
James Gould, Litchfield,
Samuel Church, Salisbury,
appointed Chief Justice in
Jabez W. Huntington, Litchfield,
SENATORS OF CONGRESS.
Uriah Tracy, Litchfield,
Elijah Boardman, New Milford,
Jabez W. Huntington, Litchfield,
Truman Smith, "
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.
Uriah Tracy, Litchfield,
Nathaniel Smith, Woodbury,
John Allen, Litchfield,
John Cotton Smith, Sharon,
Benjamin Tallmadge, Litchfield,
Uriel Holmes, Litchfield,
Ansel Sterling, Sharon,
Orange Merwin, New Milford,
Jabez W. Huntington, Litchfield,
Phinehas Miner, "
Lancelot Phelps, Colebrook,
Truman Smith, Litchfield, 1839 '43
Origen S. Seymour, Litchfield,
Access.
Exit
1789
1798
1793
1798
1815
1814
180G
1818
1809
1811
1816
1819
1833
1847
1834
1840
1796
1807
1821
1823
1840
1847
1849
1793
1796
1795
1799
1797
1799
1800
1806
1801
1817
1817
1818
1821
1825
1825
1829
1829
1834
1834
1835
1835
1839
1845
1849
1851
371
GOVERNORS.
Access. Exit.
Oliver Wolcott, Litchfield, 1796 1798
John Cotton Smith, Sharon, 1813 1817
Oliver Wolcott, Litchfield, 1817 1827
LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS.
Oliver Wolcott, Litchfield, 1786 1796
John Cotton Smith, Sharon, 1811 1813
William S. Holabird, Winchester, 1842 1844
SECRETARIES OF STATE.
Royal R. Hinman, Roxbury, 1835 1842
Roger H. Mills, New Hartford, 1849 1850
STATE COMPTROLLERS.
Oliver Wolcott, Litchfield, 1788 1789*
Abijah Catlin, Harwinton, 1847 1850
COMMISSIONER OF SCHOOL FUND.
Seth P. Beers, Litchfield, 1825 1849
Abijah Catlin Harwinton, 1851
ASSISTANTS UNDER THE CHARTER.
John Sherman, Woodbury, 1713 1723
Elisha Sheldon, Litchfield, 1761 1779
Oliver Wolcott, " 1771 1735
Andrew Adams, " 1781 1790
Jedediah Strong, " 1789 1791
Resigned on appointment of Auditor of the United States Treasury
372
Herman Swift, Cornwall,
Tapping Reeve, Litchfield,
Aaron Austin, New Hartford,
Nathaniel Smith, Woodbury,
John Allen, Litchfield,
John Cotton Smith, Sharon,
Judson Canfield, Sharon,
Frederick Wolcott, Litchfield,
Noah B. Benedict, Woodbury,
Elijah Boardman, New Milford,
SENATORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION ELECTE]
Frederick "Wolcott, Litchfield,
Elijah Boardman, New Milford,
Orange Merwin, New Milford,
Seth P. Beers, Litchfield,
John Welch, Litchfield,
Samuel Church, Salisbury,
Homer Boardman, New Milford, 1828 1829
SENATORS UNDER THE DISTRICT SYSTEM.
District No. 15.
Phineas Lord, Litchfield, 1830 1831
William G. Williams, New Hartford, 1832 1833
Theron Rockwell, Colebrook, 1834 1835
James Beebe, Winchester, 1836 1837
Andrew Abernethy, Harwinton, 1838 1830
Lambert Hitchcock, Barkhamsted, 1840 1841
Martin Webster, Torrington, 1842
Israel Coe, " 1843
Abijah Catlin, Harwinton, 1844
William Beebe, Litchfield, 1845
Access.
Exit.
1790
1802
1792
1793
1794
1818
1799
1805
1800
1806
1809
1810
1809
1815
1810
1819
1816
1818
1818
1819
BY GENERAL TIC
1819
1822
1819
1820
1821
1824
1824
1825
1827
1825
1827
373
Access.
Exit.
Lucius Clark, Winchester,
1846
Gideon Hall, Jr., "
1847
Roger H. Mills, New Hartford,
1848
Francis Bacon, Litchfield,
1849
Samuel W. Coe, Winchester >
1850
Charles Adams, Litchfield,
1851
District No. 16.
Homer Boardman, New Milford,
1830
Thomas Mitchell, Plymouth,
1831
Calvin Butler, "
1832
Nehemiah C. Sanford, Woodbury,
1833
1834
George Taylor, New Milford,
1835
1836
Matthew Minor, Woodbury,
1837
John Buckingham, Watertown,
1838
Alvin Brown, Washington,
1839
Eli Potter, Plymouth,
1840
Joseph H. Bellamy, Bethlem,
1841
Elijah Warner, Plymouth,
1842
Charles B. Phelps, Woodbury,
1843
Silas Hoadley, Plymouth,
1844
Leman W. Cutler, Watertown,
1845
Minot Smith, Bethlem,
1846
John C. Ambler, "
1847
Henry Merwin, New Milford,
1848
Elisha Johnson, Plymouth,
1849
1850
Levi Heaton, "
1851
District No. 17.
Augustus Pettibone, Norfolk,
1830
1831
Charles F. Sedgwick, Sharon ,
1832
Elisha Sterling, Salisbury,
1833
1834
Horatio Smith, Sharon,
1835
3T4
Access.
Exit.
Martin Strong, Salisbury,
1836
Peter Bierce, Cornwall,
1837
1838
Nathaniel P. Perry, Kent,
1839
1840
Augustus Miles, Goshen,
1841
William M. Burrall, Canaan,
1842
John Dewell, Norfolk,
1843
Philo Kellogg, Cornwall,
1844
1845
Sidney Ensign, Canaan,
1846
John Hi Hubbard, Salisbury,
1847
1850
Samuel W. Gold, Cornwall,
1848
William P. Russell, Salisbury,
1849
William W. Welch, Norfolk,
1851
375
REPRESENTATIVES TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY,
Including the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1818,
marked * from the towns in Litchfield County. Previous to the
adoption of the Constitution of 1818, the Legislature held two sessions
a year, in May and October, under the provisions of the Charter of
1GG2, to both of which Representatives were chosen.
The several towns first sent Representatives to the General Assem-
bly as follows :
Woodbury,
May,
1684
Torrington,
May,
1762
New Milford,
Oct.
1725
Norfolk,
Oct.
1777
Litchfield,
May,
1740
Washington,
May,
1779
Sharon,
Oct.
1755
Watertown,
Oct.
1780
Harwinton,
Oct.
1756
Winchester,
May,
1781
Goshen,
Oct.
1756
Warren,
Oct.
1786
Salisbury,
May,
1757 •
Bethlem,
Oct.
1787
New Hartford,
May,
1757
Plymouth, •
May,
1795
Kent,
May,
1757
Barkhamsted,
Oct.
1796
Canaan,
May,
1757
'Colebrook,
Oct.
1796
Cornwall,
Oct.
1761
Roxbury,
May,
1797
First
Last Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. Sessions
Abernethy Andrew,
Harwinton, 1836
1837
2
Elisha S
Litchfield, 1844
1
u John,
Woodbury, 1845
1
Russell C.
Torringi
ton, o 1815
1828
5
" William C.
Harwinton, m 1816
1820
8
Ackley Benjamin,
Kent,
M 1781
o 1782
2
" Chester,
Washing
;ton, 1829
1840
2
376
First
Last
Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. !
Sessions
Adam John,
Canaan,
m 1791
O 1809
8
" Samuel F.
u
m 1816
1828
4
Adams Andrew, f
Litchfield,
o 177G
m 1781
10
" Charles,
*(
1845
1
" George R.
New Hartford,
1849
1
" Matthew,
Winchester,
M 1818
1831
5
11 Normand,
«
1851
1
Alford Arba,
Barkhamsted,
1850
1
Allen Gideon,
Bethlem,
1843
1
" James,
u
1836
1
« " Jr,
it
1851
1
« John,|
Litchfield,
m 1793
o 1796
7
" Noble,
Bethlem,
1838
1
Ailing James,
Cornwall,
o 1817
1
Allyn Austin,
Goshen,
1846
1847
2
" Henry,
Barkhamsted,
1828
1
" Matthew,
a
1829
1834
5
" PeJatiah,
a
o 1796
M 1814
23
" Sanford,
a
1846
1
Alvord Eliphaz,
Winchester,
m 1782
o 1811
11
" Roswell,
Harwinton,
o 1818
1826
2
Ambler David,
Woodbury,
m 1787
}■»
a u
Bethlem,
o 1787
o 1793
Ames Horatio,
Salisbury,
1848
1850
2
Andrews Daniel,
Winchester,
1833
1
" Edward W.
Cornwall,
1851
1
Andrus Seth,
Canaan,
o 1806
o 1818
Atwood Stephen,
Woodbury,
1843
1
Austin Aaron,
Torrington,
m 1778
m 1782
3
a u
New Hartford,
M 1777
1820
28*
" George,
Colebrook,
1849
1
" Nathaniel,
Torrington,
o 1799
1
Averill Moses,
Kent,
o 1770
m 1776
•
3
t Speaker, 1779, 1780.
t Clerk,
Oct. 1796.
37T
Representatives.
Averill Roger,
Babcock Timothy,
Towns.
Salisbury,
Colebrook,
First
Chosen.
1843
o 1818
Last
Chosen. !
1822
Number
Sessions
1
2
Bacon Asahel,
" Daniel,
" E. Champion,
Roxbury,
Woodbury,
Litchfield,
M 18 12
o 1811
1840
o 1816
1846
1841
2
10*
2
u Nathaniel,
Woodbury,
o 1810
m 1813
4
" William H.
i.
1836
1
Bailey Eber,
Goshen,
1833
1834
2
" Philo,
(C
1845
1846
2
" Putnam,
it
1839
1840
2
Baker Elisha,
New Hartford,
m 1768
1
a a
Canaan,
m 1769
o 17.72
4
Baldwin Albert N.
