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i-^v
D
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES
OF THK
|3ovtrait0 at Dinchingbvook
BY
MARY L. BOYLE.
1876.
LONDON :
PRINTED AT THE VICTORIA PRESS, PRAED STREET, W.
(OFFICE FOK THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN.)
CT ■
JOHN WILLIAM,
SEVENTH EAEL OF SANDWICH,
THESE SKETCHES ARE INSCRIBED BY HIS FAITHFUL KINSWOMAN,
MARY LOUISA BOYLE.
MixrcLxxvi.
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive
in 2008 witii funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
littp://www.arcliive.org/details/biograpliicalnotiOOboyl
In the notices of the more celebrated characters in
this Catalogue, it will be understood that his-
toi-ical and well-known events (which will be
found in the annals of England), have been made
pui'])osely, to give way to details of a more domestic
nature.
UPSTAIRS-CORRIDOR, STAIRCASE,
AND
ADJOINING ROOMS.
Edward, First Earl of Sandwich,
By FELIZIANO.
Three-quarter Length.
(In a long black doublet, Avith tlie Star of the Garter, and
the Jewel given him by the King of Sweden, over a
lono- white waistcoat with innumerable buttons and
gold embroidery; deep ruffles; holds his hat in one
hand, the other rests on his hip. Painted during
his Embassy in Spain.)
Lord Sandwich is here much altered in appearance from
his former portraits, but Pepys tells us he wore his
beard in the Spanish fashion on his return from his
Embassy; and a French correspondent about this time
says: "Le Comte de Sandwich 6toit bien fort, I'air
doux, assez d'embonpoint, qui ne commen^oit de I'in-
commoder qu'apres son retour de I'Espagne."
Born, 1623. Died, 1 672.— The second son of
Sir Sidney Montagu, by Paulina, daughter of
John Pepys, of Cottenham, near Cambridge.
Sidney was the seventh son of Sir Edward
Montagu, and brother to the first Lord Montagu
10
of Bougliton, was Groom of the Bedchamber
to James I., and Master of Bequests in the
succeeding reign; sat for Huntingdon, and in
1640 was expelled the House for declining to
subscribe to an oath framed by the Commons,
*'that they would live and die with their
General, the Earl of Essex." Montagu said he
would not swear to live with Essex, as being an
old man he would probably die before him,
neither would he swear to die with him, as the
Earl was in arms against the King, which he
(Sidney) did not know how to separate from
treason. Eor this boldness he was expelled the
House by a majority of three, and sent prisoner
to the Tower, where he remained a fortniarht.
Thus did he prove his loyalty, though he had
nobly withstood on the other hand those
measures which he considered detrimental
to the liberties of the subject. He had two
sons, and a daughter, married to Sir Gilbert
Puckering of Tichmarch, in the County of
Hunts. His eldest son Henry was drowned
through the carelessness of a nurse, when only
three years of age: his second son Edward
became his heir; who married before he was
11
twenty, Jemima, daughter of John, Lord Crewe
of Stene, a family that sided with the Parlia-
ment,
Clarendon tells us, that Sir Sidney Montagu
never swerved from his allegiance; but his son
being emancipated from his father's control
when very young, and married into a family
which "trod awry," was won over by the
"caresses" of Cromwell to take command in
his army, when new modelled by Pairfax,
Montagu being then little more than twenty
years of age. Indeed, when only eighteen he
had already raised a regiment, and distinguished
himself at its head in several actions, to wit;
Lincoln, Marston Moor, and York; and the
following year at Naseby, Bridge water, and
Bristol ; his conduct at the storming of which
last named town was reported to Parliament with
the highest encomiums, notonly for his gallantry,
but for the successful manner in w^hich he
carried on the negociations with Prince
Bupert. But notwithstanding Montagu's
military zeal, he opposed the undue influence
of the army in the House of Commons,
especially in their bringing about the seclusion
12
of eleven members, and he formed and kept
his resolution not to resume his seat (for
Huntingdon) until the members were restored.
In spite of this independent conduct, he was
appointed (on the elevation of Cromwell to
the Protectorate) one of the Supreme Council
of Fifteen — and he only then in the twenty-
fifth year of his age; and shortly afterwards
he became Desborough's colleague in the office
of High Admiral,
In 1656 he accompanied the gallant Blake to
the Mediterranean, on whose death he succeeded
to the sole command of the fleet, in the ex-
ercise of which, says Lord Clarendon, "he was
discreet and successful." But the death of
Oliver Cromwell changed the whole face of
affairs, and Montagu, who had been on a mission
to carry on diplomatic negociations with Sweden
and Denmark, returned from Copenhagen (with-
out orders), resigned his command, and retired
for a short time into the country. On the re-
instalment of the secluded members, he was
sworn Privy Councillor, and again appointed
Admiral of the Elect (or as Pepys has it, "one
of the generals at sea"), conjointly Avitli Monk,
13
who was minded, as Montagu says, " to get into
the saddle," and would not be left out in any-
thing; but Monk was to remain on shore, and
Montagu to put to sea, an arrangement at
which the latter did not cavil.
A reaction of loyalty had set in lately ; affairs
were in a doubtful state ; negociations were set
on foot to recall Charles; the King's health was
drunk openly, whereas before, it had only been
done in private, and Montagu became most
zealous in the royal cause, although, as he told
his kinsman Pepys, " he did not believe if the
Protector [Richard] were brought in again, he
would last long, neither the King himself,
(although he believes he will come in), unless
he behaves himself very soberly and well."
Indeed, before he embarked, Montngu had a
conversation with Ptichard Cromwell in which
he told him roundly that he would rather find
him (on his return from sea) in his grave, than
hatching mischief; upon vrhich that mild man
replied that he would do "whatever Montagu,
Broghill (afterwards Earl of Orrery) and Monk
would have him."
We now quote constantly from Samuel Pepys,
14
(Montagu's kinsman and "Boswell") who had
been appointed his secretary, and he says :
"Yesterday there were bonfires, and people
calling aloud 'God bless King Charles the
Second.' " While the fleet was fitting out,
Clarendon records that Montagu sent over his
cousin to the King in Holland, to say that as
soon as the ships were ready, he would be on
board and prepared to receive and obey His
Majesty's commands. He also sent word what
officers he trusted, which he suspected, etc., and
desired to know privately if Charles had faith
in Monk ; this was no small inconvenience to
the King, seeing he was debarred from com-
municating to either the trust he had in both,
which might have facilitated their designs.
Pepys accompanied his patron on board the
"Xazeby," which the youthful Admiral had
already commanded with honour, and for which
ship "my Lord" (for so Pepys prematurely
designated his noble kinsman) "discovered in
his discourse a great deal of love." Again, "a
messenger from London brought letters which
will make May-day 1660, remembered as the
happiest May-day in England for many years.
15
In the House of Parliament a letter from the
King had been read, during which time the
Members remained uncovered, and an answer
of thanks had been returned to His Majesty's
gracious communication, and better still a
supply of £50,000 unanimously granted to
him. Then the City of London made a declara-
tion that they would have no other Government
than King, Lords, and Commons, and 'both
Houses of Parliament did concur in the same.'
My Lord told me plainly that he thought the
King would carry it, and that he did think
himself happy that he was now at sea, as well
for his own sake as that he thought he could do
his country some service in keeping things
quiet." About this time, Montagu was elected
M.P. for Dover. May 3rd, 1660, a letter and
declaration were received on board the "Nazeby "
from His Majesty, offering "grace" under
certain conditions, and stating the royal wishes
and requirements ; upon which Admiral
Montagu called a Council of War, and dictated
to his secretary the form of a vote which was
then read and passed unanimously. Afterwards
Pepys accompanied "my Lord" to the quarter-
16 '
deck, and there read the declaration to the
ship's company amid the loud cheers and " God
bless King Charles ! " of the seamen. After a
merry dinner, Pepys took boat and visited every
ship in the fleet to make known the royal
message, and doubtless it was as he said, "a
brave sight and pleasant withal " to be received
with "respect and honour" and to bring "joy
to all men." On his return to the "Nazeby,"
Montagu was much pleased to hear the fleet
received the communication from the King
with a transport of joy, and he showed his
secretary two private letters that he had
received from Charles, and the Duke of York,
couched in the most friendly language.
Montagu had now indeed, as Clarendon
observes, betaken himself most generously to
the King's service. He was occasionally much
tried by the over-interference of his colleague,
Monk, "yet was he willing to do Lim all the
honour in the world," and let him have all tlie
honour of doing the business, though " he will
many times express his thouglits of Monk being
a thick-skulled fool." But Monk was most
influential, and Montagu, with his wonted
17
magnanimity, sacrificed his own pride to
advance the cause of his royal master, and the
prosperity of his country. So wise, judicious,
and temperate was he, though still young.
He dearly loved his profession, and seemed to
take a pride and pleasure in adorning and
ornamenting the vessels under his command.
"My Lord went about to-day to see what altera-
tions were to be made in the armes and flas-s,
and did give me orders to write for silk flags
and scarlet waist-clothes (to be hung round the
hull of the ship to protect the men in action)
for a rich barge, a noise of trumpets, and a set
of fiddlers. He oftentimes played himself on
the guitar with much contentment," and appears
to have been as hospitable in his house of
wooden walls, as at his fine seat of Hinching-
brook, "receiving the gentlemen who visited him
with great civility. Erequent messengers from
and to the King at Breda, and divers bearing
letters from the Houses of Parliament. On
the 9 th of May, a certain noble from the House
of Lords, to desire my Lord to provide ships for
the transport of the Commissioners to His
Majesty, who had just been proclaimed in
18
London with great pomp. On the same day
the Admiral received his orders to sail presently
for the King, a command which he obeyed with
alacrity, and of which he was very glad."
On arriving at the Hague they anchored
before that " most neat place in all respects,"
where "my Lord" kissed by proxy the hands
of the Queen of Bohemia, and the Prince of
Orange, sending a deputation on shore includ-
ing his secretary and youthful son. The Prince
of Orange himself, is a " pretty boy." In the
evening " my Lord showed me his fine cloaths,
which are a» brave as gold and silver can make
them." His royal master appears to have been
in a different plight and badly off" both for
"cloaths" and gold and silver too, and when
he received a supply of both his Majesty was
so much overjoyed that he called the Princess
Royal and the Duke of York to inspect the
treasures, as they lay in the portmanteau. The
Duke of York was now named High Admiral,
and visited the "Nazeby," (where he was received
with due honour), accompanied by the Duke of
Gloucester. On the 23rd, the King came off
from shore, and entering Montagu's boat (he
19
having gone off to meet liis Majesty), " did
kiss my Lord most afiFectionately. " The two
Dukes, the Queen of Bohemia, the Princess
Royal, and the Prince of Orange accompanied
Charles in his visit to the "Nazeby," a proud day
for Samuel Pepys as well as for the commander ;
and the "Nazeby " was re-christened " Charles "
by her royal Sponsor ; and no wonder, for the
first name could be in no ways pleasing to any
of the parties concerned. And so they set sail
for England, " his Majesty walking up and
down the quarter-deck, and telling mightily
interesting stories of his escape from Worcester,
and other adventures." At Dover the Kins:
was received by General Monk with great ac-
clamations, but Montagu remained in his
barge, " transported with joy that he had done
all this without any the least blur or obstruc-
tion in the world." Two days afterwards he
received the Order of the Garter, with which
he was invested on shipboard ; the like honour
being conferred on General Monk, a rare
occurrence, as it was seldom given to any one
beneath the rank of Earl.
On the Admiral's arrival in London, he
20
received the Office of the Great Wardrobe, and
had the thanks of Parliament for his services
and loyalty. Pepys describes with much per-
spicuity the constant labours in which he and
his patron w^ere engaged at the Admiralty,
showing that habits of business were a part of
this remarkable man's qualifications, and that
in whatever capacity he acted, it was done
zealously and diligently. In July 1660, he
was raised to the Peerage, by the titles Baron
of St. Neots, Viscount Hinchingbrook, and
Earl of Sandwich.
He w^as very merry at the expense of his
matter-of-fact secretary when he dined at
Whitehall soon after, and " my Lord talked
very high how he would have a French cook,
and a Master of Horse, and his Lady and child
to wear black patches (which methought
strange), and when my Lady said she would
get a good merchant for her daughter 'Jem,'
[afterwards Lady Carteret], he said he would
rather see her with a pedlar'.s pack at her back,
than to marry a citizen. But my Lord is
become quite a courtier."
At the coronation of Charles II. my Lord
21
carried the staff of St. Edward, and when he
accompanied the King from the Tower to
Whitehall, even in " a show so glorious with
gold and silver that we were not able to look
at it, Lord Sandwich's embroidery and diamonds
were not ordinary ; " and afterwards " he talked
to me of his coat, which was made in Erance,
and cost £200." The prudent Pepys oc-
casionally regrets in his patron a magnificence
and generosity pushed to extravagance, Avhich
indeed caused great anxiety and trouble at
different times, not only to himself but to his
good wife and housewife, Jemima, and his
trusty secretary. Likewise the noble Lord
himself confessed, and lamented a taste for card
playing.
The marriage of Charles II. with Katherine,
dausrhter of the Kinsr of PortuiT-al, beinoj now
agreed on, the King chose Lord Sandwich to be
his proxy on the occasion, and to fetch over the
new Queen from Lisbon, proceeding also to
Algiers to settle affairs there. On arriving at
Lisbon, Lord Sandwich detached Sir John
Lawson, and ordered him to the Mediterranean
to curb the insolence of the Corsairs, after
22
which he himself proceeded to Tangiers,
where he did some execution on the Turks, and
managed his negociations so well, that the place
was given up to him hy the Portuguese, and
Lord Peterborough was appointed Governor.
Pains were afterwards taken to preserve the
fortress, and a fine mole built : hut in 1683,
the Kins: sent Lord Dartmouth to brin"; home
the troops and destroy the work, and it fell
into the hands of the Moors. There still exists
a gate named after Lord Sandwich. " When
at Lisbon my Lord sent over presents of
mellons and rare grapes to his Countess in
London ; the grapes so fine that Mistress Pepys
packed some up in a basket to send to the
King's Majesty." Lady Sandwich also received
a civet cat, parrot, apes, and many other ec-
centric proofs of her Lord's remembrance,
which she showed to Mr. Pepys when he dined
with her at the Wardrobe.
The ambassador had some trouble with the
matrimonial negociations, and " ' great clashing '
with the Portuguese Council, before he could
get the portion paid. But the King of
Portugall is a very foole almost, and his
23
mother do all, and he is a poore prince." The
Queen was a great recluse on board and would
never come on deck, but sent for Lord
Sandwich's "musique," [he loved a band on
board his vessel] and would sit within her
cabin listening to it. Pepys did not admire
the ladies her Majesty brought over, thought
their farthingales a strange dress, and regrets
that they have learned to kiss, and look up
and down freely, already forgetting the recluse
practice of their country. Queen Katherine
gave no rewards to any of the captains or
officers, save to " my Lord," but that was
an honourable present, a bag of gold worth
£1400.
In the same year, 1662, "when the Duke
of York went over to fetch the Queen Mother
Henrietta Maria, they fell into foul weather
and lost their cables, sayles and masts, but
Mr. Coventry writes me word they are safe.
Only my Lord Sandwich, who went before in
the King's yacht, they know not what is
become of him;" which troubles his poor
secretary much, " and there is great talk he
is lost, but I trust in God the contrary." A
24
watery grave, indeed, awaited him, but after
a nobler fashion. "He carried himself bravely
in danger while my Lord Crofts did cry."
The same faithful chronicler, although
uneasy at his Lord's predilection for play,
and for the little res^ret he evinced at losinor
£50 to the King at my Lady Castlemaine's,
is never tired of extolling his magnanimity
and forbearance, especially in the matter of
his kinsman, Mr. Edward Montagu, with
whom he had altercations, and " who did
revile him to the King," as was supposed ;
but " my Lord," pitied and forgave him. He
was an ill-conditioned man, and got into great
disfavour at Court, " through his pride and
affecting to be great with the Queen." In
1663, my Lord leased a house in Lincoln's
Inn Pields for £250 per annum. He deter-
mined to go to sea once more, and confides
to Pepys the state of his finances, having
£8000 a year, and being in debt £10,000 ;
but there is much due to him from the
Wardrobe. In the middle of this discourse
Lady Crewe came in to inform his Lordship
another son was born to him, upon which the
25
devout Samuel remarks, " May God send my
Lord to study the laying up something for it."
In the latter days of July 1664, our gallant
sailor once more put to sea. The fleet in
which he served under the Duke of York was
most successful, striking such terror on the
coast of Holland that the Dutch Admiral was
afraid to venture out. There w^as also great
success with his fleet in the Goree, and 150
ships of the Bordeaux fleet laden with wine
brandy, etc., were brought into our ports.
In the meantime there were all manner of
Cabals at home, not only ignoring Lord
Sandwich's prowess, but impugning his courage
and disinterestedness. Pepys is much vexed
with the silence maintained on my Lord's
account as regards some of those grand naval
victories "to set up the Duke and the Prince,
[Rupert] but Mr. Coventry did declare that
Lord Sandwich, both in his councils and
personal service, had done honourably and
serviceably."
Jealous of his fame at sea and his favour at
court, the Admiral's enemies, with Monk at
their head, sought for some pretext to under-
26
mine liis prosperity, and they hit on the
following. It appeared that it was contrary to
the strict regulations of the Admiralty that
Bulk, as it was called, should be broken into
until the captured vessels were brought into
port. Now in a noble engagement with the
Dutch, Sandwich, Admiral of the Blue Squadroo,
broke through the enemy's line, being the first
who practised that bold expedient: and he,
willing to reward his seamen for their gallant
conduct in the action, gave them some portion
of the prize money, (which was their due) at sea,
not waiting until they had come into port.
This was turned to his disadvantage, and his
adversaries even dared to insinuate that he had
helped himself, as well as his crew. But this
accusation was too barefaced, and the King
stood by him in these difficult times.
Charles II. has often been accused of ingratitude,
but at least he never forgot his obligations to,
or his personal friendship for. Lord Sandwicli,
although His Majesty's unconquerable indolence
prevented his influence being as great and
decisive as might have been expected in the
Monarch of the llealm.
27
In the intervals of his employment, Lord
Sandwich, who was the fondest of fathers, came
up to London frequently to settle the pre-
liminaries of his daughter Jemima's marriage
to the son of Sir George Carteret, an alliance
which gave great satisfaction to both families,
and the negociations for which w^ere carried on
by the indefatigable Pepys. Indeed it was a
good thing at that moment to find any cause for
rejoicing, as our Diarist's pages are now full of
the record of calamities, caused by the Plague
then raging — " no boats on the river, the grass
growing up and down Whitehall ; all the people
panic stricken, and flying from one place to the
other for safety" — wath innumerable ghastly
records of that terrible time.
Lord Sandwich was appointed Ambassador
Extraordinary to the Court of Madrid, to
mediate a Treaty of Peace between Spain and
Portus^al. After some conference with the
Queen-Eegent Mariana, he prevailed with her
to acknowledge the King of Portugal, and to
agree that the King of England should be
Mediator to the Peace. Eor this purpose he left
Madrid and arrived at Lisbon, January 22, 1667.
28
The Peace was concluded in tlie most satis-
factory manner, and the King and the Duke
of York wrote Sandwich autograph letters
of thanks and commendation. He returned to
Spain to take leave of the Queen-Mother, who
was most friendly and grateful to the English
Envoy, and presented him with full length
portraits of herself and her son, the Child-King,
painted, says Lord Sandwich, "by her Court
painter, Don Sebastian de Herrera, and most
excellent likenesses. ' ' The portrait of himself,
of which we are now speaking, was also painted
during his residence in Spain, and he pronounces
that also an excellent resemblance.
Lord Sandwich's letters show his steady
adherence to the Protestant religion, and to the
interests of his country: likewise his excellent
judgment. He was much opposed to the sale
of Dunkirk, and strove to arrest the increasing
power of France. In fact, the measures he ad-
vocated gained him the good will of the whole
fleet and of the disinterested part of the nation,
but gave great offence to the Duke of York. In
the year 1672, on a new war breaking out with
the Dutch, Lord Sandwich served as Vice-
29
Admiral under the man who had become his
enemy. On May the 19th, the English fleet,
which had been joined by a Erench squadron,
came in sight of the Dutch fleet about eight
leagues off Gunfleet, but being separated by
hazy weather, the English stood into South wold
Bay, and there anchored till May 28th. Jollity
and feasting seem to have been the order of the
day on board the English ships, whereupon Lord
Sandwich expostulated at such a critical moment,
advising that they should stand out to sea, seeing
they ran in danger of being surprised by the
enemy, as the wind then stood. The Duke of
York not only declined to follow this excellent
advice, but is said to have returned an insolent
and taunting reply. The next day proved the
prudence of his wise Admiral's advice, as the
firing of the scout ship's cannon gave notice of
the enemy's advance. Then the cables were cut
and the vessels ranged in as good order as time
would permit. Lord Sandwich, in his brave
ship the "E-oyal James," one hundred guns,
sailed almost alone, and was the first to engage
the enemy at seven o'clock in the morning: his
Royal Highness was the next to fire, his vessel
30
being becalmed ; and this sudden calm, combined
with the resolution and prompt bravery of Lord
Sandwich, saved the fleet, otherwise endangered
by the fireships. Interposing between his yet
disordered squadron and the "Great Holland,"
Captain Brakel, sixty guns, (which was followed
by a fireship, and soon seconded by the
whole squadron of Van Ghent,) the gallant
Englishman defended himself for many hours,
disabled several of the enemy's men-of-war,
and sank three of their fireships single handed !
while Sir John Jordan, his own Vice- Admiral,
and several others, instead of coming to the
rescue of the Blue, sailed to the Red to assist
the Duke of York. About noon, until which
hour he stood at bay like the brave lion that he
was, and after giving, as a Dutch historian has
it, the utmost proofs of " unfortunate valour," a
fourth fireship, covered by the smoke of the
enemy, grappled the "Boyal James," and set
her in a blaze. Of one thousand men who
formed his crew at the beginning of the action,
six hundred were killed on the deck, (among
whom was his son-in-law Carteret) many
wounded, and only a few escaped. When Lord
31
Sandwicli saw it was all over with the "Royal
James," he ordered his first captain, Sir Hichard
Haddock, the officers, his own servants, etc.,
into the long-boat, peremptorily declining to
leave the ship, in spite of every entreaty: and
when the boat pushed off, the noble form of
their commander still stood erect on the quarter-
deck of the burning vessel. As Sir John Jordan,
whose duty it was to relieve him, sailed past in
the morning, Lord Sandwich had remarked to
the byestanders that if they were not relieved
they must fight it out to the last man, and
bravely did he keep his word. Thus perished
the man whose nobhj end to a noble life, called
forth eulogiums from friend and foe. Bishop
Parker, a partisan of the Duke of York, says :
"He fell a sacrifice to the service of his country :
endued with the virtues of Alcibiades, untainted
by his vices ; capable of any business ; of high
birth, full of wisdom, a great commander on
sea and land ; learned, eloquent, affable, liberal,
magnificent." The Duke of Buckingham,
who was in the fleet says: "Lord Sandwich was
such a loss, the Dutch might almost have called
it a victory." Gerard Brandt, a Dutchman,
32
says: "He was valiant, intelligent, prudent,
civil, obliging in word, and deed, and of great
service to his King, not only in war, but in
affairs of state and embassies." We have seen
by Pepys' testimony, how beloved he was in
domestic life.
On the 10th of June, his body was found off
Harwich, clad in the uniform he had worn with
so much honour, still adorned with the insignia
of England's noblest Order, of which he had
proved himself so worthy a knight, the gracious
form, strange and almost miraculous as it may
appear, unblemished in every part, save some
marks of fire on the face and hands. Sir
Charles Littleton, Governor of Harwich, re-
ceived the remains, and took immediate care for
the embalming and honourably disposing of the
same, despatching the master of the vessel who
had discovered the body to Whitehall, to pre-
sent the George belonging to the late Earl,
and to learn his Majesty's pleasure, upon
which the King, " out of his regard for
the great deservings of the said Earl and his
unexampled performances in this last act of his
life, (and indeed it might have been said his life
33
throughout) hath resolved to have the body
brought to London, there at his charge to receive
the rites of funeral due to his quality and
merit." The remains were conveyed to
Deptford in one of the royal yachts, and there
taken out, and a procession formed of barges,
adorned with all the pomp of heraldry, the
pride of pageantry, with nodding plumes of
sable hue — attended by his eldest son as chief
mourner, by eight Earls his peers, by the Lord
Mayor and many companies of London, with
drums all muffled, and trumpets, and minute
guns discharged from the Tower and Whitehall :
the body covered by a mourning pall of
sumptuous velvet, beneath the shadow of the
British Elag under which he had served so long
and died so nobly. All that was mortal of
Edward Montagu, first Earl of Sandwich, was
interred on the north side of the altar in Henry
VII. 's chapel in Westminster Abbey, on July
3rd, 1672.
The compass which he wore during the last
hours of his glorious life, and the Blue Bibbon
which clung to the heart even when it beat no
longer, still hang in tlie same frame with the
34
miniature portraits of himself, and his wife,
beside the spirited picture of his last action, by
Yandevelde, in the ship-room at Ilinchingbrook,
where the hero's name is still revered, and his
memory cherished with honest pride by his
descendants.
" Pride in the just whose race is ruu,
Whose memory shall endure,
Binding the line from sire to son
To keep the 'scutcheon pure ! "
The Honourable yolm George Montagu
By HOPPNER
Half-Length.
Born, 1767. Died, 1790.— The eldest son of
Viscount Ilinchingbrook, afterwards fifth Earl
of Sandwich, by Lady Elizabeth Montagu,
daughter of the Earl of Halifax. In 1790, he
married Dorothy, daughter of Stephen Becken-
ham Esq., and died a few months afterwards at
Mrs. Bcckenham's house in Grosvenor Square.
35
yohn Wihnot, Earl of Rochester:
By sir peter LELY.
Half-Length.
(Crimson Robe, over a Cuirass.)
yohn IVilmot, Earl of Rochester:
By WISSING.
Thkee-quakter Length.
(In Armour, holding a Truncheon.)
Born, 1648. Died, 1680.— Son of the second
Earl, by Anne, daughter of Sir John St. John
Bart., and widow of Sir Harry Lee, of Ditchley.
The father, a staunch Royalist, died before
the Restoration, and left his son little inherit-
ance beyond his title ; but that little was
well and carefully managed by the widowed
mother. Rochester distinguished himself at
36
school, and also at the University, and although
he fell into bad habits in early life, he
always retained a love of learning which
was most beneficial to him in his latter
days. He travelled under the care of a
learned Scotchman, Dr. Balfour, whose name
he never mentioned without affection. He
distinsruished himself in several naval ensaffe-
o Do
ments under the brave Earl of Sandwich and
other commanders, and married Elizabeth,
daughter of John Mallet, Esq., " the beautiful
heiress," who, after supping with Mistress
Stewart, was quietly returning to her lodgings
when she was seized upon at Charing Cross
by some emissaries of my Lord of Rochester.
The lady did not incline to his suit, although
it would appear the King himself had spoken
to her in behalf of his favourite. But this
violence so incensed his Majesty, that he ordered
my Lord Bochester to the Tower, and there
seemed every chance of his being supplanted
by his numerous rivals. Pepys does not tell
us how the adventurous lover at length
prevailed on the lady to accept his hand, but
he enumerates " Mistress Mallet's servants : "
37
" My Lord Herbert," [afterwards 6tli Earl of
Pembroke,] "who would have bad her, my
Lord Hinchingbrook, who was indifferent to
her, my Lord John Butler [son of the Duke
of Ormond] who might not have her, Sir . .
Popham who would do anything to have her,
and my Lord Rochester, who would have run
away with her." Verily, she made a bad
choice among so many.
Lord Rochester was remarkable for his wit»
but also for the extreme licentiousness of his
manners and writings. He was a great satirist
and had many readers in an age when grossness
of style was not only tolerated but admired.
His Poem on "Nothing," and the satire
against Man, showed great ability, lavished on
a bad cause. Of an elegant person, easy
address, and winning manners, he was, indeed,
a dangerous companion, and his profligacy
was notorious, even in the reign of Charles 11.
He was a great favourite with his royal master,
who delighted in his sallies, and declared he
preferred Rochester's company, even when he
was drunk, to that of any other man, when
sober. In his pursuits after adventures he
38-
would assume all sorts of disguises, sometimes
that of a beggar, or porter, or even a quack
doctor ; and he well knew how to sustain
every kind of character. Horace Walpole says
of him, " the Muses loved to inspire him, but
were ashamed to avow him." De Grammont
said he had more wit, and less honour than
any man in England.
But it was reserved for Bishop Burnet, in
whose society and conversation he fortunately
took great delight, to effect a radical change
in the opinions of a man whom the Divine
himself had always declared born for better
things. By gentle forbearance, considerate
kindness, and honest candid friendship. Dr.
Burnet brought the suffering and unhappy
man, to a sense of the error of his ways, and
the letter the Bishop received from the penitent
shortly before the death of the latter, is most
conclusive on this head :
"Woodstock Park, June 25, 1680.
" My most honoured Dr. Burnet,
" My spirits and body cling so equally together, that
I shall write you a letter as weak as I am in person. I begin
to value Churchmen above all men in the world. If God
39
bfe yet pleased to spare me longer in this world, I hope in
your conversation to be exalted to that degree of piety, that
the world may see how much I abhor what I so long loved,
and how much I glory in repentance, and in God's service.
Bestow your prayers upon me that God would spare me (if
it be His good will) to show a true repentance and amend-
ment of life for the time to come, or else, if the Lord please
to put an end to my worldly being now, that He would
mercifully accept of my death-bed repentance, and perform
His promise that He has been pleased to make, that at what
time soever a sinner doth repent, He would receive him.
Put up these prayers then, dear Doctor, to Almighty God,
for your most obedient, and languishing servant,
Rochester."
During his last, and most painful illness, lie
listened with meek deference to the exhortations
of many godly men, and received the Sacra-
ment with his Lady, which he told Dr. Burnet
gave him the more satisfaction, as for a time
she had been misled by the errors of the Church
of E;ome.
Towards the wife who had so much cause of
complaint against him he expressed the sincerest
affection and contrition, so much so as to call
forth the most passionate grief on her side.
