FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
PUBLICATION 308
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
VOLUME XIX
THE BIRDS OF CHILE
BY
CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS
WILFRED H. OSGOOD
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
EDITOR
CHICAGO, U. S. A.
JUNE 13, 1932 .,
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
PUBLICATION 308
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VOLUME XIX
THE BIRDS OF CHILE
BY
CHARLES E. HELLMAYR
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS
WILFRED H. OSGOOD
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
EDITOR
CHICAGO, U. S. A.
JUNE 13, 1932
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction 5
Historical Sketch of Chilean Ornithology 6
Expedition of Field Museum 12
General Physiography of Chile 18
Climatic Conditions, Rainfall, and Distribution of Forests 19
The Life Zones of Chile 21
Geographical Variation in Chilean Birds 23
Bird Migration in Chile 25
Distributional Last of the Birds of Chile 26
Ornithological Bibliography of Chile 429
Index.. . 459
THE BIRDS OF CHILE
INTRODUCTION
When the collections of the Marshall Field Chilean Expedition
of 1922-24 began to reach the Museum, it was my intention to
prepare merely an account of the species contained therein, but with
the progress of my studies I could not fail to realize how little was
actually known regarding the exact distribution of the birds of Chile
in spite of the fact that this country had attracted the attention of
naturalists at a much earlier period than any of the other South
American republics. Therefore, it was decided to give the work a
wider scope by incorporating all the available information on Chilean
ornithology, unusually scattered through numerous books and serials.
In setting some limits to the area covered by this memoir, I have
been guided partly by political boundaries, partly by faunal divisions.
The ultimate settlement of the long-disputed question of the northern
boundary has resulted in the division of Tacna Province between
Peru and Chile, but the new frontier, having no faunal significance,
could not possibly be accepted as a basis for delimiting the area in
the north, and it has been deemed convenient to include the whole
province of Tacna. In the south, the forty-eighth degree of southern
latitude, which very nearly coincides with the southern limit of the
"Valdivian" forest, is taken as the dividing line, the country beyond
being, according to the meager data at hand, unquestionably Pata-
gonian in its faunal affinities. To the eastward, the only practicable
course was to follow the political boundary between Chile and
Argentina, which roughly corresponds to the crest of the main
Cordilleran chain except in the extreme south, where the Chilean
territory stretches to a considerable extent down the eastern slope
of the Andes.
Chile, as understood in the present paper, thus comprises the
area between 18° and 48° S. lat., extending from the summit of the
Andes to the seacoast. Every species recorded from this area has
been listed regardless of whether or not it is represented in Field
Museum. I have, however, omitted the purely oceanic birds (petrels
and albatrosses) with the exception of a few which by reason of the
mode of their occurrence seemed to deserve a place among the
Chilean land birds. While the material in Field Museum naturally
formed the principal basis of this paper, the greater part of Chilean
birds preserved in other institutions has likewise passed through my
hands. Several trips to Europe enabled me to examine a good many
6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
critical species and types in the collections of the British Museum
(Natural History), the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle at
Paris, the Zoological Museum at Berlin, the Senckenbergian Natural
History Museum at Frankfort, the Zoologische Staatssammlung at
Munich, and the Naturhistorisches Museum at Vienna. Frequent
loans from the principal museums in the United States have also
supplied much pertinent material.
For favors extended during the preparation of the report my
thanks are due to Mr. Outram Bangs, M. Jacques Berlioz, Mr. D. S.
Bullock, Professor E. Bourdelle, Dr. Frank M. Chapman, Mr. H. B.
Conover, Mr. August Hemprich, Mr. N. B. Kinnear, Professor F.
Lataste, Professor A. Laubmann, Dr. Percy R. Lowe, Dr. R. Mertens,
Dr. C. W. Richmond, Mr. C. Rogers, Lord Rothschild, Dr. E.
Stresemann, Mr. W. E. C. Todd, and Dr. A. Wetmore. To my
colleague, Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, I am indebted for kindly comparing
certain specimens with types in the Museo Nacional at Santiago.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF CHILEAN ORNITHOLOGY
Our earliest knowledge concerning the bird-life of Chile dates
from the latter part of the eighteenth century, when the Jesuit
Father Juan Ignacio Molina, a native of the province of Maule, in
his "Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chile," first published at
Bologna in 1782, treated of thirty-three species found in that country,
of which twenty-three, including the genus Phytotoma, were described
as new. The descriptions are none too full and in some cases even
utterly unidentifiable, doubtless owing to the fact that Molina,
having been forced to leave his country, compiled their account
from memory or incomplete notes. The species described by him
were critically reviewed by R. A. Philippi and more recently
by Deautier and Steullet. It is rather strange that no reference is
made in his writings to the family Pteroptochidae, which forms such
a striking feature among the birds of Chile.
The next contribution to Chilean ornithology is due to the
naturalists of the French corvette "La Coquille," R. P. Lesson and
P. Garnot, who from January 23 to February 13, 1823, explored the
shores of Conception Bay, and described a number of new birds
from that region.
A few years later, in March and April, 1827, F. H. von Kittlitz,
naturalist aboard the Russian vessel "Seniavin" under the command
of Captain Lutke, visited Chile, working in the vicinity of La Con-
cepcion and Valparaiso, and to him we owe the discovery of various
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 7
characteristic species of the Chilean fauna, including four representa-
tives of the Pteroptochidae.
At the same time, during the years 1827 and 1828, Eduard
Poeppig also traveled in Chile. Being primarily interested in botany,
this distinguished naturalist, beyond describing a new duck (Mareca
sibilatrix), contributed but little to ornithology, though he was the
first to tell us something about the bird-life of the Andean districts
in Aconcagua and Biobio.
Captain Parker King, commander of the surveying vessel
"Adventure," while chiefly concerned with exploration of the Straits
of Magellan, collected a few birds within the limits covered by the
present paper, at Port Otway and on Chilo£ Island, his most note-
worthy find being a new tapacola (Pteroptochos tarnii).
Aldde d'Orbigny, in the course of his extensive South American
journey in the years 1826 to 1832, did some collecting in the vicinity
of Valparaiso and at Cobija, and then proceeded north to Arica,
whence, by way of Tacna, Palca, and Tacora Pass, he crossed over
the Andes into Bolivia. The results of d'Orbigny's researches were
laid down in a preliminary "Synopsis" published jointly with A. de
Lafresnaye, containing diagnoses of nine new species from northern
Chile. Subsequently, the explorer gave a more comprehensive
account of the ornithological collections with notes on habits and
distribution in the fourth volume of his "Voyage dans TAme'rique
MeYidionale." D'Orbigny was the first to supply information on
the bird-life of the northern provinces and, for many years, remained
the only authority for this part of the republic.
Chilean ornithology gained very little advancement from the
voyages round the world of the Russian sloop "Predpriatie," the
French corvette "La Favorite," and the British ship the "Blonde,"
though a few (actual or supposed) novelties obtained on these
occasions were made known to science byEschscholtz, Gervais, Eydoux
and Gervais, Jardine and Selby, and J. E. Gray.
Much more important were the results of the voyage of the
"Beagle" (1832-36), in which Charles Darwin took part as naturalist.
The expedition stopped at various ports between Chilo6 Island and
Copiapo, and, besides discovering several new species described by
John Gould, gathered many data on the distribution of Chilean
birds.
F. J. F. Meyen, who, in 1834, published an account of the birds
obtained on a trip round the world, recorded and described sundry
8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
species from Copiapo and various localities in the central provinces,
including three from the Puna Zone of Santiago (Volcan de Maipo).
William Swainson, between 1832 and 1838, published descriptions
of half-a-dozen Chilean birds. All are credited to W. Hooker's
collection, but nothing is known of the source whence they came.
Between 1831 and 1844, R. P. Lesson made numerous contri-
butions to Chilean ornithology, describing various new species from
specimens sent by Claudio Gay or by his brother Adolphe Lesson,
surgeon of the brig "La Pylade," and others again from the private
collection of Dr. Abeille", of Bordeaux. A number of Chilean species
are also included in his report on the birds secured by Busseuil
during the voyage of "La Thesis" and "L'Esperance" in 1824
to 1826.
Titian R. Peak, the naturalist of the United States Exploring
Expedition during the years 1838 to 1842 under the command of
Captain Charles Wilkes, lists some birds from Valparaiso. The
supposed novelties prove, without exception, to have been described
previously.
Thomas Bridges made considerable collections in Chile in the
early forties. According to his own report, he worked chiefly in
Colchagua, between 34° and 35° S. lat., exploring that province up
to the edge of the snow, though he must also have visited other
parts of central Chile, as the lowlands of Valparaiso, localities in that
section being referred to by Fraser in his final account of Bridges's
collections. On his second trip to South America, Bridges landed
at Cobija, Antofagasta, and by way of Calama and Tapaquilcha
Pass reached the Bolivian highlands.1 The collections made in
Chile, Bolivia, and on an excursion to Mendoza were mixed up by
his London agent H. Cuming, an unfortunate mishap that led to
numerous erroneous records.2
Another period was inaugurated by Claudio Gay, who may justly
be called the father of Chilean natural history. This energetic scientist
spent twelve years (1830-42) in the country, founded the Museo
Nacional at Santiago, and incorporated the results of his researches in
the "Historia fisica y politica de Chile," of which eight volumes are
devoted to zoology. The ornithological portion, published in 1847,
was entrusted to 0. des Murs, who was responsible for classification
*Cf. P. Z. S. Lend., 14, pp. 7-9, 1846; 15, p. 28, 1847.
2 A complete set of Bridges's birds was acquired by Lord Derby and is now in
the Free Public Museum at Liverpool. A smaller number passed into the British
Museum. Specimens which we have seen in the latter institution bear no other
locality than "Chile," and are, therefore, of little value other than historical.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 9
and technical descriptions, while Gay merely contributed notes on
distribution and habits. The author obviously was not very familiar
with the subject, as he admitted many species without good reasons,
entered some twice or three times under different names, and mis-
identified others. As a whole, Des Murs's volume is rather unsatis-
factory and cannot be taken as a trustworthy basis. Gay appears
to have traveled a good deal, the extreme points mentioned in his
book being Chiloe" and Copiapo. His most important discoveries
were two seed-snipes, Attagis gayi and Thinocorus orbignyanus, and
the remarkable spine-tail, Sylviorthorhynchus desmurii. The greater
part of his collections has been deposited in the Paris Museum.
Professor Behn, of the University of Kiel, landed at Cobija on
February 23, 1847, stopped at Calama from February 27 to March 1,
reached Ascotan on March 5, Tapaquilcha on March 6, and then
proceeded to Potosi, Bolivia. His collection, which includes a small
number of birds from Antofagasta, is now in the Berlin Museum.
The United States Naval AstronomicalExpedition under Lieutenant
J. M. Gilliss, between 1849 and 1852, crossed the Andes several times
from Santiago to Mendoza and vice versa. The collections were
worked out by Cassin.
Ernst von Bibra, in 1853, reported on the results of a six months'
trip to Chile, and gave a list of the species obtained during his travels.
The points visited were the Bay of Corral in Valdivia, Valparaiso,
Santiago, and the Cordillera of Santiago.
In the late fifties, the Austrian frigate "Novara" called at Val-
paraiso. Birds were collected by the naturalists of the expedition,
G. von Frauenfeld and J. Zelebor, and additional material was secured
from two local ornithologists, C. Segeth and Ph. Germain. Pelzeln
gave a detailed account of the collections which, however, did
not materially add to our knowledge of Chilean birds.
With the arrival of L/adwig Landbeck (1852) and R. A. Philippi
(1853) Chilean ornithology entered into another phase, which we
may aptly call the scientific period. In a series of elaborate papers,
these authors dealt with various groups, discussing the characters
of the different species, their plumages, distribution, migratory move-
ments, and habits. Although hampered by lack of literature and
comparative material from other parts of the neotropical region,
which caused them to consider certain previously described species
as heretofore unknown, Philippi and Landbeck greatly advanced
our knowledge of Chilean birds by their careful monographic studies,
among which those on the genera Muscisaxicola, "Certhilauda"
10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
[ =Geositta], Fulica, and "Bernicla" [=Chloephaga] deserve particular
notice. In addition to these exhaustive essays, they also described,
either jointly or separately, many new species, including a number
of Puna Zone birds from the Cordillera of Tacna contained in a
collection bequeathed to the National Museum of Santiago by the
late Senor Frobeen, of Arica. Landbeck1 appears to have had a
prominent share in the compilation of these various papers which,
in style and expression, reveal unmistakable evidence of his able
pen. In the "Zoologischer Garten" for 1877, he presented us with
an account of the song-birds of his adopted country, which ranks
among the very best that has been written on the life-history of
Chilean birds.
G. Hartlaub, in 1853, offered critical remarks on a collection from
Valdivia received through Philippi, and was followed by E. vonBoeck,
who wrote on the birds of the same district from a faunal point of
view.
R. 0. Cunningham, naturalist of the surveying vessel "Nassau"
during 1866 to 1869, obtained sundry specimens on Chilo6 and at
Coquimbo, which were reported upon by Sclater and Salvin.
Two residents of Chile, Edwyn C. Reed and Friedrich Leybold
(a native of Bozen, Tyrol) made ornithological collections, mostly
in the central provinces and on Juan Fernandez, which, for the
greater part, have been acquired by the British Museum and the
Munich Museum. Leybold added a new humming bird, Rhodopis
vesper atacamensis, to the Chilean fauna, while Reed contributed to
literature an important paper on the birds of Colchagua.
Neither the collections of Dr. Coppinger during the cruise of the
"Alert" nor those of the "Challenger" expedition yielded much new
information beyond a few records from points on the coast, and the
same may be said of the material gathered by Captain A. H. Markham
of the SS. "Triumph," of which Salvin published an annotated list.
Noteworthy progress in the exploration of the somewhat neglected
northern provinces was achieved through two expeditions to Tara-
paca, in both of which Carlos Rahmer, subdirector of the Museo
Nacional of Santiago, took part. The first of these expeditions,
sponsored by the Chilean government, left Copiapo on December 27,
1884, and reached Antofagasta de la Sierra (now belonging to the
Argentine department of Los Andes) on January 16, 1885, whence
JA sketch of the life and scientific activity of this excellent ornithologist is
riven by W. Bacmeister in Jahreshefte Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. in Wiirttemberg, 70,
pp. XXX-XLVI, 1914.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 11
the party traversed the provinces of Antofagasta and Tarapaca in a
northward direction, descending via Pica to Iquique. A nominal
list of the birds collected on the trip, the itinerary of which was
described by F. Philippi, has been published by R. A. Philippi.
Early in 1886, Rahmer, on behalf of Mr. H. Berkeley James,
returned to the Cordillera of Tarapaca. The collection of birds
was studied by P. L. Sclater and contained a strikingly distinct new
species of flamingo.
Fernand Lataste, the distinguished French zoologist, while pro-
fessor at the Medical School of Santiago (1889-96), on numerous
excursions in the central provinces (Valparaiso, Santiago, Colchagua,
Curico, Maule, Nuble) gathered considerable collections, upon which
he wrote a series of well-annotated articles in the "Actes de la Socie"t£
Scientifique du Chile." It is much to be regretted that various
adverse circumstances prevented M. Lataste from extending his
researches into other parts of the country. Series of his specimens
have been distributed to the British Museum and the Paris Museum,
while a set of duplicates was presented by him to the Linnean Society
of Bordeaux.
The United States Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross," in
1887-88, forwarded a small number of birds from Port Otway to the
United States National Museum, which were listed by R. Ridgway.
Ambrose Lane, in the interests of Mr. H. Berkeley James, went
to Chile in December, 1889, for the purpose of ornithological collect-
ing, which he kept up for about a year, until the outbreak of a revolu-
tion forced him to leave the country. He first worked in Santiago
Province, then undertook a trip to Tarapaca, and finally explored
Arauco and Valdivia. P. L. Sclater reported on the collection from
Tarapaca, while Lane himself published valuable field-notes on
124 species met with during his travels.
Ludmg Plate, a German zoologist, visited Chile and the Straits
of Magellan from 1893 to 1895, collecting birds at various spots
between Iquique and Puerto Montt. An annotated list of the species
was prepared by Schalow.
Gustav Hopke was engaged in bird collecting around Puerto
Montt, Llanquihue, in the latter half of 1895. The bulk of his
collection went to the late Count Berlepsch, but a set was acquired
by the Vienna Museum.
A professional collector by the name of A. von Lossberg, in 1896
and 1897, sent many bird skins from Valdivia to Count Berlepsch,
which are now in the Frankfort Museum.
12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
In the fall of 1902, OttoGarlepp made a short trip to Arica, Tacna,
and Palca, also in the interest of Count Berlepsch. The birds
obtained on that occasion were never reported upon, but I have
examined most of the specimens, now in the Senckenbergian Museum
at Frankfort.
Captain R. Paessler, of the German merchant marine, published
excellent observations on the breeding habits of the birds found in
the vicinity of Coronel, and also notes on the occurrence of marine
birds at various points of the Chilean coast.
D. S. Bullock and A. C. Saldana forwarded interesting collections
from the vicinity of Temuco, Cautin, to the British Museum, while
more recently T. Hallinan secured a valuable series of birds at Tof o,
north of Coquimbo, for the American Museum of Natural History,
New York. No complete account has yet been published on any of
these collections.
Frank M. Chapman, accompanied by Lord William Percy and
F. C. Walcott, explored the islands south and east of Chilce* Island
and, after visiting the Straits of Magellan, proceeded northward to
Santiago and crossed the Andes to Puente del Inca, a station on the
Trans- Andean Railroad. A short account of the ornithological
observations gathered on this occasion was published in the Bulletin
of the British Ornithological Club.
Within the last ten years, a number of faunal papers have
appeared in Carlos Porter's "Revista Chilena de Historia Natural,"
which have thrown much light on the local distribution and migra-
tion of Chilean birds. Among them may be mentioned Father
Housse's articles on San Bernardo, Santiago, and the Isla La Mocha,
Arauco; E. Gigoux's notes on the birds of Caldera, Atacama; D.
Bullock's contributions to the ornithology of Malleco; Jaffuel and
Pirion's avifauna of Marga-Marga; and especially Rafael Barros'
excellent observations on the bird-life of the valley of Nilahue,
Curico, and the Cordillera of Aconcagua, which have considerably
advanced our knowledge of altitudinal distribution.
EXPEDITION OF FIELD MUSEUM
In the fall of 1922, Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Mr. H. B. Conover,
and Mr. Colin C. Sanborn left Chicago for extensive zoological field
work in Chile, which was conducted during nearly two years and
resulted in the acquisition of more than fifteen hundred bird skins.
The following notes on the localities visited have been prepared
mainly by Mr. Sanborn.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 13
Quellon, Chiloe Island, Province Chiloe. Dec. 21, 1922-Jan. 6,
1923. Jan. 22-29, 1923. The coast here is made up of narrow sandy
beaches with a large tidal flat at the east end of the town. Inland
the country is very hilly and all forested except patches here and
there which have been cleared or burnt over for farm and pasture
land. Some woods are fairly open and mossy but most are heavy
with tangles of bamboo grass. All is cut by ravines and gullies filled
with bamboo ("quila") and fallen trees. Roads and trails are very
poor and lead inland no more than a few miles.
Mouth of the Rio Inio, Chiloe Island. Jan. 7-21, 1923. On one
side of the river is a high, rocky, jungle-clad promontory behind which
a trail runs to the coast on the other side where there is a sandy beach.
On the other side of the river the coast is low, with a wide beach
where there were many wild strawberries. A short distance inland
is a tidal flat about two miles long about which the river curves.
A short trip was made up the river where the country, like the
coast, was found to be heavily forested and overrun with the
quila.
Melinka, Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands. Jan. 30-Feb. 6,
1923. Melinka lies on a point of the island, most of which near the
town was rocky and moss-covered. During the winter rains it is
not possible to go inland on account of the rain-soaked moss. There
was very little heavy vegetation near the town and practically no
quila. A trip was made with a guide to the Matuco Lagoon in the
hills above the town and inland from the lighthouse. Another trip
was made by boat to Port Lowe, past Clotilde and Guaiteca Islands,
which have a heavier growth of trees.
Puerto Aisen, Province Llanquihue. Feb. 8-10, 1923. A port
for small steamers at the head of a long, narrow, and mountain-
bordered inlet of the same name, about 45° 24' S. lat. The little
settlement is situated on the bank of the Rio Aisen near the upper
limit of regular tides and nearly forty miles from the open inlet.
The valley of the Rio Aisen stretches inland, never more than three
or four miles in width, and bounded on each side by forested moun-
tains some 3,000-4,000 feet in height. The conditions are those of
heavy rainfall and dense forest. In the bottom of the valley are a
few flat swampy areas and in slightly higher ground there are many
trees of very large size. In general, the vegetation and bird-life
resembles that observed farther north on Chiloe" Island. Aside from
the port itself, the region is practically uninhabited.
14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Rio Coihaique, Province Llanquihue. Feb. 11-15, 1923. Head-
quarters of a sheep and cattle company some forty miles inland
from Puerto Aisen. The Rio Coihaique, a stream of no great size,
is an affluent of the Rio Simpson, the southern and principal fork
of the Rio Aisen. The country is rolling, with mountains of con-
siderable height surrounding. Although the drainage is to the
Pacific, conditions are plainly transitional between the heavily
forested, humid coast and the drier pampas region to the eastward.
There is much open pasture land; and forest, while still plentiful,
is by no means continuous. Altitude about 1,500 feet.
Rio Nirehuau, Province Llanquihue. Feb. 16-March 21, 1923. A
long-occupied sheep station shown on some maps under the name
Casa Richards. It is slightly north and east of Puerto Aisen and,
although the river runs through deep canyons to join the Manuales
or north branch of the Aisen, the point where collecting was done
is east of the main mountain mass and conditions are essentially
those prevailing east of the divide. The station is at the mouth of
a small valley through which a rushing stream emerges from the
mountains. Eastward are rolling low hills mostly treeless and
alternating with open pampas connected by low passes with the
great plains of central Argentina. The fauna and flora are mainly
Argentinian rather than Chilean, although in some cases coast forms
straggle through the mountains to reach this point.
Mafil, Province Valdivia. Feb. 14-28, 1923. Mafil is a short
distance from Valdivia and lies in the main valley of Chile, which
here is rolling country, cut by rivers and ravines and largely cleared
of forest. Collecting was done on a wheat and dairy ranch where
there were but few woods.
Lago Rinihue, Province Valdivia. March 4-19, 1923. Lago
Rinihue is south of Valdivia and inland in the low mountains about
140 meters above sea level. It is surrounded by heavy forest which
is more open than that found farther south. Some of the forest
has been cleared and burnt over. It rained eight out of the fifteen
days spent there. The Trans-Andean-San Martin Railroad ends
at Rinihue.
Hacienda Gualpencillo, Concepcion, Province Concepcidn. March
27- April 27, 1923. This hacienda was a large dairy farm situated
in the open flat country between Concepcion and Talcaguano. It
was made up of corn, wheat, and bean fields, and pasture land.
There were brushy sand dunes next to the Biobio River and pasture
land where "boldo" and "litre" were the common growth.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 15
Quirihue and Cauquenes, Province Maule. April 27-May 4;
May 9-13, 1923. The country about Quirihue and Cauquenes is very
arid and sandy compared with that near Conception. The country
is broken and hilly with but little vegetation besides the clumps
of eucalyptus and the many vineyards. About Pilen Alto, some
eight miles from Cauquenes, there is a woods of young second growth.
Banos de Cauquenes, Province 0' Higgins. May 1-8, 1923. A
resort on the bank of the Rio Cachapoal in the foothills of the Andes
and nearly due east of the city of Rancagua. About 34° 3' S. lat.
The hillsides are brushy with patches and clumps of deciduous trees.
In the dry season the ground is hard and baked and general con-
ditions are much like those of central California. The high Andes
rise immediately behind.
Olmue, Province Valparaiso. May 22-June 3, 1923. Olmue' is a
small town a few miles from San Francisco de Limache which is
on the Valparaiso-Santiago Railroad. Olmue" is at the foot of the
Cerro Campana, which Darwin visited in 1835. It lies in a small
valley surrounded by high rocky hills which are covered with a
scant growth of semi-arid vegetation. Some of the gullies between
the hills are fairly well wooded.
Paiguano, Province Coquimbo. June 13-July 2, 1923. This town
is in a narrow valley which branches off from the Elqui Valley at
Rivadavia. The country is rocky and semi-arid, but many fruits
are raised by irrigation.
Romero, Province Coquimbo. July 9- Aug. 3, 1923. Romero is
but a few miles up the Elqui Valley from La Serena. It does not
lie in the valley proper but a little to the north of it. Romero is
a large dairy farm where the rocky hills and gullies leave room for
pastures and "alfalfa" fields. The natural vegetation is cactus and
scraggly bushes.
Domeyko, Province Atacama. Aug. 9-17, 1923. Domeyko is a
small stop on the railroad about 60 km. south of Vallenar. It
lies in a broad, sandy valley surrounded by dry hills which have a
sparse growth of "spinosa" and "algarroba" bushes. Cactus was
much less plentiful here than at Coquimbo. Many of the birds
taken were secured near a small water hole. A colony of parrots
(Cyanolyseus p. byroni) is said to nest in a cliff near Domeyko in
October.
Ramadilla, Province Atacama. Aug. 23-26, 1923. This place is
a large hacienda on the railroad between Copiapo and Caldera, It
16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
lies in a broad part of the well-watered valley bordered by very dry,
sandy hills. Most of the collecting was done in some wet brushy
pasture and swamp land where birds were plentiful. This is the
only place where the black rail (Creciscus j. salinasi) was seen.
Caldera, Province Atacama. Aug. 27-Sept. 1, 1923. Caldera
itself is a veritable desert with the only life along the rocky coast.
A trip was made up the coast to the Quebrada de Leon where there
is a little water and some vegetation appears on the hills. Here
there were numerous birds about.
Rio Loa, Province Antofagasta. Sept. 11-17, 1923. The Du
Pont-Nobelle powder plant is at Rio Loa, about seven miles from
Calama. The surrounding country is bare desert, but along the
gorge of the river Loa is vegetation and some swampy pastures in
places where the gorge widens.
Ojo de San Pedro-San Pablo and Kilometer 31. Sept. 17-19.
Oct. 1-12, 1923. The city of Antofagasta gets its water through a
pipe-line from the mountains close to the Bolivian border. The
tanks are at San Pedro de Agua Potable up the railroad from Calama,
and Kilometer 31 is 31 km. up the pipe-line from San Pedro. The
Ojo de San Pedro-San Pablo is a large alkali swamp fed by fresh-
water springs at the foot of the volcanoes of those names. There
were many water birds about the Ojo. The country about the
Ojo is rolling desert cut by gullies and surrounded by other volcanoes.
La Compania, Province Coquimbo. Oct. 31, 1923. This is a small
place just outside La Serena where one day was spent collecting on
a brushy hillside.
Banos del Toro, Province Coquimbo. Nov. 6-20, 1923. These
banos are in a bare narrow valley about 11,000 feet above sea
level in the mountains directly inland from Coquimbo. Other gulches
branch out and one had a quantity of rough mountain pasture in it.
Just before reaching the Banos there is a wide sandy plain, covered
with heavy, coarse vegetation. The hills about were partly bare.
There were many birds at this season, which was early spring.
Papudo, Province Aconcagua. Dec. 1-10, 1923. Papudo is a
small town on the coast north of Valparaiso. The coast north of
the town is rocky while to the south it spreads out into a wide
beach with sand dunes for a short distance inland.
San Jose de Maipo, Province Santiago. Dec. 17-21, 1923. This
locality is in the mountains inland from Santiago. There was plenty
of water and vegetation but birds were scarce.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 17
Curacautin, Province Malleco. Jan. 8-16, 1924. Curacautin is
the end of the railroad which starts from the main line at Victoria.
The region was at one time heavily forested but much of the land
had been cleared for farms.
Termas de Tolguaca, Province Malleco. Jan. 17-30, 1924- Tol-
guaca lies to one side of Curacautin and about five hours' ride on
horseback from it. The Termas or springs are in a low range of
pine-covered hills. Lake Malleco is about an hour's ride from
Tolguaca. The region is well forested. Tolguaca has a large hotel
and baths and there are many people there during the season.
Rio Colorado, Province Malleco; ViUa Portales, Rio Lolen, Logo
Gualletue, Province Cautin; Neuquen District, Argentina. Feb. 2-
March 3, 1 924. A road runs from Curacautin through the Lonquimai
Valley to Sapalla, Argentina, which was used to take supplies into
Argentina years ago. All the above localities are on this road. Rio
Colorado is an easy day's ride from Curacautin among a forest of
Araucaria pines. Just beyond Rio Colorado is a low range of hills,
the other side of which is Villa Portales in the Lonquimai Valley.
Rio Lolen is a large hacienda about ten miles down the valley from
Villa Portales. Lago Gualletue* is a large lake in the hills near the
valley. It is surrounded by pine-covered hills and flat swamp land.
The next range of hills, which divides Chile from Argentina, is higher
and more bare, reminding one of the country about Coquimbo. On
the Argentine side the pines again appear. But little time was spent
in Argentina as trouble arose over the baggage with the local outpost
of the custom house at Pino Hachado Pass. The whole region is
more or less forested and is in the Araucaria pine belt.
Gatico, Province Antofagasta. April 8-11, 1924- Gatico is north
of Antofagasta and but a mile or so from the old town Cobija,
which as a settlement has ceased to exist. It is on the narrow, bare,
rocky coast, backed by steep arid hills.
Rio Loa, Province Antofagasta. April 19, 1924-
Ojo deSan Pedro-San Pablo; Kilometers 31 and 40; Silala, Bolivia.
April 23-May 5, 1924. Some time was spent at the end of the pipe-
line on this visit and just across the border in Bolivia at an altitude
of 14,200 feet.
Pica, Province Tarapacd. May 15-26, 1924- The town of Pica
is about three hours' ride on horseback inland from the railroad
town of Pintados. Pica is an oasis in the desert hills and many
tropical fruits are raised by irrigation. About two miles south of
18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Pica is the canon of Chintaguai through which a rivulet runs and
where there are, in places, some small swamps. The canon is about
three miles long. Birds were more plentiful here and more convenient
to collect than in the gardens where people were working.
Chacalluta, Province Tacna. June 12, 14, July 17,21, 1924. This
place is on the coast, at the end of a watered valley, easy walking
distance north of Arica. Four trips were made here from Arica
and numerous species taken which had not been seen elsewhere in
Chile.
Putre and Choquelimpie, Province Tacna. June 17-July 10, 1924.
Putre is a small mountain town, inland and north of Arica. It is
reached by road from either the Puquios or AlceYreca stations on
the Arica-La Paz Railroad, about an easy day's ride from either one.
Putre is in a watered valley where a little alfalfa and some very small
potatoes are raised by irrigation. There is a fair amount of vegeta-
tion especially along the watercourses and birds are plentiful. A
half day's ride beyond Putre in the mountains, at an elevation of
15,000 feet, is the old silver mine called Choquelimpie. This is a
region of bare rocky mountains. About two hours' ride from the
mine is Lake Chungard where there are many water birds.
GENERAL PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CHILE
Compared to conditions in the neighboring republics, the physi-
ography of Chile is fairly simple. The backbone of the country is
formed by the Andes which stretch through the whole of its length
in a nearly unbroken chain. In the central and southern provinces
there is, besides, a fringe of mountains along the coast, these ranges
being, however, not continuous ridges parallel to the Andes, but
more or less irregular hill-masses. Inclosed between these two
mountainous areas are the central valleys or intermontane basin
plains which, according to Darwin, are "the bottoms of ancient
inlets and deep bays, such as at the present day intersect every
part of Tierra del Fuego and the western coast." The section of
the country between Copiapo and Valdivia is crossed by numerous
rivers, such as the Copiapo, Maipo, Maule, Biobio, and others.
From Copiapo north as far as the Rio Loa, Antofagasta, the coast
ranges approach close to the ocean, where, breaking off in steep
cliffs and precipices, they leave but a narrow strip of beach. Inland
they form a gradually ascending irregular plateau closed in on the
eastern edge by a series of isolated cone-shaped volcanoes. North
of the Rio Loa, in Tarapaca, the physical features are very similar
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 19
with the exception that the coast range is bounded on the east by
the deep depression of the nitrate desert, the Pampa del Tamarugal,
beyond which the plateau region just mentioned stretches far into
Bolivia. The whole section is of volcanic origin, has many salt lakes,
but hardly any fresh-water rivers to speak of.
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, RAINFALL, AND
DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS
Climatically Chile is divisible into three regions: the sterile north
from Copiapo to the Peruvian boundary; the central section between
31° and 38° S. lat., that is, from Coquimbo to Concepcion, connected
with the north through the arid portion of Atacama; and the humid
forested south.
These conditions are governed by the influence of the Humboldt
Current and the resulting amount of rainfall. The Humboldt
Current, a northerly branch of the Pacific antarctic drift, strikes the
Chilean coast in the vicinity of the Isla La Mocha (38° 15' S. lat.),
off Arauco, and from that point laves the western coast of South
America as far north as Puerta Parifia, in the Peruvian department
of Piura. South of La Mocha is the zone of the prevailing westerly
winds with driving rains, while north of it increasing aridity charac-
terizes the climate.
The sterile north, beginning with the desert of Atacama, is an
expanse of yellow sand and rock, almost bare of vegetation except
along the scanty water courses. "At Iquique," we quote from Mark
Jefferson,1 "one millimeter of rain has fallen in the last five years
(to the end of December, 1919). Of the last twenty years fourteen
have had no drop of water from the sky, and the whole catch of the
twenty years has been 28 millimeters (a little over an inch).
"The drought does not begin to break until one reaches Copiapo,
nearly 500 miles farther south. . . . Here rainfalls are infrequent, but
the average fall is only 17 millimeters a year (about two-thirds of
an inch). The total rainfall at Copiapo in the last twenty-four
years has been 408 millimeters, about one-third of what falls in New
York in a year. At Ligua [Aconcagua], less than 50 miles from San-
tiago, it rains every year, on an average 269 millimeters (between
10 and 11 inches). Though the country is still arid, the irrigated
spots begin to attain significant size.
'The Rainfall of Chile. American Geographical Society Research Series No. 7.
New York, 1921.
20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
"In the north-and-south valleys between the Andes and coastal
mountains, from latitudes 31° to 38° s., the rain increases from the
scanty 269 millimeters at Ligua to an abundant 1,250 millimeters
at Temuco. Along the coastal mountains the rainfall is always
greater, and here too it increases southward from 500 millimeters
at Valparaiso to 2,700 at Valdivia. From Valparaiso southward
the landward or eastern side of the coast ranges is notably dry, but
from the Andes . . . water rushes across the valley flats in increasing
abundance as one goes farther south, until in Collipulli, in latitude
38° s., there is a definite change from the landscape of central Chile.
A deep valley with rich green meadows across the floor, with slopes
of alternate green fields and expanses of well-tilled red soil, with
real woods of broad-leaved trees above. The long trip down through
the central valley to Puerto Montt is through an almost continuous
forest. Here and there are dreary slashings like those of northern
Michigan, but still the trees are abundant and tall fine growths."1
For 900 miles the woods are so wet that it is impossible to set a fire
for clearing without constant relighting.
It appears, however, that this extensive forest is not uniform in
composition throughout its entire range. Skottsberg,2 in fact, divides
the south-Chilean rain forest into two subsections: the "Valdivian,"
richer in species and luxuriance, and the "Magellanic," characterized
by the predominance of Patagonian trees, notably Nothofagus
betuloides. The dividing line is drawn along 48° S. lat., which also coin-
cides with the southern limit of the range of certain species of birds.
Physiographically, Jefferson likens the Chilean coast to our Pacific
states, British Columbia, and Alaska. "Nearest the Equator, the
northern deserts match those of Lower California; the central valley
of Chile between the coast ranges and the Andes matches the great
valley of California between the coast ranges and the Sierra Nevada;
the wooded valleys of Cautin, Valdivia, and Llanquihue end at the
sea on the Gulf of Reloncavi, just short of the island of Chiloe', just
as the wooded valleys of Oregon and Washington end at the sea in
Puget Sound just short of the island of Vancouver. Finally, the
Chilean sounds and fiords between the coastal Andes and the Chilean
archipelago recall the Alaskan sounds and adjacent islands."
The annual mean of rainfall in Chile and the distribution of dry
farms, irrigated lands, and forests in the central section between La
JMark Jefferson, Recent Colonization in Chile. American Geographical
Society Research Series No. 6. New York, 1921.
*Svensk, Vetenskapsakad. Handl., 56, No. 5, 1916.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 21
Serena (Coquimbo) and Malleco are well shown on the maps accom-
panying Jefferson's instructive volume on "The Rainfall of Chile."
THE LIFE ZONES OF CHILE
Dr. Chapman's admirable monographs of the ornithology of
Colombia and Ecuador have thrown much light on the distribution
of bird-life in the northern Andes. Although our actual knowledge
of Chilean birds is far too incomplete to allow such a detailed analysis,
the available data nevertheless supply sufficient material for a general
discussion of the problem. While in the neighboring republic of
Peru, just as in Ecuador and Colombia, four well-defined zones of
animal- and plant-life between sea level and snow line are plainly
indicated, all of Chile's bird-life, except for a narrow strip along the
coast of the extreme north where the Tropical Zone enters, pertains
either to the Temperate or to the Puna Zone, the Subtropical Zone
having been completely eliminated through the default of sufficient
rainfall and the resulting absence of mountain rain forest.
Tropical Zone. The arid section of the Tropical Zone known to
extend in an almost unbroken stretch from Caraques Bay, Ecuador,
all along the Peruvian coast obviously includes the narrow belt of
sandy shore in the Chilean provinces of Tacna and Tarapaca as far
south as the Rio Loa. This is evidenced by the presence in that
area of such characteristic species as Anthus lutescens peruvianus,
Sporophila telasco, Volatinia jacarina peruviensis, Pyrocephalus rubi-
nns obscurus, Muscigralla brevicauda, Crotophaga s. sulcirostris,
Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum, Melopelia asiatica meloda, and
Eupelia cruziana. All of these are widely distributed in the arid
coast lands of Peru and Ecuador, but totally absent from the rest
of Chile. Representatives of this life zone are doubtless also Xeno-
spingus concolor, though its area of diffusion appears to be more
restricted, and Rhodopis vesper vesper (Lima to Tarapaca) which
has a closely allied relative in the arid tropical zone of northwestern
Peru. Some of these species have not been taken south of Arica,
but others have been traced as far south as Pica, and it is presumed
that the Rio Loa will ultimately be found to mark the southern
limit of the arid tropical zone on the western coast of South America.
South of the Rio Loa the nitrate desert stretches through the entire
length of Antofagasta, and the little we know about the coast belt
of that province seems to indicate that its bird-life is merely a north-
ward extension of the Temperate Zone of the more southern parts
22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
of Chile. As examples may be cited such species of undoubted
South Temperate origin as Geositta cunicularia deserticolor, Geositta
maritima, and Leptasthenura aegithaloides grisescens, although their
ranges reach into the southern section of the arid tropical zone of
Peru. On the other hand, Rhodopis vesper atacamensis, of the Copiapo
Valley, is doubtless of northern derivation, though speculation on
the significance of the occurrence of an arid tropical species in the
Temperate Zone of Atacama seems futile until its breeding place has
been ascertained.
Temperate Zone. In Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru the Tem-
perate Zone occupies theAndean region from an approximate altitude
of 9,000 up to 11,000 or 12,000 feet. In Chile, practically all of the
central and southern parts, excepting the elevated Cordilleras, belong
to this zone. In the extreme north, owing to local conditions, it is
reduced to a comparatively narrow belt between the arid tropical
coast strip and the Puna Zone, and its division from the latter is
less sharply defined than in the more southern districts.
The South Temperate Zone, however, is by no means uniform
throughout its extent, and there exists a certain difference between
the bird population of the humid south and that of old colonial
Chile whose climate is under the direct influence of the Humboldt
Current. The humid section of the South Temperate Zone with
its large expanse of tangled forest owns a number of characteristic
species, among which Phrygilus patagonicus, Pteroptochos tarnii,
Scelorchilus rubecula, Eugralla paradoxa, Scytalopus m. magettanicus,
Sylviorthorhynchus desmurii, Aphrastura s. spinicauda (and A. 8.
fulva), Pygarrhicus albogularis, and Megaceryle torquata stellata, etc.,
may be cited. Some of these birds, in suitable localities, have
spread far beyond Concepcion, but there can be no doubt that the
forested south is their original home, where they are much more
numerous in individuals as well as more evenly distributed.
Puna Zone. As in other Andean countries the Puna, correspond-
ing to the Paramo Zone of Colombia and Ecuador, lies between the
upper limit of arborescent vegetation and the lower limit of the
eternal snow, but its altitudinal expansion, which varies according
to latitude and local conditions in different parts of Chile, can hardly
be defined at present with accuracy. In addition to certain data in
Philippi's and Landbeck's writings, the results of our own expedition
and the observations of Sefior Rafael Barros in the Cordillera of
Aconcagua are the only sources of information concerning the bird-
life of the elevated Andean region. Yet our knowledge is confined
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 23
to the central and northern provinces, the section of the Andes south
of Colchagua being wholly unexplored.
Beginning with the extreme north, in the province of Tacna, we
find that at Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), the Puna Zone inosculates with
the upper border of the arid Temperate Zone, which creeps up
through the bushy ravines, while at Las Cuevas (alt. 13,500 feet)
we are already in the heart of the Puna.
The Cordillera of Tarapaca, above 10,000 feet, and the rugged
plateau of Antofagasta and of Atacama north of the Copiapo Valley
must undoubtedly be assigned to the Puna Zone. Its fauna is charac-
terized by the presence of a good many striking species of water
birds, such asGallinula chloropus garmani,Fulica cornuta,F. ardesiaca,
F. gigantea, Charadrius alticola, Recurvirostra andina, Phoenicoparrus
andinus, P. jamesi, and others.
As we advance in a southerly direction, the Puna Zone appears
to descend to a considerably lower level than in the north. At least
I am unable to explain otherwise the breeding records of such charac-
teristic Puna Zone birds as Muscisaxicola albilora, M. flavinucha, and
Geositta isabellina from altitudes of 5,000 to 7,000 feet in Colchagua
Province. Unfortunately, our expedition did no work in the Puna
Zone south of Coquimbo, and the data which was supplied by
Rafael Barros is all we possess with respect to the provinces of
Aconcagua and Santiago. How far the Puna Zone extends south
from Colchagua through the Andean chain, we have no means of
saying, although the taking of Erismatura ferruginea during the breed-
ing period at Lake Malleco, Malleco, at an elevation of 3,500 feet is
somewhat suggestive. We know, however, that in the southern part
of Llanquihue the humid Temperate forest ranges in an unbroken
stretch entirely across the Andes, thereby enabling certain forest-
haunting birds like Pteroptochos tarnii, Scelorchilus rubecula, Scytalo-
pus m. magellanicus, Cinclodes patagonicus rupestris, Aphrastura s.
spinicauda, Pygarrhicus albogularis, Phytotoma rara, Phrygilus pata-
gonicus, etc., to reach the eastern foot of the mountains. There
may, therefore, be a break in the continuity of the Puna Zone some-
where in that section of Chile, but the solution of the problem must
be left to a thorough biological survey of the Andean regions of the
country.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN CHILEAN BIRDS
In a country extending over more than thirty-eight degrees of
latitude and of such a diversified nature as Chile it is not surprising
24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
to find that its birds have responded to environmental influence.
The increased amount of moisture in the south has resulted in the
intensification of color-pigment, while, on the other hand, the arid
climate of the northern parts, working in the opposite direction, has
produced pale, often sand-colored types. This variation can be
followed through the range of various species, such as Scelorchilus
albicollis, Geositta cunicularia, Upucerthia dumetaria, Chilia melanura,
Leptasthenura aegithaloides, Asthenes modesta, and others.
In numerous cases racial distinction goes hand in hand with a
change of zonal distribution. A good many species widely diffused
in the Temperate Zone of central and southern Chile have geograph-
ical representatives in the northern Puna Zone, but then we rarely
meet with a member of the same group in the Temperate Zone of
the same latitude. Exceptions to this rule are Geositta cunicularia,
Leptasthenura aegithaloides, and Querquedula cyanoptera, all of which
have a representative in the Temperate coast district, while the
corresponding Puna section is tenanted by a closely allied race (see
tabular list, p. 25).
Geographic variation within the Puna Zone is rather unusual.
Leaving aside Phrygilus erythronotus and P. dorsalis as well as Musci-
saxicola albilora and M. juninensis,1 whose specific interrelationship
is suspected, but not established, we find the following undoubted
geographical races occupying different sections of the Puna: Phry-
gilus g. gayi and P. g. atriceps, Muscisaxicola r. rufivertex and M. r.
palhdiceps, Capella p. andina and C. p. innotata.
The bird population of the southern rain forest is even more
uniform and the only noteworthy case of subspecific differentiation
is the development of an insular race, Aphrastura spinicauda fulva,
on Chiloe" Island. Pteroptochos castaneus, which appears to be
derived from P. tarnii, a characteristic bird of the southern rain
forest, should be mentioned in this connection, however.
Of the nine or ten different kinds of land birds occurring in the
Juan Fernandez Islands, three, Turdus falcklandii magellanicus,
Sephanoides sephaniodes, and Asio flammeus breviauris are identical
with the mainland forms; one, Cinclodes oustaleti baeckstroemii, is
hardly separable; three, Spizitornis parulus fernandezianus, Cerchneis
sparveria fernandensis, and Buteo polysoma exsul, are well-marked
insular races. The two remaining ones, Aphrastura masafuerae and
Thaumaste fernandensis (divisible into two races inhabiting different
islands) have become specifically and even generically distinct.
10reotrochilus estella and 0. leucopleurus probably belong here, too.
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
25
GEOGRAPHICAL RACES OCCUPYING DIFFERENT LIFE ZONES
Temperate Zone
Anthus correndera chilensis — from Coquimbo
south
Lessonia rufa rufa — from Atacama south
Geositta cunicularia deserticolor — from Caldera
north
Cinclodes fuscus fuscus — from Atacama south
Leptasthenura a. aegithaloides — from Coquimbo
south
L. a. grisescens — from Atacama north
Asthenes modesta australis — from Atacama south
Patagona gigas gigas — from Atacama south
Capella paraguaiae magellanica — from Copiapo
south
Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus — from Coquimbo
south
Nettion flavirostre flaviroslre — from Santiago
south
Querquedula versicolor versicolor — from Santiago
south
Querquedula cyanoptera cyanoptera — from Co-
quimbo south
Anas cristate cristata — from Santiago south
Colymbus occipitalis occipitalis — from Atacama
south
Puna Zone
A. c. catamarcae — Antofagasta
L. r. oreas — from Atacama to
Tacna
G. c. frobeni — Tacna
C. /. albiventris — from Antofa-
gasta to Tacna
L. a. berlepschi — from Antofa-
gasta north
A. m. modesta — from Antofa-
gasta north
P. g. peruviana — Tacna
C. p. andina — Tarapac&
C. p. innotata — Antofagasta
N. n. tayazu-guira — Tarapaca
N. f. oxypterum — Antofagasta
to Tacna
Q. v. puna — Antofagasta to
Tacna
Q. c. orinormis — from Tarapaca
north
A. c. alticola — from Atacama to
Tacna
C. o.juninensis — from Tarapac£
north
BIRD MIGRATION IN CHILE
Bird migration in Chile is threefold. A good many species of the
upper Temperate and Puna Zones disappear from their nesting
grounds on the approach of the severe season. Some, like Cinclodes /.
fuscus, C. o. oustaleti, and Asthenes modesta australis, merely descend
to lower altitudes, and spend the winter in the valleys and along the
coast. Certain Puna Zone birds of the central provinces, such as
Muscisaxicola albilora, M. flavinucha, and M. alpina cinerea, migrate
northwards after the breeding period, and hibernate in the Puna of
Bolivia and Peru, where they invade the territory occupied by allied
resident races. Another representative of the same genus, M. r.
rufivertex, however, does not extend its peregrinations beyond
Atacama and the littoral of Antofagasta.
Various species of the forested south and the Magellanic region
move northwards in the fall. Among these may be cited Aphrastura
s. spinicauda, Sylviorthorhynchus desmurii, Phrygilus patagonicus,
26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
and the southern race of the Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus
cassini, which appears to be a fairly regular winter visitor in the
central provinces. A flycatcher, Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis,
invades the northern parts of Chile in large flocks, said to consist
sometimes of many thousands of individuals. Another member of
this group, Muscisaxicola capistrata, which breeds in Tierra del
Fuego and southern Patagonia, passes the winter in the Puna of
extreme northern Chile and the neighboring countries.
In the maritime fauna, too, some seasonal migratory movement
takes place. This is particularly noticeable in the case of the two
species (or races) of penguins (Spheniscus). The winter, further-
more, brings a large number of North American shore birds, gulls,
and terns to the Chilean coast, and in bygone times the Eskimo
Curlew, Numenius borealis, was a not uncommon migratory visitor.
The North American Duckhawk, Falco peregrinus anatum, also
extends its winter flight as far south as Valdivia.
DISTRIBUTIONAL LIST OF THE BIRDS OF CHILE
The systematic account presented in the following pages purports
to include every species recorded from Chile with the exception of
the purely oceanic birds.
For the sake of brevity, bibliographic references are cited in
abbreviated form. The figure after the author's name refers to the
same number under which the paper is listed in the bibliography
given at the end of the list. References to original descriptions and
extralimital papers not included in the bibliography are, however,
quoted in extenso.
The range of each form has been outlined as precisely as possible.
Under the heading, "Material collected," the specimens secured by
the members of the Field Museum Expedition or obtained by pur-
chase or exchange have been listed, while the material examined in
other collections is enumerated in a separate paragraph. Except in
a very few cases where the reversed procedure seemed appropriate,
the sequence of localities is from north to south. As to political
boundaries, the limits and names of the provinces have been accepted
as they are found on maps, although it is understood from Mr.
D. S. Bullock that certain changes affecting the status and nomen-
clature of Arauco, Biobio, Malleco, and Cautin are being considered
by the Chilean legislature. Orthography of geographical names is
in agreement with L. R. Patron's "Diccionario Jeografico de Chile,"
Santiago, 1924.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 27
In the sequence of species we have followed, for the sake of con-
venience, the latest and most complete catalogue of the birds of
Chile, the "New List of Chilian Birds" by Harry Berkeley James,
London, 1892. All measurements are in millimeters. Definite color-
terms, whenever used, have been taken from Ridgway's "Color
Standards and Color Nomenclature," Washington, 1912.
1. Turdus falcklandii magellanicus King
Turdus magellanicus King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1,
p. 14, Jan., 1831 — "in fretu Magellanico" ; Hartlaub (3), p. 212 —
Valdivia; Bibra, p. 129 — Valparaiso; Kittlitz (3), pp. 149, 164— near
Valparaiso; Pelzeln (2), p. 71— Chile; Salvin (2), p. 419— Juan Fernandez;
Johow, p. 237— Mas A Tierra; Schalow (2), pp. 731, 747— Ovalle (south of
Coquimbo), Santiago, and Juan Fernandez (eggs descr.); Seebohm and
Sharpe, Monog. Turd., 1, p. 295, 1899 — Hacienda Mansel (near Hospital)
and Coronel; E. Reed (4), p. 198 — Chile, north to Atacama; Albert (1),
100, p. 883 — Chile (monog.)-; Passler (2), p. 28 — Coronel (nest and eggs
descr.); Lonnberg, p. 3 — Mas A Tierra and Mas Afuera; Bullock (3), p.
125 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 184 — Angol, Malleco.
Turdus rufiventris (not of Vieillot) Meyen, p. 74 — "Prov." Copiapo (juv.
descr.; spec, in Berlin Museum examined).
Turdus falcklandiae (not T. falklandii Quoy et Gaimard)1 d'Orbigny, p. 202 —
Valparaiso.
Turdus falklandicus Darwin, p. 59 — Chiloe Island; Fraser (1), p. Ill; Yarrell,
p. 53 (eggs descr.); Peale, p. 85 — Chile; Philippi and Landbeck (1), p. 284;
idem (2), p. 33; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 320, 337— Chiloe" and Valdivia;
Philippi (12), p. 259— Chile; Reed, Ibis, 1874, pp. 82, 83— Mas A Tierra and
Mas Afuera; Salvin, Ibis, 1875, p. 376 — Juan Fernandez and Mas Afuera;
E. Reed (2), p. 541 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sclater and Salvin (3), p.
431 — Juan Fernandez; Housse (1), p. 48 — Isla La Mocha; Gigoux, p.
84 — Caldera, Atacama; Jafifuel and Pirion, p. 108 — Marga-Marga Valley,
Valparaiso.
Turdus fuscater (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)1 Des Murs (2), p. 331 —
Coquimbo to ChiloS; Germain, p. 311 — Santiago; Lataste (1), p. CXIV—
lin Freycinet, Voyage Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., livr. 3, p. 104, Aug., 1824 —
"aux iles Malouines."
2 Des Murs's misidentification of the "Zorzal," pointed out long ago by Philippi
and Landbeck (Arch. Naturg., 26, 1, p. 284; Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, p. 33), is
responsible for Chilean records of "Turdus fuscater" auct. by various authors.
As a matter of fact, only the data on distribution and habits supplied by C. Gay
refer to T. f. magellanicus, while the characters of the Chilean Robin in the "Historia
fisica y politica de Chile" are taken (and translated into Spanish) from d'Orbigny's
description of the Bolivian T. fuscater, as given in his "Voyage dans I'Amerique
Meridionale" (4, part 3, p. 200), which is quite a different species (see Hellmayr,
Nov. Zool., 28, p. 230, 1921). Frauenfeld, Germain, and even Lataste were thus
led into error.
Albert (Anal. Univ. Chile, 100, p. 885) added still further to the confusion by
associating Catharus fuscater (Lafr.) with Turdus fuscater Lafr. and d'Orb!
28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Bureo, ftuble; p. CXV— Ninhue, Maule; idem (4), p. XXXIII— Caillihue,
Curic6; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXV — Penaflor, Santiago; Lataste
(9), p. 169— Santa Teresa (Requinoa).
Merula fuscater Cassin, p. 184 — Chile.
Turdus fuscoater Frauenfeld, p. 637 — near Santiago.
Turdus falklandicus or T. magellanicus Landbeck (9), p. 245 — Chile.
Merula magellanica Ridgway (2), p. 131 — Port Otway.
Planesticus magellanicus Barros (4), p. 148 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p.
187 — Cordillera de Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 146 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Turdus falcklandii magellanicus Passler (3), p. 474 — Coronel (habits).
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to the Straits of Magellan,
including the Juan Fernandez Islands.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Tambillos, 9 ad., July 8.—
Valparaiso: Los Maitenes, Limache, d" ad., Oct. 7. J. A. Wolff sohn.
— Maule: Pilen Alto, eight miles w. of Cauquenes, 9 ad., May 13.—
Malleco: Rio Colorado (alt. 3,000 feet), 9 ad., Feb. 3; Curacautin,
9 juv., Jan. 11. — Cautin: Lake Gualletue" (alt. 3,900 feet), d* juv.,
Feb. 20.— Valdivia: Mafil, d* ad., cf juv., 9 juv., Feb. 14, 17, 19;
Rinihue, 9 ad., 9 juv., March 8, 13. — Chiloe" Island: Quellon, four
cf cf ad., two d" cf (first annual), cf juv., Dec. 29, Jan. 2, 4, 5, 27;
Melinka, Ascension Island, Guaitecas Group, two cf cf ad., Feb. 1.—
Llanquihue: Rio Nirehuau, 9 juv., March 17.
Additional specimens. — Atacama: Copiapo, juv. F. J. Meyen
(Berlin Museum). — Llanquihue: Fundo Esmeralda, near Rio Negro,
Dept. Osorno, 9 ad., June 25, 1922. R. Bohnenberger (Munich
Museum).
Young birds in spotted plumage were obtained at Curacautin on
January 11, near Lake Gualletue" on February 22, at Mafil on
February 14, at Rinihue on March 13, and on Chiloe" Island on
December 29. Two specimens, a male from Mafil, Valdivia, February
19, and a female from Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, March 17, are in
full juvenile molt.
Adult birds in worn breeding plumage, taken between October
and February, when compared to freshly molted specimens, as repre-
sented by skins from Coquimbo (July 8) and Pilen Alto, Maule
(May 13), are very much paler underneath, the chest and sides
being pale grayish drab and the middle of the belly pinkish buff,
and also more grayish above without brownish or olivaceous tone.
A series of breeding birds collected by Dr. Adolf Lendl at Bariloche,
Lake Nahuel Huapi, is precisely similar, while three females in
exceedingly fresh plumage, secured by E. Budin in April, 1918, at
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 29
Puesto Burro, Chubut, in their saturated coloration, match Chilean
birds in corresponding livery.
The juvenile plumage is likewise variable in intensity of coloring,
the extremes being represented by No. 62,176, Lake Gualletue",
Cautin, with cartridge buff, and No. 62,181, Quellon, Chiloe', with
deep ochraceous-buff under parts, while the remaining examples
exhibit intermediate shades of buff. The upper parts, too, vary to
a certain extent, being either grayish or decidedly brownish with
the light markings whitish and bright buff respectively.
In view of the great seasonal and individual variation of the
Chilean Robin, it seems to me that the characters claimed to distin-
guish the recently separated T. magellanicus pembertoni Wetmore1
need further investigation.2
T. /. magellanicus is abundant throughout the central and south-
ern parts of Chile, ranging north to Atacama. Meyen, in March,
met with large numbers at Copiapo, while Sanborn found it common
at Vallenar, early in August, 1923. According to Gigoux, it is an
irregular winter visitor at Caldera. In the south, its breeding range
extends to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, and on the
eastern slope of the Andes at least as far north as Lake Nahuel
Huapi.
From typical T. /. fakklandii, its representative on the Falkland
Islands, it merely differs by much smaller bill, less brownish back,
and much paler under parts.
[Turdus "leucomelas" [=T. amaurochalinus Cabanis], of which two
specimens from "Chile" are listed by Seebohm (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.,
5, p. 214, 1881), does not occur in that country.]
2. Turdus chiguanco chiguanco Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny
Turdus chiguanco Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 16, 1837 — "Tacna, rep. Peruviana" (types in Paris Museum
examined); d'Orbigny, p. 201, pi. 9, fig. 2, 1836— from Tacna up to Palca,
Prov. Tacna; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 396— Sibaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4),
p. 199— Chile; Albert (1), 100, p. 887— "central" and northern Chile.
Turdus fuscoater (not Turdus fuscater Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Philippi and
Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 284— "Taena in Peru" [= Tacna];
idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, p. 33— Tacna; Philippi (24), p. 20 — Tacna.
^niv. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 335, 1923— Cerro Anecon Grande, Rio Negro.
1 Since writing the above, I have examined the typical series and found it
inseparable from magellanicus.
30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in provinces of Tarapaca and
Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), cf ad.,
June 18, 1924.
Additional material. — Tacna: Tacna, three unsexed adults (types
of the species). D'Orbigny (Paris Museum). — Tarapaca: Sibaya,
(alt. 8,300 feet), 9 ad. (in worn breeding plumage), January 10,
1886. Rahmer (British Museum).
Since discussing this species in our "Review of the Birds Collected
by Alcide d'Orbigny,"1 we have had an opportunity of examining
much additional material, including the specimens in the British
Museum. Birds from the coast region of southern Peru (Islay,
Catarindos Valley, and Arequipa, Dept. Arequipa) are certainly
inseparable from those of Chile, which typically represent T. chi-
guanco; but whether the inhabitants of the more northern districts
of Peru can be distinguished, is still an open question. When making
comparisons, particular care must be taken in selecting specimens
in corresponding plumage, since wear and seasonal changes materially
affect coloration. Three skins from Islay agree, in small size, with
the types from Tacna; an adult female in fresh plumage from Are-
quipa, June 15, 1867, and another in worn breeding condition, from
Sibaya, Tarapaca, Jan. 10, 1886, are slightly larger; but our adult
male from Putre, Tacna, which has just completed its annual molt,
has much longer wings and cannot be told, on this score, from
numerous individuals taken in central and northern Peru.
As far as coloration is concerned, most of the characters men-
tioned in our former communication1 as distinctive features of the
Tacna birds, fail to hold in the series now available, and this view
is also supported by Chapman2 who mainly relies on size for dis-
criminating two races of this thrush. The few specimens in fresh
plumage which we have seen from the coast of southern Peru and
Chile are perhaps more grayish (less tinged with olivaceous) and
have less orange suffusion on the under wing coverts than birds
from other parts of Peru, though in the latter respect they are closely
approached by one from Matucana (above Lima) and another from
Macate (Ancachs).
For comparison with the table of measurements given by our-
selves1 and Chapman,2 we append the figures of specimens examined
in the present connection.
'Nov. Zool., 28, p. 235, 1921.
'Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 583, 1926.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 31
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail
One from Putre, Tacna 138 115
One from Catarindos Valley, Arequipa 124 99
One from Islay, Arequipa 126 105
Two from Matucana, Lima 135,135 112,115
Four from Macate, Ancachs 129,130,133,136 108,112,116,116
One from Huanuco, Huanuco 137 121
One from Huanuco Mountains 139 120
One from Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco 132 110
Two from Hacienda Llagueda, Otuzco 130,142 115,120
Adult females
One from Sibaya, Tarapaca 130 108
One from Islay, Arequipa 120 96
One from Arequipa 133 112
One from Matucana, Lima 132 107
Five from Macate, Ancachs 130,130,131,134,134 110,113,114,115,118
Unsexed adults
Three from Tacna (types) 120,124,125 102^,103,110
The Chilean range of T. c. chiguanco is restricted to the provinces
of Tarapaca and Tacna in the extreme north of the republic. While
Sanborn and Rahmer obtained their specimens at considerable
altitudes, d'Orbigny met with this thrush even in the vicinity of
Tacna at about 1,700 feet above sea level.
3. Turdus chiguanco anthracinus Burmeister
Turdus anthracinus Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 6, p. 159, 1858 — Mendoza.
Turdus fusco-ater (not T. fuscater Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Philippi (12), p.
260— near Santiago; Landbeck (9), p. 246— Chile.
Turdus fuscater E. Reed (4), p. 198— Chile.
Range in Chile. — Occasional straggler in the vicinity of Santiago.
The only basis for the inclusion of this species in the Chilean
fauna is Philippi's statement that in the spring of 1867 two speci-
mens were caught alive in the vicinity of Santiago. Landbeck also
says that it is rarely met with as an occasional straggler from Men-
doza, where it is abundant. Seebohm (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 5, p.
243, 1881) lists a specimen alleged to have been taken by Bridges
in Chile, but this locality is doubtless incorrect, since Bridges (Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 120, 1843) expressly states that "T. fuscater"
— a name long misapplied for the thrush now known as T. c. anthra-
cinus—"inhabits the vicinity of Mendoza and is not found on the
western side of the Andes." Reed (Ibis, 1893, p. 595) denies its
occurrence in Chile, but later (Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 198) admits
it in his catalogue of Chilean birds.1
JPassler (Journ. Orn., 70, p. 474, 1922) attributes some nests found at Coronel
to "T. fuscater" but the identification of the species is altogether uncertain, the
parent birds not having been secured.
32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
[Turdus pallidus Peale (U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 86, 1848) from "Val-
paraiso" and Turdus subcinereus Sclater (P. Z. S. Lond., 1866, p. 320)
supposed to be Chilean turned out to have been based on two species
of the Australian genus Collyriocichla.}
4. Mimus thenca (Molina)
Turdus Thenca Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 250, 345, 1782— Chile;
Meyen, p. 75 — Santiago; Kittlitz (3), pp. 121, 135, 147 — Concepcion and
Valparaiso.
Orpheus australis Lesson in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. Thesis, 2, p. 328, 1837 —
Valparaiso (new name for Turdus thenca Molina).
Orpheus thenca d'Orbigny, p. 209, pi. 10, fig. 3 — Valparaiso.
Mimus thenca Darwin, p. 61 — part, northern and central Chile, south to the
neighborhood of Concepcion; Fraser (1), p. Ill — habits; Des Murs (2),
p. 333 — Chile; Cassin, p. 183 — common in Chile; Frauenfeld, p. 637 —
near Santiago; Germain, p. 311 — Santiago (breeding notes); Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 320, 337— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 260; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis,
1870, p. 499 — Coquimbo; Landbeck (9), p. 247 — common in Cauquenes;
E. Reed (2), p. 541 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 7 — Coquimbo;
Allen, p. 78— Valparaiso; Lataste (1), p. CXIV— Bureo, Ruble; p. CXV—
Ninhue, Maule; idem (4), p. XXXIII — Caillihue, Curico; Waugh and
Lataste (1), p. LXXXV— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXI— San
Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 199 — Chile; Lane, p. 9 —
Hacienda Mansel and Melipilla, Santiago; Albert (1), 100, p. 890 — Chile
(monog.); Schalow (2), p. 730 — Ovalle, near Coquimbo, and Santiago
(eggs descr.); C. Reed (1), p. 18 — Chiguayante and Hualqui, Concepci&n;
Barros (4), p. 148 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 187 — Los Andes, Los
Leones, and Los Piuquenes, Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 146 — San Bernardo,
Santiago; Passler (3), p. 473 — Coronel (habits, nest, and eggs); Wetmore
(3), p. 353 — Concon; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 108 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso;
Bullock (3), p. 125— Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 184— Angol,
Malleco.
Mimus patagonicus (errore) Bibra, p. 129 — Valparaiso.
Mimus thenka Pelzeln (2), p. 73 — Chile.
Range. — From southern Atacama to Cautin.
Material collected. — Atacama: Domeyko, cf ad., Aug. 14. —
Coquimbo: Romero, cf ad., July 17; Paiguano, cf ad., June 14.—
Aconcagua: Los Andes (alt. 830 meters), cf ad., two 9 9 ad., May 22,
26, 1925, Oct. 12, 1924. R. Barros.— Colchagua: Banos de Cau-
quenes, cf ad., May 3. — Maule: Quirihue, cf ad., April 29. — Con-
cepcion: near coast, 9 ad., April 4; Hacienda Gualpencillo, two cf cf
ad., 9 ad., March 28, April 4.
Additional specimens. — Valparaiso: Valparaiso, five adults.
D'Orbigny (Paris Museum). — Cautin: Pelal, near Temuco, cf ad.,
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 33
three 9 9 ad., May 7, June 18, July 27. A. C. Saldana (British
Museum); Cholchol, near Temuco, d* (molting), March 12, 1906.
D. S. Bullock (British Museum); Maquehue, near Temuco, three
9 9 ad., April 23, June 8, August 17. D. S. Bullock (British Museum) .
Birds from Aconcagua, Coquimbo, and Atacama are somewhat
paler, less brownish above, with hardly any cinnamomeous suffusion
on the rump, and much less buffy underneath, the chest being
strongly washed with grayish. However, this apparent difference
may be seasonal, as the majority of our northern birds are in more
worn plumage than those from the south.
M . thenca is most nearly related to M. 1. longicaudatus Tschudi,
of western Peru, but differs by smaller bill, much shorter tail, less
spotted back, and mostly blackish, instead of for the greater part
white, primary coverts.
Its range is restricted to the central provinces of Chile, extending
from extreme southern Atacama (Domeyko, near Algarrobal) south
to about 39° S. latitude.1 Sanborn observed it at Victoria, Malleco,
and D. S. Bullock found it breeding in Malleco and Cautin.
The "Trenca" is reported to be common from near sea level up
to 6,000, rarely 7,000 feet elevation.
[Mimus (Orpheus) leucospilos Pelzeln (Sitzungsber. math.-naturw. Cl.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, 31, p. 323, 1858), erroneously credited to "Chile,"
is synonymous with M. I. longicaudatus Tschudi, which is confined
to western Peru. The type in the Vienna Museum agrees with
specimens from lea.]
5. Mimus triurus (Vieillot)
Turdus triurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 20, p. 275, 1818—
based on Azara, No. 224, Paraguay.
Mimus triurus Philippi (12), p. 260 — Santiago and Valdivia; Landbeck (9),
p. 247— Valdivia and Santiago; E. Reed (4), p. 199 — Chile; Albert (1),
100, p. 893 — Chile (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Occasional visitor in the central and southern
provinces.
This mocking-bird, common on the Argentine side of the Andes,
is evidently a rare straggler to Chile. Landbeck states having shot
lfThe Paris Museum has a skin, labeled "No. 72. Gobe-mouche gris. Port
Famine, 215. Astrolabe," which agrees perfectly with specimens from Valparaiso.
If the locality is correct, which we doubt, the bird must have been a straggler, for
this mocking-bird has never been met with again in the Straits of Magellan.
34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
it once near Valdivia and several times in the vicinity of Santiago.
Although its occurrence in Chile was denied by both Bridges1 and
E. Reed,2 this latter author, in a subsequent communication,3 admits
it to the Chilean fauna.
"Mimus albicaudus Philippi," quoted by Albert in the synonymy
of M. triurus, appears to be an unpublished manuscript name.
6. Troglodytes musculus chilensis Lesson4
Troglodytes chilensis Lesson, Voyage "Coquille," Zool., 1, (2), p. 665, April,
1830 — vicinity of La Concepci6n, Chile.
Thriothorus rosaceus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 262, 1840 — part, Chile; Des
Murs in Gay, p. 310 (ex Lesson).
Troglodytes guarixa Des Murs in Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 312,
1847 — based on Troglodytes chilensis Lesson, from La Concepcion.
Troglodytes musculus acosmus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 27, p. 204,
1904 — central Chile (type in U. S. National Museum examined).
Troglodytes platensis (not Sylvia platensis Latham) d'Orbigny, p. 231 — part,
Valparaiso; Des Murs in Gay, p. 311 — Chile; Boeck, p. 500 — Valdivia;
Germain, p. 310 — Santiago (nest and eggs); Lataste (1), p. CXV — Ninhue,
Maule; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXV — Penaflor, Santiago; idem
(2), p. CLXXI— San Alfonso, Quillota.
Troglodytes magellanicus Darwin, p. 74 — central Chile; Fraser (1), p. Ill —
Chile generally (eggs); Hartlaub (3), p. 211— Valdivia; Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 321, 337— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 241 (habits); E. Reed (4), p. 199—
Chile; Bullock (4), p. 185— Angol, Malleco.
Troglodytes furvus E. Reed (2), p. 542 — Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Troglodytes hornensis (not of Lesson) Albert (1), 103, p. 215 — Chile (monog.,
part).6
Cistothorus platensis (errore) Barros (4), p. 148 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5),
p. 187 — Aconcagua, up to 2,200 meters alt.; Housse (1), p. 48 — Isla La
Mocha; idem (2), p. 146 — San Bernardo; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 108 —
Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Troglodytes musculus chilensis Wetmore (3), p. 348 — Concon; Chapman and
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 50, p. 299, 1924— part, Corral, Temuco
(Cautin), near Santiago, and Valparaiso; Passler (3), p. 472 — Coronel
(nesting habits).
Range in Chile. — Central and southern parts, from Aconcagua
to the Straits of Magellan; in winter accidental in Atacama.
*P. Z. S. Lond., 13, p. 120, 1843.
2 Ibis, 1893, p. 595.
'Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 199, 1896.
4 See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 28, p. 275, note 3, 1921.
8 Description only, the notes on habits being referable to Cistothorus platensis
hornensis.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 35
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, 9 ad., June 4. E. Gigoux.
— Valparaiso: Olmue", d"1 ad., 9 ad., June 1, 3. — Colchagua: Banos
de Cauquenes, two cf d* ad., 9 ad., May 2, 3. — Concepcion: Hacienda
Gualpencillo, o* ad., two 9 9 ad., April 6, 16. — Malleco:Curacautin,
two d'd* ad., Jan. 9, 10; Rio Colorado (alt. 3,000 feet), 9 juv.,
Feb. 3.— Cautin: Villa Portales (alt. 3,300 feet), d71 ad., Feb. 28;
Lake GualletuS (alt. 3,800 feet), d" juv., Feb. 21.— Valdivia: Mafil,
two <? <? ad., two d" d1 imm., three d"1 d* juv., 9 juv., Feb. 15, 16,
18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28.— Llanquihue: Puerto Montt, two <? <? ad.,
April 14, 17; Rio Nirehuau, 9 ad., d"1 imm., Feb. 16, March 17. —
Chilo£ Island: Quellon, six d51 d1 ad., one d1 juv., one 9 ad., Dec. 29,
Jan. 1, 3, 5. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension Island, one d1
ad., one d" imm., two d" d" juv., Jan. 31, Feb. 1.
Additional specimens. — Valparaiso: Concon, d1 ad., 9 ad., April
27, 28, 1921. A. Wetmore (U. S. National Museum).— Valdivia:
Valdivia, two d1 d1 ad., one (unsexed) adult, 1897. A. von Lossberg
(Munich Museum). — Chiloe": Ancud, two d31 d71 ad., one (unsexed)
adult, April 10, May 4, June 17, 1914. R. H. Beck (American
Museum of Natural History, New York).
Study of this extensive material tends to show that there is but
one race of House Wren in central and southern Chile, and that the
distinction of T. m. magellanicus cannot be maintained.
Topotypes from Concepcion are rather dark above,1 and have
the under tail coverts heavily marked with black and white, while
their bills are of moderate length. Specimens from farther south,
while agreeing in coloration of upper parts, as a rule have the under
tail coverts either uniform or but slightly marked, and the bill slightly
smaller, this being most noticeable in birds from the Straits of
Magellan. The decrease in bill measurements, however, is very
slight, at the same time obliterated by individual variation, and,
besides, so gradual that it is impossible to draw a line. Even the
coloration of the under tail coverts does not afford a reliable criterion
for T. m. magellanicus. They are wholly unmarked in six skins
from the Straits (False Cape Horn; Londonderry Island; Punta
Arenas), one from Rio SJirehuau, one from Melinka, one from
Puerto Montt, four from Chiloe" Island, one from Mafil, two from
Valdivia, and one from Malleco (Curacautin) ; more or less spotted
with black and white in three from the Cape Horn region, one
from Puerto Montt, five from Chiloe" Island, two from Valdivia,
'In making comparisons, care should be taken to use specimens in freshly
molted plumage only.
36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
one from Malleco (Curacautin) and three from Conception. Birds
from central Chile (Colchagua, Valparaiso) are on average paler,
brighter brownish (less sooty) above, though several specimens from
the south, particularly an adult male from Ancud, Chilce* (American
Museum of Natural History, No. 166,299) match them exactly.
The under tail coverts are always spotted in the northern birds,
which, furthermore, by slightly longer bills, exhibit a certain tendency
in the direction of T. m. atacamensis. The type of T. m. eucosmus
— collected by Edwyn Reed — agrees perfectly with skins from Val-
paraiso and Bafios de Cauquenes, but I do not see how they can be
separated from chilensis. The only practicable course appears to me
to refer the whole series (from Valparaiso to the Straits of Magellan)
to one form, whose earliest name is T. chilensis, based on an example
from Conception. Were we to express the trifling geographic varia-
tion in nomenclature, 60 to 75 per cent of the specimens designated
by different names would be indistinguishable.
In Chile, T. m. chilensis ranges from sea level up to about 7,000
feet, and breeds towards the end of the year. Birds taken in Decem-
ber and January are in worn breeding plumage, and numerous
juvenile specimens were secured in the months of January and
February. This form is also widely diffused in southern Argentina,
where its breeding area extends, in the west, as far north as Mendoza
and Santa Fe\ In winter it spreads north and eastward into Buenos
Aires. Similar migrations, at least occasionally, appear to take
place in Chile, for an adult female (in fresh plumage), secured by
Mr. Gigoux at Caldera, Atacama, on June 4, 1924, is essentially
like specimens from Concepci6n, and very different from the breeding
race of the region.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
Seven from Straits of Magellan
One from Melinka.Guaitecas Islands
Eight from Chiloe Island
Wing
52 (three),
53 (four)
52
50(three),51,52
(two), 53,54
Tail
42,42,44,45,
45,45,46
44
43-47
Bill
11,11,11,11
113412.12
12
ll,12(four)
13(two),—
Two from Puerto Montt,
Llanquihue 50^,52 45,47
Two from Valdivia 52,54 47,50 12,12
Two from Mafil, Valdivia 52 Y2— 45,—
One from Villa Portales, Cautin 53 46 12
Two from Curacautin, Malleco 52,55 43,45
One from Concepci6n 52 43 Yz
Two from Bafios de Cauquenes,
Colchagua 52^,54 47,47 13,13
Two from Valparaiso 50,53 46,47 13,13
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 37
7. Troglodytes musculus atacamensis Hellmayr
Troglodytes musculus atacamensis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 74, 1924— Rio Loa, Antofagasta, Chile.
Troglodytes furvus (not Motacilla furva Gmelin) Salvin, 1883, p. 419 —
Coquimbo.
Troglodytes hornensis (not of Lesson) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Antofagasta.
Troglodytes platensis (not Sylvia platensis Latham) Gigoux, p. 86 — Caldera,
Atacama.
Troglodytes musculus chilensis Chapman and Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.,
50, p. 299, 1924 — part, Tofo, sixty miles north of Coquimbo.
Range. — Northern Chile, in provinces of Coquimbo, Atacama,
and Antofagasta.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, four cfcf ad., two 9 9
ad., March 22, April 11, May 4, 25, Aug. 28, 31; Ramadilla, Copiapo
Valley, three cTcf ad., Aug. 22, 24. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa, two
cf cf ad., Sept. 12, 13.
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Tofo, sixty miles north of
Coquimbo, two cf c? ad., one 9 juv., Nov. 12, Dec. 17, 1916. Th.
Hallinan (American Museum of Natural History, New York).
This is a northern representative of T. m. chilensis, from which
it differs by decidedly slenderer, also somewhat longer bill and paler
coloration. The upper parts are (unbarred) pale grayish brown,
much less sooty, very rarely with a slight rufescent tinge; the rump
and tail coverts lighter rufous; wings and tail less rufescent; the under
parts paler isabelline, with throat and middle of the abdomen
more whitish, and the flanks and crissum lighter ochraceous. It
approaches T. m. tecellatus, from Tacna, in grayish back and shape
of bill, but may be distinguished by brighter rufous rump, more
rufescent, less broadly barred tail, less whitish under parts, and
by lacking all trace of blackish bars on either back or upper tail
coverts. The under tail coverts are, as a rule, heavily marked with
black and white, though in one or two specimens these markings
are but faintly suggested.
As stated under the preceding form, certain specimens from Val-
paraiso come very close in length of bill and grayish dorsal surface,
but, taken as a whole, the series from Atacama and Antofagasta
is fairly separable by the characters given above. Two adults from
Tofo, in exceedingly worn breeding plumage, are doubtless referable
to T. m. atacamensis, one of the specimens, even in shade of grayish
brown back, being closely similar to some of the Caldera birds. A
juvenile (from Tofo) differs from the corresponding age of T. m.
38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
chilensis, as represented by fourteen specimens from Malleco to
Ascension Island, by decidedly lighter, more rufescent upper parts.
Wing of nine adult males 51-54, of one female 50; tail 43-47;
bill 13 (three), 13^ (five), 14, 14^ mm.
T. m. atacamensis is peculiar to the semi-arid littoral of northern
Chile, from Coquimbo to Antofagasta.
8. Troglodytes musculus tecellatus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny
Troglodytes tecellatus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 25, 1837 — Tacna, Peru (type in Paris Museum examined);
d'Orbigny, p. 232— Tacna Valley.
Range. — Extreme northern Chile, in province of Tacna, thence
extending into southwestern Peru (depts. Moquegua and Arequipa).
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta, six miles north of Arica,
two cf d" ad., June 12, 14.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Tacna, adult (not sexed). D'Or-
bigny (Paris Museum; the type); cf ad., Oct. 13, 1902. 0. Garlepp;
Asapa, near Arica, d* ad., Nov. 2, 1902. 0. Garlepp (Berlepsch
Collection).
This is a well-marked race by reason of its conspicuously barred
back and upper tail coverts, much less rufescent rump, grayish
rufescent tail with wider blackish bars, and very pale isabelline under
parts, when compared with its geographical neighbors, T. m. ata-
camensis and T. m. audax, from the Peruvian littoral (lea to Trujillo).
There is, however, no justification in separating it specifically from
the T. musculus group. Birds from the coast of Arequipa and
Moquegua, which we have seen in the collection of the American
Museum of Natural History, are, indeed, more strongly barred with
black above than any other race, but the series from Tacna shows
considerable variation in this respect. An adult male from Asapa,
particularly, runs very close to T. m. atacamensis by having the
scapulars only distinctly barred, while in the middle of the back
these markings are quite obsolete. The tail pattern is likewise
subject to individual variation, and the under tail coverts some-
times are hardly more spotted with black than in T. m. chilensis.
Measurements of five adult males from Tacna: wing 53-55; tail
40-44; bill 14-14^.
9. Cistothorus platensis hornensis (Lesson)
Troglodytes hornensis Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 316, 1834 — "pris en
mer, le 7 Janvier 1831, a vingt lieues dans le sud-est du Cap Horn"; idem in
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 39
Bougainville, Journ. Navig. The'tis, 2, p. 327, 1837 — same locality; Philippi
(12), p. 256— Valdivia, Santiago; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXV—
Penaflor, Santiago.
Thryothorus eidouxi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, p. 221, 1850 — "Brasilia,"
errore — based exclusively on "Troglodyte des Marais? Wils. fern.,"
Voyage au Pole Sud "Astrolabe" et "Z&ee," Atlas, ZooL, Ois., pi. 19,
fig. 6, Oct., 1844— the type examined in the Paris Museum is from Tal-
caguano, Concepcion.
Troglodytes eydouxi Jacquinot and Pucheran, Voyage au P61e Sud "Astrolabe"
et "Zelee," Zool., 3, p. 94, 1853— Talcaguano, Chile.
CistothoriLS platensis (not Sylvia platensis Latham) Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 321,
337— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 241; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 244,
1881— Santiago; E. Reed (2), p. 542— Cauquenes; idem (4), p. 199— Chile;
Albert (1), 103, p. 218— Chile (monog., part) -,1 Bullock (4), p. 185— Angol,
Malleco.
Cistothorus platensis hornensis Passler (3), p. 471 — Coronel (habits, nest, and
eggs).
Range in Chile. — From Santiago to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Rio Nirehuau, cf ad., 9 ad.,
March 1. — Chiloe" Island: Quellon, d" imm., <? juv., Jan. 3, 27;
Rio Inio, 9 imm., Jan. 11. — Cautin: Villa Portales, Lonquimai
Valley (alt. 3,300 feet), d* imm., Feb. 9.
Additional specimens. — Valdivia: Valdivia, 9 ad., Dec., 1924.
Fernando Ohde (Munich Museum). — Concepcion: Concepcion, adult
(sex not determined). E. C. Reed (Tring Museum); Talcaguano,
9 ad., 1841. Hombron and Jacquinot (type of T. eidouxi}. — "Chile"
(unspecified): three adults. E. C. Reed (Paris Museum).
The adult birds from the Rio Nirehuau have the whole back,
including the rump, broadly streaked with black and buffy white,
the upper tail coverts distinctly barred with blackish, and the pileum
mainly bright fulvous-brown (somewhat darker and browner than
"Buckthorn brown") with narrow blackish streaks on posterior
portion. The female has just completed its annual molt, while the
male is changing the body plumage and flight-quills. Immature
birds differ by more heavily striped pileum, narrower as well as deeper
buff streaking of the back, and plain (unmarked) tawny-brown rump
and upper tail coverts.
The distribution of the Marsh Wren in Chile is very imperfectly
known, though from the meager data at hand it would seem to be
more abundant in the southern parts of the country. The most
northerly locality on record is Santiago, where Landbeck obtained
Description only, the notes on habits refer to Troglodytes musculus chilensis.
40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
specimens, one of which passed into the collection of the British
Museum. Lataste also secured two at Penaflor, and E. C. Reed
lists it from Colchagua (Cauquenes). Farther south it appears to
be more frequently met with. There are various records from the
Bay of Concepcion (Concepci6n, Talcaguano),1 Valdivia, Straits of
Magellan (Gregory Bay), Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland Islands.
Passler found it breeding at Coronel, while Bullock lists it as an
uncommon visitor in the Angol district of Malleco. On the Argentine
side of the Andes it is known to occur at Bariloche, Lake Nahuel
Huapi (Terr, del Neuquen), at Arroyo Los Bayas (Terr, del Rio
Negro), and at Lago Blanco, in extreme western Chubut.
Its nomenclature, range, and distinctive characters have been
fully discussed in another place.2
10. Anthus correndera chilensis (Lesson)
Corydalla chilensis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 101, 1839 — Chile; idem, Oeuvr.
Compl. Buff on, 6d. LeVSque, 20 [ =Descr. Mammif. et Ois.j, p. 298, 1847—
Chile; Des Mure in Gay, p. 325 (ex Lesson).
Anthus Chii (not of Vieillot) Kittlitz (3), pp. 163, 178— Lagunilla Valley and
Quillota, Valparaiso.
Anthus furcatus (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Pelzeln (2), p. 69 — Chile
(spec, in Vienna Museum examined).
Anthus correndera (not of Vieillot) Darwin, p. 85 — part, Chile; Eraser (1),
p. 112— Chile; Frauenfeld, p. 636— near Santiago; Sclater (2), 1867, pp.
321, 337— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 258; E. Reed (2), p. 542— Cauquenes,
Colchagua; Landbeck (9), p. 244; Salvin (2), p. 419 — Coquimbo; Waugh
and Lataste (1), p. LXXXV— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXI—
San Alfonso, Quillota; E. Reed (4), p. 199— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 728—
Tumbes, near Concepci6n; Albert (1), 101, p. 934 — Chile (monog.); Barros
(5), p. 187 — Los Andes, Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 145 — San Bernardo;
idem (3), p. 226— Isla La Mocha; Barros (8), p. 142— Nilahue, Curic6;
Bullock (4), p. 185— Angol, Malleco; Barros (10), p. 362— Aconcagua.
Anthus correndera chilensis Passler (3), p. 475 — Coronel (nest and eggs);
Wetmore (3), p. 363 — near Concon.
Range. — From Atacama (Copiapo Valley) to the Straits of
Magellan.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, three
d" d" ad., Aug. 22, 25. — Coquimbo: Romero, four d1 d" ad., two 9 9
ad., July 15, 19, 22, 30.— Santiago: Batuco, d" ad., Aug. 3, 1924.
C. S. Reed. — Concepcion: Hacienda Gualpencillo, two d" cf ad., two
1"Troglodites parvus" (sic), listed by Housse (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 226)
from the Isla La Mocha, may also refer to this species.
'Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 28, p. 252, 1921.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 41
9 9 ad., March 27, 31, April 3, 6; near coast, two d" d" ad., April 8,
14.— Cautin: Lake Gualletue' (alt. 3,800 feet), d* ad., two 9 9 ad.,
three d" cf juv., Feb. 15, 18, 20. — Llanquihue: Casa Richards, Rio
Rirehuau, 9 ad., Feb. 24.
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Ovalle, adult, Sept., 1893.
L. Plate (Berlin Museum). — Santiago: Santiago, three cf d" ad.,
one 9 ad., June, July, 1872. E. C. Reed (Frankfort Museum).
— Concepcion: Tumbes, d" ad., June, 1894. L. Plate (Berlin Mu-
seum).— Valdivia: Valdivia, two (unsexed) adults. A. von Lossberg
(Frankfort Museum).
Specimens collected in March and April at Concepcion are in
freshly molted plumage. The series from Romero (Coquimbo) and
the Copiapo Valley (Atacama) taken in July and August show
marked traces of wear, while the adult birds secured in February
at Lake Gualletue", Cautin, and on the Rio Nlrehuau, are in exceed-
ingly worn breeding condition. Compared to the Concepcion skins,
they are much less buffy throughout, the under parts especially
being much whiter with less buffy suffusion on the chest, and the
edges to the dorsal plumage being paler and more whitish. In pro-
portions, shape, and length of hind claw as well as in pattern of lateral
rectrices, however, specimens from different localities are perfectly
alike, and the variation in color is doubtless merely seasonal.
Three birds taken at Lake Gualletue" on February 15 and 20 are
in the juvenile plumage, characterized by roundish, buffy white edges
on the mantle and coarse, blackish markings on breast and sides.
This pipit inhabits the plains and foothills, its altitudinal range
not reaching much beyond 4,000 feet.
A. correndera chilensis is closely related to the typical race, widely
distributed throughout Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil,
but may be distinguished by its more buffy coloration. Its range
extends south to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego,
since two birds from the pampas near Punta Arenas are inseparable
from the Chilean series.
On the Falkland Islands it is replaced by A. correndera grayi Bona-
parte,1 a larger form with stronger bill and smaller pectoral markings.
1 Anthus grayi Bonaparte (Consp. Av., 1, p. 249, 1850) long antedates Anthits
philippsi Brooks (Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 6, p. 26, 1916). Its sole basis is
Alauda novae zecdandiae, yar. £, of Latham (Ind. Orn., 2, p. 497, 1790), which, in
its turn, is based on "Cinereous Lark" (of the Falkland Islands) in Portlock,
"Voyage round the World," 1789, plate facing p. 38. Here we find a rather poor,
but recognizable figure of the Falkland Island Pipit, which the author believed to
be "a variety of the Lark found at New Zealand." The type locality is near
Port Egmont.
42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
11. Anthus correndera catamarcae Hellmayr
Anthus correndera catamarcae Hellmayr, El Hornero, 2, p. 186, 1921 — Lago
Colorado (alt. 3,400 meters), Catamarca, Argentina.
Anthus chii (not of Vieillot) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Antofagasta.
Anthus calcaratus (not of Taczanowski) Berlepsch and Leverkiihn, Ornis, 6,
p. 8, 1890 — Calama, Antofagasta (spec, examined).
Range in Chile.— Puna Zone of Antofagasta, from 7,000 to 12,000
feet.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 8,000 feet), five
cfcf ad., one 9 ad., Sept. 11, 12, 13, 14; Ojo de San Pedro (alt.
12,400 feet), & ad., May 2; twenty miles east of San Pedro (alt.
12,600 feet), three d1 c? ad., Oct. 6, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Antofagasta: Calama, 9 ad., March 1,
1847. Professor Behn (Berlin Museum).
This long-clawed pipit of northern Chile is easily distinguished
from A. c. chilensis by slightly longer wings and tarsi; decidedly
longer, slenderer bill; darker (ochraceous-buff rather than warm
buff) edges to the dorsal plumage, particularly on pileum and hind
neck; much more ochraceous (near buckthorn-brown) rump; and
more extensive as well as purer white area on the lateral rectrices,
the dusky inner margin on the outermost pair being restricted to
the extreme base and wholly concealed by the under tail coverts.
Even birds in worn plumage, as represented by the series from Rio
Loa, are more ochraceous above than chilensis in freshly molted
livery. A female (just completing its annual molt) collected by
Professor Behn at Calama on March 1, 1847, which I had an oppor-
tunity of examining through the good offices of Dr. E. Stresemann,
of the Berlin Museum, agrees with our series which, in its turn, was
directly compared to two examples from the Puna of Catamarca
(Lago Colorado).
The range of this form thus appears to comprise the Puna region
of northern Chile (Antofagasta) and extreme northwestern Argentina
(Los Andes and Catamarca). It is closely related to A. c. calcaratus
Tacz., of the Puna of Peru (Junin and Cuzco), but somewhat larger
and not so brightly colored, especially underneath.