New Milford,
1840
1851
4
a Amos,
Watertown,
m 1818
1820
4*
* Collins,
Goshen,
1836
1
" David,
Watertown,
m 1816
o 1816
2
u Isaac,
Litchfield,
m 1745
M 1766
10
" Jr.
it
o 1782
o 1784
4
" Nathaniel,
Goshen,
o 1759
1
" Theophilus,
New Milford,
o 1735
o 1741
6
Truman,
Washington,
1838
1
Ball Robert,
Salisbury,
1827
1829
2
Bancroft Ephraim,
Torrington.
m 1772
o 1776
4
Barber Asahel N.
Harwinton,
1842
1843
2
" Dorrance,
Colebrook,
1837
1843
3
Barbour Henry S.
Torrington,
1850
1
Barnes Nathaniel,
Watertown,
o 1782
m 1784
4
Barnum William II.
Salisbury,
1851
1
Bartholomew Thomas,
Goshen,
1842
1843
2
Bass Nathan,
Colebrook,
o 1808
1825
8
" Henry,
Bates Samuel S.
u
New Hartford,
1821
1840
1
1
« William S.
ti a
1850
1
Battle Joseph,
Norfolk,
M 1811
1828
7*
or William,
Torrington,
48
o 1792
M 1802
9
378
Representatives.
Battell William Jr.
Towns.
Torrington,
First
Chosen.
M 1804
Last Numbci
Chosen. Sessions
1832 18*
Baxter Gilbert,
Colebrook,
1836
1
Beach Abel,
Kent,
m 1818
1828
Q
o
" Edmund,
Goshen,
M 17G7
o 1774
5
" John,
u
M 1757
u 17G1
3
" Julius,
t<
o 1817
M 1818
2
" Moses,
Harwinton,
1841
1842
2
" Wait,
Torrington,
o 1798
M 1800
Beardsley Agur,
Kent,
1845
" Birdsey,
"
1830
" Charles,
Roxbury,
1839
" Everett,
**
1848
Wells,
Kent,
1834
Beckley Samuel Jr.
Beebe Asahel,
Canaan,
o 1816
m 1775
o 1777
4
" Bezaleel,
Litchfield,
o 1781
o 1795
6
" James,
Winchester,
1819
1826
3
tt a
Canaan,
M 1757
o 1705
5
John,
u
M 1758
m 1764
3
« William,
Litchfield,
m 1815
1833
7
Beecher Abraham,
Bethlem,
1842
1
" Amos,
Barkhamsted,
o 1817
1827
2
Rollin L.
Winchester,
184G
1
Beers Seth P.f
Litchfield,
1820
1823
4
Belding Oliver,
Canaan,
o 17G8
1
Bellamy David,
Bethlem,
M 1794
o 1810
22
Joseph H.
"
o 1818
1827
5
Benedict Benjamin,
Winchester,
m 1787
o 1817
7
•; Isaac,
Colebrook,
o 1802
1
Nathaniel Jr.
Salisbury,
1833
1851
4
Noah B.J
Woodbury,
o 179G
1827
12
Benham Leonard D.
Colebrook,
1848
1
Bennett William,
Cornwall,
1821
J
Benton Ebenezer,
Litchfield,
M 1787
1
1 Cleric, 1821, Speaker, L822, 1823 J Clerk, Oct. 1809, May, 1811
379
Representatives.
Benton Jacob,
Towns.
Harvvinton,
First
Chosen.
0 175G
Last
Chosen. !
o 1758
Number
Sessions
3
Berry Nathaniel,
Kent,
o 1788
o 1792
6
<f Jr.
u
o 1804
m 1805
2
Bierce Peter,
Cornwall,
1824
1829
6
Bidwell Eleazer,
Colebrook,
o 1803
1
" Riverius,
New Hartford,
o 1803
m 1806
6
" Thomas,
t< a
m 1785
o 1785
2
Bird James,
Salisbury,
o 1768
o 1775
o
" John,
Litchfield,
o 1740
m 1748
o
" Joseph,
ii
m 1740
m 1749
9
Birge Allen,
Harwinton,
1840
1841
2
Bishop Asa,
Colebrook,
m 1805
1
" James,
Watertown,
1828
1829
2
" Miles,
Bissell Zaeheus W.
Roxbury,
Sharon,
o 1813
1836
1841
1
2
Blackmail Simeon,
it
o 1809
o 1811
5
Blake Jonathan,
Winchester,
1851
1
Blakesl,ey Ransom,
" Samuel,
Plymouth,
Colebrook,
1826
o 1805
1827
M 1806
2
2
Bliss Linus,
Barkhamsted,
1847
1
Bloss Charles A.
Bethlem,
1841
1
" George T.
a
1845
1
Boardman Daniel,
New Milford,
M 1790
o 1792
2
David S.
u a
o 1812
1829
8
" Elijah,
it U
m 1803
m 1816
6
" Homer,
a a
o 1805
o 1818
2
" Sherman,
u ki
m 1771
o 1800
23
Bolles Samuel P.
Litchfield,
1848
1
Booth Charles,
Woodbury,
1840
1
" Gerardus,
New Milford,
o 1815
1
" Reuben,
a u
M 1778
o 1786
2
" Walter,
a a
1831
1832
2
Bordwell Mills,
Kent,
1826
1
Bostwick Bushnell,
New Milford,
m 1750
m 1773
30
" Daniel,
a a
m 1753
o 1761
4
380
Representatives.
Bostwick Elisha,
Towns.
New Milford,
First
Chosen.
m 1791
Last Number
Chosen. Sessions
m 1815 15
John,
U U
o 1725
o 1740
18
41 Nathaniel,
u it
M 1738
o 1743
5
" Reuben,
a u
m 1785
1
" hiehard,
i( U
o 1769
1
" Samuel,
a u
M 17G3
m 1796
2
Bosworth Thomas B.
Salisbury,
1839
1840
2
Botsford Daniel,
Roxbury,
1840
1
Gideon B.
"Woodbury,
1832
1834
2
" Isaac G.
Roxbury,
1844
1
" Nathan,
New Milford,
o 1752
1
Boyd James,
Winchester,
m 1804
1819
5
u John,
it
1830
1835
2
Brace James,
Harwinton,
o 1797
a 1818
30*
Bradley Aaron,
Litchfield,
o 1806
o 1810
6
" Abraham,
u
o 1775
M 1785
4
" Albert,
Torrington,
1850
1
u Aner,
Watertown,
M 1795
m 1797.
o
Joel,
Harwinton,
m 1810
o 1814
4
Phineas S.
Woodbury,
1842
1
Brewster Asa S.
Canaan,
1825
1826
6
u Jabez,
U
m 1817
1820
8
Rev. Daniel,
Washington,
m 1787
1
Brinsmade Daniel N.f
"
m 1784
o 1814
43
* B.
n
m 1816
1848
10
Bronson Abraham,
Roxbury,
m 1798
m 1805
o
or Isaac,
Winchester,
1823
1832
3
Brownson Moseley V.
or Ozias,
Washington,
Winchester,
1851
m 1783
m 1784
1
3
Brunson Richard,
Woodbury,
o 1740
1
" Salmon,
Warren,
o 1813
1
" Samuel,
New Milford,
o 1726
1
" Theron,
Winchester,
1849
1
" Timothy,
Salisbury,
o 1761
1
t Clerk, Oct. 1800.
381
Representatives.
Brooks Watts H.
Brothwell David,
Brown Edmund,
" Frederick,
u Sanfbrd,
Bryan Piatt,
Brush John,
Buckingham Jolin,
Buell Frederick,
" Jonathan,
" Jonathan,
M John,
•' Norman,
" Peter,
" Samuel,
Bull John,
« Men-it,
" Thomas,
Burnham Arvin,
" Daniel,
" Hiram,
" Oliver,
Burr Silas,
Burrall Charles,
« " Jr.
" Jonathan,
« Win. M.
Wm. F.f
Burritt Ebenezer,
Burton Nathan, Jr.
Bushnell Ensign,
" William,
Butler Calvin,
" Oliver B.
First
Last :
Number
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. !
Sessions
Goshen,
1851
1
Roxbury,
1829
1836
3
Norfolk,
1831
1
Colebrook,
o 1812
o 1814
2
New Hartford,
1844
1
Washington,
1847
1
Woodbury,
1828
1
Watertown,
1825
1827
2
Litchfield,
1840
1841
2
u
o 1815
o 1817
5
Goshen,
o 1770
m 1772
2
Litchfield,
o 1740
m 1741
2
«
m 1806
1
«
M 1755
m 1756
2
a
1838
1839
2
Ilarwinton,
1843
1844
2
Winchester,
m 1817
o 1817
2
Woodbury,
1845
1
Washington,
1851
1
a
1849
1
Barkhamsted,
1846
1
Cornwall,
m 1801
1823
33*
Norfolk,
1845
1
Canaan,
m 1760
m 1792
32
a
o 1788
m 1795
7
a
o 1795
m 1804
10
a
a 1818
1833
5*
«
1835
1846
3
Roxbury,
o 1811
1
Bethlem,
1823
1
Washington,
a 1818
1821
2*
Salisbury,
1849
1
Plymouth,
m 1814
1828
10*
Norfolk,
1847
1
t Clerk, 1835, 1836.
;82
Representatives.
Calhoun Sheldon H.
" John,
Towns.
Washington,
Washington,
First
Chosen.
1849
M 1782
Last Number
Chosen. Sessions
1
1
u a
Cornwall,
m 1808
o 1810
2
" c.
a
1839
1847
2
Camp Abiel,
•* David,
Salisbury,
Bethlem,
m 1775
o 1788
o 1780
7
1
" Edward,
Barkhamsted,
1848
1
" Enos,
New Milford,
m 1755
1
« Israel,
Sharon,
o 1816
1832
4
u John,
" Riverius,
Winchester,
New Milford,
1844
o 1808
1
1
" Treat,
Candee Eli,
Woodbury,
Harwinton,
1831
1821
1834
1822
2
2
" Lewis B.
Canfield Elihu,
" Ithamer,
Woodbury,
Roxbury,
New Milford,
1842
o 1797
o 1814
M 1813
jvi 1816
1
11
2
" John,
Sharon,
o 1775
o 1786
12
" Joseph, Jr.