He took leave of all, sent messages to many of
40
his thoughtless comrades, hoping that as his
life had done much hurt, so by the mercy of
God his death might do some good ; called often
for his children, his young son, and three
daughters, thanked God in their presence
for the blessing they were to him ; and died
quietly, and peacefully at the last, after suffer-
ing terrible anguish of body, on the morning
of the 26th of July, 1680, at the Ranger's Lodge
at Woodstock.
Frances, Lady Carteret :
By sir GODFREY KNELLER.
Three-quarter Length.
(In a White Dress, playing on a Spinnet.)
Born, 1694. Died, 1713.— The daughter of
Sir E-obert Worsley, of Appledurcombe, Isle of
Wight, by Frances, only daughter and heiress
of the first Viscount Weymouth. Married in
1710 at Longleat, the seat of her grandfather,
to John, Lord Carteret, great grandson of the
41
first Earl of Sandudch, Ambassador Extra-
ordinary to the Court of Sweden, principal
Secretary of State, and Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland, and one of the Chief Justices for
England, during the Sovereign's absence beyond
seas ; in fact the holder of many ofiices and
dignities which he filled with honour. Lady
Carteret accompanied her husband when he
attended the Queen to Hanover, and in that
city she died, quite suddenly, while playing on
the harp. She was a friend and correspondent
of Jonathan Swift.
Charles, Lord IVihnot :
By hawker.
Half-Length : Oval.
(A Boy in a Blue Mantle.)
Born, He was the only son of John, Earl
of Rochester. Died in 1681, a minor and un-
married, when the title became extinct. With
42
all his faults Lord Rochester appears to have
loved his only boy tenderly, and to have
earnestly desired to keep him from the evils
into which he himself had fallen. The follow-
ing letter addressed by the father to the son is
a touching proof of these better feelings :
" To my Lord WCmot :—
I hope, Charles, when you receive this and know that
I have sent this gentleman to be your tutor, you will be
very glad to see I take such care of you, and be very grate-
ful, which is the best way of showing your obedience. You
are now grown big enough to be a man, if you are wise
enough, and the way to be truly wise, is to serve God, learn
your books, observe the instructions of your parents first,
and next your Tutoi', to whom I have entirely resigned you
for these seven years, and according as you employ that time
you are to be happy or unhappy for ever. But I have so
good an opinion of you that I am glad to think you will
never deceive me. Dear child, learn your book and be
obedient, and you shall see what a father will be to you.
You shall want no pleasure, while you are good, and that
you may be so is my constant prayer.
Rochester."
43
Lady Brooke
By KNELLER.
Halp-Length.
(Blue Dress.)
This portrait has no name in the original
catalogue, but it appears almost certain that it
represents the Lady Anne Wilmot, eldest
daughter of the Earl of Rochester, and sister to
Lady Lisburne, and Elizabeth, Countess of
Sandwich. She married Erancis Greville, son
and heir to Lord Brooke (he died in 1710,
eleven days before his father), by whom she had
Eulke, who succeeded his grandfather in the
title, William, and two daughters.
Viscountess Lisburne
By KNELLER.
Half-Lexgth.
(Loose Blue Dress, Blue Yeil.)
Born, Died, 1716.— Lady Mallet Wilmot,
was the third and youngest daughter, and
44
co-heiress, of John, Earl of Rochester, by
Elizabeth, daughter of John Mallet, Esq. She
married John Vaughan, Esq. , afterwards created
Baron Eeathard and Viscount Lisburne, County
Antrim, Ireland. They had two sons and
several daughters. Lord Lisburne died in
1721.
Lady Ajtiie Montagu
By KNELLER.
Three-quarter Length.
(Oval. As a Child, White Dress.)
Born, 1674. Died, 1746.— Daughter of
Ralph, Duke of Montagu, by his first wife.
Married first, Alexander Popham, Esq., and
secondly, her cousin, Lieutenant-General Daniel
Harvey, Governor of Guernsey.
45
yemima, First Countess of Sandwich
By ADRIAN HANNEMANN.
Half-Length.
(Blue Satin Dress. Scarf in the Left Hand.)
The eldest daughter ol John, first Baron
Crewe of Skene, North Hants, by Jemima,
daughter and co-heiress of Edward Waldegrave,
Esq., Co. Essex. Married in 1642, to Edward
Montagu, first Earl of Sandwich, by whom
she had five sons and four daughters.
That useful gossip Pepys was very proud
of his acquaintance wdth Lady Sandwich and
he seems to have neglected no opportunity
of getting news for his " Chronicle," from her,
as well as from her housekeeper, Sarah, who
knew a great deal about Court matters
and was most communicative, particularly in
affairs of scandal. His first mention of Lady
Sandwich is where he goes to dine with her
and tell her the news (by order of Sir William
46
Pen,) how that " an expresse had come from
my Lord [then with the fleet] that by a great
storm and tempest the mole at Argier had
been broken down and several of our ships
sunk," and he thanks God, "that unlucky
business is ended." In another dinner at the
"Wardrobe," my Lady showed him a civet
cat, parrot, and ape, which her Lord had sent
her as a present from beyond seas. Her Lady-
ship, moreover seems to have taken Mr. Pepys
into her councils, as regarded matrimonial
alliances for her daughters, as we find him
commissioned to inquire into the estate of Sir
George Carteret, whose son Phillip was a
suitor for my Lady Jemima, a marriage which
afterwards took place, and every particular of
which is detailed with a great sense of reflected
importance by Pepys " who wore his new
coloured silk suit on the occasion. " He assisted
Lady Sandwich to settle accounts at that time,
and he does not forget to inform us that he
was invited down to Hinchingbrook, to keep
her company, " so mighty kind is my Lady ;
but for my life I could not."
On the 28th of May, 1665, he goes to my
47
Lady Sandwich's, " where to my shame I had
not been a long time," primed with a highly
spiced story of " how my Lord of Rochester
had run away with Mistress Mallet, the great
beauty and fortune of the north," and he
found Lady Sandwich both interested and
distressed by the news, as she had intended
the fair heiress for her son, Hinchingbrook ;
and even now, she hoped the match might be
broken oif between the lady, and Lord
Hochester, in which particular she was dis-
appointed. But strangely enough, the daughter
of the run-away couple did, unfortunately for
her poor husband, become Countess of Sandwich.
Pepys goes all alone with my Lady to Dagen-
ham, near Komford, in Essex, where Lady
Jemima Carteret and her husband resided :
" and a pleasant going it was, very merry, and
the young couple well acquainted ; but Lord !
to see what fear all the people here do live in' ' —
on account of the Plague. Two years after-
wards we find our Chronicler walking up from
Brampton, where he resided for some time, to
Hinchingbrook, to spend the afternoon with
that most excellent discreet and good lady, who
48
was mightily pleased, as she informed him,
with the lady who was to be her son Hinching-
brook's wife. He found the two Ladies Montagu
" grown proper ladies and handsome enough ; "
and the Countess, as was often the case, con-
ferred with Mr. Pepys on financial matters,
complaining they were much straitened in
circumstances, and she had had to part with
some valuable plate, and one of the best suites
of hangings. We are assured by the same
gentleman that " the House of Hinchingbrook
is excellently furnished, with brave rooms and
good pictures," and that " it pleased infinitely
beyond Audley End."
Lady Sandwich died at the house of her
daughter, Lady Anne Edgecumbe, at Cothele,
County Devon, and was buried at Carstock, in
Cornwall. The children of the first Earl and
Countess of Sandwich were: Edward, who
succeeded as second Earl ; Sydney, who married
the daughter and heiress of Sir Erancis
AVortley, of Wortley, County York, which
patronymic he assumed, and was father-in-law
to the famous Lady Mary Wortley Montagu;
Oliver, who died unmarried, aged 38; John, in
49
Holy Orders, died unmarried, aged 73; Charles
married first, Elizabeth, daughter of Prancis
Porster, and secondly, Sarah, daughter of
Rogers, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Esq., by both of
whom he left issue. The daughters : Jemima,
married to Sir Philip Carteret, who fell with
his father-in-law in the battle of Southwold
Bay, May, 1672, in consideration of whose
services the King elevated his son George to the
peerage, as Baron Carteret; Paulina, Avho died
unmarried; Anne, married to Sir Bichard
Edgecumbe, by whom she was mother of the
first Lord Edgecumbe, of Mount Edgecumbe,
County Devon; she was married secondly, to
Christopher Montagu, brother to the Earl of
Halifax, and died in 1727; Catherine, married
to Nicholas, son and heir to Sir Nicholas Bacon,
of Shrubland Hall, Suffolk, and afterwards to
the Bev. Mr. Gardeman. She died at the age
of ninety-six.
50
Edward, First Earl of SaJidiuich
By ADRIAN HANNEMANN.
Half-Length.
(In Armour. Badge of the Order of the Garter, or lesser
George, suspended from the Neck by Gold Chain, Lace
Cravat, Long Hair.)
Elizabeth, Viscountess Hinchingbrook
By KNELLER.
Three-quarter Length.
(Seated, holding a Book. "White Satin Dress. Blue Ribbon
in Front.)
Born, Died, 1761. — The only danghter
of Alexander Popham, Esq., of Littlecote, Wilts,
by Lady Anne, daughter of Ralph, Duke of
Montas^u. She married firstly, Viscount
Hinchingbrook, only son of Edward, third Earl
51
of Sandwich, by whom she had John, who
succeeded his grandfather as fourth Earl,
Edward, and William ; and two daughters,
Mary and Elizabeth. Lady Hinchingbrook
married secondly, Erancis Seymour, Esq., of
Sherborne, Dorset, by whom she had two sons
and one daughter.
She died at her house in Charles Street,
Berkeley Square, and was buried in South
Audley Street Chapel.
The Hon. Richard Montagu
By RILEY.
Half-Length.
(Oval. Crianson Dress. Lace Cravat.)
Born, 1671. Died, 1697. — The second son of
the second Earl of Sandwich, by Lady Anne
Boyle, daughter of the Earl of Burlington.
He was M.P. for Huntingdon. Died unmarried.
52
Edward, First Earl of Sandwich
By sir peter LELY.
Half-Length.
(Star of the Order of the Garter on Shoulder.)
Edward Richard, Viscount
Hinchingbrook :
Br SIR GODFREY KNELLER.
Half-Lbxgth.
(Oval. Blue Jacket, and Velvet Cap. Hand resting on Hip.)
yohn, Earl of Rochester .
By WISSING.
Three-quarter Length.
(In Armour, with Crimson Robe. Lace Cravat.)
53
Elizabeth, Countess of Burlington
By sir peter LELY.
Three-quarter Length.
(Standing by an Arch. Dark Dress with Pearls ; Dark Blue
Scarf over the Shoulder. Holding a Wreath of Flowers.)
The only daughter and heiress of Henry
Clifford, Earl of Cumberland. Married Eichard,
Viscount Dungarvan, eldest son of the great
Earl of Cork, at Skipton Castle, in Craven, 1635.
Lord Dungarvan was distinguished for loyalty
and bravery, in common with his father and
brothers. In 1642, he and the Lord Inchiquin
defeated the Irish army near Liscarrol, on which
occasion the Earl of Cork's four sons were
engaged on the royal side, and Viscount
Kynalmeakey was slain. After many successes
Lord Dungarvan carried over his forces to
England, on the cessation of arms in Ireland.
In 1643, he landed with them near Chester,
and subsequently joined his Sovereign in the
County of Dorset, when by reason of his
54
services, and his marriage with the daughter
and heiress of the Earl of Cumberland, Lord
Cork (he had succeeded his father in the
Irish title) was created Baron Clifford, of
Lanesborough, Co. York.
On the triumph of the Parliamentary cause
he went beyond seas, but he promoted the
restoration of Charles II., and was advanced to
the dignity of Earl of Burlington, Co. York.
Lord Burlington died in the 86th year of his
age, and by Elizabeth his wife he had two sons,
and five daughters, the fourth of whom, Lady
Anne, married Edward, second Earl of Sandwich,
a match which Pepys much approved. He
speaks of an interview with Lady Burlington
at Burlington Hoiise, where he first saw and
saluted her: "A very fine speaking lady and
brave, and a good woman, but old and not
handsome." Perhaps Master Samuel was not
at that moment in a humour to be pleased, as,
"bringing in a candle to seal a letter, they set
fire to my perriwigg, which made an odd
noise."
55
Edward, First Lord Montagu of
Botighton :
Half-Length,
(In Peer's Parliamentary Robes. Holding in his Hand the
Badge of the Order of the Bath suspended from his
Neck.)
Born, Died, 1644.— The eldest son of
Sir Edward Montagu, of Boughton, North
Hants, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James
Harrington, of Exton, Rutland, Knight, by
whom he had eight sons and three daughters :
the third son, Henry, being ancestor to the
Dukes of Manchester and the Earls of Halifax ;
and the sixth, Sidney, to the Earls of Sandwich.
Edward, the eldest, was also Knighted of the
Shire, and then created Knight of the Bath at
the coronation of James I, he did good service
in Parliament; was much opposed to Popish
doctrines, was one of the first named on the
committee to consider the confirmation of the
Book of Common Prayer, and many weighty
matters, was the principal promoter of keeping
56
a day of public thanksgiving on the 5th of
November, in remembrance of the failure of
the Gunpowder Plot, on which day he also
instituted a charitable gift of "forty shillings
yearly to the world's end," to be given to the
poor of certain towns in Northamptonshire, if
present at Divine Service the same day. He
was advanced to the dignity of Baron Montagu,
of Bough ton, for his services and great abilities,
in the nineteenth year of the reign of James I.
He was remarkable for his piety, not only
attending constantly and punctually at church,
but having regular prayers on week days, "as
also singing of two psalms after supper in the
hall in his own house." He w^as a patron to
men of letters and learning, showing great
discrimination in his choice of bestowal of
livings in his gift, and "an enemy to pluralities
and non-residency." Not only did he do good
"to the good to make them better, but also to
the bad to keep them from worse." It is
scarcely credible how many poor as well as rich
he fed. It is reported that a hired coachman
of London, who bad been at my Lord's house,
told on his return that he had seen 1200 people
57
served in a day at my Lord Montagu's door,
which was not credited, and a wager of £10
laid. It was brought to trial and proved. He
built a fair Hospital at Weekly for eight
persons, with a liberal allowance, and a blue
gown to each every second year.
But this good and noble Peer fell into
misfortune through his loyalty to King Charles
I. , and Lord Clarendon relates that the Parlia-
ment took him prisoner at his House of
Boughton, " a person of great reverence above
fourscore years of age, and of unblemished
reputation, because he declared himself un-
satisfied with their disobedient proceedings
towards the King."
Sir Philip Warwick also says: "The family
of Montagu is noble and worthy. It had six
brothers, four remarkable for several qualifica-
tions ; the eldest, Lord Montagu, a man of
plain, downright English spirit, of steady
courage and a devout heart, a son of the Church
of England, yet so devout that he was by some
reckoned among the Puritans. He was a
great benefactor to the town of Northampton,
(being Lord Lieutenant of the County), and
58
he bore such sway there, that " the multitude
of vul2:ars flocked about him when he came to
town, as if he had been their topical deity."
When he was taken prisoner on his road to
London, he met my Lord Essex at Barnet,
who was proceeding with the army against
the King. That nobleman stopped his coach,
intending to go and salute Lord Montagu,
who presently ordered his coachman to drive
on, as this was no time for compliments.
When brought before the Committee of State,
where he pleaded nobly, the verdict was that
he should be detained a prisoner, but that it
might be in his own daughter's house. This
he utterly refused, saying, that if he deserved
to be a prisoner, he deserved to be sent to a
prison, and that he would not be sent to the
house of the Countess of Rutland, which
would be irksome to him, that lady being busy
in the Parliament's cause — unless tlie warrant
named her house as his prison ; " whereat the
Countess was much disgruntled."
Lord Montagu was accordingly conveyed to
the Savoy, near the Strand, in the suburbs of
London, where he departed this life on the
59
IStli of June, 1644. He was thrice married ;
first to Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of
Sir John Jeffrey, of Chitingley, Sussex, Knight,
Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, by whom
he had an only daughter ; secondly, to Erances,
daughter of Thomas Cotton, of Connington,
*-o
Hunts, by whom he had a son who died
unmarried, Edward his successor, William, and
the aforesaid Countess of Rutland ; thirdly, to
Anne Crouch, of Cornbury, Herts, by whom he
had no issue.
Lord Montagu was grandfather to Ralph,
first Duke of Montagu. He was interred in
Weekly Church, Northamptonshire, where a
splendid monument commemorates his many
virtues.
Mrs. Elizabeth Cromwell.
By walker.
Half-Length.
(Green Cardinal edged with Gold, fastened in Front with a
Jewel. White Satin Hood, White Tippet, Pearl
Necklace.)
60
Born, Died, 1654. — Daughter of William
Stewart, Esq., through whom she claimed
distant kinship with the King of England.
Widow of William Lynne, of Basimrbourne :
married Robert Cromwell, Esq., by whom she
had four sons, of whom only one, Oliver, grew
up to manhood, and six daughters. On the
death of her husband she continued the
Brewery, out of the profits of which and a
scanty pittance of £60 a year, she gave her
numerous daughters a good education, and
dowries on their marriage, " with which they
were not ashamed to ally themselves with
good families." Mrs. Cromwell was indeed
a most exemplary and loveable woman ; of an
angelic temper and disposition, yet full of
self-lielp, she retained the simple tastes and
gentle humanity which had characterised her
in the Brewery, at Huntingdon, when trans-
planted, by her son's wish, to the splendour
of tlie Palace at AYhitehall, where her life was
fretted by her anxiety for the safety of her
beloved son. Oliver's filial duty was undeni-
able : he appreciated to the utmost his mother's
excellent qualities ; and on her death he caused
61
her to be buried with great pomp iu
Westminster Abbey, though her tastes would
have pointed to a quiet funeral, in a country
churchyard, where her remains would have
been left unmolested. At the Restoration her
body was dug up, and with many others, cast
ignominiously into a hole.
In one of the many " Lives of the Protector,"
the portrait at Hinchingbrook is alluded to as
most characteristic. " The small pretty mouth,
the full large melancholy eyes, the fair hair
under the modest little hood, the simple but
refined dress with the one small jewel clasping
her handkerchief." The same writer speaking
of her says: " Her single pride was honesty, her
passion love."
William Latid, Archbishop of
Canterbury :
A Copy of Vandyck in Lambeth Palace.
By stone.
Three-quarter Length.
Born at Reading, 1573.— Beheaded, 1645.
62
Son of a clothier. Tellow of St. John's College,
Oxford. He afterwards took Orders, and was
■very vehement against the Puritans. Had
many different livings ; became Chaplain to
James I., whom he accompanied to Scotland.
Became Prebendary of Westminster, and
consecutively Bishop of St. Davids, Bath and
Wells, and London, and subsequently Prime
Minister and Archbishop of Canterbury. In
1622 he held a famous conference with Pisher
the Jesuit in the presence of the Duke of
Buckingham and his mother, who were waver-
ing in their allegiance to the Protestant faith,
and were fixed therein by the eloquence of
Laud. He was more than once tempted to
abjure his own religion by the offer of a
Cardinal's hat, but each time he gave an
emphatic denial. He was very strict in
requiring the revision and licensing of
published books by high ecclesiastical authority,
and concerned in several prosecutions of the
Star Chamber against Bishop Williams, the
master of Westminster School, &c.
When the Parliament of 1639 was abruptly
dissolved, the odium of the measure was thrown
63
on Laud, and he was attacked in his Palace at
Lambeth by the mob. The execution of
Strafford was the forerunner of his own ; he
had made himself unpopular with the Nation
and with the Commons, and on the accusation
of Sir Henry Vane, he was sent to the Tower
in 1641, where he was detained for three years
and treated with much severity. In 1644 he
was tried, and though nothing treasonable was
proved, a bill of attainder was passed. He
made an eloquent defence, but all in vain, and
he suffered death on Tower Hill in 1645,
displaying great courage. Clarendon says :
" His learning, piety, and virtue, have been
attained by few, and the greatest of his
infirmities are common to all men."
Of all the Prelates of the Anglican Church,
Macaulay says that Laud departed farthest
from the principles of the E/cformation and
nearest to Home. He hated Calvinism, he
had a passion for forms and ceremonies, dis-
approved of the marriage of ecclesiastics ; all
which opinions would have made him detested
by the Puritans, even if he had used legal and
gentle means only for the attainment of his
64
ends. His understanding was narrow, he had
but scanty knowledge of the world under his
direction ; every corner of the realm, every
separate congregation, even the devotions of
private families were subjected to the vigilance
of his spies. Unfortunately for himself and
for the country, the King was influenced in all
public matters by the counsels of the Primate.
Robert Cromwell.
By walker.
Half-Length.
(Black Gown, White Collar, Black Skull Cap.)
Born, Died, 1617. — The second son of Sir
Henry Cromwell, Knight (surnamed the Golden
Knight) of Hinchingbrook, Huntingdon, by
Joan, daughter of Sir Ralph Warren, Lord
TMayor of London. A younger son with a
slender pittance, he was, by the countenance
of his brother, Sir Oliver, made Justice of the
Peace. He went, on his marriage, to live in
65
the town of Huntingdon, at a house which had
been a Brewery for many years, and the
business of which he thought it prudent to
continue with the help and good management
of his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of William
Stewart, of Ely, undoubted descendant of the
royal line of Stewart ; a connection on which
the Protector, with the inconsistency he often
evinced in such matters, prided himself highly.
Robert Cromwell's immediate ancestors were
of a Welsh family named Williams, one
of whom married the sister of Cromwell,
Earl of Essex, Prime Minister to Henry VIII.,
whose son having risen into favour at Court
and received the grant of several Church lands
near Huntingdon, fixed his residence in that
town, and assumed the name of Cromwell. In
a tournament at Westminster, on May Day,
1540, where Sir Richard Cromwell had
stricken down challenger after challenger in
honour of his King; Henry VIII., in high good
humour, called out : " Formerly thou wast my
Dick, but hereafter thoushalt be my diamond,"
at the same moment dropping a diamond ring,
which the knight picked up and restored to his
66
Majesty. "No," said Henry, laughing, and
placing it on his favourite's finger : " henceforth
thou shalt bear such an one in the forejamb of
the demi-lion in thy crest ; " and such a ring, says
one of his chroniclers, did Oliver wear when he
entered the lists against his lawful sovereign.
"Mr. Cromwell and his wife," we are told
by the same biographer, " were persons of worth,
in no way inclined to disaffection, civil or
religious ; they lived on a small pittance, and
brought up their children well, through the
exercise of honest frugality. ' ' Robert Cromwell
died at Cromwell House, Huntingdon, in 1617,
and was buried at All Saints Church in that
town. His widow survived him 37 years.
Portrait of a Dark Yoltu in Armour
Unnamed.
Three Portraits Unnamed.
67
Elizabeth, Coimtess of Northumberlmid :
By sir peter LELY.
Three-quarter Length.
(Auburn Ringlets. Orange Satin Gown witli Pearls. Right
Hand holding her Dress.)
Born, 1647. Died, 1690.— Elizabeth Wriothesley
was the youngest daughter of Lord Treasurer
Southampton, by Lady Elizabeth Leigh, sole
daughter and heiress of the Earl of Chichester.
Her eldest sister. Lady Audrey, was betrothed
to Josceline, Lord Percy, son of the tenth Earl
of Northumberland, but dying before her
fifteenth year was completed, the name of her
sister was substituted for hers (by family
arrangement) in the marriage contract. In
the year 1662, Elizabeth being then about
fifteen, and Lord Percy barely 18, the marriage
was solemnised. The bride's sister. Lady
Rachel Russell, observes it was acceptance
rather than choice ; yet the union proved very
happy. At first the young pair were not much
together ; the bridegroom remained with his
68
tutor, and the bride with her parents, at
Titchfield, in Hampshire ; but in 1664-5,
her letters to Lady Rachel are dated from
Petworth, where she was living with her
husband. She had a daughter born in 1666,
and a son and heir in 1668 ; in 1669, another
daughter, who died an infant. Lord Percy
succeeded his father in 1668, and the following
year their son died, which made so sad an
impression on Lady Northumberland, then
just recovering from her confinement, that
change of scene was considered necessary for
her, and she left England for Paris with her
husband and the celebrated Locke (as their
physician), in whose care Lord Northumberland
left his wife while he proceeded to Italy. At
Turin he was attacked by fever, and died in the
flower of his age, a brilliant future lying before
him, with every prospect of happiness.
Lady Northumberland remained at Paris,
where Ralph, Lord Montagu, was then
Ambassador, and he soon became attracted
by the beautiful young widow, paying her
gradual and delicate attentions ; but it was two
years before he ventured to pronounce himself
69
her ardent admirer. In the winter of 1672 she
went to Aix, where Montagu followed her.
Madame de la Fayette writes : " Je vous envoie
un paquet pour Madame de Northumberland ;
on dit que si M. de Montagu n'a pas eu un
heureux succes de son voyage, il passera en
Italie pour faire voir que ce ne'est pas pour les
beaux yeux de laComtessequ 'il court le pays."
But it seems he followed her back to Paris,
in spite of tliose predictions. In another letter
from Madame de la Fayette, she writes :
" Madame de Northumberland me parait une
femme qui a ^te fort belle, mais qui n'a pas un
seul trait de visage qui se soutienne, ni ou il soit
rest^ le moindre air de jeunesse ; elle est avec
cela mal habillt^e, point de grace, etc." She
also alludes to her understanding, what Madame
de la Payette said to her as if her knowledge
of the French Ian2:ua2^e was limited. The
same waiter says: "J'ai fort parl^ d'elle a
Montagu ; il ne fait aucun facon d'etre
embarqu(^ a son service, et parait rempli
d'esperance." (April 15, 1673.)
There were as usual fluctuations in his
hopes and fears, the lady being at one time
70
jealous, we are told, of the Duchesse de Brissac,
a former " flame " of the Ambassador's ; but in.
1673 they came to England, and were privately-
married at Titchfield, Lady Northumberland's
paternal home. Evelyn talks of her eight, or
even ten years after this, as the " beautiful
Countess," a testimony we accept more willingly
tlian that of the fault-finding Madame de la
Eayette. She was in England in 1675, and
was at issue for some time with the Dowager
Countess of Northumberland, her mother-in-
law, respecting the care and guardianship of
Lady Elizabeth Percy, the only surviving child
and heiress of the late Earl ; the subject of the
girl's marriage, and the choice of a husband
being a great bone of contention. Lady Rachel
Russell says : " My sister urges that her only
child should not be disposed of without her
consent, and in my judgment it is hard, yet I
fancy I am not partial." The old lady was
triumphant, however, and contrived to get the
young heiress into her power, or rather to assert
her power over her fortunes, and Elizabeth
Percy had the strange late of being three times
a wife, and twice a widow ere she was sixteen.
71
She married, when only thirteen, Cavendish,
Duke of Newcastle, who immediately assumed
the name and arms of Percy; but he died a few
months after his marriage, in 1680. The
child-widow had then among many other
suitors, Count Konigsmark, the celebrated
adventurer, and Thomas Thynne, of Longleat,
to whom her grandmother hastened to betroth
her, lest she should show a preference for the
foreigner. But before the marriage could be
actually solemnized, he was murdered in his
coach at the instigation of his rival; and the
beautiful heiress married shortly afterwards
the sixth Duke of Somerset, surnamed the Proud.
The girl's mother does not seem to have been
consulted in any of these matchmakings ;
her own married life was not a happy one.
Montagu was boundlessly extravagant ; he was
now occupied in building Montagu House with
his wife's money ; he was involved in political
intrigues which did not redound to his honour,
and in 1678 he went to Paris on his astrological
mission, and renewed his loves and quarrels
with the Duchess of Cleveland and others.
He returned to England, to involve himself in
72
fresh plots, and in 1680, accompanied by his
wife, he went to Paris in disgrace and pecuniary-
difficulties ; circumstances not calculated to
improve a temper naturally irritable.
Lady E-acliel Russell often speaks of her
sister when in Paris ; of that lady's sympathy
with the Protestants after the Revocation of the
Edict of Nantes ; her anxiety on account of
her daughter, Anne Montagu's, health, etc.
A year afterwards she lost her eldest son, aged
12 ; and it must have been a source of regret
that she was not at hand to comfort Lady
Rachel in the hour of her sorrow, Lord William
Russell's execution taking place while his
sister-in-law was still in Paris. On Lady
Northumberland's return to England, we hear
of her at Windsor with her "lovely boy," and
little Anne. On her husband's creation as
Earl, his wife dropped her widowed title, and
called herself Countess Montagu. After the
Revolution, Lord and Lady Montagu spent
most of their time at Eoughton, at which
place the latter died in September, 1690, aged
forty-four.
Lady Rachel Russell speaks tlius of her
73
death : " She was my last sister, and I loved
her tenderly. It pleases me to think she
deserves to be remembered by all who knew
her ; but after 40 years' acquaintance with so
amiable a creature, one must needs, in reflect-
ing, bring to remembrance so many engaging
endearments as are at present embittering and
painful."
One son and one daughter survived ; John,
Lord Monthermer, afterwards second Duke of
Montagu ; and Anne, mother to the Lady
Hinchingbrook, by whose Will this picture
was bequeathed to her son, the fourth Earl of
Sandwich.
Edward, first Earl of Sandwich :
By sir peter LELY.
Thbee-quarter Length.
(Buff Coat and Cuirass. Lace Cravat and Ruffles. Blue
Sash over the Shoulder. Broad Red Sash round the
Waist. Right Hand holding a Truncheon, which rests
on the Mouth of a Cannon ; Left Hand on his Hip.)
F
74
Ralph, Duke of Montagu
By RILEY.
Three-quarter Length.
(Curled Wig. Loose Gown of Orange Silk.)
Born, Died, 1708. The only surviving
son of Edward, second Lord Montagu of
Boughton, by Anne, daughter of Sir Ralph
Winwood. He was educated at Westminster
and on the death of his elder brother suc-
ceeded him as Master of the Horse to Queen
Catherine, Consort of Charles II. He was
sent as Ambassador to Paris, in 1669, for
which office, says a contemporary, he was
more indebted to the partiality of the fair
sex, than to his own merits. He told Sir
William Temple he was resolved to become
Ambassador in Prance, and Sir William asked
him on what he founded his hopes, as neither
the King nor the Duke of York were attached
to him. "They shall act" said Montagu,
" as if they were ;" upon which Sir William
Temple remarks that his appointment was
75
brought about by the favour of the ladies,
who were always his best friends, for some
perfection the rest of the world did not discover.