MEASUREMENTS
A. c. calcaratus — Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Three from Ingapirca, Junin 76,78,78 54,55,57 14,13^,
A, c. calcaratus — Adult females
Two from Anta, Cuzco 73^,75 55,55 13,13 M
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 43
A. c. catamarcae — Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Three from Catamarca 80,83,83 59,62,63 12^,13,14
Five from Rio Loa, Antofagasta 79,80,81,82,82 58-62 12%-13%
Three from east of San Pedro,
Antofagasta 79,80,80 59,59,62 13,14,14
A. c. catamarcae — Adult females
Two from Catamarca 78,78 57,57 13,14
One from Calama, Antofagasta 79 59 14
One from Rio Loa, Antofagasta 77 57 13^
A. c. chilensis — Adult males
Three from Copiapo Valley,
Atacama 78,78,79 58,59,61 12,12,12
Five from Coquimbo 76,77,77,77,78 56,57,57,58,60
Four from Conception 74,75,78,79 58,59,59,60
One from Lake Gualletue, Cautin 76 58 12
A. c. chilensis — Adult females
One from Coquimbo 73 56 12
Two from Lake Gualletue, Cautin 73,74 52,53 12,12 %
One from Rio Nirehuau,
Llanquihue 76 56 12
12. Anthus hellmayri dabbenei Hellmayr
Anthus hellmayri dabbenei Hellmayr, El Hornero, 2, p. 191, 1921 — Rio Traful,
Gob. del Neuquen, Argentina.
Range in Chile. — Only recorded from Cautin (Lonquimai Valley).
Material collected. — Cautin: Rio Lolen (alt. 3,600 feet), Lon-
quimai Valley, 9 juv., Feb. 11, 1924.— Wing 73; tail 55; tars. 22;
hind claw 10; bill 10.
The taking in the Lonquimai Valley of a full-grown bird in juvenile
plumage adds a hitherto unrecorded species to the Chilean fauna.
In shape of bill and hind claw, pattern and color of lateral rectrices,
and other features, it agrees perfectly with Argentine examples, but
it is somewhat smaller, the bill and tail notably so, and more heavily
streaked across the chest, variations doubtless due to immaturity.
The Lonquimai Valley is in the extreme eastern section of Cautin
and separated from Argentina by a comparatively low ridge, as I am
informed by Mr. Sanborn. It will be recalled that the type, a female
in worn breeding garb, was taken on the banks of the Rio Traful,
Gob. del Neuquen, not far from the Chilean frontier, about two
degrees farther south than the Lonquimai Valley, and lately I have
examined in the British Museum an adult male in fresh plumage,
obtained by J. Koslowsky in the Valle del Lago Blanco, western
Chubut, on November 6, 1900.
A. h. dabbenei thus appears to breed in the mountain valleys
along the Chilean-Argentine boundary line between 38° and 46°
44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
S. latitude. In winter it migrates northward. Numerous specimens
have been taken by J. Mogensen between May and August, 1918,
at Concepci6n, Tucumdn, and an adult male was shot by Robin
Kemp on October 18, 1916, at Las Rosas, Prov. Santa F6 (Field
Museum, No. 63,035).
13. Anthus lutescens peruvianus Nicholson
Anthus peruvianus Nicholson, P. Z. S. Lond., 1878, p. 390 — Catarindos Valley,
near Islay, Dept. Arequipa, Peru (type in British Museum examined).
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta, six miles north of Arica,
three c? cf ad., two 9 9 ad., June 12, 14, 16, 21.— Wing 67-68,
(females) 65, 66; tail 43, 46, 49, (females) 43, 45; bill 11^-12.
These specimens, which are in slightly worn plumage, agree in
every respect with a series from the coast region of Arequipa, with
which they were directly compared. In both series the light-colored
area of the lateral tail feathers varies from buffy white to pale gray.
There is also a certain variation in the amount of the buffy suffusion
on the chest and sides, but this, too, appears to be purely individual.
Birds from Lima and Trujillo are similar.
A. lutescens peruvianus differs from the typical race by averaging
larger; paler upper parts with more whitish (less buffy) markings
on the wing coverts; broader as well as more whitish edges to the
lateral interscapulars; whiter under parts with paler, if any, buff
suffusion across chest and along flanks; and by having the dusky
margin to the basal portion of the inner web of the lateral rectrices
barely suggested.
Its range is restricted to the littoral of western Peru and extreme
northern Chile. It had not previously been recorded from the
latter country.
[Anthus furcatus Lafr. and d'Orb. included by Des Murs (in Gay,
p. 324) does not occur in Chile.]
14. Dendroica striata (Forster)
Muscicapa striata Forster, Philos. Trans., 62, pp. 406, 428, 1772 — Fort Severn
(west coast of Hudson Bay).
Dendroica atricapilla Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 30, (1), p. 56, 1864 — Collico,
near Valdivia; idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 24, p. 336, April, 1864 — near
Valdivia; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 321, 337— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 257—
near Valdivia; Landbeck (9), p. 242 — near Valdivia; Philippi (24), p. 41,
pi. 23, fig. 1— Chile.
Dendroica striata E. Reed (4), p. 199— Chile; Albert (1), 103, p. 211— Valdivia.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYB 45
Range in Chile. — Casual winter visitor.
A single adult male in nuptial plumage was shot by L. Landbeck
at Collico, near Valdivia, on June 17, 1858, a very unusual date for
this North American Warbler. The locality, moreover, is far outside
its known winter range, and I cannot help thinking it might have
been an escaped cage-bird.
15. Progne elegans Baird1
Progne elegans Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, 1, p. 275, 1865 — Rio Vermejo,
Argentina ( =juv.).
Progne furcata Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, 1, p. 278, 1865 — Chile (=adult);
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 321, 337— Chile (ex Baird); Philippi, P. Z. S. Lond.,
1868, p. 531— Chile (crit.); E. Reed, Ibis, 1893, p. 595; idem (4), p. 199—
Paine, O'Higgins; Albert (1), 100, p. 879 (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Once recorded from Paine, O'Higgins.
Although Philippi denies its occurrence, E. C. Reed states that
P. furcata "has been shot several times in Chile," and, in his
"Catalogo de las Aves Chilenas," definitely mentions Paine,
O'Higgins, as the locality where various specimens of this Martin
have been taken.2
We have not seen any Chilean material.
P. elegans is widely distributed in Bolivia and Argentina, but
the exact limits of its breeding range have yet to be worked out.3
16. Pygochelidon patagonica patagonica (Lafr. and d'Orb.)
Hirundo patagonica Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, d. 2, p. 69, 1837 — Patagonia (type in Paris Museum examined).
Hirundo cyanoleuca (not of Vieillot),4 Darwin, p. 41 — Valparaiso; Des Murs
(2), p. 267; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 321; Philippi (12), p. 248; Landbeck (9),
p. 235.
1 For the substitution of P. elegans vs. P. furcata, see Todd, Auk, 42, p. 276,
1925.
2Bridges (P. Z. S. Lond., 11, p. 120, 1843) also lists "P. purpurea" [=P.
elegans] among the species found at Mendoza, but not on the Chilean side of the
Andes.
3Laubmann's record of P. chalybea domestica from Valdivia, Chile (in Krieg,
Ergeb. Deuts. Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 306, 1930), I am informed by the author, is
due to a mistake. The specimen actually originated in Misiones, Argentina.
4 As suggested by Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 343-344, 1926),
it is quite possible that Azara's No. 303, on which Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieillot
is based, may apply to the swallow universally called P. patagonica, but pending
the receipt of a satisfactory series from Paraguay it seems best not to make any
nomenclatorial change at present.
46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Atticora cyanoleuca Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 321, 337— Chile; E. C. Reed (2),
p. 543 — Hacienda de Cauquenes; Salvin (2), p. 420 — Coquimbo; Sclater
(4), 1886, p. 397 — Huasco, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 15 — Sacaya, Tarapaca;
E. Reed (4), p. 199— Chile; Albert (1), 100, p. 870; Schalow (2), p. 728;
Passler (3), p. 470— Coronel; Bullock (4), p. 183— Angol, Malleco (nest).
Hirundo melampyga (not of Lichtenstein) Philippi (24), p. 24, pi. 20, fig. 3.
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca patagonica Barros (4), p. 147 — Nilahue, Curico; idem
(5), p. 186 — Los Andes and Rio Blanco, Aconcagua.
Pygochelidon patagonica Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p. 93 — Chile (nest).
Pygochelidon patagonica patagonica Barros (11), p. 315 — above Portillo, Prov.
Santiago.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca south to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Barios del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet),
cf ad., Nov. 17. — Aconcagua: Papudo, d"1 ad., Dec. 8.— Cautin:
Lake Gualletue" (alt. 3,800 feet), <? juv., Feb. 21.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Huasco, 9 ad. C. Rahmer
(Princeton Museum of Zoology, ex British Museum). — Antofagasta:
Calama, d* juv., March 1, 1847. Professor Behn (Berlin Museum). —
Chile (unspecified): five adults. E. C. Reed (British and Munich
Museums).
It is now an established fact that the Black-rumped Swallow
of Chile belongs to the larger species with pale mouse gray under
wing, and white shorter under tail coverts, although various authors
misidentified it with P. cyanoleuca, which is not found anywhere
in Chile.1
It is reported to breed throughout the greater part of Chile from
near sea level to about 10,000 feet in the Cordilleras. Landbeck
states that it prefers the vicinity of rivers and lakes. Reed found it
common around the hacienda de Cauquenes, Colchagua; Passler at
Coronel; Barros at Nilahue, Curico, as well as in the Andes of Acon-
cagua up to 10,000 feet. Lane mentions it as common at Huasco
and Sacaya, Cordillera of Tarapaca, where it breeds in November
or December, making its nest in a hole or the crevice of a cliff.
This swallow is a migratory species, at least in southern and
central Chile, where it stays from the end of August to the middle
of March, and then migrates northwards.
A single adult female (in rather poor condition) from Tarapaca
appears to be referable to typical patagonica. Its wing measurement
1 There can be no doubt that the specimen of Atticora cyanoleuca montana
recorded by Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 80, 1889) is incorrectly
labeled "Valparaiso, June, 1885," and I strongly suspect its label has been inter-
changed with that of Tachycineta meyeni (1. c., p. 79) said to be from "Falls of the
Rio Madeira," Bolivia. See also Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 30, p. 2, footnote.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 47
of 106 mm. falls well within the range of this form, as represented
by Chilean and Argentine (Tucuman) examples, whereas P. p.
peruviana, from Arequipa and Lima, measures from 95 to 101 mm.
The under wing coverts are perhaps slightly paler, and the shorter
under tail coverts have less white than in the majority from more
southern localities, but as certain typical patagonica are quite similar,
I do not regard these divergencies as necessarily indicating geo-
graphic intergradation to P. p. peruviana, although a larger series
from Tarapaca might show this to be the case.
17. Haplochelidon1 andecola andecola (Lafr. and d'Orb.)
Hirundo andecola Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 69, 1837 — La Paz, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).
Atticora cinerea (errore) Sclater (6), 1891, p. 132 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed
(4), p. 199— Tarapaca; Albert (1), 100, p. 873— Tarapaca (ex Sclater).
Range in Chile. — Once recorded from Sacaya, Tarapaca.
Material. — Tarapaca: Sacaya, alt. 12,500 feet, 9 imm., April 2,
1890. A. Lane (British Museum).— Wing 111; tail 55; bill 6.
This specimen is totally different from Orochelidon murina (Cassin)
[= Atticora cinerea auct.], but agrees in all essential characters, viz.
slightly emarginate tail, smoky brown throat and foreneck, dingy
white under parts, and mostly white lower tail coverts, with skins
of the Andean Cliff-Swallow from Bolivia, Arequipa, and Tinta
(Cuzco). It is just in the process of molting from the juvenile
plumage (with dark sooty brown upper parts and tawny-tinged
rump) into the glossy-backed dress of the adults.
The typical race of this Cliff-Swallow ranges from southern Peru
to Bolivia and extreme northern Chile.
18. Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert
Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert, Tabl. PL Enl., p. 45, 1783 — based on Dau-
benton, PI. Enl., 724, fig. 1, Cayenne.
Hirundo americana Philippi, Zool. Garten, 39, p. 69, 1898 — Santiago; idem
(24), p. 25 — Aculeo, Santiago.
Hirundo rustica Albert (1), 100, p. 875 — Laguna de Aculeo, Santiago (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Winter visitor.
1 Haplochelidon Todd, Auk, 46, p. 245, 1929 — type, by orig. desig., Hirundo
andecola Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.
48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiap6 Valley, d"1
ad., 9 ad., March 23, 1924.
Both specimens are molting the outermost primary, while the
other wing-quills have already been renewed.
The North American Barn-Swallow is a winter visitor to Chile.
It has previously been recorded by Philippi from the vicinity of
Santiago (Dec. 3, 1897) and Arica (date not stated). Albert (Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 3, p. 28, 1899) is certainly mistaken in assuming
that it has established itself as a breeding bird near the Laguna de
Aculeo.
19. Iridoprocne leucopyga (Meyen)1
Hirundo leucopyga Meyen, Nov. Act. Ac. Leop. Carol., 16, Suppl., p. 73, pi.
10, fig. 2, 1834— Santiago, Chile; Philippi (12), p. 249— Chile generally;
Landbeck (9), p. 235; Gigoux, p. 87 — Caldera, Atacama.
Hirundo leucorrhoa (not of Vieillot) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1,
p. 69 — Valparaiso.
Hirundo leucopygia Darwin, p. 40 — Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 110 — Chile;
Housse (2), p. 143 — San Bernardo.
Cypselus (!) leucopygius Des Murs (2), p. 266; Germain, p. 309 — Santiago
(nesting habits).
Hirundo meyeni Pelzeln (2), p. 41; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 321, 337— Valparaiso;
E. Reed (2), p. 543 — Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Tachycineta meyeni Salvin (2), p. 420 — Coquimbo; E. Reed (4), p. 199 —
Chile; Albert (1), 100, p. 866 — Chile (monog.); Lane, p. 15 — Corral,
Valdivia, and Maquegua, Arauco; Passler (3), p. 470 — Coronel (habits,
nests and eggs); Bullock (3), p. 124 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco;
idem (4), p. 182 — Angol, Malleco; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 105 — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso ( = juv.).
Hirundo cyanoleuca (not of Vieillot) Frauenfeld, p. 637 — near Santiago;
Lataste (1), p. CXV— Ninhue, Maule; idem (4), p. XXXIII— Caillihue,
Curic6; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIV — Penaflor, Santiago; idem
(2), p. CLXX— San Alfonso, Quillota.
Hirundo leucopyga (meyeni) Philippi (24), p. 23, pi. 20, fig. 2 — Chile generally.
Iridoprocne meyeni Barros (4), p. 147 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 186 —
Cordillera of Aconcagua; Wetmore (3), p. 341 — Concon.
Hirundo leucoptera (not of Gmelin) Housse (1), p. 48 — Isla La Mocha.
Tachycineta leucopyga Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 105 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
1This species is currently called /. meyeni (Cabanis). There seems, however,
no valid reason for rejecting Meyen's term, which was changed to Petrochelidon
meyeni by Cabanis (Mus. Hein., 1, p. 48, 1850) merely on the ground that Lichten-
stein, on labels in the Berlin Museum, had originally used the name H. leucopyga
for some other species. Meyen's description and figure are clearly based on the
example collected by himself at Santiago, while the Montevideo bird of the Berlin
Museum, which is stated to differ by the more greenish gloss of the upper parts
and turned out to belong to /. leucorrhoa, is only incidentally mentioned.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 49
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Copiapo Valley) to the Straits
of Magellan.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla (Copiapo Valley), cf
ad., Aug. 22.— Valdivia: Mafil, cf imm., Feb. 22.— Chilce" Island:
Rio Inio, cf ad., Jan. 11; Quellon, cf ad., 9 ad., Dec. 24, 25.
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Coquimbo, cf juv., Nov.,
1881. H. Markham (British Museum). — Valparaiso: San Alfonso
(Quillota),1 cf ad., June 23, 1894. F. Lataste (British Museum).
— Santiago: Penaflor,1 adult (not sexed), Jan. 17, 1894. F. Lataste
(British Museum) ; Santiago, cf ad., June, 1874. E. C. Reed (British
Museum). — O'Higgins: Rancagua, 9 ad., Dec., 1903. C. S. Reed
(Munich Museum). — Curico: Caillihue (Vichuquen),1 cf imm., Dec.
23, 1894. F. Lataste (British Museum). — Concepcion: Concepcion,
cf juv., Jan. 21, 1903. C. S. Reed (Field Museum).— Arauco:
Maquegua, 9 ad., Aug. 10, 1890. A. Lane (British Museum). —
Valdivia: Corral, two cf cf, one 9 ad., Oct. 31, Nov. 1, 1890. A.
Lane (British Museum); Valdivia, cf ad., Dec. 9, 1924. F. Ohde
(Munich Museum).
The White-rumped Swallow is a common resident throughout
the central and southern parts of Chile, the most northerly record
being from the Copiapo Valley.2 It extends southward to the Straits
of Magellan and, besides, it is also found over an extensive area in
Argentina, where, however, the limits of its breeding range have
yet to be worked out. It can hardly be more than subspecifically
distinct from /. leucorrhoa, but it would be unwise to employ a
trinomial designation until we know more about the distribution
of these two closely allied swallows in Argentina and neighboring
countries.
[Diglossa carbonaria brunneiventris Lafresnaye. — Des Murs (Iconog.
Ornith., livr. 8, text to pi. 43, 1847) claims that this species was
discovered by Claudio Gay in Chile. The type, which we have
carefully compared in the Paris Museum, is indeed labeled: "Chili,
par M. Gay, 1843," and agrees with specimens from southern Peru
and Sorata, western Bolivia. However, as pointed out by Sclater
(P. Z. S. Lond., 1867, p. 322), Gay's authority is by no means
trustworthy, and until its occurrence in some part of Chile has been
confirmed by reliable evidence, D. c. brunneiventris is better excluded
from the Chilean fauna.]
1 Named "Hirundo cyanoleuca" by Lataste.
1 Allen's record (p. 79) from "Falls of the Rio Madeira," Bolivia, in his report
on the Rusby collection doubtless refers to a wrongly labeled Chilean example.
50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
20. Conirostrum cinereum littorale Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Conirostrum cinereum littorale Berlepsch and Stolzmann, P. Z. S. Lond., 1896,
p. 336, footnote — Lima (type) and Arequipa, Peru (spec, in Berlepsch
Collection examined).
Conirostrum cinereum Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool.,
8, cl. 2, p. 25, 1838— part, descr. of "female," Tacna;1 d'Orbigny, p. 374—
part, Tacna; Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 272 — part, Tacna;
Sclater (6), 1891, p. 133— Pica, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 15— Pica; E. Reed (4),
p. 199— Tarapaca; Albert (1), 101, p. 939— northern Chile (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in provinces of Tarapaca and
Tacna.
Material collected. — Tarapaca: Pica (alt. 4,000 feet), seven cf d"
ad., two 9 9 ad., May 17, 20, 23.— Tacna: Chacalluta, d" ad.,
July 16.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Tacna, d* ad., Oct. 13, 1902.
Otto Garlepp (Berlepsch Collection).
Wing (male) 56-60, (female) 55; tail 46-50, (female) 43-45; bill
9-10.
These specimens — all in fresh plumage — agree in coloration and
size with a series from the coast region of Peru, including four
from the vicinity of Lima.
There is considerable individual variation in the amount of
olivaceous suffusion on the back and in the depth of the buff color
on the under parts. The male from Chacalluta is particularly richly
colored underneath, the tone approaching warm buff whereas the
dullest examples — two males from Pica — in their grayish buff ventral
surfaces, are exactly matched by one from Matucana, above Lima.
C. c. littorale replaces typical C. c. cinereum on the Pacific coast
of northern Chile and Peru as far north as Dept. Libertad, ranging
east into the upper Maranon Valley.2
[Pheucticus chrysopeplus chrysogaster (Lesson),3 erroneously credited
to "Chile" in the original description, has never been found in that
country, but is widely distributed in Ecuador and Peru.]
Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, in their original description, confused the two
recognizable southern races, regarding the differences as sexual. The characters
of the male correspond to the dark form of Bolivia and southeastern Peru, and the
type specimen at Paris, which no doubt served for the plate in d'Orbigny 's work,
agrees in coloration with a series from Iquico, Illimani, Bolivia. An unsexed bird
in the Lafresnaye Collection (No. 5,795, Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 76,710) is much
paler above, with the crown by no means blackish, while the under parts are deep
buff, instead of mainly grayish. It is precisely matched by some of our Chilean
birds, and doubtless is one of the specimens taken at Tacna.
'See Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 13, 1920.
3 Pitylus chrysogaster Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 204, pi. 67, 1832.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 51
21. Xenospingus concolor (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Sylvia concolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl.
2, p. 20, 1837 — Arica, Prov. Tacna (type in Paris Museum examined; =
adult male); d'Orbigny, p. 216, pi. 18, fig. 1— Arica.
Xenospingus concolor Sclater (6), 1891, p. 134 — Pica, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 16 —
Pica; E. Reed (4), p. 199— Tarapaca; Albert (1), 108, p. 236 — Tarapaca
and Tacna (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, from Antofagasta to Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta, cf ad., 9 ad. (?), <?
juv., three 9 9 juv., June 12, 14, July 16, 21. — Tarapaca: Pica
(alt. 4,000 feet), <? ad., 9 juv., May 20, 23.— Antofagasta: Rio
Loa (alt. 7,500 feet), d", April 19.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Arica, cf ad. D'Orbigny (type
of species; Paris Museum).
The adult males are gray, paler below and nearly whitish along
the middle line, and the bill is wholly yellow. The young birds
(of both sexes) agree with Cabanis's description of that stage1 in
having the pileum and hind neck grayish olive; the back Saccardo's
umber; the wings and tail feathers hair brown; edged with paler
brown; the under parts olive-buff or deep olive-buff, heavily streaked
with dark brown on breast and sides; the bill dusky brown. A
female taken at Chacalluta on July 16, which has all the appearance
of being adult, is very similar on the upper parts, but underneath
it is much paler (about ivory yellow), with the dusky streaking
narrower as well as less pronounced. According to Berlepsch and
Stolzmann,2 however, the adult female resembles the male, being
but slightly duller gray in color. The single male from Rio Loa
is much like the Chacalluta bird just mentioned, but has the bill
yellow and a distinct sooty loral spot like the adult males, while
the upper part of the head is partly gray. It is probably a bird of
the year.
All our specimens are in good plumage.
This monotypic genus is peculiar to the Pacific slope of northern
Chile and southern Peru, its altitudinal distribution ranging from
near sea level to about 7,500 feet. It was discovered by d'Orbigny
at Arica, and Ambrose Lane afterwards obtained five specimens at
Pica, Tarapaca, in May, 1890. Outside of Chile, it has been reported
from the upper Tambo Valley, Arequipa,3 and from lea,2 in the
province of the same name.
'Journ. Ornith., 15, p. 349, 1867.
*P. Z. S. Lond., 1892, p. 376.
»P. Z. S. Lond., 1868, p. 173.
52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
22. Sporophila telasco (Lesson)
Pyrrhula telasco Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), p. 663, pi. 15, fig. 3,
1828-30' — "les environs de Lima, au Perou" (descr. of male).
Pyrrhula alaudina Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 88, 1837— Tacna, Chile (descr. of female).
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material examined. — Tacna: Tacna, d" imm., Oct. 12, 1902;
Asapa, near Arica, d" imm., Nov. 2, 1902. Otto Garlepp (Berlepsch
Collection).
Although the type cannot be found in the collection of the Paris
Museum, the description leaves no doubt that P. alaudina had been
based on a female without the usual rufous throat of the present
species. Two immature males from Tacna, with brownish upper
parts and some scattered whitish feathers in the otherwise rufous
throat, agree with others in corresponding plumage from the Peruvian
littoral, but have slightly longer wings (55-57, against 51-54 mm.) .
S. telasco, which appears to be more nearly related to S. minuta
than to any other member of the genus, ranges all over the Pacific
littoral of Ecuador and Peru, reaching the southern limit of its
distribution in the extreme north of Chile.
23. Catamenia analis analis (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Linaria analis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2,
p. 83, 1837 — Sicasica and Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum
examined).
Catamenia analis Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Sibaya, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Only once recorded from Sibaya, Cordillera of
Tarapaca.
We have not seen any Chilean material, but geographical con-
siderations render it almost certain that the Tarapaca birds recorded
by Philippi will prove to be typical C. a. analis, which is widely
distributed throughout the Andes of Bolivia and western Argentina
(Jujuy to Mendoza).
24. Volatinia jacarina peruviensis (Peale)
Geospiza peruviensis Peale,2 U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 115, 1848 — between Callao
and Lima (descr. of male and female).
1 The plate, issued with livr. 8, was published on November 29, 1828, while
the corresponding letter press, part of livr. 15, did not appear until April 3, 1830.
J Geospiza peruviensis Peale long antedates Volatinia jacarini pacifica Chapman
(Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 11, 1924— Trujillo, Dept. Libertad, Peru).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 53
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta, 9 ad., June 12.
This is the first Chilean record of the Pacific Grassquit, which
ranges all over the Pacific coast of Peru north to Ecuador, where
it passes gradually into the northern V. jacarina atronitens Todd.
25. Phrygilus1 patagonicus Lowe
Fringilla formosa (not of Latham, 1790) Gould in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3,
p. 93, Nov., 1839 — Tierra del Fuego (the type examined in the British
Museum is from Good Success Bay).
Phrygilus gayi patagonicus Lowe, Ibis, (llth ser.), 5, p. 515, 1923 — new name
for Fringilla formosa Gould, preoccupied.
Chlorospiza gayi (not Fringilla gayi Gervais) Des Murs (2), p. 355 — part,
descr. and hab. "sur de la Republica"; Philippi (12), p. 264 — Valdivia;
Landbeck (9), p. 255 — restricted to the south, very rarely met with in the
north; Lataste (1), p. CXV — Ninhue, Maule.
Phrygilus gayi Hartlaub (3), p. 214 — Valdivia; E. Reed (4), p. 199 — southern
Chile; Lane, p. 16— Arauco to Chiloe; Albert (1), 108, p. 209— part,
southern Chile; Bullock (3), p. 125 — Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p.
190— Angol, Malleco.
Phrygilus gay aldunatei (not of Des Murs) Housse (3), p. 226 — Isla La Mocha.
Phrygilus gayi gayi Barros (4), p. 149 — Nilahue, Curico.
Range in Chile. — From Santiago to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Malleco: Rio Colorado (alt. 3,000 feet), three
d" cT ad., 9 juv., Feb. 2, 4.— Cautin: Lake Gualletue" (alt. 3,800
feet), d" ad., Feb. 14. — Chiloe": Quellon, nine cTc? ad., three 9 9
ad., two cfcf juv., Dec. 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, Jan. 1, 2, 3, 4, 27; Rio
Inio, cf ad., 9 ad., cf juv., Jan. 10, 15, 16. — Guaitecas Islands:
Melinka, Ascension Island, 9 ad., cf juv., Jan. 31.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Santiago, 9 ad., Aug., 1862.
R. A. Philippi (United States National Museum). — Arauco: Maque-
gua, 9 ad., Aug. 12, 1890. A. A. Lane. — Cautin: Maquehue,
Temuco, 9 ad., Aug. 13, 1904. D. S. Bullock.— Valdivia: Corral,
tf ad., Oct. 18, 1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum) ; Valdivia, two
cf d" ad. ,1897. A. von Lossberg (Berlepsch Collection). — Llanquihue:
Lago Llanquihue, cf ad., Dec. 5, 1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum) ;
Desague, near Puerto Montt, three d" cf ad., 9 ad., Aug. 20, 28,
Sept. 8, 1895. G. Hopke (Berlepsch Collection).
The full-plumaged males exhibit, regardless of locality, a great
amount of individual variation in the color of the upper parts. The
1As to the limits of the genus, see Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p.
405, 1926.
54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
most richly-colored specimens have the anterior and middle back
plain orange chestnut or tawny (only the scapulars olive green),
strongly contrasted with the yellow ocher rump. In others, the
feathers of this rufous area are apically edged with greenish to a
varying degree, and the rump is somewhat duller, nearer aniline
yellow; in others again the back is mainly citrine, with slight touches
of dull tawny here and there, and the rump still duller, approaching
sulphine yellow. The intensity of the yellow underneath is likewise
variable, ranging from aniline yellow in the darkest to amber yellow,
laterally deepening into wax yellow, in the palest examples. The
throat, foreneck, and cheeks are dark gull gray, the pileum decidedly
darker, slate gray.
The adult female may be recognized by slightly smaller size;
markedly paler gray head, with distinct blackish streaks on pileum
and malar region; duller yellow under parts; and uniform citrine or
dark citrine back, without trace of tawny suffusion, the rump being
but little more yellowish than the mantle.
The juvenile plumage — represented in the series by both sexes —
is bright yellow (amber or wax yellow) underneath; the throat paler
and sometimes variegated with grayish, laterally bordered by a
distinct dusky malar stripe; the chest and sides tinged with aniline
yellow; the foreneck streaked with blackish ; the cheeks and auriculars
pale gray; the upper parts more brownish than in the adult female;
the forepart of the pileum only dull slate gray. It is well figured
on the plate facing p. 52 in Crawshay's "Birds of Tierra del Fuego"
s. n. P. gayi, and differs widely from the young of the larger species,
which I consider to be entitled to Gervais' name.
Careful comparison of the Chilean material with thirty-five speci-
mens, including the type, from the Straits of Magellan and Tierra
del Fuego, demonstrates their absolute identity, the variation in the
color of the upper parts in the adult male being exactly the same in
the two series.
It seems to be premature to treat P. patagonicus as a subspecies
of P. gayi. Apart from the fundamental differences between the two
birds in the coloration of the adult female and juvenile plumage,
it is quite possible that their breeding ranges overlap on the Argen-
tine slope of the southern section of the Andes, although in Chile
they appear to represent each other geographically. A series of
breeding birds, including two in juvenile plumage, from Bariloche,
Lake Nahuel Huapi, typically represent P. patagonicus, being indis-
tinguishable from South Chilean and Magellanic specimens; while
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 55
six skins in worn breeding plumage from the Andes west of Mendoza
(Puente del Inca, December) and a dozen from Huanuluan, Rio
Negro, are as clearly referable to the larger, white-bellied species
(P. gayi). The late J. Koslowsky secured series of both in the Valle
del Lago Blanco, western Chubut, between September and November,
though in this case no unquestionable breeding birds were obtained.
In Chile, P. patagonicus as a breeding bird is evidently confined
to the southern provinces, although the exact limits of its nesting
range can hardly be defined at present. According to Landbeck,
it is very common around Valdivia from April to October, though
it was never found breeding, and appears but rarely in small numbers
in the northern parts of Chile, probably as a winter visitor. The
United States National Museum has an adult bird from Santiago,
August, 1862, received from R. A. Philippi, and Lataste shot a
specimen in the latter half of September, 1893, at Ninhue, Dept.
Itata, Maule. Barros states that the "Chanchito," while fairly rare,
may be seen in small flocks, chiefly in winter and spring, in the
Nilahue Valley, Curico, where, however, a few pairs stay to breed.
Bullock lists it as an irregular winter visitor for Angol, Malleco,
while Sanborn obtained apparently breeding adults and a full-grown
young bird at Rio Colorado, in the hills of the same province. It
undoubtedly breeds on Chiloe" Island, whence we received a con-
siderable series in various plumages, and thence down to the Straits
of Magellan.
According to Lane, the favorite haunts of these birds are the sides
of ravines or abrupt hollows, covered with thick bush of seed-bearing
nature, and small cliffs covered with creepers. They do not occur
on open stretches, but are often numerous in partially cleared
localities, where coppice has taken the place of the large timber
previously cut down or burned. In call-note, song, and habits they
are said to resemble their northern ally (P. g. gayi).
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail
Seventeen from Chile proper 75-82 56-63
Fourteen from Straits of Magellan 77-85 57-67
Two from Tierra del Fuego 80, 84 63, 67
Four from Nahuel Huapi 76-82 62
Adult females
Six from Chile proper 72-75 54-61
Two from Straits of Magellan 74, 76 53, 59
Three from Nahuel Huapi 72-76 55-57
56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
26. Phrygilus gayi gayi (Gervais)
Fringilla Gayi [Eydoux and] Gervais,1 Mag. ZooL, 4, cl. 2, pi. 23, 1834 —
Chile; Eydoux and Gervais, Voyage Favorite, ZooL, 5, (2), p. 46, 1839—
Valparaiso; Bridges, p. 94 — Chile, between 34° and 35°, near the summit
of the Andes; Fraser (1), 1843, p. 113 — Chile, in winter on the coast.
Chlorospiza aldunatei Des Murs in Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, ZooL, 1, p. 356,
1847 — part, Chile; Philippi (12), p. 264 — central and northern provinces;
Landbeck (9), p. 256 — vicinity of Santiago; Gigoux, p. 84 — Caldera.
Phrygilus gayi Bibra, p. 130 — Valparaiso; Cassin, p. 180; Pelzeln (2), p. 93;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 322, 337— Chile; Salvin (2), p. 421— Coquimbo;
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 431, 1887— Santiago (monog.);
Albert (1), 108, p. 209— part, northern Chile.
Phrygilus aldonatii [sic] E. Reed (2), p. 543 — Bafios de Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Phrygilus gayi gayi Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 514 — Chile and Patagonia (crit.).
Phrygilus gayi aldunatei Barros (5), p. 189 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Mousse
(2), p. 147 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Phrygilus aldunatei E. Reed (4), p. 199 — northern Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 109 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
Chlorospiza gayi Gigoux, p. 84 — Caldera, Atacama.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, two cTcf ad., two cf cf
imm., June 8, 1924. E. Gigoux; 9 ad., Aug. 29; Domeyko, two
cTcT imm., Aug. 9, 16. — Coquimbo: Paiguano, cf imm., 9 ad.,
June 14, 15; Balala, Rio Turbio (alt. 4,850 feet), <? ad., Nov. 7;
1 There has been considerable controversy about the identification of F. gayi
of Gervais. Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 781, 1888) referred it to the smaller
southern species, in which the sexes differ but little inter se, and was followed in
this course by Peters (Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 65, p. 334, 1923), while other
authors like Ridgway (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 431, 1887) and Lowe (Ibis,
1923, p. 514) unhesitatingly applied the name to the larger yellow-backed, white-
vented species with striking sexual dimorphism, which breeds in the Temperate
Zone of central Chile. Sclater and Salvin (Ibis, 1869, p. 285) pretend having
examined the "type" of F. gayi, but as pointed out by Oustalet (Miss. Sci. Cap
Horn, 6, ZooL, p. B 85, 1891) this specimen is not, and apparently never was, in
the collection of the Paris Museum, and my own researches in the French National
Museum fully corroborate his contention. The above-mentioned authors appear
to have mistaken for the type one of the specimens presented by C. Gay posterior
to the publication of Gervais' account. Both description and figure are rather
ambiguous. The general coloration of the plate, which represents the dorsal and
ventral surfaces of the bird about the same shade of yellow, and the absence of
any allusion to a brighter rump-patch point to the larger (northern) species,
whereas the restriction of the white to the under tail coverts speaks rather for the
smaller form (P. patagonicus). The type was shot by Eydoux, naturalist of the
"Favorite," in Chile, no locality being specified in the original description. Several
years later, however, Eydoux and Gervais, in their report on the zoological collec-
tions of the "Favorite," definitely state that "les individus proviennent de Val-
paraiso," where the larger species is much more likely to be met with, and call
the "ventre blanchStre," thus modifying the original account. In the face of
these facts I am inclined to refer F. gayi, in agreement with Ridgway and Lowe,
to the larger central Chilean form, afterwards named C. aldunatei by Des Murs.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 57
Banos del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), four 0*0? ad., Nov. 10, 19.—
Aconcagua: Los Andes (alt. 1,800 feet), <f ad., Aug. 19; Rio Blanco,
9 ad., Oct. 18, 1924. R. Barros.
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Coquimbo, cf ad., Nov., 1881.
A. H. Markham (British Museum). — Santiago: Santiago, cf ad.,
9 ad., June and August, 1864. R. Philippi; cf imm., 9 ad., July,
1872. E. C. Reed (United States National Museum and Paris
Museum). — Chile (unspecified): twelve cfc? ad., three (sex unde-
termined). H. Berkeley James Coll. (British Museum).
In opposition to what obtains in P. patagonicus, adult males of
the present species exhibit very little variation, those in worn plumage
being brighter and more yellowish above than immediately after
the annual molt. Regardless of locality, the olive-green jugular
band, separating the bluish gray head from the yellow breast, is
either well developed or barely suggested. Birds from Atacama
average somewhat smaller, but one from Coquimbo, collected by
Sir Markham, is hardly larger. The female of this species is quite
different from the male and cannot be confused with that of P.
patagonicus, from which it is readily distinguished by its much
paler, less bluish, though similarly streaked pileum; an indistinct
whitish postocular streak; paler (less bluish) gray sides of the head;
whitish throat, medially often variegated with dusky; dull orange
breast, with slight grayish apical edges to the feathers; and brownish
buff abdomen, more whitish along the middle line. Besides, the
back is not so greenish, orange citrine rather than dark citrine,
the ground color being obscured by grayish margins, and the larger
upper wing coverts are hair brown, tipped with buffy or dingy
whitish, instead of being uniform bluish gray. There are also a
number of specimens marked as "male" in this plumage, which
I take to be birds of the year. Two from Caldera, including one
"male," and a female from central Chile are almost uniform grayish
above, with just a faint greenish tinge in the middle of the back,
and the orange pectoral area is but slightly suggested.
P. g. gayi breeds in the Cordilleras of central Chile at altitudes
from 4,800 to 11,000 feet. The specimens taken by Sanborn in
November at Balala, Rio Turbio, and Banos del Toro, Coquimbo,
are in worn breeding plumage. According to Landbeck, it breeds
in the Cordillera of Santiago, and Barros reports it as nesting in
the Andes of Aconcagua. After the nesting season, it starts on its
downward migration and may then be met with in the foothills
and even along the coast at Valparaiso, Coquimbo, and Caldera.
58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Birds from the Argentine slope of the Andes (Lara, Tucuman;
Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca; Puente del Inca, Mendoza;
Huanuluan, Rio Negro) are similar in coloration, but average larger
and have, as a rule, a somewhat heavier, longer bill.
If deemed worthy of separation, they have to be called P. gayi
caniceps Burmeister.1 The types which, thanks to the courtesy of
Professor Briihl, I have been enabled to examine, are birds in female
plumage and agree with a series from other Argentine localities.
P. gayi koslowskii Lowe,2 the original series of which I have carefully
compared in the British Museum, proves to have been based upon
freshly molted individuals of the same form.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
Two from Caldera, Atacama
One from Balala, Coquimbo
Four from Bafios del Toro,
Coquimbo
One from Coquimbo
One from Los Andes, Aconcagua
One from Santiago
Six from "Central Chile"
One from Lara, Tucuman
One from Colalao del Valle,
Tucuman
One from Fuerte de Andalgala,
Catamarca
Two from near Mendoza
Three from Inca, Mendoza
Six from Huanuluan, Rio Negro
Two from Maquinchao, Rio Negro
Six from Valle del Lago Blanco,
Chubut
Wing
82,84
89
88,90,
91,92
84
85
89
85,87,87,88,*
93
92
90
90,95
93,94,94^
91,95,96,
96,97,98
93,94
91^,93,94,
94,94,96
Tail
Bill
60,62
13,133^
64
13
64,67,
12H.13,
69,69
13,13^
61
12 J^
61
14
68^
12
70
15
68
14
65
14
64,69
13,13
70,70,71
13,133414
64,70,70,
12,13,13,
70,71,72
13,133^,14
68,68
14,15
69(five),
13^,14,14,
70
14,14,15
27. Phrygilus gayi atriceps (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Emberiza atriceps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl.
2, p. 76, 1837 — "in Peruvia, in summis Andibus, prope Tacora," =Tacora,
Prov. Tacna (type in Paris Museum examined) ; Philippi, Reise Atacama,
pp. 81, 162— "Pugios" [=Puquios, alt. 10,800 feet, n. e. of Copiapo],
Atacama.
Phrygilus atriceps Sclater (4), 1886, p. 397 — Sacaya and "Llalcalhuay,"
Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 133 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 17 — Sacaya
and Huasco, Cordillera of Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 199— Chile; Albert
(1), 108, p. 211 — Tarapaca and Tacna (monog.).
Chlorospiza atriceps Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Antofagasta.
1 Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860 — Mendoza (types in Halle Museum examined).
'Ibis, (llth ser.), 5, p. 515, 1923— Valle del Lago Blanco, western Chubut.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 59
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of northern Chile, in provinces of
Tacna, Tarapaca, Antofagasta, and Atacama (Puquios).
Material collected.— Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), d* ad.,
July 8.— Antofagasta: Ojo de San Pedro (alt. 12,400 feet), d" ad.,
May 2; twenty miles east of San Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet), d1 ad.,
d" imm., d" juv., 9 ad., April 28, 30, Oct. 10; Rio Inacaliri (alt.
12,800 feet), twenty-eight miles east of San Pedro, cf [?= 9 ad.],
April 25.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Tacora [labeled "Cordiltere du
P4rou"j, cf ad. (type of species). D'Orbigny (Paris Museum).—
Tarapaca: Sacaya, d1 ad., Feb. 8, 1886. C. Rahmer; two d" tf1 ad.,
March 29, April 2, 1890. A. A. Lane; Huasco, d" ad., Jan. 20,
1890. A. A. Lane; "Iquique," d" ad. H. Rowland (British Museum).
Adult males are well characterized by their uniform deep black
head. Females have the pileum from deep to dark mouse gray
streaked with black, while the throat and sides of the head are
blackish mouse gray, the feathers of the former being sometimes
edged with pale grayish. Birds without any black on the head or
bright yellow on the rump, with buffy edges to inner secondaries
and upper wing coverts and buffy or brownish, more or less blackish
streaked throat obviously represent an immature stage, possibly
even the juvenile plumage.
The Black-headed Phrygilus, while sharply separated from P. g.
gayi, of central Chile, is connected with the plumbeous-headed group,
through P. g. punensis, of northwestern Bolivia.1 This form, of
which I have seen a good series from La Paz, Iquico (Illimani),
Tilotilo (type of P. saturatus Sharpe), and Lake Titicaca, has the
head just a trifle darker than P. g. chloronotus, of central and northern
Peru, but approaches P. g. atriceps by its bright orange brown or
tawny upper back.
P. gayi atriceps, originally based upon an adult male from Tacora,
Tacna, ranges all over the Cordilleras of northern Chile south to
Puquios, inland of Copiapo, Atacama, where it was met with by
Philippi many years ago. Specimens from extreme southwestern
Peru (Arequipa and Chihuata) in the British Museum and an adult
male from Sajama, Oruro, Bolivia, in the Berlepsch Collection are
precisely similar to the Chilean series. Birds from the central parts
of Bolivia (Vacas, Prov. Mizque; El Cabrada, Chuquisaca; Potosi)
1 Allen's record (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889) of this form from
"Valparaiso" is, of course, based on a wrongly labeled specimen in the Rusby
collection.
60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
and northwestern Argentina (Antofagasta, Los Andes; Maimara,
Angosta Perchela,1 and Tilcara,1 Jujuy), on the other hand, have
generally longer bills, though the various individuals are not
distinguishable.
In Argentina, the black-headed form is clearly restricted to the
extreme northwestern section. L. Dinelli and E. Budin secured
specimens at various places in Jujuy; Lonnberg2 records it from
Moreno in the Puna region of the same province; and J. Mogensen
sent a female from Antofagasta, Los Andes, to Field Museum. It
evidently does not go much farther south, for birds in breeding
plumage taken by G. A. Baer at Lara, Tucuman, and others collected
by E. W. White at Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca, belong to the
gray-headed, olive-backed P. g. gayi (see p. 56).
Like its northern allies, P. g. atriceps is only found in the Puna
Zone, from 8,000 feet upwards.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
Wing Tail Bill
One from Tacora, Tacna (the type) 98 70 15
One from Putre, Tacna 92 68 14
Two from near San Pedro, Antofagasta 94,99 67,74
Four from Cordillera of Tarapacd 95,97, 67,69, 13,13 1A
97,98 70,73 13^,15
One from Arequipa, Peru 90 67 13
One from Sajama, Oruro, Bolivia 73 13 Yz
One from Vacas, Mizque, Bolivia 96 1A 72 ^ 15
Two from El Cabrada, Chuquisaca 96,98 71,77 15^,16
One from Maimara, Jujuy 90 67 16
Two from Angosta Perchela, Jujuy 94,94 67,70 15,16
One from Tilcara, Jujuy 95 72 16
28. Phrygilus unicolor unicolor (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Emberiza unicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 79, 1837 — "La Cordilliere du Tacora (P6rou), pampa d'Oruro,
Bolivie"; we accept Tacora, Prov. Tacna, as type locality (type lost,
formerly in Paris Museum).
Chlorospiza plumbea Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 30, (1), p. 47,
1864 — Cerro de San Cristobal, Las Aranas, Valle Larga, "Yceba" [ = Yerba]
Loca, etc., Prov. Santiago and Cordillera de la Hacienda la Puerta, Prov.
Colchagua; Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 24, p. 341, 1864 — same localities;
Philippi (12), p. 265— Santiago, Colchagua; Landbeck (9), p. 257— Prov.
Santiago and Colchagua; Philippi (24), p. 59, pi. 25, figs. 1, 2.
Phrygilus unicolor Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 322, 337 — Cordillera of Santiago
(crit.); E. Reed (2), p. 544— Cordillera of Colchagua; Sclater (4), 1886,
Erroneously quoted as "Tucuman, 2,470 a 2,550 metr. (Dinelli)" by Hartert
and Venturi (Nov. Zool., 16, p. 181, 1909).
2 Ibis, 1903, p. 451.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 61
p. 397— Huasco, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 18— Huasco; E. Reed (4), p. 199 —
Chile; Albert (1), 108, p. 218— Cordilleras of Chile (monog.); Barros (5),
p. 190 — Cordillera of Aconcagua (alt. 1,570 to 3,300 meters); Housse
(2), p. 147 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Phrygilus unicolor plumbea Barros (8), p. 139 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of the Andes from Tacna south
to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Tacna: Choquelimpie (alt. 15,000 feet), cf
ad., 9 ad., June 21. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San Pedro
(alt. 12,600 feet), six cf cf1 ad., one 9 ad., three c? cf juv., one 9
juv., April 26, 30; October 4, 5, 10. — Coquimbo: Banos del Toro
(alt. 10,600 feet), <? ad., two 9 9 juv., November 15, 17, 19.
Additional specimens. — Aconcagua: Cajon del Rio Blanco (alt.
2,200 meters), two <? cf ad., Oct. 15, 1920; Valle de los Piuquenes,
Vega Redonda (alt. 2,100 meters), 9 juv., Dec. 23, 1920. R. Barros
(American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Guardia Vieja
(alt. 1,550 meters), d* juv., Nov. 7, 1924. R. Barros (Field Museum).
—Santiago: Cordillera de Santiago, c? ad. L. Landbeck (British
Museum).
Measurements.— d1 ad.— wing 91-94; tail 66-70; bill 10^-11.
9 ad.— wing 90, 91; tail 64, 66; bill 10^, 11.
tf juv.— wing 87-92; tail 61-66; bill 10^-11.
9 juv.— wing 85-89; tail 62-65; bill 10-12.
Chapman1 and Wetmore,2 when reviewing the geographic races
of the Plumbeous Phrygilus, called the pale Chilean form P. u.
plumbeus, using the name P. u. unicolor for the small deeply colored
birds of the Peruvian highlands.
E. unicolor, however, was originally based upon specimens from
the Cordillera of Tacora, province of Tacna, and the plateau of
Oruro, in the adjoining section of Bolivia. The types no longer
exist in the Paris Museum nor are there any specimens in the Lafre-
snaye Collection at Cambridge (Mass.) that could possibly be d'Or-
bigny's originals. Although no material is available from Oruro, it
may fairly be assumed that the birds found in that part of Bolivia
are the same as those from the neighboring section of Tacna. On
the other hand, there are amongst the series collected by Mr. Sanborn
two adults from Choquelimpie, above Tacna, which are virtually
topotypes of E. unicolor, if we accept d'Orbigny's first locality —
Cordillera of Tacora — as terra typica. These agree in every detail
1Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, pp. 4-5, 1925.
»Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, pp. 460-461, 1926.
62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
with skins from other parts of Chile, including a number from
Aconcagua and Santiago (C. plumbea). It thus results that E.
unicolor is strictly referable to the pale Chilean form, C. plumbea
becoming a synonym. The small, dark Peruvian representative has,
accordingly, been separated by Mr. Zimmer as P. u. inca.1
The plumages of this finch do not appear to have been properly
understood hitherto. The adult female is closely similar to the male,
viz. light neutral gray above, somewhat paler below, and merely
differs by having dusky centers to the feathers of the mantle and
faint dusky streaks on the sides of the breast. The birds with
pale brownish, black-spotted upper parts, buffy edges to wing
coverts and quills, and whitish broadly dusky-striped ventral sur-
face obviously represent the juvenile plumage. The same conditions
prevail in the Peruvian race of which a series of nearly twenty
properly sexed specimens has been examined. The subject will be
more fully discussed by Mr. Zimmer in one of his forthcoming
papers. Specimens taken from October to December are in more
or less worn plumage, while those secured in April and June (in
Antofagasta and Tacna) have just completed their annual molt.
P. u. unicolor is the palest of the numerous races of this group
and can hardly be confused with any other except P. u. tucumanus
Chapman,2 which, in addition to rather smaller size, differs by
slightly darker coloration, less whitish abdomen, and narrower white
edges to the under tail coverts in the gray (adult), and somewhat
broader streaking below in the striped (juvenile) dress. A series
from various localities in the Bolivian Department of Cochabamba,
courteously loaned by the Carnegie Museum, agrees well with
twenty skins from Las Pavas, Tucuman, in the collection of Field
Museum.
P. u. unicolor is an inhabitant of the Puna Zone. It nests in
the Cordilleras between 6,000 and 15,000 feet, but descends to lower
altitudes after the breeding season. Examples from the extreme
south of its range, Tierra del Fuego and Straits of Magellan, average
slightly larger than those from Chile proper.
29. Phrygilus alaudinus alaudinus (Kittlitz)
Fringilla alaudina Kittlitz, Kupfert. Naturg. Vog., Part 2, p. 18, pi. 23, fig. 2,
1832 — Chile = Valparaiso (see Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 1, p. 20, 1921 — type in Leningrad Museum); Darwin, p. 94 — Val-
'Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 88, 1929 — mountains near Huanuco, Peru.
*Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, p. 4, 1925— above Tafi del Valle, Tucuman.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 63
paraiso; Fraser (1), p. 112 — Chile (breeding habits); Kittlitz (3), pp. 135,
178 — Valparaiso and Quillota.
Emberiza guttata Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Carol., 16, Suppl., p. 85, pi.
12, fig. 1, 1834— Santiago.
Fringilla (Niphaea) laciniata Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 121, 1848— Valpa-
raiso, Chile.
Chlorospiza alaudina Des Murs (2), p. 357; Germain, p. 312 — Santiago (breed-
ing habits); Philippi (12), p. 265 — central provinces; Landbeck (9), p.
257 — on the seacoast mountains at Llico, Curic6; E. Reed (2), p. 544 —
Cauquenes, Colchagua; Lataste (1), p. CXV — Ninhue, Maule; idem (4),
p. XXXIV— Cerro de las Lajuelas, Curic6; idem (5), p. LXII— Llohue,
Maule; Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXXII— San Alfonso, Quillota;
Gigoux, p. 86 — Caldera, Atacama.
Phrygilus alaudinus Pelzeln (2), p. 93— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 322, 337—
Chile; Salvin (2), p. 421— Coquimbo; E. Reed (2), p. 200— Chile; Lane,
p. 18 — Vina del Mar (Valparaiso) and Coronel (Arauco); Allen, p. 83 —
Valparaiso; Albert (1), 108, p. 220 — Chile (monog.); Barros (4), p. 149—
Nilahue, Curicd; idem (5), p. 190 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2),
p. 148 — San Bernardo; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 110 — Marga-Marga, Valpa-
raiso; Bullock (4), p. 190 — Angol, Malleco.
Phrygilus alaudinus alaudinus Wetmore (3), p. 407 — Concon.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to Cautin.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, 9
ad., Aug. 22; Domeyko, c? ad., 9 ad., Aug. 10, 16. — Coquimbo:
La Compania, d" ad., Oct. 31; Tambillos, cf (first annual), July 8;
Romero, 9 ad., July 30; Paiguano, two cf cf ad., 9 ad., June 19,
25. — Valparaiso: Olmue", c? (first annual), June 1. — Cautin: Rio
Lolen, Lonquimai Valley (alt. 3,600 feet), cf ad. (in worn breeding
plumage), Feb. 12.
Very little is known about the breeding range of this species,
though from published records the center of its distribution would
seem to lie between Coquimbo and Curico. Barros found it a
common resident at Nilahue, in the last-named province, and San-
born obtained a breeding male even farther south, near Rio Lolen,
in the Lonquimai Valley, Cautin. In Aconcagua, according to
Barros, it inhabits the Precordillera and the Cordillera up to 1,650
meters, but descends in the fall to lower altitudes and the coastal
plains. The male taken by Sanborn at La Compania, Coquimbo,
being in worn breeding garb, tends to indicate that the species — at
least, occasionally — breeds near the coast.
It seems doubtful whether P. a. alaudinus is found anywhere
outside of Chile, since birds from western Bolivia that have been
referred to it are more likely to belong to the larger P. a. venturii
64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Hartert,1 of western Argentina. In Peru and Ecuador it is repre-
sented by the very distinct P. a. bipartitus Zimmer.2
30. Phrygilus plebejus plebejus Tschudi
Phrygilus pkbejus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 290, 1884— Peru.
Phrygilus plebeius Sclater (4), 1886, p. 397 — Huasco, Sitani, and "Lalcalhuay,"
Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 200— Tarapaca; Albert (1), 108, p. 222—
Tarapaca and Tacna (monog.).
Range in Chile. —Northern provinces, from Antofagasta north-
wards, at high elevations (Puna Zone).
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San Pedro
(alt. 12,600 feet), two <? cf ad., Oct. 9, 11.
The specimens agree with a series from Peru and Argentina
(Maimara, Jujuy; Laguna Blanca, Catamarca).
This species has a wide range throughout the Puna Zone of Peru,
Bolivia, and western Argentina, down to Mendoza. Within Chile,
it has previously been found by Carlos Rahmer in the Cordillera
of Tarapaca. It is apparently absent from the central and southern
provinces.
31. Phrygilus fruticeti fruticeti (Kittlitz)
Fringilla fruticeti Kittlitz, Kupfert. Naturg. Vog., Part 2, p. 18, pi. 23, fig. 1,
1832 — Valparaiso, Chile; Darwin, p. 94 — northern Chile [=Coquimbo]
and Cordillera of central Chile; Eraser (1), p. 113= Chile; Kittlitz (3),
p. 154 — near Valparaiso.
Fringilla erythrorhyncha Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, 1834 — Coquimbo;
idem in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. Th6tis, 2, p. 324, 1837 — Coquimbo.
Emberiza luctuosa Eydoux et Gervais, Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, p. 24, pi. 71, 1836 —
Chile; idem, Voyage Favorite, 5, (2), p. 50, pi. 19, 1839 — Chile; Bridges,
p. 94— Chile, lat. 34°-35°.
Chlorospiza fruticeti Des Murs (2), p. 357; Philippi (12), p. 264; Landbeck
(9), p. 256— Chile, up to 12,000 feet; E. Reed (2), p. 543— Cauquenes,
Colchagua; Philippi (15), p. 159 — Sibaya (Tarapaca) and Antofagasta;
Lataste (1), p. CXV— Ninhue, Maule; Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXXII
— San Alfonso, Quillota; Lataste (11), p. 170 — Santa Teresa; Gigoux,
p. 86 — Caldera, Atacama.
Emberiza carbonaria (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Bibra, p. 130 —
Cordillera [of Santiago].
Chlorospiza erythrorrhyncha Philippi (8), Reise, p. 162 — Miguel Diaz,
Antofagasta.
»Nov. Zool., 16, p. 180, 1909— Lagunita, Tucuman.
1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Sen, 12, p. 61, 1924— Cajamarca, Peru.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 65
Phrygilu* fruticeti Pelzeln (2), p. 93— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 322, 337—
Chile; Sharpe, p. 7 — Coquimbo; Sclater (4), p. 397 — Sibaya, Tarapac&;
Allen, p. 83 — near Valparaiso; Albert (1), 108, p. 216 — Chile (monog.);
Schalow (2), p. 724— Ovalle, Coquimbo; Barros (4), p. 149 — Nilahue,
Curico; idem (5), p. 190 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 147 —
San Bernardo; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 110 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso;
Barros (10), p. 363 — Aconcagua.
Phrygiliis coracinus Sclater, P. Z. S. Lond., 1891, p. 133, pi. 13 — eight leagues
from Sacaya, Tarapacd; Lane, p. 18 — near Sacaya; E. Reed (4), p. 200 —
Tarapaca (ex Sclater).
Range in Chile. — From Tacna to Curico.
Material collected.— Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), three cf cf
ad., two 9 9 ad., June 19, July 3, 8. — Atacama: Domeyko, cf ad.,
9 ad., Aug. 14, 15. — Coquimbo: La Compaiiia, cf (first annual),
Oct. 31; Romero, cf (first annual), two 9 9, July 11, 18, 30. —
Valparaiso: Olmue", four cf cf (first annual), two 9 9 , May 27, 28,
31, June 1, 2, 3. — Santiago: Lampa, cf ad., 9 ad., May 12. — O'Hig-
gins: near Sewell, cf (first annual), May 3.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Estancia eight leagues north-
east of Sacaya, two cf cf ad. (including the type of P. coracinus),
March 20, 1890. A. Lane; Sibaya, cf ad., Jan. 9, 1886. C. Rahmer;
"Iquique," cf ad. H. Rowland. — Coquimbo: Coquimbo, cf ad.,
Aug. 25, 1879. R. W. Coppinger (all in the British Museum).
I am unable to make out any geographic variation among Chilean
birds, either in size or color. The two skins from the Cordillera of
Tarapaca (eight leagues northeast of Sacaya) described by Sclater
as P. coracinus turn out to be merely unusually dark males of
P. /. fruticeti in exceedingly worn plumage.1 While identical in
dimensions and structure with males from other localities, they
have more black on the under parts than any other specimen we
have seen. The type, No. 201, A. A. Lane Collection, has the entire
sides of the head and neck as well as the under parts down to the
middle of the abdomen uniform black, the feathers of the flanks
being broadly edged with slate gray; the anal region grayish white,
with dark gray central spots; the under tail coverts black, broadly
margined all around with white; the axillaries and under wing coverts
black like the breast. A second specimen taken in the same locality
on the same day (No. 200, A. A. Lane), however, shows some gray
spots on the sides of the neck; the black underneath is less extensive,
leaving a much larger abdominal area white, and is strongly inter-
1 The figure in the P. Z. S. Lond., 1891, pi. 13, is utterly misleading. It conveys
quite a wrong impression as to the bird's size and general appearance.
66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
mixed with slate gray on the flanks, while the under tail coverts
are mostly white, as in fruticeti. Both specimens are worn to such
a degree that the gray lateral edges on the mantle and the white
apical spots of the wing coverts have almost completely disappeared.
In the type the black color even predominates on the rump, which,
in the other example, is mainly slate gray as in fruticeti, though
slightly mottled with black. An adult male (in somewhat better
plumage) collected by P. 0. Simons at Pampa Olliaga, Dept. Oruro,
Bolivia, 67° W. 19° 3' S. (alt. 3,700 meters), on October 19, 1901, is
very similar to A. Lane's No. 200, but approaches the normal type
of P. fruticeti by having brownish edges to the dorsal feathers and
inner secondaries, and much more gray on rump and upper tail
coverts. On the other hand, an adult male secured by Carlos Rahmer
at Sibaya, Tarapaca, hence close to the type locality of P. coracinus,
on January 9, 1886, as well as one from Potosi (alt. 4,400 meters),
Bolivia, taken by P. O. Simons on September 27, 1901, and Sanborn's
series from Putre, Tacna, all of which, on geographical grounds,
ought to belong to P. coracinus, do not differ in the least from
fruticeti, of central Chile.
P. f. fruticeti thus appears to range from Tacna and western
Bolivia (Oruro, Potosi) all over northern and central Chile south
at least to Curico. It breeds in the Cordilleras, from 5,000 up to
15,000 feet, descending during the cold season to lower altitudes
and even to the seacoast. This finch is also widely distributed in
the Argentine Andes, from Tucuman and Catamarca down to Pata-
gonia. A series from western Neuquen (Sierra de la Angostura;
Paso Limay; Rio Traful) and others from Patagonia (Chubut)
agree with those from Chile.
P. /. peruvianus Zimmer,1 of Peru and extreme northern Bolivia
(La Paz) is constantly smaller, and the adult males in fresh plumage
are more broadly streaked with black above.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
P. fruticeti fruticeti Wing Tail
Three from Putre, Tacna 98,101,101 84,86,87
One from Oruro, Bolivia 105 82
Two from near Sacaya, Tarapaca2 102,105 83,87
One from Sibaya, Tarapacd 98 81
One from "Iquique," Tarapaca 103 84
One from Potosi, Bolivia 105 82
One from Domeyko, Atacama 101 84
1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 63, 1924— Matucana, Dept. Lima,
Peru.
8 Including the type of P. coracinus Scl.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 67
P. fruticeti fruticeti Wing Tail
One from Coquimbo 101 85
One from Lampa, Santiago 98 80
One from Laguna Blanca, Catamarca 105 84
One from Puente del Inca, Mendoza 102 85
Six from western Neuquen 98,98,99,99, 79-83
100,102
One from Chubut 99 78
One from Rio Negro 101 82
P. fruticeti peruvianus
Three from Cajamarca, Peru 92,94,95 74,76,78
Four from Macate, Ancachs 90,94,95,95 76,78,78,79
Two from Cullcui, Maranon River 94,94 76,78
Four from Surco, Lima 92,95,96,98 78,80,80,84
Three from above Lima 94,96,97 80,80,81
Four from Matucana, Lima 94,94,96,98 73,74,76,—
Two from Arequipa 94,97 75,79
One from Chihuata, Arequipa 99 81
Two from La Paz, Bolivia 97,98 79,80
32. Phrygilus erythronotus (Philippi and Landbeck)
Chlorospiza erythronota Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 610,
1861 — Putre or "Parunicota" [ =Parinacota], Tacna; idem, Arch. Naturg.,
29, (1), p. 121, 1863 — same locality (descr. of immature).
Diuca behni Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber., 15, p. 201, 1907 — Potosi, Bolivia
(type in Berlin Museum examined; = adult male); Menegaux, Bull. Soc.
Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 210, 1909— Pulacayo, Oruro, Bolivia (spec,
examined).
Range. — Puna Zone of extreme northern Chile, in province of
Tacna, and western Bolivia (Pulacayo, Oruro; Potosi and Livichuco,
Potosi).
Material collected. — Tacna: Choquelimpie (alt. 15,000 feet), two
cf <? ad., one 9 imm., June 22, 23, 26; Las Cuevas, near Putre
(alt. 13,500 feet), 9 imm., June 20, 1924.
On receiving this small series, it immediately occurred to me that
C. erythronota, described from a single bird secured by Frobeen in
June in the Cordillera of Tacna, either at Putre or Parinacota, might
have been wrongly identified by authors, since our specimens, vir-
tually topotypes of Philippi and Landbeck' s species, proved to be
decidedly different from the rusty-backed Phrygilus of northwestern
Argentina, to which that name had generally been applied. In the
adult male I at once recognized the rare "Diuca" behni heretofore
only known from a few Bolivian skins in the collections at Paris
and Berlin. The immature females obtained by Sanborn correspond
fairly well to the account of C. erythronota, except that the describers'
term "rostroth" would seem to be ill-chosen for the bird's wood-brown
68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
(dusky-streaked) back.1 In order to have the question definitely
settled, my colleague Mr. Karl P. Schmidt on his recent visit to
Chile very kindly took specimens from Tacna and Jujuy with him
for comparison with the material in the Museo Nacional at Santiago,
and reports as follows: "There are two specimens in the Chilean
National Museum labeled 'P. erythronotus Ph. & Landb. Chile N.'
One of these is plainly the Argentine bird, the other is as evidently
'Diuca' behni. In spite of the statement that 'Riicken and Schul-
tern sind rostroth/ the description agrees best with the specimen
which resembles Field Museum, No. 62,017 ( 9 , Las Cuevas, near
Putre,' June 20, 1924), because (1) the light tips of the cheek-feathers
are very evident; (2) the dark gray streak on each dorsal feather2 is
clearly distinguishable; (3) the smaller wing-coverts are gray-edged;
(4) the eyelid-feathers are white; (5) the gray (darker) mesial streak
on each feather on the top of the head is very well marked. The
specimen which is thus determined as the type bears the number
458."
To this I have only to add that I fully concur with Mr. Schmidt's
disposition of the case, since the dusky centers of the dorsal feathers,
expressly mentioned by the describers of C. erythronota, constitute
a conspicuous feature in the immature plumage of "Diuca" behni,
whereas both sexes of the allied Argentine Phrygilus have the back
and scapulars wholly uniform rufous. Geographical considerations
lead to the same conclusion. The specimens of "Diuca," behni are
from the Quebrada de Putre (an affluent of the Rio Lluta), that is
from the very same region, whence the type of C. erythronota also
originated. The rufous-backed Phrygilus, on the other hand, was
found way farther south on the border-line of Antofagasta and
Bolivia, and in view of their close (perhaps subspecific) affinity it
is altogether unlikely that they should occur side by side in the
Cordillera of Tacna.
Considering all facts, it seems pretty fair to assume that No.
458, of the Museo Nacional de Chile, which Mr. Schmidt found
identical with one of our Putre birds, is the actual type of C. ery-
thronota. The second example so marked (No. 460, Museo Nacional
de Chile) probably was subsequently received from a more southern
locality. It is much to be regretted that so little care has been
llt is well to remember, however, that Philippi and Landbeck (Arch. Naturg.,
31, (1), p. 96, 1865) also use the term "rostroth for the buffy edges of the wing
coverts and secondaries in the juvenile plumage of Musdsaxicola rufivertex.
*"Jede Feder [des Riickens und der Schultern] in der Mitte mit grauem Langs-
striche oder Flecke" (Philippi and Landbeck, 1. c.).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 69
exercised in properly labeling the many types in the Chilean National
Museum.
Through the good offices of Dr. E. Stresemann and Mons. J.
Berlioz I have been enabled to directly compare our specimens with
the type and three other males of "Diuca" behni, and quite recently
Mr. N. B. Kinnear obligingly sent me five additional skins from the
collection of the British Museum. All are from the highlands of
Oruro and Potosi in Bolivia and, except for their slightly larger
size and somewhat stouter bills, they agree with the males from
northern Chile. Like the latter, one of the specimens, an adult
male from the vicinity of Pulacayo, May 27, 1903 (Paris Museum,
No. 1907. 765), is in perfectly fresh plumage, all three having the
outer margins to the tertials pale wood-brown and the flanks tinged
with buff. In worn plumage, as represented by the type of "D."
behni taken by Professor Behn at Potosi on March 19, 1847, and by
four adults secured by P. O. Simons at Potosi and Livichuco in
August and September, 1901, the gray portions are somewhat darker
and duller, while the brownish edging to the inner secondaries has
disappeared through wear. A second specimen from Pulacayo (sex
and date of capture not recorded on the label) is in full molt. Like
one of our skins (June 23, 1924), it shows a faint brownish shade on
the middle of the back, whereas in all of the eight other adults the
entire dorsal surface, from forehead to tail coverts, is uniform gray
(between light neutral and neutral gray). Two adult females in
the British Museum are similar to the males in coloration, but have
slightly shorter wings and tail.
The immature females1 differ by somewhat duller, more brownish
gray, dusky-streaked pileum and hindneck; dingier (brownish gray
rather than light neutral gray) pectoral band and sides of the head,
the latter, however, similarly marked with whitish as in the adults;
deeper buff flanks and under tail coverts; wider and brighter (avel-
laneous) edges to the inner secondaries; and especially by having
the back and scapulars wood-brown, each feather being largely
centered with dusky.
This species has no close relation to "Dmca,"2 but agrees in
every structural detail with the members of the genus Phrygilus,
'No males in this stage are available, but they are not likely to be different.
*It bears a superficial resemblance to Diuca speculifera, but, in addition to
its shorter wings and much shorter, slenderer bill, it may be easily separated by
the paler gray pectoral band not extending along the flanks as well as by lacking
the white outer web to the external rectrix and the white wing-speculum at the
base of the second to the ninth primaries.
70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
particularly P. dorsalis, which it obviously replaces in western Bolivia
and extreme northern Chile. While viewed from below the two forms
are perfectly alike, P. erythronotus is easily distinguished by lacking
the pecan brown dorsal area so characteristic of P. dorsalis, which
is, however, suggested by the wood-brown mantle of its immature
plumage.
P. erythronotus is as yet only known from the Puna Zone of
Tacna and the adjoining Bolivian provinces of Oruro and Potosi,
but it will doubtless also be found to occur in the Cordillera of
Tarapaca.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Two from Choquelimpie, Tacna 97,101 68,71
Three from Potosi, Bolivia 108,108,111 74,77,79
Two from Livichuco, Bolivia 107,108 76,78 13,13
One from Pulacayo, Bolivia 104 78
Adult females
One from Potosi, Bolivia 103 72 13
One from Livichuco, Bolivia 105 75 14
Immature females
Two from Tacna 93,96 62,65
33. Phrygilus dorsalis Cabanis
Phrygilus dorsalis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 31, p. 109, 1883 — Cerro Vayo, near
the snow line, Prov. Tucuman (type in Berlin Museum examined).
Phrygilus erythronotus (not of Philippi and Landbeck) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus., 12, p. 796, 1888— Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.
Buenos Aires, 18, p. 399, 1910— Tucuman.
Range. — Puna Zone of northern Chile (Antofagasta) and north-
western Argentina (Maimara, Cerro de la Laguna, Jujuy; Cerro
Munoz, Cumbre de Calchaquies, Laguna Alta, and Laguna de
Pelado, Tucuman).
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Silala, Chile on Bolivia bound-
ary (alt. 14,160 feet), two rf rf, April 26, 1924.
Both of these specimens have an extensive area on the back,
including the scapulars, plain pecan brown, and agree with a series
from the Andes of Tucuman in the Tring Museum. One of the birds
(No. 62,024) is slightly tinged with buffy brownish on the head and
rump, the pectoral band is paler, and the sides are much deeper,
almost cinnamon-buff. It is probably a bird of the year.
The sexes are alike, male and female having the back — except
the lower rump and tail coverts which are neutral gray like the
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 71
pileum and hind neck — bright pecan brown, without the slightest
trace of dusky central streaks.
The range of P. dorsalis is evidently more southerly than that of
P. eryihronotus, and comprises the Puna Zone of northwestern
Argentina, from Tucuman north to Jujuy, whence it extends west to
the Chilean Province of Antofagasta.
C. erythronota turning out to refer to the foregoing species, the
proper name of the present bird becomes P. dorsalis, based on speci-
mens from the Cerro Vayo, Tucuman.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from Silala, Antofagasta 104 69 11
Six from Andes of Tucuman 95,98,98,100, 65-68,
100,103 once 73 12-12)4
Adult females
Two from Andes of Tucuman 96,98 64,66 12^,13
One from Maimara, Jujuy 99 68 12 %
34. Melanodera xanthogramma barrosi Chapman
Melanodera xanthogramma barrosi Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 96, p. 12,
1923 — Rio Blanco, 9,500 feet alt., Prov. Aconcagua.
Chlorospiza xanthogramma Bridges, 1841, p. 94 — "in the valleys near the sum-
mit of the Andes on the east and west sides" [between 34° and 35° S.] =
Prov. Colchagua; Philippi (12), p. 264; Landbeck (9), 1877, p. 255— not
rare on the highest passes over the Cordillera between Chile and Mendoza.
Phrygilus xanthogrammus Albert (1), 108, p. 214 — part, Cordilleras of San-
tiago; Barros (5), p. 190 — Salto de los Piuquenes up to Castro, Prov.
Aconcagua.
Phrygilus xanthogrammus barrosi Barros (10), p. 363 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Range. — High Cordilleras of central Chile, in provinces of Acon-
cagua, Santiago, and Colchagua.
Material examined. — Chile (unspecified) : one d* ad. T. Edmunds
(British Museum).
Very little is yet known about the distribution of this species,
which, according to Barros, breeds in the Cordilleras of Aconcagua
between elevations of 8,000 to 11,000 feet. It was first met with
by Bridges near the summit of the Andes in Colchagua. Landbeck
reports it as not uncommon on the highest passes over the Cordillera
between Chile and Mendoza, and gives good descriptions of both
sexes. Seiior R. Barros, in April, 1921, secured seven specimens in
fresh winter plumage on the road from Salto de los Piuquenes to
Cajon de Castro, Aconcagua, some of which passed into the hands
of Dr. F. M. Chapman, who named them in honor of the collector,
72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
basing the subspecific separation on larger size and lesser amount
of yellow in the male sex. The only Chilean example which we
have seen — an adult male in worn breeding plumage without speci-
fied locality — differs from several typical M. x. xanthogramma, from
the Straits of Magellan, by greater dimensions, larger (both stouter
and longer) bill, pure white (instead of canary yellow) tail-markings,
and by having much more yellow on the breast. It measures: wing,
110 (against 103-105); tail, 70 (against 60-65); bill, 13>£ (against
11 Yi in M. x. xanthogramma). So far as is possible to judge from a
single specimen, M. x. barrosi appears to be a valid race and probably
represents in the Andes of central Chile the typical form known to
range north to the Arroyo Las Bayas, in the vicinity of Lake Nahuel
Huapi, western Rio Negro.1
35. Diuca diuca diuca (Molina)
Fringilla diuca Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 249, 1782— Chile; Kittlitz
(1), p. 192, pi. 11 — Chile (habits, full description); Eydoux and Gervais
(1), p. 18, pi. 69 — Valparaiso; idem (3), p. 44, pi. 17 — Valparaiso; Darwin,
p. 93 — part, humid forests of Chiloe and Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 113 —
Chile (habits); Yarrell, p. 53 (eggs); Des Murs (2), p. 359— Chile in general;
Boeck, p. 505— Valdivia; Kittlitz (3), pp. 114, 137, 147, 154— San-Tom6
and near Valparaiso; Frauenfeld, p. 637 — near Santiago; Philippi (12),
p. 265 — Chile, part; Landbeck (9), p. 258 — Chile (habits, nest, and eggs);
Lataste (1), pp. CXIV, CXV— Bureo, Nuble, and Ninhue, Maule; idem
(4), p. XXXIV— Caillihue, Curic6; idem (5), p. LXII— LlohuS, Itata;
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVII— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p.
CLXXII— San Alfonso, Quillota; Housse (2), p. 148— San Bernardo,
Santiago.
Dolichonyx griseus Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, 1834 — Valparaiso;
idem in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. Th&is, 2, p. 324, 1837 — Valparaiso.
Emberiza diuca Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, p. 77, 1837 — part,
Valparaiso.
Pipilo cinerea Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 123, 1848 — road from Valparaiso
to Santiago.
Diuca molinae (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, Denks. math.-naturw. Kl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— Cordillera [of Santiago].
Hedyglossa diuca Hartlaub (3), p. 214— Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 93— Chile
(egg descr.).
Phrygilus diuca Cassin, p. 180 — Santa Lucia; Germain, p. 312 — Santiago
(nesting habits).
Diuca grisea Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 322, 327— Chile; Sclater and Salvin (2), Ibis,
1870, p. 499— Ancud, Chiloe"; Salvin (2), p. 421— part, Talcaguano; E.
Reed (4), p. 200 — Chile; Lane, p. 18 — Hacienda Mansel (near Santiago)
*See Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 462, 1926.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 73
and Coronel; Albert (1), 108, p. 231— Chile (monog.); C. S. Reed (1),
p. 21 — Concepci6n; Housse (1), p. 49 — Isla La Mocha; Bullock (3), p.
125 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 191 — Angol, Malleco.
Diuca griseus E. Reed (2), p. 544 — Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Diuca diuea Allen, p. 84 — Valparaiso;1 Schalow (2), p. 723 — Valparaiso and
Santiago; Passler (2), p. 27 — Coronel (nest and eggs); Barros (4), p. 150 —
Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 191 — Cordillera of Aconcagua, up to 2,000
meters elev.; Wetmore (3), p. 408 — Concon.
Diuca diuca diuca Passler (3), p. 478 — Coronel (habits, nest, and eggs).
Diuca matutina [sic] Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 109 — Marga-Marga Valley,
Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Aconcagua south to Llanquihue (Rio
Stirehuau).
Material collected. — Santiago: Polpaico, <? ad., Sept. 1, 1925.
C. S. Reed. — Conception: Hacienda Gualpencillo, three cf cT ad.,
March 31, April 3, 12. — Malleco: Curacautin, d" imm., Jan. 12.—
Valdivia: Mafil, d* ad., cT imm., two 9 9 ad., two cfcf juv.,
Feb. 10-28. — Chiloe" Island: Quellon, three d" d* ad., two d" d* imm.,
two 9 9 ad., 9 imm., Dec. 29, Jan. 1-5. — Llanquihue: Rio Nire-
huau, cf imm., March 17.
Additional specimens. — Valparaiso: Concon, two d" cf ad., one 9
ad., April 24-28, 1921. A. Wetmore (United States National Museum) ;
Valparaiso, one (unsexed) adult. D'Orbigny (Paris Museum). — Con-
ception: Conception, d* imm., Aug. 7, 1903. C. S. Reed. — Valdivia:
Valdivia, d" ad., August, 1896. A. von Lossberg (Berlepsch Collec-
tion).— Llanquihue: Puerto Varas, d* ad., d1 juv., Nov. 30, Dec. 1,
1907. A. Lendl (Berlepsch Collection).
Birds from Valdivia and Chilo£ generally have the rufous on the
flanks and under tail coverts slightly deeper in tone, but the varia-
tion is not quite constant. The single specimen from the Rio SJire-
huau, according to size of bill and other dimensions (wing 90; tail
73; bill 14), is typical diuca,, and does not at all approach D. d. minor.
Adult females have the chest band deep gray like the males, but
are somewhat smaller, and the back as well as the flanks is conspicu-
ously washed with brown. Birds (of either sex) in first annual plum-
age are similar to the female, but much more brownish above with
rufescent brown edges to the remiges and wing coverts; the sides
are buffy brown, and the gray pectoral band is overlaid with brown-
ish. This plumage is apparently worn until the next molt when the
definite adult dress is acquired.
'Also erroneously recorded from "Reyes" and "Mapiri," Bolivia.
74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
D. d. diuca is a very common bird throughout the greater part
of central and southern Chile. It prefers the plains and hills, but
occurs also in the lower Cordilleras up to altitudes of 5,000, rarely
6,000 feet. Outside of Chile, it is found all along the Argentine
slope of the Andes from Mendoza to western Patagonia. Birds
from Mendoza (four) and western Neuquen (Lake Nahuel Huapi
and Rio Traful) are indistinguishable from Chilean specimens. A
single adult male from Misionares, obtained in November, 1882, by
the French Cap Horn Expedition, in the Paris Museum, also belongs
here, its measurements (wing 93; tail 73; bill 13) being much too
large for D. d. minor, which replaces the typical race in eastern
Patagonia. The occurrence of D. d. diuca so far south and in the
range of an allied form is no doubt exceptional.1
36. Diuca diuca crassirostris subsp. nov.
Fringilla diuca (not of Molina) Darwin, p. 93 — part, desert mountains of
Copiapo; Philippi, Reise Atacama, p. 163 — north as far as Miguel Diaz,
Antofagasta; idem (12), p. 265 — Chile, part; idem (15), p. 159 — Atacama.
Diuca grisea (not of Lesson) Sharpe, p. 7 — Coquimbo; Salvin (2), p. 421 —
part, Coquimbo; Gigoux, p. 86 — Caldera.
Range. — Northern Chile, from southern Antofagasta (Miguel
Diaz) to Coquimbo.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, two "9 9 " ad., April 13,
June 11, 1924. E. Gigoux; Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, cf ad.,
Aug. 24; Domeyko, two 0*0* ad., one 9 ad., Aug. 11, 14. — Co-
quimbo: Romero, cf ad., July 11.
Type from Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, Atacama, Chile, in Field
Museum of Natural History. No. 62,150. Adult male. Aug. 24,
1923. C. C. Sanborn.
Similar to D. d. diuca, of central and southern Chile, but bill
much heavier, being both longer and considerably deeper, and outer
web of outermost rectrix partly white. Wing (male) 88-93; tail
72-76; culmen 16-18; depth of bill at base 12-13 mm.
This is a large-billed race of the well-known D. d. diuca, repre-
senting it in northern Chile from Coquimbo northward. The extent
of the white on the lateral tail feathers is somewhat variable individ-
ually. It is most extensive in one of the Caldera birds (No. 62,126),
which has the entire outer web white except for a small dusky sub-
(Zeits. Ool. Ornith., 16, p. 30, 1906), by mistake, includes Dinca [sic]
minor among the breeding birds of Coronel, Conception. This record belongs,
of course, to D. d. diuca, the only representative of the genus in that part of Chile.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 75
apical streak (about 8 mm. long). In the second specimen from
Caldera (No. 62,127) and another from Romero, Coquimbo (No.
62,146) this streak is more blackish, about twice as long (from 17
to 18 mm.), and occupies the whole width of the web, while the
extreme base of the latter is likewise dusky. A female from Domeyko
(No. 62,148) has the basal third and a short streak near the tip of
the outer web dusky, while in two males from the same locality and
another from Ramadilla (the type) the base and the apical third or
fourth are of that color, the middle portion of the web being white
for about 20 to 25 mm. In D. d. diuca the outer web of the lateral
tail feathers is uniform dusky or blackish, sometimes with traces
of a white marginal fringe in the middle; only a male from Polpaico,
Santiago, approaches D. d. crassirostris, though the white area is
still more restricted than in northern examples with the minimum
of white.
Other constant color differences do not seem to exist, although
I notice that in certain specimens from northern Chile the rufous
patch on the sides of the vent is very pale, while the ochraceous edges
to the under tail coverts are much reduced in extent.
The remarkably deep, heavy bill serves to distinguish this form
without difficulty from its southern ally.1 This feature is particularly
striking in the two Caldera birds, which, though marked " 9 " by the
collector, I take to be adult males judging from their nearly pure
gray upper parts. The only other female in the collection has the
dorsal surface washed with brownish, though less so than in the same
sex of typical D. d. diuca.
By the partly white outer web of the external rectrix and large
bill, D. d. crassirostris diverges in the direction of D. speculifera
(Lafr. & d'Orb.). This species, however, is larger (wing of eighteen
Bolivian and Peruvian specimens 109-118), possesses an extensive
alar speculum formed by the white basal portion of the outer web
of the second to ninth primaries, and lacks the white tips to the
rectrices as well as every trace of rufous on the abdomen.
37. Diuca speculifera (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Emberiza speculifera Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 78, 1837 — "in summis Andibus, Bolivia" (types in Paris Museum
examined).
Diuca speculifera Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 233 — Tarapaca.
1 In D. d. diuca (twenty-seven specimens) the length of the culmen varies from
12 J^ to 14, and the depth of the bill at the base measures from 8 to 10 mm.
76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in provinces of
Tarapacd and Tacna.
The only authority for the inclusion of this species in the Chilean
fauna is Albert's statement (1. c.) : "frecuenta las rejiones del norte de
la republica desde Tarapaca hasta Arica . . . hasta alturas de 4,500 i
mas metres." Albert gives detailed measurements and full descrip-
tions which clearly apply to the present species, but unfortunately
neglects to tell us when, where, and by whom the specimens, pre-
sumably in the Chilean National Museum at Santiago, were col-
lected. This information would have been the more welcome as
neither Rahmer nor Lane nor Sanborn met with the species in Tara-
paca or Tacna.
Its occurrence there is not unlikely, however, as it has been found
at Salinas (above Arequipa), Peru, and in various parts of High
Bolivia.
38. Zonotrichia1 capensis peruviensis (Lesson)
Pyrgita peruviensis Lesson,2 L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, Sept. 27, 1834 —
Callao, Peru; idem in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. Theiis, 2, p. 325, 1837 —
Callao.
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta, cf ad., 9 ad., June 12,
16; Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), two 9 9 ad., June 18.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Arica, adult (unsexed), Jan., 1831.
D'Orbigny (Paris Museum).
These birds agree in every particular with a topotypical series
from the coast region around Lima, and differ from Z. c. chilensis
by much broader black lateral stripes on the pileum. Their measure-
ments are about the same: wing 74, (females) 71-74; tail 63, (females)
61, 65M, 68; bill
39. Zonotrichia capensis pulacayensis (Me'ne'gaux)
Brachyspiza capensis pulacayensis Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14,
No. 7, "1908," p. 341, Jan., 1909— Pulacayo and Pampas de Pazna,
Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia (type from Pulacayo in Paris Museum
examined).
Zonotrichia pileata Sclater (6), 1891, p. 133 — Pica, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 20 — part,
Pica and Canchones (east of Iquique), Tarapaca.
1-Van Rossem (Auk, 46, pp. 548-549, 1929) has shown Brachyspiza to be
inseparable from Zonotrichia.
2 This name has several years' priority over Pyrgita peruviana Lesson (Rev.
Zool., 2, p. 45, 1839 — vicinity of Lima).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 77
Range in Chile. — Northern section, in provinces of Tarapaca and
Antofagasta.
Material collected. — Tarapaca: Pica (alt. 4,000 feet), two d"d"
ad., May 23, 25; Canchones (east of Iquique), 9 ad., May 30. —
Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet), three c? d* ad., two 9 9 ad.,
April 19, Sept. 11-13.
The series from Tarapaca and Antofagasta, while agreeing with
Z. c. peruviensis, of Tacna, in the broad black lateral head stripes,
is much more rufous, the mantle being little paler than the nuchal
collar; the edges to the greater upper wing coverts and inner secon-
daries are much darker, tawny instead of from buff to ochraceous
tawny; and the sides of the body are conspicuously more rufescent,
varying from tawny-olive to mikado brown. Some of the specimens
have been directly compared with the type of Z. c. pulacayensis, an
unsexed adult bird in very fresh plumage, and, except for their slightly
smaller size, were found to be identical with it.
Although the palest specimen — a female from Rio Loa — is but
slightly more rufescent above than certain examples of Z. c. perumen-
sis, and others are hardly brighter on the flanks, the series as a whole
clearly stands out by the rufescence of its plumage, and seems to
require recognition under a separate subspecific name. The dimen-
sions appear to be somewhat larger, too. Wing (type) 82, (Rio
Loa) 80, 78, 77, (Pica) 76, 75, (females) 74, 74, 75; tail (type) 74,
(Rio Loa) 72, 71, 70^, (Pica) 68, 64, (females) 68; bill 11-12.
Z. c. pulacayensis is known to inhabit Tarapaca, Antofagasta,
and the adjacent section of Oruro, but will doubtless be found to
be more widely distributed in the highlands of western Bolivia.
40. Zonotrichia capensis chilensis (Meyen)
Fringitta chilensis Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., 16, Suppl., p.
88, 1834— Santiago de Chile.
Fringilla mortonii Audubon, Orn. Biogr., 5, p. 312, 1839 — "Upper California,"
errore; idem, Birds of America, 1st 8vo ed., 3, p. 151, pi. 190, 1841 —
"Upper California."1
Zonotrichia matutina (not of Lichtenstein) Darwin, p. 91 — part, Valparaiso;
Fraser (1), p. 113— Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 214— Valdivia; Germain, p.
312— Santiago (nesting habits); Cassin, p. 180; Pelzeln (2), p. 93.
Fringilla australis (not of Latham) Peale, p. 119 — part, Valparaiso.
lThe type, which is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, was examined and pronounced by Sclater (P. Z. S. Lond., 25, p.
7, 1857), to be "nothing more than a Chilian specimen of Zonotrichia pileata, sive
matutina" [ =Z. capensis chilensis (Meyen)].
78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Zonotrichia pileata Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 322, 337— Chile; E. Reed (2), p.
544 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2), p. 422 — Coquimbo; Allen, p.
83 — part, Valparaiso; Lane, p. 20 — part, Arauco, Hospital, Valdivia
(habits); Nicoll, p. 50 — Valparaiso; Passler (2), p. 28 — Coronel (nest and
eggs); Housse (1), p. 49 — Isla La Mocha; idem (2), p. 147 — San Bernardo;
Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 109 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (3), p.
125 — Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 190 — Angol, Malleco.
Fringilla matutina Lesson (10), p. 136 — Valparaiso; Des Murs (2), p. 360 —
Chile, part; Boeck, p. 505— Valdivia; Kittlitz (3), pp. 122, 135— San-
Tome1, Concepci6n, and Valparaiso; Philippi (12), p. 265 — Chile in general;
Landbeck (9), p. 258 — Chile in general; Lataste (1), p. CXV — Ninhue,
Maule; idem (4), p. XXXIV— Caillihue, Curic6; idem (5), p. LXII—
Llohue, Maule; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVII — Penaflor, Santiago;
idem (2), p. CLXXII— San Alfonso, Quillota; Porter, Rev. Chil. Hist.
Nat., 3, p. 179, 1899— Pabellon, Atacama; Gigoux, p. 86— Caldera.
Brachyspiza capensis capensis (not of Miiller) Barros (4), p. 149 — Nilahue,
Curic6, and Melipilla, Santiago; idem (5), p. 189 — Valley of Aconcagua.
Brachyspiza capensis chilensis Passler (3), p. 477 — Coronel (breeding habits);
Wetmore (3), p. 419 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to the Guaitecas Islands.1
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla (Copiapo Valley), d"
ad., two 9 9 ad., March 23, Aug. 22, 24. — Coquimbo: La Compania,
9 ad., Oct. 31; Romero, c? ad., 9 ad., July 17, 22; Paiguano (alt.
3,300 feet), tfad., two 9 9 ad., June 16, 20.— Valparaiso: Olmue", 9 ad.,
June 3. — Santiago: San Jose" de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet), cf ad., Dec. 18.
—Concepcion: Hacienda Gualpencillo, six d" cT ad., three 9 9 ad.,
March 30-April 21.— Malleco: Rio Colorado (alt. 3,000 feet), 9 ad.,
March 3. — Valdivia: Mafil, cf ad. (worn), cf (in juvenile molt), four
•c?c? juv., Feb. 15-27; Valdivia, cf juv., Dec. 18.— Chiloe" Island:
Quellon, three d" d"ad., 9 ad., d1 juv., Jan. 1-31. — Guaitecas Islands:
Melinka, Ascension Island, three d1 d1 ad., one c? juv., Jan. 31, Feb. 1.
Additional specimens. — Aconcagua: Los Andes (alt. 3,000 feet),
9 ad., May 9, 1925. R. Barros (Field Museum). — Valparaiso: Val-
paraiso, adult and juv. D'Orbigny (Paris Museum). — Santiago: San-
tiago, d" ad. (Munich Museum). — Valdivia: Valdivia, d1 ad., 9
ad. (Munich Museum).
Birds from Concepcion agree with topotypes from Valparaiso and
Santiago, though one of the males, by the reduction of the black
lateral stripes on the pileum2 forms the transition to Z. c. australis.
'The status of the "Chingolo" occurring on the shores of Lake Nahuel Huapi
is in doubt. Two adult females from Bariloche — the only ones we have seen —
are too badly worn to be of use in deciding whether they are referable to Z. c.
chilensis or Z. c. choraules.
2 A similar specimen probably induced Passler (Zeits. Ool. Orn., 16, p. 30,
1906) to list Zonotrichia canicapilla as breeding near Coronel, Concepcion.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 79
Those from Chiloe" and Melinka do not appear to be different either.
Specimens from the coast of Coquimbo and Atacama average
slightly smaller, and have the crown, as a rule, somewhat paler
gray, but the variation is insignificant. Z. c. chilensis may be
recognized from Z. c. pulacayensis and Z. c. perunensis by the much
narrower, less compact black stripes along the sides of the pileum.
The "Chincol" is widely distributed in central and southern
Chile, its range extending from the seacoast up to an altitude of
7,000 feet. R. Barros (p. 189) reports to have taken it once at Laguna
de Castro, Aconcagua (about 10,000 feet), but there is a possibility
that this record might be referable to the large, buffy-colored race
treated under the next heading. An adult female taken by Sefior
Barros in the Cordillera of Aconcagua at an elevation of about 840
meters, however, is in every respect typical of Z. c. chilensis.
