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FORTHE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

NATURAL HISTORY

MxXt lore

AN ILLUSTRATED BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO
THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

EDITED BY

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

5*b.

jDtficial flDtgan of t&e autiubon &ocirtie0

Audubo.v Department Edited By

T. GILBERT PEARSON

AND

A. A. ALLEN

VOLUME XXII— 1920

D. APPLETON & COMPANY

HARRISBURG, PA., AND NEW YORK CITY

INDEX TO ARTICLES IN VOLUME XXII
BY AUTHORS

Abbott, Clinton G., Secretary. Report of, 417.
Abbott, Cyrill, Secretary'. Report of, 411.
Abraham, Mrs. \V. \\ '.. Evening Grosbeaks Like

Sumac Berries, 222.
Adair, Ward \\\, A Railroad Robin, 289.
Alexander, E. Gordon, see Sawyer, J. Clark.
Allatt, Frank, Christmas Census, 28.
Allen, Amelia S., San Francisco Region, no, 171,

232, 296, 360.
Allen, Arthur A., Editorials by. 56. 115, 177, 238,

301, 367; How to Build Bird-Houses, 59;

Directions for Keeping a Bird-Calendar, 116;

The Return of the Birds, 119; Learning Bird

Songs, 177; The Eggs of Birds, 239; How Birds

Change Their Plumage, 302; Winter Bird's

Nests, 367.
Allen, Mary Pierson, Christmas Census, 27.
Anderson, J. R., Bird Notes from Victoria,

British Columbia, 282.
Ankeney, Helen, Christmas Census, 36.
Atwell, George C, Secretary, Report of, 405.
Ax tell, Harold H., Christmas Census, 23.
Ayres, Douglas, Jr., Christmas Census, 21.

Bachman, Charlotte, see Downhour, Elizabeth.

Bagg, John L., and Aaron C, see Healey, Alden.

Bailey, Guy A., The Boat-Blind in the Snow. 336.

Bailey, Mrs. H. M., see Ross, Julia.

Bailey, Lewis, see Cannon, Gabriel.

Baker, James P., Jr., A Curious Nesting Habit of

the Tufted Titmouse, 211.
Ball. Mrs. David C, Secretary'. Report of, 415.
Barrett. Mary T., A Clever Robin, 164.
Bates, Gardner, Christmas Census, 37.
Beard. Theodore R„ Christmas Census. 41; An

Interesting Record, 124.
Beck, Herbert H., Christmas Census, 31.
Beebe, Ralph, Christmas Census, 34.
Beers, Mrs. H. P., President, Report of, 414.
Benedict, Maria H., Secretary, Report of, 415.
Bennett, Elizabeth F., Secretary, Report of. 413.
Benson, Mary B., The Waxwings' Rag Bag, 286.
Bergtold, Dr. \V. H., Christmas Census, 42;

Denver Region, 52, 108, 170, 231, 295, 359.
Bicknell, E. P., Christmas Census, 25.
Blackinton, Katrine, Bobby Yank, 5; The Way

of the Wrens, 155.
Blair, Parker, and Stephen S. Gregory, Jr.,

Christmas Census, 37.
Blanchard, George C, Christmas Census, 16.
Blincoe, Ben. J., The Golden-crowned Kinglet, 100.
Bodine, Mrs. Donaldson. Secretary, Report of. 410.
Bolt, B. F., Christmas Census, 39.
Book, Dr. H. D., A Gnatcatcher's Troubles, 208.
Bourne, Thomas L., Christmas Census, 23.
Boutwell, Mrs. Charlotte, see Hoffman, Ralph.
Bowdish, Beecher S., Secretary, Report of, 405.
Brewer, O. C, Christmas Census, 33.
Bricker, Charles S., see Beck, Herbert H.
Bridge, Edmund and Lidian E., Christmas Cen-
sus, 17.
Bridge, Lidian E., see Jump. Alice O.; Winter

Notes from West Medford, Mass., 157.
Brooks, Allan, Christmas Census. 42.
Brooks, Chandler, see MacDonald. George.
Brown, Alice B., Secretary, Report of, 409.

Brown, D. E'„ see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.
Brown, Elizabeth G., Secretary, Report of, 414.
Brown, Nathan Clifford, Duck Hawks in New

York City, 219.
Bruen, Frank, and Elbert E. Smith, Christmas

Census, 20.
Bryan, Katherine, see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.
Bunce, Florence de la Montagne, Winter Birds at

Ridgewood, N. J., 158.
Burleigh, T. D., see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.
Burroughs, Elizabeth, President, Report of,

409.
Burtch. Verdi, the Ring-necked Pheasant. 1: \

Surprised Crow, 84; Photographs by, 154, 285;

Red-throated Loon at Branchport, N. V., 285.
Bush, C. H., A Migrant Yellow-bellied Fly-
catcher, 286.
Butterwick, Claude A., Christmas Census, 32.
Button, Lily Ruegg, Christmas Census, 41.
Buzzell, Mrs. J. C, Report from Bangor, 133.

Calvert, Earl W-, Christmas Census, 15.

Campbell, Larch, The Nest of the Louisiana
Water-Thrush, 373.

Cannon, Gabriel, Christmas Census, 33.

Carpenter, Ralph, A Nest Census, 251.

Carter, Alice M., Ellen C, and John D., see Lin-
ton, Albert M.

Cartwright, Wm. J., A Junco with Strange Mark-
ings, 352.

Cary, Helen Alma, Secretary, Report of, 421.

Case, Clifford M., Christmas Census, 19.

Caskey, R. C, Christmas Census, 27.

Chapman, Frank M.. Editorials by, 55, 114, 176,
237, 300, 366; Notes on the Plumage of North
American Birds, gi, 216, 347; Reviews by, 53,
54, in, 112, 174, 235, 236, 363, 364.

Chase, Richard, see Grant, W. W.; see Meade,
Gordon M.

Chase, Richard M., Twenty-one Warblers in a
Day, 161; Record of a Feeding Station, 284.

Childs, Helen P., Secretary, Report of, 403.

Childs, Henry E., Christmas Census, ig.

Christy, Bayard H., and Frank A. Hegner,
Christmas Census, 31.

Cleaves. Howard H., A Partridge Don Quixote, 32g.

Clements, Jennie, see Bolt. B. F.

Cobb. Clement P., see Klots, Alex. B.

Coffin, Francis Hopkinson, President, Report
of, 41S.

Compton, Mrs. C. Norman, see Crickmore. Mrs.
C. C; President's report, 418.

Cook, Franklin, and Howell C, Christina
sus, 28.

Cook, F. W., see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.

Coolidge, John T., Yellow-crowned Night Heron
in New Hampshire, 285.

Cordier, Dr. A. H., photograph by, 212.

Crawford, Elis, Christmas Census, 32.

Crickmore. Mrs. C. C, Christmas Census, 43.

Crosby, Elizabeth Mae. Bobby, 3og.

Crosby, Maunsell S., Christmas Census, 23.

Cunningham. Walter, see Bolt, B. F.

Custance. Percy L.. Christmas Census. 42.

Cutter, Lucia B., and Nina C. Spaulding, Christ-
mas Census, 16.

(in)

Index

Dana. Edward F., and Charles P. Emerson, Blue-
birds Drive Awaj the Sparrows, 187.
Danforth, Stuart T., Christmas Census, 28.
Danner, May S., anil Mary King, Christmas I !en-

sus, 36.

Darnell, Alice C, see Linton, M. Albert.

Davis, Charles Henry, Obituary. 74.

Dawson. William Leon, see Hoffman, Ralph.

Dean, R. H.. Christmas Census, 40.

DeLong, Eleanor, see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.

DeLong, Leroy, see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.

Denbig, Cecilia, See Downhour, Elizabeth.

Derby, John Barlow, see Harrison, Richard
Eckles.

d'Evelyn, Frederick W., President, Report of, 407.

Dick, J. G., Christmas Census, 42.

Dix, W. L., Christmas Census, 29.

Dodge, Mary C, Nonpareil Wintering in Florida,
101.

Donaghho, Walter, see White. Bertha E.

Doolittle, E. A., The Staghorn Sumac, S; Christ-
mas Census, 35; Scarcity of Golden-crowned
Kinglets, 94; Peculiar Song of a Red-eyed
Vireo, 287.

Douglas, Lizzie X., Mouse and Blue Jay, 161.

Dow, Sterling, and Edward B. Hinckley, Christ-
mas Census, 15.

Downhour, Elizabeth, Christmas Census, 37.

Drinkut, Margaret. See Downhour, Elizabeth.

Drinkut, W. T„ see Downhour, Elizabeth.

DuBois, A. I)., a Much-used Robin's Nest,
15 '•

Dunbar, Lula, and Robert G., Christmas Census,
35-

Durand, G. H., and A. P. Larrabee, Christmas
Census, 40.

Dyer, Mrs. W. E. L., Honorary Corresponding
Secretary, Report of, 416.

Eaton, E. H., see Grant, W. W.

Eaton, Warren I'.. Christmas Census, 17.

Eddy, William, see Grant, W. W.

Edson, Wm. L. G., and R. E. Horsey, Christmas
Census, 22; Winter Feeding Stations at High-
land Park. X. V., 88.

Ehinger, C. E., Christmas Census, 30.

Eiffert. Mrs |. R., see McMorran, Martha.

Ekblaw, Sidney, George and Eddie, Christmas
Census, 38.

Elliot, Sarah J., Se< r. tary, Report of, 420.

Emerson, Charles P., see Dana, Edward F.

Emery, Mary I... Evening Grosbeaks at Nyack,
N. Y., 158.

Emmons, E. T., see Grant. W. W.

English, Mrs. T. F., see Bolt, B. F.

Evans, Wm. Bacon, see Linton, Albert II

Ewing, H. E., Winter Notes from Ann--, [owa,
99.

FargO, Mrs. Robert. Cedar WaXWingS at Holly

wood, Calif., 352.
I arquhar, Arthur, Chri I ,31.

Clarem e D., Emesl lb. and Lui j I.

Christ ma- Census, 33.
Farrar, Grace, see Cri( kmore, Mr- C. C.
Farrar, Mayme, see Crickmore, Mrs, (' ('
Finley, William ami Irene, photograph by. 127.
Finley, William II . Field Agent, Reporl of,

lid,. (' R . a 1'air of Robin-. 186.

I orbush, Edward Howe, Mild Agent, Reporl • f,

Friedmann, Ralph, < "lui tma 1 White-

winged < i" -bill- iii Brooklyn, 95.

Fuertes, Louis Agassiz, Colored plates by, facing,

77. 203. 329-
Fuller, W. E., Evening Grosbeak in Connecticut,

95-

Ganier, A. 1-.. see Mayfield, Geo. R.

Gardner, Mr-. Arthur F., Bluebird vs. Wrens. 163;

A Confusion of Instincts, 164; The Tragedy of

the Ovenbird, 290.
Gill, G., The Purple Crackles Steal Their Suppers,

102; Blue Jay vs. Mouse, 161.
Gilmore, D. P., see Sclater, W. L.
Goelitz. Walter A., photograph by, 281.
Gooch. John IL. Christmas Census, 38.
Goode, Harriet U., Christmas Census, 17.
Grant. Glenn, see Grant. W. W.
Grant, W. W., Christmas Census, 22; see Mc-

Creary, Otto.
Graves, Francis Miner, Christmas Census, 20.
Gregory, Stephen S.. see Blair, Parker.
Griscom, Ludlow, review by, 174; see Percv. Lord

William.
Griswold, Geo. T., see Vibert. C. W.
Gross, Alfred O., and Roe Mabie, Christmas

Census, 16.
Guenther, Wesley, see Schaars. H. W.
Gunthorp, Horace, and Sidney Hyde, Christmas

Census, 41.

Hall, Esther R., Secretary, Report of, 413.
Hallett, George H., see Linton, Albert M
Hand. X. Travers, Early Spring Birds. 247.
Handley, Chas. O., Christmas Census. 32.
Hankinson, T. L., Photograph by, 93.
Harbaum, Frank and William, Christmas Cen-
sus, 36.
Harris, Harry, Kansas City Region, 50. 106, [69,

229, 293, 358; see Boh. B. F.
Harrison, Richard Eckles, and John Barlow

Derby, Christmas Census, 20.
Haskin, Leslie L., A Western Bird Table, 93;

Mount Mazama Notes, 275.
Hathaway. Harry S., Christmas Census, 19.
Haulenbeck. R. I'.. Christina- Census, 27.
Hausman, L.. Photograph by, 64.
Hausman, S. A., Migration Croup Chart, 86.
Hays, Harry P.. see McGraw, Harry Arthur.
Heacock, Esther, Secretary, Report of. 422.
Healey, Aldcn, Christmas Census, 17.
Hegner, Frank A., see Christy, Bayard H.
Hempel, Kathleen M., Secretary, Reporl of, 412.
Henderson, Mr. H. C, see Hoffman. Ralph.
Henderson, Mr<. 11. EL, see McCreary, Otto; see

('.rant. W. \\
I bi my. p. Seymour, ami Charles 1. Phillips,

Christmas Census, 18.
Higbee, Harry G., sec Goode, Harrii
Hill, F. Blanche, Winter .Vote- from Andover,

N. J„ 349-
Hinckley, Edward B., see Dow, Sterling.
Ilix. George E., Christmas Census, 24.
Hoffman, Marjorie F... The Story of a Bird, 374.
Hoffman. Ralph. Christmas Census, 44.
Holt, Helen Brown. Friendly Pigeons, 250.
Horsey, R. P.. see Edson, Wm I. < I
Horsfall, R. Bruce, Colored plate by, facing, 1.
Hotcbkiss, Neil, Chri -tma- Census, 21.
Houghton, Clarence, Christmas Census, .' 1 I

and Other Bird- Near Troy. \ . \
Houghton, II. Lincoln, Christmas Census, 17.
Hulbert, Mrs. K. S., Nuthatch and Shrike. 200.
Hull. Louise, President, Report of. .(Ov
Hulvey, Mr-, <; C, Photograph by. 66.
Hulvey, Tenney Cline, Bird Study in Virginia, 7°-

Index

Hunt, Man' A., Poem by, 349.

Hunter, Katharine Upham, A Winter Chronicle,

1918-19, 340.
Hurd, Frances A., School Secretary, Report of,

3Q7-
Hyatt, Marv, Bird-Notes from Dutchess Co.,

N. Y., 348,
Hyde, Sidney, see Gunthorp, Horace.

Jackson. Mrs. J. Ellsworth, Mrs. Wren Puts Her
Family to Bed in a Robin's Nest, 163.

Janvrin, Dr. E. R. P., see Sclater, W. L.

Jeffrey, Arthur A., Photograph by, 154.

Job, Herbert K., Annual Report, 305.

Johnston, L. H., see Crawford, Elis.

Johnston, Mary Belle, see Crawford. Elis.

Jones, Lynds, Oberlin Region, 48, 227.

Jones, S. Paul, Christmas Census, 35.

Jump, Alice O., and Lidian E. Bridge, Christmas
Census, 16.

Kane, Mrs. S. M., see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.
Kellogg, Emily Field, American Egret in Ver-
mont, 219.
Kent, Laura, see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.
Kern, Wendell, see Poole, Earl L.
Kimes, Edward D., Christmas Census, 32.
Kinedinst, Herman, see Farquhar, Arthur.
Kiltredge, Joseph. Jr., Christmas Census, 32.
Klots, A. B., and C. P., Christmas Census, 25.
Kohler, Louis S., Christmas Census, 27.

Lacey, Charlotte A., Secretary, Report of, 401.
LaDow, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley, Christmas Cen-
sus, 33.
Laidlaw, Louise B., and Laidlaw Williams,

Christmas Census, 24.
Lane, James W., Jr., Christmas Census, 24.
Larrabee, A. P., see Durand, G. H.
Larson. Adrian. Christmas Census, 40.
Latham, Roy, Christmas Census, 24; An Early

Egg of Virginia Rail on Long Island, 219.
Lear, George, Christmas Census, 30.
Leister, C. W., Prairie Horned Larks and Lapland

Longspurs at Ithaca, N. Y., 96; Photographing

the Scarlet Tanager, 203.
Leng, Charles W., Secretary, Report of, 419.
Levy, Frank, Photograph by, 4; An Unusual

Horned Lark Family, 85.
Lewis, Harrison, F., Christmas Census, 15.
Linsdale, Jean, Christmas Census, 41.
Linton, M. Albert, Christmas Census, 29.
Lippincott, J. W., Brave Quail, 285.
Lloyd, Joe, see Crawford, Elis.
Lundwall, Nelson, Christmas Census, 42.
Lytle, Dr. C. C, see Grant, W. W.; see McCreary,

Otto.

Mabie, Roe, see Gross, Alfred O.

MacDonald, George, and Chandler Brooks,

Christmas Census, 16.
Madeiros, Charlotte V., see Worden. Mona Wil-

loughby.
Madison, H. L., Secretary, Report of, 407.
Mander, Roy, An Experience with Cardinals,

187.
Marvin, Anne E., My Bird Guests, 310.
Mather, Mrs. F. E., see McMorran, Martha.
May, Dr. John B., Christmas Census, 18.
May, John B., Jr., A Great Blue Heron from New

Hampshire, 248.
Mayfield, Geo. R., Christmas Census, 40.
McAfee, W. L., see Wetmore, Alex.
McClelland. J. H., Photograph by. 14 s ■

McCloskcy. Kate A., How We Became Junior
Naturalists, 67.

McConnill. IJ. B„ Christmas Census, 36.

McConncll, Thos. L., Christmas Census, 31.

McCormick, Lilian Rea, What Killed Cock
Robin, 162.

McCreary, Otto, Christmas Census, 22, 32.

McGraw, Harry Arthur, and Harry P. Hays,
Christmas Census, 31.

McGrew, A. D., see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.

Mclhvraith Ornithological Club, Christmas Cen-
sus, 15.

McKnight, Thor, Christmas Census, 43.

McMorran, Martha, Christmas Census, 29;
Belated Evening Grosbeaks, 222.

Meade, Gordon M., and Richard M. Chase,
Christmas Census, 22.

Mehl, A. K., see Stockbridge, Chas. A.

Meloy, Alice K., Some Observations on the
Osprey, 220.

Mengel, Mr. and Mrs. H. Henry, Christmas Cen-
sus, 30.

Merriman, Mrs. M. R., A Centenarian Bird-
Lover, 349.

Merriman, R. Owen, Snow-Bathing, 348.

Merritt, Charles and William, Christmas Cen-
sus, 23.

Michaels, Eldon, see Bolt, B. F.

Michaels, Wm. C, see Bolt, B. F.

Mickle, Anna, see Linton, M. Albert.

Miller, Abraham Beck, see Beck, Herbert II.

Miller, Ansel B., Christmas Census, 31.

Miller, Milo H., American or Red Crossbill at
Pittsburgh, 97.

Miller, W. DeW., Christmas Census, 28.

Mills, Dr.HerbertR.,ABird Watcher inFrance, 77.

Mills, Ruby R., Secretary, Report of, 413.

Mitchell, Arthur, see Healey, Alden.

Monagle, Turna, see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.

Monroe, Burt L., Christmas Census, 39.

Mousley, H., Christmas Census, 15.

Munger, Paul, and Edwin H., Christmas Cen-
sus, 19.

Myers, Harriet B., Secretary. Report of, 400.

Nation, Harold T., Secretary, Report of, 414.

Newberry, Florence, Corresponding, Report
of, 413.

Nice, Constance Ely, The Baby Barred Owls, 311.

Nice, Margaret M., Photograph by. 312.

Nice, Margaret M„ and L. B., Christmas Cen-
sus, 41.

Nichols, C. F., W. F., and J. T., Christmas Cen-
sus, 25.

Nichols, John Treadwell, New York Region, 46,
104, 165, 225, 291, 356; Reviews by, 112, 174,
298, 364; The Tree Swallow on Long Island, 279.

Nichols, L. Nelson, Christmas Census, 23.

Norton, Arthur H., Field Agent, Report of, 398.

Norton, Daisy Dill, Secretary, Report of, 419.

Novak, Frank, Christmas Census, 20.

Oberholser, Harry C. Washington Region, 47,
106, 167, 226, 292, 357; The Migration of North
American Birds, 90, 213, 343.

Overton, Dr. Frank, Photograph by, 279.

Packard, Charles W., Purple Gallinule in Con-
necticut, 160.

Packard,, -Winthrop, Field Agent, Report of, 392;
Secretary's Report. 404.

Palmer, Dr. T. S., Review- by. 113, 299, 317, 365;
The Life Work of William Dutcher. 317.

Parker, George W., see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.

Index

Pearson, T. Gilbert, The Klamath Lake Situation.
71 : Politii s in < (regon, 73; Bird Lectures Avail-
able, 73; Charles Henry Davis, 74; Bird-Work
and The Children, 75: The Ground Dove. 126;
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 188; Summer Rec-
reation-School of Nature-Study, iso; Egret
Protection in the Southern States, 1 ,1; New
Treaties Proposed. 1.52; 'Bluebird', A Live
Publication, [32; Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Safe, i<)2; Bird Treaties With Other Countries,
195; Audubon Feather Exhibits, 196; Birds
Poisoned, [99; New Audubon So< ieties Formed,
200; Exploring for New Bird Colonies, 255, .521;
Our National Parks Are Threatened, 262;
Another Cal Ordinance, 26.3; Bronzed and
Purple Grackles, .512; Bird Lectures for Florida,
316; Annual Meeting. 316, 375; President-
Elect Harding for Bird Protection, 376; A
National Hunting License, 376; Thumb-
Down for Malheur Lake, 377.

Pell, Walden, and S. Morris, Christmas Census, 27;
see Nichols, Edward G.

Percy, Lord William, and Ludlow Griscom,
Christmas Census, 26.

Perkins, Edward FL, The Warbling Yireo in
Southern Rhode Island, 223.

Perkins, S. E., see Downhour. Elizabeth.

Perley, Ward B., Photograph by, 146.

Peters, Mrs. C. C. A Pennsylvania Mocker, 98.

Peterson, Edward, and Richard Starr, Christmas
Census, 44.

Phillips, Charles, see Thayer. Burton.

Phillips, Charles L., see Hersey, Seymour.

Philo, Walter, Christmas Census, 21.

Pierce, Fred J., Migration of Ducks and Geese at
Winthrop, Iowa, 159; The Screech Owl as a
Sparrow Trap, 350.

Pierce, Lillian W .. Secretary, Report of. 421.

Pinkus, Albert. Christmas Census, 10.

Pitman. Alice W.. Secretary, Report of. 410.

Pittman, II. and S., Photographs by, 10, n.

Piatt, 11. E., Treasurer. Report of, 421.

Polack, Joseph, Photograph by, 45.

Pollock, Miss A. I., see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.

Poole, Farl I... and Wendell Kern, Christmas
Census, 30.

Potter, Julian K.. Christmas Census, 29; Phila-
delphia Region, 47. 105, 166, 225, 356.

Potter, Lawrence B., Christmas Census, 12.

Preble, E. A„ see Wet more. Alex.

Proctor, Ella, see Bolt. B. I .

Pumyea, I). \\ .. see Nelson, Mr. and Mrs.

Quarles, Kathryn, Poem by, [85.

Raker. Mary E., Christmas Census, 44-

Randall, Nettie, Wrens Drive Away English
Sparrows, 164.

Ratterman, [Catherine, Secretary, Report of.
40O.

Reader. Ray E., Willi- C, and Walter J.. Christ-
mas (

I .1 Sail
Rhoads, Samuel V. xe Linton. M. Albert.

1 1' I' n M., Christmas Census,
Rii e, \\ ard J.. ( 'hristmas < !en
Rich. Julia ident, Report of. 1 10.

Richardson, V P., Evening Grosbeak in New

Richardson, Russell, Blue Grosbeak at Newtown,

Pa.

Ringwalt, \ \ . ei 5tockbridg< CI \

Robbins, < \ . and I rani. -. . I -. |< r, I »r. W [n-
M

Roberts, Anna Rogers, Cedar Farm and Two

Wrens, 14.3.
Roberts, George, Jr., An Adaptable Robin, 223;

The Return of the Grosbeak, 249; The Tragic

^lory of a Titmouse, 270.
Roberts, Dr. Thos. S., Minnesota Region, 49,

107, 167. 228, 293, 358.
Robinson, Mary, see Bolt. B. F.
Roehner, Theodore G.. Christmas Census. 24.
Rogers, Charles H., Christmas Census, 26; see

Si litter. W. L.
Roskin, Graham, see Wolfe, Robert.
Ross, Dr. and Mrs. Lucretius H., Christmas

Census. 10.
Ross, Julia, and Mrs. H. M. Bailey, Christmas

Census, 38.
Russell, John W\, Christmas Census, 19.

Sadler. Nettie M.. Christmas Census, 2r.

Sage, Mrs. Mary S., School Agent. Report of, 396.

Saunder-. Aretas A.. Christmas Census, 20.

Savage, L. F., Christmas Census, 31.

Sawyer, Kdmund J., Colored plates by, facing,

1 19, 265.
Sawyer, J. Clark, and E. Gordon Alexander.

Christmas Census, 39.
Si haars, W. FL. Christmas Census, 34.
Schaefer, Oscar F., Christmas Census, 22.
Schafer, J. J.. Christmas Census, 37.
Schantz. Orpheus M., President, Report of. 402.
Schneider, Francis B., Los Angeles Region. 361.
Sclater, W. L., Christmas Census, 25.
Seonhiser, W. E., Christmas Census, 36.
Sepper, Henry W., see Sto< k bridge, ("ha-. L.
Seton, Ernest Thompson, Why Do Birds Bathe?

334-

Sharpe, Henry S., Christmas Census. 21.

Sherwood. Mrs. T. C, see Bolt. B. F.

Shirling, A. E., see Bolt, B. F.

Sihler, Wm., see Stockbridge, Chas. A.

Simon-. Susie L., Christmas Census, 35.

Smith, Clara Eastman, Secretary, Report of. 410.

Smith. Elizabeth S.. Feeding the Chickadei

Smith, Jose L.. Photograph by. 150.

Smith. Lester \\., The Window Yi-itor, 223;

Some Florida Records, .349.
Smith, Wendell P.. Christmas Census, t6.
Smith. Wilbur F., Some Robin-' Nests, 147: A

Hummingbird Story, 274.
Snowden, George L., see Cannon. Gabriel.
Spaulding, Nina G., see Cutter. Lucia B.
Squire-. W. A.. Christmas Census, ,7: Prairie

Chickens in Northern Indiana, 100.
Starr. Richard, see Peterson, Edward.
Stephenson, Ada. see White. Bertha I
Stockbridge. Cha-. A . Christmas Census, 37-
Stone, Clarence F., Unusual December Birds at

Bran, hport, \ Y., 100; Bohemian Waxwing in

Northern Steuben Co.. X. Y.. toi; Saw-whet

1 hvl at Bran, hport, N. Y.. 221.

Stoner, Dayton, A Rendezvous of Red-winged

Bla< kbinis, 102.

Stoner, Lilliam ('.. Christmas Census, 38.

Streek. Clifford, see S, haar-. 1 1 . W .
Sutherland. II. A., Christmas Census
Swope. Eugene, Field Agent, Report of. 395.

Taylor, Clara and Warner, Christmas I
\\ .dker. Edith F.
, Mrs \ D., see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.

Dr. Robert J.. Secretary, Report of, 405:
President - report, 117.
Thayer, Burton, and Charles Phillips, Christmas
Census, %;.

Index

Thayer, Cassandana, A Timely Rescue, 373.
Thompson, Kate, see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.
Thornber, Harriet B., Secretary, Report of, 400.
Timmerman, Mrs. Nellie, see Crickmore, Mrs. C. C.
Tindall, Chas. W., see Bolt, B. F.
Townsend, Mauley B., see Goode, Harriet U.
Tread, Bernard, Christmas Census, 24.
Tuttle, H. E., Spring Thunder, 139; The Screech

Owl, 265.
Tyler, Dr. Winsor M., Christmas Census, 17;

Boston Region, 56, 103, 165, 224, 291, 355;

An Odd Note of the Blue Jay, 160.

Van Tyne, Josselyn and Claude, Christmas Cen-
sus, 34.

Van Winkle, Mrs. O. J., see McMorran, Martha.

Vaughn, H. S., and Wm, see Mayfield, Geo. R.

Vibert, C. W., see Geo. T. Griswold, Christmas
Census, 19.

Walbridge, Caroline C, Secretary, Report of, 417.
Walker, Isabella, Secretary, Report of, 408.
Way. W. Scott, Secretary, Report of, 401, 422.
Wellman, Gordon B., and Helen M., Christmas

Census, 17.
Wells, Paul A., Christmas Census, 36.
Welty, Dr. Emma J., Corresponding Secretary,

Report of, 406.
Wetmore, Alex., Christmas Census, a.
White, Bertha E., Christmas Census, 32.
White, Helen, How Birds' Tastes Differ, 24S.
Whitfield, Inez Harrington, Yellow-throated

Vireos, 288.
Whitman, F. N., Field Sparrows, 81.
Whittle, Charles L., A Colony of Three-toed

Woodpeckers, 351.

Whittle, Helen G., A Town of Five Thrushes, 218.
Wiggins, Mabel R., Christmas Census, 26.
Williams, Laidlaw, see Laidlaw, Louise B.
Williamson, Mrs. E. B., Secretary, Report of, 420.
Wilson, Etta S., Christmas Census, 34; Taming

Wild Birds, 197.
Wilson, Mrs. Charles M., Secretary, Report of,

408.
Wilson, Gordon, Christmas Census, 39; What Has

Become of the Golden-crowned Kinglet? 94;

Kentucky Notes, 221.
Wilmott, George B., Secretary, Report of, 409.
Winchell, Mrs. R. L., see Hoffman, Ralph.
Wiswell, Amy P., Secretary, Report of, 411.
Wolfe, Robert, and Graham Roskein, Christmas

Census, 27.
Wood, Sheridan F., Photograph by, 273.
Woodbine, George E., see Farrel, Franklin.
Woodward, Magnolia, Secretary, Report of, 403.
Woodworth, Roy C, see Bolt, B. F.
Worden, Mona Willoughby, and Charlotte V.

Madeiras, Christmas Census, 18.
Wright, Horace W., Christmas Census, 16.
Wyckoff, N. C, Christmas Census, 28.
Wyman, L. E., Los Angeles Region, 172; San

Diego Region, 2^^, 297.

Young, Eda L., Secretary, Report of, 419.
Young, John P., Charles V. P., Christmas Cen-
sus, 2g.

Zeeveld, W. Gordon, Christmas Census, 22.
Zeleny, Lawrence, Christmas Census, 35.
Ziegler, Edward K., Christmas Census, 30.
Zimmer, Genevieve, Blue Grosbeak at Rock
Island, Ills., 222.

INDEX TO CONTENTS

Advisory Council, Bird-Lore's, 12.

Alabama, 40.

American Ornithologists' Union, The, 55. 2S2, 300.

Arizona, 400.

Audubon Societies, Annual Meeting of the, 375;
Annual Report, 379; State, 386; Report of
Treasurer, 425; Warden work of the, 382.

Auk, The, reviewed, 112, 174, 298, 364.

Avocet, 361.

Bailey's 'The Raptorial Birds of Iowa,' re-
viewed, in.

Bartsch's 'Birds Observed on the Florida Keys
and the Southern End of the Mainland of
Florida in 1919,' reviewed, 235.

Biological Survey, Annual Report of the Bureau
of, reviewed, 53; News Bulletin of the, noticed,
132; Bird-banding work of the, 157.

Bird and Tree Club, Report of the New York. 415.

Bird-banding, see Biological Survey.

Bird Calendar, Directions for Keeping a, 116.

Bird Census, Bird-Lore's Twentieth, 14; Twenty-
first, 346.

Bird Clubs, 199. 407; Reports of, 400.

Bird Conservation, 133.

Bird Houses, figured, 60, 62, 63. 64, (15; How to
Build, 59.

Bird Migration, 90, 119, 159, ig2, 343.

Bird Protection, 71, 376, 379, 391, 412; Quebec
Society for, 415.

Bird Reservation, Klamath Lake, 71, 393; Mal-
heur Lake, 71, 377, 393, 406.

Bird Study, 130, 301.

Bird Treaties, 192, 195.

Birds' Eggs, The Study of. 238.

Birds' Food, see Feeding Birds.

Birds' Nests, 367; figured, 372.

Birds' Plumage, 91, 216, 347; Suppression of
traffic in, 380.

Bittern, 230; American, 292; Least, 98.

Blackbird. 49; Brewer's, 228. 231, 283, 295; Red-
winged, 27, 100, 101, 102, 104, 108, 109, 167,
168; Rusty, 48, 101, 108, 168, 169, 226, 227, 356;
Tri-colored, 234; Yellow-headed, iog, 228, 234.

Bluebird, 49, 107. no. 163, 165, 168, 171, 227,
230. 355. 359; Mountain, 173; Western, 173,
234. 301-

Bluebird, The, noticed, 132.

Bobolink, figured, 122, facing, 203; Migration of
the, 122, 213, 226.

Bobwhite, 225, 285.

British Columbia, 42. 2S2. 414.

Brooks's 'The Food of West Virginia Birds,' re-
viewed, 363.

Bufflehead, 52, 1 10.

Bunting, Indigo, 226, 227, 292; Lark, 231; Lazuli.
232, 233, 360; Painted, 101, 340; Snow, 50, 100,
104, ios, 157. 158.

Burns's 'The Ornithology of Chester County,
Pennsylvania.' reviewed, 54.

Buzzard, Turkey, see Vulture, Turkey.

California, 44. no, 171, 172, 232, 233, 296, 297,

352, 360, 400, 407.
Canada, 42.
Canvasback, 40. 51. 167, 171, 230.

Index

Capercaillie, 283.

Cardinal, 100, 108.

Catbird, 228, 230, 295; nest figured, 372.

Ordinance for the control of stray, 263.

Chewink, 292.

Chachalaca, figured, 326.

Chapman's 'What Bird is That?' reviewed,
298.

Chat, Long-tailed, 233; Yellow-breasted, 226;
nest and eggs figured, 241.

Chi kadee, Acadian, 46; Black-capped, 47, 49, 353;
figured, 93, 103, 158; Hudsonian, 98; Long-
tailed, 100; Mountain, 109; Santa Cruz, 233.

Colorado, 42, 52, 108, 170, 231, 295, 359.

Condor, The, reviewed, 113, 299, 365; Second
Tin-Year Index to, noticed, 236.

Connecticut, 19, 95, 160, 397, 401, 413, 414, 421.

Coot, 50, no, 229, 233.

Cormorant, 360; Double-crested, 228.

Council, Bird-Lore's Advisory, see Advisory
Council.

'County Life,' noticed, 55.

Cowbird, 81, 82, 83, 105, 166, 227, 343; figured,
facing 329; Bronzed, 345; Dwarf, 343; Red-
eyed, 34s ; Sagebrush, 343.

Crane, Sandbill, 50, 169.

Creeper, Brown, 46, 99, 105, 109, 296; Sierra, 173;
Tawny, 233.

Crossbill, Red, 46, 48, 89, 97, 104, 105, 165; Sierra,
no, 173, 232; White-winged, 46, 47, 99, 107, 159.

Crow, American, figured, 84; 106, 168, 227; young
figured, 303; Clark's, 52, 109, 171; North-
western, 283.

Cuckoo, Black-billed, 226, 229, 358; Yellow-billed,
51, 225, 231, 293.

Curlew, Hudsonian, 233, 291, 297; Long-billed, 234.

Dickcissel, 229.

District of Columbia, 33, 47, 106, 167, 226, 292,
357. 397. 4°3-

Dove, Ground, figured, facing, 1; 126; nest and
figured, 127; Mourning, 107, 109, 227,
220, 293, 295.

Dowitcher, 297, 356; Long-billed, 233.

Duck, Black, figured; 4, 105, 106, 166, 167, 225;
Lesser Scaup, 52, no, 167, 171, 227; Ring-
necked, 50, 167; Ruddy, 51, no, 166, 229;
Scaup, 49, 51, 105, 166, 167, 169, 225, 229;
\\ Mod, 229, 293.

Dutcher, William, Obituary, 237, 252, 381; Life
work of, 317.

Eagle, Bald, 98, 106, 171, 354; Number killed in
Alaska, 253, 294; Slaughter of the, 381.

American 219, 358; Protection of. 1 31;
Reddish, figured, 261; nest figured, 322.

Essex County Ornithological Club. Bulletin of
The reviewed, 1 1 1 .

>n, I'rairie, 109.
Feeding birds, 8, 88, 93, 284, 353.
Fi< Id Agent ,383; Reports of, 391.

in Purple, 171. [61; House, 1 ;
Lark, 228; Purple, j6, 19, 105, 108, 159, 165,
168, 170, 172, 226, 227, 230.

Hinl Heha\ tor, I' 3 1 bit al and Physiologi-
cal,' rev iew< d,

r, i<j. 10S. 158, 166, h>7. 169, 356; Red-
shafted, 5 1. 100.
Florida, 33, 101, 3.10, 401 .

ed, tiL'un .1, 1 .so; 221, 230: Least,
.■ -• 1 . ' I li\ e sided, 96, 297,

356, 160; Traill's. 173. 300; Western, 1 j
3<>o; Yellow bellied, 286,

Gadwall, 229, 230.

Gallinule, Florida, 228; nest and eggs figured, 240;
Purple, 160.

Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed, 233; Blue-gray, 166,
208, 225, 226, 230, 231; Western, no, 360,
361.

Godwit, 297; Marbled, 233, 234, 360, 361.

Golden-eye, 46, 50, no, 166, 167, 294.

Goldfinch, 103, 107, 108, 165, 225, 372; Lawrence's,
173; Pale, 295.

Goose, Blue, 169; Canada, 46, 51, 105, 107, 167,
169, 226, 359, 360; Greater Snow, 51 ; Hutchins's,
51; Snow, 51; White-fronted, 51.

Goshawk, 108.

Crackle, Bronzed, 49, 51, 108, 227, 359; figured,
facing, 265; figured, 312; Purple, 102, 167.

Grebe, 50, no, 234; Eared, 360; Horned, 107,
226, 228; Pied-billed, 50, 51, 226, 229, 295,
359-

Grosbeak, Black-headed, 173, 232, 297, 360; Blue,
222, 231, 292; Evening, 46, 50, 95, 98, 100, 103,
104, 105, 108, 158, 165, 166, 171, 172, 222, 225,
232, 348: Pine, 46, 50, 108, 158, 159, 165, 348,
349; Rose-breasted, 48, 228, 229, 230, 291;
Western Blue, 173, 234, 297; Western Even-
ing, 233.

Grouse, Ruffed, figured, 141, 330, 331, 332, 333;
166, 329.

Gull, Bonaparte's, 167, 225, 227, 234; California,
234, 360; Franklin's, 51, 229; Heerman's, 297,
361; Herring, 48, 51, 105, 167, 168, 169, 229,
359; Laughing, 48, nest and eggs figured, 323;
Ring-billed, 51, 105, 167, 169, 226, 227, 229,
231. 234, 359, 360; Western, 360.

Hawk, Broad-winged, 168, 358; Duck, 106, 219,
292; Fish, 167, 220, 294, 356; nests figured, 257;
Marsh, 51, 109, 168, 293, 356, 359; Red-tailed,
168, 356; Rough-legged, 51, 52, 109; Sharp-
shinned, 52, 159, 356, 360; Sparrow, 100, 231,
292, 356.

Heron, Anthony's Green, 361; Black-crowned
Night, 98; Great Blue, 100, 109; figured, 248,
294, 295, 297, 359; Green, 230, 361; Little
Blue, 357, 358. 359-

Hudson's 'The Book of a Naturalist,' reviewed,
54; 'Adventures Among Birds,' reviewed, 174;
'Birds in Town and Village,' reviewed, 174.

Hummingbird. Allen's, 110. 171. 233, 297, 360;
Anna's, no, 3(10; Black-chinned, 234, 297, 361;
Broad-tailed, 295; Calliope, 297; Ruby-
throated, 48, 349; figured, 274; nest and young
figured, 275; Rugous, 110. 172, 233, 361.

Hunting License, A National, 376.

Ibis, White-faced Glossy, 234.
Illinois, <7. $8, 402, 411.
Indiana, 100, 410, 419, 420.
[owa, 38, 09, 102, 159, 41 j.

Jay, Vrizona, 77, 90, 91; Belding's, 91; Blue,
figured, 45; 103, 158, 160, 161, 228, 2^3: Blue-
fronted, 17;. 233, 297; California, 77, 00, 02;
Coast, 296; Couch's, 00: Florida, figured, fac-
ing, 77; 90, 01; Long-crested, 109; Long tailed,
(jo; Santa Cruz, figured, facing, 77; 91, 92;
Stealer's, 282; Swarth's, 90; Texas, 91; Wood-
house's, 01. 109; Xantus's, 91.

Junco, i<>. 40. 50. 107, 10S, io(). [58, i'

296, 152; figun d Gray beaded S a <

100, 231; Mountain, io<k Pink sided, 52, 109,
171, 231; I'oint Pinos, 233; Shufeldt's, 52, 100,
171, 231; Slate-colored, 52, ioij, 226; White-
winged, 52.

Index

Kansas, 41.

Kentucky, 94, 100, 221.

Killdeer, 49, no, 168, 227. 231, 253, 360.

Kingbird, 228, 357, 359; Western, 297.

Kingfisher, Belted, 168, 227; figured, 281; 294.

Kinglet, Golden-crowned, figured, 88. 94; scarcity
of the, 94, 100, 105, 108, no, 167, 168; Ruby-
crowned, 49, 173, 226, 228, 232, 356, 359, 360.

Klamath Lake Reservation, 71, 393.

Knot, 225, 297, 357.

Lark, Desert Horned, 109, no; Horned, 85;

figured, 85, 104, 168, 229; Prairie Horned, 96;

figured, 96, 231.
League of Wild Life Photographers, The, 176, 300.
Linnasan Society of New York, Abstract of the

Proceedings of The, for the Year ending March

11, 1919, reviewed, 236.
Longspur, Lapland, 96; figured, 96; 104; Smith's,

231-
Loon, 168, 227, 22g; Red-throated, 285; figured,

[285.
Magpie, 109, no.
Maine, 15, 398, 409, 411, 419.
Malheur Lake Reservation, 393, 71, 377, 406.
Mallard, 51, 169, 171, 229, 230, 294, 307.
Martin, Purple, 167, 168, 170, 227, 234, 292, 348,

349. 355, 357, 35»-
Maryland, 32, 403.
Massachusetts, 16, 17, 46, 103, 157, 165, 224, 291;

Legislation in, 391; 392, 404, 421.
McAtee's 'Wild Duck Foods of the Sandhill

Region of Nebraska,' reviewed, 235.
Meadowlark, 46, 49, 52, 104, 105, 107, 109, no,

166, 168, 170, 225, 227, 293, 359, 360, 361;

Western, 231.
Merganser, American, 46, 167, 225; Hooded, 51,

166, 167; Red-breasted, 51, 169.
Merlin, Richardson's, 109.
Michigan, 34.

Migration, Bird, see Bird Migration.
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 192, 379.
Minnesota, 35, 49, 107, 167, 228, 293, 358.
Missouri, 39, 50, 106, 169, 229, 293, 358, 405, 417.
Mockingbird, 98, 221.
Montana, 42.

New Hampshire, 16, 285, 405, 410, 413.

New Jersey, 27, 47, 98, 105, 158, 225, 349, 405.

New York, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 46, 95, 96, 158,

165, 219, 225, 291, 354, 356, 396, 408, 409, 414,

415, 417, 4iQ-
Nighthawk, figured, 212; 232, 296, 358, 359;

Texas, 173.
Nonpareil, see Bunting, Painted.
North Dakota, 40.
Nuthatch, 290; Red-breasted, 105, no, 173, 232;

White-breasted, 5; figured, 6, 158.

Oberholser's "Water-Fowl in Nebraska,' reviewed,

Ohio, 35, 36, 48, 227, 395, 406. [235.

Oklahoma, 41.

Ontario, 15, 412.

Oregon, 44; Politics in, 73; Legislation in, 393; 406.

Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 172, 297, 361; Baltimore,
227, 228, 230, 291, 293, 359; nest figured, 372;
Bullock's, 172, 232, 295, 297, 359.

Osprey, see Hawk, Fish.

Ovenbird, 228, 290, 291, 294, 349.

Owl, Barred, 98; figured, 311; Horned, figured, 11;
Long-eared, 109, 158, 165, 171; Saw-whet, 109,
221; Screech, 109, 348, 350; figured, 120, 267,
268; 265; Short-eared, 97, 107; figured, 142;
Snowy, 108, 157.

Pelican, Brown, figured, 200; White, 234, 360, 361;

figured, 325.
Pennsylvania, 29, 30, 31, 32, 98, 105, 166, 222,

225, 356, 408, 415, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422.
Pewee, Western Wood, 173, 360; Wood, 221, 229.

295. 357-
Phalarope, Northern, 234, 360, 361; Wilson's, 229.
Pheasant, Ring-necked, figured, 1, 2, 3, 105, 109.
Phcebe, 166, 167, 16S, 171, 221, 227; Say's, 231.
Pigeon, Domestic, 47.
Pintail, 51, no, 166, 167, 169, 171, 226, 229, 230,

359-
Pipit, no, 349.
Plover, Black-bellied, 48, 233, 234, 360, 361;

Golden, 230; Mountain, 173; Piping, 357:

Semipalmated, 233, 234, 297; Snowy, 233, 234;

Upland, 230, 293, 357, 358.
Plumage, Birds', 91, 302, 347.

Quail, 285; Plumed, 170.
Quebec, 15, 146.

Rail, Black, 293; King, 101; Virginia, 219.

Redhead, 49, 52, 167, 227, 229, 230.

Redpoll, figured, n, 337; 46, 103, 104, 108, 109,
157, 158, 159, 165.

Redstart, 48, 228, 230, 291; nest figured, 372.

Rhode Island, 19, 407, 416.

Road-Runner, 297.

Robin, 46, 49, 52, 107, 108, 1 10, 147 ; nests figured,
147, 151, 289, 372; figured, 149, 152, 158, 159,
162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 173, 223, 227,
228, 231, 292, 293; Western, no, 296, 360.

Sanderling, 233, 234.

Sandpiper, Least, 229, 233, 234, 291, 361; Pectoral,
170, 291; Red-backed, 233, 234; Solitary, 50,
291; Spotted, 359; Stilt, 291; Western, 233, 234,
360, 361.

Sapsucker, 168; Red-breasted, 173, 360; Red-
naped, 173; Yellow-bellied, figured, facing, 139;
188, 226, 227, 357.

Scoter, Surf, 349; White-winged, 49.

Season, The, 46, 103, 165, 224, 291, 355.

Shrike, 200; Migrant, 168, 227, 229; Northern,
105, 108, 109; White-rumped, 295.

Shoveller, 171, 229, 230, 359.

Silloway's 'Guide to the Summer Birds of the
Bear Mountain and Harriman Park Sections of
the Palisades Interstate Park,' reviewed, 363.

Siskin, Pine, 46, 47, 48, 103, 107, 1 10, 159, 173, 231.

Snipe, Wilson's, 101, 229, 291, 35S.

Solitaire, Townsend's, 52, 109. 234.

Song-birds, English, 283.

South Dakota, 40.

Sparrow, Bachman's, 227; Black-chinned, 362;
Brewer's, 359, 361; Clay-colored, figured, 10; 51,
228, 229, 359; Chipping, 46, 47, 166, 167, 170,
223, 227, 233, 356, 359; nest figured, 372; Eng-
lish, 47, 164; wings in molt figured, 302; figured,
305; Field, 81; figured, Si; 104, 227; Fox, 46,
47, 50; figured, 154; 159, 166, 167, 168, 230, 232,
360; Gambel's, 173, 232, 233, 359, 360, 361;
Golden-crowned, 173, 232, 233, 360; Grass-
hopper, 226, 229, 230; Harris's, 50, 51, 170, 228,
230, 359; Lark, 230, 249; Lincoln's, 227, 361;
Xuttall's, no, 172; Savannah, 167, 229, 230,
359; Song, 51, 103, 165, 166, 168, 227; nest
figured, 243; Swamp, figured, 181, 356; nest and
eggs figured, 244; Tree, 46, 49, 50, 52, 103, 104,
105, 109, no, 158, 168, 171; figured, 337; Vesper,
165, 227; White-crowned, 221, 225, 227, 228,
232; White-throated, 46, 98, 104, 105, 221, 227,
228, 293, 356, 357, 359.

Index

Starling. European, 46, 158, 167; figured, facing,
20.;, 292; Migration of the, 213; Plumage of
tin-; 216.

Si ill. Black-necked, 234, 361.

Swallow, Bank. 220, 228, 230, 292, 357, 359;
Barn, 166, 173. 226, 230, 291, 292, 357, 359;
Cliff, 172, 173, 225, 359; Rough-winged, 226,
228, 234, 292; Tree, 108, 166, 167, 227. 270, 359;
figured, 279, 280, 291; Violet-green, 172, 173,
232.

Swan. Whistling, 4S, no, 167.

Swarth's 'Revision of the Avian Genus Passerella
With Special Reference to the Distribution and
Migration of the Races in California,' re-
viewed, 363.

Swift, Chimney, 50.

Sumac, Staghorn, 8; figured, 9.

Tanager, Scarlet, 203; figured, 204, 205; young
figured, 205, 206, 207; 226, 227, 228; Summer,
226, 230; Western, 232, 233, 360, 361.

Taverner's 'Birds of Eastern Canada,' reviewed,
54; 'The Birds of Red Deer River, Alberta,'
reviewed, 1 1 1 ; 'The Birds of Shoal Lake,
Manitoba,' reviewed, in.

Teal, 229; Blue-winged, 166, 230, 293, 359; Green-
winged, 51. no, 171, 229.

Tennessee, 403.

Tern, Black, 228, 294, 358; Cabot's, 322; eggs
figured, 323; Caspian, nest and eggs figured, 323;
Forester's, 234; Least, 234, 357, 359; Royal,
362.

Thrasher, Brown, 226, 227, 229, 348; California,
no.

Thrush, Audubon's Hermit, 359; Bicknell's, 218;
Gray-cheeked, 228; Hermit, 50, 166, 168, 172,
173, 218, 230, 232, 234, 293, 360; Monterey, 234;
Olive-backed, 218, 226, 228; Russet-backed,
173, 232, 234, 360; Wood, 218, 228, 292; Varied,
no, 172, 173, 233.

Titmouse, no, 172, 211,270, 361; Tufted, figured,

93-

Towhee, Green-tailed, 231; San Francisco, no.
Tree-Duck, Fulvous, 234.
Turnstone, Ruddy, 361.

Veery, 218, 228, 293.

Vermont, 16, 2 [8, 410.

Virtu. Blue-headed, 228; Hutton's, 110; Phila-
delphia, 48, 228; Plumbeous, 296; Red-eyed,
226, 2 30, 2.S7; nesl figured, 372; Solitary, 226;
Warbling, 172. 22.^, 22S. 205; White-eyed, 48,
230: Yellow-throated, 230, 288.

Virginia, 33.

Vulture, Turkey, 227, 294, 359.

Warbler, Audubon's, 173, 232, 359, 360, 361; Bay-
breasted, 162, 228; Black and White, 48, 226,
228, 230, 291; Blackburnian, 48, 226, 228, 293;
Blackpoll, 225, 226; Black-throated Blu<-. 102.
224, 226; Black-throated Gray, 172; Black-
throated Green, 226, 230. 204; Blue-winged, 226;
Calaveras. 172. 2s.^; California Yellow, 172;
Canada, 162, 22(1. 294; Cape May, 162, 225, 226,
356; Cerulean, 162, 230; Chestnut-sided, [62,
226, 228, 229; Golden Pileolated, 173; Hermit,
233;Hooded, 162, 226; Lutescent, 172. 297,361;
MacGillivray's, 172, 232; Magnolia, 162, 293;
Mourning, 162, 294; Myrtle, 46, 51, 228, 232,
293. 295, 356, 357, 350: Nashville, 102. 204:
Northern Parula, 48, 162; Orange-crowned, 162,

228, 230, 232; Palm, 228; Parula, 48, 226, 230,
294- 356; Pileolated, 172, 232, 359, 360, 361;
Pine, 162, 165, 167, 226, 228, 293, 295; Syca-
more, 230; Tennessee. 162, 225, 228, 23i;Town-
send's, 173, 233, 360; Virginia, 296; Wilson's, 48;
Worm-eating, 226; Yellow, 162. 228, 232, 360,
361; nest figured. 372; Yellow Palm, 22(1; Yel-
low-throated, 226, 295.

Washington, 43, 418, 420.

Water-Thrush, Grinnell's, 228; Louisiana, 166,

226: Northern, 162, 373.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 30, 52, 99, 101, 107, 108, 158,

165, 168, 169, 170, 223; Cedar, 51, 99, 158, 173,

229, 232, 273, 286, 352.
West Virginia, 32.
Whip-poor-will, 322.
Widgeon, 229.

Willet, 230. 234; Western, 233.

Wilson Bulletin. The, reviewed, 175.

Wisconsin, 34, 35.

Woodcock, 47. 51; figured, 146; 167, 226, 231.

Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 351; Arctic
Three-toed, 351; California, 173, 360, 361;
Downy. 49, 109. 158, 34S; Hairy, 49, 52, 109,
158; Lewis's, 109, 173, 360; Pileated, 229: Red-
headed, 50, 108, 168, 232.

Wren. Bewick's, 231; Cactus, 233; Carolina. 98;
House, figured, 12 ■;. [82, 183; 163, 171, 229, 292,
295, 360; Long-billed Marsh, 98, 226; Rock. 359;
Vigors's, no, 172; Western Winter, 1 10;
Winter, 226.

Yellow-legs, 234: Greater. j;o; Lesser, 220. 201,

359-
Yellow-throat, 2.^2; Maryland, 4s. 162, 2:

-**f"** -".V

* r 9 '7

GROUND DOVE
Order Colum&e Family — Columbioe

Genus- Ch<cmepelia Species- passerina terrestris

National Association of Audubon Societies

2*trb=Hore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol. XXII

January— February, 1920

No. 1

The Ring-Necked Pheasant

By VERDI BURTCH, Branchport, N. Y.
With photographs by the Author

SINCE its introduction into western New York, this beautiful and inte-
esting bird has thrived and multiplied until now it is the principal game-
bird of this section of the state. In interest to the hunters, it has dis-
placed the Ruffed Grouse, which is now rather rare. Unlike the Grouse, which
keeps to the thick brush and gully banks, the Pheasant is a bird of the meadows
and swamps and seldom goes far into the woods.

In March, after the snow has left the ground and the first warm days have
come, we hear the first crow of the cock, and, as the season advances and the

RING-NECKED COCK PHEASANT
Photographed by Verdi Burtch, Branchport, N. V.

2 Bird - Lore

grass grows green, early every morning, from all over the bottom-lands, that
peculiar, weak crow is heard. We follow one and soon find him walking through
the meadow, a most beautiful sight, as he moves along with head-plumes erect,
the white ring around his neck contrasting strongly with the dark metallic blue
of his head and neck, and his breast shining like burnished copper. Now he
stops, stands very erect and utters his silly little crow which he immediately
follows with three or four rapid wing-beats. Then he sees us and with great
cackling of alarm is up and away.

■■■■■

MALE AND FEMALE PHEASANTS

About May i, the eggs are laid. The nest is a slight hollow in the grass
along fence hedgerows, in the edge of bush-lots, or in the open fields, and is
usually under a piece of brush. Many nests are found in the grape vineyards,
under the trellis wires; also out in the drier places in the cat-tails in the marsh.
Frequently the nests are found by the roadside, sometimes so close that they
arc dcsuoVi d when the roads are worked. May 7, 1916, 1 found a hen Pheasant
sitting on In 1 nest in the bank at the edge of a wooded hillside, close to a main
highway where all kinds of vehicles were passing within six feet. There was
a small pine tree growing just above, and a piece of brush stuck up over the nest.
This was the only cover for the nest, yet the dull colors of the bird blended so
perfectly with the olive-brown earth and the dead grasses and oak leaves that

The Ring-Necked Pheasant 3

she was scarcely noticeable. Several years ago a Pheasant scooped out and
lined a hollow between the ties just outside the rails of our local trolley line,
where both passenger and freight cars are passing frequently. It was only a few
feet from a switch and was found by one of the brakemen, who flushed her
before the eggs were laid, and she never came back to the nest. The nest is
almost sure to be deserted if found before the set is complete, and many times
even after incubation is commenced.

In summer, the principal food of the Pheasants seems to be insects, such

EASAXT ON NEST

as grasshoppers, June bugs, and caterpillars, and they often destroy ant-hills,
eating the ants, but as the season advances they do some damage to grain and
corn. In September, they congregate in the valley around the marsh and lake,
where they can be found gleaning the fields that have been harvested.

After the snows cover their natural food-supply,, many of them can be seen
patrolling the shores of the lake in company with Crows, -Herring Gulls, and
Black Ducks, searching for food in the weeds that the breakers have washed
ashore. During very cold spells, when they get their tails wet, snow adheres
to them, freezing on and causing them much inconvenience. I once flushed a
hen Pheasant that had a great bunch of snow and ice adhering to her tail,
weighting her down so much that it was with great difficulty that she managed
to rise and fly away.

4 Bird -Lore

They also come into the barnyards and feed with the chickens, and into the
gardens, where I have seen them jump up and strip the pole beans from the poles.
They eat almost any kind of weed seed, that of the burdock being a favorite.
*$ When we have heavy snows that lay on the ground for a long time, the
Pheasants have a very hard time of it and can be seen wandering over the fields,
searching every tuft of weeds, or in the apple trees picking at the frozen apples
that are still hanging to the trees.

It was just such a time as this, in the winter of 1916, when the Pheasants
were almost famished, that we established the feeding-place described in the
last number of Bird-Lore. At first we could not get the Pheasants to come, so
we shoveled a path in the snow, leading off in the field, and scattered seeds along
in it. The English Sparrows were first to find the seed, and I think that they
were a help in directing the Pheasants to it. It was only a day or two before
three hens were coming up the trail, but it was nearly a week before a cock
bird came to the feeding-place. The hens came in increasing numbers every day.
From the swamp away across the field, they would come, singly and in twos
and threes, cautiously at first, then running rapidly in little spurts and stopping
often to look around, but they would all soon be at the feeding-place and mingle
with the Tree Sparrows, Horned Larks, and Snowflakes. We had great sport
for nearly a month watching and photographing these beautiful birds, but as
the snow began to go off and bare spots showed in the fields, they scattered, and
soon our feeding-place was deserted and only a memory.

i;l. \< K i>( I K-
iphed bj Frank Levy, on the Pokiok River, N B., June », [ox<

Bobbie Yank

By KATRINE BLACKINTON, Blackinton, Mass.

THE bird-books call him the White-breasted Nuthatch — my friend out
there on the trunk of the maple tree — but I call him 'Bobbie Yank.'
The reason for my familiarity is the fact that we have been on speaking
terms for over a year. It began on Thanksgiving Day, 191 7, over a piece of suet
tied to the balcony post, and has continued in a progressive fashion, by means
of little devices and encouragements like sunflower seeds and nut-meats put in
unexpected places, until now we are old friends, even though our relations are
seasonal.

Of course, spring and summer rind him with intensive family duties on his
hands (at which I lay a wager he is no slacker) and, with at least two batches of
husky youngsters coming on to be sheltered, fed, and taught, what time, I
would like to ask has B. Yank for as much as a thought of his winter pals?
Why I have it on the highest authority that he passes Downy and Chickadee,
whom he dotes on in the cold months, without as much recognition as the turn-
ing of an eyelash — rushes right by them with such rude haste that our Alice-
in-\\'onderland Ears and Whiskers Rabbit would feel obliged to pause and raise
a monocle of astonishment. So I need not feel that he singles me out for
personal slight, and when I tell you that he really did call on me during his rush
season, won't you understand how honored I felt?

Last July, as I was giving the garden a good 'hosing' after a very hot day, I
heard a familiar yank close to my ear, and, turning, saw my friend, his wife, and
five children on the trunk of a young black walnut at the garden's edge, only
a pace from where I stood. If the most distinguished man in the world had made
a pilgrimage with his family to see me, I couldn't have felt^more 'set up.'
There were the proud, sleek parents and their five overgrown, fluffy youngsters,
a study in blue-gray! Their father's look told volumes: "Well, here they are!
And a fine-looking lot, if I do say so. I'll tell you a family like that represents
work. Now there's just the feeding alone — many's the time I've gone to bed
hungry after a hard day carrying grubs to those children, and the worst of it
was, you positively couldn't fill them !" Of course, his manner was bristling
with ego, but who could blame him? Certainly not I, as I stood spellbound
with admiration watching those young black-capped, blue-grays imitating their
parents. I wouldn't have given a cent for the life of a grub in that tree, with
those lively, new, inverted grub-enthusiasts carrying on their bill-driving cam-
paign with all the pristine vigor of youth.

