Biological integrity of Logan Creek (Flathead-Stillwater TMDL planning area) based on the structure and composition of the Benthic algae community

MONTANA STATE LIBB4nv

!1l'1fT1T'f'ff

3 0864 10022550 0

BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF LOGAN CREEK

(FLATHEAD-STILLWATER TMDL PLANNING AREA)

BASED ON THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF

THE BENTHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY

Prepared for:

State of Montana

Department of Environmental Quality

P.O. Box 200901

Helena, Montana 59620-0901

Contract Officer: Rosie Sada
DEQ Contract No. 200012-10

Prepared by:

Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D.

Hannaea

1032 Twelfth Avenue

Helena, Montana 59601

January 12,2004

STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTI,

■ ■ ■ ■ c 2004

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

1515 E. 6th AVE.
HELENA. MONTANA 59620

Printed tin Paper Mnde from lOOVa Recycled Posl-Consumer Fiber

Summary

In July 2003, periphyton samples were collected from 3 sites on Logan Creek in the
Flathead-Stillwater River TMDL planning area in northwestern Montana for the purpose of
assessing whether this stream is water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs. The samples were
collected following MDEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed following
standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment
protocols for wadeable streams.

Diatom metrics indicated minor stress but full support of aquatic life uses at all
three sites on Logan Creek. An elevated percentage of motile diatoms indicated minor
sedimentation at the upper two stations: Logan Creek above Cyclone Creek and Logan Creek
above Star Meadows. .A large number oi Achnanthidiian minutissimuin at these sites also
indicated minor disturbance, which probably resulted from natural causes. These two sites
supported virtually identical diatom assemblages, which had excellent species richness and
diversity for a mountain stream. The non-diatom algae at these sites were a healthy mix of
cyanobacteria, green algae, and the chrysophyte Vaucheria (above Cyclone Creek only).
Nitrogen was probably the limiting nutrient above Star Meadows.

The periphyton community at the Tally Lake Campground was significantly different
from the communities at the upstream sites. The Tally Lake sample was dominated by two
genera of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria {Rivularia and Nostoc), which indicate that nitrogen was
probably the limiting nutrient here. The rare and pollution-sensitive brown alga Herihaudiella
was abundant here and ranked third in biovolume. The diatom assemblage at Tally Lake
Campground was dominated by attached species that are sensitive to organic pollution. A large
percentage of Cocconeis placentiila indicated minor stress that was probably natural and related
to the prevailing substrate at this site. Although diatom metrics indicate that this site had good
biological integrity, modal categories for diatom ecological attributes indicate that the site had
significantly higher alkalinity, larger concentrations of inorganic nutrients (phosphorus), and
smaller concentrations of dissolved oxygen than the two upstream sites.

Introduction

This report evaluates the biological integrity', support of aquatic life uses, and probable
causes of stress or impairment to aquatic communities in Logan Creek in the Flathead-Stillwater
River TMDL Planning Area of northwestern Montana. The purpose of this report is to provide
information that will help the State of Montana determine whether Logan Creek is water-quality
limited and in need of TMDLs.

The federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total
Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) that set limits on pollution loading to water-quality limited
waters. Water-quality limited waters are lakes and stream segments that do not meet water-
quality standards, that is, that do not fully support their beneficial uses. The Clean Water Act
and USEPA regulations require each state to (1) identify waters that are water-quality limited,
(2) prioritize and target waters for TMDLs, and (3) develop TMDL plans to attain and maintain
water-quality standards for all water-quality limited waters.

Evaluation of aquatic life use support in this report is based on the species composition
and structure of periphyton (aka benthic algae, phytobenthos) communities at three sites on
Logan Creek that were sampled in early July of 2003. Periphyton is a di\erse assortment of
simple photosynthetic organisms called algae that live attached to or in close proximity of the
stream bottom. Some algae form long filaments or large gelatinous colonies that are
conspicuous to the unaided eye. But most algae, including the ubiquitous diatoms, can be seen
and identified only with the aid of a microscope. The periph>l;on community is a basic
biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton accounts for much of the primary
production and biological diversity in Montana streams (Bahls et al. 1992). Plafkin et al. (1989)
and Barbour et al. (1999) list several advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments.

Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced,
integrated, adaptive communiry of organisms having a species composition, diversit)', and functional organization
comparable to that of natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981).