41. Zonotrichia capensis sanborni subsp. nov.
Brachyspiza capensis chilensis (not Fringilla chilensis Meyen) Barros (11), p.
315 — Juncal, Prov. Santiago.
Range. — High mountains in provinces of Coquimbo (Bafios del
Toro), Aconcagua (?), and Santiago, extending into Argentina to
the Cordilleras west of Mendoza (Potrerillos).
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Baiios del Toro (alt. 10,600
feet), eight <? <? ad., four 9 9 ad., Nov. 9-14, 1923.
Type from Bafios del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), Coquimbo, Chile,
in Field Museum of Natural History. No. 61,882. Adult male. Nov.
12, 1923. C. C. Sanborn.
Adult. — Nearest to, and agreeing with, Z. c. chilensis in narrow-
ness of the lateral black crown-stripes; but decidedly larger, with
heavier bill, and coloration much paler and more buffy, the back
being sandy brown, the edges to the wing coverts and secondaries
cinnamon or tawny olive, and the sides of breast and abdomen pale
sandy buff. The gray of the crown is even lighter than in Z. c.
chilensis, from the coast of Atacama.
Wing (male) 80 (two), 81, 82, 83 (two), 85, 87, (female) 79,
80, 81, 81; tail 64 (two), 66, 67 (two), 68, 69, 72, (female) 64-67;
bill 11-12^.
The discovery of this seemingly well-marked form of the "Chin-
golo" in the mountains of Coquimbo is quite surprising. The series
secured by Mr. Sanborn is in somewhat worn plumage, indicating
the approach of the breeding season. When compared with Z. c.
80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
chilensis in similar condition, it is easily separable by its much paler
coloration and decidedly larger size.1 Six specimens, including two
adults, from Potrerillos, in the Cordillera west of Mendoza, alt.
4,800 to 5,000 feet, agree in size (wing of adult males, 84-86 mm.)
and large bill with the series from Bafios de Cauquenes. They are
just in the process of finishing their annual molt, most of the body
plumage having already been renewed,2 and are therefore not com-
parable as to coloration which is much more saturated throughout.
In the Potrerillos birds the nuchal collar is much deeper in tone,
varying from Kaiser brown to chestnut, instead of between hazel
and cinnamon rufous; the back much more rufescent, decidedly
more fawn than in the similar stage of Z. c. australis; the edging to
the secondaries and greater upper wing coverts mikado brown; the
buffy brown wash along the flanks considerably darker. These dif-
ferences appear to be purely seasonal, and correspond to the amount
of variation that may be observed between the fresh fall plumage
and the worn breeding dress in the allied Z. c. attstralis. From
Z. c. choraules Wetmore and Peters,3 to which they had been referred
by Peters, the Potrerillos birds differ by larger size, heavier bill,
much more rufescent dorsal surface, and markedly narrower as
well as less compact black lateral crown-stripes. I have little doubt
that they should be assigned to Z. c. sanborni, although the examina-
tion of a more satisfactory series seems desirable.
Z. c. sanborni obviously is an altitudinal representative of Z. c.
chilensis in the upper Temperate Zone of central Chile and adjacent
parts of Argentina.
42. Zonotrichia capensis australis (Latham)
Fringilla australis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 466, 1790 — based on "Rusty-
collared Finch" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, Suppl., p. 170, Tierra del Fuego.4
Range in Chile. — Province of Magallanes north to Llanquihue
(Rio Nirehuau).
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau,
cf ad., March 17, 1923.
1 Twenty adult males of Z. c. chilensis measure on the wing from 72-78, very
rarely 79 or 80; fifteen females, from 70-75, one 77 mm.
2 They were taken on March 16 and 17, 1921, by Mr. J. L. Peters.
*Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 44, 1922— General Roca, Gob. del Rio Negro.
4 Although short, the description, "general colour brown, with a ferruginous
collar," in conjunction with the locality, cannot apply to any bird but Zono-
trichia canicapilla Gould.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 81
This specimen agrees with a large series from Patagonia (Passo
Ibaiiez, Dept. Santa Cruz; Huanuluan and Maquinchao, Gob. del
Rio Negro) in general features, especially the nearly uniform light
gray pileum, but displays a certain tendency toward Z. c. chilensis
by deeper chestnut nuchal collar, somewhat more rufescent edging
to secondaries and greater wing coverts, and the suggestion of a few
blackish streaks above the superciliary region. It is very different
from Z. c. choraules, of which specimens have been examined from
Rio Colorado and Noetinger (Cordoba).
This is the first actual record of Z. c. australis from Chile proper,1
although it has previously been found at various localities along the
Straits of Magellan.
43. Spinus crassirostris (Landbeck)
Chrysomilris crassirostris Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 254, 1877 — "nahe
der chilenischen Grenze, jenseits auf argentinischem Gebiete ... in der
hohen Cordillere, in der Nahe der Passe von Uspallata und Portillo,"
Prov. Mendoza.
Spinus ictericus magnirostris Barros (5), p. 187 — El Penon and Ojos de Agua,
Rio Aconcagua, and Valle de los Leones, Prov. Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Once recorded by R. Barros from the Puna
Zone of Aconcagua.
This siskin, though probably related to the S. magellanicus group,
may be immediately recognized by larger size and the enormous bill,
which is not only decidedly longer, but from two to three times as
bulky as in the other representatives of the genus. The adult male,
compared with S. m. urubambensis, is much duller both above and
below; the lower abdomen is buffy, and the apical band to the
greater upper wing coverts dull pyrite yellow instead of bright
lemon yellow. The female, with which I am not acquainted, is
stated by Todd2 to be similar in coloration to that of "S. capitalis."
S. crassirostris was described by Landbeck from a single male
in the National Museum at Santiago.3 The type had been taken
beyond the Chilean frontier in the high Cordillera west of Mendoza,
!Blaauw (Not. Leyd. Mus., 35, p. 29) refers birds seen at Casa Pangui, near
Todos Santos Lake, Llanquihue, to "Zonotrichia eanicapitta," on account of their
"very light gray heads."
2 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 40, 1926.
3 See Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 41, p. 102, 1872, where "Chsysomitris"
[sic] crassiroslris is, however, a pure nomen nudum. It was not characterized until
several years later in the same author's paper, "Bemerkungen iiber die Singvogel
Chiles," quoted above.
82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
and remained unique until the species was redescribed by Dabbene1
as S. ictericus magnirostris from specimens obtained by J. Mogensen
in the Andes of Salta and Catamarca. Comparison of an authentic
example from Lago Helado, Catamarca, for which I am indebted
to Dr. Dabbene, with four topotypes from Puente del Inca, Mendoza,
in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History,
revealed their absolute identity.
Very little is known about the breeding range of this remarkable
bird. It seems to inhabit the elevated Cordilleras of western Argen-
tina from Salta south to Mendoza, at altitudes of 10,000 feet and
upward. Its claim to be included in the Chilean fauna rests on R.
Barros's record from the Cordillera of Aconcagua. Barros observed
the birds in flocks in the upper Aconcagua Valley and in the Valle
de los Leones in spring. They seemed to be on migration and disap-
peared on the approach of summer. We have no Chilean material,
but one of Barros's specimens was identified by Dr. Dabbene.
44. Spinus magellanicus urubambensis Todd
Spinus magellanicus urubambensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 65, 1926 —
Cuzco, Peru (type), and Palca, Tacna.
Spinus capUalis (not of Cabanis) Todd, 1. c., pp. 37, 39 — part, Putre, Tacna.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material collected.— Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), c? ad., 9
ad., July 3, 7, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Palca (alt. 3,000 meters), cf ad.,
Oct. 17, 1902. Otto Garlepp, No. 26 (Berlepsch Collection, Frank-
fort Museum).
The Chilean specimens agree in size and coloration with the
typical series from the Cuzco region. Mr. Todd, in his review of
the genus Spinus, identified the pair from Putre as S. capitalis,
but after careful comparison we have no hesitation whatever in
referring them to S. m. urubambensis. The difference between the
Putre male and the one from Palca in the Berlepsch Collection
(identified by Todd as S. m. urubambensis) is merely seasonal,
the former, taken in July, being in very abraded plumage, while
the latter (October) has just finished its annual molt. Palca and
Putre are in the same region, at very nearly the same altitude,
and the occurrence of two closely allied forms in Tacna seems alto-
sis, 4, No. 16, p. 105, May 15, 1918— Sierra del Cajon, Salta.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 83
gether unlikely. Besides, the female from Putre is not separable
from others obtained in the Cuzco region, so far as I can see.
Measurements compare as follows. — Peru, Cuzco: wing 74, 74,
75, 78, (female) 72; tail 48, 48, 48, 52, (female) 48.— Chile, Tacna:
wing 73 (Putre), 75 (Palca), (female) 70; tail 48, 49, (female) 46 mm.
S. m. urubambensis ranges from southern Peru to northern Chile
(Tacna). It is closely allied to S. m. peruanus,* but is larger and
slightly darker in coloration.
45. Spinus barbatus (Molina)
Fringilla barbata Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 247, 345, 1782— Chile;
Valparaiso suggested as type locality by Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17,
p. 81, 1926) ;2 Philippi (7), p. 27— Chile (crit.).
Carduelis stanleyi Audubon, Syn. Bds. N. America, p. 118, 1839 — "Upper
California," errore, probably Valparaiso, Chile (see Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phil., 1865, p. 90).
Chrysomitris marginalis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, p. 517, 1850 — Chile; Cassin,
p. 181, pi. 17— Chile.
Chrysomitris campestris (not Fringilla campestris Spix) Darwin, p. 89 — Val-
paraiso; Fraser (1), p. 112 — Valparaiso; Des Murs (2), p. 352 — Chile;
Boeck, p. 504— Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 92— Chile; Philippi (12), p.
263— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 253— foothills of the Andes, also Valdivia
(habits); Lataste (1), p. CXV — Ninhue, Maule; Waugh and Lataste (1),
p. LXXXVII— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXII— San Alfonso,
Quillota; Gigoux, p. 84 — Caldera; Lataste (9), p. 170 — Santa Teresa.
Crithagra flavospecularis Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 213, 1853 — Valdivia.
Chrysomitris barbata Philippi (7), p. 28 — Chile (syn., crit.); Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 322, 338— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499— Ancud, Chiloe';
E. Reed (2), p. 544 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Lane, p. 21 — Corral, Coronel,
Calle-Calle, and Maquegua; E. Reed (4), p. 200— Chile; Schalow (2), p.
722— Tumbes; Albert (1), 108, p. 198 — Chile (monog.); Housse (1), p.
49 — Isla La Mocha; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 109 — Marga-Marga Valley,
Valparaiso; Bullock (3), p. 125 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem
(4), p. 189— Angol, Malleco.
Spinus barbata Allen, p. 83 — Valparaiso.
Spinus barbatus Barros (4), p. 148 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 188 — Los
Andes and Rio Blanco, Aconcagua; Passler (3), p. 475 — Coronel (habits);
Housse (2), p. 147 — San Bernardo; Wetmore (3), p. 434 — Concon, Val-
paraiso; Barros (10), p. 362 — Rio Blanco, Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — From southern Atacama (Copiapo Valley)
to the Straits of Magellan.
JThe record of S. peruanus from Tacna, Chile (see Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
17, p. 48, 1926), is due to a pen-slip, as we are informed by the author.
2 Molina's description is very poor, and appears to have been made from
memory.
84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla (Copiapo Valley), two
c? cf ad., one 9 ad., Aug. 22, 23. — Coquimbo: Romero, <? ad., 9
ad., July 11, 18. — Santiago: San Jos6 de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet),
cf ad., Dec. 18. — Malleco: Curacautin, d" ad., Jan. 9; Rio Colorado,
d" ad., Feb. 4. — Chilo£ Island: Quellon, two cf d" ad., 9 ad., 9
juv., Dec. 26, Jan. 3, 4. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension
Island, three d" d" ad., one 9 juv., Jan. 30, 31, Feb. 4.
Additional specimens. — Conception: Talcaguano, cf ad., May 7,
1903. C. S. Reed (Field Museum).— Valdi via: Valdivia, three d" d1
ad., two cf d" imm., one 9 ad., Sept., 1896. A. von Lossberg
(Berlepsch Collection).
The birds from Copiapo are duller in coloration, and the female
(which is just completing its annual molt) is almost white beneath,
with very little yellowish suffusion on foreneck and chest. This is,
however, not likely to be a constant character, since a young female
from Chilo6 Island has the posterior under parts likewise largely
whitish. Moreover, one of the males from Ramadilla is closely
matched by another from Talcaguano, and the specimens from
Coquimbo are exactly similar to those from more southern localities.
Adults taken from December to February are in more or less
worn breeding plumage. Full-grown young birds were obtained
from around Christmas up to early in February at Quellon and
Melinka.
The "Jilguero" is common throughout the central and southern
parts of Chile. It is reported to prefer the plains and foothills
(precordillera) and, according to Barros, is never found above 5,000
feet. We are told by Gigoux that it is merely a winter visitor in
the Copiapo Valley.
In habits, song, and nidification, we are informed by Landbeck, it
closely resembles the European Siskin (Spinus spinus).
Outside of Chile, S. barbatus inhabits the eastern (Argentine)
slopes of the Andes from the vicinity of Lake Nahuel Huapi1 down to
the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego. Specimens from Nahuel
Huapi and western Chubut (Lago Blanco) agree with Chilean birds.
46. Spinus atratus (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Carduelis atratus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. ZooL, 7, cl.
2, p. 83, 1837 — La Paz, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); Philippi
(8), Reise, p. 162.
1 According to Burmeister (Reise La Plata Staaten, 2, p. 490, 1861: C. margin-
alia), this bird ranges even to Mendoza, but this record may refer to some other
species, as S. barbatus has never been found again so far north in Argentina.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 85
Chrysomitris anthracina Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 91, p. 675, 1895 — "in
Andibus provinciae San Fernando," errore; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile,
15, p. 56, pi. 17, fig. 1, 1902— "San Fernando."
Chrysomitris atrata Pelzeln (2), p. 92— "Chile"; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 397—
Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca; Philippi, Omis, 4, p. 159 — "Colarados ii,"
probably near Rio Loa, Antofagasta; Sclater (6), 1891, p. 134 — Sacaya
and Lake of Huasco, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 200 — Tarapaca; Lane,
p. 22 — Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapac&j Albert (1), 108, p. 196 (crit.).
Range in Chile. — Northern provinces of Antofagasta, Tarapaca,
and doubtless also Tacna.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Ojo de San Pedro (alt. 12,400
feet), cf ad., 9 ad., caught in January, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Cueva Negra, cT ad., Feb. 10,
1886. C. F. Rahmer; Huasco, d1 ad., Jan. 18, 1889; Sacaya, <? ad.,
Jan. 22, 1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum).
Specimens from northern Chile agree with a series from Bolivia
and northwestern Argentina. Peruvian birds do not appear to
be separable either. The yellow abdominal area varies a good
deal in extent, but this seems to be purely individual, so far as I
can see.
In Chile, S. atratus is restricted to the three northernmost prov-
inces, where it is found in the high Cordilleras at elevations of
9,000 feet and upwards. Rahmer and Lane obtained it in the Andes
of Tarapaca, and Sanborn bought two adults at Ojo de San Pedro,
Antofagasta, which had been caught in the vicinity of that town
a few months previously.
Philippi described a single black Goldfinch from San Fernando,
Colchagua, under the specific name anthracina, basing the distinction
on the absence of yellow in the abdominal line. Several specimens
in the series examined very closely approach Philippi's figure, al-
though none has the yellow below restricted to the under tail coverts.
Albert, who had access to the type, considers it synonymous with
S. atratus, and I am inclined to agree with his dictum, as birds col-
lected by Weisshaupt at Mendoza, in the British Museum, are
nowise different from those taken in northern Chile and Bolivia.
If not a cage-bird, the type of C. anthracina must have been a
straggler from Argentina, which would not be surprising, as we are
informed by Landbeck (Zool. Garten, 18, p. 254, 1877) that S.
atratus is found, though rarely, near the Chilean boundary line in
the vicinity of the Uspallata and Portillo Passes, Mendoza.
86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
47. Spinus uropygialis (Sclater)1
Chrysomitris uropygialis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 125, 1861 — Chile
(type in British Museum examined); Pelzeln (2), p. 92 — Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 322, 338— Santiago, Chile (crit.); Philippi (12), p. 263— Cor-
dilleras of central Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 254 — in the high Cordillera at
5,000 to 10,000 feet; E. Reed (2), p. 544— Valle de los Cipreses, Colchagua;
idem, Ibis, 1893, p. 596 — Chile (seasonal occurrence); idem (4), p. 200 —
Chile; Albert (1), 108, p. 194— Chile (monog.); Barros (5), p. 188—
Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 147 — San Bernardo, Santiago;
Gigoux, p. 84 — Caldera, Atacama.
Spinus urupygialis Barros (11), p. 315 — Juncal to Portillo, Santiago.
Chrysomitris magellanicus (not of Vieillot) Fraser (1), p. 113 — valleys of the
Andes on the east and west side (two of Bridges's specimens examined in
British Museum).
Chrysomitris xanthomelaena (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, p. 130 — Cordillera [of
Santiago] (nom. nudum).
Chrysomitris atratus Cassin, p. 181 — "interior of Chile" (see Cassin, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 91).
Chrysomitris atrata Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 109 — cerros of the Marga-Marga
Valley, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Central Chile, from Atacama to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, d" ad., Oct. 23, 1924.
E. Gigoux. — Santiago: San Jose" de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet), cf ad.,
Dec. 18.
Additional specimens. — Atacama: Huasco Alto, d" ad., no date.
W. Goodfellow. — Santiago: Prov. Santiago, cf ad., no date. F.
Leybold. — "Chile:" three cfcf ad., including the type (all in the
British Museum).
Our specimens have been compared and found identical with
the type in the British Museum. The female differs only by broader
greenish edges to the dorsal feathers, duller, more brownish black
upper parts and throat, and duller yellow of the belly.
This siskin, the "Jilguero de la cordillera" of the Chileans, is
confined to the Cordilleras of the central provinces, from Atacama
to Colchagua. During the breeding period it inhabits the mountain
valleys between 5,000 and 10,000 feet (Landbeck). E. C. Reed
found it common in the Andes of Colchagua, particularly in the
Valle de los Cipreses, from an elevation of 1,800 meters up to the
snow line. In the province of Aconcagua it is found chiefly between
1 [Chrysomitris] icterioides (Schimper MS.) Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci.
Paris, 37, p. 915, 1853; Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 15, 1854— Chile) possibly
refers to this species. However, the diagnosis "une espece a petit bee aiguise,"
together with the suggestion of its affinity to S. atratus, is not sufficient to identify
the name. Unfortunately, the type cannot be found in the Strasbourg Museum.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 87
1,700 and 2,000 meters, and disappears after the nesting season
(Barros). On migration it drops to lower altitudes, and specimens
have been taken or observed at San Bernardo (alt. about 1,700
feet), San Jose* de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet), and even near sea level
at Tofo, Coquimbo, and Caldera.
There is, however, not the least evidence to support E. C. Reed's
surmise (Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896) that S. uropygialis is a
resident in Tarapaca, where its place is obviously taken by S. atratus.
S. uropygialis is so closely related to the Black Siskin that one
is tempted to associate it subspecifically. The only differences are
its yellow rump, breast, and abdomen, and the yellowish oil-green
margins to the back and upper tail coverts. The importance of at
least one of these characters is lessened by the occasional presence
of yellowish edges to the rump in certain individuals of S. atratus.
Still I hesitate to propose any change in current nomenclature in
view of the fact that P. Gosse,1 while a member of Fitz Gerald's
Aconcagua Expedition, secured five typical specimens of S. uropy-
gialis in December, 1896, at Puente del Inca and Punta de las
Vacas (alt. 7,546 to 9,170 feet), in the Mendoza region, which I
am quite unable to distinguish from Chilean birds. Weisshaupt,
on the other hand, took equally typical examples of S. atratus, in
February, 1871, near Mendoza, two of which I have examined in
the British Museum. Burmeister,2 too, records S. atratus from the
Sierra de Uspallata, and Landbeck,3 who was well acquainted with
S. uropygialis, states that S. atratus is sometimes found near the
passes of Uspallata and Portillo. It is, of course, quite possible
that one of the two species may be merely a migratory visitor to
the Mendoza region, but until this point has been satisfactorily
cleared up, it seems preferable to regard them provisionally as
specifically distinct.
48. Sicalis luteola4 luteiventris (Meyen)
Fringilla luteiventris Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., 16, Suppl.,
p. 87, pi. 12, fig. 3, 1834— near Api, Alto de Toledo, southern Peru (type
in Berlin Museum examined); Kittlitz (3), p. 172 — Valley of Quillota.
lMelanomitris uropygialis Gosse in Fitz Gerald, The Highest Andes, p. 347,
1899.
2 Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 490, 1861. — The female appears to belong to some
other species.
3Zool. Garten, 18, p. 254, 1877.
*Emberiza luteola Sparrman (Mus. Carlson., fasc. 4, pi. 93, 1789 — locality
unknown) is an earlier name for Sycalis minor Cabanis (in Schomburgk, Reisen
Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 679, "1848" — British Guiana), as has been pointed out long
88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Fringilla arvensis Kittlitz, M6m. Acad. Sci. St. P&ersb., sav. 6tr., 2, p. 470,
pi. 4, August, 1835 — Valley of Quillota, Chile (type in Leningrad Museum;
cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 19, 1921).
Crithagra (?) brevirostris Darwin, p. 88 — part, Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 112 —
Chile; Yarrell, p. 53 (egg).
Grithagra brevirostris Des Murs (2), p. 361 — Valparaiso (ex Darwin); Germain,
p. 312 — Santiago (nesting habits); Philippi (8), Reise, p. 163 — Quebrada
de La Encantada, Atacama; idem (12), p. 266 — Chile in general; Landbeck
(9), p. 258 (habits); Lataste (1), p. CXV— Ninhue, Maule; idem (4), p.
XXXIV— Caillihue, Curic6; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVII—
Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXII — San Alfonso, Quillota.
Crithagra luteiventris Cassin, p. 181 — "in the Andes" [of Chile]; Pelzeln (2),
p. 95— Chile.
Sycalis luteoventris Bibra, p. 130 — Cordillera of Santiago.
Sycalis arvensis Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 323, 338— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 545—
Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 200 — Chile; Lane, p. 24 — Hacienda
Mansel, Rio Bueno, Puerto Montt, and Laguna Llanquihue (habits);
Schalow (2), p. 722— Tumbes; Albert (1), 108, p. 203— Chile (monog.);
Passler (2), p. 29 — Coronel (nest and eggs); Housse (2), p. 147 — San Ber-
nardo; idem (3), p. 226 — Isla La Mocha; Gigoux, p. 84 — Caldera, Atacama;
Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 110 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p.
189— Angol, Malleco.
Sycalis luteola (not Emberiza luteola Sparrman) Salvin (2), p. 422 — Coquimbo
and Talcaguano.
Sicalis arvensis arvensis Barros (4), p. 148 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p.
188 — Precordillera of Aconcagua; idem (10), p. 362 — Aconcagua.
Sycalis 1. luteiventris Passler (3), p. 476 — Coronel (nesting habits).
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to Chilce* and the Guaitecas
Islands.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, cf
ad., Aug. 23; cf imm., Caldera, April 17. E. Gigoux. — Concepcion:
Hacienda Gualpencillo, two cf cf ad., March 28, April 3. — Malleco:
Curacautin, cf ad., 9 ad., Jan. 8, 11. — Valdivia: Mafil, two cf cf
ad., one 9 ad., one cf juv., Feb. 14-27. — Chiloe" Island: Quellon,
five cf cf ad., two cf cf juv., Dec. 26-Jan. 5. — Guaitecas Islands:
La Senda, Guaiteca Island, cf ad., Feb. 3.
Additional specimens. — Aconcagua: Los Andes (alt. 3,000 feet),
cf ad., Aug. 20, 1924. R. Barros (Field Museum). — Concepcion:
Tumbes, 9 ad., June, 1894. L. Plate (Berlin Museum). — Valdivia:
ago by Sundevall (Vetenskaps Akad. Handl., 2, No. 3, p. 14, 1857). Professor E.
Lonnberg, to whom specimens of the Guianan race and allied species were for-
warded, on my request kindly re-examined the types in the Stockholm Museum
and, under date of April 5, 1922, writes to the effect that Sundevall's identification
is perfectly correct. The type is slightly smaller (wing 60; tail 40 mm.) than the
average of S. a. minor auct., but its bill is of the same size and shape. S. luteola
thus becomes the specific name for the striped-backed Sicalis of South America.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 89
Desagiie, near Puerto Montt, d" ad., Aug. 21, 1895. G. Hopke
(Berlepsch Collection) ; Valdivia, two 9 9 ad., Oct. 2, 1894. A. von
Lossberg (Berlepsch Collection). — "Chile" (unspecified) : six cf cf ad.,
two 9 9 ad.
The name F. luteiventris, misapplied by Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit.
Mus., 12, p. 383, 1888) to the Sicalis form of the highlands of Colom-
bia and Ecuador, has been shown by Reichenow1 to refer to the larger
southern race universally known as S. a. arvensis. Careful compari-
son of the type from the Alto de Toledo (an elevated mountain
range along the boundary line of the departments of Moquegua
and Puno) and a series of adults from Puno City and the upper
Urubamba Valley in southern Peru with twenty-five Chilean speci-
mens fails to reveal any differences either in size2 or in color. The
under parts in the Peruvian birds are by no means brighter or deeper
yellow, as has been claimed by Chapman,3 nor can I discern any
constant divergency in the coloring or streaking of the upper surface.
Under these circumstances I have no alternative but to follow
Reichenow in uniting luteiventris and arvensis, though I do so reluc-
tantly as there exists an apparent gap in the range, no Sicalis of
this type having been recorded from the northern section of Chile
comprised between the valley of Copiapo and the Tacna frontier.
Birds from western and northern Peru (Lima; Chinchao,
Huanuco; Santiago, Cajamarca, Cajabamba, Chusgon, Huamachuco)
merely differ by smaller size and by having frequently, though not
always, a more or less distinct whitish spot on the inner web of the
outermost rectrix. Their proper name is S. luteola raimondii
Taczanowski.4
This whitish marking is of quite exceptional occurrence in S.
luteiventris, for out of more than forty specimens from Chile and
southern Peru I find it only on two adult males from Puno City.
S. I. luteiventris is widely distributed in Chile, particularly in
the central and southern provinces. It is chiefly found in the low-
lands and foothills, and is hardly ever seen above 5,000 feet. Ac-
cording to Landbeck and Barros, it is migratory to some extent,
and after the breeding season congregates in large flocks.
1 Journ. Orn., 65, p. 513, 1917.
2 Sixteen adult males measure on the wing from 74 to 78; one (the type) from
Alto de Toledo, 76; five from Puno City, 74-78; one from Urubamba, 75 mm.
3Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, pp. 13-14, 1924.
*Sycalis raimondii (Jelski MS.) Taczanowski, P. Z. S. Lond., p. 133, 1874 —
vicinity of Lima.
90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
In southern Peru, on the other hand, this bird lives at great
altitudes, between 10,000 and 13,000 feet.
49. Sicalis1 uropygialis uropygialis (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Emberiza uropygialis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 75, 1837 — "in summis Andibus, Bolivia" (type — from an un-
specified locality in Bolivia — examined in Paris Museum).
Sycalis uropygialis Sclater (4), 1886, p. 397 — Huasco and Sitani, Tarapaca.
Pseudochloris uropygialis Lane, p. 23 — Sacaya and Cancosa, Tarapaca; E.
Reed (4), p. 200— Tarapaca; Albert (1), 108, p. 228— Tarapaca and
"Arica" (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Northern provinces of Antofagasta and
Tarapaca.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San Pedro
(alt. 12,600 feet), cf ad., Sept. 18. — Tarapaca: Chintaguai, Quebrada
de Quisma (alt. 4,000 feet), cT imm., May 24.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Huasco, d" ad., Feb. 15, 1886;
Sitani, cf ad., 9 ad., Jan. 17, 1886. C. F. Rahmer (British Museum).
The intensity of the gray on the upper parts in this species is
subject to much individual variation, while in worn plumage the
dusky shaft-streaks of the dorsal feathers are much more prominent
than in freshly molted birds. Comparison of a fair series from
Bolivia, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentine (Cerro Munoz,
Tucuman; Santa Catalina, Jujuy) fails to reveal any racial distinc-
tion. The sides of the head are as a rule plain ash gray, as claimed
by Chapman, though our bird from San Pedro and the type of
Crithagra pentlandi Bonaparte2 have the cheeks and anterior portion
of the auriculars decidedly olive yellow, just a little duller than the
crown, thus closely resembling S. u. connectens (Chapman).3 Speci-
mens from Puno City and Lake Titicaca (Chililaya), by reason of
their gray sides of the head, seem more properly referable to typical
uropygialis than to connectens, which I would restrict to the upper
Urubamba Valley. S. u. sharpei (Berl. & Stolzm.), from Junin and
Huanuco, differ by entirely olive yellow sides of the head and by
lacking the pale gray area on the flanks.
S. u. uropygialis is found in the valleys of the Cordilleras and on
the surrounding slopes up to 13,000 feet. According to Lane, they
1It seems to me that neither Pseudochloris Sharpe nor Pseudosicalis Chubb are
properly separable from Sicalis,
2Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 521, 1850 — locality unknown, but presumably Bolivia.
3 Pseudochloris uropygialis connectens Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
41, p. 329, 1919 — La Raya, head of Urubamba Valley, Dept. Puno, Peru.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 91
generally resort to altitudes of 8,000 feet and upwards. Sanborn,
however, secured a specimen in juvenile molt as low as 4,000 feet
in the foothills east of Pica. Birds taken by Rahmer in January
and February in the Cordillera of Tarapaca are in worn breeding
plumage.
50. Sicalis auriventris Philippi and Landbeck
Syealis auriventris Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 30, (1), p. 49, 1864 —
Cordilleras of the province of Santiago; Landbeck (9), p. 255 — Prov.
Santiago (habits).
Syealis aureiventris Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 24, p. 342, 1864 — same
locality; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 323, 338 (crit.); idem, Ibis, 1872, p. 47,
pi. 3 — Cordilleras of Santiago; Philippi (12), p. 264 — Cordilleras of central
provinces; E. Reed (2), p. 545 — Valle de los Cipreses and Valle del Yeso,
Colchagua; Philippi (24), p. 57, pi. 19, fig. 1 — Cordilleras of central provinces.
Pseudochloris aureiventris E. Reed (4), p. 200 — Chile; Albert (1), 108, p. 226—
Cordilleras of Chile (monog.); Barros (5), p. 188 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Emberiza luteocephala (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Bridges, p. 113 — the
elevated valleys of the Andes [of Colchagua], east and west sides.
Range in Chile. — High Cordilleras from Antofagasta to
Colchagua.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San Pedro
(alt. 12,600 feet), <? ad., Oct. 5.— Coquimbo: Bafios del Toro (alt.
10,600 feet), three d*d* ad., one 9 ad., Nov. 8-18. — Santiago: San
Jose" de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet), rf1 imm., Dec. 18.
Additional specimens. — Aconcagua: Cajon de Castro (alt. 3,500
meters), 9 juv., Feb. 24, 1926. R. Barros (Field Museum). — San-
tiago: Cordilleras of Santiago, two c? cf ad., two 9 9 ad., one 9
juv. L. Landbeck (British Museum). — "Chile:" d" ad., 9 ad.
Renault (Paris Museum); d" ad. E. C. Reed (Berlepsch Collection).
Wing 95-98, (female) 93-95; tail 58-64, (female) 57-61; bill
11-12^ mm.
Aside from certain seasonal differences due to the freshness of
the plumage, the Antofagasta bird agrees with adult males from
more southern localities. The Banos del Toro specimens are in very
worn condition, and were doubtless breeding, whereas the single
male taken at San Jose" de Maipo shows traces of immaturity.
S. auriventris is reported to be an inhabitant of the high Cordil-
leras, from about 6,000 feet up to the snow line. It was discovered
by Landbeck in February, 1861, near the Laguna de los Piuquenes,
where the birds were nesting, and was afterwards found at various
other localities (Yerba Loca, las Araucas, Valle Larga, Valle Ploma,
92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
etc.) in the Cordillera of Santiago. E. Reed lists it as a summer
visitor for the mountain valleys of Colchagua, while Barros found
it breeding in the Aconcagua Valley from 6,000 feet upwards. Dur-
ing migration it is met with at lower altitudes, but at the end of
April or early in May it disappears completely from the Aconcagua
Valley, and does not return to its nesting grounds until October.
The taking of a breeding series at Baiios del Toro, Coquimbo, by
Mr. Sanborn considerably extends its range to the north. The
single specimen secured near San Pedro, Antofagasta, which is in
fairly fresh plumage, may have been a migrant from the south,
however.
Outside of Chile, S. auriventris is known to occur on the Argentine
slope of the Andes from west of Mendoza1 to the region south of
Lake Nahuel Huapi.2 Three adult males (in worn breeding plumage)
from Puente del Inca, Mendoza, collected in December, 1896, by
the Fitz Gerald Aconcagua Expedition, differ nowise from Chilean
examples, their seemingly more "saturated" coloration being merely
due to their greasy condition. P. a. incae, consequently, sinks as a
pure synonym of S. auriventris.
S. auriventris is a very distinct species, perhaps most nearly
related to the Bolivian S. luteocephala (Lafr. and d'Orb.), and, in
addition to color characters, is immediately recognizable by its large
size.
51. Sicalis olivascens chloris Tschudi
Sycalis chloris (Cabanis MS.) Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 216, 1846 — Peru
(the type examined in the Berlin Museum was obtained by B. Philippi
and is labeled "Cinchon forests of Peru").
Sycalis aureiventris (not of Philippi and Landbeck) Sclater (4), 1886, p. 397 —
Chumisa, Tarapaca (spec, examined); Gigoux, p. 84 — Caldera, Atacama.
Pseudochloris aureiventris Sclater (6), 1891, p. 133 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lane,
p. 23 — Andean Valleys of Tarapaca.
Pseudochloris chloris Albert (1), 108, p. 225 — Tarapaca and "Arica" (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Northern provinces, from Atacama to Tacna.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San Pedro
(alt. 12,600 feet), four <? cf ad., three 9 9 ad., April 30, Oct. 3-5.—
1 Sycalis lutea (not Emberiza lutea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Gosse in Fitz
Gerald, The Highest Andes, p. 352, 1899 — Puente del Inca. — Pseudochloris aurei-
ventris incae Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 39, p. 71, 1919 — Puente del Inca, Acon-
cagua Valley (types in British Museum examined).
2 Pseudosicalis aureiventris Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 331, 1923 —
Huanuluan, western Rio Negro.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 93
Atacama: Domeyko (63 km. south of Vallenar), three 0*0" imm.,
two 9 9 ad., Aug. 11-16.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Chumisa, cf ad., Jan. 2, 1886.
C. F. Rahmer (British Museum).
Wing 83-86, (female) 80-85; tail 52-56, (female) 51-55; bill
10-11.
This series has been carefully compared with the type courteously
forwarded by Dr. Stresemann and with specimens from the western
Andes of Peru both in Field Museum and in the British Museum.
The type, an adult male in fresh plumage (Berlin Museum, No.
6,163), agrees perfectly in size and coloration with birds from the
Andes above Lima (Matucana and San Mateo), and was doubtless
secured somewhere in the Temperate Zone of the Western Cordillera.1
Birds from southern Ayacucho (Pausa) and Arequipa as well as
those from northern Chile appear to be inseparable, although their
bills are on average, though by no means constantly, slightly smaller.
The Chumisa specimen, identified by the late P. L. Sclater as S.
auriventris, is quite different from that species and resembles in
every particular adult males from Antofagasta.
S. o. chloris would thus seem to range throughout the temperate
region of the Western Andes from above Lima2 south to Antofagasta.3
At Domeyko, Atacama, Mr. Sanborn tells me, these finches were
congregated in flocks, and appeared to be on migration.
S. o. chloris* belongs to a section of the genus Sicalis that spreads
in a number of closely allied forms over an extensive area of the
JThe collector Bernhard Philippi (a brother of the Chilean naturalist) is
known to have traveled from Lima to Maraynioc and thence down to the tropical
forests. Some of his specimens in the Berlin Museum are definitely marked
"Maraynioch."
1 Farther north in the Dept. Libertad, at Otuzco, Chusgon, and Huamachuco,
it is replaced by a smaller form with thicker, stouter bill, S. o. salrini (Chubb).
Wing (six specimens) 73-76; tail 47-53. It was described as Pseudochloris salrini
(Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 39, p. 70, 1919).
'The specimen recorded as Pseudochloris lutea by Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
H., 2, p. 83, 1889) proves, on re-examination, to pertain to S. o. olivascens. It is
an adult male in good plumage, and compares well with Bolivian skins. It certainly
never came from "Valparaiso," but was most probably obtained somewhere near
La Paz, Bolivia.
4S. o. chloris has frequently been confused with S. lutea (Lafr. & d'Orb.),
although the two birds are altogether different, as correctly pointed out by Berlepsch
and Stolzmann (Ornis, 13, Part 2, p. 68, Sept., 1906). S. lutea, which is well-
figured in Ibis, 1872, pi. 2, fig. 2, from a specimen obtained by H. Whitely, at
Tinta, Peru, on June 23, 1868, may be readily distinguished from S. o. chloris and
S. o. olivascens by bright olive yellow upper parts (without traces of dusky streaks),
passing almost into canary yellow on the rump; bright yellow sides of the head
and ventral surface, without any greenish tinge on the flanks; bright yellow margins
94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Andes from Peru south to Patagonia. With the comparatively
limited material at present available it is hardly possible to more
than outline their approximate ranges.
S. o. olivascens (Lafr. & d'Orb.)1 was originally based on a couple
of adults from La Paz, Bolivia, of which the male has apparently
been lost. There is, however, a series of adult birds from that
locality in the Berlepsch Collection, and as the females agree with
the female type in the Paris Museum, the proper pertinence of the
name olivascens is established beyond doubt. This form is exceed-
ingly similar to S. o. Moris, from western Peru and northern Chile,
but has a slightly longer tail (56-62; female 53-58) and a rather
slenderer bill, while the under parts are of a somewhat brighter
yellow in the male sex. Birds from Tapacari, Cochabamba, in the
British Museum and others in the Berlepsch Collection from the
Cuzco region (Lucre; Urubamba) are similar to the series from
La Paz.
S. o. berlepschi (Me'ne'gaux)2 from Pulacayo, Lake Poopo, Oruro,
the types of which I have closely compared in the Paris Museum,
is of doubtful standing. In coloration, the male does not differ
from S. o. chloris, but it is even larger than S. o. olivascens, the wing
measuring fully 90 (against 80-87, in twelve males from La Paz,
Tapacari, and Cuzco), while the tail (60 mm.), in contradiction to
Me'ne'gaux' statement, is not shorter. An adult male from Oruro
(alt. 3,700 meters), August 15, 1901, P. 0. Simons coll., in the British
Museum, even exceeds these measurements (wing 92; tail 63), but
on the lower parts it is brighter yellowish, more like S. o. olivascens,
to wing and tail feathers; shorter, proportionately deeper bill with more convex
culmen, and blackish (instead of pale brown) legs. Of this species I have examined
an adult male from Oruro and a young bird from Santiago, Bolivia, collected by
d'Orbigny (the types), and an adult male from Rinconada (road from Arequipa
to Cuzco), Peru, coll. Castelnau, at Paris; an adult male from Sajama (alt. 4,000
meters), Bolivia, June 28, 1897, G. Garlepp, in the Berlepsch Collection; an adult
male and an unsexed young bird taken by H. Whitely on June 23, 1868, at Tinta,
Urubamba, Peru; a young male from Colca, Calalla River (alt. 3,500 meters),
Arequipa, June 19, 1900, coll. P. O. Simons; and finally an adult male from an un-
specified locality in Bolivia, coll. Bridges, the last four in the British Museum.
What Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 775, 1888) considered as the "young
male" of his P. lutea (spec, e, f, g, h) proves to be S. o. olivascens, but he also
included an example (spec, a) of S. o. mendozae under the same heading.
Chapman (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. Ill, 1921) seems to have made the
same mistake, and I have little doubt that the Tirapata specimens commented on
under P. c. chloris are really referable to S. lutea.
lEmberiza olivascens Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 75, 1837 — La Paz, Bolivia (female type in Paris Museum examined).
2 Pseudochloris olivascens berlepschi MSne'gaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10),
1, p. 212, 1909 — Pulacayo, Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum
examined).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 95
although one from San Mateo, Lima (S. o. ddoris), runs very close.
A single female (from Pulacayo) can hardly be told from S. o. oli-
mscens. Until a satisfactory series shall have become available, it
is impossible to say whether S. o. berlepschi is really separable from
S. o. olivascens, although the few specimens at hand point to the
possible existence of a larger form on the Oruro plateau.
In northwestern Argentina (provinces of Jujuy, Tucumdn, Los
Andes, and Catamarca) another nearly allied race, S. o. sordida
(Chapman)1 is found. It is exceedingly close to S. o. olivascens,
but perhaps separable in the male sex by somewhat duller upper
and under parts with more olivaceous shading on the throat, chest,
and sides. Dimensions about the same: wing 83-87, (female) 81-86;
tail 54-60, (female) 52-56. Direct comparison of the types with
Jujuy specimens proves Pseudochloris stewarti Chubb2 to be an abso-
lute synonym of S. o. sordida. Specimens have been examined from
Jujuy (Tilcara 3, Maimara 2, Angusta Perchela 1), Tucuman (Lara
2, Cerro Mufioz 1), Catamarca (Gualfin 1, Corral Quemado 1), and
Los Andes (Antofagasta 2).
S. o. mendozae (Sharpe),3 from the Andes west of Mendoza,4 is
very similar to S. o. sordida, but much smaller, while the males
appear to be of a somewhat brighter, more yellowish coloration.
Six specimens measure as follows: wing 76-78; tail 51-53; bill
10 mm.
The last member of this group is S. lebruni (Oustalet),5 which
is again larger, being of about the same size as S. o. sordida, but
differs from its allies by grayish (instead of olive yellow) outer
margins to the remiges, nearly whitish tail edging, grayish flanks,
largely white-tipped under tail coverts, etc. It ranges from
western Rio Negro throughout Patagonia to the Gobernacion de
Santa Cruz. In addition to the type, we have examined specimens
from Huanuluan (two), Maquinchao (two), and Valle del Lago
Blanco, Chubut (six).
1 Pseudochloris olivascens sordida Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 41, p.
330, 1919— Tilcara, Jujuy.
*E1 Hornero, 3, No. 1, pp. 34, 35, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, Feb., 1923— Gualfin,
Catamarca.
* Pseudochloris mendozae Sharpe, Cat.B. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 778, 1888 — Mendoza.
*Sicalis lutea Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 403, 1926), from near
Potrerillos, Mendoza, likewise refers to S. o. mendozae, as I am informed by the
author.
* Pseudochloris lebruni Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B 98, 1891 —
Misioneros, Patagonia (type in Paris Museum examined).
96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
52. Saltator aurantiirostris albociliaris (Philippi and Landbeck)
Pitylus albociliaris Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 611,
1861— Socoroma (alt. 5,000 feet), "Peru"=Prov. Tacna; idem, Arch.
Naturg., 29, (1), p. 122, 1863— Socoroma.
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in province of Tacna.
Unfortunately this species was not met with by Mr. Sanborn,
and its claim to be included in the Chilean fauna rests exclusively
on the taking by Frobeen of an adult male in July, 1853, at Socoroma,
in the Cordillera of Tacna, at an elevation of 5,000 feet.
The description seems to correspond to birds from southern Peru
and, pending the receipt of topotypical material, we follow Dr.
Chapman1 in accepting the name albociliaris for the form later
described as S. latidamus by Sclater and Salvin.2
53. Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus)
Fringilla domestica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 183, 1758 — Europe;
restricted type locality Sweden.
Passer domesticus Barros (2), Anal. Zool. Aplic., 4, pp. 10-15, 1917; Schneider,
1. c., 7, p. 5, 1920 — Chiguayante, Concepcion; Housse (2), p. 147 — San
Bernardo; Gigoux, p. 85 — Caldera; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 110 — Marga-
Marga Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 192 — Angol, Malleco.
Passer domesticus domesticus Barros (5), p. 189 — Aconcagua; idem (8), p.
140 — Rio Blanco, Aconcagua; idem (10), p. 363 — Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — From Antofagasta to Malleco.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, two cfcf ad., two 9 9
ad., April 16, 1924; Nov. 5, Dec. 5, 1923. E. Gigoux.
From the investigation of R. Barros (2) it results that the
English Sparrow was first introduced into Chile by Alberto Cousino
in 1904. In 1917, Barros found it fairly common at Santiago and
vicinity, and met with it also at Cutemo, on the coast of Curico.
Schneider records a specimen taken in the spring of 1918 on the out-
skirts of Chiguayante, Concepcion. Barros (5), in 1921, lists it as
a resident for Los Andes and Rio Blanco, Aconcagua, where it had
been introduced several years previously by a Frenchman.
Since then, the English Sparrow has conquered additional terri-
tory in Chile. Mr. Gigoux sent us specimens from Caldera, Atacama,
'Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, pp. 13, 15, 19, 1927.
"The specimen from "near Valparaiso, June, 1885" recorded by Allen (p. 82)
was, of course, incorrectly labeled, and probably originated from Bolivia.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 97
where it made its first appearance in September, 1919, and has since
spread over the greater part of the Copiapo Valley. The members
of the Museum expedition noticed it even at the port of Anto-
fagasta, in the province of the same name.
Housse mentions the species as being common in the vicinity of
San Bernardo since 1922. Jaffuel and Pirion, in 1926, noticed it
for the first time in the Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso, and
Bullock gives January 5, 1929, as the date when the first specimens
were seen at Angol, Malleco.
54. Thraupis bonariensis darwinii (Bonaparte)
Tanagra darwinii Bonaparte, P. Z. S. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 121, June, 1838 —
"Chile."1
Tanagra striata (not of Gmelin) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Sibaya, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in provinces of Tacna and
Tarapaca.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), one d" ad.,
three 9 9 ad., July 4-7.
The specimens agree with others from western Peru. This
tanager has not previously been mentioned from Chile, though
Philippi's record of "T. striata" from Sibaya, Tarapaca, doubtless
refers to the present species.
T. bonariensis and T. darwinii are clearly conspecific. Females
are hardly distinguishable, while the male of the western form merely
differs by greenish (instead of black) mantle and bright yellow
(instead of orange) rump and lower parts. Geographically they
replace each other, T. bonariensis ranging from eastern Bolivia
(Cochabamba)2 through the northern half of Argentina east into
Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul, whereas T. darwinii* inhabits the
Andean regions from Ecuador south to western Bolivia (La Paz)
and the extreme north of Chile.
Bonaparte's statement that the type "in the British Museum" was "brought
to this country by the expedition under Capt. Fitzroy" appears to be incorrect.
No specimen of this bird was collected by Captain Fitzroy, the commander of the
"Beagle," of which Darwin was the naturalist; but in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11,
p. 164, male and female of T. bonariensis are listed from "Maldonado, Uruguay,
Burnett and Fitzroy." Yet, Bonaparte's description corresponds so well to the
characters of the western form that there is hardly any doubt as to what he had
in mind.
*I am now inclined to refer the single female (not in very good condition)
from Palca, Ayapuya, mentioned by me (Nov. Zool., 30, p. 238, 1923) to T. b.
bonariensis rather than T. 6. darwinii.
*T. darwini laeta Berl. & Stolzm. seems to be inseparable.
98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
[Tangara chilensis (Vigors),1 originally credited to "Chile," is known
to be confined to the Amazonian slope of the Andes from Colombia
to Bolivia.
Cacicus (now Archiplanus) albirostris Vieillot — included by Gay
(p. 344) among the birds of Chile — is restricted to the central table-
land of Brazil and the adjacent districts of Bolivia, Argentina, and
Paraguay.]
55. Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin)
Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 898, 1789 — based on "Tan-
gavio" Buffon and Daubenton, PL Enl. 710, Buenos Aires.
Molothrus bonariensis Des Murs (2), p. 347 — "Chile"; E. Reed (4), p. 200 —
Chile; Albert (1), 101, p. 923— Chile (monog.); Rahmer, Bol. Mus. Nac.
Chile, 4, p. 207 — Machali (Rancagua), O'Higgins, and Banos de Cauquenes,
Colchagua; C. Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 173 — Coronel, Concep-
ci6n, and Limache, Valparaiso; Passler (3), p. 479 — Coronel (eggs descr.);
Housse (2), p. 148 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 109 —
Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 188 — Angol, Malleco.
Molobrus bonariensis Philippi (12), p. 262 — prov. of Santiago; Landbeck (9),
p. 251 — vicinity of Santiago.
Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis Barros (5), p. 191 — Los Andes (Aconcagua),
Talagante (Santiago), Rauco, Cutemo, and Nilahue (Curico); idem (8),
p. 142 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (10), p. 364 — Los Andes and Rio Blanco,
Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from Coquimbo to Malleco.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Romero, d" (first annual), July
31, 1923. — Valparaiso: Palmilla, La Cruz (alt. 150 meters), d" (first
annual), 9 ad., Nov. 17, 1924. J. A. Wolffsohn. — Santiago: Lampa,
9 ad., June 1, 1924. C. S. Reed; San Jose" de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet),
cf juv., Dec. 19, 1923. — Colchagua: Pelequen, two cf d1 (first
annual), 9 ad., July 12, 1923. C. S. Reed.
The Chilean males, most of them unfortunately in first annual
dress, are decidedly less purplish on head and hindneck than the few
Argentine birds in corresponding plumage available for comparison.
One would be tempted to attribute this difference to geographic
variation, were it not an established fact that the Cowbird is a
comparatively recent immigrant to Chile.
Philippi, writing in 1868, knew of only two specimens, which had
been found dead in the vicinity of Santiago. Landbeck, in 1877,
states that it is of very rare occurrence in Chile, while Edwyn Reed
1Aglaia Chilensis Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2, p. 3,
1832.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 99
(2) does not include it in his avifauna of the Hacienda de Cauquenes
published in the same year, nor did Lataste, on his numerous ex-
cursions from 1889-95, ever meet with this bird. In 1905, C. Reed
(3) took a single female on the hills of Coronel, near Concepcion.
Since that time the species has been steadily increasing in numbers,
and has spread over a large section of central Chile. According to
Rahmer (3), considerable flocks were observed near Machali, east
of Rancagua, O'Higgins, in the fall of 1910 and 1911, and at about
the same period it was noticed near Baiios de Cauquenes. In the
summer of 1912, C. Reed (3) found the species common at Limache,
Valparaiso. In the vicinity of San Bernardo R. Housse met with the
first specimens in 1912, and since 1921 it has established itself there
in small numbers. Passler (3), who lived in Coronel from the end
of August, 1914, to October, 1918, records its presence in that
neighborhood, describing its eggs (eight taken) and parasitic habits.
R. Barros (5) mentions it as a rare resident in the Precordillera of
Aconcagua up to 5,000 feet, and adds that he also observed it at
various localities in Curico, while one of his correspondents, Professor
Prado, reported its occurrence, in 1916, at Talagante, Prov. Santiago.
In the Angol Valley, Malleco, according to Bullock, it has become
settled only during the past fifteen or twenty years.
Sanborn shot a bird in juvenile plumage at San Jos£ de Maipo
(alt. 3,000 feet), Prov. Santiago, and a nearly mature male at
Romero, Coquimbo, which marks the northern limit of the actual
range of the Cowbird in Chile. Other specimens have been received
by the Museum, as listed above, from the provinces of Valparaiso,
Santiago, and Colchagua.
Both Carlos Reed and Rafael Barros believe it to be very unlikely
that the Cowbird, avoiding, as it does, the higher mountain ranges,
crossed the Andes unaided from Mendoza, where it is known to be
abundant, and advance the theory that its present Chilean population
may have originated from liberated cage-birds which are frequently
imported from Argentina.
56. Molothrus badius badius (Vieillot)
Agelaius badius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 34, p. 535, 1819 —
based on Azara, No. 63; Paraguay and La Plata River.
Agelaioides badius Friedmann, The Cowbirds, p. 5, 1929 — Curic6, Chile.
Range in Chile. — Recently introduced in the central section
(Curico).
100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Material examined. — Curico: cT ad., Dec., 1923. Carlos S. Reed
(Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
The single specimen courteously loaned by Mr. Outram Bangs
agrees in dimensions (wing 90; tail 78; bill 18) with a series from
Paraguay, Uruguay, and Buenos Aires.
So far as I know, this species has not otherwise been recorded
from Chile. According to the collector's note on the label, it has
but recently been introduced from Argentina.
57. Agelaius thilius thilius (Molina)
Turdus thilius Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 250, 345, 1782— Chile
(descr. of male); Kittlitz (3), p. 175 — Quillota, Valparaiso.
Xanthornus chrysocarpus Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
2, p. 3, March, 1832— Chile (descr. of male and female); Kittlitz (3), p.
177— Quillota.
Agelaius xanthocarpus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, p. 430, 1850 — "Peru" = Chile
(types in Paris Museum examined).1
Xanthornus chilensis (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, Denks. math.-naturw. Kl.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853 — twelve hours from Valparaiso in a low,
swampy region.
Xanthornus chrysopterus (not of Vieillot) Darwin, p. 106 — Chile as far north
as the valley of Copiap6.
Icterus thilius Meyen, p. 84— northern Chile; Fraser (1), p. 113 — Chile (habits);
Yarrell, p. 53 (eggs).
Cacicus chrysocarpus Des Murs (2), p. 345 — Chile (ex Vigors); Waugh and
Lataste (1), p. LXXXVI — Penaflor, Santiago (plumages); idem (2), p.
CLXXI— San Alfonso, Quillota.
Xanthornus cayennensis Des Mure (2), p. 346 — Copiapo Valley; Boeck, p.
503— near Valdivia; Philippi (2), p. 13— Chile (crit.); Frauenfeld, p. 637
—near Valparaiso; Philippi (12), p. 262— Chile (crit.); Landbeck (9), p.
251— Chile (habits); Lataste (2), p. XXXIV— Caillihue, Curic6; idem
(5), p. LXII— Llohue, Maule.
Agelaius thilius Cassin, p. 170, pi. 16, fig. 1 — Chile; Salvin (2), p. 422— Co-
quimbo; Allen, p. 84 — Valparaiso; Lane, p. 25 — Hacienda Mansel (San-
tiago), Arauco, and Rio Bueno (Valdivia); Schalow (2), p. 721 — Ovalle
(Coquimbo) and Santiago (egg descr.); Albert (1), 101, p. 919 — Chile
(monog.); Housse (1), p. 49 — Isla La Mocha; idem (2), p. 148 — San
Bernardo.
Agelaius theleus Germain, p. 311 — Santiago (nesting habits).
irFhe types, Nos. 6,166, 6,168, of the mounted collection in the Paris Museum,
were collected by Claudio Gay in Chile in 1837 and 1843 respectively. They are
both immature males, and measure as follows: wing 93; tail 78, 80; bill 20, 21.
Bonaparte's description of the "female" appears to have been based upon a young
A. cyanopus obtained by d'Orbigny in Chiquitos, Bolivia.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 101
Agelasticus thilius Pelzeln (2), p. 89— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 323, 338 —
Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 545 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Gigoux, p. 83 —
Caldera, Atacama.
Agelaius thilius thilius Barros (4), p. 150 — Nilahue and Quiahue, Curic6; idem
(5), p. 192 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Passler (3), p. 480 — Coronel (habits,
nest, and eggs).
Agelaeus thilius E. Reed (4), p. 200 — central and southern Chile; Jaffuel and
Pirion, p. 109 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 187 —
Angol, Malleco.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Copiapo Valley) to Valdivia.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla (Copiapo Valley), d*
ad., Aug. 23. — Coquimbo: Romero, 9 ad., July 20. — Concepcion:
Hacienda Gualpencillo, two of c? ad., one c? (first annual), one 9
ad., March 30 to April 4.
Additional specimens. — Talca: Talca, d" ad., Aug. 18, 1924.
C. S. Reed (Field Museum). — Concepcion: Talcaguano, 9 ad.
Voyage of the "Astrolabe" (Paris Museum). — "Chile" (unspecified):
seven cfcf ad., two 9 9 ad. C. Gay and E. C. Reed (Paris Museum).
The "Trile" is particularly abundant in the central provinces
from Coquimbo to Concepcion. Farther south it becomes less plenti-
ful, and, according to Boeck, it is rather rare around Valdivia. The
most southerly point on record appears to be Rio Bueno,1 where it
was found by Lane, though this naturalist observes that south of
Valdivia these birds may possibly be only summer migrants. It
does not seem to occur on Chiloe" Island. In the north, a few have
drifted into the Copiapo Valley where it is reported to be by no means
very common.
This bird lives about reed-beds, swamps, streams, lakes, and
rivers, and its vertical distribution does not reach beyond 3,000 feet.
Chilean birds do not exhibit any racial variation so far as I can
see from the limited material on hand. They are of rather large size,
the wings of adult males measuring from 92 to 96, those of females
from 85 to 88 mm. Birds from the highlands of Bolivia and southern
Peru average slightly larger (wing of males 95-101), and are of
rather darker coloration in the female sex. To substantiate this
divergency, a much larger series is, however, required than I have
been able to examine.
East of the Andes, in Argentina, Uruguay, and Rio Grande do Sul,
the typical "Trile" is replaced by a decidedly smaller form, which
1 1 have strong suspicions that a specimen said to have been obtained at Port
Famine, Straits of Magellan, by the "Astrolabe" Expedition, in the collection of the
Paris Museum, is erroneously labeled.
102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Peters1 proposed to distinguish as A. thilius chrysopterus (VieilL).
It seems, however, questionable if this name can be retained, since
Agelaius chrysopterus VieilL, mainly based on Oriolus cayanensis
Latham, is a hopeless composite of three different species, so far as
the male is concerned, and only the description of the female drawn
from Azara (No. 67) refers to the small eastern form of A. thilius.
[Pseudoleistes guirahuro (Vieillot), which is included by Gay (p. 349)
s. n. Leistes viridis in the Chilean fauna, does not occur anywhere
in Chile, its range being restricted to southern Brazil and adjacent
countries.]
58. Notiopsar2 curaeus (Molina)
Turdus curaeus Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 252, 345, 1782— Chile.
Sturnus aterrimus Kittlitz, Me"m. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., (sav. e"tr.), 2, p.
467, pi. 2, Aug., 1835 — near Valparaiso; idem (3), p. 153 — Valley of Los
Sorres, near Valparaiso (type from Valparaiso in Leningrad Museum; see
Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 18, 1921).
Leistes niger Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 304, Dec., 1837 — Chile; Peale, p.
1 12 — Valparaiso.
Quiscalus pilaris (Liechtenstein MS.) Bibra, Denks. math.-naturw. Kl. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 129, 1853 — new name for Sturnus aterrimus Kittl. and
Leistes niger Swains.; Chile.
Agelaius chopi (not of Vieillot) Darwin, p. 107 — pasture grounds of Chile;
Bridges, p. 94— Chile.
Agelaius curaceus [sic] Fraser (1), p. 113 — "intermediate provinces of Chile."
Agelaius aterrimus Des Murs (2), p. 348 — Chile (ex Kittlitz).
Agelaius curaeus Des Murs (2), p. 348 — Chile; Boeck, p. 503 — Valdivia;
Frauenfeld, p. 637 — near Valparaiso; Philippi (12), p. 263 — Chile; Lataste
(1), p. CXIV— Bureo, Nuble; 1. c., p. CXV— Ninhue, Maule; idem (2),
p. XXXIV— Caillihue, Curic6; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVI—
Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXII— San Alfonso, Quillota.
Psarocolius curaeus Hartlaub (3), p. 213 — Valdivia; Cassin, p. 178, pi. 15 —
Chile; Germain, p. 312 — Santiago (nesting habits).
Leistes curaeus Pelzeln (2), p. 89 — Chile.
Agelaius caracus [sic] Landbeck (9), p. 252 — Chile (habits, nest, and eggs).
Curaeus aterrimus Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 323, 338— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 545—
Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2), p. 423 — Chile; Allen, p. 84 — Valparaiso;
E. Reed (4), p. 200 — Chile; Lane, p. 27 — Hacienda Mansel, Santiago,
and Calle-Calle, Valdivia; Schalow (2), p. 720 — La Serena, Coquimbo;
l. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 337, 1923.
1 Notiopsar Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34, p. 136, 1921) replaces
Curaeus Sclater (Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 139, 1862), which seems to be invali-
dated by Cureus Boie (Isis, 1831, col. 541).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 103
Albert (1), 101, p. 916— Chile (monog.); Housse (1), p. 49 — Isla La Mocha;
Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 109 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock (3),
p. 125 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 187 — Angol, Malleco.
Curaeus curaeus Barros (4), p. 150 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 192 —
Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 148 — San Bernardo, Santiago;
Passler (3), p. 480 — Coronel (nest and eggs); Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p.
94— Chile (nest).
Notiopsar curaeus Wetmore (3), p. 378 — Concon.
Range. — From Coquimbo to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Malleco: Curacautin, cf ad., Jan. 10. —
Valdivia: Mafil, d" ad., 9 ad., d* (in juvenile molt), 9 juv., Feb.
14-28. — Chiloe1 Island: Rio Inio, cf ad., Jan. 16; Quellon, four cfcf
ad., 9 juv., Dec. 22-Jan. 5.
Additional specimens. — Concepcion: Concepcion, cf ad., May
2, 1903. C. S. Reed (Field Museum).
The Chilean Blackbird is abundant throughout central and
southern Chile, being mostly found in agricultural districts and on
brushy hill slopes. In the mountains it is rarely seen above 4,500
feet. After the breeding season the birds congregate in flocks, and
are to a certain extent migratory.
Along the Straits of Magellan and in Tierra del Fuego it is re-
ported to be plentiful, and Wetmore1 recorded specimens from the
Rio Corcovado, in the vicinity of Lago General Paz, western Chubut.
This may truly be termed a typical Chilean genus, its range being
practically confined to that country, although it encroaches in places
on Argentine territory.
59. Pezites2 militaris militaris (Linnaeus)
Sturnus militaris Linnaeus, Mant. Plant. Altera, p. 527, 1771 — based on
Daubenton, PL EnL, 113, "in Terra Magellanica"; Poeppig (2), p. 280—
Rio Colorado, Santiago; Kittlitz (3), pp. 147, 177 — Valparaiso and Quillota;
Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 109 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
Sturnus loyca Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 254, 345, 1782— Chile.
Sturnella loica Bridges, p. 93— Chile; Fraser (1), p. 113— Chile; Yarrell, p.
53 (egg); Pelzeln (2), p. 89— Chile.
Icterus militaris Meyen, p. 83 — Chile.
Leistes americanus Des Murs (2), p. 350— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 263; Land-
beck (9), p. 252— Chile (habits); Lataste (1), p. CXIV— Bureo, Nuble;
HJniv. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 457, 1926.
1 Pezites Cabanis, 1851, is the proper generic name for the Red-breasted
Ground-Starlings, since Trupialis Bonaparte, 1850, is invalidated by Trupialis
Merrem (in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss. & Kiinste, 15, p. 275, 1826),
who proposed it as a substitute for Oriolus Illiger, a synonym of Icterus Brisson.
104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
1. c., p. CXV— Ninhue, Maule; idem (2), p. XXXIV— Caillihue, Curico;
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVI— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2),
p. CLXXII— San Alfonso, Quillota.
Sturnus americamis Gay, Atlas, pi. 5; Boeck, p. 503 — Valdivia, more common
farther inland.
Sturnella militaris Vigors, Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voy., p. 20 — Concepcion;
Fraser (2), p. 157— Chile; Peale, p. 113— Chile; Bibra, p. 129— Chile;
Cassin, p. 179, pi. 16, fig. 2— abundant in Chile; Kittlitz (3), p. 121— San-
Tom6, Concepcion; Germain, p. 312 — Santiago (nesting habits); Frauen-
feld, p. 637— near Valparaiso; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 323, 338— Chile;
E. Reed (2), p. 546 — plains of Cauquenes; Salvin (2), p. 422 — Coquimbo.
Trupialis militaris Allen, p. 84 — Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 200 — part, Chile;
Lane, p. 26 — Hacienda Mansel (Santiago), Colico (Arauco), and Calle-Calle
(Valdivia); Schalow (2), p. 721 — Ovalle and La Serena (Coquimbo), and
Santiago; Albert (1), 101, p. 911— Chile (in part); Barros (4), p. 150—
Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 192 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2),
p. 148 — San Bernardo; C. Reed (4), p. 57 — Lampa, Santiago; Bullock,
El Hornero, 3, p. 94 — Chile (nest); idem (3), p. 125 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta,,
Malleco; idem (4), p. 186 — Angol, Malleco.
Leistes superdliaris (not of Bonaparte) Fuentes, p. 291 — Easter Island (intro-
duced); Lonnberg, p. 19 — Easter Island (ex Fuentes).
Trupialis militaris militaris Passler (3), p. 481 — Coronel (habits, nest, and
eggs); Wetmore (3), p. 373 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to the Straits of Magellan.
Introduced on Easter Island.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, cf
ad., Aug. 23; Caldera, two cf cf ad., one 9 ad., April 25, June 30,
Aug. 2, 1924. E. Gigoux. — Coquimbo: Romero, cf ad., July 11;
Paiguano, cf ad., June 15. — Valparaiso: Palmilla, La Cruz, cf ad.,
Nov. 10, 1924. J. A. Wolffsohn. — Concepcion: Hacienda Gual-
pencillo, cf ad., April 16. — Valdivia: Rinihue, cf ad., March 16;
Mafil, cf ad., two 9 9 ad., two 9 9 juv., Feb. 17-25. — Llanquihue:
Puerto Montt, cf ad., April 15; Rio Sfarehuau, cf, March 17.
Compared with a small series from Tierra del Fuego and southern
Patagonia (Chubut), Chilean birds are somewhat smaller (wing of
adult males 115-124, against 129-134), but as equally small individ-
uals occur also at Buenos Aires, I do not think there is sufficient
ground for recognizing P. militaris loyca as a distinct race.
The "Loica" is widely distributed all over Chile, extending in the
north as far as Coquimbo. Its altitude range in the Cordillera of
Aconcagua extends up to about 8,000 feet, as we learn from R.
Barros's observations. It has been introduced on Easter Island,
but does not thrive well.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 105
60. Pezites militaris bellicosa (Filippi)
Sturnella bellicosa Filippi, Mus. Mediol., Anim. Vertebr., cl. ii, Aves, pp.
15, 32, 1847 — "Amer. trop. occ.," type in Milan Museum; see Salvadori,
Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 3, pp. 274, 275, 1868 (crit.).
Leistes albipes Philippi and Landbeck, An. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 616, 1861 —
"Peru"; idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 128, 1863— Arica, "Peru."
Sturnella militaris (not of Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2,
p. 8 — Arica.
Trupialis militaris Albert (1), 101, p. 911 — Chile (in part).
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in province of Tacna.1
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta, two 9 9 ad., July 21.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Tacna, d* ad., Jan., 1831.
D'Orbigny; Arica, juv., Jan., 1831. D'Orbigny (Paris Museum).
The Tacna specimens agree in every particular with a series
from western Peru, which we take for typical bellicosa, and differ
from the common Chilean form by markedly shorter bill. They
measure: cf , 26; 9 9 , 23-24 mm.
The range of this form is entirely cut off from that of T. m.
militaris by the intervening desert of Atacama, where no representa-
tive of the genus occurs.
[Psilorhinus chilensis Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 381, 1850) —
supposed to be the same as Cyanocorax cyanomelas (Vieillot) —
was erroneously credited to "Chile." No representative of the Crow
Family is known to occur in that country.]
61. Agriornis livida livida (Kittlitz)
Tamnophilus lividus Kittlitz, M6m. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., (sav. e"tr.), 2, p.
465, pi. 1, 1835 — hills around Valparaiso; idem, Denkwiird., 1, pp. 121,
147 — San-Tom6, Concepci6n, and near Valparaiso (type from Valparaiso
in Leningrad Museum, fide Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 1, p. 18, 1921).
Tyrannus gutturalis Eydoux and Gervais, Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, pi. 63, 1836 —
Chile; idem, Voy. Favorite, 5, (2), p. 32, pi. 11, 1839— Chile (part, descr.
of type).
Pitangus chiknsis Lesson in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. Thesis, 2, p. 323,
1837— Valparaiso.
Agriornis marginalis (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, Denks. math.-naturw. Kl.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 129, 1853 — coast range near Valparaiso.
1 The specimens from "Chile" recorded by Pelzeln (p. 89) as Sturnella brevirostris
(supposed to be synonymous with S. bellicosa) are either not that form or else the
locality is erroneous.
106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Agriornis gutturalis Darwin, p. 56 — Valparaiso and as far north as Copiapo;
Fraser (1), p. Ill — central provinces.
Pepoaza livida D'Orbigny, p. 351 — Valparaiso.
Dasycephala livida Des Murs (2), p. 327 — Chile; Boeck, p. 502 — Valdivia;
Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 136, 1863 — Valdivia
(in the pampas), and central and northern Chile (on mountain slopes);
Philippi (12), p. 259— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 244— Chile (habits); Philippi,
Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Atacama; Lataste (5), p. LXI — Llohu6 (Itata), Maule;
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXV— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p.
CLXXI— San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso.
Agriornis livida (us) Cassin, p. 183 — Chile; Germain, p. 311 — Chile (nesting
habits); Pelzeln (2), p. 78— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 325, 338— Chile;
E. Reed (2), p. 549— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2), 1883, p. 423—
Talcaguano; E. Reed (4), p. 200— Chile; Lane, p. 28 — below the town of
Arauco; Schalow (2), p. 720 — part, Quinquina, near Concepci6n; Albert
(1), 104, p. 98— Chile (monog.); Barros (4), p. 145 — Nilahue, Curico;
idem (5), p. 182 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 145 — San
Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 107 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso;
Bullock (4), p. 178— Angol, Malleco.
Agriornis livida livida Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 328, 1925 — Valparaiso
(range); Wetmore (3), p. 295 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama south to Valdivia.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, 9
ad., Aug. 22. — Coquimbo: Romero, two d" cf ad., July 11, 19. —
Valparaiso: Quillota, d* ad., June 6, 1923. C. S. Reed. — Curico:
Teno, <? ad., May 27, 1923. C. S. Reed.— Cautin: Villa Portales
(alt. 3,300 feet), Lonquimai Valley, c? ad., 9 juv., Feb. 9, 10;
Rio Lolen (alt. 3,600 feet), Lonquimai Valley, d" juv., 9 juv.,
Feb. 9, 11; Pelal, Temuco, 9 ad., June 6, 1913. A. C. Saldana.
Additional specimens. — Valparaiso: Valparaiso, four adults.
D'Orbigny (Paris Museum). — Santiago: Penaflor, d* ad., Jan. 17,
1894. F. Lataste (British Museum). — Concepcion: Talcaguano,
of ad. Voyage of the "Astrolabe" (Paris Museum). — Arauco: below
Arauco City, 9 ad., Aug. 27, 1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum). —
Also fourteen skins from "Chile" and "Central Chile" (British
Museum).
I am unable to perceive any constant difference in coloration
between specimens from various parts of Chile. Those from the
north (Coquimbo to Atacama) appear to be smaller, but the series
of properly sexed birds is much too inadequate to make sure of this
variation. Specimens with attenuated outer primaries are evidently
rare exceptions in this species, for I found this character present in
only four out of a total of thirty-three skins which I examined.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 107
The "Zorzal mero comun" inhabits chiefly the central parts of
the republic from Copiapo south to Curico. Its range extends from
the seacoast to about 6,000 feet in the precordillera. It is reported
to be common in Valparaiso and Santiago provinces, and several
naturalists met with it in Coquimbo and in the Copiapo Valley,
Atacama. According to Barros, it is rather uncommon in the foot-
hills of Aconcagua, though less so in autumn and winter, and not very
plentiful in the Nilahue Valley, Curico. Being a bird of the open
country, the "Zorzal mero" is of somewhat local occurrence in
southern Chile. Lataste found it at Llohue' (Itata), Maule.
There are several records from Concepcion (San-Tome*, Quinquina,
Talcaguano), but Passler does not include it among the birds of
Coronel. Lane obtained a single example in the sand-dunes near the
town of Arauco in August. Bullock lists it only as a winter visitor
for the Angol Valley, Malleco. In the hills of Cautin, at elevations
of 3,300 to 3,600 feet, Sanborn, however, in February secured an
adult bird in worn plumage together with some full-grown young
ones, which indicates that the birds had been breeding in the neigh-
borhood. According to Boeck and Landbeck, it is exceedingly rare
in the pampas of Valdivia, this province marking the southern limit
of its range.
In actions, this bird is said to resemble somewhat the thrushes.
Its food consists of insects, lizards, frogs, and mice. Landbeck tells
us that it builds its rather carelessly constructed nest in forks of
trees, and lays four to six greenish-white, brown-spotted eggs.
62. Agriornis livida fortis Berlepsch
Agriornis livida fortis Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, pp. 352, 466, 1907— Valle del
Lago Blanco, Chubut (type in Tring Museum examined); Hellmayr,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 2, 1927— Rio "Nireguao,"
Llanquihue.
Range in Chile. — From extreme southern Llanquihue (Rio Nire-
huau) through western Patagonia to Tierra del Fuego.
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau,
d" ad., one (unsexed) adult, Feb. 26, March 1.
These birds, both of which are in annual molt, agree with a series
from Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut.
The only constant characters of this form are its longer wings and
tail. There is no difference in color nor is the dusky tip to the lower
mandible more extensive. Some of the Chilean birds have even
larger, stronger bills than those from Chubut. This is a Patagonian
108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
form, whose range extends throughout the foothills of the Argentine
Andes from the vicinity of Lake Nahuel Huapi to Tierra del Fuego.
MEASUREMENTS
A. I livida— Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Two from Coquimbo 125,127 103,107 29,29^
Five from Valparaiso 129,129,130, 1073^-116 28^-32^
133,134
One from Curico 130 113
One from Cautin 130 112
A. L livida — Adult females
One from Copiapo 119 106 29
One from Cautin (Temuco) 135 114 29
A. I. fortis — Adult males
One from Rio Nirehuau 140 116 30 %
Eight from Valle del Lago Blanco,
Chubut 138,140,142, 118,120,120, 28_
142,142,144, 122,122,125, 30^,31
148,149 126,126
One from Puesto Burro, Chubut 144 122 30 ^
A. I. fortis — Adult females
Three from Valle del Lago Blanco,
Chubut 135,141,142 120,120,125 29^,30,31
Two from Nahuel Huapi 142,143 114,118^ 30,31
63. Agriornis montana intermedia Hellmayr
Agriornis montana intermedia Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
13, Part 5, p. 5, 1927— Putre, Prov. Tacna.
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in province of Tacna. Also in
western Bolivia (depts. of La Paz and Oruro).
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), three G? cf
ad., one 9 ad., June 18, July 3-7.
This is a connecting link between the Peruvian A. m. insolens
with white outer half of tail and A. m. maritima with bicolored lateral
rectrices. The black at the base is much less extended than in the
latter, the two outermost pairs being sometimes even wholly white,
whereas in A. m. insolens the four lateral pairs are white, with
occasionally a narrow dusky inner margin on the fourth and very
rarely also on the third (from without). While most of the speci-
mens from Tacna Province and western Bolivia thus occupy an
intermediate position, examples with the largest amount of black
(a male from Putre, and two from La Paz) are hardly distinguishable
from maritima, and those with a minimum of dusky markings (a
female from Putre, a male from Chililaya, Lake Titicaca, and
another male from Mauri, La Paz) closely approach insolens.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLM AYR 109
Birds from Tacna are decidedly grayish above (like maritima),
whereas those from Bolivia, in more brownish upper parts, resemble
A. m. montana, of eastern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina.
A. m. intermedia, like its allies, is an inhabitant of the Puna Zone.
64. Agriornis montana maritima (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Pepoaza maritima Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 65, 1837— Cobija, "Bolivia" =Prov. Antofagasta, Chile (type in
Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, p. 353 — Cobija.
Tyrannus gutturalis (not of Eydoux and Gervais, 1836) Eydoux and Gervais,
Voy. Favorite, 5, (2), p. 33, 1839 — part, spec, from Coquimbo.
Agriornis maritimus Darwin, p. 57 — part, Copiap6.
Agriornis maritima Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1879, p. 609 — Cobija
and desert of Atacama; Sharpe, p. 8 — Coquimbo; Sclater (6), 1891, p. 134
— Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 29 — about Sacaya (habits); Berlepsch,
Ornis, 14, pp. 464, 467, 1907— part, Chile; Gigoux, p. 87— Caldera,
Atacama.
Dasycephala maritima Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Antofagasta.
Agriornis montana montana (not Pepoaza montana Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 330, 1925 — part, Cobija.
Agriornis montana maritima Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 5, p. 6, 1927 — from Tarapaca to Coquimbo (crit.).
Range. — Temperate and Puna Zones of northern Chile, from
Tarapaca to Coquimbo.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: San Pedro (alt. 10,500 feet),
cf1 juv., Oct. 1. — Atacama: Caldera, cf ad., March 21; Domeyko,
three 9 9 ad., Aug. 10-15. — Coquimbo: Bafios del Toro (alt.
10,600 feet), d" ad., 9 ad., Nov. 9, 15.
Additional specimens. — Antofagasta: Cobija, cf ad. (type of
species). D'Orbigny; one unsexed bird (without attenuation of outer
primaries). F. Eydoux, Voyage de la Bonite (Paris Museum). —
Tarapaca; Sacaya, cf (first annual), March 16, 1890. A. A. Lane
(British Museum). — Coquimbo: Coquimbo, 9 ad., June, 1879.
Coppinger (British Museum).
Some of our birds have been directly compared with the type from
Cobija in the Paris Museum. The series from northern Chile tends
to show that A. m. maritima, after all, is separable from A. m.
montana, of eastern Bolivia (Cochabamba, Sucre, Santa Cruz) and
northwestern Argentina (Tucuman, Jujuy) by much less brownish
upper parts, duller (less buffy) breast, and more conspicuous, blackish
rather than brownish, streaking on the throat. In tail pattern, viz.
in having an extensive black area on the inner web of the lateral
rectrices, the two races are practically identical.
110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
A single specimen from Sacaya, Tarapaea, is indistinguishable
from our series, and must doubtless be referred to maritima.
The nesting grounds of "d'Orbigny's Gaucho" are the elevated
Cordilleras in the Puna Zone. The birds obtained by Sanborn in
November at Baiios del Toro, Coquimbo, at an altitude of more
than 10,000 feet, are in worn breeding plumage, and a fledgling, not
yet able to fly, was taken at San Pedro (alt. 10,500 feet), Anto-
fagasta. Lane found these birds at Sacaya and in other localities of
the Andes of Tarapaca up to 10,000 feet, where they nested about
November and December. It seems, therefore, almost certain
that they visit the foothills and coast district only in winter time.
Although Gigoux lists A. maritima as a resident for the vicinity of
Caldera, all the specimens we have seen from the lowlands were
taken outside of the breeding season, viz. Caldera (March), Domeyko
(August), and Coquimbo (June). According to Lane, these birds
frequent rocky slopes bordering the valleys, where they perch on the
tops of bushes or boulders, and feed largely on small sand-lizards
common in the region. The nest is composed of llama wool and rags
picked up about Indian homesteads, and is clumsily constructed on
ledges of rock in caves or on the sides of ravines. The eggs appear
to be undescribed.
65. Agriornis montana leucura Gould
Agriornis leucurus Gould in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Part 6, pi. 13, Jan., 1839 —
type from Port Desire, Patagonia, in British Museum examined; Bridges,
p. 94 — Chile, near the summit of the Andes, between 34° and 35° S. lat.
Agriornis maritimus (not Pepoaza maritima Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Darwin, p. 57 — part, in the lofty and arid valleys on the eastern side of the
Cordillera of central Chile; Fraser (1), p. Ill — elevated valleys of the
Andes of Chile on the east and west sides; Pelzeln (2), p. 78 — Chile.
Dasycephala maritima Des Murs (2), p. 328 — Cordilleras of central provinces;
Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 137, 1863— Cordilleras
of Santiago (habits); Philippi (12), p. 259 — central provinces; Landbeck
(9), p. 245— Cordilleras of Chile.
Agriornis maritima Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 325, 338— Andes of Chile; E. Reed (2),
p. 550— Cordillera of Colchagua; idem (4), p. 200— Chile; Albert (1),
104, p. 101— Chile (monog.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 331, 1925—
part, spec, from "Chili" and "Chilean Andes"; Barros (5), p. 183 — Cordil-
lera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 145 — San Bernardo, Santiago (Septem-
ber); Barros (10), p. 360 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; idem (11), p. 315 —
Cristo Redentor, Chilean side of Sierra de Mendoza.
Agriornis montana leucura Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 5, p. 7, 1927— Sewell, Prov. O'Higgins (crit.).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 111
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras of the central provinces, from
Aconcagua to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Aconcagua: Salto de los Piuquenes (alt.
2,400 meters), Rio Blanco, 9 ad. (molting), Feb. 23, 1926. R.
Barros— O'Higgins: Sewell (alt. 6,000 feet), <? (first annual), 9 ad.,
May 7, 1923. W. H. Osgood.
Additional specimens. — Chile (unspecified): four adults. H.
Berkeley James Collection (British Museum); two cfcf juv. F.
Leybold (Munich Museum). — "Chilean Andes:" d* ad., cf juv.
E. C. Reed (Tring Museum).
Central Chilean birds had generally been referred to A. ra.
maritima, until the receipt of an adequate series from the northern
provinces enabled us to show that the form described by Lafresnaye
and d'Orbigny was much more closely related to A. m. montana, of
Bolivia. Specimens from Aconcagua, Santiago, and O'Higgins differ
from the preceding race by their very much darker coloration through-
out. This is particularly noticeable on the under parts, the breast
and sides being dark brown, between drab and hair-brown, some-
times with a slaty cast, while the middle of the abdomen and the
under tail coverts are a deep pinkish buff. The dorsal surface is
likewise darker, sooty rather than brownish. In A. m. maritima, the
lower parts are much paler, the breast and sides being light grayish
brown, slightly tinged with buffy or light drab, and the under tail
coverts cartridge buff or nearly white.
While there is no question as to their distinctness from A. m.
maritima, of northern Chile, I fail to see how the inhabitants of
central Chile can be separated from the Patagonian A. m. leucura,
which they resemble in the deeply colored under parts. Four skins
from Puente del Inca, Prov. Mendoza, also belong to this race.
A. m. leucura is found throughout the Cordilleras from Acon-
cagua to Colchagua, where it is more or less resident. Philippi and
Landbeck as well as Barros state that, while generally distributed
from 4,000 up to 11,000 feet, the "Gaucho" is nowhere very common.
In winter, some individuals descend to lower altitudes and even
to the foothills. Barros encountered a single example in August
on the Cerro de la Virgen, Los Andes, Aconcagua, at an elevation
of about 1,000 feet, and Housse one in September in the vicinity of
San Bernardo, Prov. Santiago.
According to Philippi and Landbeck, the "Gaucho" breeds in
crevices of rocks and abandoned mines. Its eggs are white, sparingly
dotted with brown.
112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
66. Agriornis albicauda (Philippi and Landbeck)
Dasycephala albicauda Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, No. 5,
p. 618, Nov., 1861 — in a valley of the Cordilleras of Peru =Prov. Tacna;
idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 132, 1863 — same locality.
Agriornis albicauda Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p.
9, 1927— Putre, Tacna (crit.).
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in province of Tacna.
Material collected.— Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), <? ad., July 4.
This specimen — an adult male in fresh plumage with the tips of
the two outer primaries strongly attenuated — is more grayish above
and on the breast than three others from Peru, and the dimensions
are not quite so large. These insignificant variations are probably
individual. The identity of D. albicauda never having been satis-
factorily established, Mr. K. P. Schmidt, on his visit to Chile in
1926, very kindly took specimens of A. "pollens" and A. m. inter-
media with him for comparison in the National Museum at Santiago.
The Chilean collection contains but one specimen labeled "Agriornis
albicauda Phil. & Landb., Arica." It answers well to the original
description, and is without any question the type. Except for more
brownish upper parts and a wider dusky margin on the inner web of
the two outer tail feathers — divergencies that are of no consequence
—the type was found to agree with the male from Putre in Field
Museum, resembling it notably in general size, heavy bill with pale
brownish lower mandible, and heavy streaking of the throat. D.
albicauda is thus seen to be an earlier name for A. pollens, and has to
be adopted in its stead.
A. albicauda , in spite of its striking resemblance to A. montana,
is evidently specifically distinct, for it lives side by side with members
of that "formenkreis" in various parts of its range. The principal
characters, whereby it may be readily distinguished, are the larger
size, the much stronger bill with pale brownish (flesh color in life)
lower mandible, and the heavier, blackish instead of brownish
throat-streaking.
Like the members of the A. montana group, it is peculiar to the
Puna Zone. Within Chilean boundaries it has been recorded only
from Tacna Province.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from Putre, Chile 135 110 26
One from Iquico, Bolivia 143 120 28
One from near Otuzco, Peru 139 116 27
One from Tulpo, Peru 146 123 27
One from Huamachuco, Peru 143 120 29
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 113
67. Xolmis pyrope (Kittlitz)1
Muscicapa pyrope Kittlitz, Me"m. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb., (sav. e"tr.), 1, livr.
2, p. 191, pi. 10, 1830 — near San-Tome", Concepci6n, Chile; idem, Denkw.,
1, p. 121 — San-Tome (type in Leningrad Museum, cf. Chrostowski, Ann.
Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 17, 1921).
Pyrope Kittlitzi Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 45, 1859 — new name for
Muscicapa pyrope Kittlitz.
Pepoaza pyrope Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, p. 63 — Valparaiso;
d'Orbigny, p. 348 — Valparaiso.
Xolmis pyrope Darwin, p. 55 — Chilo6 Island and along the western coast as
far north as Copiapo (egg descr.); Eraser (1), p. Ill — Chile.
Taenioptera pyrope Des Murs (2), p. 335 — Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 212 —
Valdivia; Boeck, p. 503 — Valdivia; Cassin, p. 185 — Chile; Germain, p.
311— Chile (breeding habits); Pelzeln (2), p. 76— Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 326, 338— Chile north to Copiapo; Philippi (12), p. 260— Chile;
Landbeck (9), p. 248— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 550 — Cauquenes, Colchagua,
more common in the south and on the Isla La Mocha; Ridgway (2),
p. 132— Port Otway; E. Reed (4), p. 200— Chile; Lane, p. 30 — Corral,
Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and Maquegua, Arauco (habits); Lataste (1),
p. CXV— Ninhue (Itata), Maule; idem (4), p. XXXIII— Caillihue (Vichu-
quen), Curico; idem (5), p. LXII — Llohue (Itata), Maule; Waugh and
Lataste (1), p. LXXXV— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXI— San
Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; Schalow (2), p. 719 — Villarrica and Lake
Llanquihue; Albert (1), 104, p. 104 — Chile (monog.); Barros (4), p. 145 —
Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 183 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Passler (3),
p. 463 — Coronel (nesting habits); Gigoux, p. 85 — Caldera; Lataste (9),
p. 169 — Santa Teresa (Requinoa); Housse (1), p. 48 — Isla La Mocha,
Arauco; idem (2), p. 145 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Barros (8), p. 141 —
Aconcagua; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 107 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock
(3), p. 124— Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 178— Angol, Malleco;
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 326, 1925 — Valparaiso (range).
Taenioptera pyrope pyrope Wetmore (3), p. 301 — Concon (habits).
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Copiapo) to the Straits of
Magellan, breeding in the southern parts.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Romero, cf ad., July 29. —
Aconcagua: Los Andes, cf ad., May 16, 1925. R. Barros. — Santiago:
Lampa, 9 ad., June 1, 1924. C. S. Reed. — Maule: Pilen Alto, 9 ad.,
May 11. — Conception: Hacienda Gualpencillo, two cf cf ad., one 9
ad., March 27- April 13. — Malleco: Curacautin, two cf cf ad. (breed-
ing), Jan. 10, 13; Rio Colorado (alt. 3,000 feet), cf ad. (breeding),
Feb. 4. — Valdivia: Rinihue, cf ad., March 7; Mafil, four cf cf ad.,
two cfcf juv., one 9 ad., two 9 9 juv., Feb. 15-28. — Chiles'
Island: Rio Inio, 9 ad., Jan. 9; Quellon, three cf cf ad., two 9 9 ad.,
1 Allen's record (p. 85) of Taenioptera irupero from Valparaiso is doubtless
due to a wrongly labeled specimen.
114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Dec. 22-Jan. 4. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension Island, two
9 9 ad., Feb. 1; Canal Lagreze, Ascension Island, d" juv., Feb. 3.
I am unable to discover any racial variation in this species, and
even Taenioptera pyrope ignea Wetmore/from Patagonia, appears to
me inseparable. The olivaceous wash on the upper parts and the
ochraceous-buff edges to the under wing coverts are characteristic
of the fresh plumage, and completely vanish during the breeding
period. It may be that birds from Tierra del Fuego and western
Patagonia have the breast slightly less tinged with grayish, but even
this divergency is too inconstant to warrant the recognition of a
Magellanic race. In juvenile plumage the feathers of the breast and
sides are obsoletely streaked with grayish brown in the middle and
laterally edged with buffy or whitish. Adults taken in February (at
Mafil, Valdivia) are in full molt.
The "Diucon" or "Papamosco" is chiefly found in the southern
provinces, where it breeds. It is reported to be plentiful on Chilo£
Island as well as in Llanquihue and Valdivia provinces. Bullock
lists it as common throughout the year in the Angol Valley, Malleco,
and Sanborn also obtained adults in worn breeding garb in the hills
of the same province at Curacautin and Rio Colorado. In Arauco
and around Concepcion, we are told by Lane and Passler, it nests in
small numbers; but its breeding range stretches even into Curico,
where Lataste shot specimens at Christmas time near Caillihue,
while Barros records its nesting in the Nilahue Valley. Farther north,
the "Diucon" merely occurs as a winter visitor. There are various
winter records from the provinces of Valparaiso, Santiago, and
Aconcagua, and it even extends its migrations as far north as
Coquimbo and the Copiapo Valley.2
X. pyrope prefers the plains and low hills, although during migra-
tion it is occasionally also met with in the mountains, for Barros
reports having seen specimens as high as 7,000 feet in the Cordillera
of Aconcagua.
According to Lane, the nest is placed in the stem of a shrub from
3 to 5 feet from the ground. At Rio Bueno, Valdivia, January seemed
to be their proper nesting-season, or perhaps the end of December.
Passler, however, claims that these birds have two broods in the
vicinity of Coronel, Concepcion, the first taking place about the end
iv. Calif. Pub. ZooL, 21, No. 12, p. 334, 1924— Laredo Bay, Straits of
Magellan.
2 1 cannot help thinking that Gigoux's statement of its being a summer visitant
in the vicinity of Caldera is due to a pen-slip.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 115
of September or early in October, the second around the middle of
December. The eggs, two or three in number, are buff with a few
rufous or dark brown streaks and dots often crowded round the
larger end.
[Lesson (Rev. Zool., 2, p. 100, 1839) described Pepoaza flavida from
"Chili, in provincia Valparaiso." It was afterwards included by
Gay (Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 335, 1847) under the name of
Taenioptera flavida, his account being merely a Spanish translation
of the original description which reads as follows: "Corpore supra, alis,
caudaque flavido-brunnescentibus; collo antici [sic] albido cum striis
brunneis; gula et thorace griseis; lateribus ventre [sic], tectricibus
inferioribus flavescentibus, pedibus incarnatis." The title of Lesson's
paper would seem to indicate that the species had been previously
described by him, but I have not been able to find any earlier reference.
I know of no Chilean bird to which the above diagnosis could apply.]