Months intervened before I next saw Bobbie, and then in the company of
a male friend, which prompted me to draw the conclusion that he had set up
bachelor's apartments for the winter. Upon my first glimpse of him I put some
nut-meats on the upper balcony and just inside my bedroom window, and
waited. The balcony meats made a prompt disappearance, and then, sure

(5)

6 Bird - Lore

enough, in he came — very cautiously at first — hopping over the window-sill
with his individual zigzag hop, and changing his yank, yank as he entered into
a subdued colloquial tone which Mr. Chapman has well described as his
'conversational twitter. 1 Later on, when the nuts appeared, not only on the
floor but on the furniture and in unexpected corners, Bobbie made his entrance
by flying from the balcony rail onto the corner of the dressing-table, which stands
between the two long French windows, and there he took a survey in order to

BOBBY YANK'

decide which lunching-place gave the best promise. These visits often came
at about 7 o'clock in the morning, and I could watch him from the vantage
ground of my bed. The steady stream of conversation which he carried on
with himself, under his breath, interested me almost more than any other cun-
ning wild thing about him. The more acquainted I grow with this altogether
fast inating bird, the stronger is my impression that he conceals an adventurous
spirit behind thai matter-of-fact mask of his. Every new device for feeding
that 1 put out he is the first to approach, and one sunny day I sat in the open

Bobbie Yank 7

window of his room with a nut-meat riding on the toe of my boot, foot extended.
He came hopping in very cautiously, looking at me with head on one side, his
bright eyes questioning my face, plainly saying "Will you keep still? Really,
will you?" Then in a most casual way he grasped the nut and made off with
it in no undue haste.

Another outstanding quality of Bobbie's is his great love of playing to the
gallery. Give him an appreciative audience and he is made. One day I sat
down at my desk to write, glanced out of the window and saw Bob all tucked
into the corner of the seed-tray of the Packard feeding-station on his favorite
maple, obviously settled for a luxurious siesta after a large meal. As soon as
his eye caught mine he gave himself a quick shake, assumed the defensive
attitude of a man who has been caught napping, but won't own it, moved out
into the center of the tray and made his bill fly in all directions like a person
vigorously using a broom, scattering seeds to the winds. I rapped on the window
and shook my finger at him, mentioning Mr. Hoover's name. He stopped an
instant, then went at it again with all the recklessness of a drunken sailor on
first shore-leave after a long voyage, and "a fig for your Hoover" in every motion
of that active bill.

And now I have come to an interesting psychological fact about Bobbie.
I have in my room a plaster Barye lioness standing out rather large and white
against a mahogany bookcase. Bob has taken nuts from every piece of furni-
ture and every object in the room except the lioness; he has never touched her,
but on two occasions has taken nuts from her pedestal. I thought I would force
the issue by putting a very large nut-meat (he is especially weak about large
ones) in her jaw and not a fragment anywhere else in the room. That day I
was putting a shining new coat of paint on our east enclosed veranda, which we
use as a breakfast-room, when I heard the worst clatter — a perfect din — out on
the east maple. It has the scolding note of the Robin at his most excited
moments, combined with the blatant quality of the Flicker. I saw, to my amaze-
ment, that it was Bob, single-throated, and the rating was unmistakably
directed at me. At the moment I entirely forgot the lioness incident, and went
out in all sincerity to find what was wrong. As I approached he threw off his
challenging attitude like a flash, dodging around the bark of the tree, assumed
his most businesslike grub-searching expression — "positively not a moment
to spend in conversation." Not until I had resumed my paint-and-brush
activity did the picture of the nut in the lioness' mouth come to me. So that
was the cause of this outburst of unparliamentary speech hurled from the maple,
and then it came to me that, sandwiched in between anathemas, I had detected
something to this effect: "I'm not going to fly into the jaws of death for you
or any other woman ! My mother told me at a tender age to recognize that
combination of lines as cat, than which bird has no worse enemy." Now if
somebody who has studied bird psychology would explain this little quirk of
Bobbie's, or at least advance a theory, I would be grateful.

8 Bird - Lore

1 held out about the nuts until the following day, when he came to meet
me as I approached our front door after a marketing trip. He flew from the
west maple, lighted on the top of the spindle of the lower blind nearest me,
came down the spindle as he comes down the trunk of a tree, inverted, head up
and his 'conversational twitter' transformed into a genuine teasing tone!
Could anyone resist such an appeal? And now do you wonder that my window
stands open in all kinds of weather, and that I cast aside such frills as curtains
that blow and shades that flap, in order to receive every winter such a delight-
ful guest?

The Staghorn Sumac

By E. A. DOOLITTLE, Painesville, Ohio

THERE is one tree to which we ornithologists and bird-lovers of the more
northern states should gratefully lift our hats — the staghorn sumac,
Rhus typhina. In the sense of providing food for birds it holds a peculiar
place and has two attributes possessed by no other, namely, it never fails to
bear fruit and the fruit stays on the tree. Besides, it is abundant and freely
distributed: let it get a start along a fence-row and it marches along in both
directions, without loss in the center; let it start at the foot of a barren hill-
side and as certain as fate it will reach the crest ; on flat lands or in neglected
fields it will form round, even-topped thickets, and in places preoccupied by
other trees and shrubs it lives, and waits. So we, and, incidentally, the birds,
may be thankful that there is a class of land-owners who do not cut out the
sumac until it is a case of cut sumac or buy a new farm. Virtually, it is a weed
among trees, but, like lots of other weeds, it has a beauty of its own in the num-
erous red fruit-cones at the apex of the branches, and most bird-lovers know,
I presume, that these seed clusters are a food-supply for numerous species of
birds; but do we all recognize the most important part the sumac plays, rela-
tive to the birds' bill-of-fare?

It may surprise some when I state that my personal conviction is that the
birds do not like the sumac seeds. Ever eat a few yourself? I am much addicted
myself to tasting and eating all sorts of wild fruit, berries, seeds, leaves, barks,
and roots, and find that for pure 'cussedness' the seeds of sumac rank third
after wild crabapples and Indian turnip. The taste is sour, very, very sour;
otherwise they appear to consist of very hard, flat seeds covered with red hair.
There may be a thin flesh also, as they are classed as a sort of dry drupe, hut for
ordinary purposes, including food, they are hard stones, red velvet, and acid.
Perhaps a bird's taste is different from mine, and maybe the fur tickles their
palates in a pleasing manner, hut taste is not my chief reason for thinking the
birds do not like the sumac's offering.

Just so long as i lure are other fruits, berries, or insects about, you will

The Staghorn Sumac 9

find the chumps of sumac barren of feeding birds. In the fall, when the pepper-
idge bears, you will find each tree alive with many different species, greedily
stripping them to the last little drupe; then, as winter approaches, arrives, and
vanishes, one by one, in the order of their delectableness, do the other natural
fruits and berries vanish — wild grapes, woodbine, mountain-ash, and numerous
others; but as long as a few frozen apples still cling to the trees, just so long do
the few remaining Robins, Waxwings, and others evade the waiting sumac.
The first spring arrivals come at last: Bluebirds, Robins, Flickers, and Black-
birds galore. There is still nearly enough food to satisfy the returning hosts,
for it has been augmented by early insects, swelling buds, and the melting snows
have uncovered hidden stores. And still the sumac waits!

V'/a f i«

'*!» » .4 ^ UV

STAGHORN^ SUMAC

A- little later come the Phoebes and Hermit Thrushes. And then, in this
latitude, with a most charming regularity, comes something else. A change of
wind to the north, several inches of snow, freezing at night, and, out of the soft
ground, great quadrangular crystals of ice appear. The morning after the storm
you will find the Robins, hustlers that they are, searching the wet edges of the
ponds and brooks, hopping along the sheltered sides of buildings and fences
and even out on the snow-covered lawns where they no doubt find many a
blizzard-caught 'night-walker;' — and they are so cheerful about it too! Much
different are the actions of the Grackles who perch in bunches at the tops of the
windiest trees they can find and, in muffled feathers, disconsolately pulse out a
Grackle curse every few minutes.

It is at such a time the sumac has its day — just go out late in the afternoon
and see for yourself. Bluebirds are there in bunches, and the Robins, with

Bird - Lore

hunger still unappeased in spite of their hopeful search, have finally trooped
off to the scraggly trees that have held aloft their maroon cones of velvety
seeds so long. Last spring one little tree held two Flickers, a Robin, a Bluebird,
a Hermit Thrush, and a Phoebe, all frantically pulling the seeds from the
clusters.

Years ago it worried me considerably as to what the Phoebe did for food
during such a spell of weather. Since finding them eating sumac seeds I have
felt better about it. Then I had an idea — perhaps those thick seed-clusters held
insects also upon which the Phcebe could feed. So I examined a cone or so. Yes,
there were lots of those little dancing flies and similar insects enmeshed in the
velvety clusters. Not being an entomologist, I cannot give the 'botanical names'
of the bugs, but they consisted of gauzy wings and long legs, principally, while
as for bodies, there was no meat, no juice, no skin — just a sort of film surround-
ing a suggestion, so I was convinced the Phcebes were eating the sour seeds also.

To be sure, I am only speaking in generalities, and do not mean to imply
the sumac is never visited at other times. But usually I find them barren of
birds except at the period mentioned, while then it fills a gap in the food-
supply that helps out the birds' bill-of-fare prodigiously. So let's doff our hats to
Rhus typhina, the staghorn sumac, the Tree of Last Resort.

CLAY-C0L0RED»SPARR0\V
Photographed by H. and S. Pittman, Harlncy, Manitoba

TWO WINTER BIRDS— UPPER FIGURE, REDPOLL; LOWER FIGURE, WESTERN-
HORNED OWL
Photographed by"H. and E. Pittraan, Hartney, Manitoba

(")

Bird-Lore's Advisory Council

WITH some slight alterations, we reprint below the names and
addresses of the ornithologists forming Bird-Lore's 'Advisory
Council,' which were first published in Bird-Lore for February, iqoo.

To those of our readers who are not familiar with the objects of the Council,
we may state that it was formed for the purpose of placing students in direct
communication with an authority on the bird-life of the region in which they
live, to whom they might appeal for information and advice in the many diffi-
culties which beset the isolated worker.

The success of the plan during the twenty years that it has been in opera-
tion fully equals our expectations. From both students and members of
the Council we have had very gratifying assurances of the happy results
attending our efforts to bring the specialist in touch with those who appreciate
the opportunity to avail themselves of his wider experience.

It is requested that all letters of inquiry to members of the Council be
accompanied by a stamped and addressed envelope for use in replying.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL

UxNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES

Alaska. — Dr. C. Hart Merriam, 1919 16th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.

Arizona^ — Harriet I. Thornber, Tucson, Ariz.

California. — Joseph Grinnell, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

California. — Walter K. Fisher, Palo Alto, Calif.

Colorado. — Dr. W. H. Bergtold, 1159 Rose St., Denver, Colo.

Connecticut. — J. H. Sage, Portland, Conn.

Delaware. — S. N. Rhoads, Haddonfield, N. J.

District of Columbia. — Dr. C. W. Richmond, U. S. Nat 'I. Mus., Washington. I). (

Florida.— Frank M. Chapman, Am. Mus. Nat. History, New York City.

Florida, Western. — K. W. Williams, Jr., Tallahassee, Fla.

Georgia. — Dr. Eugene Murphy, Augusta, Ga.

Illinois, Northern.— B. T. Gault, Glen Ellyn, 111.

Illinois, Southern. — Robert Ridgway, U. S. National Museum, Washington, I). C.

Indiana. — A. W. Butler, State House, Indianapolis, Ind.

Iowa. — C. R. Keyes, Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

Kansas. — University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans.

Kentucky. — A. C. Webb, Nashville, Tenn.

I. ni tsiANA. — Prof. George E. Beyer, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

Maim;. A. II. Norton, Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine.

M VSSACHUSETTS. — Winsor M. Tyler, Lexington, Mass.

Mu iiigan. — Prof. W. B. Barrows, Agricultural College. Mich.

Minnesota. — Dr. T. S. Roberts, Millard Hall, University of Minn.. Minneapolis, Minn

Missouri. 0. Widmann, 5105 Morgan St., St. Louis, Mo.

M<>Ni w\. p r of. J. M. Elrod, University of Montana, Missoula. Mont.

Nebraska. Dr. R. II. Walcott, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

Nevada. Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

New Hampshire. Dr. G. M. Allen, Boston Soc. Nat. Ili-t.. Boston.

Bird-Lore's Advisory Council 13

New Jersey, Northern. — Frank M. Chapman, Am. Mus. Nat. History, New York City

New Jersey, Southern. — Witmer Stone, Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Pa.

New Mexico. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

New York, Eastern. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.

New York, Western. — E. H. Eaton, Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y.

North Dakota. — Prof. O. G. Libby, University, N. D.

North Carolina. — Prof. T. G. Pearson, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

Ohio. — Prof. Lynds Jones, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio.

Oklahoma. — Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

Oregon. — W. L. Finley, Milwaukee, Ore.

Pennsylvania, Eastern. — Witmer Stone, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Pennsylvania, Western. — W. E. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rhode Island. — H. S. Hathaway, Box 1466, Providence, R. I.

South Carolina. — Dr. P. M. Rea, Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. C.

Tennessee. — Albert F. Ganier, Nashville, Tenn.

Texas. — H. P. Attwater, Houston, Texas.

Utah. — -Prof. Marcus E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Vermont. — Prof. G. H. Perkins, Burlington, Vt.

Virginia. — Dr. W. C. Rives, 1723 I Street, Washington, I). C.

Washington. — Samuel F. Rathburn, Seattle, Wash.

West Virginia. — Dr. W. C. Rives, 1723 I Street, Washington, D. C.

Wisconsin. — H. L. Ward, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis.

CANADA

Alberta. — G. F. Dippie, Calgary, Alta.

British Columbia. — Francis Kermode, Provincial Museum, Victoria, B C.

Manitoba. — Ernest Thompson Seton, Greenwich, Conn.

Nova Scotia. — Harry Piers, Provincial Museum, Halifax, N. S.

Ontario, Eastern. — James H. Fleming, 267 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Ont.

Ontario, Western. — W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.

Quebec. — W. H. Mousley, Hatley, Quebec.

MEXICO
E. W. Nelson, Biological Survey, Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.

WEST INDIES
C. B. Cory, Field Museum, Chicago, 111.

GREAT BRITAIN
Clinton G. Abbott, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census

THE highest number of species recorded in this census in the northern
and middle Atlantic States is forty-three by Orient, Long Island; in
the south, forty-five by St. Petersburg, Fla.; in the Mississippi Valley,
forty-five by Nashville, and forty by Kansas City; on the Pacific Coast 109 by
Santa Barbara.

Despite the wintry conditions prevalent at Christmas time, the open fall
experienced by northeastern states is reflected in the presence of birds which
ordinarily have moved south before this date. For instance, the Grackle
occurs on four reports from Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New York states
(75 at New Haven, the others single birds) ; twenty-five Red-winged Black-
birds are reported from New Haven, one from New York City; we have six
Rusty Blackbirds (Norwalk, Conn.), and twenty-five (Fort Plain, N. Y.);
and the Cowbird is reported from two localities on Long Island (37 and 1).
Rusty and Cowbird often migrate very late, and it will be more remarkable if
the latter winters than if it moves on at this late date. A census too late for pub-
lication from Bucksport, Me., lists a Towhee (Dec. 28) present in one locality
since Dec. 3. The bird was found dead next day, sent to the American Museum
(Mrs. W. H. Gardner), and the identification confirmed. A Wilson's Snipe
is reported from two widely separate Long Island localities; a Vesper Sparrow
from New York City and Plainfield, N. J.; a Catbird on Long Island and in
New Jersey. Of more casual occurrence, the Baltimore Oriole at Cohasset,
Mass (Dec. 21) ; King Rail at Orient, Long Island; Tree Swallow at Gardiner's
Island, and seven Swallows on the Hackensack Marshes; Phoebe at Moores-
town, N. J., and Northern Phalarope at Telford, Pa., should not be overlooked.

Yet the interest of the census centers largely in what it can tell us of this
year's movement of northern Finches, — Siskin, Redpoll and Crossbills are more
than usually abundant. Twenty-seven Siskin reports are scattered over New
England, New York and New Jersey (1 to 100 individuals). Besides one just
across the river from Trenton, there is one report each from Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Indiana, western Missouri, eastern Kansas (1 to 7); it is mentioned
once in Illinois, and strangely enough, the largest number (500) is reported from
Youngstown, Ohio. Twenty Redpoll reports are scattered over New England
and New York, in which state we find it as far south as Rhinebeck, on the
Hudson, and twice on the coast (eastern Long Island and Staten Island). It
also occurs at Youngstown (12). Both Crossbills have come south this year,
but at this date seem to have almost completely left New England and eastern
Long Island, though the Red Crossbill is recorded from Martha's Vineyard,
both "within a few days" at Orient, L. I., and a single Red at Wareham,
Mass. The census finds the Red Crossbill once on western Long Island (12
individuals), twice on Staten Island, N. Y. (same locality, 26 and 13), once
each in New Jersey (7), Maryland (10), and District of Columbia (2); also

(14)

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 15

in Illinois (2), western Missouri (21), eastern Kansas (35), South Dakota (2).
It finds the White-winged Crossbill once each in northern (14) and western (3)
New York, and in New Jersey (1); both species once in Ohio (Youngs town,
Red, 20; White-winged, 11), in Wisconsin (Red, 1; White-winged 40), and in
Nebraska (Red, 6; White-winged 36).

Those who hesitate to credit to blind chance even the presence of such erratic
birds, may speculate on whether Youngstown's good fortune in having all
four species on one census is due to the presence there of especially enthusiastic
bird-lovers, an environment particularly attractive to such visitors, or being
strategically situated on some migration route. — J. T. Nichols.

Quebec, P. Q. (Bergerville, Ste. Foye, Cap Rouge, Bridge, Sillery). — Dec. 26;
7.30 a.m. to 3.20 p.m. Clear to 9.30 a.m., cloudy thereafter; moderate snowfall began at
2.40 p.m. and continued till dark; 6 in. snow; wind northeast, light; temp. — 5 at start,
+ 14 at return. Fifteen miles on foot. Downy Woodpecker, 1; Evening Grosbeak, 13;
Pine Grosbeak, 54; Redpoll, 14; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 18; Robin, 3.
Total, 7 species, 104 individuals. — Harrison F. Lewis.

Hatley, Stanstead County, P. Q. — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 12 m. and 1 to 4 p.m. Fine;
3 in. snow; wind southwest, light in the morning, fresh in the afternoon; temp. 2 at
start, 20 at finish. Canadian Ruffed Grouse, 4; Blue Jay, 1; Pine Grosbeak, 1; Red-
poll, 40; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 17. Total, 6 species,
67 individuals. — H. Mousley.

London, Ont., vicinity of. — Dec. 27; 8 a.m. to 12 m. and 2.30 to 5.30 p.m. Overcast;
temp. 31° at 8 a.m, rising to 55°, then dropping to 29 at 5.30 p.m.; an inch or two of
snow on the ground; wind, southwest, moderate; heavy snowfall commenced about 4 p.m.
Combined list of two parties working in the morning and four working in the afternoon..
Owl (probably Long-eared), 1; Downy Woodpecker, 8; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 22; Purple
Finch, 2; Redpoll, 55 (reported by nearly all parties); Goldfinch, 1; Siskin, 65 (one
flock); Snow Bunting, 20 (one flock); Tree Sparrow, 15; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 3;
Brown Creeper, 7; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1 (at food
shelf); Black-capped Chickadee, 87 (very common this winter); Brown-cap Chickadee, 1;
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 15. Total, 18 species, 323 individuals. Also seen recently
Bronzed Grackle, American Merganser, White-throated Sparrow, Screech Owl, and
about a month ago, both White-winged and Red Crossbills. The absence of Juncos this
winter is quite unusual. — W. E. Saunders, J. F. Calvert, J. C. Higgins, E. H. Perkins,
T. D. Patterson, J. R. McLeod, G. Gillespie, E. M. S. Dale, Mrs. Dale. (Mcll-
wraith Ornithological Club.)

Reaboro to Manvers Station, Ont. (Lat. 44 15' N.). — Dec. 22; 7.35 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Overcast; >£inch snow; wind southwest, light; temp. 32 to 35 . About 25 miles on
foot. Black Duck, 1; Ruffed Grouse, 13; Hairy Woodpecker, 6; Downy Woodpecker, 2;
Blue Jay, 20; Crow, 1; Rusty Blackbird, 1; Pine Siskin, 3; Redpoll, about 90; Snow
Bunting (heard); Tree Sparrow, 3; Fox Sparrow, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Chickadee, 31. Total, 14 species, 145+ individuals. The Blackbird and Fox Sprarow,
also the Duck, were seen to excellent advantage (with 12 power binoculars), hence no
question in the identification. Also seen during the month: Horned Lark (7th);
Mourning Dove (14th); Northern Shrike (18th); Great Horned Owl (21st). — Earl
W. Calvert.

Kennebunk, Me. (to Parsons Beach and back). — Dec. 26; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Over-
cast; a very little snow in patches; wind south, light at start, strong at noon and on
return; temp, varying, about 20°. Ten miles on foot. Observers together. Horned

i6 Bird -Lore

Grebe, 5; Herring Gull, 20; (American or Barrow ?) Golden-eye, 12; Old Squaw, 6;
American Scoter, 15; White-winged Scoter, 20; Hairy Woodpecker, 1 (seen before
starting ) i ' )owny Woodpecker, 2 ; Crow, 30; Purple Finch, 2 ; Black-capped Chickadee, 20.
Also a small Plover or Sandpiper, impossible to identify under the circumstances. Total,
12 species, about 134 individuals. — Sterling Dow, Edward B. Hinckley.

Wilton, N. H. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 12 m. Clear; 1 in. fresh snow; wind, northwest,
light; temp. 20 to 26 . Ruffed Grouse, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2;
Crow, 10 (one flock); Starling, 4; Goldfinch, 15; Redpoll, 38 (two flocks); Tree Spar-
row, 5; Junco, 3; Chickadee, 11; Robin, 8 (one flock). Total, 11 species, 98 individuals.
Hairs' Woodpecker and White-breasted Nuthatch were seen Dec. 21. — George G.
Blanchard.

Jaffrey, N. H. — Dec. 22; 9.45 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy in a.m., clear in p.m.; ground
bare; wind southwest, light; temp. 24 at start, 30° at return. Eleven miles on foot.
Observers apart. Hairy Woodpecker, 1 ; Blue Jay, 1 ; Redpoll, 146; American Goldfinch, 2;
Tree Sparrow, 20; Chickadee, 16. Total, 6 species, 186 individuals. — Lucia B. Cutter,
Nina G. Spaulding.

Wells River, Vt. (to East Ryegate along the banks of the Connecticut River, back
on first range of hills west of river.) — Dec. 23; 1 to 5 p.m.; clear; 1 in. snow; no wind;
temp. 32° at start, 42 at return. Eight miles on foot. Ruffed Grouse, 3; Blue Jay, 2;
Redpoll, 1; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 11 (2 flocks).
Total, 6 species, 20 individuals. On the preceding day I observed a Hairy Woodpecker
and two Pine Grosbeaks. — Wendell P. Smith.

Bennington, Vt. — Dec. 23; 9.45 to 11.15 A - M - Clear; 2 in. snow; wind west, very
light; temp. 24 at start, 30 at return. Four-mile auto trip with a walk of 1 mile in
fields and woods. Observers together. Ruffed Grouse, 2 (a pair); Hairy Woodpecker, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 6; Starling, 40+; Meadowlark, 8; Pine
Siskin, 50+; Tree Sparrow, 4; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 6. Total, 11
species, about 120 individuals. On Dec. 12 and 13 a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker was
observed. — Dr. and Mrs. Lucretius H. Ross.

Devereux to Marblehead Neck, Mass. (and back). — Dec. 26; 12 m. to 4 p.m. Partly
cloudy; ground bare; wind northeast, strong; temp. 32 . Observers together. Holboell's
Grebe, 1; Horned Grebe, 7; Black Guillemot, 8; Dovekie, 1; Kittiwake, 4; Great Black-
backed Gull, 4; Herring Gull, 350; Ring billed Gull, 1; Red-breasted Merganser, 11;
Black Duck, 1; American Golden-eye, 38; Old Squaw, 5; Bald Eagle, 1 (full plumage);
Sparrow Hawk, 2; Crow, 5; flicker, 3; Starling, 125 (in two flocks); Tree Sparrow, 2;
Black-capped Chickadee, 4. Total, 19 species, 573 individuals. The Gulls were all
seen at close range as they sat on the water. — Alice O. Jump, Lidian E. Bridge.

Boston, Mass. (Arnold Arboretum and vicinity). — Dec. 26; 10.30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Cloudy; 2 in. snow; wind southwest; temp. 25 to 35°. Herring Gull, 1; Ring-necked
Pheasant, 1; Northern Flicker, 5; Blue Jay, 11; Crow, 40; Slate-colored Junco, 12;
Myrtle Warbler, 11; Black-capped Chickadee, 30; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4. Total,
9 species, 115 individuals. — George MacDonai i>. Chandler Brooks.

Boston, Mass. (The Arnold Arboretum). — Dec. 22; 10.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Cloudy
(the last hour sunny 1; a trace of snow only; wind northwest to southwest, light; temp.
25 at start, 37 at return. Sparrow Hawk, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Northern Flicker,
4; Blue Jay, 24; Crow, 22; Starling, 140; Redpoll, 3; Goldfinch, 2; Bine Siskin, 13;
White-throated Sparrow, 3; Slate-colored Junco, 22; Song Sparrow, 4; Myrtle War-
bler, S; Mockingbird, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 21; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 2; Hermit Thrush, i. (Both kinds of Crossbills had been present from Oct. 30
to Dec. 1, Inclusive.) Total, [8 speciesj 274 individuals. Horace W. Wright.

Roslindale, Mass. (Forest Hills Cemetery, Franklin Park, Arnold Arboretum, and
Allendale Woods. 1 -Dec. 25; 10.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Clear; ,'jin. snow; wind east, very

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 17

light; temp. 30 at start, 28 at return. Eight miles on foot. Observers together. Ring-
necked Pheasant, 3; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 7; American
Crow, 28; Starling, 9; Meadowlark, 3; Goldfinch, 14; Tree Sparrow, 34; Slate-colored
Junco, 11; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 8. Total, 12 species, 1 20 individuals.
— Alfred O. Gross, Roe Mabie.

West Medford, Mass. and Middlesex Fells. — Dec. 28; 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. Clear; ground
thinly covered with snow; wind southwest, moderate. Seven miles on foot. Ring-necked
Pheasant, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 19;
Crow, 21; Starling, 6; Goldfinch, 5; Tree Sparrow, 3; Junco, 10; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 13. Total, 12 species, 87 individuals. — -Edmund
and Lidian E. Bridge.

Lexington, Mass. (to Lincoln, Concord, Bedford, and back).— Dec. 26; 8 a.m. to
4 p.m. Low clouds, rain in afternoon; ground bare; wind southwest, light; temp. 36° at
departure, 38 at return. Twenty-three miles on foot, alone. Ruffed Grouse, 1; Marsh
Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 5; American Crow, 19; Starling, 16;
Evening Grosbeak, 2; Goldfinch, 24; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 38;
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4. Total, 12 species, 115 individuals. Marsh Hawk (male)
seen at distance and identified by bluish gray back, wings, and tail; dark bars on tail;
and white upper tail coverts. — H. Lincoln Houghton.

Wellesley, Mass. (Around Lake Waban, the Outlet and Morse's Pond).— Dec. 28;
9.30 a.m. to 2.15 p.m. Clear; traces of snow on ground; lake frozen; wind northwest, light
to brisk; temp. 28 to 34 . Seven miles on foot. Observers together. Bob-white, 15
(one covey); Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 5; Starling, 8; Redpoll, 29
(one flock); Goldfinch, 7; Pine Siskin, 5; Tree Sparrow, 13; Slate-colored Junco, 28;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 7; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3. Total, 13 species,
137 individuals. — Gordon B. and Helen H. Wellman.

Sharon, Mass. — Dec. 24; 8.30 to 10.30 a.m. and 12 m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy and foggy;
ground bare; light west wind; temp. 40 . About 7 miles. Ruffed Grouse, 8; Hairy
Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 8; Starling, 14;
Goldfinch, 165; Tree Sparrow, n; Slate-colored Junco, 117; Brown Creeper, 3; Black-
capped Chickadee, 25. Total, 12 species, 367 individuals. — Mrs. Harriet U. Goode,
Harry G. Higbee, Manley B. Townsend.

Weston, Mass. — Dec. 23; 8.15 a.m. to 12.15 p.m., 2.15 to 4.15 p.m. Misty in a.m.
and p.m., but bright and sunny at noon; ground chiefly bare, but a little old snow; wind,
light; temp. 32 to 42 . Long-eared Owl, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Wood-
pecker, 1; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 16; Starling, 125; Goldfinch, 30; Pine Siskin, 75; Tree
Sparrow, 7; Junco, 17; Brown Creeper, 2; Chickadee, 24. Total, 12 species, 305 indi-
viduals. The Owls were quite unusual — -seen in a heavy growth of pine, scolded by
numerous Chickadees. They were brown, of medium size, and had the markings of the
Long-eared on the wing. I could not find them perched. — Warren F. Eaton.

Holyoke, Mass. (vicinity of Mt. Tom Range). — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., 2 to 4 p.m.
Clear; wind north, strong; snow fell during preceding night, leaving small drifts in places;
2 to 3 in. of snow on the level; clouds vanished and wind diminished as day wore on; temp.
24 at start, 32 at return. Eight to 10 miles on foot. Three observers together. Ring-
necked Pheasant, 1 ; Sparrow Hawk, 1 ; Hairy Woodpecker, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 2 ; Blue
Jay, 15; American Crow, 400 to 500 (largely one flock); Starling, 40 (two flocks); Snow
Bunting, 10 to 12 (one flock); Redpoll, 75 (two flocks); Goldfinch, 4 to 5; Tree Sparrow, 6;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 15; Robin, 1. The Robin was one of two
observed Dec. 23; 4 Meadowlarks Dec. 21; Pine Siskins have been frequent during the
month. Total, 14 species, about 625 individuals. — -Alden Healey, Arthur Mitchell,
John L. and Aaron C. Bagg.

Wareham, Mass. — Dec. 28; 7 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Fair; ground partly snow-covered;

18 Bird - Lore

wind southwest, light; temp. 34° at start. Approximately 6 miles, on foot; by automobile
between points. Observers together. Horned Grebe, 2; Black-backed Gull, 6; Herring
Gull, 455; American Merganser, 6; Red-breasted Merganser, 29; Black Duck, 158;
American Golden-eye, 325; Old Squaw, 4; Bob-white, 7; Ruffed Grouse, 4; Belted King-
fisher, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Northern Flicker, 3; Horned Lark, 30; Blue Jay, 15-
Crow, 85; Starling, 2; Meadowlark, 5; Purple Finch, 2; Red Crossbill, 1; Goldfinch, 45,
Pine Siskin, 3; Snow Bunting, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 55; Slate-
colored Junco, 40; Song Sparrow, 4; Swamp Sparrow, 2; Towhee (male), 1; Myrtle
Warbler, 6; Brown Creeper, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 80; Robin, 1.
Total, 34 species, 1,387 individuals. The Towhee was also seen on Dec. 21. — Dr.
Winsor M. Tyler, C. A. Robbins, Frank Robbins.

Cohasset, Mass. (Jerusalem Road, Atlantic Ave., Sandy Cove). — Dec. 26; 10 a.m.
to 1 p.m. Clear, becoming overcast; ground partly covered with light snow; temp. 25
to 32 . Four miles on foot, alone. Loon, 1; Black-backed Gull, 20; Herring Gull, 250;
Red-breasted Merganser, 5; American Golden-eye, 6; Black-crowned Night Heron, 3;
Ring-necked Pheasant, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Wood-
pecker, 1; Flicker, 3; Horned Lark (heard, not seen); Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 20;
Starling, 7; Purple Finch, 2; American Goldfinch (heard, not seen); Tree Sparrow, 25;
Junco, 10; Song Sparrow, 4; Cedar Waxwing, 55; Myrtle Warbler, 20; Brown Creeper, 1;
Chickadee, 25; Robin, 1. Total, 25 species, about 465 individuals. A Screech Owl was
heard at 7 a.m. Dec. 27. A Baltimore Oriole was seen in Cohasset Dec. 21, feeding on
frozen grapes in an arbor; I watched it from a distance of 3 feet, although it flew a hun-
dred yards without difficulty when first seen. This is of particular interest because I
reported another Baltimore Oriole within a mile of this place, in my Christmas Bird
Census three years ago, the only two winter Orioles I have ever known. The earlier
record was made on Dec. 26 and 31, 1916. — John B. May, M.D.

Somerset and Dighton, Mass. (along Taunton River and Broad Cove).— Dec. 25;
8.30 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; 2 in. ice and snow; wind northeast, strong; temp. 24 . Ob-
servations mostly together. Herring Gull, 25; Black Duck, 30; Golden-eye, 2; Downy
Woodpecker, 1; Northern Flicker, 4; Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 20; Starling, 40 (single and in
small, loose flocks); Meadowlark, 4; Goldfinch, 6; Pine Siskin, 30 (dusky streaks and
yellow on wings noted at close range, also notes heard) ; Tree Sparrow, 1 ; Slate-colored
Junco, 3; Myrtle Warbler, 15; Chickadee, 1. Total, 15 species, about 183 individuals. —
F. Seymour Hersey, Charles L. Phillips.

New Bedford and Dartmouth, Mass. — Dec. 26; 11.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Fair; 2 in.
of snow; wind southwest, very light; temp. 30 at start, 25 at return. About 7^2 miles
on foot. Observers together. Sharp-shinned Hawk, 5; Barred Owl, 1; Crow, 12; Blue
Jay, 15; Flicker, 9; Starling, 40; Meadow Lark, 24; Horned Lark, 60; Purple Finch, 3;
Redpoll, 4; Goldfinch, 99; White-throated Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 37; Junco, 20;
Song Sparrow, 10; Brown Creeper, 4; Chickadee, 36; Robin, 21. Total, 18 species, 402 in-
dividuals. (We followed fresh tracks of a covey of twelve Bob-white, for about 200 feet
through underbrush and scrub oaks, and a little later met a man who had just seen
them.)— Edith F. Walker, Alice Terry.

Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, Mass. Dec. 23; 9.45 a.m. to 1.45 p.m. Foggy;
patches of snow on ground, thawing; wind cast, light; temp. 42 . Four miles or so on
foot. Observers together. Loon, 1 ; Herring Gull, 3; Duck, 1 (unidentified); Bob- white, 8;
Downy Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 4; Horned Larks, 3; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 8; Meadow-
lark, 8; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 3; Junco, 2; Song Sparrow, 1; Fox Sparrow, 1;
Myrtle Warbler, t6; Mockingbird, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 9. Total.

19 species, 80 individuals. Heard Red Crossbills at several points. A flock of about
60 is wintering here. The Fox Sparrow had been seen earlier in the month. The Mm k
ingbird appears to be t la- same one that has been here for three years. A flock of 13 Night

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 19

Herons was seen about dusk Dec. 21. — Mona WiLLOUGHBY Worden, Charlotte V.
Madeiros.

East Providence, R. I. — -Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Fair; 3 in. snow on ground had
fallen during preceding night, damp snow clung to branches. Six Corners to Watchemo-
quet Square, walking; trolley for 6 miles, along Providence River and Narragansett
Bay to Barrington; walking through Barrington swamp to beach, along beach to Rum-
stick Point, and back to Barrington by road. Seven miles walking. Herring Gull, 150
(est.); Golden-eye, 18; Old-squaw, 3; other ducks unidentified, 60 (est.); Mourning
Dove, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Northern Flicker, 4; Blue Jay, 4; American Crow, 17;
Starling, 30; Bronzed Grackle, 1; Pine Siskin, 2; Finches unidentified, 15; Tree Sparrow,
175 (est.); Slate-colored Junco, 40 (est.); Myrtle Warbler, 12; White-breasted Nut
hatch, 1; Chickadee, 17. Total, 16 species, 550 individuals (est.). — Henry E. Childs.

Providence and East Providence, R. I. — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 2 p.m. Cloudy, fol-
lowed by clear; snow on the ground; wind northwest, fairly strong; temp. 25 . Herring
Gull, 15; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 10; Goldfinch, 7; Tree
Sparrow, 20; Junco, 30; Song Sparrow, 6; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Chickadee, 50. Total, 12 species, 150 individuals. — John W. Russell.

Warwick, R. I. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cloudy, clearing at noon; 6 in. snow, all
vegetation buried; wind northeast, fresh; temp. 24 at start, 26 at return. Eight miles
on foot. Herring Gull, 28; Scaup, 7; Screech Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy
Woodpecker, 1; Red-headed Woodpecker (wintering), 1; Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 17;
American Crow, 18; Starling, 29; Goldfinch, 72; Pine Siskin, 2; Tree Sparrow, 26; Field
Sparrow, 1; Junco, 8; Song Sparrow, 5; Myrtle Warbler, 17; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1 ;
Chickadee, 35; Robin, 5. Total, 20 species, 278 individuals. — Harry S. Hathaway.

South Windsor, Conn. — -Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Clear all day; an inch of snow
fell previous night; wind northwest, light; temp. 25 to 29 . About 15-mile tramp;
several miles beside Connecticut River, north of Hartford; in the meadowland and
marshes parallel to it; then in the woodland on the higher ground. Observers together.
Herring Gull, 4; Merganser, 16; Black Duck, 1; Ring-neck Pheasant, 2 (pair); Goshawk,
1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk; 1; Screech Owl, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 4;
Downy Woodpecker, 16 (unusually plentiful); Flicker, 1; Prairie Horned Lark, 60 +
(two flocks); Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 150 + ; Starling, 100 + ; Meadowlark, 4; Purple Finch, 7;
Goldfinch, 100 + ; Tree Sparrow, 200 + ; Song Sparrow, 20-f; Brown Creeper, 2; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 150 + . Total, 23 species, 851+ individuals. Great
Horned Owl (pair), Barred Owl, Golden-eye Duck, Northern Shrike, and Pileated
Woodpecker seen within last few days, but could not find today. — C. W. Vibert,
Geo. T. Griswold.

Hartford, Conn. — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 12 m. Clear; ground snow-covered; wind west,
strong; temp. 26 . Ruffed Grouse, 1; Barred Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy
Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 16; Crow, 22; Starling, 24; Redpoll, 16; Goldfinch, 18; Slate-
colored Junco, 28; White-breasted Nuthatch, 5; Chickadee, 34; Robin, 1. Total, 13
species, 171 individuals. — Clifford M. Case.

Hartford, Conn, (from Hartford north along the Connecticut River as far as the
Farmington River). — Dec. 25. Clear; ice in river; temp, between 30 and 28°. Herring
Gull, 2; American Menganser, 50; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Hairy
Woodpecker, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, n; Starling, 200;
Purple Finch, 4; Redpoll, 15; Goldfinch, 50; Pine Siskin, 15; White-throated Sparrow, 4;
Tree Sparrow, 14; Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, 5; Brown Creeper, 9; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 9; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 22 species,
421 individuals. — Albert Pinkus.

West Hartford, Conn. — Dec. 28; 7 to n a.m., i to 5 p.m. Clear to partly cloudy;
light snow on ground; wind northwest, still to moderate; temp. 32 at start, 30 at return.

20 Bird - Lore

Twelve miles on foot, Observers together. Hungarian Partridge, 10 (two coveys);
Sparrow Hawk, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 8; Blue Jay, 10; Crow,
2,400; Starling, 235; Redpoll, 10; Goldfinch, 20; Tree Sparrow, 6; Junco, 75; Song
Sparrow, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Black-capped Chickadee, 17. Total, 14 species,
about 2,766 individuals. Dec. 21, observed on bank of Connecticut River, in East
Hartford, two Swamp Sparrows; was within less than ten feet of them. They were roost-
ing under upturned tree roots. — Paul H. and Edwin H. Hunger.

Bristol, Conn. (Northwest section, included by Farmington, Jerome and Burlington
Avenues). — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Clear; 3 in. fresh snow; wind northwest, brisk;
temp. 18 at start, 23 at return. Ten miles on foot. Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Downy
WOodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 8; Starling, 580-f-; Tree Sparrow, 67; Junco, 13;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 4. Total, 9 species, 682 individuals. — Frank
Bruen, Elbert E. Smith.

Madison, Conn. — Dec. 27; 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy; 2 in. snow; wind variable, light;
temp. 36 at start, 38° at return. Herring Gull, 2; Black Duck, 18; Bob-white, 9;
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 3; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Wood-
pecker, 2; Horned Lark, 35; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 19; Starling, 130; Meadowlark, 30;
Goldfinch, 17; Pine Siskin, 70; Tree Sparrow, 13; Junco, 8; Song Sparrow, 2; Black-
capped Chickadee, 7. Total, 18 species, 370 individuals. — Franklin Farrel III,
George E. Woodbine.

New London, Conn. — Dec. 26; 7.30 a.m. to 3.45 p.m. Clear; 2 in. snow; almost no
wind at first, later light southwest; temp. 16 at start. Fifteen-mile walk. Herring
Gull, 165; Ring-billed Gull, 6; Black Duck, 3; Scaup sp. 30; Golden-eye, 17; Bufflehead, 5;
Sparrow Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 38; Meadowlark, 3;
Crow, 13; Goldfinch, 7; Pine Siskin, 100; Junco, 15; Song Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 17;
Myrtle Warbler, 5; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Chickadee, 36.
Total, 23 species, 491 individuals. Saw 11 Evening Grosbeaks Dec. 24. — -Frances
Miner Gravks.

New Haven, Conn. — Dec. 28; time, 4^ hours; Hamden and North Haven, traveling
southeast, a.m. New Haven Harbor, p.m. Clear; remnants of light snowfall from the
24th on ground; wind west, light; temp, about 35 . Herring Gull, 1,000; Black Duck, 1;
Golden-eye, 150; Ruffed Grouse, 2; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2;
Flicker, 1 ; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 4; Red-winged Blackbird, 25; Meadowlark, 1 ; Crackle, 75;
Goldfinch, 75; Pine Siskin, 20; White-throated Sparrow, 5; Tree Sparrow, 16; Junco, 6;
Song Sparrow, 1 ; Myrtle Warbler, 30; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 50.
Total, 21 species, about 1,500 individuals. (All larger numbers are approximate.) The
Flicker, Red-winged Blackbird, and Grackle were observed at close range, under very
favorable circumstances. — Richard Eckles Harrison, John Barlow Derby.

Birdcraft Sanctuary to Fairfield Beach, Conn. — Dec. 25; sunrise to sunset. Fair; 3 in.
snow on ground; wind northwest, strong; temp. 22 . Herring Gull, 00; Red-breasted
Merganser, 3; Black Duck, 3; Greater Scaup, 30; Golden-eye, 20; Bufflehead. 4; Old
Squaw, 25; White-winged Scoter, 35; Black-crowned Night Heron, 6; Pheasant, o; Spar-
row Hawk, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 7; Starling, 35;
Purple Finch, 3; Goldfinch, 12; White-throated Sparrow, 6; Tree Sparrow, 11; Junco, 15;
Song Sparrow, 5; Myrtle Warbler, 7; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 4. Total,
26 species, 345 individuals. -Frank \orak. (Warden, Birdcraft Sanctuary.)

Norwalk, Conn. — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 1.30 p.m., 2.45 to 4.40 p.m. Partly cloudy to
1 loudy; -' in. snow; wind west, light; temp. 20 at start, 34° at return. Herring Gull, 26;
American Merganser, 3; Ked-breasled Merganser, 2; Black Duck, 2; Scaup Duck, 5;
Golden-eye, 2; Bufflehead, 13; White winged Sinter, 10; Surf Scoter, 4; Marsh Hawk,i;
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Cooper's Hawk, 1; Red tailed Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered
Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 2 ; Down J Woodpecker, o; Horned Lark, 3; Blue Jaw 22;

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 2 1

Crow, 27; Starling, 52; Rusty Blackbird, 6; Purple Finch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 24; Junco, 6;
Song Sparrow, 15; Swamp Sparrow, 1; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4;
Chickadee, 22. Total, 29 species, 288 individuals. The Swamp Sparrow and Rusty
Blackbirds were both examined through ordinary opera glasses, both in good light, the
Swamp Sparrow from 12 feet, and the Blackbirds, feeding on the ground in an open
field, from 50 feet. Pine Siskins were observed Dec. 24, and Evening Grosbeaks have
been reported from this locality since Dec. 20. One was seen by Mrs. W. K. Harrington
this morning, but I reached the place too late to include it in my list. — Arktas A.
Saunders.

Albany, N. Y. (west of city). — Dec. 21 ; 8.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Very light snow nearly
all day; 2 in. snow; wind south, light; temp. 16 at start, 22° at return. Ten miles on foot.
Sparrow Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 7; Crow. 150;
Starling, 76; Redpoll, 22; Goldfinch, 6; Tree Sparrow, 130; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Chickadee, 21. Total, n species, 420 individuals. — Clarence Houghton.

Schenectady, N. Y. (Woodlawn and Central Park). — Dec. 28; 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Clear;
ground covered with snow; wind north, brisk; temp. 30°. Distance covered, about 8
miles. Ruffed Grouse, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 10; Starling, 9;
Tree Sparrow, 45; Song Sparrow, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 10.
Total, 9 species, 83 individuals. — Walter Philo.

Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y. (to Sunnysides, and Rossman's, and back along banks of
the Kinderhook Creek). — Dec. 26; n a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Cloudy; 3 in. snow; wind south,
rather strong; temp. 26 to 38 . About 8 miles on foot. Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1 ; Screech
Owl, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Crow, 39; Starling, 22; Junco, 37; Song Sparrow, 2;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 17. Total, 9 species, 127 individuals. — Henry
S. Sharpe.

Fort Plain, N. Y. — Dec. 28; 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., 3 to 5 p.m. Partly cloudy in forenoon,
fair in afternoon; frequent severe snow flurries in forenoon; 6 in. snow; wind northwest,
strong; temp. 30° at start, 20 at return. Route, Creek Valleys, wooded ravines, woods,
open fields, Erie Canal towpath and vicinity of the Mohawk River. About 10 miles on
foot. Black Duck, 2; Ring-necked Pheasant, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 2;
American Crow, 9; Rusty Blackbird, 25 (one flock); Redpoll, 4; Tree Sparrow, 23; Song
Sparrow, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 13. Total, 10 species, 84 individuals. On Dec. 26
a Northern Shrike was observed devouring a Tree Sparrow. — Douglas Ayres, Jr.

Marcellus, N. Y. — Dec. 26; 8.45 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy; 4 in. snow; wind south,
light; temp. 29 at start, 38 at return. Twelve miles on foot. Fields, wood-lots, and
cedar swamp. Blue Jay, 1 (heard several more in swamp but could not locate them);
Pheasant, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; American Crow, 18; Tree Sparrow, 36+ (three
flocks and one lone individual); White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 12. Total,
7 species, about 71 individuals. — -Neil Hotchkiss.

Syracuse, N. Y. — Dec. 27; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; ground covered with snow;
temp. 34°. Route, Liverpool and Onondaga Lake region. Ring-necked Pheasant, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 2; American Crow, 5; Tree Sparrow, 50; Song Sparrow, 4; Swamp
Sparrow, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 17. Total,
9 species, 84 individuals. — Nettie M. Sadler.

Geneva, N. Y. (City, Pre-emption Road Swamp, shore of Lake). — Dec. 22; 9 a.m.
to 4 p.m. Bright day; 3 in. snow; no wind; temp. 30°. Horned Grebe, 1; Red-headed
Duck, 1,500-f-; Canvasback Duck, 45 + ; Scaup, 2,000 + ; Golden-eye, 4; Ruffed
Grouse, 1; Ring-necked Pheasant, 15; Great Horned Owl, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 12; Northern Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 1; American Crow, 3,000-f ;
Pine Grosbeak, 1; White- winged Crossbill, 3; Redpoll, 7; Goldfinch, 9; Tree Sparrow, 71;
Junco, 10; Song Sparrow, 4; Swamp Sparrow, 1; Brown Creeper, 7; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 19; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 101; Golden-crowned

22 Bird - Lore

Kinglet, n; Robin, i. Total, 27 species, 6,831+ individuals. — Otto McCreary,
Mrs. H. H. Henderson, Dr. C. C. Lytle, \V. W. Grant.

Geneva, N. Y. (to Flint Creek, Algerine Swamp, Pine Plains, and Lake Shore to
Dresden). — Dec. 28; 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Snow flurries in morning, fair for most of the day;
wind northwest; temp, about 20 . Observers scattered. Horned Grebe, 3; Loon, 1;
Herring Gull, 12; Ring-billed Gull, 1; American Merganser, 3; Redhead, about 9,000;
C'anvasback, 500; Scaup, 400; American Golden-eye, 32; Bufflehead, 4; Old-squaw, 3;
Ring-necked Pheasant, 20; Sharp-shinned (?) Hawk, 1; Great Horned Owl, 1; Hairy
Woodpecker, 7; Downy Woodpecker, 16; Crow, 1,200; Purple Finch, 1; Redpoll, 200;
Goldfinch, 12; Pine Siskin, 2; Tree Sparrow, 49; Junco, 1; Song Sparrow, 4; Swamp
Sparrow, 1; Winter Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 23; Red-
breasted Nuthatch, 1; Black-cap Chickadee, 88; Brown-cap Chickadee, 3; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 7; Robin 1. The Brown-cap Chickadees were of such a dusky hue
that they evidently belong to the race recently named nigricans by Dr. Townsend.
Total, S3 species, about 11,603 individuals. — W. W. Grant, E. T. Emmons, Mrs. H. H.
Henderson, Richard Chase, Glenn Grant, William Lytle, Dr. C. C. Lytle,
William Eddy, E. H. Eaton.

Rochester, N. Y. (Cobb's Hill, Highland Avenue, Pinnacle Hill, Highland Park and
Port of Rochester). — Dec. 22; 7.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Clear; 6 in. snow; wind northeast,
light; temp 26 at start, 47 at finish. Eight miles on foot. Observers working mostly
together. Herring Gull, 500+; Ring-billed Gull, 200 + ; Merganser, 75 + ; Ring-necked
Pheasant, 12; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Red-headed Woodpecker, 4;
Crow, 28; Pine Siskin, 5; Tree Sparrow, 5; Slate-colored Junco, 21; Song Sparrow, 2;
Cedar Waxwing, 2; Migrant Shrike, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Black-capped
Chickadee, t,3- Total, 16 species, 895+ individuals. — Gordon M. Meade, Richard
M. Chase.

Rochester, N. Y. (Bushnell's Basin and vicinity). — Dec. 28; 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m.
Cloudy, with snow flurries in the forenoon, clear in the afternoon; 4 in. snow; wind north,
strong; temp. 24 at start, 16° at return. Eight miles on foot. Ruffed Grouse, 2; Hairy
Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 2; American Crow, 60; Lesser Redpoll, 30; Tree
Sparrow, 15; Slate-colored Junco, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; Chickadee, 20.
Total, 9 species, about 144 individuals. — Oscar F. Schaefer.

Rochester, N. Y. (Genesee Valley and Highland Parks, Cobbs Hill and Port of
Rochester). — Dec. 22; 7.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Fair; about 4 in. snow on ground; wind south-
east, 10 miles per hour; temp. 18° to 35°. Loon, 3; Herring Gull, 400; Ring-billed Gull,
300; American Merganser, 15; Red-breasted Merganser, 2; Golden-eye, 13; Pheasant, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 2; Crow, 5; Bronzed Grackle, 1; Pine Siskin, 5; Tree Sparrow, 20;
Slate-colored Junco, 3; Song Sparrow, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; Chickadee, 20; Labrador
Brown-cap Chickadee, 1. Total, 17 species, 793 individuals. The Labrador Brown-cap
Chickadee (P. h. nigricans) was first seen by both observers on Nov. 6, two birds, and
the same two again on the 8th, with one seen on six dates since. The brown on the sides
very easily separates il from our common Chickadee, while the mouse-colored cap
divides il from the Acadian which we had abundant chance to study in the winter of
1913-14. Its notes, too, arc very different from the others, there being only three.
Chickadee-dee. — Wm. L. ('•. Edson, K. E. Horsey.

Rochester, N. Y. (Rochester to Float Bridge to West Webster, to Lake Ontario, to
Durand Eastman Park, to Rochester).— -Dec. 23, Partly cloudy; several in. snow; no
wind; temp. 23 at start, 37 at return. Distance 16 miles, 13 on foot. Herring Gull, 9;
Scaup, 3; Ring-necked Pheasant, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4;
Red-headed Woodpecker, 1; Redpoll, 9; Tree Sparrow, 185 (five flocks); Crow, 12;
White-breasted Nuthati h, 2; Chickadee, 10. Total, 11 species, 239 individuals (approxi-
mately). — W. Gordon 7a BVELD.

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 23

Hamburg, N. Y. — Dec. 28; 8.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Cloudy, although clear late in the
afternoon; ground lightly covered with snow in the open, about 4 in. snow in woods;
wind mostly northwest, light; temp. 23° at start, 25 at return. About 8 miles on foot
through two large wood-lots, one extensive hardwood swamp, and intervening farm
land. Barred Owl, 2 (one in a hole, the other in a clump of hemlocks); Screech Owl, 1
(heard at dusk); Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 8; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 12;
White-winged Crossbill, flock of 14; Pine Siskin, flock of 35; Snowflake, a large flock,
estimated at 500; Tree Sparrow, 24 (one singing!); Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 6; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 22; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1.
Total, 15 species, about 633 individuals. The White- winged Crossbills were observed
at close range as they worked in various hemlock trees; several were rosy males. The
crossed tips of the mandibles and white on wings noted. — Thomas L. Bourne.

Hall, N. Y. — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Very cloudy; 4 in. snow; wind south, light;
temp. 20 at start, 34° at finish. Distance covered 12 miles on foot east and west from
Hall, inland. Observer alone. English Ring-necked Pheasant, 24; Hairy Woodpecker, 5;
Downy Woodpecker, 7; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Crow, 150; Redpoll, 3; Tree Spar-
row, 15; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Chickadee, 10; Robin, 1. Total, 10 species,
224 individuals. The Red-bellied Woodpeckers have been regular visitors for several
years at the feeding station, with the exception of the winter of 191 7. — H. A. Suther-
land.

Rhinebeck, Dutchess Co., N. Y. — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 12 m., 3 to 4 p.m.' Clear; ground
snow-covered; wind north, strong to moderate; temp. 17 to 21 . Area covered, about
125 acres. Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Barred Owl, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 3;
Crow, 3; Junco, 14; White-throated Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 6; Brown Creeper, 1;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 10. Total, n species, 46 individuals. Also
seen during the week: Sparrow Hawk, 2; Redpoll, 22; Purple Finch, 1; Robin, 1; Star-
ling, 75 ; Hairy Woodpecker, 1. — Maunsell S. Crosby.

Cortland, N. Y. (to Grade Swamp and back, via. the Marl Ponds). — Dec. 23; 9 a.m.
to 6 p.m. Mostly clear; ponds frozen over; wind southeast, very light; temp. 16 at
start, 30 at return. Fourteen miles on foot. Ruffed Grouse, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 5;
Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 7; American Crow, 600; Starling, 350 (one flock);
Tree Sparrow, 2; Northern Shrike, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 15 (much more com-
mon than usual); Chickadee, 37; Robin, 2. Total, n species, 1,024 individuals. A Red-
headed Woodpecker was seen the previous day. Nov. 28, White-winged Crossbills
appeared in this locality, but have not been observed since Dec. 12. On Dec. 14 I
identified positively an American Hawk Owl. — Harold H. Axtell.

Yonkers, N. Y. — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Clear; 2 in. snow; wind north; temp.
19° to 30 . Herring Gull, 1; Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue, Jay, 2; Crow, 4
Goldfinch, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 25; Slate-colored Junco, 5
Song Sparrow, 29; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 8. Total
12 species, 83 individuals. — Charles and William Merritt.

New York City (Jerome Reservoir, Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx Park, and Clason
Point). — Dec. 22; 8.45 a.m. to 4.20 p.m. Cloudy in morning, clear in afternoon; 2 in.
snow on ground; wind north, very light; temp. 30 to 36 . About 10 miles on foot.
Observers in two parties until 10 a.m. Herring Gull, 2,100; Merganser, 11; Black Duck, 5;
Scaup Duck, 32; over 200 ducks on the Sound too far out to identify; Black-crowned
Night Heron, 60 (the Bronx Park colony); Killdeer, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Sparrow
Hawk, 1; Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 15; Blue Jay, 15;
Crow, 25; Starling, 550; Red- winged Blackbird, 8; Bronzed (?) Grackle, 1; Purple
Finch, 1; Goldfinch, 6; Pine Siskin, 4; White-throated Sparrow, 65; Tree Sparrow, 75;
Field Sparrow, 10; Slate-colored Junco, 45; Song Sparrow, 48; Brown Creeper, 8; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 16; Black-capped Chickadee, 44; Robin, 2. Total, 28 species, over

24 Bird - Lore

3,100 individuals. Before meeting the rest of the party, the Messrs. Pell saw a bird in
the Van Cortlandt Swamp which Morris Pell later identified as an Orange-crowned
Warbler. He had three-power glasses, and was able to approach to within 8 feet of the
bird. He had seen this species before, in the winter of 1916-17. — Edward G. Nichols.
L. Nelson Nichols, S. Morris Pkll, Walden Pell II.

New York City (Ramble, Central Park). — Dec. 25; 8.30 to 10.10 a.m. Clear; ground
snow-covered; wind north, light; temp. 24 at start. Herring Gull, 2; Downy Wood-
pecker, 1; Starling, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Black-cap Chickadee, 2. 'Total,
5 species, 7 individuals. Simpson Street subway station to Clason Point, Castle Hill
and Unionport. 2.50 to 5.30 p.m. Clear; snow melted in places, bays open; wind north,
brisk. Herring Gull, 2,000; Black Duck, 6; Scaup, 50; Red-tailed Hawk, 3; Starling, 400,
mostly in one flock; Vesper Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 40 (flock); Song Sparrow, 11;
Black-cap Chickadee, 1. Total, 9 species, about 2,500 individuals. The Vesper Sparrow
was seen in the road (Sound View Avenue). It spent part of the time squatting upon
the pavements between the trolley tracks, and eventually disappeared over a fence
into a truck garden. — -George E. Hix.

New York City (Central Park). — Dec. 23; 8.30 to 10.20 a.m., 12.30 to 4.50 p.m. Clear,
cloudy in afternoon; light snow on ground; no wind. I covered the entire Park, 59th to
110th Streets. Herring Gull, 6; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Starling, 112;
White-throated Sparrow, 1; Fox Sparrow, 1; Brown Thrasher, 1; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 50. Total, 9 species, 132 individuals. — Bernard
Tread.

Sands Point, Long Island, N. Y. — Dec. 28; 8.30 a.m. to 5.10 p.m. (no observations
between 1.30 and 3 p.m.). Clear in forenoon, cloudy in afternoon; ground partly snow-
covered; wind southwest, moderately strong; temp. 40 . Eight miles on foot. Observers
together. Herring Gull, 300; Mallard, 1; Red-shouldered (?) Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1;
Screech Owl, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, 1; Crow, 60; Starling, 120; Meadow-
lark, 7; Goldfinch, 1; Pine Siskin, 5; Tree Sparrow, 12; Slate-colored Junco, 4; Song
Sparrow, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 3; Hermit Thrush, 1; Total,
18 species, about 528 individuals. The Mallard was flying over creek, turned when
near us. Could easily see large duck with white under wings, grey back, green head and
white ring around neck. Dec. 27. Kingfisher, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 4; Robin, 1. —
Louise B. Laxdlaw, Laidlaw Williams.

St. James, Long Island, N. Y. — Dec. 22; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Overcast in morning,
clearing in afternoon; several inches of thawing snow on ground; wind northeast and
brisk in forenoon, none in afternoon; temp. 34° at start, 40 at end. Herring Gull, 100;
Black Duck, 50; American Golden-eye, 15; Old-squaw, 2; White-winged Scoter, 25;
Kingfisher, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 1 ; Flicker, heard; Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 50; Starling, 20;
Tree Sparrow, 25; Junco, 35; Song Sparrow, 8; Myrtle Warbler, 12; (Wood Thrush or)
Hermit Thrush, 1; Robin, 2. Total, 17 species, 349 individuals. A covey of Bob-white
observed, but not counted, some days ago by another person. — James W. Lane, Jr.

Hempstead, Long Island, N. Y. — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; about 6 in. drifted
snow; wind northwest; temp, about 30 . Bob-white, 1 ; Cooper's Hawk, 1 ; Red-shouldered
Hawk, 1; Long-eared (?) Owl, 1; Horned Lark, 57; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 221; Starling, 110-f;
Cowbird, 37 (one flock); Red Crossbill, 12; Goldfinch, 12; Pine Siskin, 1 ; White-throated
Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 12; Slate-colored Junco, 156; Song Sparrow, 7; Brown
Creeper, 2; Chickadee, 6. Total, 18 species, 640 individuals. The Cowbirds, Red Cross-
bills and Goldfinches were all in one flock, feeding on weed-stalks that projected above
the snow. Was able several times to approach quite close and note the bronze heads of
the male Cowbirds. Females and immatures made up about half of this group. Also
had an opportunity to closely observe the Crossbills and positively identify. The Cooper's
Hawk kept in the vicinity of the flock and often would scare them up and then strike

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 25

among them. Dec. 21, saw a Northern Shrike and a flock of 8 Pine Siskins at Valley
Stream. — Theodore G. Roehner.