He was famous when in Prance, for the
state in which he lived. " He entered Paris,"
(says Collins) " with a more than common
appearance, having seventy-four pages and
footmen in rich liveries, twelve led horses
with their furniture, twenty-four gentlemen
on horseback, and eighteen English noblemen
and gentlemen of quality in four rich coaches
with eight horses each, and two chariots with
six, made as costly as art could contrive."
The King and the Duke of Orleans received
him with great honour, and he was entertained
both at St. Cloud and Versailles, the fountains
of v/hich played in his honour ; and it was
here he imbibed a taste for building and laying
out gardens, which he afterwards indulged to
a great extent. The beautiful and youthful
Countess of Northumberland, who had lately
become a widow, was residing in Paris, and as
we mention in the notice of her life, Montagu
became her suitor, and eventually her husband.
They were married privately in England in
76
1673. After his marriage lie became a Privy
Councillor and Master of the Great Wardrobe,
an office he bought of the Earl of Sandwich.
He busied himself in building on a magiiificent
scale, and found his wife's money most useful
to him in carrying out his plans.
Although already rather in disrepute at
Court, King Charles II. did not disdain to
employ Montagu in 1678 on a new, and in
every sense of the word, extraordinary mission
to Paris. At that time there resided in the
Prench capital, an astrologer who had gained
great credit by predicting, not only the restora-
tion of the English Monarch, but the exact
date, May 29, 1660, of his return to England,
and that some time before it actually happened.
Charles, in consequence, had the firmest belief
in the wise man's auguries, and he despatched
Montagu on an errand to ask his advice and
predictions on some subject of political im-
portance. The Envoy-extraordinary sounded
the Necromancer, and finding the black art did
not blind its professor to self-interest, the
King's messenger offered the wise man a large
bribe to shape his predictions according to his
77
(Montagu's) directions ; then, with an im-
prudence which was inconsistent with his
previous cunning, he went off to the Duchess
of Cleveland and confided his secret to her.
But Barbara was angry with her former
admirer, and jealous of his admiration for her
own daughter, and she resolved to be revenged.
Accordingly she wrote to the King and told
him the whole story. "Montagu," she says,
" has neither conscience nor honour ; he has
told me several times he despises you in his
heart, and that he wishes the Parliament
would send you and your brother to travel, for
you are a dull, ungovernable fool, and he is a
wilful fool." This version of the story is taken
from Algernon Sidney's correspondence.
In consequence of this letter Montagu was
recalled, and found himself but coldly received
at Court, and all hopes of a place under Govern-
ment were at an end. The ex-Plenipotentiary
now threw himself into all manner of contend-
ing intrigues of a political nature. He was
accused of receiving a large bribe from
Louis XIV. to compass the impeachment and
ruin of Lord Danby (Treasurer) who was very
78
obnoxious to the Prench Government, and an
enemy to the K-oman Catholics ; yet at the same
time he took a prominent position in the
popular party. He was said to have been
instrumental in bringing over Louise de la
Qu^rouaille, afterwards Duchess of Portsmouth,
and to have endeavoured to persuade her to
use her influence with the King to exclude his
brother from the succession. Pinally his vote
for the exclusion bill rendered him so obnoxious
at Court, that he thought it best to depart
once more to Paris with his wife and children.
Hence he was summoned by a sad catastrophe,
he had lent his magnificent house in Blooms-
bury to the Earl of Devonshire, whose servant,
in airing one of the rooms, set fire to it, and
the " noble mansion " was burned to the ground.
The conflagration was witnessed by Lady
E-achel E-ussell, who says : "I heard a great
noise in the square, and sent a servant to know
what it was, and they brought me word
Montagu House was in flames. My boy
awaked and said he was nearly stifled, but
being told the cause, would see it, and so was
satisfied, and accepted a strange bed-fellow.
79
for the nurse brought Lady Devonshire's
youngest boy, wrapped up in a blanket." The
loss was computed at £30,000 ; but Montagu
rebuilt it on a more magnificent scale. Collins
says : " It is not exceeded in London."
Under William III. Montagu's star was once
more in the ascendant ; he being one of the
Lords who invited over the Prince of Orange.
In 1689 he was created Viscount Monthermer
and Earl of Montagu, and attended their
Majesties' coronation in his new dignity. In
1690, while engaged in beautifying and laying
out Boughton, his excellent wife, who called
herself Countess Montagu, died, but he soon
gave her a successor. The new made Earl was
not content with his coronet, and coveted the
" strawberry leaves." He applied to the King
for a dukedom, mentioning among many other
cogent reasons: " I am now below the younger
branches of my family, my Lord Manchester
and my Lord Sandwich ; " also that he had
taken to his second wife, the daughter of the
Duke of Newcastle ; and above all that he had
been first and last to advocate the cause of
William. " I hope it will not be to my dis-
80
advantage that I am alive, and ready to do so
again, instead of having lost my head with
Lord William Russell." The King refused the
dukedom, but showed Lord Montagu much
favour, and was his visitor at Boughton, in
Northamptonshire where the Court was
sumptuously entertained.
Collins says : "My Lord was content with his
fortune, and would accept no oifice save the
one he had bought." Of this he had been
unlawfully deprived by James IL, who bestowed
it on Lord Preston. My Lord Montagu thought
himself bound in honour to bring Preston to
account, and when the ofiice was restored to
him and considerable damages awarded, he was
so considerate of Lord Preston's ill circum-
stances that he generously forgave him not
only the damages, but the costs of the suit.
Queen Anne bestowed upon him the coveted
dukedom ; in the fourth year of her reign she
created him Marquis of Monthermer, and Duke
of Montagu. His first wife died in 1690 ;
when he lost no time in soliciting the hand of
the relict of Christopher Monk, second Duke
of Albemarle, and daughter and sole heiress of
81 /
Henry Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle. He
does not appear to have been so disinterested
in his views where money was concerned as
Collins would have us believe ; since this lady,
in spite of her enormous wealth, was a con- T
firmed lunatic, and an obstacle to their union
existed in the fact that she had announced her
resolution of wedding no one but a sovereign.
Montagu was accordingly presented to her as
the Emperor of China, and after a short period
of eccentric wooing they were married. Until
her death the poor maniac was addressed as
Empress of China, and served on the bended
knee. Lord Ross w^ished to marry her, and
when the Duke prevailed in his suit wrote the
following lines : —
" Insulting Rival, never boast
Thy conquest lately won ;
No wonder if her heart was lost,
Her senses first were gone.
From one that's under Bedlam's laws
"What glory can be had 1
For love indeed was not the cause,
It proves that she was mad."
/
82
She survived her husband twenty-six years,
and died at Newcastle House in Clerkenwell,
being interred in Westminster Abbey, as
became her Imperial dignity.
Ralph, Duke of Montagu was, as his picture
shows, of a middle height, inclining to fat, and
of a dark complexion. He was a man of
pleasure, and self-indulgence, but of refined
taste in architecture, and his gardens at
Bouffhton were world famed. On one occasion
he was showing them to the Duke of
Marlborough, who said he believed the water-
works were the finest in the world. " They are
not to be compared," replied the courteous host,
" to your Grace's fireworks." St. Evremond,
who was a constant visitor at Boughton and in
London, and who met the Duke frequently at
the Duchesse de Mazarin's little salon in
Chelsea, was a pensioner on his bounty, and is
never tired of extolling his hospitality and
generosity, also the charms of the Saturday
and Wednesday receptions, at Montagu House.
" On admire avec raison
Votre supevbo niaison,
A tou.s (itraiigerrf ouverte ;
83
Les jets d'eau de Bougliton,
Les meubles de Ditton, etc."
He says the cascade at Bougliton, though
smaller than the one at Versailles, is more
beautiful. The old gourmet is never tired of
praising the good living and extolling the
comestibles that the Duke had sent him, and
he says : " J'ai ^i^ a Bough ton voir milord, la
bonne compagnie, I'e^rudition, les perdreaux,
les trufPes ;" in fact all that had charms for
him in the absence of the Duchesse de Mazarin
herself, to whom he writes. The two men met
frequently at the house of the beautiful
Hortense, one of whose most fervent admirers
was the Duke of Montagu. To her he was
most generous, for in one of her letters she
says that if Montagu discovered you liked or
admired a thing, you need take no more
thought about it : '" Quelque depense qu'il
faille faire, quelque soin, quelque peine qu'il
faut employer pour 1' avoir, la chose ne vous
manquera pas.' Ce sont les propres paroles de la
feue Duchesse de Mazarin." But it seems
that there was some interruption in their
intimacy, for in one of Algernon Sidney's
84
letters there is this passage : " Montagu goes
no more to the Duchesse de Mazarin ; ^vhether
his love or his politics proved too pressing, I
know not, but the town says he is forbid the
house,"
His Grace departed this life on the 9th of
March, 1708, at Montagu House in Bloomsbury,
afterwards the British Museum.
Anne, Viscountess Hinchingbrook
By MRS. BEALE.
Three-quarter Length.
(Seated. Light Auburn Haii-, Dove-coloured Dress. Pearl
Ornaments. Holding a Flower in the Left Hand.)
Lady Anne Boyle was the fourth daughter
of llichard, second Earl of Cork and first Earl
of Burlington, by Lady Elizabeth Clifford, only
dauijchter and heiress of the fifth Earl of
Cum])erland. In 1667 she married Viscount
Hinchiniibrook, eldest son of the first Earl of
85
Sandwich, by whom she had two sons and one
daughter. Pepys seemed well contented with
the marriage for his patron's son, though he is
dissatisfied at not having a favour sent him,
and Lady Sandwich was so much pleased with
her new daughter-in-law as apparently to be
consoled for her first born having lost the
chance of marrying the great heiress, Mistress
Mallet.
The first time Pepys saw her at Lord Crewe's
he saluted her and invited her to his house ;
he thought her mighty pleasant and good
humoured, but neither did he count her a
beauty or ugly, but a comely lady ; and when
she accepted his hospitality next day he found
her " a sweet natui'ed and well disposed lady,
a lover of books and pictures, and of good
understanding; " and he goes on to visit her
and her lord afterwards at Burlington House
next to Clarendon House, which he was glad
to see for the first time.
Lady Hinchingbrook and her sister Henrietta,
Countess of E-ochester, were undoubtedly
shining lights of modesty, and domestic virtue
in this profligate age.
86
She was buried in the family vault at
Earnwell, where a touching inscription records
her many virtues, and the regret her death
occasioned.
Elizabeth Popham, Viscountess
Hinchingbrook :
By HIGHMORE.
Three-quarter Length,
(In an Orange Gown, Lace Tippet and Ruffles. Holding a
Fan. A Blue Hood tied under the CLin.)
The Honourable Mary Montagu
By whood.
Full-Length.
(As a Child : in a Rich Crimson Dress, embroidered with
Silver. White Apron, Lace Cuffs, and Stomacher.
Holding a Basket of Cherries, with which she is Feed-
ing a Parrot).
87
The eldest daughter of Edward Eichard,
Viscount Hinchingbrook, by Elizabeth Popham.
Died in childhood.
Louisa, Sixth Countess of Sandwich :
By SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
Full-Length.
(In a Wliite Dress witli Bro^vn Drapery. Leaning on an
Anchor.)
Born, 1781. Died, 1862. The only daughter
of Armar Corry, first Earl of Belmore, by
Harriet, eldest daughter and co-heiress of the
second Earl of Buckinghamshire. Married in
1804, George, Earl of Sandwich, who died at
Rome ; by w^hom she had John William, seventh
Earl; Harriet, Lady Ashburton, and Caroline,
Comtesse Walewska.
Pendant to the First Earl of Sandwich
By van ZOOEST.
Portrait of a Youth in Black. Unknown.
(Brown Hair and Eyes. Small Moustache.)
Edward, First Earl of Sandwich
By van ZOORST.
Half-Length.
(Purple Vest, Broad Belt, Buckle on Shoulder.)
ElizabctJi, Countess of Sandwich :
By WISSING.
Three-quarter Length.
(Loose Dress. Blue Scarf, Seated on a Bank, putting a
Wreath of Flowers round the Neck of a Lamb.)
89
The Honourable Edward Montagu
By HOGARTH.
Small Half-Length.
(A Fair Boy in Crimson Coat and Waistcoat, and Frilled
Shirt.)
The fourth son of John, fourth Earl of
Sandwich. Born, 1745. Died, 1752. Buried
at Barnwell.
The Honourable Elizabeth Montagtt
By WHOOD.
Three-quarter Length.
(Seated, with her Hand on the Neck of a Lamb.)
The second daughter of Edward, Viscount
Hinchingbrook, by Elizabeth Popham. Married
first to Beginald Courtenay, second son of Sir
90
William Courtenay, of Powderliam Castle,
Devon, by whom she had one son, Charles,
(killed at the battle of Dettingen), and two
daughters, co-heiresses : Isabella, wife of AYilliam
Poyntz, Esq., of Midgham, Berks; and Anne,
married to the Earl of Cork and Orrery. Mr.
Courtenay died in 1745, and his widow
re-married in 1759, William Smith, comedian,
better known as "Gentleman Smith." They
lived together at Leiston, near Saxmundham,
an estate bequeathed to her by her grandmother.
Lady Anne Harvey, where she died. Mr.
Smith survived her 57 years. There is a
portrait of him by Hoppner, in the National
Portrait Gallery. Her brother was very much
averse to her marriage with the actor, but the
correspondence seems to show they lived
happily.
DRAWING ROOM.
92
TJie Dtichesse de Berri
By RIGAUD.
Half-Length : Oval.
(Hair Dressed High. Wliite and Gold Boddice. Blue
Velvet Mantle, lined with Ermine.)
Born, 1694. Died, 1719. Marie Louise,
daughter of Philip, second Duke of Orleans,
afterwards Eegent, by Mademoiselle de Blois,
daughter of Louis XIV. and Madame de
Montespan. This marriage, which had been
determined on by the King, was not only
strongly opposed^by the Duchess of Orleans, his
mother, but Philip himself, then Due de
Chartres, was repugnant to the mesalliance.
He was at length overruled by the commands
of his father, and the King his uncle, and pro-
ceeded to break the announcement of his
engagement to the proud German Princess his
mother, who congratulated the fiance with
a blow. One son and five daughters were
born to Philip, the second of whom, Marie
93
Louise, married in 1710 the Due de Berri,
third son to the Dauphin, and consequently
grandson to Louis XIV. He was a handsome
Prince, full of endearing and sterling qualities,
but his education had been shamefully neglected,
and on this point he was most sensitive. It
made him shy of society, and fearful of speak-
ing in public, and on one occasion he was
subjected to terrible mortification. At the
general Treaty of Peace, when it was settled
that the crowns of Prance and Spain should
never devolve on the same person, the Dukes
of Orleans and Berri proceeded to the Parlia-
ment House to attend to some necessary
formalities, on the occasion of the death of the
Due de Bourgogne, and the Due de Berri found
himself compelled to speak. After stammering
and stuttering for some time he entirely broke
down, and retired in confusion. Belating the
circumstance to a friend, he was said to have
shed tears of mortification, bitterly complaining
at the same time of the manner in which his
education had been neglected for the express
purpose of keeping him in the background.
" J'avois," said he, "autant de disposition [for
94
learning] que les autres; on ne m'apprit qn'a
chasser, on n'a cherch^ qu'a m'abattre." In
spite of these disadvantages the Due de Berri
was very popular, and is said to have won all
hearts, save that of the ill-conditioned Princess
whose outward charms had subjugated him.
Even at an early age Marie Louise d' Orleans
laid herself open to the tongue of scandal, and
had been censured for habits of intemperance.
On finding there was a chance of making a
brilliant marriage she changed her whole line
of conduct, and persuaded every one, including
the wary Madame de Maintenon, that she was
a reformed character. But no sooner was the
marriage consummated than the young Duchess
threw off the mask, and returned to all her
evil ways. In nowise touched by the kindness
and devotion of her husband, she thwarted him
on every occasion, and delighted to turn him
into ridicule, which was easy in the case of one
so diffident and sensitive. But even his for-
bearance had a limit ; her conduct disgraced
them both, and one day, maddened by jealousy
and the insolence of his wife's Chamberlain, he
sought the advice of his trusty friend, the Due
do St. Simon.
95
St. Simon spoke strongly on the subject,
ursrinor the Due de Berri to seek redress from
the King, and strengthening his counsel by-
producing a correspondence that had fallen into
his hands, between the Duchess and the afore-
said chamberlain. These letters left no doubt
of their guilt : in one of them the lady proposed
to elope, but her lover refused on the plea that
the step would not be conducive to his advance-
ment in life. The Due de Berri, in conformity
with his friend's advice and his own convictions,
determined to carry the correspondence to
E-ambouillet where Louis XIV. was then
staying; but unfortunately his movements were
not sufficiently prompt. The Duchess discovered
that her husband and the Due de St. Simon had
been closeted together for some time over some
animated and highly confidential business; it
was not difficult to guess the subject, and no
sooner had the Due de Berri started, than she
leaped into her coach, and pursuing him with
all haste, broke into the Boyal presence just in
time to find the King examining the contents
of the fatal correspondence. A scene of dis-
graceful violence and altercation ensued, and
96
so exasperating and shameless was the language
of the Duchess, that the hitherto indulgent and
forbearing husband raised his heavy riding boot
and with one kick sent his wife spinning into
the arms of Madame de Maintenon. The King,
whose dignity was outraged on all sides, lifted
his cane to strike the unhappy Prince, but he
had already withdrawn, full of shame at the
violence into which he had been betrayed. As
for the Duchess, no sooner had she recovered
from the shock, than without a word to her
sovereign, or Madame de Maintenon, she left
the room in a paroxysm of rage. "It is true,"
she said afterwards to one of her ladies, " that
I have sustained no bodily injury, but the mark
will ever remain here," placing her hand upon
what, by courtesy, she called her heart. It
undoubtedly remained in her memory ; the
Duke apologised, and she pretended to be
appeased ; a reconciliation was patched up, and
at a wolf hunt held by the King in the Forest
of Marly, the Due de Berri, who was passionately
fond of the sport, rode hard and well. He was
suffering from intense thirst when he fell in
with his wife's coach, and riding up asked
97
anxiously if she could supply him with a
draught of any kind. The Duchess smiled
benignly, and drew from the pocket of the
carriage a beautiful little case containing a
bottle in which she said she always carried
some excellent E-atafia in the event of over-
fatigue. The unsuspecting man raised it to
his lips and drained the last drop with many
expressions of gratitude. The Duchess smiled
again : " It is fortunate we met," she said ; and
the heavy coach rolled on. In a few hours the
Duke was taken ill, and after four days of
suffering he expired on May 4th, 1714, at the
early age of 28. As in the case of Madame
no one doubted the existence of poison, and at
first, public opinion was so violent against the
Duke of Orleans that he had a narrow escape of
his life from the fury of the mob, at the funeral
of his son-in-law. Later evidence, however,
seemed but too strong against the guilty wife,
although the matter was gradually hushed up,
as in those days the art of poisoning had become
a fashionable pastime. The Duchess did not
long survive her victim ; she gave herself up
to excesses of all kinds, and concluded her ill-
spent life of 24 years in 1719.
98
In some letters of " Madame, veuve de
Monsieur," the first Duke of Orleans, tlie
Princess of Bavaria to whom allusion has already
been made, we are told that the Duchesse de
Berri at the time of her death was undoubtedly
married clandestinely to Captain de Bious,
whose portrait Madame paints in the most
unflattering terms as remarkable for his ugliness,
in spite of which he was a great favourite with
the ladies. He was absent on duty with the
regiment the Duchess had bought for him at
the time of her death. Madame goes on to say :
"Pour se tirer de I'embarras que pouvoit lui
donner une oraison funebre, on a pris le parti
de n'en point faire du tout." Apparently a
prudent decision. The same authority states
that the Duchesse de Berri had grown very
large and florid, (and that she often jested on
the change in her own appearance), which would
account for her looking twice her real age in
this picture.
99
Elizabeth, Countess of Sandwich
By KNELLER.
Half-Length.
(Wliite Deshabille with Coloured Scarf. Hair en Neglige.)
Born, Died, 1757. She was the second
daughter of John, Earl of Rochester, by
Elizabeth Mallet. She married Edward, third
Earl of Sandwich, in 1691, As we have
mentioned in the short notice of his life, the
marriage was very unhappy, and Lady
Sandwich's conduct in every respect most
reprehensible, in spite of her numerous
panegyrists. She was a brilliant member of
society, and we are told that at the early age
of ten years, she already showed a great taste
for reading, and had begun to cultivate several
foreign languages. She spoke Erench, Italian
and Spanish ; Montaigne was one of her
favourite authors. She danced and sang, and
played on several instruments, and though
learned was in no wise pedantic. Neither did
100
she waste so much time on dress, as was usual
with ladies of her time. Lady Sandwich went
to Paris _^not very long after her marriage, and
St. Evremond, whose admiration she appears to
have shared with the Duchesse de Mazarin
and Ninon de I'Enclos, thus speaks of her in a
letter (without date) to the latter: "Le
Docteur Morelli, mon ami particulier,
accompagne Madame la Comtesse de Sandwich
qui va en Erance pour sa sant4. Ecu Monsieur
le Comte de Hochester, Pere de Madame
Sandwich, avoit plus d' esprit qu'homme en
Angleterre. Madame de Sandwich en a plus que
n' avoit Monsieur son pere ; aussi guncreuse
que spirituelle, aussi aimable que spirituelle et
genereuse. Voilii une partie de ses qualit^s."
According to St. Evremond' s implied wishes,
his two friends formed a close intimacy, and
Lady Sandwich at Paris seems to have merited
Ninon's report of her when she says: " J'ignore
les manieres Anglaises, mais elle a ete tres
francaise." It must have been durinsr this
first visit to Paris that Lady Sandwich made
the acquaintance of the Erench celebrities
whose portraits now adorn the Drawing-room
101
at Hinchingbrook, as on her return to the
French metropolis in" 1729 they were all dead.
Mademoiselle de jrEnclos is never tired of
praising her English friend ; in a letter dated
August, 1698, she says to St. Evremond :
" Madame Sandwich m'a donne mille plaisirs,
par le'bonheur que j'ai eu de lui plaire ; je ne
croyois pas sur mon d^clin, pouvoir etre propre
k une^femme de son age. Elle a plus d' esprit
que toutes les femmes de Erance, et plus de
veritable merite. Elle nous quitte ; c'est un
regret pour tous qui la connoissent, et pour moi
particulierement. Si vous aviez ete ici nous
aurions faits des repas dignes du temps du passe.
Vous allez re voir Madame Sandwich, que nous
voyons partir avec beaucoup de regret." Again
in July, 1699: "Vous allez voir Madame
Sandwich, mais je crains qu'elle n'aille a la
campagne; elle sait tout ce que vous pensez
d'elle; elle vous dira plus de nouvelles de ce
pays ci que moi. Elle a tout approfondi et tout
pent^tr^ : elle connoit parfaitement tout ce que
je hante, et a trouvc^ le moyen de n'etre pas
^trangere ici." In the lengthened corres-
pondence between Mademoiselle de I'Enclos and
102
her faithful Abb^, she constantly reverts to the
English lady after her departure from Paris :
"Madame Sandwich conservera I'esprit en
perdant la jeunesse. Paitesla souvenir de moi;
je serois bien fach^e d'en etre oubli^e ; " while
St. Evremond on his part tells her : " Tout le
monde connoit I'esprit de Madame la Comtesse ;
je vois son bon gout par I'estime extraordinaire
qu'elle a pour vous. Elle est admir^e a Londres
comme elle fut a Paris."
There is a long tedious poem from the same
pen, describing the presents (comestibles) which
Lady Sandwich had sent the Duchesse de
Mazarin, with whom she had become very
intimate : " Des moutons et des lapins de Bath."
He speaks of Morelli as friend and physician of
all three:
"Sandwich et Mazarin que le Ciel vous unisse,
Et que cette union de cent ans ne finisse."
He alludes to meeting her often in society,
more especially at Boughton, the beautiful
country house of Lord (afterwards Duke of)
Montagu. " Jamais personne n'a mieux m^rite
d'etre recue magnifiquement, et galamment
rcgalee, que Madame Sandwich ; jamais homme
103
ne fut plus propre pour la bien recevoir que my
Lord Montagu. J'espere que la cascade
I'octagone, les jets d'eau, etc., auront fait oublier
la Erance a Madame Sandwich, et comme my
Lord est assez heureux pour inspirer son gout
et ses desseins sur les batiments et les jardins, je
ne doute point qu'elle n'entreprenne bientot
quelque nouvel ouvrage k Hinchinbrooke. On
ne sauroit etre plus sensible que je le suis a
I'honneur de son souvenir. II ne manquoit
rien pour combler mon deplaisir de n' avoir pas
vu Boughton et le maitre du lieu, que de ne
point voir Hinchinbrooke et sa maitresse, qui est
le plus grand ornement de tons les lieux ou elle
se trouve." He writes to Ninon to tell her of a
wager he had with Lady Sandwich, respecting
their eating powers at a dinner at Lord Jersey's :
" Je ne fut pas vaincu," boasts the epicure, "ni
sur les louanges ni sur I'appetit."
At Bath she evidently was the head of a
coterie ; and Pope writes : " I am beginning an
acquaintance with Lady Sandwich, who has all
the spirit of the past age, and the gay experience
of a pleasurable life. It were as scandalous an
omission to come to the Bath, and not to see my
104
Lady Sandwich, as it had been to have travelled
to Rome, and not to have seen the Queen of
Sweden. It is, in a word, the best thing the
country has to boast of, and as she has been all
that a woman of spirit could be, so she still
continues that easy and independent creature,
that a sensible woman always will be." Such
is Pope's standard of female excellence! In
another letter to his friend, Charles Boyle, Earl
of Orrery, he says : " This lady is both an
honour, and a disgrace to her native country.
She resided in Prance for some time ; but it is a
melancholy reflection that we have either
nothing in England, valuable enough to make
her prefer her own country to another, or that
we will not suffer such a person to reside
quietly among us."
In 1729, on the death of her ill-fated
husband, the object of so much praise and
admiration, returned to the more genial
atmosphere of Paris, for the remainder of her
life.
In June 1751, Lord Chesterfield writes to
his son, then at Paris, as follows: "A propos of
beaux esprits, have you les entrees at Lady
105
Sandwich's, who, old as she was, when I saw
her last, had the strongest parts of any woman
I ever knew in my life. If you are not
acquainted with her, the Duchesse d'Aiguillon
or Lady Hervey can, and I daresay will,
introduce you. I assure you it is worth while
both on her own account, and for the sake of
people of wit and learning, who frequent her
salon. In such companies there is always
something to be learned as well as manners ;
the conversation turns on somethino; above
trifles ; some point of literature, customs,
history, etc., is discussed with ingenuity and
good manners ; for I must do the French
people of learning justice ; they are not bears
as most of ours are, but gentlemen."
Lady Sandwich died at Paris, at her house in
the E^ue Vaugirard, July 1, 1757, in the Paubourg
St. Germains. In a letter of Horace Walpole's,
to John Chute, Esq., the same year, he says :
" Old Lady Sandwich is dead at Paris, and my
Lord (her grandson) has given me her picture
of Ninon de I'Enclos in the prettiest manner
in the world. If ever he should intermeddle
in an election in Hampshire, I beg you will
106
serve him to the utmost of your power. I fear
I must wait for the picture." At Lady
Sandwich's death in Paris, although she had
taken every precaution to prevent such a
casualty, there arose a great dilficulty in
securing the property to her grandson and heir.
The Prench officers rushed in, put seals on
everything, and claimed le " mohilier, les
tableaux, etc., par le droit d'aubaine." Lord
Sandwich sent over his solicitor, who had a
roughish time of it, with these "harpies." He
appealed to the Duchesse d'Aiguillon and other
illustrious friends of the deceased countess,
who promised him every assistance, and as he
discovered afterwards, were working against
him all the time. But the good lawyer was
triumphant in the end and wrote to his noble
client that everything was safe, including the
pictures, and he especially notes that of Ninon
de I'Enclos, "which is very valuable," he says,
" and innumerable offers have been made for
it, here." But it was reserved for Horace
Walpole's Gallery, and some letters passed
on the subject, for although Horace could
express his opinion of Lord Sandwich in no
107
flattering terms, he did not object to receive
a present at his hands ; and he offers in return
(later) a copy of the memoirs of the Comte de
Grammont, printed at his own press at
Strawberry Hill, which contains an engraving
of the afore-mentioned portrait of Mademoiselle
de I'Enclos, Lord Sandwich's letters on the
subject are in his most jocose style.
Nino7i de I'Enclos.
By PIERRE MIGNARD.
(Oval. Crimson and Oi'ange Dress.)
Born at Paris, 1615. Died, 1705.— The early
education of Anne de I'Enclos was not
calculated to lead to favourable results. The
characters of her parents were strangely
opposed to each other, and remarkable for
violent extremes. "M. de I'Enclos, duelliste,
musicien, homme de plaisir, gentilhomme ;
Madame de I'Enclos, s^v^re, exacte." The
108
mother's wish was to immure her daughter
in a convent, a project which the father
strenuously opposed. But by the time the
girl had attained her fifteenth year she was
left an orphan, at liberty to follow her own
devices. Scepticism and Epicureanism were
very prevalent at this epoch, and of these
schools Ninon became a too willing disciple.
She soon became the centre of attraction ; her
conquests were legion. Voltaire said: "There
will be soon as many histories of Ninon as
there are of Louis XIV." Voltaire was only
thirteen years old when he was first presented
to Mademoiselle de I'Enclos, who was much
struck with him, and evidently detected some
promise of his future greatness. At her death
she bequeathed him 2000 francs to buy books.