" Judson,
Salisbury,
Sharon,
m 1798
o 1791
o 1799
m 1809
4
17
" Samuel,
a
o 1780
o 1797
7
U U
New Milford,
o 1735
M 1754
14
it a
a
m 1765
m 1788
27
a a
it
1822
1823
2
Carrington Riverius,
Carter Benjamin,
" Dan,
Warren,
o 1751
o 1807
1827
1820
1835
1
6
3
" Henry W.
" Joseph,
" Russell,
*<
Kent,
Warren,
1843
o 1777
1837
1844
m 1784
1838
2
6
2
" Samuel,
Cartwright David S.
u
Sharon,
m 1788
1850
o 1797
4
Cary N. H.
Case Abial E.
Washington,
Norfolk,
1847
1837
" Abial,
Barkhamsted,
1849
" Ashbel,
Norfolk,
o 1780
383
First
Last
Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen.
Sessions
Case Chester N.
Harwinton,
1834
1
" Hira,
Barkhamsted,
1850
1
" Jehiel,
t<
1842
1
" Lyman,
Winchester,
1839
1
" Zopher,
Barkhamsted,
o 1818
1826
2
Castle Henry,
Woodbury,
m 1727
o 1729
2
Catlin Abijah,
Harwinton,
m 1757
o 1773
23
" t
a
1837.
1851
5
" Benjamin,
Cornwall,
1832
1833
2
* Dan,
Litchfield,
1844
1845
2
" Daniel,
Harwinton,
o 1759
o 1768
14
u ii
"
o 1791
o 1802
20
" George,
it
o 1766
o 1783
8
" Joel,
a
o 1765
o 1767
2
u Jonathan,
n
m 1767
1
" Sheldon G.
it
1847
1848
2
Chamberlin Abiram,
Colebrook,
1831
1
Chapman Clark,
Sharon,
1830
1833
2
" Laurin,
Warren,
1840
1842
2
Chapin Phineas,
Salisbury,
m 1803
1828
8
Chipman Thomas,
a
m 1757
1
Chittenden Frederick,
Washington,
1842
1
" Thomas,
Salisbury,
o 1764
m 1772
13
" Timothy, Jr.
a
H 1803
m 1812
4
a a
a
m 1779
o 1779
2
Church Leman,
Canaan,
1834
1835
2
" Nathaniel,
Salisbury,
m 1802
o 1802
2
u Samuel,j
a
a 1818
1831
7*
* Samuel, Jr.
Bethlem,
M 1810
m 1814
3
Clark Ebenezer,
Washington,
o 1779
1
" John,
Woodbury,
m 1800
o 1801
4
« Philo,
Washington,
1822
1
Nehemiah,
Salisbury,
1840
1
« Silas,
Woodbury,
1849
1
t Clerk, 1839
i Clerk
; 1624
184
llepresentatives.
Clark Timothy, Jr,
Towns.
Uarwinton,
First
Chosen.
M 1803
Last 1
Chosen. '
O 1812
Number
Sessions
10
" Victorianus,
Cornwall,
1833
1834
2
" William,
u
1836
1
Cleveland Alexander,
Barkhamsted,
1841
1
a u p
u
184D
1
" James C.
Winchester,
1834
1
Cobb James,
Colebrook,
1847
1
Coe Demas,
Torrington,
1845
1
*w Jonathan,
u
o 1762
31
1765
4
Jr.
Winchester,
1822
1828
4
u Linus W.
Torrington,
1845
1
" James R.
Winchester,
1845
1
" Norris,
"
1838
1839
2
u Roger,
a
m 1814
O
1815
3
" Thomas M.
Litchfield,
1851
1
Coffin John C.
Salisbury,
m 1815
1
Cogswell William,
Washington,
m 1779
1823
14
Cole Benjamin,
Coleman Josiah,
Collins Cicero,
Canaan,
Sharon,
Goshen,
m 1759
o 1783
1835
M
1788
1
3
1
" Timothy,
u
1824
1834
2
Colt Anson, Jr.
Torrington,
1839
1840
2
Comstock David,
Kent,
o 1799
31
1804
7
" Eliphalet,
" Peter,
« John,
u
u
New Milford,
o 1762
o 1793
o 1757
0
1767
5
1
1
" Samuel,
«
o 1771
31
1806
8
Concklin Thomas,
Colebrook,
1823
1
Cone Calvin,
Barkhamsted,
o 1801
I
" Warren,
Norfolk,
1834
1838
2
Converse Hiram,
Kent,
1836
1
Cook Elisha,
Torrington,
1819
1820
2
" George,
•' John,
Goshen,
rorringtun.
1831
m 1762
O
1835
1777
22
« John W.
a
1851
1
385
Representatives.
Cook Joseph,
Towns.
Harwinton,
First
Chosen.
o 1778
Last
Chosen.
o 1798
Number
Sessions
11
" Moses,
Goshen,
1820
1850
3
" William,
New Hartford,
o 1813
m 1817
8
Cornish George,
Corn well John,
" Joshua,
Barkhamsted,
Cornwall,
Canaan,
1840
o 1787
o 1815
m 1788
o 1818
1
2
4
" William,
Washington,
m 1781
1
Cowles Asa,
New Hartford,
o 1806
o 1809
7
" James M.
Norfolk,
1844
1851
2
« Richard B.
New Hartford,
1836
1
Craft Chauncey,
Culver Samuel,
Cummings J. T,
Woodbury,
Litchfield,
Winchester,
1823
o 1741
m 1809
1
1
1
Cunningham Garwood H.
Curtis Augustus,
Woodbury,
Warren,
m 1799
o 1818
o 1801
3
1
or " Daniel,
" Daniel,
Woodbury,
m 1742
1843
1844
1
2
" Eleazer,
Kent,
o 1779
m 1786
4
« Elizur,
New Hartford,
1829
1
" Holbrook,
Watertown,
1821
1845
7.
4< Israel,
" Jesse,
" John,
" Solomon,
Woodbury,
Watertown,
Woodbury,
Norfolk,
m 1689
o 1780
m 1696
1848
o 1704
m 1781
m 1735
12
2
8
1
" Stephen,
" Thomas,
" Truman,
Woodbury,
Norfolk,
New Hartford,
m 1718
1829
1848
1842
1
5
1
Cutler Leman W.
Watertown,
1836
1840
2
Daley Elijah,
Dauchy Jeremiah,
Davis Nathaniel,
Woodbury,
Salisbury,
Harwinton,
o 1815
m 1800
m 1759
m 1805
1
5
1
Day Jeremiah,
Sharon,
o 1766
m 1767
2
'« Noble,
Washington,
m 1809
o 181«
6
Dayton Daniel,
Kent,
1835
1
49
386
Representatives.
Dean Jesse,
Towns.
Canaan,
First
Chosen.
1842
Last Number
Chosen. Sessions
1
De Forest Benjamin,
" John,
Watertown,
1831
1838
1
1
John H.
a
m 1809
o 1815
5
Demang Julius,
Litchfield,
o 1790
m 1798
3
" Ralph,
Sharon,
1835
1839
2
Dibble Isaac H.
Torrington,
1824
1825
2
Dickinson John,
Norfolk,
m 1807
o 1810
6
Dodge Stephen,
Doolittle Richard A.
Kent,
Barkhamsted,
m 1792
1843
1
1
Doty Erastus, Jr.
Colebrook,
1845
1846
2
Douglass Benajah,
" William,
Canaan,
m 1817
a 1818
1830
1850
6
3*
u Riverius,
New Hartford,
1842
1
Dowd David L.
Norfolk,
1841
1
" Elizur,
a
1835
1839
2
Downs David,
" Myron,
Drake Noah, Jr.
Sharon,
Roxbury,
Torrington,
o 1778
1851
1829
m 1795
1835
13
1
4
" Rufus,
Winchester,
1836
1837
2
Drakely William,
Dudley George,
Dunham Samuel,
Woodbury,
Winchester,
Sharon,
1822
1847
m 1758
1824
m 1760
3
1
2
Dutcher Ruleff,
Eastman Josiah R.
Eaton Ira,
Canaan,
Roxbury,
Kent,
1840
m 1818
1833
1333
1
3
1
Eldred Judah,
Warren,
o 1798
1819
7
Elliott Matthew,
Kent,
M 1808
m 1816
4
" John,
a
o 1794
m 1797
3
" Nathan,
a
o 1760
o 1790
15
" Youngs,
Washington,
1832
1833
2
Elmore Henry B.
New Hartford,
1838
1
" John,
Canaan,
o 1802
m 1815
13
" " Jr.
u
1837
1
Samuel
Sharon,
m 1779
o 1781
4
387
Representatives.
Elton Samuel,
Towns.
Watertown,
First
Chosen.
m 1817
Last
Chosen.
o 1817
Number
Sessions
2
Eno Eliphalet,
Torrington,
o 1782
m 1792
9
Ensign Eli,
Canaan,
1831
1
" John,
a
o 1772
m 1776
3 t
U a
Salisbury,
1836
1837
2
" Sidney,
Essex Joseph,
Everett Charles,
Canaan,
Cornwall,
Warren,
1841
1845
1846
1851
2
1
1
" Daniel,
New Milford,
o 1780
o 1783
3
" Elmore,
Sharon,
1837
1846
4
" Samuel E.
a
o 1811
1832
9*
" William,
a
1843
1
Everts John,
" Nathaniel,
Salisbury,
m 1757
m 1807
m 1772
o 1807
13
2
Farnham Peter,
Farrand Jonathan,
Salisbury,
Washington,
o 1808
o 1785
m 1813
o 1790
4
4
Fellows Thomas,
Canaan,
m 1780
1
Fenn James,
a
1820
1
" Thomas,
(Waterbury,)
Watertown,
m 177S
o 1780
3i 1780
m 1807
} 38
Ferris Fitch,
Canaan,
1838
1839
2
Fisk Ebenezer,
New Milford,
m 1745
1
Fitch Elisha,
" Hezekiah,
Salisbury,
m 1782
o 1774
m 1787
o 1793
5
22
Forbes Samuel,
Canaan,
o 1766
m 1802
29
Ford John M.