Long Beach, Nassau Co., Long Island, N. Y. — Dec. 21; 10 a.m. to 4.10 p.m. Mostly
cloudy; ground mostly snow-covered; wind northeast, moderate; temp. 29° at 2 p.m.
Eleven miles on foot. Observers together. Horned Grebe, 2; Black-backed Gull, 8;
Herring Gull, 250; Red-breasted Merganser, 15; Black Duck, several hundred; Scaup
sp., 200; Golden-eye, several; Old-squaw, 18; White-winged Scoter, 25; Surf Scoter, 25;
Canada Goose, flock of 10; Marsh Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Horned Lark, 75; Crow
several; Starling, 30; Snow Bunting, flock of 250; Lapland Longspur, 2; Ipswich Spar-
row, 11; Savannah Sparrow, 3 (well seen in company with Ipswich); Song Sparrow, 4.
Total, 2i species, about 1,500 individuals. — W. L. Sclater, E. R. P. Janvrix,
I). P. Gilmore, C. H. Rogers.

Long Beach, Long Island, N. Y. — Dec. 27. An overcast moderating day, with
thick haze off shore; a low broken swell on the ocean and quiet surf; much remaining
shallow snow; wind southwest, light; temp. 33° to 38 . Horned Grebe, 30 or more,
largest group 5; Black-backed Gull, many adult and immature; Herring Gull, thousands;
Ring-billed Gull, 1; Red-breasted Merganser, a pair; Black Duck, many in "rafts" off
shore, mostly far out, few on the wing; Greater Scaup, 2; Lesser Scaup (?) a flock of n
small-appearing birds from the meadow creeks were doubtless this; Old-squaw, common,
largest group 12; White- winged Scoter, flocks of 12, 6 and 3; Marsh Hawk, 1; Sparrow
Hawk, 1 ; Horned Lark, 3 together and 1 ; Prairie Horned Lark (?) 2 together, determina-
tion not quite satisfactory; Crow, common; Starling, flock of about 200, and a few in
the town; Pine Siskin, flock of 6, and 1; Snow Bunting, flock of perhaps more than 1,000;
Lapland Longspur, 1 with the preceding; Ipswich Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, small
flock; Song Sparrow, 7; Myrtle Warbler, locally numerous in tracts of bayberry.
Total 21 species +2 (?), several thousand individuals. — E. P. Bicknell.

Massapequa, Long Island, N. Y. (and vicinity). — Dec. 27; 10.30 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Cloudy; wind southwest, light; temp. 30 to 35 . Black-backed Gull, 2; Herring Gull,
500 + ; American Merganser, 2; Black Duck, 250+; Scaup Duck, 400+ (doubtless the
Greater Scaup as that species only was killed there on Dec. 29); Canada Goose, 150 + ;
Great Blue Heron, 1; Black-crowned Night Heron, 1; Marsh Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 12; American Crow, 20; Fish Crow, 15; Starling, 14;
Meadowlark, 17; American Goldfinch, 8; Pine Siskin, 5; Tree Sparrow, 8; Slate-colored
Junco, 16; Song Sparrow, 9; Myrtle Warbler, 23; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 19. Total, 25 species, 1,480+ individuals. On
Dec. 29, 2 Flickers were observed. Large numbers of Black Duck, Canada Geese,
Herring Gulls, and unidentified ducks were observed in Great South Bay, about 400 to
500 yards off shore. — Alex. B. Klots, Clement P. Cobb.

Mastic, Long Island, N. Y. — Dec. 28; all day. Clear; patches of snow and bare ground;
wind northwest, moderate; temp. 30 sunrise, 38 sunset. About a 2-mile radius from
farm buildings, garden and orchard, including deciduous and pitch pine woods, brushy
pastures, bordering salt marshes and bay (frozen, with strip of open water along shore),
open heads of fresh-water creeks. Observers together. Black-backed Gull, 10; Herring
Gull, 40; American Merganser, 25; Black Duck, no; Golden-eye Duck, 25; White- winged
Scoter, 1; Great Blue Heron, 4 (separate); Wilson's Snipe, 1; Bob- white, 7 (tracks of
several other covies); Red-tail Hawk, 2; Bald Eagle, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Horned Owl, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 20; American Crow, 35; Starling, no;
Meadowlark, 10; Cowbird, 1; Goldfinch, 10; Pine Siskin, 1; Tree Sparrow, 15; Junco, 4;
Song Sparrow, 5; Myrtle Warbler, 180; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 15.
Total, 28 species, 645 individuals. Wilson's Snipe put up from wooded brushy head of
creek with characteristic note; Cowbird perched in tree-top with Starlings, comparative
size, details of shape, and diagnostic flight noted. — C. F., W. F. and J. T. Nichols.

26 Bird - Lore

East Marion, Long Island, N. Y. — Dec. 20; 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Sunny in forenoon,
cloudy in afternoon; ground partly covered with light snow; wind southwest, light; temp
26 at start, 33° at return. About 4 miles on foot, along bay shore and woods roads.
Horned Grebe, 3; Black-backed Gull, 1; Herring Gull, 50; Scaup, 200+ ; American
Golden-eye, 12; Old-squaw, 5; White-winged Scoter, 1; distant raft of ducks composed
largely of Surf Scoters, 50; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Horned Lark, 17; Blue Jay, 2;
("row, 80+; Redpoll, 18 (some of flock at times almost within reaching distance, and
all markings visible both with and without field glasses); American Goldfinch, 8; Tree
Sparrow, 3; Slate-colored Junco, 9; Song Sparrow, 16; Myrtle Warbler, 30; Black-capped
Chickadee, 5. Total, 19 species, about 511 individuals. Two White- winged Crossbills
were seen Dec. 3 and 4. — Mabel R. Wiggins.

Orient, Long Island, N. Y. — Dec. 28; 6 a.m. to dark. Clear; ground mostly bare,
pond and swamps mostly frozen; wind west, light to fresh; temp. 27 to 35°. Holbcell's
Grebe, 1; Horned Grebe, 24; Loon, 30; Great Black-backed Gull, 1; Herring Gull, 350;
American Merganser, 2; Red-breasted Merganser, 150; Mallard, 7 (6 males); Black
Duck, 70; Greater Scaup Duck, 300; Golden-eyed Duck, 11; Bufflehead, 100; Old-squaw,
250; White- winged Scoter, 1,000; Surf Scoter, 25; Canada Goose, 1 (associating with a
flock of Gulls); King Rail, 1; Virginia Rail, 1 (4 others taken within a week); Wilson's
Snipe, 1; Marsh Hawk, 2; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Cooper's Hawk, 1; Red-tailed Hawk,
2; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 1; Kingfisher, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2;
Flicker, 4; Horned Lark, 400; Crow, 100; Starling, 150; Meadowlark, 5 (one singing);
Goldfinch, 10; Pine Siskin, 35; Snow Bunting, 300; Tree Sparrow, 60; Junco, 30; Song
Sparrow, 75; Fox Sparrow, 1 ; Myrtle Warbler, 65; Catbird, 1 ; Chickadee, 38; Robin, 150
(one flock). Total, 43 species, 3,760 individuals. Both Red- and White-winged Crossbills
and a Ruby-crowned Kinglet have been recorded within a few days. — Roy Latham.

Greenport, Long Island, N. Y. (across Gardiner's Bay to Gardiner's Island and
return). — Dec. 21; 8 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Overcast at start; snowing from 8.30 a.m. to
1.30 p.m., then partially clearing; ground snow-covered, marshes and ponds mostly
frozen; wind northeast, light; temp. 28° to 20 . Observers together. Horned Grebe, 8
Loon, 4; Great Black-backed Gull, 4; Herring Gull, 25; American Merganser, 22; Red
breasted Merganser, 25; Mallard, 1; Black Duck, 100; Baldpate, 23; Golden-eye, 50
Old-squaw, 200; White-winged Scoter, 400; Surf Scoter, 250; Canada Goose, 70; Brant, 3
Great Blue Heron, 1; Black-crowned Night Heron, 2 (excellent view); Pheasant, 10
Marsh Hawk, 1; Hawk (Red-tail or Rough-leg), 1; Short-eared Owl, 1; Downy Wood-
pecker, 1; Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 10; Starling, 50; Meadowlark, 2; Tree Spar-
row, 12; Song Sparrow, 10; Tree Swallow, 1 (an anomalous sight in a winter snow-
storm; bird well seen, the green in the back made out even through the snow and bad
light); Myrtle Warbler, 10; Chickadee, 3. Total, 32 species, 1,304 individuals. The
snowstorm responsible for the few land birds noted, and the recent cold wave for the
comparative scarcity of birds in general. Hawks, once remarkably abundant in
winter, are now systematically trapped and shot. — Lord William Percy, Ludlow
Griscom.

New York City (from Battery via St. George to and at Grant City and Moravian
Cemetery, Staten Island). — Dec. 27; 11.20 a.m. to 4.20 p.m. Cloudy (foggy on water);
ground mostly snow-covered; wind southwest, light; temp. 35 at 3.30 p.m. Five miles
by boat, 5 miles by railroad, chiefly in the Cemetery on foot. Black-backed Gull, 1 adult;
Herring Gull, 145; Bonaparte's Gull, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 2; American
Crow, 8; Starling, 8; Red Crossbill, flock of 13; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 1; Junco,
flock of 4; Song Sparrow, 1 ; Fox Sparrow, 1 ; Cardinal, 1 pair; Myrtle Warbler, flock of 3;
Black-cap Chickadee, flock of 6; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1 ; Hermit Thrush, 1 ; Robin, 2;
Bluebird, 1 male. Total, 20 species, about 205 individuals. — Charles H. Rogers.

Moravian Cemetery, Staten Island, N. Y.— Dec. 21; 10.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear;

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 27

wind light; temp. 20 to 25°. Five miles on foot; ferry across Upper Bay. Herring
Gull, 29; Bonaparte's Gull, 1; Long-eared Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 6;
Crow, 4; Starling, 4; Red Crossbill, 26 (one flock) ; Redpoll, 2 ; White-throated Sparrow, 1 ;
Tree Sparrow, 16; Junco, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 1; Rlack-
capped Chickadee, 300 + ; Brown-capped Chickadee, 1; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1.
Total, 17 species, 396+ individuals. Bonaparte's Gull observed through field-glasses
at 30 feet. The Crossbills were very tame. The Brown-capped Chickadee was also very
tame, and together with the Tufted Tit, approached to within 6 feet of me. — Ralph
Friedmann.

Hackettstown, N. J. — Dec. 27; 7.30 to 9.30 a.m., 12.30 to 2.30 p.m. Partly cloudy;
ground mostly covered with about 3 inches of snow; wind south, light; temp. 30 . A
fraction of the time at home about feeding station but most of the time on foot between
Waterloo and Hackettstown. Sparrow Hawk (?), 1; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Flicker (?), 1;
Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 19; Starling, 19; Purple Finch, 7; Goldfinch, 54; Tree Sparrow, 15;
Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, 1; Nuthatch (probably White-breasted), 1; Chickadee, 4.
Total, 13 species, about 129 individuals. — Mary Pierson Allen.

Englewood Region, N. J. (Overpeck Creek and Phelps Estate). — Dec. 26; n a.m.
to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy; 2 in. snow; wind south; temp. 28°. Observers together. Black-
backed Gull, 1; Herring Gull, 50; Marsh Hawk, 1; Sharp-shinned (?) Hawk, 1; Red-
tailed Hawk, 2; Rough-legged Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Barred Owl, 1; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 12; Starling, 13;
Meadowlark, 2; Goldfinch, 20; Pine Siskin, 12; White-throated Sparrow, 2; Tree Spar-
row, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 22; Song Sparrow, 14; Swamp Sparrow, 1; Brown Creeper, 2;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Chickadee, 7; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 26
species, 186 individuals. — Walden Pell 2d., S. Morris Pell.

Hawthorne, Glen Rock and Ridgewood, N. J. — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Clear;
2 in. snow; wind southwest, brisk; temp. 28 at start, 36 at return. Nine miles afoot.
Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Horned Lark, 2; Blue Jay, 5; American
Crow, 17; Starling, 78; Purple Finch, 1; Goldfinch, 5; Pine Siskin, 8; White-throated
Sparrow, 3; Tree Sparrow, 10; Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, 6; Cedar Waxwing, 3; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 7; Bluebird, 3. Total, 17 species,
157 individuals. — Louis S. Kohler.

Newark, N. J. — Dec. 25; 9 to 10.30 a.m., 3 to 4 p.m. Clear; 2 in. snow; temp. 18
to 22 . Along edge and in northern section of Branch Brook Park, Second River —
distance about 5 miles. Auto ride to South Orange, where the Grackles were found in
a house where they had evidently accompanied Santa Claus down the chimney. Downy
Woodpecker, 1; Crow, 1; Starling, 7; Purple Grackle, 2; White-throated Sparrow, 13;
Tree Sparrow, 2; Junco, 6; Song Sparrow, 2; Brown Creeper, 2; Chickadee, 7. Total,
10 species, 43 individuals. It may be of interest that a Long-eared Owl sat on a tree in
our back yard in residential section of Newark all day Dec. 19. It was very tame and
permitted a positive identification. Also the following late lingerers in Branch Brook
Park: Robin, Dec. 20; Hermit Thrush, Dec. 15.— R. F. Haulenbeek

South Orange, N. J. — Dec. 26; 10 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Cloudy; 2 in. snow on ground;
wind, moderate; temp. 15 to 20 . Along crest of South Mountain Reservation to Wash-
ington Rock, returning to South Orange along base of Mountain. Distance about 7 miles.
Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 20; Starling, 2; Tree
Sparrow, 20; Junco, 18; Song Sparrow, 5; Cardinal, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8;
Chickadee, 12; also a large Hawk not positively identified, but probably a Red-tailed
Hawk. Total, 10 species, 92 individuals. — Robert Wolfe, Graham Roskein.

Morristown, N. J. — Dec. 28; 8 to n a.m., 1.30 to 5.15 p.m. Fair; 1 in. snow on ground,
with some bare places; wind northwest, light, gradually rising; temp. 29 to 35°. Burn-
ham Park, Sherman Hill, Lake Road, Speedwell Park, along D. L. & W. and Erie tracks

28 Bird -Lore

to disposal beds. Ruffed Grouse, i; Red-tailed Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, i; King-
fisher, i; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 32; Crow, 42; Star-
ling, 25; Pine Grosbeak, 2 (observed only in flight, and identified chiefly by note; I
think there can be no doubt of the correctness of the record); Purple Finch, 5; Red
Crossbill, 7; Goldfinch, 6; Pine Siskin, 5; White-throated Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 48;
Field Sparrow, 1; Junco, 63; Song Sparrow, 9; Cardinal, 1; Brown Creeper, 9; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 17; Chickadee, 51; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 3. Total, 24 species,
338 individuals. On Dec. 24, crossing the Hackensack Meadows on a P.R.R. train, at
noon, T saw 7 Swallows (undoubtedly White-bellied) on the telegraph wires. — R. C.
Caskey.

Westfield, N. J. (to Second Watching Mountain and back). — Dec. 25; 8.15 a.m. to
3.20 p.m. Clear; 2 in. fresh fallen snow; wind west, moderate; temp. 19 at start, 22 at
return. About 12 miles on foot. Red-shouldered (?) Hawk, 1; Ring-neck Pheasant, 4;
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 7; Starling, 3;
American Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 18; Junco, about 20; Brown Creeper, 2; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 1 ; Chickadee, 1 1 . Total, 13 species, 66 individuals. — Frank Allatt.

Plainfield, N. J. (to Ash Swamp and back). — Dec. 28; 8.30 a.m. to 5.45 p.m. Clear;
ground mostly lightly covered with snow; little wind; temp. 30° at start. Ring-necked
Pheasant, 4 (flock); Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 1;
Barred Owl, found fresh roost and probably glimpsed Owl as it flew; Hairy Woodpecker, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 9; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 12; American Crow, 50; Starling, 25;
Grackle (or Rusty Blackbird ?), 1; White- winged Crossbill, 1; Goldfinch, 7; Pine Sis-
kin, 12; Vesper Sparrow, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 8; Tree Sparrow, 70; Field Spar-
row, 3 (flock); Junco, 40; Song Sparrow, 17; Swamp Sparrow, 1; Cardinal, 5; Myrtle
Warbler, 12; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 9; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1;
Tufted Titmouse, 3; Black-capped Chickadee, 12. Total, 29 species, 314 individuals. —
W. DeW. Miller.

New Brunswick, N. J. — Dec. 27; 8.50 a.m. to 1.40 p.m. Cloudy; 1 in. snow; wind,
west, very light; temp. 32 to 41°. Cooper's Hawk, 2; Red-tailed Hawk, 3; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Blue Jay, 9; American Crow, 49; Fish Crow, 19;
Starling, 147; Purple Finch, 8; Goldfinch, n; White-throated Sparrow, 1; Tree Spar-
row, 2; Junco, 88; Song Sparrow, 13; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2;
Tufted Titmouse, 17; Black-capped Chickadee, 26; Carolina Chickadee, 8. Total, 19
species, 418 individuals. Robins, Myrtle Warblers and Horned Larks were seen recently.
— Stuart T. Danforth.

Millstone, N. J. (to Weston Mill along river, cross country to East Millstone, along
river to Blackwells Mills, cross country to Millstone). Dec. 23; S a.m. to 6 p.m. Clear,
light clouds toward night; light snow remaining from previous week of snow and zero
weather; wind west, very light; temp. 8 a.m. 20 , 6 p.m. 40 . Fifteen miles on foot;
area 85 square miles, approximately. Mallard Duck, 21; Ring-necked Pheasant, 12;
Mourning Dove, 20 (flock); Marsh Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk. 2; Barn Owl, 1; Screech
Owl. 2; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 13; Northern Flicker, 2; Horned Lark, 60
Mlock); Blue Jay, 24; American Crow, 5,000 (est.); Starling, do; Purple Grackle, 1;
American Goldfinch, 8; White-throated Sparrow, 4; Tree Sparrow, 200; Slate-colored
Junco, 1 10; Song Sparrow, 16; Cardinal, 5; Northern Shrike, 1; Brown Creeper, 4;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 24; Black-capped Chickadee, 30;
Robin, 2. Total, 26 species, 5,630 individuals, approximately. — N. C. Wyckoff.

Atlantic City, N. J. (to Brigantine Island and back). -Dec. 20; u a.m. to 4 p.m.
Clear; patches of snow; wind south, strong, but lighter in the afternoon; temp. 30 at
start, 42 at return. About 5 miles on foot, the rest of the time birds observed from
gunning skiff. Went up the island along the seashore, and returned along the meadow
and inland creek shore. Observers together. Horned Grebe, 1 ; Great Black-backed

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 2Q

Gull, 10; Herring Gull and Ring-billed Gull, 200; Red-breasted Merganser, 10; Black
Duck, 2; Old-squaw, 5; White-winged Scoter and Surf Scoter, 30; Marsh Hawk, 2;
Horned Lark, 12; Tree Sparrow, 20; Myrtle Warbler, 10. Total, 13 species, about 300
individuals. — Franklin P. and Howell E. Cook.

Mount Holly, N. J. — Dec. 28; 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy, ground partly covered with
snow; temp. 28 at start, 38 at return. Seven miles on foot. Observers together most
of time. Turkey Vulture, 3; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 3; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Blue Jay, 13; Crow (roost), 10,000 (est.); Starling, 25;
Goldfinch, 8; Pine Siskin, 35 (flock); White-throated Sparrow, 20; Tree Sparrow, 13;
Field Sparrow, 2; Junco, 40; Song Sparrow, 14 (one singing); Cardinal, 5; Catbird, 1
(saw, and heard calls several times not 15 feet away); Brown Creeper, 5; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 11; Carolina Chickadee, 10; Hermit Thrush, 1.
Total, 22 species, 10,224 individuals. — Mr. and Mrs. Nelson, D. W. Pumyea.

Moorestown, N. J. (valleys of the Delaware, Rancocas, Pensauken and Coopers
Creeks). — Dec. 25; 6.35 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Clear to partly cloudy; 2 in. snow; wind
northwest, fresh; temp. 22 at start. About 45 miles in auto and afoot. Three separate
groups. Herring Gull, 5; Merganser (sp. ?) 4; Mourning Dove, n; Turkey Vulture, 4;
Marsh Hawk, 2; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Red-shouldered (?)
Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 5; Long-eared Owl, 1; Kingfisher, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 6;
Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 1; Phcebe, 1; Horned Lark, 62; Blue
Jay, 2; Crow, 608; Starling, 114; Rusty Blackbird, 8; Meadowlark, 59; Purple Finch, 9;
Goldfinch, 10; White-throated Sparrow, 14; Tree Sparrow, 8; Junco, 166; Song Spar-
row, 42; Cardinal, 22; Myrtle Warbler, 1; Winter Wren, 2; Carolina Wren, 2; Brown
Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 7;
Black-capped Chickadee, 9; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 36 species (1 uncertain),
1,203 individuals. Crossbill (sp. ?) seen on the 20th, 23d and 24th. — M. Albert Linton,
Anna A. Mickle, Samuel N. Rhoads, Alice C. Darnell, Alice M., Ellen C, and
John D. Carter, George H. Hallett, Jr., Wm. Bacon Evans.

Camden, N. J. (and vicinity). — Dec. 28; 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; ground partly
snow-covered; wind southwest, light; temp. 30° to 40 . Herring Gull, 40; Black-crowned
Night Heron, 1; English Pheasant, 2; Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk, 5; Barn
Owl, 2 (one dead); Long-eared Owl, 3; Screech Owl, 1; Blue Jay, 5; Crow, 200; Star-
ling, 75; Meadowlark, 5; Goldfinch, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 25; Tree Sparrow, 30;
Junco, 40; Song Sparrow, 20; Cardinal, 10; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 1; Hermit Thrush, 1. Total, 21 species, 470 individuals. — -Julian
K. Potter.

Delaware River in Pennsylvania, opposite Trenton, N. J. — Dec. 25; 11.30 a.m. to
1 p.m. Clear; 2 in. snow; wind northwest, brisk; temp. 25 . Downy Woodpecker, 3;
Crow, 2; Siskin, 15; White-throat, 2; Tree Sparrow, 12; Song Sparrow, 5; Cardinal, 2;
Winter Wren, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Chickadee, 6. Total, 10 species, 50 individuals. — ■
W. L. Dix.

Williamsport, Pa. — -Dec. 23, 8.30 a.m. to 4.15 p.m. Cloud)'; 5 in. snow; no wind;
temp. 25 average. About 12 miles, both covering same ground. American Merganser, 2;
Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 20; Crow, 115; Evening Grosbeak (female) 1 ;
American Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 80; Slate-colored Junco, 10; Song Sparrow, 7;
Cardinal, 7; Brown Creeper, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 17; Tufted Titmouse, 21;
Black-capped Chickadee, 22; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2; Robin, 1. Total, 16 species,
313 individuals. This is our first record for the Cardinal, and its abundance shows that
it is now well established. The White-winged Crossbill was seen Dec. 3. — John P. and
Charles V. P. Young.

Ulster, Bradford Co., Pa. — Dec. 26; 10 a.m. to 12 m., i p.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy; 3 in.
snow; wind south, light; temp. 20° at start, 29 at return. Six to 7 miles on foot through

30 Bird - Lore

woods and fields. Observers together. Ruffed Grouse, 6 (one flock); Hawk (Sharp-
shinned ?), i; Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Blue Jay, 2; American
Crow, 45; Starling, 21; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 54; White-breasted Nuthatch, 9;
Black-capped Chickadee, 25. Total, n species, 170 individuals. Meadowlark seen on
Dec. 23.— Miss Martha McMorran, Mrs. O. J. Van Winkle, Mrs. J. R. Eiffert,
Mrs. F. E. Mather.

Reading, Pa. (to State Hill via Tulpehocken Creek). — Dec. 26; 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m.
Overcast; 5 in. snow; wind southwest, light; temp. 19 at start, 26 at return. About 10
miles afoot. American Merganser, 8 (one flock, all females); Red-tailed Hawk. 3; Red-
shouldered Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Belted Kingfisher, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 5;
Horned Lark, 12 (one flock); Crow, about 250; Starling, 10; Meadowlark, 1; Kvening
Grosbeak, 1 (this was seen under the best possible conditions, feeding with a pair of
Cardinals on a sheltered hillside. Allowed a close approach, but finally flew off with
a rolling cheer p, cheer p after I had it under observation for some 10 minutes. It was
feeding on the buds of several shrubs and low trees); Tree Sparrow, 7 (one flock);
Junco, 5 (one flock); Song Sparrow, 8; Cardinal, 4; Brown Creeper, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 3;
Chickadee, 12 (two flocks, 8 and 4); Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 19 species, 341
individuals. — Earl L. Poole, Wendell Kern.

Reading, Pa. — Dec. 22; 8 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Partly cloudy; 4 in. snow; wind west,
light; temp. 18 at start. Observers together. Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Red-tailed
Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 13; Crow, 15;
Starling, 40; .Meadowlark, 6; Purple Finch, 11; White-throated Sparrow, 4; Tree Spar
row, 15; Junco, 38; Song Sparrow, 8; Cardinal, 6; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chick-
adee, 12; Robin, 4; Bluebird, S. Total, 18 species, 190 individuals. — Mr. and Mrs.
G. Henry Mengel.

Limerick, Pa. (Limerick, Collegeville, Schwenkville along Perkiomen River, Stone
Hills and back). — Dec. 24; 7 a.m. to 5.45 p.m. Cloudy; 3 in. snow fell during day; wind
northwest, moderate; temp. 26 at start, 32 at return. Eighteen miles on foot, 8 miles
on trolley. American Merganser (?), 6; Red-shouldered Hawk, 3; Sparrow Hawk, 1;
Barred Owl, 1; Screech Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 8;
(row, about 10,000; Starling, 18; Meadowlark, 1; Pine Grosbeak, 1; American Gold-
finch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 75; Slate-colored Junco, 75; Song Sparrow, 25; Fox Sparrow, 3;
Cardinal, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1. Total, 18 species, 220 individuals + Crows. —

l.ltW ARD K. ZlEGLER.

West Chester, Pa. — Dec. 25; 10.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Clear; ground covered with
2 in. snow; wind northwest, brisk; temp. 28° at start, 35 on return. Ducks (species
uncertain], 2; Red-tailed Hawk, 2; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Screech
Owl, 1 ; Hairy Woodpecker, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Flicker, 1; Crow, 259; Starling, 35;
Slate-colored Junco, 56; Song Sparrow, 9; Cardinal, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3;
Chickadee, 2. Total, 15 species, 388 individuals. — C. E. Khinger.

Chestnut Hill (Philadelphia), Pa. (Cresheim Creek northeast to near Glenside, Pa. |.
— Dec. 28; 10.45 AM - lo 3- x S PM - Cloudy; light covering of old snow; wind west, light;
temp. 38° to 40 . About 6 miles on foot. Hairy Woodpecker, 1 ; Crow, 24; Starling, 24;
I'urple Finch, 3; White-throated Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow. 15; Field Sparrow, 2;
Junco, 50; Song Sparrow, 4; Cardinal, 9; Brown Creeper, i; Carolina Wren, 1; Winter
Wren, 2. Total, 13 species. 137 individuals. A Purple Crackle seen at Chestnut Hill
on Dec. 25. — George Leak.

Lititz, Pa. (northern Lancaster County, mainly in Hammer Creek Valley I. I >ec. 28;
7.45 a.m. to 5.15 p.m. Cloudy; 4 in. snow; wind northwest, light; temp. 32 at Mart,
approximately same throughout day. Party divided over two routes, half the time.
Total ground covered 26 miles on foot. Bob-white, 156 (15 coveys); Ruffed Grouse, 6;
Ring-neck Pheasant, 4; Turkey Vulture, 5; Hawk (Goshawk ?), 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 1;

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 31

Red-shouldered Hawk, i; Sparrow Hawk, 6; Screech Owl, i; Belted Kingfisher, i;
Hairy Woodpecker, i; Downy Woodpecker, 30; Northern Flicker, 7; Crow, 600; Star-
ling, 103; Meadowlark, 8; Goldfinch, q; Tree Sparrow, 190; Junco, 340; Song Sparrow, 37;
Cardinal, 8; Winter Wren, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 19; Tufted Titmouse, 1;
Chickadee, 9. Total, 25 species, about 1,535 individuals. The long list of game birds
was made possible by a favorable tracking snow, and a good bird dog. — Herbert H.
Beck, Abraham Beck Miller, Charles S. Brtcker.

York, Pa. (along Susquehanna River and Impounding Dam). — Dec. 26; 8.15 a.m. to
4.30 p.m. Cloudy; 2 in. snow; waterways entirely frozen; wind west, light; temp. 21 at
start, 31 at return. Five miles on foot. Observers together. Cooper's Hawk, 1; Spar-
row Hawk, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 1; Flicker, 3; American
Crow, 850; Starling, 3; Meadowlark, 1; Goldfinch, 5; Pine Siskin, 7; White-throated
Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 69; Slate-colored Junco, 40; Song Sparrow, 5; Cardinal, 10;
Carolina Wren, 3 (singing); Brown Creeper, 7; Tufted Titmouse, 9; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 16; Bluebird, 17. Total, 20 species, 1,057 individuals. — Arthur Farquhar,
Herman Klinedinst, Charles S. Weiser.

Altoona, Pa. (Lakemount Park, Canan's Ridge and Ant Hills). — Dec. 25; 10.30 a.m.
to 12.30 p.m., 2 to 4.30 p.m. Clear; 4 in. snow; wind south, light; temp. 30 at start,
28° at return. Six miles on foot. Observers worked separately. Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1;
Sparrow Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Crow, 1; Meadowlark, 2; Goldfinch, 1;
Tree Sparrow, 55; Slate-colored Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, 1; Cardinal, 4; Brown Creeper, 1;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 3; Robin, 1. Total, 14 species, 82 individuals. —
Harry Arthur McGraw, Harry P. Hays.

Chambersburg, Pa. — Dec. 26; 9.45 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Clear; light snow; wind west,
light; temp. 24 at start, 27 at return. Observers together. Kingfisher, 1; Downy
Woodpecker, 4; Crow, 30; Starling, 5; Purple Finch, 4; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 50;
Junco, 40; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 8; Winter Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 1. Total, 13 species, 149 individuals. Although only 30 Crows
were recorded, great flocks fly across the valley in the morning and return at sunset. —
Beniamin and Robert Warfield.

Sewickley, Pa. — -Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. Cloudy; 6 in. snow; wind north, cold, in-
creasing; temp. 20 . About 7 miles covered thoroughly. Observers together. Ruffed
Grouse, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 13; Blue
Jay, 3 ; American Crow, 2 ; Goldfinch, 3 ; Tree Sparrow, 113; Junco, 1 64 ; Song Sparrow, 1 6 ;
Cardinal, 21; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 12; Tufted Titmouse, 4;
Chickadee, 22; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2; Robin, 3. Total, 17 species, 382 individuals.
— Bayard H. Christy, Frank A. Hegner.

Springs, Pa. — -Dec. 23; 8.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Clear; 5 in. snow; no wind; temp. 22°
at start, 50 at noon. Five miles walked. Ruffed Grouse, 1; Great Horned Owl, 1
(5 a.m.); Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Pileated Woodpecker, 1; Blue
Jay, 1; American Crow, 5; Slate-colored Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, 1; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 2; Black-capped Chickadee, 4. Total, 11 species, 25 individuals. — Ansel B.
Miller.

Crafton, Pa. (Moon Run, Thornberg and vicinity). — Dec. 25; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Cloudy; 4 in. snow; wind southwest, light; temp. 28 . Eight miles on foot. Sparrow
Hawk, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Tree Sparrow, 16; Junco, 12; Song Sparrow, 12;
Cardinal, 16; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 18; Black-capped Chick-
adee, 14. Total, 9 species, 93 individuals. — L. F. Savage.

Emsworth, Pa. — Dec. 25; 8.30 to 10 a.m., 10.30 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cloudy; 4 in. snow;
wind west, light; temp. 20°. Eight miles on foot. Screech Owl (now spending seventh
winter in bird box), 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 13; Blue Jay, 2;
Crow, 3; Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow, 61; Junco, 25; Song Sparrow, 18; Cardinal, 7;

32 Bird -Lore

White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; Tufted Titmouse, 4; Black-capped Chickadee, 4; Blue-
bird (heard), 1. Total, 14 species, 156 individuals. — Thos. L. McCoxmell.

Telford, Pa. — Dec. 28; 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. From 1 to 3 in. snow; wind west, light;
temp. 30 at start and 38 at return. Cooper's Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1;
Sparrow Hawk, 1; Kingfisher, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 7; Horned Lark, 5; Crow, 46;
Starling, 26; Meadowlark, 9; Purple Finch, 2; Goldfinch, 7; Tree Sparrow, 72; Slate-
colored Junco, 165; Song Sparrow, 18; Cardinal, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 1. Total, 17 species, 368 individuals. On Dec. 22 a live Northern
Phalarope was brought to me for proper identification. It is still being cared for by the
farmer till the streams open. Dec. 25, 1 Flicker, and 1 Sharp-shinned Hawk were seen.—
Claude A. Butterwick.

Greensboro, Md. — Dec. 26. Fair; ground almost covered with snow; temp. 25 to
35 . Black Duck, 2; Bob-white, 20; Mourning Dove, 1; Turkey Vulture, 15; Sharp-
shinned Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Barred Owl, 1; Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Wood-
pecker. 2; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 7; Horned
Lark, 5; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 4; Starling, 4; Meadowlark, 26; Rusty Blackbird, 3; Purple
Finch, 3; Red Crossbill, 10; Goldfinch, 25; Pine Siskin, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 35;
Tree Sparrow, 7; Field Sparrow, 3; Junco, 55; Song Sparrow, 28; Swamp Sparrow, 3;
Towhee, 1; Cardinal, 30; Myrtle Warbler, 25; Carolina Wren, 1; Red-breasted Nut-
hatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 4; Carolina Chickadee, 7; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 1; Her-
mit Thrush. 1; Robin, 1. Total, 38 species, 352 individuals. — Otto McCreary.

Chesapeake Beach, Md. — Dec. 23; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; ground covered by about
2 in. snow; wind northwest; temp. 35°. Horned Grebe, 3; Herring Gull, 4; Ring-billed
Gull, 2; American Merganser, 2; Golden-eye, 3; Bufflehead, 13; White- winged Scoter, 86;
Surf Scoter, 6: Bob-white, 9; Turkey Vulture, n; Marsh Hawk, 1; Cooper's Hawk. 1:
Sparrow Hawk, 1; Belted Kingfisher, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Wood-
pecker, 1 ; Blue Jay, 7; Crow, 87; Starling, 122; Red- winged Blackbird, 2; Meadowlark, 22;
Goldfinch, 7; White-throated Sparrow, 10; Tree Sparrow, 3; Field Sparrow, 3; Slate-
colored Junco, 4; Song Sparrow, 8; Towhee, 1; Cardinal, 3; Mockingbird, 3; Long-
billed Marsh Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 3; Carolina Chickadee, 2;
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 2. Total, 35 species, 438 individuals. — Joseph Kittredge, Jr.

Parkersburg, W. Va. — Dec. 26; 1.30 to 4.30 p.m. Cloudy; 3 in. snow in the woods;
wind southwest, light; temp. 40 . Four and one-half miles on foot. Observers together.
Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Red-headed Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, 8; Crow, 45; Meadowlark, 15;
Bronzed Grackle, 1; Song Sparrow, 8; Cardinal, 7; Carolina Wren, 1 ; Tufted Titmouse, 1 ;
Chickadee, n. Total, n species, 102 individuals. — Bertha E. White, Ada Stephen-
son, Waiter Donaghho.

Charleston, W. Va. (South Side hills and ravines, same territory as covered in the
last four years). — Dec. 28; 8.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Heavy clouds, spitting snow and rain
throughout the trip; very light south wind; temp. 27° at start, 30 at return. Six or 7
miles on foot. Observers together. Blue Jay, 2; Bluebird, 19; Junco, 120; Carolina
Wren, 24; Towhee, 99; White-throated Sparrow, 12; Red-headed Woodpecker, 18
(these birds are on the increase winter and summer. Ten years ago we had none);
Sparrow Hawk, 2; Cooper's Hawk, 1; Goldfinch, 21; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Hairy
Woodpecker, 2; Cardinal. 66; Song Sparrow, 22; Field Sparrow, 14; Tree Spar-
row, 1; Robin, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 28; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Black-capped
Chickadee, n; Crow, <>; Flicker, s: Vellow-bellied Sapsucker, c; Hob-white, 32 (four
covies). Total, 24 species, 527 individuals, — Elis Crawford, Mary Belle Johnston,
[. H. Johnston, Joe Llo^ d.

Lewisburg, W. Va. -Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy; snow in spots; no wind;
temp. 1 5 at start, 38° at return. Six miles on foot. Turkey Vulture, 11; Red-tailed
Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 1 ; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Wood-

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 33

pecker, 6; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, i; Pileated Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Wood-
pecker, 6; Northern Flicker, 1; Prairie Horned Lark, 1; Blue Jay, 10; Crow, 25; Star-
ling, 1 (first time seen here in winter); Goldfinch, 22; Tree Sparrow, 270; Slate-colored
Junco, 305; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal. 15; Migrant Shrike, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 19; Tufted Titmouse, 13; Black-capped Chickadee, 2; Bluebird, 14.
Total, 25 species, 734 individuals. On Dec. 25 I was very much surprised to flush a
Wilson Snipe from a bit of swampy ground near my home. Also on Dec. 27, 1 Pine Sis-
kin, another unusual bird here, was seen. — Chas. (). Haxdley.

White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. — Dec. 25; 10 to 11.45 AM * 2 to 5 PM - Clear; ground
mostly snow-covered; wind west, light; temp. 20 . Observers together. Sparrow
Hawk, 1; Kingfisher, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 4; American Crow, 5; Tree
Sparrow, 30; Junco, 100; Song Sparrow, 4; Cardinal, 1 pair; Winter Wren, 1; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 8; Tufted Titmouse, 20; Bluebird, 3. Total, 13 species, 186 indi-
viduals. — Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Y. La Dow.

Washington, D. C. (Mt. Vernon, Dogue Creek, Gum Springs and Warwick, Va.). —
Dec. 27; 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Overcast, densely hazy, except last two hours; ground partly
covered by snow; no wind; temp. 2>2>° at start, 41 at finish. Six miles on foot. Observers
together. Red-breasted Merganser, 1; Hooded Merganser, 2; Black Duck, 3; Gadwell, 1;
Canvasback, 32; Scaup, 3,000; Golden-eye, 2,000; Bob- white, 21; Turkey Vulture, 5;
Marsh Hawk, 4; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 10; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 1; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2;
Flicker, 11; Blue Jay, 19; Crow, 26; Starling, 14; Meadowlark, 7; Purple Finch, 8;
Red Crossbill, 2; Goldfinch, 11; White-throated Sparrow, 3; Tree Sparrow, 16; Field
Sparrow, 4; Junco, 150; Song Sparrow, 12; Cardinal, 13; Loggerhead Shrike, 4; Myrtle
Warbler, 6; Mockingbird, 4; Carolina Wren, 1; Winter Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 1;
Tuftei Titmouse, 26; Carolina Chickadee, 10; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1; Ruby-
crowned Kinglet, 2; Robin, 1; Bluebird, 6. Total 42 species, about 5,450 individuals.
The Herring Gull, Fish Crow and White-breasted Nuthatch are common winter resi-
dents not seen on Dec. 27, all of which were seen next day. — Alex. Wetmore,
E. A. Preble, W. L. McAtee.

Pulaski, Va. — Dec. 25; 12.50 to 5 p.m. Clear; wind west, light; temp. 36 at start,
42 at return. Seven miles on foot. Woodcock, 1; Killdeer, 12; Turkey Vulture, 80;
Black Vulture, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Great Horned Owl, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 3;
Flicker, 2; Horned Lark, 50; American Crow, 4; Meadow Lark, 12; American Gold-
finch, 8; Slate-colored Junco, 58; Song Sparrow, n; Fox Sparrow, 1; Cardinal, 2; Mock-
ingbird, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Robin, 1; Bluebird, 6.
Total, 21 species, 276 individuals. — O. C. Brewer.

Spartanburg, S. C. (Converse Heights to Country Club). — Dec. 26; 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Clear; ground bare; wind south, fresh; temp. 34 at start, 46 at return. Five miles on
foot. Bob- white, 3; Mourning Dove, 7; Turkey Vulture, S; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Southern
Downy Woodpecker, 3; Red-headed Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 5; Prairie Horned Lark, 1
(in flight); Blue Jay, 16; American Crow, 6; Red-winged Blackbird, 27 (two flocks);
Meadowlark, n; Purple Finch, 15; American Goldfinch, 15; Vesper Sparrow, 3; Savan-
nah Sparrow, 3; White-throated Sparrow, 15; Field Sparrow, 13; Slate-colored Junco, 55;
Song Sparrow, 17; Fox Sparrow, 1; Towhee, 7; Cardinal, 7; Cedar Waxwing, 6; Myrtle
Warbler, 3; Mockingbird, 1; Carolina Wren, 5; Brown Creeper, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 9;
Carolina Chickadee, 5; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 9; Hermit Thrush, 2; Robin, 70;
Bluebird, 13. Total, 34 species, about 345 individuals. — Gabriel Cannon, George L.
Sxowdex, Lewis Bailey.

St. Petersburg, Fla.— Dec. 24; 7 to 8 a.m., St. Pecersburg; 10 a.m. to 12.45 PM - along
shore of Boca Ceiga Bay; 3 to 4 p.m., St. Petersburg. Slightly cloudy; wind southwest
to northwest, light; temp. 65 at start, 73 at return. Three miles on foot. Observers

34 Bird - Lore

together. Loon, 7; Red-throated Loon, 5; Herring Gull, 40; Laughing Gull, 2; Bona-
parte's Gull, 1 ; (lull-billed Tern, 209; Common Tern, 2 [We believe the Terns have been
wrongly identified; the Royal Tern should be the abundant species here. — En.]; Black
Skimmer, 170; Cormorant, 9; Brown Pelican, 235; Red-breasted Merganser, 8; Greater
and Lesser Scaup Duck, 87; Bufflehead Duck, 1; Great White Heron, 1; Great Blue
Heron, 2; Ward's Heron, 6; Louisiana Heron, 25; Little Blue Heron, 15; Black-crowned
Night Heron, 1; Limpkin, 1; Dowitcher, 3; Least Sandpiper, 5; Yellowleg, 1; Willet, 107;
Spotted Sandpiper, 1; Killdeer, 9; Ground Dove, 1; Black Vulture, 25; Bald Eagle, 12;
Florida Sparrow Hawk, 1; Kingfisher, 4; Red-headed Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 1; Blue
Jay, 9; Florida Crow, 79; Meadowlark, 15; Florida Grackle, 47; Boat-tailed Grackle, 6;
Cardinal, 1; Loggerhead Shrike, 9; Myrtle Warbler, 6; Palm and Yellow Palm Warb-
lers, 20; Mockingbird, 16. Total, 45 species, 1,206 individuals. We tried more for
different species than for great numbers, so did not consider rafts of ducks on Tampa
Bay, nor did we reckon hundreds of shore birds, seen but not identified along Boca
Ceiga Bay. — Clarence D., Ernest H., and Lucy E. Farrar.

Detroit, Mich. (Belle Isle, Grosse Isle and River front). — Dec. 26; 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Cloudy; trace of snow; wind southwest, light; temp. 29 to 31 . Herring Gull, 51; Ring-
billed Gull, 10; American Merganser, 7; Red-breasted Merganser, 5; Lesser Scaup, 7;
Golden-eye, 4; Bob-white, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 10; Red-
headed Woodpecker, 19; Crow, 12; Blue Jay, 8; Pine Grosbeak, 1; Tree Sparrow, 10;
Slate-colored Junco, 3; Cardinal, 2; Chickadee, 12; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 23. Total, 19 species, 192 individuals. About 40 Red-headed Woodpeckers
arc wintering on Belle Isle. — Etta S. Wilson.

Detroit, Mich. — Dec. 25; 8 to 11.30 a.m., eastern suburbs, creek bottom, farm land,
woodland and coppice — 8 miles on foot; 2.30 to 4.40 p.m., Belle Isle Park. Partly
cloudy; light snow; wind southwest, light; temp. 26 . Herring Gull, 27; Ducks (Scaup
sp.), n; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Red-headed
Woodpecker, 1; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 1; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 21; Redpoll, 11; Vesper
Sparrow, 6; Junco, 12; Song Sparrow, 4; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch. 14;
Chickadee, 18. Total, 16 species, 137 individuals. — Ralph Beebe.

Ann Arbor, Mich. — Dec. 26; 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Cloudy; 1 in. snow; wind west,
light; temp. 35 to 38 . Observers together. Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 9; Blue Jay, 17; Purple Finch, 2; Tree Sparrow, 207; Junco, 34;
Chewink, 1; Cardinal, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 16. Total, 11 spe< ies,
about 297 individuals. — JOSSELYN and Ci.ai de Van Tyne.

Camden, Mich. — Dec. 26; 10.30 a.m. to 12 m., 2.45 to 5 p.m. Cloudy; ground partly
covered with snow; wind west, strong; temp. 30° to 38 . Seven miles on foot, wooded
hills and open fields, about 2 miles of river banks. Observers together. Red-tailed
Hawk, 1; Barred Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 1;
Blue Jay, 4; Tree Sparrow, 75; Junco, id; Song Sparrow, 7; Cardinal, 5 males, 3 females;
Catbird, 1 (observed with a three-power glass at 20 feet); White-breasted Nuthatch, (>;
Black-capped Chickadee, 4. Total, 13 species, 131 individuals. -Ray P.. Willis C,
Walteb J. Read] r.

Wausau, Wis. Dec. 24; o a.m. to 1 P.M. Clear; 14 in. snow; calm; temp. 10 at
start, 30 at return. Seven miles on foot. Observers together. Northern Downy Wood-
pecker, 1; Blue Jay, 2; Evening Grosbeak, 25; Snow Bunting, 20; Cedar Waxwing, 13;
Chickadee, (>. Total, <> species, about (17 individuals. 11. W. Schaars, Clifford
Streck, Wesley Guenther.

Madison, Wis. (and vicinity 1. Dec. 26; A.M. to 3 P.M. Clear; sin. snow; wind north-
west, 12 miles per hour; temp. 31° to 37 . Twelve miles on foot. Observers together.
Hairy Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 17; Crow. 6; Red Crossbill, 1;

While winged Crossbill, 40; Redpoll, 2; Goldfinch, 5; Tree Sparrow, 20; Slate colored

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 35

Junco, 35; Cardinal, i; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Chickadee, 46;
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 5. Total, 15 species, about 195 individuals. — Clara and
Warner Taylor.

Madison, Wis. (woods, fields and marshes adjoining Lake Wingara). — Dec. 23;
8.15 a.m. to 4.15 p.m. Cloudy; hoar-frost on trees, 10 in. snow; thick ice on lake; wind,
west, light; temp. 27 to 30 . Ten miles on foot. Bob-white, 15; Barred Owl, 2; Hairy
Woodpecker, 4; Downy W'oodpecker, 4; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 28;
Crow, 4; Goldfinch, 21; Tree Sparrow, 125; Bohemian Waxwing, 19; Brown Creeper, 2;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; Chickadee, 37. Total, 13 species, 272 individuals. —
S. Paul Jones.

Hartland, Wis. — Dec. 22; 8.30 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cloudy; 10 in. snow; wind southwest,
light; temp. 24 at start, 36 at return. Seven miles on foot along tree and shrub bor-
dered country roads. Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 15;
Crow, 6; Tree Sparrow, 3; Northern Shrike, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 5; Chickadee, 18. Total, 9 species, 52 individuals. — Susie L. Simons.

Lauderdale Lakes, Wis. (near Elkhorn). — Dec. 26; 9.40 to 11.45 a.m., 1.45 to 3.30 p.m.
Clear; 1 ft. snow; wind west, brisk; temp. 33 at start, 36 at finish. Observers together.
Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 32; Red-winged Blackbird, 3; Redpoll, 29; Slate-colored Junco, 1;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Chickadee, 1. Total, 7 species, 69 individuals. — Lula
Dunbar, Robert G. Dunbar, Jr.

Minneapolis, Minn. (Interlachen to Minnehaha Falls). — Dec. 26; 9.30 a.m. to 4.30
p.m. Clear; 8 in. snow; wind west, 28 miles per hour; temp. 30° to 34 . Eight miles on
foot. Observers together. Golden-eye, 1 (in open water on Mississippi); Downy Wood-
pecker, 4; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1 (adult male); Blue Jay, 11; Tree Sparrow, 3;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 15; Black-capped Chickadee, n. Total, 7 species, 46 indi-
viduals. The Red-bellied Woodpecker, an exceptional record for this locality, was studied
at 20 feet with binoculars. — Burton Thayer, Charles Phillips.

Minneapolis, Minn. — Dec. 27; 8 a.m. to 12 m. Cloudy; 7 in. snow; temp. 25 . About
6 miles on foot-along the east bank of the Mississippi River. Hairy Woodpecker, 3;
Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 8; Purple Finch, 6; Redpoll, 18; Tree Sparrow, 4;
Slate-colored Junco, 15; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 10; Black-capped
Chickadee, 7; Robin, 1. Total, 11 species, 77 individuals. Robins are very rare here in
winter; this bird has been here all winter, feeding mostly on berries. Large flocks of
Bohemian Waxwings have been in this vicinity for about a month, but none were seen
on this date. — Lawrence Zeleny.

Youngstown, Ohio (Mill Creek Park, Valley above park and country below Poland). —
Dec. 25; 7.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Partly cloudy; 6 in. snow; wind west, light; temp. 17
at start, 22 at return. About 15 miles on foot. Observers separate some of the time.
Bob-white, 63 (4 coveys); Ruffed Grouse, 1; Marsh Hawk, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1;
Rough-legged Hawk, 5; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 8; Downy Woodpecker, 51;
Red-headed Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 32;
Crow, 1; Meadowlark, 7; Purple Finch, 1; Red Crossbill, 20; White- winged Crossbill, 1 1 ;
Redpoll, 12; Goldfinch, 3; Pine Siskin, at least 500; Tree Sparrow, 308; Slate-colored
Junco, 11; Song Sparrow, 10; Cardinal, 20; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 55; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Tufted Titmouse, 63; Chickadee, 89; Golden-
crowned Kinglet, 7. Total, 30 species, about 1,295 individuals. The Rough-legged
Hawks, Redpolls, Crossbills and Pine Siskins are uncommon winter visitors. — George
L. Fordyce, C. A. Leedy, Willis H. Warner, Evan C. Dressel, H. W. Weisgerber.

Painesville, Ohio. — Dec. 25; out 4 hours. Fair, cloudy; wind west, fresh; temp.
24 to 28 . Eight-mile walk. Merganser, 3; Golden-eye, 5; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Barred
Owl, 2; Kingfisher, 1; Northern Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Red-
headed Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 6; Bronzed Grackle, 2; Tree Sparrow, 5

36 Bird - Lore

Song Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 7; Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Xuthatch, 5; Tufted
Titmouse, 4; Chickadee, 5. Total, 18 species, 56 individuals. Hooded Merganser, Great
Horned Owl, Crows, Goldfinch, and Juncos also seen within the Census time-limit. —
E. A. Doolittle.

Oberlin, Ohio. — Dec. 27; 9.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground covered with snow;
wind southwest, sharp; temp. 32��at start, 3i°at return. Eight miles on foot, 3 on bicycle.
Downy Woodpecker, 8; Flicker, 6; Blue Jay, 12; Crow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 6; Cardinal, 6;
Brown Creeper, 1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 10. Total, 9 species,
53 individuals. — Helen M. Rice.

Akron, Ohio (Northwest, 6 miles and return). — Dec. 21; 9 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Foggy,
clear; wind southwest, very slight; temp. 11° rising to 38°. Downy Woodpecker, 5;
Blue Jay, 2; Tree Sparrow, 25; Song Sparrow, 2;Junco, 10; Cardinal, 3; Brown Creeper, 1;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Chickadee, 7. Total, 9 species, 59 individuals. — Paul A.
Wells.

Huron, Ohio. — Dec. 28; 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Partly cloudy; ground nearly bare; wind
north, fresh; temp. 22 at start. Observers together in afternoon, H. G. Morse alone in
forenoon. Merganser, 58; Golden-eye, 12; Bob-white, 8; Bald Eagle, 5; Sparrow Hawk, 1 ;
Downy Woodpecker, 7; Red-headed Woodpecker, 13; Northern Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 8;
Crow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 60; Juncos, 1; Song Sparrow, 5; Cardinal, 8; Tufted Titmouse, 2;
Chickadee, 4. Total, 16 species, 196 individuals. — Mr. and Mrs. H. G. Morse, Miss
W. E. Seonhiser.

Canton, Ohio. — Dec. 22; 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy in the morning; ground covered
with snow; wind, light; temp. 25 to 40 . Twelve miles on foot. Observers together.
Bob- white, 12 (one covey); Belted Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Wood-
pecker, 10; Blue Jay, 2; Goldfinch, 4; Tree Sparrow, 100; Song Sparrow, 25; Cardinal, 12;
Cedar Waxwing, 13; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 8; Robin, 1. Total,
13 species, 196 individuals. — May S. Danner, Mary King.

Canton, Ohio. — Dec. 25; 7.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Cloudy till 12.30 p.m., clear thereafter;
ground slightly snow-covered; wind southwest, light; temp. 20 at start, ,24° at return.
Ten miles on foot. Bob- white, 20 (two coveys); Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Belted King-
fisher, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 1; Gold-
finch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 170; Slate-colored Junco, 30; Song Sparrow, 20; Cardinal. 23;
Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 7; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Black-capped
Chickadee, 2. Total, 16 species, 290 individuals. — Edward D. Kimes.

Cadiz, Ohio. — -Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Cloudy to part cloudy; 4 in. snow-
wind west, light; temp. 18 at start, 24 on return. Eight miles in the woods and fields
south of Cadiz. Observers together. Bob-white, 6, and tracks; Cooper's Hawk (?) 1;
Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 4;
Red-bellied Woodpecker, 4; Northern Flicker, 6; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 5; Meadowlark, 8;
Tree Sparrow, 90; Junco, 45; Song Sparrow, 16; Cardinal, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, ■;:
Tufted Titmouse, 6; Chickadee, 5. Total, 18 species, 208 individuals. — H. B.McCONN] 1 1

Hamilton, Ohio. — Dec. 25; 9.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Clear; 3 in. snow; wind southeast,
light; temp. 12 at start, 30 at return. Nine miles on foot through fields anil swamps
along river. Observers together. Sparrow Hawk, 4; Kingfisher, 1 ; Hairy Woodpecker, 4;
Downy Woodpecker, 5; Yellow'-bellicd Sapsucker, 3; American Crow, 41; Tree Spar-
row, 98; Junco, 20; Song Sparrow, 16; Swamp Sparrow, 121; Towhee, 1; Cardinal, iN;
Tufted Titmouse, 16; Chickadee, 91. Total, 14 species, 440 individuals. — Frank and
William II vrbaum.

Xenia, Ohio (Beaver Creek to Alpha, Little Miami River to Trebeins). — Dec. 25;
8 A.M. to 1.20 p.m., 3 to 4.30 p.m. Clear; 1 in. snow; wind northwest to southeast, light;
temp. 4 at start, 23? at return. Seven miles on foot. Mallard, 20; Bob-white, 8; Ring
necked Pheasant, 6; Mourning Dove, 16; Belted Kingfisher, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 2;

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 37

Downy Woodpecker, 7; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 20;
Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 68; Song Sparrow, 29; Cardinal, 12; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 16; Chickadee, 18; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1; Robin, 2.
Total, 20 species, 240 individuals. — Helen Ankeney.

Fort Wayne, Ind. — Dec. 21; 7.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. Fair; wind northeast, light; temp.
1 8° at start, 30 on return. Ten miles of river-bank and vicinity. Bob-white, 21; Mourn-
ing Dove, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 17; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 29;
American Crow, 24; Goldfinch, 4; Pine Siskin, 2; Tree Sparrow, 379; Slate-colored
Junco, 63; Song Sparrow, 14; Cardinal, 26; Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 18; Tufted Titmouse, 6; Black-capped Chickadee, 39. Total, 17 species, 651 in-
dividuals. On Nov. 2 Wm. Sihler observed 15 White- winged Crossbills. — Chas. A.
Stockbridge, A. A. Ringwalt, A. K. Mehl, Henry W. Sepper, Wm. Sihler.

Gary, Ind. — Dec. 23; 7 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Cloudy; 3 in. snow on ground, white rime
frost covering all vegetation; freezing temperatures morning and evening, slightly
warmer at mid-day. Herring Gull, 33; American Merganser, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 10; Tree Sparrow, 169; Junco, 26; Black-
capped Chickadee, 17; Robin, 1. Total, 10 species, 263 individuals. — W. A. Squires.

Indianapolis, Ind. (to territory about 10 miles from city). — Dec. 23; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Dull sky; light snow on ground; no wind; temp. 28 . Covering 15 miles of 'hiking' on
estate where birds have been encouraged, and observation of a winter feeding station.
Observers together. Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 4;
Red-headed Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 1; Crow, 59; Tree Sparrow, 6; Slate-colored
Junco, S3', Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 8; Tufted Titmouse, 5; Black-capped Chickadee,

4. Total, 12 species, 128 individuals. — Miss Elizabeth Downhour, Mrs. Cecilia
Denbig, Miss Charlotte Bachman, Miss Margaret Drinkut, W. T. Drinkut,

5. E. Perkins III.

Roachdale, Ind. — Dec. 25; 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Clear; ground bare; wind southwest, light;
temp. 18 to 28 . Eight miles on foot. Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 8;
Red-bellied Woodpecker, 4; Flicker, 3; Prairie Horned Lark, 9; Blue Jay, 4; American
Crow, 40; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 36; Song Sparrow, 7; Cardinal, 3; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 10; Black-capped Chickadee, 18. Total, 14 species,
150 individuals. — Ward J. Rice.

Chicago, 111. — Dec. 24; 7.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. Cleared up about noon; about an inch
of snow; wind, cold. Along the Desplaines River from Oak Park to Park Ridge, then
west to Niles. Alone. Herring Gull, 1; Ring-billed Gull, 4; Mourning Dove, 4; Hairy
Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 10; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 6;
American Crow, 47; Evening Grosbeak, 2; Tree Sparrow, 6; Slate-colored Junco, 1;
Cardinal, 19; White-breasted Nuthatch, 1 ; Black-capped Chickadee, 3. Total, 14 species,
107 individuals. Dec. 27, Belted Kingfisher, 2. — Gardner Bates.

Waukegan, LU. — Dec. 26; 9.45 a.m. to 4.15 p.m. Clear; about 6 in. snow; wind south-
west, strong; temp. 36 at start, 37° at return. About 14 miles on foot. Observers to-
gether. Herring Gull, 200+ ; American Merganser, 25; Red-breasted Merganser, 3;
American Golden-eye, 12; Old Squaw, 2; Canada Goose, 106; Hairy Woodpecker, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 8; Crow, 15; Red Crossbill, 2; Tree Sparrow, 32
Slate-colored Junco, 7; Bohemian Waxwing, 1; Brown Creeper, 1; Chickadee, 2. Total,
16 species, about 420 individuals. The Bohemian Waxwing was identified by its large
size and the white markings on the wings. — Parker Blair, Stephen S. Gregory, Jr.

Zuma Township, Rock Island Co., 111. — Dec. 28; 8.30 to 10.30 a.m., 12.05 to 3 T 5 PM -
Cloudy in forenoon, clear in afternoon; 2 in. snow; wind north, light; temp. 20 at start,
25 at return. Bob-white, 35 (two covies); Screech Owl, 1; Great Horned Owl, 2;
Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 15; Red-headed Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied
Woodpecker, 5; Northern Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 10; American Crow, 14; Goldfinch, 12;

38 Bird -Lore

Tree Sparrow, 15; Slate-colored Junco, 25; Cardinal, 3; Brown Creeper, 3; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 5; Tufted Titmouse, 1 ; Black-capped Chickadee, 23. Total, 18 species,
about 178 individuals. Heard a Lapland Longspur call, while flying over, Dec. 27. —
J. J. SCHAFER.