68. Muscisaxicola rufivertex rufivertex Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny
Muscisaxicola rufivertex Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 66, 1837 — part, type from Cobija, Antofagasta, examined in
collection of Paris Museum;1 d'Orbigny, p. 354, pi. 40, fig. 2 — part,
Cobija; Bridges, p. 94— Andes of Chile, S. lat. 34°-35°, on the east and
west sides; Fraser (1), p. 112 — elevated Andes [of Chile] under the snow;
Bibra, p. 129 — Santiago; Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25,
p. 432 — Cordilleras of Santiago and Colchagua (monog.); idem, Arch.
Naturg., 31, (1), p. 95 — same localities (monog.); Pelzeln (2), p. 68 —
Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 326, 338— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 258— part,
central provinces of Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 243— Chile; E. Reed (2),
p. 551 — Cordillera of Colchagua; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Atacama;
E. Reed (4), p. 201— Cordilleras of Chile; Albert (1), 104, p. 122— Chile
(monog.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 331, 1925 — part, Cobija, Santiago,
and Mendoza; Barros (5), p. 183 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Muscisaxicola rufivertex sanborni Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 73, 1924— Romero, Prov. Coquimbo.
Ptyonura rufivertex Cassin, p. 186 — mountains of Chile.
Muscisaxicola flavinucha (errore) Gigoux, p. 86 — Caldera, Atacama.
Range in Chile. — Breeds in the Puna Zone of the Cordilleras
from Coquimbo to Colchagua, winters in Atacama and Antofagasta.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Romero, five d" c? ad., one 9
imm., July 15-31; Bafios del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), <? ad., two
9 9 ad. (breeding), Nov. 13-18.— Atacama: Domeyko (alt. 2,600
*Cf. Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft IP, p. 47 (note 1), 1920, and Nov. Zool., 32,
pp. 331, 332, 1925.
116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
feet), 9 ad., Aug. 16; Caldera, one d" ad., two d* d* (first annual),
one 9 ad., March 22, June 8, 27, 1924. C. C. Sanborn and E. E.
Gigoux.1 — Antofagasta: Gatico, four cTcf ad., two 9 9 ad., April
8-10.
Additional specimens. — Antofagasta: Cobija, one adult (type),
one immature (first annual). D'Orbigny, 1831 (Paris Museum) ; 6" ad.,
Feb. 24,1847. Professor Behn (Berlin Museum). — Santiago: Cordillera
of Santiago, two adults. F. Leybold (Munich Museum). — "Chile"
(unspecified): four adults (unsexed). E. C. Reed (Paris Museum and
Tring Museum).
When first receiving the series from Romero, Coquimbo, I had
for comparison only eight specimens from Rio Loa and the vicinity
of San Pedro, Antofagasta, which I naturally took for M. rufivertex
based on birds from Cobija, on the coast of the same province, and
noticing the marked difference in the color of the occipital patch
I described the dark-crowned Coquimbo form as M. r. sanborni.
A series subsequently secured by Sanborn at Gatico, a few miles
from the type locality of M. rufivertex, however, proved to be refer-
able to the same race, and re-examination of d'Orbigny's original
examples in the Paris Museum together with the study of breeding
specimens from the Cordilleras of central Chile (Coquimbo and
Santiago) established the identity of M. r. sanborni with M. rufivertex
Lafr. & d'Orb., the birds occurring in winter on the coast of Anto-
fagasta being evidently migrants from the south. On the other
hand, the pale-crowned birds found in the inner Cordilleras of
Antofagasta, east of the Atacama desert, turned out to belong to a
well-marked resident race, which I have named M. r. pallidiceps.
Specimens from Antofagasta (Gatico, Cobija) and Atacama
(Caldera) agree with those from farther south in the deep tawny to
hazel occipital crest, but have generally shorter bills.
Young birds lack the bright-colored occipital patch and have the
upper wing coverts and inner secondaries margined with buffy.
These edges persist even after the birds have acquired the rufous
crest.
M. r. rufivertex is known to breed in the elevated Cordilleras from
Coquimbo to Colchagua.2 Sanborn obtained worn breeding adults
in November at Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, at an elevation of
irThe two June birds collected by E. E. Gigoux are marked "M. flavinitcha."
2 Allen's record (p. 85) from "Valparaiso" is erroneous. The specimen was
doubtless secured either in northern Chile or Bolivia, and may be either M. r.
pallidiceps or M. r. occipitalis.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 117
10,600 feet, and Landbeck tells us that in the Andes of Santiago and
Colchagua it ranges up to the edge of the eternal snow. In Acon-
cagua, the "Dormilona nuca rojiza" of the Chileans, according to
Barros, arrives in flocks at the end of August or early in September,
but soon retires to its breeding grounds in the Cordilleras, being
rarely seen below 5,000 feet. Towards the end of the summer the
birds start on their northward migration, though a few may be seen
as late as May. As shown by Sanborn's collections, they spend the
winter on the coast of Coquimbo, Atacama, and Antofagasta.
According to Philippi and Landbeck, this bird is a very active
creature, running and flying with rapidity and constantly wagging
its tail. Its food consists of insects and berries; in winter of small
marine crustaceans. Like M. albilora, it builds its nest under stones
or in holes of rocks.
69. Muscisaxicola rufivertex pallidiceps Hellmayr
Musdsaxicola rufivertex pallidiceps Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 21, 1927 — twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta.
Muscisaxicola rufivertex (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater (6), 1891,
p. 134 — San Pablo, Tarapaca (in part).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Antofagasta, Tarapaca, and
Tacna. Also in the adjacent Bolivian departments of Oruro and
Potosi, and in northwestern Argentina.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet),
two d* cf ad., 9 ad. (first annual), April 19, Sept. 11, 13; San Pedro
(alt. 10,500 feet), 9 (first annual), April 23; twenty miles east of
San Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet), three d1 d" ad., two 9 9 ad., one rf1
(first annual), one 9 (first annual), April 30, May 1, Oct. 3-11. —
Tarapaca: Canchones (alt. about 4,000 feet), tf [? 9 ] ad., May 30.—
Tacna: Alcerreca (alt. 10,000 feet), 9 ad., June 17.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: San Pablo, d" ad., Feb. 20,
1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum).
This series is very uniform, and differs at a glance from M. r.
rufivertex by much paler, ochraceous-tawny or cinnamomeous occip-
ital patch. The upper parts are as a rule of a lighter, purer gray,
and the size is on average larger. Birds from Sajama (Oruro) and
Potosi, Bolivia, and others from northwestern Argentina (Cerro
Munoz, Tucuman, and Cachi, Salta) agree with the Chilean ones.
Judging from the data, this form — in opposition to its southern
relative — is more or less resident. Its altitudinal range stretches
from 7,500 to nearly 13,000 feet. The taking of a specimen (in May)
118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
at the foot of the Cordillera of Tarapaca suggests, however, that the
birds probably descend to lower altitudes on the approach of the
severe season. The territory inhabited by M. r. pallidiceps is wholly
cut off from the coast of Antofagasta, the winter quarters of M. r.
rufivertex, by the intervening lifeless desert of Atacama.
M . r. rufivertex — Adult males
One from Cobija, Antofagasta
Four from Gatico, Antofagasta
One from Caldera, Atacama
Five from Romero, Coquimbo
MEASUREMENTS
Wing
100
99,99,101,102
100
105,105,105,
106,110
103
102
105
One from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo
One from Cordillera of Santiago
One from Mendoza
M . r. rufivertex — Adult females
Two from Gatico, Antofagasta 94,96
One from Caldera, Atacama 96
One from Domeyko, Atacama 101
Two from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 99,99
M, r. pallidiceps — Adult males
Two from Rio Loa, Antofagasta 110,110
Three from near San Pedro,
Antofagasta 109,110,113
One (?) from Canchones, Tarapac£ 102
One from San Pablo, Tarapaca 107
Two from Sajama, Bolivia 110,112
One from Cerro Munoz, Tucuman 106
One from Cachi, Salta 107
M. r. pallidiceps — Adult females
Two from near San Pedro,
Antofagasta 100,106
One from Sajama, Bolivia 103
One from Alcerreca, Tacna 103
Tail
70
68,68,72,74
70
73,75,76,
77,77
75
72
74
64,68
64
71
69,70
76,78
74,75,79
67
75
76,78
73
73
68,74
72
72
Bill
16
15,15,15,16
16,16^,17^,
18*419
17
17
16
15,15
15
18,19
17
18
16,17
15
16,16
17
17
70. Muscisaxicola albilora Lafresnaye
Muscisaxicola albilora Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 60, 1855 — patria
ignota1 (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.,
examined).
Muscisaxicola rubricapilla Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, No. 3,
p. 429, Sept., 1864 — Cordillera de la Puerta, Prov. Colchagua, and Laguna
de los Piuquenes, Cordillera of Santiago; idem, Arch. Naturg., 31, (1),
p. 90, 1865 — same localities (habits); Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 58— Cordilleras
of Santiago and Colchagua; idem (2), 1867, pp. 326, 338— Chile; Philippi
(12), p. 258 — Cordilleras of Santiago and Colchagua; Landbeck (9),
p. 243 — Chile; E. C. Reed (2), p. 551 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem
(4), p. 201 — Chile; Albert (1), 104, p. 124 — central provinces (monog.);
Philippi (24), p. 44, pi. 24, fig. 2— Chile; Barros (5), p. 184— Cordillera of
Aconcagua; idem (10), p. 362 — Precordillera of Aconcagua.
1 Bangs and Penard (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 27, 1919) suggest "Santiago,
Chile," as type locality.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 119
Range in Chile. — Breeds in the Cordilleras of Aconcagua, San-
tiago, and Colchagua; winters in Bolivia, Peru, and southern Ecuador.
Material examined. — Santiago: Valle del Yeso, 9 juv., Jan.,
1866. R. A. Philippi; vicinity of Santiago, two cfcT ad., one 9 ad.,
Oct., 1865. R. A. Philippi (all in United States National Museum).—
"Chile" (unspecified): cf ad., 9 ad. R. A. Philippi (Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); 9 ad., 1872. E. C. Reed (Field
Museum). — Locality unknown: No. 4604, Lafresnaye Collection, type
of M. albilora Lafr. (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.).
The type of M. albilora kindly submitted by Mr. Outram Bangs
is undoubtedly referable to the present species. It appears to be a
somewhat immature bird, as is indicated by the still perceptible
traces of the buffy edges to the upper wing coverts and secondaries
and the restriction of the rufous occipital patch. Lafresnaye's
name having several years' priority replaces Philippi's later term.
The "Dormilona cabeza rojiza," the only species of the genus that
our expedition failed to meet, breeds in the Cordilleras of central
Chile from Aconcagua to Colchagua at altitudes of from 5,000 to
8,000 feet. Philippi and Landbeck first found it in fair numbers
in December, 1860, in the Cordillera of the Hacienda de la Puerta,
Colchagua, where the birds lived in pairs on bushy hillsides, and in
February, 1861, the same naturalists came across some young birds
among rocks on the cerros of the Laguna de los Piuquenes, not far
from the mines of Las Aranas, in the Cordillera of Santiago. In
Aconcagua Province they inhabit the lower mountain ranges between
5,000 and 8,000 feet, as we are informed by R. Barros. On migration
and during spells of bad weather the White-lored Ground-tyrant is
frequently seen at lower altitudes. Barros mentions observing
scattered individuals in September and October at Los Andes (alt.
3,000 feet), while Philippi and Landbeck report its occurrence in
October and November at Dehesa and Aculeo in the vicinity of
Santiago.
After the breeding season this species migrates northwards, and
hibernates in the Andes of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. We have
examined a good many Peruvian specimens, taken at Cajamarca
(June 27), Hacienda Queta, near Tarma (July 28), Maraynioc,
Pariayacu (July 23), and Anta, Cuzco (July 27), which appear to be
perfectly identical with Chilean skins.
Little is known of its habits. According to Philippi and Land-
beck, the nest, well constructed of moss and grass-leaves and lined
120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
with feathers and hair, is placed in holes under rocks. The roundish
eggs, three or four in number, have a smooth glossy shell, and are
white, sparingly marked with minute reddish brown dots.
71. Muscisaxicola juninensis Taczanowski
Muscisaxicola juninensis Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 214, 1884 — Junln,
Peru; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 23, 1927—
Chungara and Choquelimpie, Tacna, Chile.
Muscisaxicola rufivertex (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater (4), 1886, p.
398— Huasco, Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 134— Sacaya and San Pablo,
Tarapaca (in part).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of provinces of Tarapaca and Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Choquelimpie (alt. 15,000 feet),
two cf d71 ad., three 9 9 ad., June 21-23; Chungard (alt. 15,150
feet), cf ad., June 25.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Huasco, 9 ad., Feb. 17, 1886.
C. Rahmer; near San Pablo, two cf cf ad., one (unsexed) adult,
May 31, June 2, 1890. A. A. Lane; Sacaya, cf ad., March 28, 1890.
A. A. Lane (all in the British Museum).
Chilean specimens agree with others from Peru including two
topotypes, but are possibly on average smaller. Width and shape of
the bill are extremely variable, regardless of locality.
While Sanborn's material constitutes the first actual record of
M. juninensis from Chile, the species had already been collected by
Rahmer and Lane in Tarapacd, but was confused by Sclater with
M. rufivertex pallidiceps, of which Lane had also secured a single
example at San Pablo. The series in the British Museum is precisely
similar to our own specimens. Rahmer's bird taken in February
molts from the worn breeding garb into the fresh fall plumage.
M. juninensis breeds in the Puna Zone of extreme northern Chile
and southern Peru. It is apparently a representative of M. albilora,
which it replaces from Tarapacd northwards, while no member of
this group has yet been discovered either in Coquimbo or Antofa-
gasta. It is, however, interesting to note that in winter M. albilora
invades the territory occupied by its northern relative.
In general style, M. juninensis resembles the central Chilean form,
but differs by much more grayish back and much less rufous on the
crown, the occipital patch being less extensive, not sharply cir-
cumscribed, and duller in tone. Besides, the white loral streak is less
distinct; the white supercilium, so conspicuous in M. albilora, is but
faintly indicated by an evanescent grayish line; the bill is generally
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 121
slenderer and shorter. These comparatively slight differences do not
suggest specific distinctness, and I feel quite confident that some
day the present form will be designated as M. albilora juninensis.
MEASUREMENTS
M . albilora— Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Three from Santiago 113,115,118 71,72,76 17,17,17J^
One from Cajamarca, Peru 119 77 16
One from Queta, Tarma, Peru 119 80
One from Maraynioc, Peru 116 76 16
One from Cuzco, Peru 115 71 17^
M. albilora — Adult females
Three from Santiago 115,115,118 68,72,74 16,16,16^
One from Maraynioc, Peru 108 70 17
M. juninensis — Adult males
Two from Junfn, Peru 116,121 74,79 14,15
One from Lauramarca, Cuzco, Peru 115 74 14^
Two from Salinas, Arequipa, Peru 117,118 77,80 15,15
Three from Tacna, Chile 112,114,114 73,73,76^ 15^,15}i,16
Three from Tarapaca, Chile 114,115,117 75,76,78 14^,15,15
M. juninensis — Adult females
Three from Tacna, Chile 110,111,114 71,71,72 15,15^,16
72. Muscisaxicola flavinucha Lafresnaye
Muscisaxicola flavinucha Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 59, pi. 3,
1855— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 326, 338— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 551—
Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 201— Chile; Albert (1), 104, p. 119—
Cordilleras of Chile (monog.); Barros (5), p. 183 — Cordillera of Aconcagua;
idem (10), p. 362 — Aconcagua and Santa Filomena, Santiago.
Muscisaxicola flavivertex Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, No. 3,
p. 434, Sept., 1864 — Cordillera of Santiago; idem, Arch. Naturg., 31,
(1), p. 98, 1865— same locality; Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 58— Chile (crit.);
Philippi (12), p. 258— Cordillera of Santiago; Landbeck (9), p. 243—
Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Pastos Largos, Atacama; idem (24),
p. 47, pi. 17, fig. 2— Chile.
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras from Antofagasta to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet),
c? ad., Sept. 13; twenty miles east of San Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet),
two cf cf ad., one 9 ad., Oct. 2-8. — Coquimbo: Banos del Toro
(alt. 10,600 feet), six d* <? ad., three 9 9 ad., Nov. 11-18.
Aside from slight variation in the intensity of the occipital patch
and in the extent of the grayish flammulation underneath, these
specimens agree well together. A number of winter birds taken during
June and July in Junin and Marcapata, Peru, are precisely similar.
Two adults from Valle del Lago Blanco, western Chubut, are a little
darker and more brownish above, but I consider this trifling diver-
gency too insignificant for the recognition of a separate race, whose
proper name would be M. f. hatcheri Scott, based on a young bird
122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
(without crown-patch) from the sources of the Rio Chico, western
Santa Cruz.
The "Fraile" breeds in the Andes of central Chile at elevations
of from 7,000 to 12,000 feet. Philippi and Landbeck found it in
various localities in the Cordillera of Santiago; Edwyn Reed above
Cauquenes, Colchagua; and R. Barros in the Cordillera of Aconcagua ;
while Sanborn secured a good series of apparently breeding adults,
in November, at Bafios del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet). Whether the
"Fraile" also breeds in Antofagasta remains to be ascertained. Birds
obtained east of San Pedro in October are in fresh plumage, and may
have been on migration, since on another visit to that place in April
and May none were seen. Philippi records the taking of specimens
at Pastos Largos, in the first range of the Cordilleras inland of
Copiapo, Atacama.
According to Philippi and Landbeck, the "Fraile" frequents rocky
mountain slopes with scanty vegetation in the vicinity of water,
often near the edge of the snow. In December it builds its nest under
boulders or in crevices of rocks. After the breeding season the birds
gather in flocks and repair to lower altitudes. In 1923, Housse
and Gajardo obtained several examples at Santa Filomena, near
the Banos de Jahuel, at not more than 3,000 feet above sea level.
In February they start on their northward migration to hibernate
in Bolivia and southern Peru, and return to their nesting grounds
in September and October.
73. Muscisaxicola capistrata (Burmeister)
Ptyonura capistrata Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 248, 1860 — foot of the Sierra
de Mendoza (type in Halle Museum examined).
Muscisaxicola capistrata Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 5, p. 25, 1927 — Ramadilla, Atacama, and Rio Loa, Rio Inacaliri, and
San Pedro, Antofagasta.
Range in Chile. — Winter visitor in Atacama, Antofagasta, and
doubtless other parts of the republic.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, cf
ad., Aug. 24. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet), 9 ad., Sept.
12; Ojo de San Pedro (alt. 12,400 feet), three cf cf ad., May 2;
twenty miles east of San Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet), 9 ad., 9 imm.,
April 30; Rio Inacaliri (alt. 12,800 feet), three cf cf ad., one 9 ad.,
April 25, 27.
Although not previously recorded from Chile proper, Sanborn
found this beautiful bird very common in April and May in the
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 123
Puna Zone of Antofagasta. Quite recently, R. Barros (Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 34, 1930, p. 318) met with it in the vicinity of
Puente del Inca, Prov. Mendoza, just beyond the Chilean boundary.
M. capistrata breeds in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, north
at least to Rio Negro Province. We learn from J. L. Peters1 that at
Huanuluan the birds arrive late in September and breed in October.
In March, they start on their northward migration, which carries
them as far north as western Bolivia (Sajama, Oruro) and southern
Peru (Pichacani, Dept. Puno; July). While in winter quarters, they
appear to prefer high elevations, though a single example was shot
in the Copiapo Valley, near the coast of Atacama. We have also
specimens from Tucuman (Aconquija; Sept. 17) and Catamarca
(Laguna Blanca; Sept. 27).
Females are decidedly smaller than the males, but do not differ
in coloration.
Seven adult males.— Wing 114, 114, 115, 115, 116, 116, 117;
tail 66, 67, 68, 71, 71, 72, 76; bill 15^, 16 (four), 17 (one).
Five adult females.— Wing 105, 107, 107, 108, 109; tail 63, 64, 65,
66, 70; bill 15, 15, 15, 16, 16.
74. Muscisaxicola frontalis (Burmeister)
Ptyonura frontalis Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 248, 1860 — base of the Sierra
de Uspallata, Prov. Mendoza (type in Halle Museum examined).
Muscisaxicola nigrifrons Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, No. 3,
p. 436, Sept., 1864 — Laguna de los Piuquenes, Cordillera of Santiago, and
Hacienda de la Dehesa, Prov. Santiago; idem, Arch. Naturg., 31, (1),
p. 101, 1865— same localities; Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 58 — Chile (crit.);
idem (2), 1867, pp. 326, 338— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 258— Cordillera of
Santiago; Landbeck (9), p. 243— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 550— Cordillera
of Colchagua; idem (4), p. 201— Cordilleras of Chile; Albert (1), 104,
p. 112— Chile (monog.); Philippi (24), p. 43, pi. 14, fig. 1— Chile.
Muscisaxicola frontalis nigrifrons Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 468, 1907 — Chile
(crit.).
Muscisaxicola frontalis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5,
p. 26, 1927 — Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, and east of San Pedro, Anto-
fagasta (crit.).
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras from Antofagasta to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San
Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet), two d1 c? ad., Oct. 6, 8.— Coquimbo: Banos
del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), five d* <? ad., two 9 9 ad., Nov. 11-18.
. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 323, 1923.
124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Cordillera of Santiago, two
cf cT ad., one 9 ad. E. C. Reed and F. Leybold (Paris Museum and
Munich Museum).— "Andes of Chile:" 9 juv., Oct., 1872. E. Reed
(Berlepsch Collection, Frankfort Museum).
The Chilean series does not differ either in size or coloration from
Argentine specimens. The chestnut patch at the base of the median
crown feathers, which Berlepsch thought was absent in the Chilean
form, is exceedingly well developed in five of our males, while two
others (one each from Banos del Toro and Antofagasta) as well as
the two females show merely traces of it. From the material at hand
I can only conclude that M. nigrifrons is inseparable from P. frontalis.
The Black-fronted Ground-tyrant frequents the elevated regions
of the Cordilleras from 8,000 feet upwards. Philippi and Landbeck
record it from the Laguna de los Piuquenes in the Cordillera of
Santiago (alt. 8,000 feet), whence they secured adult and young
birds in February and September. Cold weather and snowfall
drive the birds to lower altitudes, and in October and November of
1863 many were seen in the Hacienda de la Dehesa at the foot of the
mountains. Barros did not meet with this species in Aconcagua,
but Edwyn Reed includes it among the birds of the Cauquenes
region, Colchagua, without giving further details. Sanborn obtained
a good series in the Cordillera of Coquimbo at Banos del Toro (alt.
10,600 feet). Judging from their somewhat worn plumage, I imagine
they were breeding. The female taken east of San Pedro is in similar
condition. This locality marks the northern limit of its recorded
Chilean range.
This species occurs also in the Argentine Andes from Jujuy south
to western Rio Negro (Anecon Grande). Although doubts have been
cast on the correctness of the type locality, R. Barros1 has recently
procured a specimen at Cajon de las Vacas, Prov. Mendoza, thus
confirming Burmeister's statement.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing TaU Bill
One from Mendoza (type) 121 78 19
One from Jujuy (Cerro Laguna Colorada) 116 71 19
Two from Tucuman (Cerro Mufioz) 114,118 73,75 18,19
Two from Cordilleras of Santiago 120,121 72,78 20,—
Five from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 115,118,119, 72,73,75, 18,18,19,
119,120 76,76 19,19
Two from Antofagasta (San Pedro) 121,124 77,79 19,19
Adult females
One from Cordillera of Santiago 116 75 19
Two from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 114,115 73,75 18,19
'Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 34, p. 318, 1930.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 125
75. M uscisaxicola albifrons (Tschudi)
Ptyonura albifrons Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 276, 1844 — Peru.
Muscisaxicola albifrons Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, No. 3,
p. 421, 1864 — Parinacota Mediana, above Tacna, Prov. Tacna; idem,
Arch. Naturg., 31, (1), p. 78— same locality; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 397—
Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 201— Tarapaca; Albert (1), 104, p. 110—
part, Tarapaca (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of the extreme northern section, in
provinces of Tarapaca and Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Las Cuevas (alt. 13,500 feet), near
Putre, two cf cf ad., June 20; Chungara (alt. 15,150 feet), c? ad.,
9 ad., June 25.
Not different from Peruvian specimens.
This species, which is immediately recognizable by its gigantic
dimensions (wing 150-165 mm.), is characteristic of the Puna Zone
of southern Peru and Bolivia, stretching its range into the extreme
north of Chile. Frobeen shot a single example in June, 1853,
at Parinacota Mediana, above Tacna, at an altitude of 14,000
feet above sea level. Subsequently, C. Rahmer secured a female at
Sacaya, in the Cordillera of Tarapaca. These were the only previous
records from Chile.
76. Muscisaxicola alpina cinerea Philippi and Landbeck
Muscisaxicola cinerea Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, No. 3, p.
422, Sept., 1864 — Las Aranas, Valle Larga, and Las Chacarillas, Cordillera
of Santiago; idem, Arch. Naturg., 31, (1), p. 80, 1865 — same localities;
Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 57— Cordilleras of Santiago; idem (2), 1867, pp. 326,
338— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 258— Cordilleras of Santiago; Landbeck (9),
p. 243— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 551— Cordillera of Colchagua; idem (4),
p. 201— Chile; Albert (1), 104, p. 115— from "southern Chile" to Peru
(monog.); Philippi (24), p. 49, pi. 19, fig. 2— Chile; Barros (5), p. 184—
Portillo, Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Breeds in the Cordilleras of the central provinces
from Coquimbo to Colchagua;1 migrates to Peru.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Banos del Toro (alt. 10,600
feet), eight cf cf ad., one 9 ad., Nov. 12-18.
The "Dormilona cenicienta" breeds exclusively in the Puna
Zone of the central provinces. Philippi and Landbeck discovered
it in the Valle Larga and at Las Aranas in the Cordillera of Santiago,
*A specimen in the British Museum said to be from "Valdivia" is doubtless
wrongly labeled. Nor can I believe that M. cinerea ever occurs on the forested
Isla La Mocha, Arauco, as recorded by Housse (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 48, 1924).
126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
at altitudes of from 8,000 to 10,000 feet, while F. Leybold shot a
specimen at Las Chacarillas, in the same province. Adults and
full-grown young birds were secured in January and February.
E. Reed lists them as rather uncommon in the Andes of Colchagua;
Barros met with small numbers in November at Portillo (alt. 10,000
feet) in the Cordillera of Aconcagua; and Sanborn collected a good
series at Banos del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), Coquimbo.
According to Philippi and Landbeck, these birds inhabit rocky
mountain slopes in the vicinity of water and on the edges of snow
fields, are very active, and feed on berries and insects. The nest is
placed in crevices of rocks, and contains four or five eggs, which are
white dotted with brown around the larger end.
Nothing appears to be known regarding the bird's migratory
movements beyond the fact that specimens have been taken in
winter (June) in Junin, Peru.1
'In my revision of the genus (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5,
p. 28, 1927) I kept M. cinerea as specifically distinct, and did not attempt to
separate the birds from northwestern Argentina, only a single specimen in worn
breeding plumage being available for comparison. A good series from the Andes
of Tucuman since acquired by Field Museum shows, however, that the Argentine
form, while to a certain extent intermediate, cannot be united to either M. a.
grisea or M. a. cinerea, and I accordingly propose to name it
Muscisaxicola alpina argentina subsp. nov.
Type from Las Pavas, Prov. Tucuman, in Field Museum of Natural History,
No. 57,934. Adult male. December 10, 1924. J. Mogensen.
Characters. — Similar to M. a. cinerea in small size and in having the wings
brownish rather than blackish without any distinct pale markings, but upper
parts less grayish, more like M. a. grisea, though rather lighter; throat and breast
clouded or flammulated with pale grayish brown; inner margin to remiges more
strongly tinged with pinkish buff.
Wing (four adult males) 108-110, (three adult females) 100-105; tail (male)
74-76, (female) 70-75; bill 15-16.
Range. — Puna Zone of northwestern Argentina, in provinces of Tucuman
and Jujuy.
Remarks. — In coloration of the under parts this form is precisely similar to
the Peruvian M. a. grisea, which it also closely approaches by the brownish gray
tone of the dorsal surface in opposition to the clear ashy gray of M. a. cinerea, but
it is much smaller and has the wings duller brown with hardly any of the whitish
edges to the secondaries and greater wing coverts so conspicuous in M. a. grisea.
The whitish superciliaries are as a rule narrow and restricted as in M. a. cinerea,
though one or two examples exhibit an unmistakable tendency in the direction
of M. a. grisea. The inner margin of the remiges is more strongly tinged with
pinkish buff than in either of its allies.
The range of this form appears to be confined to the mountainous region of
northwestern Argentina (prov. Tucuman and Jujuy). We have five adults in
worn breeding condition and two young birds (with pinkish buff under tail coverts
and similar edges to wing coverts and secondaries) taken by Juan Mogensen in
December, 1924, at Las Pavas, Tucuman, and a single adult female in fresh plumage
obtained by the same collector on July 5, 1918, at Aconquija. Besides, we have
examined in the Paris Museum a worn adult male shot by the late G. A. Baer,
on February 26, 1903, at Laguna de Pelado (alt. 5,000 meters), Prov. Tucuman.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 127
77. Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis Lafr. and d'Orb.
Muscisaxicola mentalis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 66, 1837 — Cobija, Arica, and Patagonia1 (spec, in Paris
Museum examined); d'Orbigny, p. 355, pi. 40, fig. 1 — Rio Negro, Cobija,
Arica; Darwin, p. 83 — Chiloe', central and northern Chile; Fraser (1),
p. 112— Chile; Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, p. 426—
Valdivia, Santiago, Arica (monog.); idem, Arch. Naturg., 31, (1), p. 85 —
same localities (habits, migration) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 58 — Chile (crit.) ;
idem (2), 1867, pp. 326, 338— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 551— Cauquenes,
Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 8 — Coquimbo.
Ochthoeca chiknsis Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 212, 1853 — Valdivia (=juv.);
Pelzeln (2), p. 76— Chile.
Muscisaxicola albimentum Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 61, 1855 —
habitat ignota ( = juv.).
Ptyonura mentalis Cassin, p. 185 — Chile.
Muscisaxicola macloviana Philippi (12), p. 257 — all of Chile to Straits of
Magellan; Landbeck (9), p. 243— foothills of the Andes; E. Reed (4),
p. 201 — Chile; Schalow (2), p. 715 — Cavancha (Iquique), Isla dos Pajaros,
Totoralillo (Coquimbo), Tumbes (Conception), and Villarrica; Waugh
and Lataste (2), p. CLXXI — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; Albert
(1), 104, p. 117 — Chile (monog.); Barros (4), p. 146 — Nilahue, Curico;
idem (5), p. 183 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Gigoux, p. 86 — Caldera,
Atacama; Lataste (9), p. 168 — Santa Teresa (Requinoa) and San Alfonso;
Housse (2), p. 146 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 107 —
Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 180 — Angol, Malleco; Barros
(10), p. 360 — Aconcagua (winter visitor).
Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis Passler (3), p. 466 — Coronel, Conception
(breeding habits [?]); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 333, 1925— Cobija and
Arica (crit.).
Range in Chile. — From the Peruvian boundary to the Straits of
Magellan, probably breeding on the wooded Andean slopes in the
southern section.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta (six miles north of Arica),
three 9 9 ad., one 9 juv., June 12-14, July 16. — Antofagasta:
Gatico, two c? cf ad., one cf juv., two 9 9 ad., April 8-10.—
Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, cf ad., Aug. 25; Caldera,
three cf cf ad., two 9 9 ad., June 16, July 22, Aug. 31, Sept. 1-6.
C. C. Sanborn and E. E. Gigoux. — Coquimbo: Romero, two cf cf
ad., one 9 ad., one 9 juv., July 15-19. — Santiago: Santiago, cf
imm., 9 imm., June 24, 1923. C. S. Reed. — O'Higgins: near Sewell
(alt. 6,000 feet), 9 ad., May 7. — Concepcion: Concepcion, c? ad.,
'Carmen de Patagones, Rio Negro, designated as type locality by Peters
(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 322, 1923).
128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
May 28, 1903. C. S. Reed.— Maule: Quirihue (alt. 8,000 feet),
cf ad., three 9 9 ad., May 2, 3. — Malleco: Rio Colorado (alt.
3,000 feet), 9 juv., March 3.— Cautin: Lake Gualletue" (alt. 3,800
feet), of juv., Feb. 21. — Llanquihue: Casa Richards, Rio ftirehuau,
cf juv., Feb. 26.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Arica, two adults, one juv.
D'Orbigny. — Antofagasta: Cobija, one adult, one juv. D'Orbigny
(Paris Museum). — Coquimbo: Isla dos Pajaros, Totoralillo, adult,
Oct., 1893. L. Plate. — Conception: Tumbes, d"1 imm., 9 imm.,
June, 1894. L. Plate (Berlin Museum).
Schalow took great pains in demonstrating the identity of M.
mentalis, of the South American continent, and M. macloviana,
from the Falkland Islands, but he had no topotypical material of the
latter, as specimens from Tierra del Fuego and Straits of Magellan
prove to be inseparable from the Chilean ones. Thanks to the
courtesy of Mr. 0. Bangs I have been enabled to compare a good
series from the Falklands, and these birds are so constantly larger
that the recognition of M. m. mentalis, as advocated by Bangs and
Penard,1 seems perfectly justified. In M. m. macloviana, the length
of the wing ranges from 112 (female) to 118 (male), against 95-105
in M. m. mentalis. Among the large number of continental birds
examined there is only one — a male from Ushuwaia, Beagle Channel
— that approaches the island form in size (wing 109).
As correctly pointed out long ago by Philippi and Landbeck,
adult birds are characterized by dark brown pileum and a rufous
brown chin-spot, the female differing only in smaller size and gen-
erally less rufous on the chin. Young birds lack the chin-spot, the
throat and foreneck being streaked with white and pale grayish;
the upper wing coverts are edged with buff, and the pileum is almost
the same color as the back.
It is extremely doubtful whether the "Dormilona comun" breeds
anywhere within the Chilean boundaries except in the southernmost
parts. Philippi and Landbeck claim, it is true, that this species in
summer inhabits the middle Cordilleras in the vicinity of creeks and
marshes as well as the banks of rivers at the foot of the mountains,
but they were apparently unacquainted with its nesting habits and
eggs, and their surmise has not been corroborated by subsequent
observers. In Aconcagua, according to Barros, it occurs only on
passage, first in March and April and again on its southward migra-
tion in September and October, and for its occurrence in the provinces
. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 63, p. 26, 1919.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 129
of Santiago and Valparaiso there are likewise only a number of
winter records. In the north it extends its migration along the coast
to Tacna Province and even to the Peruvian littoral (Islay, Lima).
In Nilahue (Curico) and Angol (Malleco) Barros and Bullock know
it merely as a winter visitor, arriving in May or June and departing
again in September or early October. Passler attributes a nest with
eggs found by a native at Coronel, Conception, to M. m. mentcdis,
but there seems little doubt that it actually pertained to Lessonia
r. rufa.
The expedition of Field Museum did not secure any adults in
breeding plumage, though the taking in February and March of
full-grown young birds in the hills of Malleco and Cautin and on the
Rio Nirehuau (Llanquihue) suggests their having been reared in
that neighborhood.
While on migration, these birds often gather in large flocks.
Philippi and Landbeck report that from May 9 to May 11, 1859,
enormous numbers totaling more than 100,000 individuals passed
over Valdivia in northward direction.
M. m. mentalis is known to breed in Tierra del Fuego and on the
Argentine slope of the Andes as far north as Lake Nahuel Huapi.
78. Muscisaxicola maculirostris maculirostris Lafr. and d'Orb.
Muscisaxicola maculirostris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag.
Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 66, 1837 — La Paz, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum exam-
ined); Bibra, p. 129 — Cordillera [of Santiago] (habits); Philippi and
Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, p. 424, 1864— Cerro de San Cristobal
and Las Arafias, Cordillera of Santiago, and Hacienda de la Puerta, Prov.
Colchagua; idem, Arch. Naturg., 31, (1), p. 82, 1865 — same localities
(monog.); Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 57 — Cordilleras of Chile; idem (2), 1867,
pp. 326, 338 — Chile; Philippi (12), p. 258 — central provinces; Landbeck
(9), p. 243 — Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 551— lower Cordillera of Cauquenes,
Colchagua; idem (4), p. 201— Chile; Albert (1), 104, p. 127— Chile (monog.);
Barros (5), p. 184 — Rio Blanco, Aconcagua; idem (6), p. 35 — San Ber-
nardo, Santiago; Housse (2), p. 145 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock
(4), p. 180— Angol, Malleco; Barros (10), p. 362— Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — From Tacna to Cautin.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), d" ad.,
9 ad., June 18, July 2. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet),
two d* cf ad., two 9 9 ad., Sept. 12-14. — Atacama: Ramadilla,
Copiapo Valley, of ad., March 23; Caldera, two cf d1 ad., three
9 9 ad., Oct. 17-31, 1924. E. E. Gigoux.— Coquimbo: Romero,
130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
d1 ad., 9 ad., July 19, 30.— Cautin: Villa Portales (3,000 to 3,300
feet), Lonquimai Valley, c? ad., c? juv., Feb. 9.
Chilean specimens appear to be inseparable from a Peruvian and
Bolivian series.
In the northern parts of its range the "Dormilona chica" in-
habits the Temperate and Puna Zones of the Andes, but it breeds
also in the Cordilleras of central Chile. Bibra was the first to record
it from the Cordilleras of Santiago, where Philippi and Landbeck
subsequently obtained adult and young birds in January and Febru-
ary in "Las Araiias" at an elevation of 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Breeding
pairs were met with by the same naturalists in December in the
Cordillera of the Hacienda de la Puerta, Colchagua, at 5,000 to
6,000 feet above sea level, and Barros found them at similar altitudes
in the mountain ranges of Aconcagua. The most southerly breeding
record is from Villa Portales (alt. 3,000 to 3,300 feet), in the Lon-
quimai Valley, Prov. Cautin, where Sanborn, early in February,
shot an adult male in annual molt and a full-grown young bird with
incompletely developed, wholly blackish bill.
During migration and in winter these birds descend to lower
altitudes and even to the seacoast. Philippi and Landbeck once met
with a small flock, on October 11, on the Cerro de San Cristobal,
near Santiago, about 2,400 feet above the sea, and other specimens
were secured in the same province by Rev. Housse and R. Barros,
between August and October, in the vicinity of San Bernardo.
Bullock obtained a single example in April at Angol, Malleco, and
states that it is the only one he ever saw in that neighborhood.
Sanborn sent us skins from the low hills of Coquimbo and from
the Copiapo Valley, while to E. E. Gigoux we are indebted for five
adults collected by him in October at Caldera, Atacama.
According to Philippi and Landbeck, the "Dormilona chica"
in the breeding season frequents brushy hill slopes, and builds its
nest among rocks under low bushes.
79. Lessonia ruf a rufa (Gmelin)
Alauda rufa Gmelin,1 Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 792, 1789 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl., 728, fig. "1" [ =2] and Buffon's "Alouette noire, a dos fauve,"
Buenos Aires, coll. Commerson; Meyen, p. 84 — Tollo, Rio Maipo, Chile;
Kittlitz, Denkw., 1, p. 159 — Vina del Mar, Valparaiso.
1 Alauda nigri (typ. error for nigra) Boddaert (Tabl. PL Enl., p. 46, 1783) is
rendered invalid by another Alauda nigra of the same author on a preceding page
(p. 40).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 131
Anthus sordidus Lesson,1 Voyage Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 15, p. 664,
April, 1830 — Talcaguano, Concepci6n Bay ( =female).
Anthus variegatus Eydoux and Gervais, Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, p. 12, pi. 67,
1836— Chile; idem, Voy. Favorite, 5, (2), p. 38, pi. 15, 1839— Chile
( = female).
Anthus rufidorsis Kittlitz, Denkwiird. Reise, 1, p. 159, 1858 — new name for
Alauda rufa Gmelin.
Muscisaxicola nigra Darwin, p. 84 — Chile, north to Copiapo; Fraser (1), p.
112— Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 321— Chile; Germain, p. 311— Chile (nesting
habits); Philippi (12), p. 257— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 243— river valleys
of Chile; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXV— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2),
p. CLXXI— San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; Lataste (9), p. 168—
San Alfonso and Santa Teresa (Requinoa).
Centrites rufus Bibra, p. 129 — Santiago.
Silvia dorsalis Boeck, p. 501 — Valdivia and Rio Pudeto, Chilo6.
Centrites niger Pelzeln (2), p. 76— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 326, 338—
Chile, north to Copiapo; E. Reed (2), p. 552 — Cauquenes, Colchagua;
Salvin (2), p. 423— Coquimbo; E. Reed (4), p. 201— Chile; Schalow (2),
p. 714 — Coquimbo; Albert (1), 104, p. 130 — Chile (part, monog.); Gigoux,
p. 84 — Caldera, Atacama; Bullock (4), p. 180 — Angol, Malleco.
Lessonia nigra Barros (4), p. 146 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p. 184 — Cordil-
lera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 146 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel
and Pirion, p. 107 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Lessonia rufa rufa Passler (3), p. 465 — Coronel (breeding habits); Wetmore
(3), p. 307 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From the Copiapo Valley, Atacama, to the
Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, two
d"d" ad., Aug. 22, 25. — Coquimbo: Romero, 9 ad., July 30.—
Conception: Hacienda Gualpencillo, cT ad., March 30. — Cautin:
Lake Gualletue" (alt. 3,800 feet), d1 ad., Feb. 19.— Chiloe" Island:
Quellon, two o" cf ad., cf (first annual), two 9 9 ad., Dec. 24-28,
Jan. 3; Rio Inio, two d* cf ad., two 9 9 ad., Jan. 7-10. — Llanquihue:
Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 9 ad., Feb. 18.
Chilean birds agree with a series from Argentina. The two adult
males from the Copiapo Valley are not different from those of more
southern origin and show no approach to L. r. oreas, from the Puna
Zone of the northern provinces.
The "Colejial" is widely distributed throughout Chile in the
lowlands and foothills. It is reported to frequent the river valleys
and also the dunes with scanty vegetation along the seashore. While
all other authors agree that it does not ascend to any considerable
1 Although faulty with respect to the posterior under parts, the description
cannot well refer to any other Chilean bird.
132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
elevation in the mountains, R. Barros states that, in the Cordillera
of Aconcagua, at the beginning of spring (end of September or early
October) most of the birds retire to altitudes of from 6,000 to 10,000
feet, while only a few stay all the year round in the precordillera.
According to Bullock, it is resident in the Angol Valley, Malleco,
though Barros lists it only as a winter visitant in Nilahue, Curico.
Passler, on the other hand, says it is merely a summer visitor at
Coronel, aggregating in flocks after the breeding season and migrat-
ing northwards for the winter (May to September). According to
the same observer, it makes two broods, the first in October, and
the second in the latter part of December. The nest, made of grass-
leaves and rootlets and fitted inside with feathers, is placed on the
ground under small bushes, and contains two or three eggs, which
are buff dotted with violet and reddish brown, these markings often
being crowded round the larger end.
80. Lessonia rufa oreas (Sclater and Salvin)
Centrites oreas Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1869, p. 154— Tinta, Dept.
Cuzco, Peru (types in British Museum examined); Sclater (4), 1886, p. 398
— Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 201 — Tarapaca. .
Muscisaxicola nigra (errore) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Leoncito, Puna of
Atacama.
Centrites niger Albert (1), 104, p. 130 — Chile (part, var. oreas).
Lessonia rufa oreas Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5,
p. 36, 1927 — Rio Loa and east of San Pedro, Antofagasta.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of the northern provinces, from
Atacama to Tacna.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet), cf
ad., Sept. 14; twenty miles east of San Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet),
9 ad., Oct. 6.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Sacaya, d* ad., Feb. 6, 1886.
C. Rahmer (British Museum).
Birds from northern Chile are identical with a Peruvian series.
This form differs from L. r. rufa, in addition to its larger size, by
the lighter, more cinnamon rufous back and grayish white (instead
of deep black) inner web of the primaries in the male sex. The
female is even more strongly differentiated, having the back but
little duller rufous than the male, the under parts mostly sooty
with dingy brownish edges, the under tail coverts blackish instead
of buffy white, and the inner web of the primaries more whitish.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 133
L. r. oreas represents the typical form in the northern provinces
of the republic, but unlike its ally it is strictly confined to the Puna
Zone, its altitudinal range extending from 7,500 to 14,000 feet.
There can be little doubt that the bird recorded by Philippi s. n.
Muscisaxicola nigra from Leoncito, in the Puna region of Atacama,
refers to the present race and not to L. r. rufa.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Three from Tinta, Cuzco, Peru 78,79,82 49,51,52 11,11,11 H
One from Salinas, Arequipa 83 53 10 %
One from Rio Loa, Antofagasta 78 48 10 M
One from Sacaya, Tarapaca 80 49 11 K
Adult females
Three from Tinta, Cuzco, Peru 77,77,77 47,48,49 11,11,—
One from Antofagasta, Chile 76 48 10
81. Ochthoeca oenanthoides oenanthoides (Lafr. and d'Orb.)
Fluvicola oenanthoides Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 60, 1837 — La Paz, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).
Ochthoeca oenanthoides oenanthoides Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 42, 1927— Putre, Tacna.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), cf ad., two
9 9 ad., June 17, July 2, 4.
Compared with two males from La Paz and a female from Cocha-
bamba, these birds are somewhat darker above, thus betraying a
certain tendency in the direction of 0. o. polionota Sclater and Salvin,
from Peru, which is, however, much larger, of a much deeper rufous
below, and lacks every trace of the ochraceous apical spots to the
greater upper wing coverts.
Three birds from Colalao del Valle, Tucuman, and an adult
male (in worn plumage) from Potosi, Bolivia, differ by decidedly
paler (less sepia) back, more fulvescent rump, grayish brown instead
of sooty pileum, and by having a suggestion of a second wing-bar
across the tips of the median wing coverts. If separable, the name
Muscisaxicola morenoi Bruch1 would be available for this southern
race.
0. o. oenanthoides is peculiar to the Puna Zone of western Bolivia
and extreme northern Chile.
'Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 258, 1904— Santa Catalina, Jujuy.
134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
82. Ochthoeca leucophrys leucometopa Sclater and Salvin
Ochthoeca leucometopa Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1877, p. 19 — "W.
Peru, Prov. Cuzco (Whitely); district of Junin (Jelski)" (the type examined
in the British Museum is from Chihuata, above Arequipa, southwestern
Peru).
Ochthoeca leucophrys leucometopa Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
13, Part 5, p. 46, 1927— Putre, Tacna.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), c?1 ad., two
9 9 ad., June 19, July 3, 7.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Palca (alt. 10,000 feet), 9 ad.,
Oct. 20, 1902. Otto Garlepp (Berlepsch Collection, Frankfort
Museum).
These specimens are identical with the type and a series from
southern Peru. Like the preceding species, this is an inhabitant of
the Temperate Zone. Closely allied races occur in Bolivia, north-
western Argentina, and northern Peru.
[Yetapa risora (Vieillot) — included by Gay (Hist. fis. pol. Chile,
Zool., 1, p. 339, 1847) under the name Alecturus guyrayetupa in
the Chilean fauna — ranges over northern Argentina, Uruguay, Para-
guay, and the adjacent parts of Brazil. It has never been found
in Chile.]
83. Hymenops1 perspicillata andina (Ridgway)
Lichenops perspicillatus, /3 andinus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1,
"1878," p. 483, May 22, 1879— Chile "to New Granada" (errore).
Hymenops nyctitarius Lesson,2 Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 6, p. 239, 1828 —
Conception.
Lichenops perspicillata (us) Fraser (1), p. 110 — Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 337 —
Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 77— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 260— Chile; Landbeck
(9), p. 248 — Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 550— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2),
1883, p. 423— Coquimbo; E. Reed (4), p. 201— Chile; Lane, p. 31—
Hacienda Mansel (Santiago), Rio Bueno and Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia
(habits); Schalow (2), p. 719 — Punta Teatinos, near La Serena, Coquimbo;
1 Hymenops Lesson (Voyage Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 6, p. 239, March 22, 1828)
takes precedence over Lichenops Sundevall (Vetenskaps Akad. Handl. for 1835,
p. 88, 1836), both having the same basis, viz. "Le Clignot," described by Buffon
from Commerson's manuscript. Hymenops nyctitarius, quoted by Lesson from
Commerson's unpublished drawings, becomes valid under the rules by his reference
to "Le Clignot du Paraguay" [= Montevideo]. The name has been completely
lost sight of, and is not even mentioned by Sherborn.
'Being exclusively based on "Le Clignot" from Montevideo, this name is, of
course, inapplicable to the Chilean form.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 135
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVI — Rio Mapocho, Penaflor, Santiago;
idem (3), p. LIX— Penaflor, Santiago; Albert (1), 104, p. 107— Chile
(monog.); Barros (4), p. 145 — Nilahue, Curic6; Housse (2), p. 145 — San
Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock (4), p. 179 — Angol, Malleco.
Muscicapa nigricans (not of Vieillot) Bibra, p. 129 — Valparaiso and Valdivia.
Lichenops eryihropterus (not of Gould) Cassin, p. 185 — Chile.
Leichenops erythropierus Germain, p. 311 — Chile (breeding habits).
Lichenops perspicillata andina Passler (3), p. 464 — Coronel and Talcaguano
(Concepci6n), Los Vilos (Aconcagua), and La Serena, Coquimbo (breed-
ing habits); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 315, 1925— Chile (crit.).
Range in Chile. — Lowlands of the central provinces, from
Coquimbo to Valdivia.
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Limache (alt. 500 feet), d" ad.,
Dec. 2, 1924. J. A. Wolff sohn.—Cautin: Lake GualletuS (alt. 3,800
feet), c? ad., three cT d" juv., 9 ad., 9 juv., Feb. 18-20.
Additional specimens. — Chile (unspecified): seven cf cf ad., three
9 9 ad., no dates. F. Leybold and E. C. Reed (Paris Museum,
Munich Museum).
When compared with a dozen from Uruguay and others from
eastern Argentina (Corrientes and Buenos Aires), adult males from
Chile are easily enough separated by larger size, by having the black
at the basal portion of the five outer primaries extended on to the
sinuation of the quills, resulting in a considerable restriction of
the white area, and by the generally longer dusky apical spots of the
wings. It must be admitted, however, that even in Uruguay certain
individuals have very nearly as much black at the base of the outer
primaries as the Chilean average. Birds from eastern Bolivia and
western Argentina are so variously intermediate — even in size —
between H. p. perspicillata and H. p. andina, that it is really a
matter of personal preference whether to refer them to one form
rather than to the other.1
The "Runrun" ranges over the lowlands of the greater part of
central and southern Chile. The northern limit of its distribution
is around Coquimbo, where specimens were obtained by Markham,
Plate, and Passler, while in the south the Valdivia-Llanquihue
boundary seems to mark the farthest point. Lane found it fairly
common on the Rio Pilmaiquen, but did not hear of it in Chiloe"
or at Puerto Montt.
These birds frequent wet places in the vicinity of rivers and
lagoons, but are said to be nowhere abundant. They are mostly
!See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, pp. 315-316, 1925, and Laubmann, Wiss.
Ergebn. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, pp. 211-212, 1930.
136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
found in the plains and avoid the mountains, Lake Gualletue* in
the hills of Cautin at an altitude of 3,800 feet being the highest
point whence specimens have been examined. They feed on insects,
which they frequently capture on the wing, making a clicking noise.
Lane often observed them alight on the ground in adjacent fields
or grass-banks to search for food. The nest is placed a short distance
above the ground in bushes along the edge of the water and contains
two or three eggs, which are white or buff sparingly flecked and
dotted with rufous and blackish brown. In the vicinity of Coronel
they have two broods, the first at the end of October or early in
November, the second about the middle of January (Passler).
84. Pyrocephalus rubinus obscurus Gould
Pyrocephalus obscurus Gould in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Part 9, p. 45, 1839 —
Lima, Peru ( =melanistic variety).
Musdpeta coronata (not of Gmelin) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1,
1837, p. 47— Arica.
Suiriri coronata d'Orbigny, p. 336 — Tacna, Arica.
Pyrocephalus rubineus (not Muscicapa rubinus Boddaert) Schalow (2), p.
712— "Capillao, Chile."1
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta, six miles north of Arica,
three d" d* ad., 9 ad., June 12-14, July 16.
All of the specimens are in the normal (heterurus) plumage, the
males with red crests and under parts, the female with white throat,
streaked breast, and rose-red abdomen. It would be interesting to
know if the melanistic variant (obscurus), so common on the Peruvian
coast between Lima and Arequipa, also occurs in Tacna Province.
The Pacific Scarlet Flycatcher was first met with on Chilean
territory by d'Orbigny at Tacna and Arica, where the natives call
it "Saca-tu-real," and nearly a century later Sanborn found it again
on the coast north of Arica.
It is widely diffused on the Pacific side of northern South America,
reaching the southern limit of its range in the extreme north of
Chile.
85. Muscigralla brevicauda Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny
Muscigralla brevicauda Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 61, 1837 — Tacna, Peru (type in Paris Museum examined);
1 1 have not been able to find this locality. No place of that name is listed
in L. R. Patron's "Diccionario Jeografico de Chile," Santiago, 1924.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 137
d'Orbigny, p. 354, pi. 39, fig. 1— Tacna; Lesson, Oeuvr. Buffon, 6d. LeV§-
que, 20, (Descr. Mammif. & Ois.), p. 299, 1847— Chile; Des Murs (2), p.
338— Tacna (ex d'Orbigny); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 324, 1925 —
Tacna (crit.).
Range in Chile. — Arid littoral of the extreme north, in province
of Tacna.
Material examined. — Tacna: one (unsexed) adult, Peru [ = Tacna],
Jan., 1831. D'Orbigny (type of species; Paris Museum).
The type was compared and found identical with a series from
Peru. The Short-tailed Ground-tyrant is characteristic of the Peru-
vian littoral, ranging north to southern Ecuador and stretching into
the extreme north of Chile, where a single example was secured by
d'Orbigny, the discoverer of the species. The French naturalist
tells us that he met with this peculiar bird in cultivated fields and
hedges in the vicinity of Tacna. He describes it as a very active
creature, moving around rapidly in search of its food, which consists
exclusively of insects.
86. Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Alecturus flaviventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 55, 1837 — Corrientes (type in Paris Museum examined).
Arundinicola citreola Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 30, (1), p. 58, 1864 — Mapocho
Valley, above Santiago, and "Elalmahue," Colchagua (habits); idem,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 24, No. 4, p. 338, April, 1864— same localities; Sclater
(2), 1867, p. 326— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 262— Santiago; Landbeck (9),
p. 249 — Santiago and "Elmalmahue," Colchagua (nest and eggs); Philippi
(24), p. 50, pi. 27, fig. 1— Chile.
Hapalocercus citreolus Sclater (2), 1867, p. 338— Chile.
Hapalocercus flaviventris E. Reed (2), p. 552 — southern bank of Rio Cachapoal,
Colchagua; idem (4), p. 201 — central provinces; Albert (1), 104, p. 267 —
Chile (monog.); Passler (2), p. 28 — Coronel (nest and eggs descr.); Bullock
(4), p. 180— Angol, Malleco.
Range in Chile. — From Santiago to Valdivia.
Material collected. — Valdivia: Rinihue, cf ad., March 5.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Santiago, d* ad. L. Landbeck
(authentic specimen of A. citreola; Tring Museum). — "Chile" (un-
specified): two (unsexed) adults, one immature. E. C. Reed (Tring
Museum and Berlepsch Collection, Frankfort Museum).
I fully agree with Wetmore1 that the (on average) larger size
of west Argentine and Chilean birds is too insignificant a variation
to warrant the recognition of a separate race (P. flaviventris citreolus).
'Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 317, 1926.
138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Very little is known regarding the Chilean range of this incon-
spicuous bird. Landbeck first discovered it in the valley of the Rio
Mapocho, Prov. Santiago, and afterwards secured specimens at
"Elalmahue," in the coast district of Colchagua. Edwyn Reed says
it is not uncommon on the south bank of the Rio Cachapoal, Col-
chagua, and Passler found it nesting at Coronel, Conception, while
Bullock recorded it from Angol, Malleco. Sanborn obtained a single
example on the shore of Lake Rinihue, Valdivia.1
This bird lives in the reeds, frequently in company of Tachuris
r. rubrigastra and Phleocryptes m. melanops, and owing to its retiring
habits it is doubtless often overlooked. It breeds in December and
builds a deep elaborate nest of fine dry grass, thistledown, webs,
feathers, and other soft materials, usually in the fork of a weed or
among reeds three or five feet above the ground. The cream-colored
eggs are four in number. Its food is said to consist almost exclusively
of Coccinella.
The Reed-warbling Tyrant is also widely distributed in northern
Argentina and Uruguay.
[Pseudocolopteryx sclateri (Oustalet), though erroneously described
from "Chile," is found only in eastern Argentina and other parts
of eastern South America.!
87. Tachuris rubrigastra rubrigastra (Vieillot)
Sylvia rubigastra (typog. err.) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 11,
p. 277, 1817 — based on Azara, No. 161, Paraguay and Buenos Aires.
Regulus byronensis Pidgeon in Griffith, Anim. Kingd., 7, [ =Aves, 2], plate to
p. 42, May, 1828— Chile.
Tyrannulus vieilloti Leadbeater, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 16, Part 1, p. 88,
1829— Chile.
Cyanotis omnicolor Darwin, p. 86 — Santiago; Fraser (1), p. 112 — Chile;
Yarrell, p. 53 — Chile (egg descr.); Cassin, p. 186 — Chile; Germain, p. 310 —
Santiago Province (nesting habits).
Regulus omnicolor Des Murs (2), p. 319, pi. 4 — Coquimbo, Santiago, Chiloe
(habits); Boeck, p. 501 — Las Cruces and Rio Calle-Calle, Valdivia; Philippi
(12), p. 257— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 242— Chile (habits); Lataste (5),
p. LXII — Junquillos, Nuble.
Cyanotis azarae Pelzeln (2), p. 64— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 327, 338 —
Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 552— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2), p. 423—
Coquimbo; Allen, p. 85 — Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 201 — Chile; Lane,
p. 33 — Hospital (Santiago), Coronel, Valdivia, south to Chilo6; Schalow
XE. Reed's surmise that it migrates to Bolivia in the fall is wholly unfounded.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 139
(2), p. 713— Chile (eggs descr.); Albert (1), 104, p. 277— Chile; Gigoux,
p. 83 — Caldera, Atacama; Bullock (4), p. 182 — Angol, Malleco.
Cyanotis rubrigastra Housse (2), p. 146 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and
Pirion, p. 108 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Tachuris r. rubrigaster Passler (3), p. 467 — Coronel (breeding habits).
Tachuris r. rubrigastra Wetmore (3), p. 325 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to Puerto Montt, Llanquihue;
accidental in Atacama (one record from Caldera).
Material collected. — Concepcion: Hacienda Gualpencillo, 9 ad.,
April 15.
Additional specimens. — Concepcion: Concepcion, 9 ad., cT juv.,
May 15, Jan. 16, 1903. C. S. Reed (Field Museum).— Valdivia:
Valdivia, two cfcf ad., 9 ad., 1897. A. von Lossberg (Munich
Museum). — Llanquihue: Desagiie, near Puerto Montt, two d* <? ad.,
Sept. 16-21, 1895. G. Hopke (Munich Museum).
Chilean birds appear to be inseparable from an Argentine (Buenos
Aires) series.
The "Siete colores" ranges over the lowlands of central and
southern Chile, and its breeding territory extends at least as far
north as Santiago, where its nesting has been recorded long ago by
Germain. Gigoux records the taking of a single specimen, doubtless
a straggler, in a garden of Caldera, Atacama, and Salvin lists one
shot by Markham at Coquimbo. According to Lane, it is fairly
numerous throughout central Chile, though confined to suitable
localities. While resident from Concepcion northwards, it is said
to be a summer migrant farther south. Bullock lists it as common
in the Angol Valley, Malleco, and Lane found it in Valdivia, where
specimens were also procured by Boeck and A. von Lossberg.
In Chilo£ Island it is stated to be scarce, but appears to be
more plentiful in Llanquihue. The late Gustav Hopke collected a
good many examples at Desagiie, not far from Puerto Montt,
although Lane never saw it in that section.
These birds live exclusively in the reed-belt along rivers and
around lagoons, and are hardly ever seen in the open. They are
insectivorous. Their usual call-note is a metallic clicking or a sharp
chirping. The nest, "a marvel of skill and beauty, is as a rule
attached to a single polished rush, two or three feet above the water
and about the middle of the stem. It is cup-shaped inside, and
about four inches long, circular at the top, but compressed at the
lower extremity, and ending in a sharp point. It is composed entirely
of soft bits of dry yellowish rush, cemented together with gum so
140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
smoothly that it looks as if made in a mould" (Hudson). In the
province of Santiago they lay in September or October (Germain) ;
in the vicinity of Coronel, according to Passler, the first brood
takes place about mid-October, the second towards the end of
December. The eggs, two or three in number, are dull creamy-
white or buff, often with a ring of darker color around the larger end.
88. Spizitornis1 parulus parulus (Kittlitz)
Muscicapa parulus Kittlitz, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. PStersb., (sav. 6tr.), 1, livr. 2,
p. 190, pi. 9, 1830 — Concepci6n and Valparaiso, Chile; idem, Denkwiird.,
1, pp. 122, 135 — same localities (type from Valparaiso in Leningrad
Museum, cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 17,
1921).
Sylvia bloxami J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc., 1, p. 11, 1831 — Chile.
Vermivora elegans Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, 1834 — "le Chile
meridional"; idem in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. Thesis, 2, p. 323, 1837 —
southern Chile.
Regulus plumulosus Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 94, 1848 — Valparaiso.
Culicivora parulus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, p. 57 — Chile;
d'Orbigny, p. 332 — part, Valparaiso; Des Murs (2), p. 343 — Chile; Boeck,
p. 503 — Valdivia; Germain, p. 311 — Chile (nesting habits); Philippi (12),
p. 261— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 250— Chile (habits); Lataste (4), p.
XXXIV— Caillihue (Vichuquen), Curic6; Waugh and Lataste (1), p.
LXXXVI— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXI— San Alfonso (Quil-
lota), Valparaiso; idem (9), p. 169 — Santa Teresa (Requinoa).
Serpophaga parulus Darwin, p. 49 — part, central Chile; Fraser (1), p. 110 —
Chile.
Muscicapa parula Bibra, p. 129 — Valparaiso.
Euscarthmus parulus Hartlaub (3), p. 213 — Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 79 —
Chile.
Anaeretes parulus Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 327, 338— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 553—
Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2), 1883, p. 423 — Talcaguano; Allen, p.
85 — Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 201 — central provinces; Lane, p. 32 —
Hospital (Santiago), Coronel, and Maquegua (Arauco); Schalow (2),
p. 713 — Tumbes, Concepcidn (nest descr.); Albert (1), 104, p. 273 — Chile
(part, excl. Mas A Tierra); Barros (4), p. 146 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5),
p. 185 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (1), p. 48 — Isla La Mocha;
idem (2), p. 146 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 108 —
Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (3), p. 124 — Nahuelbuta, Malleco;
idem (4), p. 181 — Angol, Malleco.
1It has recently been claimed that Anaeretes Dejean (Cat. Coleopt., 3rd ed.,
p. 181, July, 1836) being a nomen nudum does not invalidate Anairetes Reichen-
bach (for which Spizitornis Oberholser was proposed as a substitute). However,
I am assured by entomologists that Anaeretes is perfectly identifiable as a synonym
of Dichelonyx Harris (fam. Scarabaeidae) through Dej can's referring to it elongata
Say and elongatula Schonh., two well-known species of beetle.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 141
Anaeretes parulus parulus Passler (3), p. 466 — Coronel (breeding habits).
Spizitomis parulus Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p. 93 (nest).
Spizitornis parulus parulus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 192, 1925 — Valparaiso;
Wetmore (3), pp. 322, 324 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces from the
Copiapo Valley, Atacama, to Valdivia and Chilo£ Island.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla (Copiapo Valley), 9
ad., Aug. 23; Domeyko, cf ad., Aug. 12. — Aconcagua: Rio Blanco
(alt. 5,000 feet), d1 ad., July 20, 1926. R. Barros.— Santiago: San
Jos£ de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet), d" ad., Dec. 18. — Concepcion:
Hacienda Gualpencillo, two 9 9 ad., March 27, April 13. — Valdivia:
Rinihue, d" ad., March 5; Mafil, cf ad., d" juv., Feb. 15, 26.—
Chiloe* Island: Quellon, three cfd", two 9 9 ad., 9 juv., Dec. 20-
Jan. 5.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Santiago, d" ad., June, 1872.
E. C. Reed (Field Museum). — Valparaiso: Valparaiso, adult, 1830.
D'Orbigny (Paris Museum). — Valdivia: Valdivia, three d"d" ad.,
two (unsexed) adults, Sept., 1897. A. von Lossberg (Munich
Museum and Berlepsch Collection, Frankfort Museum).
Birds from Valdivia and Chilo6 appear to be inseparable from
typical parulus as represented by a series from Concepcion and
northwards, though they possibly have the chest more profusely
streaked with blackish. In the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del
Fuego the present form is replaced by a darker race, S. p. lippus
Wetmore, which is autoptically unknown to me, and on the island
of Mas A Tierra, Juan Fernandez group, by S. p. fernandezianus,
distinguished by much larger dimensions, longer crest, darker, less
olivaceous back, and white instead of yellowish under parts with
much wider black streaks, etc.
The "Torito" is widely diffused through the wooded parts of
Chile. It is chiefly a lowland species, whose altitudinal range, accord-
ing to Barros, does not reach beyond an elevation of 6,000 feet.1
Barros lists it as a resident in Aconcagua, and Jaffuel and Pirion
found it throughout the year in Valparaiso Province. Sanborn
collected two specimens in Atacama in August, but they might
have been migratory visitors. It is reported to be more plentiful
in the forested southern provinces, at Coronel, in Valdivia, and on
Chilo4 Island. Lane describes its habits as similar to those of the
tits. It is generally arboreal, though it often traverses the shrubs
Albert's statement that it ascends in the mountains to 10,000 feet and more
is clearly a mistake.
142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
very low down, and frequently descends to the ground to examine
roots, fallen timber, etc., in search of its food, which consists largely
of insects, but also includes various seeds, particularly in winter.
Except when breeding, the birds keep in troops. Their nest, which
they place in bushes and shrubs, is carefully made of dry grass-
leaves, lichens, rootlets, and thistledown, and fitted inside with
plenty of feathers. The eggs, three or four in number, are dull
buffy white. Germain indicates September to November as its
breeding season. According to Passler, they have two broods, one
about mid-October, and the second in the latter half of December.
89. Spizitornis flavirostris arequipae Chapman
Spizitornis flavirostris arequipae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 231, p. 4,
1926 — Arequipa, Peru.
Spizitornis flavirostris flavirostris Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
13, Part 5, p. 374, 1927— Putre, Tacna.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), two cf cf ad.,
July 3, 1924.
These skins agree with others from Arequipa and above Lima
(Matucana and Surco).
S. /. arequipae is a very poor form and hardly deserves recognition.
Compared with a series of twelve from Bolivia1 and Tucuman, seven
specimens from the coast range of Peru and Tacna have the back
on average more distinctly streaked, while the black stripes below
are generally less pronounced. The wings are perhaps slightly
shorter. The ground-color of the dorsal surface is too variable to be
of taxonomic value, grayish-backed and brownish-backed specimens
being represented in both series.
The wing measures in S. /. flavirostris from Bolivia: 48, 49, 51,
51, 52, 52, 53; in S. /. arequipae, 46, 46, 48, 48, 49, 49, 51^.
This is a Temperate Zone species of wide distribution in the
Andes of Peru and Bolivia, just stretching into the extreme north
of Chile.
90. Spizitornis reguloides reguloides (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Culicivora reguloides Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 57, 1837 — Tacna (type in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny,
p. 332, pi. 37, fig. 1— near the city of Tacna.
Spizitornis reguloides Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 194, 1925 — Tacna (crit.).
^ilotilo, Dept. La Paz (including the type of A. flavirostris) 2, Sucre 2, Cabrero
1, Cochabamba 1, Tapacari 1.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 143
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material examined. — Tacna: city of Tacna, c" ad., type of
species. D'Orbigny (Paris Museum).
The type agrees with specimens from Arequipa and Moquegua
except that the color of the belly has faded until it is nearly white.
In spite of its close similarity, S. reguloides apparently is specif-
ically different from S. flavirostris, the very much larger bill with
the wholly pale mandible being its principal character. Besides,
the upper parts are black, streaked with white on the back, and the
white in the crest is much more extensive, while adult males have
the forehead, sides of the head, and throat uniform black.
S. r. reguloides is peculiar to southwestern Peru and the adjacent
province of Tacna, while farther north, from lea to Ancachs, it is
replaced by the closely allied S. r. albiventris Chapman, with white
instead of pale yellow abdomen. This species inhabits the littoral
and arid lower slopes of the Andes, whereas S. flavirostris lives higher
up in the Temperate Zone. We have, however, representatives
of both species taken at Matucana, above Lima, at an altitude
of 8,000 feet.
D'Orbigny states that he found these birds in rather small
numbers in the apple and olive orchards around the city of Tacna.
[Miiscicapa dnereola (Cuvier MS.) Des Murs (in Gay, Hist. fis.
pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 342, 1847), described from a specimen sent
from Brazil by Freycinet (in command of the "Uranie" and "Phy-
sicienne") to the Paris Museum, is obviously the same as Serpo-
phaga nigricans (Vieillot). Although we have not been able to find
the type in the French National Collection, the description fits that
bird very well with the exception of the term "nigro-cinerea" for
the color of the upper parts. Des Murs is, however, entirely mis-
taken in asserting that the species has also been found by various
travelers in Chile.
In this connection it may also be mentioned that Strickland
(Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 414, 1844) erroneously recorded
Serpophaga cinerea (Tschudi) from Chile, another species of the
genus that has never been met with in that country.]
91. Colorhamphus parvirostris (Darwin)
Myiobius parvirostris Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Part 9, p. 48, July, 1839 — Tierra
del Fuego, "banks of the La Plata" (errore), and Valparaiso, Chile; Bridges,
1841, p. 110 — near Valparaiso.
144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Myobius parvirostris Des Murs (2), p. 341 — Chile (ex Darwin); Philippi (12),
p. 261 — the whole of Chile to the Magellan Territory; Landbeck (9),
p. 249— Cordilleras of Chile.
Tyrannula parvirostris Hartlaub (3), 1853, p. 212 — Valdivia.
Serpophaga parvirostris Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 327, 338 — Chile; E. Reed (2), p.
552 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 105,
1888— Santiago and Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 201— Chile; Schalow (2),
p. 714 — Tumbes, Conception; Albert (1), 104, p. 270 — Chile (monog.);
Bullock (4), p. 181— Angol, Malleco.
Elainea murina Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 91, p. 668, 1895 — Santiago; idem
(24), p. 54, pi. 26, fig. 2— Santiago (=adult); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 108—
Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; (?) Passler (3), p. 469 — Coronel (breeding [?]).
Taenioptera flavida (not Pepoaza flavida Lesson) Lataste (5), p. LXII — Llohue
(Itata), Maule; Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXXI— San Alfonso (Quil-
lota), Valparaiso (spec, examined).
Musdcapa parvirostris Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, Zool., 15, p. 55,
pi. 24, figs. 1, la, 1902 — Santiago and Valdivia ( =juv.).
Colorhamphus parvirostris Barros (4), p. 146 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p.
185 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), 146 — San Bernardo, Santiago;
Wetmore (3), p. 321 — near Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Aconcagua to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — O'Higgins: Baiios de Cauquenes, 9 ad.,
May 3. — Chilce" Island: Quellon, cf juv., Dec. 24.
Additional specimens. — Aconcagua: Los Andes (alt. 1,550
meters), c?1 ad., July 13, 1925; Rio Blanco (alt. 1,540 meters),
cf ad., Aug. 15, 1924. R. Barros (Field Museum). — Valparaiso:
San Alfonso (Quillota),1 three <? d* ad., one 9 ad., June 21, 1894.
F. Lataste (British Museum and Paris Museum). — Colchagua: Santa
Teresa (Requinoa),1 d" ad., June 25, 1895. F. Lataste (British
Museum). — Cautin: Maquehue, Temuco, cf ad., June 21, 1907.
D. S. Bullock (British Museum).— "Chile" (unspecified): 9 ad.,
Sept., 1872. E. C. Reed (Field Museum); three adults (not sexed),
1843. C. Gay (Paris Museum).
Chilean specimens appear to be identical with others from
Tierra del Fuego. Young birds are much more rufous above, lack
the dusky or grayish cap, and are darker below with the abdomen
more ochraceous.
Philippi described the adult plumage as a new species under the
name of Elainea murina, and figured the young bird as '^Muscicapa"
parvirostris. Lataste identified this little flycatcher with Lesson's
Pepoaza flavida, but the original description indicates quite a
different bird, having the upper parts yellowish brown, the throat
1 Marked "Taenioptera flavida" by F. Lataste.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 145
and breast gray, and the foreneck white streaked with brown.
None of these characters fits the present species or any other Chilean
bird with which we are acquainted.
The "Viudita" has a rather extensive range. It is known to breed
in Tierra del Fuego, Hoste Island, and along the Straits of Magellan.
Plate, as recorded by Schalow, secured specimens in March at Lapa-
taia, Beagle Channel, and in the vicinity of the False Cape Horn,
while the Princeton Patagonian Expedition, as we are told by Stone,1
collected adult and young birds in January and February at Punta
Arenas. W. H. Osgood, of Field Museum, shot a full-grown young
male on Christmas Eve at Quellon, which suggests its breeding on
Chiloe" Island. In the central provinces the "Viudita" appears to
breed only in the mountains, repairing to the lowlands on the
approach of the cold season. According to Barros, it arrives in the
Cordillera of Aconcagua in April and May, and leaves again for
the south in the first half of September. Its altitudinal range during
the nesting season extends up to over 6,000 feet. In winter it is
frequently met with in the foothills and even near the coast. There
are various winter records from Valparaiso (Marga-Marga, June;
Concon, April; San Alfonso, June), Santiago (San Bernardo, May),
O'Higgins (Bafios de Cauquenes, May), Curico (Nilahue, April to
September), Maule (Itata, April), Concepcion (Tumbes, June), and
Cautin (Temuco, June). At Angol, Malleco, it is rather rare,
according to Bullock, who doubts that it breeds in the valley. It
is also extremely unlikely that the bird found breeding by Passler
at Coronel and identified from sight as E. murina pertained to the
present species.
Albert's supposition that the "Viudita" migrates northward and
spends the winter in Bolivia is wholly unfounded. As a matter of
fact, this flycatcher has not yet been encountered in that country.
92. Elaenia albiceps chilensis Hellmayr
Elaenia albiceps chilensis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 5, p. 413, 1927— Curacautin, Malleco, Chile.
Myiobius albiceps (not Muscipeta albiceps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Darwin,
p. 47 — Chonos Archipelago and near Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 110 — Chile
(habits); Des Murs (2), p. 340— Chile, south to Valdivia; Boeck, p. 503—
Valdivia; Germain, p. 311 — Santiago (breeding habits); Philippi (12), p.
261— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 249— Chile (habits); Waugh and Lataste
(1), p. LXXXVI — Penaflor, Santiago; Gigoux, p. 85 — Caldera, Atacama.
. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, (2), Part 5, p. 801, 1928.
146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Elainia modesta (not of Tschudi) Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 327, 338— Chile (crit.).
Elania albiceps E. Reed (2), p. 552 — Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Elainea albiceps E. Reed (4), p. 201 — Chile; Lane, p. 33 — part, Hacienda
Mansel (Santiago), Corral and Rio Bueno, Valdivia (habits); Schalow (2),
p. 712 — La Serena (Coquimbo), Santiago, and Llanquihue; Albert (1),
104, p. 281 — Chile (monog.); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 108 — Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 182 — Angol, Malleco.
Elaenia albiceps Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 403, 1907 — part, Chile; Barros (4), p.
146 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 185 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse
(2), p. 146— San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock (3), p. 124— Nahuelbuta,
Malleco.
Elaenia albiceps albiceps Passler (3), p. 468 — Coronel (breeding habits).
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Caldera) south to the Straits
of Magellan.
Material collected. — Santiago: San Jose" de Maipo (alt. 3,000
feet), two cf cf ad., Dec. 17, 18. — Malleco: Curacautin, cf ad.
(type), 9 ad., Jan. 9, 10; Tolguaca (alt. 3,500 feet), cf ad., Jan.
19.— Cautin: Villa Portales (alt. 3,300 feet), 9 juv., Feb. 28.—
Valdivia: Mafil, 9 ad., six cf cf juv., Feb. 15-27.— Chilo<§ Island:
Quellon, seven cf cf ad., three 9 9 ad., Dec. 24- Jan. 5. — Llanquihue:
Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 9 juv., March 1.
Additional specimens. — Concepcion: Concepcion, two 9 9 ad.,
Jan. 21, Feb. 3, 1903. C. S. Reed (Tring Museum).
Chilean specimens of this flycatcher, which had generally been
referred to E. a. albiceps, prove, on comparison with an ample series
from Bolivia, to be easily separable by smaller size, much slenderer
bill, more extensive, pure white (not yellowish or buffy) vertical
patch, and more greenish upper parts. They are much nearer E. a.
modesta, from Peru, but have the white crown-patch more extensive
with only the extreme tips (instead of the apical half) of the feathers
dusky, and the back of a duller tone; besides, there are always two
very distinct whitish bands across the wing formed by the tips of
the median and greater wing coverts. We have, accordingly, distin-
guished the Chilean race under the name of E. a. chilensis.
Birds from various localities between Santiago and Chiloe" do
not exhibit any racial variation. More adequate material may show
that the inhabitants of Argentina, which we have provisionally
referred to E. a. chilensis, are not exactly the same, but the question
cannot be settled with the few specimens at present available.
The "Fio-fio" is generally distributed throughout Chile from the
Straits of Magellan to Caldera, which marks the northern limit of
its range. It prefers the plains and lowlands, and does not penetrate
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 147
the mountains much beyond an altitude of 6,500 or 7,000 feet. The
"Fio-fio" is a migratory bird, which arrives on its breeding grounds
in the latter half of September or in October, and departs again
in February and March. Such has been found to be the case in
Aconcagua (Barros), San Bernardo, Santiago (Housse), Curic6
(Barros), Malleco (Bullock), and Valdivia (Lane). Where the birds
spend the winter is a matter of conjecture. The supposition that
they migrate northwards does not seem to be well-founded, since
E. a. chilensis has not been met with north of Caldera, while Bolivia
and Peru are tenanted by nearly related — apparently resident — forms.
These flycatchers frequent forests, gardens, bushes, and shrubs
of any sort, and are said to possess a very characteristic whistling
call-note. The song is a somewhat variable ditty, more amusing
than harmonious, being a series of whistles and squeaking sounds
uttered promiscuously, though with energy.
Their food consists mostly of insects which they often capture
on the wing, but they also eat berries and seeds. The bird is held
in bad repute by the gardeners on account of its picking off the buds
of fruit trees. The breeding period lasts from November to February.
The nest is made of dry grass-stems, leaves, moss, and lichens, and
lined inside with thistledown and feathers. It is placed in a low
thick bush or shrub, two to four feet from the ground. The two
or three eggs are white or buff, sparingly marked with rufous and
reddish brown dots and spots.
93. Elaenia albiceps niodesta Tschudi
Elaenia modesta Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 274, 1844 — Peru; idem,
Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 159, 1846 — coast region of Peru, viz. Lima
(type in Neuchatel Museum examined).
Muscipeta albiceps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, p. 47, 1837 — part,
Tacna; d'Orbigny, p. 319 — part, Tacna.
Elainea albiceps Sclater (6), 1891, p. 134 — Pica, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 33 — part,
Pica.
Elaenia albiceps albiceps Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 28, 1925 — part, No. 4,
Tacna.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern provinces, in Tarapaca and
Tacna.
Material examined. — Tacna: Tacna, juv., Jan., 1831. D'Orbigny
(Paris Museum). — Tarapaca: Pica, 9 ad., one (unsexed) adult, Feb.
28, 1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum).
Although one of the specimens is young and the two others are
in excessively worn breeding plumage, I have little doubt that they
148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
are referable to the Peruvian race, such a distribution being well
in keeping with what we know about the ranges of many other
species of the Peruvian littoral. The adult birds have the wing-
bands very nearly as evanescent and the dusky tips to the white
occipital crest quite as extensive as others from Lima in comparable
plumage. The examination of a series of freshly molted specimens
is, however, required to establish their identity beyond question.
94. Phytotoma rara Molina
Phytotoma rara Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, p. 254, 1782 — Chile; Lafres-
naye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, p. 37 — Chile (male and female descr.);
d'Orbigny, p. 293 — Valparaiso; Eydoux and Gervais, Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2,
pi. 86, 1838 (anatomy); idem, Voy. Favorite, 5, Zool., Part 2, p. 64 bis, pi.
25, 1839 (anatomy); Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., 1, p. 92,
1841 (anatomy); Darwin, p. 106 — central Chile; Eyton, Zool. Beagle, 3,
p. 153, 1841 (anatomy); Fraser (1), p. 113— Chile (habits); Yarrell, p. 53—
Chile (eggs descr.); Des Murs (2), p. 363 — Coquimbo to Chiloe; Bibra,
p. 130 — lowlands, less common in the Cordilleras, of central Chile; Hart-
laub (3), p. 214— Valdivia; Boeck, p. 505— Valdivia; Cassin, p. 183—
Valparaiso-Santiago Road; Germain, p. 312 — Chile (breeding habits);
Pelzeln (2), p. 95, pi. 6, fig. 11 (egg)— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 327,
338— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 266— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 260— Chile
(habits); E. Reed (2), p. 553 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Waugh and Lataste
(1), p. LXXXVI— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXII— San Alfonso
(Quillota), Valparaiso; Lataste (4), p. XXXIV— Caillihue (Vichuquen),
Curico; E. Reed (4), p. 201 — Chile; Lane, p. 35 — Hacienda Mansel (San-
tiago), Corral and Calle-Calle, Valdivia; Schalow (2), p. 711 — Santiago
(nest and eggs descr.); Albert (1), 101, p. 254 — Chile (monog.); Passler
(2), p. 28 — Coronel (nest and eggs descr.); Barros, Anal. Zool. Aplic.,
Santiago, 6, p. 11, pi. 2, 1919— Chile (habits, food); idem (4), p. 147—
Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 186 — Los Andes, Aconcagua; Passler (3),
p. 469 — Coronel (habits); Housse (1), p. 49 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco;
idem (2), p. 146 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 10,
1925 — Valparaiso; Barros (8), p. 141 — Los Andes, Aconcagua; Jaffuel and
Pirion, p. 107 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 177 — Angol,
Malleco.
Phytotoma bloxamii Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., 1, Part 1, pi. 4, Feb.,
1827 — Valparaiso; Pidgeon in Griffith, Anim. Kingd., 7, pi. facing p. 319 —
"South America" =Valparaiso; Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 2, p. 3, 1832 — Chile (note on female); Meyen, p. 89 — Chile,
particularly common ... in the vicinity of Tacna (errore); Lesson (10),
1842, p. 136— Valparaiso (crit.).
Phytotoma silens Kittlitz, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. P£tersb., (sav. etr.), 1, livr. 2,
p. 175, pi. 1, 1830 — near Valparaiso; idem, Denkw., 1, p. 148 — near Val-
paraiso (type in Leningrad Museum; cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus.
Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 13, 1921).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 149
Phyiotoma rutila (not of Vieillot) Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., 2, cl. 2, pi. 5, 1832 —
Valparaiso and Santiago, Chile, and "Peru" (errore).
Phytotoma molina Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, Sept., 1834 — vicinity
of Valparaiso (male and female descr.).
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Coquimbo
to Llanquihue.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Paiguano (alt. 3,300 feet), d*
ad., June 19. — Conception: Hacienda Gualpencillo, cf ad., April 1.
— Malleco: Curacautin, three cf <? ad., two 9 9 ad., two d" d" juv.
(pulli), Jan. 8-13.— Valdivia: Mafil, d1 ad., d1 juv., Feb. 17, 27;
Rinihue, 9 juv., March 12. — Chilo6 Island: Quellon, cf ad., 9 ad.,
Dec. 31, Jan. 31. — Llanquihue: Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, d1
juv., Feb. 16.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Santiago, d" ad., Nov., 1872.
E. C. Reed (Field Museum). — Valparaiso: Valparaiso, 9 ad.
D'Orbigny (Paris Museum).
The "Rara" is generally distributed throughout Chile, but more
plentiful in the southern provinces. The northern limit of its range
seems to coincide with the latitude of Coquimbo. Mr. Sanborn
shot an example at Paiguano, east of that city, in the hills at an
elevation of 3,300 feet. Meyen's assertion that this bird is partic-
ularly common in the vicinity of Tacna must be a mistake.1
According to Landbeck, it is migratory in the south (vicinity of Val-
divia), where it occurs only in the summer months (from October
to April). Farther north it is seen throughout the year, such being
the case in Malleco (Bullock), Curico (Barros), and Santiago (Land-
beck). While chiefly a bird of the lowlands and foothills, it pene-
trates the mountains to certain altitudes (not much beyond 6,000
feet), where it is, however, merely a summer visitor, departing for
the coast in March and April and returning to its breeding haunts
early in August, as we gather from Barros's observations made in
Aconcagua.
The "Rara" frequents the vicinity of cultivated fields, orchards,
and gardens, where these birds do an enormous amount of damage
by biting off buds and destroying fruits. The note of the male is
a rasping or grating noise, more remarkable than harmonious, and
uttered after the manner of a song by the bird, while seated on the
top of a bush, in spring or summer.
llf a representative of the genus really occurs near Tacna, it is more likely
to be the Peruvian P. raimondii than the Chilean P. rara.
150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The nest, made of dry sticks and lined with rootlets, is placed
in a thick bush several feet above the ground. The clutch consists
of two to four eggs, which are glossy light blue or green with small
blackish markings and some larger spots of the same color around
the upper end. The laying takes place from October to January.
Passler claims that the "Rara" breeds twice in the region about
Coronel, first early in October and again in the latter half of
December.
For more particulars about the life-history of this bird, R.
Barros's paper in Porter's Anales de Zoologia Aplicada for 1919
should be consulted.
[Neither Phytotoma rutila angustirostris Lafr. & d'Orb., of which the
Munich Museum has a specimen supposed to be Chilean,1 nor Phy-
totoma raimondii, erroneously recorded from "Valparaiso" by Allen,2
occurs in Chile.
Grallaria varia Boddaert, erroneously included by Des Murs (in
Gay, 1, p. 329) in the Chilean fauna, is restricted to the Guianas.]
95. Geositta cunicularia fissirostris (Kittlitz)
Alauda fissirostris Kittlitz, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. PStersb., (sav. 6tr.), 2, p. 468,
pi. 3, Aug., 1835 — Valparaiso, Chile; idem, Denkwiird., 1, p. 146 — Val-
paraiso (type in Leningrad Museum; cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus.
Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 19, 1921).
Alauda nigro-fasciata Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, text to pll. 58-59 [p. 6],
1836 — Chile (type in Paris Museum examined).
Geositta anthoides Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 323, Dec., 1837 — Chile.
Furnarius cunicularius Darwin, p. 65 — part, central Chile south to Conception.
Geositta canicularia Bridges, p. 94 — Chile, between 34° and 35° S. lat.; Yarrell,
p. 53 — Chile (eggs descr.).
Geositta (Furnarius) canicularia Fraser (1), p. Ill — central provinces.
Certhilauda cunicularia Des Murs (2), p. 286 — Chile; Frauenfeld, p. 636 —
Valparaiso; Philippi and Landbeck (15), p. 409 — prov. Colchagua, Santiago,
and Aconcagua (habits); idem (16), p. 59 — same localities (habits); Philippi
(12), p. 251 — central and northern provinces; Landbeck (9), p. 236 — Chile
(habits); Lataste (5), p. LXI — Llohu£ (Itata), Maule; Waugh and Lataste
(2), p. CLXX— San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso.
Certhilauda nigrofasciata Des Murs (2), p. 287 — "provincias del sur de Chile";
Philippi (12), p. 252— Chile (ex Gay); Sclater (2), 1867, p. 324 (crit.).
»See Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deut. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 237, 1930.
'Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 88, 1889.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 151
Geositta cunicularia Pelzeln (2), p. 59— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 323, 338 —
Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 — Coquimbo; E. Reed (2), p.
546 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 8 — Coquimbo; Salvin (2), p.
424— Coquimbo; Allen, p. 88— Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 201— Chile;
Albert (1), 101, p. 26— Chile (part); Housse (1), p. 48— Isla La Mocha,
Arauco; idem (2), p. 145 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 107 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 177 — Angol, Malleco.
Geositta cunicularia cunicularia Barros (4), p. 143 — Nilahue, Curic6; Passler
(3), p. 456 — Coronel (nesting habits).
Geositta cunicularia fissirostris Wetmore (3), p. 244 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From southern Atacama to Cautin.
Material collected. — Atacama: Domeyko (63 km. south of Val-
lenar), two c? cf ad., Aug. 9, 10. — Coquimbo: Romero, five cf cf ad.,
two 9 9 ad., July 14-19. — Maule: Quirihue, two d*c? ad., May 2-
3. — Concepcion: Hacienda Gualpencillo, 9 ad., March 28; near
coast, two cf d" ad., two 9 9 ad., April 14.
Additional specimens. — Valparaiso: San Alfonso (Quillota), <?
ad., two 9 9 ad., June, 1894. F. Lataste (Paris Museum). — Con-
cepcion: Coronel, one (unsexed) adult. R. Passler (Berlin Museum).
—Cautin: Maquehue, 9 ad., April 29, 1908. D. S. Bullock; Pelal,
Temuco, cT ad., Dec. 3; Boroa, Temuco, <? ad., Dec. 3, 1909.
A. C. Saldana (British Museum).
G. c. fissirostris is rather a poor race, though in a series it may
be distinguished from the typical Argentine form by somewhat more
grayish upper parts, less buffy lower surface with heavier, more
blackish pectoral spots, and wider, more abruptly defined black
subterminal band on the inner remiges. All of these characters
are, however, variable, and single specimens cannot be told apart.
Birds from Domeyko (Atacama) appear to be inseparable from
those of central Chile, while specimens from Concepcion and Cautin
are as a rule, but not always, somewhat darker, less brownish above.
The "Caminero" is widely distributed in the central parts of
Chile. According to Philippi and Landbeck, who met with it in
the provinces of Aconcagua, Santiago, and Colchagua, it inhabits
the slopes of the lower ranges of the foothills, the extensive plains
at the base of the Andes, as well as the bare, arid stretches along
the seacoast, from Llico (Curico) to Illapel. Barros found it com-
mon in the Nilahue Valley, Curico; Passler in the vicinity of Coronel;
and Bullock in the valley of Angol, Malleco. The most southerly
record is from Temuco, whence there are three specimens in the
British Museum, while northward it ranges into the extreme south
152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
of Atacama, where Sanborn, in August, secured two examples at
Domeyko.
The "Caminero" is said to be resident and breeds from October
to January. According to Passler, it has two broods, one early
in October and the second about mid-December. As nesting-sites
it chooses deep burrows in the ground, which it often uses for
several consecutive years. The three or four eggs are glossy white.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Two from Domeyko, Atacama 90,93 50J453H 17^,18
Five from Romero, Coquimbo 88,88,91, 52,52,53, 17,173^,18,
91,92 54,54 18,19
Two from Quirihue, Maule 89,96 50,56 18,20
Two from Conception 903^,92 50,55 17,18
96. Geositta cunicularia deserticolor Hellmayr
Geositta cunicularia deserticolor Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 72, 1924— Caldera, Atacama.
Geositta cunicularia Gigoux, p. 86 — Caldera.
Range. — Arid littoral of Atacama (Caldera) and southwestern
Peru (Arequipa), but doubtless also occurring in the intervening
region.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, seven c? cf ad., two 9 9
ad., April 16, 18; May 25, Aug. 29. E. E. Gigoux and C. C. Sanborn.