Washington,
1839
1
Foster David,
Sharon,
o 1763
o 1764
2
Fowler Warren R.
Washington,
m 1810
1
Fox Reuben,
Cornwall,
o 1813
1
Francis Asa,
Goshen,
m 1777
m 1780
3
Frisbie Daniel,
Washington,
1842
1
" Enos,
Harwinton,
1819
1
" Russel,
Colebrook,
1845
1
" Samuel,
Washington,
1834
1
Fuller Alpheus,
Kent,
1827
1
388
Representatives.
Fuller Amos,
Towns.
Salisbury,
First
Chosen.
M 1764
Last :
Chosen. 1
Number
Sessions
1
" Henry I.
" Robert N.
" Rufiis, Jr.
Kent,
Salisbury,
Kent,
1851
1845
1848
1
1
1
Gager Samuel R.
Sharon,
1821
1829
3
Gains Edward,
New Hartford,
184G
1
Garnsey Samuel,
Gay Calvin,
Plymouth,
Sharon,
1829
1827
1830
1828
2
2
" Ebenezer,
a
m 1774
m 1784
9
" John,
it
M 17G1
1
Gaylord Anson,
" Benjamin,
" Daniel,
Norfolk, •
New Milford,
1849
M 1760
1824
1
1
1
« Elijah,
Harwinton,
o 1811
o 1813
2
" Hiram,
Norfolk,
1840
1851
2
" Joseph I.
" Nathan,
Goshen,
New Milford,
1848
o 1762
1849
o 1764
2
4
" Nathaniel B.
Winchester,
o 1816
o 1818
2
'« Willard,
Goshen,
1840
1841
2
" Sereno,
« William,
Plymouth,
New Milford,
1850
o 1733
1
1
Giddings Ammi,
Gilbert Alvin,
« William L.
Plymouth,
Winchester,
u
1851
1850
1849
1
1
1
Gillet Asaph,
" Horace,
" Jabez,
Torrington,
tt
a
1831
1829
o 1784
1844
1830
o 1803
3
2
10
" John,
« " Jr.
a
•i
m 1801
o 1809
1837
1
12
'< A.
" Jonathan,
« Matthew,
Goodwin Asa,
" Eleazar,
Canaan,
Sharon,
New Hartford,
u a
1843
m 1787
o 1762
o 1810
o 1759
o 1787
m 1783
1825
m 1764
1
2
26
15
2
" Hezekiah,
Sharon,
m 1818
1
889
Representatives.
Goodwin Hiram,
Towns.
Barkhamsted,
First
Chosen.
1836
Last
Chosen.
1837
Number
Sessions
2
" John P.
" Nathaniel,
Sharon,
Litchfield,
1846
o 1808
1847
o 1809
2
3
" Orrin,
M Stephen,
Gold Benjamin or
" Hezekiah,
Graham Andrew,
" Freeman,
New Hartford,
Goshen,
Cornwall,
a
Woodbury ,
New Hartford,
1841
o 1771
m 1802
o 1787
o 1778
1842
1850
o 1780
o 1814
2
3
20
1
1
1
Grant Daniel,
Torrington,
ol782
3i 1785
2
" Elijah,
" Harvey, .
" Matthew,
Norfolk,
u
Torrington,
o 1782
1832
1822
m 1783
1833
2
2
1
Gregory Hezekiah C.
Cornwall,
1849
1
Griswold Benjamin,
Harwinton,
m 1805
m 1813
12
" Giles,
Goshen,
o 1779
1
« Giles,
" Joseph,
" Marvin,
a
Litchfield,
Harwinton,
1826
m 1742
1821
1828
o 1742
1831
3
2
6
" Normand,
Torrington,
m 1807
M 1811
2
« Thaddeus,
a
o 1810
o 1816
6
" Shubael,
a
m 1776
o 1793
11
Guittean Ephraim,
Gunn Abraham,
Norfolk,
New Milford,
o 1783
m 1800
1
1
" Abner,
a
o 1799
1
(i Frederick,
u
1843
1
" John N.
Washington,
m 1812
o 1818
4
Hale Adino,
" Nathan,
Goshen,
Canaan,
m 1786 Aug. 1818
o 1780 m 1798
54*
15
" Timothy,
Hall Asaph,
" Ephraim S.
" Gideon, Jr.
Goshen,
a
Litchfield,
Winchester,
o 1802
o 1773
m 1817
1838
o 1817
o 1792
m 1818
1846
8
18
3
2
" Philip,
Hamlin Luman B.
Harwinton,
New Milford,
1849
1848
1849
1
2
390
First
Last
Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen.
Sessions
Hammond David,
Roxbury,
o 1803
1
Harrison Elihu,
Litchfield,
1832
1835
2
" Jared S.
Salisbury,
1830
1835
3
*' John R.
Cornwall,
1840
1841
2
" Myron,
««
1837
1848
2
M Thomas,
Litchfield,
m 1747
o 1754
9
Hart Alpha,
Goshen,
1837
1838
2
« Henry,
a
1822
1823
2
« Josiah Hall,
Barkhamsted,
m 1813
m 1816
2
" Miles,
Go&hen,
1841
1842
2
Hartwell Sherman,
Warren,
1822
1824
2
Hatch Jetliro,
Kent,
o 1775
m 1780
* Johnson C.
"Washington,
1831
" Washington,
Winchester,
1844
Hawes George,
Canaan,
1841
Hawley Isaac B.
Roxbury,
1824
u Jehiel,
New Milford,
o 1753
m 1761
4
" Nathan,
Bethlem,
m 1816
1639
4
" William,
Woodbury,
m 1802
o 1805
3
Hayden Cicero,
Torrington,
1834
1835
2
" Moses,
Barkhamsted,
m 1812
m 1817
7
" Samuel,
u
o 1797 Aug. 1818
3*
Hayes Ezekiel,
u
1851
1
" Elijah,
Warren,
1830
1839
5
" Jeriel,
Bethlem,
1837
1
* Timothy,
Barkhamsted,
1841
1
Hazen Elijah,
Washington,
m 1797
m 1808
11
Heakox Benjamin,
Woodbury,
o 1719
1
Hecex Benjamin,
u
m 1747
o 1758
6
Heaten Levi,
Plymouth,
1847
1848
2
" Stephen,
Goshen,
o 1758
m 1768
2
Hemingway Jacob,
Plymouth,
m 1815
1819
4
Henderson, Gordon,
New Hartford,
1843
1844
2
" " W.
u
1851
1
" James,
■ u
m 1804
1823
3
391
lleprescntatives.
Henderson James F.
4k John,
Towns.
New Hartford,
First
Chosen.
1839
M 1786
Last Number
Chosen. Sessions
1
m 1803 18
Htckox Daniel,
Watertown,
1819
1
Hickcox Edmund,
" Curtis,
" Ithiel,
Washington,
a
1847
1821
1846
1
1
1
w Nathan,
u
m 1781
o 1787
6
B Samuel,
Watertown,
m 1782
o 1784
3
Higley Horace,
Hill George A.
Hills Hewitt,
Winchester,
Goshen,
Winchester,
m 1799
1849
m 1792
m 1806
1850
o 1794
7
2
4
* Seth,
a
m 1781
o 1793
6
Hind James,
New Milford,
o 1748
1
Hind man William,
Cornwall,
1842
1846
3
Hine Abel,
New Milford,
o 1769
o 1798
12
M u
tt
1824
1
<; Bee be,
a
o 1806
m 1812
11
« Clark,
u
1828
1829
2
" Lyman,
" Myron S.
" Noble,
a
Warren,
New Milford,
1836
1850
m 1780
m 1795
1
1
7
Hinman Andrew,
" Benjamin,
a u
Woodbury,
a
n
m 1725
M 1711
o 1757
m 1740
o 1787
8
1
21
" Daniel,
Harwinton,
1850
1
Hinman Eleazer,
" Edward,
Woodbury,
a
o 1749
M1773
1
1
" Ephraim,
b Noah,
b Royal R.
b Titus,
Hinsdale Abel,
Roxbury,
Woodbury,
Roxbury,
Woodbury,
Torrington,
o 1798
m 1731
m 1814
m 1699
m 1815
m 1809
M 1752
1831
o 1720
1821
3
20
4
9
4*
" Bissel,
Winchester,
m 1815
o 1815
2
" Elisha,
" Horace,
Torrington,
Winchester,
o 1805
1821
o 1806
3
1
392
Representatives.
Hinsdale, Lorrain,
" Jacob,
" Theodore,
Hitchcock John,
u a
" Lambert,
" Southard,
Hoadley Samuel,
" Silas,
Hodge Chauncey,
Hodges Elkanah,
" Erastus,
" Elkanah H.
Holabird John,
" Milo,
Holcomb Hiram,
Hollister Gideon,
" Horace,
Holly Luther,
" Newman,
Holmes Israel,
" Joseph,
" Uriel, Jr.
" " Jr.f
Holt James,
" Eleazer,
" Isaac,
Hooker Asahel,
Hopkins Asa,
" Samuel,
ft a
Uriah,
Hopson Wm. T.
Towns-
Tor rington,
Harwinton,
Winchester,
New Milt'ord,
Kent,
Barkhamsted,
Sharon,
Winchester,
Plymouth,
Roxbury,
Torrington,
Canaan,
Washington,
Salisbury,
Torrington,
Winchester,
New Hartford,
Litchfield,
Harwinton,
Norfolk,
a
Harwinton,
Litchfield,
Goshen,
Cornwall,
Harwinton,
Kent,
First
Chosen.
1846
o 1756
1837
o 1749
o 1763
1834
1850
m 1811
1832
1842
m 1792
m 1813
1839
o 1801
1848
1845
m 1780
1846
m 1811
1821
1838
m 1808
o 1792
o 1803
1830
o 1798
o 1781
1832
1833
M1787
1821
o 1816
1837
Last
Chosen.
1847
M 1761
m 1758
1837
1832
o 1816
1849
o 1780
o 1812
1827
o 1814
m 1793
o 1814
1849
o 1815
m 1801
1823
1825
Number
Sessions
2
3
1
6
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
5
1
8
2
1
2
1
3
4
1
6
11
4
12
1
1
1
13
3
9*
1
t Clerk, Oct. 1806.