Rantoul, 111. — Dec. 24; 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Light clouds; ground bare; wind north, brisk;
tern]). 22 . Four miles on foot through woods, by vehicle to and from woods. Observers
together. Cooper's Hawk, 1; Red-tailed Hawk, 5; Red-shouldered Hawk, 2; Broad-
winged Hawk, 1; American Rough-legged Hawk, 20; Barred Owl, 1; Screech Owl, 1;
Hairy Woodpecker, 18; Downy Woodpecker, 56; Flicker, 3; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 1;
Prairie Horned Lark, 15; Blue Jay, 9; American Crow, about 300; American Gold-
finch, 16; Vesper Sparrow, 1; White-throated Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, about 600;
Junco, about 300; Song Sparrow, 7; Swamp Sparrow, 1 ; Cardinal, 37; Brown Creeper, 20;
White-breasted Nuthatch, 12; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 4; Tufted Titmouse, about 500;
Chickadee, 3; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1. Total, 28 species, about 1,900 individuals.
Species wintering in this vicinity but not seen on this date: Bob- white, Prairie Hen,
Lapland Longspur, and Snow Bunting, seen at frequent intervals. Wilson Snipe, Dec. 23;
Mourning Dove, Dec. 18; Sparrow Hawk and Pine Siskin, Dec. 21; Brown Thrasher
and Rusty Blackbird, Dec. 10; Robin, Dec. 19. These dates are the latest observa-
tions of the birds named, although they have been seen frequently before.— Sidney,
George, and Eddie Ekblaw.

Albion, 111. — Dec. 26; 1.30 to 5.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare; wind west, light; temp.
44° to 36 . Nine miles on foot. Bob-white, 13; Dove, 5; Barred Owl, 1; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 15; Red-headed Woodpecker, 1; Red-bellied Wood-
pecker, 8; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 15; Goldfinch, 10; White-crowned Sparrow, 25; Tree
Sparrow, 300; Slate-colored Junco, 50; Song Sparrow, 30; Cardinal, 8; Tufted Tit-
mouse, 12; Carolina Chickadee, 9. Total, 17 species, about 508 individuals. Two Mock-
ingbirds were seen Dec. 19. — John H. Gooch.

Emmetsburg, Iowa. — Dec. 24; 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. Clear until 10.30 a.m., then cloudy;
10 in. snow that fell first of month, melted down to 6 in., rendering walking difficult;
wind northeast until 10.30 a.m., then southeast; temp. 17° at start, 24° at end. During
the first three weeks of December the thermometer has registered below zero on thirteen
mornings; on eight of those mornings, from 11° to 22° below. Ring-necked Pheasant. 1
(female); Hairy Woodpecker, 8; Downy Woodpecker, 3; Flicker, 1 ; Blue Jay, 3; Crow. 47;
Lapland Longspur, 30; Tree Sparrow, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee. 11.
Total, 10 species, 113 individuals. — LeRoy Titus Weeks.

Iowa City, Iowa (2 miles south, then back; then 1 mile north and 1V2 miles west of
town). — Dec. 26; 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. Partly cloudy at start, cleared at 10.30 a.m.; 4 in.
snow ; wind northwest, light; tern]). 24° at start, 40 on return. Eight miles on foot.
Observers together. Bob- white, 15 (one covey); Sparrow Hawk, 1 (studied at 20 yards
with five-X glasses); Barred Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, m>;
Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3; Northern Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 26; American Crow. N;
Goldfinch, 40 (two Hocks); Tree Sparrow, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 9; Towhee, 1 (male:
studied at distance of 15 feet 1 ; Cardinal, 13; Brown Creeper, 5; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, iS; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Black capped Chickadee, 40. Total, 18 species. 10S
individuals. - Dayton and LILLIAN C. StONER.

Sioux City, Iowa (Ravines north of North Riverside, 6 miles from city i. Dec. 23;
io A.M. to 4 p.m. Clear; ground covered with snow (> to 14 in.; no wind; temp. 31 to 38 .
Observers together. Six to 8 miles afoot. Hairy Woodpecker, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 2;
Micker, 2; blue Jay, 1 ; American Crow, 7; Goldfinch, 6; Tree Sparrow, 1 ;; Slate-colored
Junco, 13: Towhee, t; Cardinal, 10; Bohemian Waxwing, 1; Brown Creeper, 2; W'hite-
ied Nuthatch, .•; Red-breasted Nuthatch, .•; Chickadee, 34. Total, 15 species,
102 individuals. This is an actual count but we estimated at least thirty more Chick-

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 39

adees. A pair of Magpies was last seen in this locality on Dec. 21, having been seen for
three or four days previously. Red Crossbills have been frequently seen this winter,
and a flock of 04 Bohemian Waxwings was seen north of the city on Dec. 19. So many
Bohemian without any Cedar Waxwings is very unusual here. — Miss JuLIA Ross,
Mrs. H. M. Bailey.

Louisville, Ky. — Dec. 25; 7 a.m. to 4 P.M. Clear; wind slight; temp. 18 at start,
49° on return. Twelve miles on foot. Killdeer, 3; Turkey Vulture, 1; Red-shouldered
Hawk, 1; Broad- winged Hawk (?), i; Belted Kingfisher, i; Hairy Woodpecker, i;
Downy Woodpecker, 9; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 28; American
Crow, 16; Meadowlark, 8; Purple Grackle, 25; White-throated Sparrow, 21; Tree
Sparrow, 29; Field Sparrow, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 116; Song Sparrow, 43; Cardinal, 36;
Mockingbird, 1; Carolina Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 11;
Tufted Titmouse, 37; Black-capped Chickadee, 32; Bluebird, 3. Total, 26 species,
433 individuals. — Burt L. Monroe.

Bowling Green, Ky. (Glen Lilly, Jennings Creek, Pea Ridge, and along Barren
River). — Dec. 22; 8.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Very heavy fog lasting all day; ground bare; temp.
22 to 30 . About 10 miles on foot. Killdeer, 7; Mourning Dove, 27; Marsh Hawk, 1;
Sparrow Hawk, 1; Belted Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Southern Downy Wood-
pecker, 11; Pileated Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 7; Flicker, 1 (rarer than
usual); Prairie Horned Lark, 29; Blue Jay, 13; American Crow, 250; Meadowlark, 30;
Purple Finch, 14; American Goldfinch, 2; White-crowned Sparrow, 12; White-throated
Sparrow, 25; Tree Sparrow, 16; Chipping Sparrow, 3; Slate-colored Junco, 250; Song
Sparrow, 20; Towhee, 4 (unusually scarce this winter); Cardinal, 50; Cedar Waxwing, 5;
Myrtle Warbler, 3 (rare this winter); Mockingbird, 10; Bewick Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 4;
Tufted Titmouse, 25; Carolina Chickadee, 50; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 8 (I made this
bird the great object of my trip because it has been so scarce since the winter of 191 7-18);
Bluebird, 14. Total, 33 species, 897 individuals. — Gordon Wilson.

Lexington, Mo. — Dec. 24; 8 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare, with a little
snow in patches; wind fairly strong and from northeast; temp. 32 to 25 . Observers
separate. About 20 miles covered. Bob- white, 5; Mourning Dove, 2; Screech Owl, 1;
Hairy Woodpecker, 7; Downy Woodpecker, 25; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 1 (the identity
is uncertain); Red-bellied Woodpecker, 5; Flicker, 20; Prairie Horned Lark, 3; Blue Jay, 23;
Crow, 14; Purple Finch, 1; Goldfinch, 25; White-throated Sparrow, 1 ; Tree Sparrow, 375;
Slate-colored Junco, 750; Song Sparrow, 50; Cardinal, 89; Carolina Wren, 4; Winter
Wren, 1; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 9; Tufted Titmouse, 24; Chick-
adee, 150. Total, 24 species, 1,589 individuals. — J. Clark Sawyer, E. Gordon-
Alexander.

Kansas City, Mo. — Dec. 21; 7.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Heavy fog and mist all day;
ground frozen hard, and covered with old ice and snow in sheltered places; wind south,
light, in afternoon; temp. 28 to 30 . Missouri River and Big Eddy region, Missouri
bottoms and bluffs near Courtney, upper Brush Creek Valley, Country Club district
prairies, Swope Park neighborhood, Mount Washington Cemetery, Mill Creek region
north of Independence, Forest Hill Cemetery, upper Blue Valley near Dodson. Ob-
servers were paired in the different regions, and were in the field from 3 to 9 hours.
Loon, 1 (identification entirely satisfactory); Merganser, 3; Black Duck, 2; Marsh
Hawk, 1; Cooper's Hawk, 1; Barred Owl, 1; Screech Owl, 2; Great Horned Owl, 1;
Kingfisher, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 27; Downy Woodpecker, 69; Red-headed Wood-
pecker, 1; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 26; Northern Flicker, 14; Blue Jay, 56; Crow, 63;
Red-winged Blackbird (subspecies ?), 15; Purple Finch, 7; Crossbill, 21; Goldfinch, 35;
Pine Siskin, 4; Lapland Longspur, small flock in the air (identification not entirely
satisfactory); Harris's Sparrow, 13; White-crowned Sparrow, 2; Tree Sparrow, 485 (est.);
Slate-colored Junco, 710 (est.); Song Sparrow, 18; Lincoln's Sparrow, 1; Swamp Spar-

40 Bird - Lore

row, 2; Fox Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 129; Cedar Waxwing, 5; Mockingbird, 1; Carolina
Wren, 27; Brown Creeper, 19; White-breasted Nuthatch, 11; Tufted Titmouse, 59;
Chickadee, 194; Robin, 14; Bluebird, 2. Total, 40 species, about 2,046 individuals. —
B. F. Bolt, Miss Jennie Clements, Walter Cunningham, Mrs. T. F. English,
Wm. C. Michaels, Eldon Michaels, Miss Ella Proctor, Miss Mary Robinson,
Mrs. T. C. Sherwood, A. E. Shirling, Chas. W. Tindall and Son, Roy C. Wood-
worth, Harry Harris.

Marionville, Mo. — Dec. 27; 1.30 p.m. to sunset. Cloudy; ground bare; wind south-
west, strong; temp. 35 and upward. Twenty-five to 30 miles in car, with foot trips
about 5 miles more. Bob- white, 25; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Cooper's Hawk, 2; Screech
Owl, 1; Great Horned Owl, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2; Kingfisher, 3; Flicker, 4; Prairie
Horned Lark, 30; Blue Jay, 14; Crow, 10,000 or over; American Goldfinch, 60; Harris's
Sparrow, 1; Tree Sparrow, 80; Song Sparrow, 60; Field Sparrow, 140; Slate-colored
Junco, 300; Cardinal, 30; Winter Wren, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 30; Chickadee, 40; Blue-
bird, 6. Total, 22 species, 10,831 individuals. — Johnson Neff.

Nashville, Tenn. (Bellemeade Farms, Glendale Forest and 40-Acre Reservoir). —
Dec. 27; 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear; ground bare; no wind; temp. 32° to 46 . Twelve miles
on foot. Redhead Duck, 2; Lesser Scaup Duck, 25; Ruddy Duck, 9; Killdeer, 16;
Bob- white, 8; Mourning Dove, 6; Black Vulture, 7; Cooper's Hawk, 1 ; Red-tailed
Hawk, 4; Sparrow Hawk, 6; Barred Owl, 1; Great Horned Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 4;
Downy Woodpecker, 8; Pileated Woodpecker, 2; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 7; Yellow-
bellied Sapsucker, 3; Flicker, 60; Prairie Horned Lark, 25 (one flock); Blue Jay, 8;
Crow, 5 (flying to large roost 25 miles east); Cowbird, 3,000 (roosting in cemetery in
magnolia and coniferous trees with Crackles and Robins); Bronzed Grackle, 12,000 (at
roost, see Cowbird note); Meadowlark, 11; Purple Finch, 5; Goldfinch, 12; White-
throated Sparrow, 70; Field Sparrow, 140; Song Sparrow, 90; Fox Sparrow, 2; Slate-
colored Junco, 140; Towhee, 22; Cardinal, 65; Cedar Waxwing, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 40;
Mockingbird, 32; Carolina Wren, 5; Winter Wren, 1 ; Bewick's Wren, 1; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 12; Tufted Titmouse, 7; Carolina Chickadee, 28; Hermit Thrush, 4; Robin,
8,000 (roosting, see Cowbird note); Bluebird, 17. Total, 45 species, about 23,800 in-
dividuals. — Geo. R. Mayfiei.d, A. C. Webb, H. S. and Wm. Vaughn, A. F. Ganii.k
(two parties). .

Anniston, Ala. — Dec. 25; 8 a.m. to 12 m., east portion of city and adjacent territory,
on foot — about 5 miles; 2 to 5 p.m., Oxford Lake and Chocoloco Creek, 3 miles south
of Anniston, over circuitous route. Clear; ground bare, except a copious hoarfrost till
sun was well up; wind northwest, light; temp. 22 at start, 42 at finish, 35 mean for
the day, being 8° below the normal. Killdeer, 6; Mourning Dove, 20; Belted King-
fisher, 1; Southern Downy Woodpecker. 1 ; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 2; Red-headed
Woodpecker, 5; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 6; Blue Jay, 36; Meadowlark, 50;
Goldfinch, 4; White-throated Sparrow, 20; Field Sparrow, 85; Slate-colored Junco, 81;
Song Sparrow, 16; Towhee, 27; Cardinal, 5; Myrtle Warbler. 9; Pipit, 51; Mocking-
bird, 6; Brown Thrasher, 1; Carolina Wren. 2; Brown Creeper, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 6;
Carolina Chickadee, 7; Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 1; Robin, 1; Bluebird, 43 (in one flock
28 were counted). Total, 28 species, 496 individuals. — R. H. DEAN.

Charlson, N. D. Dec. 23; 10.45 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy, ground snow-covered on
prairie; hills more or less bare; wind southeast, Light; temp. 27 . Prairie Sharp-tailed
Grouse, 42; Rough-legged Hawk. 1; Horned Lark, 1; Magpie, 7: Redpoll. 42; Snow
Hunting, 7; Bohemian Waxwing, 12; Long-tailed Chickadee, 2. Total, 8 species, 114 in-
dividuals. Saw the Hairy Woodpecker on Dec. 15. — Adrian Larson.

Yankton, S. D. — Dec. 26; 10.30 a.m. to 5.30 P.M. Clear; ground bare in places, but
mostly covered with 3 to 4 or more in. of snow ; wind northwest, medium; temp. 40 .
Distance covered, 7 miles. Observers together. King-ncrkcd Pheasant. 1; Hairy Wood'

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 41

pecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 9; Flicker, 3; Blue Jay, 3; American Crow, 14; Red
Crossbill, 2; Redpoll, 6; Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow, 6; Slate-colored Junco, 35; Car-
dinal, 1; Bohemian Waxwing, 50; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted Nuthatch, 4;
Long-tailed Chickadee, 75; Robin, 25 ('whisper song' heard twice). Total, 17 species,
243 individuals. A Magpie noted Dec. 23. Reported as unusually common this winter.
— G. H. Durand, A. P. Larrabee.

Fremont, Neb. — Dec. 22; 1.30 to 6 p.m. Snow on the ground, melting; temp. 35° to
40 . Screech Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 5; Northern Flicker, 2;
Prairie Horned Lark, 2; Blue Jay, 3; Crow, 12; Red Crossbill, 6; White- winged Cross-
bill, 36; Goldfinch, 3; Tree Sparrow, 11; Slate-colored Junco, 6; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 3; Brown Creeper, 4; Chickadee, 10. Total, 15 species, 108 individuals. Up to
Dec. 1 many Bohemian Waxwings were in the cemetery, often 75 to 100 in a flock;
2 Townsend's Solitaires, and numerous Golden-crowned Kinglets. — Lily Ruegg
Button.

Lawrence, Kans. — Dec. 22; 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Cloudy; snow in patches; wind
south, moderate; temp, about 32 . Fifteen miles on foot. Duck (unidentified flock), 5;
Bob-white, 14 (one covey); Mourning Dove, 1; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1; Hawk (an-
other sp.), 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy Woodpecker, 8; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 3;
Flicker, 8; Blue Jay, 5; American Crow, 12; American Goldfinch, 1; Tree Sparrow,
about 75; Slate-colored Junco, about 85; Song Sparrow, 3; Cardinal, 35; Mockingbird, 1;
Brown Creeper, 2; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 13; Chickadee, 41;
Bluebird, 1. Total, 22 species, about 322 individuals (fewer than usual for this terri-
tory). Seen during this week: Marsh Hawk, Prairie Horned Lark, Northern (?) Shrike,
Robin. — Jean Linsdale.

Topeka, Kans. — Dec. 22; 8.10 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Damp and cloudy; few patches of
old snow; wind south, light; temp. 29 to 32 . Fourteen miles, wooded creek and prairie.
Observers separate most of time. Marsh Hawk, 2; Cooper's Hawk, 2; Western Red-
tail, 1; Swainson's Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy Wood-
pecker, 24; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 1 ; Red-bellied Woodpecker, n ; Northern Flicker, 8;
Prairie (?) Horned Lark, 6; Blue Jay, 6; Crow, 7,2; Crossbill, 35; Goldfinch, 1; Pine
Siskin, 5; Longspur, (at least one of which was a Chestnut-collared), 27; Tree Spar-
row, 45; Junco, 28; Song Sparrow, 4; Cardinal, 23; Brown Creeper, 8; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 4; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Tufted Titmouse, 13; Chickadee, 57; Robin, 50;
Bluebird, 6. Total, 28 species, 405 individuals. Seen recently in same territory: Dec. 18,
Meadowlark, 12; Cedar Waxwing, 30; Harris's Sparrow, 1; Dec. 19, Carolina Wren, 1;
Winter Wren, 2. — Horace Gunthorp, Sidney Hyde.

Creek Co., Okla. (Polecat Creek Bottom).— Dec. 22; 9 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Cloudy;
ground bare of snow; wind north, light; temp, slightly above freezing. Bob-white, 18;
American Rough-legged Hawk, 3; Hairy Woodpecker, 4; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Red-
bellied Woodpecker, 1; Northern Flicker, 1; Blue Jay, 1; American Crow, 1; Harris
Sparrow, 20; Field Sparrow, 1 ; Slate-colored Junco, 150; Swamp Sparrow, 2; Cardinal, 10;
Chickadee, 1; Hermit Thrush, 1; Robin, 22; Bluebird, 2. Total, 17 species, about 340
individuals. — Theodor R. Beard.

Norman, Okla. — -Dec. 24; 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., 2 to 5.30 p.m. Cloudy; ground bare;
wind north, moderate; temp. 34 in a.m., and 36 in p.m. Eleven miles on foot. Observers
separate. Canada Goose, 29; Bob-white, 9 (one covey); Mourning Dove, 3; Marsh
Hawk, 2; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1; Screech Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Southern
Downy Woodpecker, 19; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1; Northern Flicker, 25; Red-shafted
Flicker, 1; Prairie Horned Lark, 7; Blue Jay, 2; Crow, 21; Red- winged Blackbird, 600;
Western Meadowlark, 6; American Goldfinch, 21; Harris Sparrow, 82; Tree Sparrow, 3;
Field Sparrow, 5; Junco, 28; Song Sparrow, 20; Towhee, 1; Cardinal, 95; Carolina
Wren, 2; Bewick's Wren, 2; Brown Creeper, 2; Tufted Titmouse, 2; Carolina Chickadee,

42 Bird -Lore

54; Robin, 5; Bluebird, 30. Total, 31 species, 1,093 individuals. Loggerhead Shrike and
Mm kingbird seen on Dec. 23.- MARGARET M. and L. B. NlCE.

Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada (Valley of the Frenchman River). — Dec. 22;
9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Overcast; little snow left, excepl in drifts; wind southwest
(Chinook), strong; temp. 36 at slart, 40 at finish. About 15 miles on foot. Sharp-
tailed Grouse, 1; Magpie, 8; Redpoll, 20; Snow Bunting, 15; Lapland Longspur, 1;
Bohemian Waxwing, 9; Chickadee. 6. Total, 7 species, 60 individuals. — Lawrence B.
Totter.

Calgary, Alberta, Canada.- Dec. 21; 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Calm; ground mostly
bare; temp. 8 a.m. 34 , 5.30 p.m. 40 . Five miles along the Bow River, from the city
limits. On the prairie coming back. American Merganser, 6; Mallard, 2 (males);
Golden-eye, n; Duck, 1 (unidentified); Wilson Snipe, 2; Owl, 1 (medium-sized, uniden-
tified); Prairie Chicken, 9; Hungarian Partridge, 17; Hairy Woodpecker, 2; Downy
Woodpecker, 12; Magpie (while coming home, near dusk, I counted 103 of them flying
to some roosting-place. I saw one or more about every minute, while going alonj; the
river); Redpoll, 45 + ; Snow Bunting, heard; Chickadee, 24. Total. 14 species, 234 +
individuals. Seen recently: Dec. 20, Bohemian Waxwing, 10; Dec. 14, Great Horned
Owd, 1; Kingfisher, 1. — Percy L. Ctjstance.

Bozeman, Mont. — Dec. 24; 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Partly cloudy; 8 in. snow; fitful westerly
breeze; temp. 37 at start, 48° at return. About 5 miles on foot. Magpie, 15; Black-
headed Jay, 2; Western Crow, n; Alaskan Pine Grosbeak, 5; Redpoll, iS; Western Tree
Sparrow, 13; Slate-colored Junco, 2; Intermediate Junco, 3; Mountain Song Sparrow, 3;
Bohemian Waxwing, 9; Long-tailed Chickadee, 5. Total, 11 species, 86 individuals. —
Nelson Ltjndwall.

Denver, Colo.- Dec. 25; 8.30 to 9.30 a.m., 11.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., in parks afoot;
1.30 to 4.30 p.m., 9 miles east by auto, and then afoot. Partly cloudy; old snow in shaded
patches; wind, forenoon, south, light, afternoon, cast, stronger; temp. 38 at sunrise,
47° at sunset. Ring-neck Pheasant, 3; Mourning Dove, 2; Prairie Falcon, 1; Richard-
son Merlin, 1; Western Sparrow Hawk, 1; Saw--\vhet Owd, 1; Rocky Mountain Screech
Owl, 2; Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Lewis's Woodpecker, 2; Red-shafted
Flicker, 6; Desert Horned Lark, 1; Magpie, 90; Red-winged Blackbird, 200; House
Finch, 23; Western Tree Sparrow, 12; Orev-hcaded Junco, 1; Long-tail Chickadee, 1;
Mountain Chickadee, 8; Townsend's Solitaire, 1. Total, 19 species, about 358 indi-
viduals. The absence of our different Christmas Juntos in the parks i^ attributed to
the presence of the Hawks and Owls. — W. H. BERGTOl D.

Marnel, Colo. (15 miles south of Pueblo). — Dec. 23; 8.30 a.m. to 4.20 p.m. Clear
and calm; ground bare except in the forests and north slopes where the snow was sev-
eral inches deep in places; temp. 2S at start, 40 at return. Ten miles through field and
forest, partly on foot. Sealed Partridge, 13 (one covey); Ferruginous Rough-legged
Hawk, 2; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Red-shafted Flicker, 3; Desert Horned Lark. 35;
Pinon Jay, 19; Long-crested Jay. 2; Magpie, 11; American Raven. i; Western Fvening
Grosbeak, 1; House Finch, 10; Montana Junco, 50; White winged Junco, 6; Fink-sided
Junco, 3; Canyon Towhee, 1; Bohemian Waxwing, 230 + ; Gray Titmouse, 2; Mountain
Chickadee, 2; Western Robin, 1; Townsend Solitaire, 43; Mountain Bluebird, 100 + .

Total, 21 species, about 300 individuals. J. (I. DlCK.

Comox, B. C. Dec. 24; 8.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Fine spring-like day; no snow; wind
south, light; temp. 40 at 8 a.m., 58" at noon. Distance covered about 10 miles on foot.
All large numbers est [mated. Western Grebe, 500; Holboell's * irebe, 4 ; Horned * rrebe, 20;
Loon, 3; Pacific Loon, 40; Red throated Loon. 3; Marbled Murrelet, 2; Pigeon Guille-
mot, 1; California Murre, 2; Glaucous-winged Cull. 230; Herring Cull. 4; Short lulled
Gull, 32; White 1 rested Cormorant, I ; Violet -green Cormorant . 4 ; American Merganser

(?), 3; Red-breasted Merganser, [4; Hooded Merganser, 2; Mallard, 35; American

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census 43

Widgeon, 16; Scaup, 2,000; Lesser Scaup, 2; Golden-eye, 1,200; Bufflehead, 400; Har-
lequin, 2; Old Squaw, 15; American Scoter, 300; White-winged Scoter, 1,000; Surf
Scoter, 1,000; Black Brant, 3; Northwestern Coast Heron, 2; Coot. 4; Oregon Ruffed
Grouse, 1; Chinese Pheasant, 2; Northern Bald Eagle, 2; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1;
Pygmy Owl, 1; Northern Pileated Woodpecker, 1; Gairdner's Woodpecker, 1; North-
western Flicker, 8; Steller's Jay, 3; Northern Raven, 2; Northwest Crow, 120; Western
Meadowlark, 30; Brewer's Blackbird, 70; Northwest Redwing, 6; Evening Grosbeak, 3;
Oregon Junco, 24; Sooty Song Sparrow, 6; Oregon Towhee, 2; Northern Shrike, 1;
Seattle Wren, 3; Western Winter Wren, 1; Anthony's Vireo, 1; Dwarf Hermit Thrush
(?), 1; Western Robin, 1; Varied Thrush, 2. Total, 56 species, 7,157 individuals. —
Allan Brooks.

Olympia, Wash. — Dec. 26; 7.40 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy most of day, with a little
sunshine from 1 to 3 p.m.; wind south, warm, light; temp. 46 at start, 52 at end. Five
miles north over upland, back along beach. Horned Grebe, 30; Marbled Murrelet (?), 2;
Glaucous- winged Gull, 30; California Gull, 3; Red-breasted Merganser, 1; Canvas-
back, 20; Scaup, 30; American Golden-eye, 30; Surf Scoter, 40; Fannin's Heron, 1;
Coot, 10; Wilson's Snipe, 14; California Quail, 9; Oregon Ruffed Grouse, 1; Kingfisher, 2;
Harris Woodpecker, 2; Gairdner's Woodpecker, 1; Northwest Flicker, 14; Steller's
Jay, 3; Northwest Crow, 60; Northwest Redwing, 3; Western Meadowlark, 1; Western
Evening Grosbeak, 30; California Purple Finch, 18; Pine Siskin, 28; Oregon Junco, 50;
Rusty Song Sparrow, 30; Oregon Towhee, 16; Bohemian Waxwing, 30; Cedar Wax-
wing, 9; Seattle Wren. 15; Western Winter Wren, 75; California Creeper, 3; Red-
breasted Nuthatch, 2; Oregon Chickadee, 25; Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 30; Western
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 100; Sitkan Kinglet, 2; Western Robin, 62; Varied Thrush, 1.
Total, 40 species, roughly, 833 individuals. The Bohemian Waxwings were studied
under a high power glass for 15 minutes or more, while they were feeding on frozen
apples. The Kadiak Fox or Townsend's (?) Sparrow was observed in the dense under-
brush at sea-level near Tumwater on Dec. 24. — Thor McKxight.

Seattle, Wash. (Seattle Lake Shores and Parks, Medina, Kirkland, Mercer Island). —
Dec. 21; 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cloudy; thick mist after 1 p.m.. rain after 2.55 p.m.; ground
bare; wind easterly, light; temp. 49 to 54 . Observers in eleven parties as indicated,
each covering a different territory. Horned Grebe, 22; Western Grebe, 8; Holbcell
Grebe, 3; Pied-billed Grebe, 3; Pacific Loon, 1; Glaucous- winged Gull, 995; California
Gull, 51; Short-billed Gull, 6; Herring Gull, 25; Ring-billed Gull, 1; Pigeon Guillemot, 53;
Red-breasted Merganser, 1; Mallard, in; Shoveller, 3; Pin-tail, 8; Canvasback, 15;
Scaup Duck, 248; Bufflehead, 82; Golden-eye, 1; Old Squaw, 3; Ruddy Duck. 12;
Northwestern Coast Heron, 5; Coot, 1,272; Wilson Snipe, 3; California Quail, 250;
Ring-necked Pheasant, 19; Pigeon Hawk, 1; Sparrow Hawk, 2; Northwest Belted King-
fisher, 6; Cabanis Woodpecker, 1 (specimen collected and positively identified); Gaird-
ner's Woodpecker, 2; Harris Woodpecker, 2; Northwestern Flicker, 105; Steller's Jay, 99;
Western Crow, 299; Northwestern Redwing, 1; Western Meadowlark, 8; Western
Evening Grosbeak, 52; California Purple Finch, 8; Willow Goldfinch, 141; Pine Siskin,
1,198; Shufeldt's Junco, 1,076; Rusty Song Sparrow, 278; Fox Sparrow, 8; Oregon
Towhee, 128; Cedar Waxwing, 80; Bohemian Waxwing, 1,380 (large size, white wing
coverts noted); Anthony's Vireo, 2; Audubon Warbler, 51; Townsend's Warbler, 1;
Seattle Wren, 66; Western Winter Wren, 39; Tule Wren, 4; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 4;
Oregon Chickadee, 125; Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 33; Bush Titmouse, 55; Western
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 125; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 14; Townsend's Solitaire, 1;
Western Robin, 251; Varied Thrush, 100; Western Bluebird, 19. Total, 63 species,
8,943 individuals. — Mrs. C. C. Crickmore and Mrs. J. D. Terry; Mrs. S. M. Kane,
Mtss Mayme Farrar, Miss Grace Farrar and Miss Kate Thompson; Miss A. L.
Pollock; Miss Turna Monagle and Miss Katherine Bryan; F. W. Cook; Mrs.

44 Bird -Lore

Laura Kent; George W. Parker; Miss Susan Weed; Mrs. Eleanor DeLong
and Leroy DeLong; Mrs. Nellie Timmermax and Mrs. C. N. Compton; D. E.
Brown, T. D. Burleigh and A. D. McGrew.

Portland, Ore. — Dec. 24; 9 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Rain; ground bare except for occasional
spots of melting snow in drifts; temp. 54 . Holbcell's Grebe, 1; Pied-billed Grebe, 2;
Glaucous- winged Gull, 200; Mallard, 5; Baldpate, 40; Blue-winged Teal, 1; Pintail, 15;
Lesser Scaup Duck, 25; Bufflehead, 10; Coot, 30; Ring-necked Pheasant, 3; Cooper's
Hawk, 1; Short-eared Owl, 1; Belted Kingfisher, 1; Red-shafted Flicker, 2; Steller's
Jay, 3; California Purple Finch, 1?; English Sparrow, 4; Golden-crowned Sparrow, 1;
Oregon Junco, 50; Rusty Song Sparrow, 8; Oregon Towhee, 3; Bohemian Waxwing, 4;
Cedar Waxwing, 24; Audubon's Warbler, 1; Western Winter Wren, 1; Tule Wren, 2;
California Creeper, 2; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Oregon Chickadee, 21; Chestnut-backed
Chickadee, 7; Bush Titmouse, 10; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 5; Western Robin, 1;
Varied Thrush, 1; Western Bluebird, 2. Total, 37 species, 508 individuals. — Mary E.
Raker.

Los Angeles, Calif . (to Brush Canyon, Griffith Park, Silver Lake, and back) .—Dec. 22;
7.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Clear; ground bare; wind light; temp. 48 at start, 52° at return.
Nine miles on foot. Observers together. Western Grebe, 5; California Gull, 2; Duck
(unidentified), 19; American Coot, 250; Spotted Sandpiper, 2; Killdeer, 35; Valley Quail,
(heard); Sharp-shinned Hawk, 2; Road-runner, 1; Nuttall Woodpecker, 4; Red-shafted
Flicker, 44; Hummingbird (unidentified), 2; Black Phcebe, 2; Steller Jay, 1; California
Jay, 2; Red- winged Blackbird (sub. sp. ?), 7; Western Meadowlark, 13; Brewer Black-
bird, 175; House Finch, 28; Green-backed Goldfinch, 22; Western Lark Sparrow, 1;
Gambel Sparrow, 11; Sage Sparrow (?), 4; Song Sparrow, 5; Shumagin (?) Fox Spar-
row, 2; Spurred Towhee, 2; California Towhee, 7; California Shrike, 4; Audubon War-
bler, 13; Pacific Yellow-throat, 3; Western Mockingbird, 11; California Thrasher, 2;
Wren (unidentified), 1; Plain Titmouse, 1; Wren-tit, 2; Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 4;
Western Gnatcatcher, 1; Hermit Thrush, 6; Western Robin, 25. Total, 39 species, 690
individuals. On Dec. 21 we saw and identified for certain, a Sandhill Crane, about 25
miles northeast of here. — Edward Peterson, Richard Starr.

Santa Barbara, Calif. — Dec. 24; 5.30 a.m. to 6.30 p.m. Clear, except low fog on ocean
which greatly hindered sea work; temp. 42° at alt. 300 feet, 54 at alt. 700 ft. Territory
covered 8 miles across, 44 miles by auto, 6 miles on foot. All observers in one party.
Western Grebe, 2; Eared Grebe, 1; Pied-billed Grebe, 1; Red-throated Loon, 2; Ancient
Murrelet, 1; Glaucous-winged Gull, 6; Western Gull, 200; California Gull, 500; Ring-
billed Gull, 50; Heermann Gull, 10; Bonaparte's Gull, 200; Royal Tern, n; Farallone
Cormorant, 500; Brandt's Cormorant, 400; Baird's Cormorant, 10; California Brown
Pelican, 2; Mallard, 16; Gadwall, 1; Baldpate, 20; Green-winged Teal, 20; Cinnamon
Teal, 1; Shoveller, 1,500; Pintail, 500; Canvasback, 300; Lesser Scaup Duck, 50; White-
winged Scoter, 4; Surf Scoter, 40; Ruddy Duck, 300; Whistling Swan, 44; Great Blue
Heron, 4; Kgret, 1; Coot, 400; Least Sandpiper, 200; Sanderling, 500; Spotted Sand
piper, 1; Black-bellied Plover, 150; Killdeer, 10; Snowy Plover, 30; Valley Quail. 12;
Mourning Dove, 3; Turkey Vulture, 1; Marsh Hawk, 1; Sharp-shinned Hawk. 2;
Western Red-tail, 2; Red-bellied Hawk, 2; Bald Eagle, 1; Duck Hawk, 2; Sparrow Hawk,
6; Barn Owl, 4; Short-eared Owl, r; California Screech Owl, 2; Pacific Horned Owl. 1 ;
Road-runner, 1; Belted Kingfisher, 1; NuttalTs Woodpecker, 1; Red-breasted Sap-
sucker, 2; California Woodpecker, 30; Red-shafted Flicker, 60; Anna's Hummingbird, 8;
Say's Phcebe, 4; Black Phcebe, 6; California Horned Lark, 1; California Jay, 16; San
Diego Redwing, 400; Western Meadowlark, So; Brewer's Blackbird, 300; California

Purple Finch, 20; House Finch, 700; Willow Goldfinch, 2; Green-backed Goldfinch, 40;

Pine Siskin, 30; Western Savannah Sparrow, 40; Bryant's Sparrow, 4; Belding's spat-
row, 30; Large billed Sparrow, 2; Western Lark Sparrow, 10; Gambel's Sparrow. 1,200;

Bird-Lore's Twentieth Christmas Census

Golden-crowned Sparrow, 200; Thurber's Junco, 30; Rufous-crowned Sparrow, 6; San
Diego Song Sparrow, 10; Thick-billed Fox Sparrow, 10 (there are known to be three
races of Fox Sparrow present); San Diego Towhee, 10; Anthony's Towhee, 20; Tree
Swallow, 1; California Shrike, 6; Hutton's Vireo, 6; Dusky Warbler, 4; Myrtle Warbler, 10;
Audubon's Warbler, 500; Townsend's Warbler, 2; Western Yellow-throat, 2; Pipit, 40;
Western Mockingbird, 6; California Thrasher, 3; Rock Wren, 1; San Diego Wren, 4;
Tule Wren, 6; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Plain Titmouse, 14; Bush-Tit, 20; Pallid
Wren-Tit, 20; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 20; Western Gnatcatcher, 4; Alaska Hermit
Thrush, 10; Dwarf Hermit Thrush, 60; Western Robin, 10; Varied Thrush, 6; Moun-
tain Bluebird, 6. Total, 109 species, 10,026 individuals. — Ralph Hoffman, Dr. H. C.
Henderson, Mrs. Charlotte Boutwell, Mrs. R. L. Winchell, and William Leon
Dawson (guest and four members of the Museum of Comparative Oology).

La Jolla, Calif. — Dec. 22; 9.20 a.m. to 3 p.m. Weather somewhat hazy at first, be-
came clear; practically no wind; temp. 62 at s,tart, 6o c at return. Northerly along the
coast for 2 miles, return along coast for Kmile, thence over chaparral covered hills, and
around and down into the town. Western Gull, 125; Heermann Gull, 1; Royal Tern, 9;
Farallone and Brandt's Cormorants, 75 (could not separate the two species in the field
at the distance at which observations were made); California Brown Pelican, 18; Least
Sandpiper, 22; Red-backed Sandpiper, 50; Sanderling, 34; Western Willet, 2; Spotted
Sandpiper, 8; Black-bellied Plover, 1; Killdeer, 3; Snowy Plover, 5; Sparrow Hawk, 2;
Road-runner, 1; Say's Phcebe, 4; Black Phoebe, 2; Western Meadowlark, 6; Western
Savannah Sparrow, 15; Gambel's Sparrow, 75; Anthony's Towhee, 7; California
Shrike, 1; Audubon's Warbler, 10; Pipit, 4; Western Mockingbird, 1. Total, 26 species
451 individuals. — Edward R. Warren.

BLUE JAY
Photographed by Joseph Polack, Carman, N. Y.

THE SEASON
XVII. October 15 to December 15, 1919

Boston Region. — The weather during

the period covered by this report has been
mild, in the main, but during the two
months there occurred several sudden.
sharp falls in temperature which brought
midwinter conditions for a day or two.
Soon, however, the west wind restored
the spring-like, showery weather, during
which wintering Meadowlarks sang freely.

Birds have not been numerous. Chip-
ping Sparrows left, as usual, promptly on
October 25. Purple Finches, during the
latter half of October, fed in small flocks on
the seeds of the white ash (of which there is
an abundant crop) and to a less extent
on the seeds of the tulip tree. Red Cross-
bills were heard on October 19 and Pine
Siskins were numerous for the month
following October 15. Fox Sparrows were
late in appearing, but the main flight had
passed at the normal date, November 15.
Myrtle Warblers were present until
November n. It may be recalled that
this species appeared here in late August,
hence the last migrant was eleven weeks
behind the first. Both August and Nov-
ember birds were positively migrants, for
the species never breeds or winters in
Lexington.

Mr. Horace W. Wright has kindly sent
me records of his careful, systematic
observations during the autumn, about
Boston. lie found Redpolls in fair
numbers between November S and De-
cember 2; White-winged Crossbills, October

29 to December 1; a flock of 25 birds al
Fresh Pond, Cambridge, October 20;
Red Crossbills October 30 to Decembei 1 ;

30 at Belmont, November 3; he saw none
of either species after December 1.

Tree Sparrows, arriving normally on
October 29 (Wright 1, have since become
scarce, as have J uncos. Acadian Chick-
adees, Pine and Evening Grosbeaks have
not appeared. A late High) of Brown
Creepers was noted in early December. —
Winsok M. T\ 1 1 r, M.D., Lexington,
Muss.

New York RECION. — The autumn was
an open one until, by early December, the
regular winter cyclonic rotation of rainy
spells and cold clear-offs had become well
marked. In response to the mild weather
there are reports of stragglers of several
species lingering late. Such are a couple of
Chipping Sparrows, observed by the writer
at Hempstead, Long Island, November
23, loosely associated with a flock of Juncos.
Common associations of different species
of winter Sparrows gives an interesting
slant on their habits and habitats. For
instance, one seldom finds White-throated
and Tree Sparrows together, whereas the
Junco flocks freely with either one. The
Song Sparrow is often found with the
White-throat; do others share our opinion
that it is more frequent with the Tree
Sparrow than with the Junco?

As is often the case in mild seasons, the
last scattering south-bound birds were
noticed in early December. At Garden
City there was a single stray Myrtle
Warbler on November 27, two weeks or
more later than any others had been seen.
The Fox Sparrow was noted on December
7; the Robin on December 15. None of
the three winter in the immediate vicinity.
Reports from New Jersey indicate ;■ tlight
of Canada Geese near New York City the
end of the first week in December.

Some distance up the Hudson (accord
ing to M. S. Crosby of Rhinebeck, X. Y.>
tin- American Merganser arrived Novem
her 21 and the Golden eye Duck December
1 (both early), and Redpolls were noted
on tlie firs) of December, but not since.
Grackles to the number of 1.500 were still
roosting in ;i swamp (near Tivoli) with
Starlings, December 8, where none could

lie found on 1 (cccmbcr 1 4.

One of the most inte esting features of

the season has l>een tlie appearance of the
American Crossbill, nowhere common as
yet near the city, though observed in some

numbers among tlie pitch pines east on
Long Island in earl] November. It has

(46)

The Season

been noted at Long Beach (a single bird,
November g, W. (1. Van Name), three or
four times at Plaintield, X. J., (W. DeW.
Miller), and twice at Garden City
(November 30 a single bird which paused
but an instant in the top of a pine, and
December 1 1 two Hying over high, J. T. N.)
R. Friedmann reports a White-winged
Crossbill within the city of Brooklyn
associating with House Sparrows, October
31! There seems to be little chance of
error having been made in the identifica-
tion. Two White-winged Crossbills are
recorded by L. S. Crandall of the New
York Zoological Park about December 7;
one rosy, the other greenish.

Domestic Pigeons, which come and go
at will, are scarcely less interesting in
their affairs than wild birds. A young one
with a nest in our barn at Garden City
had recently hatched her first egg on
December 14; she was still a scpaab in the
nest the latter part of April. This is her
mate, an adult's fourth brood this year,
his original spouse having disappeared after
the third. — J. T. Nichols, New York City.

Philadelphia Region. — The tempera-
ture for October and November was
unusually mild, no killing frost occurring
until about the middle of November; on
the oth of this month tomato vines were
still green and pepper plants were still in
a flourishing condition in southern New
Jersey. Farmers stated that it had been
the mildest fall in a number of years.

The great abundance of Siskins, first
noted about October 15, scattered flocks
of Crossbills, and an almost entire absence
of Chickadees (at least locally) were the
outstanding features of the season.

The fall migration of Chipping and Fox
Sparrows seemed considerably above
normal. The former birds appeared most
common the last week in October and
were still present in numbers till the
middle of November. Perhaps the abun-
dance of Fox Sparrows was more apparent
than real, as many of these birds favored
us by singing this fall — full, rounded
melodies of spring-like clearness. This
singing was not confined to a few birds

in a single locality- but seemed quite
general, certainly a rather unusual per-
formance for the Fox Sparrow.

The fall shooting-season was reported
to have been the most successful since
the state license system was adopted in
New Jersey. The more common Ducks
were quite plentiful on the Delaware
River and Bay, and Quail were abundant
in southern New Jersey. A few Wood-
cock were also secured by the sportsmen,
perhaps more than the ordinary number.
Three reasons may be advanced for the
plentiful game-supply this fall: the mild
winter of 1918-19; the dearth of gunners
last fall, many of whom were occupied in
the more strenuous work of the World
War; and the probable beneficial effect
of the Migratory Bird Law. As for. this
fall, gunners without end appeared to be
afield, and the few Saturday afternoons
that walks were taken during the season
sounded like the Fourth of July, so constant
was the bang! bang! If observations can
be relied upon, all living things were being
brought to bag that wore fur or feathers,
and these not being found, a rail-fence,
tin can, or most anything, came in for a
load of shot. This reckless shooting was
more especially noticeable among the
younger gunners. Boys of fourteen years
can obtain a license in New Jersey now,
with their parents' consent. Should the
coming winter be a mild one, sportsmen
will have abundant opportunity to observe
next fall just what result the unprecedented
army of gunners has had on the game.

In summing up the year's observations,
which were confined almost entirely to
southern New Jersey, 1919 appears to
have been a remarkably good year for
birds, both as to number of individuals
and species noted. During the year.
193 varieties were observed in the above
mentioned locality. — Julian K. Potter.
Camden, X. J.

Washington Regiox. — October and
November of 19 19 were ornithologically
rather interesting months about Washing-
ton. The relatively warm and pleasant
weather was favorable to bird observa

4 8

Bird- Lore

tion, and on many of the milder days,
when the atmosphere was still and hazy,
the birds were very active as well as
apparently numerous for the time of year.
This was true not only of the country
districts, but also of places well within
the city limits.

Of the habitually later arrivals among
our winter residents, only two were much
earlier than usual. These were the Herring
Gull, which appeared on October 17,
although its average autumn date is
November 8; and the Rusty Blackbird,
which was noted by Mr. A. Wetmore on
Plummer's Island, Md., October 5, but
which ordinarily does not come until
October 21. Others generally were rather
late.

Apparently allured by the prevalent
mild weather, many species lingered later
than ever before known. These include
the following, the dates in parentheses
indicating the latest records previous to
this year: The Laughing Gull, seen at
New Alexandria and Dyke, Va., by Mr.
Francis Harper on October 26 (September
24, 1894); Blackburnian Warbler, reported
by Miss Marion Pellew, October 10
(October 7, 1889 and 1914); Wilson
Warbler, reported by Miss Pellew, October
13 (October 6, 1904); Parula Warbler, by
the same observer, October 17 (October
16. 1899); Northern Water-Thrush, seen
by Miss Pellew at Chain Bridge, D. C,
October 16 (October 7, 1897); Maryland
Yellow-throat, reported from the Ana-
costia River, I). C, by Mr. Francis Harper,
November 2 (October 22, 1916); Phila-
delphia Yireo, seen at Plummer's Island,
Md., by Mr. A. Wei more, October 5
(September 22, 1889); and the Rose-
breasted Grosbeak, noted by Miss Pellew
on October 11 (October 6, 1007).

Several other birds, while not breaking
their extreme records, remained later than
usual, among them, the Black and White
Warbler, seen by Miss Pellew on October
14. while its average date of depar ure
is September 22; tin- White-eyed Vireo,
reported on October 13 (average date of
departure, October 7); the Ruby-throated
Hummingbird, noted l>v Mr. A. S. Ferrell

at Woodridge. Md., on October 6 (average
date of leaving, September 20); and the
American Redstart, observed by Miss
Pellew on October 7, the average autumn
date of departure of which is September
19, and the very latest date, October 8,
1916.

Furthermore, the Black-bellied Plover,
of which there are but two previous records
for the district, September 26, 1914 and
October 24, 1916, was seen by Mr. A.
Wetmore at Plummer's Island, Md., on
October 26, 1919.

Notwithstanding the warm weather in
this vicinity, two northern birds have been
unusually numerous during this autumn.
The Pine Siskin, in flocks, has been common
all about Washington since October 26.
when several companies were noted by Mr.
Francis Harper near New Alexandria, Va.
That always interesting bird, the American
Crossbill, made its appearance here on
November 13, when some were seen in the
Mall of the city of Washington by Mr.
J. P. Young. Later it was observed in small
flocks on November 18 at Arlington, Va.,
by Miss Katherine H. Stuart; on Novem-
ber 22 in the Zoological Park, by Mr. X.
Hollister; and at Four-Mile Run, Va.,
on Xovember 30, by Mr. A. Wetmore.

Ducks of several species, in company
with other water-fowl, have been reported
as abundant on the Potomac River below
Alexandria, Va., though comparatively
few have been observed above that point.
Apparently their numbers are increased
over last year, which is generally gratify-
ing in view of the efforts that have in re-
cent years been made for the protection
of these birds. Among the most pleasing
developments of this character is the
return of the Whistling Swans to this
region. A flock of about forty individuals
was seen by Mr. George Marshall on
November 2, which indicates that the

l>ird> will doubtless winter on the Potomac

River, as they have done for the several
years jus pas . IIakky C. Oberholsek,
Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Obkkun (Ohio) Region. -It was a

nici-l unusually warm autumn season.

The Season

with do really winter weather until
mid-December. There were a few isolated
days, in late November, when the tempera-
ture went somewhat below freezing, but
there was no snow on the ground during
the whole of November.

The Swallows and Swifts left on October
10, because of a cold rain which continued
for three days. The distinctively winter
birds, such as Juncos, Tree Sparrows,
Purple Finches, Ruby-crowned Kinglets,
came on October 18, at which time nearly
normal winter conditions began, with only
Robins, Bronzed Grackles, Red-winged
and Rusty Blackbirds, Meadowlarks,
Killdeers, and Bluebirds to fall off in
numbers.

There has, thus far, been no reason why
the casual winter visitors should come as
far south as this, and none have been seen.
The first real winter weather, accompanied
by a fall of snow, began on December 13,
and continues to date (the 18th). People
have begun to feed the Cardinals, and the
Flickers, Chickadees, Downy and Hairy
Woodpeckers are again gathering about
the lunch-counters which are provided for
them. — Lynds Jones, Oberlin, Ohio.

Minnesota Region. — Following the
continued mild weather of early fall, there
was a rather sudden change to unusually
early winter conditions in the latter part
of October. On October 23, a severe
snowstorm occurred over northern Min-
nesota, nearly a foot of snow falling in the
central portion, which had increased to
some fifteen inches by the 27th. On the
latter date, the first snow fell at Minnea-
polis, and the following day the ground was
frozen and a wintry aspect prevailed,
with the thermometer -j- 20 degrees. Up
at Moorhead, on the western border of
the state, the temperature was + 2
degrees. So abrupt was the onset of the
cold that many hunting parties in the
upper parts of the state were caught
unprepared, and, in some instances, under-
went rather severe experiences. Thus, the
sudden freezing, on the 29th, of Leech
Lake, a large body of water in the center
of the state, a little north of the latitude

of Duluth, caused the marooning of a party
of duck-hunters on one of the islands, and
their release was only effected by breaking
the ice with a strong logging steamer.
Traveling in the forests became difficult,
and several men were lost. Snows have
been frequent all over this upper country
to the present time, and in places the
accumulation has reached as much as
3 feet in depth.

By November 2 the small lakes and
ponds in the vicinity of Minneapolis were
finally frozen over, and many Ducks, taken
by surprise, were to be seen sitting about
in disconsolate groups on the surface of
the ice. November continued cold there-
after, with frequent light snows. December
opened with a minus 1 2 degrees in the a m.
at Minneapolis, and a subzero day through-
out. This sort of weather has continued,
with little let-up, to the present date. The
whole state is now covered with snow —
several inches in the southern part, 1 to 3
feet in the northern part.

Navigation closed on Lake Superior
December 9, after many terrible and
disastrous storms, and the lake is now
frozen to an extent unusual at this time
of year. On December 8, the temperature
was minus 26 degrees at Duluth and
minus 20 degrees at Moorhead, over on
the Red River of the North. Winter
came upon us early and intensely.

The great abundance of Ducks that
appeared in Minnesota in the early fall
continued throughout the remainder of
the season until the 'freeze up' and may
be regarded as the salient feature of the
autumn bird movement. Not only were
the numbers greater than for some years
past, but the variety of species represented
at most localities was unusual. Canvas-
backs, Redheads, Scaups, and even White-
winged Scoters were frequent in the
eastern part of the state where they are
normally uncommon. It would appear
that there was a more than ordinary flight
of Ducks into Minnesota this year from
the northwestern breeding-grounds. Every-
where duck-hunters made easy and varied
limit-'bags.' But the early cold weather
put a premature and sudden end to the

Bird - Lore

season, even at Heron Lake away down
by the Iowa line. The number of Ducks
in the immediate vicinity of Minneapolis,
even within the city limits, revived
memories of the old days when shooting
used to be good in ponds and lakes now
included in, or adjacent to, the present
park system. Late in October and early
in November, Lesser Scaups, Ring-necks
and Golden-eyes congregated in Lake
Minnetonka, a big lake not far from
Minneapolis and the central area in a
State Game Refuge, in such numbers that
local papers carried facetious articles call-
ing upon the Commissioner of Game and
Fish to provide a remedy for the impeded
navigation !

Of other migrant birds and late dates
the following records are of interest — all
for the vicinity of Minneapolis: October
19, 3 young Harris's Sparrows. On
October 26, during a walk of two hours
in the outskirts of the city, in company
with Mr. Burton Thayer, some 250
birds were seen, divided very unequally
among 32 species, the features of special
importance being a flock of 25 Sandhill
Cranes flying over high in the air, 1
Solitary Sandpiper beside the frozen
margin of a small lake, 3 much-belated
Chimney Swifts, 3 Fox Sparrows, 2 very
late Hermit Thrushes, 3 Red-headed
Woodpeckers, and the first distinct fall
'wave' of Juncos and Tree Sparrows. On
November 8, Burton Thayer and Charles
Phillips reported 1 Pied-billed Grebe and
3 Coots at Lake Minnetonka, which was
still open and full of Ducks. Migrating
Juncos and Tree Sparrows were abundant
everywhere on that date. A walk on
November 23 over the same route followed
on October 6, revealed only the dreary
conditions and paucity of bird life found
here in the winter season. Silence and
loneliness prevailed in the woodlands, and
many skaters gliding over the surfaces of
the lakes replaced the water-fowl that had
so recently fled.

Winter visitant birds have appeared in
various parts of the state, in some Instances

rather earlier than usual. Dr. Leslie O.

Dart reported that on October 23, the
date of the first big snowstorm, there
occurred just north of Leech Lake a great
flight of Snow Buntings, "thousands and
thousands of them in successive flocks."
They came in the midst of the falling snow
and replaced a horde of Juncos that
scurried away before the advancing storm.
On the same date, or thereabouts. Mr.
Carlos Avery witnessed a similar occur-
rence on the west shore of Red Lake and
says that many Redpolls appeared there
at the same time as the Snow Buntings.
Bohemian Waxwings have been seen in
numerous places as far south as Minnea-
polis and even away out on the south-
western prairies at Madison. Lac qui
Parle County (Miss Mary Donald).
No Evening Grosbeaks have been seen
as yet and Pine Grosbeaks in only one
or two places. But it will perhaps be
better to leave the winter-bird conditions
for a general summary later after more
complete data have been obtained.— Thos.
S. Roberts, University of Minnesota.
Minneapolis, Minn.

Kansas City Region. — Recent efforts
to interest rural observers in this region
to send in notes on the birds, especially
during the seasons of migration, have
resulted in the accumulation of some data
of no little value. Chief among the items
of interest to record is the addition to the
writer's list of the birds of this region of
the Eared Grebe. It is indeed strange
that this species has been so long over-
looked here, seeing that it breeds com-
monly in Nebraska and occurs regularly in
Iowa during migration. There are record-
even for eastern Missouri, yet the tirst
authentic instance, known to the writer,
of the bird- occurrence in the entire
western Missouri and eastern Kansas urea
was recorded on October 28. A specimen
was taken on this day from a scattered
flock of a dozen individuals on the Missouri
River, a few miles below Courtney, by
William Andrews. Fortunately, the skin
was preserved. This observer has also
furnished some exact information bearing
on the question of increase in the numbers

The Season

of Ducks and Geese. It appears from his
daily notes that such Ducks as the Red-
head, Canvasback, and Ruddy are return
ing in ever-increasing numbers, while
the more common Scaup, Mallard, and
Pintails show an even greater proportionate
increase.

From the information at hand it is
difficult to decide whether or not the Geese
are showing any increase at all, though
encouraging reports come in. On at least
one day, October 19, White-fronted,
Canada, and Hutchins's Geese were present
in unusual numbers throughout the entire
region, one flock of between 50 and 60
(sp.?) being seen circling the Swope
Park Lakes within the city limits. On
October 21, 5 specimens of Greater Snow
Geese were taken from a flock of 20 on the
Missouri River. Three of these birds were
carefully measured in the flesh, and all
came fully up to Greater specifications.
On the 23d, 5 more, all measuring well
over 29 inches in length, were taken from
a large flock in the same neighborhood.
This is the first opportunity that has
offered in several years to personally
examine specimens of this rare Goose.
On the 26th, water-fowl were present on
the Missouri in such numbers as to suggest
old times. The bulk of the Ducks seen
were Scaup, though numbers of Lesser
Scaup, Mallards, Pintails, Ruddys, Gad-
wall, and Hooded Mergansers were noted,
as well as scattered troops of Pied-billed
Grebes. At least a dozen flocks of Canada
Geese were seen in the air during the
morning. During the night of the 26th,
Loons were heard on the river, and the
next day 3 of these rare visitors were seen,
together with Hutchins's Geese, Redheads,
3 Canvasback, a few Franklin's Gulls, and
about 200 larger Gulls (Ring-billed or
Herring).

The period between October 19 and 26
marked the passage of the bulk of the
Sparrows. Song Sparrows were again
unusually numerous, while Harris's Spar-
rows, as last year, were uncommonly
scarce, a half-dozen birds being seen where
normally there should be hundreds. It is
interesting to note in this connection that

Professor Johnson of Lawrence, Kans.,
met the species this spring in its usual
abundance only 30 miles to the wesi <>l
this point. (November-December, min,
Bird-Lore, p. 360.) Most of the other
Fringillidae passed in their usual numbers
and on time, though no Clay-coloreds
were seen.

A small parly of Yellow-legs and a flock
of Red-breasted Mergansers were reported
on November 1. This is indeed late for
Yellow-legs, and Red-breasted Mergansers
have been rarely seen here during the past
few years.

Greatly to the relief of several residential
districts of this city, the immense flocks
of Bronzed Grackles left between Novem-
ber 2 and 5. Permission was had from
local authorities to use shot-guns within
the city against these hordes, and the U. S.
District Attorney was appealed to for
information regarding the status of the
Crackle's protection, all of which resulted
in much warfare against the bird and the
waste of quantities of ammunition.

On November 5, two Woodcocks were
flushed from a small marshy spot in the
Blue Valley within the city limits (La
Brie). As has been before stated here, this
region seems to lie practically outside
the range of this bird. On the 16th, a Red-
shafted Flicker was seen, the first local
record of this species since 1916. Myrtle-
Warblers, Cedar Waxwings, and Cross-
bills seen on this date will doubtless remain
all winter, as their food is abundant. On
the 27th, the van of the wintering Rough-
legs and Marsh Hawks was noted, though
these birds had probably been in the
region ten days or more. This day also
marked the finding of many Crow pellets
recently cast on the fresh snow. Four
Green- winged Teal were found feeding in a
sheltered slough near the mouth of the
Blue River on this cold day.

A cold rain froze as it fell on November
28 forming a thick sheet of ice, and making
conditions for bird-life as unfavorable as
could be imagined. A protracted period
of unseasonable cold has continued to date
(December 9), accompanied by high wind
and temperature below zero, and the

Bird- Lore

birds have without doubt suffered greatly.
Fortunately there is a most unusual crop of
sunflower and weed seeds available to
tide over the hard times. Despite the
adverse conditions, 41 species were noted
on December 7, which augurs well for the
Christmas census.

It is regretted that an error crept into
the writer's last letter to 'The Season'
(November-December Bird-Lore). Ref-
erence was there made to the local rarity
of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo, when the
Black-billed was meant — an unaccountable
slip of the pen. — Harry Harris, Kansas
City, Mo.

Denver Region. — It would be exceed-
ingly interesting to know the causes of the
Bohemian Waxwing's irregular visitations.
This species has been in the neighborhood
of Denver at least three times this fall, on
one of the occasions being seen as a large
flock in one of our parks. This makes its
third consecutive fall-winter visit, some-
thing unprecedented in the bird-records
of Denver. If cold weather drives this
species south, it certainly has an excuse
for being here now, since Denver has had
five spells of zero, or near-zero, weather
since the first of November.

Juntos may be expected in this region
any time after September 14, the Grey-
headed coming first, Shufeldt's next, and
montanus or the Pink-sided, third, while
the Slate-colored or the White-winged
are very uncertain in their visits here,
though the first was seen here in the winter
of 1917 and again in the winter of 191S.
The first Juncos (sp.?) were noticed here-
abouts on October 19, though the writer
is confident that he saw some Juncos
along the Plat te River, west of Denver,
about October 1, but the glimpse was so
fleeting that identification was not
definite.

The small flock of Crossbills (L. r.
Strickland*) reported in the last regional
notes lingered about Denver until Novem-
ber 13, but have not since been seen. On
October 26, two pairs of Bufflehead Ducks

were seen in Washington Park lake.
This is the first record (coming under the
writer's notice) of this species in Denver.
though it is a fairly common migrant
throughout the state. It is always a
pleasure and a satisfaction to have other
wild Ducks visit the city, which was the
case when three Lesser Scaup Ducks and
a considerable flock of Redheads were
seen in the same park.

One can expect, at this season of the
year, to find certain birds almost any day
in this vicinity, i. e., the Hairy Wood-
pecker, the Sharp-shinned Hawk, and
Townsend's Solitaire, yet they are very
irregular in their visits. A single Solitaire
was seen on November 17, a Sharp-
shinned Hawk appeared m my yard on
November 15, and the Hairy Woodpecker
was noticed for the first time this fall on
November 14.

There are several species which seldom
penetrate the city beyond its outermost
boundaries. Thus, the American Rough-
legged Hawk is not infrequently seen in the
outer zone of the suburbs in the wintertime,
yet this year, to wit on November 10, one
was seen on the Country Club grounds
at a spot well within the city, and the
writer was dumbfounded to detect, within
a couple of blocks of the same place, two
Clark's Crows on December 7, which makes
its first record within Denver. It is, in
the writer's experience, very exceptional
to see this Crow in Colorado, far from the
foothills or mountains. Perhaps the same
conditions which have caused the early
appearance this year of the Tree Sparrow
and the reappearance of the Bohemian
Waxwing, caused these two Crows to
wander so far afield.