Project Area and Sampling Sites

The project area is located within Level IV ecoregion 15i (Salish Mountains), which is
part of the Northern Rockies Ecoregion in Flathead County, Montana (Woods et al. 1999). The
Salish Mountains are forested and underlain by Precambrian Belt rocks. Its crests are mantled
with \olcanic ash. rarely exceed an elevation of 7,000 feet, and lack the alpine zones that occur
in higher mountains. Average precipitation is about 20 to 50 inches per year. The region was
glaciated by the Cordilleran ice sheet, which modified physiography and deposited till. Climax
vegetation consists of Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, grand fir, and Engelmann spruce forests. The
main land uses are logging, recreation, watershed, and wildlife habitat.

Periphyton samples were collected at three sites on Logan Creek upstream from Tally
Lake (Table 1). Logan Creek is a tributary of the Sullwater River (USGS HUC 17010210),
which is a tributar>- of the Flathead River. Logan Creek is classified B-1 in the Montana Surface
Water Quality Standards.

Methods

Periphyton samples were collected following standard operating procedures of the
MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae
were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the importance of those
substrates at each study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance
at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container
and preserved with Lugol's (IKI) solution.

The samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance of cells and rank by
biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described
in Bahls (1993). Soft algae were identified using Smith (1950), Prescott (1962, 1978), John et al.
(2002), and Wehr and Sheath (2003). These books also served as references on the ecology of
the soft algae, along with Palmer (1969, 1977).

After the identification of soft algae, the raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic
matter using sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate, and hydrogen peroxide. Then permanent
diatom slides were prepared using Naphrax''"'^', a high refractive index mounting medium,
following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998). At
least 300 diatom cells (600 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The
following were the main taxonomic references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot
1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Lange-Bertalot 1993, 2001; ICrammer 1997a, 1997b, 2002; Reichardt
1997, 1999. Diatom naming conventions followed those adopted by the Integrated Taxonomic
Information System (http://ww\v. itis.usda.gov). Van Dam et al. (1994) was the main ecological
reference for the diatoms.

The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an array of diatom association
metrics. A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with
increased human influence (Barbour et al. 1999). Diatoms are particularly useful in generating
metrics because there is a wealth of information available in the literature regarding the pollution
tolerances and water quality preferences of common diatom species (e.g., Lowe 1974, Beaver
1981, Lange-Bertalot 1996, Van Dam et al. 1994).

Values for selected metrics were compared to biocriteria (numeric thresholds) developed
for streams in the Rocky Mountain ecoregions of Montana (Table 2). These criteria are based on
metric values measured in least-impaired reference streams (Bahls et al. 1992) and metric values
measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution
(Bahls 1993). The criteria in Table 2 are valid only for samples collected during the summer
field season (June 21 -September 21) and distinguish among four levels of stress or impairment
and three levels of aquatic life use support: (1) no impairment or only minor impairment (full
support); (2) moderate impairment (partial support); and (3) severe impairment (nonsupport).
These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity,
respectively. Ln cold, high-gradient mountain streams, natural stressors will often mimic the
effects of man-caused impainnent on some metric values.

Quality Assurance

Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible.
Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample attribute data were recorded in the Montana
Diatom Database and the samples were assigned a unique number, e.g., 2954-01 . The first part
of this number (2954) designates the sampling site (Logan Creek at Tally Lake Campground)
and the second part (01) designates the number of periphyton samples that that have been
collected at this site for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database.

Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab
notebook along with information on the sample label. A portion of the raw sample was used to
make duplicate diatom slides. The slides used for the diatom proportional counts will be
deposited in the Montana Diatom Collection at the University of Montana Herbarium (MONTU)
in Missoula. Duplicate slides will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. Diatom proportional
counts have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database.

Results and Discussion

Results are presented in Tables 3, 4 and 5, which are located near the end of this report
following the references section. Appendix A contains a diatom report for each sample. Each
diatom report includes an alphabetical list of diatom species in that sample and their percent
abundances, and values for 65 different diatom metrics and ecological attributes.

Sample Notes

Tally Lake Campground. Fine particulate organic matter was very abundant.
Numerous fungal hyphae were present.

Above Star Meadows. Fine particulate organic mailer and fine inorganic sediment were
both very abundant.

Above Cyclone Creek. Large amounts of fine particulate organic matter and fine to
medium inorganic sediment were present. Macrophytes and moss were both present.