This strongly marked form, which in coloration reflects the arid
soil of the environment, is easily distinguished from the "Caminero"
of central and southern Chile by the paleness of its plumage. The
upper parts are light sandy or drab gray with the edges to the
wing and tail feathers paler buff or whitish and the cinnamomeous
wing band decidedly paler; the superciliaries and the sides of the
head and neck creamy rather than bright buff; the lower parts
nearly pure white with just a touch of creamy across chest and
along flanks; the dusky markings on the breast less conspicuous,
the under wing coverts, quill-lining, and basal half of tail less rufes-
cent; the base of the upper tail coverts buffy white instead of pinkish
buff or light pinkish cinnamon. In dimensions, G. c. deserticolor is
practically identical with G. c. fissirostris.
Seven adult males measure as follows. — Wing 87, 87, 88, 88, 88,
92, 92; tail 49, 49, 49, 49, 49, 51, 52; bill 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18,
Two adult females.— Wing 89, 92; tail 49, 50; bill 17>£,
In Chile, this representative of the "Caminero" has as yet been
found only in the vicinity of Caldera, where it is reported to be fairly
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 153
common in the plains near the seacoast; but it doubtless also occurs
in the adjacent provinces to the north, since birds from the arid
littoral of Arequipa prove to be referable to this form. We have
examined half a dozen specimens from Islay, Tambo, Catarindos
Valley, and Cocachacra in the collections of the American Museum
of Natural History, the Vienna Museum, and the British Museum.
97. Geositta cunicularia frobeni (Philippi and Landbeck)
Certhilauda frobeni Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, p. 411,
Sept., 1864— Putre (alt. 10,000 feet), Tacna; idem, Arch. Naturg., 31, (1),
p. 62, 1865— Putre.
Geositta (Certhilauda) frobeni Philippi (24), p. 29, pi. 21, fig. 1— Putre.
Geositta cunicularia Albert (1), 101, p. 26 (part, var. frobeeni).
Range in Chile. — Once recorded from Tacna (Putre).
The type of this form was obtained by Frobeen in July, 1853,
at Putre at an elevation of about 10,000 feet. We have not been
able to examine any Chilean material, and as Field Museum received
two specimens of G. punensis from near Putre, the question arose
as to whether C. frobeni might not have been based upon an example
of the last-named species. Certain details of the description, such
as the white longer upper tail coverts and basal half of the rectrices,
the presence of brown pectoral spots, and the shape of the bill, how-
ever, seemed to indicate a bird of the kind we used to call by Philippics
name. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, provided with specimens of the two
species and notes on their distinctive characters, very obligingly
compared the type in the National Museum at Santiago, when
visiting that city several years ago, and reports that it unquestion-
ably belongs to the species with spotted breast. The type, labeled
"G. cunicularia, var. frobeni, Arica,1 1853," was found to agree with
F. M. N. H. No. 53,115 (rf1 ad., Puno, Peru, Jan. 23, 1915. Geo. K.
Cherrie) except for its whiter under parts, fainter brown breast spots,
and paler, more whitish, basal half of the tail; differences which are
of no account and well within the individual and seasonal variation
in these birds. Mr. Schmidt adds that it is plainly not G. punensis,
its bill being much longer, stouter, and less curved apically than in
the latter species.
The coexistence at Putre of G. c. frobeni and G. punensis is not
surprising since they live side by side in other parts of their range,
1 "Arica," the residence of Frobeen, the discoverer of this miner, is no doubt
a pen-slip for "Putre." The year of acquisition (1853) marked on the label makes
it reasonably certain that this specimen is the one described by Philippi and
Landbeck in 1864.
154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
too. The Carnegie Museum has specimens of both collected by
Jos£ Steinbach at Oruro, Bolivia, in December, 1921, while Miller
and Boyle secured an adult male of each on January 3, 1916, at
La Quiaca, Jujuy, for the American Museum of Natural History.1
98. Geositta punensis Dabbene
Geositta punensis Dabbene, Physis, 3, p. 54, March, 1917 — La Quiaca, Jujuy,
Argentina; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 7,
1925 — twenty miles east of San Pedro, Ojo de San Pedro, and Rio Inacaliri,
Antofagasta, and Las Cuevas, Tacna.
Geositta cunicularia Sclater (4), 1886, p. 398 — Sacaya and Sitani, Tarapaca.
Geositta frobeni (not of Philippi and Landbeck) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.,
15, p. 6, 1890— part, spec, a, b, Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 134— Sacaya;
E. Reed (4), p. 202— Tarapaca; Lane, p. 36— Sacaya.
Geositta cunicularia frobeni Men6gaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10th ser.), 1,
p. 215 — part, Tacora, Tacna.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone, in the provinces of Tacna, Tarapaca,
and Antofagasta.
Material collected. — Tacna: Las Cuevas, near Putre (alt. 13,500
feet), cf ad., 9 ad., June 20. — Antofagasta: Rio Inacaliri (alt.
12,800 feet), two 9 9 ad., April 27; Ojo de San Pedro (alt. 12,400
feet), 9 ad., May 2; twenty miles east of San Pedro (alt. 12,600
feet), four cf cf, four 9 9 ad. and imm., April 25-30, Sept. 18,
Oct. 2-5.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Tacora, one (unsexed) adult.
Stuebel (Berlin Museum). — Tarapaca: Sacaya, three cf cf ad., one
9 ad., Feb. 8, March 6-9. C. Rahmer and A. A. Lane; Cordillera
of Tarapaca, three 9 9 , Jan. 17, 1886. C. Rahmer (British Mu-
seum).— Antofagasta: Tapaquilcha, cf ad., March 6, 1847. Behn
(Berlin Museum).
In spite of its superficial resemblance, G. punensis appears to be
perfectly distinct from G. c. frobeni by shorter, slenderer, apically
more curved bill, paler upper parts, and uniform creamy white
ventral surface without the slightest trace of dusky markings on
the chest. The upper tail coverts are pinkish cinnamon like the
basal half of the tail, not buffy white as in G. c. frobeni.
Philippi (Ornis, 4, p. 158, 1888) records G. cunicularia from Pastes Largos,
n. of Maricunga, Puna of Atacama, and G. frobeni from Brea [ =Breas, at western
base of Antofallo Volcano], in the Argentine province of Los Andes. The latter
may be correctly identified, but the other is more likely to be G. punensis, although
it is difficult to see how this plain-breasted species could possibly have been mis-
taken for G. cunicularia (or one of its races) with heavily pronounced pectoral
markings.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 155
Birds from Antofagasta and Oruro are exactly alike, while a
single topotype from La Quiaca, Jujuy, is just a shade more buffy
above. Our two specimens from Tacna are more grayish above,
but this is hardly noticeable in the Tacora bird of the Berlin Museum.
Comparison of a small series from Tarapaca with a single example
from Jujuy (Santa Catalina) also failed to reveal any constant dif-
ference. A specimen in the British Museum labeled "Feb. 2, 1886.
Central Chile" is one of Rahmer's skins from Tarapaca.
G. punensis is peculiar to the Puna Zone of northern Chile, western
Bolivia (Oruro), and northwestern Argentina, being hardly ever
found below 10,000 feet. According to Lane, these birds are resident
and breed in the mountain districts, as a rule frequenting dry open
ground near the valleys. They are strictly insectivorous and ter-
restrial, not perching at all. When disturbed they are more inclined
to run than to fly, which they do with great rapidity and in a peculiar
way, keeping the tail spread and the head and body thrown back.
They have a shrill, remarkable cry, which may be frequently heard,
and appear to prefer bare sandy spots to places where a little vegeta-
tion occurs.
99. Geositta antarctica Landbeck
Geositta antarctica Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 46, (1), p. 274, pi. 12, 1880 —
Tierra del Fuego; Albert (1), 101, p. 28 — Tierra del Fuego.
Geositta brevirostris Scott, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 10, p. LXIII, 1900 — Mount
Tigre, Patagonia, and "Central Chile."
Range in Chile. — Occasional winter visitor, once recorded from
"Central Chile."
Material examined. — "Central Chile:" one (unsexed) adult. H.
Berkeley James Collection (British Museum).
The Short-billed Miner, which is supposed to breed in Tierra
del Fuego and southern Patagonia, may be expected to occur in
Chile as a winter visitor. The specimen in the British Museum
with no other data than "Central Chile," the only one we have
seen from the territory covered by this paper, agrees with others
from the southern extremity of South America. The species has
variously been taken in the winter months (April, June, July) in
the province of Mendoza, just across the Andes. The birds observed
by R. Barros (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 180, 1921) on October
15, 1920, at Vega Redonda (Valle de los Piuquenes), Aconcagua,
which he thought might have been G. antarctica, very likely pertained
to G. isabettina.
156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Since writing on this bird,1 we have examined another example,
an adult male secured by J. Koslowsky in the Valle del Lago Blanco,
Chubut, on August 29, 1900, and preserved in the collection of the
British Museum.
G. antarctica, while not unlike G. cunicularia in general appearance,
may be immediately recognized by much longer wings and tail;
straighter as well as shorter bill with the light-colored base to the
lower mandible less sharply defined; by having very little, if any,
brownish markings on the chest; and by the different coloration
of the remiges. The tawny area on the base of the quills, so con-
spicuous a feature in G. cunicularia, is but slightly suggested by a
dull isabelline tinge on the inner web of the second to the fifth
or sixth primaries, while the remaining primaries as well as the
secondaries are nearly uniform drab brown, without a distinct
dusky subterminal band. Besides, the wing is more pointed, the
first primary falling between the third and fourth, instead of between
the fourth and fifth as is invariably the case in G. cunicularia.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from Lago Blanco, Chubut 106 60 13 Yi
Adult females
One from Tierra del Fuego (Punta Anegada) 108 61 14 ^
Two from Mendoza 103,103 57,60 13^,14
Unsexed
Two from Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan 108,108^ 61,62 14,—
One adult from "Central Chile" 106 58 13
100. Geositta isabellina (Philippi and Landbeck)
Certhilauda isabellina Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, p. 412,
Sept., 1864 — Valle Larga and Los Piuquenes, Cordillera of Santiago;
idem, Arch. Naturg., 31, (1), p. 63, 1865— same localities; Philippi (12),
p. 252— Cordillera of Santiago; Landbeck (9), p. 236— Cordilleras of Chile.
Geositta isabellina Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 323, 338— Chile; E. Reed (2), p.
546 — Valle de los Cipreses, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 202 — Chile.
Geositta (Certhilauda) isabellina Philippi (24), p. 31, pi. 22, fig. 1 — Chile.
(?) Geositta antarctica Barros (5), p. 180 — Vega Redonda (Valle de los Piu-
quenes), Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras of central provinces, from Coquimbo
to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Bafios del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet),
d* ad. (in worn plumage), Nov. 19, 1923.
1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 7, 1925.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 157
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Cordillera of Santiago, three
<? <? ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec., 1865, Oct., 1872. R. A. Philippi and
E. Reed (U. S. National Museum and Paris Museum).
This fine species is immediately recognizable among its congeners
by its large size (wing 120-124; tail 63-67; bill 20-21), the absence of
dusky edges on the chest and of the rufous area on the basal portion
of the outer web of the remiges, and by the extensive white uropygial
area.
Very little is known regarding its distribution. Philippi and
Landbeck, its discoverers, found it in the Cordilleras of Santiago
Province at elevations of from 7,000 to 10,000 feet, where it lives
on stony slopes and among rocks. Edwyn Reed met with it in the
Valle de los Cipreses, Colchagua, and Sanborn, by taking a speci-
men at Banos del Toro, extended its range to Coquimbo Province.
There seems little doubt that the birds seen by R. Barros at Vega
Redonda, Aconcagua, belonged to this species rather than G.
antarctica.
These birds, according to Philippi and Landbeck, are very active,
continually running and flying around, and resemble in habits and
song certain European larks. They build their nests in holes among
rocks; the eggs are similar to those of G. c. fissirostris, but larger.
In February, full-grown young were obtained, while the adults were
in the process of molting.
Outside of Chile, this species has been found in the high Andes
west of Mendoza and other parts of western Argentina.1 Three
specimens from Puente del Inca in the British Museum are identical
with Chilean birds.
101. Geositta maritima (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Certhilauda maritima Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 72, 1837— "Cobija, in Bolivia" [=Prov. Antofagasta, Chile]
(type in Paris Museum examined) ; d'Orbigny, Voy., p. 360, pi. 44, fig. 1 —
Cobija.
Geositta maritima Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 19,
p. 47— Cobija (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 10, 1925 — Domeyko, Caldera, and Ramadilla, Atacama, and
Chintaguai, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Arid coast region of Atacama, Antofagasta,
and Tarapaca, extending into western Peru (Lima region).
!£. Reed (Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 202, 1896), when asserting that this species
migrates in winter northwards to Bolivia, must have confused some notes relating
to G. rufipennis fasciata.
158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Material collected. — Tarapacd: Chintaguai, Quebrada de Quisma
(alt. 4,000 feet), four d* <? ad., two 9 9 ad., May 22-24.— Atacama:
Caldera, d* ad., 9 ad., July 20, 1924. E. E. Gigoux; Ramadilla,
Copiapo Valley, two cfcf ad., one 9 ad., March 23; Domeyko
(63 km. south of Vallenar), o* ad., cf imm., Aug. 15, 16.
Additional specimens. — Antofagasta: Cobija, one (unsexed) imm.
D'Orbigny (type of species; Paris Museum).
The rediscovery by Mr. Sanborn of this long lost species is one
of the most interesting results of our explorations in Chile. While
superficially resembling G. peruviana, the present species is easily
distinguished by the following characters. The bill is more slender
with the basal two-thirds of the lower mandible yellow (flesh-color
in life), abruptly defined against the blackish tip; the dorsal surface
is much darker and grayer; the superciliaries and auriculars darker,
light pinkish cinnamon rather than buffy whitish; the axillars,
under wing coverts, and an extensive area on the flanks strongly
rufescent, varying from light pinkish-cinnamon to vinaceous-cin-
namon; the remiges uniform mouse-gray without trace of the large
cinnamon basal area, so conspicuous in G. peruviana, there being
but a narrow light pinkish-cinnamon inner margin; the outer web
of the outermost rectrix is light ochraceous-buff instead of white,
but there is no light-colored zone at the base of the remaining
rectrices or on the inner web of the external pair. The coloration
of the upper parts is nearest to light drab, but often inclines to a
light grayish hair-brown.1 Apart from this and the intensity of
the rufescent area underneath the series shows very little variation.
An immature bird has distinct cinnamomeous apical edges to the
inner primaries and a slight rufescent tinge on the inner web of the
remiges, while the margins on the greater upper wing coverts are
more decidedly buffy.
Seven adult males measure as follows. — Wing 85 (four), 86^,
87, 89; tail 50, 52, 52, 53, 53, 54, 57; bill 13J4 14 (five), 15.
Four adult females.— Wing 82, 82, 83, 86; tail 49, 50, 52, 54;
bill 14.
Birds from Lima are above somewhat darker, less grayish, and
have the rufescent area on the sides of the belly slightly deeper in
tone. They may prove to be separable when a larger series becomes
available.
irThe expression "smoke gray" — used in Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 10 — is altogether misleading.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 159
In Chile, G. maritime, is restricted to the arid districts between
the seashore and the foothills of the Andes. Sanborn first met with
it at Domeyko, in southern Atacama, and again at Ramadilla, in
the Copiapo Valley. Later, it was found in larger flocks at El
Salto and Chintaguai, two miles south of Pica, in the foothills at
an elevation of 4,000 feet.
102. Geositta rufipennis fasciata (Philippi and Landbeck)
Geobamon fasciatus Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, No. 3, p.
415, Sept., 1864 — lower Cordilleras of Santiago and Colchagua Provinces;
idem, Arch. Naturg., 31, (1), p. 68, 1865 — same localities.
Geositta fasciata Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 323, 338— Chile (crit.); E. Reed (2), p.
546 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Gigoux, p. 86 — Caldera, Atacama.
Geobamon nigrofasdaticus (sic) Philippi (12), p. 252 — Cordilleras of Santiago.
Geobamon nigrofasciata Landbeck (9), p. 236 — Cordilleras of Chile (habits).
Geositta rufipennis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 15, p. 7, 1890 — part, Santiago;
E. Reed (4), p. 202— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 710— part, spec, a, b, Ovalle
and Totoralillo, Coquimbo; Albert (1), 101, p. 31 — Chile (part, var.
fasciata); Housse (2), p. 144 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Geositta (Geobamon) rufipennis Philippi (24), p. 30, pi. 21, fig. 2 — Chile.
? Geositta isabellina Barros (4), p. 143 — Nilahue, Curic6 (June).
Geositta rufipennis rufipennis Barros (5), p. 179 — Cordilleras of Aconcagua and
Cerro de Renca, Prov. Santiago; idem (11), p. 315 — Juncal to Portillo
(alt. 9,000 feet), Prov. Santiago.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to Colchagua and Curico.1
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera (Quebrada del Leon),
six d* c? ad., seven 9 9 ad., May 18-25, Sept. 24, 1924. E. E.
Gigoux; two 9 9 ad., March 26, 1924. C. C. Sanborn; Domeyko
(63 km. south of Vallenar), <? ad., Aug. 16. — Coquimbo: Romero,
d* ad., July 31; Baiios del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), three d" d" ad.,
two 9 9 ad., Nov. 9-18. — Santiago: Maipo, 9 ad., June, 1923.
C. S. Reed; San Bernardo, d" ad., Aug. 26, 1923. C. S. Reed.
We have not been able to compare an adequate series from the
type locality, most of the Santiago specimens examined in European
collections being old and faded. The two skins collected by Carlos
S. Reed are very dark, being nearly hair-brown above, while the
under parts are heavily washed with buffy or (in the San Bernardo
bird) even with light drab. There are only two in the whole series,
a male from Romero (Coquimbo) and another from Domeyko
(Atacama), which are as deeply buffy underneath as the Maipo
^assler's record of G. rufipennis (Journ. Orn., 70, p. 457, 1922) from Coronel,
Conception, must refer to some other species. No specimen was preserved.
160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
specimen, and the Romero bird approaches it also in the dark colora-
tion of the upper parts. The series from Caldera (in fresh plumage)
and Banos del Toro (in worn breeding garb) vary from light buff
to nearly white below, and the dorsal surface is much paler gray,
often tinged with sandy, particularly on the crown. Some of these
birds are not distinguishable from what I consider typical G. r.
rufipennis, although the latter generally is somewhat larger. It is
quite possible that a more satisfactory series from northwestern
Argentina might show the inhabitants of northern Chile (Coquimbo
and Atacama) to be referable to rufipennis, whereby the range of
G. r. fasciata would be restricted to the central provinces (Colchagua
to Curico) and the adjacent Mendoza region.1 In other words, it
may turn out that there is a northern and a southern form instead
of a western and an eastern one as had been heretofore admitted.
During the breeding period G. r. fasciata inhabits the Cordilleras
from 4,000 up to 10,000 feet, but on the approach of cold weather
it repairs to lower altitudes, descending even to the vicinity of the
seacoast. In summer, we are told by Landbeck, these birds feed on
insects almost exclusively, while seeds are their principal food in
the winter months. They appear to be particularly fond of the
fruits of a certain Euphorbiacea (Coliguaya odorifera Mol.), and under
these bushes large flocks may be seen eagerly picking up its seeds.
Landbeck describes the call-note as being similar to that of the Euro-
pean Greenfinch (Chloris chloris). Its song is loud, rather variable,
and is frequently uttered by the male. The "Agachadera," as it
is called by the natives, breeds in holes and crevices of rocks. The
nest is carefully built of grass and other soft material, lined inside
with hair and feathers, and contains four or five rather large, glossy
white eggs.
MEASUREMENTS
G. rufipennis fasciata — Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Six from Caldera, Atacama 94,95,95, 55,56,56, 14,15,15,
95,97,100 57,57,59 16,16,16
One from Domeyko, Atacama 103 57 16
One from Romero, Coquimbo 105 63 16^
Three from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 103,103,104 62,62,63 15,16,16^
One from San Bernardo, Santiago 101 60 17
One from Puente del Inca, Mendoza 103 58 17
G. rufipennis fasciata — Adult females
Nine from Caldera, Atacama 92,93,94, 54,54,56, 15-16
94,94,95, 57,57,57,
95,96,97 58,59,—
1 Three adults from Puente del Inca in the British Museum collection seem
to be inseparable from Santiago specimens, but are much darker both above and
below than a single male from Santa Catalina, Jujuy (rufipennis).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 161
G. rufipennis fasciata — Adult females Wing Tail Bill
Two from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 100,104 61,62 15,16K
One from Maipo, Santiago 104 61 16
One from Puente del Inca, Mendoza 104 60 16
G. r. rufipennis — Adult males
Two from Tucuman (Lara and Cerro
Munoz) 106,107^ 67,69
G. r. rufipennis — Adult females
One from Tucuman (Cerro Munoz) 107 69 17
G. r. rufipennis — Unsexed
Type of G. rufipennis from "Parana" 113 69
103. Upucerthia dumetaria hallinani Chapman
Upucerthia dumetaria hallinani Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 41,
p. 324, 1919 — Tofo, sixty miles north of Coquimbo, Prov. Atacama (type
in American Museum of Natural History examined).
Upucerthia dumetoria (not of Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) Darwin, p. 66 — part,
Coquimbo; Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 161 — banks of the Rio
Atacama; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338— Coquimbo; Philippi (12), p.
251 — part, Atacama; Sharpe, p. 9 — Coquimbo; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158 —
"Atacama, Copacolla" [=Copacoya, n. of San Pedro de Atacama, Anto-
fagasta]; Schalow (2), p. 709 — La Serena, Coquimbo; Albert (1), 101, p.
36 — part, Atacama; Passler (3), p. 457 — part, Antofagasta and Coloso,
Antofagasta (nesting habits).
Upurcethia dumoteria (sic) Gigoux, p. 87 — Caldera, Atacama.
Range in Chile. — In northern provinces, from Coquimbo to
Antofagasta.1
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Romero, three cf cf ad., one 9
ad., July 11-29; Banos del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), rf1 ad., two 9 9
ad., Nov. 13-15. — Atacama: Monte Amargo (41 km. southeast of
Caldera, alt. 500 feet), cf pull., Oct. 10, 1923. E. E. Gigoux; Rama-
dilla, Copiapo Valley, cf ad., Aug. 24; Domeyko (63 km. south of
Vallenar), two cfcf ad., one 9 ad., Aug. 13-14. — Antofagasta: Rio
Loa (alt. 7,500 feet), two rf c? ad., one 9 ad., Sept. 12-14.
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Punta Alatina, near La
Serena, one adult, one juv., November, 1893. L. Plate (Berlin
Museum). — Atacama: Tofo, cf ad., June 3, 1917. T. Hallinan
(type of subspecies; American Museum of Natural History).
This form is exceedingly close to U. d. hypoleuca, but the upper
parts are on average somewhat paler and more sandy; the lower
surface is more whitish, only the chest and flanks being washed with
buff, and the tips to the lateral rectrices are of a brighter cinnamome-
1 According to Passler (Journ. Orn., 70, p. 458, 1922) "U. dumetoria" ranges
as far north as Mollendo, Peru.
162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
ous. A good many specimens are indistinguishable, however, and
it is not at all unlikely that with more comprehensive material the
North Chilean form will prove to be inseparable from U. d. hypoleuca.
Birds from Domeyko are practically identical with a male from
Ramadilla, which, in its turn, is an exact duplicate of the type.
Specimens from Rio Loa (Antofagasta) and Banos del Toro (Co-
quimbo), all in more or less worn condition, are browner above, but
seem better referred to U. d. hallinani than to U. d. hypoleuca.
Four skins from Romero (Coquimbo), in coloration of under
parts, closely approach the southern £7. d. saturatior, but in other
respects agree with birds from Atacama and northward.
U. d. hallinani represents this group of earth-creepers in the
arid districts of northern Chile. Its altitudinal range seems to
extend from the seacoast up to the elevated Cordilleras.
Passler reports to have found nests in November at Coloso
and on a small island near Antofagasta. That this species does
breed in low country is proved by a nestling partly in down secured
by E. E. Gigoux, on October 10, 1923, at Monte Amargo, southeast
of Caldera, at an altitude of about 500 feet above sea level. Plate
also obtained, in November, a worn adult and a young bird at Punta
Alatina, Coquimbo Bay. Judging from the condition of their plum-
age, the birds taken by Sanborn in September at Rio Loa (alt. 7,500
feet) and in November at Banos del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet) were
breeding.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Two from Rio Loa, Antofagasta 104,106 87,87 36,38
One from Copiapo Valley, Atacama 105 83 36
Two from Domeyko, Atacama 100,100 81,84 35,36^
One from Tofo, Atacama 101 83 33%
Three from Romero, Coquimbo 99,101,105 80,83,84 33,36,37
One from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 105 82 33
Adult females
One from Rio Loa, Antofagasta 100 88 37
One from Domeyko, Atacama 84 37 H
One from Romero, Coquimbo 96 77 34
Two from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 95,99 79,83 36,37
104. Upucerthia dumetaria hypoleuca Reichenbach
Upercerthia hypoleuca Reichenbach, Handb. Spez. Orn., Scansoriae, A. Sit-
tinae, livr. 4, p. 214, pi. 562b [=607, fig. 4072], 1853— Chile (type in
Dresden Museum examined).
Ochetorhynchus dumetoria Bridges, p. 94 — eastern side of Chilean Andes,
34°-35° S. lat.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 163
Uppucerthia dumetoria Eraser (1), p. Ill — eastern side of Chilean Andes,
34°-35° S. lat.
Upucerthia dumetoria Des Murs (2), p. 284 — Chile (in part); Philippi (12),
p. 251 — central provinces (in part); Ridgway, p. 135 (in text) — Valle del
Yeso, Prov. Santiago; E. Reed (4), p. 202— Chile (in part); Albert (1),
101, p. 36 — Chile (in part); Barros (5), p. 180 — Cordillera of Aconcagua;
Housse (2), p. 144 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Upucerthia dumetoria saturatior (not of Scott) Barros (10), p. 359 — Cordillera
of Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of the central provinces, from Acon-
cagua to Colchagua.
Material examined. — Aconcagua: Villa de los Piuquenes (alt.
6,500 feet), & juv., Dec. 23, 1920. R. Barros (American Museum
of Natural History); Cajon de Castro (alt. 11,000 feet), 9 juv.,
Feb. 25, 1926. R. Barros (Field Museum).— Santiago: Valle del
Yeso, cf imm., 9 imm., January, 1866. R. A. Philippi (U. S.
National Museum). — "Central Chile:" one (unsexed) juv. H.
Berkeley James Collection (British Museum).
As pointed out in another connection,1 birds from the Cordilleras
of Aconcagua and Santiago appear to be referable to the West
Argentine form ( U. d. darwini}, and other specimens since examined
serve to strengthen this identification. My theory that these birds
might be stragglers from Argentina, however, cannot be upheld
in the face of R. Barros' observations. This excellent naturalist
tells us that the "Bandurrilla comun" breeds in the Cordilleras of
Aconcagua at altitudes of from 6,500 to 10,000 feet and stays on
its nesting grounds until the end of August, when it repairs for the
winter to the lower ranges and the Precordillera (Los Andes).
Similar observations were made by Father Housse in the vicinity
of San Bernardo in Santiago Province.
This race cannot be confused with U. d. saturatior, the common
form of southern Chile, being much paler throughout with the
cinnamomeous areas on wings and tail decidedly clearer, and having
a longer, slenderer bill. It is much nearer to U. d. dumetaria, of
Patagonia, from which it merely differs by its more brownish or
rufescent coloration.
Thanks to the good offices of Dr. W. Meise I have been enabled
to compare the type of U. hypoleuca Reich., recently unearthed in
the collection at Dresden, with the large series in the British Museum.
The specimen, labeled " Upucerthia jelskii (Cab.) No. 13,102. Peru
oder Bolivien," agrees in every detail with Reichenbaeh's descrip-
1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 42, 1925.
164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
tion, and I have little doubt that Dr. Meise is right in taking it for
the bird from which diagnosis and figure in the "Handbuch" were
drawn up. Although in rather poor condition, it plainly shows that
U. hypoleuca has no affinity to U. jelskii. The markings of the tail,
while totally different from those of the latter species, exhibit the same
pattern as in the U. dumetaria group, the second and third rectrix
(from without) being blackish with an oblique, cinnamomeous apical
spot, the central pair brownish like the back.1 Underneath, the type
specimen is indeed nearly white, with just a faint shade of buff
laterally and without dusky squamulations on the chest, exactly
like a young bird from "Central Chile" in the British Museum (Reg.
No. 92.2.10.790).
U. hypoleuca thus turns out to have been based upon an example
of U. darwini, and Reichenbach's name having priority by many
years will have to replace Scott's later term.
105. Upucerthia dumetaria saturatior Scott
Upucerthia saturatior Scott, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 10, p. LXIII, 1900— "Central
Chile," we suggest Valparaiso (type in British Museum examined).
Upucerthia tamucoensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 27, p. 101, 1911 — "Tam-
uco" [ =Pelal, Temuco, Prov. Cautin] (type in British Museum examined).
Upucerthia dumetoria (not of Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire) Des Murs (2), p. 284 —
Chile (in part); Philippi (12), p. 251 — central provinces (in part); Allen,
p. 88— Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 202— Chile (in part); Albert (1), 101,
p. 36 — Chile (in part); C. Reed, Av. Prov. Concepcion, p. 39 — Concepcion;
Barros (4), p. 143 — Nilahue, Curico; Passler (3), p. 457 — part, between
Coronel and Lota, Concepci6n; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 106 — Marga-Marga
Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 177 — Angol, Malleco.
Uppucerthia dumetoria Cassin, p. 188 — Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 58 — Chile (crit.;
spec, in Vienna Museum examined).
Upucerthia dumetaria saturatior Wetmore (3), p. 249 — Concon, Valparaiso
(April).
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from Valparaiso and San-
tiago south to Cautin.
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Olmue, 9 ad., June 3. — Curico:
Teno, c? ad., March 28, 1923. C. S. Reed.— Maule: Quirihue (alt.
800 feet), cf ad., May 2. — Concepcion: Hacienda Gualpencillo, two
cfcf ad., five 9 9 ad., April 4-20. — Cautin: Villa Portales (alt.
3,300 feet), <? ad., March 1; Rio Lolen (alt. 3,600 feet), Lonquimai
1What is left of the outermost rectrix — the basal half — is colored as in U.
dumetaria, viz. blackish, with a narrow buffy external edge. The other tail-feathers
are missing. Reichenbach correctly describes the tail as having the "Enden der
drei Aussenschwanzfedern jederseits rothlichgrau."
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 165
Valley, rf1 , 9 (in juvenile molt), Feb. 11-13; Lake Gualletue' (alt.
3,800 feet), 9 juv., Feb. 18.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Santiago, one (unsexed) adult.
Heidrich (Berlin Museum). — Conception: Coronel, one (unsexed)
adult. R. Passler (Berlin Museum). — Cautin: Pelal, Temuco, two
c? cf ad., two 9 9 ad. (including the type of U. tamucoensis), June
7-17, 1910. A. C. Saldafia (British Museum); Maquehue, Temuco,
9 ad., June 11, 1910. D. S. Bullock (American Museum of Natural
History). — "Central Chile:" two (unsexed) adults (including the
type of £7. saturatior}. H. Berkeley James Collection (British
Museum).
U. d. saturatior differs at a glance from the other races by very much
darker, olive or sepia brown, upper parts and middle tail feathers
without paler tips to the wing coverts; tawny rather than cinnamome-
ous basal portion of remiges; generally wider, deeper cinnamon rufous
tips to lateral rectrices; much duller, avellaneous rather than buffy,
under parts with the blackish margins on foreneck and chest much
more pronounced, and the flanks dark buffy brown or olive-brown.
Besides, the bill is shorter, stouter, and more blackish.
The series examined exhibits a certain amount of variation, which
appears to be of a purely individual nature. Darkest of all is the
bird from Quirihue (Maule), in which the upper parts are very dark
olive-brown, while, below, the deep (nearly cinnamon) buff color of
the foreneck extends in a somewhat duller tone over the remaining
under parts, deepening into brownish on the flanks and lower tail
coverts. Several examples from Conception and the majority from
Cautin are but slightly paler, while all the others have a more or
less conspicuous area of light buff in the middle of the belly, con-
trasted with the brown sides. I fail to see any constant difference,
either in size or color, between the series from Cautin ( U. tamuco-
ensis) and the type of U. saturatior from "Central Chile." The
latter is not an extremely dark specimen and agrees in every respect
with ours from Olmue', Valparaiso, but they are exactly matched
by some of the Conception birds. When describing U. tamucoensis,
Chubb must have overlooked Scott's separation of the Chilean form,
since no reference is made to U. saturatior.
A young bird from Lake Gualletue", Cautin, is in general similar
to a specimen in corresponding plumage of U. d. hypoleuca, from
Cajon de Castro, Aconcagua, but has a much shorter, less curved
bill, deeper rufous wing-area and tail-tips, and the dorsal surface,
including the central rectrices, is sepia instead of buffy brown.
166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Our knowledge of the breeding range of this form is quite unsatis-
factory. Passler observed a bird carrying food to its brood on a
steep cliff of the shore between Coronel and Lota, Concepcion. It
apparently also nests in the mountainous parts of Cautin, for among
the specimens collected by Sanborn in that province at altitudes of
3,300 to 3,800 feet in February and March there are, in addition to
an adult just finishing its annual molt, one bird in juvenile dress
and two others in the process of molting from the juvenile into the
first annual plumage. In the Valley of Angol, however, Bullock
found the "Bandurrilla" only as a winter visitor, and Barros reports
the same for the Nilahue Valley, Curico. Whether it really breeds
in the vicinity of Valparaiso, where specimens have been obtained
in April and June, remains in doubt. According to Jaffuel and Pirion,
it is merely a visitor in the Marga-Marga Valley, in that province.
A single adult bird (in fresh plumage) sent by Heidrich from San-
tiago to the Berlin Museum is typical of saturatior in coloration,
but in shape and length of bill approaches U. d. hypoleuca, to which
specimens from the Cordilleras of Santiago actually belong. It is
probable that neither breeds in the vicinity of the Chilean capital,
where both forms may, however, occur as winter visitors.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from Teno, Curico 100 78 30
One from Quirihue, Maule 97 79 30
Two from Concepcion 103,104 81,84 28,29
One from Villa Portales, Cautin 102 80 31
Two from Temuco, Cautin 100,105 80,81 28,29
Adult females
One from OlmuS, Valparaiso 96 77 29
Five from Concepcion 95,95,98, 77,78,81, 28,28,29,
98,100 83,83 29,29
Three from Temuco, Cautin 97,99,106 77,77,82 28,30,30
Unsexed
Type of U. saturatior 98 81 29
106. Upucerthia validirostris pallida Taczanowski
Upucerthia pallida Taczanowski, P. Z. S. Lond., 1883, p. 71 — Junfn, Peru.1
Upucerthia jelskii (not Coprotretis jelskii Cabanis) Sclater (6), 1891, p. 134 —
Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 202 — Tarapaca; Lane, p. 37 — Sacaya
and Huasco, Tarapaca (habits).
1Aa pointed out in another connection (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, pp. 45-46, 1925), it is with considerable misgivings that we adopt Tac-
zanowski's name for the present form; but pending the examination of the type —
supposedly in the Raimondi Collection at Lima — we deemed it advisable not
to depart from current nomenclature.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 167
Upucerthia validirostris (not Ochetorhynchus validirostris Burmeister) Menegaux
and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 19, p. 55, 1906— "Chile."
Upucerthia validirostris pallida Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 45, 1925— Putre, Tacna (in part).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Tarapaca and Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), four <? <?
ad., one 9 ad., June 18, July 3, 7.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Sacaya, three 9 9 ad., March
28, April 2, 6, 1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum).— "Chile:" one
adult, 1843. C. Gay (Paris Museum).
The Chilean series agrees perfectly with another from southern
Peru (Titicaca region and Sumbay, Dept. Arequipa). There is the
usual variation in the buffy tone of the under parts, which ranges
from pinkish buff to nearly pale pinkish buff, with a varying amount
of grayish apical margins to the feathers of the lower throat and
foreneck. The rufous wing-area is always very extensive, sharply
denned from the dusky tips, and of a deep orange-cinnamon; the
median rectrices are dark brown (bister or sepia), strongly contrasted
with the bright orange-cinnamon or Mikado brown three lateral
pairs.
This race is very close to U. v. validirostris, of northwestern
Argentina, and merely differs by shorter wings and tail, generally
more slender bill, and decidedly paler, pinkish buff instead of light
pinkish cinnamon under parts and superciliaries. In size, it stands
somewhat between U. v. validirostris and U. v. jelskii, of central
Peru, but the latter may be distinguished by having less, sometimes
hardly any, rufous on wings and outer tail feathers.
Within Chilean boundaries, this earth-creeper is restricted to
the Puna Zone of the two northernmost provinces, its altitudinal
range extending from 9,000 to 12,000 feet.
According to Lane, these birds are invariably found on the slopes
bordering a valley or marsh, where there is a scattered growth of
scrub affording scanty covert. They are altogether terrestrial and
fly very little. When disturbed in the open they make for the
nearest covert, if hard pressed flying a short distance with quick
strokes and apparent difficulty. The tail is carried erect when
running. The note is a shrill cackling sound, with more or less
variation. The bird feeds on worms and grubs, and seems to be
altogether insectivorous. It nests in a hole which it excavates at
the base of some bush on the hillside. The eggs are unknown.
168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
MEASUREMENTS
U. v. validirostris — Immature Wing Tail Bill
One male from "Mendoza" (type of species) 93 84 37 %
U. v. validirostris — Adult males
Three from Cerro Mufioz, Tucuman 95,97^,98 87,91,91 38,38,39
One from Tan del Valle, Tucuman 99 90 36
U. v. validirostris — Adult females
Two from Tafi del Valle, Tucuman 90,94 83,84 34,37
U. v. pallida — Adult males
Two from Tirapata, Peru 89,90 77,77 31^.32
Two from Esperanza, Oruro, Bolivia 85,88 74,78 37,37^
Four from Putre, Tacna 88,88, 75,78, 31*434,
90,91 79,80 35,35
U. v. pallida — Adult females
Two from Tirapata, Peru 85,86 71,72 31,33
Two from Lake Titicaca 86,89 70,77 33,35
One from Putre, Tacna 88 78 35
Three from Sacaya, Tarapaca 86,86,90 77,77,78 37,37,37
107. Upucerthia albigula n. sp.
Upucerthia ruficauda (not of Meyen) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 88,
1889 — "Valparaiso" (errore).
Upucerthia validirostris pallida (not of Taczanowski) Hellmayr, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 45, 1925— Putre, Tacna (in part).
Range. — Extreme northern Chile in Puna Zone of province of
Tacna.
Material collected.— Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), <? ad., 9
ad., June 15, July 7.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Palca (alt. 10,000 feet), above
Tacna, 9 ad., Oct. 18, 1902. 0. Garlepp (Berlepsch Collection,
Frankfort Museum). — Chile: "Valparaiso," one adult. H. H. Rusby
(American Museum of Natural History, New York).
Type from Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), Prov. Tacna, Chile, in Field
Museum of Natural History, No. 61,094. Adult male. July 7,
1924. C. C. Sanborn.
Characters. — Upper parts deep snuff brown, passing into sepia
on pileum; upper wing coverts cinnamon-brown; alula and primary
coverts fuscous, the latter cinnamon-brown at base and along outer
web; outer primary fuscous, remaining primaries and secondaries
bright orange-cinnamon or Mikado brown tipped with fuscous, this
color extending down the inner web of the second and third primaries
(from without) for a considerable distance; tertials strongly washed
with cinnamon-brown; tail decidedly rufous and nearly uniform, the
median rectrices being just a little darker, more cinnamon-brown
than the orange-cinnamon lateral feathers; broad superciliaries,
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 169
widening behind the eye, pinkish buff; auriculars dusky, streaked
with buff; cheeks and malar region buff, freckled with dusky; throat
white, tinged with light buff posteriorly; feathers of lower throat
and foreneck with very distinct, though narrow apical margins of
dusky brown, producing a scaly appearance; foreneck and chest
deep buff (between pinkish buff and cinnamon-buff), deepening into
clay color on sides and under tail coverts and passing into pale
pinkish buff in the middle of the breast and abdomen; axillars and
under wing coverts pinkish cinnamon. Bill and feet dark horn color.
Wing (male), 96, (female), 90; tail 83, (female), 78; bill, 33 mm.
Remarks. — This species bears such a striking superficial resem-
blance to U. v. pallida that, when compiling the "Catalogue of the
Birds of the Americas" several years ago, I did not attempt to sepa-
rate it. More careful study of the material in American and Euro-
pean collections, however, convinced me that the differences cannot
possibly be attributed to individual variation, and as U. v. pallida
and the bird here described occur side by side in northern Chile,
the only plausible conclusion is to admit their specific distinctness.
On comparing them with a large series of U. v. pallida from
southern Peru (Titicaca region) and Tacna (Putre), the two speci-
mens have decidedly stouter, thicker, more arched bills and differ,
besides, by their much darker as well as more rufescent coloration.
The back is warm snuff brown, passing into sepia on the pileum;
the upper wing coverts and the outer margins of the primary coverts
are cinnamon-brown and so are the tertials, though slightly duller;
the median rectrices are very nearly as rufous (only somewhat darker)
as the orange-cinnamon or Mikado brown lateral feathers. In U. v.
pallida the upper parts are very much paler — between Saccardo's
umber and wood brown — and the crown, instead of being darker
than the back, is slightly more grayish, while the wing coverts are
by no means rufous, but of the same pale brown as the back; the
median tail feathers are more or less dusky contrasting with the
rest of the tail.
The supercilium, which in pallida is rather indistinct and narrow
behind the eye, is much wider in the new species, and its color more
yellowish, pinkish buff rather than light pinkish cinnamon. On the
under parts the differences are even more pronounced. Whereas in
U. v. pallida the whole ventral surface is nearly uniform pale pinkish
buff, U. albigula has the throat clear white and the foreneck and
chest deep buff (between pinkish buff and cinnamon-buff), deepen-
ing into clay color on the sides and lower tail coverts, while the
170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
feathers of the lower throat and foreneck, which in pallida show
mere suggestions of grayish edges, are marked with well-defined,
scaly apical margins of dusky brown. Wings and tail appear to be
a little longer in the white-throated species.
In addition to our own specimens, I have examined two others
that are referable to the new bird. One, sexed " 9 ," but probably
a male, was collected by Otto Garlepp on October 18, 1902, at Palca
(alt. 10,000 feet), above Tacna, hence in the same region,1 and the
second example was secured by Dr. H. H. Rusby somewhere in Chile.
It is labeled "Valparaiso, June, 1885," and was listed by the late
J. A. Allen as U. ruficauda. The locality is undoubtedly incorrect.
The specimen is much more likely to have originated from the Andes
of Tacna, which Dr. Rusby crossed when traveling from Arica to
Bolivia.
All of the four specimens of U. albigula have the base of the outer
web of the third to the fifth primaries just as bright rufous as the
inner web, while there is a distinct dusky streak in every one of the
numerous skins of U. v. pallida we have examined. U. albigula
also lacks the sooty blackish margin to the middle remiges just
beyond the tips of the wing coverts, the whole outer web being bright
rufous. This blackish margin is as a rule well developed in U. v.
pallida, though we have seen two specimens from Sacaya, Tarapaca,
in which it was missing.
More information about the range of U. albigula, which may also
be expected to occur in the neighboring section of Bolivia, is greatly
desired.
108. Upucerthia ruficauda (Meyen)
Ochetorhynchus ruficaudus Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., 16,
Suppl., p. 81, pi. 11, 1834 — "Chile, am Fusse des Vulcans von Maipu, auf
etwa 10,000 Fuss Hohe," Prov. Santiago (type in Berlin Museum) ; Sclater
(2), 1867, pp. 324, 338— Maipo (ex Meyen).
Uppucerthia montana Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool.,
8, cl. 2, p. 22, 1838 — Palca, rep. Peruviana=Prov. Tacna (type in Paris
Museum examined).2
1Its measurements are as follows: wing 94; tail 83; bill 33 J^ mm.
2If d'Orbigny, in the "Voyage" (p. 371), states having met with the species
"sur les crgtes et sur les plateaux de la Cordillere de Bolivie et du Pe>ou, princi-
palement aux environs de La Paz," the last-named locality probably refers to the
nearly allied U. andaecola, which is the only species of the group occurring in
the vicinity of the Bolivian capital. The type (and only specimen) of U. montana
from d'Orbigny's collection in the Paris Museum has no exact data, being merely
labeled "Bolivie," but it agrees in small size and slender bill so closely with a
bird from Putre, Tacna, that I believe the original locality as given in the "Synopsis
Avium" to be the correct one.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 171
Enicornis striaia AUen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 89, 1889— "Chile,
probably Valparaiso" (type in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York, examined).
Upucerthia ruficauda Des Murs (2), p. 285 — Volcano "San Pedro" [ =Maipo],
Prov. Santiago (ex Meyen); Philippi (12), p. 251 — high Cordilleras of Chile;
Sclater (4), 1886, p. 398— Lalcalhuay, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 202—
Tarapaca; Albert (1), 101, p. 45 — Tarapaca and Tacna (in part).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of the Andes from Tacna to Santiago.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), d" ad., July
4. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet),
three d"1 d71 ad., one cf imm., April 30, May 1, Oct. 5, 9. — Coquimbo:
Baiios del Toro (alt. 11,600 feet), four d'd" ad., two 9 9 ad.,
Nov. 10-19.
Additional specimens. — Chile: "Valparaiso," one adult (the type
of E. striata). H. H. Rusby (American Museum of Natural History,
New York).— "Bolivia" (probably Palca, Tacna): adult. Type of
U. montana. D'Orbigny (Paris Museum). — Antofagasta: Ascotan,
cf ad., March 5, 1847. Behn; Puquios, d* ad., March 9, 1847. Behn
(Berlin Museum).
For comparison we had a good series from various localities in
Bolivia (Mauri River, Dept. La Paz; Oruro; Potosi) and Argentina
(Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Lara, Tucuman; Puente del Inca and Hor-
cones Valley, Mendoza) and two specimens from Arequipa, Peru,
kindly lent by Mr. N. B. Kinnear and Dr. E. Stresemann from the
collections of the British Museum and Berlin Museum. In spite
of this fairly large material I am not prepared to say at present if
the inhabitants of the Andes from Arequipa in the north to Mendoza
in the south are all exactly the same. The discrimination of possible
local races is greatly complicated by the seasonal change to which
the plumage of this species is subject through wear and bleaching,
and it is very hard to assemble a sufficient number of specimens in
strictly comparable condition from any part of its range. Taking
birds from the Andes west of Mendoza to represent 0. ruficaudus
(described from Volcano de Maipo, Santiago), there seems little
doubt that E. striaia is a pure synonym of Meyen's name, since the
type, an adult in fairly fresh plumage, agrees in every particular of
coloration as well as in dimensions. The locality "Valparaiso" is
doubtless erroneous, this bird being rarely, if ever, found below an
altitude of 7,000 feet. Several specimens from Antofagasta (March
to May) are evidently inseparable from four Mendoza skins. Two
others in worn condition (shot at San Pedro in October) are much
paler above and have the posterior under parts much less distinctly
172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
streaked with fulvous; except for the somewhat darker stripes on
the flanks, they are identical with a series collected from late August
to early October by P. 0. Simons at Oruro and Potosi, western Bolivia.
Three freshly molted adults from Potosi (early April), however, are
very nearly as dark above and as heavily streaked below as those
from Mendoza. Six specimens from Bafios del Toro, Coquimbo, are
in so excessively worn breeding plumage that mere traces remain
of the original coloration.
The type of U. montana, an adult male from Putre, and a couple
of adults from Arequipa are smaller with slenderer bills, and have
the stripes underneath of a darker and more rufous brown tone.
Although certain other specimens approach them in size, additional
material might show these northern birds to be separable, in which
case the name montanus would become available.
U. ruficauda seems to be restricted to the highest regions of the
Andes, most of the birds examined having been obtained at elevations
of 10,000 feet and upwards. P. 0. Simons, however, secured two at
Arequipa, a little over 7,000 feet.
It is closely related to U. andaecola Lafr. & d'Orb., from which
it mainly differs by straighter bill, whitish superciliaries, ochraceous
or tawny rather than dark brown streaking underneath, and by
having the inner web of the five lateral rectrices partly or wholly
black. The latter character is somewhat variable, and one of the
specimens from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, has an entirely rufous
tail, while, on the other hand, certain individuals of U. andaecola
show slight suggestions of dusky markings. In distribution, they
appear to replace each other geographically. U. ruficauda inhabits
the Andes of Chile, western Argentina, and extreme western Bolivia,
particularly the departments of Oruro and Potosi, whereas U.
andaecola is found in the Cordillera of Cochabamba. In the depart-
ment of La Paz both seem to occur. From La Paz and Sicasica we have
seen numerous typical specimens of U. andaecola, and from the Rio
Mauri, on the confines of Peru, an adult male (secured by Stocker
on Nov. 12, 1912; Berlin Museum), which is just as typical U.
ruficauda.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from Arequipa, Peru 79 70 25
One from Putre, Tacna 75 67 24 %
Type of U. montana, "Bolivia" =
Palca, Tacna 77 68 25
One from Rio Mauri, La Paz, Bolivia 79 70 25
Two from Oruro, Bolivia 84,84 74,74 24^,26
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 173
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Six from Potosi, Bolivia 83,84,85, 73,74,76, 25,25,25^,
87,87,87 77,78,79 26,27,28
One from Ascotan, Antofagasta 82 25
One from Puquios, Antofagasta 84 74 25
Four from S. Pedro, Antofagasta 80,81, 71,72, 26*427,
81,83 72,— 27,28
Four from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 79,80, 25^,26,
80,82 27,—
One from Sierra de Mendoza 84 78 26
Adult females
One from Arequipa, Peru 77 69 25
Two from Potosi, Bolivia 79,81 68,73 25,26
Two from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 78,78 26,26
Type of Enicornis striata, "Chile" 83 73 26
109. Cinclodes nigro-fumosus nigro-fumosus (Lafr. and d'Orb.)
Uppucerthia nigro-fumosa Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag.
Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 23, 1838— Cobija, "Bolivia" =Prov. Antofagasta, Chile
(type in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 372, pi. 57,
fig. 2 — Valparaiso, Cobija, and Arica, Chile.
Upucerthia nigro-fumosa Des Murs (2), p. 283 — from Coquimbo "to Chiloe"
(in part); Albert (1), 101, p. 38— Chile (monog.).
Opetiorhynchus nigrofumosus Darwin, p. 68 — Coquimbo; Fraser (1), p. Ill —
seashore of Chile.
Opetiorhynchus lanceolatus Gould in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, pi. 20, 1839 —
figure of Darwin's specimen from Coquimbo.
Cinclodes inornatus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 267, 1840 — Chile; Hartlaub, 1. c.,
9, p. 1, 1846 (crit.).
Cinclodes nigrofumosus1 Cassin, p. 187 — coast of Chile; Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 324, 338 — Coquimbo; Menegaux and Hellmayr, Me"m. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Autun, 19, p. 58, 1906 — Cobija and Valparaiso (crit.); Gigoux, p. 87 —
Caldera; Housse (3), p. 226 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Upucerthia chilensis (not Furnarius chilensis Lesson) Philippi (12), p. 250 —
coast of Chile (excl. Peru); Landbeck (9), p. 235 — sea-cliffs of Chile
(habits).
Cinclodes patagonicus (not Motacilla patagonica Gmelin) Schalow (2), p. 708 —
Iquique, Tarapaca, and Isla dos Pajaros, Totoralillo, Coquimbo (spec,
examined).
Range in Chile. — Littoral of the northern and central provinces
from Arica to Conception and Arauco (Isla La Mocha).
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Gatico, two cf <? ad., April
9, 10. — Atacama: Caldera, five cf cf ad., three 9 9 ad., one cf juv.,
March 21, 27, April 18, May 4, June 8, Sept. 1. C. C. Sanborn and
1 Often spelt "nigrifumosus."
174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
E. E. Gigoux. — Aconcagua: Papudo, 9 ad., Dec. 10. — Concepcion:
Concepci6n, near coast, & ad., 9 ad., April 4-8.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Iquique, adult, Aug., 1893.
L. Plate (Berlin Museum). — Antofagasta: Cobija, d" ad., Feb. 24,
1847. Professor Behn (Berlin Museum) ; adult, Jan., 1831. D'Orbigny
(type of species; Paris Museum). — Coquimbo: Isla dos Pajaros,
Totoralillo, adult, Oct., 1893. L. Plate (Berlin Museum) .—Val-
paraiso: Valparaiso, two adults, one juv., 1830. D'Orbigny (Paris
Museum).1
There is no local variation in this species so far as I can see,
specimens from Concepcion being identical with those from the
extreme north of the range (Iquique, Cobija, Gatico). Young birds
are smaller in all proportions and have the under parts of a more
rufescent brown tinge with the pale shaft-streaks less pronounced.
Birds taken in December (at Papudo) and February (at Cobija)
are in very worn (breeding) plumage. An adult male shot on March
27 (at Caldera) is in full annual molt, while birds obtained early in
April (at Concepcion and Gatico, Antofagasta) are just finishing
that process.
C. nigro-fumosus, a very distinct species, is immediately recog-
nizable among its congeners by its large size, heavy feet and claws,
extremely dark, mummy brown dorsal surface, narrow and incon-
spicuous (light buff or pale ochraceous-buff) superciliaries, and fus-
cous under parts with abruptly defined whitish shaft-streaks on breast
and upper abdomen. The axillaries and under wing coverts are dark
brown like the sides, only the carpal edge being light pinkish
cinnamon.
The "Churrete" or "Molinero Grande," as this bird is called by
the Chileans, ranges from Arica south to Concepcion. According to
Father Housse, it is even found on the Isla La Mocha, off Arauco.2
It inhabits exclusively the cliffs along the seashore, where it is a
resident. In spite of its pronounced specific characters it has fre-
quently been confused with other species, to which in fact all records
of "C. nigro-fumosus" from inland localities pertain.
Landbeck, who misnamed it U. chilensis, writes of its habits as
follows: "This, the largest species, called Churrete by the natives,
Besides, the Paris Museum has a fifth d'Orbignyan skin without original
label. This may be the specimen from Arica.
2 If Gay extends the range of U. nigro-fumosa to Chilce", this locality most
probably refers to C. p. chilensis, a species which is there extremely common,
whereas C. nigro-fumosus has not been found so far south by any of the subsequent
collectors.
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
175
lives on the cliffs of the Pacific Ocean, where it may be seen single or in
pairs sitting on the rocks or searching for food, which consists of
small crabs, shrimps, marine worms, and the like. Its song is a loud
warble reminding one of the European Dipper (Cinclus cinclus)."
Gay, although part of his notes evidently refers to C. p. chilensis,
had no doubt the present species in mind when describing the
nesting habits of U. nigro-fumosa. According to his observations,
these birds mate in October and place the very carelessly made nest
among the rocks and steep cliffs. The eggs, three in number, are
pure white.
On the Peruvian coast, from Islay to Lima, the present form is
replaced by C. n. taczanowskii1 which, notwithstanding its striking
characters, appears to be nothing more than a strongly marked
geographical race.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males
Three from Antofagasta (Gobi j a, Gatico)
Five from Caldera, Atacama
One from Concepci6n
Immature male
One from Caldera
Adult females
Three from Caldera
One from Papudo, Aconcagua
One from Concepcion
Unsexed
One adult from Iquique, TarapacS
Two adults from Valparaiso
Wing
116,117,117
113,114,116,
117,122
116
110
113,113,118
114
115
114,118
Tail
86,88,88
81,85,85,
88,91
91
82
83,85,86
88
87
89
82,83
Bill
24,24,25
23,24,24,
24,25
24
22
23,23^,-
23 y2
23
24,24
110. Cinclodes patagonicus chilensis (Lesson)
Furnarius chilensis Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 17, June, 1828 — "dans les
alentours du port Saint- Vincent, au Chile" = Bay of Concepcion; idem,
Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, p. 671, April, 1830— St. Vincent, Chile; idem,
TraitS d'Orn., livr. 4, p. 307, pi. 75, fig. 1, Sept., 1830— Chile.
Certhia chiliensis Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, p. 599, Nov., 1829 — "environs
de Talcaguana" [ =Talcaguano], Chile.
Opetiorhynchos rupestris Kittlitz, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb., (sav. 6tr.),
1, livr. 2, p. 188, pi. 8, 1830— Chile =San-Tom6, Concepcion (type in
Leningrad Museum examined); idem, Denkwiird. Reise, 1, p. 117 —
El Tome, near Concepcion, and Valparaiso.
Cinclodes molitor Scott, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 10, p. XLII, 1900— Chile (type in
British Museum examined); see Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 175, 1921
(crit.).
'Berlepsch and Stolzmann, P. Z. S. Lond., 1892, p. 381— Chorillos, Dept. Lima.
176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Opetiorhynchus patagonicus (not Motacilla patagonica Gmelin) Darwin, p.
67— part, Chiloe" Island; Tschudi, p. 6— Punta Arena, Chiloe; Hartlaub (3),
p. 211— Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 58— Chile.
Upucerthia chilensis Des Murs (2), p. 281 — Chile, also Chiloe Archipelago.
Cinclodes nigrofumosus (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Bibra, p. 129 —
Santiago, Quillota; Germain, p. 310 — Chile (breeding habits); E. Reed (2),
p. 546 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 202 — Chile; Sclater, Ibis,
1897, p. 38 — Hacienda Mansel, s. of Santiago (spec, in British Museum
examined); Housse (2), p. 144 — San Bernardo, Santiago (nesting); Passler
(3), p. 458 — Coronel (breeding habits).
Cinclodes patagonicus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 267, 1840 — Chile; Sclater and
Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 283— Ancud, Chiloe"; Ridgway (2), p. 132— Port
Otway, Gulf of Penas; Lane, p. 37 — Hacienda Mansel (Santiago), Corral
and Rio Bueno (Valdivia); Passler (3), p. 459 — south Chile to Valparaiso;
Bullock (4), p. 177 — Angol, Malleco; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 106 — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso.
Cinclodes patachonicus Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338 — ChilcS and central
Chile; idem and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1878, p. 433— Port Otway.
Upucerthia nigro-fumosa Des Murs (2), p. 283 — part, Chilo6; Philippi (12),
p. 251— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 235— Chile (habits); Lataste (1), p. CXV—
Ninhue (Itata), Maule; idem (4), p. XXXIII— Caillihue (Vichuquen),
Curico (spec, in British Museum examined); idem (5), p. LXI — Llohue,
Maule; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIV — Penaflor, Santiago (spec,
examined); idem (2), p. CLXX — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso
(spec, examined).
Upucerthia patagonica Albert (1), 101, p. 40 — part, Chile.
Cinclodes patagonicus molitor Menegaux and Hellmayr, M4m. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Autun, 19, p. 60 — part, spec, a, d, e, Santiago, Penaflor, San Alfonso, Chile
(crit.).
Cinclodes chilensis Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 68, p. 239, 1920 — Chile (crit.).
Cinclodes rupestris Barros (4), p. 144 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p. 180 —
Cordilleras of Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Acon-
cagua south to the Gulf of Penas.
Material collected. — Aconcagua: Rio Blanco (alt. circa 5,000
feet), c? ad., April 17, 1926. R. Barros. — Valparaiso: Palmilla,
La Cruz (alt. 500 feet), two 9 9 ad., Nov. 20, 21, 1924. J. A. Wolff -
sohn. — Linares: Linares, 9 ad., June 26, 1923. C. S. Reed. — Con-
ception: Conception, near coast, c? ad., 9 ad., April 8. — Malleco:
Tolguaca (alt. 3,500 feet), 9 ad., Jan. 19; Lake Malleco (alt. 3,500
feet), d* ad., 9 ad., Jan. 20.— Cautin: Rio Lolen (alt. 3,600 feet),
Lonquimai Valley, cf ad., Feb. 12; Lake Gualletu6 (alt. 3,800 feet),
two cf cf juv., Feb. 15, 18.— Valdivia: Mafil, <? ad., Feb. 23; Ririi-
hue, one d" ad., four 9 9 ad., March 9-23. — Chilo6 Island: Rio
Inio, two d" cf imm., Jan. 14, 16; Quellon, three d1 cf ad., one cf
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 177
juv., two 9 9 ad., one 9 juv., Dec. 25-Jan. 3. — Guaitecas Islands:
San Pedro Island, d" juv., Jan. 22; Melinka, Ascension Island, three
cfcf imm., Jan. 30-Feb. 1. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio
Nirehuau, 9 ad., Feb. 22.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Penaflor, cf ad., one (unsexed)
adult, Jan. 23, March 7, 1894. F. Lataste (Paris and British Museums) ;
Hacienda Mansel, near Hospital, cf ad., three 9 9 ad., Dec., 1889.
A. A. Lane (British Museum). — Valparaiso: San Alfonso, Quil-
lota, two 9 9 ad., June 23, 26, 1894. F. Lataste (Paris and British
Museums).— Curico: Caillihue, cf, 9 , Dec. 22-23, 1894. F. Lataste
(British Museum). — Concepcion: San-Tome", adult. H. von Kittlitz
(type of 0. rupestris; Leningrad Museum). — Valdivia: Corral, 9
ad., Oct. 7, 1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum); Valdivia, <? ad.,
A. von Lossberg (Tring Museum). — Llanquihue: Port Otway, d* , 9 ,
adult (unsexed), Jan., Feb., Albatross and Challenger Expeditions
(U. S. National and British Museums). — Chilo6 Island: Ancud,
9 ad., May 4, 1914. R. H. Beck (American Museum of Natural
History).— "Chile:" d" ad. F. Leybold (type of C. molitor; British
Museum).
As we have pointed out in another connection,1 the earliest name
of the Chilean "Molinero" is Lesson's F. chilensis based on a speci-
men collected by the describer at San Vicente, in the Bay of Con-
cepcion, during the voyage of the "Coquille." Birds from Aconcagua
south to Concepcion agree very well together, and the type of C.
molitor, presumably from Santiago Province, likewise belongs to that
series, which may be regarded as typically representing C. p. chilensis.
Compared with a fair number from the Straits of Magellan and Cape
Horn region, they are smaller, darker above, and slightly more
brownish beneath with the whitish streaks narrower and less ex-
tended abdominally, while the tips to the lateral rectrices are more
strongly tinged with cinnamomeous. Birds from Valdivia, Chilce",
and the Guaitecas Islands, however, are variously intermediate, and
certain specimens hardly differ in coloration from typical patagonicus.
A single adult from Port Otway I had actually referred to the latter,
but two additional examples since examined tend to show that the
inhabitants of that region are nearer to the northern form, whose
range would thus seem to extend to the Gulf of Penas, restricting
that of C. p. patagonicus to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del
Fuego.
1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 31, footnote b, 1925.
178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The "Molinero" has a wide altitudinal distribution from the
seacoast up to an elevation of 10,000 feet in the Cordilleras. In
the lowlands and foothills the bird is a resident, whereas in the
Andes, according to Barros, it repairs to lower altitudes on the
approach of the cold season. In the Cordillera of Aconcagua Barros
found it during the breeding period at various localities (La Lagu-
nita, Cajon de Castro, etc.) around 10,000 feet above sea level.
Passler, who mistook it for C. nigro-fumosus, met with it in the river
valleys and hilly country in the vicinity of Coronel. Sanborn
obtained both adults in worn breeding plumage and full-grown young
birds in January and February in the mountainous interior of Mal-
leco, while Bullock lists it as a resident for the Angol Valley in the
same province. Germain's notes on the nidification of C. nigrofumosus
clearly apply to the present species. Various other authors, such
as Bibra, Edwyn Reed, Sclater, Lataste, Landbeck, and Housse, also
confused the two birds, and all their records of C. nigro-fumosus from
inland localities really pertain to C. p. chilensis.
The "Molinero" prefers the vicinity of water, being found equally
on the seashore, on river banks, and on the edges of lagoons. It
breeds from October to January. Its nest, a rather loose structure
of rootlets and grass, is placed in burrows on steep banks or in holes
under trees, and contains two or three oval, slightly glossy, white
eggs.
MEASUREMENTS
C. p. chiknsis — Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from Rio Blanco, Aconcagua 99 80 21
One [from Santiago?] (type of C. molitor) 1 02 81 22
One from Concepci6n 100 80 21
One from Malleco 99 81 21 \i
One from Cautin 100 78 22
Three from Valdivia 98,99,102 78,81,82 21,21,22
Three from Chiloe Island 100,101,102 77,78,78 22,22,22^
One from Bariloche, Neuquen 100 80 22
C. p. chilensis — Adult females
Two from Palmilla, Valparaiso 97,98 79,80 19,21
One from Linares 99 80 21
One from Conception 99 82 20 1A
Two from Malleco 96,98 77,80 20,22
Four from Valdivia 95,95,96,101 76,76,77,81 20,20^,21,21
Three from Chiloe' Island 96,99,101 74,75,80 21,21,22
One from Bariloche, Neuquen 97 80 21
C. p. chilensis — Unsexed
One adult from Conception
(type of O. rupestris) 100 82 21
C. p. patagonicus — Adult males
Three from Straits of Magellan 104,107,108 81,83,83 22,22,22
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 179
C. p. patagonicus — Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from False Cape Horn 105 [76 +x] 23
Two from Tierra del Fuego 107,108 82,85 23,23
C. p. patagonicus — Adult females
One from Tierra del Fuego 108 83 23
C. p. patagonicus — Unsexed
One adult from Port Famine 105 78 22
111. Cinclodes oustaleti oustaleti Scott
Cinclodes oustaleti Scott, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 10, p. LXII, 1900 — "Central
Chile," we suggest Valparaiso (type in British Museum examined);
Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 19, p. 61, 1906—
Valparaiso and Santiago (crit.); Barros (4), p. 144 — Nilahue, Curico
(winter); idem (5), p. 181 — Cordillera of Aconcagua (breeding) and Llico,
Curico; idem (11), p. 315 — Ojos de Aguila, Prov. Santiago.
Uppucerthia rupestris (not Opetiorhynchos rupestris Kittlitz) Lafresnaye and
d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, 1838, p. 21 — Valparaiso and Cobija (spec, in Paris
Museum examined).
Cillurus patagonicus (not Motacilla patagonica Gmelin) Burmeister, Journ.
Orn., 8, p. 248, 1860 — Caldera, on the seashore (spec, examined).
Cinclodes fuscus (not Anthus fuscus Vieillot) Salvin (2), 1883, p. 424 — part,
Chilean Cordillera (spec, in British Museum examined); Schalow (2),
p. 708 — part, spec, a, Talcaguano (spec, in Berlin Museum examined).
Cinclodes patagonicus Oustalet, p. B 65, in text — Chile (crit.).
Range in Chile. — From Antofagasta (Cobija) to Chiloe".
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, four cfcf ad., six 9 9
ad., March 21-22, May 4, June 8, Aug. 29, 31. E. E. Gigoux and C.
C. Sanborn. — Coquimbo: Banos del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), two
cfcf ad., two 9 9 ad., Nov. 12-17. — Concepcion: Concepcion, near
coast, cf ad., two 9 9 ad., one 9 imm., April 4-8.
Additional specimens. — Atacama: Tofo (60 miles north of
Coquimbo), 9 ad., May 1, 1917. T. Hallinan (American Museum of
Natural History). — Aconcagua: Cajon del Rio Blanco (alt. 7,000
feet), c? ad., Oct. 15, 1920. R. Barros (American Museum of
Natural History). — Valparaiso: Valparaiso, two adults, 1830. D'Or-
bigny (Paris Museum). — Santiago: Santiago, 9 ad., 1877. E. C.
Reed (Paris Museum). — Concepcion: Talcaguano, adult, May, 1894.
L. Plate (Berlin Museum). — Cautin: Maquehue, Temuco, cf ad.,
June 5, 1907. D. S. Bullock (American Museum of Natural History).
— Chilo6 Island: Ancud, three cf cf ad., April 1, May 4-7, 1914.
R. H. Beck (American Museum of Natural History). — "Central
Chile:" four adults and one juv., including the type of C. oustaleti.
H. Berkeley James Collection (British Museum). — "Chilean Cordil-
lera:" one adult. H. Markham (British Museum).
180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
C. oustaleti, while resembling C. p. chilensis in general appearance,
is nevertheless readily distinguished by its decidedly smaller size,
slenderer (though not always shorter) bill, silky or buffy white, rarely
pale grayish-tinged (instead of mostly deep brown) axillaries, less
distinctly streaked breast, plain buffy or whitish middle of the
abdomen, and by having the under tail coverts merely apically edged
or tipped, but never centrally streaked with buffy or whitish. The
two birds appear to be specifically distinct, R. Barros having found
them breeding side by side at the same altitude in the Cordilleras of
Aconcagua.
On comparing a large series of skins, it cannot be denied that
birds from the northern provinces (Atacama, Coquimbo, Aconcagua,
Valparaiso, Santiago) have the upper parts decidedly brown (varying
from warm sepia to bister) and the sides and under tail coverts
strongly tinged with rufescent brown, although there is some seasonal
variation, specimens in breeding plumage being duller and less rufes-
cent. Birds from Concepcion, Temuco, and Chiloe", on the other
hand, are much duller, more sooty above, and have less brownish
suffusion on the flanks. Some of these southern individuals are not
separable from C. o. hornensis,1 of the Cape Horn region. An adult
from Talcaguano, Concepcion (May), however, is as brown-backed
and rufous-sided as any in our northern series. While there is an
undeniable tendency to duller coloration in the southern part of the
range, the distinction does not seem to be constant enough to warrant
the splitting of C. oustaleti into two races within Chile proper. I
must even confess that I am a little doubtful as to the validity of
C. o. hornensis. Two of the four specimens examined are admittedly
larger than any C. oustaleti from Atacama to Chiloe", but the two
others differ in neither size nor color from the sooty-backed southern
birds. Of course, coloration may turn out to be a more important
factor than size for the discrimination of local races, and in that
event it may develop that the dull-colored examples from Con-
cepcion, Temuco, and Chiloe", all of which were taken in winter-
time, were migrants from the Straits of Magellan and should be
referred to C. o. hornensis. Without more complete information
about the migratory movements and a satisfactory series from the
southern extremity of South America it is useless to attempt
the solution of the problem. Whatever the status of the southern
form may be, there is, however, no doubt as to the proper
applicability of Scott's name, since the type in the British Museuir
^abbene, Physis, 3, p. 58, March, 1917 — Hermit Island, Cape Horn region
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
181
agrees precisely with the brown-backed birds from Caldera and
Coquimbo.
C. o. oustaleti breeds, according to our present knowledge, in the
Cordilleras of Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Santiago, and doubtless other
provinces of central Chile. From the observations of R. Barros it
results that in spring and summer the birds live at considerable
altitudes, from 6,500 to 11,000 feet, in the Andes. Early in April
they descend to the foothills and plains, and do not return to their
breeding grounds until late in August or early in September. The
specimens collected by Sanborn in November at Bafios del Toro
(alt. 10,600 feet), Coquimbo, are in worn plumage and were evidently
breeding. Birds taken in the lowlands and near the coast from April
to June are all newly molted. In the Nilahue Valley, Curico, this
species occurs only as a rather uncommon winter visitor, but it pos-
sibly breeds on the seashore, for several individuals were noticed
by Barros at Llico in February. Quite recently, C. o. oustaleti has
been met with by Wetmore1 as a regular winter visitant in the
vicinity of Mendoza, Argentina.
In the Juan Fernandez Islands occurs a closely allied race, C. o.
baeckstroemii,* which merely differs by brighter rufous-brown flanks
and under tail coverts.
MEASUREMENTS
C. o. oustaleti — Adult males Wing
Four from Caldera, Atacama 91,92,94,94
Two from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo 94,95
One from Aconcagua (Rio Blanco) 88
One from Conception 92
One from Maquehue, Cautin 90
Three from Ancud, Chilo6 89,90,90
C. o. oustaleti — Adult females
Six from Caldera
One from Tofo, Atacama
Two from Banos del Toro
One from Santiago
Two from Conception
C. o. oustaleti — Adults unsexed
Two from Valparaiso
One (type of C. oustaleti)
One from Talcaguano, Conception
C. o. hornensis — Adult males
One from Cape Horn
One from London Island
Tail
66,70,70,73
68,70
65
65
67
63,63,64
Bill
16,17^,17^,18
18,20 (!)
16 ^
18
17
16,16^,17
89,90,92,
92,92,92
91)4
90,92
92 M
90,90
67,68,70,
70,70,72
69
65,68
68
66,67^
17,17,17 J&
18,18,18
17K
18,18
18
17,17
88^,89
93
100
97
67,—
65
69
70
67
16,17
17
20
l. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 252, 1926.
2L6nnberg in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 3,
p. 4, 1921.
182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
C. o. hornensis — Adult females Wing Tail Bill
One from Cape Horn 93 68 19
C. o. hornensis — Adults unsexed
One from Desolation Island1 92 68 15^0)
C. o. baeckstroemii — Adults unsexed
Three from Mas Afuera 85,89,93 64,66,67 17,19,—
1 Type of C. schistaceus Reich.
112. Ginclodes fuscus fuscus (Vieillot)
Anthus fuscus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 26, p. 490, 1818 —
based on Azara, No. 147, plains of Montevideo and Buenos Aires, also
"Paraguay."
Cillurus minor Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 24, 1859 — Araucana,
Chile (type in Heine collection, Halberstadt, examined).
Opetiorhynchos (us) vulgaris Fraser (1), p. Ill — Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 211 —
Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 58— Chile.
Opetiorhynchus rupestris (not of Kittlitz) Bibra, p. 129 — Valparaiso.
Upucerthia vulgaris Des Murs (2), p. 282 — Chile; Philippi (12), p. 251 — Chile;
Landbeck (9), p. 236— part, Chile (habits); Waugh and Lataste (1), p.
LXXXIV— Penaflor, Santiago: idem (2), p. CLXX— San Alfonso (Quil-
lota), Valparaiso; Albert (1), 101, p. 34— Chile.
Cinclodes vulgaris Cassin, p. 187 — Chile.
Cinclodes minor Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338 — Chile; Reichenow, Journ.
Orn., 68, p. 240, 1920— Chile (crit.).
Cinclodes fuscus E. Reed (2), p. 546 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 8 —
Coquimbo; Salvin (2), p. 424 — part, Coquimbo; Oustalet, p. B 63 — Tal-
caguano; E. Reed (4), p. 202 — Chile; M&iegaux and Hellmayr, Mem.
Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 19, p. 62 — San Alfonso (Quillota) and Talcaguano
(crit.); Passler (3), p. 459 — Coronel; Housse (1), p. 49 — Isla La Mocha,
Arauco; idem (2), p. 144 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock (4), p. 176 —
Angol, Malleco.
Cinclodes fuscus fuscus Barros (4), p. 143 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p. 180 —
Cordillera of Aconcagua; idem (11), p. 315 — Ojos de Aguila, Prov. Santiago.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Caldera) to the Straits of
Magellan.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, cf ad., May 21, 1924.
E. E. Gigoux.— Coquimbo: Romero, 9 ad., July 24, 1923.— O'Hig-
gins: San Francisco, 9 ad., May, 1923. E. C. Reed. — Concepcion:
Hacienda Gualpencillo, cf ad., 9 ad., April 3, 6; near coast, 9 ad.,
April 4. C. C. Sanborn; Concepcion, 9 ad., May 17, 1905. C. S.
Reed. — Cautin: Lake Gualletue* (alt. 3,800 feet), four cfcf ad.,
one c? imm., four 9 9 ad. and imm., Feb. 4-20. — Llanquihue:
Casa de Richards, Rio 5firehuau, two cf cf ad., two 9 9 ad., Feb.
28, March 17.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 183
Additional specimens. — Atacama: Tofo (sixty miles north of
Coquimbo), 9 ad., Sept. 17, 1916. T. Hallinan (American Museum
of Natural History). — Santiago: vicinity of Santiago, two cfc?1 ad.,
one 9 ad., July, 1864. R. A. Philippi (U. S. National Museum).—
Concepcion: Talcaguano, two adults. Voyage of the "Astrolabe"
and "ZeleV (Paris Museum). — "Araucana:" cf ad., type of C.
minor (Heine Collection, Halberstadt). — Valdivia: Valdivia, cf ad.
A. von Lossberg (Berlepsch Collection, Frankfort Museum). —
Llanquihue: Casapangue, cf ad., 9 ad., Nov. 25, 1907. Adolph
Lendl (Berlepsch Collection, Frankfort Museum). — "Chile:" one
adult. Segeth (Berlin Museum).
Comparison of this series with fifty Argentine skins seems to
indicate that C. minor, based on a single bird from Arauco, is in-
separable. The type is indeed more rufescent brown above, and has
the rump and upper tail coverts more brownish, less ashy, than the
general run of C. /. fuscus, while the under parts are unusually bright
brownish buff, approaching clay-color. One of our Concepcion birds
(No. 61,189, 9 ad., April 4, 1923) is essentially similar, and two from
Lake Gualletue", Cautin, come very close, as far as the intensity of
the ventral surface is concerned. Certain specimens from Argentina,
notably one from Tucuman (Concepcion) and another from Conchitas
(Buenos Aires) are, however, just as deeply colored underneath.
Two other examples from Concepcion and the majority from Cautin
are a slight shade more rufescent above than Argentine birds, while
below there is complete agreement between the two series. The
variation appears too insignificant to maintain the distinctness of the
Chilean form. It may be mentioned that the birds from Llanquihue
(Casapangue and Rio Nirehuau) are wholly typical of fuscus, even
if C. /. minor be deemed worthy of recognition. The three skins
from the extreme northern part of the range (Coquimbo and Ata-
cama) show no approach to C. /. albiventris, of Antofagasta and
northwards. An adult bird from an unknown Chilean locality in the
Berlin Museum, described by Reichenow as C. minor, is an exact
intermediate between the two forms, combining the rufous-brown
upper parts of albiventris with the wholly cinnamomeous wing-band
and the brownish buff under side of fuscus.
The "Churrete" is widely diffused throughout Chile from Atacama
to the Straits of Magellan. In the northern parts of this extensive
range it apparently breeds only in the mountains. Barros found it in
the valley of Nilahue, Curico, only as a winter visitor from May to
October, and the same is the case in Angol, Malleco, according to
184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Bullock.1 In the Cordillera of Aconcagua the birds arrive on their
nesting grounds, which lie between 6,000 and 11,000 feet of elevation,
in October and stay there until the end of April, when they repair
to the foothills and coastal plains for the winter. From the vicinity
of Lake Gualletue" (alt. 3,800 feet), we received a series of adults just
finishing their annual molt and several young birds in fresh plumage,
a fact which, together with the date of capture (February), speaks
for their nesting in the region. Waugh and Lataste collected speci-
mens in January and February at Penaflor, on the Rio Mapocho,
Prov. Santiago, which may have been breeding.
113. Cinclodes f uscus albiventris (Philippi and Landbeck)
Upucerthia albiventris Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, (1), p.
731, June, 1861 — "vicinity of Arica," i. e. Cordillera of Tacna; idem, Arch.
Naturg., 27, (1), p. 290, 1861— same locality; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158—
"Atacama, Copacolla" [=Copacoya, Antof agasta] ; idem (24), p. 27,
pi. 14, fig. 2 — "vicinity of Arica."
Cinclodes fuscus (not Anthusfuscus Vieillot) Sclater (4), 1886, p. 398 — Chumisa,
Cueva Negra, and Sacaya, Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 134 — Sacaya;
idem, Ibis, 1897, p. 38— Sacaya.
Upucerthia bifasciata (!) Albert (1), 101, p. 43 — "Atacama" to Tarapaca (part,
var. albiventris).
Cinclodes rivularis (not of Cabanis) Allen, p. 88 — "Valparaiso," probably
northern Chile.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Antof agasta, Tarapaca, and
Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: AlceYreca (alt. 10,000 feet), 9 ad.,
June 17; Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), two o* d* ad., two 9 9 ad., June
18, 19, July 8; Choquelimpie (alt. 15,000 feet), d1 ad., 9 ad., June 21,
23; Chungara (alt. 15,150 feet), d" ad., June 25. — Antofagasta:
Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet), d1 ad., Sept. 11; San Pedro (alt. 10,500
feet), 9 ad., April 23; Ojo de San Pedro (alt. 12,400 feet), 9 ad.,
May 2; twenty miles east of San Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet), 9 ad.,
Oct. 2; Silala (alt. 14,160 feet), Bolivian (Potosi) boundary, 9 ad.,
April 26.
Further study of this group leads to the conclusion that the
arrangement as set forth in our "Catalogue of Birds of the Ameri-
cas"2 needs considerable modification. There are indeed two races
Gassier (Journ. Orn., 70, p. 459, 1922) claims to have found the nest of the
present species at Coronel, Bay of Conception, but he probably made a mistake
in identifying the parent birds. He seems to be pretty confused regarding the
various species of Cinclodes. His notes on the nesting habits of C. nigro-fumosus,
for instance, unquestionably refer to C. p. chilensis.
3 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, pp. 36-38, 1925.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 185
of the bird long known under the name of C. rivularis, but their
limits and ranges have to be readjusted in accordance with the new
material now available. Comparison of fifteen specimens from
northwestern Argentina (C. /. tucumanus) with our fine topotypical
series of albiventris shows conclusively that there is no difference
whatever between these two alleged forms. The upper parts are
the same shade, varying from cinnamon-brown to Prout's brown;
the wing band is buffy white (nearly pure white in worn plumage),
deepening into ochraceous-buff on the secondaries; the sides are
strongly washed with fulvous, sometimes approaching clay-color.
A single bird from Potosi is an exact duplicate of the Putre
series, and it would thus seem that C. f. albiventris ranges from
northern Chile all over western and southern Bolivia to northwestern
Argentina (Salta and Tucuman).
Birds from southern Peru (Junin and Puno) are somewhat darker,
less rufescent above with the wing band whiter, and have the sides
of the body less extensively washed with a paler buffy brown. They
may be distinguished as C. f. rivularis (Cabanis). The variation in
the color of the dorsal surface is carried to the extreme in birds from
northern Peru, which Zimmer1 separates under the name of C. /.
longipennis.
C. f. albiventris differs at a glance from C. f. fuscus, of the more
southern parts of Chile, by decidedly rufescent brown upper parts,
brightest on the rump (grayish in fuscus), dark brown (not grayish
brown) central tail feathers, much paler and more or less bicolored
(instead of uniform cinnamomeous) wing band, and much more
whitish lower surface.
It replaces the typical race in the Puna Zone of the three northern
provinces of Chile, its altitudinal range extending from 7,500 to
15,000 feet.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Four from Tacna 94,94,98,100 66,70,73,75 17,17,17,17%
Two from Antofagasta 92+x,96 68,70 17,19
One from Potosi, Bolivia 96 67 17
Two from Tan, Tucuman 98,101 73,73 17
Two from Las Pavas, Tucuman 96,98 66,71 18,18
Adult females
Four from Tacna 90,93,95,98 68,70,72,76
Two from Antofagasta 91,94 70,71 16,16
One from Tan, Tucuman 95 75 11 Y2
One from Las Pavas, Tucuman 95 70 18
Three from Cachi, Salta 95,96,98 69,72,72 16,16,16^
1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 339, 1930.
186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
114. Cinclodes atacamensis atacamensis (Philippi)
Upucerthia atacamensis Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, p. 181, 1857 — near
San Pedro de Atacama, Antofagasta; idem, Arch. Naturg., 23, (1), p.
263, 1857 — same locality; idem, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 162, Zool., pi. 3,
1860 — same locality; idem (12), p. 251 — same locality; idem, Ornis, 4, p.
158 — "Atacama, Copacolla" [=Copacoya, Antofagasta]; idem (24), p. 26,
pi. 13, fig. 1 — "Atacama."
Cinclodes bifasciatus Pelzeln (2), p. 58 — "Chile"; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 398 —
Chumisa, Sacaya, and Sibaya, Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 134 — Sacaya;
Lane, p. 38— Sacaya; E. Reed (4), p. 202— "Atacama" and Tarapaca;
Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 68, p. 238, 1920— Calama, Chile.
Upucerthia bifasciata Albert (1), 101, p. 43 — "Atacama" to Tarapacd (in part).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone, in provinces of Antofagdsta, Tara-
paca, and Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), 9 ad., June
18.— Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet), 9 ad., April 19; San
Pedro (alt. 10,500 feet), d1 ad., Oct. 1; twenty miles east of San
Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet), d" ad., Oct. 6; Silala (alt. 14,160 feet),
Bolivian (Potosi) boundary, d" ad., 9 ad., April 26.
Additional specimens. — Antofagasta: Calama (alt. circa 7,000
feet), d1 ad. (in annual molt), March 1, 1847. Professor Behn (Berlin
Museum).
This fine species is easily distinguished from C. /. albiventris,
which has the same range in northern Chile, by its much larger size,
much heavier bill, entirely white wing band, white (instead of buff)
superciliaries, shorter white (not cinnamon-rufous) tips to the lateral
rectrices, and by having a conspicuous white patch on the primary
coverts. It is hard to understand how Albert could treat it as a
mere variety of C. /. albiventris.
The specimens from Antofagasta (topotypical of U. atacamensis)
are nowise different from others taken in Bolivia and Argentina
(Mendoza and Jujuy). C. bifasciatus Sclater, thus, becomes a
synonym of Philippi's earlier term.
Like the preceding species, C. atacamensis is an inhabitant of the
Puna Zone, from 7,000 feet upwards. Lane found it plentiful
throughout the valley of Sacaya, Tarapaca, especially on rocky
slopes bordering water. Its note is very peculiar, being a loud
screech, followed by a repeated chatter on a lower key. It feeds
on insects on the banks and margins of streams and is seldom found
very far from water.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 187
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Four from Antofagasta 108,110,112,115 80,80,82,86 21J^,23,23,—
Two from Antofagasta 107,109 82,84 22,22
One from Putre, Tacna 110 83 23
115. Chilia melanura melanura (G. R. Gray)
Enicornis melanura G. R. Gray in Gray and Mitchell, Genera of Birds, 1,
p. 133, pi. 41, 1846 — locality not stated (the type examined in the British
Museum is from Chile); Menegaux and Hellmayr, Me'm. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Autun, 19, p. 64, 1906— Santiago.
Upucerthia phoenicura (not Eremobius phoenicurus Gould) Des Murs (2),
p. 280 — "eastern slope of the Cordilleras between Santiago and Mendoza"
(descr. and range in part); Philippi (12), p. 250 — high Cordillera of the
central provinces (excl. Patagonia).
Ericornis melanura Cassin, p. 88, pi. 21, fig. 1 — Chile.1
Henicornis gouldi Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 24, 1859 — "Patagonia"
(the type examined in the Heine Collection at Halberstadt is a Chilean
trade-skin); Pelzeln (2), p. 59— Chile.
Henicornis melanura Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 15, p. 27, 1890 — Cordillera
of Santiago; E. Reed (4), p. 202 — "southern Chile" (excl. Patagonia).
Henicornis phaenicura Albert (1), 101, p. 48 — part, "southern" and central
Chile.
Chilia melanura Salvador!, Ibis, 1908, p. 454 — Chile (crit., synon.).
Henicornis (Chilia) melanura Barros (5), p. 181 — Cordillera of Aconcagua
(habits).
Chilia melanura melanura Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 52, 1925 — Lliu-Lliu, above Limache, Valparaiso (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Confined to the Cordilleras of the central
provinces (Valparaiso, Santiago, and Aconcagua).
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Lliu-Lliu (alt. 4,800 feet), above
Limache, c? ad., Oct. 29, 1924. J. A. Wolffsohn.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: vicinity of Santiago (Cordil-
lera), d" ad., 9 ad., June, July, 1865. R. A. Philippi (U. S. National
Museum); Cordillera of Santiago, adult. E. C. Reed (British
Museum); Santiago, d" imm., 9 ad. (Paris Museum). — "Chile:"
five adults (unsexed), including the type of E. melanura (British
Museum). — "Central Chile:" three adults. H. Berkeley James
Collection (British Museum). — "Patagonia:" d" juv., type of H.
gouldi (Heine Collection, Halberstadt).
The series shows but little variation in coloration. The bird
from Lliu-Lliu is much the darkest, having the crown and mantle
plate looks almost like C. m. atacamae, but the specimen in the U. S.
National Museum, though much soiled and bleached, seems to belong to the
typical race.
188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
bister, and the rump, tail coverts, and base of the rectrices nearly
chestnut. Only one specimen (from the Cordillera of Santiago)
approaches C. m. atacamae in the grayish tinge of the breast. Young
birds are paler throughout, have the breast-feathers obsoletely
spotted with whitish and apically edged with dusky, and the bill
shorter with the lower mandible for the greater part wax yellow.
The "Garganta blanca" is one of the least-known Chilean birds.
The earlier authors confused it with Enicornis phoenicura, which is
restricted to the plains of Patagonia, until its characters were clearly
set forth by Cassin. Its range appears to be limited to the Cordilleras
of central Chile. A good many specimens have been secured in the
Cordilleras of Santiago, and J. A. Wolffsohn shot an adult female
(in very fresh plumage) at Lliu-Lliu, in a mountain range southeast
of Limache, Prov. Valparaiso, at an altitude of 4,800 feet above
sea level. R. Barros found it fairly common in the Cordilleras of
Aconcagua on brushy hill slopes from 1,600 to 2,000 meters, espe-
ciajly in winter. It is more or less resident, though some individuals
descend to the pre-cordillera on the approach of the severe season;
around Los Andes (alt. 830 meters) they may be seen throughout
the year. Gay's statement — apparently based on Darwin's record l
of E. phoenicura — that it occurs on the eastern slope of the Andes
between Santiago and Mendoza certainly refers to some other
species, while Edwyn Reed's and Albert's habitat "southern Chile"
is an obvious error.
According to Barros, this bird inhabits the declivities and slopes
of the mountains, preferring the drier and stony parts. It is of a
secretive nature, searching its food among the bushes and thickets.
Its flight is short, low, and tardy. The stomachs examined by
R. Barros contained (besides a quantity of small stones) seeds,
insects, and vegetable matter. Nothing definite is known about its
nidification, though Barros remarks that it resembles Cinclodes in
selecting crevices and holes for its nest.
116. Ghilia melanura atacamae Hellmayr
Chilia melanura atacamae Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 53, 1925 — Domeyko, Atacama.
Range in Chile. — Only known from Domeyko, Prov. Atacama.
Material collected. — Atacama: Domeyko (63 km. south of Valle-
nar), three cf cf ad., one 9 ad., Aug. 11-15, 1923.
1 Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 70.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 189
This very interesting form, which by its characters reflects the
arid nature of its habitat, differs from the typical race at a glance
by much paler coloration. The pileum and back are drab (instead
of varying from snuff brown to bister), the former with a grayish
cast; the rump, upper and under tail coverts, the base of the tail,
the outer web of the outermost rectrix, and the wing band hazel
rather than chestnut; the upper wing coverts mostly drab, edged
with cinnamon-drab, instead of dusky, margined with snuff -brown;
the superciliaries more purely white and better defined; the breast
decidedly paler and more grayish, though similarly marked with
whitish. Besides, the bill is slenderer and slightly shorter.
Four specimens in slightly worn plumage were taken by Sanborn
on brushy hill slopes just outside the village of Domeyko at an ele-
vation of about 2,500 feet.
This strongly-marked race replaces C. m. melanura in the moun-
tains of Atacama, and will doubtless also be found in the adjacent
province of Coquimbo. More information about its distribution
is much desired.
MEASUREMENTS
C. melanura melanura Wing Tail Bill
One adult male from Santiago 80 80 23
One adult female from Santiago 79 79 25
One adult female from Lliu-Lliu (Valparaiso) 81 77 24
Type of C. melanura 82 81 23 Yz
C. melanura atacamae
Three adult males from Domeyko, Atacama 81,82,85 77,79,84 22,23,—
One adult female from Domeyko, Atacama 80 77 22
117. Sylviorthorhynchus desmurii Gay
Sylviorthorhynchus desmurii1 Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Atlas Zool., Orn., pi.