Viewing the past two months as a whole,
the impression given to the writer is that
of a period rather quiet in its ordinary
bird-life, yet sprinkled here and there
with some very unusual and interesting
observations. The absence of Robins, and
Meadowlarks stands out in sharp contrast
to the other uncommon or unexpected
visitors. — W. II. Hergtold, Denver, Colo.

2$ook Jletos; anb Utebteto*

Annual Report of the Bureau of
Biological Survey. 8vo. 24 pages.
Washington, Sept. 4, 1010.

Both the extent and variety of the opera-
tions of the Biological Survey are shown
in Mr. Nelson's summary of its work for
the year ending June 30, 1919. Nearly
one-half of this document is devoted to a
record of the destruction of mammals
injurious to man's interest and which
evidently must give way before the in-
exorable demands of civilization. Certain
birds also fall under the ban, but Science
should hold the scales with the stern
impartiality of Justice, and a verdict in
the birds' favor cannot always be expected.

The Division of Biological Investiga-
tions has continued its work on the dis-
tribution and migration of birds, its files
now containing no less than 1,350,000
reference cards, the breeding areas of
North American wild fowl have been
investigated, the wild life of National
parks studied, and biological surveys
have been prosecuted in Wisconsin,
Montana, Florida, Washington, and North
Dakota. From information furnished by
the Bureau we learn that in Wisconsin
the State Geological and Natural History
Survey is cooperating with the United
States Department of Agriculture in the
work, which is in charge of Dr. Hartley
H. T. Jackson for the Department of
Agriculture, and Prof. George Wagner, of
the University of Wisconsin, for the state
of Wisconsin. Work was begun May 1 5 and
continued until September 20. The
principal field of cooperation was the
northwestern part of the state, special
attention being devoted to the Apostle
Islands in Lake Superior. Mr. Harry H.
Sheldon, for the Biological Survey, and
Mr. Arthur J. Poole, for the Wisconsin
Survey, assisted throughout the season.

In Montana, Mr. Marcus A. Hanna,
assisted by Mr. Harry Malleis, worked
the valley of the Missouri and the border-
ing plains and mountains from the mouth

of Milk River westward, under the general
direction of Mr. Edward A. Preble. The
Little Rockies, Moccasin Mountains, Big
and Little Belt Mountains, and Castle
Mountains were visited during the latter
part of the summer. Victor N. House-
holder was a member of the party during
the early part of the season.

The biological survey of Florida was
continued by Mr. Arthur H. Howell.
Field studies were carried on during March
and April over a large part of Lee County
and in the region around Lake Okeecho-
bee. The collections in the Florida State
Museum were examined and the specimens
carefully identified. A collection of bird
records from Florida, both published and
unpublished, shows approximately 390
species and subspecies recorded from the
state.

Cooperating at different times with the
Biological Survey in field-work in the state
of Washington were the following: Prof.
William T. Shaw, State College of Wash-
ington, Pullman; Prof. H. S. Brode, Whit-
man College, Walla Walla; Prof. J. W.
Hungate, State Normal School, Cheney;
Prof. J. B. Flett, National Park Service,
Longmire; Mr. William L. Finley and
Mrs. Finley, Portland, Ore.; and Stanton
Warburton, Jr., of Tacoma. The Biolo-
gical Survey was represented for a part of
the time by Mr. Stanley G. Jewett, Pen-
dleton, Ore, and throughout the season by
Mr. George G. Cantwell, Puyallup, Wash.,
and Dr. Walter P. Taylor, of the Biological
Survey, the last named in charge of the
work. Investigations were made in the
Blue Mountains area of extreme south-
eastern Washington, in which occurs an
unusual mixture of Rocky Mountain and
Cascade Mountain types, and in Mount
Rainier National Park, in connection
with which the circuit of Mount Rainier
was made for the first time, so far as
known, by any vertebrate zoological
expedition.

In North Dakota Mr. Vernon Bailey

(53)

Bird - Lore

worked through September and October
to get data on the hibernation of mammals
and on the stores of food laid up for winter
by nonhibernating species. He has re-
turned with many valuable notes to be
added to his report on the mammals of the
state, and with an interesting collection of
live rodents for study of habits in captivity.

The Book of a Naturalist. By W. H.
Hi dson. George H. Doran Co., New
York. 8vo. iii -j-360 pages.

Sundry essays on varying aspects of na-
ture and animal life, contributed by Mr.
Hudson to half a dozen periodicals, to-
gether with several before unpublished
ones, are included in this volume.

Hudson may be accorded a high place
in the small group of what Burroughs has
termed 'literary naturalists.' To power of
observation he adds a mind keenly re-
sponsive to the influences of nature and
to them both, the gift of expression.

The last is by far the most uncommon.
In a greater or lesser degree all mankind
is affected by natural phenomena, but how
few can give adequate expression to their
emotions!

While these essays are based mainly on
observations and experiences in England,
it is interesting to observe how frequently
their author harks back to the "far away
and long ago" of his youth in Argentina,
birds, ants, frogs, toads, snakes, bats, and
people are his subjects, and whether or
not what he writes is interesting in itself,
it is all made readable through the side-
lights of seasoned experience and by the
art of the writer. — F. M. ('.

Birds of Eastern Canada. By I'. A.

TAVERNER. Memoir 104, Geological
Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 1919. 8vo.
iii + j2r pages text; 50 colored plates.

This is a practical manual of east
Canadian bird life, with keys to families,
descriptions of species, emphasizing their
distinctive characters and field-marks;

nesting sites, general distribution, haunts,
habits, and economic Status. There are

also sections on 'Geographical Distribu-
tion, 1 'Migration.' 'Means of Attracting
birds' and 'Ornithological Literature.'

Mr. Taverner's experience in field and
study, combined with an ability to think
for himself, gives to his work an originality
in thought and expression which places it
above the plane of mere compilation. He
has a clear conception of the wants of his
audience and supplies them in a manner
which cannot fail to make this book of real
practical value to the Canadian public.
We cannot but regret, however, that the
paragraph on 'Distribution' does not
include more details on the birds' seasonal
status in eastern Canada, and that migra-
tion dates are practically wanting.

The fifty colored plates, each containing
two pictures, introduce to us a new bird
artist — Mr. F. C. Hennessey — whose
work shows that he possesses an exceptional
gift for the portrayal of birds. We hope
that in developing it he will remember
that a poorly drawn bird may spoil a
good landscape, just as effectively as a
poorly painted landscape may mar a good
bird.— F. M. C.

The Ornithology of Chester County,
Pennsylvania. By Franklin Lorenzo
Burns. Richard C Badger, The Gor-
ham Press, Boston. i2mo. [22 pages;
21 illustrations.

Chester County, Pa., is ornithologically
historic ground. Here, as Mr. Burns tells
us, Audubon made some of his earlier ob-
servations on American birds, and here
Say, John K. Townsend, Cassin, and more
than a score of latter-day ornithologists
bave studied afield. Mr. Hums, himself,
lias a practically continuous record of
thirty-five years' observation and is there-
by eminently fitted to act as the orn'
thological historian of this exceptionally
well worked region. His fully anno-
tated lis! containing breeding, as well as
migration dates, enumerates 247 spe-
cies and subspecies which he classifies as
follows:

Resident 26

Summer Resident

Winter Visitant s6

Transient Visitant 75

Straggler 4- 1

Extirpated 6

F. M. C

Editorial

25trti=1Lore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine

Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ADDDBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

ContributingEditonMABELOSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XXII Published February 1, 1920 No. 1

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Price in the United States, one dollar and fiftv cents a year;
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents,
postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1920, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in I be Busb Is Worth Two in the Hand

The Annual Congress of the American
Ornithologists' Union, held at the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, Novem-
ber 11-14 last, was marked not only by a
large attendance and the election of some
250 Associate Members, but also by the
excellence of its scientific program.

It seems clear that if the Union is to
give due consideration to the communica-
tions which are presented at its annual
meetings, it must either prolong its ses-
sions or hold sectional meetings. The latter
seems to us to be the more desirable plan.
The more popular papers might be pre-
sented before, let us say, a Biographic
Section, systematic papers before a Tax-
onomic Section, and papers of general in-
terest before a joint session. If one will
visit the laboratories of the bird depart-
ment in the Museum, where the meetings
are being held, he will probably discover
there those members of the Union who are
especially interested in systematic ornithol-
ogy, who have, in effect, already formed
a Taxonomic Section where they may
examine specimens and discuss, informally,
technical questions in which the general
public has little or no interest. For this
reason, as well as for lack of time, such
discussion has been largely barred at
A.O.U. meetings, and the more technical
phases of ornithology have consequently
not received the attention due them at
these annual gatherings of representative
ornithologists. For example, Dr. Witmer
Stone's paper, at the recent Congress, on

'The Use and Abuse of the Genus' merited
far more consideration than of necessity
could be given it, and the worth of a
paper of this character can be determined
far better by debate than by publication
alone. We hope therefore that this ques-
tion of sectional meetings will receive due
consideration before the Washington
Congress of 1920 convenes.

'Country Life' for December gives the
place of honor to an admirable article on
'Christmas Birds' by the Editor of Bird-
Lore's School Department. We wish that
we could commend the illustrations as
highly as we can the text, but, in truth, we
do not recall any bird illustrations in a
reputable publication which contain so
many and such inexcusable inaccuracies.

The layman will hunt in vain for an
artist's name, but to the initiated these
seven full-page plates are evidently cut-
out photographs of mounted birds which
have been grouped in what are believed
to be natural associations, colored by hand,
and about, below, before, and behind
them are painted such perches, surround-
ings, and landscapes as seemed appro-
priate. The work has been skilfully done,
with results which are, in some instances,
as superficially pleasing as they are funda-
mentally erroneous, and hence are as per-
nicious as the clever type of natural history
faking which Mr. Roosevelt so vigorously
condemned.

For example, the two Nuthatches are
grouped as 'Field Birds,' a Short-eared
Owl has sought the seclusion of a pine tree
with a Screech Owl and Great Horned Owl
for companions, and a Horned Lark per-
ches on the limb of an oak, grasping its
perch in a way no bird of its kind ever did
or could. The retouching of the photo-
graphs has produced numerous errors in
form and color — -the Flicker, for example,
has no trace of yellow in its quills, the
Meadowlark has a yellow-striped head,
and the Red Crossbill is about the color
of a Hermit Thrush; while, without going
into further detail, nearly every bird in
the series is a libel on the appearance of
the species in life.

Cfje Bububcm ^octettes

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by A. A. ALLEN, Ph.D.
Address all communications relative to the work of this
department to the Editor, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

COOPERATION

One of the greatest lessons learned from the World War was the value
of cooperation. In her manifold, well-laid schemes, Germany did not allow for
it, the Allies discovered its use very early, the United States entered the war
with it uppermost in her mind, and the world was saved. The inspiration and
the power of working together, utilizing the discoveries of the others and bene-
fiting by their mistakes, made the armies of each of the Allies far more powerful
than they could have been had they fought side by side without the spirit of
cooperation. Individual honors were very often sacrificed and subservient
positions were taken by one or another of the Allies that they might work to-
gether as a unit and defeat the enemy. There was one great task to be accom-
plished, and it mattered not to whom the momentary glory fell. Now that the
war is over and the history is being written, it is perfectly evident that every-
one is to receive the honor that is his due, and the glory of self-sacrifice for the
sake of cooperation is no less than that of leadership.

If anything is ever gained from war and bloodshed it is by reason of the
great truths that are exposed. The only legitimate gain to the individual that
can be obtained from the slaughter of his fellowman is by the application to
his own life of these truths or principles. So if we would gain something from
the great conflict, we should acquire the spirit of cooperation and apply it in
our teaching of little children, for the teaching of the rising generation will have
more effect upon the world a hundred years hence than any conflict, however
great. It is to the teachers that the world must look for progress, and the
teachers must, therefore, look well to the lessons that the great war has taught.
If there is any place where cooperation is imperative, it is in the teaching pro-
fession where there are so many great principles to be inculcated through so
many different channels.

Perhaps no greater opportunity has ever been offered to teachers for co-
operation and for coordination than the movement for the conservation of wild
life, which finds its chief expression in bird-study. This conservation movement
involves so many of the principles thai we would give to children to make them
better men and women that it is little wonder that every progressive organiza-
tion is behind it and that funds are always forthcoming for its support.
Chambers of commerce, civic improvement societies, the Hoy Scouts, the
Camp Fire Girls, the Red Cross, and numerous other organizations always

(50)

The Audubon Societies 57

cooperate with the Audubon Societies in this work, and teachers will always
find them willing to help in any undertaking which has for its object the making
of better men and women.

We are printing at the end of this editorial a little story that has been
contributed by the Red Cross, called 'Feathered Allies,' and with it a photograph
of some Junior Red Cross members who have been building bird-houses. The
remainder of this department of Bird-Lore will then be devoted to a discussion
of "How to Build and Where to Place Bird-houses," for the building of bird-
houses offers one of the best opportunities for cooperation between teachers and
parents, the school and the community, that can be hoped for. It likewise offers
a splendid opportunity for coordination of school- work, reading, writing, arith-
metic, drawing, manual training, etc. In some places entire communities
have received their whcle animus for the protection of wild life through the
institution of a 'bird-house competition' by one of the teachers of the local
school. The local stores are always ready to supply prizes and to display the
houses and posters that have been made by the children if enough general
interest is aroused. The local press, also, will always be ready to print announce-
ments, list prizes, and announce prize-winners, and such publicity always
gives life to the competitions. Lastly, every effort should be made to interest
a large and representative group of people and to get all to cooperate, and the
greater the publicity given to the proposed competition, the more successful
it will be and the more good it will do. One should always bear in mind, however,
that such a competition should not have as its sole object the number of bird-
houses constructed. Accuracy of construction, careful workmanship, and, most
important of all, thought for the birds should be emphasized. The underlying
motive of doing for others, of working for the birds and not for the prizes,
should be conspicuous at all times, for it is from this that the greatest good
results.

Many competitions end with the completion and exhibition of the bird-
houses, but this is a mistake. It is just as important that a bird-house be
properly placed as that it be properly constructed. A child that has worked
faithfully in building a bird-house deserves to have the pleasure of seeing it
occupied. Moreover, it is the response that the birds make to his efforts toward
helping them that will fix his interest permanently in the work of conservation.
It is, therefore, highly important that no effort be spared to encourage the
birds to occupy the houses. The award of prizes may be conditioned upon the
proper placing of the houses or a second competition may be started based upon
the greatest number occupied or the best written account of what transpires
at the house. There are here again numerous ways of coordinating the work
with other lessons.

Bird - Lore

FEATHERED ALLIES

With the first call for fighters there also came a call for 'messengers,' and
so it was that our faithful little allies — soft-feathered Homing Pigeons were
taken into service. Today we may see many of them returning from service
overseas, bearing that same mark of honor which distinguishes our men-heroes,
for each bird now wears around its leg a gold band for every wound received.

The Navy has a number of these brave birds which suffered wounds, but
which have been tenderly nursed back to health and strength and are now find-
ing a life of comfort in the country they so faithfully served.

Trulv these birds have proved faithful allies to America. But the Homing
Pigeons alone do not constitute this allied force. The little feathered sharers

I III 5E JUXIORS OF HII

H BRIDGE, X J HAVE NOT FORGOTTEN THE NEEDS OF

OUR FEATHERED ALLIES
Photographed by the American Rcl Cross

of <>ur everyday life, the chattering little birds of our busy cities, and the sweet-
throated songsters of the woodland places have served us at home as faithfully
as those other strong-winged Pigeons served us overseas.

The 'home-force' birds, as we might call them, have hunted out the poist n-
ous little insects that would destroy our valued trees; they have served us in
all the ways that birds are known to serve our world of living things; and more
than this, they have cheered us with their trills and songs, and even their noisy
morning chatter.

Many of us are heedless of the bird-needs of these feathered folk, but some
of us have remembered. Among those who have remembered materially are
the Juniors of the American Red Cross. With their strong spirit of service for
all who need, they have not forgotten the birds. And SO, through all part- of

The Audubon Societies 59

our country, Junior boys have made little homes in which some of our bird
allies might find shelter from the cold and heavy winter snows and in which
others might build their nests when they come back in the spring.

Were you to pass through the early morning quiet of a snow-covered wood,
you might see through the little wood-cut window of a bird-house snugly set
in the tree branches, the bright, bead-like eye of a tiny dweller of the wood,
warm and comfortable in the new home that some thoughtful Junior had built.
And in the echo of the chatter and trills coming from the little inhabitants,
the Juniors discern a clear "Thank you!"

But their thanks come not in songs alone, for all day long the Woodpeckers,
Nuthatches, and Chickadees that have roosted in the boxes search out and
destroy the hibernating insects that are waiting only for spring to start them
destroying the foliage and undermining the bark of the trees. And then when
spring comes these winter birds will be joined by other songsters that will make
their homes in the boxes — the Wrens, the Bluebirds, and the Tree Swallows
whose insatiable young require thousands of insects to satisfy them. Truly
our Juniors of the American Red Cross have performed a National service in
building these homes for the birds. — Contributed by the American Red
Cross.

HOW TO BUILD BIRD-HOUSES

The making of bird-houses is an old, old story, but, like many other classic
tales, it will bear re-telling. The original idea was simple enough, but of recent
years it has been encumbered by so many suggestions that people hesitate to
undertake what is really an easy task, for the more simple the box, the more
natural will it appear and the more attractive will it be to the birds. The fanciful
doll-houses, with several compartments, chimneys, frescoes and verandas, while
occasionally used by House Sparrows or Purple Martins, are usually very in-
effective, and, of course, entirely out of place. The more it resembles the old
hollow limb in the orchard or the hole in the fence-post, the more pleasing to the
eye of the bird will it be.

There are over fifty species of birds in the United States and Canada which
utilize holes in trees for nesting, including many of the most useful. The
borer-destroying Woodpeckers, the larvae-destroying Nuthatches, the egg-
destroying Chickadees, the mosquito-destroying Tree Swallows — all build in
holes in trees and may be attracted to nesting-boxes. In these days of scientific
forestry, when every dead tree is condemned and when every dead branch is
lopped off by the 'tree doctor,' their natural nesting-sites are rapidly disappear-
ing and their numbers must necessarily decrease unless they are provided with
artificial nesting-places. It is a wise timber-owner who puts up at least one
nesting-box in the place of every dead tree which he removes. The Chickadees
and Woodpeckers that are with us in winter, and the Wrens and Bluebirds
that return in the spring, will move on unless they find plenty of nesting-sites.

Bird - Lore

Of the hole-nesting birds, a comparatively small proportion have yet learned
to accept the artificial nesting-site, only nine species taking them regularly
and nineteen more utilizing them occasionally. It is to be expected, however,
that eventually all the species will learn to adapt themselves, and, perhaps,
even others will so modify their present nesting habits as to accept the artificial
structures. This proved to be the case in the celebrated experiments of von
Berlepsch, in Germany, where out of 1,000 nesting-boxes placed on his estate,
birds gradually were induced to occupy over 900.

The species which regularly use nesting-boxes are as follows: House Wren
(and all its subspecies), Bluebird (eastern and western), Chickadee (northern
and southern subspecies), Purple Martin, Tree Swallow, Flicker, Violet-green
Swallow, House Finch, Bewick's Wren, House Sparrow, and Starling.

The species which occasionally use nesting-boxes are as follows: White-
breasted and Red-breasted Nuthatches, Downy, Hairy, and Red-headed Wood-
peckers, Tufted Titmouse, Carolina Wren, Crested Flycatcher, Screech, Saw-
whet, and Barn Owls, Sparrow Hawk, Wood Duck, Song Sparrow (rarely),
and Dipper. The species using covered shelves or shelters, open at the sides,
are Robin, Phoebe, and Barn Swallow.

£9

SecVxovv

Hi«3«

Bott d\v»

The Audubon Societies

MATERIALS

The best materials to select in building bird-houses are weathered boards,
rustic cedar, slabs of wood with the bark adhering, or asphaltum roofing-paper.
Smoothly planed boards and paint should be avoided except on such houses as
are intended more for ornament than use. Gourds, when obtainable, can be
made very acceptable by cutting a hole of the proper size in one side, cleaning
them out and drilling a small hole in the bottom to drain off any rain that
may beat in. Tin cans may be used but are usually unsightly and become
excessively hot in the sun, unless covered with bark. One end should be re-
placed by a block of wood and the opening of the proper size should be made to-
ward one edge of this or in one side of the can. Green bark of chestnut or other
trees can sometimes be obtained and nailed into the form of a hollow cylinder,
but such boxes are usually not durable. A hollow limb, a deserted woodpecker's
nest, or a block of wood hollowed out in the form of a woodpecker's nest are
all good devices, but usually it is easier to cut rough boards into proper lengths
and nail them together securely in the form of
a small box. Sometimes boxes of the proper
size, such as chalk-boxes or starch-boxes, can be
found ready made and require only some
reinforcement.

If one plans to make a great many of stand-
ard size, heavy asphaltum roofing-paper lends
itself most readily at a minimum of expense.
A working drawing is here given of the Cornell
improved bird-house for birds up to the size of
Bluebirds. These can be made in numbers for
a maximum cost of 10 cents each, and have
the advantage of being as easily made by girls
as by boys. The only tools that are necessary
are a pair of heavy scissors or a knife for cut-
ting the paper, an awl for punching holes for
the rivets, a tack-hammer and a piece of iron
pipe or a window-weight against which to
flatten the rivets. The split rivets used to fasten
the edges together can be purchased at any
hardware store. If a great many boxes are to
be built, it is wise to have a short piece of i}4
inch pipe sharpened to serve as a punch for
cutting the hole, but otherwise this can be done
with the knife. The blocks of wood, 4 inches
in diameter, can be cut from a log of that size or the Cornell improved
made in numbers in the manual training depart- fjJ^'^ER ' at °a cost^f
merit or the local carpenter shop on the jig-saw. about tln cents each

Bird - Lore

The first exercise in the school-room should be to draw the pattern, cut it
out, and pin it together. The best pattern should then be taken to mark the
rooting paper. In putting together the patterns, one soon learns the o*der in

which the various steps should be
taken. Thus the perch and the
roof must be fastened to the piece
forming the sides before it is fast-
ened into cylinder form. The
circular piece cut out for the door
may well be used to reinforce the
front on the inside where the perch
is nailed in place. The very last
step is the nailing of the completed
house to its bottom, and this should
not be done until the bottom is
fastened by screws or face plate
to the top of the post or pipe
where the bird-house is to be per-
manently placed. It will be seen
from this that this house is in-
tended only for use on top of a
post, and the reason for this will
be stated later on.

•

CORRECTLY BUILT BIRD-HOUSES

may be bought from the manufacturers or
they may be made

MEASUREMENTS

Whatever material is used, the
exact size of the box is not of great
importance except that it should not be so large as to waste material, nor yet so
small as to give insufficient room for the nest. A box should never be smaller than
t^/2 x 3^ x 6 inches inside measurements, and it is better to make it somewhat
larger, even for Wrens. In making bird-houses for the first time, it would be
well to make them of medium size so that they will he acceptable tothegreatest
variety of birds. In this way the chances of attracting them are increased. Such
a box would measure about 4 x 4 x 9 inches inside with the long axis vertical.
If special effort i- to be made to attract Flickers, Screech Owls, or Sparrow
Hawks, boxes o' 2 x o'? X 24 inches should be made. If Purple Martins are
desired, a house of from ten to thirty compartments should be constructed,
with each compartment <> to S inches square. Rows of gourds tied to cross-
pieces and raised on poles will likewise attract Martins and are extensively used
in the South. If one wishes to build a large Martin-house, explicit directions
and working drawings can he obtained from Farmers' Bulletin No. <>oo, ol the
l'. S. Department of Agriculture, entitled 'Bird-Houses and How to Build
Them.' All other bird-houses should be built with only one compartment.

The Audubon Societies

INCORRECTLY BUILT BIRD-HOUSES
One has the opening too low, in the other it is too large

OPENINGS

The size and position of the opening are much more important than the

exact size of the box. A round hole is best, and, except in Martin-houses, should

be cut above the middle line on one side and preferably about 2 inches from the

top. All hole-nesting birds, except the Martins, wish to be out of sight of the

entrance while incubating. There
should never be more than one
entrance to the box, but if the
box is very tightly built, a
>^-inch hole may be drilled just
beneath the roof for ventilation
and another through the floor
for drainage. These are unneces-
sary however, and in natural
nesting cavities, of course, never
occur. If there are not many
House Sparrows or Starlings about, it is best to make the openings in all the
boxes, except those for the largest birds, i}4 inches in diameter. This will
admit birds up to the size of the Bluebird and the Tree Swallow, and is not
large enough to be objectionable to the Wrens and the Chickadees. If Spar-
rows are numerous, one can keep them out of the boxes and still admit the
smaller species by making the opening 1% inches in diameter. One can keep
out the Sparrows until the Bluebirds arrive by having a removable piece
with a small opening fastened over the 1^2 -inch hole. When the Bluebirds
are seen trying to get in, this piece can be removed, and then the Bluebirds
will have an even chance with the Sparrows.

If one wishes to build houses for particular birds, the following table of
proper diameters for the openings, as given by H. K. Job, will be found valuable:

(a) ili inches: House Wren, Be-
wick's Wren, Carolina Wren, Chickadee.

(b) 1% inches: White-breasted Nut-
hatch, Tufted Titmouse.

(d) i 3 4 to 2 inches: Red-headed
and Hairy Woodpeckers.

(e) 2^2 inches: Flicker, Saw-whet
Owl, Purple Martin.

(/) 3 inches: Screech Owl, Sparrow
Hawk.

(g) 4^2 inches: Barn Owl, Wood
Duck.

A HOME-MADE MARTIN-HOUSE AND

A MARTIN DRIVING AWAY AN ENGLISH

SPARROW

Bird- Lore

NESTING MATERIAL

No nesting material in the form of straws, feathers, or sticks should be
placed in the box, though if they are placed abundantly in the vicinity they
may encourage nesting. If a prospective tenant find nesting material in the box,
he will usually consider it already occupied and move on. In Flicker and other
Woodpecker boxes, however, there should be placed in the bottom a couple of
inches of ground cork or coarse sawdust, mixed with a little earth, because the
Woodpeckers build no nests and must
have something to keep the eggs from
rolling about. A layer of sawdust will
do no harm in any other . box but is not
necessary.

A PROPERLY PLACED FLICKER-BOX

The branches have been cut away from around it

Photographed by L. A. Bailsman

AN ORNAMENTAL MARTIN-HOUSE

Mm in houses should In- on polo at least i 7 feet

high and away from trees

PLACING THE BOX

Quite as important as the proper construction of the bird-house is the selec-
l ion of the place to put it. It is possible to put up ten or fifteen boxes and have
nothing but House Sparrows nesting in them, but, if properly placed, they
would be occupied by Wrens, Chickadees, Swallows, or Bluebirds. If several
boxes are put up, they should be at least 25 feel apart and, preferably, farther,
or constant fighting will usually result until one of the tenants i> evicted. If

The Audubon Societies

one examines the natural nesting-places of any of these hole-nesting birds, he
will find that, with few exceptions, they are in open places in bright sunlight
or light shade, and seldom among thick branches of a tree or in dense shade.
The best place for the box, therefore, is on a pole, 5 to 15 feet from the ground,
in an open space or at the edge of trees facing the open. An iron pipe, an inch
or more in diameter and
8 feet long, set in the
ground 2 feet, makes an
ideal location for a box,
as it likewise gives pro-
tection from cats and
squirrels. It is for this
reason that the Cornell
bird-house is designed to
be put up in no other
way. A post on the porch
or the unshaded side of
the house will also serve
if the box is turned to
face outward. The trunk
of a large tree, several
feet below the first
branches, a telegraph
pole, or a high fence-post
are other places which
will prove suitable,
although perhaps not
quite so satisfactory as the
separate post. An excel-
lent place for the large
Flicker or Sparrow Hawk
box is the top of a dead
tree, particularly if the
smaller branches are cut
away from around the
box. Occasionally a Wren
or a Nuthatch will use a box placed in the shade among the branches of a tree, but
such places, while appealing strongly to most people as highly desirable, should
be shunned. House Sparrows are the only birds that will regularly use boxes
when so placed.

CARE OF THE BOX

If a box is well made, once in position, it need never be removed, though it
will probably last longer if taken inside during the winter. Frail or fancy boxes

PROPERLY PLACED BIRD-BOXES

There are many trees but the houses are placed in the open.
The one in the foreground was occupied by Wrens; that in the
background by Crested Flycatchers.

Bird- Lore

should be taken in each fall and replaced in March. Cleaning a box is not
necessary under ordinary circumstances, as the birds will do their own renova-
ting, but it is well to have the top or one side hinged, so that one can get at
the inside if necessary, to throw out the nests of Sparrows, or squirrels, or mice,
or hornets that sometimes usurp the box before the birds arrive. Aside from
this there is little need of care, and at the end of the season the old nests can
be thrown out or left in, it making little difference to the birds when they return
the following spring. The lice which often infest the nests of Wrens are harm-
less and die soon after the young leave. If anything is to be done, the nests
should be sprinkled with insect powder while still occupied.

I' I IK IK FIRST

BIRD-HOUSES. WHICH ONES ARE NOT
Photographed by Mrs. G. C. Hulvey

CORRECTLY BUILT?

TIME TO PUT UP BOXES

The boxes should be in place as early in the spring as possible, especially
those intended for Nuthatches and Chickadees that arc with us throughout
the winter. Although they do not begin nesting until April, Chickadees often
commence excavating their nesting cavities in February, and it is probable that
they have selected their nesting-sites by this time. Boxes put up after March i,
and even as late as May i, are often occupied the same year, but the chances
are much better if they are put up early. Anyone planning a bird-house competi-
tion in the schools should start immediately, so that the boxes will be ready by

April i.

QUESTIONS

i. What birds utilize D.est-boj$es?

j. Give three reasons for putting up bird-houses?

3. (live three reasons why it is advisable to have school children build them?

4. What advantages ran be derived from coordinating school-work?

^. \\ hat advantages are to be derived from cooperation between the teachers of the

different grades?
6. What advantages are to be derived from cooperation between teachers and

parents?

The Audubon Societies 67

7. How would you go about inaugurating a 'Bird-House Contest?' What are the

advantages of publicity?

8. What are the most important points to emphasize in such a competition?

9. Where should the opening in a bird-house be made and how large should it be?

10. What are the best materials to use in building bird-houses and how large should

the houses be?

11. Should any bird-house be built with more than one compartment?

12. Is the placing of bird-houses important, and what is the best method of placing

them?

SCHOOL ITEMS
HOW WE BECAME JUNIOR NATURALISTS

The idea that the power to create belongs only to a favored few of a com-
munity has swayed public opinion in the United States for a century or more.
My experience as a teacher of the masses has proved to me that every child is
■endowed with the gift when he enters this life. His failure to develop the power
for constructive work is the fault of those who have his education in charge.

Anyone who doubts this statement should make a study of the growth of
the ancient peoples. He will find that all members of a tribe had the power to
materialize, in one form or another, beautiful, rhythmic, harmonious thoughts
which exist for us to enjoy today, and these antique works of art are more valued
than are the efforts of the artists of the present time. But one is not obliged
to delve into ancient history for substantiation of this truth, because near and
intimate to our own lives is the work of the tribes of Indians of this continent.

The success of the expressions of these arts can be traced to the cultivation
of the perceptive faculties that gained for the people a clear knowledge of the
life about them, especially of nature. Through the study of nature came knowl-
edge of the laws of growth from which they deduced the underlying principles
for their work in design. Yet these developments would have been of little
value if the spirit had not been trained to work irrespective of time and
labor. All beautiful work has depended for its existence upon this last
quality in the artist or artisan. Until the organizations for the education of
the public will recognize the necessity of training the spirit as well as the
intellect, the educational work of the public schools will deprive the children of
the development of their full inheritance.

Five years ago, when we began in this city the work of learning to write and
draw, there were no organizations for the systematic growth of the various arts
•of expression in our public schools. Our schools were as good as the average
•city schools, but I failed to find in any system with which I could come in
touch a provision for the healthy growth of the children of a class. The little
ones of our country had become creatures of circumstances. For years, ideas
.and details had been influencing the educators in charge instead of these directors
holding to established principles for teaching and religiously carrying them out.

68 Bird - Lore

Our rirst struggle was with the art of penmanship. We succeeded in following
closely the fundamental principles for growing power in the expression of the
art, and when the practicing of the exercises began to demand quantities of
themes, we found it necessary to hunt for subject matter. The struggle to gain
control in writing was slight compared with that required to learn to express-
a thought orally in the classes of the grades above the second. Many and
varied were the means employed to produce life in our efforts at conversation.

The school program is so arranged that a supervisor of a subject is allowed
not more than twenty minutes with a class each week. But the classes in which
the members had practiced faithfully required only two or three minutes to
prove their increased power in writing, and all the remaining time was devoted
to oral expression.

By slow process the minds of the 1,800 boys and girls were led to think of
the beauties of our city. The city had been noted for its natural beauty and the
inhabitants have always had to depend upon its natural resources for an exis-
tence. Years of selfishness on the part of individuals and corporations, as well
as carelessness on the part of the city government, had made a sad inroad toward
the destruction of this charming spot when the state came to the rescue and
saved the lives of the springs and parks. An opportunity to set the whole com-
munity at work to assist the state arose right here in the school system. Through
the children all the homes could become familiar with the necessity of caring
for the trees and for the birds whose work places them as our first assistants.
Without a dissenting voice we decided to seek ways to entice the birds to live
among us.

Aids from intellectual sources were not at hand. The season was winter
when we began our explorations for knowledge of out-of-door life upon which
we were to compare notes when we should meet. We were most fortunate in
both conditions, as we were given the chance to find the literature that would
help us best and the winter is the time to begin not only the study of the birds
but also of the trees, the deciduous ones anyway. It was understood that there
would be no time for conversation if the writing was not well practiced. The
organization for work expanded to such a degree that the penmanship advanced
beyond our expectations and each period together gave a chance for everyone
to add something to our knowledge of bird-life.

The interest grew weekly, and the time came when no one wished to be left
out of the talk. Now and again one who had been clever at collecting material
at the expense of others, and had not entered into the work of observing for
himself, would risk giving a description of a bird which he wished named. At
first he caused a questioning atmosphere to exist among his hearers, but after a
short time the power that tomes to those who get their knowledge first-hand
discouraged these deceivers and caused them to begin to observe for themselves.

One exercise was to practice the calls and songs of the birds. As yet we
have not done <:reat work in this line but we shall. One day a little girl in

The Audubon Societies 69

a fifth grade class claimed my attention to inform me that she could crow like
a rooster. She was given an opportunity to try. Spring had arrived and the
windows were open. An evidence that Prudence was a. good crower was told
through the responses of all the cocks in the vicinity. A fine lesson in concentra-
tion occurred immediately, for we gave ourselves up to listening for the crow
farthest away. We learned that some of us could detect fainter sounds than
others.

Our conversations developed in us love and sympathy for our feathered
friends. We gained the knowledge that we must provide homes for them and
feeding stations for the winter birds as well as fountains in dry places. Drawing
was introduced into all the grades the first year through the industrial problem
of making bird-cotes from working drawings and patterns. A thousand houses
for Bluebirds, House Wrens, or Chickadees were constructed. About 800
were made according to specifications. Experts in the manual training de-
partment reconstructed the 200 failures.

The life of our junior naturalists' societies is assured, for the foundation was
constructed through directing the child to search for knowledge and then
followed the building of the societies by organizing the work to produce a union
of interests which has caused a union of minds. Unconsciously the children
have become teachers of the whole community through their discussions out-
side of school, for everyone is beginning to help. Business, always on the
alert, took up the subject. Publishing houses had constant calls for books.
Bird-glasses were advertised. All who could afford bought these helpful mate-
rials — yes, and those who couldn't afford found a way by doing without some
necessary article.

The most delightful of our interesting experiences was our introduction
to the Audubon Societies. With very little effort, hundreds of us became
members of the junior clubs which entitle us to the bird leaflets and the maga-
zine, Bird-Lore. This literature of the great ornithologists who sacrifice them-
selves for the education of the masses enters the homes and is enjoyed by every
member of the family. The little children sit and look at the illustrations
while the older boys and girls read aloud. These leaflets are doing a great work
in the homes of the foreign element. While the contents of these series are
planned for the grade classes from the fifth through the grammar grades, we
find the fourth grade children enjoying them thoroughly because of the knowl-
edge through observation which they take into the text. Every year finds
500 to 600 new subscribers for the Audubon Societies. We have learned to
know that it is a great privilege to study under the directors of these societies
who are leading us to realize fully the responsibilities connected with the work
of protecting our natural resources. — Kate A. McCloskev. Supervisor of
Industrial Arts, Saratoga Springs, N.Y.

70 Bird - Lore

BIRD-STUDY IN VIRGINIA

It may be of interest to some of our readers to know about the Junior
Audubon Society we had at Timberville, Va., which was organized in January
of this year (1919). We all enjoyed it exceedingly, and I am sure that, besides
this, it did good in the hearts and lives of the little folk who were members.
They learned a great many facts about birds which will never be forgotten
and it will be a great pleasure for them to meet with their bird friends year after
year. A society of twenty members was formed in my first grade. After we
received our literature and had begun working, all the other children in the first
grade joined and others came from other grades and asked to join.

Before six weeks had passed, our society numbered 114 members. We held
our meetings twice a week. A new bird was taken up at each meeting and
studied. We studied forty-eight birds altogether. At every lesson a little review
was made of previous lessons. The following outline was used in our notebooks:

1. Name of bird. 3. Nest. 5. Young.

*■ Color j g*, 4- Eggs. 6. Food.

At different times in the spring, short programs were prepared, made up of
songs, recitations, etc., and given in chapel before the whole school. Sometimes,
instead of a regular meeting, we would go for a bird-walk, then within the
next day or two, during language period, papers were written telling of the birds
we saw. Nearly always they could identify the birds themselves, sometimes I
helped them, sometimes my bird-book helped me. One day my primer class
was reading when one little six-year-old boy held up his hand and said, "Oh,
Mrs. Hulvey, look out there on the post is a Downy Woodpecker." We all went
quietly to the windows for fear we would scare him away, and there, only about
10 feet away, was little Downy getting his dinner. We called in the other
grades and took turns watching him. At noon there were nearly a hundred
children around the post all trying to see where little Downy had been. The
day before we had a lesson on the Downy Woodpecker and little Garland
recognized him at once by the picture we had used. We had quite a number of
songs about different birds that the children took great delight in singing. Old
bird-nests were collected and examined.

In the spring nearly one-third of our members made bird-houses which were
placed on poles and in the trees. Everyone of us thoroughly enjoyed watching
our bird friends making their new homes and caring for their young.

This session I have organized a Society of twenty-five members in my
second grade in the Denton Primary School, Denton, Md., and hope by spring
to have many more children have a keen interest and true love for their little
brothers in the air. — Tenney Cline Hulviv, Denton, Md.

[Mrs. Hulvey is to be congratulated upon her success in forming Junior Audubon

Societies. One can be sure that she feels well repaid for the effort which she puts forth
by the response she gets from, the children under her charge. The teacher who has not

entered this field doe- nut know how much easier it makes all teaching. — A. A. A. J

Cfje Hubufcon ^octettes

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T.GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to

the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

Telephone, Columbus 7327

William Dutcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Treasurer

Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member of it, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

$5 annually pays for a Sustaining Membership
$100 paid at one time constitutes a Life Membership
$1,000 constitutes a person a Patron
$5,000 constitutes a person a Founder
$25,000 constitutes a person a Benefactor

Form of Bequest: — I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated), of the City of New York.

THE KLAMATH LAKE SITUATION

While those friends of wild-life protection
who have read William L. Finley's report
on Klamath and Malheur Lakes Bird Reser-
vations in the last issue of Bird-Lore are,
in a measure, familiar with the desperate
straits in which these two reservations
stand today, further remarks may be in
order.

Lower Klamath, which comprises the
main body of Klamath Lake Reservation,
had a large bordering area of lands that
were swamp, and a considerable sentiment
arose in favor of making these lands suit-
able for agricultural operations. Some
years ago the Government Reclamation
Service undertook to do this by making a
series of canals and ditches. After expending
$283,225 and overcoming only a small per-
centage of the difficulties to be met with,
the plan seems to have been abandoned.
The Lake was made a bird reservation and
hundreds of thousands of water-birds, in-
cluding Ducks, Geese, White Pelicans,
Caspian Terns, Gulls, Grebes and Coots,
continued to make of this area of 60 or
more square miles, one vast nursery for
bird-life. But those who wanted the lake
drained continued their efforts, with the
result that the legislatures of the states of

California and Oregon, in which the lake
lies, recently passed laws for the purpose
of especially encouraging the drainage of
the lake, particularly the swampy margins,
and ceding such rights as they might have
to the United States Government.

An Oregon company, known as the
Klamath Draining District, took over
20,000 acres of lands lying in the state of
Oregon for a consideration, and up to date
have made their first two payments on
the land. It was evidently the hope of the
Government officials that companies or
individuals might take up the California
territory.

The lake is fed by a stream that runs in
from Klamath River on the north. A
railroad, running from the main line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad to Klamath
Falls, Ore., runs across the marshes above
Upper Klamath, and where it crosses the
stream that feeds the lake, a gate has been
put in. This gate has been closed, with the
result that no more water flows into Lower
Klamath. There is very little rainfall in
that region, and, naturally, during the
past summer the lake very largely dried up.

A member of the Audubon Society who
recently visited the region states that in

Bird - Lore

the area where a few years ago Ducks and
Geese and their young were found by
thousands in the spring and summer, today
there is nothing but a barren desert over
the surface of which the wind whips the
dust and sand as it does among the sage
brush on the shore.

The Biological Survey of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, which is greatly in-
terested in preserving all the bird reser-
vations, recently had a soil survey made
of this Klamath Lake soil that had been
exposed by the drying up of the water.
The report shows that it is' so filled with
alkalies that it is practically useless for
agricultural purposes. Apparently noth-
ing can be induced to grow on it but a
rank kind of native grass.

Congressman Raker, of California, re-
cently introduced a bill in Congress (House
Bill 8440) which, among other things, au-
thorizes and directs the Secretary of the
Interior "to determine and make public-
announcement of what lands in and
around Little or Lower Klamath Lake in
Siskiyou County, California and Klamath
County, Oregon" may be opened for
homestead entry.

A sop is thrown to the bird-lovers of the
country in the following: "The Secretary
of the Interior shall determine which of
the lands now within the boundary of the
Bird Reservation are chiefly valuable for
agricultural purposes and which for the
said reservation, and should open for
homestead entry those lands that are
chiefly valuable for agricultural pur-
poses."

In other words, we are given to under-
stand that the marshes around the lake,
and perhaps a portion of the lake, is not
needed as a bird reservation and can
therefore be converted into farm land, while-
such portion of the lake as may be deter-
mined by the Secretary of the Interior
•shall be kepi as a bird reservation. As a
matter of fact, tin- marshes are just as
valuable, if not more valuable, lor the
birds than the open water, as with the
exception of the Western Grebe all the
birds mentioned above build their nests in
ithe marshes.

To sugar-coat, and play a little politics
on the side, the following proposition is in-
cluded in the bill:

"Those who served with the military or
naval forces of the United States during
the war between the United States and
Germany and her allies and have been hon-
orably separated or discharged therefrom,
or placed in the Regular Army Reserve,
shall have preference and prior right to
file upon and enter said lands under the
homestead laws and the provision of this
act for a period of six months following
the time the said lands are open to entry."

This, briefly, is the situation, as we
understand it today, of the Klamath Lake
Bird Reservation. The whole situation is
involved in the extreme.

Malheur Lake likewise is on the verge
of being dried up. The situation, briefly,
is this. This lake, about 15 miles in length
by o miles in width, is shallow, and is said
to be not over 1 1 feet in depth at its deepest
place. Its margins, likewise, are marshy,
and it is believed to be the greatest breed-
ing-place for wild fowl in the United States.
It lies in the desert country of southeastern
Oregon where there is extremely little
rainfall. Its waters are kept up by the
Silvies River, flowing in from the north,
and by the Blitzen coming from the south.
On each of these rivers extensive irriga-
tion projects are now in process of con-
struction, which will divert the water from
the Lake to irrigate desert lands. Under
the burning desert suns a year or two will
probably be all that is necessary to dry up
the lake completely. There are a few
ranches along the margins of the reserva-
tion which of course will likewise be ruined.

Franklin B. Lane, Secretary of the
Department of the Interior, might per-
haps be able (o save these reservations if
enough people in this country were quickly
to register their protest- against tin- de-
struction. Certainly the Senators in Wash-
ington should be urged to vote against the
Raker Bill. This Association has fought
from every point in the slow, loiing light
lor the Klamath and Malheur Lake Reser-
\ at ions, and it shall continue to use every
effort within its mean- until the matter is

The Audubon Societies

finally and definitely settled. New and
vigorous efforts have recently been
started.

Naturally enough, as in other cam-
paigns of similar character, we are not in
position at this time to advertise just what
steps we are taking or intend to take in
the near future.

Politics in Oregon

Just before the holidays, the Board of
Fish and Game Commissioners of Oregon
held a secret meeting and dismissed Wil-
liam L. Finley, State Biologist. There
were no charges against Mr. Finley in any
way, but, as he had refused to play politics
and sacrifice the conservation of the state's
wild life for the sake of getting votes, it
was decided to dispose of him and spend
the money on some good vote getter, a
man who would play regular and do what
he was told. However, as it turned out
Finley proved to be a bigger man than the
Game Commission, for as soon as the star
chamber action of this Board of Com-
missioners became known, the people of
Oregon arose in mass. Almost every con-
ceivable kind of organization in Portland,
including the Chamber of Commerce, State
Sportsmen's Association, etc., voiced their
astonishment and promptly sent their
representatives or communications to the
Governor demanding that Mr. Finley be
reinstated in office. The school children
by hundreds stormed the newspaper
offices, and a petition bearing 30,000 of
their names was sent to the Governor in
Mr. Finley's behalf.

This Association, of course, instantly
filed a strong letter of protest with the
Governor, copies of which were sent to the
newspapers throughout the state. Benja-
min W. Olcott, who is Governor of the
state of Oregon, is also chairman of the
Board of Fish and Game Commissioners.
He was not present when the Commis-
sioners held their meeting, but the latter

stated he had given his consent to the
removal of Mr. Finley.

Mr. Finley is extremely popular in
Oregon, and when the storm broke about
the Governor's ears, he, good politician
that he is, decided in a few days that he
would ask the Board of Fish and Game
Commissioners to reinstate Mr. Finley in
office. He therefore communicated his
wishes to the Commissioners. These four
gentlemen met and decided to stand by
their guns, and refused to concede to the
Governor's order. Another week passed
by, during which floods of protests con-
tinued to reach the Governor. At the end
of this time he came out with a statement
that at the coming session of the Legisla-
ture, which meets in a few weeks, he would
recommend that the Board of Fish and
Game Commissioners as present constituted
be abolished, and that two separate boards
be appointed, one to handle conservation
of wild life, and the other to handle the
commercial fishing interests. He declared,
furthermore, if the Legislature did not do
this he would dismiss all the old Fish and
Game Commissioners and appoint a new
Board. In any event, there is little doubt
that Mr. Finley will shortly be offered
his old position, and the indications are
that on the platter holding the commission
of office there will be a nice bouquet in
the form of a substantial increase in salary.

Bird Lectures Available

Herbert K. Job, in charge of our De-
partment of Applied Ornithology, is
accepting appointments for public lectures,
using a wealth of splendid motion pictures
and colored slides, either or both, of various
classes of wild birds from life. We urge
our friends to secure a lecture this season.
Not only are they delightful, but the pro-
ceeds go toward maintaining the above
department of our work. Write to him for
a circular; address 291 Main St., West
Haven, Conn., or our New York office.

Bird - Lore

CHARLES HENRY DAVIS

By the death of Charles Henry Davis,
on October 5, 1 g iS, there passed away one
of the sterling citizens of Michigan who did
much for the upbuilding of the northern
portions of the Middle West.

The first twenty-one years of Mr.
I );i\ is' life were spent fit her in school or on
his father's farm mar Portsmouth, N. H.
In 1869, however, he went to Michigan,
and in lime became one of the leading
figures in the lumber and mining interests
of that state.

Mr. Davis was a sportsman in its

broadest sense, and his periods of recrea-
tion were largely passed in hunting and
fishing trips. He was extraordinarily fond
of the wilderness, and the actual killing of
game was always a secondary considera-
tion to the joys he experienced while camp-
ing and tramping in the open. Mr. Davis
was interested in the conservation of wild
life and left a bequest to the National
Association of Audubon Societies. After
paying the necessary taxes to the state of
Michigan, the check which the Association
has recently received amounted to $052.50.

The Audubon Societies

Bird-Work and the Children

The organization of Junior Audubon
Classes, chiefly in the public schools of
the country, has been going forward of late
on an increased scale. During the autumn
months, and up to the first day of January,
1Q20, there were enrolled something over
88,000 Junior Audubon members, which is
a larger number than during the same
period of any previous year. There have
also been an unusually large number of
notices in the local papers throughout the
country, dealing with the activities of
these Junior Classes. The following letter
written by Oran Edison, a Junior Member,
was recently published in the San Fran-
cisco Bulletin:

"The Audubon Club is, as you probably
know, a society for the protection of the
song-birds and useful Hawks and Owls of
our state. Because we study birds, that is
no sign we study their long Latin names
that have been wished onto them. Our
Club goes on many hikes to Lake Merced,
to hidden nooks and crannies in Golden
Gate Park, to Black Hills, and at present
a hike to Bay Farm Island is being dis-
cussed. These hikes are anything but tame
and prosy affairs; we go out for a good
time and there are no nonsensical restric-
tions. Our lunch is cooked over a camp-
fire; we wear the oldest clothes we have, so
that we can climb trees, cliffs and fall into
the water and mud with a perfectly clear
conscience. Our mothers do not need to
worry about us, as there is always a
teacher along who is at the head of the
club, and maybe another grown person
will come as a guest."

Here is another by a school-girl, Made-
line Kurkowski, published in the Richfield
Springs (N. Y.) Mercury:

"The Seventh Grade Audubon Society
held a party in the Assembly Hall on
Monday afternoon, from 4 until 6. All
members of the Society were present, to-
gether with the following guests: Professor
and Mrs. Pratt, Miss Jordan, Miss Brady
and Miss O'Mara. The program consisted
of recitations and piano and Victrola so-
los, after which refreshments were served.

"Another Audubon Club was organized
in the Sixth Grade on Monday afternoon
and the following officers were elected:
President, Milton Lonnebacker; Vice-
President, Maria Wallis; Secretary, YVin-

throp Moore; Treasurer, Kenneth Watson.
The reason of the Club is to be kind to all
birds. You can save many birds by putting
food in old houses or on window-ledges;
also to see that they are not hurt by their
enemies. Besides that the Club will have
;i few social gatherings."

New Life Members Enrolled from
October 20, 1919, to January 1, 1920

Allen, Frederic Brevoort

Archer, George T.

Barrell, Finley

Bicknell, E. P.

Biddle, William C.

Book, C. H.

Butler, Charles Stewart

Carey, Miss Mary deP.

Cary, E. F.

Chubb, Percy

Collins, Henry Hill, 3d.

Corbett, Merritt J.

Cottier, Miss M. Elizabeth

Danforth, Mrs. G. H.

Dommerich, L. W.

Durand, William C.

Enos, Miss Louisa I.

Frost, Mrs. Charles S.

Goethals, George W.

Guggenheim, S. R.

Harriman, Mrs. Edward Henry

Hornblower, Ralph

Hudson, C. Alan, Jr.

Jackson, Miss Fannie A.

Keep, Mrs. F. A.

Lloyd, Horatio G.

Malone, Mrs. L. H.

Marshall, Edwin J.

Matthies, G. E.

Megeath, S. A.

Mellon, A. W.

Mullen, Miss Marie Rose

Xiles, F. C.

Pike, Mrs. E. S.

Pitcairn, Miss Mildred Glenn

Purdy, Charles R.

Quinlan, Miss Florence E.

Rockefeller, John D., Jr.

Rockefeller, Mrs. John D., Jr.

Ruddock, Albert B.

Scrymser, Mrs. James A.

Shewan, James

Silsbee, Mrs. George S.

Slocum, J. Jermain

Smith, W. Hinckle

Spong, Mrs. J. J. R.

Stursberg, Julius A.

Thompson, William Boyce

Yanderbilt, W. K.

Wentz, D. B.

Wood, Robert Matheson

7 6

Bird- Lore

New Sustaining Members Enrolled
from October 20, 1919, to January 1, 1920

Aldrich, Mrs. J. M.
Allen, Harry K.
Allen, Miss Sylvia T.
Alvord, Miss Ella L.
Ames, Frederick 1).
Bakhmeleff, B, A.
Banks, George W.
Banks, Mrs. George W.
Barney, Mrs. C. E.
Bartlett, Miss Mary F.
Bassett, J. P.
Bates, Talcott
Beckwith, O. E.
Bell, William
Benson, R. Dale, Jr.
Bibber, Miss Frances R.
Bissinger, George H.
Blair, Frank D.
Bradley, Miss Anne Gary
Bronson, Miss J. C.
Bronson, Miss Margaret L.
Brown, Samuel E.
Carter, William S.
Gary, Rev. William B.
Ghase, Mrs. C. C.
Cheney, Miss Annah Arms
Cheney, Miss Rose Willis
Child, P. S.

Clemmer, Miss Frances B.
Coe, L. A.
Cotton, Mrs. Ida E.
Covington, Miss Henrietta
Crittenden, Mrs. William J.
Davis, Henry C.
De Lamar, Miss Alice A.
Diechmann, Otto
Dodd, Lee N.
Eden, John H.
Ensign, Mrs. Joseph R.
Ewers, Dr. William V.
Farnam, Miss C. B.
Felton, Mrs. C. E.
Felton, Mrs. W. S.
Fisk, Mrs. I).

Gale, Mrs. Gertrude Hakes
Gardiner, Charles B.
Gilliam, Mrs. R. A.
Gray, Arthur F.
Gregg, David A.
Gregory, Stephen S., Jr.
Griswold, Miss Emily A.
Griswold, Miss Nellie
Hall, Fred H.
Hamlin, Mrs. C. J.

Hart well, Joseph C.
Hatch, Pascal E.
Billiard, Mrs. M. B.
Hitchcock, Charles Baker
Hoag, William Nicholas
Hobbs, George S.
Holden, Miss Frances L.
Holmes, Charles F.
Hopkins, Edward
Howe, Percival S.
Hutchinson, Miss Anna
James, Dr. Robert C.
Jewett, Hibbard J.
Kennard, Harrv P.
Kohl, H.

Lawbaugh, Mrs. Etta W.
Leedy, Charles Armour
McEvven, Alfred
McEwen, Mrs. Alfred
Martin, Mrs. Viola F.
Miller, Mrs. Charles T.
Minich, Mrs. K. C.
Montgomery, Grenville D.
Moore, Mrs. Louisa S.
Moure, W. D.
Munson, C. LaRue
Nelson, Frank G.
Newbury, Mrs. Lee
Neumann, Miss Eda Glokner
Peck, Mrs. C. B.
Pumvea, Nelson D. W.
Redfield, Tylor L.
Reynolds, Miss Annie M
R viand, Edward
Schear, E. W. E.
Schefer, Mrs. E.
Shepardson, Miss Florence
Smith, Miss Edna S.
Spear, L. H.

Spencer, Miss Genevieve J.
Stanton Bird Club
Stensrud, Kentil
Stick, Henry L.
Strong, Mrs. F. A.
True, Mrs. E. C.
Tuttle, Miss Fannie F.
Way, Herbert C.
West, Mrs. Frank
West, W. B.
Wheeler, John B.
Whipple, Mrs. K. I>.
White, Mrs. J. Williams
Whitemore, Mrs. Harris
Wilbur, Dr. B. K.
Wilcox, George H.
Witt, Ewald.
Woodring, Mrs. T. H.

Sm^i'JZ fuer7&

ARIZON \ JA"V . \l >l I I
CALIFORNI \ I VY. ADUL/1

SAN I A CRUZ J W. AHl I I
I I i)|<| 1 1\ I U Al >l I I

2fttrb=Hore

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of The Audubon Societies

Vol. XXII March— April, 1920 No. 2

A Bird Watcher in France

By DR. HERBERT R. MILLS, Tampa, Florida

FROM August 191 7 until July 1919 it was my fortune to serve as medical
officer with the American Expeditionary Forces, first with the British
Army in Belgium and later with the American First Division in France
and Germany; and during this time I made such bird-notes as my limited
opportunities would permit. In the northeastern part of France, where for
obvious reasons these notes were principally taken, bird-life is fairly abundant,
as far as the small song-birds are concerned and the insectivorous and seed-
eating species, while the larger raptores and water-fowl are notably lacking,
The country is beautiful rolling farm-land cultivated to the ordinary grains,
vegetables, and fruits. Among the carefully groomed fields, meadows, and park-
like woods, the little villages are clustered as closely almost as single farm-
houses are in our country. I do not believe that the average United States
soldier would consider it an exaggeration to call the climate "cool and moist."

I believe that the most conspicuous birds of France are the Crows of several
species, and it was with the Rook (Corvus frugilegus), a member of the Crow
family, that I became most intimately acquainted. Rooks are everywhere —
hundreds may be seen feeding in the field at one time, and they nest in the
woodland groves in colonies of thousands; whence it is likely that our word
"rookery" originated. The young are used for food, and about April, when the
nestlings are still in the down, the people resort to the rookeries with climbing
irons and sacks and gather the young from all the accessible nests. The govern-
ment pays a bounty of 25 centimes (5 cents) for young and old birds, so that,
since the French soldier is said to be paid but 25 centimes a day for his services,
I do not wonder that he seeks to augment his meager pay and wartime rations
with this source of food. In the fields, associated with the Rooks, are Crows
(Corvus corone), Hooded Crows (Corvus comix), Jackdaws (Corvus monedula),
and Starlings.

In December, 19 18, on the march of the First Division into Germany, I saw
thousands of Jackdaws swarming to the Moselle Valley every night to roost.
At that season, and in that northern latitude, it is interesting to note that the

78 Bird -Lore

Jackdaw's night began at about 3.30 p.m. During the breeding season they
inhabit cathedral towers, ivy-grown ruins, and fortifications. Their call-note
is very similar to that of our Red-bellied Woodpecker. Magpies {Pica rustica)
are common all over France. Like the Crow (Corvus corone) they nest in
isolated pairs and often place their nests of twigs in the tops of poplars, where
they are sometimes difficult to distinguish from the clumps of mistletoe with
which these trees are so heavily infested. I was surprised one day to see a
Magpie laboring along with a full-grown field-mouse in its bill. In the fall, the
Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) flock to the fields with the Crows and Rooks, but
in mating-time they usually frequent dwelling-places, building their nests
about buildings or in holes in trees. At all times the Starling is a pleasant and
interesting companion, a comical songster, and moreover a bird of useful
habits. It is unfortunate if our prejudice toward him in this country has made
us blind to his many virtues.

In order of abundance the Swallows probably come next. The Swallow
(Hirundo rustica), resembling our Barn Swallow, and the House Martin (Cheli-
don urbica), distinguished by the white upper tail coverts, are by far the most
common representatives of this family. Only once have I seen Sand Martins
{Cotile riparia). This was in September, 1918, near Mont Sec. The Swallows
and House Martins build their mud nests under the eaves of buildings, and I
saw them with young in the nest as late as September 22, 1917. In fact, this
ought to be a good time for insect-eating birds to raise their young in France,
as I have never seen common house flies in such overwhelming millions (except
in Kansas) as they were in France in the early fall.

The Titmouse family is well represented, six species appearing on my list.
The Great Titmouse (Parus major), Blue Titmouse (Parus cceruleus), Marsh
Titmouse (Parus palustris), Coal Titmouse (Parus aler), and the Crested
Titmouse (Parus cristatus) are all very common. The Long-tailed Titmouse
(Acredula rosea) I observed but once and this was last April in the Westerwald
of Germany.

Some of the most attractive birds of Europe are included in the family of
Finches. The beautiful Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), the Goldfinch (Carduclis
elegans), and the Bullfinch (Pyrrhula europea) are named in order of numerical
occurrence as I found them. Of plainer plumage are the Tree Sparrows (Passer
montanus) and the Yellow Hammer or Yellow Bunting (Ember iza citrinella),
both of which are abundant. On April 14, 1918, near Beauvais, I saw the Cirl
bunting for the only time. The House Sparrow (Passer domeslicus) does not
seem as numerous here as with us, and instead of being despised, I found it in
some localities, at least, to be held in rather high esteem. In fact, it is often
encouraged to nest about dwellings by means of special nesting devices resembl-
ing jugs placed under eaves and over doors and windows; and I have seen up to
a dozen of these innocent looking traps on one little cottage. Traps they are,
for as soon as the young are well feathered and ready to leave the nest, they,

A Bird Watcher in France

like the young Rooks, are used for food. During the season one pair of
Sparrows will contribute several broods of young toward the food-supply of
their human host.