She was a strange mixture of self-indulgence
and self-restraint : at one time her conduct was
so outrageous in its immorality as to scandalize
even the Court of the Great Monarch, and it
was reported that she was advised to emigrate,
"Mais elle ne partit point," says St. Beuve ;
"elle continua la meme vie, en baissant Icgere-
ment le ton." Later on, he says : "Ellerangea
109
sa vie et la reduisit petit a petit, sur le pied
honorable, oii on la vit finir." St. Simon " le
severe," says : "Ninon etit des amis illustres de
toutes les sortes, et elle les conserva tons. Tout
se conduisit chez elle, avec un respect et une
decence extreme — jamais ni jeu, ni ris eleves,
ni dispute ; sa conversation etait charmante,
desinteressee, fidele, secrete an dernier point."
She was temperate in eating and drinking, and
would never suffer drunkards at her table;
indeed in her youth, she appears to have drunk
no wine, though occasionally in some of her
later letters to St. Evremond, she discourses
somewhat enthusiastically on a subject so near
to her correspondent's heart, and speaking of
her advanced age she says : " L'appetit est
quelque chose dont je jouis encore." St. Beuve
tells us: "Qu'elle reflechissait dans un age, et
dans un train de vie, ou a peine les autres sont
capables de penser, et elle, qui resta si longtemps
jeune par 1' esprit, se trouva mure par la aussi
avant I'age." La Eorce says: "Je n'ai pas
connu cette Ninon dans sa beauts, mais a I'age
de cinquante et de soixante [the report ran
until past 80] elle a eu des amants qui I'ont
no
fort aime, et les plus honnetes gens de France
pour amis." Her salon was the most brilliant
in Paris ; parents schemed that their children's
debut in the world should be made under
Ninon's auspices, and Madame de Coulanges
observes : " Les femmes courent apres elle
aujourd'hui, comme d'autres gens j couraient
autrefois. " Even the straight-laced Madame de
Maintenon, in speaking of her brother, writes
to her thus: "Continuez, Mademoiselle, a
donner de bons conseils a M. d'Aubignu : il a
bien besoin des legons de Leontium ; [this was
Ninon's nickname, so called from the favourite
disciple of Epicurus] les avis d'une amie
aimable persuadent toujours plus que les conseils
d'une soeur severe." Tallemant says that her
beauty was never very remarkable : " Son esprit
etoit plus charmant que son visage — des qu'elle
parloit, on etait pi is et ravi." She sang, and
played on the lute. *' ' La sensibilite,' dit elle, ' est
I'ame du chant' " Her portrait is drawn by
Mademoiselle de Scudery in her novel of
"CK'lie." "Elle parle volontiers; elle rit
aisement, elle aime a faire une innocente guerre
a ses amis. Les cheveux d'un beau chatain, le
Ill
visage rond, le teint vif, la bouche agreable, les
levres fort incarnates, une petite fosse au
menton, les yeux noirs, brillants, pleins de feu,
souriants, et la physionomie fine, enjouee, et
fort spirituelle." It can scarcely be denied
that this description entitles to beauty, and so
indeed do the portraits at Hinchingbrook and
Althorp, though she was apparently at an
advanced age when the latter was painted.
" On a dit d'elle, qu'a la table elle etoit ivre des
la soupe ! ivre de bonne humeur, et de saillies;"
for as we have seen before, she was always
temperate. Her letters to St. Evremond when
they were both old, are most characteristic.
They occasionally lament together over their
age, but appear to have had many gleams of
consolation. Prom the highest and truest of
all comfort, they seem to have cut themselves
off ; and yet, in Ninon's touching and eloquent
letter to her correspondent, on the occasion of
the death of the Duchesse de Mazarin, his
dearest friend, there is this passage: "Si on
pouvoit penser comme Madame de Chevreuse,
qui croyoit en mourant, qu'elle alloit causer
avec tous ses amis en 1' autre monde, il seroit
112
doux de le penser." In another letter to the
same, she says : " Nous allons meriter la louange
de la posterite, pour la duree de nos vies, et celle
de I'amitie ; je crois que je vivrai autant que
vous. Adieu Monsieur ; pourquoi n'est ce pas
un bon jour?" This was something like a
prophecy, as they died within two years of each
other, one having completed, the other within a
few months of, ninety years of age. In
speaking of her reception of a friend, whom
St. Evremond had recommended to her notice,
she says : '* J'ai lu (devant lui) votre lettre avec
des lunettes, mais elles ne me sieyent pas mal;
j'ai toujours eu la mine grave." Again:
"Toutlemonde me dit, que j'ai moins a me
plaindre du temps qu'une autre; de quelque
sorte que cela soit, qui m'aurait propos6 une
telle vie, je me serois pendue." In spite of
which, her letters are invariably cheerful. St.
Evremond says, in very nearly the same strain
as he writes to his other frequent correspondent
the Duchess of Mazarin : " La nature commence
a faire voir par vous, qu'il est possible de ne
point vieillir. Vous etes de tons les pays, aussi
estimee a Londres qu'^ Paris : vous etes de tous
113
les temps, vous ^tes la maitresse du present et
du passe." Ninon died at her house at Paris
about five o'clock in the evening, having
outlived her ninetieth birthday by five months.
Note. — The Abbe Charles de St. Evremond, to whom we
are indebted for so much information relating to Ninon de
I'Enclos, and the Duchesse de Mazarin, was (originally) a
soldier, an author, and a statesman — likewise a bon vivant,
in all of which characters, he distinguished himself. He
was in great favour at one time with Cardinal Mazarin, but
having incurred that potentate's displeasure, he thought it
prudent to take refuge in England, where he remained till
his death, in 1703, having made friends with all the leading
men in that country, and being in great favour with the
ladies, for his agreeable conversation and delicate flattery.
Horteiise Mancini, Duchesse de Mazarin
By MIGNAED.
Half-Lbngth.
(Oval. Dark Hair and Eyes. Very loose Deshabille).
Born, 1646. Died, 1699. — The five nieces of
the Cardinal Mazarin were all remarkable for
114
beauty and intelligence, and for lives full of
dramatic interest. Nincn de I'Enclos says :
" Toutes les nieces du Cardinal avaient im don
singulier d'attrait, et comme une magie : la
source des cliarmes est dans le sang Mazarin."
They were tlie daughters of Lorenzo Mancini, by
the Cardinal's beloved sister. Lorenzo was a
great astrologer, and had not only correctly
foretold his own death, and that of their only
son, but had also predicted that his widow
would not survive her fifty-second year. The
prophecy w^eighed on her mind, and perhaps
hastened the fulfilment. Her eldest daus^hter
Laura, Luchesse de Mercoeur, died in childbed,
it is supposed brokenhearted at her mother's
loss. Hortense Mancini, the fourth, and
apparently the favourite niece of the Cardinal,
was born at Rome in 1646, and on her arrival
in Paris, became the centre of attraction from
her surpassing beauty. After many negocia-
tions, the Cardinal bestowed her hand, and an
enormous fortune on the Due de Meilleraye, on
condition that he would assume the name of
Mazarin. No sooner was she betrothed, than
Hortense received at the hands of her uncle,
115
who had hitherto been very niggardly towards
her, a splendid corheille de noces, and a
large sum in gold. She was so elated by this
sudden accession of fortune, that she sent for
her brother, and sisters, and encouraged them to
take what they pleased, and when this curious
trio had helped themselves, she took handfuls
of money, and flung them out to the lacqueys in
the court-yard beneath, and was much amused
by watching the scramble. The Cardinal, at
that time very near his end, was furious at this
wanton manner, of disposing of his bounty.
The marriage proved most unhappy; the
husband morose, jealous, exacting; the wife
beautiful, brilliant, wayward. In her later
correspondence with St, Evremond, she makes
many excuses for having left her husband, and
not returning to him, in spite of all his solicita-
tions and the action which he brought against
her, for separating herself from him. She fled
from his roof, in the disguise of a man, and by
all accounts not empty handed; "mais tous les
chemins menent a Paris," and on her return
there she received a pension from the King,
which, however, she did not consider sufficient
116
to enable her to reside there. She accordingly
retired to Chamberi. But in the year 1675 she
went to England in the train of Mary of
Modena, the youthful Ducliess of York. The
real object of this journey is believed to have
been a mission, with which she Avas entrusted
by the numerous enemies of Mademoiselle de
Querouaille (afterwards Duchess of Portsmouth)
to destroy that favourite's influence by sup-
planting her, in the affections of Charles II.
Nor did such a result appear improbable, as
Hortense surpassed her rival, both in wit, and
beauty, and it was well known that the King
had already admired her so much, as to
entertain serious notions of making her his
wife. He gave her a most warm reception, and
settled a pension on her, the Duke of Mazarin
having already found means to possess himself
of the pittance, allowed her by Louis XIV.
But unfortunately for all these deep-laid
schemes, Hortense was so much enamoured of
the Prince de Monaco, then in England, as to
incur the King's anger, and cause him for a
while even to suspend her pension.
She never left England; persuasions, stra-
117
tagems, and menaces, all were useless to induce
her, to return to Erance. Her husband sent
over Madame de Uutz to try and bring her back
to him, or induce her to enter a convent, but she
says to St. Evremond: "La liberty ne coute
jamais trop chere a qui se delivre de la
tyrannic." She speaks of the alternative of
returning to the Duke's roof, or immuring
herself in a convent, as "deux extr^mites a
^viter, autant I'une que I'autre." Yet at one
time, on the occasion of a lover being killed in
a duel in Spain, she seems to have entertained
the notion of embracing the latter alternative ;
but the easv-fiToino; St. Evremond advised her
strongly against such a step, assuring her the
loss of a lover, might soon be repaired. Her
enemies in Erance, founded a scandal on the
discovery that she did not reside under the roof
of her Boyal mistress, at Whitehall, " mais dans
un Pavilion tout pres du Chateau de St. James."
She also incurred blame in many quarters, for
not sharing Queen Mary's exile in 16S8 ; but
she excuses herself, by saying that if she did so,
not only would she place herself once more in
the power of her enemies, but that it was
118
impossible for her to leave England. She was
deeply in debt; she scarcely dared leave the
house, for fear of being arrested. She makes a
most pitiful lament, (probably about the time of
the escape of James II. to Erance) over her
destitution, always to the same friend, and
confidant. "Nul bien de moi, nulle assistance
oh je suis, nulle esperance d'ailleurs." Yet she
received at different times, pensions from four
different monarchs, for William III. continued
her allowance. Be this as it may, she contrived
to amuse herself, in her house at Chelsea, where
St. Evremond was a constant visitor, in spite
of his complaints to Lady Anne Hervey, of the
occasional cold and discomfort. She assembled
round her bassette table, (for in later years she
was much addicted to play) a brilliant, aristo-
cratic, literary circle. She gave dinners too,
and the St. Evremond correspondence shows us,
that presents of meat, wine, and fruit, were as
common in those days, as baskets of game in
the nineteenth century. Her friends. Lady
Sandwich, and the Duke of Montngu in
particular, appear to have been very generous,
in such contributions, and both the Duchess, and
119
St. Evremond, appreciated to their fullest extent,
the pleasures of eating, and drinking, although
the latter often expostulates with the
former against over-indulgence in stimu-
lants. He warns her against excess in white
wine, absynthe or usquebaugh, which are bad
for the lungs ; her heart, and her head, were
given her for better things. There seems every
reason to believe the learned man's precepts,
and example, were not always in unison. She
occasionally played too high, or too frequently
at bassette, to please him. He wrote a poetical
scene in which, playing with the handsome
"Madame Middleton," Hortense discusses with
her the comparative beauties of " Madame
Grafton, Madame Kildare, and Madame
Lichfield." In another letter, an answer no
doubt to some lamentations over her pecuniary
distresses, he says: "Demandez toujours de
I'argent ; s'il n'en vient point, c'est vous qui
avez sujet de vous plaindre."
She numbered amongst her friends and
acquaintance the habitues of her house at
Chelsea, many of the noblest names in England;
the Duke of Montagu, one of her warmest
120
admirers ; Lord Godolphin, the Duke of St.
Albans, Mr. Villiers, etc. Most of these
gentlemen seem at a loss "ou passer leurs
soirees" when she is absent from London.
Lady Sandwich, a kindred spirit, Lady Anne
Montagu, and many other members of the
English aristocracy frequented her house.
This was again in accordance with the exhorta-
tions of her counsellor, for he writes soon after
her flitting to Chelsea: "Tout est triste a
Londres; il n'est pas de meme a Chelsea.
Montrez vous de temps en temps, ou laissez vous
Toir a Chelsea." The picture that he draws of
her charms, although in the high-flown
language of the period, and of his nation, does
not appear over-done when we look at Mignard's
beautiful portrait, of this undoubtedly beautiful
woman. Her venerable adorer bids the young
beauties of England tremble, at the name of
Hortense ; he describes her white teeth, her
mouth a lovely opening flower, her pretty
dimples, her bright dark eyes, (which were
sometimes a source of great suflTering to her),
and her luxuriant hair ; and in his description
he begs you not to let the modelling of her
121
dainty ear, escape your notice. He also assures
her, that it is a pity to conceal her attractions
in splendid robes, for that a simple deshabille
becomes her best. Surely she acted on this
hint, when she sate to Mignard. The titles of
Madame, or Duchesse, ought not to be given her
in speaking to, or of her : " Vous etes au dessus
des titres, et il me semble qu'on ote a votre
merite tout ce qu'on donne a votre qualite."
She did not disdain to dine with St. Evremond,
but he was well aware how particular she was
in her tastes, and provided for her accordingly.
"Le mouton de AYindsor cede au mouton de
Bath, c'est la decision de Hortense ; Bath aara
done la preference. Si vous voulez du fruit,
apportez en ; le vin j'en ai de bon." In one of
her temporary absences, at Bath, or elsewhere,
he went to Chelsea, and describes how
melancholy, and deserted were the house, and
household, her waiting maid Isabelle, her little
Moorish page, the parrot Pretty, the lap-dog
Chop, and Eilis the canary bird; nothing is
wanting to complete this picture of the English
house of Hortense, Duchesse de Mazarin, in
the country, which a contemporary and a
122
compatriot designated as " un pays heretique,
I'objet du courroux du Ciel, et de la haine des
hommes." The beautiful exile had little to
complain, of, in the welcome she received in
this vilified country.
St. Evremond's letters to Ninon de I'Enclos,
on the death of his dearest and best friend, are
expressive of deep and sincere grief. She died
heavily in his debt, but he would have given
that, and all he had, to bring her back to life.
People might live a century, and never see her
equal: "Tout le monde vous imite, personne
ne vous ressemble," were the words, he once
addressed to her. She scolded her friends at
times, but in so charming a manner :
" ' H^las, autre source de larmes,
Tous ses d^fauts, avoient des charmes.'
Elle n'avoit jamais su ni tromper, ni hair." He
praises the manner of her death, and says:
" Les Anglais, qui surpassent toutes les nations
^ mourir, la doivent regarder avec jalousie."
What added poignancy to his regret, was the
conviction that her own imprudence hastened
the end, a circumstance over which he, and
Ninon lament together. To the man who was
123
within four years of ninety, Hortense at fifty-
three, and evidently still most attractive, must
have appeared comparatively young. She died
in her house at Chelsea in the summer of 1699.
Mary, Queen of y antes II., King of
England :
By L'ARGILLIERE.
Half-Length.
(Murrey-coloured Dress. Blue Scai-f. Pearl Necklace and
Ornaments).
Born, 1658. Died, 1691.— The daughter of
Alfonso the Fourth, Duke of Modena, by Marie
Mancini. Became an orphan at an early age ;
was married to the Duke of York (soon after
the death of his first wife, Anne Hyde) first by
proxy, and then in London in 1673. Young,
handsome, single-minded, impulsive, full of
affection to a husband twenty years her senior,
remarkable in an immoral Court for the
124
modesty, and decorum of lier conduct, Mary
devoted herself to the restoration of the Catholic
religion, and in consequence became the idol
of its votaries, and was hated in proportion by
the Protestants.
James had a great respect and even affection
for his wife, in spite of the frequent causes he
afforded her for jealousy, and there is no doubt
that she influenced him very much in religious
matters, and contributed to his downfall. They
had several children who died in their infancy ;
but in 1688 the unfortunate Prince of "Wales,
afterwards called the Old Pretender, or Chevalier
de St. George, was born. The Queen's romantic
adventures when, aided by the Due de Lauzun,
she escaped in the dead of night, with her infant
in her arms, are too well known to be recorded
here. She fled to St. Germains, where Louis
XIV received her with royal honours, and
human sympathy, and she was soon joined by
her husband. Madame de Suvigne's portrait of
Mary of Modena on her first arrival, might
well be said to rival that of L'Argilliere : "La
E-eine a des yeux beaux, et noirs, qui ont pleurt^,
un beau teint un pen pale, la bouche grande.
125
de belles dents, une belle taille, et pleine d' esprit,
tout cela compose une femme qui plait
beaucoup. Tout ce qu'elle dit est juste, et de
bon sens." She was most grateful to the French
King, and on one occasion when he held the
Prince of Wales in his arms she said : " Hitherto
I have been glad that my son was too young
to understand his misfortunes ; now I pity him
that he cannot appreciate the goodness of your
Majesty."
Nothing could equal the consideration and
generosity of Louis XIV. towards the exiled
sovereigns. The ex-Queen of England had a
small Court of her own, at St. Germains, where
she presided with gentle quiet dignity, cheering
the declining days of her unhappy husband, by
her unceasins: devotion. Whatever the faults
of Mary of Modena may have been in public
life, no one could deny to the exiled Princess a
reputation for virtue, tenderness, and charity,
very uncommon in the age in which she lived.
She was witness to the unsuccessful attempts
of both her husband, and son, to recover the
Crown, and died after a short illness in the
" very odour of sanctity."
126
Henrietta Maria, Duchess of Orleans:
By MIGNARD.
Half-Length.
(Oval. Auburn Hair. Wliite Satin Dress. Pearls).
Born, 1644. Died, 1670.— Daughter of
Charles I., King of England, by Henrietta
Maria of Prance. When the Queen of Charles
I., a fortnight after her confinement, was
compelled to fly before the Parliamentary army,
she confided the infant Princess to the care of
her governess. Lady Morton, who retired Avith
her charge to Oatlands. Two years afterwards,
when the Parliament threatened to deprive that
lady of her little ward, she determined to
thwart them in the attempt. She disguised
herself as a poor Prench servant, and provided
herself with a humpback, in which she carried
little Henrietta dressed as a boy. They pro-
ceeded in this Avay on foot to Dover, where they
embarked, and the faithful governess restored
the child to her mother at Paris. But Lady
Morton had an enemy to contend with in the
proud spirit of the English Princess, who was
127
indio-nant at beins; clothed in a coarse dress,
and still more at being mistaken for a boy ; and
she kept informing the passers by of her royal
state, which information was fortunately unin-
telligible.
On the death of the King, she accompanied
her mother to Prance, where they lived in great
seclusion ; on her first arrival indeed, the
widowed Queen of England had established a
small court, and some degree of state, but the
niggardliness of the Cardinal-Minister, Mazarin,
soon reduced her means. The first appearance
of the young. Princess was on the occasion of a
select ball at court, given by Anne of Austria
in her own private apartments. The Queen-
Mother had taken a fancy to the beautiful girl,
and the entertainment was given in her honour :
Anne was therefore most indignant, when the
King selected one of the beauties of her own
Court, as his partner for the first dance. She
separated their hands sharply, and in a
peremptory tone, desired her son to dance with
the English Princess. Louis XIV., in a pet,
replied, " he did not care to dance with little
girls," and that in so audible a tone, as to be
128
overheard by mother, and daughter. In vain
Queen Henrietta Maria, stung to the quick by
the slight put upon her child, declared she
could not dance, having sprained her ancle ;
Anne of Austria insisted, and the King
reluctantly led out his unwilling partner, whose
crimson cheeks, and streaming eyes, drew the
attention of the whole society upon her. Por
some time the King cherished a feeling of dislike
towards the young Princess, so much so as to
oppose the union between her, and his brother
Monsieur, the Duke of Orleans. But this
marriage was resolved on by the two royal
mothers, and it was finally arranged that the
nuptials should take place, on the return of the
Queen and Princess Henrietta from England,
whither they went for the ostensible motive
of congratulating Charles II. on his restoration
to the throne, although it was well known that
political intrigues were mixed up Avith these
congratulations.
At her brother's Court the young Henrietta
"turned all heads, and inflamed all hearts,"
says a contemporary. The Duke of Bucking- ,
ham, who accompanied them on their return
129
to France, incurred the maternal anger, by his
undis2:uised devotion to the fiancee of Monsieur.
The voyage was a disastrous one, the vessel
struck on a rock, and nearly went to pieces, and
no sooner had they gained the shore in safety,
than the Princess sickened of the measles.
The Duke of Buckingham, maddened by the
dangers both by sea, and land, to which the
beautiful object of his sudden passion, was
exposed, became so demonstrative in the
expressions of his grief, and affection, that the
English Queen judged it prudent, to despatch
him as avant-courier, to Paris. On her recovery,
and return thither, the Princess found herself
as much admired as she had been at her
brother's Court, and the King opened his eyes
and wondered at himself for not caring to dance
with "such a little girl." "Les yeux vifs,
noirs, brillans, pleins de feu," says Choisy, " elle
fut I'objet de tons les empressemens imaginables,
compris ceux de Monsieur. Elle a I'esprit
aussi aimable que le reste." The Duke of
Orleans was not supposed to be much in love
with his wife, but that did not prevent his
being very jealous of the Dukes of Buckingham,
130
and Guiclie, in particular. Buckingham indeed
had brought the husband's jealousy on his own
head, by his absurd demeanour, and had been
the means of instilling suspicion into his mind,
with resrard to the Due de Guiche, a remark-
ably handsome, and attractive young courtier.
In another quarter, jealousy was rife, for the
newly married Queen of Prance, Maria Theresa,
deeply attached to a husband who remained
always indifferent to her, watched with dismay
the influence "Madame," (as Henrietta was
now called) exercised over the King.
The second Court under " Madame' s "
auspices, with its young beauties, its easy
conversation, and pleasant pastimes, was exactly
suited to the Monarch's taste, and he was
known to have said, in speaking of the Duchess
of Orleans, " qu'il connoissoit en la voyant de
plus pres, combien il avoit 6t6 injuste, a la plus
belle personne du monde." The admiration
she excited, and the influence she obtained over
her brother-in-law, ended indeed, only with her
life. Her small Court was brilliant, in the
extreme, and they amused themselves in divers
ways. " Madame, montoit a cheval, suivie de
131
toutes ses dames, habilli^es galamment, avec
mille plumes siir leurs tetes, accompagnees du
Hoi, et de la jeunesse de la Cour." Monsieur
lived a great deal in the Palais Eoyal, and
there she would go to sup with him, taking
all her ladies, and chosen friends with her.
Mademoiselle de la Valliere was one of her Maids
of Honour, and the liaison with the King, began
under Henrietta's roof. She had been very-
fond of the beautiful girl, but treated her with
marked displeasure, in the latter days.
Madame made a second journey to England,
for the purpose of concluding a private treaty,
between her brother, and the French monarch,
andof detachinsj the former from his alliance with
Holland. On this occasion, she was accompanied
by the celebrated Mademoiselle de la Querouaille,
afterwards Duchess of Portsmouth, who had
also her sealed orders. The mission was
successful, though neither advantageous, nor
honourable, as far as England was concerned.
Madame returned in triumph, took up her
abode at the Palace of St. Cloud, and appeared
to have reached the zenith of worldly prosperity,
always excepting the unhappy difference, with
132
her husband, which commenced so soon after
their marriage, and had increased rather than
diminished. Her tried friend, and trusty con-
fidant in these trials, was Cosnac, Bishop of
Valence, afterwards Archbishop of Aix, a
distinguished, but eccentric man. At twenty-
four years of age, he preached a sermon, which
made such an impression on the mind, of
Mazarin, the Cardinal Minister, that on the
conclusion of the service, he promised the
preacher a bishopric ; what he called " faire un
mart^chal de Prance sur la breche." Cosnac
was afterwards appointed almoner to Monsieur,
and resided with him, for some time, during
which period, he endeavoured to gain an
influence for good, over the mind of this fickle,
and vacillating Prince, and often expostulated
with him, on his conduct to the Duchess. They
quarrelled, and separated, but his indignation
against Monsieur's unworthy favourite, the
Chevalier de Loraine, so enraged the Duke that
he contrived to procure a sentence of exile,
against Cosnac. But absence could not sever
the bonds of friendship, which bound him to
Henrietta, and of which he gave a valuable
133
proof, on the occasion of a libel, that was
published against her in Holland, at the time
of her negociations between England, and
Prance. The Dachess dreaded lest the scur-
rilous pamphlet, most damaging to her reputa-
tion, should fall into her husband's hands, and
she wrote off in terror to her exiled friend,
to ask his assistance. Cosnac immediately
despatched an emissary to Holland, who did his
work so effectually, that the whole edition was
bought up, the publication stopped, and all
the extant copies brought over, to be destroyed
by this zealous friend. As in duty bound,
"Madame " worked hard to obtain the Bishop's
recall, so much so that the King thought her
attachment to him, must be of a more tender
nature than she confessed. Louis XIV., in all
probability, was not a good judge of friendship,
or a believer in it, where a woman was
concerned.
In her correspondence with Cosnac, in
speaking of her mission to England, she hints
at the hope of Charles II. becoming a Roman
Catholic, in the event of which she promises
that he shall obtain a Cardinal's hat. On her
134
return from England, four days before her death,
describing the affectionate reception, she had
met with from the French King, she says : " Le
Roi meme a mon retour m'a temoigne beaucoup
de bonte ; mais pour Monsieur rien n'est egal a
son acharnement, pour trouver moyen de se
plaindre. II me fit I'honneur de me dire, que
je suis toute puissante, et que par consequent si
je ne fais pas revenir le Chevalier de Loraine,
exile par le Hoi, je ne me soucie pas de lui
plaire, et il fait ensuite des menaces, pour le
temps a venir." To the same correspondent,
she complains that her little girl is brought up,
to hate her. Three days later, towards five
o'clock in the afternoon, the Duchess of Orleans
asked for a glass of iced chicory water ; a short
time after drinking which, she was seized with
excruciating pain, and strong convulsions. As
her condition grew worse, it became evident to
herself, and all around her, that the end was
approaching. Iler confessor, Feuillet, was sent
for, and in his questions, and exhortations, he did
not spare his dying penitent, but both he, and
Bossuet, who was also present, became deeply
affected, hy the humble devotion, and pious
135
resignation, to the Divine Will, which the
unhappy Princess, evinced in the midst of all
her suiferinsrs. She was most anxious not to
forget any one, and recalling a promise she had
made, some time ago to a friend, she called one
of her weeping attendants to her, and gave
orders where she would find a ring, and to
whom it should be sent, as her parting gift. As
the last moment approached, she placed her
hand in that of her husband, and gazing
earnestly in his face said most emphatically :
"Monsieur, je ne vous ai jamais manque."
She thought of every one in her last moments,
and closed an adventurous, and chequered life, at
the early age of twenty-six, at peace, with all
mankind, repentant, and trusting in the mercy
of God.
That her death was the effect of poison, none
could doubt : the question arose, who was the
murderer. The King sent for his brother, and
charsjed him with the crime, and a violent scene
ensued between them; but the real criminal
appears to have been the exiled Chevalier de
Loraine, and evidence of the strongest nature
was brought to show, that he sent the poison
136
from Rome by a Monsieur Morel (who was not
in the secret) to the Marquise d'Effiat, and a
footman deposed, to seeing the Marquise rubbing
the inside of the cup, which was immediately
afterwards given to Madame, with tlie chicory
water, when she complained of thirst. Be this
as it may, no sooner was she dead, than the
Chevalier de Loraine was recalled from exile,
and the whole matter hushed up.
Cosnac's description of Madame, was as
follows : "Elle avoit 1' esprit solide, et du bon sens,
Tame grande, et fort eclairce, sur tout ce qu'il
faudroit faire, mais quelque-fois elle ne le
faisoit pas, par une faiblesse naturelle * * ♦
Elle mCdait dans toute sa conversation, une
douceur qu'on ne trouvoit point dans lesautres
personnes royales ; ce n'est pas qu'elle eut
moins de majeste, mais elle en savoit user d'une
maniere plus facile, et plus touchante. Pour
les traits de son visage, on n'en trouve point de
plus acheves ; les yeux vifs, sans etre rudes, la
bouche admirable, le nez parfait (chose rare),
le teint blanc et uni, la taille mediocre mais
fine : son esprit animait tout son corps ; elle
en avoit jusqu'aux pieds; elle dansait mieux
137
que femme au monde." She loved poetry and
befriended poets : Corneille in his old age, and
Racine, whose heart she gained by shedding
tears at the first reading of his " Andromaque."
La Porce said after her death : " Le gout des
choses de F esprit avoit fort baiss(^. II est
certain qu'en perdant cette Princesse la cour
perdoit la seule personne de son sang, qui (^tait
capable d'aimer et de distinguer le merite, et
il n'y a eu depuis sa mort, que jeu, confusion, et
impolitesse."
Charles V., Emperor of Germany:
By TIZIANO VECELLL
Three-quarter Length.
(In Armour, Standing by a Table, on which is his Plumed
Helmet.)
Born at Ghent, 1500. Died 1558.— The
son of Philip, Archduke of Austria, by Joan
the Mad, heiress of Castile, and daughter of
Eerdinand and Isabella. Became King of
Spain in 1516, and Emperor of Germany in
138
1519, on the death of Maximilian. Francis I.,
King of Prance, was his competitor for the
imperial dignity, and a war was the result,
when the French King was defeated, and made
prisoner. But Charles's whole life was spent
in warfare, until his abdication, and final
seclusion from the world, in the Convent of San
Yuste, in Estremadura, where he died. He
married the daughter of the King of Portugal,
by whom he had Philip II. and two daughters.
Prince Rupert :
By VANDYCK.
TlIREE-QUAHTER LeNGTH.
(Rich Dress of Murrey Coloured Satin, with Cuirass.)