393
Representatives.
Hosford Chauncey,
Hosmer Thomas,
Hotchkiss R. H.
" Samuel,
" Wm. B.
Howard Jarvis C.
Howd Salmon,
Howell Arthur,
" Edmund,
Hubbell Ephraim, Jr.
" Jedediah,
Hubbard Parley,
Humphrey Asahel,
« Dudley,
" Hosea,
" John,
" Noah,
« Obed M.
Hungerford Allyn M.
" Joel,
Hunt Amos,
" Reuben,
" Russell,
Huntington Jabez W.
Hurd Curtis,
" David,
Hurlbut George,
" Gideon,
" John,
" Samuel,
« a
« Timothy,
Hutchinson John,
Ives Jesse,
Towns.
Canaan,
a
Woodbury,
New Hartford,
Woodbury,
Warren,
Barkhamsted,
Colebrook,
a
Kent,
u
Salisbury,
Norfolk,
Goshen,
a
Watertown,
a
Canaan,
Litchfield,
Woodbury,
Roxbury,
Goshen,
Canaan,
Winchester,
Canaan,
Salisbury,
Barkhamsted,
First Last
Chosen. Chosen.
1837 1838
m 1783 m 1784
1847
1849
1848
1851
o 1818 1848
1826 1839
m 1804
m 1764 m 1777
o 1778
1823 1824
o 1778 m 1797
m 1779 o 1794
m 1787 o 1787
1849
1820 1821
1843 1844
1850 1851
1834
m 1809 o 1812
1828
o 1805
1828
m 1794
o 1788 o 1789
1845
o 1757
(See Holabird.)
m 1791 3i 1810
1835
m 1765 m 1785
o 1758
1824 1827
Number
Sessions
2
2
1
1
1
1
4
7
1
15
1
2
13
14
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
10
1
3
50
394
Representatives.
Ives Titus,
Jackson Ebenezer,
" Nathan, Jr.
Jenkins Benjamin,
" Eleazer,
Jenner Samuel,
Jerome Amasa,
T. G.
Jewett Caleb,
« John S.
Johnson Amos,
« M.
" Augustus S.
" Daniel,
" James,
Jones Caleb,
" Elijah,
" Henry,
" Israel, Jr.
" Orville,
Judd Leverett,
" Russell,
Judson Elmore,
" Horace,
David,
" John,
•« u
" Joseph,
u u
Wells,
Kasson Alexander,
" Benadam,
" George D.
Kellogg Elias,
Frederick,
Towns.
First
Chosen.
Last Number
Chosen. Sessions
Norfolk,
o 1780
fit 1787
2
Cornwall,
o 1788
M 1795
6
Bethlem,
1829
1833
4
Winchester,
o 1803
o 1804
2
Sharon,
1842
1
Woodbury,
M 1702
1
New Hartford,
o 1815
1
tl u
1847
1
Sharon,
o 1760
m 1776
11
tt
1851
1
Cornwall,
o 1763
1
a
1850
1
Harwinton,
1835
1846
4
Salisbury,
M 1817
1819
5*
tt
M 1805
1
Cornwall,
1836
1838
3
Barkhamsted,
1821
1836
7
New Hartford,
1835
1845
2
Barkhamsted,
m 1796
o 1808
19
«<
1851
1
Bethlem,
o 1813
o 1814
2
Kent,
1823
1838
2
Woodbury,
1837
1
New Milford,
1846
1
Washington,
o 1789
m 1794
7
Woodbury,
M 1706
m 1721
3
u
1835
1840
2
u
M 1684
o 1686
6
u
m 1725
1
Roxbury,
m 1804
1
Bethlem,
o 1801
1
New Hartford,
1836
1
Bethlem,
M 1811
if 1813
2
New Hartford,
M 1811
1
Cornwall,
1830
1841
4
395
Representatives.
Kellogg Isaac,
Towns.
New Hartford
First
Chosen.
M 1759
Last Number
Chosen. Sessions
o 1776 23
a u
(i a
1824
1843
4
J* Abraham, Jr.
a u
m 1797
1
" George C.
Judah,
U »<
Cornwall,
1826
o 1776
1834
o 1801
5
11
" Noah,
New Hartford,
o 1777
o 1779
2
" Norman,
U a
1841
1
f Oliver,
Sharon,
m 1797
1820
15
Philo,
Cornwall,
1834
1835
2
" William,
«
1820
1
Kilbourn Abraham,
Litchfield,
m 1769
o 1770
4
" Joseph,
King George,
u
Sharon,
o 1752
o 1800
m 1753
m 1801
2
2
" Plato,
New Hartford,
o 1811
1
Kingsbury Lemuel,
Canaan,
m 1784
o 1784
2
Kirby Ephraim,
Knapp Horace B.
Litchfield,
Norfolk,
o 1791
1846
o 1802
14
1
Kniblo William N.
Sharon,
1845
1
Knowles Thomas,
Lamb Alexander,
Lambert Nehemiah,
Woodbury,
Salisbury,
Bethlem,
m 1722
o 1818
o 1803
o 1739
a 1818
3
1
9*
« Willys,
Lamson Nathaniel,
Woodbury,
1849
o 1810
M 1811
1
2
Landers Joseph,
Sharon,
m 1782
1
Landon James,
Lane Daniel P.
Salisbury,
Kent,
m 1758
1840
m 1774
12
1
" Jared,
New Milford,
M 1809
m 1812
5
Lawrence Daniel,
Canaan,
m 1758
1
" E. Grove,
Norfolk,
1845
1
u Isaac,
Canaan,
o 1765
1
" Joseph,
" William,
Norfolk,
o 1780
1844
1
1
Leavenworth Gideon.
" Wait,
Leavitt David, Jr.
Koxbury,
u
Bethlem,
m 1806
1837
m 1798
o 1802
1
1
6
396
First
Last ]
Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. Sessions
Leavitt Samuel,
Washington,
m 1815
1819
5
« Jr.
M
1826
1835
4
Sheldon C.
Bethlem,
o 1S15
1828
7
Lee Daniel,
Kent,
o 1758
o 1768
4
" Samuel,
Salisbury,
o 1788
o 1809
10
" Thomas,
New Hartford,
o 1812
o 1816
4
Lemmon Abial C.
Washington,
1850
1
Charles,
ic
1836
1
Lewis Charles,
Canaan,
1844
1
u George,
Washington,
1834
1
" Charles,
Cornwall,
1850
1
« John C. t
Plymouth,
1849
1
" Nehemiah,
Goshen,
o 1767
1
Lockwood Samuel,
New Milford,
o 1804
m 1S05
2
Logan Matthew,
Washington,
m 1785
1
Loomis Israel,
New Hartford,
o 1766
m 1767
2
" Lester,
Barkhamsted,
1828
1832
2
** Luke,
a
m 1815
1
il Oliver,
Winchester,
1834
1
" Simeon,
Goshen,
1847
1848
2
Lord Joseph,
Sharon,
o 1777
1
" Lynde,
Litchfield,
o 1771
m 1772
2
" Phineas,
u
o 1818
1837
4
Loveland Leyman F.
Colebrook,
1850
1
Lyman Erastus,
Goshen,
1822
1828
4
" Moses Jr.
a
m 1810
o 1812
4
it u
a
m 1757
m 17(37
13
u Samuel,
u
o 1818
1819
2
Malory Adna,
Roxbury,
o 1805
1
■' Benajah,
Warren,
1845
1849
2
Manchester D. E.
Colebrook,
1850
1
" John,
u
1838
1
" William,
it
+ Speaker in 1849
1841
1»42
o
197
Representatives.
Manner Ephraim,
Towns.
Sharon,
First
Chosen.
m 1787
Last
Chosen. !
0 1783
Number
Sessions
3
Marsh David,
New Milford,
1837
1
" David,
Litchfield,
1824
1847
4
" Ebenezer,
u
m 1740
m 1771
48
« «
a
m 1784
m 1790
10
" Elihu, 2d,
New Milford,
1826
1827
2
" Isaac,
Cornwall,
1839
1851
3
" Jonathan, Jr.
New Hartford,
m 1797
a 1818
17*
" John,
Litchfield,
o 1766
m 1774
8
" Solomon,
n
o 1792
1
" William S.
Canaan,
1839
1847
2
" Cyrus,
Kent,
m 1761
o 1766
10
Marshall Abner,
Torrington,
o 1777
m 1782
6
" Maiden,
New Hartford,
1848
1
" Herman us,
Washington,
a 1818
1*
John P.
" Noah,
Woodbury,
Torrington,
m 1817
o 1771
o 1818
m 1775
2
3
Seth,
Colebrook,
o 1809
31 1816
6
Martin Caleb,
" Reuben,
Woodbury,
o 1747
M 1814
3i 1748
1819
2
4
Marvin John,
Sharon,
m 1756
3i 1768
2
Masters Nicholas S.
New Milford,
m 1792
3i 1794
2
Mattoon David,
Watertown,
1848
1
McCune David,
Winchester,
o 1791
1
" Robert,
u
o 1781
o 1797
9
McMahen Constantine,
Washington,
0 1817
1827
3
Merrill Abel,
New Hartford,
3i 1765
o 1775
11
Elijah,
George,
" Ira,
a a
Barkhamsted,
New -Hartford,
m 1781
1830
1846
1831
1
2
1
" James,
a u
1838
1
" John,
Barkhamsted,
o 1805
1821
10
" Merlin,
a
1838
1839
2
" Norman,
New Hartford,
1828
1845
4
•• Zebulon,
u a
m 1775
1
398
First
Last Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. {
sessions
Merriman George F.
Watertown,
1849
1
tt
W. II.
tt
1835
1
Mervin Abel,
New Milford,
o 180G
m 1807
2
tt
Henry,
tt u
1846
1847
2
a
Orange,
ii ii
o 1816
1838
9*
u
Samuel H.