France has many splendid song-birds. The Robin or Redbreast (Erithacus
rubecula), Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) , Skylark (Alauda arvensis), Woodlark
(Alauda arbor ea), and Blackbird are among the best. I am not sure that I heard
the Nightingale, but if I did I will give any of the above a place ahead of him as
a songster. One May night, in Coblenz, Germany, I heard a bird singing which
was said by a native to be the 'nachtigall.'' It sounded like someone blowing a
bird-whistle — the kind in which water is employed to produce the warbling
effect. I think that the famous Skylark is the most gifted songster that I have
ever heard, and to watch him in his ecstasy is to behold one of the most wonder-
ful spectacles of nature. He begins to sing as he takes to the air and continues
to sing without interruption as he mounts, hovers, soars, and, finally, after a
moment or so of this supreme expression of musical exuberance, drops again to
the ground. The song of the Lark is more than a song; it is a musical play and
the sky is his stage. From early March until late summer, from dawn until
dusk, his voice may be heard; even in the driving rain I have watched him sing.

One more especially remarkable bird is the brilliant little Kingfisher (Al-
cedo ispida). The first time I saw him was in September, 191 8, while I was swim-
ming in the River Meuse. It is said that the feathers of this species are used
in the manufacture of artificial fish bait, probably because of some special
lure with which the plumage of this little fisherman is believed to effect his
prey. Swimming, by the way, with the body submerged in the water, is a very
good means by which to observe birds at close range, as they often show no
fear of a human head apparently detached and floating aimlessly about in the
water. Thus I have sometimes been able to encroach within a few feet of beach
birds on the Florida coast, that would, ordinarily, require a high-power field-
glass for satisfactory observation. The method is not original with me, I
having acquired it from an enthusiastic and resourceful bird-watcher of
Knoxville, Tenn.

Space will permit me to mention only the remaining birds of my list,
although the Water Ouzel (Cinculus aquaticus) and the Wryneck (Lynx
torquilla) are as odd and remarkable as their names sound. The others are:
Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) ; Song Thrush (Tardus musicus); Wheatear (Saxicola
cenanthe); Whinchat (Pratincola rubetra); Stonechat (Pratincola rubicola);
Redstart (Ruticilla phoenicurus) ; Black Redstart (Ruticilla titys), nest with
young June 8, 1919, located in niche in wall of Casino (Officers' Club) , Coblenz;
Whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea); Goldcrest (Regulus cristatus), very similar to our
Golden-crowned Kinglet; Hedge Sparrow (Accentor modular is) ; Nuthatch (Sitta
cccsia); Wren (Troglodytes parvulus); White Wagtail (Motacilla alba); Pied
Wagtail (Motacilla lugubris) ; Grey Wagtail (Motacilla melanope) ; Red-backed
Shrike (Lanius collurio); Tree-Creeper (Certhia familiaris), almost identical

80 Bird - Lore

with our Brown Creeper; Jay {Garrulus glandarius), a very handsome and noisy
bird with one very characteristic note which sounds like the ripping of a piece
of tough canvas; Crested Lark {Alauda cristata); Black Swift {Cypselus apus);
Cuckoo {Cuculus canorus), its call is a musical 'cuckoo' with the accent and
higher intonation on the first syllable; Barn Owl {Strix flammed); Long-eared
Owl (Asio otus); Kite {Milvus ictinus) — I saw three of these uncommon birds
together near Julvecourt on September 28, 1918, on the march of the First
Division into the Argonne; Kestrel (Tinnunculus alaudarius) nesting in old
Crow's nest, May 7, 1918, one egg; Mallard {Anas boscas); Wood Pigeon
{Columbia palumbus); Turtle Dove {Turtur communis); Pheasant {Phasianus
colchicus); Partridge (Perdix cinerea); Moor Hen {Gallinula chloropus); and
Coot {Fulica atra).

It is interesting in this connection to compare the common English names
of the European birds with those of ours and to note how misleading such names
often are. The Blackbird of Europe is a "blackbird" in size and color of plum-
age perhaps, but the comparison ends there, for otherwise he is a Thrush in
appearance, habits, and song. The Redstart is a representative of the old World
Warblers and is entirely different in markings to our Warbler by this name.
The English Robin, or Redbreast, is a 'Robin' as far as popularity goes, but that
is all. He is, in fact, a small Warbler {Sylviince) with a bubbling, Wren-like
song. Even the crimson throat and breast of this species and the rufous under-
pays of the American Robin are hardly enough alike to be worthy of comparison.
Only the most casual observer would allow himself to be so influenced by the
Sparrow-like markings of the little Warbler {Accentor modularis) as to call it
the Hedge Sparrow. The Tree Sparrows of the two hemispheres are not to be
confused. The Yellow Hammer is a Finch instead of a Woodpecker, and the
Buzzard is a Hawk and not a Vulture. It seems that the early settlers in
naming many of our birds were very careless observers and were guided largely
by slight superficial resemblances with the birds of the mother country, with
which they were familiar. The scientific name is the only exact designation
of a species.

Game-birds are sold in the markets of France, whether legally or not,
I cannot say. In Dijon I have seen Mallards and other Ducks exposed for sale,
and in Nice, last fall, I saw Moor Hens, two species of Rails, and also Song
Thrushes, Blackbirds, Jays, Magpies, and Tree Sparrows. In Marseilles, at the
same time, I saw Thrushes, Skylarks, Goldfinches, and Bullfinches offered for
sale as cage-birds.

With the small birds of the insect-eating class in predominance, and the
birds of prey greatly reduced in numbers, we are not surprised at the results
which this unbalanced condition seems to have caused, namely, a moderation
in the numbers of insect pests and an over-abundance of injurious rodents —
field-mice and moles with which the fields of France abound, and rats which
were one of the scourges of the army. Snakes, another of the natural enemies

A Bird Watcher in France Si

of these pests, are also very scarce. During the entire two years that I was in
the A. E. F. I saw but one snake — a small Colubrine species — and it was dead.
That the remaining raptores, of which the Kestrel is the most numerous, are
making a faithful effort to make up for the thinness of their ranks is evident at
every hand. Pellets of bone and hair, and often of the chitinous parts of in-
sects, are frequently found in the fields, and great quantities of them lie about
the nesting-sites of the Owl, which I take to be the Short-eared Owl. At
Nouart, near Buzancy, I found a pair of Barn Owls occupying a ruined church
tower. Not only was the floor of this tower littered with bushels of 'pellets,'
but there were many dead field-mice lying about uneaten, indicating that the
Owls had continued to kill them even after their hunger had been satisfied.
Two American 75 's had struck this church before the Germans had evacuated
the village, one of them carrying away part of the tower, but the Owls stuck to
their post. It is probable, also, that weasels, which are quite common, exact
some toll from the excess of rodents. With the exception of the fly plague, which
persists for a few weeks in the fall, insects are kept well in check. Part of the
credit for this must go to the birds but some at least is due their more humble
allies, the lizards, toads, and bats with which this land is so richly endowed.

Field Sparrows

By F. N. WHITMAN, Ithaca, N. Y.
With Photographs by the Author

A SLIM Sparrow form, with a caterpillar in its bill, dropping into a bush
in a nearby slough, directed me to its nest, which I found located about
8 inches above the water, under a tuft of tall grass that bent over it.
It was an unusually safe situation. When I drew aside the tall grass, instantly
four young Field Sparrows jumped forth and started paddling away, but a

THE YOUNG COWBIRD CLAIMS HIS SHARE. COMPARE HIS
THAT OF THE YOUNG FIELD SPARROW

; IZE WITH

Bird - Lore

STUFFING THE FOOD WELL DOWN" THE YOUNGSTER'S THROAT

Cowbird included in the family with its inherited trust in Providence, was quite
content to remain where it had been well cared for. In contrast to the fairly
well-feathered condition of the young Sparrows, then (June 12) about eight
days old, the foster bird, which was about twice their size, was still in the quill-

V FIELD SPARROW I Will. \ AND (AT Nil S RIGHT V YOUNG COWBIRD
\i:or t ELEVEN DAI S OLD

Field Sparrows

feather stage. Once, when I picked it up, its cries attracted the attention of a
female Cowbird, which appeared much disturbed. Having palmed her family
cares off on some other small bird, she apparently nevertheless felt a general
interest in the young of her species.

On the third day after discovering the nest, as I was focusing on the young
birds perched on a stick, the image of one of the old birds appeared on the
screen, and thereafter they showed little concern at my presence, even when

THE FIELD SPARROW'S HOME— BOTH PARENTS AT THE NEST.
YOUNG ABOUT EIGHT DAYS OLD

I stood within arm's reach. Green caterpillars were brought in abundance,
also spiders, grasshoppers, etc., mostly obtained on the ground. Both parents
were kept very busy with four of their own young and a foster Cowbird (which
required double portions) to be cared for. The Sparrows fall and winter diet
of seeds is varied in the spring and summer by one mainly of insects, and the
young are apparently raised entirely on the latter.

During the busy period of raising their young, the Field Sparrows have no
time for singing, but they, together with many other of the Sparrow family,
voice their buoyant spirits well into the fall, and even in November we may
hear their slightly tremulous farewell songs.

No.l

No.2

A Surprised Crow

By VERDI BURTCH, Branchport, N. Y.

TO lure Crows close enough to the barn, from which the Pheasants figured
in the last issue of Bird-Lore were photographed, for a good picture
we nailed several pieces of suet to a board, laid it on the ground and
covered it with snow, leaving the pieces of suet exposed. Then, with C. F.
Stone, I retired to the building, and, with both cameras trained on the suet, we
awaited developments. Soon a Crow came and alighted some 8 to 10 feet from
the suet and approached slowly and with great caution, walking around the
suet and making feints at it. Finally he made a grab for it, and it was at this
instant that we pressed the levers to our cameras, my shutter being released a
fraction of a second before Mr. Stone's. As the Crow struck the suet, he
jumped back, raising his wings, and my camera caught him before he was

THE CAUCUS

(84)

A Surprised Crow 85

fairly under way, his tail in the snow and head and feet hidden by his partly
opened wings (Fig. 1). Mr. Stone, however, caught him clear from the ground,
his wings fully extended, head and feet forward, and with a beautiful look of
surprise (Fig. 2). After this he seemed to be satisfied that there was no
danger, for in a few minutes he was calmly pulling the pieces of suet from the
board and eating it, with others of his clan.

An Unusual Horned]Lark Family

By FRANK LEVY

With a Photograph by the Author

IT was in the Calumet region, just south of Chicago, that on May 17,
1918, I first saw the pair of Prairie Horned Larks of which I am writing.
At that time I could find no sign of a nest, although the birds appeared to
be attached to a certain portion of the prairie. This was a dry section bounded
on three sides by swamps at a distance of about 200 feet. It seemed queer to

rmmm

HORNED LARK ABOUT TO FEED

me to see three species of Rails, Coots, Pintails, and Blue-winged Teal within
a short distance of the dry country inhabited by Horned Larks. On May
24, while working the same place, I flushed one of the birds from its nest, and,
upon examining it, I found eight eggs. They were unquestionably all Horned
Lark's eggs, and, to all appearances, from this one pair of birds. As far as I
know, the usual set of eggs is three or four, this being the only exception that
I have heard of.

Two weeks later, on May 31, after we had had two days of violent rain, I
returned to Calumet and found not only that the nest was intact and that all
of the eight eggs had hatched, but that the birds were about five days old.
In fact, some of them kicked themselves out of the nest when I came near and
tried their feeble legs. While I was examining the young birds from a distance of

86 Bird - Lore

not over 3 feet from the nest, I was surprised to see one of the parents approach
and feed the fledglings as though I was not within a short distance of them and
in no way concealed. I could not determine the sex of the adults, but I do know
that they both fed the young ones and with the greatest regularity, about two
minutes elapsing between each visit of the same bird. Thus, at least while I
was there, some of the birds were fed every minute. The parents would circle
about the nest after having found their food and approach on foot on the
opposite side of the nest from where I sat. Usually they flew away from the
nest, and walked up to it on the return trip. The young birds were fed only a
peculiar white object from all sides of which fine, hair-like filaments projected.
They seemed to get this food from the ground all about the nest and usually
moved it around in their bills before feeding it. I could not identify this food
or obtain a sample of it. It is shown in the accompanying photograph, taken
without any concealment, and with the lens within ten inches from the nest.

Migration Group Chart

By S. A. HAUSMAN. Cornell University. Ithaca, N. Y.

THE accompanying chart is designed to show graphically the rather com-
plex relationships of the various migrational groups of birds which occur
within any given area, and was devised to meet the needs of Junior bird
students to whom the intricacies of migrational movements of birds are often
apt to be somewhat of a puzzle.

The dotted area represents any given locality within which there normally
occur at least six well-defined groups of birds: (1) The Permanent Residents
(PR), or those which reside within the area, and do not migrate, at least to
any great degree. Within the permanent resident group are included such birds
as are represented within the area as to species. It is probable, however, that the
individuals which one sees in the winter are not the same ones observed in the
summer. Examples of this group in New York state are the Bob-white, White-
breasted Nuthatch, Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers. (2) The Spring Migrants
(SM) are those birds which nest to the north of the area, and winter to the south
of it, and pass through the area in the spring. Examples: White-throated
Sparrow, Myrtle Warbler, and Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. (3) The Fall Mi-
grants (FM) are those of the group just mentioned returning to their winter-
ing grounds in the fall. (4) The Summer Residents (SR) are the largest group
and consist of those birds which winter to the south of the area, and return to
it each spring to nest. This group contains the largest number of our best-
known birds, such as the Robin, Bluebird, Phoebe, etc. (5) The Winter Resi-
dents (WR) comprise those birds which nest to the north of the area and come
to us in the fall to spend the winter, such species as the Red-breasted Nuthatch,

Migration Group Chart

Bluebill or Scaup Duck, and Herring Gull. (6) The Irregular Visitants (IV)
are those which are not properly members of the avifauna of the area, but
which, apparently, by pure chance or accident, straggle into the area from
time to time. In the northern part of New York state examples of this group
are the Evening Grosbeak and the Cardinal.

It will be noted that, in our latitude, the spring migration is from the south
toward the north in the case of each group, and is represented by the upper

NORTH

- LOCALI TY —

SOUTH

MIGRATION BIRD GROUP CHART

lines of heavy, cross-barred arrows, while the fall migration is in the opposite
direction and is represented by the lower lines of plain-shafted arrows. The
arrows which show the routes of the Irregular Visitants are intended to indicate
that their arrivals and departures are capriciously north, south, east, or west.
For restricted areas where a bird migration record is being kept, such a
chart is very helpful. It can be expanded and space sufficiently large left under
the name of each group to enable the listing there of all the birds belonging to
the group, with the dates of their arrivals and departures.

GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET AT HERBARIUM FEEDING STATION
Photographed by Wm. L. G. Edson

Winter Feeding-Stations at Highland Park,
Rochester, N. Y., 1916-17

By W. L. G. EDSON, and R. E. HORSEY

THE winter feeding-stations at Highland Park, Rochester, X. Y., were
continued through the winter of 1916-17, special attention being given
to the Herbarium feeding-station, of which a day's record was kept on
March 5, 1916, and printed in Bird-Lore for September-October of that year.

A window-shelf placed at one of the Herbarium windows gave a chance for
close study and sure identification, with photographs of our most interesting
visitors, the American Crossbill, seven of which arrived January 15 and were
seen almost every day until April 27. They lived only on sunflower seed, both
from the food-shelf and food-hopper. At the end of the season (April 26 and 27)
two White-winged Crossbills visited the food-hopper.

The suet was the attraction for another visitor not recorded last winter,
a Golden-crowned Kinglet, noted all winter.

The Cardinal, an accidental visitor at Rochester, was with us again all
winter, eating sunflower seed. The last one seen here was in 1013-14. It was
recorded in the 'Report from Rochester, X. Y.' on bird-feeding in Bird-Lore
for December, 1914. The value of a feeding-station was proved, for sceptical
persons were soon convinced of this bird's presence here, by spending a few
hours at the stations where food was placed.

The Red-breasted Nuthatch ate quite freely of sunflower seed, while a year
ago we had no record of them doing so. The best result, perhaps, was the nesting

(88)

Winter Feeding-Stations at Highland Park

of the Red-breasted Nuthatch in the Highland Park Pinetum, five young being
raised in an Audubon bird-house No. 2, placed for them on an electric wire
pole in the midst of thick hemlocks. The parents and young often come to the
suet to feed. They left the nest on June 28. This is the first record we have
seen of this bird breeding in Monroe County, N. Y.

Of course, the Chickadees, White-breasted Nuthatch, Downy Woodpecker,
Hairy Woodpecker, Tree Sparrows, Brown Creeper, and Pheasants visited the
stations, feeding as reported last year. While last year the Pheasants were fed
in the thick portions of the evergreens, this year a station was established in
the edge of them, where they were watched from the Herbarium windows, as
many as eight being seen at a time, usually in early morning or late afternoon.

The suet is kept out all summer and is much enjoyed by Red-breasted
and White-breasted Nuthatch, Catbird, Robin, Wood Thrush, and Brown
Thrasher.

AMERICAN CROSSBILL AT HERBARIUM FOOD-SHELF
Photographed by R. E. Horsey

The Migration of North American Birds

SECOND SERIES

XII. ARIZONA JAY, CALIFORNIA JAY, AND THEIR ALLIES

Compiled by Harry C. Oberholser, Chiefly from Data in the Biological Survey
(See Frontispiece)

ARIZONA JAY

The Arizona Jay (Aphelocoma sieberii arizonce) is a subspecies of Sieber's
Jay, of which there are several subspecies in Mexico, but of which only the
present and following form occur in the United States. The Arizona Jay is
practically resident wherever found, and ranges from southeastern Arizona
and southwestern New Mexico south to northeastern Sonora and northern
Chihuahua.

COUCH'S JAY

Couch's Jay (Aphelocoma sieberii couchii) is the other United States race of
Sieber's Jay, and ranges from southern Nuevo Leon northwest through the
Mexican state of Coahuila to just over the United States boundary in the Chisos
Mountains of central western Texas.

FLORIDA JAY

The Florida Jay (Aphelocoma cyanea) is resident, locally, in the peninsula
of Florida, where it inhabits the low scrub south to Fort Myers and Miami
and north to Jacksonville.

CALIFORNIA JAY

The California Jay (Aphelocoma calif ornica) as a species now includes as
subspecies several forms of the genus A phelocoma that were formerly considered
species. It thus has a rather wide geographic range from Washington and
Idaho south to southern Mexico, and from the Pacific coast east to Wyoming and
Texas. All its races, like all the other representatives of the genus, are
strictly resident, and we have, therefore, no migration dates to offer.

The typical California Jay (Aphelocoma calif ornica calif ornica) occurs in
the coast district of central western California, east to the Coast Ranges, north
to the southern side of San Francisco Bay, and south to Santa Barbara and
Ventura counties.

Swarth's Jay (Aphelocoma calif ornica obcleptica) inhabits the coast region
of northern California, east to the Coast Ranges, south to San Francisco Bay,
and north to Wedderburn, southwestern Oregon.

The Long-Tailed Jay (Aphelocoma calif ornica immanis) is confined chiefly
to California and Oregon, ranging north to central southern Oregon and
southwestern Washington, west to the Coast Ranges of Oregon and northern
California, south to the southern Sierra Nevada and south central California,

(90)

The Migration of North American Birds 91

and east to the Sierra Nevada, to northwestern Nevada, central southern
Oregon, and the Cascade Mountains in western Oregon.

Belding's Jay (Aphelocoma calif omica obscura) occupies the coast region
of southwestern California and northern Lower California, north to the San
Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, California south to Santa Ana, Lower
California, at about 29 20' north latitude, and east to the San Bernardino
Mountains, California.

Xantus's Jay (Aphelocoma calif omica hypoleuca) is found in the southern
two-thirds of Lower California, ranging from Cape San Lucas north to Yubay
at about 29 15' north latitude.

The Texas Jay (Aphelocoma calif omica texana) ranges in central and cen-
tral western Texas east to Kerr County, north to Taylor County and the
Davis Mountains, west to the Davis Mountains and the Chinati Mountains,
and south to the Chisos Mountains.

Woodhouse's Jay (Aphelocoma califomica woodhouseii) ranges in the
western United States north to southern Wyoming, southern Idaho, and
southeastern Oregon, west to western Nevada and southeastern California,
south to southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and the northern part of
central western Texas, and east to eastern New Mexico and eastern Colorado.

SANTA CRUZ JAY

The Santa Cruz Jay (Aphelocoma insular is) is resident and confined to Santa
Cruz Island in the Santa Barbara group, California.

Notes on the Plumage of North American Birds

FIFTY-SIXTH PAPER
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN

(See Frontispiece)

Arizona Jay (Aphelocoma sieberii arizonce). — In juvenal (nestling) plumage
the entire upperparts are uniform gray, the underparts much as in the adult.
At the postjuvenal molt these slight differences disappear and on its comple-
tion young and old are alike in color. There are no sexual or seasonal differences.

Sieber's Jay ranges over the greater part of the Mexican tableland, some
six forms of it being recognized, of which two enter the United States, the
present, and Couch's Jay.

Florida Jay (Aphelocoma cyanea). In juvenal (nestling) plumage the crown,
nape, and breast-band are sooty instead of blue, the back somewhat darker, the
underparts whiter, and the throat unstreaked ; but these differences disappear
with the postjuvenal molt, when all but the wings and tail-quills are shed;
and thereafter young and old are alike.

The Florida Jay must not be confused with the Florida Blue Jay. The latter

92 Bird - Lore

is a closely related form of our northern Blue Jay, the former is a representa-
tive of the Aphelocoma calif ornica group of Jays of the western United States.
Reference to the plate will show how closely it resembles the California Jay,
nevertheless its range is separated from that of the nearest race of that species
(Texas Jay) by no less than 1,000 miles. The occurrence in south central
Florida of the Burrowing Owl presents a similar and equally puzzling prob-
lem in distribution.

California Jay (Aphelocoma calif ornica calif ornica) . In juvenal (nestling)
plumage the crown and sides of the head are grayish brown, the back somewhat
paler with no tinge of blue, the white line over the eye of the adult is obscure
or almost wanting, the breast-band is faint dusky and the streaked appearance
of the throat is barely suggested. At the post-juvenal molt the tail and wing-
quills are retained, the balance of the plumage molted when the bird acquires
a plumage similar to that of the adult ; and thereafter there is no essential change
in its appearance.

In slightly differentiated forms the California Jay is found throughout the
greater part of the western United States and southward into Mexico. Since
it is non-migratory, only one form may be expected to occur in a given locality,
and the various forms may be better identified by the locality in which they are
found than by the characters on which they are based. The student is there-
fore referred to Dr. Oberholser's statement of the ranges of the various races in
the preceding paper.

Santa Cruz Jay (Aphelocoma insularis). This is a closely related, dark form
of the California Jay inhabiting Santa Cruz Island of the Santa Barbara
group. If its range met that of the mainland form the two would doubtless
intergrade, when the island bird would be ranked as a subspecies, but as the
insularity of the bird's home prevents such contact, and as it is sufficiently
distinct not to intergrade by individual variation, it is ranked as a full species.
Its plumage changes are doubtless similar to those of the California Jay.

$0teg from iftelb anb J>tubp

A Western Bird-Table

Bird-lovers in the East who dread the
appearance of frost and snow would do
well to remember that it is these things
alone that make possible the friendly
intimacy of winter bird-feeding. The
accounts which I read in Bird-Lore bring
back to me chilly remembrance of the
friendly Chickadees, Nuthatches, and
Blue Jays in Wisconsin.

I myself have a bird-table prepared in
my yard, yet though it is placed in a most
inviting situation, under the shelter of a
giant, broad-leaved, red-berried madrona,
not a single bird visits it, nor do I expect
any to come unless we have a fall of snow.
Then for a day or two, or, if the winter
is severe, for a possible two weeks, the
birds fairly swarm to the table, only to
desert it entirely with the coming of the
first 'Chinook.' Perhaps some of you would
be interested in knowing of the birds
that visit a Pacific feed-table. The follow-
ing is my latest list: Oregon Towhee,
Rusty Song Sparrow, Oregon Junco,

Brewer's Blackbird, Western Robin, Varied
Thrush, Red-shafted Flicker, Harris's
Woodpecker, Northwestern Redwing,
Tovvnsend's Sparrow.

I have had as many as four of these
varieties feeding at once: Rusty Song
Sparrows, Oregon Juncos, Varied Thrushes,
and Western Robins, and, at another time,
Oregon Towhees, Oregon Juncos, Varied
Thrushes, and Western Robins.

The Juncos are the first and most
frequent visitors. They fairly swarm about
the table, from twenty-five to one hundred
birds often waiting for their turn. Town-
send's Sparrows are very shy, seldom
more than two or three visiting the table
at once, and easily frightened. The Red-
shafted Flickers and Harris's Woodpeckers
are also shy and come creeping along
the picket fence to the table in a depreciat-
ing, apologetic sort of way. The Western
Robins, though shy, are undoubtedly the
'boss' of the table, driving all other visitors
right and left. I have often seen one of
them after gorging himself sit for half an
hour at a time, keeping all the other

CHICKADEE AND TUFTED TITMOUSE
Photographed by T. L. Hankinson Charleston, 111.

(93)

Bird - Lore

birds away, though he did not care to
eat himself.

Next in number to the Juncos are the
beautiful Varied Thrushes. The bright-
colored males are much wilder than the
females, seldom approaching when any-
one is in sight. Among their own kind
they are a very quarrelsome bird, fighting
and squabbling continually. One of the
pleasant features of the Varied Thrushes'
visit is that even in winter they give
voice freely to their unique, vibrant song,
which has a peculiar, most penetrating
effect on a clear frosty morriing.

While the cold and snow drives Town-
send's Sparrows and the Varied Thrushes
from the mountains to settled sections
and villages, it seems to bring the Brew-
er's Blackbirds from the lowlands into the
hills, perhaps for the shelter which the firs
afford. A single female of this species
first visited my table late one winter and
was very tame. Later she returned with
a very shy male, and finally a flock of five
were visiting me, accompanied occasionally
be a female Northwestern Redwing.

The Oregon Towhees seldom visit the
table itself, but are content to eat the
crumbs that fall to the ground, while the
Rusty Song Sparrows divide their atten-
tion about equally between the table and
the ground beneath.

Suet, the standby for bird-feeding in the
East, is rather at a discount here. Apples
and rolled oats are the most favored food,
though a dry cookie, carefully nailed down,
is much relished. If the season is favorable
we may have several of these skits of snow
between December and March, during
which the bird visitors come and feed,
but two or three weeks, altogether, in a
winter is the extreme limit. — Leslie L.
Haskin, Lebanon, Ore.

What Has Become of the Golden-
crowned Kinglet ?

The article on 'The Scarcity of Golden-
crowned Kinglets,' by Francis II. Allen, in
the November-December, 1919, Bird-
Lore, caused me to inspect carefully my
bird-records for the past several years.

I found that the Golden-crowned Kinglet
was one of our most common winter resi-
dents until the hard winter of 1917-18,
when, for the first time in my years of
observation, it failed to stay here; or else
perished because of the severe weather.
It was rarely seen in the spring migration of
19 1 8 and was still far from its old-time
numbers in the fall of that year. Probably
remembering the coldness of the previous
winter, it migrated farther south, although
last winter was exceptionally mild. The
earliest record for this year was March 26.
At only one time did it approach normal
numbers, April 7, the last date it was seen
in the spring. Though it seems to be
wintering here this season, it is very rare,
not over thirty individuals having been
seen since the beginning of the fall migra-
tion. It would be interesting to know how
general this scarcity has been, even in
migrations, in the past two years.

The number of Mockingbirds and
Carolina Wrens, so noticeably lessened
by the winter of 191 7-18, is again normal.
The Carolina forms, as of old, one of the
small group of vigorous winter songsters,
and the Mockingbird kept up its med-
ley in unusual richness until the bitter
days of the December blizzards. — Gordon -
Wilson, Bowling Green, Ky.

Scarcity of Golden-crowned Kinglets

The article by Francis H. Allen, in the
December issue of Bird-Lore, on the scar-
city of the Golden-crowned Kinglets in
Massachusetts, was of interest to me from
the fact that the same condition prevails
here in northern Ohio, and dates from the
same period as Mr. Allen's observations
— the fall of 191 7.

During the year of 191 7 I noted this
species on forty-two different days and
usually in large numbers. During 1918,
I noted them on but ten different days, and
only in small numbers or individual birds.
During igig I have seen them on only six
different dates and only two or three at a
time.

These figures give a correct ratio of the
increased scarcity, I believe, for I have

Notes from Field and Study

kept a daily bird record for a number of
years and have spent an equal number of
days afield during each year.

For a week previous to November 2,
191 7, the nights were wet and windy and
such birds as White-throated Sparrows,
Hermit Thrushes, and others that tarry
late in October, were held up from further
migratory movements, so that on this
day, though there was a foot of snow on
the ground, one had the unusual pleasure
of seeing the bushy roadways and wood
borders literally alive with the above-
named birds — and also Fox Sparrows,
Towhees, Rusty Blackbirds, Song Spar-
rows, Myrtle and Palm Warblers. And,
as for Golden-crowned Kinglets, there
were thousands. I walked about six miles
through the snow, and it seemed as if
every dead weed above the snow had a
Kinglet on it, searching for food. During
the spring of 1018, I saw but two indi-
viduals.

The winter of 191 7-18 was an excep-
tionally cold one, but I do not think the
cold alone destroyed the Kinglets (and
other species also, for there has been a
lessening in numbers of certain other
birds). But I have a theory that a certain
kind of storm does take a big toll from the
smaller winter birds. During December,
191 7, on two different occasions, we had a
drop in the thermometer of nearly forty
degrees — each time the mercury stood
above 32 in the evening and at zero in the
morning. This, too, the birds might endure,
but each time it began with a heavy rain
and ended by covering everything with
ice and sleet. One can imagine what
happens to birds that spend the night
protected only by winter weeds, brush, or
evergreen shrubbery, especially when the
wind blows a gale. Their feathers become
soaked, and then freeze during the sudden
fall in temperature.

After the second storm of that December,
a magnificent Bald Eagle was captured
on the beach, his plumage so ice-coated
that he could not fly. This bird was kept
during the winter by the man who made
the capture and then released. Now if
such a storm can put a Bald Eagle hors

de combat, what must it not do to such birds
as Kinglets, Tree Sparrows, Juncos, and
wintering Song Sparrows? — E. A. Doo-
little, Painesville, Ohio.

Evening Grosbeak in Connecticut

It may be of interest to note that yester-
day, December 17, I saw a flock of from
six to eight Evening Grosbeaks. The flock
contained birds with the bright-colored
plumage of the males and also a number of
the duller colored females. This is the
second time I have had the pleasure of
seeing these birds, the other occasion being
in 191 1, when a large flock stayed for
some time in this vicinity. I have heard
Mr. Job in one of his lectures express
regret that although he had been informed
of this large flock of Evening Grosbeaks
on account of business reasons he was
unable to come here and secure photo-
graphs of them. — W. E. Fuller, Norwich,
Conn.

White-winged Crossbill in Brooklyn

I think it will interest readers of Bird-
Lore to know that the writer has had
the extremely good fortune to see a White-
winged Crossbill this fall — and that in the
heart of the city. On October 31 I saw
this rare and interesting bird in the midst
of a flock of House Sparrows about 100
feet from my house.

The bird first attracted my attention
by its white wing-bars and yellow rump
as it flew down to the gutter from a small
tree. I had it within 4 feet of me for
almost 2 minutes, and had a fine oppor-
tunity to scrutinize every mark on it.
The general color was a dull greenish
olive; the underparts were quite gray, and
the back and head mottled with black.
The tips of the mandibles were plainly
crossed. Altogether there could be no
doubt but that it was an adult female
White-winged Crossbill.

When I came back in the afternoon the
bird was not to be found and since then
has not appeared. — Ralph Friedmann,
Brooklyn, N.Y.

9 6

Bird - Lore

Prairie Horned Larks and Lapland
Longspurs at Ithaca, N. Y.

The winter of 1015-16 was very severe
in this part of New York, and many birds
whose habitat is a more northerly one
spent the winter with us. It was noticed
that the Prairie Horned Larks were here
in great numbers, and since practically
all of their natural food was covered up
by the heavy and successive snowfalls,
a feeding-station was started for them on
a sheltered hillside. The Larks were soon

another. A male would stop feeding, lower
his head, slightly elevate his tail, and then
dart at his nearest neighbor and try to
chase him from the food. Of course this
usually resulted in a fight. While they were
feeding one could almost always hear the
rustling of wings and the sharp, whistled
notes as several of the Larks were settling
their differences. When the food was all
used up, or along toward evening, the
Larks would scatter and find sheltered
places to rest. At such times they were
often seen sitting on stakes and posts in

LAPLAND LONC

coming by tens and even hundreds, and
a quart of feed would barely last an hour.

Almost all of them became quite tame
and moved away but a few feet when one
came to replenish the food-supply. At
such times it was an interesting sight indeed
to see the field dotted with Larks waiting
for their luncheon ! It was an excellent
opportunity for close study, and we found
that we had not only the Prairie Horned
Larks (Olocoris alpestris praticola) but
also several of the Shore Larks (O. alpes-
tris alpestris) that are very rare in this
vicinity, coming regularly to the feeding-
station.

They were very quarrelsome while feed-
ing and were continually rushing at one

the field, and, on one occasion, one perched
on a small tree, a quite unusual thing for
a Horned Lark to do.

The Horned Larks were not to enjoy
this free food all by themselves, however,
for soon Snow Buntings began to come
and mingle with them. They were rather
shy and always stayed on the outskirts of
the noisy Lark-mob, not seeming to
appreciate their rough tactics. When the
Larks were satisfied and moved away from
the food, the Huntings would go in and
help themselves. These birds never be-
came as tame as the Horned Larks and
generally How away on our close approach.

One day, several Sparrow-like birds
were seen at the station, but they flew

Notes from Field and Study

away before we could tell what they were.
After they had patronized the food-supply
for several days they became much tamer,
and we were greatly surprised to see that
they were Lapland Longspurs, a very rare
migrant, never having been reported here
before. They stayed with us while the
feeding-station was in operation and were
not so shy as the Buntings, but came right
up and fed with the Larks.

The weather now was becoming warmer,
since this was the latter part of March,
and one day, after the snow had melted
somewhat, only a few Larks, no Snow
Buntings and no Longspurs showed up
for dinner. We thought that they had left
for the north, but that night another snow
came, and the next day Larks, Buntings
and Longspurs, all were back again. But
spring was on its way, and soon bare spots
began to show on the hillsides. The Snow-
flakes and Longspurs left for the north, and
the Horned Larks began to be occupied
with domestic cares. The feeding-station
was deserted. — C. W. Leister, Ithaca,
N. Y.

settled down all around me, and I noticed
their swift, dipping flight like that of the
American Goldfinch, while on the wing.
They remained in the vicinity for some
minutes and then flew off in a bunch over
the corn-shocks toward the distant hills,
with a low, twittering song in unison, as
if the birds were talking to themselves.

It was the first Crossbill of my experience
and the earliest, I believe, to be recorded
in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. All accounts
seem to indicate that it is a winter bird
and that it feeds almost exclusively upon
the seeds of coniferous trees. Does their
early arrival, together with their feeding
upon sunflower seed, indicate a scarcity of
cone seeds in the far north? In this con-
nection it is interesting to inquire, with
Mabel Osgood Wright, "If its beak is a
development to meet food conditions, will
it be gradually modified by the cutting
down of the forests of conifers?" Perhaps
the Crossbill is changing its habits to
meet the changed conditions as a result
of the H. C. of L.— Milo H. Miller,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

American or Red Crossbill at
Pittsburgh

On Saturday, October 25, 1910, I
happened to be with a friend in the sub-
urbs (Brentwood), harvesting some pump-
kins and digging potatoes from my
Victory Garden, when a flock of Red Cross-
bills came chattering overhead and lighted
upon the sunflowers left growing among the
cornstalks and now quite ripe and dry.
There were, perhaps, twenty to twenty-
five of them, both male and female. They
were quite at their ease, and seemed to
be gentle and unsuspicious. There could
be no doubt of their identity, as not only
the dull brick-red of the male, brighter
on the rump and rusty in the middle of the
back, shading to red-gray on the wings,
but the dull olive-green of the females,
as well as the one characteristic mark
alike of both male and female — the crossed
beak — -were plainly discernible at not
over 10 feet distance. They soon took
flight but returned a moment later and

Notes from London, Ont.

As it is several years since any notes
have appeared from London, Ont., the
following unusual occurrences may be of
interest to Bird-Lore readers.

On the afternoon of May 4, 1918, while
hunting through a large field for Bartram's
Sandpiper, we flushed a Short-eared Owl
from one of the low, damp spots. The
bird flew a little way and lit on a stump.
We tried to get closer to it but it flew to
another stump. Finally, it rose into the
air, and, circling higher and higher, was
soon lost to sight in the distance. In the
air it looked like a large Hawk, for which
we would have, no doubt, mistaken it had
we not first seen it on the ground. This
bird may be commoner in our neighbor-
hood than is generally supposed, but if so,
keeps itself well out of the way of the
members of our club.

Just south of the city there is a group
of three small ponds which we hope some
day may be turned into a bird sanctuary.

Bird - Lore

In the vicinity of these ponds many of our
most interesting 'finds' are made, and
the summer of 1918 was one of the best
yet experienced. This was probably due
to the fact that one of our members camped
there for some weeks, and each morning
paddled around in a canoe to see what inter-
esting changes had taken place over
night.

On August 8, a Long-billed Marsh Wren
was found, although the location was
rather different from that usually favored
by these birds. It was not seen again.
This is only the third time this Wren has
been reported from our county.

On August 11, a Black-crowned Night
Heron, in the juvenal plumage, was noted.
It remained for several days and was seen
by a few fortunate ones. This bird is
decidedly rare with us.

A family of Least Bitterns, consisting
of the parent birds and four youngsters,
was also located. They made a very pretty
group as they squatted among the willows
along the shore, or walked sedately away
through the bushes to avoid the prying
eyes of those who wished to study them
more closely.

On Oct. 22, 1918, a Barred Owl was
seen, also at the ponds. This is the first
record of the Barred Owl for many years.

On April 19, 1919, an adult Bald Eagle
was observed, and about two weeks later
the nest was discovered in a large button-
wood tree. This is the first time in many
years that the Bald Eagle has nested in
our county. They succeeded in raising
two young, but we heard afterward that
they had both been shot. We can only
hope that the old birds have escaped.

A Carolina Wren spent the summer of
1919 with us, living in the north end of
the city. It was first noted on May 29,
and after that its ringing song could be
heard almost every day. We never learned
whether it had a mate or not.

Previous to 19 19 we had only one record
of the Hudsonian Chickadee. This winter
two specimens have been taken in the
country just north of London, and a third
bird has come into the city and has visited
the food-shelves of several of our members.

It appears on our Christmas Census.
It mixes more or less freely, with the other
Chickadees, but can easily be picked out
of the flock by its more sluggish move-
ments. Is this characteristic of "Hudson-
icus"?

On Dec. 28, 1919, a crisp winter morn-
ing with several inches of snow on the
ground, a White-throated Sparrow was
heard to sing quite merrily several times
from a Norway spruce hedge along one of
our city streets. The occurrence was
reported, and one of our members went
around later in the day and whistled to
it. The White-throat answered quite
readily. These birds will sometimes
brave our Canadian winter, but to hear
one singing with Maytime vigor on a
winter morning, with the thermometer
not far from zero, was decidedly startling.
— C. G. Watson, Secretary Mcllwraith
Ornithological Club.

A Pennsylvania Mocker

It may be of interest to note that a
Mockingbird is wintering in Newtown,
Bucks County, Pa., surviving the cold
weather, no doubt, because of being well
fed and looked after by one or more
members of the Newtown Nature Club.
All the members of this club are endeavor-
ing to feed the winter residents here, but
without much success because of the
Starling which has become a most obnoxi-
ous pest, driving away our native birds,
appropriating the hole nesting-sites, and
even killing birds. Any information re-
garding what is being done about the
Starling in other localities will be grate-
fully appreciated by both the Newtown
and Yardley Nature Clubs. Mrs. C. C.
Peters, Newtown, Pa.

Evening Grosbeak in New Jersey

During the heavy snowstorm of the
first week in February there arrived at
my home in Point Pleasant. Ocean County,
\. J., two Evening Grosbeaks, a male and
a female. This is the first time, to my
knowledge, that these birds have been

Notes from Field and Study

seen in this locality, and their occurrence
is doubtless due to the extreme severity
of the winter. Since their arrival they have
been daily visitors, and the male is
extremely approachable, but the female
is wild and cannot be induced to join the
other birds when we feed them.

It is a quite remarkable fact that while
the Cardinals, Fox Sparrows, Song Spar-
rows, Juncos, Pine Finches, Starlings, and
our other regular visitors seem to avoid
the society of the Blue Jay, the Evening
Grosbeak has no such compunction. The
male Grosbeak and a male Blue Jay sat
side by side on the limb of a wild cherry
tree opposite my window for almost an
hour without the slightest sign of battle. —
A. P. Richardson, Point Pleasant, N. J.

Winter Notes from Ames, Iowa

The weather of early December, ioio,
in Iowa, was the most severe that has
been recorded for several years. In many
parts of the state the thermometer hung
around zero for most of this time, and at
Ames on several occasions it recorded more
than 10 degrees below. During this
period most of the state was covered with
a deep blanket of snow, varying in thick-
ness up to 12 inches. Such a severe period
of weather so early in the season has doubt-
less had a modifying effect upon bird mi-
grations, especially upon the movements
of our rarer winter visitants.

A feeding-station maintained at the
writer's house was early besieged with an
unusual number of visitors. The Blue Jay
and Hairy Woodpecker came to a window-
ledge shelf to feed, while male Downies
glutted themselves, unperturbed, only a
few inches away on the outside of the
window-pane. The feeding-station visitors
were much more abundant during the
month of December than during the more
open month of January or the first two
weeks of February.

Brown Creepers have been unusually
abundant this winter at Ames. Out of a
record of 10 species and 144 individuals
for December 25,8 were Brown Creepers;
of 11 species and 186 individuals recorded

on December 28, 5 were Brown Creepers;
of 8 species and 38 individuals reported
for January 25, 5 were Brown Creepers.

A flock of Bohemian Waxwings was
noticed on January 20. They were first
seen feeding on a few thorn-apples left
adhering on a tree just outside of the city
limits. After being observed a few minutes,
the flock flew into the city. At this time
37 birds were counted. The next day the
flock attacked a tree of wild crab-apples
in the same vicinity, but inside the city
limits. The tree was well loaded with
fruits perfectly formed but frozen and
bitter. Here these birds were seen not
only on the 21st, but some of them for
every day thereafter until February 4.
As they continued to feed on these fruits,
some of them became quite tame and
would sit or feed in the tree, even with
the observer only an arm's-length away.
This was true, however, of only a few
birds. Upon near approach, some of them
would always, and most of them would
usually, fly away at the alarm of a leader.
The large flock frequently broke up into
smaller flocks, yet no matter how fre-
quently divided, they would later all get
together in one flock. All birds at first
were averse to feeding near the snow-
covered ground, with the result that by
January 28 the upper and middle branches
were completely robbed of their fruit,
while those near the ground were loaded
and untouched.

On February 4, the flock disappeared,
and not a single Bohemian has been seen
at Ames since. An examination of the
crab-apple tree on the 7th showed that
hardly a single fruit had been left. The
lower branches had shared the fate of the
upper ones and were bare. In this flock,
which contained at one time about 50
individuals, not a single Cedar Waxwing
was observed, and, it may be added, that
Cedar Waxwings have not been recorded
here since January 1.

The white-winged Crossbill was seen
a few times during the winter. On
February 15, Dr. Charles Murray brought
a dead male to the Department of Zoology
for determination. Dr. Murray stated

IOO

Bird - Lore

that the bird, together with two others
not so strongly marked, had been observed
for several days previous.

The Cardinal, which is rare at Ames, was
observed only once, December 28, one
individual being seen. The largest number
of Cardinals ever reported for one trip at
Ames is only 5, which were seen April 20,
iqiq. Conditions for the Cardinal have
been improved here, and it is hoped that
in the future it will become the fairly
common bird that it now is in some other
parts of Iowa. — H. E. Ewing, Ames,
Iowa.

Unusual December Birds at Branch-
port, New York

Although December, 1919, was a
wintry month, with considerable zero
weather, several species of our summer
birds failed to take advantage of the op-
portunity to migrate with others of their
kin.

Between December 16 and 23, I ob-
served a Great Blue Heron braving the
wintry winds out on the ice of Lake
Keuka, while, nearby, a Kingfisher seemed
to be admiring the Heron's stately, one-
legged pose.

An active, noisy Robin is a visitor of
our locust trees, and a Mourning Dove is a
frequent visitor and feeder in a nearby
barnyard.

December 23, about twenty Redwinged
Blackbirds and Cowbirds flew about town.
At the same time the weather was such
that Siskins and Crossbills were numerous,
and great numbers of Snow Buntings
have been here since December 20.

Evening Grosbeaks were reported at
Penn Yan on January 1 by James Fla-
hive, therefore we may expect to have
these aristocratic visitors with us this
winter. — Clarence F. Stone, Branchport,
X. Y.

The Golden-crowned Kinglet

In the November-December (iqiq)
Bird-Lore, page 361, some interesting
data relative to the growing scarcity of

Golden-crowned Kinglet has led me to
review my notes on this species for the
past few years. As a result, I find that
it has become a scarce bird, locally. It is
generally a common migrant and a few
usually winter. However, last fall it was
only seen on three dates, with not more
than half a dozen individuals. I have
taken several long tramps during the
winter, (1919-20), visiting its former winter
haunts, but have failed to find a single
Kinglet.

It was abnormally abundant in the
spring of 191 7 and was very numerous the
succeeding fall and well up into December.
That winter (191 7-18) was the severest
Kentucky has known for many years.
But few Kinglets were seen, after De-
cember, during the winter. During April,
when they are usually so numerous, less
than a dozen individuals were seen. It
would seem that the severe winter of 191 7-
18 is in some measure responsible for the
recent decrease in numbers of this species.
— Ben. J. Blincoe, Bardstown, Ky.

Prairie Chickens in Northern Indiana

Early on the morning of January 19,
1920, I was on a Pennsylvania train east-
ward bound from Goodland, Ind. Just
west of the town of Walcott, a flock of
Prairie Chickens, frightened by the train,
rose near the railway track and flew away
over the snowy fields. As near as I could
count, there were ten birds in the flock.
A half hour later I saw a second flock east
of Monticello. I counted fifteen birds
sitting in a snow-covered grain-field. I
had long thought of the Prairie Chicken as
practically extinct in this part of the
country and was delighted to see so many
in one day — had hardly seen so many,
all told, for twenty years.

I thought, when I saw the birds, that
they were migratory flocks, brought in
by the unusually abundant snowfall in
the Dakotas and in Minnesota, but am
told by our Indiana ornithologists that
they were probably resident birds. Bird
students here say the species does not
migrate. At first I thought them mistaken

Notes from Field and Study

IOI

as I knew the Prairie Chickens were
migratory west of the Mississippi River,
but have since found a statement by the
A. O. U. that these birds do not migrate
east of the Mississippi.

The locality where I saw the Prairie
Chickens is a part of the original prairie
region of the state and near the original
eastern boundary of the species. If they
were really resident birds, it seems certain
that our game-protective measures, to-
gether with an enlightened public opinion,
is surely bringing back this splendid bird
to our Middle Western States. — W. A.
Squires, Gary, Ind.

Bohemian Waxwing in Northern
Steuben County, N. Y.

I am glad to report the occurrence of
the rare Bohemian Waxwing here in
northern Steuben County, N. Y. They
came on the wings of a terrific blizzard on
January 18, and, on the morning of
January 19, I found 24 of the Bohemians
and one Cedar Waxwing feeding on the
abundance of shriveled fruit in our
choke-cherry hedge.

They were so tame that I approached
within 10 feet while they flitted through
the tangle of branches, at times flying
toward me and alighting on the snow to
eat the dried cherries that rattled from
the bushes. During my close observations
the Bohemians ate greedily and scarcely
paid any attention to my presence.

During thirty years of active field bird-
study, this is the first time I have noted
this species. At the time of writing this
(January 19) I can see the Bohemians
from my window. — Clarence F. Stone,
Branchport, N. Y.

King Rail in Winter

It occurs to me that possibly you might
be interested in the occurrence of a King
Rail in the vicinity of New York City in
the winter time.

On February 8, 1920, when walking on
the crusted snow through a small fresh-
water marsh just outside of the city, I

was surprised to start a bird of this species
from a clump of matted reeds. I had a very
good look at it as it ran over the snow,
and there could be no doubt as to its
identity.

On February 12 I again visited this
marsh, and saw the bird. This time it ran
out, as before, from almost underfoot,
but managed, with great apparent effort,
to take to the air. It came down in the
reeds about a hundred feet away, quite
close, as it happened, to a wandering boy
and dog. The dog immediately gave chase,
and the Rail, doubtless weakened by
hunger, did not attempt to fly again.
The Rail was overtaken after it had run
a great race, but we managed to rescue
it uninjured. After a careful examination,
we released it.

Other birds I have observed this winter
and consider unusual are: a Wilson's
Snipe and eight female Red-winged
Blackbirds on January 4; and a male Red-
winged Blackbird, and a male with two
female Rusty Blackbirds on February 12.
— James R. Webb, New York City.

Nonpareil Wintering in Florida

While spending the winter in Daytona,
Fla., there came, several times a day, to a
feeding-station upon the ground, four
female (or immature) Nonpareils, and fed
on the mixed grains kept there. The first
one I saw on February 5, 1919. Not
knowing what it was, I took a book and
turned to the Key for Sparrows, tracing it
at once to the Painted Bunting (female).
I had never seen one before, so hesitated
to name it positively. On my way north
I stopped at Charleston, and there visited
the museum, where I saw good specimens
of the Nonpareil. The female and the
birds I ' saw in Daytona were identical.
I also visited the new museum at Wash-
ington and again verified them.

Several bird-lovers, who had spent many
winters in Daytona, came to see these
birds, and all said they had never seen any
like them. One gentleman (Mr. Stillman
of Plainfield, N. J.) said he was positive
there was no record of a Nonpareil in

102

Bird - Lore

Daytona, and as he was a careful bird
student who had watched the birds there
many years, I thought it might be worth
sending this account.

After a few days two birds appeared, and
six days from the time of seeing the first
bird, there were four beautiful Nonpareils
feeding several times a day. With the
exception of two days of continuous high
wind, we watched the birds daily from the
window from February 5 to March 24,
the last day of their appearance. The green
of the head and back was very bright and
in the sunlight the back took on a really
metallic luster; wings and tail margined
with deep green; under parts greenish
yellow; eye- ring of the same greenish
yellow, very distinct; bill less stout than
many of the Sparrows; seed-eaters. One
of the four was a much brighter green
and looked a trifle larger than the other
three. As they fed on the ground their
green blended perfectly with the green of
the violet leaves.

These birds, visiting this yard at Day-
tona, were no more shy than most of the
other species frequenting the same feed-
ing-station — Hermit Thrush, Thrasher,
Woodpeckers (Red-bellied), Ground Doves,
Cardinals, White-throats, Song Sparrows,
Blue Jays and Mockingbirds. — Mary C.
Dodge, Worcester, Mass.

The Purple Grackles Steal Their Suppers

After a three-day blizzard, on April 12,
1918, I counted 37 Robins feeding in the
schoolyard which in spots had been swept
clean of snow by the wind. Besides these
Robins, there were at least 20 Purple
Grackles and maybe 60 more up in the
pines nearby. The Robins were busy
catching their suppers, which consisted
chiefly of worms, and they seemed rather
successful.

The Grackles weren't doing as well and
looked with envy, at the fat worms the
Robins were pulling out of the ground.
One of the Grackles, seeing a Robin right
next to him pull up a worm, while he
couldn't find any, darted down on the
surprised Robin, who flew away, leaving

his hard-earned prize for the craft}'
Grackle. This Grackle tried the same
trick again, and was equally successful.
Again he tried the trick with the same
results. The other Grackles, getting the
idea, began to try it, and some fifteen of
them glided down from the pines. This
gliding is one achievement in which they
excel. If a dog hadn't run across the school-
yard just then, the Robins would have been
chased off their hunting-grounds, but the
Grackles, as they are frightened by the
least disturbance, flew away. — G. Gill,
Sea ClijJ, N. V.

A Rendezvous of Red-winged Blackbirds

Among other birds the Red-winged
Blackbirds are, this season, more abundant
than ever before about Iowa City. One
of the favorite early-season congregating-
places in this locality is a mud-flat about
100 yards long by 20 yards wide, near the
west bank of the Iowa River, which at
this point is within the city limits of Iowa
City. In the process of its formation
during the past several years, this flat
has become thickly grown up with slender
willow trees, 15 to 20 feet in height. Long,
heavy water grass and rushes thickly
cover the area between the trees.

On Wednesday, April 2, 1919, at 6.40
a.m., before the sun was up, I visited this
place, among others, in my search for
birds. The morning was cool and partly
cloudy, with a light southerly wind. Upon
approaching the willows, the sound pro-
duced by the great flock of singing Black-
birds attacted my attention, and as I
drew nearer it became louder and louder
until, at the very edge of the willow-covered
mud-flat, the noise seemed almost deafen-
ing. The trees, grass, and reeds were
literally black with the birds. Both males
and females were present, and now and
then a mating pair could be observed.

At irregular intervals of from a few
seconds to a minute or more, groups of
from 25 to 100 birds rose in the air and
flew slowly away. At the moment of leav-
ing, the whole flock in the trees and grass
suddenly ceased singing for an instant

Notes from Field and Study

103

and then as suddenly began again. The
sudden and uniform cessation of song at
these periods was particularly noticeable.
It was not until several such groups had
left the willows that any diminution in
the number of those remaining could be
observed, so numerous were the birds.
Judging by the size of these groups which
thus left from time to time, I estimated —
very conservatively, I feel sure — that at
the beginning of my observation more than
5,000 Red-winged Blackbirds were present
on this little willow-covered flat.

By 7.15 a.m. only a few hundred birds
remained. Fewer and fewer of the flock

returned each succeeding evening, so that,
after two or three days following this
observation, only about the normal
number of birds was to be found at any
time in this congregating-place.

No doubt the abundance of Red-winged
Blackbirds, as well as many other of our
common birds, is to be attributed, in
part, at least, to the widespread influence
of the various Audubon and other bird-
protection societies scattered here and
there over the country, as well as to the
dissemination of bird-protection propa-
ganda. — Dayton Stoner, Iowa City,
Iowa.

THE SEASON
XVIII. December 15, 1919 to February 15, 1920

Boston Region. — The winter of 1919-
20 will long be remembered in eastern
Massachusetts as a real, old-fashioned
winter — periods of intense cold alternated
with snowstorms. After January 9, the
ground was covered by an increasingly
deep blanket of snow; twice the tempera-
ture fell to 20 below, and on seven days in
January the thermometer registered below
zero. True to the typical New England
winter, there was a January thaw (on the
27th; Temp. 50 ) and a blizzard on
February 5.

During this arctic weather we were
visited by many northern birds. Evening
Grosbeaks appeared early in January,
and, two weeks later, Pine Grosbeaks
began to arrive and increased in numbers
until, in mid-February, the flocks were
nearly as large and as numerous as during
the last big flight in 1906-7. These birds
settled at once in the same trees that they
fed in thirteen years ago, so promptly,
indeed, as to suggest that when these
northern birds come yearly (as the Even-
ing Grosbeaks do nowadays), it is their
quick recognition of good feeding-grounds
rather than their memory of special
localities which brings them back to the
same spots year after year.

Pine Siskins and Redpolls have been
numerous all winter, in flocks of fifty
birds or more sometimes, feeding most
often on the seeds of the gray birch. Well-
fruited birches, where these birds con-
gregate, can be recognized at a glance,
for they are soon surrounded by a brown
area, so thickly are the bracts of the cat-
kins scattered on the snow. Many Tree
Sparrows and Goldfinches, and a few
Juncos and Song Sparrows, have wintered
here, and Blue Jays and Chickadees have
been present in normal numbers.

In contrast to the roving flocks of Red-
polls and Siskins, Song Sparrows spend
the winter alone, or, at most, with one or
two companions. Their winter quarters
are always near dense shrubbery, or
perhaps a pile of branches, where they are
sheltered from wintry winds. Even a gale,
filtering through the interstices of such a
thicket, must lose its force when broken
into innumerable draughts of air and
become, toward the interior, progressively
milder until in the midst there is a space
where a bird can find a safe, calm roosting-
place. Our forefathers applied this prin-
ciple when they made their tin lanterns,
punctured with countless, tiny holes.

The ground on which the Bluebirds

104

Bird - Lore

must find their food when they come north
next month is now covered by two feet
and more of the hardest ice and snow. —
Winsor M. Tyler, M.D., Lexington,
Mass.

New York Region. — These two months
cover comparatively unchanging condi-
tions of winter bird-life. Nevertheless,
as is generally recognized, traces of the fall
migratory movement may frequently,
if not always, be observed later than
December 15. Birds are often present at
Christmas time which will be absent later
in the winter; or they may even linger
into the first week of January and then
move on. Also, beginnings of the spring
migratory movement may sometimes be
noted as early as the middle of February.

The present season, a snowstorm on
Christmas Eve ushered several weeks of
white, cold, monotonous winter to the
interior of the west end of Long Island.
During this period the ground was almost
continually, though thinly, snow-covered.
Even the commonest winter birds were
remarkably scarce. An unusually large
flock (about 25) of Meadowlarks was
noticed from the train, January 7, and
as none was seen again during the month,
the species probably left the vicinity about
that date. Beginning ten days later,
came recurrent storms, with general
temperature gradually rising. The some-
what changed conditions were accompanied
by an increase in Tree Sparrows and
Juncos. One or two White-throated
Sparrows appeared at Garden City. Four
Field Sparrows appeared again January
22, in a vacant lot within the town, grown
to tall grass (Andropogon virginicus), when-
half a dozen had been found December 25.

Following a three days' northeaster,
with drifted snowfall the first week in
February, on the 7th a small flight of
Red Crossbills was noted and an increase
of Horned Larks on the 'plains' near
Garden City. February 8, a flock of
about 20 Evening Grosbeaks was reported
at Forest Hills (one, disabled, brought to
the New York Zoological Park from there.
— L. S. Crandall). On the 8th and 12th,

Tree Sparrows had become generally
abundant, Redpolls (Garden City, Feb-
ruary 8 and 14; Forest Hills, February 12)
and Goldfinches, previously absent, ap-
peared scatteringly (3 or less together);
on the 12th, Juncos were up to their usual
number for the first time this winter, and
Horned Larks were found inland at locali-
ties which they ordinarily do not visit.
More remarkable is the presence on that
date of about 15 Snow Buntings and a
Lapland Longspur, feeding with Horned
Larks inland, at Queens.

In short, there was a well-marked late
winter wave of birds, throughout traceable
with reasonable certainty to storms and
snow. In the Field Sparrow and likely
the White-throat, movement was probably
very local, to a sheltered spot in town;
in the case of the Larks, Buntings, and
Longspur (all three of which had been
present earlier in the winter at the ocean
shore 8 to 9 miles south at its nearest
point, and the first two of which only,
in no great numbers, were found by ob-
servers at the shore on this date), there
was more extensive movement, away
from storm tides and coastal exposure;
in the case of the Redpoll, and the Tree
Sparrow as certainly, migration from more
boreal localities.

At expense of a general summary, space
has been given in this report to detailed,
more or less personal, observations in one
section of the New York region, because
fluctuation of winter bird-life was un-
usually well marked and easily traceable.
Not infrequently there is a late winter
movement of uncertain relationship to
the northward movement immediately
following. Storms are to be expected,
with rising temperature after the dead of
winter, but in this case at least the wave
of birds seems to have had no relationship
to a spring movement, unless possibly
species which migrate early, driven out by
the last kick of winter, rebound on its
retreating steps. Even a considerable
flock of Red-winged Blackbirds, February
12 (Englewood, N. J., both sexes. — L.
Griscom), should rather be considered
waifs from more inhospitable territory

The Season

105

than spring arrivals, as also a flock of
11 Cowbirds which visited Bronx Park,
February 5 (preceded by a single female,
February 3, leaving a few emaciated
stragglers, February 10. — L. S. Crandall).
On the afternoon of February 8 the
clear, incisive song of a Meadowlark was
heard, repeatedly ringing out over the
snow at Garden City, though none had been
seen for a full month past. — J. T. Nichols,
New York City.