Born, 1619. Died, 1682.— The fourth son of
Frederic, Elector Palatine, afterwards King of
Bohemia, by Elizabeth, daughter of James I.,
King of Great Britain. His birth at Prague
was hailed with great joy, and his baptism was
an occasion of extraordinary pomp. He was
139
an intelligent and merry child, and as a youth,
his elder brother writes home accounts of his
proficiency in study, and in athletic exercises,
describing " our Pvupert," as a species of
Admirable Crichton. Both he, and his brother
Charles were educated at Ley den, and stood
very high at the collegiate examination, when
their father, the unfortunate King of Bohemia,
travelled thither, and saw his boys for the last
time. Bupert studied war under Henry, Prince
of Orange : at thirteen he was present at the
siege of Uhymberg ; at eighteen he commanded
a regiment of cavalry. After her husband's
death, Elizabeth was advised to send her
two elder sons to colonise in distant countries ;
the elder in Madagascar, and Bupert in
the West Indies : but the high spirited
Princess declared " no son of hers, should
become a knight errant." Prince Bupert's
later career might well have entitled him to
the epithet, Elizabeth so much disapproved.
He distinguished himself in several campaigns,
was made prisoner, and at the termination of
his captivity, accepted the invitation of his
uncle, Charles L, to repair to England.
140
The Queen of Boliemia had considered
herself aggrieved, by the unsatisfactory replies
which her brother returned to her frequent
applications for sympathy and assistance, but
on the arrival of Rupert and his brother in
England, the former was granted an English
title, installed as Knight of the Garter, and
made Commander in Chief of Cavalry. The
Prince was zealous and loyal, and his courage
undoubted ; but he laid himself open to just
censure by his imprudence, and temerity.
Charles loved his nephew, but the blame which
attached to his tactics in the fatal battle of
Naseby, was confirmed by the Prince's feeble
defence of Bristol, for the safety of which
place, he had pledged himself. The King
deprived him of his command, and wrote him
80 severe a letter, that Pupert sought an
audience of his royal uncle at Belvoir Castle,
indignantly denying the charge of treason
imputed to him, but honestly confessing his
imprudence, and shortcomings. Pepys many
years afterwards, alludes to this incident when
he says : " The Prince was the boldest attaquer
in the world, and yet in the defence of Bristol,
141
no man ever did worse, wanting in patience
and a seasoned head, etc." Pepys did not love
E/upert, who once rated him roundly, in the
presence of the King, Charles II. The same
authority says on another occasion, that the
nation was displeased at Rupert's ohtaining
a command, as he was accounted a "most
unhappy man." His next adventure was
especially so : Charles I. sent him to Ireland,
in charge of that portion of the fleet, which had
remained faithful to the royal cause, but his
unlucky star was still in the ascendant. He
was compelled to seek safety at Lisbon, pursued
by the Parliamentary squadron, and after many
losses, and disasters, he took refuge in America,
where he remained some years. Thence to
Erance, where, says, one of his biographers,
" ses aventures romanesques, ses esclaves Maures,
son train bizarre, le firent un objet de curiosity
et le heros de plus d'une intrigue galante."
He returned to England on the restoration of
Charles II. " The Prince Uupert is come to
Court," says Pepys ; " welcome to nobody ; " yet
his great courage and the frequency of his
exploits in the war against Holland, when he
142
was appointed to a command in tlie fleet, first
under the Duke of York, then conjointly with
the Duke of Albemarle, and finally in 1673,
when he had the sole command, might well
have entitled him to the gratitude of the King
and the nation.
The wear, and tear, of an adventurous life,
the effects of a deep wound, received in
Flanders, determined Rupert at length, to
retire from public life, and seek the repose so
necessary to him. He was made Governor
of Windsor Castle, and he found great resource
in the cultivation of arts, which had always
occupied the few leisure hours he had hitherto
enjoyed ; physics, chemistry, the improvement
of fire-arms, etc. Horace Walpole says : "It
is a trite observation, that gunpowder was
invented by a monk, and printing by a soldier :
and it is an additional honour to the latter
profession, to have invented mezzotinto ; " upon
which he relates the following anecdote :
Prince Hupert, when in Holland, was one
morning, attracted by seeing a sentinel rubbing
the barrel of his musket, vehemently. On
approaching, and examining the gun, he found
143
that the damp of the early morning, had rusted
the metal, and this, combined with friction, had
produced a kind of arabesque, or pattern on
the metal, like a friezed work eaten in with
numerous little dots, part of which the soldier
was scraping away. This set the Prince
thinking, how he could produce a lasting effcu't
of the same kind, and in combination with his
friend, Vaillant the painter, he invented a steel
roller, cut with tools to make teeth in the
manner of a file, or rasp, with projecting points
which produced the black ground, and this being
scraped away, or diminished at pleasure, left the
gradations of light.
Prince Rupert was never married, but he left
two illeo-itimate children.
Grammont says: "II etoit brave, et vaillant,
jusqu'a la t^mt^rite. II avoit le gt^nie fecond en
expt^riences de mathematique, et quelque talent
pour la chimie. Poli jusqu'a I'exces, quand
r occasion ne le demandait pas, tier, et meme
brutal quand il etoit question de se humaniser,
son visage etoit sec, et dur." * * * But Lely,
and Vandyck paint more comely portraits of
the brave " Kni2:ht-errant." He was a mess-
144
mate of the Earl of Sandwich, and it is no
wonder the portraits of the two brave sailors,
should hang together in the Englishman's
ancestral home. Lely painted, (as we are told
by Pepys,) " all the Elaggmen ; and in his studio
I saw the pictures of the Earl of Sandwich,
Prince Rupert, etc." But from his account of
the campaign at sea, he leads us to believe that
both Rupert, and the Duke of Albemarle, were
jealous of the popularity, and fame which Lord
Sandwich has justly gained in England, through
his prowess.
Henrietta Maria, Queen of England:
By VANDYCK.
Three-quarter Length.
(White Satin Dress. Lace, Pearls. Standing by a Table,
on wliicli the Crown is placed.)
Born, 1607. Died, 16C9.— Daughter of
Henry IV., King of France, by Marie de
Medicis. Attracted the notice of Charles,
Prince of "Wales, on his route to Madrid, where
145
he travelled in disguise, with the Duke of
Buckingham, to ask the hand of the Infanta of
Spain. On the failure of the negociations
between Prance and Spain, Charles remembered
the young Erench Princess, and became her
suitor. The marriage was concluded, under
circumstances which appeared to promise great
prosperity ; but alas, for human foresight ! the
young Queen's life was destined to be one pro-
longed struggle, of sorrow, distress, and diffi-
culty. She took refuge in Prance, soon after
the birth of her daughter Henrietta, and was
there warmly welcomed, and treated with
liberality by the King ; her constant pecuniary
difficulties being usually attributed to her
generosity, to the English Royalists.
When Charles I., took leave of the Princess
Elizabeth, who had remained in England, he
sent his last farewell to the Queen, assuring her
that during the whole course of their union, he
had never been unfaithful to her, even in
thought. In 1660, Charles II. having been
proclaimed King in London, his mother, accom-
panied by the Princess Henrietta, visited him,
ostensibly to offer her congratulations, but
146
really to recover part of her dowry, and also to
prevent, if possible, the acknowledgement of
the private marriage of her son, the Duke of
York, with Anne Hyde. But her opposition to
this marriage was overruled, from political, and
prudential motives. On her return to Paris,
and after the union of her daughter, with the
Duke of Orleans, Queen Henrietta Maria,
bought a house at Colombes, where she lived a
most retired life. "EUe ^toit," says Madame
de Motteville, "sans nulle fagon." In her
frugal manner of life, and the courage she
displayed in danger, and vicissitude, this
Princess resembled her father, the great Henry.
She was much disfigured by illness and sorrow :
"Elle avoit mome la taille un peu gatt^e ; sa
beautd," says Madame de Motteville, "n'avoit
dure que I'espace d'un matin, et I'avoit quitte
avant son midi ; elle maintenoit que les femmes
ne peuvent plus etre belles, passe vingt-dcux
ans. Elle avoit infiniment de 1' esprit ; elle
etoit agreable dans la societe, honnete, douce, et
facile; son temperament etoit tournd du cote
de la gaiet6." Henrietta Maria died suddenly
at her house at Colombes, and was buried at
147
St. Denis, but she desired that her heart should
rest in the Convent of Ste. Marie deChaillot, a
Sisterhood, for whom she had much affection.
Edward, first Earl of Sandwich:
By sir peter LELY.
(When Young. In a Brown Dress. Pointing to a Globe.
Curtain in Background.)
MORNING ROOM.
150
Sarah, Duchess of Marlbo7'oitgh
By sir GODFREY KNELLER.
Half-Length : Oval.
(Light Coloured Dress. Blue Scai-f.)
Born, 1658. Died, 1744.— The youngest
daughter of Eichard Jennings, Esq., of
Sundridge, near St. Albans, by the daughter
and heiress, of Sir Gifford Thornhurst. She
was presented when quite young at Court,
where her sister Frances, (afterwards Lady
Tyrconnel) had already distinguished herself
by her laxity of conduct, as well as her beauty.
Sarah's features may not have rivalled her
sister's in regularity, but her countenance was
full of expression, her complexion delicate,
and the profusion of her fair hair, formed a most
attractive combination. She became the centre
of a host of adorers, amongst whom she pre-
ferred, in spite of his poverty, " the young,
handsome, graceful, insinuating, and eloquent
Churchill." On his side, the young Colonel
who, even in early days, had established a cha-
151
racter for avarice, was so enamoured of the
portionless girl, as to refuse a rich heiress with
a plain face, who had been proposed to him.
Bat in her beanty, her ambition, her indomit-
able will, and the close friendship which united
her to the Princess (afterwards Queen) Anne,
the bride brought her husband, a dowry which
made him " a Duke, a sovereign Prince of the
Empire, the Captain General of a great
coalition, the arbiter between mighty Princes,
and the wealthiest subject in Europe." The
friendship between Lady Churchill, and Anne,
the tyranny which the high-spirited, hot-
tempered and wilful Lady of the Bedchamber,
exercised over her royal mistress, for many
years, are matters too well known, to be here
recapitulated. The romantic friendship of
Mrs. Morley, and Mrs. Ereeman, the manner
in which Anne as Princess, and Queen, even
after her marriage to the Prince of Denmark,
gave herself up to the dominion of her
favourite, until the self-imposed yoke became
unbearable, and was suddenly and completely
discarded, are historical facts, bound up with
pulilic events.
152
The Duchess of Marlborough was supplanted
by her own protegee, Mrs. Masham, and
peremptorily dismissed, in spite of prayers,
rages and " scenes." Voltaire says : " Quelques
paires de gants qu'elle refusa a la E.eine, un verre
d'eau qu'elle laissatomber par une meprise! sur
la robe de Madame Masham, changerent la face
de I'Europe," alluding to the political changes,
which ensued on the downfall of Sarah, Duchess
of Marlborough. In her latter days, her temper,
embittered by these untoward circumstances,
became ungovernable ; she quarrelled with her
husband, her son-in-law, her grandchildren,
and gave way to the most violent outbursts of
passion. The Duke of Marlborough was a
constant, and affectionate husband, and it is
related that on one occasion, when he strove to
pacify her rage by a compliment to the beauty
of her luxuriant hair, she seized the scissors,
cut it ofP, and flung it in his face. When the
Duke died, the long fair tresses, were found
carefully preserved in a drawer.
Sarah was a widow for twenty-two years ;
in spite of her age, perhaps on account of her
immense fortune, the Duke of Somerset, and
152
Lord Coningsby were both suitors, for her hand.
To the latter, she replied, after reminding him
that she was sixty-three, " but were I only
thirty, and could you lay the world at my feet,
I would never bestow on you, the heart and
hand, which belonged exclusively to John,
Duke of Marlborough."
yohii, Second Duke of Montagu
By PHILLIPS.
Full-Length.
(Right Hand on a Table, Left on the Back of a Chair, on
which a Greyhound is standing. Court Suit, Star,
Garter, and Ribbon of the Order.)
■ Born, 1682. Died, 1749.— The only surviv-
ing son of Halph, first Duke of Montagu, by
his first wife, the Countess of Northumberland.
In 1705, he married Lady Mary Churchill,
youngest daughter, and co-heiress of the Duke
of Marlborough, by Sarah Jennings, his wife,
by whom he had several sons, who all died in
their childhood, as did one of his daughters ;
153
but two survived him, Lady Isabella, married
to the Duke of Manchester, and Lady Mary, to
the Earl of Cardigan. He was Lord High
Constable of England, at the coronation of
George I., Knight of the Garter, and one of the
first Knights of the Bath, as well as Great
Master of that new Order, with several other
honours. Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, in
her unpublished volume of remarks and axioms,
(which does her little honour) is very hard upon
her son-in-law. She declares he had no just
claim for place, or favour on the Government, on
account of services, by sea, or land ; but this
statement is emphatically contradicted, in a
marginal note, stating that Montagu had served
under the great Duke of Marlborough himself.
He seems by all accounts, to have been a kind
hearted, and benevolent man, but undoubtedly
whimsical, and eccentric; witness an anecdote
told of him in one of the periodicals of the
day. In his walks in St. James's Park, he was
attracted by the daily sight of an old gentleman,
of military aspect, but shabby, and poverty
stricken in his dress, who usually sat, and
sunned himself, on one of the benches in
154
the avenue. The Duke sent his servant, one
day to the old soldier, and asked him, to come
and visit him. Nothing loth, but much
bewildered, the stranger followed the lacquey,
throuEch the corridors, and well furnished rooms,
to the ducal presence. Here he was asked, and
had to tell, his sorrowful tale. He had served
his country, but had no pension ; he had married
a wife without a dowry, and she and her children
were half starving, down in Wales, while he had
come to London on the sad, and hopeless errand,
of getting something, to live upon. He had a
wretched room, where he slept, and spent most
of his time, on a bench, in the Park. The Duke
listened, and fed him, gave him a trifling sura,
and said he hoped to see him again, ere very
long. Accordingly, some time afterwards, the
old man received a letter from the Duke, begg-
ing him to come to dinner, telling him that he
had a most mysterious, and confidential com-
munication, to make. The soldier, to whom his
whole acquaintance Avith Montagu appeared
like a fairy tale, brushed up his threadbare suit,
and presented himself to the Duke, who in a
most private, and mysterious manner, assured
155
him, that there was a certain lady, who admired
him very much, and who had earnestly desired
an interview with him ; indeed, the Duke went
on to say, so entirely was her heart set on the
meeting, that he had consented to be the go-
between. More bewildered than ever, the
soldier pleaded his wrinkled face, his scanty
grey hairs, and, above all, his allegiance to the
poor wife, far away among the Welsh mountains-
The Duke was jocose, treated the matter with
levity, and gave his arm to lead the astonished
guest to the hospitable board, where the lady
would be seated; and there indeed, smiling
amid her tears, sate his wife, and her children,
and after a sumptuous repast, the happy couple
left the ducal roof, with their pockets sufficiently
well lined (with the addition of a small pension
also promised by their noble friend), to keep the
wolf from their humble door. Such whimsical
fancies as these, would not have suited the stern
and economical Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough.
John, Duke of Montagu, died at Montagu
House, Whitehall, in the sixty-eighth year of
his age, when his title became extinct.
156
John, Fourth Earl of Satidwich
By ZOFFANY.
Small Full-Length.
(Seated near a Table, on wliicli he rests his Left Arm.
Crimson and Gold Court Dress.)
Miss Margaret Ray :
By GAINSBOBOUGH.
Half-Length.
(Blue Dress.)
Born, 1742, Murdered, 1779.— Some say
the daughter of a stay-maker in Covent
Garden, others that she was born at Elstree, in
Herts, where her father was a labourer. In
early life, she was apprenticed to a dressmaker
in Clerkenwell, but her first meeting with
John, fourth Earl of Sandwich, was at a shop
in Tavistock-street, where he was buying some
neck-cloths. Struck with her extreme beauty,
157
his lordship took her under his protection,
established her at Ilinchingbrook, and superin-
tended her education. Margaret repaid the
pains that were bestowed on her, but her
especial talent was for music, and under the
tuition of Mr. Bates, (afterwards secretary to
Lord Sandwich) and Signer Giardini, her sweet
and powerful voice, was fully developed, and
she sang to perfection, in the Oratorio of
"Jephthah," in Italian bravuras, and in the
catches and glees, which so often formed part of
the varied entertainments, at Ilinchingbrook.
Every Christmas, indeed. Lord Sandwich
caused an oratorio to be performed, at his
country house, where Miss Ray was the
principal attraction, although she had several
rivals in musical talent, both professional, and
amateur. On one occasion Mr. Cradock, an
intimate friend of Lord Sandwich's, tells us
that he accompanied his lordship, Mr. Bates,
Miss Bay and another lady, to Vauxhall, where
some musical friends met them, and they sang
catches, and glees, in the box, to the delight of
the audience, who greatly admired the beauty
and vocal powers, of the fair (to them) unknown
peifurmer.
158
Miss Ray was remarkable, while under Lord
Sandwich's roof, for her discreet and circum-
spect conduct, in a most equivocal position ;
and his lordship appears to have been very
strict, lest anyone, as he expressed himself,
"should exceed the boundary line," that he had
drawn. For example, at the oratorios where
she shone so conspicuously, the society were
not expected to notice her, and she herself
was sadly embarrassed one evening, when Lady
Blake advanced between the scenes to converse
with her, the singer well knowing such a step
would arouse the noble host's displeasure; a
well grounded suspicion as he went so far as to
say " such a trespass might occasion the over-
throw of our music meetings." The Bishop of
Lincoln's wife pays this tribute to Margaret :
" She was so assiduous to please, so excellent
and unassuming, I felt it cruel to sit directly
opposite to her, and yet find it impossible to
notice her."
At these oratorios, the Duke of Manchester's
band generally attended, and Lord Sandwich
took the direction of the kettledrums, as,
indeed, he sometimes did at public music
159
meetings, at Leicester (and elsewhere), where
Mr. Cradock says: "The Earl and the Otaheitan,
Omai, (whom he had brought with him) divided
public attention."
Mr. Cradock was with Lord Sandwich, when
he first became acquainted with Hackman. My
Lord had taken Mr. Cradock to Cambridge, to
vote for a candidate for a professorship in
whom he was interested, and brought his friend
back with him, in his chaise to Hinchingbrook.
Under the gateway they met a neighbour,
Major Reynolds, with a brother ofi&cer, who
was presented as Captain Hackman. Lord
Sandwich, with his usual hospitality, invited
the two officers to a family dinner, and in the
evening, he and Miss Ray encountered Major
Reynolds, and Mr. Cradock at whist, Captain
Hackman preferring to overlook the game.
There can be little doubt that Miss E-ay
inspired the young soldier with love, at first
sight. Hackman at that time was on a recruit-
ing party at Huntingdon ; he became a constant
visitor at Hinchingbrook, and it seems that
whenever Miss Hay drove out, he constantly
waylaid her, bowing low as she passed. There was
160
evidently a great difference of opinion as to Miss
Ray's feelings, with regard to her new admirer.
One account of the transaction affirms that she
was not insensible to his devotion, and that the
black servant, believing she was false, imparted
his suspicions to Lord Sandwich. The same
authority states that his Lordship taxed his
beautiful companion with her inconstancy, and
either through his influence, or that of Major
Reynolds, Hackman obtained a recommendation
to Sir John Swaine, Adjutant-general in Ireland,
where he remained nearly two years. But he
never forgot the beautiful Margaret, and leaving
the army, he entered the Church, obtained a
living in Norfolk, and wrote her a passionate
love letter, in which he proposed marriage, and
went so far as to promise tenderness, and pro-
tection for her children by Lord Sandwich.
This offer was refused with decision, whether
from fidelity to her protector, anxiety for her
children's welfare, or indifference to her adorer,
we cannot say. Her situation was certainly not
one of calm enjoyment. One evening at the
Admiralty she complained to Mr. Cradock, that
she did not believe either Lord Sandwich, or
161
herself was safe to go out, from the fury of the
mob, and that coarse ballads, and libels were
sung under the windows, which looked upon the
Park. Bursting into tears, she besought Mr.
Cradock to intercede with Lord Sandwich, to
make some settlement on her, not from mer-
cenary motives, but because she wished to relieve
my Lord from greater expense, and to go on the
staire. Her voice was at its best, Italian music
her forte, and she was sure that through her
friend Signer Giardini, and Mr. Cradock' s
friends Mrs. Brooke and Mrs. Yates, she could
secure an advantageous engagement. As might
have been supposed, Mr. Cradock declined to
interfere, and the matter dropped.
In the meantime, Ilackman, on the receipt
of Miss Bay's letter, w^hich put a stop to his
long cherished hopes, stung to the quick, and in
such distress of mind, as brought him to the
verge of madness, rushed up to London. lie
strove to effect an interview with the singing
master. Signer Galli, but this was prevented by
the vigilance of Lord Sandwich, who entrusted
the Italian with the task of informing Mr.
Hackman that Miss Hay would have no more
162
communication with him. He took a lodging
in Duke's Court, St. Martin's Lane, and on the
7th of April, 1779, he passed the morning in
reading Blair's Sermons, and dined with his
sister, and her husband, a newly married couple.
He then went out, proceeded to the Admiralty,
and seeing Lord Sandwich's coach at the door,
he imagined it likely that Miss Ray might be
going in it, to call on her friend Signora Galli,
at her lodgings in the Haymarket. Thence he
walked to the Cannon Coffee-house, Charing
Cross, and watching the carriage pass, he
followed it in time to see Miss Ray, and Signora
Galli enter Covent Garden Theatre. On going
in, he was distracted with jealousy at seeing her
addressed by "a gentleman of genteel and
handsome appearance," whom he afterwards
found to be Lord Coleraine. The performance
was "Love in a Village." He went out,
furnished himself with a brace of loaded
pistols, and returned to Covent Garden. When
the play was over, he kept Miss Ray with her
two companions in view, through the lobby,
where there was a great crowd, until she was
under the piazza, and her coach was called, in
163
the name of Lady Sandwich. He was pushed
down by a chairman, running suddenly against
him, but recovered himself in time to pursue
his victim to her coach, in which Signora Galli
had already taken her place. Stepping between
Miss Ray, who had accepted the arm of Mr.
McNamara (of Lincoln's Inn Eields), and the
coach, he discharged his right hand pistol at
her, and his left at himself The beautiful and
unfortunate woman, raised her hand to her head,
and dropped down dead at his feet. Hackman
fell at the same moment, but finding that he
was still alive, he beat himself about the head,
with the pistol, crying to the bystanders to kill
him. The murderer, and the victim, were both
carried to the Shakespeare Tavern ; the corpse
lay in one room, while the wounded man was
attended to, in another. He enquired for her,
and declared he only meant to kill himself, and
had failed in his object, lie was taken before
Sir John Eielding, who committed him to
Tothill Fields Eridewell, and afterwards to
Newgate, where he was constantly watched to
prevent his making away, with himself. He
was attended on his trial by a friend, and on
164
first entering tlie court, was mncli agitated,
sighing, and weeping while the evidence was
being given, yet at the same time showing a
courageous, and even noble deportment as
concerned his own fate. He made a most
pathetic speech, in which he confessed his guilt,
but attributed it to sudden phrensy, as regarded
murder. The suicide, he said, was premeditated.
He had no wish to avoid punishment; he was
too unhappy to care for life, now she was gone,
and he submitted himself to the judgment of
Almighty God. A letter found in his pocket, to
his brother-in-law, taking leave of him, and
speaking in the most affectionate terms of his
"beloved woman," seemed to bear out his
testimony. His hearers were much affected,
but on his return to the cell he became composed,
and said he was rejoiced to think, his time on
earth was so short. After his sentence was
passed, he received the following letter in
prison :
" K the murderer of Miss wishes to live, the man
he has most injured, will use all his interest to procure his
life."
165
The prisoner's reply was as follows:
" Condemned Cell, Newgate.
" The murderer of her, whom lie preferred, far preferred to
life, suspects the hand from which he has just received, such
an offer as he neither desires, nor deserves. His wishes are
for death, not life. One wish he has : Could he he pardoned
in this world, by the man he has most injured? Oh, my
Lord, when I meet her in another world, enable me to tell
her — if departed spirits are not ignorant of earthly things —
that you forgive us both, and that you will be a father to
her dear children."
He suffered death calmly, and thus ended the
career of a man, who seemed formed for better
things.
Mr. Cradock, who was sincerely attached
both to Lord Sandwich, and the unfortunate
cause of so much sorrow, tells us that on
the day following the murder, he went to the
Admiralty, and saw old James, the black servant,
whom he found overwhelmed with grief It
was he who began to break the terrible news to
his master, when Lord Sandwich interrupted
him, by bidding him " allude no more to the
ballads and libels, of which he had heard
enough." "Alas," said the faithful old man,
"it is something more terrible than that."
166
Others then came in from the theatre and
related the dreadful intelligence. Lord
Sandwich, stood for awhile transfixed with
horror, then raising his hand exclaimed, "I
could have borne anything but this," and
rushed upstairs, desiring that no one should
follow him. He shunned society, for a long
time after the dreadful catastrophe, and his
friend Cradock tells us, that he went to see him,
and found him terribly depressed one day,
sitting under the portrait of Miss Kay, "a
speaking likeness ; " doubtless the one in
question.
By Miss Ray, Lord Sandwich had four
children, viz.. Admiral Montagu, Basil Montagu,
Q.C., John Montagu, and Augusta, married to
the Comte de Viry, of Savoy, an Admiral in
the Sardinian Navy.
This beautiful portrait by Gainsborough,
belonged to Admiral Montagu, and was
purchased by John, seventh Earl of Sandwich,
in 1857, of a picture dealer, at the instigation
of Mr. Green, of Evans's Booms, who told him
he much wished to possess it himself, having a
collection of portraits of celebrities, but the
price was beyond his mark.
167
Lady Louisa Corry,
Afterguards Countess of Sandwich
By HAMILTON.
Small Half-Length.
yohn JVillia^n, Seventh Earl of Sandwich
By the HON. HENRY GRAVES.
Half-Length.
(Peer's Coronation Robes, over Lord Lieutenant's Uniform.)
Mary, Countess of Sandwich
By tue HON. HENRY GRAVES.
Oval.
(Leaning on her Hand.)
Born, 1812. Died, 1859.— She was the
youngest daughter of the first Marquis of
Errata.
Page 168, third line from bottom, /or "Eton," read "Gibraltar."
168
Anglesey, by his second wife, Lady Emily
Cadogan, (whose first husband was Lord Cowley.)
Lady Mary Paget was married in 1838, to John
William, seventh Earl of Sandwich, and died,
universally regretted, on the 20th of February,
1859, in Curzon Street, Mayfair.
Edward George Henry, Viscoimt Hhich-
ingbrook, and his Brother,
The Hon. Victor Alexander Montagu:
By HUELSTONE.
(Children of the Seventh Earl of Sandwich.)
Lord Hinchingbrook was born in London on
July 13, 1839. Educated at Eton. Joined the
Second Battalion Grenadier Guards, December
18, 1857. Lieutenant and Captain, May, 1862.
Adjutant, 1864. Captain and Lieut-Colonel,
July, 1870. Has been employed as Commandant
of a School of Instruction of the Reserve
Forces, and Military Secretary at Eton. Was
attached to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe's special
Embassy to Constantinople, 1858. Accompanied
169
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales to North America,
1860. Attached to Lord Breadalbane's Mission,
(to confer the Order of the Garter on the King
of Prussia) 1861, and in the same year to Lord
Clarendon's Embassy, when the King of Prussia
was crowned at Konigsberg. On the occasion of
the marriage of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh,
when Lord Sydney represented the Queen of
England at the Court of St, Petersburg, Lord
Hinchingbrook accompanied his uncle to the
Russian capital ; and in 1875 he went with Sir
John Drummond Hay, K.C.B. to the Court of
the Sultan of Morocco. Was elected M.P. for
Huntingdon, Pebruary, 1876.
The Hon. Victor Montagu was born in 1841.
Entered the Ptoyal Navy in 1853, as naval cadet
on board H.M.S. "Princess Royal," Captain
Lord Clarence Paget (his uncle). On the
declaration of war with Russia, in 1854, he
proceeded to the Baltic, with the Pleet under
Sir Charles Napier. Early in 1855 he went to
the Black Sea, and remained on that station till
the fall of Sebastopol. In 1856 he sailed to
China, under Admiral Keppel in the "Raleigh,"
50 guns, (which vessel was lost off Macao, in
170
April, 1857,) and in the Chinese War, he served
in a gun-boat at the operations up the Canton
River. On the news of the Mutiny in India,
in 1857, Victor Montagu was ordered to join
the " Pearl" at Hong-kong, and left in company
with the "Shannon" for Calcutta, where he
landed with the Naval Brigade, and joined the
field force under Brigadier Rowcroft, and Sir
Hope Grant, with which he was employed until
Eebruary, 1859.
In the Oude and Goruckpore districts, he
was in seventeen out of twenty-six engage-
ments ; and in 1859 he returned to England,
having seen four campaigns before he was
eighteen years of age. He afterwards served
as lieutenant in the Channel, and Mediterranean
Elects, and in 1864, was appointed to H.M.S.
•'Bacoon," in which vessel H.B.H. Prince
Alfred was also serving as lieutenant. In 1866,
he was Elag-Lieutenant to Lord Clarence Paget,
Commander in Chief in the Mediterranean ;
and in the autumn of the same year commanded
the " Tyrian ' ' gun-boat on the same station.
In 1867, he was promoted, returned to England,
and has since commanded the "P^apid" steam
sloop in the Mediterranean.
171
In 1867, Victor Montagu married Lady
Agneta Harriet Yorke, youngest daughter of
the fourth Earl of Hardwicke, by the daughter
of the first Lord E-avensworth, by whom he
has two daughters, Mary Sophie, and Olga
Blanche, and one son, George Charles.
The Honourable Oliver George Powlett
Montagu :
By the HON. HENRY GRAVES.
Born, 1844. Youngest son of the seventh
Earl of Sandwich. Educated at Eton. Ap-
pointed lieutenant in the Huntingdon Bifle
Begiment of Militia, in 1862 ; cornet in the
Ninth Lancers, in 1863; exchanged into the
Boyal Horse Guards, in 1865.
Portrait of a Lady, supposed to be
Lady Bochester.
By sir peter LELY.
Half-Length.
(Blue Dress with Pearls.)
CORRIDOR— DOWNSTAIRS.
173
Edward, ViscoM7it Hmchmgbrook :
By KNELLER.
Three-quarter Length : Oval.
(Red Jacket with Frogs. Blue Cap.)