Goshen,
1851
1
Milk
:r Amos,
New Hartford,
m 1783
m 1784
3
«
Ebenezer,
Torrington,
o 1798
1
tt
Joseph,
Winchester,
a 1818
1829
2*
?«
Hubbell,
Kent,
1839
1
Miles Augustus,
Goshen,
1824
1839
4
u
Daniel,
"
o 1778
m 1789
10
(4
William,
a
1836
1837
2
Mills Gideon, Jr.
Barkhamsted,
o 1810
M 1811
2
u
Hiram,
Norfolk,
1839
1
a
John,
Kent,
1824
1
H
Joseph,
Norfolk,
m 1780
1
ii
Lawrence,
tt
1821
1
M
Lewis,
Kent,
o 1780
m 1781
2
(l
a
a
1819
1820
2
«
Michael,
Norfolk,
m 1779
o 1791
12
u
" F.
tt
1830
1833
Q
o
a
Oliver,
Barkhamsted,
o 1815
a 1818
5*
tt
Philo,
Kent,
m 1817
1831
3
a
Eoger,
New Hartford,
1822
1
ti
" H.t
a a •
1839
1847
2
a
Samuel,
Colebrook,
o 1796
m 1813
9
Miner Phineas,
Winchester,
m 1809
m 1816
}■■
u
K
Litchfield,
1S23
1825
Minor Andrew,
New Milford,
o 1807
1
ti
Ephraim,
Woodbury,
t Clerk, 1839.
o 1718
o 1817
m 1735
5
1
399
First
Last
Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. !
Sessions
Minor John,t
Woodbury,
m 1684
m 1710
21
" Josiah G.
it
1851
1
" Matthew,
u
m 1808
m 1810
2
" " Jr.
u
1830
1833
3
" Miles,
Canaan,
1S40
1
" Joseph,
"Woodbury,
m 1712
m 1745
35
" Samuel,
u
m 1742
o J 756
12
" Silas,
Roxbury,
m 1815
1821
5
" Thomas,
Woodbury,
m 1698
1
Mitchell John,
a
o 1709
o 1740
2
" Kniel,
u
m 1741
1
" Reuben,
a
m 1799
o 1807
7
" Simeon,
Washington,
o 1791
m 1802
3
Thomas,
Plymouth,
1823
1824
' 2
" Timothy,
Washington,
1822
1
Moody Ebenezer,
New Hartford,
o 17S3
m 1791
3
" Evetts,
Washington,
M 1811
1823
2
Moore Albert,
Salisbury,
1846
1
" Josiah,
New Hartford,
m 1781
o 1790
11
" Samuel,
Salisbury,
m 1759
o 1765
4
« Silas,
a
m 1810
o 1810
2
Morehouse Miner P.
New Milford,
■ 1848
1
Morris James,
Litchfield,
m 1798
o 1805
9
" Harvey,
Woodbury,
1829
1838
3
" John,
Watertown,
1826
1832
2
" Levi,
New Milford,
1841
1
Moseley Increase,
Washington,
m 1779
1
« «
Woodbury,
o 1751
o 1784
39
Moss Nicholas,
Bethlem,
1844
1847
2
Hunger Elizur,
Norfolk,
o 1811
1821
5
Munsell Levi,
Torrington,
1823
1833
3
" Luman,
tt
1840
1841
2
" Marcus,
Winchester,
t Clerk, May 1707.
1847
1
400
Representatives.
Munson Ephraim,
« Medad,
Towns.
Barkhamsted,
u
First
Chosen.
m 1800
m 1809
Last Number
Chosen. Sessions
o 1802 4
o 1809 2
u Samuel,
u
o 1811
1826
5
Murray Philo,
Mygatt Eli,
Woodbury,
New Milford,
m 1815
1825
m 1818
1826
2
2
H. S.
u a
1847
1
Nash Alva,
" Samuel,
Winchester,
Goshen,
1829
o 1756
1830
m 1778
2
22
Nettleton Samuel H.
Watertown,
1823
1846
4
Newill Abel,
Goshen,
m 1781
m 1782
3
Newton John,
Washington,
o 1811
1838
3
* Nathan,
u
1826
1
Nichelson Augus,
New Milford,
o 1793
1
Noble David,
u , a
o 1745
M 1747
4
" Phineas W.
Harwinton,
1827
1850
5
" Stephen,
New Milford,
o 1725
m 1739
15
" Thomas,
a a
o 1750
M 1774
4
North Enos,
Colebrook,
o 1807
1846
6
" Jonathan,
Goshen,
1832
1833
2
" Noah,
Torrington,
m 1779
m 1787
8
" Phineas,
CI
o 1800
m 1805
4
" Rufus,
Colebrook,
m 1818
1826
3
« Theodore,
Goshen,
m 1813
a 1818
10*
Northrup Amos,
New Milford,
M 1756
M 1762
4
« David,
U li
m 1786
1
Northway Samuel D.
Norfolk,
1850
1
Norton Birdsey,
Goshen,
m 1797
M 1811
26
" Dudley,
" Ebenezer,
Norfolk,
Goshen,
1842
m 1760
o 1791
1
24
» Lot,
Salisbury,
o 1783
m 1786
3
" " Jr.,
u
o 1804
o 1815
13
u u
ii
1831
1
Orr James,
Sharon,
1849
1
Orton Samuel,
Woodbury,
M 1794
o 1795
4
Osborne Shadrach,
a
m 1791
1
401
First
Last
Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen.
Sessions
Osborne Sheldon,
Harwinton,
1838
1839
2
« Eliada,
Kent,
1850
1
Painter Deliverance L.
Roxbury,
o 1808
1
Palmer Robert,
Goshen,
1830
1831
2
Pardee Isaac,
Sharon,
m 1789
o 1812
12
" James,
u
M 1769
m 1780
9
« John,
u
o 1755
m 1762
6
" Thomas,
a
m 1768
o 1774
5
Parker Jason,
Woodbury,
1850
1
Parmelee Abraham,
Goshen,
o 1769
1
i( Oliver,
Bethlem,
o 1792
m 1797
2
Pachen Abel,
Sharon,
o 1798
m 1799
2
Patchen Farmafy
Woodbury,
1839
1
Patterson Elisha,
Roxbury,
o 1817
1826
o
O
" Matthew,
Cornwall,
m 1781
m 1787
8
" Samuel,
Roxbury,
1820
1
Pattison Amos L.
Salisbury,
1S47
1
Payne Abraham,
Cornwall,
o 1778
1
Pearson Enoch,
Sharon,
o 1795
1
Pease Calvin,
Canaan,
M 1811
m 1812
3
Peck Jeremiah,
Woodbury,
1825
1833
2
" Peter F.
ti
1826
1836
2
" Sherman,
New Milford,
1834
1835
2
u Sidney,
Bethlem,
1850
1
Peet Abijah C.
Salisbury,
m 1817
1830
5
" George W.
Canaan,
1850
1
Percival Lorain,
Colebrook,
1833
1834
2
Perkins Lyman,
Harwinton,
1835
I
Perry Nathaniel,
Woodbury,
m 1805
1820
9*
t
New Milford,
1832
1
u « -p.
Kent,
1822
1829
2
Persons Huntington,
Colebrook,
1847
1
Pettee Seneca,
Salisbury,
tClerk 1832.
1825
1
51
402
Kepresentatives.
Pettibone Avnos,
Towns.
Norfolk,
First
Chosen.
1826
Last
Chosen. 1
1830
Number
Sessions
4
" Augustus,
«
o 1800
1828
31
Giles,
u
o 1777
m 1800
23*
" Samuel,
Goshen,
m 1759
M 1762
5
Phelps Arah,
Colebrook,
m 1800
1825
9*
C. B.
n
1835
1
« Charles B.
" Daniel,
Woodbury,
Winchester,
1831
o 1818
1837
1828
2
2
u Darius,
Norfolk,
1836
1
" Edward A.
Colebrook,
1840
1851
3
u Jannah B.
Torrington,
1848
1849
2
Thelps Edward,
Litchfield,
o 1744
o 1745
2
" Jedediah,
Norfolk,
1832
1
" Jeremiah W.
u
m 1806
o 1806
2
" Josiah,
Harwinton,
o 1770
o 1800
43
" Lancelot,
Colebrook,
m 1817
1830
9
" Warren,
Barkhamsted,
1843
1844
2
Pickett Daniel A.
New Milford,
1820
1821
2
Pierce John,
Cornwall,
m 1774
m 1788
5
« « H.
«
m 1815
1819
4
" Joshua,
a
o 1761
m 1770
11
" Seth, Jr.
u
1828
1
" Wm.
Pine Samuel W.
Roxbury,
Barkhamsted,
1832
1847
1
1
Pinney Asaph,
" David,
Colebrook,
m 1808
o 1797
1823
m 1798
4
2
" Grove,
((
M 1800 Aug. 1818
13*
" Harvey W.
Piatt Levi,
u
Winchester,
1851
Aug. 1818
1
1*
Plumb Frederick,
" Ovid,
Salisbury,
Canaan,
1834
1819
1
1
Pool Wm.
Washington,
1839
1
Porter Joshua,
" Thomas,
Salisbury,
Cornwall,
o 1764
o 1768
o 1801
o 1777
51
14
vost Henry,
Canaan,
1832
1834
2
403
Representatives.
Potter Daniel,
Towns.
Water town,
First
Chosen.
o 1786
Last
Chosen. !
o 1792
Number
Sessions
5
it a
" Eli,
Plymouth,
u
m 1799
1834
M 1811
1836
10
3
« Lake,
a
o 1798
o 1813
12
" Tertius D.
li
1838
1839
2
Pratt Chalk er,
" Hopson,
" Joseph,
" Peter,
Cornwall,
Kent,
u
a
1847
o 1810
m 1770
m 1793
m 1814
o 1800
1
5
21
1
" Schuyler,
Preston Bennett S.
Salisbury,
Roxbury,
1850
1849
1
1
" Gardner,
Harwinton,
1846
1847
2
« John S.
a
1822
1825
2
" Joseph,
" Nathan,
Woodbury,
m 1731
M 1791
1819
1
14
" Nathaniel,
u
1833
1
" Wm.
«
m 1714
m 1749
36
Prindle Mark,
Harwinton,
m 1774
o 1791
11
Randall Henry L.