Philadelphia Region. — An 'old-
fashioned winter' arrived early in Decem-
ber, and, up to this time, February 11,
shows no sign of leaving. There have been
few days this winter that there was not
some snow on the ground. Rainstorms,
ice-storms, hail-storms, and snow have
followed each other in rapid succession.
On February 4 a three-day storm, which
at times assumed the proportions of a
genuine blizzard, came, leaving 8 inches
of snow and hail on the ground, which,
owing to the high wind, drifted to con-
siderable extent, tying up traffic and delay-
ing train service. Seldom, indeed, has a
winter produced more beautiful effects in
so great profusion: Ice-storms when all
nature was wrapped in a diamond-studded
robe, only to be supplanted in a day or so
by a thick blanket of soft, clinging, wet
snow, which, quickly melting under the
bright sun, left all brown and bare for a
short space, then a heavy fog with a
temperature just cold enough to freeze
coating everything with a frosty sheet of
frozen mist.

At Seaside Park, N. J., December 21,
a few days after the first tight freeze,
when Barnegat Bay was found to be
frozen from shore to shore, several flocks
of Canada Geese, about 60 in all, were
noted flying over the Bay, high in the air,
heading south. A dozen Black Ducks
and as many more Scaups were sitting on
thG ice, well out from the shore. These,
together with 200 Herring and Ring-billed
Gulls, also on the ice, were about all the
birds observed on the Bay. A single Snow
Bunting was found on the ocean beach;
in a growth of cedars a Red Crossbill.

Doubtless, the winter has taken a more
than usual toll of bird-life, yet few dead
birds have been found. However, it must
be remembered that such objects are meat
for the starving and do not lie around very
long. It is interesting to discover just
where the hungry host of birds procure
their food under such adverse weather con-
ditions. Starlings and English Sparrows
resort in large numbers to the city dumps.
Tree Sparrows, Juncos, and White-
throated Sparrows, in mixed flocks, seek
the open fields where the tall weeds extend
above the snow. Song Sparrows, singly and
in pairs, are found about the open springs
and streams, gleaning close to the water's
edge. A Purple Finch chirps in a tangle
of honeysuckle, and you discover him
feasting on the dried berries. A Cardinal
looking much out of place in the top of a
tulip poplar, is dining on the few remain-
ing seeds. A Ring-necked Pheasant is
flushed from his breakfast of burdock
seeds, leaving the prickly husks scattered
about on the crusty snow. Groups of
Crows stand and walk about the edge of
the tidal streams, waiting for low water
and a streak of bare mud where food may
be had. On January 11, while watching
a group of winter birds, which in this case
was composed of 4 Brown Creepers, 1
Red-breasted Nuthatch, and 2 Golden-
crowned Kinglets, the Creepers suddenly
changed their usual method of tree-trunk
investigation and flew from one pine-cone
to another, apparently seeking the hiber-
nating insects and larvae lodged there, as
they only chose the old, black, discolored
cones. This may be a common practice
when the birds are working among pines,
but, nevertheless, it is of interest.

The rarer northern Finches continue to
be the most interesting feature of the season.
In addition to those mentioned in the
October and November report, Redpolls
and Evening Grosbeaks have been reported
at several localities, the latter mostly in-
dividual birds at widely separated points.

There appears to be an unusual scarcity
of Winter Wrens, and Northern Shrikes
seem to be entirely absent in this district.

Truly, the descendants of the Rock

io6

Bird - Lore

Pigeon are becoming thoroughly domesti-
cated. A short time ago one was seen to
By up from the street and settle on a pass-
ing electric car; the car continued on down
the street, the bird sitting there with
the utmost unconcern, and it was still
in the same position when lost to view.

On February 9, while crossing the Dela-
ware River on a ferryboat, a Duck Hawk
was observed. This bird darted down after
a Sparrow near the ferry-slip, but tin-
Sparrow escaped by a narrow margin and
ducked into the ferry-house. The Hawk
then turned and flew out to the middle of
the river where it met another Hawk of
the same species. A friendly sparring-
match took place between them, accom-
panied by a series of cackling notes.
Then, as if by mutual agreement, they
flew ofT rapidly up the river toward a grain
elevator, where they dashed into a flock of
Pigeons, with what success could not be
determined as the birds at this time were
too far distant.— Julian K. Potter,
Camden, A'. /.

W VSHINGTON REGION. — Notwithstand-
ing protracted cold weather, the orni-
thological happenings about Washington
during December, 1919, and January,
1920, were little out of the ordinary.
Birds, as a whole, were about as numerous
as usual, but, in spite of the severe winter,
comparatively few of the rarer northern
birds put in an appearance. However,
the Northern Shrike was noted in the
northern part of the city of Washington,
on Jan. 26, 1920, by Dr. G. W. Field, and
the American Crossbill at Mount Vernon,
Va., on Dec. 27, 1919, by Messrs. Wet
more, McAtee, and Preble.

On the other hand, the Ruby-crowned
Kinglet, which is a rare and irregular
winter resident about Washington, was
seen at Mount Vernon, Va., on Dec.
27, Kjio- A Gadwall was reported on
Dec. 27, 1919, also, by the same observers;
a King Rail on Alexander Island, Va.,
Dec. 4, 1919, by Mr. I'.. A. Preble; a Long
billed Marsli Wren along the Anacostia
River, 1 in ember 2 1 and 28, by M r. Fran* is
Harper, are likewise worthy of record.

The European Starling has been fairly
common about Washington and the
neighboring country, appearing in many
places in flocks, and, apparently, is more
numerous than for two or three winters
past. Near Falls Church, Va., on Jan. 25,
1Q20, a flock of 20 was observed by Mr.
W. W. Diehl, eating persimmons. The
birds obtained the fruit by pecking it from
the branches and allowing it to fall, then
flying down and eating it on the ground.

Several thousand Ducks of several
species, mostly Golden-eves and Scaups,
have remained in the Potomac River,
chiefly below Alexandria, during the entire
season, some of them ascending as far as
Washington during the milder weather.
Apparently they are fully as numerous as
they were last winter.

A large roost of Crows in the northern
outskirts of the city, near Brookland, has
been fully occupied during the present
winter, and is probably as large as it has
ever been. It accommodates practically
all the Crows that feed in the vicinity of
Washington and is estimated to contain
at present some 200,000 birds. — Harry C.
Oberholser, Biological Survey, Washing-
ton, D. C.

Kansas City Region. -Unbroken pe-
riods of zero weather of more than a week
or ten days' duration are unusual in this
immediate region. The current period, up
to February 1, has been marked by over
live weeks of almost continuous cold, dur-
ing which time two severe ice-storms
developed, making conditions intolerable
for the less hardy species. The Missouri
River, though at its usual low winter
stage, has fortunately remained open in
tlie main channel, affording congenial
winter quarters for numbers of Merganser^
(at least 40 in Jackson County), - 1 Black
Ducks, and a solitary boon. These birds
have been under observation since the
middle of December, and have afforded
ample opportunity to verify the fact that
Mergansers remain mated throughout the
winter. Two Bald Eagles, one an adult
and the other in immature plumage, have
been frequently seen in the same general

The Season

107

region with the water-birds. These are
the first Eagles to appear in this region for
many years. The bottomland thickets and
timbered shelters do not harbor the smaller
birds in their usual winter abundance.
Save for Pine Siskins, Goldfinches, Juncos,
and a few large flocks of Crossbills, the
Fringillidae are represented by stragglers
only.

The event of the winter has been an
unprecedented invasion of Bohemian
Waxwings. One flock of about 175 indi-
viduals, from which four specimens were
taken, was noted in the bluff region of
eastern Jackson County, while flocks
aggregating 600 birds have been reported
from Holt County (Dankers). A species
of no less local rarity, the White-winged
Crossbill, has also been seen on several
occasions. The writer has seen two in a
flock of Crossbills, and others have re-
ported seeing specimens.

The arrival of the Bohemian Waxwings
in early January was coincident with a
noticeable southern movement of Canada
Geese, Meadowlarks, Robins, and Blue-
birds. The birds had no doubt been spend-
ing the winter in the up-river country not
far away. The first Short-eared Owls of the
winter were found during this period.
They, too, had evidently only just moved
in, as their roosting-ground in high grass
was only sparsely littered with pellets. A
few Mourning Doves were found during
the second week of the month making their
headquarters in a small patch of hemp.
Numbers of Siskins and Crossbills were
also feeding on the fat seeds, and there
could hardly have been a sufficient supply
to last this crowd another week.

The first week in February was warm,
and as is usual at this time, when no
storms threaten, the early restless move-
ments of north-bound water-birds was
witnessed. Robins and Bluebirds were
also noticeably more numerous.

The writer confesses to no great famili-
arity with the Grebes, yet this will hardly
serve as an excuse for calling the Horned
Grebe an Eared Grebe, as was done in the
last letter from this point. It should have
been stated there that the former bird had

been added to the local list, and that it
breeds occasionally in Nebraska. — Harry
Harris, Kansas City, Mo.

Minnesota Region. — The two-months
period covered by this report opened on
the morning of December 15 with a
temperature of — io° at Minneapolis and
-24° at Duluth. This weather continued
for several days, with almost daily
or nightly snowfalls. Somewhat milder
weather prevailed during the final week of
December, with two or three days when
the snow melted a little at noon and settled
rapidly under high, dry winds, but the new
year opened with another cold 'snap,'
-12° at Minneapolis on the 1st and
-1 7 on the 2d. The month continued
cold and snowy, with many subzero days,
interrupted only occasionally by warmer,
sunny days, the warmest being on the
29th when a maximum of 38 was recorded
at Minneapolis. February has been con-
tinuously cold thus far, with a temperature
of-18 on the 14th and-19 on the 15th at
Minneapolis. The winter has been steadily
cold, with no very marked January or
February 'thaws,' and yet with no excep-
tionally low temperatures. An unusual
amount of snow has fallen, especially in
the northern part of the state. For this
reason it has been a hard winter for the
birds, particularly the ground-feeding and
weed seed-eating species.

Several of the Museum's correspondents
have commented upon the scarcity of birds
this season, while others seemingly have
considered conditions as to resident species
about normal. On the whole, it would
appear that fewer birds have been noted
than last winter, which, however, was an
exceptionally good year considered from
the observer's standpoint. But, compared
with two years ago (winter of 1917-18).
when all bird-life, including the common-
est species, was at the lowest ebb known
here, there has been a marked improve-
ment.

A notable feature of the winter, in spite
of the continued low temperature and
deep snow, has been the presence in the
state of a considerable number of birds

io8

Bird - Lore

commonly considered as only 'half-hardy.'
Most of the reports of such species have
come from the southern half of the state,
but a few are from localities much farther
north than heretofore recorded. More and
keener observers and a more active
campaign in search of winter bird-notes
may be the real explanation of^^ese
seemingly exceptional occurrences. Brown
Creepers have been present all winter in
the southern half of the state, and O. J.
Murie reports that some individuals of
this species are wintering as far north as
Moorhead, on the Red River of the North,
only a little south of latitude 47 . Tree
Sparrows, Juncos, Goldfinches, and Purple
Finches have been reported from the
southern portion of the state; Red-headed
Woodpeckers from Red Wing (Mrs.
Green and Miss Densmore), St. Paul
(Thompson), Cannon Falls (Swanson),
and Rochester (Mrs. MacCarty); Golden-
crowned Kinglets from Martin County
(Dr. Luedtke), and Fillmore County (Dr.
Hvoslef); a Robin at Moorhead, December
12 (Murie), and one at Minneapolis
December 27 (Zeleny); two Flickers at
Moorhead January 8 (Murie); a Rusty
Blackbird at Fosston, far up in the Red
River Valley, January 2 (Miss Torgerson),
and three wintering at Pipestone (Peter-
son); a Red- winged Blackbird at Fosston
January 2 (Miss Torgerson); and Bronzed
Grackles at Duluth, December 18 (Green)
and at Fosston in January (Miss Torger-
son). Cardinals have been wintering at
Red Wing (Miss Densmore), La Crescent
(Whit Harrison), and Lanesboro (Dr.
Hvoslef). It should, perhaps, be stated
that competent observers, though greatly
increased over former years, are still so
few in number and so widely scattered over
Minnesota's more than 84,000 square miles,
that these notes can only be regarded as
fragmentary and merely suggestive of
actual conditions.

Of winter bird visitants only brief
mention will be made here. Goshawks
have been reported from only four locali-
ties. There has, however, been a consider-
able influx of Snowy Owls, as reports
have been received from nineteen stations

in all parts of the state. Of Great Northern
Shrike there are only four records, widely
scattered. An early and extensive incur-
sion of Bohemian Waxwings has been an
interesting feature of the present winter.
In a few places they have remained con-
stantly and been fairly numerous, as at
Moorhead (Murie). Pine Grosbeaks have
been reported several times, none farther
south than Minneapolis. Redpolls, as
usual, have been common all over the
state. Evening Grosbeaks have been
reported from only nine localities, all in
the northern two-thirds of the state.
None have yet appeared in the southern
portion, where they were, in former years,
a frequent and common winter visitant.
At Wadena (Mrs. Bigelow), Staples (Mrs.
Young), and Brainerd (Mrs. Thabes) —
localities near together in the central part
of the state — it has been present for some
time in large flocks. Apparently, the Even-
ing Grosbeak is no longer the regular
visitant in large numbers throughout
Minnesota that it was twenty-five to
thirty years ago. It would appear from
the increasing number of New England
records that the principal southward
movement of the species is now directed
toward the North Atlantic States. The
box elder trees, upon the seeds of which
this Grosbeak feeds so extensively in
winter, and which formerly lined the
streets of most Minnesota cities and
towns, have largely died out or been
removed. But as this tree is here every-
where abundant in the wild state, this
fact should not have any material effect
upon the food-supply, though, possibly, it
would remove from easy observation a
considerable number of the birds and
make them seem scarcer than they really
are. — Thos. S. Roberts, University 0)
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.

Denver Region. — The weather con-
ditions in this region during the past two
months have been exceedingly variable —
extreme cold in December and mild in
much of January and February. There has
been no prolonged condition of deep snow,
and it appears to the writer that with

The Season

109

these circumstances there has been a
scarcity of birds, a scarcity showing itself
more in the number of individuals than in
the number of species.

It would appear that under such mild
conditions, with the scarcity of snow, many
birds can find sustenance almost anywhere
in the outskirts of the city and in the
immediately surrounding country, and
therefore do not come into the city and its
parks as abundantly as they do when
snow covers the low weeds, etc., in the
suburban districts. There has been noted
a somewhat unusual number of Hawk
species. Thus, on Christmas Day, a
Sparrow Hawk, a Prairie Falcon, and a
Richardson Merlin were seen in Denver,
which, together with the presence of Owls,
may help account for the small number of
Juncos, etc., seen in the city. There is no
doubt but that these predaceous birds
were probably also more common in the
territory immediately surrounding Denver.
It is still a source of wonder that Clark's
Crow should remain in the vicinity of
Denver all winter; a pair has been seen
several times in the city since December
15. Both of these birds had very dirty
plumage, probably from the dirt and smoke
of the city; in fact, they looked almost
black, and one identified them, at a dis-
tance, only by their white markings, as
seen in flight, and their characteristic call.
While there is no way of settling the ques-
tion, it seems to the writer that these
Clark's Crows are but a single pair, seen
at different times and in different places.
These birds were last seen in the neigh-
borhood of my house on February 15.

The season now under consideration can
be compared with that of past years by
taking any given day and noting the birds
seen at such a time. The Christmas
Census data collected during the past eight
years will be as representative as that of
any other day of the same period. Thirty-
seven different species have been seen on
Christmas Days of the years 191 2 to 1919
(inclusive). There are 8 species which
have been seen yearly on this day (or have
been present at least 75 per cent of the
days): Ring-necked Pheasant, Orange-

shafted Flicker, Desert Horned Lark,
Magpie, Red-winged Blackbird, Tree
Sparrow, Pink-sided and Gray-headed
Juncos. In other words, one can reasonably
count on seeing these 8 species on almost
any day in the winter-time, in the vicinity
o£,Denver. On the other hand, 14 species
were observed but once on Christmas
Day during these eight years; they are:
Great Blue Heron, Mourning Dove, Marsh
Hawk, Saw-whet Owl, Screech Owl,
Downy and Lewis's Woodpeckers, Long-
crested and Woodhouse Jays, Yellow-
headed Blackbird, Redpoll, Slate-colored
Junco, Brown Creeper, and Townsend's
Solitaire. An examination of this list of
37 species shows that 8 are either un
common at all times or very erratic in
their visitations; these are: Richardson's
Merlin, Saw-whet Owl, Redpoll, Slate-
colored Junco, Brown Creeper, Townsend's
Solitaire, LewisWoodpecker, and Yellow-
headed Blackbird. Furthermore, 3 species,
Great Blue Heron, Mourning Dove, and
Sparrow Hawk, are prone to be here only
during mild winters, and, contrariwise, 2
species are more apt to visit this neighbor-
hood during severe winters, that is to say,
the Redpoll and Cassin's Finch. Seven
others of these 37 species one can possibly
see on any winter day in this area, but,
in truth, it must be said that one might
have to institute a patient search for them
in suitable places in order to be successful;
these are: Marsh Hawk, Prairie Falcon,
Screech Owl, Downy Woodpecker, Song
Sparrow, and Long-crested and Wood-
house Jays. Many others of these 37
species have been observed here in mid-
winter, but on two or three occasions only.
In all probability these birds were present
each year on Christmas Day, but lack of
time or adverse weather conditions, or
both, prevented a search thorough enough
to reveal them. In this list may be included
American Rough-legged Hawk, Long-
eared Owl, Hairy Woodpecker, Meadow-
lark, Great Northern Shrike, Shufeldt's,
Mountain, and Grey-headed Juncos, and
Long-tail and Mountain Chickadees.
The 4 species occurring in the greatest
abundance in this season are Red-winged

110

Bird- Lore

Blackbird, Desert Horned Lark, Magpie,
and Tree Sparrow. Of these 4, it can
readily be seen that 3 are residents through-
out the year, and 1 a winter visitor only.
On Christmas Day, 191 2, only 5 species
were seen, due to inclement weather pre-
venting an extended search, while on the
same day, in 1919, [9 species were seen,
notwithstanding that the early part of the
month of December had been extremely
cold. While weather conditions make a
difference in the lists gathered, yet it seems
to the writer that the thoroughness and
extent of search make a greater difference.
One can say from the brief review of this
season's bird-life, during the past few
years, that it was, in 1919, somewhat out
of the ordinary. Thus one learns that of
the 37 species seen during eight years,
seven were noted for the first time; why
this happened to be one cannot say.
Perhaps it was pure luck. This large
number of birds new to that date, together
with the fact that only once before were
as many as 19 species seen on Christmas
Day, gives color to the idea that the
season just passed has been out of
the ordinary. — W. H. Bergtold, Denver,
Colo.

San Francisco Region. — Wintry
weather in the bay region lasted from
Thanksgiving Day until January 9, with
occasional warm days to relieve the
monotony of cold north winds. Unusual
bird records are expected when such cold
visits us, for it means that birds are driven
down from the higher altitudes where the
weather is much more severe. This may
account for the numerous records of
Sierra Crossbills which have been sent in
from Carmel, Pacific Grove, Golden Gate
Park, Berkeley, and other points, as also
for the early flocking of Western Robins
in this vicinity.

All the winter visitants have been noted
this year, with the exception of the Golden-
1. rowned Kinglets, which were surprisingly

abundant during last winter, but seem
to be missing so far this year. In Berkeley,
Juncos, and Pine Siskins have been present
in very large flocks, Bluebirds have been
seen more often than usual, while Pipits,
Varied Robins, Red-breasted Nuthatches,
and Western Winter Wrens have been
quite common. On a certain brushy hill-
side to the south, a little coterie of Western
Gnatcatchers has remained since October,
while farther north a House Wren, more
hardy than most of its tribe, has been
resident for the third winter.

After January 10 the weather was very
mild, so that now (February 1) wild currant
is in full bloom and almond trees, Japanese
quince, and many blossoming shrubs
are radiant with color. The Anna Hum-
mingbird is in fine feather as he buzzes
about these blossoms. He still has them
to himself for a few days until the Allen
and Rufous Hummers arrive to compete
with him for the supply of honey. Many
of the permanent residents are singing
freely. In the canons, California Thrashers,
Titmice, Vigors Wrens. San Francisco
Towhees, Hutton Vireos and Flickers are
all tuning up, while the Meadowlarks make
the open fields resound. The Xuttall
Sparrows are withdrawing from the flocks
of Intermediate Sparrows and sing con-
stantly near last year's nesting-sites.

On Lake Merritt, in Oakland, the Ducks,
Gulls, and Grebes make a wonderful show.
Pintails and Canvasbacks predominate
at this season, the former on the lawns and
the latter on the lake. Baldpates and
Shovellers wander about on the grass like
chickens, while Lesser Scaup and Ruddy
Ducks, Fared Grebes, and Coots add their
forces to those of the Canvasbacks. Golden
Eyes, Bufflehead, and Green-winged Teal
are present also, and many Killdeer feed
along the shore. On Lake Merced, in San
Francisco, a flock of a dozen Whistling
Swans have delighted the hearts of bird-
lovers in this region. -AMELIA 5. Ai.i.kn,
Berkeley) Calif.

2took $eto£ anfci CftebtehwS

Bulletin of the Essex County Orni-
thological Club. Vol. i, No. i, Dec,
iqiq. Salem, Mass. 55 pages; 1 line-
cut.

The Essex County Ornithological Club,
organized April 10, 1916, presents in this,
its first bulletin, a history of the Club,
a record of its regular and field-meet-
ings, together with papers on 'The Identi-
fication of Hawks in the Field' by Charles
\V. Townsend; 'Cooperative Effort in Bird-
Study,' by Arthur A. Osborne; various
notes and an account, by Ralph Lawson,
of 'Thirteen Ipswich River Bird Trips' in
the first of which the Club had its origin.
The story of these party trips bespeaks
the good fellowship born of community of
interests and shows how even an annual
function may work its influence throughout
the year.

The membership roll of the Essex
County Ornithological (why not Bird?)
Club and the record of its activities
indicate that it has before it a long and
useful life.— F. M. C.

The Raptorial Birds of Iowa. By Bert
Heald Bailey, M.S., M.D. Bulletin
Xo. 6, Iowa Geological Survey. Des
Moines, 1918. 238 pages; numerous
maps and illustrations.

The economic status, general habits,
distribution and bibliography of the forty
species and subspecies of Hawks and Owls
recorded from Iowa are here presented
at length. There are photographs of, for
the greater part, excellently mounted
specimens in the Coe College Museum, of
which Dr. Bailey was curator, and maps
recording the distribution in Iowa of the
birds treated. The whole forms an admir-
able monograph of a group of birds of
great economic importance, concerning the
value of which the public cannot be told
too often.

Dr. Bailey unfortunately did not live
to complete the manuscript of this work,
and it was brought to completion and
edited by his colleague, Miss Clementina
Sinclair Spencer. — F. M. C.

(

Bird-Houses and Nesting-Boxes. By
Edward Howe Forbush. Circular Xo.
10, Massachusetts Department of Agri-
culture. 28 pages; numerous illustra-
tions.

Outdoor Bird-Study. Hints for Be-
ginners. By Edward Howe Forbush.
Circular Xo. 12. Massachusetts De-
partment of Agriculture. 51 pages;
numerous illustrations.

Here are two publications of practical
value to students and lovers of birds.
Air. Forbush knows his audience by actual
contact and has in a marked degree the
gift of meeting its wants. We hope that
these two bulletins will have a wide cir-
culation, not only in the state which we
have to thank for them, but throughout
the Union.— F. M. C.

The Birds of Red Deer River, Alberta.
By P. A. Taverner. From 'The Auk ; '
xxxvi, iqiq, pages 1-2 1; 248-265;
plls. 4.

The Birds of Shoal Lake, Manitoba.
By P. A. Taverner. 'The Ottawa
Naturalist,' xxxn, 1919 pages 137-144;
157-164; xxxni, iqiq, pages 12-20.

The first of the above-mentioned papers
is based chiefly upon field work between
June 25 and September 26, 191 7, when a
voyage of nearly 200 miles was made by
Mr. Taverner and his assistant, Mr. C. H.
Young, down the Red Deer River. Eleven
camps were established at different places
as bases from which to work the adjoining
territory. There is an excellent descrip-
tion of the region traversed and a well-
annotated list of 194 species.

Mr. Taverner's studies of Shoal Lake
birds were made by himself and Mr. Young
for a short period in the spring and fall of
191 7 and were supplemented by Mr.
Young's observations and collections from
April 23 to October 2, 1918. Access to the
notes, published and unpublished, of other
observers gives a total of 212 species for
the district.

It is difficult for the reviewer to re-
cognize in the photograph on page 139 of
the far-stretching, boulder-strewn shore

in)

112

Bird - Lore

of Shoal Lake in 1917-18, and doubtless
today, any resemblance to the Shoal Lake
he knew in 1901, with a margin of quill-
reeds, so wide that in places one could not
see open water from the shore of the
lake. Since that date, Mr. Taverner writes,
the water in the lake has fallen from 8 to
10 feet and the shallow margins in which
the quill-reeds grew and countless Coots,
Grebes, and Yellow-headed Blackbirds
nested are now "broad reaches white with
alkali crystals." Mr. Taverner adds: "Of
the vast numbers of birds that once
threaded the mazes of the marsh, practi-
cally none remain but the few that are
restricted to the borders of the rapidly
disappearing pools back from the shore."
The transformation is as sad as it is
interesting. — F. M. C.

The Ornithological Magazines

The Auk. — The first thirty-two pages
of the January number comprise 'In
Memoriam: William Brewster,' by Henry
W. Henshaw, followed by other articles
dealing with Mr. Brewster. His photo-
graph, reproduced as Plate I, is excellent,
and such of the younger ornithologists as
knew Mr. Brewster comparatively little
personally will find interest and inspiration
in the account of his life. A 'William
Brewster Memorial' has been placed in the
hands of the American Ornithologists'
Union, the income from an established
fund of $5, 000 to be used in recognition of
"the most important work relating, in
whole or in part, to the birds of the
Western Hemisphere," with the 'Brewster
Memorial Medal' and an honorarium.
We have here some slight tribute by
American ornithologists to the passing of a
great leader.

In 'Sequestration Notes,' by J. Grinnell,
from observations of the Audubon Warb-
ler and Ruby-crowned Kinglet, it is con-
cluded that their call-notes functioned
to keep the birds apart, give each indi-
vidual monopoly in a certain feeding-area,
to the common advantage. Many field
students will call to mind similar observa-
tions, and the conclusion is so logically

drawn as to carry conviction. It may only
be questioned whether such calls, per se,
have special 'sequestration' significance,
<ir whether the ordinary call-note, with a
more general advertisement-identification
significance, has sequestration value in
some cases. At the very least we have here
a tangible hypothesis, a valuable asset in
pursuing the elusive subject of bird-
language. In 'The Occult Senses in Birds,'
H. H. Beck suggests a food-finding (ex-
ample Vultures) and mate-finding sense
similar to the homing sense, already the
subject of so much interesting study and
speculation. There is obvious advantage
in designating certain inexplicable phe-
nomena by these terms until further
analysis of them is possible.

In 'In Memoriam: Lyman Belding'
(illustrated by a photograph, Plate III),
by A. K. Fisher, quotations from a manu-
script autobiographical sketch which Beld-
ing completed shortly before his death,
are of great interest. He was eighty-eight
years old at the time of his death, and his
memories of wild life in the early days
are correspondingly valuable.

There is the usual quota of papers more
or less faunal in nature: from the Cats-
kill Mountains, Cobb (descriptive appre-
ciation of a rich bird country) ; from Texas,
Griscom (critical notes supplementing
earlier published lists); from Colorado,
Lincoln (an annotated list of the birds of
the Clear Creek district); from South
Carolina, Wayne (remarks of interest on
a few species). Farley presents details of
the life of Sanderling and Red-backed
Sandpiper while wintering unusually far
north, at Plymouth. Mass. 'Bachmun's
Warbler breeding in Alabama,' by Ernest
G. Holt, is accompanied by a photograph
of nest and eggs of this rare bird. A
critical stud}' of the races of the Canada
Goose leads J. D. Figgins to suggest thai
a large (canadensis) and small (minima)
species alone be recognized, other speci-
mens to be considered as hybrids. New
spe< Les and subspecies are described by
Cory, a race of the Killdeer breeding
in Peru, by Chapman. We may now con-
sider our Killdeer the northern representa-

Book News and Reviews

tive of a South American bird, which fits
better with its habits than to associate it
with our highly migratory Plovers.
Loomis has a paper on a matter of Petrel
nomenclature. Palmer chronicles the
thirty-seventh meeting of the A. O. U.

In general notes there is the usual variety
of unusual occurrences: S. C. Arthur
reports that a captive Blue-winged Teal,
with the white marking characteristic of
the recently described southern race,
after a time lost this marking by moult.
Miller and Griscom refer to Mourning
Doves breeding in southwestern Maine,
supposed to be Wild Pigeon; an old pigeon-
hunter, in fact, did not credit their identi-
fication of these birds as Doves. R.
Latham recounts an instance of Chimney
Swifts resting in a heavy growth of brush;
one was seen eating elder-berries, but, in
his opinion this was merely incidental,
the spot being used as a roost. W. L.
McAtee presents evidence of birds being
diverted from depredations on fruit by
abundance of periodical cicadas on which
they were feeding. — J. T. N.

The Condor. — Of the eight general
papers in the January number of The
Condor, Mrs. Bailey's 'Return to the
Dakota Lake Region' and Henshaw's
'Autobiographical Notes' are continua-
tions of articles in the previous volume.
The present chapter of the biography
is especially interesting since it reviews
Henshaw's active field-work in Colorado,
Arizona, and California, and his early
acquaintance with Baird, Bendire, Mer-
riam, and Nelson. A brief sketch of
'Edward Garner, a Pioneer Naturalist,'
taxidermist of Quincy, Plumas County,
Calif., is contributed by H. C. Bryant,
who states that Garner's collection of birds
was exhibited at the Panama -Pacific
Exposition in 1915 and is now deposited
in the Quincy High School. Eight of the
specimens which form the basis of impor-
tant local records are specially mentioned.

The 'Importance of the Blind in Bird
Photography,' illustrated by six figures,
is discussed by Frank N. Irving, who gives
directions for the use of beginners in this
branch of field-work. An account of the
'Rusty Song Sparrow in Berkeley and the
Return of Winter Birds' is given by Mrs.
Amelia S. Allen. A Yakutat Fox Sparrow,
which had been banded, left on April 21,
evidently to spend the summer in Alaska,
but returned to the same spot in Berkeley
on November 3, thus furnishing another
interesting record of the habit of certain
birds to return to the same place after a
long migration. 'A Peculiar Feeding
Habit of Grebes,' is described by Wetmore
who has found quantities of feathers in
the stomachs of these birds. He suggests
that the habit of swallowing feathers is
developed mainly in species which feed
on fish, and that the feathers "act as
strainers that prevent the passage of
bones and scales into the intestine until
they have been properly digested."

In 'Notes on the Limicolae of Southern
British Columbia,' Allan Brooks lists
38 species that have been recorded from
this region and makes a plea for more
attention to this group of birds, which
promises much in advancing our present
knowledge of the distribution and migra-
tion of several species. A 'Description of
a New Otocoris from California' is given
by H. C. Oberholser, who bases the new
form {Otocoris alpestris sierra) on a speci-
men collected by A. S. Bunnell, June 13,
1906, at the head of Pine Creek in Lassen
County.

Among the brief notes are four remark-
able records of Clark's Nutcracker show-
ing the occurrence in 1919 of this moun-
tain-loving species near Indio, below sea-
level on the Colorado Desert, in October,
on board a steamer at sea between Los
Angeles and San Francisco in September,
and at Carmel and Point Pinos, in Mont-
erey County, in November. — T. S. P.

li 4

Bird - Lore

2Mrb=1Lore

A Bi-Monthly Magazine
Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Contributing Editor, MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

Published by D. APPLETON & CO.

Vol. XXII Published April 1. 1920 No. 1

SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Price in the United States, one dollar and fiftv cents a year;
outside the United States, one dollar and seventy-five cents,
postage paid.

COPYRIGHTED, 1920, BY FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Bird-Lore's Motto:
A Bird in t be Busb Is Worth Two in the Hand

Recent experiences have impressed
us anew with the vagueness with which
most people see birds. This is due to hasty,
inadequate, and careless observation, to
ignorance of what may be called the
topography of a bird, to a lack of training
in the art of seeing things accurately and
in detail, and to the difficulty with which
most birds may be studied at short range.

It is, of course, the last reason which
has prevented birds from becoming more
widely known. But it is the very elusive-
ness of birds which makes bird-study so
fascinating. They appeal not only to
our desire to know, but to our inherent
love of the chase. Surely no bird student
who has experienced the thrill of follow-
ing strange calls and songs would ever
want to pursue his study in an aviary!

With some exceptions, therefore, we
may accept the shyness of birds as a
lasting characteristic and we may accept
it also as a characteristic which demands
care and patience on the part of the field-
student if he hopes for success. In this
fact, indeed, we have no small part of the
educational value of bird-study, even when
bird-study means merely naming birds
out of doors.

This study should, when possible, be
preceded by a sufficiently detailed examina-
tion of the bird to enable one to become
familiar with the meaning of the terms
which are used in descriptive ornithology.
'Wing- bars,' 'primaries,' 'secondaries,'
'coverts,' 'back,' 'rump,' 'breast,' 'crown,'

'flanks' 'shoulder,' 'bend of the wing,' etc.,
should all become definite terms convey-
ing an exact meaning. Failing access to
specimens, to Pigeons, or even Chickens
in the flesh, examine carefully the dia-
grams of birds which are given in most
bird books. How can one hope to describe
a bird with any degree of exactness if one
is neither familiar with the proper descrip-
tive terms nor knows how to apply them?
Simply because we know that a bird has a
head, body, wings, tail, and feet, it does
not follow that we are prepared to describe
accurately its color-pattern any more than
we could accurately describe an airplane
because we know that it has planes, an
engine and fusilage.

Definite knowledge of the plan of a bird
is a great aid to correct observation in
nature. With such knowledge we shall be
far less likely to describe the male Red-
winged Blackbird as 'red-breasted,' to
say that a Flicker has a white back, or a
Myrtle Warbler a yellow breast, while the
blue birds with red heads, green wings and
pink tails would become nearly, if not
quite, extinct !

But beyond all this is needed that care
and patience in looking at a bird which
permits one to write a fairly detailed
description of it, or, far better, draw and
color an outline of it. This, it is true,
cannot always be done, but, as we have
said, therein lies half the charm of the
study of birds in nature. Certainly no
one would care to pluck birds as he would
blossoms !

After the above was written it was dis-
covered that Dr. Allen, in the immediately
succeeding pages, had also taken for his
text the subject of accuracy of observation
in the study of birds. Prompted by his
experience as a teacher, he dwells not only
on the importance of accurate observing
in naming birds in nature, but also upon its
value in training one to see other things
as well as birds. "It is not sufficient,''
he writes, "that the child's eyes be opened;
it is necessar\ that they be trained to see,"
and if. through an interest in birds, this
end can be achieved, then, indeed, is
the pupil doubly fortunate.

Cfje Bububon J>octette*

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Edited by A. A. ALLEN. Ph.D.

Address all communications relative to the work of thi9
department to the Editor, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

KEEPING TRACK OF THE BIRDS

From the whole field of nature one can select no more engaging study than
that of bird-migration. The brilliant colors of birds, their sweet songs and
their interesting habits please us and invite to further study, but the mystery
that enshrouds their travels will always hold us fascinated. The strange calls
from the clouds by night, the passage of the well-formed flocks of Ducks and
Geese by day, the flash of new wings through the garden, and the sound of
familiar voices each spring inspire us to marvel at the power and precision of
the guiding sense that draws birds back each year to their homes of the previous
summer. Every August the Bobolink, leaving the fields of the northern states,
travels 5,000 miles to the pampas of Brazil and, on schedule time, comes back
the following May and hovers over the same fields and alights on the same
fence-posts.

It is not surprising that this phase of bird-study has fascinated mankind,
and that governments employ scientists to study and investigate it, and that
thousands of people, scientists and laymen, spend much time following the
birds in an effort to learn their secret. The sport of bird-study never grows old;
it never grows monotonous; and grown-ups join with the children in the
competition to see the first Robin, the first Bluebird, and the first of each
species in its turn. The return of the birds in the spring takes thousands of
people into the woods and fields to enjoy nature and affords to many the
inspiration for keeping a journal of passing events. The accurate recording of
one's observations is something to be greatly encoilraged, and many a fine
trait in man and woman develops from such a habit started in school. The
majority of school children will doubtless never continue their studies of birds
far enough to add much of value to the volume of ornithological knowledge,
but this is no reason why they should not receive the benefits to be derived from
learning to observe accurately. They should, therefore, be encouraged in every
way to follow the return of the birds from day to day and to record their
observations on some form of a bird-calendar. Incidentally, the teacher will
find that the keeping of a bird-calendar in the schoolroom is one of the sim-
plest and most profitable ways of stimulating bird-study, and it is the object
of these paragraphs to suggest ideas for their use.

There is a feeling among some people that mere interest in birds is sufficient
to lead a child to all the benefits that can be derived from their study. While

("5)

16 Bird -Lore

it is true that the child's interest is the primary and essential thing to awaken
him and open the door to a great storehouse of pleasure and resource, this
interest can well be utilized by the teacher to inculcate the most fundamental
of all teachings, accuracy of observation. It is not sufficient that the child's
eyes be opened; it is necessary that they be trained to see. The man who sees
accurately understands what he sees, and makes a success of life instead of a
failure. A judicious use of a bird-calendar, with emphasis laid upon the accuracy
of the records, will not only arouse interest in bird-study and maintain it, but
also will give to the children a most vital training. It is a matter of common
knowledge that the active imagination of a child will lead him to see almost
anything that he is expected to see or wishes to see without any intentional
dishonesty on his part. As a result, he often reports impossible observations
of birds out of season or birds not found in the locality, and, unless the teacher
is circumspect, these observations are given equal value on the bird-calendar
with more commonplace but correct observations. It should not be necessary
for a teacher to know all of the birds himself or the proper time of arrival of
all of them before starting a bird-calendar in his school. What is important is
that he should cultivate an attitude of accuracy himself and impress the chil-
dren with the need of it. Many a fine bird-calendar has fallen short of its full
usefulness because the teacher has not dared to question the children's obser-
vations and has allowed inaccurate reports, intentional and unintentional,
to appear upon it.

There are available, for most localities, local lists of the birds known to be
found in that part of the country. Many of these local lists give the average date
of arrival of each bird. If a teacher can refer to such a list he can quickly tell
whether a child's record is improbable and question him accordingly. The train-
ing which a child receives in this way may do more good than the calendar
itself, for not only will it impress him with the value of careful observation,
but it will also impress him with one of the greatest marvels of migration,
the accuracy of the spring arrival of each species of bird year after year.

DIRECTIONS FOR KEEPING A BIRD-CALENDAR

For the use of individuals wishing to keep a full record of their observations
throughout the season and from year to year, the method employed by Dr.
Chapman and described on page 10 of his 'Handbook of Birds of Eastern
North America' cannot be improved upon. At Cornell, in addition to keeping
individual records of this kind, we maintain a 'Bird-Chart,' which is essentially
the same as a roll-book spread out, upon which the observations of all who
cooperate are recorded. It is made of profile paper and covers a wall-board
about 9 feet long and 4 feet wide. At the left are three vertical columns for the
names of the birds, the names of the discoverers, and the localities where they
were first seen. The remainder of the chart is divided into squares so that there

The Audubon Societies

117

REDSTART
First seen By whom

Where Next seen

are 365 of them following the name of each bird to receive the daily records.

For convenience the chart is ruled into weekly columns and a rider is used

bearing the names of the birds to facilitate the entry of records. The chart is

long enough vertically to receive the names of about 200 birds which is the

average number reported each year. This chart system, which was started

nearly fifteen years ago by Dr. A. H. Wright, has always stimulated a great

deal of interest among students, and has resulted in a great deal of valuable

information which is of easy

reference. For ordinary school- BIRD CALENDAR

room use, however, such a chart

is too cumbersome and is much

more elaborate than necessary,

but the main features of it

should be retained.

There are three main types
of calendars that have proved
successful for school use, that
the editor is familiar with, and
there may be others equally
good which he has not seen and
which he would like to hear
about. In all three there are at
least four vertical columns : The
first for the name of the bird;
the second for the name of the
discoverer; the third for the
place where it was seen ; and the
fourth for the date when it was
first seen. In order to verify the
first record, it is well to keep
the second record also, so that
if too great discrepancy occur
between the first record and
the average date of arrival, the
second date can be retained
instead. The calendar would
be of still greater value if a
record were kept of when the bird became common, when it began to nest,
and when it was last seen, but, for most school calendars, the first four or
five items are sufficient.

The three types of calendars differ primarily in their decorations: Some
teachers prefer to have but a single competition in the drawing-class to select
the design for the calendar, and this usually results in one such as here illus-

[HP.
ML

/9tZ\

To^v^.

A GOOD TYPE OF BIRD CALENDAR
FOR THE SCHOOL

It permits of coordination between the drawing and
nature work, and preserves the records from year to year
to inspire each class of children. When the bird is first
seen, the card should either be made or brought out of the
cupboard, and the entry made. It should then be hung in
a conspicuous place.

n8 Bird - Lore

trated, with the birds at the top of a sheet and all of the observations beneath.
Other teachers find time for considerable drawing and try to have each bird
that is seen illustrated. Often the child who sees the bird is permitted to make

'"\-"i

- i

...'■' "r \ . . J'

^«< -iv*-.Ai..*»w+i\'t\.e-",' 1 r -

■1

A PAGE FROM THE SECOND TYPE OF BIRD-CALENDAR HERE EVERY BIRD [S
FIG1 RED AS SOON As IT Is SEEN, THUS COORDINATING AKI AND NAT! RE \\okk

the illustration, which is then cut out and pasted in the margin opposite its
name. This requires a very large card, and often several of them. The method
which seems most attractive to the writer is to have a separate sheet for each
bird upon which the observations for several years can be kept. As often as a
new bird is studied and drawn, the best drawing should be saved for the bird-

The Audubon Societies 119

calendar. Perhaps but few of the birds are illustrated the first year, but those
that are serve as inspiration for the next year's class to surpass them. As
soon as a bird is reported, its card should be brought forth, the date, authority
and locality added, and then it should be hung up in a conspicuous place.
Perhaps the class will like to improve upon the picture, and the competition
which results will stimulate the drawing lesson, while the presence of the names
of the boys and girls in the last year's class who first observed the birds the
previous year will stimulate them to greater observation out of doors.

Whichever type of calendar is employed, it should always be borne in mind
that quality is better than quantity, and that accuracy is of prime importance.
The calendar should be started before the birds begin to come back in the spring,
so that it will include the winter residents. The nearer the first of January it is
begun the better, though it may be started at any time. The children must
learn to recognize that certain birds are with us throughout the year (permanent
residents), others merely spend the winter in a given locality and nest farther
north (winter residents), while the majority spend the winter in the South and
either nest with us during the summer (summer residents) or pass through on
their way to a more northern nesting-ground (transient visitants). The last
two classes are the ones that make the keeping of a calendar so interesting,
because of the accuracy of their arrival in the spring, but the first two must not
be forgotten.

If a teacher will read any of the numerous accounts of bird-migration that
have appeared, such as that in the introduction to Dr. Chapman's 'Handbook
of Birds of Eastern North America,' or the paper by W. W. Cooke on 'Bird
Migration,' published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, or the little
book entitled 'The Travels of Birds' by Dr. Chapman, he will be able to make
the study of bird-migration and the bird-calendars much more interesting.
For the benefit of those who are unable to refer to a more complete account,
the following summary prepared by the writer for the American Forestry
Magazine may prove useful.

THE RETURN OF THE BIRDS

When the high tide of the spring migration comes, it is about the middle of May and
nearly three months have passed since the first Horned Larks started northward over
snow-covered fields. The March Robin brings forth its crowd of admirers, the call of
the Bluebird draws a response from others, but when every hedgerow and thicket
resounds with musical voices, and even the trees of the city streets flash with brilliant
Warblers, everyone likes to stop and listen and notice the unusual number of birds.
We cannot help wondering whence have come these little wanderers, where they are
going, and what is the meaning of their journeys. In great waves they come from the
South, flood us with beauty and song for a few days, and then pass on. Wave after
wave passes over us during the course of the month, until June arrives, when the last
immature birds hasten on to their nesting-ground and leave us with only our summer
birds until the fall migration shall bring them back once more.

A little observation from year to year shows us that these May birds are extremely

120

Bird - Lore

regular in their appearance and disappearance. One can soon learn just when to expect
each species, and, if the weather is normal, it will arrive on the day set. The earlier birds,
such as the Robin, Bluebird, Blackbird, Canada Geese, Meadowlark, and Mourning
Dove, which come during March, are much less regular because of the idiosyncrasies of

the weather. If there were no such thing as
weather, if food were always equally abun-
dant and if there were one great level plain
from the Amazon to the Great Slave Lake,
the birds would swing back and forth as
regularly as a pendulum and cross a given
point at exactly the same time every year. For
this migrating instinct is closely associated
with the enlargement and reduction ef the
reproductive organs, a physiological cycle
which, under normal conditions, is just as
regular as the pulsing of the heart and records
time as accurately as a clock. With most
species the organs of mature birds begin to
enlarge before those of birds hatched the
preceding year, and those of the males before
those of the females. Because of this, the
male birds arrive first and are followed by the
females and later by the immature birds.
With some species, like the Robin, Bluebird,
and Phoebe, there is very little difference in
the time of arrival, but in the case of the
Red-winged Blackbird, often a period of two
weeks, or even a month, intervenes. This
may be a wise provision of nature to secure
a nesting-area that will not be overcrowded,
for once the male has established himself — and
it is often at the same spot year after year —
he drives away all other males from the vici-
nity, awaiting the arrival of the females, and
particularly his mate of the previous year.
But with the later migrants, such as the shore-birds, that have a long way to go, the
females usually arrive with the males, and, with some species, courting takes place en
route and they arrive at the breeding-ground fully mated and ready to nest.

The early migrants are those that have spent the winter entirely within the United
States. This is true of all the March birds in the northern states, but, during the last
of the month, the first birds from the West Indies and Mexico begin to arrive in the
southern states. About the middle of April, many of the birds that have wintered still
further south begin to arrive, including the Swallows, the Spotted Sandpipers, the Black
and White Warbler and the Water-Thrush. The last of April and first of May brings
even to the northern states the initial wave of birds from Central America, and perhaps
even northern South America, and about the middle of this month, when occurs the
height of the migration, thousands of tiny Warblers, Yireos, and Flycatchers that have
been wintering on the slopes of the Andes or the pampas of Brazil, are winging their
way overhead to Labrador, Hudson Hay, and Alaska. The shortest route which one
of the last to arrive, the Blackpoll Warbler, may traverse is ,^,500 miles, while those
which nest in Alaska travel over 5,000 miles. Some of the shore birds, which bring up
the close of the migration in late May or early June, have undoubtedly < ome from Chile,

THE SCREECH OWL A PERMANENT
RESIDENT

The Audubon Societies

121

or even from Patagonia, and the}- still have several thousand miles to go, so that, before
they reach their nesting-grounds again, they will have traveled 16,000 miles since leaving
in the fall. The 'champion long-distance migrant' of them all, however, is the Arctic
Tern, the extremes of whose nesting and wintering ranges are 11,000 miles apart, so
that they have to travel 22,000 miles each year.

This constrains us to wonder how these tiny wayfarers are able to travel such trem-
endous distances and still return so accurately to their homes. That many of them do
this has been proved by placing aluminum bands on their legs, so that they can be
recognized from year to year. Not only has this been demonstrated, but it has likewise
been shown, in the same way, that many birds spend the winter in exactly the same
place year after year.

At one time it was thought that they followed well-marked highways in the moun-
tains, rivers, and coast-lines, surveyed, as it were, by their ancestors and unfailingly
followed by all descendants. But now it is believed that these highways are followed
only so far as they afford abundant food, and when the
food-supply lies in some other direction, they are regard-
lessly abandoned. What is it, then, that guides them mile
after mile in their flights, flights made mostly under the
cover of darkness, and often at altitudes varying from
2,000 to 5,000 feet above the earth? A sense of direc-
tion, it is now called, an instinct for recording directions
as accurately as a compass, which we, having only so
crudely developed in ourselves, are at a loss to under-
stand; an instinct which permits birds to travel north,
south, east, or west and not lose their bearings. For the
migration route of most birds is not directly north and
south, and many preface their southerly journeys by long
flights directly east or west. The Bobolinks and Vireos
of the northwestern states, for example, leave the country
by way of Florida or the Gulf Coast, and first fly directly
east to the Mississippi Valley, to join the others of their
kinds before starting southeasterly. The White-winged
Scoters, which nest about the lakes of central Canada,
upon the completion of their nesting duties, fly directly
east and west to the Atlantic and Pacific where they
winter. Some Herons preface their migrations by long
flights, even to the north, so that occasionally Little Blue
Herons and Egrets are found in the northern states during August and September.

With birds that travel such enormous distances, it is interesting to note their rate
of advance. While it is possible for birds to travel great distances without a rest, as
witnessed by the fall flights of the Turnstone from Alaska to Hawaii, or of the Golden
Plover from Labrador to northern South America, distances of over 2,000 miles across
the open sea, they do not ordinarily progress far in single flights. The spring advance of
the Robin, for example, averages only 13 miles a day from Louisiana to southern Minne-
sota. The rate increases gradually to 31 miles a day in southern Canada, 52 miles per day
by the time it reaches central Canada, and a maximum of 70 miles a day when it reaches
Alaska. It should not be inferred from this that each Robin does not ever migrate less
than 13 or more than 70 miles a day. Probably they often fly more than a hundred or
two hundred miles in a single flight, as do, undoubtedly, many of the smaller birds, but
after each flight they dally about their resting-place for several days before starting on
again, and this brings down the' general rate of advance.

The rate of speed at which birds travel is rather difficult to estimate, except in the

MIGRATION OF THE

ARCTIC TERN (From Cooke)

The extreme summer and winter

homes are 11,000 miles apart

122

Bird - Lore

Homing Pigeons, which can be timed from one place to another, or in the Ducks and

Geese, whose conspicuous -flocks, traveling high over cities and towns, can be easily

followed. The championship speed for
Homing Pigeons has been recorded as
55 miles an hour for a period of four
hours. A Great Blue Heron has been
timed by a motorcyclist keeping directly
below it and found to be 35 miles an
hour. A flock of migrating Geese has
been found to be traveling at a speed
of 44.3 miles per hour and a flock of
Ducks at 47.8 miles. The speed of
smaller birds is usually less, although
when they mount high in the air and
start on their migratory flight, they
doubtless fly faster than the birds one
so often passes flying parallel to a pas-
senger train or a suburban car.

The vast majority of birds migrate
during the night; some migrate both
by day and by night; others only by
day. The latter are, for the most part,
birds that find their food in the open
and can feed as they travel. Such are
the Robin, the Kingbird, and the Swal-
lows. Other birds like the Sparrows,
Vireos, Warblers, and marsh birds,
that find their food among the trees
or in dense vegetation, migrate entirely
by night. The necessity for this is

shown when they arrive at the Gulf of Mexico or other large body of water where it is

impossible to get food of any kind. If they started early in the morning, so as to be

across by night, they would not be able to get

much food before starting, and by the time they

reached the other side, it would be dark and

again impossible to feed. Thus an interval of

thirty-six hours would elapse without food, a

period that might result disastrously for many

birds because of their high rate of metabolism.

If, however, they spend the day feeding and

migrate by night, their crops are full when they

start, and, when they arrive at the other side,

it is daylight and they can begin immediately

to glean their living.

During these night migrations birds are

attracted by any bright, steady light, and every

year hundreds and thousands dash themselves

to death against lighthouses, high monuments,

and buildings. When the torch in the Bartholdi

Statue of Liberty was kept lighted, as many as

700 birds in a month were picked up at its base.

On some of the English lighthouses, where bird

THE BOBOLINK NEAR ITS NEST WITH
FOOL FOR ITS YOUNG

MIGRATION OF THE BOBOLINK
The Bobolink summers in the northern

states and winters chiefly in northern

Argentina. (From Cooke.)

The Audubon Societies

123

destruction was formerly enormous, 'bird-ladders' have been constructed, forming a
sort of lattice below the light where the birds can rest instead of fluttering out their
lives against the glass. Again, in crossing large bodies of water, birds are often over-
taken by storms, and as their plumage becomes water-soaked, they are beaten down to
the waves and drowned. Sometimes thousands of birds are killed by a single storm.
But, of course, the vast majority of birds sweep on and arrive at their destinations in
safety.

And so, if one steps out on a cloudy night, when the birds are migrating low to escape
flying through the moisture-laden clouds, he will hear their strange calls, only faintly
resembling their familiar daytime notes. Then he can picture to himself the thousands
of winged travelers returning from a sojourn in the tropics and pushing on through the
black night, guided by an innate sense of direction straight to their old homes. Then he
can think over the past ages through which this migrating habit has evolved to the days
when all North America basked in a tropical sun and birds darted among the palms and
tree ferns without ever a thought of
leaving the homes of their forefathers.
Then one can picture to oneself the
coming of the ice age and the destruction
of all the life that could not adapt itself
to the changed conditions or flee before
them. One sees the birds pushed gradu-
ally to the south, encroaching upon those
already there. One understands the
crowding that must have ensued, and
how these birds spread northward again
as the glaciers receded, only to be pushed
back once more by the coming of winter.
One contemplates how, with the with-
drawal of the ice and the evolution of the
seasons, these migrations, by repetition
through the ages, became permanent
habits or instincts; and, with the ensuing
modifications in the contour of the con-
tinent, and the changes in the location
of the food-supply, many variations
developed in the migration route of each
species which seem inexplicable today.

One pictures these things to himself; one understands a little better the great mystery
of the bird's life; and, perhaps, one appreciates somewhat more fully the presence in our
thickets and gardens of these songsters, whose lives are ever one series of hardships and
dangers, and yet which, withal, are so expressive of the happiness and joy to be derived
from nature.

QUESTIONS

1. Name five birds that are permanent residents in your locality.

2. Name ten birds that are summer residents.

3. Name ten birds that are transient visitants.

4. Name five birds that are winter visitants.

5. What is the earliest date of arrival of the Robin in your locality? The Bluebird?
The Phoebe? The Red-winged Blackbird? The Canada Goose? The Bobolink? The
Baltimore Oriole? The Scarlet Tanager?

6. Why do some birds return earlier than others in the spring?

A BANDED HOUSE WREN
By marking birds with aluminum bands it has
been proven not only that many come back to the
same place each year, but also that they winter in
the same locality year after year.

124 Bird -Lore

7. How manj- different kinds of birds have you seen in one day? When was this
and why did you see more on this particular day?

8. Which birds are the most regular in their return from year to year and why?

9. Do you keep a record of all the birds you see every year? What kind of a record
book do you have?

10. Do you have a bird-calendar in the school every year? How many birds were
seen last year?

11. What is the largest number of birds you have seen in a year? How many
different birds do you know?

12. Do you know if the male or the female bird comes back first in the spring in the
cases of the Robin, the Bluebird, the Red-winged Blackbird, the Baltimore Oriole, and
the Scarlet Tanager?

13. Do all birds sing as soon as they come back in the spring, or do some of them
wait until the females arrive?

14. Are the first Robins you see in the spring the ones that nest in your vicinity,
or do they go on farther north and your birds come later? Are all birds alike in this
respect?

15. Do birds return to the same place to nest year after year or are their places taken
by others of the same kind?

FROM YOUNG OBSERVERS

AN INTERESTING RECORD

I am sending a set of answers to some of the questions on page 386 of Bird-
Lore for November-December, 1919.

1. I have a list of twenty-five species recorded since December 20. The
majority of them are permanent residents.

2. I know of what the food of a large portion of them consists.

LIST OF WINTER BIRDS

i. English Sparrow; P. R.; food, oats and other grains found about the
barn; roosts under eaves or in sheds.

2. Harris' Sparrows; W. V.; feeds chiefly on weed seeds; roosts in bushes.

3. Slate-colored Juncos; W. V.; food, seeds (as near as I can tell) ; roosts in
deep weeds.

4. Chickadees; W. V.; feeds from the bark of tree on insect pests.

5. Cardinals; P. R. I cannot be sure of his food but it is partially com-
posed of wild winter fruits, such as hackberry and huckleberry.

6. Red-bellied Woodpecker; P. R.; feeds from walnut tree-boring pests
chiefly, but often is seen on sycamore or dead trees.

7. Hairy Woodpecker; P. R.; this is a rare bird here and I cannot be
sure of his food.

8. Hermit Thrush; W. V.; feeds from the worms in horseweed stalks;
roosts near the ground in thickets.

9. Field Sparrow; P. R.

The Audubon Societies 125

10. Blue Jay; P. R.; roosts in tree-tops.

11. American Robin; P. R.; feeds from the sumac bushes or other wild
berries, during a thaw from the slough banks as a Plover; roosts in thickets.

12. Northern Flicker; P. R.; wood-boring insects, chiefly from dead wood.

13. Swamp Sparrows; W. V.; roosts in deep, thick grass.

14. Downy Woodpecker; P. R.; feeds chiefly on boring insects in the small
limbs of trees, in brush or even in weed stalks.

15. Bob-white; P. R.; its food consists of seed picked from, on or near
the ground; roosts on the ground in thickets.

16. Bluebird; P.R.

17. American Rough-legged Hawk; W.V.; food, Bob-white, (?), Blue Jays
(?), rabbits and rats; roosts in tall trees.

18. American Crow; P.R.; food, corn, poultry (?) and carrion; roosts in
large colonies in trees.

19. Red-tailed Hawk; W. V.

20. Meadowlark; P.R. (more abundant in winter; rare in summer); feeds
on grass seeds; roosts on the ground in low grass.

21. Carolina Wren; W.V.

22. Tufted Titmouse; rare P.R., abundant W.V.; feeds to a large extent
on insects from the bark of trees.

23. Northern Shrike; W.V.; food, Sparrows chiefly.

24. Towhee; W.V.

25. Red-headed Woodpecker; P. R.; feeds on boring pests from post oak
trees (chiefly).

3. In the case of the Flicker, Robin, Blue Jay, and Bluebird they migrate,
although permanent residents in this locality. In each of these cases there is
an interval when no birds are seen between the summer and winter birds.

4. Our smaller birds are usually found in creek-bottoms or near ponds
while the larger ones roam about over large areas. All birds are not alike in
this respect; for instance, one pair of Blue Jays is always found near a slough
while another pair roams over a section of land.

9. The track of a Crow has the broad toes in front and one behind without
a deep impression made by the tarsus. That of a Pheasant is as a chicken's,
only shorter. The tarsus leaves a noticeable print which the hind toe does not
show. The Sparrow has a long hind toe and three front ones. The hind toe of
the Lark is not so long.

10. See Q. 2. — Theodore R. Beard, Sapulpa, Okla.

[Here is a record of observations that can well be emulated. How many boys and
girls are there that can do as well for their locality? As soon as you have introduced
yourself to a bird by learning its name, there are numberless observations to make on its
habits before you really know it. Does everyone agree that the hind toe of the Lark
is shorter than that of the Sparrow? — A. A. A.]

THE GROUND DOVE

By T. GILBERT PEARSON

Che .National association of Hubuuon Societies

EDUCATIONAL LEAFLET NO. 101

A dainty little pedestrian is the Ground Dove. One may meet it almost
anywhere, in the gardens, fields, or the quiet streets of Florida towns. Its legs
are very short and it moves with elevated tail and a queer bobbing of the
head, but with a grace and dignity that are both quaint and very charming.
It is the smallest member of the Pigeon family in North America, measuring
6*4 inches from bill-tip to tail-tip.

Unlike the Inca Doves of Texas and the Southwest, they never sit with
others on a wayside limb, like a row of little brown dummies, and unlike the
Mourning Dove they seem never to gather in large flocks. Rarely are as
many as eight or ten seen at a time, and when this happens the birds are
usually brought together by their common interest in an abundant food supply.
Usually they are seen in pairs, although in the mating season it is no uncom-
mon sight to see three together.

The note of the Ground Dove is a soft, cooing, mournful sound, which in
many localities has given it the name of 'Mourning Dove.' The call, often
repeated, issuing from the depths of an orange tree or the sheltered limb of a
live oak, is one of the characteristic bird-notes that is borne to one's ears in
that subtropical land.

The gentle nature and appealing appearance of the Ground Dove have an
unusual effect on the mind of the average Florida negro. To him this is one
bird that should not be molested. I have often been warned by dusky field
hands of the risk one would run should he harm a Ground Dove. These eager
hunters, who will unhesitatingly shoot Meadowlarks, Flickers, Robins, or other
birds that may chance to come within their range, are loth to fire on this semi-
sacred bird. To their minds it is certainly 'bad luck' to kill one.