Born, 1692. Died, 1722.— The eldest son of
Edward, third Earl of Sandwich, by the
daughter of the Earl of Rochester. Member
for the Town, and subsequently for the County
of Huntingdon ; also Lord Lieutenant, and
Custos Eotulorum; was in the army. Noble
says his unfortunate father " became so much
a cypher, that all the duties of his station
devolved on Lord Hinchingbrook, who was an
amiable, active and spirited young man." He
married Elizabeth, only daughter of Alexander
Popham, Esq., of Littlecote, Wilts, by Lady
Anne Montagu, (afterwards Harvey) daughter
of Halph, Duke of Montagu. His portrait and
that of his wife, are alluded to by Noble.
Lord Hinchingbrook, in his early youth,
appears to have been a great swain, if we can
trust the bantering style of the Tatler, in the
174
pages of which, he figures constantly under the
soubriquet of Cynthio. In a paper dated AVhite's
Chocolate House, North Side of Eussell Street,
Covent Garden, he comes in, and gives an
eIal5orate lecture on the art of ogling.
He says : " Twenty men can speak eloquently,
and fight manfully, and a thousand can dress
genteelly at a mistress, who cannot gaze skil-
fully." He gives the benefit of his experience,
on the subject at some length ; speaks of the
late fallings off in the passion of love, boasting
that he himself is the only man who is true to
the cause. One day, while cleaning his teeth
at the window of a tavern, he caught sight of a
beautiful face, looking from the window of a
coach, and he followed the fair object up, and
down the town — a long time, indeed, without
success ; but this incident is proof of his zeal.
There is a ludicrous account of his (imaginary)
death from a broken heart ; his companions
had hoped, that good October and fox hunting
would have averted this catastrophe. They
propose to erect a monument to his memory,
with a very long inscription. The paper is
signed by the witty, and mirth-loving Dick
175
Steele. Collins says Lord Hinchingbrook died
much regretted : " lie had a martial spirit,
tempered Avith fine breeding, which made his
company much coveted, and gained him great
ascendancy in the House of Commons." 'He
was a strenuous upholder of the Protestant
Succession, and of the rights and liberty of the
subject.
By his wife he had two daughters, Mary and
Elizabeth, and a son who succeeded his grand-
father in the Earldom of Sandwich.
Lady Anne Montagn :
By KNELLER.
Three-quarter Length.
(Blue Satin Gown. Rows of Pearls round the "Waist. A
Scarf over the Shoulder, a long White Glove in Left
Hand.)
Born, 1674. Died, 1742. — The only surviving
daughter of Baiph, first Duke of Montagu, by
his first wife, the Countess of Northumberland.
Lady Anne's delicate health in her childhood,
176
seems to have given great uneasiness, to her
mother. Lady E-achel Eussell often mentions
the little fair, pale girl. She married; first,
Alexander Popham, Esq., of Littlecote, in
Wiltshire, (by whom she had Elizabeth, Vis-
countess Hinchingbrook) ; and secondly, Daniel
Harvey, of Combe, in Surrey. The parents
were friends, and cousins, and Lady North-
umberland often visited at Combe. By her
second marriage, she had no children.
St. Evremond constantly corresponded with
Lady Anne, who was a friend of the Duchesse de
Mazarin, and an habituee of her salon at
Chelsea. He writes a poetical epistle com-
plaining of the cold of this miserable bit of a
room, where all the doors were left open, and
where the beautiful hostess occasionally cheated
at cards. All this, however, is couched in most
flattering language, extolling the charms, moral
(query) and physical, of the lovely gambler.
"Prenez garde a Madame," he goes on to say,
after describing his losses at Ombre, for she will
cheat you "avec la plus belle main du monde."
La Eontaine dedicated one of his Eables, to
Lady Anne Harvey, who had a great admiration
177
for his talent. St, Evremond says: "L'estime
que M. de la Pontaine s'est acquis en Angleterre
etoit si grand, que Madame Harvey, et quelques
autres personnes d'un tres grand merite, ayant
su, qu'il ne vivoit pas commod^ment a Paris,
resolurent de I'attirer aupres d'elles, ou rien ne
lui auroit manqu^." La Pontaine was grateful
to his English friends, but declined, on the plea
of being too old, to seek a strange country.
Lady Anne, or Madame Harvey, as the Abbe
calls her, is constantly mentioned in the letters
of St. Evremond.
Elizabeth, Third Countess of Sajuhuich
By KNELLER.
Three-quarter Length.
(Seated. Resting on her Left Arm. Right Hand holding
Flowers. Loose Coloured Deshabille.)
178
General Daniel Harvey
By KNELLER.
Three-quarter Length.
(In Armour, with a Blue Scarf. Right Hand resting on
Hip ; Left on the Hilt of Sword.)
Born, Died, 1732. — The youngest son
of Sir Edward Harvey, of Combe, near Kingston-
on-Thames, by Lady Elizabeth, daughter of
Erancis, first Earl of Bradford. In 1712, he was
appointed Lieutenant-governor of Guernsey,
which office he held till 1726. He married his
cousin. Lady Anne, daughter of Balph, Duke
of Montagu, by the Countess of Northumber-
land, relict of Alexander Popham, of Littlecote,
Wilts, by whom he had no issue. General
Harvey died at Mitcham, in Surrey, and was
buried within the rails of the altar, in that
church.
179
Captain the Hon. JVilliam Montagu:
By T. HIGHMORE.
Three-quarter Length.
(In a Brown and Red Uniform laced with Gold. Pointing
to a Ship with his Right Hand ; holding a Telescope in
his Left.)
Born, 1720. Died, 1757. — He was the youngest
son of Edward, Viscount Hinchingbrook, and
entered the Navy, at an early age, in which
profession he was destined to distinguish
himself, not only by his courage, and skill as an
officer, but by his extraordinary eccentricity,
which gained him the soubriquet of "Mad
Montagu." He commanded the "Mermaid"
at the taking of Cape Breton, in 1745, whence
he brought letters from Commodore Warren,
with an account of the surrender of the fortress
of Louisburg, and the adjoining territories, after
a siege of forty-nine days. He commanded the
" Prince Edward," and the " Bristol," and took
the "Orvena," a rich Spanish register ship.
He appears to have been in constant scrapes,
both private, and public, frequently writing to
180
his brother, Lord Sandwich, in extenuation of
some escapade, usually accompanied with a con-
fession that he had erred through his propensity
for drinking. But his genial humour, and
untiring fun, generally extricated him from the
difficulties, into which his folly had plunged
him, and his mad freaks were a constant topic
of conversation, and amusement. When under
the orders of Sir Edward Hawker, in 1755, he
solicited permission to go to town. The
Admiral, thinking to compromise the matter
and palliate his refusal by a jest (as he had no
intention of complying with so improper a
request), said he might go in his barge as far as
he pleased from the ship, but no farther.
Captain Montagu immediately caused a truck
to be constructed at Portsmouth, to be drawn
by horses ; on this truck he placed his barge
filled with provisions and necessaries for three
days, and entering it with his men, gave
orders to imitate the action of rowing with the
oars. Sir Edward, it is said, having heard of
this wonderful proceeding, in every sense of the
word, soon after the boat was landed, sent the
coveted permission to the Mad-cap.
181
In the sea-fight of May 3rd, 1747, Captain
Montagu, and Captain Eincher, were rival
competitors for fame. The "Bristol" having
got up to the " Invincible," and brought her to
action, the "Pembroke" (Captain Pincher)
attempted to get in between them, desiring
Montagu, to put his helm a-starboard, or he
should be aboard of him. " Run on board and
be d d ! Neither you nor any other man
shall come between me and my enemy," was
his answer. This action is the subject of a fine
picture, in the Ship-room at Hinchingbrook, by
Scott.
While commanding the same vessel in the
Channel, Montagu fell in with a fleet of outward
bound Dutch merchantmen, to whom he gave
chase and overtook. Having done so, he ordered
two boats to be manned, and sent a carpenter's
mate in each, desiring them to cut off the heads
of twelve — not of the ship's company, but of the
ugliest of the grotesque ornaments with which
the Dutch usually decorated the extremity of
their rudders. When brought back to him, he
arranged them, in as ridiculous a position, as he
could devise round his cabin, and inscribed them
182
with the names of the tweh^e Cicsars. A jest
of a more ghastly nature, is recorded of Mad
Montagu. Landing one day at Portsmouth,
just after a Dutch vessel had been wrecked, he
perceived about a dozen of her crew lying dead,
on the shore. He immediately ordered his men
to put all the poor fellows' hands, into their
pockets. He then proceeded to the coffee-house,
where he found the Dutch captain, with whom
every one was condoling. " D the idle
lubbers ! " said Montagu, " they were too lazy
to take their hands out of their breeches pockets,
even to save their lives."
The Dutch captain was naturally indignant,
when Montagu proposed to bet him six dozen of
wine, that if any of the crew chanced to be
washed on shore, his words would be proved.
The waiter was despatched to reconnoitre ; the
result of course, was in the English captain's
favour, and not only had the poor foreigner to
pay the forfeit, but the laugh on a most
melancholy matter was turned against him.
Captain Montagu sat in Parliament for a
borough in Cornwall. He married Charlotte,
daughter of Prancis Nailor, of Offord,
183
Huntingdonshire, but died in 1757, without
issue.
John, Fourth Earl of Sandwich :
By ZOFFANY.
Three-quarter Length.
(In a Plum-coloured Court Suit, embroidered in Gold.
Seated by a Table, on which he rests his Arm. In his
Right Hand a Letter directed to himself.)
Edward Richard, Viscount
Hinchingbrook :
By KNELLEIl.
Three-quarter Length.
(Painted at the Age of Eighteen, in 1710. In Armour.
Right Hand on Hip, Left Hand on a Helmet.)
184
Edward, Second Earl of Sandwich .
By sir peter LELY.
Three-quarter Length.
(Long Fair Curling Hair, or Wig. Loose Brown Dress,
Lace Cravat and Ruffles. Left Hand on Hip.)
Born, 1648. Died, 1688.— The eldest son of
the first Earl, by Jemima Crewe. Born at
Hinchingbrook, baptized at All Saints' Church,
Huntingdon. Pepys does not tell us much
about his young Lord, but he seems to have
been much attached to him. He relates how
sorry he was for the misfortune that had be-
fallen him through killing his boy, by the
accidental discharge of his fowling-piece ; and
another time he mentions that Lord Hinching-
brook, with some other gentlemen, visited him
at his house, having been to inspect the ruins
of the city, (after the great fire) where he " set
before them good wines of several sorts, which
they took mighty respectfully, but I was glad
to see my Lord Hinchingbrook." While
185
Mistress Mallett, (the great heiress whom Lady
Sandwich desired for her son's wife) was still
unsettled, "my young Lord " attended her to
Tunbridge ; but there she told him plainly her
affections were engaged ; besides, Lord Ilinch-
ingbrook was not much pleased with her vanity,
and liberty of carriage. A better marriage in
every respect, was in store for him, and though
not quite so wealthy as Mistress Mallett, Lady
Anne Boyle had a dowry of £10,000, and was
indeed a great alliance, coming of a noble stock.
She was daughter of Richard, second Earl of
Cork, and first Earl of Burlington. The match
appears to have been arranged between the
parents, and confided as a secret to Pepys,
before Lord Ilinchingbrook himself, was
acquainted with the project. It seems to have
been made by Sir George Carteret : "A civil
family, and a relation to my Lord Chancellor,
whose son has married one of the daughters,
[this was Lord Bochester, son to Lord Clarendon,
who had married Lady Henrietta Boyle] and
the Chancellor himself, do take it with great
kindness." What a pity that the amusing
chronicle should have come to so sudden an end.
• 186
through the weakness of poor Pepys' eyes;
otherwise we should have heard details of how
the sad news of the hero's death was received
in his family, and more particulars respecting
his son and successor. We only know he
attended his father's funeral, as chief mourner,
that he was sent Ambassador to Portugal in
1678, and died in 1688, being buried at
Barnwell. He left issue : Edward, who suc-
ceeded him; Richard and Elizabeth, who both
died unmarried.
Edward, First Earl of Sandwich
After LELY.
Three-quarter Length.
(In a Cuirass with Red Sash. Holding a Baton. Left
Hand on the Mouth of a Cannon.)
187
George, Sixth Earl of Sandwich
By beach.
Three-quarter Length.
(In a Trinity College Gown, over a Green Coat. Standing
by a Pillar. View of Trinity College in Background.)
/yy3 Born, \5^ Died, 1818. — Second son of
John, fifth Earl of Sandwich, by Lady Mary,
daughter and heiress of the sixth and last
Duke of Bolton. He was born in lYimpole
Street ; married in 1804 at the house of Lord
Castlereagh, in Upper Brook Street, Lady
Louisa Corry, daughter of Armar, first Earl of
Belmore. In 1798, he was appointed Deputy
Lieutenant for Hunts, and in 1804, Lieutenant-
Colonel of the Hunts Volunteers. Lord
Sandwich died at Cardinal Gonsalvi's yilla, near
Eome, in 1818, both he and Lady Sandwich
having contracted a sincere friendship with the
Cardinal. His remains were brought to England,
and interred with those of his ancestors at
Barnwell.
He left issue by his wife, (who survived him
188
forty-four years), one son, John William,
present and seventh Earl, and two daughters ;
Lady Harriet, born 1805, married to Bingham
Baring, (afterwards Lord Ashburton,) (she died
in 1857), and Lady Caroline, born 1810,
married in 1831, to Count Walewski, and died
in 1834.
Edward, third Earl of Sandwich
By CLOSTERMAN.
Full-Length.
(Blue Velvet Coat and Coronation Robes. Standing near a
Table, on wliicli is placed his Coronet.)
Born, 1670. Died, 1729.— The eldest son of
Edward, second Earl of Sandwich, by Lady
Anne Boyle. Born at Burlington House;
married in 1691 Lady Elizabeth Wilmot,
daughter of the Earl of Rochester, by whom
he had one son, and one daughter. He was
Master of the Horse to Prince George of
Denmark, Doctor of Laws in the University
of Oxford, Lord-Lieutenant and Custos-
189
Rotulorum of the County of Huntingdon.
The Earl of Sandwich died at Burlington, in
Yorkshire, but was buried in the family vault
at Barnwell. His union with the unprincipled
daughter, of an unprincipled father, was a most
unhappy one. Noble affirms that his
"eccentric" Countess put him in durance vile
in his own house, whether on a plea of insanity,
or not, does not appear ; but much mystery
hangs round her extraordinary proceediDgs.
Tradition still points to an apartment, in the
house at Hinchingbrook, as the place of Lord
Sandwich's imprisonment, which for many
years bore the name of the " Starved Chamber,"
for it is said the cruel wife denied her husband
sufficient food, and would allow no one to have
access to him. The dates of tbese transactions
are difficult to identify.
SHIP ROOM.
191
The taking of two French Privateers and
ALL their Prizes by the Bridgewater and
Sheerness Men-of-War.
By SAMUEL SCOTT.
Vice- Admiral Anson's Engagement with the
Erench Squadron commanded by M. de la
JoNQUiERE, May, 1747 ; fought twenty-
four LEAGUES S. E. of CaPE EiNISTERRE.
By S. SCOTT.
Engagement between the " Blast," sloop, and
two Spanish Privateers. 1745.
The taking of the Ship " Acapulco " by
Commodore Anson, in the South Seas. 1743.
By S. SCOTT.
192
Battle of Southwold Bat, where the first
Earl of Sandwich perished, May 28, 1 672.
By W. van DE VELDE.
A case hangs near this picture, containing
miniatures by Cooper, of Edward, jfirst Earl of
Sandwich, and Jemima his wife ; also a frag-
ment of a Bibbon of the Order of the Garter,
and the watch ; both of which were found on
the body of Lord Sandwich, when washed
ashore.
Engagement between the Ships "Lion" and
" Elizabeth," 1745.
By S. SCOTT.
This desperate, and sanguinary engagement
was fought on the 9th of May, 1745. The
" Lion " had fifty-eight guns, and four hundred
and forty men, and was commanded by
193
Captain Piercy Brett. The " Elizabeth," a
sixty-four gun ship, was convoying another, of
sixteen guns, with the Pretender on board.
They fought for five hours, within pistol shot
of each other, during which time, the frigate,
with the Pretender on board, managed to make
her escape. The "Elizabeth" also at length,
effected her entrance into Brest Harbour. She
had £400,000 on board, for the use of Charles
Edward. The " Lion," unable to pursue, lay a
complete wreck on the water.
Evening. A Calm. English Man-of-War
AND SMALL CrAFT CRUISING.
By van DE VELDE.
A Sketch for the Engagement in Southwold
Bay.
w. van de velde.
Three Sketches of the Engagement between
THE "Lion" and "Elizabeth."
DINING ROOM.
195
Louis XIV., King of France.
By mignaed.
Born, 1638. Died, 1715.— The son of Louis
XIII., by Anne of Austria, who was Regent
during her son's minority, though the real
power was vested in Cardinal Mazarin. In this
prelate's lifetime, the King himself interfered
little in public affairs, but at his death, in 1661,
Louis determined to be his own Prime Minister.
He married Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip
IV., King of Spain. His reign was brilliant in
arts, commerce, and arms, but disgraced by
immorality.
As resrards the exterior of the "Great
Monarch," his sister-in-law, (the Duke of
Orleans' second wife, a Princess of Bavaria,)
thus describes him: "Personne n'avoit un si
beau port, un aspect noble, la voix trcs agreable,
et des manicres aisc^^es. Quand il etoit dans la
foule, on n'avoit pas besoin, de demander qui
^toit le Boi."
196
Henry William, First Marquis of
Anglesey, K.G.:
By the HON. HENRY GRAVES.
Full-Length.
(In Uniform, as Colonel of the Seventh Hussars.)
Born, 1768. Died, 1854.— Henry William
Paget, the eldest child of the first Earl of
Uxbridge, by the eldest daughter of Arthur
Champagne, Dean of Clonmacnoise. Lord
Paget was educated at Westminster, and Christ
Church, and in 1793, he raised a regiment
among his father's tenantry, (the 80th Pegiment
of Foot, or Staffordshire Volunteers,) afterwards
eminently distinguished in foreign service. At
the head of his own regiment. Lord Paget
joined H.P.H. the Duke of York in Planders,
and soon gave proofs of skill, and gallantry.
At Turcoing, he was remarkable for his "dashing
bravery," and in the memorable retreat of Bois-
le-duc, which took place under great difficulties,
197
and during intensely cold weather, Lord Paget,
then only twenty- six years of age, gained great
honour, and replaced Lord Cathcart at the head
of the Brigade, during that nobleman's tem-
porary absence. After several exchanges, and
promotions, he was appointed to the command
of the seventh Light Dragoons, which was
stationed at Ipswich with other bodies of cavalry,
for drill. Here he laid the foundation of that
system of discipline, which brought about an
entire reform in cavalry practice. In 1790-6,
he sat in Parliament.
In 1799, he accompanied the Duke of York
to Holland, where he again distinguished him-
self, on several occasions. He became a Major-
General in 1802, and a Lieutenant-General in
1808. Towards the end of this year, he was
ordered to Spain, with two Brigades of cavalry,
where he remained until the autumn of 1809,
having reaped fresh laurels, in innumerable
engagements. On his return, a piece of plate
was presented to him, by the Prince Begent,
the Duke of Cumberland, and the inscribed
officers of the Hussar Brigade, who served
under Lord Paget, " in token of their admira-
198
tion of his high military acquirements, and of
the courage, and talent, constantly displayed in
leading the Hussars to victory against the
Prench cavalry,during the Peninsular Campaign
of 1808."
He sate in the House of Commons, till 1812,
when the death of his father, removed him to
the Upper House. In 1815, he was employed
with the troops assembled in London, to quell the
Corn Bill riots, but he was soon appointed to a
nobler office, and left England in command of
the cavalry of the Anglo-Belgian army. His
name is well known in conjunction with the
great day at Waterloo : and well did he sustain
" the honour of the Household Troops," which
was his rallying cry to his men, in the frequent
charges they made, on the enemy. Almost the
last sliot that was fired wounded our gallant
soldier in the knee ; amputation was considered
necessary, and the leg that was ever in
advance, was buried with honour, in a garden
at Waterloo.
Pive days after the battle, he was raised to
the Marquisate, by the title of Anglesey. He
was also created Knight of many Orders, both
199
British, and foreign. He rode as Lord High
Steward, at the Coronation of George IV.,
became a Privy Councillor, was twice Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, where he was deservedly
popular. He held several high posts under
Government at home, and at his death was the
only Eield Marshal in the English Army, with
the exception of Her Majesty's Consort, and her
uncle.
" It was the peculiariiy," was said of Lord
Anglesey, " of his frank nature to make itself
understood ; it might almost be said his cha-
racter could be read off at sight ; he w^as the
express image of chivalry. His politics were
so liberal, as to be called radical in those days,
for he was in the advance of his age ; but the
measures which were then opposed have since
been extolled, and carried, such as Catholic
Emancipation, Ueform, Eree Trade, etc. He
was not a ' speaker,' and could not talk well, of
what he did well." His administration of the
Ordnance Department, was remarkable for its
scrupulous justice, and he was always the
soldier's true friend.
On tlie death of the Duke of Gordon, King
200
William IV. ofPered Lord Anglesey the
command of the Scots Fusilier Guards. He
sought an interview with the King, and after
warmly expressing his gratitude, he added: "I
am sure that in naming me to this honour,
your Majesty has not borne in mind, the fact
that Lord Ludlow lost an arm in Holland, at
the head of this regiment." The King was
delighted with this proof of generosity, and
Lord Ludlow had to thank his comrade, for the
regiment.
Till past three score. Lord Anglesey retained
a wonderful share of vigour, and activity, in
spite of the loss of his limb, and the terrible
nervous sufferings entailed thereby. In his
last moments the ruling passion showed itself,
for when his mind wandered for a few moments,
the gallant veteran would enquire what brigade
was on duty, and he appeared relieved, when
they answered it was not his own. His death
was serene ; his bedroom, and the one adjoining
crowded by relatives, and his last words to them
were cheering.
Lord Anglesey married first in 1795, Lady
Caroline Villiers, daughter of the Earl of Jersey,
201
from whom he was divorced. She re-married
the Duke of Argyll,. and died in 1835. By his
first wife he had three sons, of whom the eldest
succeeded him, and five daughters. His second
wife was the daughter of Earl Cadogan,
whose marriage with Lord Cowley had been
dissolved. She died in 1853 : by whom he had
three sons and three daughters, of whom the
second, became the Countess of Sandwich.
This portrait was painted by Lord Anglesey's
nephew, the Hon. Henry Graves.
William, Duke of Cumberland .
By sir JOSHUA REYNOLDS.
Full-Length.
(In the Robes of the Garter. Standing by a Tal)le. River,
Bridge, and Castle in the Background.)
Born, 1721. Died, 1765.— The third son of
George II., King of England, by Carolina
Wilhelmina, daughter of the Margrave of
202
Anspach. In 1743, he was wounded by the
side of his father, at the Battle of Dettingen ;
he was unsuccessful at Pontenoy. His name
is ever coupled with the discomfiture of
Charles Edward's forces in Scotland, and their
entire defeat, at the Battle of Culloden. He
gained a name for severity, and cruelty, during
this campaign, and is still remembered in the
north as " Billy the Butcher."
This fine portrait was presented by H.B.H.,
to John, fourth Earl of Sandwich, with whom
he formed a friendship, at the time of the
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Maria Theresa, Queen of France :
By MIGNARD.
Born, 1638. Married, 1660. Died, 1683.—
Daughter of Philip IV., King of Spain, by his
first wife, Elizabeth of Erance. Mazarin
arranged this marriage to ensure peace. The
203
Duke de Grammont went to Madrid, as Pleni-
potentiary in 1659, and thus addressed the
King of Spain : " Sire, le Roi mon maitre vous
accorde la paix, et a vous, Madame, il offre son
coeur, et sa couronne." She accepted both, but
was compelled to share the first, Avith innumer-
able rivals. Gentle, modest, loving, and
sensitive, she was constantly insulted by the
King's favourites ; yet her devotion to him,
never wavered, and a kind word from ber royal
master, made her happy for the rest of the day.
He appointed her K-egent, when he went to
Holland, but she was not fitted for public life.
" To serve God, and honour the King," was her
golden rule. Madame d' Orleans, (the German
Princess), one of the other few good women of
that age, pays her sister-in-law, this tribute :
" Elle etoit d'une extreme simplicite en tout ;
la femme la plus vertueuse, et la meilleure, du
monde. Elle avoit de la grandeur, et elle savoit
repr^senter, et tenir sa cour ; elle avoit une foi
entiere, et sans reserve pour tout ce que le Hoi
lui disoit. Le Roi I'aimoit a cause de sa vertu,
et de r ardent amour qu'elle lui a constamment
conserve, quoiqu'il lui ftit iniidMe." On her
204
return from an expedition she had made, with
her husband to Alsace and Bourgogne, the
Queen fell ill and died. " Voila," observed " le
Grand Monarque " on that occasion, " le premier
chagrin qu'elle m'ait donn^." Had she been
the survivor, she could not assuredly have paid
Louis a similar tribute.
These two portraits, formed part of the
collection of the celebrated " Capability Brown,"
yohii IVilliani , Sevejith Earl of Sandwich :
By LUCAS.
Born, 1811. Educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge ; was Captain of the Corps of
Gentlemen-at-Arms, in 1852, and Master of
the Buckhounds, 1858-9. Colonel of the Hunt-
ingdon Rifle Militia, and High Steward of
Huntino^don, Lord Lieutenant and Custos
Botulorum of Huntingdonshire. Married first ;
Lady Mary Paget, daughter of the first Marquis
of Anglesey, by whom he had four sons and
205
two daughters, and who died in 1859. lie
married secondly, Lady Bkinche Egerton,
daugter of the first Earl of Ellesmere.
Mrs. Ruperta Howe
By WISSING or MYTENS.
Full-Length.
(Standing by a Doric Column. Light Red Riding-dress, em-
broidered Petticoat, Long Coat, Waistcoat. Hat in Hand.)
Born, 1671. Died, 1741.— The natural
daughter of Prince Rupert, third son of
Erederick, King of Bohemia, " a studious Prince,"
who heing enraptured with Mrs. Hughes, a
beautiful actress, bade adieu to alembics,
mathematical instruments, and chemical specu-
lations, to subdue the heart of the " impertinent
gipsy." At his death the Prince left the whole
of his property in trust, with a beautiful estate
he had purchased on purpose, for the use, and
behoof of Mistress Hughes and their daughter.
206
Ruperta mirried Emanuel Scrope Howe, Esq., the
second son of John Howe, Co. Gloucester, by
Arabella, natural daughter of Emanuel Scrope,
Baron Bolton, and Earl of Sunderland, to whom
Charles II. granted the precedence of an Earl's
daughter, lawfully begotten. The husband of
Ruperta was in the army, and rose to the rank
of BriiT^adier-General. He was Groom of the
Bedchamber to Queen Anne, and in 1707, went
as Envoy to the Court of Hanover. He repre-
sented Morpeth, and "VVigan, in Parliament,
and died in 1709, having had issue three sons,
William, Emanuel, and James, and one
daughter. Maid of Honour to Caroline, Princess
of Wales, (afterwards Queen). She died un-
married. This picture is mentioned in Noble,
but the painter's name is not given.
207
yohii, Fourth Earl of Sandwich
By JOHN LIOTAED.
Full-Length.
(In a Turkish Costume, of Crimson, and Ermine. Green and
White Turban, Yellow Slippers. Right Hand extended.
Left on Hip.)
Born, 1718. Died, 1792.— he was the son of
Edward, Viscount Hinchingbrook, by Elizabeth
Popham. Educated at Eton, and Trinity
College, Cambridge, where he distinguished
himself. In 1738, he set out on his travels
through Italy, Egypt, Turkey, etc., accompanied
by some friends, during which time he made a
collection of coins, and antiquities, of all kinds,
some of which, he presented to the University
of Cambridge. He wrote a book of his travels,
and on his return to England, took his seat
in the House of Lords, and entered on a political
life. He spoke remarkal)ly well in Parliament,
and in 1744 became a Lord of the Admiralty
under the Duke of Bedford, " into whose
208
favour ' ' says a contemporary with much
acrimony, " Lord Sandwich had ingratiated
himself, by cricket matches, acting of plays, and
intrigues." But Horace Walpole, although ho
did not appear very friendly to Lord Sandwich,
is constantly compelled to do him justice, in his
public capacity. " He is a lively, sensible man,
and very attentive to busines ; " and on the
famous occasion of Wilkes' libel, he again says :
" I do not admire politicians, but when they
are excellent in their way, give them their due ;
no one but Lord Sandwich could have struck a
stroke like this."
In 1746, he was appointed Plenipotentiary
to the States General, and again at the Treaty
of Aix-la-Chapelle, where he distinguished
himself, in such a manner as to recommend him
for high offices of trust, on his return to England.
It was on this occasion, that at a large inter-
national dinner, toasts were passing, and the
different Envoys became poetical, as well as
loyal in their phraseology. The Frenchman
gave " his Hoyal Master the Sun, who illu-
minates the whole world;" the Spaniard "his
Master the Moon, scarcely inferior in brilliancy
209
or influence ; " when Lord Sandwich rose,
doubtless with the twinkle in his eye, and the
lauc^hini]^ curl round the corners of his mouth,
we see in most of his portraits, and toasted with
all the honours " his Master Joshua, who made
both the sun and moon to stand still."
During the King's absence from England,
Sandwich w^as chosen one of the Commissioners
of Government. He was also Vice-treasurer,
Receiver-general, &c., for Ireland, and under
the new King George III., was nominated
Ambassador to Spain ; but in the same year he
succeeded George Grenville as Eirst Lord of the
Admiralty. Few men ever filled that office with
more ability, and under his direction the mari-
time force of Great Britain, was kept on such a
footing as enabled us to meet our numerous foes
in every quarter of the globe with honour, and
ensured to us the victories we gained over the
French, Spaniards, and Dutch. Lord Sandwich
was world-famed for his regularity, dispatch,
and industry in business; it is said that he
invented sandwiches in order to take some
nourishment without interrupting his work.
The following lines were written on him and
Lord Spencer : —
210
" Two noble Eai'ls, whom if I quote,
Some folks might call me sinner ;
The one invented half a coat,
The other half a dinner."