3, 1847— Chile;2 Des Murs (2), p. 316— Province of Valdivia, particularly
in the vicinity of Corral; idem, Icon. Orn., livr. 8, 1. 6, 1847 — Chile;
Pelzeln (2), pp. 59, 163— Chiloe' Island; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338—
Chile; Philippi (12), p. 256— Valdivia to Colchagua; E. Reed (2), p. 547
— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Landbeck (9), p. 241 — Chilo6 to Colchagua
(habits); E. Reed (4), p. 202 — Chiloe", also near Valparaiso; Lane, p. 39 —
southern Chile (habits); Albert (1), 101, p. 54 — Patagonia to Colchagua;
Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 46 — Gray's Harbor, Mesier Channel; Me'ne'gaux and
Hellmayr, Me"m. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 19, p. 65, 1906— Chile (type in
Paris Museum); Housse (1), p. 48 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Passler (3),
1 Variously spelt desmurii, desmursi, and desmursii.
2 The plate published in the Zoological Atlas of the "Histqria flsica y politica
de Chile" appears to have slight priority over Des Murs's description and figure in
the "Iconographie Ornithologique." Generic and specific name should, therefore,
be credited to Gay.
190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
p. 460 — Coronel (breeding habits); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 106 — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 176 — Angol, Malleco; Barros (9b),
p. 161 — Llico, coast of Curico (April).
Sylviorthorhynchus maluroides Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 8, pi. 45, 1847 —
Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 211— Valdivia (crit.).
Silviorthrorhynchus desmurii Boeck, p. 501 — Valdivia.
Range in Chile. — From Valparaiso to the Magellan Territory
(Gray's Harbor, Mesier Channel, and Smyth's Channel).
Material collected. — Concepcion: Hacienda Gualpencillo, three
<?<? ad., March 27, April 20, 21.— Malleco: Curacautin, cf ad.,
9 ad., d* juv., Jan. 13-14. — Valdivia: Mafil, one d" ad., four cf cf
juv., Feb. 17-26.— Chiloe" Island: Quellon, two 9 9 ad. (in full
molt), Dec. 20, Jan. 1. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension
Island, cf juv., Feb. 4. — Llanquihue: Rio Aisen, d31 ad., 9 ad.,
April 2.
I cannot discover any constant difference between specimens from
Concepcion and those from more southern localities. There is much
individual variation in the coloration of the under parts, some being
bright fulvous buff, while others are much duller, a brownish dark
olive-buff. Many have a distinct white area in the middle of the
abdomen, which is altogether missing in others.
Birds in juvenile plumage lack the bright rufous frontal patch
and have the feathers of the anterior under parts more or less freckled
and margined with dusky.
The "Colilarga" is chiefly a denizen of the southern provinces,
being particularly abundant in Valdivia Province and on Chilce*
Island. Bullock lists it as a fairly common resident in the Angol
Valley, Malleco. The most northerly breeding record is from
Coronel, Concepcion, where, according to Passler, it is rather rare.
Farther north, it is merely a winter visitor. Landbeck gives its
range as extending north to Colchagua, but Edwyn Reed states that
the "Colilarga" is far from being plentiful around Cauquenes in that
province. The same naturalist tells us that it sometimes occurs even
in the ravines near Valparaiso, a statement that has recently been
corroborated by Jaffuel and Pirion, who include it as a rare visitant
in the fauna of the valley of Marga-Marga. Barros recently shot a
specimen near Llico, Curico, in April, 1927.
According to Landbeck, these peculiar birds are particularly fond
of beech woods, but other observers mention the quila thickets as their
favorite haunts. As we are told by Lane, they frequent the densest
undergrowth and are rarely seen, as they are very retiring by nature.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 191
They have a somewhat shrill piping note, heard more frequently
at sunset and kept up continuously in the same key. Their food
mostly consists of small insects. They breed from October to Janu-
ary. The roundish nest is made of dry leaves, lined inside with soft
grasses and feathers, and provided with a lateral entrance-hole. It
is usually placed in bushes from three to six feet above the ground,
and contains two to four dull white eggs with smooth shell.
[Sylmorthorhynchus fasciolatus F. Philippi (Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile,
1, No. 3, p. 65, 1909 — Valdivia) was shown by Gigoux and Looser
(Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 15, 1930) to have been based on
an artifact, made up from the body of the Chilean Marsh-wren
(Cistothorus platensis hornensis) and the tail of Sylmorthorhynchus
desmurii Gay.]
118. Aphrastura spinicauda spinicauda (Gmelin)
Moiacilla spinicauda Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 978, 1789 — based on
"Thorn-tailed Warbler" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, (2), p. 463, No. 71,
pi. 52, Tierra del Fuego.
Synallaxis tupinieri Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 1, p. 281, 1828 — Prov. Conception,
Chile; idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 10, pi. 29, fig. 1, April, 1829;
livr. 15, p. 665, April, 1830— Concepci6n.
Oxyurus ornatus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 324, Dec., 1837 — Chile.
Oxiurus patagonicus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 135 — Chiloe Island (new name
for Motacilla spinicauda Gmelin).
Oxyurus tupinieri Darwin, p. 81 — part, west coast as far north as a degree
south of Valparaiso.
Synallaxis spinicauda Fraser (1), p. 112 — Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 292 — Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 253— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 237— Chile (habits); Lataste
(1), p. CXV— Ninhue (Itata), Maule; Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXX—
San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso.
Oxyurus spinicauda (us) Hartlaub (3), p. 211 — Valdivia; Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 324, 338— Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 59— Chile; Sclater and Salvin (3),
1878, p. 433— Port Otway; E. Reed (2), p. 547— Cauquenes, Colchagua;
Ridgway (2), p. 132— Port Otway; E. Reed (4), p. 202— central provinces;
Lane, p. 38 — Maquegua, Arauco; Albert (1), 101, p. 50 — part, Chile;
Housse (1), p. 48 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; idem (2), p. 144 — Dept.
Maipo and San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 106 — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (3), p. 124 — Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4),
p. 176 — Angol, Malleco.
Aphrastura spinicauda Passler (2), p. 29 — Coronel (nest and egg descr.);
idem (3), p. 459 — Coronel, Conception (habits); Barros (4), p. 144 —
Nilahue, Curico; idem (6), p. 34 — hacienda de Huelquen, near Paine,
Prov. O'Higgins (October); idem (10), p. 357 — Aconcagua.
192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Range in Chile. — From Aconcagua to the Straits of Magellan,
including the Guaitecas Islands, but not on Chiloe" Island.
Material collected. — Maule: Pilen Alto (eight miles west of
Cauquenes), 9 ad., May 10. — Malleco: Curacautin, two cf rf1 ad.,
one 9 ad., one 9 juv., Jan. 10-13. — Cautin: Villa Portales (alt.
3,300 feet), three d* cf ad., Feb. 29, March 1; Rio Lolen (alt. 3,600
feet), Lonquimai Valley, d* ad. (in full molt), Feb. 11. — Valdivia:
Mafil, five rfcf, two 9 9 ad., Feb. 16-28.— Guaitecas Islands:
Melinka, Ascension Island, d" ad., Jan. 31. — Llanquihue: Casa
de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, three d1 d1 ad., Feb. 18, March 1, 8.
Having had the opportunity of examining a fair series from Tierra
del Fuego, I am unable to maintain the tentatively suggested Chilean
race as distinct. Neither of the characters claimed by Oustalet1
for the southern birds holds good, when specimens in corresponding
plumage are compared. The single example from Ascension Island
in the Guaitecas group is perfectly similar to mainland birds, and does
not show any approach to the ochreous-bellied Chiloe" form.
A. masafuerae (Philippi), of Mas Afuera, seems too different to be
subspecifically associated.
The "Rayadito" is a characteristic bird of the southern forests.
Bullock lists it as a common resident for the Angol Valley, Malleco,
and its breeding range extends at least to Conception, where several
nests were found by Passler. Whether the records from farther
north refer to breeding birds or migratory individuals is uncertain.
In the Nilahue Valley, Curico, Barros tells us, it is merely a winter
visitor, arriving from the south in April and departing again in
August and September. Lataste shot specimens in the third week
of the latter month at Ninhue, Maule, and others in June at San
Alfonso, Valparaiso, all of which might have been on migration.
Other records from Colchagua (Edwyn Reed), O'Higgins (Barros),
Santiago (Housse), and Valparaiso (Jaffuel and Pirion) are not
conclusive either. In Aconcagua, Barros tells us, it is a very rare
migratory visitant.
These birds are said to feed like tits, and to have a piping call-
note, also some chattering and twittering utterances, which are
frequently heard. Sometimes large flocks are seen in the forest
feeding low down and often on the ground, searching amongst dead
leaves or decayed wood for insects; as a rule, the birds are, however,
arboreal. According to Passler, they have two broods, one about
mid-October, the second two months later. Nests were found in
1Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Zool., 6, p. B 69, 1891.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 193
holes of trees, more frequently in thickets where dead leaves had
accumulated. The nest is a loose structure of roundish or cylindric
shape, and contains two or three1 smooth, dull white eggs.
119. Aphrastura spinicauda f ulva Angelini
Aphrastura fulva Angelini, Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital., (2), 6, p. 277, 1905 — Ancud,
Chiloe" Island; idem, 1. c., (2), 7, p. 96, 1906— Chilo6 (crit.).
Oxyurus tupinierl (not Synallaxis tupinieri Lesson) Darwin, p. 81 — part,
ChiloS Island.
Range. — Confined to Chiloe" Island.
Material collected. — Chiloe" Island: Quellon, four cfcf ad., one
d" juv., six 9 9 ad., Dec. 20-Jan. 5.
The series differs from A. s. spinicauda, by having the entire under
parts, including the cheeks and malar region, deep ochraceous, only
the chin and upper throat being sometimes buffy whitish. The
wide superciliaries are, as a rule, somewhat deeper ochraceous than
in the typical race, and the back is on average more rufescent.
The juvenile plumage, like the corresponding stage of spinicauda,
has a number of narrow dusky cross-bars on the back and a few
similar, though more obsolete, markings on the foreneck and sides;
the under parts are, however, just as deeply ochraceous as in the
adults.
All of our specimens are molting, and, while some have already
renewed the flight-quills, others still wear part of the abraded
breeding plumage.
A.s. fulva is the only endemic form of Chiloe" Island. Its peculiarly
restricted range offers a singular problem in distribution.
MEASUREMENTS
A. s. spinicauda — Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from Ascension, Guaitecas Islands 59 % 76 13
Three from Llanquihue 59,62,62 73,78,79 11*412,12
Five from Valdivia 54,56,58, 70,70,75,
58^,60 76,— 12,12
A. s. spinicauda — Adult females
One from Valdivia 57 69 —
One from Malleco 56 77 11 H
One from Maule 58 80 11
A . s. fulva — Adult males
Two from ChiloS 59,59 74,74 11,11
A. s. fulva — Adult females
Two from Chiloe 56,57 71,76 11,12
According to Bullock, the clutch consists of from four to six eggs.
194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
120. Phleocryptes melanops melanops (Vieillot)
Sylvia melanops Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 11, p. 232, 1817 —
based on Azara, No. 232, Paraguay; Housse (2), p. 144 — San Bernardo,
Santiago.
Oxyurus melanops Fraser (1), p. 112 — Chile.
Synallaxis melanops Des Murs (2), p. 293 — Chile (ex Bridges); Pelzeln (2), p.
59— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 253— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 238— Chile
(habits).
Synallaxis dorsomaculata Cassin, p. 188 — interior of Chile; Germain, p. 310—
Prov. Santiago (breeding habits).
Phleocryptes1 melanops Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338— Chile; E. Reed (2),
p. 547 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 202 — central provinces;
Schalow (2), p. 706 — Lake Llanquihue (eggs descr.); Albert (1), 101,
p. 231 — Chile (monog.); Barros (4), p. 144 — Nilahue, Curico; Jaffuel and
Pirion, p. 107 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Synallaxis (Phloeocryptes) melanops Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 91, p. 669 —
Chile; idem (24), p. 34, pi. 15, fig. 2— Chile.
Synallaxis montana Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 91, for Dec., 1895, p. 673, 1896
—Chile; idem (24), p. 33, pi. 15, fig. 1— Chile.
Phloeocryptes m. melanops Passler (3), p. 460 — Coronel (nesting habits).
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Val-
paraiso to Llanquihue.
Material examined. — Santiago: Vicinity of Santiago, 9 ad.,
July, 1865. R. A. Philippi (U. S. National Museum); cf ad., no
date. R. A. Philippi (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge).
— Valdivia: Valdivia, rf1 ad., Dec., 1924. F. Ohde (Munich Mu-
seum).— Chile (unspecified): 9 ad., two (unsexed) adults. J. M.
Gilliss and E. C. Reed (U. S. National Museum).
The few Chilean specimens, which we have been able to examine,
are not different from a large series of Argentine and Uruguayan
skins. S. montana was evidently based on worn examples lacking
the median rectrices.
The "Trabajador" is a widely distributed resident in central
and southern Chile, but owing to its secretive habits is often over-
looked. There are various breeding records from Santiago, Col-
chagua, Curico, Conception, and Llanquihue. It inhabits the
reed-thickets and rush-beds around the borders of lagoons, marshy
meadows, and similar wet places. According to Hudson, its language
is peculiar, this being a long cicada-like note, followed by a series of
sounds like smart taps on a piece of dry wood. It is often found in
company of the Many-colored Tyrant (Tachuris r. rubrigastra), and,
1 Frequently spelt "Phloeocryptes."
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 195
like this little neighbor, it is an expert nest-builder. The nest is a won-
derful structure, and is usually attached to three upright stems; it
is domed, oval-shaped, about nine inches deep, and the small circular
aperture, which is close to the top, is protected by a sloping tile-like
projection. It is built of tough grass-leaves, which are first daubed
with wet clay and then ingeniously woven in, and the interior is
thickly lined with feathers. The three (seldom four) eggs are pear-
shaped, and bright blue or greenish blue. Passler, who found many
nests at Coronel, states that the birds have two broods, the first
taking place between the end of September and mid-October, the
second in the latter part of December.
Outside of Chile, the "Trabajador" occurs in southern Brazil,
Paraguay, Uruguay, and throughout the greater part of Argentina,
and reappears again on the littoral of Peru.
121. Phleocryptes melanops schoenobaenus Cabanis and Heine
Phleocryptes schoenobaenus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 26, 1859 —
Lake Titicaca, Peru (type in Heine Collection, Halberstadt, examined).
Phleocryptes melanops schoenobaenus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 59, 1925— Chintaguai, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of
Tarapaca.
Material collected. — Tarapaca: Chintaguai, Quebrada de Quisma
(alt. 4,000 feet), two tf d" ad., May 24.— Wing 59, 60; tail 55; bill
Although no topotypical material in fresh plumage is available,
there can be little doubt that these birds should be referred to the
little-known Titicacan race of the "Trabajador." Compared with
four worn breeding adults from Lake Titicaca, the two specimens
agree in the long slender bill, and the under parts are deep isabella
color with very little whitish suffusion on the throat and middle
of the abdomen. Remains of this color are still discernible in the
type and one of the other Peruvian examples. In the type the
superciliaries are worn down to the grayish basis, but birds in better
plumage have them very nearly as bright buffy as in P. m. melanops.
The Tarapaca birds are smaller and the dull isabella color
superciliaries are less pronounced than in Peruvian specimens, but
these slight divergencies are likely to disappear in a larger series of
this notoriously variable form.
P. m. schoenobaenus is an altitudinal representative of the typical
race in the highlands of southern Peru, extreme northern Chile,
and Bolivia.
196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
122. Leptasthenura aegithaloides aegithaloides (Kittlitz)
Synnalaxis [sic] aegithaloides Kittlitz, M6m. Ac. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (sav. e"tr.),
1, livr. 2, p. 187, pi. 7, 1830 — on the hills near Valparaiso (type in Leningrad
Museum; cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 16,
1921); idem, Denkwiird., 1, pp. 135, 147 — near Valparaiso.
Synallaxis thelotii Lesson, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 99, 1840 — "PAme'rique me"ridionale."
Leptasthenura fuscescens Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 90, 1889—
"Falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia," errore= Valparaiso, Chile (type in
American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined).
Synallaxis (Leptasthenura) stenoptila Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 91, for Dec.,
1895, p. 673, 1896— Andes of Santiago Province; idem (24), p. 38, pi. 18,
fig. 2 — same locality.
Synallaxis aegithaloides Eydoux and Gervais (1), text to pll. 62-76, p. 32 —
Chile; idem (3), Voy. Favorite, Zool., 5, (2), p. 58— Chile; Darwin, p. 79—
part, central Chile; Fraser (1), p. 112 — Chile; Bibra, p. 129 — near Val-
paraiso; Pelzeln (2), p. 59 — Chile.
Synallaxis aegythaloides d'Orbigny, p. 243 — part, Valparaiso; Des Murs (2),
p. 289 — Valparaiso and Cordillera of Santiago; Germain, p. 310 — Chile
(habits); Philippi and Landbeck (11), p. 120— Chile (diag.); Philippi
(12), p. 252— Chile generally; Landbeck (9), p. 237— Chile (habits);
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIV— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p.
CLXX — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso.
Leptasthenura aegithaloides Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338— Chile; Salvin (2),
p. 424 — Coquimbo; E. Reed (2), p. 547 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem
(4), p. 202 — Chile; Lane, p. 39 — part, Hacienda Mansel (Santiago) and
Arauco (habits); Albert (1), 101, p. 235 — Chile (monog.); Mene"gaux and
Hellmayr, Me"m. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 19, p. 66 — part, spec, a-c, f, i-m,
Coquimbo, San Alfonso, "Chile"; Porter (4), p. 30 (f ood) ; Barros (4), p. 145
— Nilahue, Curico; Housse (2), p. 143 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock
(3), p. 124— Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 176— Angol, Malleco;
Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 106 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Leptasthenura aegithaloides aegithaloides Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 261,
1921 — part, Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Quillota, Concepcion, Valdivia;
Passler (3), p. 462 — Coronel (breeding habits); Barros (5), p. 182 — Cor-
dillera of Aconcagua; Wetmore (3), p. 257 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Coquimbo
to about 45° S. latitude.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Romero, 9 ad., July 18.—
Valparaiso: Olmue', cf ad., 9 ad., May 31, June 3. — Concepcion:
Hacienda Gualpencillo, two cf cf ad., three 9 9 ad., April 6-18.—
Malleco: Rio Colorado (alt. 3,000 feet), cf ad. (breeding), Feb. 3.—
Chilo4 Island: Quellon, cf juv., 9 ad., Jan. 4. — Llanquihue: Casa
de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, cf ad., 9 ad., 9 juv., Feb. 16, March 17.
Additional specimens. — Valdivia: Valdivia, three cf cf ad., 1897.
A. von Lossberg (Munich Museum and Berlepsch Collection, Frank-
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 197
fort Museum). — Chile: "Valparaiso," one (unsexed) adult. "June,
1885." H. H. Rusby (type of L. fuscescens; American Museum of
Natural History, New York).
With the available material I do not see any possibility of further
subdividing this form. L. fuscescens, originally supposed to have
come from the "falls of the Rio Madeira" in the Amazonian lowlands
of northern Bolivia, a most unlikely locality for a Temperate Zone
species, seems to be an absolute synonym of L. aegithaloides. One
of the types,1 A. M. N. H. No. 30,735, which was courteously sub-
mitted to my inspection, agrees closely with two typotypical examples
from Valparaiso, and I have little doubt that it actually came from
that vicinity. Another obvious synonym is L. stenoptila, based on
two birds from near Santiago. The description, "Supra omnino
nigro-cinerea, capite albo striato," is clearly erroneous, as results
from the published figure which shows a bird of the ordinary type,
viz. with brown back and rufescent crown-stripes. Both specimens
were in molt, according to Philippi, and- from his remarks it is evident
that the male still wore the old, abraded rectrices, while the tail
was only half-grown in the female.
Birds from southern Chile (Concepcion to Chilce") appear to be
slightly darker brown above with the crown-stripes deeper rufous,
and the fulvous suffusion on the flanks is as a rule darker as well as
more extensive. Our single specimen from Romero, at the northern
limit of the range, however, hardly differs from some of the
Concepcion birds save for its lighter crown-streaks. In the extreme
south of its distributional area this form grades intoL. a. pattida.
The specimens from Rio Nirehuau are noticeably paler than those
from farther north, and approach the Patagonian race by more
grayish brown back as well as by lighter crown and wing-margins,
but taken as a whole they seem better referred to aegithaloides than
to pattida.
The "Tijerita" is widely diffused in Chile, ranging from the sea-
coast up to an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet in the Cordilleras. It
is said to resemble the tits in habits. Its note is a mere twit,
but sometimes a querulous chattering, somewhat like that of Parus
major but shriller, is uttered. It feeds on insects and builds its
nest in the tangle of vines. The nest is a roundish structure, made
of dry grass-leaves lined inside with soft grass and feathers, and has a
lateral aperture. The clutch consists of three or four smooth, gloss-
1 The wing measurement is misprinted in Allen's description. It should read
59 instead of 83 mm.
198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
less, white eggs. According to Passler, there are two broods, one
about mid-October, the second towards the end of December.
123. Leptasthenura aegithaloides grisescens Hellmayr
Leptasthenura aegithaloides grisescens Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 61, 1925 — Gatico, coast of Antofagasta, Chile.
Synallaxis aegythaloides (not of Kittlitz) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn.
Av., 1, p. 23 — part, Cobija; d'Orbigny, p. 243 — part, Cobija (spec, in Paris
Museum examined).
Leptasthenura aegithaloides Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1879, p. 620 —
part, Cobija; Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 19,
p. 66 — part, spec, d, e, Cobija.
Leptasthenura aegithaloides aegithaloides Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 28, p. 261, 1921
— part, spec, a, b, Cobija.
Leptasthenura aegitaloides Gigoux, p. 86 — Caldera, Atacama.
Range in Chile. — Littoral and foothills of northern provinces,
from Atacama to the Peruvian boundary; in winter occasionally in
Coquimbo Province.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Paiguano (alt. 3,300 feet), 9 ad.,
June 19. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, cf ad., 9 ad.,
Aug. 22-23; Caldera, six d" d" ad., four 9 9 ad., March 21-27,
April 4-21, June 4-6, Sept. 16, 1924. C. C. Sanborn and E. E.
Gigoux; Domeyko (63 km. south of Vallenar), cf ad., Aug. 15. —
Antofagasta: Gatico, cf ad., April 10. — Tarapaca: Chintaguai,
Quebrada de Quisma (alt. 4,000 feet), cf ad., May 24.
Additional specimens. — Antofagasta: Cobija, two (unsexed)
adults. D'Orbigny (Paris Museum).
This northern race differs from the typical one by its paler colora-
tion throughout. The crown-stripes are broader and lighter, cin-
namomeous rather than hazel; the back is grayish brown instead
of dusky brown with the rump buffy brown rather than wood
brown; the edges to the wing coverts and quills are markedly lighter
rufous; the breast and abdomen are paler grayish, and the flanks
less strongly washed with buffy.
A single specimen (in very fresh plumage) from Paiguano, in the
interior of Coquimbo Province, while slightly browner above, other-
wise agrees so well that I cannot but refer it to the present form,
while a bird from Romero, near the coast, undoubtedly belongs to
typical aegithaloides. The Paiguano bird, taken in mid-winter, may
have been a migrant from the north.
L. a. grisescens evidently replaces aegithaloides in the arid northern
provinces of Chile. Its range extends into southern Peru, as is shown
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 199
by two skins from Islay, Dept. Arequipa, in the British Museum.
It is strictly a lowland bird, whose altitudinal distribution does not
reach much beyond 4,000 feet. The Chintaguai bird is precisely
similar to others from the coast.
124. Leptasthenura aegithaloides berlepschi Hartert
Leptasthenura aegithaloides berlepschi Hartert, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 210, 1909 —
Augusto Pericheli, Jujuy, Argentina.
Synallaxis aegythaloides (not of Kittlitz) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Antofagasta.
Leptasthenura aegithaloides Sclater (4), 1886, p. 398 — Huasco, Tarapaca; idem
(6), 1891, p. 135 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 39 — part, Sacaya.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Antofagasta, Tarapaca, and
Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Choquelimpie (alt. 15,000 feet),
9 ad., June 24. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet), cf ad.,
9 ad., Sept. 12; Ojo de San Pedro (alt. 12,400 feet), d" ad., May 2.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Sacaya, two <? d" ad., April
2, 18, 1890. A. A. Lane; Huasco, d" ad., d1 juv., Feb. 17, 1886.
C. Rahmer (all in the British Museum).
This well-marked form is easily recognizable from L. a. grisescens
by its much more buffy coloration, the back being sandy brown, the
edges to the wing coverts and secondaries avellaneous rather than
cinnamon, the wing-speculum paler, less tawny, the tips to the
lateral rectrices tinged with buffy, and the entire under parts
(posterior to the foreneck) deep buffy without any grayish on the
chest. The crown-stripes are even brighter cinnamomeous than in
grisescens and at the same time broader, under simultaneous reduc-
tion of the lateral blackish borders. Wing and tail measurements
are on average larger.
Birds from the Cordillera of Tarapaca in the British Museum
are similar to our series.
L. a. berlepschi is an altitudinal representative of the preceding
form, and replaces it in the Puna Zone of the Andes. We have seen
that at Chintaguai (4,000 feet), in the foothills of the Andes near
Pica, Tarapaca, Sanborn secured a specimen of L. a. grisescens,
but at Sacaya (alt. 12,000 feet), in the Cordillera of Tarapaca, Lane
met with L. a. berlepschi. Again, in Antofagasta, at Gatico on the
coast we find L. a. grisescens, higher up at Rio Loa (7,500 feet)
L. a. berlepschi.
According to Lane, this species is resident in the Andes of
Tarapacd.
200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
MEASUREMENTS
L. a. grisescens — Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from Islay, Peru 63 .95 9
One from Chintaguai, Tarapaca 58 86 9^
One from Gatico, Antofagasta 62 98
Three from Caldera, Atacama 57,58,61 89,90,95 9J49K—
One from Copiapo Valley 57 89 8%
One from Domeyko, Atacama 61 89 9
L. a. grisescens — Adult females
One from Copiap6 Valley 54 85 8^
One from Paiguano, Coquimbo 57 94 9
L. a. berlepschi — Adult males
Three from Cordillera of Tarapaca 62,65,71 89,99, — 8,9,9^
Two from Antofagasta 64,66 89,92 8^,—'
L. a. berlepschi — Adult females
One from Antofagasta 60 90
One from Choquelimpie, Tacna 63 9
125. Leptasthenura striata striata (Philippi and Landbeck)
Synallaxis striata Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 609, Nov.,
1861 — probably Cordillera near Tacna, coll. Frobeen; idem, Arch. Naturg.,
29, (1), p. 119, 1863— "Cordillera of Arica, Peru" =Prov. Tacna.
Leptasthenura aegithaloides (errore) Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 35,
1890 — part, spec, r, "Iquique," Tarapaca (spec, examined).
Leptasthenura striata striata Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 67, 1925 — Chintaguai, Tarapaca, and Putre, Tacna.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in provinces of
Tarapaca and Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), three d* cf
ad., two 9 9 ad., June 17, July 3, 7. — Tarapaca: Chintaguai,
Quebrada de Quisma (alt. 4,000 feet), two cf c? ad., May 24.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Palca (alt. 10,000 feet), cf ad.,
Oct. 17, 1902. 0. Garlepp (Berlepsch Collection; Frankfort Mu-
seum).— Tarapaca: Abricoya, above Iquique, juv. H. Rowland
(British Museum).
This spine-tail, while somewhat related to L. pileata Sclater,1 of
western Peru, may readily be distinguished by much paler (cin-
namon to Mikado brown rather than deep hazel) pileum which,
besides, is heavily streaked with black; paler brown ground color of
the back with more buffy longitudinal stripes; much more extensive
and wholly tawny or hazel wing-speculum; smaller as well as less
numerous blackish spots on throat and foreneck, and much paler,
less grayish under parts. The grayish apical zone of the lateral
*P. Z. S. Lond., 1881, p. 487 — west side of Coast Cordillera above Lima,
8,000 feet, Peru.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 201
rectrices, less abruptly defined against the dusky basal portion than
in the allied species, is conspicuously tinged with buffy, especially
on the outer web, and obscured by numerous irregular dusky streaks
and dots. The base of the lower mandible is distinctly yellow, as
in L. pileata.
The series exhibits some individual variation in the ground color
of the pileum, which, regardless of locality, ranges from orange-
cinnamon or Mikado brown to pinkish cinnamon, being, however,
always heavily streaked with blackish. The under parts, excepting
the white, black-spotted throat and foreneck, are very pale grayish,
sometimes faintly shaded with buff, and the breast is coarsely,
though indistinctly spotted or streaked with whitish. The edges to
the upper wing coverts and inner secondaries are bright avellaneous
or light pinkish cinnamon. An immature bird from Abricoya,
inland of Iquique, differs from the adults by having the buffy dorsal
stripes as well as their dusky lateral margins less marked, while
the blackish spots on throat and foreneck are barely suggested.
Six adult males measure as follows: wing 63, 64, 65, 65, 67, 67;
tail (central rectrix) 96-98; graduation of tail 59-64; bill 10-11.—
Two females: wing 60, 63; tail 91-96; bill 9^-10 mm.
L. s. striata, according to our present knowledge, seems to be
restricted to the Andes of northern Chile,1 its altitudinal range
extending from 4,000 to nearly 12,000 feet.
1 Birds from western Peru, heretofore united to L. striata, prove to be different
and may be separated as:
Leptasthenura striata superciliaris subsp. nov.
Type from Surco (alt. 2,050 meters), Dept. Lima, Peru, in British Museum
(Natural History), Reg. No. 1902.3.13.1072. Adult female. February 13, 1900.
Percy O. Simons.
Adult. — Similar toL. s. striata, from northern Chile, but ground-color of pileum
brighter, cinnamon-rufous; dorsal streaks wider and nearly white; super ciliaries
much more distinct and pure white, instead of evanescent and buffy; breast and
abdomen paler, less tinged with grayish; apical zone of rectrices pale gray (not
buffy) without dusky markings and sharply defined from the blackish basal zone.
Wing Bl^i, (female) 61; tail (central rectrix) 96, (female) 95; graduation of
tail 60-66; bill 10 mm.
Range. — Western slope of Coast Cordillera of Peru in Dept. of Lima.
Remarks. — In addition to the type, we have examined an adult male taken by
R. H. Beck on May 30, 1913, at Lima in the collection of the American Museum
of Natural History, New York. It merely differs by darker (hazel instead of tawny)
alar speculum and brighter, cinnamon rather than avellaneous, edges to the upper
wing coverts, divergencies that are apparently due to its being in fresher plumage.
Through the courtesy of Mr. N. B. Kinnear I have been enabled to compare
five specimens of the rare L. pileata, hitherto only known from the type. The study
of this series in conjunction with the available material of the allied forms clearly
shows that the arrangement proposed in our "Catalogue of Birds of the Amer-
icas" does not correctly express the natural relationship of these spine-tails. The
plain hazel pileum of L. pileata is evidently a character of secondary importance,
202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
126. Asthenes pyrrholeuca sordida (Lesson)
Synallaxis sordidus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 105, 1839 — Chile.1
Synallaxis sordida Des Murs (2), p. 291 — Chile; (?) Germain, p. 310 — Chile
(nesting habits); Pelzeln (2), p. 59— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338—
Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 547 — Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Synallaxis flavogularis (not of Gould) Philippi (12), p. 252 — Cordilleras of
central provinces.
Synallaxis rufogularis (lapsu) Landbeck (9), p. 234 — middle Cordilleras.
Siptornis sordida Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 15, p. 68, 1890— part, Chile;
E. Reed (4), p. 202— Chile.
Siptornis modesta (errore) Albert (1), 101, p. 241 — central and southern Chile.
Siptornis sordida sordida Barros (5), p. 182 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; idem
(6), p. 34 — San Bernardo; Housse (2), p. 145 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Acon-
cagua to Llanquihue (Rio Aisen).
Material collected .--Cautin: Rio Lolen (alt. 3,600 feet), Lon-
quimai Valley, cf ad., 9 ad., cf juv., 9 juv., Feb. 11; Lake Gual-
since careful scrutiny discloses traces of dusky marginal edges in more than one
example. Apart from the presence of heavy streaks on the crown, L. "striata"
cajabambae Chapm. is an exact duplicate of L. pileata, both agreeing in the de-
cidedly gray under parts with more or less pronounced whitish pectoral stripes,
the coarse black marginal spots on throat and foreneck, and in the small cinnamon
alar speculum being wholly concealed on the secondaries and inner primaries
by the overlying wing coverts and passing into white or buffy white at the base
of the third to the sixth primaries. Color and markings of the dorsal surface and
the pattern of the tail are also the same. The two forms replace each other geo-
graphically, and it seems pretty certain that cajabambae is merely a race of Sclater's
species and should accordingly be classified as L. pileata cajabambae. The speci-
mens of L. p. pileata were all collected by P. O. Simons in February, 1900, at San
Mateo (alt. 3,200 meters), Dept. of Lima.
The fact that L. s. superciliaris occurs in the same range, though at a lower
altitude, would seem to indicate that L. striata and L. pileata are specifically
distinct, inasmuch as the vertical distribution of L. s. striata — in northern Chile
at least— extends from 4,000 to 12,000 feet. However, the resemblance of L. s.
superciliaris to L. p. pileata in tail pattern and its brighter rufous (though un-
streaked) pileum mark such obvious steps in the direction of the pileata group that
more ample material from western Peru may yet show the two "species" to be
members of a single "formenkreis."
xln another connection (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 135,
footnote a, 1925) I have already called attention to the unsatisfactory nature of
the diagnosis. Since the above was written, I have discovered that a much fuller
description of S. sordidus was subsequently given by Lesson in Oeuvr. de Buffon,
ed. Levgque, 20, (Descr. Mamm. et Ois.), 1847, p. 290. Here the tail is stated to
be "roux vif, chaque penne largement fiammee de brun d'un cote," which clearly
excludes the members of the A. pyrrholeuca group, and seems to point to A. modesta,
with the inner web of all the rectrices largely black. The description of the upper
parts, "entierement roux-brun sale, a partir du front jusqu'au croupion," however,
does not fit the latter species, and unless the type can be found, S. sordidus will
always remain in doubt. At all events, it cannot possibly apply to the species with
wholly rufous lateral and dusky brown central rectrices, and the bird designated
above as A. p. sordida requires a new name.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 203
letuS (alt. 3,800 feet), two d* <? juv., Feb. 18, 19.— Llanquihue:
Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, two c? d" ad., Feb. 16, March 1.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Valle del Yeso, 9 ad., Jan.,
1866. R. A. Philippi (U. S. National Museum); Santiago, 9 ad.
R. A. Philippi1 (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge).—
"Chile" (unspecified): two adults. E. C. Reed (Field Museum and
U. S. National Museum).
This species is immediately recognizable from A. modesta by
having the three lateral pairs of rectrices wholly rufous2 and the two
median ones blackish brown, dusky in worn plumage.
This spine-tail having frequently been confused by authors with
related species, it is nearly impossible to outline its distribution.
The few reliable records and the material at hand, however, seem
to indicate that it is chiefly, if not exclusively, a bird of the moun-
tains. In Aconcagua Province, R. Barros tells us, it lives from
October to April, that is, in the breeding season, in the Cordilleras
at 6,000 to 10,000 feet, but is not seen there during the rest of the
year. It then probably descends to lower altitudes, for Barros and
Father Housse report to have obtained specimens in April and May
on the hills in the neighborhood of San Bernardo. Farther south
in Cautin, Sanborn, in February, collected a small series of breeding
adults and full-grown young at altitudes of 3,600 and 3,800 feet, and
the birds obtained by W. H. Osgood at Rio Nirehuau, on the eastern
side of the Andes in Llanquihue, doubtless were also nesting.
Nothing is on record regarding its habits and nidification.
127. Asthenes modesta modesta (Eyton)
Synallaxis modestus Eyton, Contrib. Ornith., 1851, p. 159, pi. 81,* fig. 2 —
"I believe it was from Bolivia" (type in British Museum examined).
Synallaxis humicola (errore) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — "Copacolla" [ =
Copacoya, Antofagasta].
Synallaxis modesta Sclater (4), 1886, p. 398 — Sacaya and Sitani, Tarapaca.
Siptornis modesta Sclater (6), 1891, p. 135 — Sacaya, Tarapaca.
Asthenes modesta modesta Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 139, 1925 — Putre and Choquelimpie, Tacna, and Rio Inacaliri,
Antofagasta.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Antofagasta, Tarapaca, and
Tacna.
1 Named "Syn. flavigularis" by Philippi on the original label.
2 The third feather (from without) occasionally has an obsolete dusky margin
on the basal portion of the inner web.
204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Rio Inacaliri (alt. 12,800 feet),
cf imm., 9 ad., April 27; Silala (alt. 14,000 feet), Bolivian boundary,
<f ad., April 27.— Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), d" ad., two 9 9
ad., June 18, 19; Choquelimpie (alt. 15,000 feet), three cfcf ad.,
one 9 ad., June 21-24.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Cordillera of Tarapaca, cf ad.,
Jan. 21, 1886. C. Rahmer; Sacaya, cf ad., March 17, 1890. A. A. Lane
(British Museum).
There has been considerable uncertainty regarding the proper
application of Eyton's name. Fortunately, the two original speci-
mens are preserved in the British Museum, where I have carefully
compared them with our material of this and the next form taken
for that purpose to London. One of the skins, labeled "Ex Mus.
T. C. Eyton, No. 1752. Synallaxis modestus Eyt., Bolivia?" (Brit.
Mus. Reg. No. 81.2.18.177), clearly pertains to the race separated by
Berlepsch1 as Siptornis modesta sajamae and agrees with a series
from Tacna and Tarapaca. The upper parts of the type are even
more decidedly sandy brown than in the other specimens, and the
chin-spot is slightly deeper rufous than even in the Silala bird, which
represents the darkest extreme in that respect. In the rufescence of
the wings and the deep, nearly pinkish buff color of the under
parts it exactly matches some of our Tacna birds. This specimen is
apparently the one with "gula macula castaneo-aurantiaca" and a
slight tinge of "castanous" [ = cinnamon-buff] on the under tail coverts
described and figured by Eyton, and may be regarded as the type.
The second example, with a similar label, but the number 1759
(Brit. Mus. Reg. No. 81.2.18.139), has a lighter chin-spot, darker
brown upper parts, and the throat heavily freckled with whitish and
dusky, and is clearly referable to A. ra. rostrata (Berl.).2
Both of Eyton's specimens appear to be skins of Bridges, who
probably secured them during his trip from Cobija across Antofagasta
to Potosi and Cochabamba, Bolivia.3 The example of A. m. rostrata
was no doubt collected somewhere in Cochabamba, while No. 1752,
which, as shown above, must be regarded as the type, probably
originated from either Antofagasta or Potosi. We herewith suggest
the Pass of Tapaquilcha, on the boundary of the two provinces, as an
appropriate type locality for S. modestus.
. Orn., 49, p. 94, 1901 — Esperanza, Sajama, Dept. Oruro, Bolivia.
*Siptornis modesta rostrata Berlepsch, 1. c., 49, p. 94, 1901 — Vacas, Dept.
Cochabamba, Bolivia.
3 For the localities visited on that journey, Bridges's two papers (in the P. Z. S.
Lond., 14, pp. 7-10, 1846; 15, pp. 28-30, 1847) should be consulted.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 205
A. m. modesta, while exceedingly variable in tone of plumage,
may be distinguished from the central Chilean form by generally
larger size, more buffy coloration throughout, and much more rufes-
cent outer aspect of the wings.
As in other races of this species, the chin-spot varies, irrespective
of sex and locality, from nearly white to tawny. Certain specimens
are conspicuous for their intense buffy under parts, but others from
the same locality are much paler.
A. m. modesta is an exclusive inhabitant of the Puna Zone, at
elevations of 11,000 feet and upwards. Its range comprises northern
Chile, the adjacent parts of southern Peru, western Bolivia, and
northwestern Argentina.
128. Asthenes modesta australis Hellmayr
Asthenes modesta australis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 138, 1925— Bafios del Toro, Prov. Coquimbo.
Synallaxis modesta (not of Eyton) Sclater (2), 1867, p. 324 — Chile; E. Reed
(2), p. 547 — Yeso, near Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Synallaxis humicola (not of Kittlitz) Philippi (12), p. 252 — Chile; Landbeck
(9), p. 237— middle Cordilleras.
Siptornis humicola Albert (1), 101, p. 238 — Chile.
Siptornis modesta E. Reed (4), p. 202 — Chile.
Siptornis modesta modesta Barros (5), p. 182 — Cerro de la Virgen (Los Andes)
and Rio Blanco, Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from southern Atacama to
Colchagua.
Material collected. — Atacama: Domeyko (63 km. south of Val-
lenar), two d"d" ad., Aug. 10, 13. — Coquimbo: Bafios del Toro
(alt. 10,600 feet), three <? cf ad., Nov. 12-14.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: vicinity of Santiago, two d" c?
ad., one 9 ad.,1 June and July, 1865. R. A. Philippi (U. S. National
Museum).
Central Chilean birds differ from typical modesta by smaller size,
paler buffy, often nearly whitish under parts, much duller, less
brownish dorsal surface, which is brownish gray with a slight tinge
of drab, and much less rufescent wings.
From A. pyrrholeuca sordida auct., which also occurs in the Andes
of central Chile, this spine-tail is easily distinguished by the parti-
colored lateral rectrices, whose basal portion is blackish-brown,
strongly contrasted with the oblique cinnamon apical spot.
1 All three specimens are named "S. humicola" by Philippi on the original labels.
206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
It is the bird which Philippi, Landbeck, and Albert erroneously
identified as A. humicola, a very distinct species with much shorter,
stouter bill and broader, bluntly rounded (instead of acutely pointed),
almost wholly blackish rectrices.
Like A. pyrrholeuca sordida, this spine-tail is an inhabitant of the
mountains. In Aconcagua R. Barros met with it in July and
August on the Cerro de la Virgen (Los Andes), and in August at
Rio Blanco, towards the Valle de los Leones, at an elevation of
6,000 feet. We have examined specimens in fresh plumage taken in
June and July in the vicinity of Santiago. Birds collected in Novem-
ber at Baiios del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), Coquimbo, are in very
worn plumage, while those shot in August at Domeyko, Atacama,
show but traces of wear. These facts suggest that these birds breed
at high elevations, and migrate to the valleys and foothills in
winter. Edwyn Reed states indeed that they live in summer in the
high Cordillera of Colchagua. Yeso, the locality mentioned by him,
appears to be the most southerly locality recorded for this species
in Chile.
Whether birds from western and southern Argentina are exactly
the same as the Chilean cannot be decided at present.
MEASUREMENTS
A. m. modesta — Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Four from Tacna 69,70,70,71 72,74,76,76 13^,15,15,15^
One from Antofagasta 70 67 14 ^
Two from Oruro, Bolivia 69,70 74,74 14,14
A. m. modesta — Adult females
Three from Tacna 65,66,68 68,69,70 13^,14,14
One from Antofagasta 67 68
One from Oruro, Bolivia 67 70 13 J^
A. m. modesta
Type of S. modestus Eyton 70 78 14^
A. TO. australis — Adult males
Two from Domeyko, Atacama 63,65 65,66 14,—
Three from Coquimbo 65,67,68 65^,67,71 14,15,16
Two from Santiago 63,65 66,67
A. m. australis — Adult females
One from Santiago 64 y2 66
129. Asthenes d'orbignyi arequipae (Sclater and Salvin)
Synallaxis arequipae Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1869, p. 417 — Arequipa,
Peru (type in British Museum examined).
Asthenes d'orbignyi arequipae Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 141, 1925— Putre, Tacna.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 207
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), three cfcf
ad., July 5-7.
These specimens differ from two Arequipa birds merely by lacking
the black margin to the inner web of the outermost rectrix. This
is probably an individual variation, since of two examples from
Sajama, Oruro, Bolivia, one agrees with the Chilean, the other with
the Arequipa skins.
This spine-tail, which is closely related to other forms occurring
in the northern and eastern parts of Bolivia, is an inhabitant of the
Temperate and Puna Zones of the Andes, its vertical range extending
from 7,000 to 13,000 feet. Its distributional area is rather limited,
comprising, as it does, the extreme southwest of Peru (Arequipa)
and the adjacent parts of northern Chile (Tacna) and western
Bolivia (Sajama, Oruro).
The present is the first record from Chile.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
One from Arequipa (type) 69 74 13
Three from Putre, Tacna 68,70,71 73,74,77 14,14,14
Two from Sajama, Bolivia 71,74 79,79 13,14
Adult female
One from Arequipa, Peru 71 70 14
130. Asthenes humicola humicola (Kittlitz)
Synnalaxis (sic) humicola Kittlitz, M6m. Ac. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (sav. e"tr.),
1, livr. 2, p. 185, 1830 — near Valparaiso (type in Leningrad Museum; cf.
Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat, 1, p. 15, 1921); idem,
Denkw., 1, p. 135 — near Valparaiso.
Synallaxis cinerea Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 91, p. 674, 1895 — Andes of San
Fernando, Colchagua; idem (24), p. 36, pi. 18, fig. 1 — San Fernando.
Synallaxis humicola d'Orbigny, p. 245 — part, Valparaiso; Darwin, p. 75 —
Valparaiso; Des Murs (2), p. 288— Chile (habits); Frauenfeld, p. 636—
road Valparaiso— Santiago; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338— Chile; Sclater,
P. Z. S. Lond., 1874, p. 22— near Valparaiso; E. Reed (2), p. 548— Cau-
quenes, Colchagua; Allen, p. 92 — Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 202 — central
provinces.
Synallaxis pumicola Fraser (1), p. 112 — Chile (habits); Bibra, p. 129 — near
Valparaiso.
Siptornis humicola MSnegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 19,
p. 79— Valparaiso; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 28, p. 263, 1921— Valparaiso;
Barros (5), p. 182 — Precordillera of Aconcagua; Gigoux, p. 87 — Caldera,
Atacama; Housse (2), p. 143 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Wetmore (3), p.
272 — Concon, Valparaiso.
208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Siptornis sordida (not of Lesson) Philippi (12), p. 253 — Chile; Landbeck (9),
p. 238— Chile (nesting habits); Albert (1), 101, p. 243— Chile (monog.);
Barros (4), p. 145 — Nilahue, Curico; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 106 — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso.
Pteroptochus rubecula (errore) Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXX — San Alfonso
(Quillota), Valparaiso; idem (3), p. LX — Peiiaflor, Prov. Santiago.
Range in Chile. — Northern and central provinces, from Atacama
to Curico.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, 9 ad., Aug. 29.—
Coquimbo: La Compania, cf ad., cf juv., Oct. 31; Romero, cf ad.,
9 ad., July 29, 31. — Valparaiso: Glume", d" ad., May 25; Hacienda
Limache, cf ad., Dec. 8, 1924. J. A. Wolffsohn. — Santiago: San
Jose" de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet), d1 ad., 9 ad., Dec. 17, 19; Penalole'n,
cf ad., Nov. 1, 1923. C. S. Reed.— O'Higgins: San Francisco,
9 ad., May, 1923. C. S. Reed. — Colchagua: Banos de Cauquenes,
9 ad., May 3, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Valparaiso: Valparaiso, adult. D'Orbigny
(Paris Museum).
Birds from various localities in central Chile agree very well
together, while those from Coquimbo and Atacama, as a rule, are
slightly less streaked on the chest. S. cinerea seems to have been
based on specimens in which the streaking underneath has nearly
disappeared through abrasion. A worn breeding male from Co-
quimbo (F. M. No. 61,755) closely resembles Philippi's figure. Further-
more, an adult female (in fresh plumage) from Banos de Cauquenes,
hence practically a topotype of S. cinerea, does not differ in any way
from Valparaiso skins. Albert, who, following Philippi and Landbeck,
misapplied to the present species the name of S. sordida, claims that
birds from the plains (var. crassirostris Philippi) are more brownish
than those from the mountains (var. cinerea), but our series shows
this variation to be seasonal and independent of locality.
The juvenile plumage resembles the adults, but the rump is more
rufous, the dusky markings below are less distinct, and the outer-
most as well as the outer web of the penultimate rectrix are strongly
rufescent.
By some unexplainable oversight, the present species was listed
by Waugh and Lataste under the name of Pteroptochus rubecula,
as is shown by two specimens from San Alfonso (one in the Paris
Museum, the other in the collection of the Linnean Society of
Bordeaux), which were kindly re-examined on my request by M.
J. Berlioz.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 209
The "Canastero" is widely diffused in the northern and central
provinces of Chile from Caldera south to Curico, being resident
throughout its range. It is chiefly found in the plains and foothills
(pre-Cordillera), and more sparingly in the Andes, where according to
Barros it does not ascend beyond an altitude of 6,000 feet.1 The
birds are stated to frequent dense thickets of low brush, where they
work slowly about among the limbs or occasionally on the ground.
Their clear, trilled song is compared by Wetmore to that of some
wren. They build a voluminous nest of cylindrical shape in small
trees several feet above the ground, and in September the female
lays three dull white eggs.
131. Asthenes humicola polysticta Hellmayr
Asthenes humicola polysticta Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 4, p. 144, 1925 — Hacienda Gualpencillo, Concepci6n.
Synallaxis humicola (not of Kittlitz) Lesson, Echo du Mond. Sav., 11, 2nd
sem., No. 15, col. 347, Aug. 22, 1844— Chile (crit.).
Siptornis humicola Passler (3), p. 462 — Coronel (habits).
Range in Chile. — Southern Chile, in provinces of Concepcion
and Maule.
Material collected. — Concepcion: Hacienda Gualpencillo, four
cf & ad., five 9 9 ad., April 11-20. — Maule: Pilen Alto, eight miles
west of Cauquenes, d" ad., 9 ad., May 10, 13.
This race differs from A. h. humicola by much more heavily
marked under parts, the foreneck and breast down to the middle of
the abdomen showing very distinct, blackish marginal spots or
edges to the feathers, while the flanks and under tail coverts are
much duller, varying from cinnamon-brown to snuff-brown instead
of being bright tawny. The markings produce a regular black-and-
whitish longitudinal streaking which, becoming slightly narrower,
extends down to the anal region. In A. h. humicola, the lateral edges
of the feathers on the foreneck and breast are much paler, a dull
grayish brown, much less contrasted with the buffy white central
streaks, and but rarely intermixed with a few isolated dusky or
blackish marginal dots; the middle of the belly is plain (unspotted)
buffy.
Our series of eleven is very constant in its characters, though the
two birds from Maule, by brighter ruf escent flanks, form the transi-
tion to A. h. humicola.
^hilippi's record of Synallaxis humicola (Ornis, 4, p. 158) from "Copacolla"
[=Copacoya, north of San Pedro de Atacama] in the Puna Zone of Antofagasta
refers to A. m. modesta.
210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
A. h. polysticta replaces the typical form south of the Rio Maule.
Passler found it breeding at Coronel, Concepcion. In habits it
apparently resembles its northern relative. Around Coronel it has
two broods, the first at the end of September or early in October,
the second in December. The clutch consists of three, rarely two
eggs.
MEASUREMENTS
A. h. humicola — Adult males
Two from Coquimbo
One from Valparaiso
One from Santiago
A. h. humicola — Adult females
One from Caldera, Atacama
One from Coquimbo
One from O'Higgins
One from Colchagua
A. h. polysticta — Adult males
One from Maule
Four from Concepcion
A. h. polysticta — Adult females
One from Maule
Five from Concepcion
Wing
61,61
64
64
58
62
65
63
64
63,64,66,66
65
62,63,64,64,64
Tail
77,70
80
72,75,78,80
77
72,73,75,76,78
132. Asthenes anthoides (King)
Synallaxis anthoides King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1,
p. 30, March, 1831 — no locality specified, presumably Straits of Magellan;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338— Chile; idem, P. Z. S. Lond., 1874, p. 25—
near Valparaiso; E. Reed (2), p. 548 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Housse
(2), p. 144 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Synallaxis rufogularis Gould in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 77, pi. 23, 1839 —
near Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 112 — Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 290 — near
Valparaiso; Philippi (12), p. 252— Chile; Landbeck (9), p. 238— Chile
(habits).
Siptornis anthoides E. Reed (4), p. 202— Chile; Albert (1), 101, p. 245— Chile
(monog.); Barros (6), p. 34 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Passler (3), p. 463 —
Coronel, Concepcion (nesting habits); Bullock (4), p. 175 — Angol, Malleco.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern Chile, from Valparaiso
to the Straits of Magellan. (Also along the foot of the Argentine
Andes as far north as Lake Nahuel Huapi.)
Material collected. — Cautin: Rio Lolen (alt. 3,600 feet), Lon-
quimai Valley, d" ad., 9 ad., three cT d" juv., one 9 juv., Feb.
11-13; Lake Gualletue" (alt. 3,800 feet), d* ad., 9 juv., Feb. 18.—
Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 9 ad., March 1.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: San Bernardo, 9 ad., Aug. 20,
1923. Carlos S. Reed (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 211
bridge, Mass.); vicinity of Santiago, c? ad., 9 ad., July, 1865.
R. A. Philippi (U. S. National Museum).
King's Spine-tail is immediately distinguished from the other
Chilean species of the genus by the heavily black-spotted upper
parts. The juvenile plumage lacks the orange (or yellow) gular
spot, and the chest and sides are transversely barred with sooty.
I fail to find any constant difference between birds from the
south and those from Santiago, though there is much individual
variation.
The breeding range of this species cannot be properly defined
at present, but seems to be restricted to the southern provinces.
Sanborn secured full-grown young birds in February in the low
Cordilleras (3,600 to 3,800 feet) of Cautin Province, and Passler
records its breeding in the vicinity of Coronel, Concepcion. In the
Angol Valley, Malleco, Bullock observed it merely from April to
September, and doubts that it nests in the region. Edwyn Reed
lists it as common for Cauquenes, Colchagua, without stating the
time of its occurrence. In Santiago Province it appears to be only
a winter visitor. At San Bernardo Barros shot specimens in May
and September, Carlos S. Reed in August. Housse states that it
stays there all winter. The United States National Museum has
two adults collected by Philippi in July near the city of Santiago.
According to Landbeck, this spine-tail frequents open pastures,
wet meadows, and hill slopes, but does not penetrate the mountains
to any considerable altitude. Passler describes the nest as being
similar to that of A. humicola polysticta, but smaller, more roundish,
and lacking the entrance-tunnel. The aperture, placed in the upper
portion of the structure, is often protected by small, thorny sticks,
and the inside of the nest is profusely fitted with plant-wool, dried
lichens, and flowers.. The eggs are dull white, sometimes tinged
with yellowish.
[Two other species of the subfamily Synallaxinae have been errone-
ously credited to Chile.
(1) Synallaxis stissitura Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd
sem., No. 13, col. 303, Aug. 15, 1844 — "Chile"; — S. stipitura Lesson,
Oeuvr. Buffon, 6d. LeVeque, 20, (Descr. Mamm. et Ois.), p. 288,
1847— "Chile"; Des Murs (2), p. 294— Chile (ex Lesson).
An unidentifiable member of the rufous-crowned section of Syn-
allaxis, perhaps an earlier name for S. azarae elegantior Scl. The
habitat "Chile" is doubtless erroneous.
212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
(2) Synallaxis striaticeps Des Murs in Gay, p. 291 — "Chile";
E. Reed (4), p. 202; Siptornis striaticeps Albert (1), 101, p. 248— Chile.
Claudio Gay claims to have met with the Striped-crowned Spine-
tail, whose actual name is Cranioleuca pyrrhophia striaticeps, some-
where in Chile, without giving any details. As no representative of
the genus Cranioleuca has ever been found within the boundaries of
the republic, Gay's record must be rejected as untrustworthy.
Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile, 13, p. 253, 1868) also denies its occurrence
in Chile.]
133. Pygarrhicus albo-gularis (King)
Dendrocolaptes albo-gularis King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1, p. 30, March, 1831 — locality not specified, presumably Straits of Magel-
lan; Des Murs (2), p. 297 — southern provinces of Chile; Philippi (12), p.
254 — from Colchagua southward; Landbeck (9), p. 238 — from the central
provinces south (habits).
Dendrodramus leucosternus Gould in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 82, pi. 27,
1839 — Chiloe Island and near Rancagua, O'Higgins.
Dendrodramus leucosternon Fraser (1), p. 112 — Colchagua Province.
Pygarhicus albogularis Hartlaub (3), p. 210 — Valdivia.
Pygarrhichus albogularis Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 324, 338 — southern Chile;
Bullock (3), p. 124— Nahuelbuta, Malleco.
Pygarrhicus albigularis E. Reed (2), p. 548 — Piedra Rajada, Colchagua; idem
(4), p. 202 — central and southern Chile; Lane, p. 39 — Maquegua, Arauco
(habits); Albert (1), 101, p. 250 — Chile, north to Colchagua (monog.);
Barros (6), p. 32 — Hacienda de Huelquen, near Paine, Prov. O'Higgins.
Pigarrhicus albigularis Bullock (5), p. 175 — Angol, Malleco.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from O'Hig-
gins to the Straits of Magellan. (Also along the foot of the Andes
on the Argentine side as far north as Mendoza.)
Material collected. — Maule: Pilen Alto (eight miles west of Cau-
quenes), cf ad., May 10. — Malleco: Curacautin, cf ad., 9 ad., 9
juv., Jan. 8-15. — Cautin: Lake Gualletu6 (alt. 3,800 feet), two cf cf
juv., Feb. 21. — Valdivia: Rinihue, cf juv., March 14; Mafil, two
9 9 ad., one cf juv., Feb. 18-24. — Chilo6 Island: Rio Inio, cf ad.,
9 juv., Jan. 15, 19; Quellon, cf ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 23-28.—
Llanquihue: Rio Aisen, 9 ad., April 2; Rio Nirehuau, cf juv., 9
juv., March 6.
The juvenile plumage is heavily spotted with tawny above, these
spots often verging into ochraceous-buff or warm buff on the back;
the posterior under parts are also washed with buff, the blackish
margins to the feathers of the sides being broken and less pronounced.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 213
The "Comecebo Grande" is a characteristic species of the beech
and oak woods, with the distribution of which its range very nearly
coincides in Chile and adjacent countries. In the southern provinces
it is widely diffused throughout the lowlands and hills from the sea-
coast up to an elevation of about 4,000 feet. The Museum Expedi-
tion found it common on Chiloe" Island and in Valdivia Province as
well as at Curacautin (alt. about 1,700 feet), Malleco, and at Lake
Gualletue' (alt. 3,800 feet), Cautin. Lane met with it in fair numbers
at Maquegua, Arauco, not far from the coast. In Malleco, accord-
ing to Bullock, it chiefly occurs on the hills, where there are still
native trees, and he notes it as particularly abundant on the Cerro
de Nahuelbuta. There are no definite records from Concepcion,
though Sanborn secured a single male at Pilen Alto in the neigh-
boring province of Maule, nor has the species been listed from
either Linares, Talca, or Curico. However, it is known to inhabit
the mountainous parts of Colchagua, where it was found by Bridges,
Landbeck, and Edwyn Reed. The last-named naturalist specifically
mentions Piedra Rajada as locality, without stating its altitude.
The "Comecebo Grande" even ranges into O'Higgins, which at
present marks the northern limit of its distributional area. Darwin
met with it in some woods near Rancagua (alt. about 1,600 feet),
and quite recently R. Barros obtained specimens at Huelquen (alt.
4,500 feet), near Paine, in the month of October.
The habits of these birds, as regards feeding and movement, are
described as being the same as those of woodpeckers and tree-creepers.
They usually creep about the tops of high forest trees, but now and
then come lower down, and at times even to the ground. They peck
with considerable force, like a woodpecker. The note is a loud,
somewhat sharp chirruping, and is frequently uttered. According
to Albert, they nest in hollow trees, and the clutch consists of three
or four white eggs.
'
[Two other species of the Philydorinae have been erroneously credited
to the Chilean fauna.
Claudio Gay (Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 296) believed that
Anabates cristatus Spix might occur in Chile. This surmise is alto-
gether unfounded, Pseudoseisura c. cristata and P. c. unirufa, its
close ally, being restricted to the plains of Brazil and eastern Bolivia.
Anabates turdoides Lesson (Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem.,
No. 14, col. 325, Aug. 18, 1844; idem, Oeuvr. Buff on, ed. Le"v§que,
20, p. 279; Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 296) was described
214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
as a new species from "Chile." This bird, which I have not yet
succeeded in identifying, seems to be allied to Automolus or Thripo-
phaga. Neither genus has any representative in Chile.]
134. Pteroptochos tarnii (King)1
Hylactes tarnii King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, Jan.,
1831— Chiloe Island and Port Otway, Gulf of Penas; Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 325, 338— southern Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 283—
Halt Bay, Mesier Channel; Ridgway (2), p. 135 — Port Otway, Gulf of
Penas; E. Reed (4), p. 203 — Valdivia; Lane, p. 42 — Arauco, Corral and
Rio Bueno (Valdivia), Puerto Montt, Llanquihue; Albert (1), 100, p. 606 —
southern Chile; Passler (3), p. 455 — Coronel (habits); Housse (1), p.
49 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Bullock (3), p. 124 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta,
Malleco; idem (4), p. 175 — Angol, Malleco.
Megalonyx ruficeps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 15, 1837— Valdivia.
Leptonyx tarnii d'Orbigny, p. 138, pi. 8, fig. 1 — Valdivia.
Pteroptochos tarnii Darwin, p. 70 — from the neighborhood of Concepcion to
south of the peninsula of Tres Montes; Des Murs (2), p. 304 — Concepcion
to Magellania; Boeck, p. 499 — Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 254 — Concepcion
to Straits of Magellan; Cunningham (2), p. 347 — common in Chiloe and
in the Chonos Archipelago and even as far south as Halt Bay, Mesier
Channel; Landbeck (9), p. 240 — Chiloe" to Concepcion (habits); C. Reed
(1), p. 38 — Concepcion.
Megalonyx tarnii Lesson (11), p. 209— Chiloe"; idem (12), col. 253— Chiloe".
Range in Chile. — From Concepcion to Mesier Channel in the
Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Malleco: Curacautin, 9 juv., Jan. 13.—
Valdivia: Rinihue, c? imm., March 11; Mafil, cf juv., 9 ad., Feb.
16, 28. — Chiloe" Island: Quellon, three cf d" ad., 9 ad., <? juv.,
Dec. 20-Jan. 27; Rio Inio, 9 ad., one adult (unsexed), two d" 6"
juv., Jan. 8-15. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, cf
imm., March 1.
1 Lesson (Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, "July," 1842; Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 12,
No. 41, p. 197, Sept., 1842) describes a new species, Megalonyx rufocapillus, from
Chilo6, collected by his brother Adolphe Lesson, surgeon of the "Pylade." The
diagnosis — "Sincipite rufo; corpore supra brunneo, rufo^tincto; genis griseis;
collo antici griseo sordidp rufuloque tincto; thorace albo et nigro-lineato; abdomine
griseo; alis runs; rectricibus nifis, lateralibus atro et albo ocellatis"^— does not
fit any Chilean bird. Des Murs (in Gay, 1, p. 306) merely gives a Spanish version
of Lesson's description, without adding anything. Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile,
31, p. 255, 1868), the only author who has quoted the name since, considers it a
synonym of P. tarnii. That species, however, has neither black and white bars on
the throat nor a rufous tail with black and white spots on the lateral rectrices.
I am quite unable to make it out, and strongly doubt the locality "ChiloeV1 M.
Berlioz's efforts, on my behalf, to locate the type in the Rochefort Museum, where,
according to Lesson's own statement (Rev. Zool., 5, p. 130, 1842), the greater
part of his brother's collection was deposited, unfortunately were unsuccessful.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 215
Birds in juvenile plumage are much duller underneath, auburn
rather than bright chestnut, and lack the concentric black abdominal
markings, which are replaced by faint dusky vermiculations; besides,
the rufous cap is much duller, a good many of the crown-feathers
being apically edged with sooty, and the lower mandible is pale
brownish.
The "Hued-hued" is a common bird in southern Chile, from
the vicinity of Concepcion south to Mesier Channel (Halt Bay),
and ranges across the Andes to the extreme western section of Rio
Negro and Chubut. It is reported to be plentiful in pieces of old
forest where "quila" and other undergrowths abound, but occurs
also in the more cultivated parts wherever there is sufficient cover,
such as ravines, banks of rivers, and similar places. Landbeck,
Lane, and Passler have described at length its manners and various
call-notes. The last-named observer found its nest at the bottom
of a deep burrow in the steep bank of a river. It was made of dry
grass and contained, about the middle of November, two broadly
oval, slightly glossy, white eggs.
135. Pteroptochos castaneus Philippi and Landbeck
Pteroptochus castaneus Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, No. 3,
p. 408, Sept., 1864— Hacienda de la Puerta, Colchagua; Philippi (12),
p. 254 — Colchagua; idem (24), p. 38, pi. 16 — Hacienda de la Puerta,
Colchagua.
Pteroptochos tarnii (not of King) Bridges, p. 94 — Andes of Chile, 34°-35° S. lat.
= Colchagua.
Pteroptochos castaneus Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 31, (1), p. 56,
1865 — Hacienda de la Puerta, Prov. Colchagua; idem, 1. c., 32, (1), p.
121, 1866 — Hacienda de la Puerta and "Talcarcguc" [=Talcaregua],
Colchagua (descr. juv., crit.); Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 325, 338— Colchagua.
Hylactes castaneus Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Ornith., p. 58, pi. 29 — Col-
chagua; Landbeck (9), p. 240— Colchagua (habits); E. Reed (2), p. 549—
Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 203 — "provincias del centre i del
sur"; Allen, p. 99— "Valparaiso" (?); Albert (1), 100, p. 607— "centre i sur
del Chile."
Range in Chile. — Only known from Colchagua.1
Material examined. — Colchagua: Talcaregua, 9 ad., Nov., 1865.
R. A. Philippi (Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge); Colchagua, <? ad.,
9 ad., adult (unsexed). Landbeck and E. C. Reed (British Museum).
—"Chile" (locality not specified): fifteen specimens, collected by
1C. S. Reed (Av. Prov. Concepcion, p. 38) is certainly mistaken in including
this species among the birds found in Concepcion Province.
216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
F. Leybold, T. Bridges, Renault, and others (British Museum and
Paris Museum).
The "Turco castana" is as yet only known from Colchagua Prov-
ince. It was first met with by Philippi and Landbeck in December,
1860, in the Hacienda de la Puerta, at an elevation of about 5,000
feet above sea level. Here it was observed in small companies,
frequenting the deep ravines traversed by the streams which descend
from the neighboring snow fields. Subsequently, additional speci-
mens were obtained, in November, 1865, from Talcaregua, in a
more northern part of Colchagua. Two young birds taken in the
first third of November being full-grown, the species would appear
to breed early in the Antarctic summer. Edwyn Reed lists it as
rare in the vicinity of Cauquenes.1 Its favorite resorts are the
bottoms of the deepest and dampest ravines, which are densely
clothed with a coarse grass called "quila" and thickets formed by
a kind of beech, thus localities similar to those affected by P. tarnii,
which it is also said to resemble in actions and call-note.
P. castaneus, while probably a northern representative of P.
tarnii, differs strikingly from its ally by rufous (instead of slaty)
throat and foreneck, lesser amount of rufous on the crown, this
color being restricted to the forehead and a superciliary stripe;
paler, more olivaceous dorsal surface, with distinct buff or ochraceous
apical spots to the greater upper wing coverts and inner secondaries,
etc. Until we acquire a better knowledge of its distribution, it seems
advisable to keep the two birds specifically different.
136. Pteroptochos megapodius Kittlitz
Pteroptochos (us) megapodius Kittlitz, M6m. Acad. Sci. St. Pe'tersb., (sav.
e"tr.), 1, livr. 2, p. 182, pi. 4, 1830 — Valparaiso (type in Leningrad Museum;
cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 15, 1921); Darwin,
p. 71 — northern and central Chile; Lesson (10), p. 135 — Valparaiso; Fraser
(1), p. Ill — near Valparaiso; Des Murs (2), p. 302 — Chile (monog.);
Bibra, p. 129 — Valparaiso (habits); Cassin, p. 184 — Chile; Kittlitz, Denkw.,
1, p. 137— near Valparaiso; Pelzeln (2), p. 60— Chile; Philippi (12), p.
254 — central and northern provinces; Landbeck (9), p. 239 — Chile (habits);
Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXX — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso;
idem (3), p. LIX — Penaflor, Santiago.
Pteroptochus paradoxtis (errore) Frauenfeld, p. 636 — near Valparaiso (spec, in
Vienna Museum examined).
Hylactes megapodius Pelzeln (2), p. 60— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 325,
338— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 549— Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p.
1 His remark that it is more common in the south is doubtless due to confusion
with the southern species, P. tarnii.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 217
203 — central provinces; Lane, p. 44 — Hacienda Mansel, Santiago; Sclater,
Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. XXIII, 1897— Chile (egg descr.); Schalow (2),
p. 704— La Serena, Coquimbo; Albert (1), 100, p. 609— Chile (monog.);
C. Reed (1), p. 38— Conception; Barros (4), p. 143— Nilahue, Curico;
idem (5), p. 179 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; C. Reed (4), p. 145 — Cerros
de Lampa, Santiago (food); Passler (3), p. 456 — Coronel, Conception
(habits); Housse (2), p. 143 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 110 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Megalonyx rufus Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 200, pi. 66, May, 1832 — "le sud du
Chile, dans le pays des Araucans et des Puelches"; Lafresnaye and
d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, p. 15 — Chile; Lesson, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
12, p. 196 — Valparaiso.
Leptonyx macropus Swainson, Zool. Illust., 2nd ser., 3, p. 117, pi. 117, 1833 —
Chile; d'Orbigny, p. 197 — Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, ranging from Coquimbo to
Concepcion.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: La Compania, 9 juv., Oct. 31.—
Valparaiso: Limache, c? ad., 9 ad., June, 1922. C. S. Reed. — San-
tiago: Lampa, 9 ad., June 2, 1923. C. S. Reed; Batuco, 9 ad.,
July 22, 1923. C. S. Reed; San Jose" de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet),
c? juv., two 9 9 juv., Dec. 17-19. — Colchagua: Tinguiririca, cf
ad., July 5, 1924; Pelequen, d1 ad., July 10, 1923. C. S. Reed.
The two specimens from Colchagua have the foreneck and chest
of a deeper as well as more uniform rufous than the others, but
are closely approached by a female from Batuco. Young birds are
much more buffy underneath with the blackish cross-bands less
pronounced; superciliaries, chin, and sides of throat are buff instead
of white; the lower mandible is yellowish.
The range of the "Turco" is restricted to the central provinces.
A few specimens have been taken as far north as Coquimbo, but
it appears to be most abundant in Aconcagua, Valparaiso, Santiago,
and Colchagua. Barros found it in small numbers in the valley
of Nilahue, Curico, and Passler in the hills inland of Coronel,
Concepcion, the latter locality marking the southern limit of its
recorded distributional area.
The "Turco" lives amongst the hills and mountains up to 8,000
feet, descending to lower regions only where snow falls. Like P.
tarnii, it digs a deep burrow in the hillside or in the river bank,
and lays two broadly oval, white eggs. Passler found the eggs near
Coronel early in October. A figure of the nesting-hole is given by
Lane (Ibis, 1897, p. 44).
218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
137. Scelorchilus rubecula (Kittlitz)
Pteroptochos rubecula Kittlitz, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (sav. etr.), 1, livr.
2, p. 179, pi. 2, 1830 — Conception, Chile (type in Leningrad Museum;
cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 14, 1921); Darwin,
p. 73 — from Conception to 47° S. lat.; Des Murs (2), p. 304 — Conception,
Valdivia, Chiloe"; Kittlitz, Denkwiird. Reise, 1, p. 123 — San-Tome, near
Conception; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 325, 338— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 225—
Chiloe to Colchagua; Landbeck (9), p. 240— Chiloe to Colchagua (habits);
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 28, p. 213, 1921— Valdivia.
Megalonyx rubecula Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, p. 16 — Chile.
Leptonyx rubecula d'Orbigny, p. 196 — Valdivia.
Megalonyx rufogularis d'Orbigny, pi. 7, fig. 3; Lesson (10), p. 135 — Valdivia
and Chiloe.
Pteroptochus rubecula Tschudi, p. 18 — Chiloe; Boeck, p. 500 — Valdivia; Pelzeln
(2), pp. 60, 163— Chiloe; Ridgway (2), p. 135— Port Otway, Gulf of Penas;
E. Reed (4), p. 203 — Valdivia and south, rare north of the Rio Maule;
Lane, p. 40 — Puerto Varas (Llanquihue), Rio Bueno and Calle-Calle
(Valdivia), Chiloe (habits); Albert (1), 100, p. 602— from Colchagua south-
ward; Blaauw (1), pp. 28, 32, 64 — Lake Todos Santos and near Puerto
Montt, Llanquihue, and Hoppner Sound, Gulf of Penas; Passler (3), p.
454 — Coronel (habits); Housse (1), p. 49 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Bullock
(3), p. 123 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 175 — Angol,
Malleco.
Pteroptochus rubicula E. Reed (2), p. 549 — Talhuen, Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Pteroptochos rubecula nemorivaga Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p.
333, June 16, 1923— Port Otway, "Straits of Magellan" = Gulf of Penas.
Range in Chile. — From the Gulf of Penas to southern Colchagua.1
Material collected. — Malleco: Curacautin, three cf cf ad., two
9 9 ad., one cf juv., Jan. 9-13. — Valdivia: Mafil, cf ad., two 9 9
ad., Feb. 17; Rinihue, 9 ad., March 6. — Chilo£ Island: Quellon,
four cf cf, four 9 9, one cf juv., Dec. 20-Jan. 1; Rio Inio, eight
cf cf, one 9 ad., two cf cf juv., Jan. 11-16. — Llanquihue: Rio
Aisen, 9 ad., April 2; Rio Nirehuau, one unsexed, Feb. 21.
As we have pointed out elsewhere,2 birds from the extreme south
(Llanquihue) are nowise different from a series collected at Curacau-
tin, Malleco. P. r. nemorivaga, from Port Otway, appears to have
been based on specimens whose coloration has been altered through
preservation in alcohol. Young birds differ from the adults merely
by having the middle of the belly suffused with orange-rufous, and
the throat and foreneck are frequently, though not always, paler
rufous.
»Waugh and Lataste's (Act. Soc. Sclent. Chili, 4, p. CLXX; 1. c., 5, p. LX)
records of this species from San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso, and Penan1 or,
Santiago, prove to be referable to Asthenes h. humicola!
2 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 3, p. 6, 1924.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 219
The "Chucao" is chiefly found in the forested section of southern
Chile, from Concepcion to the Gulf of Perias, and is particularly
plentiful in Valdivia, Llanquihue, and on Chilo£ Island. Blaauw
and the naturalists of the "Albatross" met with it in the Tres Montes
Peninsula, so far the most southerly recorded locality. According
to Sanborn's and Bullock's observations, the "Chucao" is fairly
numerous in Malleco, while Passler found it not uncommon near
Coronel, in the Bay of Concepcion. While Darwin states that this
bird does not occur north of Concepcion, both Philippi and Land-
beck give its range as extending north to Colchagua, and Edwyn
Reed tells us that, although rare north of the Rio Maule, it is some-
times met with in the Talhuen district, in the southern part of the
hacienda de Cauquenes.
The "Chucao" inhabits thick undergrowth in the forest, being
generally found in the vicinity of streams. "The birds are rather
wary, come out now and then into view, when unconscious of obser-
vation, but on perceiving anybody near, they are so hasty in their
retreat that they seem to vanish into nothing. Their movements
can only be compared to the flight of an arrow or such-like missile —
that is, when they make a dart across an open space or retreat from
observation. Otherwise they hop or run along in an easy-going
way, and will come quite close under cover of bushes. Their note
is very loud and is uttered in almost the same tone as the gobbling
of a turkey. The male emits a note something like the crow of
a cock; this it utters at intervals while threading its way through
the labyrinths of the forest undergrowth" (A. A. Lane). The nest,
we are told by Passler, is placed in holes on steep river banks, and
contains in October or November two broadly oval, smooth, slightly
glossy white eggs.
138. Scelorchilus albicollis albicollis (Kittlitz)
Pteroptochos (us) albicollis Kittlitz, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (sav. etr.),
1, livr. 2, p. 180, pi. 3, 1830 — Valparaiso; Darwin, p. 72 — part, central
Chile; Fraser (1), p. Ill — central provinces; Des Murs (2), p. 303 — Chile
(monog.); Bibra, p. 129— Chile (habits); Cassin, p. 184— Chile; Kittlitz,
Denkw., 1, p. 136 — near Valparaiso; Germain, p. 311 — Santiago (breeding
habits); Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 325, 338— central Chile; Philippi (12),
p. 254 — part, central provinces; E. Reed (2), p. 549 — Cauquenes, Col-
chagua; Landbeck (9), p. 239 — Chile (habits); Waugh and Lataste (2), p.
CLXX— San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; idem (3), p. LIX— Penaflor,
Santiago; E. Reed (4), p. 203 — central provinces; Barros (4), p. 142 —
Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 179 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Jaffuel and
Pirion, p. 110 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus.
220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 14, 1921 — (type in Leningrad Museum, erroneously
stated to be from El Tom6, Concepci6n).
Myiothera albicollis Meyen, p. 77 — Casa Blanca, Valparaiso.
Megalonyx medius Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 316, Sept. 27, 1834 —
Valparaiso; idem, Illust. Zool., pi. 60, 1835 — Valparaiso.
Megalonyx albicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, p. 15 — Chile.
Leptonyx albicollis d'Orbigny, p. 196, pi. 8, fig. 2 — "Concepci6n, Valdivia"
(errore; cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 28, p. 213, 1921).
Scelorchilus albicollis albicollis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
13, Part 3, p. 7, pi. 3, 1924 — Olmu6, San Jos6 de Maipo, and Lampa.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from Aconcagua to Curico.
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Olmue", two cf cf ad., three 9 9
ad., May 24, 27, June 3; Las Rojas, Quillota, cf ad., Aug. 22. J. A.
Wolffsohn,' Limache, 9 ad., Oct. 19. J. A. Wolffsohn. — Santiago:
San Jos£ de Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet), 9 ad., Dec. 21; Lampa, cf ad.,
9 ad., June 2. C. S. Reed.
The series is very uniform except that birds in worn plumage
(October to December) are less buffy below and not so deeply
colored above.
The "Tapaculo" is common in the heart of central Chile, from
Aconcagua to Colchagua, ranging southwards into Curico, where
R. Barros found it in small numbers in the valley of Nilahue. The
localities "Conception and Valdivia" — mentioned by d'Orbigny on
the authority of a M. Fontaine — are erroneous. The exact northern
limit of its distribution cannot be given at present, though it possibly
extends into the southern parts of Coquimbo Province.1
This bird is reported to be resident in bushy ravines and river
banks, ascending in the hills to an approximate altitude of 5,000 feet.
In October or November, Germain tells us, it lays two eggs in a
badly constructed nest, which it places in the holes of cliffs or oftener
in the empty galleries of Octodon cumingii.
139. Scelorchilus albicollis atacamae Hellmayr
Scelorchilus albicollis atacamae Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 71, 1924— Caldera, Atacama; idem, 1. c., 13, Part 3, p. 7, pi. 3,
1924 — Caldera, Quebrada del Leon, and La Compania.
Pteroptochos (its) albicollis (not of Kittlitz) Darwin, p. 72 — part, Copiapo
Valley; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 162 — Quebrada de La Encantada,
Atacama; idem (12), p. 254 — part, northern provinces; Sharpe, p. 8 —
Coquimbo; Salvin (2), p. 425 — Coquimbo; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 —
Quebrada de La Encantada; Schalow (2), p. 705 — Totoralillo, Coquimbo
Bay; Gigoux, p. 86 — Caldera.
'The bird seen by Darwin near Illapel probably belonged to typical albicollis.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 221
Range in Chile. — Northern provinces, from Coquimbo to
Atacama.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, 9 ad., Aug. 29 (type of
subspecies); Quebrada del Leon, near Caldera, two cf d* ad., March
26. C. C. Sanborn; d1 ad., two 9 9 ad., Sept. 19, May 18.
E. Gigoux. — Coquimbo: La Compafiia, 9 ad., Oct. 31.
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Las Cardas, d" ad., July,
1879. Coppinger; Coquimbo, two adults, Aug. 25, 1879, Nov., 1881.
Coppinger and A. H. Markham (British Museum).
This form differs from the typical one by slenderer bill and much
paler coloration throughout, which reflects the dry nature of the
country it inhabits. The dorsal surface is pale (brownish) gray
instead of warm brown; the rufous of the pileum less intense and
more restricted to the fore-crown; the barring of the rump buffy-
white instead of ochraceous-buff; the rufous of the wings and tail
lighter, cinnamon-rufous rather than hazel; the upper wing coverts
less rufescent; the under parts nearly white instead of buffy;
the flanks but faintly tinged with buffy instead of being strongly
washed with tawny-olive or clay-color.
The series from Caldera and Coquimbo is strikingly different
from S. a. albicollis, as represented by specimens from Valparaiso
and Santiago. Even a bird in worn breeding plumage (from Co-
quimbo), when compared with another in corresponding condition
from San Jos£ de Maipo, can readily be told apart.
S. a. atacamae replaces the typical form in the semi-arid dis-
tricts of Coquimbo and Atacama.
MEASUREMENTS
S. a. albicollis — Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Three from Valparaiso 81,81,82 76,76,80 19J^,20,21
One from Santiago 80 75 20
S. a. albicollis — Adult females
Four from Valparaiso 73,77,78,81 74,74,74,77 18^,18^,19,20
Two from Santiago 77,79 72,76 20,20
S. a, atacamae
Five adult males 74,76,76, 68,71,75, 17^,17^,19,
76, 78 76,— 20,21
Four adult females 72,74,76,76 65,68,71,73 19,19,19,20
140. Scytalopus magellanicus magellanicus (Gmelin)
Motacilla magellanica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 979, 1789 — based on
"Magellanic Warbler" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, (2), p. 464, Tierra del
Fuego (descr. juv.).
222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Sylvia obscura King, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 429, 1828 — Port Famine,
Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum examined).
Scytalopus fuscus Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 4, "1836," p. 89, Feb., 1837— part,
"in fretu Magellanico" ; Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., (n. s.), 4, pi.
19, 1838— part, right figure; Jardine, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 116, pi.
77 — part, right figure.
Pteroptochos albifrons Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, p. 182, 1857 — vicinity
of Valdivia; idem, Arch. Naturg., 23, (1), p. 273, 1857— Valdi via; Allen,
p. 99— Chile (crit.).
Scytalopus magellanicus Darwin, p. 74 — Port Famine (Tierra del Fuego),
thickly wooded islets of the Chonos Archipelago, and Chiloe Island; Des
Murs (2), p. 307— Chiloe", "Conception"; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 325, 338—
part, Straits of Magellan to Valdivia (crit.); E. Reed (4), p. 202 — Maga-
llanes; Blaauw (1), p. 32 — near Puerto Montt, Llanquihue; Bullock (3),
p. 122 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 174 — Angol, Malleco
(breeding).
Scytalopus albifrons Philippi (12), p. 255 — part, Chiloe; Landbeck (9), p. 240—
part, Chiloe'; Ridgway (2), p. 135— Port Otway, Gulf of Pefias; Albert
(1), 100, p. 599— Chile (monog.); Philippi (24), p. 40, pi. 20, fig. 4—
Valdivia.
(?) Scitalopus obscurus Housse (3), p. 226 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Range in Chile. — From Malleco to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Malleco: Curacautin, cf ad., 9 (first annual),
Jan. 13, 14; Rio Colorado, cf (first annual), two cf cf juv., Feb. 3-
7. — Valdivia: Rinihue, cf juv., 9 juv., March 11, 15. — Chilce*
Island: Quellon, two cfcf ad., 9 ad., 9 (first annual), 9 (in juvenile
molt), juv., Dec. 20-Jan. 27; Rio Inio, cf , 9 (first annual), cf juv.,
Jan. 7-16. — Llanquihue: Rio Aisen, 9 (first annual), April 4; Casa
de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, cf juv., March 13.
Additional specimens. — Cautin: Maquehue, Temuco, cf ad., cf
(first annual), 9 (first annual), Aug., Sept. D. S. Bullock (Tring
and British Museums) ; Pelal, Temuco, 9 (first annual), July 7, 1910.
A. C. Saldana. — Valdivia: near Valdivia, four cf cf (first annual).
L. Landbeck, F. Ohde, and A. von Lossberg (British and Frankfort
Museums). — Llanquihue: Port Otway, Tres Montes Peninsula, 9
(first annual), 9 juv., Feb. 10. "Albatross" Exp. (U. S. National
Museum).
Specimens from southern Chile (Malleco to Llanquihue) seem
to be inseparable from a series taken along the Straits of Magellan,
although their measurements are perhaps, on average, slightly
smaller. There has been much controversy regarding the validity of
P. albifrons, and Philippi maintained its distinctness to the very
last. He and Landbeck, the describer of that species, however,
never intended to separate the South Chilean birds from those found
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 223
in the Straits of Magellan; they merely insisted on the specific
distinctness of the small, slender-billed Scytalopus from the "Churrin"
of the central provinces (S. obscurus auct. =S. fuscus}, having mis-
identified Eugralla paradoxa (Kittl.) with M. magellanica of Gmelin,
as is shown by their marked specimens transmitted to the British
Museum. There is, however, no doubt whatever that Gmelin's
description refers to the juvenile plumage of the Scytalopus, and
not to Eugralla paradoxa, the latter not being found in Tierra del
Fuego. P. albifrons thus becomes a synonym of S. magellanicus.
Another synonym is Sylvia obscura King, the type of which has
recently been rediscovered in the collection of the British Museum,
where I had the privilege of examining it.
Study of over sixty specimens tends to show that birds with
cinnamon-brown upper parts, black-and-buf! markings on the wings,
and ochraceous-barred rump and tail represent an immature stage,
evidently the first annual plumage. In fully adult dress this babbler
is entirely sooty gray, with but a few, more or less obsolete, black-
and-ochraceous crescentic markings to the tips of the tertials and
a number of narrow, ochraceous or buff cross-bands on the rump,
while the ochraceous or tawny barring of the flanks is much reduced.
Certain specimens, e.g. the type of S. obscura, an adult male from
Curacautin (Malleco), and another from Lago Blanco, Chubut,
have mere traces of dull ochraceous barring on rump and flanks,
and an adult bird collected by Darwin at Port Famine, except
for an ochraceous-and-black apical spot on the innermost tertial, is
even wholly sooty gray. These individuals closely resemble S. fuscus,
of central Chile, in coloration, but are markedly smaller in all pro-
portions. The presence of silvery white edges to the crown-feathers
is a purely individual character, for we have seen both males and
females in adult and first annual plumage with and without white.
When present, it is exceedingly variable, and may form isolated
spots or extend in a nearly unbroken area right across the middle
of the crown.
Birds from Malleco (Curacautin) are in every particular similar
to those from more southern localities. A series (thirteen) from
Lago Blanco, Chubut, and two adults from Nahuel Huapi are not
different either.
The Magellanic Babbler ranges from the Straits all over southern
Chile north to Malleco, where Bullock found it breeding in the
vicinity of Angol. There is no definite record from Concepcion,
but as two birds from Talcaguano pertain to the large-billed north-
224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
era S. m. fuscus, it must be expected that the ranges of the two
forms meet somewhere in that vicinity.
According to Landbeck, this bird is by no means rare in the
dense undergrowth of damp and shady woods. It is, however, of
very secretive habits, and seldom seen except during the mating
season in September, when the male may be observed sitting on a
bush and uttering its loud call-note, sometimes consecutively for
half-an-hour or more. It is very active and alert and, when fright-
ened, runs rapidly through the thicket, with the tail upright and
the wings spread out. Its large nest, well constructed of rootlets
and moss, lined inside with hair and feathers, is placed in holes on
steep rocky slopes, more rarely under the roots of trees, and contains
from three to four rather large, roundish, white eggs.
141. Scytalopus magellanicus fuscus Gould
Scytalopus fuscus Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 4, "1836," p. 89, Feb., 1837— part,
Chile; Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., (n. s.), 4, pi. 19, 1838— part, left
figure; Jardine, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 116, pi. 77 — part, left figure;
Bridges, p. 94— Chile, 34° and 35° S. lat.; Cassin, p. 188, pi. 21, fig.
2 — vicinity of Santiago (spec, in U. S. National Museum examined);
Germain, p. 310— Chile (nesting habits); Pelzeln (2), p. 60— Chile; Wet-
more (3), p. 289 — Concon, Valparaiso (spec, examined).
Platyurus niger Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 323, Dec., 1837 — Chile (type in
Liverpool Museum); Jacquinot and Pucheran, Voy. au P61e Sud, Zool.,
3, p. 91, pi. 19, fig. 1, 1853 — Talcaguano (spec, in Paris Museum examined).
Conirostrum fuliginosum Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 2,
'col. 30, July 7, 1844— interior of Chile.
Merulaxis fuscoides Lafresnaye, Contrib. Orn., 4, p. 149, 1851 — Chile (type
in Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass., examined).
Conirostrum fuscum Lesson, Compl. Oeuvr. Buffon, ed. LeVgque, 20, (Descr.
Mamm. et Ois.), p. 274, 1847— interior of Chile.1
Scytalopus obscurus (not Sylvia obscura King) Des Murs (2), p. 308 — Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 255 — central provinces; Landbeck (9), p. 239— Chile
(vertical range); Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 194 — central provinces (crit.);
idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 15, p. 340, 1890— Santiago; E. Reed (4), p. 202—
Chile; Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXXI— San Alfonso (Quillota),
Valparaiso; Albert (1), 100, p. 598 — Chile (monog.); Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 110 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Scytalopus fuscoides Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 325, 338— Santiago (crit.); E. Reed
(2), p. 548 — Valle de los Cipreses, Colchagua.
xThis is the bird previously described as C. fuliginosum, whose identity with
Scytalopus fuscus of Gould the author, in the meantime, had apparently discovered.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 225
Scytalopus magellanicus1 (not of Motacilla magellanica Gmelin) Sclater (2),
1867, p. 325 — part, Colchagua; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 15, p. 338,
1890 — part, spec, n, p-w, Colchagua, Santiago, Chile (spec, in British
Museum examined).
Scytalopus albifrons (not of Landbeck) Philippi (12), p. 255 — part, Colchagua;
E. Reed (2), p. 548— Valle de los Cipreses, Colchagua; Landbeck (9),
p. 240 — part, Colchagua.
Scytalopus niger Menegaux and Hellmayr, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 11,
p. 379, 1905— part, Talcaguano, Chile (crit.); Chapman, Auk, 32, p. 411,
1915 — part, Valparaiso; Barros (4), p. 142 — Nilahue Valley, Curico;
Housse (2), p. 143 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Barros (11), p. 315 — Ojos
de Agua, near Juncal, Prov. Santiago.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo (Tofo) to Concepcion
(Talcaguano).
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Olmue", two cfcf ad., May 26,
June 2. — Maule: Pilen Alto, eight miles west of Cauquenes, 9 imm.,
May 12.
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Tofo, sixty miles north of
Coquimbo, cf juv., May 6, 1917. T. Hallinan (American Museum
of Natural History, New York). — Valparaiso: Concon, cf ad., April
27, 1921. A. Wetmore (U. S. National Museum); Valparaiso, <?
ad., Nov. 6, 1913. R. H. Beck (American Museum of Natural
History, New York). — Santiago: Vicinity of Santiago, two d" cf ad.,
one 9 ad., July, 1865, Aug., 1864. Philippi and Landbeck (British
Museum); d" ad., 9 imm., 1870. F. Leybold (British Museum). —
Colchagua: Talcaregua, near San Fernando, cf ad., 9 ad., Nov.,
1866. L. Landbeck (Berlin Museum) ; Cordillera de Cauquenes, 9
juv. E. C. Reed (Tring Museum) ; "Colchagua," <? ad., Nov., 1865.