Ransom John,
Roxbury,
Kent,
1838
m 1766
m 1770
1
5 .
Ray Wm.
Litchfield,
1838
1839
2
Raymond John M.
Reed Chauncey, Jr.
" Horace,
Kent,
Canaan,
Sharon,
1841
1844
1840
1
1
1
" Silas,
" Stephen,
Reeve Tapping,
Richardson Leonard,
Riggs Eden,
Salisbury,
a
Litchfiejd,
Salisbury,
Norfolk,
o 1818
m 1806
o 1789
1849
1841
1826
o 1806
3
2
1
1
1
" Joseph,
Robbins Samuel,
it-
Canaan,
1827
M 1811
1819
1
5
Roberts Clark H.
Colebrook,
1839
1840
2
" Samuel,
Sharon,
1822
1823
2
" Nelson,
" William,
Torrington,
New Milford,
1846
1845
1847
2
1
404
Representative?.
Rockwell Alpha,
« Elijah,
" Martin,
Towns.
Winchester,
Colebrook,
a
First
Chosen.
1807
o 179G
o 1808
Last
Chosen. 1
M 1814
o 1816
Number
Sessions
14
6
" Reuben,
u
o 1799
m 1S15
6
" Samuel,
Sharon,
o 1815
m 1816
2
" Solomon,
Winchester,
1820
1
" Theron,
Colebrook,
1838
1
Rogers Anson,
Cornwall,
1835
1
" Edward,
tt
o 1775
o 1783
10
" Noah,
a
m 1766
o 1781
2
u a
a
m 1813
o 1818
5
" Timothy,
Rood Marinus,
Canaan,
m 1791
M 1807
m 1792
o 1808
3
o
it
Root Barnabus W.
Rose Alban,
Plymouth,
Canaan,
1845
M 1S10
o 1815
I
3
Royce Phineas,
Roys Harlow,
Watertown,
Norfolk,
o 1781
1846
m 1782
2
1
Ruggles Benjamin,
« Pliilo,
New Milford,
a a
o 1757
o 1796
o 1802
1
6
" Timothy,
Russell Barlow,
" Giles,
U u
Woodbury,
Winchester,
m 1785
1848
M 1810
m 1S16
1
1
3
" Nathaniel,
a
o 1801
1
" John,
" Stephen,
" Thomas,
William P.
Sackett Homer,
Salisbury,
Litchfield,
Cornwall,
Salisbury,
Warrerf,
1838
m 1818
o 1761
18^7
o 1801
1834
o 1773
1842
1821
1
5
16
1
7
" Justus,
Kent,
m 1771
m 1782
10
U it
Warren,
o 1792
1
a a
it
1831
1
" Orrin,
a
o 1810
1
Sanford Daniel,
Barkhamsted,
1837
1838
2
" Glover,
New Milford,
1850
1
" Joel,
u u
m 1817
1830
3
405
First
Last 3
dumber
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. !
Sessions
Sanford Joseph,
Litchfield,
m 1747
o 1750
3
" Ne hernial* C,
Woodbury,
1830
1
" Stephen,
Roxbury,
1822
1850
3
Scoville John,
Cornwall,
1844
1848
2
" Jonathan,
Salisbury,
m 1816
o 1816
2
" Samuel C.
a
1843
1
Sears Charles,
Sharon,
1845
1847
2
Sedgwick Benjamin, .£.££.
Cornwall,
1824
1838
3
" Charles F.
Sharon,
1830
1831
2
« John, .
Cornwall,
m 1782
m 1812
29
" John A.
«
1826
1829
3
Segar He man,
Kent,
1849
1
Seymour Chauncey,
New Hartford,
o 1801
o 1813
6
" George,
Litchfield,
1846
1847
2
" Moses,
u
o 1795
m 1812
16
" Origen S.f
a
1842
1850
4
" Rufus,
Col eb rook,
1849
1
Sheldon Elisha,
Litchfield,
o 1755
m 1761
9
u Epaphras,
Torrington,
m 1763
o 1796
14
* Philo G.
Winchester,
1850
1
Shepard James,
Norfolk,
1840
1
" John K.
u
1847
1
" Levi,
u
1837
1
Sherman Bennet A.
Woodbury,
1851
1
" Daniel,
«
m 1754
m 1791
62
« David,
u
m 1757
1
" Elijah,
u
m 1797
m 1807
9
« " Jr.,
a
m 1817
o 1818
2
" John, I
it
o 1699
o 1712
17
" Monroe C.
(i
1850
1
" Peter,
Washington,
o 1788
m 1795
6
" Roger,
New Milford,
m 1755
m 1761
9
Sill Elisha,
Goshen,
m 1771
o 1785
8
t Speaker, 1850.
t*
Speaker, 1710, 1711.
400
First
Last Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. Sessions
Simons Samuel, Jr.,
Colebrook,
1836
1837
2
Skiff
Joseph,
Kent,
o 1816
1
u
Gibbs W.
Sharon,
1851
1
Skinner Ashbel,
Harvvinton,
o 1772
1
Slosson Barzillai,t
Kent,
o 1797
o 1812
15
a
Nathan, Jr.,
u
1821
1
Smedley William L.
Litchfield,
1848
1
Smith Aaron,
a
m 1808
m 1814
11
IK
Asahel,
Winchester,
1827
1831
2
a
Azariah,
Canaan,
m 1807
o 1811
3
it
David,
Watertown,
o 1784
o 1794)
38
tt
a
Plymouth,
o 1795
o 1812)
a
Ebenezer,
New Milford,
o 1809
1
«
Eli M.
Roxbury,
1819
1827
2
it
Elisha,
Torrington,
o 1786
m 1812
32
u
Garret,
Watertown,
m 1810
m 1S14
5
a
Heman,
Winchester,
o 1795
m 1S00
3
u
Horatio,
Sharon,
1823
1834
4
l<
Ithamar H.
Canaan,
1848
1
u
John C.+
Sharon,
m 1793
o 1809
IS
«
" " Jr.,
a
1833
1842
3
U
Jonathan,
Bethlem,
m 1789
o 1789
2
at
Josiah,
Barkhamsted,
1820
1
a
Lorenzo D.
Sharon,
1843
1
a
Lyman,
New Milford,
1849
1
if
Martin,
New Hartford,
m 1757
m 1766
11
«
Milton,
Colebrook,
1843
1S44
2
a
Minor,
Bethlem,
1832
1
Cf
Nathaniel,
Woodbury,
m 1790
o 1795
10
a
B.
u
1828
1847
2
a
Perry,
New Milford,
1822
1836
4
a
Phineas,
Woodbury,
m 1796
1
a
a
Roxbury,
m 1797
1
t Clerk, 1812. \ Clerk, Oct. 1798, 1799, — Sj
>eaker, 1800 to 1808; 5 sessions.
407
Representatives.
Smith Phineas,
Towns.
Sharon,
First
Chosen.
o 1790
Last
Chosen.
m 1792
Number
Sessions
4
" Ransom,
" Richard,
" Seth,
a
New Hartford,
1843
1841
m 1771
1849
o 1787
2
1
13
" Simeon,
" Sylvester,
" Truman,
Sharon,
Colebrook,
Litchfield,
o 1767
1831
1831
o 1787
1832
1834
14
2
3
" Thomas N.
" Wait,
Salisbury,
Watertown,
1822
m 1789
1828
2
1
" Zebina,
Winchester,
m 1798
o 1802
2
Soper David,
Soule Benjamin B.
Southmayd Samuel W.
Spencer Grinnell,
« Job,
" John,
Torrington,
New Milford,
Watertown,
Winchester,
Colebrook,
New Hartford,
m 1785
1830
o 1798
1824
1848
1829
1833
o 1812
1831
1
2
17
1
1
3
Seth,
Squire Amos,
" Anson,
it a
Roxbury,
New Milford,
o 1793
m 1807
1839
o 1803
20
1
1
Stanley Roderick,
" Timothy,
" William,
Stanton Joshua,
Starr George,
" Josiah,
" Truman,
Plymouth,
Goshen,
«
Salisbury,
Warren,
New Milford,
Goshen,
o 1817
m 1777
1818
m 1779
1823
m 1771
1825
1819
o 1783
1829
o 1802
1
1
2
2
4
18
1
Steele Elijah,
" " Jr.
Cornwall,
m 1768
m 1798
1
1
" George,
" James,
" Samuel,
Stevens Andrew,
Washington,
New Hartford,
Woodbury,
Canaan,
1843
o 1786
1821
m 1759
1829
m 1761
1
1
3
2
or" Benjamin,
Stephens John,
" Nathaniel,
a
a
m 1764
o 1778
m 1792
o 1768
m 1818
5
1
7
408
First
Last 3
dumber
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. Sessions
Stephens Nathaniel, Jr.
Canaan,
1826
1836
4
u u
Norfolk,
M 1781
o 1803
18
« " Jr.
u
m 1805
1819
20
" Sanford P.
Canaan,
1842
1
Sterling Ansel,t
Sharon,
m 1815
1837
ii
" Elisha,}
Salisbury,
o 1797
o 1816
8
Stiles Benjamin,
Woodbury,
o 1754
o 1771
9
Stillman Roger,
Colebrook,
m 1815
o 1815
2
St. John Daniel,
Sharon,
M 1803
o 1815
5
" Jesse,
Kent,
o 1814
m 1815
2
" Lewis,
n
a 1818
1*
" Thomas,
Sharon,
o 1817
m 1818
2
Stoddard Elisha,
Woodbury,
m 1755
m 1757
2
" Enos,
Litchfield,
1842
1843
2
u Harman,
Woodbury,
1839
1
" Israel,
u
m 1780
1
« Josiah,
Salisbury,
o 1757
m 1762
6
Strong Adonijah,
u
m 1789
o 1802
7
" Adino,
Woodbury,
m 1726
i
« Charles B.
u
1846
l
" Jedediah,§
Litchfield,
o 1771
m 1789
28
M John,
Woodbury,
m 1803
m 1812
10
" " Jr.
a
m 1813
1826
3
M Josiah,
Sharon,
m 1757
o 1760
3
" Martin,
Salisbury,
o 1813
1822
2
Stuart John L.