He gained the name of "Jemmy Twitcher,"
through a curious circumstance. Wilkes and
Sandwich had once been friends, but the former
having composed a scurrilous and disloyal poem,
the latter was so incensed as to procure a copy
and read it aloud, in the House of Lords. Just at
this juncture the "Beggar's Opera" was being
acted, and whenMacheath exclaimed : "But that
Jemmy Twitcher should peach, I own surprises
me," the chief part of the audience, who were
partisans of " Wilkes, and Liberty," burst into a
round of applause, applying the passage to Lord
Sandwich, who never afterwards lost the
soubriquet.
There are many passages in bis life which
compel us to agree with his constant censor
Horace Walpole, when he says: "Bishop
Warburton is at this moment reinstating Mr.
Pitt's name in the dedication of a Book of
Sermons, which he had expunged for Sandwich's.
This nobleman is an agreeable companion, but
211
one whose moral character, does not exactly fit
him to be the patron of sermons." But Mr.
Cradock (and none knew him better) in his
most amusing reminiscences, tells us, whatever
his errors may have been, Lord Sandwich was
most severe in the observance of decorous
language, and behaviour, under his roof. No
oath, or profligate Avord, was ever uttered at his
table. The same authority states, that in
political life he underwent many persecutions,
and bore daily insults, and misrepresentations
with the courage of a stoic, without stooping to
retaliation. "Others," says Mr. Cradock,
" received emoluments, but Lord Sandwich
retired without any remuneration, for his
services." His public career lasted for more
than half a century, when he made Ilinching-
brook his chief abode. He spoke French
and Italian fluently, was acquainted with the
German, and Spanish languages, and had a
smattering of the oriental tongues.
In the midst of all his hospiltaity, he was very
frugal in his own living, and was much beloved
by his dependants, not forgetting Omai the
Otaheitan, and the faithful black servant,
212
Jemmy, who lies buried in Brompton Church-
yard, and a characteristic little sketch of whom
still exists. An amusing incident occurred re-
specting the latter, which is worth recording. It
seems that on one occasion, the day after some
dramatic representation had taken place at
Hinehingbrook, Lord Sandwich enquired at
breakfast of a gentleman who was proverbial
for cavilling, and finding fault, whether he had
been satisfied with the performance. The
visitor answered in the affirmative, but in so
hesitating a manner, that Lord Sandwich
insisted on knowing the fault. " So slight, my
Lord, scarcely worth alluding to." "The
easier remedied next time." "Well, it only
struck me, that the coloured servant in the
piece was not sufficiently blackened." The
noble host rose silently and rang the bell :
enter Jemmy. "Jemmy," says his master,
" this gentleman says you are not black
enough." "I bery sorry, my Lord, I be as
God Almighty made me."
Miss Burney, in her youth, saw Lord
Sandwich, and thus describes him : " He is a
tall stout man, and looks as furrowed and
213
weatherbeaten as any sailor in the Navy ; and,
like most of the old set of that brave tribe, he
has the marks of good nature, and joviality in
every feature." Another contemporary gives
him this character : " Slow, not wearisome, a
man of sense, rather than of talent ; good-
natured, and reliable as to promises. His
house was filled with rank, beauty and talent,
and every one felt at ease there. The patron
of musicians, the soul of the Catch Club [he
might have added a proficient on the kettle-
drum], although deficient in ear, and knowledge
of harmony." He had an engaging manner
in private life, which put every one at their
ease, although he occasionally tried his friends'
patience by a playful bantering, or what Mr.
Cradock calls badgering, such as ; "Ladies,
here is Cradock says, a man cannot be punctual
unless he wears a wig." " No, my Lord, I
said a man may be punctual, but his hair
dresser may be late, and make him so."
He dressed well, and looked "noble," but he
had a shambling unequal gait. When in Paris
he took dancing lessons, and, bidding his
master good-bye, told him if he came to
London, he would willingly recommend or serve
214
him. " Ah, milor," said the man, " pray do
not say /taught you to dance."
Lord Sandwich retained his faculties almost
to the end, and spoke with great clearness and
precision, of all the remarkable public events,
of which he had been a witness, in his stirring
life. He was an P.E..S., a Governor of the
Charterhouse, the eldest of the elder Brothers
of the Trinity House, and the oldest General
in the army.
In 1740, he married Judith, third daughter
of Charles, Viscount Fane, of Basildon, Berks.
The marriage was unhappy, and they were
separated for several years before her death.
Their children were : John, who succeeded him,
Edward, William Augustus, and one daughter,
Mary. Lord Sandwich died at his house in
Hertford Street, May fair, in 1792.
Edward, First Earl of Sandwich
By SIR PETER LELY.
Full Length.
(In the Robes of the Garter.)
215
Mariana, Queen Regent of Spain
By SEBASTIAN HERRERA.
Full Length.
(Seated. In a Religious Habit, the Widow's "Weeds worn
in Spain.)
Born, 1631. Died, 1696.— The eldest
daughter of Ferdinand III., Emperor of
Germany, by the daughter of Philip III. , King
of Spain. Married Philip IV., in 1649. On
her arrival in Spain, as a youthful bride,
Mariana's deportment had to undergo severe
discipline, from the strict etiquette of the court,
and the stern dignity of her royal husband,
whom she shocked by the exuberance of her
animal spirits, and above all, her immoderate
laus^hter at the sallies of the Court Pool.
When admonished on one occasion, she excused
herself by saying it was out of her power to
restrain her merriment, and that the Jester
must be removed, or she must laugh on.
Mariana was remarkable for the extravagance
216
and tawdriness of her dress, as may be seen in
the portraits by Velasquez. Her chief beauty
consisted in her magnificent hair, which she dis,
figured by dressing it, in an outrageous manner,
with feathers, flowers, and love knots. At a
period when rouge was much worn, the im-
moderate use of it, made her " brick-dust
cheeks" a ridiculous object, and altogether,
says Stirling : " She is far more interesting
wearing the widow's weeds, in which she sate to
Carreno, and Herrera, than in the butterfly garb
in which she flaunts on the canvas of Velasquez."
She was as inferior to her predecessor, Isabelle
de Bourbon, Philip's first wife, in qualities of
mind, as in graces of person. She became a
widow ; and Regent of the Kingdom, on the
accession of her son Charles II., in 1665.
Mariana divided her confidence, between her
confessor, a German Jesuit, and a gentleman of
her household, Valenzuela by name. He was
remarkably handsome ; and the Queen Mother
made a marriage between him, and one of her
German ladies, which established him in her
Palace, where he became her chief confidant,
and was admitted to her apartments at all
217
hours, his wife being generally present, to avoid
scandal. Mariana's faction was strongly op-
posed by Don John of Austria, the late King's
natural son, {by the beautiful actress, Maria
Calderona.) He was handsome, intellectual,
and accomplished, and in military genius alone,
was he inferior to his namesake, the hero of
Lepanto. His father loved him dearly, but the
Queen had contrived to estrange them, some
little time before Philip's death. The ups and
downs of the struggle between Don John, and
Mariana were never ending: now her star
appeared in the ascendant, then the evil repute
of her confessor, his inefficiency in business,
and the overbearing insolence of Valenzuela,
brought down the influence of the P^egent to a
low ebb. Now at open variance with her
husband's son, now consenting with a bad grace
to his participation in the Government, and
then procuring for him an office at some distance
from Madrid, so as to be rid of his immediate
presence.
Don John ruled w^ell, and lield a little
Court at Saragossa, but he and tlie Ptcgent
were always at variance, and so disgusted were
218
the people with her government, and that of
her favourites, that many clamoured for Don
John, while some went so far as to say he was
the risrhtful heir, and that Mariana's and Maria
Calderona's infants, had heen changed.
Whether from motives of patriotism or
amhition, Don John worked steadily to under-
mine the Regent's power, and the vanity and
ostentation of Valenzuela contributed un-
consciously to the same end. He w^as generally
supposed to be a spy, and was called the
Queen's " Duendo." * At tournaments he
wore the Queen Mother's colours of black and
silver, with many ostentatious mottos, which
seemed to insinuate the high favour, in which
he stood with that Royal Lady. One day,
when the Court w^ere hunting near the
Escurial, the King shot at a stag, and wounded
Valenzuela in the thigh, whereat Queen
Mariana shrieked, and fell senseless. On this
" hint" many spake, especially Don John, and
his party, who told the King plainly, that he
and Spain were not only governed by the
Regent, but by her paramour. The King went
* "Wizard or Familiar.
219
to Buen Retiro, and denied himself to his mother,
who was desired to leave Madrid ; Valenzuela
was arrested, his wife and children shut up in
a convent, and the "handsome, vain, well-
dressed courtier, with his fine curling locks,
who had considered many of the nobles of
Spain beneath his notice," was sent off to the
Philippine Islands. Don John came into power,
and Mariana had a small Court, which was
little better than a prison, at Aranjuez, where
Madame d'Aulnoy visited her. She was dressed
in the manner of this portrait, served on the
bended knee, and waited on by a hideous little
dwarf, clothed in gold and silver brocade. Don
John's government was no sinecure ; cabals
w^ere rife, and he died so suddenly that it was
currently reported that he had been poisoned,
at Mariana's instigation. Be that as it may,
no sooner was the death of Don John announced,
than the King went off to his mother, in person,
and insisted on her return to Madrid.
Charles II. had just married his second wife,
an alliance which Mariana had supported from
the beginning. But she did not long survive ;
shortly after the Peace of Byswick, died
220
Mariana of Austria, Queen Mother of Spain ;
her death was supposed to have been hastened
by her reluctance to consult the physicians,
although her health had been failing for some
time past.
This interesting portrait, together with that
of her son, King Charles II., was presented by
the Queen Mother, then Pv-egent, to Edward,
first Earl of Sandwich, when Ambassador, to
the Court of Madrid, in 1666.
Barbara, Ditchess of Clereland :
By sir peter LELY.
Full-Length.
(Seated, leaning on a Table, resting her Head on her Hand.
Wears a White Satin Dress, trimmed with Blue, and Pearls.)
Born, 1640. Died, 1709.— The only child of
William Villiers, Viscount Grandison, by Mary,
third daughter of the first, and sister and
co-heiress of the second Viscount Bayning.
Lord Grandison, of whom Clarendon gives an
221
exalted character for piety, loyalty, and valour ;
died in 1643, at Oxford, (of a wound which he had
received a few weeks before, at the siege of
Bristol), leaving a widoAv of 18, who five years
afterwards, was re-married to Charles Villiers,
Earl of Anglesey, cousin-german to her first
husband. She did not long survive, and at her
death, left her beautiful daughter to the step-
father's care. It was under Lord Anglesey's
roof, that Barbara passed her early years, and we
hear of her, on her first arrival in London,
dressed in "a plain and countrified manner,"
but this fashion was soon changed for the last
" mode" of the town, and her surpassing beauty
made her the object of general admiration. At
the age of 16, the precocious coquette had already
captivated Philip Stanhope, second Earl of
Chesterfield, a young widower, who had just
returned from his travels, and succeeded to his
title, and property — " a beauty, a wit, a duellist,"
and according to Swift, " the greatest knave in
England." His correspondence with Barbara,
and her confidante and cousin. Lady Anne
Hamilton (which was found in the Library of
Bath House, in 1869), breathes the most ardent
222
passion, which did not however, interfere with
his being called three times in Church, the same
year, with the daughter of Lord Eairfax, (who
subsequently married George, Duke of Buck-
ingham).
So early in life had Barbara embarked in a
career of guilt, and artifice, that in spite of her
liaison with Chesterfield, she threw her spells
to such purpose round Master Boger Palmer,
student of the Middle Temple, second son of Sir
James Palmer, of Hayes, Middlesex, that the
misguided youth married her in spite of the
paternal prohibition. But the young wife did
not break off her connection with her former
lover, and not long after her marriage, she writes
to Chesterfield, in a most affectionate manner,
speaking of her recovery from the small-pox,
and alluding to "Mounseer's" (Mr. Palmer)
jealousy, and how "he is resolved never to
bring me to towne again." Lord Chesterfield,
in consequence of killing a young man in a
duel, was compelled to fly the country, and he
took refuge at Paris, at the Court of the Queen
Mother (Henrietta Maria), and afterwards joined
the English King, at Breda, where he solicited,
223
and received the royal pardon, and returned to
England with Charles on his restoration : all
the time he was on the continent, keeping up
his correspondence with his adored Barbara.
There exists great difference of opinion, as to
the date of the first meeting between the King,
and Mistress Palmer, but there seems little
doubt that the favourite's reign began on
Charles's eventful day, the 29th of May, 1660.
Mr. Palmer, now a member of Parliament, had
a house in King Street, Westminster, close to
the Palace, as also to the lodgings of the Earl of
Sandwich, whose housekeeper, "Sarah," sup-
plied his lordship's cousin, and daily visitor, Mr.
Pepys, with abundant gossip. The far-famed
diary abounds in anecdotes of Barbara, praises
of her beauty, aletrnating with blame of her
conduct, but every word shewing the fascination
she exercised over the writer. The Earl of
Anglesey died in 1660-61 : and about the same
time a daughter was born to Mistress Palmer,
which was the occasion of much scandal. [Roger
Palmer was now raised to the title of Earl of
Castlemaine, and Baron Limerick]. In 1662
Charles II. married Catherine of Braganza, but
224
" Sarah " informed Pepys, that the King supped
every night in the week preceding his nuptials,
with Lady Castlemaine : "Likewise, when the
whole street was aglow with bonfires, the night
of the Queen's arrival, there was no fire at my
lady's door." On the birth of a second child a
dreadful altercation took place between the
husband, and wife, but the feud was ostensibly
a religious one, for Lord Castlemaine, who had
lately embraced the Roman Catholic faith,
caused the infant to be baptized by a Popish
Priest. Madam was furious, and, as usual,
victorious in her struggles, and a few days
afterwards "Charles" was re-baptized by a
Protestant Minister, in the presence of his god-
fathers, the King, Lord Oxford, &c. Shortly
after this event, Lady Castlemaine left her lord,
carrying with her all her plate, and valuables.
"They say" writes Pepys, " that his Lordship
is gone to Prance, to enter a Monastery."
On the appointment of the Ladies of the
Bedchamber to the Queen, Lady Sandwich was
justified in her fear, " that the King would
still keep in, with Lady Castlemaine." A great
commotion occurred, in the old Palace of
225
Hampton Court. The Queen had never men-
tioned the favourite's name ; therefore Charles
hoped she was ignorant of her rival's existence;
but when the list of the proposed Ladies of the
Bedchamber, was submitted to her Majesty,
Catherine deliberately pricked out the name of
my Lady Castlemaine, which much disturbed
her husband. By the King's command, Lord
Clarendon, sorely against his inclination, waited
on Her Majesty, to try and induce her to cancel
her refusal, but the Queen "was much dis-
contented with her husband," and declared
that rather than submit to the insult, she would
desire to return to her own country. Lady
Castlemaine through an artifice however, ap-
proached her Royal mistress, and kissed her
hand ; who, on discovering the trick, fell into a
swoon, and was carried from the apartment.
The King was furious ; the Queen for a while
appeared inflexible, but Charles gained his
point in the end, for after some time had elapsed,
Barbara's appointment was confirmed, and from
that time forth, the Queen, by some strange
persuasion, or obedience to the King's orders,
treated her rival with familiarity, and confidence ;
226
" was," says Pepys, " merry with her in public,
and in private used nobody more friendly."
But then, according to the same authority, " the
Queen is a most good lady, and takes all, with
the greatest meekness that may be."
The syren seems indeed to have bewitched
every one, Dryden himself did not disdain to
write a poem in her honour. On one occasion
the Countess had a violent altercation, with " la
belle Stewart," Maid of Honour, who had excited
her jealousy, and the King, taking part against
her, the imperious lady walked off to her uncle's
at Richmond, whither Charles soon followed
her, on pretence of hunting, but really to ask
pardon. Not long after, however, Pepys saw
her on horseback, with the King, the Queen,
Mistress Stewart, etc. ; but he thought the King
looked coldly on her, " and when she had to
'light, nobody pressed to take her down, but her
own gentleman, and she looked, though hand-
some, mighty out of humour, and had a yellow
plume in her hat." A report reached the
Queen's ears, that Barbara had turned Papist,
but though a zealot in her religion, Catherine
" did not much like it, as she did not believe
227
it was done for conscience sake." Perhaps her
Majesty agreed, with the learned Divine who
said that " if the Church of Eome had got no
more by Lady Castlemaine, than the Church of
England had lost, the matter w^as not much."
A curious, and unpleasant adventure befell
Lady Castlemaine, in the Park, returning from
a visit to the Duchess of York at St. James's
Palace, attended only by her maid, and a little
page. She was accosted by three gentlemen in
masks, who upbraided her in the strongest
language, and reminded her that the mistress
of Edward IV. had died of starvation, on a
dunghill, abandoned by all the world. The
infuriated and terrified beauty no sooner reached
home, than she swooned ; the King ran to the
rescue, ordered the gates of the Park to be shut,
but it was too late — several arrests were made,
but no discovery ensued.
In the year of the Plague, the Court being
at Oxford, Lady Castlemaine gave birth to a
son, at Merton College. The lady and the
Kins: had hicrh words on the occasion of the
Duke of Buckingham being sent to the Tower,
she speaking up boldly, in his behalf, Charles
228
saying she was a jade that meddled in matters
she had nothing to do with ; she retorting
that he was " a fool to suffer his business to be
carried on by fools," and so forth. But before
five days had elapsed the Duke was at liberty.
Lady Castlemaine was a determined enemy to
Chancellor Clarendon, and she had declared in
the Queen's chamber, she hoped to see his head
upon a stake to keep company with those of the
Regicides, and there is no doubt she was in-
strumental in procuring the downfall of the
King's "faithful and able adviser." Gambling
was another vice in which Barbara indulged,
and Pepys tells us she won £15,000, one night,
and lost £25,000 another. But her favour was
on the wane : she was libelled, and abused, and
the King was weary of her, and it was reported
that he had given her large sums of money and
a fine house, (the residence of the Earls of
Berkshire, on the south-west corner of St.
James's Street,) merely to get rid of her. Yet
she still ruled him in many points, and she
made great friends with the Duke and Duchess
of York, while one of her violent hatreds was
against the Duke of Ormond, Lord Lieutenant
229
of Ireland, because he would not confirm the
grant of Phoenix Park, a house near Dublin,
which the King had promised her. Meeting
him in one of the royal apartments, she fell
upon him with a torrent of abuse, and ended
by expressing a hope that she might live to see
him hanged. His Grace replied with calm
dignity, " he was in no haste to shorten her
days ; all he wished was to live, to see her old."
In 1670, Barbara, Countess of Castlemaine,
was created Baroness Nonsuch, Countess of
Southampton, and Duchess of Cleveland, in the
Peerage of England, with the Palace and Park
of Nonsuch, in Surrey, and an enormous increase
of income : so that as far as pecuniary ad-
vantages went, the King was still sufficiently
under her spell, to comply with her exorbitant
demands. John Churchill, (afterwards the great
Duke of Marlborough,) when a Court Page
attracted the attention of Barbara. She lavished
gifts upon him, procured him the post of Groom
of the Bedchamber to the Duke of York, and
obtained his promotion in the army. But in
later years when her beauty had passed away,
and her favour at Court, the man who had
230
risen by her influence, refused to speak a word
in her behalf, respecting the renewal of her
ill-paid pension. The last grant made to the
Duchess of Cleveland, and to the Earl of
Nothumberland, for their lives, was the Eanger-
ship of the honour, and manor of Hampton
Court ; but the lodge in Bushy Park was not
habitable. It was about this time, that Barbara
went to Erance, her name appearing as a liberal
patroness to the Convent of the Blue Nuns, in
the Paubourg St. Antoine (where she had placed
her daughter Barbara), and other religious
houses.
In 1678 occurred the episode, with the
English Ambassador, to which we have alluded
in the notice of the Duke of Montagu, when
Barbara on her return from London, found that
her own daughter, the Countess of Sussex, had
supplanted her, in the favour of that fickle
nobleman. In 1694, she was living in Arlington
Street, Piccadilly, and received as a companion
a certain Madame De la Eiviere, one of the
daughters and co-heiresses of Sir Boger Manley,
Bart., a woman of no reputation, save as the
authoress of some inferior literary productions ;
231
who after a stormy friendship, repaid her
patroness's hospitality by contriving a clan-
destine marriage for her eldest son, the Duke
of Southampton, with the daughter of Sir
William Pulteney, a match very much dis-
approved by his mother.
Lord Castlemaine died in 1705. After his
separation from his wife, as far back as 1662,
his life was eventful ; he travelled far, fought
at Solebay, was twice sent to the Tower, went
as Ambassador to Rome, was the author of
several political pamphlets, and in fact
" meddled a little in everything around."
Four months after his death, his widow married
the celebrated "Beau" Feilding, the widower
of two heiresses, viz. , the only daughter of Lord
Carlingford, and the only daughter of the
Marquis of Clanricarde, widow of Viscount
Muskerry, and of Kobert Villiers, Viscount
Purbeck. Both ladies died without children,
and the Beau at the time of his marriage with
Duchess Barbara, was a man of desperate
fortune, and character. He ill-treated his wife,
who was most generous to him, and would have
divested her of all her property, had not her
232
sons stood by her. Eortunately, for her Grace,
it was discovered that the Beau had already,
but a few days before his marriage with her,
espoused a certain Mary Wadsworth, who had
been palmed off upon his credulity, as a widow
of enormous wealth. He was tried, and found
guilty of bigamy, Barbara being in court
during the trial, and the marriage was pro-
nounced null, and void.
She passed the remainder of her life at
Chiswick, where she died of dropsy in the
sixty-ninth year of her age, 1709. She left a
considerate will, and gave strict orders concern-
ing her funeral, desiring to be buried at the
parish church. Her pall was borne by six
Peers of the realm. Barbara's three sons were
the Duke of Cleveland and Southampton, the
Duke of Grafton, and the Duke of Northumber-
land ; the first and last titles became extinct.
Her daughters were the Countess of Sussex,
the Countess of Lichfield, " a blameless beauty,"
and Lady Barbara Pitzroy, (disowned by the
King, and supposed to be the daughter of John
Churchill, afterwards Duke of Marlborough),
who took the veil, and died as Prioress of a
233
convent in Prance. Bishop Burnet, in speaking
of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, says : " She
was a woman of great beauty, vicious, ravenous,
foolish, and imperious." Another contemporary
says : " She was a great contradiction, un-
boundedly lavish, yet sordidly covetous."
Portrait galleries teem with likenesses of
Barbara, at different ages, in different costumes,
and " moods." In the celebrated " Bellona " of
the Hampton Court Beauties we detect the
" arrogant virago " who carried all before her:
but in the portrait in question, her beauty is
far more captivating from the pensive and
languid expression, which softens her brilliant
eyes, and smooths the corners of her finely cut
but usually severe lips. No wonder. Lord
Sandwich was delighted with his present. Pepys
does not specify the donor, whether the lady,
or the artist ; but he says : " My Lady Sandwich
showed me, and Mistress Pepys, Lady
Castlemaine's picture, at the new house in
Lincoln's Inn Pields, finely done, and given
my Lord ; " and in another page, he calls it
" that most blessed picture."
234
General Ireton :
By dobson.
Three-quarter Length.
(Long Hair. Red Doublet. A Cuirass and Sash. Buff
Gloves. Right Hand holding the Sash. Left on
his Hip.)
Born, 1611. Died, 1651. Son of Gervase
Ireton, Esq., of Attenborough, Co. Notts. Was
a gentleman-commoner, at Trinity College,
Oxford. Destined for the bar ; but the Civil
War breaking out, he obtained a commission in
the Parliamentary Army. In 1645 he married
at Norton, near Oxford, Bridget, the eldest
daughter of Oliver Cromwell, by whom he had
one son, and four daughters. In 1649 he was
appointed one of the King's judges, and signed
the warrant for his execution. He was a man
of undoubted courage, and distinguished him-
self in numerous engagements, more especially at
the battle of Naseby. His views were violently
republican, but his integrity stern and uncom-
235
promising ; no mercenary motives influenced
him. Eleven years the junior of Cromwell,
and his son-in-law, he dared to differ with
him, and to expostulate boldly when he
disapproved of the Protector's conduct. After
the battle of Worcester he was offered pecu-
niary remuneration, with several other mem-
bers of the Parliamentary Army, but he
was disinterested enough to refuse £20,000,
and to tell the government roundly, he should
be more content to see them paying off the
debts they had incurred, than thus disposing
of the public money. It was thought that his
appointment as Lord Deputy in Ireland, was
intended by the Protector to remove him from
all possibility of interference with his own
proceedings ; and there seems little doubt that
Ireton, shortly before his death, had con-
templated crossing the Channel to speak face
to face with his father-in-law, in reference to
many measures he disapproved. But he was
suddenly seized, and carried off by the Plague,
during the siege of Limerick in 1651,
Ireton was held in great esteem by his party
and his comrades, and it was said of him that
236
he grafted the soldier on the lawyer, and the
statesman on the saint. Cromwell was much
affected at his death, and caused the body to be
brought over, and deposited with great pomp in
Westminster Abbey, in Henry VII. 's Chapel.
At the Restoration however, the body was dug
up, and hung upon a gibbet at Tyburn.
Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of
England :
By walker.
Half-Length : Oval.
(In Ai-mour, with a Plain Falling Collar.)
Born, 1599. Died, 1658. — The only surviv-
ing son of Uobert Cromwell, by Elizabeth
Stewart : born in Huntingdon, named after his
uncle. Sir Oliver Cromwell, of Hinchingbrook,
where he passed many of his earlier days.
Numerous stories are told, (some ridiculed, some
generally believed,) of Oliver's infancy, and
237
boyhood. It is said that on one occasion he was
snatched from his cradle by a monkey, who
jumping out of the window, scampered over
the roof of Hinchingbrook, to the consternation
of the family, who stood watching the beast,
with great anxiety. Whether or not the
monkey felt, that he bore in his arms the future
ruler of England, the chronicler does not affirm,
but he goes on to relate, that the fears of the
relatives were soon appeased by seeing the baby
safely restored to his cradle, by the conscientious
ape !' Another incident connected with Hinch-
ingbrook was more currently believed, viz., that
Charles I., when a boy, visited Sir Oliver, on
his road from Scotland to London. The good
knight sent for his nephew to help him entertain
the Prince, which he did by disputing violently
with his Eoyal Highness : a quarrel ensued,
and Oliver, being the strongest of the two,
caused Charles's blood to flow, an ominous
presage of after times. We do not know how
Sir Oliver visited his nephew's outbreak, but he
was a staunch cavalier, and supported the
E;oyalists till his death.
Oliver, when a school-boy, was wilful, and
23S
wayward, and fond of wild and sometimes
coarse jests. One Christmas night, the revels
at Hinehingbrook were interrupted by some
unseemly pranks of his conceiving, which called
down upon him, a sentence from the Master of
Misrule that Sir Oliver ordered into immediate
execution, viz., that the young recreant should
be subjected then, and there, to a severe ducking
in one of the adjoining fishponds. "When still
a school-boy, another anecdote is told of Oliver;
that on awaking from a short sleep, one hot
day, he electrified his schoolfellows with the
description of a dream, he had had. How a
woman of gigantic stature had appeared at the
side of his bed, and slowly undrawing the
curtains, had announced to him that some day,
he would be the greatest man in England — the
word "King" did not however pass her lips.
The young visionary was rewarded for this lie,
(as it was considered) by a severe flogging. A
better authenticated story is told of his rescue
from drowning, by one Johnson, a citizen of
Huntingdon, of whom General Cromwell
enquired (when in alter years, he marched
through his native town, with the army) if he
239
remembered the circumstance: "Yes," was the
indignant reply, *' and I wish to my heart I had
let you drown, rather than to see you in arms,
against your King."
At the age of seventeen, Oliver Cromwell left
the Grammar School, at Huntingdon, and entered
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Both as a
school-boy and a collegian he distinguished him-
self more in athletic sports, than in application
to study, and he appears to have led a wild
irregular life, according to his own admission,
for it is difficult to sift the truth, from the pre-
posterous flattery on the one hand, and the
unqualified abuse on the other, which charac-
terise Cromwell's biographers, according to
their political opinions. In recording his own
conversion, at the age of twenty years, he says:
"Before which time, I hated holiness, and the
Word of God." His mother sent him to study
at Lincoln's Inn, "where," says Carrington, "he
associated with those of the best rank, and
quality, and the most ingenious persons, for
though not averse to study and contemplation,
he seemed rather addicted to convei-sation, and
the reading of men's characters, than to a con-
240
tinual poring over authors. ' ' On completing his
twenty- first year, he married Elizabeth, daughter
of Sir James Bourchier, of Eelsted, in Essex, a
kinswoman of Hampden's, who brought him a
modest dowry, which she nobly relinquished
with the additional money he had settled on
her for life, to rescue her husband from pecu-
niary difficulties in after years ; a woman of
irreproachable life, and unobtrusive manners,
who tolerated rather than coveted grandeur, and
distinction, an excellent housewife, and a loving
help-mate. The newly married pair fixed their
residence in Huntingdon, where his mother still
lived, and where several children were born to
them.
Cromwell now turned his mind to those
studies, and pursuits which paved his way to
future greatness. He made his house the refuge
for the " disaffected," or the " persecuted " Non-
conformist Ministers ; he encouraged them in
their opposition, prayed, preached, built a chapel
for them, supported them on all occasions, and
became so popular, that the chief of his fellow
townsmen offered to return him for the Borough,
in the next Parliament that was summoned. In
241
1625 he failed— in 1628 he was returned as
memher for Huntingdon, when his cousin
Hampden also took his seat. Dr. South describes
Oliver's appearance on this occasion, in a manner
that caused the Merry Monarch to observe:
" Oddsfish ! that chaplain must be a Bishop ;
put me in mind of him, next vacancy." " Who
that beheld such a bankrupt, beggarly fellow,
as Cromwell, first entering the Parliament House,
with a torn, thread-bare coat, and greasy hat
(perhaps neither of them paid for) would have
believed that in a few years." . . . &c. ?