The Ground Dove's food consists largely of small seeds which it gathers
in the garden, on the lawn, by the roadside, in the field, and other places where
weeds or grasses are found. Naturally many insects are also picked up in their
travels, particularly in the spring and summer. Small wild berries also are
consumed. So far as known they never adversely affect the interests of man-
kind, even in the slightest degree, and wherever found they are protected by
statute and by the still stronger law of public sentiment.

Although a terrestrial bird when feeding, it does not hesitate to light upon
fences, trees, and buildings. Often they may be seen sitting on the tops of
barns, farmhouses, or dwellings in the towns, and from these elevated perches
they send forth their gentle cooing notes which the world may hear and enjoy.

(126)

The Ground Dove

127

We are accustomed to think of Doves as being birds of peace. The Ground
Dove is by no means one of the species that may believe in 'peace at any price.'
Unhesitatingly he will attack one of his kind, or even a Mockingbird, Brown
Thrasher, or other feathered neighbor that may seek to take his food. His
soft bill does not make much of a weapon, and he seems to rely mainly on the
stroke of his wing to disconcert his opponent.

NEST AND EGGS OF THE MEXICAN GROUND DOVE IN MESQUITE BUSH
Photographed by William L. and Irene Finley, Tucson, Ariz.

In my experience, when a brooding bird is approached it leaves the nest
suddenly and nutters away. Occasionally an individual is found that declines
to expose her treasures without an argument. As the inquiring hand comes
close to the nest, she does not strike with her bill, nor even indulge in loud
scolding, but with ruffled feathers raises her wings in a threatening attitude,
as if she would crush the offending fingers if they came too close. Surely a
puny, hopeless bit of resistance; nevertheless it shows that a stout heart
throbs within the feathered breast of the little mother.

There is no bird in the United States that to my knowledge breeds over so
long a period of the year as does the Ground Dove. In my experience with
these birds in Florida, I have found their nests occupying varying situations

128 Bird -Lore

during different seasons of the year. Thus on February 28 and March 3 I have
found nests located on the tops of partially decayed stumps of pine trees, only
about 2 feet from the ground. Later in the season I have seen numerous nests
placed on the ground, usually in fields of weeds or in standing grain. Fields of
oats seem to be especially favored with their presence during midsummer.
Late in July, August, and on to the latter part of September, I have found
their nests on horizontal limbs of large orange trees, on the level fronds of
palms, and on the cross-bars or rails, so commonly used for supports of the
widespreading scuppernong grape-vines.

Wherever placed the nest is composed chiefly of grasses with perhaps a few
twigs or rootlets. It must have a support, for it is entirely too frail a structure
to withstand the destructive forces of the winds and rains, if placed in the
crotch of a bush. Two elliptical-shaped pure white eggs are laid — never more.

In flight the Ground Dove usually keeps near the ground when flying
across open fields, only rising to clear shrubbery, trees, or buildings. Ordi-
narily it does not proceed over 100 yards before again alighting. In fact it
seems strongly attached to the immediate neighborhood in which it lives. On
some occasions, however, I have noticed its flight prolonged to what seemed an
unusual extent. For example, during June, 1918, while lying becalmed on the
yacht, 'Seafoam,' at Sara Sota, Fla., these birds were very frequently noticed
as they passed over the town and out over the bay at least a mile to a neighbor-
ing island. To make this journey they had to fly quarteringly across a breeze
so strong that no captain of any vessel in the harbor cared to face it. Yet the
Ground Doves flew back and forth between the town and the island, appa-
rently without hesitation.

In traveling along the sandy roads through the pine barrens in Florida, it
is no uncommon sight to come upon a pair of these little birds dusting them-
selves. They scratch out little hollows and lie in them, sometimes on one side,
then on another, kicking and fluttering, and causing the warm sand to trickle
down through their feathers, much as does a Bob- White in similar surroundings.

I have spoken of the Ground Dove only as occurring in Florida. It is found
also in Georgia and South Carolina. Over these states its range seems to be
confined almost entirely to the immediate vicinity of the coast and outlying
islands. Its extreme northern natural limit may be said to be eastern North
Carolina. It likewise occurs along the Gulf Coast, but in very limited numbers,
ordinarily not beyond New Orleans.

Further west we meet with the very closely allied species known as the
Mexican Ground Dove. The birds are very similar, and practiced indeed
must be the eye that can distinguish them. The Mexican Ground Dove is
found in the southwestern tier of states and down through Mexico to Central
America.

In speaking of the nesting habits of the Mexican Ground Dove, in Arizona,
William L. Finley, writing in Bird-Lore for May-June, 1915, says:

The Ground Dove 129

"One finds a great deal of difference in the individuality of birds. Two
pairs of Ground Doves, whose nests we found, were very shy; but at a third
nest we discovered that we were able to move the camera up within 10 or
12 feet without frightening away the brooding parent. After it had stood there
a little while, we slowly moved it to within 4 or 5 feet. Instead of leaving her
home, the Dove raised her wings and spread her tail in anger. She gave a fine,
intense, whining note, as she struck at us with her soft bill. We annoyed her
to the extreme by putting a finger up to the edge of the nest, and finally stroked
her feathers. Then she seemed to realize that we had no intention of harming
her, and let us take as many pictures as we wished."

It is one of the laws of nature that most birds that spend their lives largely
on the ground are subjected to so many natural enemies that it is necessary
for them to lay a large number of eggs in order to keep up the race. Thus a
Ruffed Grouse lays from six to ten, a Wild Turkey from eight to fourteen, and
the Bob- White all the way from a dozen to eighteen or even twenty. Yet the
Ground Dove is able to hold its numbers against its enemies by laying only two
eggs. How this is possible has not been fully explained. It certainly indicates
that the little Dove is well able to take care of itself. Among its enemies are
snakes, and numerous mammals, such as skunks, opossums, and foxes. Many
are annually caught by domestic and semi-domestic cats, for no matter how
well the average cat is fed it will seize a bird if it has the opportunity.

On one occasion I saw a Sharp-shinned Hawk suddenly drop into an open
field and seize a Ground Dove, but, fortunately for the Dove, it escaped before
the Hawk had flown more than 50 feet with its victim. The Dove was out of
sight in a little oak bush before the numerous feathers that the Hawk had
dislodged had drifted to the earth. Walking over to see if the bird was much
injured I was surprised to see another Dove rise on the wing at a spot which
appeared to be not over 4 feet from where its companion had been seized.
As the Hawk had not observed me when it flew away, it is evident it had seen
only one Dove, the other probably escaping detection by the wise expedient
of lying motionless when sudden danger came upon it.

Cfje Hutmfcon ^octettes!

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

Edited by T. GILBERT PEARSON, Secretary

Address all correspondence, and send all remittances for dues and contributions, to

the National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York City.

Telephone, Columbus 7327

William Dutcher, President
Frederic A. Lucas, Acting President T. Gilbert Pearson, Secretary

Theodore S. Palmer, First Vice-President Jonathan Dwight, Treasurer

Samuel T. Carter, Jr., Attorney

Any person, club, school or company in sympathy with the objects of this Association may become
a member of it, and all are welcome.

Classes of Membership in the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild
Birds and Animals:

Form of Bequest: — I do hereby give and bequeath to the National Association of Audubon
Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals (Incorporated,), of the City of New York.

SUMMER RECREATION-SCHOOL OF NATURE-STUDY

Three years ago the generosity of
Charles M. Ams, Esq., of New York City,
placed at the disposal of this Association
the use of his great private estate at Ams-
ton, in eastern Connecticut, comprising
several square miles of ideal country for
birds and game, and a large sightly lake.
This has been made an Experiment Station
and Wild-Life Sanctuary of the Associa-
tion, a model game-farm and demonstra-
tion point. Last season this game-farm
produced over $4,000 worth of game-birds,
and afforded great pleasure to writers and
students. In conjunction with this there
has developed a very successful Recrea-
tion School of Nature-Study and Nature-
Lovers' Colony, with students and visitors
from all over the United States andCanada.

For 1920 the whole program and plan
is to be materially broadened. From the
middle of May and through June there
will be informal watching of the bird mi-
gration, finding of nests, with plate and
motion-picture photography, also special
experimentation in new methods of rear-
ing young Ruffed Grouse, Wood Ducks,
and other species. Well-known ornitholo-
gists plan to be in attendance.

From July 3 to 23 will be held the first

term of the regular Summer School, with
studies as follows, always from the popular
standpoint, and never in a way to be dry
or burdensome: — Knowing Wild Birds
Afield; Attracting Birds and the Rudi-
ments of Game-Breeding Methods; Nature
Photography, Plate and Motion Pictures,
Including Making and Coloring Prints and
Lantern-Slides — the above being taught
by Herbert K. Job. Also instruction in
school methods for teachers will be given
by Miss Helen D. Wise, of Washington,
D. C, specialist in nature-work in normal
and other schools, — including planning of
nature courses for various grades, what
lessons to give and how to give them, on
birds, flowers, insects, shells, etc. There
will also be illustrated evening lectures by
visiting specialists, exhibitions of lantern-
slides and motion pictures of bird-life,
also field- and lake-excursions, picnic
suppers at the lake, aquatic sports, and
informal musicals.

The second term will be from July 24 to
August 13. There will be a special course
in practical game-farming, to prepare men
or women to breed and raise game-birds
and wild-fowl for pleasure or profit. The
above counes will be continued further

(130)

The Audubon Societies

J3 1

for those who wish to remain throughout,
or repeated for newcomers. Further even-
ing lectures will be given, and recreational
and social features will be especially em-
phasized.

Rooms may be secured at Amston Inn
or adjacent cottages or camps, with meals
at the Inn. The Audubon House is a social
headquarters of the Association, and has

quite a complete collection of bird speci-
mens, a working Nature library, and other
exhibits. Amston is 10 miles west of Willi-
mantic, and everything is within walking
distance of the railway station.

Circulars with full details and terms will
be mailed to all who inquire. Write to the
Director, Herbert K. Job, West Haven,
Conn., or to our New York office.

EGRET PROTECTION IN THE SOUTHERN STATES

A brighter day is dawning for the per-
secuted Egrets of the United States, now
confined almost entirely to the southeastern
states. It is generally conceded that but
for the efforts of this Association, the large
Egret and the little Snowy Egret would
have become almost, if not entirely, extinct
by this time in Florida, Georgia, and the
Carolinas.

It has been a long, uphill fight for many
years to raise funds and secure good agents
to guard the few remaining nesting colonies
of these birds. We have had practically
no help under the state laws. Florida has
no state game-warden system. The assist-
ance of the United States Government has,
heretofore, been very meager. More funds
having become available, the Biological
Survey has entered upon a definite policy
of putting some of their agents actively in
the field to apprehend and prosecute those
who kill these birds. As these lines are
written several of its agents are in Florida,

which certainly means that much will be
accomplished. Last year the Government's
agents made a seizure of plumes at Miami
and conducted a successful prosecution,
which was well advertised throughout the
state. A few more legal actions of this
kind will have a most salutary effect on
the movements of the plume-hunters.
* It is confidently expected that the mem-
bers and friends of the Association will
continue to make it possible for us to em-
ploy as complete a series of guards for the
Egret colonies as it is possible to procure,
and with the active and hearty cooperation
of the Government, which is now actually
in operation, there seems no reason why
the Egrets should not again increase and
be brought back to their old haunts much
in the same way that the Gulls and Terns
along our eastern coastline have been
restored through the legislative, educa-
tional, and warden work of this Associa-
tion.

AN INTERESTING LETTER

The following letter, written March 4,
1920, has been received from E. W. Nelson,
Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey:

"Dear Mr. Pearson: It will interest you
to know that a few days ago Pacetti, with
United States Game Wardens, Farnham
and Birsch, arrested William B. Macken-
son, of Kissemmee, and found in his posses-
sion the plumes of one hundred large and
small Egrets in addition to those of other
Herons, which were estimated locally to
be valued at $12,000. Mr. Mackenson was
promptly taken into court, tried, and fined

$250 and the plumes confiscated. As you
have formerly advised me he is an
old offender in Florida and we are greatly
pleased to have been able to capture him.
I hope that our wardens may be able to
get other plumers before the season is
over.

"United State6 Warden Smith, at Nor-
folk, recently seized a wagon-load of Ducks
and Geese which he found illegally held in
a number of cold storage plants in that
place. He was instructed to turn these over
to the naval and other hospitals in that

1.32

Bird - Lore

city. Many similar cases are being con-
stantly reported.

"Yesterday the hearing over the consti-
tutionality of the Migratory Bird Law took
place and several of us went to the Supreme
Court and heard the arguments. I am very

confident that the court will decide that
the law is constitutional but, of course,
nothing will be known until they report
on the case, which may possibly be about
June, when the court adjourns for the
season."

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY NEWS BULLETIN

The Bureau of Biological Survey of the
United States Department of Agriculture
is now issuing a monthly mimeographed
bulletin, containing items. of news in con-
nection with the Bureau's activities. The
February issue, for example, contains
many notices of the work of the members
of the office and field staff. Reference is
made to the special undertakings in which
they have been engaged, the lectures they
have given, etc.

Reports on the work of the destruction
of predatory animals and rodents, and the

enforcement of the Migratory Bird Treaty
and Lacy Acts form a very interesting por-
tion of the bulletin. There are also notes
on the mammal- and bird-reservations
under the care of the Government. A list
of the publications which the Biological
Survey has for general distribution is given
and also a directory containing the names
and addresses of the field staff of the Sur-
vey. Altogether it is an extremely interest-
ing bulletin for anyone engaged in ana-
phase of the work of the conservation of
America's wild-life.

NEW TREATIES PROPOSED

From the Hon. John H. Wallace, Jr.,
Commissioner of Conservation in the state
of Alabama, it is learned that on Feb. 7,
1920, the United States Senate agreed to
Senator Bankhead's resolution (Senate
Resolution 56) seeking conventions be-
tween the United States and certain
Latin-American republics for the protec-
tion of migratory birds. This resolution
requests the President to propose to such
countries treaties for the protection of
birds which, in the course of annual flight,
pass through or from the United States
and temporarily sojourn in the countries
of Mexico and Central and South America.

This action has been undertaken in view
of the success attained under the provisions
of the Migratory Bird Treaty between the
United States and England regarding the
birds that pass between Canada and the
United States.

Mr. Wallace has taken the initiative in
this matter, being chairman of a com-
mittee appointed by the International
Association of Came Wardens and Com-
missioners for the purpose of pressing the
subject. All those interested in the con-
servation of wild life will follow with in-
terest this further undertaking for the
protection of America's wild-bird life.

'bluebird/ a live publication

One of the brightest, most informing, and
up In dale publications on conservation of
wild life issued in this, or any other
country, is the monthly magazine, Bluebird

as it has been appearing <>f late.

This publication was first started on
April 15, 1 9 10, by Dr. Eugene Swope of

Cincinnati. Under the title of Nature <uiJ
Culture it ran through live volumes. In
October, 1913, it appeared with the name
Bluebird. After completing Volume VII
with the number issued in September, 191 5,
Dr. Swope disposed of the magazine to
Mrs. Elizabeth C. T. Miller, of Cleveland,

The Audubon Societies

i33

who since that date has published it for
the Cleveland Birdlovers' Association.

Mrs. Miller is a very public-spirited
woman and most energetic in working for
matters looking to the public good. She
became so engrossed in important matters
in connection with war-relief that begin-
ning with the May, iqiq, number she
associated with the magazine Miss
Georgia M. Bowen as associate editor.
Miss Bowen has had the time and ability

to give much added vitality to the maga-
zine. She has a wonderful faculty for gath-
ering current information on topics of con-
servation and presenting them most enter-
tainingly. With such an associate there is
no wonder that the Bluebird under Mrs.
Miller's support and direction has come to
be one of the most valuable publications
that reaches the office of the National
Association. We hope for it a continually
increasing circle of readers.

REPORT FROM BANGOR

The Bird Conservation Club of Bangor,
Maine, has just completed its fifth year.
During this period we have had 1 20 names
on our roll, four of whom are honorary
members. These have all given interesting
papers at our meetings, which occur on the
second Wednesday in each month. One of
the members has a very extended collec-
tion of mounted birds, bird skins, eggs, and
nests. It is the most valuable collection
now in our state.

We have one life member, who has always
been most generous in financial help to
the Club. Our membership dues having
been placed at so small an amount to
enable anyone to become a member who
has the interest to do so, we are sometimes
dependent upon other resources for extra
work.

In 1916 we placed forty-eight cloth
posters, warning against bird shooting,
and fourteen nesting-houses. Twenty
evergreen trees were set out in the city
parks. In 19 17 fifty-seven more evergreen
trees were placed for the shelter of birds
in winter. Many bird-houses have been
put up by the Club, and by members near
their homes. Some houses, which were
donated by the schoolchildren were
erected in parks and cemeteries. Suet and
other food has been placed by the Club
Committee and by individual members
whenever it seemed needed.

The Club has become a member of the
National Association of Audubon Societies
and keeps in touch with the National work
by reading Bird-Lore. A contribution
was sent for the 'Roosevelt Memorial

Fountain.' We have exchanged circulars
with other clubs and we have received
many letters of inquiry regarding the
work, and many gratifying remarks of
appreciation.

We have sent letters and telegrams to
our Senators regarding the 'Migratory
Bird Law' at critical moments. Last year
we placed a large glass cabinet of mounted
birds in the children's room of our Pub-
lic Library, these birds having come tc
their death by accident. This wintei
we are planning to place another like
it in the same room, hoping it may
help to interest and instruct the children
in bird-life.

Many delightful outings have been en-
joyed each year, often through the cour-
teous invitation of members, several of
whom have charming summer cottages
near the city. Members have thus had
an opportunity of adding to their lists of
birds seen and heard. The winter birds
that remain will be our comfort and care
so far as we can do for them. We shall
hope to see visitors such as Grosbeaks,
Redpolls and Snow Buntings. Many
Woodpeckers, Nuthatches and Chickadees
come to feed near our homes.

We are trying to interest the Grangers
in the preservation of bird-life. The
President of our Club presented the mat-
ter to about three thousand members of
the State Grange, who were holding a
series of meetings here. The question
presents itself, "Who should be interested
if not farmers?" — (Mrs.) J. C. Buzzell,
P res id 01 1.

NEW YORK STATi; (i.WlK I'ROTKl TOR DIRECTING BOY SCOUTS IN PLACING
WINTER FOOD FOR BIRDS. SUET FOR INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS ABOVE, CORN FOR
PHEASANTS BELOW.

(1341

The Audubon Societies

135

NATIONAL PARKS ASSOCIATION

In May, 1919, there was organized in
Washington, D. C, the National Parks
Association. Its objects include such
worthy subjects as: — encouraging the ex-
tension of the National Parks System, and
increasing "the popular study of the his-
tory, exploration, tradition, and folk-lore
of the National Parks and Monuments."
This Association also desires "to encourage
art with National Park subjects, and the
literature of National Parks, travel, wild-
life, and wilderness-living, and the inter-
pretation of scenery."

The organization issues new bulletins
from time to time to be sent to the press
and for the enlightenment of the general

public. One of the recent issues calls
attention to the Yucca House National
Monument, a prehistoric ruin a few miles
west of Mesa Verde National Park in
Colorado. Reference is made also to the
Scott's Bluff National Monument recently
established on the "old Oregon trail."

This organization is appealing to the
public for financial support and its circular
contains a blank stating that the annual
membership fee is $3. The President is
Henry B. F. McFarland, of Washington,
D. C, and the Executive Secretary is
Robert Sterling Yard, Room 914, Union
Trust Building, Washington, D. C. This
is a most worth-while undertaking.

A WEATHER-VANE BIRD FEEDING-DEVICE INVENTED BY W. L. D. BEDELL, NEW
ARK, N. J. SUPPORTED BY A PIVOT IT SWINGS WHEN THE WIND BLOWS THE
BROAD TAIL.

SAVE THE REDWOODS LEAGUE

An organization with the above title,
with headquarters at 430 Library, Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley, has recently
come into active operation. The literature
states that the President is Franklin K.
Lane, and the Secretary-Treasurer, Robert
G. Sproul.

The objects of the organization and its
work are set forth as follows:

"The Save the Redwoods League was or-
ganized to assist in bringing about a better
and more general understanding of the
value of the primeval redwood forests of
America as natural objects of extraordi-
nary interest as well as of economic im-
portance, and for the purpose of bringing
into unity of action all interests concerned
with the movement to preserve such por-
tions of these forests as should be saved to
represent their fullest beauty and grandeur.

"The plans of the League involve:

136

Bird - Lore

(1) The securing of a belt of the finest red-
wood timber bordering the northern high-
way, in the hope that this area may become
a state park. (2) The obtaining of a con-
siderable body of the most typical primi-
tive redwood forest known, for the purpose
of a National Redwood Park."

To finance the work of the League an
active campaign has been undertaken to
enroll members with an annual fee of $2.
All communications should be addressed
to Mr. Sproul at the Berkeley address
given prewiously.

NEW LIFE MEMBERS
Enrolled from January 1 to March 1, 1920

Andrews, Col. James M.

barrie, Miss Marion

Barrie, Miss Muriel

bell, Mrs. Gordon

Hcnkard, J. Phillip

Norland, William G.

Brown, Geo. McKesson

brown, Miss Helen G.

Caldwell, R. J.

Cochran, G. D.

Cole, Mrs. Adelina A. (In Memoriam)

Connable, Mrs. John Lee

Deforest, H. W.

dekham, Charles

Fowler, A. A.

Crosvenor, Mrs. Rush Ami

Housman, Mrs. A. A.

Jewett, Wm. Kennon

Judd, Mrs. M. E.

Leland, Henry M .
Letts, John C.
McCluer, Wm. B.
Megargel, Roy C.
O'Neil, Mrs. George Francis
Proctor, Miss Emily Dutton
Proctor Free Library
Proctor, Redfield
Rea, Mrs. Henry R.
Rockefeller, William
Shoemaker, Mrs. J. F.
Silverman, Arthur
Smith, Mrs. R. Penn, Jr.
Sullivan, Miss M. Louise
Thomas, Miss Georgine II.
Wadsworth, W. M.
Whiting, Mrs. Samuel R.
Wood, Miss Juliana

NEW SUSTAINING MEMBERS
Enrolled from January 1 to March 1, 1920

Acheson, M. W., Jr.
Alexandre, W. L.
Anderson, Miss Katharine M.
Armstrong, J.I.
Barksdale, Mrs. H. M.
Bell, Miss M. k.
benedict, Mrs. Wm. L.
Bigelow, Mrs. bred II.
Blodgett, Miss Harriet M.
bolster, Richard L.
Borland, Mrs. John Jay
Boyle, Thomas L.
boylston, Miss Margery
Brayton, Miss ( laroline E.
Brill, Fred W.
brooks, Frederick
Brooks, Theodore
Brown, Mrs. J. M.
Brown, Mrs. James P.
Carpenter, M rs. E. M.
Carpenter, Hall B.
Carroll, Mrs. J. J.
Cams, Herman I Met rich
Cavaness, Miss Sallie
Chadsey, Miss Edith W.

Chandler, G. W.

Clark. Everetl

( llaypool, Mrs. < reorge L.

Clegg, Mrs. George R.
Cobb, Miss Clara A.
Conant, Miss Helen
Converse, Mrs. Henry C.
Crosby, Miss Clara Wode
Curtis, Mrs. John S.
Curtiss, Miss Sophia
Cushing, Mrs. Lexington
Cushman, M rs. S. !■'.
Dabney, Ceo. B.
Demmon, Mrs. Marcia B.
I Unison, J. H.
Dennett, Carl P.
Devens, Mrs. Elizabeth P.

I tester, Miss Katharine S.
Dodd, Mrs. Henry W.
I touring, Miss A. R.
I )owd, Joseph

I (resser, Miss C. I..

Drury, Miss Miriam

Dudley, Miss C. E.

I >ulaney, B. L.

Earl, Mrs. Elizabeth F.

baton, Miss Mary Josephine

Eby, Miss [rva

Edwards, Mrs. E. P.

I '.ells, D. P.

Ely, Gertrude

The Audubon Societies

i37

Ernst, Roger
Evans, Walter S.
Evans, W. Conrov
Fay, Mrs. D. B.
Fay, Mrs. W. B.
Fowler, Ralph N.
French, Mrs. James H.
Friedman, Mrs. Anna E.
Garcelon, Merrill
Gleim, Mrs. Amy L.
Goodrich, Mrs. A. B.
Gribbel, Mrs. John
Halsey, William A.
Hamlin, H. B.
Hixson, Mrs. H. R.
Hoadley, Miss Elizabeth N.
Housman, A. A.
Hull, Mrs. H. S.
Irish, Mrs. Linda
Jenner, Mrs. Edward
Johnston, John White
Kelsey, Virginia
Kendall, Miss Alice G.
Kietzinger, Mrs. Clara Wilson
LaDue, Harry J.
Leavenworth, Miss M.
Lewis, Dr. Richard H.
Loring, Augustus P., Jr.
McLean, Mrs. Nellie M.
Macpherson, Miss Elizabeth
Metcalf, Mrs. Wm„ Jr.
Miller, Miss Matilda
Monroe, Burt L.
Musselman, Guy N.
Newberry, Mrs. A. S.
Noyes, Richard K., Jr.
Papin, Edward V.
Papin, Miss Julia M.

Perkins, E. Stanley
Pickford, Horace R.
Pierce, Col. P. E.
Pillmore, Mrs. Mary
Prochaska, Joe. V.
Rand, Mrs. F. C.
Randolph, Mrs. E.
Reed, Franklin C.
Revel, Miss Friedericka E. J.
Rives, G. B.

Roberts, Miss Miriam \Y.
Robbins, Mrs. Geo. S.
Rockefeller, Miss Alice M.
Rollmann, Fred C.
Rounds, Mrs. E. H.
Runk, H. T. B.
Rushton, Mrs. Joseph A.
Sawyer, Mrs. John P.
Schoenthaler, Fred C.
Shove, Charles M.
Society Provencher d'Histoire
Stewardson, Miss M. M.
Sweetland, E. C.
Taylor, Miss Marcia I.
Thomas, Mrs. George C.
Tiemann, Mrs. Ella A.
Torrance, Mrs. Francis J.
Tracy, William S.
Tuttle, Horace N.
Upham, Mrs. Clara S.
Voigtlander, George
Weeks, Mrs. Frank
Weil, Mrs. Julius E.
Wells, Ben G.
Wells, Paul A.
Welsh, Charles N.
Woolston, Mrs. Joseph L.

CONTRIBUTIONS FOR EGRET PROTECTION
From October 20, 1919 to March 1, 1920

Balance unexpended $1,539 44

Ackley, Adeline E 3 00

Allen, Gertrude 10 00

Allen, M. Catherine 5 00

Ash, Mrs. Charles G 20 00

Auchmuty, Mrs. R. T 200 00

Ault, L. A 20 00

Babcock, Mrs. Perry H. . . . 5 00

Bainbridge, Mrs. M. H. . . . 5 00

Baldwin, S. P 10 00

Ball, Susan L 25 00

Bancroft, Wm. P 25 00

Barclay, Emily 5 00

Baruch, Bernard M 10 00

Beall, Mrs. LA 5 00

Berge, Marie T 1 00

Bignell, Mrs. Eme 1 00

"Bird-Lover" 5 00

Bonham, Elizabeth S 5 00

Bonham, Mrs. Horace .... 10 00

Brent, Mrs. Duncan Kenner . 2 00

Brock, Mrs. Robert C. H. . . 5 00

Brooks, S

Brown, Mrs. Addison . .
Burgess, E. Phillips . . .
Burnham, Mrs. Wm. . . .

Burt, Edith B

Busk, Fred T

Butler, Mrs. Paul ....

Button, Conyers

Carse, Harriet

Chahoon, Mrs. George, Jr.

Chase, Helen E

Christian, Elizabeth . . .
Christian, Mrs. M. H. . .

Christian, Susan

Clark, Mrs. Louise ....
Cockcroft, Elizabeth V. . .
Collins, Mrs. Charles Henry
Coolidge, T. Jefferson . .
Cotton, Elizabeth A. . . .
Cummings, Mrs. H. K. . .

Curie, Charles

Cutter, Ralph Ladd . . .

•5

5°

138

Bird - Lore

Dabney, Herbert $2 00

DeForest, Mrs. Robert \V. . . 5 00

de La Rive, Rachel 5 00

DeNormandie, James .... 5 00

Ducharme, Wm. H 50 00

Dusinberre, Mrs. Nancy B. . . 25 00

Eaton, Mary S 5 00

Emery, Georgia Hill 20 00

Emery, Georgiana 1 00

Emery, Louisa J 1 00

Emmons, Mrs. A. B 5 00

Emmons, Mrs. R. W.. 2d . . . 10 00

Evans, William B 4 00

Farwell, John V 50 00

Forbes, Mrs. M. J 5 00

Friedman, Mrs. Max 2 00

Fries, Emilie . 1 00

Frothingham, John W 35 00

Godeffroy, Mrs. E. H 10 00

Gould, Edwin 100 00

Griffin, Mrs. Solomon B. . . . 3 00

Hall, Mrs. F. A 5 00

Haskell, Helen P 2 00

Hopkins, Augusta D 3 00

Horr, Elizabeth 5 00

Horton, Miss F. E 2 00

Hoyt, Miss G. L 5 00

Hunnewell, H. S 50 00

Hunter, Anna F 25 00

Jones, Ella H 3 00

Jordan, A. H. B 20 00

Kerr, Mrs. T. B 1 00

Knowlton, Mrs. Myra R. . . . 3 00

Kuhn, Arthur K 5 00

Kuithan, Emil F 25 00

Lagowitz, Harriet L 1 00

Lewis, Edwin J., Jr 1 00

McConnell, Mrs. Annie B. .. . 50 00

Marrs, Mrs. Kingsmill .... 5 00

Martin, Mrs. Bradley .... 50 00

Mason, G. A 10 00

Mason, H. L., Jr 5 00

Merriman, Mrs. Daniel .... 25 00

Mills, Dr. Herbert R 5 00

Mitchell, Mrs. John (1 10 00

Montell, Mrs. F. M 2 50

Moore, Alfred 5 00

Mott, Miss Marian S5 00

Myers, Mrs. Harriet \V. ... 5 00

Nice, Mrs. Margaret M. . . . 3 00

Osborne, Arthur A 1 00

Paine, F. W 25 00

Parmelee, Robert M 10 00

Parsons, Mrs. J. D., Jr 100 00

Patton, Mrs. Margaret S. . . . 5 00

Peck, Mrs. E. S 1 00

Peters, Mrs. Edward M. . . . 5 00

Poole, Grace H 1 00

Rhoads, S. N 1 50

Richards, Mrs. L. S 5 00

Righter, William S 5 00

Robb, Mrs. Alexander .... 5 00

Rothermel, John J 1 00

Sexton, Mrs. Edward B. . . . 5 00

Shoemaker, Henry W 10 00

Simpson, Jean W 5 00

Smith, A. Marguerite .... 5 00

Smith, Charles E 3 00

Spachman, Emily S 2 00

Spalter, Mrs. F. B 15°

Sturgis, F. K 5 00

Thomas, Emily Hinds .... 10 00

Timmerman, Edith E 1 50

Tod, J. Kennedy 25 00

Toussaint, Mrs. L. H 2 00

Tower, Ellen M 5 00

Tower, Mrs. Kate D 1 00

Treat, Miss N. F 2 00

Vaillant, Mrs. G. H 3 00

Van Dyke, Dr. Tertius .... 5 00

Varicle, Ren6e 2 00

"Vermont" 5 00

Von Zedlitz, Mrs. Anna ... 2 00

Wallace, Mrs. Augusta H. . . 5 00

Webster, F. G 100 00

Weeks, Hon. John W 50 00

Whitney, Ellen P 1 00

Willcox, Miss M. A 10 00

Williams, Geo. F 5 00

Williams, Mrs. Sydney M. . . 2 00

Work, Mrs. A 25 00

Total $3,274 94

mt _*■*?

£-*-

YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER
Order — Pici Family — PiciD<e

Genus -Sphyrapicus Species — Varius Varius

National Association of Audubon Societies

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE

DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ op The Auduiion Societies

Vol. XXII May— June, 1920 No. 3

Spring Thunder

By H. E. TUTTLE, New Haven, Connecticut

THE Bluebird's song on a warm day in late February, or the scream of
the Red-shouldered Hawk, sailing in slow circles in the cloudless heights,
wakes a vague longing for spring's greenery and the smell of last year's
pine needles under a summer sun. I love the Bluebird's faltering lyrics and
exult in the Hawk's defiance. The rigors of a New England winter have
quickened the pleasures of anticipation.

But in April, from the birch thickets or along the stone wall of an abandoned
woodlot, comes a more thrilling summons. It throbs with exuberant energy,
beats out a stirring challenge to more sluggish hearts, and ends in a roar of
muffled thunder. This is the true song of the pulsing sap; here is the call to
more vigorous living. The Bluebird, and even the Red-shouldered Hawk, fly
south before the frosts have stripped the maples of their glorious liveries, but
the Ruffed Grouse is of stouter heart. They are but spring's harbingers; he is
the sturdy native that endures the winter's snows. Those who rise early on
spring mornings may hear the air tremble to the throbbing wing-beat of the
cock Partridge, and go their ways rejoicing for the inspiration of that impetuous
outburst.

If your path lies along some forgotten 'tote-road' where the leaves are soft
with last night's dew, you may steal upon the drummer unaware. Standing
stiffly on a log that has lain dead for generations, he watches from a screen of
friendly birches. Head up and crest erect, he is the embodiment of unceasing
vigilance. The jeering cry of a Blue Jay is not unworthy of his attention; the
sudden jump of a chipmunk among the damp leaves does not betray him into
revealing motion. Assured that the Blue Jay's note is innocent of warning, he
turns slowly about, shifting his feet uneasily, as if to obtain a better stance
on the log. Partially squatting to steady himself, his head thrust forward, his
tail spread into a horizontal fan, he takes a quick outward and downward
stroke with his wings. For a fraction of a second they hang limp at his sides,

140 Bird - Lore

flash out once more to beat the air three times in rapid succession, and are
stayed again while the bird draws himself erect, braces his tail across the log,
and seems to fling the whole force of his physical being into the next wing-
strokes, till the short, staccato thumps run together and reverberate in the
roar of the roll. While the madness of the moment is still on him, he rises on
tiptoe, his tail carried high, his ruffs spread, as if to challenge an unseen rival.
A moment after, his tail droops slowly and the ruff's subside.

From a hillside a quarter of a mile away there travels on the still air the
measured thumping of another Grouse, while from the shelter of a swamp,
even farther away, comes a half-heard pulsation, like a distant echo. It is a
mysterious and subtle summons.

If you have withstood all temptations to move hand or foot during the
interval of silent watchfulness that follows the drumming, you may see a repe-
tition of the performance, but seen or heard a hundred times, the mystery will
remain. It is white magic played in open sunshine.

Though the dawn receives the larger share of this martial music, the setting
sun is not without honor, and even the moon has power to wake in the Grouse
the desire to mount his log and beat the night air with his wings. It was on a
cold night in April that I lay on the ground in the moonlight and the mist,
about a hundred yards from a well-used drum-log, while a cock Grouse,
unmindful of the hour, drummed until just before the sun rose. A Whip-poor-
will sang, and I shivered under a single blanket, but in spite of the cold, or
because of it, the Grouse sent out his booming call at three-minute intervals,
like an inland fog-horn of the dripping woods.

I will confess to an absorbing fascination in the habits of this bird, and,
oftener than any note of Thrush or Warbler, the drum-beat of the Ruffed
Grouse has lured me from the trail, and led me, like a will-o'-the-wisp, upon
many a winding quest; for there is a ventriloqual quality to the drumming
that provokes curiosity as to its source and at the same time disarms pursuit.

You must be an adept at crawling if you would watch this bird at close
range, and even then fortune must favor you. By walking swiftly in his direc-
tion every time that the bird drums and by remaining motionless during the
interval of quiet, you may sometimes approach to within thirty yards, if the
cover be thick or an intervening ridge hide you from view. Whether you
succeed in creeping nearer depends upon the position in which the Grouse is
standing, the cover which you may utilize for your concealment, and your
capacity for remaining motionless in whatever intolerable position the cessa-
tion of the drumming may find you. On one occasion, by taking advantage of
two large stumps that lay between me and the log on which he was strutting,
I was able to crawl to within twenty feet of a cock Grouse, from which point of
vantage I watched him drum to my heart's content. At another time, at the
edge of a little alder swamp, where the ground was soggy and no tell-tale leaf
or dry twig betrayed my tortuous progress, I succeeded in reaching the upturned

•A QUICK OUTWARD AND DOWNWARD STROKE WITH THE WINGS'
Photographed by H. E. Tuttle

/I4I)

142

Bird - Lore

roots of a prostrate tree on the other side of which was the watchful Grouse.
I held my breath while I peered around the earthwork which clung to the roots
and discovered the tail-feathers of the drumming bird braced across the log,
scarcely ten inches from my nose !

The use of a denim blind makes crawling unnecessary, and from this shelter,
if you have set it up with caution and entered it before dawn, you may watch
the drumming with comparative comfort. I have often been grateful to the
naturalist who by this simple but effective method of concealment first beguiled
the birds in their innocency. Hidden from all espionage beneath its folds of
dappled green, I have watched the cock Grouse walk to his drum-log with
noisy footsteps, confident after an hour of stealthy reconnoitering that no
hostile eye intruded on his privacy. Here he felt safe to indulge his vanity
and preened each feather, disarranged by the abandon of his resounding wings.
To this log at the top of a second-growth ridge he repaired each morning while
the stars were yet bright above the tree tops, greeted the dawn with his thunder,
and stole away again before the sun was high.

The sounds of spring have each their haunting appeal, from the peeping of
the hylas to the Woodcock's eerie song among the stars, but for me the vibrant
drum-beat of the Ruffed Grouse, throbbing on the moist spring air, beckons
me to the wildness of the hills with a voice that will not be denied.

SHORT-EARED o\\ I.

Photographed by J. H. McClelland, Arnegard, North I'Aotj

Cedar Farm and Two Wrens

By ANNA ROGERS ROBERTS. Marietta. Ohio

CEDAR FARM is like, yet very unlike, other farms. The same hills,
the same creek, the same meadows, and the same dark green and vivid
yellow banks, the same ravines and wild life — yet different. An undefin-
able charm envelopes the quaint setting of house, lawn, and garden, of outlying
buildings, orchards, and pastures. The front of the house faces uphill, and the
red, red road may be seen like a long streamer trailed in the hands of an angry
child who jerks it here and there wantonly. The back of the house is turned
toward a large meadow; just beyond are the lumpish banks, the lazy water,
and the low hills. Enormous trees — elm, oak, beech, walnut, chestnut, and
mulberry — stand, sometimes singly, often in groups.

A birds' paradise is Cedar Farm, and right well they know it, for the
owners find in their daily care of the feathered folk the reward of their friend-
ship, faith, and yearly presence. The homemade devices for feeding and
watering the birds, which are seen in unexpected places, are usually crowded
in winter and not wholly abandoned in summer. The shy wanderers soon
learn that homes b tilt on Cedar Farm are safely rheltered.

So two Wrens found it, and here follows an account of their activities:

It was in April. Roads were miry, hillsides were sodden, meadows were
swampy, but each day the sun drew new, pungent odors from the soil, and a
green haze enveloped trees and vines.

My room in the large, comfortable farmhouse, was a clean, cool one, with
walls, ceilings, and floors of oak, homemade rugs, white muslin curtains over
small deep windows, and furniture of one or more generations ago. Prints of
famous pictures and photographs of noted places hung low in the alcoves, and
a set of shelves held books carefully selected by the five sisters who lived in
this questioning house, for it ever asked, "Won't you come in and rest?"
When the invitation was accepted, evidences of a culture only possible to those
in love with Nature were abundant.

I had had a long tramp the day before I met my Wrens. I found the spring
migration well advanced. Birds were busy exploring former homes and find-
ing sites for new ones. Not an unanswered mating call rang through the woods,
a call unchanged through the ages, yet warming the heart, as it sensed the
honest, reckless passion throbbing in every note.

I had retired early and slept late, and that, to Mrs. Jenny, was an unwise
thing to do on this wonderful spring morning. Open windows piqued her
curiosity, and, seeing no movement, she entered and perched herself on the
footboard of the bed on which I was lying. She flew to a small shelf enclosed
at both ends and vacant, but for a few bottles at one side. Carefully she
scrutinized every inch of this shelf, and then her bright eyes snapped decision.
Her impersonal air of yesterday became one of intense self-consciousness today.

(143)

144 Bird - Lore

With a dive out the window she went after Johnny, — and she got him! — brought
him in, not to investigate, but, after the manner of her sex, to show him the
location of their home and tell him to get busy! He approved, of course,
and the building began at once.

If human beings had the energy of Wrens, and it was all directed, as is a
Wren's, towards home-making, I wonder if a League of Nations would be
necessary.

It tired me to watch their furious activity. By night, the shelf was full of
sticks, strings, grasses, feathers iarge and small from the poultry-yard, — and
hair ! Their manner of procuring that hair was a wee bit like a nation seeing
a fine harbor or a stretch of land rich in minerals, saying, "I need that harbor,
or that land," and proceeds to take it whether the owner likes it or no. Jenny
grew bold as the day advanced and gathered material from the room for this
famous nest. Seeing a hair braid on the dresser, she tried to take it to the
nest. It was too heavy. She pulled separate hairs, got her feet tangled, fell
over the edge of the dresser in comical confusion, called the best she could
from her wrapping for Johnny, who came, but was terrified at the predicament
of his mate, and could do nothing but utter loud shrieks while Jenny rolled,
tugged, feebly flapped her strong wings until she extricated herself. Then,
womanlike, she made a dash at Johnny, hit him a powerful blow, and he fled —
but she did not. This man-made thing baffled and angered her, and she was
resolute to possess it. Back and forth she jerked it, this way and that, but the
hair held fast. She stood on it and pulled, fell over, attacked it again and
again, and her eyes grew vicious as she remembered how easily she had secured
the nice long sorrel and white hairs off fence-rails and thorn bushes. For half
an hour she stubbornly held to her task, and succeeded in breaking off a few
ends, leaving the braid on the floor much the worse for her encounter with it.

In a few days the small hole in the center of all this rubbish was rounded
and padded, and Mrs. Jenny became quiet long enough each morning to lay
a small, speckled egg, until seven were there, packed on end so close one could
not be moved without moving all. Then, the miracle. Her restless, quivering,
little body grew motionless with a great mother yearning as she hovered over
the chocolate-splotched eggs. This was Johnny's Great Opportunity, and he
met it squarely. Every hour of the day, inside the room, or nearby on a tree,
his song could be heard. His wliil-ly-ycr, whit-ty-yer } was a pathetic inquiry,
while the usually far-carrying trill was softened and anxious. There was an
elbow in the stovepipe in the room (for there were cool days occasionally),
and on this he would perch and sing. One morning he gave his concert from
the same pillow I was using.

Poets poetize over the devotion of the Cardinal to his beautiful mate. The
amorous Doves are the apotheosis of Romantic Affection, but Johnny Wren
is as ardent as either and as constant. Her nervous nature keeps her close to
the nest; his loyal love keeps him close to her.

Cedar Farm and Two Wrens 145

One morning he did not sing. There was a hurrying in and out the window,
and, peering close to the nest, I saw a bundle of bones, hairless and damp,
huge mouths and blind eyes! But how beautiful they were to Johnny and
Jenny ! A tax was levied on every bush that held a worm, and from dawn until
the evening insects shrilled their tiny horns, this tax was collected.

On a memorable day, seven helpless, sullen-mouthed, heavy-eyed birds sat
on the floor, pictures, chair, bed, anywhere, while father and mother called,
coaxed, and threatened them to try their wings and come to the garden. It
took two hours to get them out in the plum tree. One by one they flew, hopped,
and crept to the garden — and I saw them no more !

Two weeks later I found Mrs. Jenny investigating a school desk on the
south porch. A repetition of the same homely drama followed: Johnny liked
it perforce, the nest was built, the eggs laid, but someone unfortunately touched
them and this new home was abandoned.

A few days later I saw Mrs. Jenny dash impetuously into the wash-house
and followed her. An empty paint-bucket, hung near the door, was her choice
this time, and its brown wrinkled interior was cleverly concealed by the huge
nest. Once more were the mystic seven eggs laid, close together, and once
more was the old, old tragedy enacted — for birth is a tragedy. Not only were
worms plentiful, for it was July now, but also the small, luscious fruits of the
garden were abundant. For days I watched this little family grow. Jenny
knew which one had been fed last, and if it thrust its long, thin neck and yel-
low mouth up too high, she would chastise it with a stroke of her bill that I
know must have hurt. The day she made them leave the nest, I tried to help,
but succeeded only in scaring and scattering them. An hour or so after I left
them, the friendly plum tree held them and then the garden ! Snakes and Hawks
were in that garden, and I tried not to think of those fourteen baby Wrens
that had gone to live in it.

Evidently Mrs. Jenny believed in the husband looking after the children,
for shortly after she was endeavoring to reach her first nest through the window,
but it was screened now and she had recourse to the paint-bucket. This time
only four eggs, four birds, the handy plum tree, the garden that drew them
like an octopus, and her season's work was done, for autumn's yellow sere had
fallen on the meadows, banks, ravines, and hills. Eighteen little Wrens were
mothered by this tiny bird in one summer. She knew the number when they
left the nest. But did she remember when they reached the garden? She is a
rebuke to those who believe race suicide beneficial, and Johnny lives true to
the tradition of the patriarchal father at the head of the tribe.

TWO PORTRAITS OF A SITTING WOODCOCK

In the upper picture the camera was within \6 inches of the bird, which, however, showed no alarr

Photographed bj Ward B Perley, Ji , Ojibway, Ont.

(14ft)

Some Robins' Nests

By WILBUR F. SMITH, South Norwalk, Conn.
With Photographs by the Author.

had

A ROBIN'S NEST ON A

the persons interested, and
correct, that the leaven of
a description of these nests
becomes worth while.

One nest was built on
the hub of a farm wagon left
for awhile in the orchard.
When the owner went to
use the wagon he found
four eggs in the nest, and
he borrowed a neighbor's
wagon until the young had
flown.

* Another Robin built a
nest on the smoke-pipe
where it came through the
back of a building. It, too,
had eggs in it when found,
and to make a fire in the
stove meant destroying the
eggs, so the owner built a
shelf against the building
and moved the nest to it,
where it was occupied by

FRIEND who

visited Gardiner's
Island told me of
the remarkable tameness of
the birds nesting there,
which he claimed was due
to the long years of protec-
tion they had had on the
island. Some Robins, whose
nests I have studied in the
past few years, show an equal
confidence and tameness on
the part of the birds, and a
care and consideration for
their safety on the part of
t would seem that if my friend's deductions are
bird-protection is working in Connecticut, when

WHEEL-HUB

A ROBIN'S NEST ON A SMOKE-PIPE WITH THE
SHELF TO WHICH IT WAS MOVED

(147)

148

Bird- Lore

the birds. This nest was built of the fine sprays of hemlock, showing the
effect of environment upon the nest material.

There must have been a sociable trait in the pair of Robins that built on
the support to the roof over the station platform at Wilton, Conn. The
hurrying passengers and the thundering trains did not disturb the sitting bird
in the least. One could see her tail over the edge of the nest when on the
platform.

It seems sure that birds come to know certain people, or to lose their fear
instinct when these people are about their regular duties. How else can one

BLACKSMITH SHOP WIIKRK A PAIR OF ROBINS RAISED THEIR FAMILY WITHIN

RANGE OF THE SPARKS FROM 1 'HE WYI1,

Note the missing window pane, removed to permit the birds to enter when the <l"<>r «.i< closed

interpret the actions of a pair of Robins that built their nest over the door ol
the Bahgall school. The teacher could stand on the porch and ring the hand-
hell and the children pass in and out through the door many times a day with-
out the birds leaving the nest, but they resented my simply standing and
looking, and as for taking a photograph, it senl the old birds into a frenzy.
Strangei' still was the fancy of a pair of Robins that built their not inside
of Seymour's blacksmith shop on sonic iron used to re-tire wheels, and within
eight feet of the anvil before which the blacksmith worked most of the daw
The noise of pounding on iron, living sparks, and kicking horses while being
shod all was accepted and her eggs hah hcd and young raised. Let a stranger

Some Robins' Nests

149

RAILROAD YARD WHERE A ROBIN'S XEST WAS
MOVED THREE TIMES

enter the shop and she would leave at once, and from a perch on an old wagon-
wheel or a nearby tree, protest against his presence.
The kindly blacksmith,

by taking out a glass from

the window on the side of

the shop, enabled the old

birds to pass in and out

through this opening when

the shop door was closed.
But these examples of

the birds' confidence in

man and man's kindly

interest in the birds' wel-
fare are dwarfed by the

history of a pair of Robins

that built their nest on the

under side of an oil-tank

car standing near the center

of the busy yards of the

Standard Oil Company's plant at South Norwalk, last June. The nest was

known and watched by the workmen and six eggs were laid — an unusual

number — before the car was filled
with oil and ready to be started
out on the road.

The foreman, not without some
misgivings, removed the nest while
the switch engine took away the
car and shunted another tank car
as near as he could to the place.
The nest was carefully placed in
the same relative position on the
new car and the birds returned at
once. This car, too, left the yards,
and a third car, to which the nest
had been transferred, was also
billed to leave. The foreman was
puzzled to know what to do as
there were now four half-grown
birds in the nest.

A happy thought came to him
when he built an open box and

ROBIN FEEDING YOUNG IN THE STANDARD naiIed it t() one of the poS tS of the
OIL COMPANY'S YARD AFTER ITS NEST . , , , , • -,,•

had been moved three times platform used by the men in filling

i5o

Bird - Lore

the tank cars, and put nest and young in the box, now thirty feet from its
first location. Here they finished housekeeping, and at the time the picture
was taken, showing the female feeding the young, the switch engine was at
work removing and replacing cars and the whole aspect of the yard changed.
Over and under new and old cars, past hurrying workmen, the old birds kept
at work as though a railroad yard was as quiet and safe as a forest glade.

And, in passing, it might be mentioned that all the men in the yard were
keenly and sympathetically interested in this bird's nest, and had anyone
disturbed it, there would have been 'something doing,' with brawny arms
to back it up.

All of which seems to show that the spirit of bird-protection is taking hold
of the people, and, where once it has rooted, that place is a pretty safe one
for the wild birds to call home.

CRESTED FLYCATCHER ABOUT m FEED mum,
Photographed by Jesse L. Smith, Highland IVirk, III. July », toi8

A Much-used Robin's Nest

By A. D. DuBOIS, Chicaeo. 111.

N the fall of igog we moved into an
old frame house and I established
my 'den' on the second floor. The
room had two windows. Near one of
them, at the corner of the building, was
a down-spout for conducting rain-water
from the roof. At the offset in this
conductor pipe, saddled securely on the
elbow against the house, was an old
Robin's nest, well sheltered from rain
by the projecting eaves.

The following spring, on April 24,
we watched a Robin gathering material
for repairs, and the next day saw her
sitting on this nest under the eaves. On
the 26th, at 7 a.m., an examination, by
means of a mirror, disclosed one egg in
the nest. The second egg was deposited
during the same morning, the third dur-
ing the latter part of the morning of the
27 th, and the fourth on the morning of the
28th. During the intervals of laying, the
bird spent a part of her time on the nest
but was frequently observed in the horse-
chestnut tree just opposite the window.
On the afternoon of May 15 there were four young Robins in this nest,
and the female was bringing them worms. By the 23d the young were large
and well feathered and their father was in full fighting trim. When I went to
the open window to look out at the nest, he dashed at my head, striking me a
sharp blow on the forehead.

The young left the nest on May 24, twenty-six days after the last egg was
deposited, and were at once able to fly. It was the last that we expected to see
of the Robin family, and we left them to feed in the garden or on the lawn.
The next spring, under date of April 15, our journal relates that a Robin
flew up and sat on the nest under the eaves. Again, on the 21st, the bird was
seen to fly to the nest and, the next morning, while sitting at my desk, I saw
a Robin gather mud, across the street, and fly with it to the eaves nest. At
8 a.m. on the 24th she was sitting on the nest, and when she left, at 8.30, the
nest contained one egg. The fourth and last egg of this set was deposited
during the morning of the 26th.

(151)

THE MUCH-USED NEST AND ITS
HUNGRY OCCUPANTS

152

Bird - Lore

The four young were hatched in the night of May 8 and 9, one of the egg-
shells being yet in the nest at 6.30 in the morning. The period of incubation
had been thirteen days.

By the middle of May the nestlings had grown until they filled the nest,
and the parents were showing their fighting blood by attacking us fiercely
whenever we ventured to put our heads out of the window. On the 17th both
windows were open. I had been standing at one of them, looking out, and had

ttl Ik

• t • * ■ • ^

'-jfVt'v*

v # ••!%H.

2J^

r *^k* *w

W^^dCPA

^^> f^A 1*«^ \ 9k

THE LOOKOUT IN THE HORSE-CHESTNUT TREE

withdrawn into the room, when the female bird made a surprise attack. She
dashed into the mom through one of the windows, grabbed viciously at my
scalp with her claws, completed her invasion with a circle around the room,
and then flew out through the other window. I was so startled by the sharp
pain and the suddenness of the onslaught that I failed to make note of further
details, bul I believe the attack was a strictly silenl one as I cannot recall
any vocal sound.

On May 22, twenty-seven days after the complement of egg- had been
deposited, the young were out of the nest and one of them was sitting in the

A Much-used Robin's Nest 153

hawthorn bush under the window. The remainder of the training of this
family must have been very intensive, for our journal under date of June 24
exhibits the following entry: "The Robins are nesting again in the old nest
on the down-spout by the study window; the female is sitting on four eggs."
Our first intimation was the conduct of the male; and if we ever doubted that
these birds were the same as before, the doubt was soon dispelled by his
characteristic 'personality.' When I came to the window, as he sat in the
opposite tree, he showed his displeasure in his accustomed way, snapping his
bill and bowing his head with a profound and challenging courtesy. His mate
also exhibited the same peculiar actions as before. The attitude of both birds
was that of the over-zealous owner who has always held possession, undisputed,
and will tolerate no intrusion. They tried to drive an English Sparrow from
the chestnut tree. The Sparrow darted about among the branches with the
tenacity characteristic of his breed, and with admirable agility, but the Robin,
in hot pursuit, with snapping bill, eventually drove him from the premises.

A few days later we left for a vacation. When we returned temporarily on
June 28, the eggs had not hatched, but by July 8 there were half-grown young
in the nest. At that time we photographed the 'fighting female' in her tree
opposite the study window. The young left the nest on July 17, but their
father was still snapping his bill at us on the following day.

Before the return of another nesting season we had moved away, but we
made inquiry, by letter, of the owner of the house, who knew of the old nest
and our interest in it. The following was received in reply:

"Ithaca, X . Y., Aug. 20, 1912.

"Mr. L. fomarded your letter to me from New York, not having observed
the birds' nest, which is still there and has had two broods this summer, one
before I came home and one a few weeks ago.''

The subsequent history of the militant Robins and their much-used nest
has not been recorded; and as to its 'prehistoric' origin and occupation, you
can guess as w T ell as we. Of this much, however, we are certain: The same
nest, with slight repairs, served for at least six broods of Robins.

Photographed by Verdi liurlch, Branchport, N. Y,

Photographed by Arthur A. Jeffrey, Maryville, Mi
TWO FOX SPARROW PHOTOGRAPHS

(i 54)

The Way of the Wren

By KATRINE BLACKINTON, Blackinton, Mass.

HE made his stage-entrance last spring at the garden-u ,ner of the
house. While transplanting some perennials, my eye caught a cin-
namon streak darting into the eaves-pipe, simultaneous with a shiver-
bubble or two of an unmistakable ,/ren song. Down went watering-pot and
trowel, for here was promise of s mething worth while. Could it be that a
house-hunt was in progress? Sud lenly, out hobbled the brown streak from
the eaves-pipe, with a particle of silt in his bill which he deposited into the
ether, much as a bustling housewife would snap her duster, and darted in
again, repeating the performance until a thorough job was made of it. The
tin gutter under the eaves also received his attention. I could hear him
scuttling along the gutter-floor an 1 see him appear by flashes at the edge upon
occasion of depositing overboard a particle of silt. Soon the apple tree over
my head caught this cinnamon meteor, and there ensued such an outpour of
effervescent shivering bubbles that I couldn't but suppose that just the house
he had been looking for had been found and there only remained the question
of his wife's approval.

It was with some surprise, then, that the following day I saw the same scene
being enacted on the eaves and gutters of the barn — the same scene with a
drama attached.

A pair of English Sparrows had established themselves in a hole under the
eaves at the east gable of the barn, and had a family of five lusty Britishers
just launched into this troublesome world. When the sanitary inspector
reached the east gable, I was somewhat taken back by seeing him shoot into
this Englishman's castle without as much as by your leave (a truly Prussian
performance, now, wasn't it?), only to bob out again with a white feather in
his bill ! The peeping protests of the youngsters strengthened my belief that
their warm bed was being removed by this hustling aggressor. His manner in
ejecting the feathers said "Dear me ! it will be war to the death until I teach
these birds to keep clean!" The hole swallowed him again, and again a thin,
piping chorus of protests, and another feather took its rudderless course to
earth. The third time the feather was carried to a nearby apple tree where it
was carelessly released amid an intensive outpouring of Wren free-speech
directed to any it might concern. At this point Madame Sparrow, who had
evidently been viewing this offensive intrusion at a safe distance, entered her
home with a morsel in her bill and concern in her manner. Now the drama
was in full swing! Back flew the Wren, sure enough, to the Sparrow entrance,
with all his importance and »th power initiative, but, instead of dashing in,
he suddenly right-about-faced and the apple tree caught him again. While he
was explaining, in true Ludendorf style, to a solemn Bluebird pair, who weren't
in the least interested, that his retreat was entirely on strategic lines, my eye

(i5S)

156 Bird - Lore

caught the owner of the castle standing on the corner of the gutter facing his
front door, challenge in every line of him. Right here, at this vital juncture of
the drama, I had to leave the scene of action. I was gone about two hours,
and, upon my return, I found the sod under the Englishman's castle white
with feathers, and, could it be, — yes, there actually was a newly hatched dead
Sparrow, pitched out during the fight that must have ensued. If I had not
heard the aggressive voice proclaiming victory from a nearby tree I would
have been worried for fear an awful justice had overtaken him, but I must
say his tone was reassuring in the extreme.

Not knowing the way of Wrens, I interpreted this anti-British campaign
as expressing the fact that he had centered his desire for a house on the English-
man's property, and at once enlisted my services in his behalf. A man scaled
a ladder and evicted this budding, though browbeaten family in the most
radical fashion. The apartment was then thoroughly hosed out and a new
doorway erected through which only a Wren might pass. Now, will you believe
me when I tell you that that fickle, erratic housebreaker showed not the
slightest interest in that establishment from that time on? Every time I
heard his tea-kettle song in the orchard, I hied me forth to see what his next
move would be. Where was Mrs. Wren? Was he a bachelor or widower
(grass or plain)? I was obsessed by that Wren and his business, as was my
neighbor and friend whose garden joins mine. She reported one day that he
had visited her mother as she sat in the open window facing the veranda, had
lighted on the back of a chair, raised his head, lowered his tail, and given a
perfect demonstration of how the tea-kettle sang to the Cricket on the Hearth.
Of course we speculated every day as to where that bird who didn't know his
own mind two minutes together would build.

When my patience was nearly exhausted, it dawned on my intelligence that
the Packard Chickadee house on the black walnut tree at the edge of my
garden, and only a step from my neighbor's, was displaying a Wren name-
plate in the shape of a stout twig placed in the doorway to bar all intruders.
Wild excitement in the garden! What a chance to study the nest and the
young birds! We saw two Wrens going in with food in their bills and heard
the me! me! chorus that day and the day after, and the day after that we
found the house deserted by a family big enough to fly away in the early hours.
There we were, intrigued, baffled, and cheated by that little play-actor. Will
anyone take exception when I say the way of the Wren is deep?

j^ote£ from iftelb anb J>tubp

Bird-Banding Work Being Taken Over
by the Biological Survey

The Bureau of Biological Survey, at
Washington, I). C, has taken over the
work formerly carried on under the aus-
pices of the Linnaean Society of New York
by the American Bird-Banding Associa-
tion. In taking over this work, the Bureau
feels that it should express the debt that
students of ornithology in this country owe
to Howard H. Cleaves for the devotion and
success with which he has conducted this
investigation up to a point where it has
outgrown the possibilities of his personal
supervision.

Under plans now being formulated, this
work will give a great amount of invaluable
information concerning the migration and
distribution of North American birds,
which will be of direct service in the ad-
ministration of the Migratory Bird Treaty
Act, as well as of much general scientific
interest.

It is desired to develop this work along
two principal lines: First, the trapping
and banding of waterfowl, especially Ducks
and Geese, on both their breeding and
winter grounds; and, secondly, the syste-
matic trapping of land-birds as initiated
by S. Prentiss Baldwin, the early results
of which have been published by him in
the Pro