Non-Diatom Algae (Table 3)

Tally Lake Campground. This site was dominated by cyanobacteria with heterocysts
(Rivularia and Nostoc), which are capable of fixing atmospheric (molecular) nitrogen. The
abundance of these algae indicates probable nitrogen-limiting conditions at this site. The rare
and pollution-sensitive brown alga Heribaudiella was abundant here and ranked third in
biovolume, followed by diatoms, which were frequent and ranked fourth (Table 3). An
occasional red alga {Audouinella) was found in this sample but green algae (i.e., Stigeoclonium)
were rare. Collectively, the non-diatom algal assemblage at this site indicates cool flowing
waters with low nutrient (especially nitrogen) concentrations.

Above Star Meadows. The algal flora at this site was similar to the flora downstream at
the Tally Lake Campground, except that one of the dominant cyanobacteria here {Oscillatoria)
does not fix nitrogen under aerobic conditions. However, Nostoc was a co-dominant at this site
and this genus does fix nitrogen. Diatoms were abundant and ranked third at this site, follov/ed
by three genera of green algae, which ranged in abundance from abundant {Closterium) to
common (Chaetophoni) to rare {Cosmahum). Collectively, the algae at this site also indicate
cool flowing waters with low concentrations of inorganic nutrients.

Above Cyclone Creek. This site was dominated by the green alga Closterium, the
chrysophyte Vaucheria, and by diatoms (Table 3). The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria was also
abundant here and ranked fourth. Green algae were more common and the number of genera of
green algae (7) was much larger here than at the two downstream stations. This, coupled with an
absence of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, indicates elevated nitrogen concentrations compared to
the downstream sites. Dominance by Vaucheria indicates steady flows of cool waters.

Diatoms (Table 4)

The 12 major diatom species from Logan Creek are included in pollution tolerance
classes 3 and 2 and are either sensitive to organic pollution or only somewhat tolerant of organic
pollution (Tabic 4). None of the major diatom species in Logan Creek are most tolerant of
organic pollution (pollution tolerance class = 1).

Tally Lake Campground. The most abundant diatom species at this site were
Cocconeis placentula and Achnanthidium mimitissimum (Table 4). These are both attached
species that resist disturbance and both are sensitive to elevated levels of organic pollution. The
third most abundant diatom at this site (Encyonopsis krammeri) is seldom reported from North
America but also sensitive to organic pollution. Overall, diatom metrics indicated good diversity
and equitability, low organic nutrients, and acceptable sediment levels for a mountain stream.

Only a slightly elevated percent abundance of the dominant species (C. placentula)
indicated minor natural stress at this site. This diatom is adapted to living attached to rocks, and
its dominance here is probably substrate related. Otherwise, diatom metrics indicated excellent
biological integrity and full support of aquatic life uses. The Tally Lake site shared about 40%
of its diatom flora with the next upstream site (above Star Meadows), which indicates a minor to
moderate change in ecological conditions between the two sites.

Above Star Meadows and Above Cyclone Creek. These two sites had virtually
identical diatom floras (70% community similarity) and will be discussed together. A somewhat
elevated percentage of motile diatoms indicated minor impairment from sedimentation at both
sites (Table 4). Both sites also supported large numbers o{ Achnanthidium minutissimum, which
indicates minor physical, chemical, or biological disturbance. Such disturbance may be caused
by substrate scour, toxic metals, and/or invertebrate grazing. Since no abnormal diatom cells
were observed at this site, metals toxicity may be ruled out. Overall, diatom metrics indicated
good diversity and equitability, low organic nutrients, and the absence of toxic chemicals. Other
than minor sedimentation and disturbance, diatom metrics indicated excellent biological integrity

and full support of aquatic life uses at both sites. The site above Cyclone Creek shared only 38%
of its diatom flora with the site at Tally Lake Campground.

Modal Categories (Table 5)

Several ecological attributes assigned by Stevenson and Van Dam et al. (1994) were
selected from the diatom reports in the appendix and modal categories of these attributes were
extracted to characterize water quality tendencies in Logan Creek (Table 5).

The majority of diatoms at all three sites on Logan Creek were non-motile nitrogen
autotrophs that prefer fresh waters and low BOD levels. However, the modal category for
oxygen demand declined from "continuously high" at the upstream sites to "moderate" at the
downstream site, indicating a decline in the availability of dissolved oxygen. The modal
categories for pH and trophic state also shifted from the upstream sites to the downstream site,
indicating significant increases in alkalinity and concentrations of inorganic phosphorus at Tally
Lake Campground.

References

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•

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