Kent,
1843
1847
2
Swan Cyrus,
Sharon,
o 1810
1828
9*
Swift Clark S.
Warren,
1847
1848
2
" Elisha,
Kent,
m 1768
o 1770
5
" Heman,
Cornwall,
o 1766
M 1787
16
• Isaac,
«
o 1792
m 1799
9
" Jabez,
Kent,
m 1757
m 1760
6
" John S.
u
1825
1
t Clerk, 1819, 1820.
I Clerk, 1816.
§ Clerk, 1779 to 1788, 14 sessions.
409
First
Last Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen. Sessions
Swift Nathaniel, Jr.
Warren,
o
17S6
m 1810
19
" Philo,
Cornwall,
o
1816
o 1818
5*
Talliraan David,
Woodbury,
M
1796
o 1796
Tallmadge George P.
Warren,
1841
1
" John,
a
o
1793
a 1818
14*
Tanner Ebenezer,
a
o
1794
m 1812
8
" Marvin,
Canaan,
1831
1832
2
Trial,
Cornwall,
o
1791
m 1793
3
Taylor Augustin,
Sharon,
()
1790
o 1802
7
" George,
New Milford,
1833
1850
3
" Lawrence,
u a
1842
1
" Uri,
Torrington,
1841
1842
2
' " William,
New Milford,
o
1796
o 1816
5
k a
Barkhamsted,
o
1814
1
Terrill Nathan,
Kent,
1846
1
Terry Henry,
Plymouth,
1844
1
« Silas B.
M
1846
1
Thayer Wheelock,
Winchester,
1833
1
Thomas Charles,
Roxbury,
1847
1
Thompson Abijah,
New Milford,
1843
1
or" David, ■
Goshen,
o
1775
o 1776
2
Thomson Edwin L.
Bethlem,
1849
1
" Gideon,
Goshen,
o
1756
m 1759
3
" Hezekiah,
Woodbury,
M
: 1782
m 1790
5
Thorp James D.
New Hartford,
1832
1834
3
Thrall Homer F.
Torrington,
1849
1
" Lorrain,
a
1838
1
Tiffany Joel,
Barkhamsted,
1832
1833
2
Titus Joseph, Jr.
Washington,
1831
1836
2
Todd Carrington,
Cornwall,
1846
1
« Eli,
New Milford,
0
1805
1821
3
" Jonah,
it u
o
1778
1
" Marvin S.
Bethlem,
1848
1
Tolles Amos,
Winchester,
M
[ 1812
o 1812
2
52
410
Representatives.
Tomlinson Abijah,
Towns.
Washington,
First
Chosen.
1824
Last Number
Chosen. Sessions
1648 2
« Eliphalet,
u
182s
1
" Johnson L.
u
1S50
1
Tracy Uriah,t
Litchfield,
o 1788
m 1793
9
Ticknor Luther,
Salisbury,
1832
1833
2
Thatcher Partridge,
New Millbrd,
o 1759
o 17G5
2
Trowbridge James,
New Hartford,
1851
1
« John,
Roxbury,
o 1800
a 1818
6*
u u
<t
1843
1
Tuttle Uriel,
Torrington,
M 1815
1820
2
Upson Garry,
Vaii Charles,
Barkhamsted,
Washington,
1839
1837
1840
2
1
Wadhams Isaac,
Goshen,
1825
182G
2
« John M.
a
1844
1845
2
Wadsworth Isaac S.
Bethlem,
1835
1
" Samuel,
Cornwall,
m 178G
o 1801
8
Wakefield Luman,
Winchester,
182G
1827
2
Wakeley Ahner,
Roxbury,
m 1803
1
Walker Samuel,
" Zachariah,
Woodbury,
u
m 1805
m 1720
1
1
Walter William,
Norfolk,
o 1777
i
Walton Frederick A.
Salisbury,
1835
183G
2
" William II.
u
1839
1847
o
O
Ward Abiram,
Roxbur3r,
1841
1
Warner Bennett,
Bethlem,
1846
1
" Donald J.
Salisbury,
1848
1
" Ebenezer,
Woodbury,
o 1722
o 1723
2
" Apollos,
" Elijah, Jr.
" Elizur,
Plymouth,
a
New Milford,
1840
1825
M 1782
1833
m 1783
1
3
3
" " Jr.
it n
o 1803
1837
4
" John,
a a
m 1744
o 1756
G
" s.
Plymouth,
1842
1
t Clerk, Oct. 1789 to May, 1792; Speaker, May, 1793.
411
Representatives.
Warner Oliver,
Towns.
New Milford,
First
Chosen.
m 1777
Lust Ni
Chosen. !5c
unber
ssions
1
ki Orange,
a u
1839
1842
2
" Reuben,
u a
o 1810
1825
5
Warren Alamon,
Watertown,
1841
1
Waterman David,
Salisbury,
M 1794
o 1800
2
Watson Frederick,
Canaan,
1846
1847
2
" John,
u
o 1774
m 1795
11
a u
a
1843
1843
2
" Levi,
New Hartford,
m 1780
m 1815
4
"■ Thomas Jr.
<< it
1837
1
" William,
Canaan,
1851
1
Webb John,
u
o 180G
o 1809
4
Webster Abijah,
Harwinton,
1833
1834
2
" Benjamin,
Litchfield,
o 1752
m 1755
5
" Cyprian,
Harwinton,
m 1777
1
U i.
«
o 1813
m 1816
6
" Martin,
Torrington,
1833
1
" Reuben,
Litchfield,
1826
1
Weleh Benjamin,
Norfolk,
M 1808
1823
6
" " Jr.
u
1836
1
" David,
Litchfield,
M 1770
o 1780
5
" John,
u
o 1799
1822
8*
a u
New Milford,
o 1727
1
" Paul,
U a
m 1740
3i 1749
10
" William W.
Norfolk,
1S48
1850
2
Weller David,
Roxbury,
1834
1
Elisha A.
u
1846
1
" Samuel,
u
o 1807
1
" Zaccheus W.
a
1828
1
Wells Absalom, (Jr.)
New Hartford,
1826
1828
3
" Gaylord,
" Joseph,
Harwinton,
New Hartford,
1832
o 1811
1833
1833
2
2
Welton Heman,
Noah,
Plymouth,
Harwinton,
1843
1827
1828
1
2
Went worth Chester.
Barkhamsted,
g 1835
412
Representatives.
Weston Salmon,
Towns.
Warren,
First
Chosen.
1826
Last
Chosen.
Number
Sessions
1
AVetmore Abel S.
u Lyman,
Winchester,
Torrington,
1848
o 1809
M
1818
1
9
« Seth,
u
u 1794
o
1794
1'
H it
"Winchester,
m 1799
o
1802
Wheaton Daniel,
M George,
Washington,
Cornwall,
1835
1830
1831
1
2
Wheeler Alanson,
" Ansel,
Sharon,
Barkhamsted,
1838
1842
1839
2
1
" Cliristopher,
" Lemuel,
Litchfield,
Salisbury,
1849
o 1786
p
1850
1789
2
6
Wheelock Daniel B.
Winchester,
1849
1
White Edward K.
" Edwin,
Cornwall,
1845
1842
1843
1
2
Whittbrd Robert,
M Samuel,
Barkhamsted,
Colebrook,
o 1807
1820
1834
1
4
Whiting Frederick P.
Giles,
Torrington,
u
1848
1836
1837
1
2
" John,
Colebrook,
M 1811
1
" Lewis,
Torrington,
1851
1
k' Riley,
Winchester,
M 1818
1832
2
Whitney David,
M John,
Tarball.
Canaan,
u
a
m 1757
m 1770
M 1770
M
1766
13
1
1
Whittlesey David,
u u
Washington,
M 1793
1846
O
1814
14
1
" C.
%i
1832
1833
2
« Eliphalet,
Kent,
m 1775
1
a u
Salisbury,
o 1813
31
1814
2
John,
U u
" Joseph,
Wilcox Abiram,
" Hosea,
Washington,
u
New Hartford,
Norfolk,
o 1804
o 1781
o 1809
1840
m 1778
O
1791
1820
1781
1
17
5
1
4
Reuben,
Cornwall,
1849
1
413
First
Last
Number
Representatives.
Towns.
Chosen.
Chosen.
Sessions
Wilcox Robert,
Barkhamsted,
M 1807
O 1811
6
Wilder Joseph,
u
0 1797
m 1798
2
Williams Jehiel,
New Milford,
o 1815
1851
5*
" John,
Sharon,
o 1755
m 1773
27
Wilson Abijah,
Winchester,
o 1708
m 1802
2
" Abner,
Harwinton,
m 1787
m 1795
7
u Amos,
Torrington,
M 1772
o 1787
3
David,
Harwinton,
1829
1830
2
A.
u
1851
1
Eli,
u
m 1778
o 1788
3
John,
u
m 1764
m 1778
10
" Noah,
Torrington,
m 1766
m 1770
5
Winegan Garrett,
Kent,
1832
1
Wolcott Frederick,
Litchfield,
M 1802
m 1803
2
« Oliver,
■u
o 1764
o 1770
5
U £l +
a
Aug. 1818
1*
Woodruff Gideon,
Plymouth,
1820
1
" George C.+
Litchfield,
1851
1
w Jacob,
a
M 1759
o 1768
2
" John,
Sharon,
1848
1
" Morris,
Litchfield,
o 1812
1837
13
Woodward Griswold,
Torrington,
1831
1844
3
Elijah,
Watertown,
o 1791
o 1794
4
" Lucius,
u
1844
1
" Samuel,
Torrington,
o 1783
m 1790
6
a u
a
1822
1
Wooster David,
Goshen,
1829
1830
2
" John,
New Milford,
1838
1
Wright Elizur,
Canaan,
o 1799
M 1805
7
•* Moses, Jr.
Colebrook,
m 1806
1
" Joseph A.
Watertown,
m 1793
H 1795
4
Young Andrew,
Cornwall,
o 1779
o 1784
7
Youngs Daniel,
Barkhamsted,
1844
1
t President of the Convention.
t Clerk, 1849.
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Connecticut
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