After the dissolution of this Parliament, where
Hampden, Cromwell, and Pym bore bold testi-
mony to their political, and religious faith, Oliver
returned to Huntingdon, and afterwards flitted
to a small farm, near St. Ives, with his wife and
family. Hume says the long morning and after-
noon prayers he made, consumed his own time,
and that of his ploughmen, and he had little
leisure for temporal affairs. A property in, and
near Ely, left him by his maternal uncle, deter-
mined him to settle in that city, in 1636. In
1640 he was returned for Cambridge, by the
majority of a single vote. From this moment
242
the history of Cromwell is the history of
England, and his acts and all that he did, are
written in the chronicles of Clarendon, Hume,
and other historians, whose name is Legion.
Erom that time, whether in Parliament, or the
field, he was in arms against the King, whose
execution took place on the 30th of January,
1649. But the inscription over the bed on
which the Protector lay in state, will assist the
memory as to dates.
Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, etc., born at
Huntingdon, was educated in Cambridge,
afterwards at Lincoln's Inn. At the beginning
of the wars, captain of a troop of horse raised at
his own charge. By the Parliament made
Commander-in-Chief, he reduced Ireland and
South Wales, overthrew Duke Hamilton's army,
and the Kirk's at Dunbar, reduced all Scotland,
and defeated Charles Stuart's army, at Worces-
ter. He was proclaimed Protestor in 1654, and
while refusing: the title of Kins;, sate on a Chair
of state, the only one covered, in that vast
assembly, and drove back to his Palace at
Whitehall, with more than regal pomp.
Thither, keeping up great state, he removed his
243
aged mother, whose remaining days were
embittered by alarm, for her son's safety, his
favourite daughter, Mrs. Claypole, from whom
he woukl scarcely ever separate, the gentle and
handsome likeness of himself, Mary, etc.
Hard, cruel, and uncompromising in public
life, Oliver was tender, and loving in his
domestic relations. He lost two sons, Robert,
who died in childhood, Oliver, who fell in
battle, a great favourite with his father,
who in his last moments alluded to the
young soldier's death, "which went as a dagger
to my heart, indeed it did." His other children
were, Richard, his successor for a short time
only; Henry, Lord Deputy of Ireland; Bridget,
married first, to General Ireton, and secondly,
to Lieutenant-General Eleetwood ; Elizabeth,
married to Mr. Claypole, his favourite daughter,
whose death was supposed to have hastened
her father's ; Mary married to Viscount Paucon-
bersc ; and Trances married to the Hon. Robert
Rich.
It is almost too well known, to be worthy of
writing down, how Cromwell's last days were
embittered by suspicion, and distrust of all
244
around him, and constant fear of assassination.
He died, however, after fourteen days sickness,
of ague, "peaceably in his bed," on his
"fortunate day," September the Third, the
anniversary of the victories of Worcester, and
Dunbar, in a storm so tremendous, and so
universal, that it reached the coasts of the
Mediterranean. The funeral was conducted
with more than regal pomp, and splendour, but
on the accession of Charles II., the Protector's
body was dug up, and hung upon the " Traitor s
Tree."
General Monk :
By walker.
Half-Lexgth : Oval.
(In Armour. Long Hair. White Cravat, tied with hxrge
Bow, and Black Ribbon.)
Born, 1608. Died, 1670. A younger son of
Thomas Monk, of Potheridge, Devon. When
only seventeen, in consequence of a domestic
245
quarrel, where (says tlie Biographie UniverseUe)
"par exces d'amour filial, il maltraita le sous-
sheriff d' Exeter," he went to sea, and afterwards
served under the Duke of Buckingham. In
1629, he entered one of the English regiments
in Holland, where he studied the art of war,
with great diligence, and was remarkable for
his steadiness, and for the discipline, he
maintained among the soldiers, treating them
at the same time with great kindness. In 1639,
he returned to England. When Charles I.,
was embarked in that unfortunate war with
Scotland, which was the forerunner of terrible
disasters, Monk, as Lieutenant-Colonel of
artillery, displayed much skill, and courage,
though both proved useless ; and he then went
to Ireland on promotion. Here he did con-
siderable service, was made Governor of Dublin,
but Parliament intervening, he was superseded
in the office, and on the conclusion of a truce
(by the King's commands) with the Irish rebels,
he returned to England. On his arrival he
found that doubts of his fidelity had been
instilled into Charles's mind ; but joining that
monarch at Oxford, he soon dispelled them, was
246
promoted to the rank of Major-General, and sent
to relieve Sandwich, where he w^as taken
prisoner, and thence committed to the Tower
by the Ejoundheads.
His captivity lasted two years, during which
time he rejected all overtures, made him by the
Protector, and occupied his leisure hours in
noting down his observations on military, and
political subjects. Cromwell entertained a
high opinion of Monk as a soldier, and he
offered him the alternative of prolonged im-
prisonment, or a command in the Parliamentary
army, to march against O'Neill, the Irish rebel.
Monk accepted the latter, and behaved in this
expedition with his usual courage, and deter-
mination ; but he was ill-supported by ' the
Government at home, who, as we are told, "had
too many irons in the fire," to attend to the Irish
war. He was reluctantly compelled to sign a
treaty with O'Neill, for which proceeding he
was called to account, on his return to
Ensrland. But the Protector considered his
services necessary, and despatched him in
command to Scotland, wiiere he again saw
much service. Yet in Oliver's mind there
247
lurked suspicions of Monk's fidelity ; and not
long before his death, he wrote to the General
saying: "There be that tell me, there is a
certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called
George Monk, who is said to lie in wait there,
to introduce Charles Stuart ; I pray you use
your diligence to apprehend him, and send him
up to me."
Monk's proceedings from this time, form part
of history, and the share he took in the restora-
tion of Charles II., is too well known to be
repeated here. Charles called him his father,
invested him with the Order of the Garter,
created him Duke of Albemarle, Earl of
Torrington, and Baron Monk, and appointed
him Lieutenant-General of the Eorccs of the
United Kingdom, with a large income.
In 1653, he married (or acknowledged his
marriage with) Anne, daughter of John Clargis,
who had long resided under his roof: " A lady,"
says Guizot, "whose manners were more vulgar,
and less, simple, than those of her liusl)and, and
who was the laughing-stock, of a witty and
satirical court."
The French historian speaks disparagingly of
248
the great general, but in the time of the Plague,
when the court, and ministers left London, the
Duke remained to watch over the necessities of
the wretched inhabitants, to save families from
pillage, and to alleviate the sufferings of the
poor.
He was afloat in joint command of the fleet
with Prince Rupert, when the Great Eire
occurred, and the general cry was: "Ah, if old
George had been here, this would not have hap-
pened." He died in his sixty -second year, leav-
ing an enormous fortune to his spendthrift son
Christopher, (who died without children), and
was buried in Westminster Abbey with great
splendour, Charles II. attending his obsequies.
Guizotsays: "' C'etoit un homme capable de
grandes choses, quoiqu'il n'eut pas de grandeur
dans I'ame. " His jealousy of his noble colleague
Lord Sandwich, bears out the Prench historian's
opinion, in some measure.
In his last illness, he was much occupied with
arranging the alliance of his surviving son,
Christopher, (the death of the elder had been a
terrible blow to him) with the heiress of the
wealthy Duke of Newcastle. The nuptials
249
were celebrated in his own chamber, and a
few days afterwards, George Monk, Duke of
Albemarle, expired in his arm-chair, without a
groan.
Charles II., King of England:
By sir peter LELY.
Full-Length.
(Standing by a Table, on which are his Helmet and Staff.)
Born, 1630. Died, 1685.— He was the second
surviving son of Charles I., by Henrietta Maria
of Prance, born at St. James's Palace, on the
29th of May. When only twelve years old was
appointed to the command of a troop of horse,
his father's Body Guard at York, and sent with
the title of General, to serve in the Eoyal
army when fifteen. After the defeat of Naseby,
he went to Scilly, then to Jersey, and in 1646
joined his mother, at Paris. He was at the
Hague, when the news of his father's death
reached him, and he immediately assumed the
250
title of King. In 1649, he was proclaimed King
at Edinburgh. He left Holland, returned to
Paris, and thence again to Jersey, where he
received a deputation from Scotland, and
accepted the Crown offered him by the Presby-
terians, under such humiliating conditions, as
disgusted him with that sect, for the rest of his
life. In 1650, he arrived in Scotland, being
compelled to take the Covenant before he landed ;
was crowned at Scone on New Year's Day, 1651 ;
but marched south, on hearing of the advance of
Cromwell, and was proclaimed King at Carlisle.
Defeated by Cromwell, at the Battle of
Worcester, Charles had a narrow escape, with
all the well known incidents of the hiding
place in Boscobel Oak, etc. He embarked from
Shoreham for Normandy, thence to Paris,
Bruges, Brussels. In the latter city he heard of
the Protector's death ; then, when at Calais
and Breda, he kept up constant communication^
not only with General Monk, and his own
acknowledged partisans, but he also sent
addresses to both Houses of Parliament. On
the 1st, of May 1660, they voted his restora-
tion ; on the 8th, he was proclaimed in London ;
251
on the 23rd, he embarked from the Hague ; and
on the 29th, his thirtieth birthday, he made
his public entry into London, amidst the
enthusiastic acclamations of the people. In
1662, he married Catherine of Braganza,
daughter of John IV., King of Portugal,
and died at Whitehall, in the twenty -fifth
year of his reign. Some say he confessed
himself a Uoman Catholic ; some that he was
a victim to poison. It was his brother's wish
to prove the former statement, and several of
his contemporaries, including the Duke of
Buckingham, believed the latter. The last
named nobleman gives apparently an impartial
character of the '"Merry Monarch," who was
remarkable for contradictions, and inconsist-
encies, even above the average, in an inconsistent
world. Buckingham says : " His very counten-
ance set all rules of physiognomy at defiance,
for being of a cheerful and compassionate dis-
position, his expression was melancholy, and
repelling. He had a wonderful facility in com-
prehending trifles, but had too little application
to master great matters. Generous, extravagant,
lavish in the extreme, he liad a reluctance to
252
part with small sums, and it was often remarked
that he grudged losing five pounds at tennis to
the very people on whom at other times he
would bestow five thousand. Gentle and yield-
ing in trifles, he was inflexible in important
matters. Profligate in the extreme, weak and
capricious, he was, "says the same witness," a
civil and obliging husband, a kind master, an
indulgent father, and an afiectionate [and he
might have added, forbearing] brother. Hating
the formalities of royalty, he was ready to assert
his dignity, when it was necessary to do so. So
agreeably did he tell a story, that his hearers
never cavilled at its repetition, not through
civility, but from the desire to hear it again, as
is the case with a clever comedy."
So far the Duke of Buckingham. We know
what his boon companion Rochester, wrote of
him, in a provisional epitaph ; perhaps one of
the only sallies proceeding from his favourite,
that " Old Eowley " did not relish :
" Here lies oiu- Sovereign lord the King,
Whose word no man relies on :
"Who never said a foolish thing,
And never did a wise one."
253
Also Andrew Marvell's satire :
" Of stature tall and sable hue,
Much like the son of Kish, that lofty Jew ;
Ten years of need, he lingered in exile,
And fed his father's asses, all the while."
Charles II., Kmg of Spain
Aged Four Years.
By SEBASTIAN HERBEIIA.
Full-Length.
(Long flowing Light Hair. Bed Coat, trimmed with Silver.
Lace Buffles. Holding a Truncheon in one Hand, and
his Hat in the other. Above him an Eagle, with ex-
tended Wings, bearing a Sword. An Angel hovering
over the King, holding the Spanish Crown).
Born, 1661. Died, 1700. Eldest surviving
son of Philip IV., by Mariana, of Austria. Suc-
ceeded his father, when four years of age. His
first wife was Marie Louise, daughter of
Philip, Duke of Orleans, by Henrietta Maria of
England. Transplanted from the brilliant Court
254
of France, to the stiff formality of Spain, and the
Spaniards, at a time when the jealousy of Prance
was so great, that the Mistress of the E^obes was
said to have wrung her parrots' necks for speak-
ing French, Marie Louise, the wife of a half
idiot King, bore herself wisely and bravely, and
during the few short years of her reign, gained
an influence for good, over her husband, who
loved her dearly. But the mirror which broke
to pieces in her fair hands, on the day of her
arrival in Madrid, was but too true an omen.
She died in the 27th year of her age, a victim to
poison (as her mother had been before her), sup-
posed to have been administered by the beautiful
and infamous Olympia Mancini — at least this
was the general belief. Her husband lamented
her deeply ; yet he re- married the next year,
Anna Maria, daughter of Philip, Count Palatine,
of Neuburg, a good-humoured, amiable Princess ;
but Charles remained indifierent to her, and so
faithful was he to the memory of his fi.rst wife,
that one of his last acts was to cause the tomb
in which she was interred to be opened, while
he hung in speechless sorrow, over the embalmed
remains of the once beautiful Marie Louise;
255
and when he looked upon her still comely fea-
tures, he exclaimed, with tears, " I shall meet
her soon in Heaven."
"Charles II., of Spain," says Sir "William
Stirling, " might well be called the Melancholy
Monarch in contradistinction to his uncle
Charles II., of England, the Merry Monarch."
In the early years of his reign, he was in entire
subjugation to the Hegent-Mother, who at open
variance with Don John, and his party, only
agreed with him in this, to keep the young
monarch under. True it is, the unhappy Prince
was ill-suited to his position. Prom his earliest
years, he was a martyr to despondency, and
detested everything connected with public
affairs. His gun, his dogs, and his beads, were
his favourite companions. lie had a zealous
love for art, and artists, but little taste, or
knowledge, patronising, and befriending alike
the worthy, and the w orthless. His paramount
favourite, was Luca Giordano, to whose studio
he paid frequent visits, and whom he com-
manded to remain covered in his presence : a
mandate which that self-approving artist, readily
obeyed — a contrast to the conduct of the
256
distinguished Carreno, to whom the young
King was one day sitting for his portrait, in
the presence of the Queen-Mother. Charles
enquired to what order the artist belonged.
" To none," was the reply, " except that of your
Majesty's servants." The Badge of Santiago,
was sent to Carreno that very day, but so great
was his diffidence, that he never assumed it.
"His portraits of Charles II.," says Stirling,
" as a child, have something to please the eye
in the pale pensive features, and long fair hair ;
the projection of the lower jaw, so remarkable in
after life, is scarcely discernible, and there is
something pitiful, and touching in the sadness
of the countenance, contrasted with the gala
suit he wears." Herrera died soon after
Charles's accession, but besides Giordano he
retained in his service Coello, and Muiioz, and
invited Murillo, to remove from Seville, to
Madrid.
He had a magnificent carriage, for himself
and his second wife, painted with mythological
subjects : he amused himself by building,
visiting from one studio to another, and shooting
wolves ; while occasionally he misrht be seen.
257
walking barefoot in the procession at an Auto
da P^. Charles II., without doubt stood on the
verge of imbecility, or insanity, and the treatment
he endured from those around him, on his death-
bed, was sufficient to deaden the small share of
intellect that was his portion. In his last days
he was tormented, and harassed by questions as
to the succession, (he being childless) : and in
his dying moments, he was tortured by the
frightful ceremony of exorcism, it being
currently supposed, or at least affirmed by the
superstitious, and cruel, that he was possessed.
" Thus," says Stirling, "died one of the most
unfortunate monarchs, ever cursed by a
hereditary crown."
In the Entrance Hall are Portraits of
Kings George II. and George III., by
Shackleton and Hamsay, of John, fourth
Earl of Sandwich, and of several British
Admirals, by Dance.
LORD SANDWICH'S ROOM.
260
Omai, the Otaheitan.
An Engraving.
He played such a prominent part in the enter-
tainments at Hinchinghrook, and had such a
curious life of adventure, that a brief notice
will scarcely be misplaced. His father was a
man of considerable property in Whetea, one
of the South Pacific Islands, which had been
conquered by a neighbour, and he took refuge
in Huaheine, where he died, leaving Omai, and
several other children, in a state of poverty, and
dependence. Captain Cook tells us, that Captain
Purneaux, visiting these islands, becoming
interested in Omai, conveyed him to England,
where he became a resident under Lord
Sandwich's roof, (John, fourth Earl, then Eirst
Lord of the Admiralty.) Captain Cook and
Mr. Cradock give the same character of the
half savage, " intelligent, indolent, childlike,
full of affection, and gratitude to his noble
261
patron, but cherishing a feeling of revenge
towards those of his own countrymen, who had
ill-treated his father, and reduced himself to
poverty. Lord Sandwich took him about to
music meetings, races, etc." " At Leicester,"
says Mr. Cradock, " he divided public attention,
with the Earl of Sandwich when that noble-
man played on the kettledrum, his favourite
instrument at the music meetings. ' What has
become of poor Omai ? ' was the question once
asked on some festive occasion. ' Oh,' was the
answer, ' I have just left him in the tea room,
very happy, gallantly handing about bread and
butter, to the ladies.' " Omai was not averse
to admiration, and adapted himself curiously
to his new life, showing such an aptitude for
dancing, among other things, that a lady assured
me with a little tuition he would make an
excellent partner. On one occasion Lord
Sandwich proposed that he should dress a
shoulder of mutton, after the fashion of his
country, and he proceeded accordingly to dig
a hole in the lawn at Ilinchingbrook, placed
fuel covered with clean pebbles at the bottom,
then laid the mutton neatly enveloped in
262
leaves at the top, and having closed the hole
walked constantly round it, observing the sun.
The joint was then served at table, and much
commended. Having been offered some stewed
morella cherries, he jumped up, and assured
the society he no more wished to partake of
human blood, than they did. One summer's
day he entered the breakfast room at
Hinchingbrook, in great pain, his hand much
swollen, not being acquainted with the word
" wasp," he made Dr. Solander, who was
present, understand he had been wounded by
a "soldier bird," upon which the doctor
remarked: "No naturalist could have better
described the obnoxious insect." "He was,"
says Cradock, " naturally genteel, and prepos-
sessing, and fond of good clothes, once finding
fault with those prepared for him, as being
inferior to the quality of the dress, of the same
cut the gentleman who sat beside him wore —
this was of Genoese, and Omai's of English
velvet." So far had he advanced in civilization.
The government judged it best, he should return
to his own country, lest the natives should
suspect us of having made away with him.
j^
263
Mr. Cradock says he bade him good-bye on the
steps of the Admiralty, when the poor fellow
was deeply affected. Captain Cook says his
feelings were mingled : " When he talked on the
voyage, about England, and his friends, and
protectors there, he was much moved, and could
scarcely refrain from tears, so full of gratitude
was his heart — but when we spoke of his return
to his country, his eyes sparkled in the expecta-
tion of the reception he should meet with, on
account of his superior knowledge, and still
more on account of the treasures, with
which he was laden." The King, Lord
Sandwich, Mr. Bankes (afterwards Sir Joseph),
and many other friends, had furnished
him with every article, which the sailors'
knowledge of the country, made them believe
would be acceptable there. In fact, every
means had been taken during his abode
in England, as also at his departure, to make
him the instrument of conveying to the Islands
of the Pacific Ocean, an exalted opinion of
England's greatness, and generosity. Omai, as
may have been conjectured, was very useful to
Captain Cook on the voyage out, serving as
264
interpreter, and mediator, on many occasions, at
the Priendly Islands, and elsewhere. On their
arrival at Otaheite, several canoes came off, but
Omai took no notice of the crews or they of him,
neither did they appear to recognise him, as a
countryman. At length Ootee, a chief, brother-
in-law to Omai, and three or four others, who
all knew him before he went to England, came
on board. But their meeting was in no wise
tender — on the contrary, great indifference was
manifested on both sides, till Omai, taking
Ootee down into the cabin, displayed his
treasures of trinkets etc., but more especially
some red feathers, of a few of which, he begged
his relative's acceptance. When this was known
on deck, the whole state of affairs w^as changed,
and Ootee, who would scarcely speak to Omai
before, now begged they might be Tayos (friends)
and exchange names — an honour Omai accepted
with dignity, and Ootee, in return for the
valuable feathers, sent on shore for a hog. Such
were the civilities that passed, on our friend's
return, and it was evident that all the affection
was for his property, and not his person. When
present at some of the barbarous customs, pre-
265
valent in these Islands, Omai, by desire of
Captain Cook, expostulated with the chiefs on
their cruelty with so much spirit, as to incur
their displeasure. The gallant commander
gives an elaborate account of the dainties pre-
pared for him, and some of the ship's crew, when
they dined on shore with the two brothers-in-
law. Captain Cook endeavoured to persuade
Omai to settle at Otaheite, but his wishes turned
to Whetea, his native place, where his father
had originally held land. The Captain thought
he could get it restored to him, if he would
make friends with the conquerors, but Omai
was a staunch patriot, and refused, begging that
he might be reinstated through the intervention
of the English arms. No way likely, said Captain
Cook, who, however, willing to serve him,
sought an interview with the chief men
of the Island, to induce them to permit
Omai to reside at Huaheine. A grand
function took place, when Omai made his offer-
ing to the gods, of red feathers, and fine cloth
from England ; and a set of prayers dictated by
himself, was pronounced, in which his English
friends were duly remembered, Lord Sandwich
266
and Tootee (Cook) in particular. He also told
them of his kind reception in England by the
King and his Earees, (nobles), that he had re-
turned enriched with all sorts of treasures, that
would be useful to his countrymen, etc., and that
it was Captain Cook's wish that they should give
him a piece of land to build a house, etc. ; and
that if they would not do so here followed
some threats, which the Englishman had to dis-
avow, and the chiefs were so much edified by the
gallant sailor's speech, that one of them assured
him, the whole Island was his own, and therefore
he could give what portion he pleased, to his friend.
The result of all this was, that land was granted,
and the ships' carpenters built Omai a house,
and laid out, and planted his small garden. He
found several relatives at Huaheine, " who did
not indeed rob him," says Captain Cook, "but
I fear they are scarcely of sufficient influence,
to protect him from others." The kind Eng-
lishman was under great apprehension, at the
danger Omai incurred from being the only rich
man in the Island, and he took every precaution
he could think of, to ensure his safety, declaring
that he would soon revisit the Island, and if
267
any one had proved an enemy to Omai, he
mis^ht dread the wrath of the British com-
mander. All the English treasures were carried
on shore, as soon as Omai's house had progressed
sufficiently — pots, kettles, dishes, plates, and
better still, a box of toys and of fire-works — the
latter an object of pleasure, and fear to the
inhabitants. But most of the English utensils
were useless to him here, and he wisely disposed
of them, for hatchets, or other tools.
Before he sailed. Captain Cook saw Omai
settled in his own house, with an establishment
consisting of his brother, and eight or nine
other men, (no female — Omai was too volatile
to choose a wife), and there the English officers
were received with hospitality and excellent
cheer. Cook made the new householder, a
present of several fire-arms, which he coveted,
and had the following inscription cut on the
house :
" Georgius Tertius, Rex ;
2 Novembris, 1777.
-^ / Resolution, Jac. Cook, Pr.
Names \ ^. ^< ^ -r. ,,
\ Discovery, Car. Clerke, Pr.
268
At four in the afternoon, of the 2nd of
November, the two English vessels sailed.
"Many of the Natives remained on board, to
hear five guns fired, and then took their leave,
but Omai lingered, till we were at sea, and then
returned in a boat, sent to recover a hawser
that had been broken. lie took leave of his
English friends, and showed a moody resolution
till he approached Captain Cook, to bid him
farewell. Then his tears could no longer be
suppressed, and he wept the whole time the
boat was going ashore." Captain Cook heard
from him when the ships were at Whetea ; he
sent two men in a canoe to say, that he was
prospering and at peace, and that his only mis-
fortune consisted in the loss of a goat, who had
died in kidding.
One would gladly have heard something of
the latter days of Omai, and can only hope that
his state of semi-civilization did not make him
discontented, with his life in Otaheite, or
obnoxious to its inhabitants. If, as is most
probable, the terrible details of his benefactor's
murder ever reached him, the grateful heart of
Omai must have been wrung with sorrow.
269
Count IValeiuski.
Born, 1801. Died, 1868.— He was the son of
the Emperor Napoleon I., by a Polish lady of
rank. When only nineteen he went on a
diplomatic mission to London, to plead the cause
of Poland, having inherited from his mother, an
enthusiastic love for her country. Charles Greville
says in his Diary, that " his agreeable manners
and remarkable beauty made him welcome in
society;" and in 1831, he married Lady
Caroline Montagu, sister to the Earl of
Sandwich. He served for a time, under the
Polish flag ; was present at the Battle of Grokow,
and was decorated with the National Military
Cross. He afterwards obtained a commission
in a regiment of Erench Hussars, but before
long he laid down the sword to take up tlie pen.
Among his past publications was "Un mot sur
la question d'Afrique, et del'alliance Auglaise."
He became the editor of the Messager, and wrote
a five-act comedy, called " L'Ecole du Monde,"
which was put on the stage in 1840.
270
He resumed his diplomatic career in the same
year, and was sent to Egypt under the ministry
of Thiers ; he also held several appointments
under Guizot.
When Louis Napoleon became President,
Walewski attached himself to his cause. In 1 8 49 ,
he went as minister to Morence, and Naples,
and in 1854, he came as Ambassador to
England, but was recalled to Paris, the ensuing
year, to take the portfolio of Foreign Affairs,
vacant by the resignation of M. Drouyn de
I'Huys. In this post his connection with, and
knowledge of, England, made him instrumental
in cementing the alliance of the two nations.
In 1856, he presided as French Plenipotentiary
over the Congress of Paris. In 1860, he
resigned his post, but was again employed as
successor to M. Eould. In 1863, he retired
from public life, it was supposed on account of
his strons: Polish tendencies. He had the
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, and other
decorations.
He married as his second wife the grand- >
daughter of Stanislaus Poniatowski, nephew
to the last King of Poland. To Prance and its
Emperor, he was an irreparable loss.
271
William Poyntz, Esquire
By sir GEORGE HAYTER.
Born, 1769. Died, 1840, The last male
representative of the ancient family of Poyntz.
His grandfather, Stephen Poyntz, was in diplo-
macy, and employed on several foreign missions.
He married Anna Maria Mordaunt, cousin of
the Earl of Peterborough, and Maid of Honour
to Caroline, Queen of George II. To Mr. and
Mrs. Poyntz's care was confided the bringing
up, of William, Duke of Cumberland, and a
curious picture was painted, according to the
taste of the day, in which the Queen presents
her son to her ci-devant Maid of Honour, the
lady in the garb of Minerva, and the young
Prince in the stiff coat and breeches of the
period. Mrs. Poyntz's influence at Court stood
her once in good stead, when she pleaded in
behalf of Lord Cromartie, under sentence of
death in the '15, in compliance with a
touching appeal from his unhappy wife. The
272
letter is now in possession of Mrs. Poyntz's
great grand-daughter, Mary Boyle. Lord
Cromartie's life was spared, though fortune, and
title were lost to him. The Queen bestowed as
a dowry on Miss Mordaunt, the estate of
Midgham, in Berkshire, but the gift is said
never to have been paid for, out of the royal
purse !
Stephen died in 1750, and was succeeded
by his son William, who married a daughter
and co-heiress of Kelland Courtenay, Esq., of
Painsford, Devon, by Elizabeth Montagu,
daughter of Viscount Hinchingbrook. They
had issue : William Stephen, the subject of this
notice, Montagu Mordaunt, who died early in
life, and four daughters; Georgiana, married
first to Mr. Eawkner, and afterwards to Lord
John Townshend ; Louisa, married, as his second
wife, to the Hon. George Bridgeman ; Isabella,
married to her cousin, the Earl of Cork and
Orrery ; and Carolina, married to his brother
Captain, the Hon. Courtenay Boyle. William
Poyntz was at one time in the Tenth Hussars,
and afterwards Captain of the Midhurst
Volunteers. In 1796, he sat in Parliament for
273
St. Albans, and was re-elected in 1802, and
1806. In 1807, he was returned for Callington,
and again in 1812-18. He represented
Chichester from 1823 to 1826, and Ashburton,
from 1831 to 1835 ; and then sat for Midhurst,
till he resigned, and was succeeded by his son-
in-law, Captain the Hon. Prederick Spencer. In
politics he was a Liberal in the best sense of the
word ; firm and unwavering in his opinions in
favour of progress, but opposed to destruction,
and a staunch upholder of the Church.
In 1794, he married the Hon. Elizabeth
Browne, only sister, and sole heiress of Viscount
Montagu, who was drowned the year before at
the Palls of Schaffausen. By her, Mr. Poyntz
became possessed of Cowdray Park, in Sussex,
and an extensive property, where they resided
almost entirely after their marriage. They
had two sons drowned in the prime of life, and
in the sight of both parents, Mr. Poyntz being
in the boat, and his wife looking on from the
window of a house at Bognor, where the tragedy
took place in 1815. Their three daughters in
consequence became co-heiresses : Prances, Lady
Clinton : Elizabeth, married to the Hon.
274
Frederick Spencer, who succeeded to the
Earldom ; and Isabella, Marchioness of Exeter.
In 1830, after a happy union of thirty-six
years, Mrs. Poyntz died, deeply and universally
regretted ; and the widower removed to
Hampton Court, after a time, to be nearer his
daughters. Eor some years before his death, he
was the cause of great anxiety to his family
and friends from being constantly subject to
fainting fits, the result, as was afterwards proved,
of an accident in the hunting field, in 1S33.
In one of these seizures he expired suddenly, at
his house on Hampton Court Green, beloved
and lamented, not only by his surviving children,
and his two surviving sisters, but by a large
circle of acquaintance, and friends. In every
class he was known, and loved for his warm
heart, his genial humour, his sparkling wit.
He was interred by the side of his wife, in her
ancestral chapel in Easebourne Church, adjoin-
ing Cowdray Park, where a monument had been
already erected to their two sons.
In early life Mr. Poyntz was a friend, and
companion of his cousin George, Lord Sandwich,
by whose will he was entrusted with the
/
275
guardianship of the young earl, then only seven
years of age. Between the guardian and his
ward an affection subsisted, scarcely inferior to
that of parent, and child. Lord Sandwich spent
many of his holidays at Cowdray, and the
friendly relations which subsisted between him,
and Mr. Poyntz were never interrupted till the
death of the latter, in 1840.
The two families of Poyntz and Browne,
(Lord Montagu) are now extinct, in the male
line.
Emily Faithfull, Printer, 85, Praed Street, Paddington, W.
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