L. Landbeck (British Museum). — Concepcion: Talcaguano, two
adults. Voyage of the "Astrolabe" (Paris Museum).— "Chile:"
thirteen adults and young (British, Tring, and Frankfort Museums).
When compiling the account of this genus for the "Catalogue of
Birds of the Americas,"2 we placed the Dusky Babbler far away
from S. magellanicus. Since that time, we have had an opportunity
of examining a large amount of additional material, and careful
investigation of the case led us to the conclusion that the two birds
were closely related. As a matter of fact, the only absolutely con-
stant characters of distinction are the longer tail, the stronger legs,
and the larger bill of the northern form. The wing measurements,
llt is hard to say what S. magellaniciis Fraser (P. Z. S. Lond., 11, p. Ill,
1843 — "various parts of Chile") may be. The vernacular name, "Chircan negro,"
is often used by the natives of Chile to designate Eugralla paradoxa (Kittlitz).
2 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 3, p. 10, 1924.
226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
while generally greater in S. fuscus, are somewhat variable, and do
not constitute a thoroughly reliable criterion. As far as coloration
is concerned, it must be admitted that S. fuscus (niger), as a rule,
is more uniform, the buffy barring, if present, being rather obsolete
and restricted to the lower flanks, under tail coverts, and some of
the uropygial feathers. Similar examples, however, occasionally
occur in the range of S. magellanicus, as has been demonstrated
under that species.
Adult birds exhibit much variation, not only in the amount of
buffy-and-dusky barring, which, though narrow, is fairly pronounced
on the flanks and under tail coverts in some, barely suggested by
slight traces in others, but also in the intensity of the general coloring
of the body plumage, which varies from dark mouse-gray to blackish
slate, the ventral surface being always somewhat lighter than the
upper parts. This color usually passes into black with a faint silky
gloss on forehead and anterior crown; but in some specimens from
Santiago and an adult male from Mendoza (Horcones Valley, 11,500
feet, April 20, 1897. P. H. Gosse) the anterior portion of the pileum
is silky gray, paler than the hind-crown, thus more like S. magel-
lanicus. The wings are as a rule unmarked, though sometimes a
few indistinct, pale brownish apical, and dusky subterminal bars
may be present. What I take to be the first-annual plumage is
washed with cinnamon-brown above, faintly cross-marked with
dusky. The juvenile plumage is similar to that of S. magellanicus,
but paler, less rufous throughout, with the markings less distinct.
Three adult birds in gray plumage from Colchagua agree with
the series from Santiago and Valparaiso in size and general colora-
tion, but form the transition to S. magellanicus by having the crown-
feathers broadly edged with silvery-white. Such a specimen was
already recorded from the Valle de los Cipreses, Colchagua, by
Edwyn Reed,1 who felt inclined to regard it as a mere variety of
the ordinary "Churrin" of the region. If Landbeck gives the range
of S. albifrons as extending to Colchagua, he was no doubt influenced
by the occasional occurrence of white-crowned birds in that prov-
ince. On the other hand, a female (first annual) collected by San-
born at Pilen Alto, Maule, and two adults from Talcaguano in the
Paris Museum have no trace of white on the crown, and seem to
be typical of S. m. fuscus.
The geographical distribution of S. m. fuscus thus appears to
comprise the whole of central Chile, from Conception north to the
'Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 548, 1877.
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
227
confines of Atacama, the most northerly locality on record being
Tofo, sixty miles north of Coquimbo, whence T. Hallinan obtained
a specimen for the American Museum of Natural History.
According to Landbeck, the "Churrin" is by no means uncommon
in damp ravines, along creeks, and in dense brushwoods. Its habits
are said to be similar to those of S. magellanicus. Germain reports
that it lays in October or November two eggs in a nest rather badly
made, which it conceals under brushwood in the vegetable detritus,
and which it approaches through a gallery or corridor, made of the
same material in which the nest is placed; but it is perhaps a little
doubtful if these notes really refer to the present species.
About its vertical distribution, little definite information is
available. All the specimens we have seen are from near the sea-
coast or from the foothills of the Andes. Landbeck states that it
ranges up to an elevation of 10,000 feet. A single example in juvenile
plumage obtained by R. Barros1 on the Rio de Castro, Aconcagua,
at an altitude of 2,650 meters on February 21, 1923, however, seems
too different to be referred to S. m. fuscus. On the other hand,
an adult male from the Horcones Valley (alt. 11,500 feet), west of
Mendoza, in the collection of the British Museum I am unable to
separate from Santiago specimens. More material is needed to
ascertain whether there is more than one species in the Andes of
central Chile.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS
S. magellanicus magellanicus Wing
Unsexed type of S. obscura 51
Two from Hermit Island,
Magellan Straits 52,54
One from Port Famine,
Tierra del Fuego 52
Males
One from Chilo6 Island 50
One from Valdivia 50
One from Temuco, Cautin 52
Two from Malleco (Curacautin) 50,50
Four from Lago Blanco, Chubut 48,49,50,
51
One from Nahuel Huapi, Neuquen 47
Females
Two from Chiloe Island 47,49
Three from Lago Blanco, Chubut 47,49,49
One from Nahuel Huapi, Neuquen 47 J^
Tail
30
Tarsus
Bill
35,36
18,19
32
—
32
19
32
19
32
20
32,32
18,18
30,30,31,
17-18^
31
31
18}/£
11
12
11
29,31
28,29,30 17,17,18
29 18
11
10,11
9^,10,
10
lScytalopus niger Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 179, 1923— Cajon
de Castro, Rio Blanco, Guardia Vieja, Ojos de Agua, and Valle de los Piuquenes,
Cordillera of Aconcagua.
228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
S. magellanicus fuscus Wing Tail Tarsus Bill
Males
Four from Valparaiso 51,51, 39^,40, 17,18, 12-13 Yz
52H.52H 42,44 19,19
Three from Santiago 52,54,56 39,40,41 18,18,19 12,12,13
One from Colchagua 55 39 20 12
One from Talcaregua, Colchagua 57 20 12
One from Horcones Valley, Mendoza 58 19 12 %
Females
Two from Santiago 49,55 40,— 19,19 12,12
One from Talcaregua, Colchagua 55 38 20
Type of S. fuscoides 50 40 11 H
142. Eugralla1 paradoxa (Kittlitz)
Troglodytes paradoxus Kittlitz, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. P6tersb., (sav. 6tr.), 1, livr.
2, p. 184, pi. 5, 1830 — La Conception, Chile (descr. of young female);
Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 15, 1921— "El Tome,"
near Conception (type in Leningrad Museum).
Malacorhynchus chilensis "Kittlitz," Menetries, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Pe'tersb.,
6th ser., 3, Part 2, (Sci. Nat.), p. 527, 1835— near Conception.
Mer[ulaxis] analis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 104, 1840 — Paraguay or Chile;
idem, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 149; Des Murs (2), p. 309— Chile (ex
Lafresnaye).
Megalonyx nanus Lesson,2 Rev. Zool., 5, p. 135, May, 1842 — Chiloe Island
(descr. of adult and young); idem, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 12, p. 197,
Sept., 1842— Chiloe Island; Lafresnaye, Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 150—
Chiloe (ex Lesson).
Pteroptochos (us) paradoxus Darwin, p. 73 — Valdivia and Chilo6; Des Murs
(2), p. 305— Valdivia and Chiloe; Philippi (12), p. 255— "Valdivia" (ex
Kittlitz).
Pteroptochos nanus Des Murs (2), p. 306 — Chiloe (ex Lesson).
Triptorhinus paradoxus Hartlaub (3), p. 211 — Valdivia (crit.); Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 325, 338— Valdivia; idem, Ibis, 1874, p. 205— Valdivia (crit.);
E. Reed (4), p. 203 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Lane, p. 45 — Coronel,
Conception, and Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and Chiloe (habits); Passler (3),
p. 453 — Coronel (habits, nest, and eggs); Housse (1), p. 49 — Isla La Mocha,
Arauco.
Malacorhamphus araucanus Kittlitz, Denkw., 1, p. 124, 1858 — San-Tome,
Conception.
Scytalopus magellanicus (errore) Philippi (12), p. 255 — Conception to "Magel-
lania" (cf. Sclater, P. Z. S. Lond., 1867, p. 325); Albert (1), 101, p. 594—
Chile (monog.); idem (2), 2, p. 94— Chile (crit.).
1Eugralla Lesson (Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 12, No. 41, p. 197, Sept. 15, 1842),
proposed as a subgenus for Troglodytes paradoxus Kittlitz and Megalonyx nanus
Lesson, takes precedence over Triptorhinus Cabanis (Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p.
219, 1847). The name, though listed by Sherborn, has been completely overlooked.
"Included in the synonymy of Scytalopus magellanicus in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, Part 3, p. 18, 1924. The fuller account in the Act. Soc. Linn. Bord.
since consulted leaves, however, no doubt as to M . nanus being Kittlitz's Babbler,
as was pointed out long ago by Hartlaub (Naumannia, 1853, p. 212).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 229
Scytalopus paradoxus Landbeck (9), p. 240 — from ChiloS to "Colchagua."
Scytalopus obscurus (errore)1 Bullock (3), p. 122 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Mal-
leco; idem (4), p. 174 — Angol, Malleco (breeding).
Range in Chile. — Southern provinces, from Maule to Chiloe".
Material collected. — Maule: Pilen Alto, eight miles west of
Cauquenes, 9 ad., May 11. — Concepcion: Hacienda Gualpencillo,
four cTc?1 ad., four 9 9 ad., April 11-29. — Malleco: Curacautin,
three d* <? ad., Jan. 9-12.— Valdivia: Mafil, 9 juv., Feb. 16.— Chilo(§
Island: Quellon, two cf cf ad., one 9 ad., one cf juv., one 9 juv.,
Dec. 22-Jan. 27.
Adult birds do not show any sexual difference either in size or
coloration. Regardless of sex, the gray color below is subject to
some variation in intensity; in a good many specimens it passes
into whitish along the middle of the abdomen, but in others it is
nearly uniform. The juvenile plumage is barred above with black
and rufescent brown; the rump extensively tawny brown; the sides
of the head buffy, edged with dusky; the lower surface dingy whitish,
with transverse bars of dusky on the breast, and the flanks bright
ochraceous tawny, strongly banded with black; the lower mandible
yellowish. A specimen in change of plumage formed the basis
of Troglodytes paradoxus, while Lesson, twelve years later, described
both adult and young birds as Megalonyx nanus, attributing the
differences to sex and failing to recognize its identity with Kittlitz's
species. Merulaxis analis Lafresnaye, long misapplied to a species of
the genus Scytalopus, turned out to have been founded on an adult of
Kittlitz's Babbler, as was first pointed out by Chapman (Auk, 32,
p. 418, 1915). Philippi and Albert inconceivably mistook the present
species for Scytalopus magellanicus, although the two birds have
very little in common. Birds from Isla La Mocha are said to be
somewhat different in proportions.
The "Churrin de la Mocha" of the Chileans is widely distributed
in southern Chile, particularly from Concepcion to Chiloe". Its
southward range does not extend beyond this island, while the most
northerly locality on record is Pilen Alto, in the vicinity of Cauquenes,
Maule, where C. Sanborn secured an adult female in fresh plumage
on May 11. That it ever occurs as far north as Colchagua, as
claimed by Landbeck, appears to be open to doubt. According to
Edwyn Reed and Housse, it is plentiful on the Isla La Mocha.
These birds prefer "quila"-thickets along rivers, but are also found
in thick bushy pastures. According to Lane and Passler, they keep
1 Mr. Bullock, on a recent visit to Chicago, found out that the bird recorded
by him under the above name is actually the present species.
230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
mostly to the ground or to the bottom of the thickets, creeping
along twigs and branches in a peculiar way, "which is neither hopping
nor running, but more like the motion of tree-creepers than any-
thing." On the ground they hop and take little runs, like the species
of Pteroptochos, but they hardly ever fly. As we are told by Passler,
they have two broods, one around the end of September, and the
second in the latter half of November. The nest, composed of dry
grass and sticks, is placed one to five feet above the ground among
leaves and twigs in a thick bush. The two eggs are broadly oval
to nearly elliptic and white, with a smooth, slightly glossy shell.
143. Patagona gigas gigas (Vieillot)
Trochilus gigas Vieillot [and Oudart], Galerie Ois., 1, (2), p. 296, pi. 180,
1824 — "Bre'sil," errore, we suggest Valparaiso, Chile; Poeppig (1), p. 153 —
Valparaiso; Darwin, p. Ill — Valparaiso (habits and nest); Fraser (1), p.
114 — Valparaiso; Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 10, 2nd sem., No. 11,
col. 255, 1843— "Valdivia" (.nest descr.); Des Murs (2), p. 273; Bibra,
p. 128 — the whole of Chile except the extreme south, common around
Valparaiso (habits, anatomy); Cassin, p. 186 — Chile; Philippi (12), p.
249 — central provinces; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 17, p. 228, 1876 — San-
tiago (habits); Lataste (1), p. CXV — Cordillera of Aculeo, Santiago;
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIV— Penaflor, Santiago.
Ornismya tristis Lesson, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouch., p. 43, pi. 3, 1829 — 'Tinte'rieur
du Chile, et s'avance dans le pays des Araucanos, et jusque dans les pampas
sauvages des Puelches, au sud du Vieux — Chili, et au pied des Andes."
Ornismya gigantea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool.,
8, cl. 2, p. 26, 1838— Valparaiso.
Patagona gigas Pelzeln (2), p. 54 — Santiago; Sclater and Salvin (2), Ibis, 1870,
p. 499 — La Compania, Coquimbo; Allen, p. 100 — Valparaiso; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 328, 338; Sharpe, p. 9— Coquimbo; E. Reed (4), p. 203— Chile;
Albert (1), 100, p. 622— part, southern Chile; idem, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
2, p. 141 — part, southern Chile; Schalow (2), p. 703 — Punta Teatinos, La
Serena, Coquimbo; Barros (4), p. 141 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 178
— Cordillera of Aconcagua; Passler (3), p. 452 — Coronel and Smyth's
Channel (habits); Housse (2), p. 143 — San Bernardo; Gigoux, p. 85 —
Caldera; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 105 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
Patagonas gigas E. Reed (2), p. 554 — Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Patagona gigas gigas Dabbene, p. 495 — Chile (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from Atacama to Concep-
ci6n, occasionally straggling as far south as Valdivia and Smyth's
Channel.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, three cf d" ad., one <f
imm., two 9 9 ad., Sept. 23-29, Dec. 7. E. Gigoux. — Coquimbo:
La Compania, rf1 ad., Oct. 31. — Aconcagua: Papudo, "9" [=cf?]
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 231
ad., Sept. 15. J. Wolff sohn. — Valparaiso: Maitenes, Limache, cf
ad., 9 ad., Oct. 7, Dec. 2. J. Wolffsohn. — Santiago: San Jose" de
Maipo (alt. 3,000 feet), <? ad., Dec. 19.— "Chile" (unspecified):
d" ad. E. C. Reed.
Although the late Eugene Simon (Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 157)
questioned the possibility of discriminating any geographic races
of the Giant Humming bird, the study of between fifty and sixty
properly labeled specimens from the whole range clearly indicates
the existence of two forms.
Birds from central Chile (Atacama to Santiago) are characterized
by small size, short, slender bill, and mainly grayish under parts,
without any chestnut on the lower throat and with rather indistinct
dusky streaks on the chin. Specimens from Bolivia, Peru, and
Ecuador are decidedly larger, with stouter, longer bill, and the
ventral surface is much more suffused with rufescent, the abdomen
being often bright cinnamon-rufous. The throat is much more heavily
streaked with black and strongly washed or edged with cinnamon-
rufous on the lower portion. There is a certain amount of variation
in the extent and intensity of the rufous color underneath, but this
seems to be purely individual and not to depend on either sex or
age. While the palest examples of the northern form can be closely
matched by one or two unusually rufous-bellied birds from central
Chile, the general run of the two series is easily told apart.
Oudart's plate of T. gigas, based on an evidently immature bird
from "Bre'sil" in the collection of "M. Portier, attache" au minist£re
de la marine," while none too good, corresponds fairly well to certain
bright-colored Chilean specimens, such as No. 61,676, Caldera, and
accordingly I propose to restrict Vieillot's term to the small southern
form suggesting Valparaiso as type locality.
The larger northern race is entitled to the name P. gigas peru-
viana,1 tentatively proposed by Boucard for a specimen from Peru
in his collection. The type, a male obtained by H. Whitely on June
15, 1868, at Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, agrees with the average of our
Peruvian series, while P. boliviano, was based on an individual
variant with wholly cinnamon-rufous under parts, represented in
our material by a female from Huanuco Viejo and a male from
Macate, Peru.
Simon's statement (1. c., p. 356, note 2) that P. peruviana and P. boliviano,
are nomina nuda is a mistake, since both are characterized in the preceding para-
graphs, although several of the characters claimed by Boucard prove to be
individual.
232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
According to Landbeck, Reed, and Barros, P. g. gigas inhabits in
summer the Cordilleras of Aconcagua, Santiago, Colchagua, and
Curico from the foothills up to about 6,000 feet. After the breeding
season, around the end of February, it disappears from its nesting
haunts, and does not return until August. Passler, however, found
it also breeding at Coronel (near Conception), though he did not
see any in that neighborhood from June to August.1 The birds
probably migrate northwards, but a few, at least, cross the Andes
on their migration, as is shown by specimens obtained by E. W.
White on September 20, 1880, at Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca
(Tring Museum), and by L. Dinelli on August 14, 1916, at Colalao
del Valle, Tucuman (Field Museum), both of which clearly pertain
to the Chilean race.
144. Patagona gigas peruviana Boucard
Patagonia peruviana Boucard, Gen. Humming Birds, p. 61, 1893 — "Peru"
(the type examined in the Paris Museum was obtained by H. Whitely,
Jr., on June 15, 1868, at Tinta, Dept. Cuzco).
Patagona gigas Albert (1), 100, p. 622 — part, northern Chile; idem, Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 2, p. 141— part, northern Chile.
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), three cf d71
ad., July 3, 1924.
These birds cannot be separated from our Peruvian series, but
are much larger and more rufous below than P. g. gigas of central
Chile. Like one of our specimens from Huanuco Viejo, Peru, all
three have the throat nearly entirely rufous, with but a few blackish
spots, and the whole under parts strongly rufescent.
P. g. peruviana, whose distinguishing features have been dis-
cussed under the preceding heading, replaces the typical form in
the Andes of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and extreme northern Chile.
It is probably also this race that nests in northwestern Argentina,
although I have not been able to examine undoubted breeding
specimens. An adult male from Tilcara, Jujuy (Nov. 24, 1905;
L. Dinelli), and a couple from Lara, Tucuman (Feb. 12, 1903; G. A.
Baer), all in the Tring Museum, are in every particular typical of
the large northern form.
1 Lesson (Echo du Monde Sav., 10, 2nd sem., No. 11, col. 255, 1843) describes
the nest of the Giant Humming bird received by his brother from the environs of
Valdivia, but I venture to question the correctness of the locality.
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
233
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS
P. gigas gigas — Males Wing Tail
Three from Caldera, Atacama 123,127,129 80,82,83
One from La Compania, Coquimbo 127 80
One from Papudo, Aconcagua 80
One from Limache, Valparaiso 122 79
One from San Jose de Maipo,
Santiago 128 79
One from Fuerte de Andalgala,
Catamarca 120 81
P. gigas gigas — Females
Two from Caldera, Atacama 118,118 77,77
One from Limache, Valparaiso 121 70
One from Colalao del Valle,
Tucuman 118 76
P. gigas peruviana — Males
Two from Ecuador 133,134 83,83
Twelve from Macate, Ancachs,
Peru 133,134,135,135, 83,83,85,85,
135,137,137,138, 86,87,87,87,
138,138,138,139 88,88,90,90
One from near Otuzco, Peru 135 85
One from Cajamarca, Peru 85
One from Matucana, Lima, Peru 134 84
Two from Tinta, Cuzco, Peru 135,138 83,83
Three from Tacna, Chile 138,139,140 85,85,88
One from Bolivia 138 90
One from Tilcara, Jujuy 136 86
One from Lara, Tucuman 135 88
P. gigas peruviana — Females
Four from Macate, Ancachs, Peru 129,130,130,134 78,83,87,87
One from Huanuco, Peru 131 85
One from Cullcui, Peru 130 84
One from Tinta, Cuzco, Peru 126 81
One from Lara, Tucuman 137 87
Bill
34,34,35
33
34
35
33
34
35,—
34
34
37,37
38,38,38,39,
39,39,39,39,
39^,40,41,42
38
38
36
37,39
39,
36
36 Yz
37
39,39^,40,41
38
40
38
39
145. Sephanoides1 sephaniodes (Lesson and Garnot)
Orthorynchus sephaniodes Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., livr. 4,
pi. 31, fig. 2, July 25, 1827 — no locality given; the type came from the
vicinity of Talcaguano, Conception (see Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool.,
1, (2), p. 681, 1830).
Mellisuga kingii Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 432, Dec., 1827 (or later) —
Port Gallant, Straits of Magellan.
Ornismya sephaniodes Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 80, 1828 — Talcaguano,
Conception.
Ornismya sephanoides Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, p. 29, 1838 —
Valparaiso.
Trochilus forficaius (not of Linnaeus) Darwin, p. 110 — Chiloe and Chonos
Islands (breeding) and Valparaiso.
1 Sephanoides — having been introduced by Gray (List Gen. Birds, p. 14, 1840)
as a latin generic name with Mellisuga kingii Vigors as type — takes priority over
Eustephanus Reichenbach, 1849.
234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Trochilus galeritus (not of Molina)1 Fraser (1), p. 115 — Valparaiso, south to
ChiloS; Cassin, p. 187— Chile.
Trochilus sephanoides Des Murs (2), p. 275 — Copiap6 to Valdivia and Straits
of Magellan; Boeck, p. 499— Valdivia and Chiloe; Kittlitz (3), p. 117—
near San-Tome', Concepcion; Frauenfeld, p. 637 — Valparaiso; Philippi (12),
p. 249 — Chile and Juan Fernandez; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 17, p. 228,
1876— Chile, north to Atacama; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIV
— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXX — San Alfonso, Valparaiso; idem
(3), p. LIX— Penaflor, Santiago.
Stephanoides galeritus Hartlaub (3), p. 210 — Valdivia.
Trochilus verreauxii (not of Bourcier) Bibra, p. 129 — Canyons around
Valparaiso.
Eustephanus galeritus Pelzeln (2), p. 54 — near Santiago; Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 328, 338— Chile, south to Tierra del Fuego; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis,
1869, p. 283— ChiloS; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 181— Mas A Tierra; E. Reed,
Ibis, 1874, pp. 82, 83— Mas A Tierra; idem (2), p. 554— Cauquenes, Col-
chagua; Sclater and Salvin (3), p. 433 — Juan Fernandez and Puerto
Bueno; Sharpe, p. 9 — Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan; Salvin (2), p.
425 — Juan Fernandez; Ridgway (2), p. 135 — Port Otway; MacFarlane,
Ibis, 1887, p. 215 — Juan Fernandez; Johow, p. 237 — Mas A Tierra; E. Reed
(4), p. 203 — Chile and Juan Fernandez; Lane, p. 46 — Corral (Valdivia)
and Arauco; Albert, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 2, p. 139 — Chile and Juan
Fernandez; idem (1), 100, p. 613 — Juan Fernandez and Chile, north to
Copiap6; Schalow (2), pp. 703, 745 — Tumbes (Concepcion) and Mas A
Tierra; C. Reed, Av. Prov. Concepci6n, p. 20 — Cerro del Caracol, Concep-
cion; Barros (4), p. 141 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p. 178 — Cordillera
of Aconcagua; Housse (1), p. 49 — Isla La Mocha; idem (2), p. 143 — San
Bernardo; Lonnberg, p. 7 — Mas A Tierra; Passler (3), p. 453 — Coronel
(nest); Gigoux, p. 85 — Caldera; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 105 — Marga-Marga
Valley, Valparaiso.
Sephanoides galeritus Wetmore (3), p. 230 — Concon, Valparaiso; Dabbene,
p. 497 — Chile (monog.).
Eustephanus burtoni Boucard, The Humming Bird, 1, p. 18, 1891 — Chile (type
in Paris Museum examined).
Oreotrochilus leucopleurus (errore) Bullock (3), p. 122 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta,
Malleco; idem (4), p. 174 — Angol, Malleco (breeding).
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to the Straits of Magellan, and
Mas A Tierra Island.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, four cfcf ad., May 11,
June 10-18, 1924. E. Gigoux. — Aconcagua: Los Andes, two cf1 cf ad.,
May 15, 16, 1925. R. Barros.— Valdivia: Mafil, two d"cf ad.,
Feb. 14, 26; Rinihue, cf ad., March 6. — Chiles': Quellon, one cT
1 Trochilus galeritus Molina (Saggio Hist. Nat. Chile, pp. 247, 343, 1782) seems
to me a fictitious bird. Anyhow, I do not see how the description, "il suo becco
e curvo, . . . tutta la parte inferiore del suo corpo e di un colore di aurora cangiante,"
can possibly apply to the Fire-crested Humming bird of Chile.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 235
ad., five cfcf1 imm., one 9 imm., Dec. 27-Jan. 31. — Guaitecas
Islands: San Pedro Island, c? vix ad., Jan. 22.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Peiiaflor, three 0*6" ad.,
March, April, 1894. F. Lataste.— "Chile" (unspecified): d" ad.
(type of E. burtoni Bouc.) (Paris Museum). — Mas A Tierra: cf ad.,
9 ad., Jan., 1894. L. Plate (Berlin Museum).
So far as I can see, there is no local variation in this species, speci-
mens from the extreme northern part of the range being exactly
similar to others from Chiloe*. The type of E. burtoni, an adult male
in good condition, differs by having the pileum glittering golden
orange instead of orange red, and the back of a slightly purer, less
bronzy green. There can be little doubt that it is merely an individual
variant of the ordinary form, an opinion in which Count Berlepsch
and E. Simon, both of whom had seen the type, also concurred.
S. sephaniodes is widely distributed in Chile, ranging from sea
level up to about 6,000 feet. While not truly migratory, this hum-
ming bird is stated by various observers to have certain seasonal
displacements. Outside of Chile proper, it is known to occur on
Mas A Tierra and in the western districts of Neuquen, Rio Negro,
and Chubut, Argentina. The few examples seen from Mas A Tierra
appear to me inseparable from mainland birds.1
146. Oreotrochilus leucopleurus Gould
Oreotrochilus leucopleurus Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 15, p. 10, March, 1847 — "the
Chilian Cordilleras";2 Pelzeln (2), p. 54; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338—
vertical range; E. Reed (2), p. 553 — Colchagua; idem (4), p. 203 — central
provinces; Albert (1), 100, p. 619 — central Chile to Atacama; idem (2),
Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 2, p. 141— Cordilleras up to 10,000 feet; Barros (5),
p. 178 — Rio Blanco, Aconcagua; idem (8), p. 141 — Aconcagua; Jaffuel
and Pirion, p. 105 — cerros of Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso; Dabbene,
p. 496 — Chile (monog.); Barros (10), p. 359 — Aconcagua.
Trochilus millerii (not of Bourcier) Fraser (1), p. 114 — Los Ojos de Agua
(alt. 6,000 to 8,000 feet), Aconcagua.
Trochilus leucopleurus Des Murs and Gay, p. 277 — type stated to have been
secured in the Cordillera of Copiapo, Atacama; Bibra, p. 129 — Cordillera
[of Santiago]; Cassin, p. 187 — Andes [of Chile]; Philippi, Reise Wiiste
Atacama, p. 161 — Hueso Parado (alt. 1,000 feet), southern Antofagasta;
Philippi (12), p. 250 — Cordilleras of central Chile north to Atacama;
Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 17, p. 227, 1876 — Chile (ecology); Philippi,
Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Hueso Parado, Antofagasta.
1 On Mas A Tierra, furthermore, Thaumaste f. fernandensis (King) is found, re-
placed on Mas Afuera by T. fernandensis leyboldi (Gould).
2 The type specimen was collected by Gay in the Cordillera of Copiapo (see
Gay, p. 277).
236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras of the central provinces, from Col-
chagua (Banos de Cauquenes) to southern Antofagasta (Hueso
Parado, near Taltal).
Material examined. — Santiago: Andes of Santiago, cT ad., cf
juv. L. Landbeck (British Museum). — Aconcagua: Los Ojos de
Agua, three d" cf ad., two 9 9 ad. T. Bridges (British Museum). —
"Andes of Chile;" five d* d1 ad., two 9 9 ad. E. C. Reed (Munich,
Paris, and Field Museums).
The "Picaflor de la Cordillera," as its name implies, inhabits the
higher slopes of the Andes from 5,000 feet up to the edge of the
perpetual snow. According to Landbeck, who describes its breeding
habits, it disappears from the nesting grounds at the end of the
summer, and returns again in September. Similar observations were
made by R. Barros in Aconcagua, where it arrives late in Septem-
ber or early in October, repairing to higher altitudes in December,
and leaves for the north in March and April. Philippi obtained
the species, in mid-summer, not far from the coast at Hueso Parado,
Antofagasta, at an elevation of hardly more than 1,000 feet. This
locality marks not only the most northerly point of its geographical
distribution, but also the lower limit of its altitudinal range.
Birds from Puente del Inca, west of Mendoza, are inseparable
from Chilean specimens, while others from Tucuman (Colalao del
Valle, alt. 2,500 meters) and Jujuy (Abra Pampa, alt. 3,500 meters)
are slightly larger and paler above, with the median rectrices more
decidedly green.
147. Oreotrochilus estella (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Trochilus estella Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2,
p. 32, 1838 — La Paz and Potosi, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).
Oreotrochiliis leuxopleurus (not of Gould) Sclater (4), 1886, p. 398 — Chumisa
and "Lalcalhuay," Tarapaca (spec, examined).
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in provinces of Tarapaca and
Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), two cTc?1
ad., one d" vix ad., two 9 9 ad., one 9 imm., June 8-July 4, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Chumisa, 9 ad., Jan. 11,
1886; "Lalcalhuay," 9 ad., Jan. 30, 1886. C. F. Rahmer (British
Museum).
Compared with Bolivian specimens, the adults have the outer-
most rectrix somewhat narrower and slightly incurved apically, thus
diverging in the direction of 0. leucopleurus. The dusky area on this
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 237
feather is also more extensive, though not quite so much, nor so deeply
bluish black, as in 0. leucopleurus. This variation, together with the
intermediate character of the unique type of 0. bolivianus Boucard,
which I have recently re-examined in the Paris Museum, appears to
indicate subspecific relationship of the two "species." Both are,
however, listed by Lillo1 for the Tucuman region, and, until more
definite information about their breeding ranges in Argentina be-
comes available, it seems unwise to reduce them to subspecific rank.
The two females from Tarapaca, one taken with nest and two eggs,
agree with ours, and are undoubtedly referable to 0. estetta.
An immature female (from Putre) is much darker, washed with
avellaneous, underneath.
Within the Chilean boundaries, 0. estella has been recorded only
from the elevated parts of the Cordilleras of Tarapaca and Tacna,
where it evidently replaces 0. leucopleurus.
148. Metallura phoebe (Lesson and Delattre)
0[rnysmia] phoebe Lesson and Delattre, Rev. Zool, 2, p. 17, 1839 — "Cordiliere
des Andes au Perou."
Trochilus (— ?) cupricauda Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 14, p. 87, Nov., 1846—
"Bolivia."
Metallura cupreicavda Gould, Monog. Troch., 3, text to pi. 191, 1859 — "Valley
of Palea [sic], near Tacna."
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Gould states that the typical specimens of his T. cupricauda, an
obvious synonym of M. phoebe, were secured by T. Bridges in the
valley of Palca [misspelled "Palea"], above Tacna, in the province
of the same name. Although the species has not been found again
in that district, its occurrence there is very likely, since it is known
to inhabit the neighboring Peruvian Department of Arequipa, where
H. Whitely collected specimens at Chihuata.
149. Rhodopis vesper vesper (Lesson)
Ornismya vesper Lesson, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouch., pp. XV, 85, pi. 29, 1829 —
"le Chili, non loin de Valparaiso," errore (type in Paris Museum examined) ;
Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, p. 28, 1838 — Tacna; Des Murs
(2), p. 274 — "Valparaiso" (ex Lesson).
Liidfer vesper Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 660, 1854; idem,
Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 89, 1854— Arica.
xRev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, p. 57, 1905.
238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Trochilus vesper Philippi (12), p. 250 (crit.); idem, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Chiapa,
Tarapaca.
Rhodopis vesper Albert (1), 100, p. 624 — ". . . la provincia de Aconcagua i
...en la provincia de Valparaiso," errore (part); idem (2), Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 2, p. 143 — "Aconcagua," errore.
Rhodopsis atacamensis (not of Leybold) E. Reed (4), p. 203 — part, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in provinces of Tarapacd and
Tacna.
Material collected. — Tarapaca: Pica (alt. 4,000 feet), twocT cf ad.,
two 9 9 ad., May 17-23, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Tacna: Palca (alt. 3,000 meters), two
cf cf ad., one 9 ad., Oct. 10-20, 1902. Otto Garlepp (Coll. Berlepsch
and Munich Museum). — "Chile:" cT ad., type of the species (Paris
Museum).
Birds from the Chilean localities listed above agree precisely with
a series from western Peru (Arequipa to Lima) . The type of 0. vesper,
in coloration and length of bill, is identical with one of our males
from Pica (May 20, 1924). It was received in exchange from F.
PreVost in 1827, and bears no other locality than "Chile." As has
been pointed out by Simon (Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 394, 1921), there is
no foundation for Lesson's statement that it came from near
Valparaiso.
R. v. vesper ranges from Tarapaca through western Peru as far
north as Lima.1 Records from central Chile are evidently erroneous.
Frauenfeld (p. 637) claims to have seen T. vesper on the road from
Valparaiso to Santiago, but it will be remembered that the "Novara"
Expedition, to which he was attached as naturalist, did not obtain
this species. Albert's statement that it sometimes appears in
summer in the province of Aconcagua does not deserve more credit
either. Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 250, 1868) emphatically
denies its occurrence in the neighborhood of Valparaiso. Its alti-
tudinal area extends from near sea level up to 10,000 feet. Whitley
obtained specimens at Islay (near the coast), Arequipa (7,800 feet),
and Chihuata (9,000 feet), in Arequipa; Kalinowski at Pauza (7,300
feet), Ayacucho; Sanborn at Pica (4,000 feet), Tarapaca; Otto
Garlepp at Palca (alt. 10,000 feet), above Tacna, in the province of
the same name.
1 Simon (1. c., p. 394, note 4) questions its occurrence at Lima, but, according
to Berlepsch and Stolzmann (P. Z. S. Lond., 1892, p. 384), it was found by Kali-
nowski at Chorillos, and Field Museum also has specimens obtained by J. T.
Zimmer at Santa Eulalia (alt. 3,500 feet).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 239
150. Rhodopis vesper atacamensis (Leybold)
Trochilus atacamensis Leybold, Anal. Univ. Chile, 32, p. 43, 1869 — estate
Sapulen, near Copiapo, Chile; idem, Leopoldina, 8, p. 52, 1873 — near
Copiapo; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Copiap6; idem (24), p. 25 — Copiapo.
Trochilus vesper (not of Lesson) Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 17, p. 227 — "Cop-
dapo" =Copiap6.
Rhodopsis atacamensis E. Reed (4), p. 203 — part, Atacama and (?) Valparaiso;
Dabbene, p. 501 — northern Chile (monog.).
Rhodopis vesper Albert (1), 100, p. 624 — Chile (part).
Range. — Only known from the Copiapo Valley and Caldera,
Prov. Atacama, northern Chile.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, seven cfcf ad., Aug.
20, 22, Sept. 1, 2, 7, 12, 16, 20, 1924. E. Gigoux.
These birds differ from a good series of males of R. v. vesper by
much shorter and at the same time decidedly slenderer bill. In
coloration they appear to agree. The upper tail coverts are mainly
cinnamomeous with half-concealed bronze green central spots,
exactly as in typical vesper.
R. v. atacamensis appears to have a peculiarly restricted range.
It was discovered at Sapulen, near Copiapo, in June, 1867, by Adolfo
Paulsen, who sent Dr. Leybold a single male, which subsequently
passed with the Gould Collection into the British Museum. Philippi
recorded a couple taken at Copiapo in July, and Dr. H. Dernedde
(in litt., Feb. 25, 1917), of Hanover (Germany), writes that he
received between 1890 and 1907 from his correspondent, Fernando
Paulsen (probably a descendant of the original collector), about ten
specimens, all shot around Copiapo in July and August. E. Gigoux,
to whom Field Museum is indebted for its series,1 reports that these
humming birds appear in the gardens of Caldera in late June or
July, and stay until the latter part of September. None are seen
during the rest of the year, and it is presumed that they repair
to certain mountain valleys in the Cordillera of Atacama.
No representative of this genus has yet been found either in
Antofagasta or Coquimbo, and if one really occurs occasionally in
the central provinces, as claimed by Albert, it is much more likely
to be R. v. atacamensis than R. v. vesper.
*It is possibly the present species which is referred to by Gigoux (p. 85) s. n.
"Oreotrochilus leucopleurus" as a winter visitor at Caldera. He does not mention
R. v. atacamensis at all.
240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
More information on the distribution and migratory movements
of R. v. atacamensis is much desired.1
Adult males
R. vesper tertius
Twenty-two from Tembladera
MEASUREMENTS
Wing
50-52^
R. vesper vesper
One from Santa Eulalia, Lima 53
One from Pauza, Ayacucho 58
Two from Islay, Arequipa 56,57
One from Arequipa 58
One from Chihuata, Arequipa 56
One from Palca, Tacna 56
Two from Pica, Tarapaca 54,56
One from "Chile" (type of species) 55
R. vesper atacamensis
Seven from Caldera, Atacama 53-55
Five from Copiapo (fide Dernedde) 52-53
Adult females
R. vesper tertius
Ten from Tembladera 50 ^-53 1A
Three from Trujillo
One from Pacasmayo 52 %
R, vesper vesper
One from Santa Eulalia, Lima 56
One from Arequipa 57 ^
One from Chihuata, Arequipa 57
One from Palca, Tacna 55
Two from Pica, Tarapaca 57,58
R. vesper atacamensis
One from Copiapo (fide Dernedde) 52
Tail
47-53
53
52
50,53
53 y2
51
48
52,53
51
49-51
47-50
31^-35
33%-35
33^
Bill
21-24,
twice 25
30
30
30,31
29M
31
29
28 —
28
22,23 (three),
24 (three)
22-25
25,26,26
25
31
36
36 y2
41,41^
35
33
29
30,—
1 Birds collected by O. T. Baron in the arid Tropical zone of northwestern Peru
have been referred by Salvin, Hartert, and Simon to R. v. atacamensis, as no
topotypical Chilean material was available at the time for comparison, the type in
the British Museum being in too poor condition to be of any use. Although closely
allied to the Atacama form, twenty-two males from northern Peru, when compared
with our seven skins from Caldera, nevertheless differ by certain constant char-
acters, and I propose to separate them as
Rhodopis vesper tertius n. subsp.
Adult. — Similar to R. v. atacamensis, but wing very slightly shorter, bill
decidedly stronger, and under parts paler, more whitish, only the sides of the
chest slightly tinged with grayish. Wing 50-52 J^, (female) 50J^-54^; tail 47-53,
(female) 311^-35; bill 21^-25.
Type in Munich Museum, No. 15.510. Adult male. Tembladera, Dept.
Cajamarca, Peru, June 6, 1894. O. T. Baron.
Range. — Northern Peru, in Depts. of Libertad (Trujillo, Pacasmayo), Caja-
marca (Tembladera), and Piura (Payta), from sea level up to 1,500 feet.
Remarks. — The North Peruvian form, although occupying the northern end
of the range, is somewhat intermediate between the two hitherto recognized races.
While agreeing with R. v. atacamensis in small size and in shortness of bill, it has
the bill stronger, about as thick as R. v. vesper, and the under parts are whiter than
in either of its allies. The coloration of the upper tail coverts, however, does not
seem to afford a reliable criterion. Although the majority from North Peru have
a greater amount of green spotting, a good many examples are indistinguishable
on this score from R. v. atacamensis.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 241
151. Myrtis yarrellii (Bourcier)
Trochilus yarrellii Bourcier,1 P. Z. S. Lond., 18, p. 45, 1847— "Montevideo,"
errore; we substitute Arica, Chile.
Calothorax yarelli Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 660, 1854;
idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 90, 1854— Cobija, "Bolivia."
Myrtis yarrelli Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 16, p. 418, 1892— Arica, "Peru."
Range in Chile. — Coast of Antofagasta (Cobija) and Tacna
(Arica).
Material examined. — Tacna: Arica, & ad., 9 ad. Gould Collection,
British Museum.
This species is nearly related to M. fanny (Lesson), but has a
much slenderer, shorter bill, which is little more than half as long.
The three lateral rectrices, in the male sex, are much more attenu-
ated, the first and second especially so, being nearly filiform and only
about one-third of the width of the outer web of the corresponding
rectrices in M. fanny, and of slightly different proportions, the third
(from without) instead of the second being the longest. The throat
is purplish red, the feathers of the lower portion apically edged with
bluish green (in M. fanny greenish blue, bordered below by violet).
The female may be distinguished, in addition to its much smaller
bill, by much narrower (about half as wide) and more pointed lateral
rectrices, and less rufescent, more buffy white under parts. As in
M . fanny, the female has considerably longer wings than the male.
Measurements. — Wing (male) 32, (female) 38; tail (male) 30,.
(female) 27; bill 12, 12.
M. yarrellii is one of the rarest humming birds in collections.
Its range appears to be restricted to the coast of northern Chile.2
Adolphe Delattre obtained it at Cobija, and specimens in the British
Museum are from Arica. Mr. Sanborn, on June 14, 1924, watched
the bird on the plaza of that town, but was unable to shoot it.
[Three other species of humming birds have been credited to Chile.
Gay (Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 278, 1847) claims to have dis-
1 Elliot's statement — repeated by Simon — that the type specimen is in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, is erroneous. Bourcier described
the species from two examples, male and female, in the Loddiges Collection
(London), where they still are. Mr. A. L. Butler kindly examined them for me,
and under date of April 6, 1928, reports that they are identical with the Arica
birds in the British Museum.
2 In southern Peru — sometimes included in its range — it is replaced by M. fanny,
as is shown by specimens from Islay, Arequipa, collected by H. Whitely, in the
British Museum. The record of M. yarreli from Huasampilla (see Whitely,
P. Z. S. Lond., 1873, p. 187) clearly refers to Acestrura mulsanli.
242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
covered Trochilus [=Lafresnaya] gayi Bourc. in the Cordilleras of
Copiapo, Atacama. This is clearly an error, as no representative of
this genus is known from anywhere south of central Peru.
Trochilus forficatus (Gay, 1. c., p. 274), which Dabbene (Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 33, p. 503) identifies with Eupetomena macroura hirundo
Gould, has no place in the Chilean fauna either. E. m. hirundo is
restricted to the Amazonian slope of the Andes of southern Peru and
northern Bolivia, while the other members of the genus inhabit
Brazil and Guiana.
The Sappho Humming bird, Sappho sapho (Lesson), has been
included by Dabbene (1. c., p. 500) on the basis of some specimens
said to have been collected by Leybold in the "Chilian Andes" (cf.
Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 16, p. 143, 1892), but there is absolutely no
proof of their having been taken on Chilean territory, and they are
much more likely to have come from the Argentine slope of the
Andes in the vicinity of Mendoza, where S. sapho is rather common.
Amazilia amazilia dumerilii (Lesson), though originally described
from "les provinces septentrionales du Chili," is now known to be
confined to the Pacific coast region of Ecuador and extreme north-
western Peru.]
152. Micropus andecolus parvulus Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Micropus andecolus parvulus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, P. Z. S. Lond., 1892,
p. 384, note 1 — lea, western Peru.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta (six miles north of Arica),
two c? cf ad., one 9 ad., June 14, July 16, 21.
These birds, which constitute the first record of a swift from
Chile, agree in every particular with a series from Arequipa and a
single adult female from Matucana, above Lima, in western Peru.
In the light of this material M. a. parvulus turns out to be an
exceedingly well-marked race, which differs from both M. a. ande-
colus1 and M. a. peruvianus* in having the sides and flanks exten-
sively brownish black, this dusky area being abruptly defined from
the pure white middle of the abdomen. Besides, the white nuchal
collar runs all around the nape, instead of being broken in the middle
*Cypselus andecolus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7,
cl. 2, p. 70, 1837 — La Paz, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).
^Micropus peruvianus Chapman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 253, 1919 —
Ollantaytambo, Urubamba, Peru (type in American Museum of Natural History
examined).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 243
by a dusky brown band connecting the color of the pileum with that
of the back; the crown and back are of a darker, more blackish hue;
the tertials are more distinctly edged with white at the tip; the post-
ocular region is white or but slightly tinged with grayish brown;
the under tail coverts are wholly white except for the grayish brown
apical half of the longest series. In the short, less deeply forked tail
and white (not buffy) rump band, collar, and under parts M. a.
parvulus closely resembles M. a. peruvianus, but lacks the dusky
mottling on the throat, while the subocular region is paler, grayish
brown rather than sooty, and the feathers of the anterior crown are
margined with pale brownish as in typical M. a. andecolus. Although
the solid blackish area on the sides of the under parts generally serves
to distinguish M. a. parvulus, I find this character also well pro-
nounced in one specimen (from Tinta) of M. a. peruvianus, while
certain individuals from Arequipa approach the latter in the mottling
of the throat. The tail varies a good deal in shape, yet it must be
admitted that it is more deeply forked in M. a. andecolus than in the
two other races, though the difference is bridged over by individual
variation.
There are thus three forms of the Andean Swift, which may be
characterized as follows:
(a) Micropus andecolus andecolus (Lafr. and d'Orb.). — Nuchal
collar interrupted in the middle and, like the uropygial band and the
under parts, more or less tinged with buff; the inner sides of breast
and abdomen faintly shaded with smoke gray; longest under tail
coverts wholly sooty, the median series largely tipped with dusky,
the shortest only buffy white; feathers of forehead edged with
grayish brown; crown and back less blackish, tail longer, deeply
forked.
Range. — Andes of Bolivia (Depts. of La Paz and Cochabamba)
and western Argentina (Jujuy to Mendoza).1
Material examined. — Bolivia: La Paz (the type), 1; Consata, La
Paz, 1; Vinto, Cochabamba, 2; Parotani, Cochabamba, 1; unspeci-
1M. andecolus dinellii Hartert (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 23, p. 43, Dec., 1908—
Angosta Perchela, Jujuy) is synonymous with M. a. andecolus, since Argentine
birds are inseparable from those of Bolivia. Inspection of the material in the
British Museum discloses the fact that Hartert had mistaken the western form,
represented in that collection by six skins from Arequipa and one from Matucana,
for typical andecolus, and redescribed the latter under a new name. The type in
the Paris Museum, being in very poor condition, is almost useless for comparative
purposes, but a specimen from Consata (in the type region) marked by Hartert
himself M. a. dinellii shows that La Paz birds are the same as those from other
parts of Bolivia.
244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
fied (T. Bridges coll.), 1. — Argentina: Maimara, Jujuy, 1; Amaicha,
Tucuman, 1; Cumbre Calchaquies, Tucuman, 1; west of Mendoza, 2.
(b) Micropus andecolus peruvianus Chapman. — Nuchal collar
incomplete as in M. a. andecolus; tail shorter and less deeply forked;
margin of the forehead paler hue; uropygial band, sides of neck,
and under parts less buffy, sometimes nearly pure white; dusky
bases of chin and throat feathers showing through, producing an
indistinct mottling; sides of body as a rule slightly tinged with
smoke gray, rarely dark sooty; shorter under tail coverts generally
with less white.
Range. — Andes of southeastern Peru, in Dept, of Cuzco (Uru-
bamba and Marcapata Valleys).1
Material examined. — Peru: Ollantaytambo (the type), 1; Huara-
cando Canyon, Urubamba, 1; Tinta, 2; Quiquijona, Marcapata, 2.
(c) Micropus andecolus parvulus Berlepsch and Stolzmann. —
Nuchal collar complete and like uropygial band, sides of head, and
under parts pure white; sides of breast and abdomen brownish black,
forming a sharply defined dusky area; under tail coverts white, only
apical portion of longest series grayish brown; crown and back
darker, more blackish; forehead edged with hoary brownish; fur-
cation of tail shallow as in M. a. peruvianus.
Range. — Andes of western Peru, north to Matucana (above
Lima), and extreme northern Chile (Tacna).
Material examined. — Peru: Matucana (Oct. 11, 1884, 9 ad.
Nation), 1; lea, 1; Arequipa, 6. — Chile: Chacalluta, Tacna, 3.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS
M . a. andecolus Wing Tail o?furca
One unsexed from La Paz (type) 141 66 19
One unsexed from Consata, Bolivia 135 65 18
Two males from Vinto, Cochabamba 141,144 70,72 19,22
One male from Parotani, Cochabamba 142 65 18
One unsexed from Bolivia (T. Bridges) 144 71 22
Two males from Tucuman 137,144 67,72 22,22
One male from Jujuy 146 71 16
Two females from Mendoza 138,140 65,66 20,—
M. a. peruvianus
One female from Ollantaytambo,
Urubamba (type) 139 58 14
One male from Huaracando 135 60 13
One male from Tinta 144 63 15
One female from Tinta 143 62 14
One male from Quiquijona, Marcapata 144 63 13
One female from Quiquijona 136 Y^ 60 13
1 An adult bird in the British Museum, said to be from "Quito," also belongs to
M . a. peruvianus. The locality is doubtless erroneous.
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR
245
M . a. parvulus
One female from Matucana
One female from lea
Two males from Arequipa
Three females from Arequipa
Two males from Chacalluta, Tacna
One female from Chacalluta, Tacna
Wing
Tail
Depth
of furca
143
64
18
135
57
14
137,—
63,64
14,15
135,140,—
58,59,60
14,15,15
136,137
57,59
14,17
142
61
18
153. Systellura longirostris1 bifasciata (Gould)
Caprimulgus bifasciatus Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 5, p. 22, Nov., 1837 — "from
Mr. Darwin's collection," no locality specified; Darwin, p. 36 — type stated
to be from Valparaiso; Bridges, p. 94 — Colchagua; Fraser (1), p. 110 —
east and west sides of the Andes of Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 261 — central
provinces; Koenig-Warthausen, Journ. Orn., 16, p. 382, 1868 — Santiago
(eggs descr.); Philippi (12), p. 248— Chile; Waugh and Lataste (2), p.
CLXX— San Alfonso, Quillota; idem (3), p. LIX— Penaflor, Santiago;
Albert (1), 101, p. 499— Chile (crit.); idem, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 3, p. 25,
1899— Chile (crit.); Lataste (9), p. 167— Peumo.
Caprimulgus conterminus Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 169, 1848 — Valparaiso.
Stenopsis parvulus (not Caprimulgus parvulus Gould) Cassin, p. 186 — Chile,
near the foot of the mountains; Germain, p. 309 — Santiago (nesting habits).
Stenopsis bifasciata Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338 — Chile (crit.); E. Reed
(2), p. 554 — Cauquenes (Colchagua) and Valparaiso; Sharpe, p. 9 —
Coquimbo.
Caprimulgus andinus Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 279,
1860— Cordillera of Santiago (=juv.); idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, p. 31,
1861; Philippi (12), p. 248 — central provinces; idem (24), p. 18, pi. 12,
figs. 5, 6.
Caprimulgus obscurus (Philippi MS.) Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 101, p. 502,
1898— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 20, pll. 11, 12, fig. 4,
1902 — Concepci6n.
Caprimulgus bifasciatus var. gularis Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 21,
pi. 12, fig. 3, 1902— Chile.
Stenopsis longirostris (not Caprimulgus longirostris Bonaparte) E. Reed (4), p.
203 — Chile; C. Reed (1), Aves Prov. Conception, p. 38 — Conception;
Barros (4), p. 141 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p. 177 — Cordillera of
Aconcagua; Passler (3), p. 451 — Coronel (egg descr.); Housse (1), p. 48 —
Isla La Mocha; idem (2), p. 143 — San Bernardo, Santiago; C. Reed (4),
p. 189, 1925 — Cautin; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 105 — Marga-Marga Valley,
Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 174 — Angol, Malleco.
Stenopsis exilis (not Caprimulgus exilis Lesson) Housse (2), p. 143 — San Ber-
nardo, Santiago.
1 Whatever Caprimulgus longirostris Bonaparte (Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
4, p. 384, 1825) may ultimately turn out to be, the Chilean Goatsucker seems to
be different from the Argentine birds designated by authors under that name.
Specimens from Buenos Aires and Tucuman, when compared with others from
Chile, are much more spotted with rufous above, and have the under parts less
rufescent as well as more narrowly barred with dusky.
246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Systellura longirostris Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 67, p. 2, 1923 — Temuco
and Tofo.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo (Tofo) to the Guaitecas
Islands.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Tambillos, cf ad., cf imm.,
July 8; Paiguano (alt. 3,300 feet), d" ad., June 26.— Colchagua:
Banos de Cauquenes, d" ad., May 4. — Concepcion: Hacienda Gual-
pencillo, 9 ad., April 5. — Cautin: Chapod, Temuco, 9 ad., April
19, 1910. A. C. Saldana. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension
Island, 9 ad., Jan. 30.
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Coquimbo, d" imm., 9 ad.,
June. Coppinger. — Santiago: Santiago, one <? ad., one <? imm.
(type of C. andinus, June, 1864), two 9 9 ad. F. Leybold and
L. Landbeck. — Valparaiso: Valparaiso, d"1 ad. C. Darwin (type of
C. bifasciatus). — Cautin: Maquehue, Temuco, 9 ad., Sept. 28,
1904; Pitrufquen, Temuco, 9 ad., June 18, 1906. D. S. Bullock
(all in the British Museum).
The available material is insufficient to make out whether there
is any racial variation in this goatsucker. The three specimens in
Field Museum from Concepcion, Temuco, and Melinka are some-
what darker above and more rufescent on the under parts than those
from farther north; but two Temuco birds in the British Museum
hardly differ from the latter by very slightly darker dorsal surface,
while underneath one is just as pale as others from Coquimbo. C.
obscurus, based on a single immature from Concepcion and first
introduced into literature by Albert, will eventually come into use,
if southern birds prove to be separable.
C. andinus was founded on a male molting from the juvenile into
the first annual plumage. The extent of the white apical spots on the
lateral rectrices, upon which Philippi lays so much stress, varies
considerably in the male sex, it being much more restricted in imma-
ture individuals. The female has no white in the tail. The wing-
band and the light collar across the foreneck are pure white in adult
males, whereas in immature males the former is white more or less
tinged with ochraceous tawny, in females deep tawny; the collar is
buff, more deeply so in females.
The "Plastilla" is generally distributed throughout central and
southern Chile, its vertical range extending from the plains up to
about 7,000 feet. The most northerly locality on record is Tofo,
north of Coquimbo, whence Chapman lists a single female secured
by Hallinan. According to Germain, it lays in November two eggs,
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 247
which it deposits on the ground, choosing for that purpose solitary
and waste places covered with scanty vegetation.
154. Systellura longirostris atripunctata Chapman
Systellura ruficervix atripunctata Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 67, p. 2,
1923 — Acobamba, Junin, Peru.
Stenopsis longirostris (not Caprimulgiis longirostris Bonaparte) Lane, Ibis,
1897, p. 47— San Pablo, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Northern provinces of Antofagasta and Tarapaca.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 7,500 feet),
<f ad., Sept. 13.
On the upper parts, this bird is practically identical with a male
from Matucana, above Lima, Peru. Both have the lateral portion
of the pileum hoary gray, variegated with black, and the center
largely black spotted with ochraceous tawny, and also resemble each
other in having on the back and scapulars rounded ochraceous spots
with black centers. The Rio Loa specimen, while more distinctly
barred with blackish on the belly, can be matched in that respect by
other Peruvian examples.
S. I. atripunctata differs from the Chilean S. I. bifasciata by much
wider, deeper rufous nuchal collar, the presence of ochraceous-
tawny spots on the black middle crown, and more numerous as well as
differently shaped ochraceous markings on the back and scapulars.
It forms, in fact, the transition from bifasciata to ruficervix, and
consequently all the goatsuckers of this group should be treated as
races of S. longirostris.
S. I. atripunctata evidently ranges all over the Andes of Peru and
Bolivia, and stretches south into the north of Chile. We have
examined specimens from Cajamarca (d* ad., juv.), Cajabamba
(cf ad., 9 ad.), near Otuzco (cf ad.), Arequipa (cf imm., 9 ad.),
Matucana (cf ad.), Peru, and Tilotilo (<? ad.) and Challapata
(cf imm.), Bolivia.
On the arid coast of Peru, from Islay north to Trujillo, it is
replaced by the much smaller and paler S. I. decussata (Tschudi), of
which Stenopsis macrorrhyncha Salvador!1 is clearly a synonym.
[Caprimulgus exilis Lesson (Rev. Zool., 2, p. 44, 1839), described
from "Chile," was included on this authority by Gay (Hist. fis.
!Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 11, p. 447, 1868 — "America meridionale."
248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 262, 1847). Lesson himself (Oeuvr. compl.
Buff on, e"d. Le've'que, 20, p. 258, 1844), however, had corrected the
original locality to Callao, Peru. This detailed description leaves
no doubt that it is an earlier name for C. pruinosus Tschudi, and this
nighthawk should, accordingly, be called Chordeiles acutipennis exilis
(Lesson). It is only known from the littoral of Peru and has never
been found in Chile, although Gigoux (a, p. 40) claims its occurrence
in Atacama.]
155. Golaptes pitius pitius (Molina)
Picus pitius Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 236, 343, 1782— Chile (descr.
pessima).
Picus chilensis Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), livr. 3, pi. 32, April, 1827 —
"Conception, au Chile."
Colaptes chiUnsis Vigors, Zool. Beechey's Voy., p. 24, 1839 — Concepci6n;
Darwin, p. 114 — central Chile, on the western side of the Cordillera;
Bridges, p. 94— Colchagua; Pelzeln (2), p. 101— Chile.
Colaptes pitiguus Fraser (1), p. 114 — southern provinces of Chile; Des Murs
(2), p. 373— central and southern Chile; Philippi (12), p. 267— Chile;
Albert (1), 100, p. 319— range; Lataste (1), p. CXV— Bureo (Chilian),
Nuble; idem (5), p. LXII— Llohue (Itata), Maule.
Colaptes pitius Hartlaub (3), p. 215 — Valdivia; Cassin, p. 190 — southern Chile;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869,
p. 283 — "Lata" [=Lota], Concepci6n; idem, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 — Ancud,
ChiloS; E. Reed (2), p. 555 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 204 —
Chile; Lane, p. 47 — Arauco, Valdivia (Calle-Calle, Corral), Puerto Montt,
Chilo4; Schalow (2), p. 703 — Quinquina Island (Bay of Talcaguano) and
Tumbes, Concepci6n; C. Reed, Av. Prov. Concepcion, p. 21 — Cabrero
and Cerros de Quilacoya, Concepci6n; Barros (4), p. 142 — Nilahue,
Curico; idem (5), p. 178 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Passler (3), p. 451 —
Coronel; C. Reed (4), p. 56 — Hualqui, Concepcion (food); Bullock (3),
p. 122 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 173 — Angol, Malleco.
Polaptes Citiquus (sic) Boeck, p. 508 — Valdivia.
Colaptes pitius pitius Wetmore (3), p. 224 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Colaptes pitiue Jaffuel and Pirion, p. Ill — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Acon-
cagua to the Guaitecas Islands.
Material collected. — O'Higgins: Rancagua, cf ad., Dec., 1903.
C. S. Reed. — Malleco: Curacautin, 9 ad., Jan. 12. — Valdivia:
Mafil, c? (molting), two <? & juv., Feb. 16, 18, 24.— Chilo£ Island:
Quellon, 9 ad., cf juv., Dec. 22, 27. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka,
Ascension Island, 9 ad., Feb. 1.
Birds from Chilo£ and the Guaitecas have the black bars on the
chest and sides somewhat wider, but in length of bill (37-38 mm.)
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 249
they agree with more northern examples, and I do not see my way
clear to separate them from typical pitius. Two adults from Lago
Nahuel Huapi, Neuquen, differ by slightly shorter bills (34-35
mm.) and the greater amount of blackish barring underneath, which
leaves hardly a trace of the plain (unmarked) area in the middle of
the abdomen. However, they are closely approached in that respect
by the Melinka bird, and it is possible that the receipt of further
material from Argentina may show C. pitius cachinnans Wetmore
and Peters1 to be not properly separable.
C. p. pitius is particularly common in the southern parts of Chile
from Conception onwards. Farther north it decreases in numbers,
and its range apparently does not extend into Coquimbo, the most
northerly locality on record being Aconcagua. It is reported to prefer
valleys and hill slopes up to about 6,500 feet, but is not found in the
higher parts of the Cordilleras.
156. Colaptes rupicola rupicola d'Orbigny
Colaptes rupicola d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. M6rid., Ois., pi. 62, fig. 1, pub.
before 1844 ;2 idem, p. 377, 1847 — Bolivia (type from Sicasica; see M6ne-
gaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, pp. 207-208, 1909); Sclater (6), 1891,
p. 135— Yrpa, near "UzUugo" [ =Vilugo], Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 204—
Chile; Lane, p. 47 — Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of
Tarapaca.3
Material examined. — Tarapaca: Yrpa (near Vilugo), 9 ad.,
April 11, 1890. A. Lane (British Museum).
This specimen, without any trace of red on the nape, agrees in
every respect with Bolivian females.
Ambrose Lane, the only naturalist who ever obtained it in Chile,
tells us that this woodpecker is occasionally met with on the eastern
side of the Cordillera of Tarapaca up to 10,000 feet, but he is not
quite certain whether it is a permanent resident or merely a visitor
from Bolivia.
1Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 43, 1922— Bariloche, Lago Nahuel Huapi,
Rio Negro.
2 Although the letterpress of C. rupicola was not published until 1847 (see
Sherborn, Ind. Anim., Sect. 2, Part 1, p. XCVII, 1922), plate 62 must have been
issued far in advance, since it is quoted as early as 1844 by Tschudi (Arch. Naturg.,
10, (1), p. 303) with the remark "sine descriptione."
'The "Valparaiso" specimen recorded by Allen (p. 101) is doubtless incorrectly
labeled and probably originated from Bolivia.
250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The general range of C. r. rupicola comprises the Andean dis-
tricts of Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. In southern Peru
it is replaced by C. rupicola puna Cabanis.1
157. Ipocrantor magellanicus (King)
Picus magellanicus King, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, "Sept. to Dec. 1827," p. 430,
pub. early in 1828 — Port Famine, Straits of Magellan; Des Murs (2),
p. 372 — southern Chile, north to Colchagua; Boeck, p. 507 — near Valdivia;
Philippi (12), p. 267 — from Magellania to Colchagua.
Picus jubatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 4, p. 242, 1841 — no locality stated
(= female).
Picus magellicanus (sic) Bridges, p. 94 — Colchagua.
Campephilus magellanicus Sclater (2), 1867, pp.' 328, 338 — Chile; Sclater and
Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 187— Sandy-Point; idem, P. Z. S. Lond., 1878, p.
434 — Puerto Bueno; E. Reed (2), p. 555 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Ridgway
(2), p. 135 — Laredo Bay and Sandy-Point.
Ipocrantor magellanicus E. Reed (4), p. 204 — from Chilian to Magellania;
Lane, p. 48 — Valdivia (habits); Bullock (4), p. 173— Angol, Malleco.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan north to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Malleco: Rio Colorado, <? ad., Feb. 4. —
Valdivia: Rinihue, cT ad., March 7; Mafil, 9 ad., Feb. 27.— Chilo<§
Island: Quellon, d" imm., 9 ad., Dec. 22, 23; Rio Inio, 9 ad.,
Jan. 12.
The majority of our specimens have the inner web of the secon-
daries (excepting the tip) uniform white, but an immature male and
one of the females show a few blackish spots in the apical portion of
this light-colored area.
The Chilean series appears to be inseparable from the few Pata-
gonian specimens with which we have been able to compare them.
This woodpecker, characterized by the peculiar sexual dimorphism
in the development of the crest carried much farther in the female,
is evidently of Patagonian origin. It inhabits Tierra del Fuego and
southern Patagonia, ranging along the eastern slope of the Andes as
far north as the vicinity of Lake Nahuel Huapi. In Chile it is
fairly common up to Valdivia, but north of this point it decreases in
numbers, and reaches the limit of its range in Colchagua, where it is
stated to be rather rare.
Philippi (Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888) lists "Picus cactorum Tsch." from Cana,
Antofagasta. If this is intended for Trichopicus cactorum (d'Orbigny), the iden-
tification can hardly be correct. Albert (Anal. Univ. Chile, 100, pp. 315-325,
1898), who had access to the collections of the Museo Nacional, does not mention
the species even in synonymy. Colaptes rupicola is admitted to the Chilean fauna
solely on Sclater's authority.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 251
158. Dyctiopicus lignarius (Molina)
Picus lignarius Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 236, 343, 1782— Chile
(descr. pessima); Fraser (1), p. 114 — Chile; Cassin, p. 190 — mountainous
districts [of Chile]; Germain, p. 312 — Santiago (nesting habits) ; Pelzeln (2),
p. 101; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869,
p. 283— Chilo6; E. Reed (2), p. 555 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2),
p. 425 — Coquimbo; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. Ill — Marga-Marga Valley,
Valparaiso.
Picus melanocephalus King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1,
p. 14, Jan., 1831 — "in fretu Magellanico et insula Chilo6"; Des Murs
(2), p. 372 — Chilo4 Island and peninsula of Tres Montes; Boeck, p. 507 —
Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 267— Chile generally; Lataste (5), p. LXII—
LlohuS (Itata), Maule; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVII— Penaflor,
Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXII — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso.
Picus kingii1 (Gray MS.) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, Part 15, p. 113,
March, 1841 — Valparaiso and peninsula of Tres Montes.
Picus kaupii Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 6, 1852 — "Chile" (types
in Bremen Museum); idem (3), p. 215 — Valdivia (crit.).
Centurus gradatus Reichenbach, Handb. Spez. Orn., Picinae, p. 411, pi.
DCLXV, figs. 4417-18, 1854— Chile (ex Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus.
Berol., p. 75, 1854; nomen nudum).
Picus puncticeps et P. aureocapillus* (not of Vigors) Lataste (1), p. CXV —
Cerro de Coroney, Maule.
Dendrocopus lignarius E. Reed (4), p. 204 — Chile; Lane, p. 48 — Hacienda
Mansel (Santiago), Coronel (Conception), Laraquete (Arauco), and Rio
Bueno (Valdivia); Schalow (2), p. 702 — La Serena, Coquimbo; Bullock
(3), p. 122 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 173 — Angol,
Malleco.
Dryobates lignarius Barros (4), p. 142 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p. 179 —
Cordillera of Aconcagua (up to 1,800 meters elev.); Passler (3), p. 451 —
Coronel.
Dyctiopicus lignarius Wetmore (3), p. 213 — Con con, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to peninsula of Tres Montes,
and sparingly even to the Straits of Magellan.3
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Olmue", d* ad., May 23. — Col-
chagua: Baiios de Cauquenes, d" ad., May 3. — Malleco: Rio Colo-
rado, d" ad., 9 ad., Feb. 6, March 3; Curacautin, 9 ad., Feb. 1.—
1 Proposed as a substitute name for Picus melanocephalus King.
2 In a subsequent communication (Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 4, p. CLXXII, 1894)
Lataste identified the two birds as male and female of P. melanocephalus.
3Oustalet (Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Ois., p. 255, 1891) questions its occurrence
in the Straits. Even if we discard King's locality "in fretu Magellanico" as too
indefinite, there are two other records which seem to indicate that the species
is found, at least occasionally, in southern Patagonia. Cunningham (Not. Nat.
Hist. Strait of Magellan, p. 138, 1871) shot a specimen at Sandy-Point [=Punta
Arenas], and Ridgway (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. 135, Feb., 1890)
lists another obtained by the naturalists of the "Albatross" at Laredo Bay.
252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Cautin: Villa Portales (alt. 3,300 feet), d" ad., Feb. 29.— Guaitecas
Islands: Clotilde Island, cf ad., Feb. 3, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Valdivia: Valdivia, two d" cf ad., one
cf imm., three 9 9 ad. A. von Lossberg, 1897 (Berlepsch Collection,
Frankfort Museum). — "Southern Chile:" three cfcf ad. (Ber-
lepsch Collection, Frankfort Museum). — "Chile" (unspecified): three
cfcf ad., one 9 ad. (Boucard Collection, Paris Museum).
It is possible that specimens from Valdivia and south are more
heavily streaked underneath, and the Guaitecas bird, besides having
a stronger bill, certainly is more coarsely marked than any other
example seen by me. However, the series from central Chile, which
shows some variation in this respect, is too inadequate to justify
any subdivision.
Although widely distributed over the wooded parts of central
and southern Chile, this woodpecker is stated to be nowhere com-
mon. Its altitudinal range extends, according to Barros, up to
about 6,000 feet.
Outside of Chile, it has been met with along the eastern slope of
the Andes, on Argentine territory in Neuquen, Rio Negro, and
Chubut. Hargitt1 records specimens even from Cosquin, Cordoba.
It apparently also ranges into certain parts of Bolivia (Cochabamba;
Rio Chaluani, Mizque), whence d'Orbigny redescribed it as Picus
puncticeps. The types, which I have carefully compared in the
Paris Museum, appear to me inseparable from Chilean birds; still
the examination of a series of Bolivian skins is required to make sure
of their identity.
The relationship of the present species to D. mixtus* likewise
needs further investigation.
[Picus aurocapillus Vigors (Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 2, p. 4, 1832), said to be from "Chile," has never been identi-
fied. No woodpecker with golden yellow markings on the pileum
has ever been found in Chile, and the locality, like that of several
other species in Cuming's collection of which it formed part, was
doubtless incorrect.
Capita aurifrons Vigors (Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 2, p. 3, 1832) was erroneously described from "Chile." No
'Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 18, p. 258, 1890.
2 Neither Dyctiopicus mixtus mixtus (Boddaert) nor Chrysoptilus cristatus
melanolaimus (Malherbe), which are listed by Gigoux (a, pp. 38, 39) among the
birds of Atacama, has ever been found on Chilean territory.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 253
member of the Barbet family is found on the Pacific side of South
America south of Ecuador, all the species being peculiar to the
tropical forests.]
159. Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson
Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson, Philos. Journ., (n. s.), 1, p. 440, 1827 —
Mexico.
Crotophaga major (not of Gmelin) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section of Tarapaca and
doubtless also Tacna.
Material collected. — Tarapaca: Chintaguai, Quebrada de Quisma
(alt. 4,000 feet), <? ad., May 22, 1924.
This seems to be the first record of C. s. sidcirostris from Chile,
but there can be little doubt that Philippi's "C. major" from Tarapaca
also belongs here and not to C. major.
The specimen is similar to others from the coast of Peru (Chosica,
Menocucho), which, in agreement with Chapman,1 I consider in-
separable from Central American birds.
[Guira guira (Gmelin), mentioned by Gigoux (a, p. 49) as a possible
visitor, has never been found in Chile. The two specimens in the
British Museum are no doubt incorrectly labeled.]
160. Megaceryle torquata stellata (Meyen)
Alcedo stellata Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl.,
1, p. 98, pi. 14, 1834— on the banks of the Rio "Clado" [=Claro], Prov.
San Fernando [=Colchagua].
Alcedo stellaris (lapsu) Kittlitz (3), p. 120 — San-Tome, Conception.
Alcedo torquata (not of Linnaeus) Bridges, p. 94 — Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 270;
Boeck, p. 498 — on the banks of the Calle-Calle River, Valdivia; Philippi
(12), p. 249 — Chile, much more common in the south.
Ceryle torquata Darwin, p. 42 — southern part of Chile, Chiloe, Chonos Archi-
pelago, and down to Tierra del Fuego; Fraser (1), p. 110 — southern Chile;
Pelzeln (2), p. 50.
Ceryle stellata Hartlaub (3), p. 210— Valdivia (crit.); Sclater (2), 1867, pp.
327, 338— Chile (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 283— Port Otway;
E. Reed (2), p. 555 — Cauquenes, Colchagua (rare); Sclater and Salvin
(3), p. 434— Port Otway; Ridgway (2), p. 136— Port Otway; E. Reed
(4), p. 204 — common in southern Chile, rare along the Rio Cachapoal,
Colchagua; Lane, p. 49 — Valdivia, not beyond Arauco; C. Reed, Av. Prov.
Concepci6n, p. 39 — Concepci6n; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 46 — Smyth's Channel.
Ceryle torquata stellata Schalow (2), p. 702 — Villarrica and Concepci6n.
>Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 341, 1926.
254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Range in Chile. — Southern provinces, north to Conception, very
rarely as far north as Colchagua.
Material collected. — Chiloe" Island: Rio Inio, d" ad., 9 ad.,
Jan. 8, 1923.
Five additional specimens from Chile (locality not specified)
and a series from the Straits of Magellan have been examined in the
collection of the British Museum and at Paris.
While admitting that in the range of M. t. torquata occasionally
specimens may occur that are not distinguishable by color characters,
I think there can be no doubt that the white spotting on the wings
and upper tail coverts as well as the plumbeous barring on the
crissum are perfectly constant features in the South Chilean race.
Besides, M. t. stellata may be separated by its shorter bill, which
rarely exceeds 70 mm. in length, and the duller, more slaty (less
bluish) gray of the upper parts. Among twenty examples of this
form, I found only one or two in which the white spotting of the
wings showed a tendency to reduction, and none without plumbeous
barring on the lower tail coverts.
The distributional area of M. t. stellata is evidently restricted to
Tierra del Fuego, the Straits of Magellan, and southern Patagonia,
north to Chubut. In Chile, this kingfisher is fairly common through
the southern parts as far north as Conception, and it is doubtful
whether it breeds anywhere beyond that point. There are, however,
two records from Colchagua, perhaps based on migratory individuals
from the south. Meyen claims to have shot the type on the banks of
the Rio "Clado" [ = Claro], in the province of San Fernando (nowa-
days Colchagua), and Edwyn Reed lists it as rare among the birds
found in the Hacienda de Cauquenes. No kingfisher occurs in the
central and northern parts of Chile.
Peru and Bolivia1 are erroneously included by authors in the
range of the present form. Laubmann2 identifies a single male from
Villa Montes, Tarija, Bolivia, as M. t. stellata, though the bill-
measurement (83 mm.) alone tends to show that it does not belong
to that race, whose reappearance in Bolivia, furthermore, is more
than unlikely. A series from the vicinity of Tucuman in Field
Museum is unquestionably referable to M. t. torquata.
1 Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 101, 1889), in recording Ceryle stellata
from Reyes and Lower Beni, plains of northern Bolivia, was doubtless misled by
wrongly labeled Chilean specimens.
*Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 18, p. 219, 1929.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 255
161. Cyanoliseus patagonus byroni (J. E. Gray)
Psittacus (Aratinga) byroni J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc., 1, p. 12, 1831 — Chile.
Psittacara patagonica (not Psittacus patagonus Vieillot) Lesson, Voy. Coquille,
Zool., 1, pp. 241, 625, pi. 35 bis — very common around "Talcaguana,"
Concepci6n.
Psittacus cyanolyseos1 Poeppig (2), p. 280 — Rio Colorado, Santiago; idem (3),
p. 8 — Los Loros and Puente de Vizcachas, Andes of Santa Rosa [=Los
Andes], Aconcagua; idem (4), Reise, p. 451 — Andes of Antuco, Biobio;
idem (5), p. 87 — Antuco (habits); idem (6), p. 24 — Antuco (habits);
Thienemann, Einhund. Taf. Col. Abb. Vogelei., livr. 2, p. 77, pi. 14, fig.
15 (egg), 1846— Chile.
Conurus patachonicus Darwin, p. 113 — part, Concepcion, Chile.
Conurus cyanolysios2 Fraser (1), p. 114 — Chile (nesting habits); Des Murs
(2), p. 367 — Chile (habits); Cassin, p. 189 — central provinces; Boeck, p.
506— Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 98— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338;
Philippi (12), p. 266 — from the Rio Tolten northwards (crit.); Landbeck
(6), p. 517— Chile (crit.); idem (7), p. 114— Chile (crit.); idem (9), p. 261—
from the Rio Tolten, Arauco, northwards; E. Reed (2), p. 556 — Rio
Cachapoal, Colchagua.
Conurus byroni Albert, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 2, p. 40, 1898 — central and
southern Chile (crit.); Lane, p. 50 — inland of San Antonio, Santiago;
C. Reed, Av. Prov. Concepci6n, p. 39 — Concepci6n; Barros (9a), p. 41 —
Rancagua, O'Higgins.
Cyanolysens (sic) patagonus Barros (4), p. 140 — formerly in Nilahue, Curico.
Cyanolyseus byroni E. Reed (4), p. 204 — central and southern Chile; Barros
(5), p. 177 — Prov. Aconcagua (extinct).
Range in Chile. — Formerly common from Aconcagua to Valdivia;
at present only in a few spots in the Cordilleras of the central
provinces.
Material examined. — Colchagua: Hacienda de Cauquenes, 9
ad., Dec., 1903. C. S. Reed (Tring Museum). — Concepcion: Lirquen
(Penco), <? ad., June, 1905. C. S. Reed (Tring Museum).— "Chile"
(unspecified): one "c?" ad., two unsexed adults, including the type
(British, Tring and Munich Museums).
The Chilean "Loro," though nearly allied to, may be distin-
guished from, C. p. patagonus (Vieill.) by somewhat larger size (wing
250-263, against 235-247 mm.), both heavier and longer bill, and
by the creamy white patches on the sides of the chest being extended
toward the middle so as to suggest or even actually form a complete
*It is quite possible, as has been intimated by Barros (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
24, p. 151), that Molina (Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 256, 343, 1782), when naming
Psittacus cyanalysios, had the present species in mind. His description, however,
is so faulty that I hesitate to accept the name in place of Gray's term, which is of
unquestionable pertinence.
2 Variously spelt cyanolysios, cyanalysios, cyanolisios, or cyanolyseos.
256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
transverse band across the breast. C. p. byroni apparently never
occurred outside of Chile.1
In southern Argentina, north at least to Buenos Aires and Lake
Nahuel Huapi,2 it is represented by the small-billed C. p. patagonus,
while the northwestern provinces (Catamarca, Tucuman, Salta) are
tenanted byC.p.andinus Dabb.and Lillo,3 which agrees with the typi-
cal form in dimensions and size of bill, but differs by much darker
brown throat and breast without trace of the creamy white patch on
the sides of the chest, duller, more greenish (instead of bright yellow)
rump, and by lacking the bright yellow ventral area. We have
examined specimens of this well-characterized race from Guapichas
(Salta) and Valle del Rio Santa Maria, Tucuman, in the collection
of the Munich Museum. Of C. p. patagonus specimens have been
available from Chubut, Bahia Blanca (Buenos Aires), Roca (Rio
Negro), and Casa de Lata (Neuquen).
C. p. byroni used to be very common in Chile. According to Lesson
and Darwin, it was abundant around the Bay of Concepcion at the
time of their visits. Poeppig, in 1829, found it breeding in large
numbers near Los Andes, Aconcagua, where, as we are told by
Barros, it became extinct some thirty years ago. Boeck, writing
in 1855, reports to have seen large flocks of this paroquet in the
vicinity of Valdivia, ,and Gilliss, leader of the United States
Astronomical Expedition during the years 1849-52, calls it one of
the most numerous of all birds in the central provinces of Chile. In
1875-76, the elder Reed states that many paroquets were nesting in
the ravines of the Rio Cachapoal, Colchagua.
Ambrose Lane, at the beginning of December, 1889, observed a
large flock about ten miles inland of San Antonio, Santiago. From
the valley of Nilahue, Curico, the "Loro" disappeared, according
to Barros, some forty years ago, and its old breeding grounds at
Caillihue, near Vichuquen, in the same province, were found deserted
by Lataste, when visiting the place in December, 1894. As shown
by the specimens in the Tring Museum, it still existed at Cauquenes
and Concepcion as late as 1902 and 1905. Since that time, its
extermination appears to have made rapid progress, and not a single
1 A specimen in the Tring Museum from "Mendoza" (Weisshaupt) is doubtless
incorrectly labeled.
2 The bird from Sandy-Point, Straits of Magellan, listed by Sclater and Salyin
(Ibis, 1868, p. 187) as Conurus cyanolyseus can hardly belong to that species.
Perhaps this record refers to Microsittace /. ferruginea.
'Cyanolyseus andinus Dabbene and Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos
Aires, 24, p. 188, pi. 10, 1913— Colalao del Valle, Tucuman.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 257
bird was seen in a wild state by the members of the Field Museum
Expedition. Mr. Sanborn, however, saw at Vallenar, southern
Atacama, a live specimen, of which photographs have been taken,
and was told that a small breeding colony survived in the cliffs near
Domeyko, south of Vallenar. Barros thinks that the "Loro" may still
exist in small numbers in the Cordilleras near Rancagua, O'Higgins.
The ruthless persecution by the plantation owners and the destruction
of the young birds used for food are no doubt responsible for the
disappearance of this fine paroquet, and unless serious protective
measures are taken, we may soon have to include it in the ever
growing list of extinct species.
162. Enicognathus leptorhynchus (King)1
Psittacara leptorhyncha King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1,
"1830-31," p. 14, Jan. 6, 1831— Chiloe Island; Cassin, p. 189— "interior
of Chile."
(?) Psittacus Jaquilma (not of Molina?) Poeppig (2), p. 280 — Rio Colorado,
Santiago.
Psittacaria rectirostris Meyen, Nov. Act. Ac. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16,
Suppl., 1, p. 95, pi. 25, 1834— Chile.
Psittacara cheroyeus Fraser (1), p. 114 — Prov. Colchagua.
Ara erythrofrons Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 135, 1842 — Valdivia (diag.).
Stylorhynchus erythrofrons Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 1st sem., col. 184,
1844— Valdivia (full descr.).
Conurus erithrofrons (sic) Des Murs (2), p. 369 (ex Lesson).
Enicognathus leptorhynchus Des Mure (2), p. 370 — "desde la provincia de
Santiago & la de Chilo6"; Bibra, p. 130 — Santiago and Valdivia; Hartlaub
(3), p. 214— Valdivia; Boeck, p. 506— Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 98— Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 267— Chile generally; Lataste (5), p. LXIII— Junquillos
(San Carlos de Chilian), Nuble; Barros (10), p. 357— Cuesta de Chaca-
buco, Aconcagua.
Henicognathus leptorhynchus Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338— Chile; E. Reed
(2), p. 556 — very common in Arauco and Valdivia, rare in Cauquenes,
Colchagua; Lane, p. 50 — Rio Bueno, Valdivia; Albert, Rev. Chil. Hist.
Nat., 2, p. 39 — southern Chile, north to Aconcagua; Barros (4), p. 141 —
Nilahue, Curic6; Housse (1), p. 50 — Isla La Mocha; C. Reed (4), p. 56 —
Curacautin, Malleco; Blaauw (1), pp. 25, 33 — Osorno and Puerto Octai,
Llanquihue; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 110 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso;
Bullock (4), p. 172 — Angol, Malleco (winter visitor); Barros (9a), p. 41
(actual range).
Garros (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 151, 1920) uses the name Henicognathus
Choraeus. While admitting that Psittacus choraeus of Molina (Saggio Stor. Nat.
Chile, pp. 257, 343, 1782) might have been intended for the present species, I do
not see how the description, "Brachyurus viridis, subtus cinereus, orbitis incar-
natis," can be reconciled with its characters. Compare also the remarks on this
subject by Deautier and Steullet (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 479, 1929).
258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Enicognothus (sic) leptorhynchus Landbeck (9), p. 261 — beech woods of Chile.
Conurus erythrofrons Lataste (1), p. CXV — Bureo (Chilian), Ruble, and Cerros
de Aculeo, Santiago.
Henicognattrus (sic) leptorhynchus E. Reed (4), p. 204 — common in Valdivia,
rarer in the north.
Range in Chile. — From Aconcagua to Llanquihue.
Material collected. — Chiloe": Quellon, c? ad., 9 ad., Dec. 26,
Jan. 2. — Conception: Cabrero, three d" cf ad., July 29, Aug. 9, 1904.
C. S. Reed; Quilacoya, d* ad., June 17, 1904. C. S. Reed.
The exact limits of the breeding range of the "Choroy" are hard
to define with any degree of accuracy owing to the scarcity of proper
data. It doubtless breeds in Llanquihue, Chiloe", and Valdivia,
and probably in Arauco and Concepci6n. Father Housse mentions
it as inhabiting the inaccessible cumbres of the Isla La Mocha, off
Arauco. In the Angol Valley, Malleco, this paroquet, according to
Bullock, is merely a winter visitor (from April to October), and
the same is the case in the Nilahue district, Curico (fide Barros).
In Colchagua an enormous nesting colony exists at a point called
"Las Penas" above the Rio Claro, and smaller numbers occur on
the Rio Tinguiririca. It is an uncommon resident in the Andean
valleys of O'Higgins, and a few were found nesting by Barros
in January, 1926, near Chacabuco, Aconcagua.
None have been seen for many years in the Santiago region,
where Lataste, in January, 1893, found them breeding in holes of
trees on the summit of the Cerro de Aculeo.
From Lane's observations we learn that "they feed on certain
trees in the forests, to which they appear to be restricted, as they do
not resort much to cultivated fields"; but he was told at Rio Bueno
"that in some years they make incessant raids on the gardens and
orchards, doing great havoc when the fruit begins to ripen."
E. leptorhynchus appears to be a strictly Chilean species and has
not yet been found anywhere outside the boundaries of the republic.
163. Microsittace ferruginea minor Chapman1
Microsittace ferrugineus minor Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 41, p. 323,
1919— Corral [Valdivia], Chile.
According to Barros (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 151, 1920), this is the bird
designated as Psittacus jaguilma by Molina (Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 257, 343,
1782), whereas Deautier and Steullet (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 479, 1929) are
inclined to refer Molina's species to Psilopsiagon aurifrons. The diagnosis,
"macrurus viridis, remigibus apice fuscis, orbitis fulvis," is too indefinite to permit
of final conclusion, and the name is better dropped as undeterminable.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 259
Conurus pyrrhurus (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, Denks. math.-naturw. Kl. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— "bei Santiago (?) und im nordlichen Chile,"
error e; nomen nudum.
Psittacara smaragdina (not Psittacus smaragdinus Gmelin) Cassin, p. 189 —
Chile.
Conurus smaragdineus Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338 — Chile; E. Reed (2),
p. 556 — rare in Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Conurus erythrorons [sic] (not Ara erythrofrons Lesson) Philippi (12), p. 266 —
common in Valdivia.
Conurus erythrofrons Landbeck (9), p. 261 — beech woods of Chile (in part).
Microsittace ferruginea E. Reed (4), p. 204 — Chile, rare in the north; Lane, p.
50 — Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and Maquequa, Arauco; Albert, Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 2, p. 42 — central and southern Chile; Barros (4), p. 141 —
Nilahue, Curico (winter); Bullock (3), p. 121; idem (4), p. 173 — Cerros
de Nahuelbuta, Malleco (nesting).
Range in Chile. — From Colchagua to the Guaitecas Islands.
Material collected. — Biobio: tf ad., May, 1904. C. S. Reed.—
Malleco: Rio Colorado (alt. 3,000 feet), 9 ad., Feb. 5; Lake Malleco
(alt. 3,500 feet), tf ad., Jan. 20. — Cautin: Maquehue, d" ad., July
15, 1912. A. C. Saldana.— Valdivia: Gorbea, 9 ad., Aug. 6, 1924.
C. S. Reed; Mafil, one d1 ad., three 9 9, Feb. 15, 22; Rinihue, d"
ad., 9 ad., March 12, 16. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension
Island, cf ad., 9 ad., Feb. 2.
Additional specimens. — Llanquihue: Fundo Esmeralda, Dept.
Osorno, cf ad., 9 ad. (molting), March 6, 12, 1923. R. Bohnenberger
(Munich Museum).
The Chilean series differs from typical M. f. ferruginea,1 of the
Straits of Magellan, by smaller size, slightly darker (less yellowish)
green coloration, and less extensive, also somewhat darker red
abdominal area. I do not see any constant difference in the coloring
of the reddish loral space, although it is frequently of a darker tone
in Chilean birds, which, as a rule, also have slightly stouter bills.
Most of our specimens have wings from 173 to 180 mm., except two
from Malleco, which measure 183 and 185 mm. respectively.
An adult male from Lago Blanco, Chubut, in Field Museum is
more yellowish green, with a larger, paler red patch on the lower
abdomen, and larger in all its dimensions (wing 191 mm.). Although
its wings are a bit shorter than in Magellanic specimens, it
must doubtless be referred to M. f. ferruginea, which would thus
appear to range along the eastern slope of the Andes as far north
1 Psittacus ferrugineus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 75, 1776 — based
on "Perruche des terres Magellaniques" Daubenton, PI. Enl., 85.
260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
as Chubut in western Patagonia,1 while M. f. minor is restricted to
Chile proper.
This paroquet is reported to be common in the southern parts of
the republic as far north as Conception. Farther north it becomes
less numerous, and it is even doubtful whether it breeds there.
According to Edwyn Reed, it is rather rare in the southern part of
the Hacienda de Cauquenes, Colchagua. In Nilahue, Curico, R.
Barros noticed it merely as a winter visitor. Bibra is certainly mis-
taken in assigning its habitat to "northern Chile," and there appears
to be no authentic record for its occurrence either in the vicinity of
Santiago or in Aconcagua.2
In habits and its preference for forests it is said to resemble
E. leptorhynchus.
164. Psilopsiagon3 aurifrons orbignesius (Souance")
Myiopsitta orbignesia* Souance, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 8, pp. 63-64, 1856 —
Bolivia.8
Bolborrhynchus andicola (not of Finsch) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Colana,
Antofagasta.
Bolborhynchus orbignesius Sclater (4), 1886, p. 399 — "Lalcalhuay," Tarapaca;
idem (6), 1891, p. 135 — Sacaya, Tarapaca.
Bolborhynchus orbignyi Lane, p. 51 — Sacaya, Yabricoya, etc., Tarapaca
(habits); Albert, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 2, p. 42, 1898— Tarapaca.
Bolborynchus orbigneji (sic) E. Reed (4), p. 204 — Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme north, in provinces of Antofagasta and
Tarapaca.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San
Pedro, d1 ad., 9 ad., Sept. 19, 1923.
This little paroquet was first obtained on Chilean territory by
Carlos Rahmer in the Cordillera of Tarapaca, where Ambrose Lane
later met with it between November and March at various localities
up to an elevation of 11,000 feet. According to Albert, specimens
were also secured in that province by Doctor Pohlmann. On the
1 The most northerly locality is evidently Lago General Paz, whence Lynch
Arribalzaga (Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 162, 1902) recorded
two specimens taken by G. F. Gerling.
sSee Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 177, 1921.
3 Psilopsiagon Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, p. 100, 1912; type, by
orig. desig., Trichoglossus aurifrons Wagler = Psittacus (Lathamus) aurifrons Lesson.
4 Myiopsitta orbygnesia Bonaparte (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p. 151, 1854) is
a nomen nudum.
6 "Yungaz" is given as a more definite locality by Souance in the (unpaged)
text to pi. 24 of his "Iconographie des Perroquets."
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 261
occasion of the second expedition to the desert of Atacama under
the leadership of Federico Philippi this species was taken at Colana,
a military post in the vicinity of the Rio Inacaliri, Antofagasta,
hence in the same region where our specimens come from, and was
recorded by R. A. Philippi under the erroneous name of B. andicola.
Chilean examples agree with others from Bolivia and southern
Peru. In western Argentina the typical form is replaced by the
barely separable P. o. rubrirostris.1 Both are conspecific with
P. aurifrons (Lesson).
[Several other species of paroquets have been included in the Chilean
fauna on unsatisfactory evidence.
Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert). — Against Des Murs (in Gay, 1,
p. 368), who states that "esta especie se encuentra en Chile hasta el
estrecho de Magallanes," Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 266,
1868) points out that it does not occur in Chile anywhere in a wild
state, being, however, frequently kept in cages. Boeck (Naumannia,
1855, p. 507) also mentions a live bird brought by the Indians from
the Mission of San Jose" to Valdivia.
Aratinga jandaya (Gmelin). — The specimen seen in the vicinity
of San Bernardo, Santiago, by R. Housse (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
29, p. 143, 1925) undoubtedly was an escaped cage-bird. The
range of this paroquet is restricted to extreme northeastern Brazil.
Amoropsitta aymara (d'Orbigny). — D'Orbigny2 claims to have dis-
covered this species in the "Quebrada de Palca, above Tacna,"
but this appears to be erroneous. M. Berlioz, of the Paris Museum,
kindly informs us that one of the types is marked "Sicasica, Bolivia,
1834," 3 while no paroquet is entered on the Museum registers among
the birds received through d'Orbigny from Tacna Province in 1831.
We may, therefore, take Sicasica, south of La Paz, as type locality.4
Salvadori5 lists a specimen from the "Chilian Andes," but as Ley-
bold's birds were not always properly labeled, it might have been
obtained on the Argentine side in Mendoza, where this naturalist
also did a good deal of collecting. In Sclater and James's "New List
1Conunis rubrirostris Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 243, 1860 — Sierra de
Mendoza and Sierra de Cordoba (the type examined in the Halle Museum is from
the Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza).
1 Voyage Amer. M6rid., 2, p. 376, circa 1841.
3 The second specimen lacks all data beyond the collector's number (417).
4 Souanc6 (Iconog. Perr., text to pi. 23, 1857) likewise states that d'Orbigny's
original examples are from "La Paz, Bolivie."
'Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 20, p. 234, 1891.
262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
of Chilian Birds," 1892, Bolborhynchus aymara is given as a "resi-
dent"! E. Reed (4) (p. 204) states that it is "sometimes" found
in Chile.
Psilopsiagon aurifrons rubrirostris (Burmeister). — The specimen
from the "Chilian Andes, F. Leybold" in the British Museum has no
original label, and is more likely to have come from the vicinity of
Mendoza. Sclater and James (New List of Chil. Birds, p. 6) and
E. Reed (4) (p. 204) call B. rubrirostris an "occasional visitor,"
but it does not appear ever to have been taken on Chilean territory.]
165. Tyto alba tuidara (J. E. Gray)
Strix tuidara J. E. Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon, The Animal Kingdom by
Cuvier, 6, p. 75, circa 1828 — new name for Strix perlata (not of Vieillot,
1816) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 59, 1823, Brazil.
Strix perlata (not of Vieillot) Fraser (1), p. 110 — rare in Chile; Des Murs (2),
p. 257; Cassin, p. 177 — Chile (uncommon); Germain, p. 309 — Santiago
(nesting habits); Philippi (12), p. 247 — the whole of Chile; idem, Ornis,
4, p. 158— Pica, Tarapaca; Lataste (2), pp. 165-176 — Chile (habits, crit.);
idem (3), pp. 63-72 (habits) ; idem (4), pi. XXXIII— Caillihue (Vichuquen),
Curico; idem (8), p. 112 (call-note of female).
Strix flammea (not of Linnaeus) Des Murs (2), p. 255 — Chile generally; Bibra,
p. 128— around Valparaiso; Pelzeln (2), p. 29— Chile (crit.); Sclater (2),
1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 247— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 556—
Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 204 — Chile; Schalow (2), p. 70 —
La Serena, Coquimbo; Housse (2), p. 143 — San Bernardo, Santiago; idem
(3), p. 225 — Isla La Mocha; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 104 — Marga-Marga
Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock (3), p. 127 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco;
idem (4), p. 200 — Angol, Malleco (breeding).
Strix pratincola (not of Bonaparte) Yarrell, p. 53 — Chile (eggs descr.).
Tyto flammea perlata Barros (4), p. 140 — Nilahue, Curico (breeding); idem
(5), p. 177 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Tyto alba tuidara Passler (3), p. 450 — Coronel.
Range in Chile. — Generally distributed from Tarapaca south at
least to Valdivia.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Romero, 9 ad., Nov. 6, 1923.
Other Chilean examples have been examined in the collections
at London and Paris.
Philippi had referred the Chilean barn-owls to two species, but
Lataste (2), on comparing the five specimens — four from Santiago,
one from Osorno — in the National Museum, found them all alike and
differing from the European form in their considerably longer tarsi.
According to Raspail (Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 5, pp. 55-62, 1895), the
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 263
eggs also may be distinguished by their larger size, more regularly
ovate shape, and more glossy shell.
The Barn-Owl, although distributed over the greater part of Chile,
is nowhere common. Germain, who observed it in the environs of
Santiago, tells us that it lays during November from three to five
eggs in a hollow tree, or in the cavities of the cliffs bordering the
rivers. Lataste found it breeding around Christmas time at Cailli-
hue, Dept. Vichuquen, Curico. Barros met with it at Nilahue as well
as in the province of Aconcagua, where it inhabits the foothills and
the Cordilleras up to an altitude of 1,900 meters. R. Housse records
it as nesting in the monastery at San Bernardo, Santiago. Bullock
lists it as fairly common at Angol, Malleco, nesting from November
to February. According to Boeck (p. 498), it is extremely rare near
Valdivia. Lataste has published a very interesting account of its
habits, call-notes, and nidification.
166. Bubo virginianus nacurutu (Vieillot)
Strix nacurutu Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 7, p. 44, 1817 —
based on Azara, No. 42, Paraguay.
Bubo virginianus (not Strix virginiana Gmelin) Fraser (1), p. 110 — Chile;
Sclater (2), 1867, p. 339— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 557— Cordillera of Cau-
quenes, Colchagua; Sclater (6), 1891, p. 135— Vilugo, Tarapaca; E. Reed
(4), p. 205— Chile (crit.); Albert (1), 101, p. 658— Chile (monog.).
Ulula crassirostris (not Strix crassirostris Vieillot) Des Murs (2), p. 254 —
Chile (ex Bridges).
Bubo magellanicus Des Murs (2), p. 248 — the whole of Chile; Pelzeln (2), p.
26— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 246 — at the foot of the Chilean Andes (crit.);
idem, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Ascotan, Antofagasta; Waugh and Lataste (2),
p. CLXX — San Alfonso, Quillota, Prov. Valparaiso; Lane, p. 177 —
Vilugo, Tarapaca; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 104 — Marga-Marga Valley,
Valparaiso.
Bubo crassirostris Cassin, p. 177 — rare in the mountains of Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, p. 339— Chile.
Bubo virginianus nacurutu Barros (4), p. 139 — rare in Nilahue, Curico; idem,
(5), p. 176 — Valle de los Leones and Juncal, Cordillera of Aconcagua;
Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 158, 1930 — Lago de San
Rafael, Taytao Peninsula, Llanquihue.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, two
9 9 ad., March 23. — Llanquihue: Rio Nirehuau, d* imm., Feb.
26, 1923.
The two species, B. "magellanicus" and B. virginianus (crassi-
rostris}, cited by the earlier authors, are now ascertained to refer to a
264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
single form, whose correct name is the one given above, and whose
range comprises a large sector of southern South America.
The Horned Owl is widely diffused throughout Chile, but like the
allied races is nowhere very abundant. There are records for its
occurrence in Tarapaca (Vilugo), Antofagasta (Ascotan), Atacama
(Copiapo Valley), Aconcagua, Santiago, Colchagua (Cauquenes),
Valparaiso (San Alfonso, Quillota), Curic6 (Nilahue), and Llanquihue
(Lago San Rafael, Rio Nirehuau). In the Straits of Magellan it is
reported to be more numerous. It principally inhabits the moun-
tain valleys, ascending to an altitude of 2,300 meters.
167. Speotyto cunicularia cunicularia (Molina)
Strix cunicularia Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 263, 343, 1782 — Chile;
Meyen, p. 70 — Ramadilla, Atacama; Kittlitz (3), p. 135 — near Val-
paraiso; Housse (2), p. 142 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Strix coquimbana "Mol." Poeppig (2), p. 280 — Rio Colorado, Santiago.
Noctua cunicularia Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1 , p. 8 — Chile; d'Orbigny,
p. 128— Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 245; Philippi (12), p. 246— from the Rio
Imperial northwards; Lataste (1), p. CXV — Ninhue, Maule; idem (4),
p. XXXIII— Caillihue (Vichuquen), Curic6; idem (5), p. LXI— Itata,
Maule; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIV — Penaflor, Santiago; idem
(2), p. CLXIX— San Alfonso, Quillota; idem (3), p. LIX— Penaflor.
Athene cunicularia Darwin, p. 31 — Chile; Fraser (1), p. 109 — Chile; Cassin,
p. 178— Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 25; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 339— Chile.
Pholeoptynx cunicularia E. Reed (2), p. 557 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin
(2), p. 426— Coquimbo.
Speotyto cunicularia Sharpe, p. 10 — Coquimbo; Sclater (6), 1891, p. 135 —
"Canchosa" and "Sacaya," Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 205; Lane, p.
178 — Hacienda Mansel (Santiago), Laraquete (Arauco), and Tarapaca;
Schalow (2), p. 69 — Las Cardas and La Serena, Coquimbo; Albert (1),
101, p. 671 — Chile (habits); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 104 — Marga-Marga
Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 199 — Angol, Malleco.
Speotyto cunicularia cunicularia Barros (4), p. 140 — common in Nilahue,
Curic6; idem (5), p. 176 — Precordillera of Aconcagua; Passler (3), p.
449 — near Coronel; Wetmore (3), p. 201 — Concon, Valparaiso; Barros
(10), p. 358 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — From Cautin (Rio Imperial, Temuco) north
to Tarapaca (Canchones).
Material collected. — Conception: near coast, d" ad., April 14. —
Coquimbo: Paiguano (alt. 3,300 feet), d* ad., June 28; Romero,
d* ad., 9 ad., July 15, 18. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley,
cf ad., March 23.
Additional specimens. — Cautin: Maquehue, Temuco, three <? <?
ad. D. S. Bullock; Pelal, Temuco, three cf d" ad., one 9 ad. A. C.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 265
Saldana. — Santiago: Hacienda Mansel, near Hospital, two d*d" ad.,
two 9 9 ad. A. Lane; Santiago, one 9 ad. L. Landbeck. — Tara-
paca: Canchones, d" ad., 9 ad., Jan. 27, 1890. A. Lane (all in the
British Museum).
Excepting a slight increase in size in the south, there is apparently
no racial variation in the Chilean Burrowing Owl, although indi-
viduals, regardless of locality, show notable differences. The darkest
specimen we have seen is the bird from Paiguano, conspicuous by
its deep (blackish) brown upper, and strongly buffy under parts.
I had expected the Tarapaca specimens would turn out to be referable
to S. c. nanodes, but close comparison of ample material in the
British Museum showed this to be not the case. The two birds
obtained by Ambrose Lane at Canchones, in size and coloration,
are precisely similar to others from central Chile, being markedly
larger than a series from the Peruvian littoral. There does not appear
to be any appreciable difference in color between S. c. cunicidaria
and S. c. nanodes, while S. c. juninensis, from the highlands of Peru
and Bolivia, besides being still larger than the first-named, may be
distinguished by its paler, more reddish brown dorsal surface.
Wing measurements1 of the various races are as follows:
S. c. cunicularia. — Canchones, Tarapaca, 178, 182; Ramadilla,
Atacama, 180; Coquimbo (Romero, Paiguano), 175, 176, 178; San-
tiago, 183; Hacienda Mansel (Santiago), 180, 185, 185, 185; Concep-
cion, 185; Temuco, Cautin, 180, 183, 187, 188, 190, 190, 197.
S. c. nanodes. — Littoral of western Peru (Trujillo, Chosica,
Chorillos, Lima), 165, 165, 167, 168, 170, 172; Tambo Valley,
Arequipa, 169, 170, 175; Catarindos Valley, Arequipa, 170.
S. c. juninensis. — Lake Junin, 195; Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, 205;
Puno, Lake Titicaca, 200; Challapata, Bolivia, 205.
The Burrowing Owl is said to be locally common in Chile, where
it inhabits sandy stretches along the seacoast as well as the bare
hillsides and open slopes of the precordillera. In the central prov-
inces its altitudinal range does not extend much beyond 5,000
feet,2 and this probably obtains throughout the whole of its distri-
butional area. At any rate I have not been able to find any authentic
record for its alleged occurrence at high elevations. Lane, it is
1 No constant sexual differences in size exist in this species.
1 Barros (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 358, 1930), in corroboration of what
is said above, states that the Burrowing Owl is very rare in the Cordillera of
Aconcagua, a few pairs breeding as high as Rio Blanco (alt. 1,500 meters). A
single specimen, probably a straggler, was shot at Piedra de la Vizcacha (alt.
1,750 meters).
266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
true, tells us that it is said to ascend up to 10,000 feet in the Cordillera
of Tarapaca, and Sclater, in his second list of birds from that prov-
ince, actually cites "Canchosa" and "Sacaya" as localities. This,
however, is obviously a mistake, for Lane's specimens in the British
Museum are from Canchones, a farming district not far from Pica,
in the foothills. At all events, this locality marks the northern
limit of the bird's range in Chile. Sanborn found it in the Copiapo
Valley and at several places in Coquimbo,1 whence it is diffused
through the central provinces as far south as Temuco, Cautin. It
is obviously absent from the wooded districts of southern Chile,
but reappears in parts of western and southern Argentina.
168. Glaucidium nanum (King)
Strix nana King, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, Sept. to Dec. 31, 1827, p. 427, 1828—
Port Famine, Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum examined).
Athene ferox (not Strix ferox Vieillot) Eraser (1), p. 109 — Chile.
Noctua pumila (not Strix pumila Lichtenstein) Des Murs (2), p. 244 — Chile
generally; Lataste (1), p. CXV — Ninhue (Itata), Maule; Waugh and
Lataste (2), p. CLXIX— San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; idem (3),
p. LIX — Penaflor, Santiago; Lataste (9), p. 167 — Santa Teresa (Requinoa).
Glaucidium nanum Hartlaub (3), p. 209 — Valdivia; Cassin, p. 178 — Chile;
Germain, p. 309 — Santiago (breeding habits); Sclater (2), 1867, p. 338 —
Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 557— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2), p. 426—
Chile; Allen, p. 104— Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 205— Chile generally;
Lane, p. 177— Rio Bueno, Valdivia (habits); Schalow (2), p. 698, pi. 38,
fig. 2 — part, Villarrica, Concepci6n (crit., eggs descr.); Albert (1), 101,
p. 675 — Chile (habits); Barros (4), p. 140 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5),
p. 177 — Rio Blanco, Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 142 — San Bernardo, San-
tiago; Passler (3), p. 449 — Coronel; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 104 — Marga-
Marga Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock (3), p. 127 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta,
Malleeo; idem (4), p. 200 — Angol, Malleco.
Noctua nana Boeck, p. 498 — Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 246 — Chile generally.
Athene nana Pelzeln (2), p. 25 — Chile.
Glaucidium nanum vafrum Wetmore, Journ. Wash. Ac. Sci., 12, p. 323, 1922 —
Concon, Valparaiso (type), Rio Blanco (Aconcagua), and Tofo (Co-
quimbo); idem (3), p. 200 — Concon.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan north to Coquimbo
(Tofo).
Material collected. — Aconcagua: Rio Blanco (alt. 1,540 meters),
9 ad., March 29, 1926. R. Barros. — Valparaiso: Limache, two 9 9
ad., May, 1921. C. S. Reed.— Malleco: Pua, 9 ad., July 22, 1923.
C. S. Reed; Curacautin, 9 ad., <? juv., Jan. 10, 15. — Cautin: Pelal,
According to Mathew (Zoologist, 1873, p. 3578), the sandy slopes surrounding
the Bay of Coquimbo are the home of innumerable Burrowing Owls.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 267
near Temuco, cf ad., 9 ad., April 16, 1913, and Dec. 30, 1919.
A. C. Saldana. — Valdivia: Mafil, cf imm., 9 ad., 9 imm., 9 juv.,
Feb. 17, 18, 27; Rinihue, cf, March 9.— Chiloe" Island: Quellon,
one cf ad., three cf cf imm., Jan. 1. — Llanquihue: Rio Nirehuau,
cf ad., March 1, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Santiago, cf ad., 9 ad., cf juv.,
Sept., 1864. Philippi and Landbeck; Hacienda Mansel, Hospital,
cf ad., Nov. 25, 1889. A. A. Lane. — Colchagua: Cauquenes, 9
ad., July, 1870. E. C. Reed. — Cautin: Maquehue, Temuco, fourcf cf
ad., five 9 9 ad., May 9-20, Aug. 7-15, Sept. 11-21. D. S. Bullock;
Pelal, Temuco, two cf cf ad., July 2, Sept. 14. A. C. Saldana.—
Valdivia: Rio Bueno, cf ad., Jan. 4, 1890. A. A. Lane (all in the
British Museum).
After carefully comparing more than fifty specimens from the
whole range, I am unable to split the "Chuncho" into two races.
It is just possible that birds from central Chile (vafrum) have the
dark tail bands on average slightly broader, but there are so many
exceptions to this rule that hardly more than 40 per cent are
distinguishable on this score. Size, too, varies a good deal, as the
measurements given below tend to show.
G. nanum is stated to be common throughout Chile. According
to Barros, its altitudinal range extends up to about 6,000 feet. It
breeds from September into November. Outside of Chile, it is found
in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, stretching along the eastern
side of the Andes as far north as Lake Nahuel Huapi.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT BIRDS
Wing Tail
One from Port Famine (type of Strix nana) 100 62
Three males from Tierra del Fuego 91,93,94 62,64,64
One female from Tierra del Fuego 102 68
One female from Lago Blanco, Chubut 102 69
One male from Rio Negro 102 73
One female from Rio Negro 113 79
Four males from Sierra de Cordoba 97,97,99,108 69,70,72,75
One male from Rio Bueno, Valdivia 92 62
Seven males from Temuco, Cautin 91,93,93,94, 64,66,66,66,
96,100,104 67,69,72
Six females from Temuco, Cautin 101,103,103, 68,71,71,
103,103,104 72,73,73
One female from Pua, Malleco 113 80
One female from Colchagua 103 75
Two males from Santiago 100,103 70,73
One female from Santiago 115 80
One male from Limache, Valparaiso 112 76
One female from Limache, Valparaiso 115 79
One female from Rio Blanco, Aconcagua 116 82
268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
169. Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum (Gmelin)1
Strix brasiliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 289, 1788— based on "Cabure"
[Brisson ex] Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 212, n. e. Brazil =Ceara
(auct. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, No. 18, p. 407, 1929).
Noctua pumila (not Strix pumila Lichtenstein) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158 —
Canchones, Tarapaca.
Glaucidium nanum (not Strix nana King) Schalow (2), p. 698, pi. 38, fig. 1 —
part, No. 64, Pica, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section (Pica and Canchones,
Tarapaca).
Material examined. — Tarapacd: Pampa del Tamarugal, Pica,
adult (not sexed), end of August, 1893. L. Plate (Berlin Museum). —
Wing 100; tail 71.
This specimen differs at a glance from the large series of G. nanum
in having the tail banded with white instead of with rufous. It
agrees particularly well with a female from Chosica, Lima, collected
by Percy 0. Simons, in the British Museum. Both have six white
tail bands (about 2 mm. wide) and the upper parts decidedly grayish
brown, while the posterior lower parts are broadly streaked with
dark brown. In the markings of the pileum, the Pica bird is more
like one from Trujillo, the forehead only being streaked and the
remainder spotted with buffy white, whereas in the Chosica speci-
men the whole upper part of the head is longitudinally striped with
white. Examples of this owl from the Peruvian and North Chilean
coast appear to be inseparable from typical brasilianum, although
Lima birds have been tentatively referred to G. b. phalaenoides by
Berlepsch and Stolzmann.2
The relationships of G. brasilianum and G. nanum need further
investigation. Wetmore3 thinks it highly probable that they will
prove to be conspecific, and such is my impression, too. It is well
to recall, however, that Chapman4 records a specimen of G. n. vafrum
from Moquegua, s. Peru, while Plate's bird discussed above traces
the range of G. 6. brasilianum down to the Chilean province of
Tarapaca. Thus, the ranges of the two species would seem to over-
lap, unless the Moquegua bird was a straggler from the south.
*A specimen of G. jardinei from "Central Chile, Landbeck" in the H. Berkeley
James Collection, British Museum, is no doubt incorrectly labeled.
*P. Z. S. Lond., 1892, p. 388.
"Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 200-201, 1926.
4Amer. Mus. Novit., 380, p. 10, 1929.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 269
170. Asio flammeus breviauris (Schlegel)
Otus breviauris Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Oti, p. 4, 1863 — Brazil.
Otus brachyotos d'Orbigny, p. 134 — mountains of Chile.
Otus palustris Fraser (1), p. 110 — rare in the province of Colchagua.
Ulula otus (errore) Des Mure (2), p. 251— Chile.
Otus brachyotus Cassin, p. 177— Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 27— Chile (crit.); Sclater
(2), 1867, p. 339— Chile; E. Reed, Ibis, 1874, pp. 82, 83— Mas A Tierra
(breeding); idem (2), p. 557 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Streets, p. 15 —
Talcaguano, Concepci6n.
Ulula brachyotus Philippi (12), p. 246 — not rare in the central provinces.
Asio brachyotus E. Reed (4), p. 205 — Chile; Albert (1), 101, p. 663— Chile
(habits, crit.); Bullock (4), P- 198— Angol, Malleco.
Strix flammea (errore) Johow, Est. Fl. Isl. Juan Fernandez, p. 237 — Mas A
Tierra.
Asio accipitrinus cassini Schalow (2), p. 743 — Mas A Tierra.
Asio flammeus breviauris Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 96, 1919 —
Mas A Tierra (crit.); Laubmann, Wiss. Ergeb. Deuts. Chaco Exp., Vogel,
p. 156, 1930— Valdivia (crit.).
Asio flammeus Lonnberg, p. 8 — Mas A Tierra.
Asio flammeus flammeus Passler (3), p. 449 — Coronel, Concepci6n.
Asio accipitrinus Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 104 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Locally in the central and southern provinces
(Santiago, Valparaiso, Colchagua, Talcaguano, Concepcion, Angol,
Valdivia), on Mas A Tierra Island, and in Magellania.
Material examined. — Chile: Valdivia, two (unsexed) adults. F.
Ohde (Munich Museum).
Very little is known about the distribution of the Short-eared
Owl in Chile. According to Philippi, who lists adults, young birds,
and eggs in the collection of the Museo Nacional at Santiago, the
"Nuco" is not rare in the central provinces, but no definite localities
are given. Both Bridges and Edwyn Reed found it in Colchagua,
whence the British Museum has a specimen obtained by the latter
naturalist. Jaffuel and Pirion list the "Nuco" as breeding in the
Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso. Streets records it from Talca-
guano, and Passler shot specimens at Coronel, Concepcion. Bullock
mentions it as fairly common around Angol, Malleco, and F. Ohde
forwarded two skins from Valdivia to the Munich Museum. It is
also stated to breed, in some years very abundantly, on Mas A Tierra,
and it is reported to be not uncommon along the Straits of Magellan.
For geographical reasons we have provisionally adopted SchlegeFs
subspecific term for the form of southern South America, although
the two Chilean specimens examined hardly differ from North
270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
American birds. Mr. Bangs, who has seen much more material,
considers them, however, separable.
[Asio otus (Linnaeus) is erroneously included among the birds of
Chile by Des Murs s. n. Ulula vulgaris (in Gay, 1, p. 250). Needless
to say, no race of the Long-eared Owl has ever been found in South
America.]
171. Strix rufipes rufipes King
Strix rufipes King, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, Sept. to Dec. 31, 1827, p. 426,
pub. early in 1828 — Port Famine, Straits of Magellan.
Ulula rufipes Darwin, p. 34 — Chonos Archipelago; Des Murs (2), p. 251 (ex
King); Boeck, p. 498— Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 247— Valdivia and
Aculeo, Santiago. •
Ulula fasciata Des Murs, Icon. Ornith., livr. 7, pi. 37, Jan., 1847 — Chile, coll.
Gay (type in Paris Museum); idem in Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool.,
1, p. 252, 1847— Chile.
Syrnium hylophilum (not of Temminck) Hartlaub (3), 1853, p. 209 — Valdivia;
Sclater (2), 1867, p. 339— Chile.
Syrnium rufipes E. Reed (2), p. 557 — Cordillera de Cauquenes, Colchagua;
idem (4), p. 205 — central provinces (rare); Schalow (2), p. 697 — Puerto
Montt; Albert (1), 101, p. 667 — central and southern Chile (habits, crit.);
C. Reed, Av. Prov. Concepci6n, 1904, p. 41 — Conception; Cherrie and
Reichenberger, Amer. Mus. Nov., 27, p. 1, 1921 — Maquehue, Temuco,
Cautin; Bullock (4), p. 199— Angol, Malleco.
Asio americanus (not of Stephens) Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 104 — Marga-Marga
Valley, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan north to Colchagua
and Santiago.
Material collected. — Chilo6 Island: Quellon, adult, Dec. 23.—
Valdivia: Mafil, 9 (in juvenile molt), Feb. 26. — Malleco: Curacautin,
9 juv., Jan. 12.
Additional specimens. — Straits of Magellan: Port Famine, one
adult, type of species. Captain King (British Museum). — Chile:
adult, type of Ulula fasciata. C. Gay (Paris Museum).
This owl is reported as not uncommon on both slopes of the Andes
from the Straits of Magellan north to Valdivia and Lake Nahuel
Huapi. According to Boeck, it is not rare in the vicinity of Valdivia,
whence it has also been recorded by Hartlaub and Philippi. The
American Museum of Natural History has skins from near Temuco,
Cautin, and Mr. Sanborn secured one at Curacautin, Malleco.
Bullock found it common around Angol. Farther north this species
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 271
appears to be rather scarce. Edwyn Reed states that he shot one
specimen in the Cordillera near Cauquenes, Colchagua, and Philippi
lists others from Aculeo, Santiago.
A nearly allied form, S. rufipes chacoensis Cherrie and Reichen-
berger1 inhabits western Paraguay and the plains of Argentina, from
eastern Salta to La Pampa.2
172. Circus cinereus Vieillot
Circus cinereus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 4, p. 454, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 32, Paraguay and near the La Plata River; d'Orbigny,
p. 110 — "au Chili"; Darwin, p. 30— Conception; Fraser (1), p. 109—
Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 239— Chile (not common); Cassin, p. 175 — Chile
(common); Pelzeln (2), p. 13— Chile (spec, examined); Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 330, 338 — Chile (crit.); Philippi (12), p. 245 — common in the central
provinces, rare in the south; E. Reed (2), p. 558 — Cauquenes, Colchagua
(common); Sharpe, p. 10 — Coquimbo; Salvin (2), p. 426 — Coquimbo;
E. Reed (4), p. 205 — common; Albert (1), 108, p. 247— Chile (monog.);
Barros (5), p. 175 — Rio Blanco, Aconcagua (?); idem (6), p. 32 — San
Bernardo, Santiago; Housse (2), p. 142 — San Bernardo; Barros (8), p. 142
— Nilahue, Curic6; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 103 — Marga-Marga Valley,
Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 195 — Angol (nesting).
Circus histrionicus Bibra,3 p. 128 — near Santiago (common).
Circus poliopterus Pelzeln (2), p. 13 — Chile (crit.; spec, in Vienna Museum
examined); Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 330, 338— Chile (ex Pelzeln); E. Reed
(4), p. 205 (ex Pelzeln).
Range in Chile. — From Copiapo to the Straits of Magellan,
locally common, rare in the south.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, cf
ad., Aug. 25. — Curico: Cordillera de Curico, d" juv., June 4, 1923.
C. S. Reed.— Valdivia: Mafil, c? juv., Feb. 27.
Additional specimens. — Chile (not specified) : one d" ad., one <?
(in transitional plumage), two 9 9 ad., two juv. "Novara" Expedi-
tion, collected by Segeth and Zelebor. — Llanquihue: Desagiie, near
Puerto Montt, d* juv. G. Hopke (all in the Vienna Museum).
Chilean birds agree with others from Peru and Brazil. No
topotypical material is available for comparison. Pelzeln lists this
species under two different names. Dr. Segeth's specimen, referred
to C. poliopterus, is an adult female with rufous- and white-barred
under parts and white, basally cinnamon-banded upper tail coverts.
JAmer. Mus. Novit., 27, p. 1, 1921 — Fort Wheeler, Paraguayan Chaco.
*Cf. Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, pp. 405-407, 1926.
*Accipiter pileatus Bibra (p. 128 — twelve hours from Valparaiso in the vicinity
of a lagoon) probably refers to young birds of this harrier.
272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
It appears to me indistinguishable from another example in similar
plumage identified by Pelzeln as C. cinereus. The second individual
stated to be from "Barril in Chile" (Cuming) does not differ from
the birds in juvenile plumage of the latter species.
The "Vari" is reported to be common in the central provinces
(Santiago and Colchagua). At various times it has also been found
at Coquimbo, and one of Sanborn's specimens extends its Chilean
range north to the Copiapo Valley. According to Bullock, this
harrier is common around Angol, where it breeds in marshes and
meadows from October to January. Although the species is not
included in Hartlaub's and Boeck's lists of Valdivian birds, Sanborn
shot a young male at Mdfil in that province. Hopke obtained it
even farther south at Desagiie, Llanquihue.
C. cinereus is widely diffused in Argentina south to Tierra del
Fuego, and occurs also in Peru and Ecuador.
173. Circus buffoni (Gmelin)
Falco buffoni Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 277, 1788— based on "Cayenne
Ringtail" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 1, (1), p. 91, Cayenne.
Circus macropierus Cassin, p. 175 — rare in Chile; Philippi (2), p. 14 — Chile
(one adult male); idem (12), p. 246 — rare in the central provinces; Sclater
(2), 1867, pp. 330, 338— Chile (ex Philippi); Salvin, Ibis, 1875, p. 372—
Mas Afuera (?); E. Reed (2), p. 558 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4),
p. 205 — Chile (rare); Albert (1), 108, p. 251— Chile (monog.); Philippi
(24), p. 5 — not rare in Chile; (?) Lataste (9), p. 167— Penaflor, Santiago.
Circus megaspilus Pelzeln (2), p. 14 — Chile (spec, in Vienna Museum examined).
Range in Chile. — In central provinces of Santiago and Colchagua.
Material examined. — Chile (locality not specified): one juv.
"Novara" Expedition (Vienna Museum).
The example in the Vienna Museum is a bird in juvenile plumage,
as figured by Gray and Mitchell (Gen. Birds, 1, pi. 11). It generally
agrees with another from Brazil, collected by Natterer, but has the
foreneck much more deeply washed with buff and the markings
below more streak-like, less guttate.
The "Peuco huevetaro" is listed by Philippi and Edwyn Reed
as a rare inhabitant of the central provinces. According to Albert,
it is much less common than C. cinereus, but ranges from the Cordil-
leras down to the coast. Gilliss and the "Novara" Expedition like-
wise obtained specimens of this harrier somewhere in central Chile.
C. buffoni is diffused over the greater part of South America.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 273
174. Buteo polyosoma polyosoma (Quoy and Gaimard)
Falco polyosoma Quoy and Gaimard in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne,
Zool., livr. 3, p. 92, pi. 14, Aug., 1824— Falkland Islands (descr. of mela-
nistic phase of adult male).
Aquila braccata Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. -Carol. Nat. Curios.,
16, Suppl., 1, p. 65, pi. 18, 1834 — "Desierta de Copiap6," Atacama (descr.
of normal phase of adult male).
Buteo tricolor d'Orbigny, p. 106 — vicinity of Santiago.
Buteo erythronotus Darwin, p. 26 — Chiloe Island;. Fraser (1), p. 109 — Chile
(habits); Des Murs (2), p. 215 — the whole of Chile, Conception being
specifically mentioned; Bibra, p. 128 — Cordillera [of Santiago]; Boeck,
p. 497 — Valdivia; Cassin, p. 175 — Chile (not common); Germain, p. 309 —
Santiago (nesting habits); Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 329, 338— Chile; Philippi
(12), p. 243— the whole of Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 558— Cauquenes, Col-
chagua; Salvin (2), p. 426— Coquimbo; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 399— "Lalcal-
huay," Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 135 — Sacaya and "Canchosa," Tara-
paca; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Cebollar, Antofagasta; Lataste (5),
p. LX— Llohue (Itata), Maule; E. Reed (4), p. 205— Cordilleras of central
provinces; Lane, p. 179 — Cancosa and near Sacaya, Tarapaca; Schalow (2),
p. 695 — Pampa del Tamarugal, Iquique, Tarapaca; Albert (1), 108, p. 255
—Chile (crit.); idem (3), p. 648 (crit.); idem (4), p. 442 (crit.); Philippi
(24), p. 13 — Chile (crit.); Barros (5), p. 176 — Rio Blanco, Aconcagua;
Housse (2), p. 141 — San Bernardo, Santiago; idem (3), p. 225 — Isla
La Mocha; Barros (8), p. 142 — Nilahue, Curico; Jaffuel and Pirion, p.
103 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock (3), p. 126 — Nahuelbuta,
Malleco; idem (4), p. 196 — Angol; Housse (6), p. 243— Chile (crit.).
Buteo braccatus Pelzeln (2), p. 6 — Chile.
Buteo poliosoma Philippi (12), p. 243— Santiago; E. Reed (4), p. 205— Chile
(rare).
Buteo ventralis Philippi (12), p. 243 — southern provinces; E. Reed (4), p.
205 — Chile; Housse (2), p. 142— San Bernardo, Santiago.
Buteo melanostethus (os) Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, pp. 663, 665, 1899 —
Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 167, 1899— Prov. Santiago; idem
(24), p. 5, pi. 2 — central provinces (=melanistic phase of adult female).
Buteo poecilogaster1 Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, pp. 663, 666, 1899 —
Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 167, 1899— Chile; idem (24), p. 6,
pi. 3 (based on a single unsexed specimen; = juvenile plumage); Housse
(1), p. 48— Isla La Mocha.
Buteo macronychus* Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, pp. 664, 667, 1899—
Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 168, 1899— Valdivia; idem (24),
p. 8, pi. 4 — Valdivia (= juvenile plumage).
Buteo ater Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, pp. 664, 667, 1899— Chile; idem,
Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 168, 1899— Valdivia; idem (24), p. 9, pi. 5—
Valdivia ( =melanistic phase of juvenile plumage).
1 Misspelled "poceilogaster" in the "Anales de la Universidad" on p. 663.
2 Misspelled "machronychus" in the "Anales de la Universidad."
274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Buteo albigula Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 664, 1899 — Valdivia; idem,
Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 170, 1899— Valdivia; idem (24), p. 9, pi. 6—
Valdivia ( = juvenile plumage).
Buteo aethiops Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, pp. 665, 668, 1899— Chile;
idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 168, 1899— Chile.
Asturina (?) aethiops Philippi (24), p. 16, pi. 8 — central provinces ( =melanistic
phase of juvenile plumage).
Buteo pictus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, pp. 665, 668, 1899— Chile; idem,
Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 169, 1899— Chile ( = juvenile plumage).
Asturina (?) picta Philippi (24), p. 17, pi. 9 — Valdivia.
Buteo elegans Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, pp. 665, 669, 1899— Chile;
idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 169, 1899— Chile; idem (24), p. 10, pi. 7—
Santiago ( = juvenile plumage).
Buteo obsoletus (errore) Albert (1), 108, p. 260— Chile; idem (3), p. 644 (crit.).
Buteo albicaudatus (errore) Albert (1), 108, p. 263 — Chile (crit.); idem (3),
p. 646 (crit.); idem (4), p. 440 (crit.).
Buteo swainsoni (errore) Albert (4), p. 438 — Chile (crit.).
Buteo poecilochrous Stresemann, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 316, 1925 — Macaya,
"Iquique," Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca south to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Atacama: Domeyko, 9 ad., Aug. 15.—
Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 9 ad., March 6.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Cancosa, cf ad., April 12,
1890. A. A. Lane; three leagues s. w. of Sacaya, 9 ad., April 6,
1890. A. A. Lane; Cordillera of Tarapaca, 9 ad., Jan. 27, 1886.
C. Rahmer; Macaya (near Mamina), 9 ad., no date. H. Rowland.
—"Cordillera of Chile:" 9 ad. T. Bridges (all in the British Museum).
Lafresnaye1 apparently was the first to recognize the specific
identity of B. polyosoma, B. erythronotus, and Aquila braccata, and
to suggest the possibility of B. unicolor being merely a melanistic
variant of the same species. His error in associating with them
also Spizaetus leucurus Vieill. and Falco pterocles Temm., both of
which undoubtedly pertain to B. albicaudatus, probably accounts
for his conclusions having been ignored by subsequent writers, until
the problem was reinvestigated by Stresemann,2 whose results fully
substantiate Lafresnaye's contention.
The status of the White-tailed Buzzard in Chile has been partic-
ularly confused by Philippi, who added seven more supposed new
species, and by Albert's subsequent attempts to disentangle the
resulting chaos. As far as I can see, this group of hawks is repre-
'Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 1, pp. 385-389, 1849.
2 Journ. Orn., 72, p. 439, 1924; 1. c., 73, pp. 309-319, 1925.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 275
sented in Chile by a single species, B. p. polyosoma, as defined by
Stresemann. B. ventralis Gould, admitted by K. Swann1 as a resident
form of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and southern Chile, nearly allied
to the North American B. borealis, was clearly based upon the juvenile
plumage of B. p. polyosoma. This is shown by a male example from
Porvenir, Tierra del Fuego, May 3, 1916, J. Mogensen, in Field
Museum (No. 65,337), which agrees very well with Gould's and
Swann's descriptions, and at the same time is an exact duplicate
of Philippi's plate of B. poecilogaster. Needless to say, beyond a
superficial resemblance it has nothing in common with the North
American bird.2
As to Philippi's other supposed novelties, which Albert attempted
to assign to three species, the North American B. obsoletus (name
changed to B. swainsoni in the "Ornis"), B. erythronotus and B.
albicaudatus, it seems pretty certain that B. macronychus, B. albi-
gula, B. elegans, andB. pictus also refer to variations of the immature
plumage. B. melanostethus obviously represents the melanistic phase
of the female with rufous belly, while B. ater and B. aethiops appear
to have been based on juvenile specimens in the dark brown stage
similar to the type of B. unicolor.3
The females from Rio Sfrrehuau and near Sacaya as well as
Bridges's specimen from the "Cordilleras of Chile," all normally
colored, viz. rufous-backed and white-bellied, are exactly like
others from Tierra del Fuego and Argentina (Chubut), and the
adult male from Cancosa, Tarapaca, cannot be told from southern
examples either. Their dimensions fall well within the figures of
B. p. polyosoma, and the third primary is from 5 to 12 mm. longer
than the fifth. Another female (in normal plumage) from Macaya
has the third and fifth primaries of equal length, a somewhat longer
tail (230 mm.), and the under parts wholly white with the exception
of a few narrow dusky bars on the abdomen. This is evidently
No. 2 of the specimens listed by Stresemann4 under "B. poecilochrous."
He gives the wing as 465, but I measure it to be 410 mm. (The female
collected by Rahmer in the Cordillera of Tarapaca is a very peculiar
bird. Above, it resembles the ordinary female type, having the
1 Monog. Birds of Prey, Part 7, p. 397, 1928.
2 In this connection it may be recalled that Stone (Rep. Princeton Univ. Exp.
Patag., 2, [Ornith.], Part 4, p. 636, 1915) also found the Tierra del Fuego bird
mentioned by Cassin (U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 94, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1858) as B. ventralis to
be undoubtedly a young "B. erythronotus" [ —B. p. polyosoma].
»Cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 28, p. 186, 1921.
4Journ. Orn., 73, p. 316, 1925.
276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
whole of the upper and middle back bright rufous; but underneath,
the throat is white, the foreneck and breast slaty black, mixed with
white, the lower breast even barred with black and white; the
abdomen is barred with blackish and ruf escent on a white ground, the
under tail coverts are white. In addition to its aberrant coloration,
it is remarkably large [wing 440; tail 235]1 and agrees with Strese-
mann's measurements of B. poecilochrous.)
The bird from Domeyko, an adult female in the melanistic
phase, is uniform slate black below and somewhat more grayish
posteriorly, with obsolete grayish bars on the tibial feathers. It lacks
every trace of rufous brown on the abdomen, and thus resembles
the corresponding phase of B. poecilochrous, as characterized by
Stresemann (p. 312). Still I have no doubt as to its being referable
toB. p. polyosoma, since it agrees with it in size (wing 367; tail 185)
and proportions of primaries (third about 20 mm. longer than fifth).
Except for possessing some marginal edges of rufous on the upper
back, the Domeyko bird is an absolute duplicate of a female of
"B. poecilochrous" (in the British Museum) from Choquecamate,
Cochabamba, Bolivia, collected by P. 0. Simons on July 29, 1901.2
The Bolivian specimen is rather larger (wing 415; tail 210) and has
a shorter wing- tip, the third primary being but 5 mm. longer than
the fifth. That these slight divergencies denote specific difference
seems altogether unlikely, and I am inclined to agree with Chap-
man3 that the status of B. poecilochrous cannot be regarded as satis-
factorily established. The fact that a color-phase supposed to be
characteristic of B. poecilochrous now turns out to occur likewise
in the range of B. p. polyosoma makes the need of further informa-
tion on the subject even more strongly felt. For the present, I
am not disposed to separate the two large Tarapaca birds (from
Macaya and Cordillera of Tarapaca) from the rest of the Chilean
series.
B. p. polyosoma ranges all over Chile, from the coast up to an
elevation of 10,000 feet, and is reported to be common in suitable
localities. In the northern section of the republic it was taken in the
Andes of Tarapaca by Rahmer and Lane; in the Pampa del Tama-
rugal, near Iquique, by Plate; at Cebollar, Antofagasta, by Philippi;
in Atacama, by Meyen at Copiapo, by Sanborn at Domeyko; at
1 The skin being distorted, the wing-formula cannot be ascertained.
1 Listed by Stresemann (Journ. Orn., 73, p. 316,
Kleid"!
3 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, pp. 229-230, 1926.
2 Listed by Stresemann (Journ. Orn., 73, p. 316, 1925) as "Chaquecamata, cf ,
mel. Kleid"!
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 277
Tofo, sixty miles north of Coquimbo, by Hallinan,1 etc. Its range
extends even into southern Peru and Bolivia.
A closely allied form, B. p. exsul Salvin, breeds on Mas Afuera.
175. Parabuteo unicinctus unicinctus (Temminck)
Falco unicinctus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 53, pi. 313, 1824 —
"dans les environs du Rio Grande, pres Boa-Vista,2 Bresil," coll. A. de
Saint-Hilaire (type in Paris Museum).
Astur unicinctus Fraser (1), p. 109 — woody parts of [central] Chile.
Buteo unicinctus Des Murs (2), p. 216 — Chile (habits); Boeck, p. 497 — Valdivia;
Philippi (12), p. 243 — central provinces; (?) idem, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Cana,
Antofagasta; idem (24), p. 14— Chile (crit.); Housse (2), p. 142— San
Bernardo, Santiago; idem (6), p. 243 — Chile (crit.).
Morphnus unicinctus Cassin, p. 174 — Chile.
Craxirex unicinctus Germain, p. 309 — Santiago (nesting habits, eggs).
Urubitinga unicincta Pelzeln (2), p. 6— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 329, 338—
Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 558 — Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Antenor unicinctus E. Reed (4), p. 205 — Chile; Lane, p. 179 — central and
southern Chile; Albert (1), 108, p. 269— Chile (descr., habits).
Parabuteo unicinctus Barros (4), p. 48 — Nilahue, Curic6; Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 103 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, ranging from
Santiago to Valdivia.
Material examined. — Santiago: Santiago, one cf ad., one 9 juv.
E. C. Reed (British Museum).
According to the Chilean naturalists, this hawk is fairly common
in the central provinces near Santiago (Philippi, Germain), San
Bernardo (Housse), Cauquenes, Colchagua (E. Reed), and Curic6
(Barros). Boeck likewise records it as abundant in the vicinity
of Valdivia. Ambrose Lane writes: "This species occurs on the
low-lying stretches of swampy or sandy plain which occur in the
vicinity of the coast of Central and Southern Chile, as well as in
similar localities inland, and also on open stretches of country.
It occurs in places about Valdivia, and probably on Chiloe", and I
heard that its range extends for some distance further south." I
am strongly inclined to believe that Philippi's record from Cana,
Cordillera of Antofagasta, refers to some other species.
1 Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 57, 1921.
2B6a Vista is an Indian village south of the Rio Paranahyba in western Minas
Geraes, Comarca Desemboque (cf. A. de Saint-Hilaire, Voy. Inte>. Bresil, Trois.
Partie, 2, p. 266, 1848).
278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
176. Geranoaetus melanoleucus australis Swarm
Geranoaetus melanoleucus australis Swann, Syn. Accip., 2nd ed., Part 2, p. 67,
1922— Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut.
Halioetus melanoleucus d'Orbigny, p. 76 — on the west side to the foot of the
Chilean Cordilleras.
Haliaetus aguia Fraser (1), p. 108 — woody and mountainous parts of Chile
(habits); Yarrell, p. 52 — Chile (eggs descr.); Bibra, p. 128 — common in
the lowlands and on the hills around Valparaiso.
Pontoaetus melanoleucus Des Murs (2), p. 221 — Chile generally (habits);
Boeck, p. 497 — Valdivia; Cassin, p. 175 — mountains of Chile; Germain,
p. 309 — Santiago (nesting habits); Philippi (12), p. 244 — the whole of
Chile, rare in the south; Lataste (9), p. 167 — Cerro de San Cristobal.
Geranoaetus melanoleucus Pelzeln (2), p. 7 — Chile (crit.); Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 329, 338— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 558— Banos de Cauquenes, Colchagua;
idem (4), p. 205— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 695— Ovalle and La Serena,
Coquimbo; Albert (1), 108, p. 273 — Cordilleras of Chile and Magellania;
Barros (4), p. 48 — Nilahue, Curico (rare); idem (5), p. 176 — Los Andes
and Valle de los Leones, Aconcagua; idem (6), p. 32 — Cerros de San
Bernardo, Santiago; Housse (2), p. 141 — San Bernardo; E. Reed (4),
29, p. 189 — Donihue, O'Higgins; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 103 — Marga-
Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Llanquihue; Rio Nirehuau, cf ad., March 8.
W. H. Osgood. — Valparaiso: Limache, d" juv., July, 1923. C. S.
Reed.
The adult bird has the belly even more strongly barred with black
than specimens from Aconquija, Tucumdn, showing the Chilean
form to be G. ra. australis, as distinguished by Swann from the plain
white-bellied typical race, which seems to be restricted to Paraguay,
southern Brazil, and northeastern Argentina.
G. m. australis is reported as not uncommon in the wooded and
mountainous parts of central Chile, but as rather rare in the south.
The most northerly locality on record is Coquimbo, where speci-
mens were obtained by Plate.
[ Harpyhaliaetus coronatus (Vieillot) is included amongst the birds
of Chile by Albert (Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 277, 1901) with the
caption "fairly rare in our country, frequenting the vicinity of water
and the sea-coast." Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 222, 1874)
lists a specimen said to be from "Chile," which Gurney (Ibis, 1876,
p. 491) recognized as a nearly adult bird of H . ( Urubitornis) sol-
itarius (Tschudi) . Swann (Monog. Birds of Prey, Part 8, pp. 475, 477,
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 279
Jan., 1930) credits both Harpyhaliaetus coronatus and Urubitornis
solitarius to "Chile/' but fails to give any further details.
There does not seem to exist a single authentic record for the
occurrence of either species in Chile.]
177. Accipiter chilensis Philippi and Landbeck
Accipiter chilensis Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 30, (1), p. 43, 1864 —
Chile; Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 24, p. 346, 1864— "desde la provincia
de Aconcagua hasta Chiloe", . . . mui commun en los alrededores de Val-
divia"; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 329, 338— Chile (crit.); Philippi (12), p. 245—
the whole of Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 73, pi. 37, 1867 —
Chile and Straits of Magellan; E. Reed (2>, p. 558 — Cauquenes, Col-
chagua; idem (4), p. 206 — Chile; Allen, p. 105 — Valparaiso; Lane, p. 180 —
Maquegua, Arauco; Philippi (24), p. 2, pi. 1 — Chile (descr., crit.).
Accipiter cooperi (not of Bonaparte) Des Murs (2), p. 237 — Chile south to the
Straits of Magellan; Pelzeln (2), p. 13— Chile (crit.); Housse (2), p. 142—
San Bernardo, Santiago.
(?) Accipiter palumbarius americanus (errore) Bibra, p. 128 — near Santiago.
Accipiter pileatus (not of Temminck) Des Murs (2), p. 236 — Chile (part, excl.
description); Albert (1), 108, p. 280— Chile (crit.).
Nisus pikatus Hartlaub (3), p. 209 — Valdivia.
Accipiter magnirostris (errore) Des Mure (2), p. 235 — Chile (part, excl. descrip-
tion) ; Boeck, p. 498 — Valdivia.
Cooperastur chilensis Housse (3), p. 225 — Isla La Mocha; Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 103 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Aconcagua to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Cautin: Maquehue, Temuco, 9 juv., Aug.
21, 1905. D. S. Bullock.— Valdivia: Rinihue, tf juv., March 14,
1923. C. C. Sanborn.
Besides, we have examined a number of specimens (both adult
and young) from "Chile," and an adult male from Santiago. E. C.
Reed coll., in European collections.
The Chilean Sparrow-hawk, which is probably subspecifically
related to A. bicolor (Vieill.), appears to be rather widely diffused
in Chile. According to Philippi and Landbeck, it ranges from Acon-
cagua south to Chiloe*, being particularly common in the vicinity
of Valdivia. Albert mentions having seen it in Chiloe", while other
collectors met with it in Colchagua, Arauco, and Cautin. In the
central provinces it is found on the lower outliers of the Cordilleras
and among the bushy woods intermixed with larger trees. Females
were shot by Landbeck in the act of robbing the hen-roosts.
280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
In the south its range extends to the Straits of Magellan, where
specimens have been secured by Cunningham at Punta Arenas;1 by
the naturalists of the "Mission du Cap Horn" at the same locality
as well as in Orange Bay and on Gable Island;2 and by Dabbene at
Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego.3 It has also been recorded from the Rio
Fetaleufu, in northwestern Chubut.4
[Accipiter erythronemius (Kaup), sometimes credited to Chile, is a
nearly allied species, which inhabits Brazil, Bolivia, and northern
Argentina.]
178. Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte
Falco anatum Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List Birds Eur. and N. America, p.
4, 1838 — based on Falco peregrinus Wilson, Amer. Orn., 9, p. 120, pi. 76,
1814, Egg Harbor, New Jersey; Fraser (1), p. 109— Chile.
Falco pelegrinus Des Murs (2), p. 224— Chile (part); (?) Boeck, p. 498—
Valdivia.
Falco nigriceps Cassin, p. 176, pi. 14 — Chile (spec, in U. S. National Museum
examined).
Falco communis Pelzeln (2), p. 8 — Santiago (spec, in Vienna Museum
examined).
Falco peregrinus Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 330, 338— Chile (crit.); Philippi (12),
p. 244— Chile (part); Albert (1), 108, p. 284— Chile (part); (?) Barros
(4), p. 49— Nilahue, Curico; (?) Housse (2), p. 142— San Bernardo, San-
tiago; idem (3), p. 226 — Isla La Mocha (February); (?) Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 104 — Marga-Marga Valley, Prov. Valparaiso.
(?) Falco pegrerinus [sic] cassini Barros (5), p. 176 — Los Andes, Aconcagua
(November).
"Falco peregrinus prope anatum" Kleinschmidt, Berajah, Falco Peregrinus, p.
112, 1927— Valdivia (crit.).
Range in Chile. — Winter visitor from North America. Recorded
from Aconcagua (November), Santiago, Isla La Mocha (February),
Cautin (March), and Valdivia.
Material examined. — Santiago: Santiago, cf ad., 9 ad.
Zelebor. "Novara" Expedition (Vienna Museum). — Cautin: Ranco,
Temuco, cf ad., March 15, 1913. A. C. Saldana (Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). — "Chile" (unspecified): cf
ad. J. M. Gilliss. U. S. N. Astron. Expedition (U. S. National
Museum).
1 Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 188.
2Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Zool., Ois., p. 21, 1891.
3 Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 355, 1902.
4Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 423, 1926.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 281
No Peregrine Falcon breeds in Chile proper, but as both the North
American Duckhawk and Cassin's Falcon, which nests on the Falk-
land Islands and along the Straits of Magellan, visit that country
in the course of their winter migrations, individuals of the "Gavilan"
may be encountered there throughout the year. As local ornitholo-
gists do not discriminate between the two forms, it is impossible
to properly allocate any bibliographical reference without examining
the particular specimen upon which it was based.
The two specimens from Santiago obtained by the "Novara"
Expedition and the male from Ranco, adult birds in fresh plumage,
are doubtless migrants from the north, and agree with North Ameri-
can examples in having a broad whitish frontal band, the auriculars
mostly whitish or buffy, and the under parts whitish, more or less
tinged with pinkish on the breast and narrowly banded with
black laterally. The Ranco bird is remarkably pale neutral gray
above, though certain specimens from the United States come
very close.
The bird figured by Cassin as F. nigriceps in the Report of the
U. S. N. Astronomical Expedition is much deeper pinkish on chest
and breast; the entire sides of the head including the malar region
are uniform black like the head, and this color also spreads over
the anterior mantle. Similar individuals occur also in North America,
and Field Museum has one from the Kissimmee River, Florida.
This specimen, in coloration, is an exact match of the bird figured
by Cassin.
The four Chilean specimens are all rather smaller, the bill partic-
ularly so, than duckhawks from eastern North America. Klein-
schmidt also mentions a young male from Valdivia in the Berlepsch
Collection, which, together with breeding birds from Mexico and
Texas (Cameron), he is inclined to separate from F. p. anatum on
account of lesser dimensions.
Cassin's term F. nigriceps1 would seem to be the earliest available
name2 for this supposed western race, if it should prove to be separa-
ble. In Chile it is certainly but a winter visitant.
JIt was first introduced into literature in the "Illustrations of the Birds of
California, Texas," etc., 1853, p. 87, where Cassin refers to specimens from Bear
Creek, California (E. M. Kern), the coast of Lower California (Hermann), and
Chile (Lieut. Gilliss). While it is not quite evident from the text which of the
specimens formed the principal basis of Cassin's description, Stone (Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 29) claims the one from Bear Creek to be the type of F. nigriceps.
2Falco communis amcricanus [sic] Schlegel (Abhandl. Geb. Zool. Vergl. Anat.,
Heft 3, p. 19, 1844) is merely a substitute for F. anatum Bonaparte.
282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS
Wing Tail Bill1
One male from Santiago 290 140 22
One female from Santiago 335 170 24 J^
One male from Ranco, Cautin 305 157 22
One male from Chile (J. M. Gilliss) 288 150 22
1 Measured with chord from anterior margin of cere to tip.
179. Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe
Falco cassini Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 11, p. 221, 1873 — Chile and
Magellan Straits (spec, in British Museum examined).
Falco pelegrinus Des Murs (2), p. 224 — Chile (part).
Falco peregrinus Philippi (12), p. 244 — Chile (part); E. Reed (2), p. 558 —
Chile (spec, in Brit. Museum examined); idem (4), p. 206 — Chile; Albert
(1), 108, p. 284— Chile (part); Bullock (4), p. 198— Angol, Malleco (July).
"Falco Peregrinus cassini" Kleinschmidt, Berajah, Falco Peregrinus, p. 116,
1927 — Straits of Magellan and Collico (near Valdivia), Chile (crit.).
Range in Chile. — Winter visitor from the south. Recorded from
Santiago (May), Cautin (July), and Valdivia (April).
Material examined. — Santiago: Santiago, <f juv., May, 1869.
R. A. Philippi (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.).— Cautin: Pelal, Temuco, 9 juv., July 29, 1912. A. C.
Saldana (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge). — "Chile"
(unspecified): 9 ad., cf juv. E. C. Reed (British Museum).
These four specimens I cannot but refer to F. p. cassini, of which
I have examined a good series, including several breeding birds,
from Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands.
The only adult Chilean bird — collected by Edwyn Reed in 1870
(exact locality not stated) — agrees in every particular, notably in
the extremely wide black barring above, the bright pinkish cinnamon
chest, and the broadly barred posterior under parts, with females
from the southern extremity of South America. The young female
from Pelal, Temuco, merely differs from two Falkland Island birds
in similar stage by having the foreneck and chest decidedly paler,
pinkish buff rather than tawny. Two other birds in juvenile plumage,
one from Santiago, the other from an unspecified locality in Chile,
while not extremely dark below, are much nearer to cassini than to
any young North American duckhawk I have seen.
Mr. Bullock, when shown specimens of the North American and
Magellanic duckhawks, unhesitatingly declared that the single bird
he had shot in July at Angol, Malleco, was of the latter form.
In adult plumage F. p. cassini may be distinguished from F. p.
anatum by much more densely and broadly barred under parts;
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 283
darker gray back with wider black bars; entirely black sides of the
head without any whitish in the auricular region; and by lacking
the buffy white frontal band. The under parts are strongly washed
with mouse-gray in the male, and much more cinnamomeous in the
female. The juvenile plumage is not unlike that of its northern
ally, but lacks the buffy frontal band, the buffy edges to the pileum,
and the extensive buffy auricular patch, while the buff or ochraceous
nuchal band is merely suggested by a few deep tawny edges to some
of the feathers. Besides, the under parts are much darker, tawny
or Mikado brown, instead of buff or ochraceous, and much more
heavily marked with dark brown.
F. p. cassini is apparently a rather uncommon visitor to central
and southern Chile during the Antarctic winter (April to September).
Kleinschmidt records an adult male taken by Landbeck on April 16,
1856, at Collico, near Valdivia.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS
Wing Tail
One male from Port Stanley, Falkland Islands (Dec.) 292 165
One male from Falkland Islands 300 147
One male from Straits of Magellan (type) 303 148
One female from Port Stanley (Dec.) 338 174
One female from Falkland Islands 345 170
Two females from Tierra del Fuego1 340,— 175,180
One female from "Chile" 325 175
1 Taken by P. W. Reynolds at Estancia Viamonte Rio Grande on April 7, 1927,
and Cape Penas on March 24, 1929, respectively. Both are in the British Museum.
180. Falco fusco-coerulescens fusco-coerulescens Vieillot
Falco fusco-coerukscens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 4, p. 454,
1816 — based on Azara, No. 32, Paraguay and Rio de La Plata; Sclater
(6), 1891, p. 135 — Vilugo, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 206— Chile (not
common); Lane, p. 180 — Vilugo (two days south of Sacaya), Tarapaca;
Albert (1), 108, p. 287— Chile (descr., habits); Barros (10), p. 358—
Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Falco femoralis Eraser (1), p. 109— Chile (habits); Philippi (12), p. 244—
Santiago and the whole of Chile, rare in the south.
Harpagus bidentatus (errore) Des Murs (2), p. 230 — Chile (habits).
Hypotriorchis femoralis Cassin, p. 177 — Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 8 — Chile;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 330, 338— Chile.
Hypotriorchis fusco-caerulescens Barros (4), p. 48 — Nilahue, Curic6; Housse
(3), p. 226 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 104 — Marga-
Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca south to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Banos del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet),
c? ad., Nov. 15, 1923.
284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The Orange-chested Hobby is stated to be rather uncommon in
Chile, only a few scattered localities being on record. In the southern
provinces it seems to be even rarer, Crawshay1 being apparently the
first naturalist to take it in Tierra del Fuego. Ambrose Lane shot
a single bird at Vilugo, Tarapaca, but was told that these falcons
visit Sacaya frequently at certain times and occur at elevations up
to 11,000 feet. Barros observed the "Halcon" in the Cordilleras
of Aconcagua, and lists it as a rare resident for the Nilahue Valley,
Curico. According to Jaffuel and Pirion, it breeds in Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso.
F. j. fiLSco-coerulescens is widely distributed in South America.
181. Cerchneis sparveria cinnamomina (Swainson)
Falco cinnamominus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 281, Dec. 31, 1837 — Chile
(type in Liverpool Museum); Des Murs (2), p. 226 — Valparaiso.
Falco sparverius (not of Linnaeus) d'Orbigny, p. 119 — Chile; Des Murs (2),
p. 227— the whole of Chile; Boeck, p. 498— Valdivia; Germain, p. 309—
Santiago (breeding habits); Frauenfeld, p. 636 — road from Valparaiso to
Santiago; Philippi (12), p. 244— part, Santiago, Valdivia; E. Reed (2),
p. 558 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Lataste (1), p. CXIV — Bureo (Chilian),
Nuble; 1. c., p. CXV— Ninhue (Itata), Maule; idem (2), p. XXXIII—
Caillihue (Vichuquen), Curic6; idem (5), p. LXI — San Carlos, Maule;
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIII— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p.
CLXIX — San Alfonso, Valparaiso; Housse (2), p. 142 — San Bernardo,
Santiago.
Tinnunculus sparverius Fraser (1), p. 109 — Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 209 —
Valdivia; Cassin, p. 176 — Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 8— Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 330, 338— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499—
Coquimbo; Housse (3), p. 226 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 103 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
Cerchneis cinnamomina Sharpe, p. 10 — Coquimbo.
Tinnunculus cinnamominns Salvin (2), p. 427 — Chile; E. Reed (4), p. 206 —
part, Chile; Lane, p. 180 — Arauco, Rio Bueno (Valdivia), and Llanquihue;
Albert (1), 108, p. 290— Chile (monog.); Bullock (3), p. 127— Nahuelbuta,
Malleco; idem (4), p. 198 — Angol, Malleco.
Cerchneis sparveria cinnamomina Schalow (2), p. 694 — Santiago; Barros (4),
p. 49 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p. 176 — Cordillera of Aconcagua;
Passler (3), p. 448 — Coronel; C. Reed (4), p. 189— Curacautin (food);
Barros (10), p. 358 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Cerchneis sparverius cinnamominus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34,
p. 378, 1915 — Corral, Santiago, Valdivia, Ancud (crit.).
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to the Straits of Magellan.
1 Birds of Tierra del Fuego, p. 17, 1907.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 285
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, d" ad., June 25, 1924.
E Gigoux; Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, 9 ad., Aug. 25. — Coquimbo:
Romero, two 9 9 ad., July 11, 27. — Santiago: Volcan de Maipo (alt.
4,600 feet), 9 ad., Dec. 20.— Cautin: Lake Gualletue* (alt. 3,800
feet), of ad., Feb. 20.— Valdivia: Rinihue, cf ad., March 4; Mafil,
cf ad., cf1 imm., 9 ad., Feb. 14, 20, 28. — Llanquihue: Puerto Montt,
cf ad., April 15; Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, d* ad., March 1.
Birds from the north (Atacama, Coquimbo) appear to be similar
to those from more southern localities.
The Chilean Kestrel is generally distributed over the whole
country excepting the extreme north. According to Rafael Barros,
its altitudinal range extends up to 7,000 and 10,000 feet. Outside
of Chile, this form inhabits Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia north
to the Rio Negro.
On Mas A Tierra it is replaced by C. s. fernandensis Chapman.
182. Cerchneis sparveria peruviana Cory
Cerchneis sparverius peruviana Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, No. 8,
p. 296, 1915 — Chachapoyas, Peru.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chacalluta, six miles north of Arica,
9 ad., June 14, 1924.
In comparison to the females of C. s. cinnamomina, this bird is
much brighter rufous above and has more white on the forehead.
It agrees in both respects with a series from Peru, and should doubt-
less be referred to C. s. peruviana, although it has a duller, less rufous
tail, probably an individual character.
This is another of the many instances where the Peruvian form
extends into Tacna, while the remainder of Chile is tenanted by a
different race.
[Spiziapteryx circumtincttis (Kaup), though supposed to have been
sent by T. Bridges from "Chile," is now known to inhabit exclusively
certain parts of northern Argentina.]
183. Elanus leucurus leucurus (Vieillot)
Milvus leucurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 20, p. 563 (errore
556), 1818 — based on Azara, No. 36, near San Ignazio, Santa Rosa, and
Bobi, also on the banks of the Paraguay between Neembucu and Remolinos,
etc., Paraguay; d'Orbigny, p. 98 — not rare in Chile.
286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Elanus dispar Fraser (1), p. 109— Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 233, pi. 2— Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 245 — central provinces, rare in the south; Waugh and
Lataste (1), p. LXXXIV— Penaflor, Santiago; Housse (2), p. 142— San
Bernardo, Santiago; Lataste (9), p. 167 — Malleco.
Elanus leucurus Cassin, p. 175 — Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 8 — Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 330, 338— vicinity of Santiago; E. Reed (2), p. 559— Cauquenes,
Colchagua; idem (4), p. 206 — Chile (not common); Lane, p. 181 — Lara-
quete, Arauco; Albert (1), 108, p. 294 — Chile (monog.); Housse (1), p.
48— Isla La Mocha, Arauco; C. Reed (4), p. 190— Cerro de Quillota,
Teno, Rengo, Camarico, Machali, Curacautin, Casa Blanca, Malleco,
La Ligua, Cordillera de Maule (food); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 103 — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 198 — Angol, Malleco (winter).
Fako fusco-caerulescens (lapsu) Barros (4), p. 48 — Nilahue, Curico.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Santiago
to Cautin.
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Casa Blanca, cf imm., July 31,
1923.— Colchagua: Rengo, cf juv., July 2, 1923.— Talca: Camarico,
9 juv., July 6, 1923. Carlos S. Reed.
The White-tailed Kite, widely diffused in South America, is said
to be common in the plains, but rather rare in the Cordilleras of
central Chile. It appears to be absent from the southern provinces.
184. Milvago chimango chimango (Vieillot)
Polyborus chimango Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 260,
1816 — based on Azara, No. 5, rare in Paraguay, but common on the La
Plata River; d'Orbigny, p. 60 — "c6te du Chile" = Valparaiso; Philippi,
Reise Wtiste Atacama, p. 161 — Quebrada de La Encantada, Atacama;
idem, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Quebrada de La Encantada.
Aquila pezopora Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16,
Suppl., p. 62, pi. 16, 1834 — plains of Mapocho, particularly in the vicinity
of Santiago.
Milvago pezoporos Fraser (1), p. 109 — Chile [= Colchagua]; Yarrell, p. 52 —
Chile (egg descr.).
Caracara chimango Des Murs (2), p. 211 — part, northern Chile; Philippi
(12), p. 243— Chile (in part); Lataste (1), p. CXIV— Bureo (Chilian),
Nuble; p. CXV— Ninhue (Itata), Maule; idem (5), p. LX— Itata, Maule;
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIII— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2),
p. CLXIX — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso.
Milvago chimango Peale, p. 61 — Chile; Bibra, p. 128 — road from Valparaiso
to Santiago; Cassin, p. 174 — Chile; Germain, p. 309 — Santiago (breeding
habits); Pelzeln (2), p. 6— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 329, 338— Chile
(in part); E. Reed (2), p. 559 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 206 —
Chile (in part); Lane, p. 181 — part, southern Chile and Chiloe'; Albert (1),
108, p. 296 — in part; Barros (4), p. 48 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p.
175 — Precordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 142 — San Bernardo,
Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 103 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 287
Ibycter chimango Sharpe, p. 10 — part, Talcaguano; Schalow (2), p. 693 —
Coquimbo, La Serena, and Santiago.
Milvago chimango chimango Passler (3), p. 448 — Coronel (breeding habits);
Wetmore (3), p. 92 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to Conception.
Material collected. — Conception: Hacienda Gualpencillo, two
c? d* ad., March 31, April 6, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Hacienda Mansel, near San-
tiago, one (unsexed) adult, Dec. 20, 1889. A. A. Lane; Santiago,
d" ad. F. Leybold. — Conception: Talcaguano, cf ad., Sept., 1879.
Coppinger. — "Central Chile:" five adults. H. Berkeley James
Collection (all in the British Museum).
The two specimens from Gualpencillo as well as one from Talca-
guano in the British Museum agree in every particular with a series
from central Chile. So far as I can see they are inseparable from
Uruguayan and Argentine skins, which may be taken to represent
typical chimango.
The "Tiuque" is reported to be very common in the plains and
foothills of central Chile, but appears to be absent from the moun-
tains. In the north it stretches into Atacama, specimens having
been taken by R. A. Philippi in the Quebrada de La Encantada,
northeast of Copiapo, and ranges southwards as far as Conception.
185. Milvago chimango temucoensis W. L. Sclater
Milvago chimango temwoensis W. L. Sclater, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 38, p. 43,
March 4, 1918 — Pelal, near Temuco, Cautin, Chile (type in British Mu-
seum examined) ; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 94,
1930 — Fundo Esmeralda, Osorno, Llanquihue (crit.).
Milvago chimango (not of Vieillot) Darwin, p. 14 — part, Chiloe Island; Hart-
laub (3), p. 209 — Valdivia; Boeck, p. 496— ChiloS; Sclater (2), 1867, pp.
329, 338— Chile (in part); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 187— Sandy-
Point; idem (3), 1878, p. 435 — Puerto Bueno and Sandy-Point; Ridgway
(2), p. 136— Laredo Bay, Magellan Straits; E. Reed (2), p. 206— Chile
(in part); Lane, p. 181 — part, central Chile; Albert (1), 108, p. 296 — in
part; Bullock (3), p. 126 — Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 195 — Angol,
Malleco.
Polyborus chimango Tschudi, p. 6 — Bay of San Carlos [ =Ancud], Chiloe".
Caracara chimango Des Murs (2), p. 211 — part, southern Chile to Straits of
Magellan; Philippi (12), p. 243— Chile (in part).
Ibycter chimango Sharpe, p. 10 — part, Cockle Cove.
Range in Chile. — From Conception south to the Straits of
Magellan.
288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Material collected. — Conception: Conception, adult, June 28,
1903. C. S. Reed.— Malleco: Curacautin, cT ad., Jan. 14.— Chilo£
Island: Rio Inio, d* ad., Jan. 15; Quellon, 9 juv., Jan. 27, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Arauco: Maquegua, 9 ad., July 15,
1890. A. A. Lane. — Cautin: Maquehue, Temuco, cf ad., three
9 9 ad., April 23, Aug. 17, 24, Sept. 21. D. S. Bullock and A. C.
Saldana; Pelal, Temuco, 9 ad., Nov. 18, 1909. A. C. Saldana.—
Valdivia: Corral, 9 ad., Oct. 19, 1890. A. A. Lane (all in the British
Museum).
This southern race of the "Tiuque" may be recognized by its
richer, more saturated coloration, the brown of the back being darker,
and the chest of a deeper ruf escent brown, while the transverse barring
underneath is much more strongly marked and extends down to the
tibial feathers. In typical chimango, the upper parts are duller brown
with a grayish cast, the chest is much paler and less rufous, and the
barring on the lower breast and sides paler and not so regular.
The series from Temuco in the British Museum is very uniform and
shows but little variation. A single adult from Valdivia (Corral),
one from Chilo£ Island, and six from various localities in the Straits
of Magellan are precisely similar. Birds from Arauco (Maquegua)
and Malleco (Curacautin) are likewise typical of this form, to which
I must also refer a specimen taken by C. S. Reed at Conception.
Other specimens of this hawk secured by Sanborn in this vicinity
are, however, unquestionably referable to M. c. chimango. I expect
that further material will show the two races to intergrade in the
region around Conception.
186. Phalcoboenus megalopterus (Meyen)
Aquila megaloptera Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur.,
16, SuppL, p. 64, pi. 17, 1834— Chile, in the highest Cordilleras near the
edge of the perpetual snow (descr. of juvenile plumage).
Phalcoboenus montanus d'Orbigny,1 Voy. Amei. Me'rid., Ois., p. 51, pi. 2,
figs. 1, 2, 1834-35 — road from Tacna to La Paz, Cordilleras and plateaus
of Bolivia (descr. of adult and young); Fraser (1), p. 108 — valleys of the
Andes [of Colchagua] at 5,000 to 8,000 feet elevation.
Milvago megalopterus Darwin, p. 21 — Despoblado, a branch of the Copiapo
Valley, Atacama; Fraser (2), p. 157— [Colchagua] Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 329, 338— Cordillera of Santiago (crit.); E. Reed (2), p. 559—
Cordillera of Colchagua; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 399— Sitani, Tarapaca;
idem (6), 1891, p. 135 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 182 — Sacaya and
irThe plate was issued with livr. 2 in 1834, and it is quite possible that P.
montanus has priority over A. megaloptera published in the same year.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 289
Cancosa, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 206 — Cordilleras of central Chile;
Albert (1), 108, p. 296— Chile (monog.).
Caracara montanus Des Murs (2), p. 210 — Prov. Santiago (habits); Philippi
(12), p. 242 — Cordilleras of Santiago and Atacama.
Polyborus montanus Philippi, Reise Wtiste Atacama, p. 161 — Desert of
Atacama, from the Cordillera down to the coast; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 158 —
Antofagasta.
Milvago crassirostris Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Ak. Wiss. Wien, math.-naturw.
KL, 44, (1), p. 9, 1861— Chile (descr. of adult; type in Vienna Museum
examined); idem, Vog. Novara, p. 3, pi. 1, 1865 — Chile (crit., juv.).
Phalcoboenus negalopterm [sic] Barros (5), p. 175 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras from Tacna to Colchagua.
Material examined. — Tarapaca: Sitani, cf ad., Jan. 15, 1886.
C. Rahmer; Sacaya, 9 ad., April 22, 1890. A. A. Lane; Cancosa,
juv., Jan. 28, 1890. A. A. Lane (all in the British Museum).—
Central Chile: three adults, three in transitional plumage, and two
juv. "Novara" Expedition, Zelebor and Segeth. — "Chile:" adult,
type of M. crassirostris Pelzeln (all in the Vienna Museum).
I am unable to discover any constant difference between birds
from central Chile (megalopterus, crassirostris), Tarapaca, and Bolivia
(montanus). When in adult plumage, all have along the scapular
edge of the wing a distinct white stripe, which Pelzeln erroneously
thought was absent in the Peruvian bird. As to the shape of the
bill, I find much individual variation, and do not see how this
character can be used for distinguishing two races. The adult bird
from Peru in the Vienna Museum has a remarkably slender,
compressed bill, but this divergency is not corroborated by other
material from that country.
The altitudinal range of P. megalopterus varies according to
latitude. While in Peru and Bolivia almost — if not wholly — con-
fined to the Puna Zone, viz. to elevations of 10,000 feet and upwards,
we find it in Chile descending to much lower altitudes, its habitat
in the provinces of Aconcagua, Santiago, and Colchagua being given
as reaching down to 5,000 feet. Philippi, furthermore, states that
in the desert of Atacama it may be seen even near the seacoast.
Its geographical distribution evidently does not extend much
beyond Colchagua, which is the most southerly Chilean locality on
record. In Argentina it is restricted to the northwestern provinces
of Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy. Its reported occurrence in Patagonia
and Tierra del Fuego is doubtless due to the misidentification of
young specimens of the nearly allied P. albogularis (Gould), which,
290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
as correctly pointed out by Wetmore,1 in the brown juvenile plumage
is exceedingly similar to the corresponding stage of P. megalopterus.
The specimens collected by the members of the Princeton University
Expedition on the Rio Gallegos and at Arroyo Eke, at the head-
waters of the Rio Deseado in Patagonia, and listed by Stone2 as
/. megalopterus are clearly referable to P. albogularis, of which adult
birds were secured in the same localities, and whose range has since
been traced by Wetmore1 and Peters3 as far north as the Goberna-
cion del Rio Negro.
I expect that a better knowledge of their characters and distri-
bution will show P. carunculatus, P. megalopterus, and P. albogularis
(of which I. circumcinctus Scott appears to be an individual variant)
to be representatives of one "formenkreis."
187. Polyborus plancus plancus (Miller)
Falco plancus Miller, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 3, pi. 17, 1777— Tierra del
Fuego.
Falco tharus Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 264, 343, 1782— Chile;
Poeppig (2), p. 281 — Rio Colorado, Santiago.
Aquila cheriway (not of Jacquin) Meyen, p. 66 — east of Copiapo, Chile.
Polyborus vulgaris d'Orbigny, p. 55 — "mountainous" and wooded parts of
Chile; Boeck, p. 496 — "Aemd" [ =Ancud] and Laguna of "Clanquihue"
[ =Llanquihue].
Polyborus brasiliensis (not of Gmelin) Fraser (1), p. 108 — Chile (habits);
Yarrell, p. 52— Chile (egg descr.); Hartlaub (3), p. 108— Valdivia; Pelzeln
(2), p. 6— Chile.
Polyborus braziliensis Peale, p. 60 — Chile.
Caracara vulgaris Des Murs (2), p. 207, pi. 1 — the whole of Chile (habits);
Philippi (12), p. 242— Chile; Lataste (1), p. CXIV— Bureo (Chilian),
Nuble; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIV — Penaflor, Santiago; Housse
(2), p. 142 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Polyborus tharus Cassin, p. 173 — central and southern Chile; Germain, p.
309— Santiago (nesting habits); Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 329, 338— Chile;
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499— Island of Quehui, ChiloS; E. Reed
(2), p. 559 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 206 — Chile; Lane, p.
183— Rio Bueno, Valdivia (habits); Schalow (2), p. 692— Puerto Rosales,
Llanquihue; Albert (1), 108, p. 303 — Chile (monog.); Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 103 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (3), p. 126 — Nahuelbuta,
Malleco; idem (4), p. 195 — Angol, Malleco.
Polyborus plancus Barros (4), p. 48 — Nilahue, Curico.
. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 420, 1926.
2 Rep. Princeton Univ. Exp., 2, (2), Part 4, p. 566, 1915.
•Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 304, 1922.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 291
Range in Chile. — From Copiapo to the Straits of Magellan, rare
in the north.
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Hacienda Limache, 9 ad., <?
juv., Dec. 9, 15. J. A. Wolffsohn. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka,
Ascension Island, 9 ad., Jan. 31.
The "Traro" is reported as very common in southern Chile down
to the Straits of Magellan. In the central provinces it exists only
in limited numbers, increasing southwards and becoming plentiful
about Valdivia and on the Laguna of Llanquihue. Meyen claims
to have shot his specimens in March east of Copiapo, which is much
farther to the north than any other recorded locality. The bird is
rather uncommon in the provinces of Valparaiso and Santiago, and
even in Curico Barros found it somewhat scarce.
The "Traro" frequents the plains and low hills, and it is certainly
by mistake that Albert gives its altitudinal range as extending up to
an elevation of 4,000 meters.
Besides in Chile, it also occurs in Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia,
and in part of Argentina, while closely allied races are found in the
more northern section of South America.
188. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin)
Falco carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 263, 1788 — based on Brisson,
Buffon, and Catesby; restricted type locality Carolina (ex Catesby).
Pandion haliaetus (not of Linnaeus) Philippi (24), p. 4 — "Peine" [=Paine],
south of Santiago.
Range in Chile. — Occasional straggler (one record).
Philippi lists a single specimen shot at Paine, Prov. O'Higgins,
as being in the collection of the Museo Nacional, Santiago.
189. Cathartes aura jot a (Molina)
Vultur1 jota Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 265, 343, 1782— Chile.2
Vultur aura (not of Linnaeus) Poeppig (2), p. 281 — Rio Colorado, Santiago.
Cathartes aura d'Orbigny, p. 38 — Pacific coast from Chiloe northwards;
Darwin, p. 8 — Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 202— from Copiapo to Chilo6;
Boeck, p. 495 — "Aemd" [=Ancud], Chilo6 Island; Pelzeln (2), p. 3 —
Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 242—
common along the coast; E. Reed (2), p. 559 — Hacienda de Cauquenes,
Colchagua (not common); idem (4), p. 206 — Chile; Lataste (1), p. CXV —
Bureo (Chilian), Nuble, and Ninhue (Itata), Maule; Waugh and Lataste
1 Misprinted "Vulcur" on p. 265.
2Swann (Syn. Accip., 2nd ed., p. 4, 1921) suggests Concepci6n as type locality.
292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
(1), p. LXXXIV— Penaflor, Santiago; Lane, p. 184— Corral (Valdivia),
and Tarapaca; Schalow (2), p. 691 — Iquique, Tarapaca; Albert (1), 101,
p. 507 — Chile (monog.); Blaauw (1), p. 24 — range in Chile; Housse (2),
p. 141— San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock (3), p. 126— Nahuelbuta, Mal-
leco; idem (4), p. 195 — Angol, Malleco.
Cathartes Iota Fraser (1), p. 108 — abundant along the coast of Chile, also
in the interior; Yarrell, p. 52 — Chile (egg descr.); Cassin, p. 172 — com-
mon along the seacoast of Chile.
Cathartes aura aura Barros (4), p. 47 — Nilahue, Curico; idem (5), p. 175 —
Precordillera of Aconcagua (Los Andes); Housse (1), p. 48 — Isla La
Mocha, Arauco.
Chatartes aura jota Passler (3), p. 448 — Coronel (breeding habits).
Cathartes aura jota Wetmore (3), p. 91 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Rhinogryphus aura Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 102 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Palmilla, La Cruz, 9 imm.,
Jan. 9, 1925. J. A. Wolffsohn.
Birds from the Straits of Magellan that we have seen appear to
be similar to those from central Chile. C. a. jota, as pointed out by
Wetmore,1 is very similar to C. a. ruficollis, the Turkey Vulture of
eastern South America, but may be distinguished by its larger size.
Whether the Falkland Island race, C. a. falklandica (Sharpe), can
be maintained, I am unable to decide owing to lack of material.
C. a. jota is said to be common in the northern parts of Chile,
from Tarapaca to Valparaiso. Farther south it decreases in numbers,
although it is sparingly found all throughout Chile to the Straits
of Magellan. According to various observers, the "Jote" keeps to
the plains and the pre-Cordillera, and hardly ever occurs above 5,000
feet of elevation.
190. Coragyps atratus2 f oetens (Lichtenstein)
Cathartes foetens Lichtenstein, Verz. Ausgest. Saug. und Vogel, p. 30, 1818 —
based on Azara's "Iribu," Paraguay; Pelzeln (2), p. 3 — Santiago.
Cathartes atratus2 (not of Meyer) Fraser (1), p. 108 — occasionally in the
province of Colchagua; Bibra, p. 128 — Santiago and northwards; Cassin,
p. 173— rare in Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338— Colchagua (ex
Fraser); E. Reed (2), p. 559— Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 206—
'Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 90, 1926.
2 About the use of the specific name proposed in a binomial sense by F. A. A.
Meyer (Zool. Ann., 1, p. 290, 1794) see Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p.
415, 1929. As has been pointed out to me by Dr. Richmond (in litt.), an even
earlier reference is Vultur atratus Bechstein (Anhang z. 1 sten Bande von Latham's
Allg. Uebers. Vogel, p. 655, 1793), likewise based on Bartram's "Black Vulture
or Carrion Crow."
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 293
Chile; Lane, p. 184 — Laraquete (Arauco) and Ancud (Chilo6); Albert
(1), 101, p. 510 — Chile (monog.); Blaauw (1), p. 24 — Osorno, Llanquihue;
Bullock (3), p. 126— Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 194—
Angol, Malleco.
Cathartes urubu Des Mure (2), p. 200 — Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Conception,
and Chilo6; Boeck, p. 494 — near Valdivia (in winter); Philippi (12), p.
242 — Chile (common).
Catharistes atratus Schalow (2), p. 691 — Coquimbo and Calbuco Island, near
Puerto Montt.
Catharista urubu Barros (4), p. 47 — Nilahue, Curic6.
Catharista atrata Housse (3), p. 225 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Jaffuel and
Pirion, p. 103 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Coragyps atratus brasiliensis Passler (3), p. 447 — Coronel and Corral, Valdivia
(habits).
Coragyps urubu foetens Wetmore (3), p. 91 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to Chiloe" Island.
The "Gallinazo" is stated to be abundant in the southern parts
of Chile, but does not occur beyond Chiloe" and Llanquihue. In
the northern provinces it seems to be rather rare, although there
are several records from Colchagua, Valparaiso, Santiago, and even
Coquimbo.
191. Vultur gryphus Linnaeus
Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 86, 1758 — based on
Vultur gryps Klein, Hist. Av. Prodr., 1750, p. 45, Chile; Molina, p. 266 —
Chile.
Sarcorhamphus magellanicus Sharpe,1 Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 20, 1874 —
Chile and Straits of Magellan.
Sarcorhamphus gryphus d'Orbigny, p. 17 — Arica; Darwin, p. 3 — Chile (breed-
ing in the inaccessible parts of the Cordilleras); Fraser (1), p. 108 — in all
the provinces of Chile, abundant in the elevated valleys of the Andes;
Bibra, p. 128— high Cordillera [of Santiago]; Cassin, p. 172 — Chile; Pelzeln
(2), p. 3— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 328, 338— Chile; E. Reed (2), p.
560 — Banos de Cauquenes, Colchagua; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 158 — Tres
Puntas, Atacama; E. Reed (4), p. 206 — Cordilleras of Chile; Lane, p.
184— Tarapaca; Schalow (2), p. 690— Punta Teatinos, Coquimbo; Albert
(1), 101, p. 514 — the whole of Chile (monog.); Barros (4), p. 47 — Nilahue,
Curic6 (now extinct); idem (5), p. 175 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; idem
(6), p. 32 — Parral, Linares; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 102 — Cerros del Valle
Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Sarcoramphus condor Des Murs (2), p. 194, pi. (osteology) — the whole of
Chile (habits); Boeck, p. 494 — near Valdivia; Philippi, Reise Wuste
Atacama, p. 161 — between Tres Puntas and Copiapo, Atacama, and near
tentatively proposed name is a pure synonym of Vultur gryphus, origi-
nally based on the Chilean bird.
294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Paposo, Antofagasta; idem (12), p. 242 — from Atacama to the Straits of
Magellan.
Range in Chile. — The whole of Chile, from Tarapaca to the
Straits of Magellan.
The condor, while locally exterminated, is still plentiful in the
less frequented Andean districts. It breeds on inaccessible cliffs in
the mountains, but extends its excursions in search of food to the
plains and even to the seacoast.
192. Pelecanus thagus Molina
Pelecanus thagus Molina,1 Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 240, 344, 1782— Chile;
Des Murs (2), p. 494— Chile (ex Molina); Cassin, p. 206— Chile; Sclater
(2), 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile (crit.); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 52— Valparaiso
Bay; Passler (1), p. 103 — from Coquimbo northward, in winter at Corral,
Valdivia.
Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Des Murs (2), p. 494 — Chile; Boeck, p.
513 — Valdivia; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165 — coast of Atacama;
idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Atacama; Albert (1), 103, p. 228 — central provinces.
Pelecanus molinae (G. R. Gray MS.)2 Sclater, P. Z. S. Lond., 1868, p. 269—
based on Onocrotalus thagus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 2, p. 164, Chile;
Pelzeln (2), p. 158— Chile; Albert (1), 103, p. 224— Chile (monog.); Lane,
p. 185 — Coronel and Corral, Valdivia; Schalow (2), p. 690 — Iquique,
Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 206 — Bay of Valparaiso.
Pelecanus thygus (sic) Philippi (12), p. 291 — coast of Chile and Peru.
Pelecanus nigricollis (Philippi MS.) Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 226,
1899 — Chile (orig. descr.;=juv.).
Pelecanus landbecki F. Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 1, No. 3, p. 63, 1909 —
Chile (=juv.); Housse (1), p. 53 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco.
Range in Chile. — From the Peruvian boundary south to Valdivia.
The pelican is stated to be fairly common along the coast, in
the estuaries of the rivers, and on the islands of Chile. It is less
frequent and probably does not breed in the southern parts of the
republic. Edwyn Reed tells us that in some years it is seen in large
numbers in Valparaiso Bay. Lane and Passler met with it at
Coronel and Corral, Valdivia, during the winter season.
The young bird was described as P. nigricollis by Albert, although
he correctly recognized that the specimen so designated by Philippi
was merely the immature plumage of P. molinae. In ignorance of
1 Molina's description, as usual, is rather poor, but cannot well refer to any other
species, this being the only pelican found in Chile.
*Pelicanus molinae Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 189, 1844; Genera
of Birds, 3, p. 668, 1845) is a nomen nudum. Pelzeln does not give any description
either.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 295
Albert's action, F. Philippi (son) created another synonym by de-
scribing the very same example as a new species under the name
P. landbecki.
P. molinae ranges northwards along the coast of Peru to the
extreme south of Ecuador. Its plumages and habits have been well
described by H. 0. Forbes in "Ibis," 1914, pp. 403-420, pi. 13.
The Brown Pelican of North America is probably conspecific.
[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, listed by Gay (p. 493) s. n.
P. cristatus, does not occur in Chile. It breeds in North America,
migrating in winter south to Mexico and Costa Rica.]
193. Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus
Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758 — "in pelago
inter tropicos"; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165 — Bay of "Tarta!"
[ =Taltal], Antofagasta; idem (12), p. 290— Taltal; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160—
Taltal; Albert (1), 103, p. 233— Chile.
Phaeton aetherius Philippi (24), p. 89 — Taltal.
Range in Chile. — Accidental visitor. Once recorded from Taltal,
Antofagasta.
As recorded by Philippi, a single specimen of the Tropik-bird
was shot in 1853 in the Bay of Taltal, southern Antofagasta.
194. Sula variegata (Tschudi)
Dysporus variegatus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 390, 1843 — "in littoribus
et insulis Oceani Pacifici" =islands off Peru (cf. Faun. Peru., Aves, p.
313, 1846).
Sula (— ?) Eraser (1), p. 120 — coast of Chile from the island of Chiloe to
Copiapo; Boeck, p. 512 — Valdivia.
Sula fusca Des Murs (2), p. 488 — Chilo4 (excl. descr.); Philippi, Reise
Wiiste Atacama, p. 165 — coast of Atacama; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — coast
of northern Chile.
Sula variegata Hartlaub (3), p. 219 — Corral, Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 156 —
Chile (crit.); Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile; Philippi (12), p.
290— coast of Chile to Peru; E. Reed (4), p. 206 — coast of Chile; Lane,
p. 185 — outside Coquimbo, south to Arauco; Schalow (2), p. 689 — Isla
dos Pajaros, Coquimbo; Albert (1), 101, p. 929 — Chile (monog.); Passler
(1), p. 102 — from Coquimbo northward, common at Antofagasta; Housse
(1), p. 54 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Range in Chile. — Seacoast from the Peruvian boundary to Chilce"
Island.
Material collected. — Concepcion: Concepcion, near coast, one c",
April 8.
296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Although the "Piquero" is stated to be very common at times
on the coast, no breeding place in Chile has yet been recorded.
Lane saw large quantities of these birds outside Coquimbo; he did
not notice them south of Arauco, but believes that they occur at
Valdivia in summer time, and even farther south. He did not hear
of a Chilean breeding-place. Albert at length describes their breeding
habits, but it is not evident that the account is based on the author's
own observations. Passler found them at Coquimbo and, north-
ward, very abundant at Antofagasta.
S. variegata, one of the principal "guano" birds, is known to
breed on numerous islands off the Peruvian coast.
195. Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Lesson and Garnot)
Carbo gaimardi Lesson and Garnot,1 Voy. Coquille, Zool., Atlas, livr. 7, pi.
48, June 21, 1828 — "Lima, au Perou"=San Lorenzo Island, off Callao
(see Gaimard, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 14, p. 602, Jan., 1830);
Kittlitz, Denkwiird., 1, p. 133 — Valparaiso.
Phalacrocorax gaimardii Fraser (1), p. 119 — Valparaiso Bay; Bibra, p.
132— Algodon Bay; Hartlaub (3), p. 219— Corral Bay, Valdivia; Cassin,
p. 206— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 340— Chile; Cunningham (2), p. 365—
near ChiloS Island; E. Reed (4), p. 207— Chile; Lane, p. 187— Corral,
Valdivia; Schalow (2), p. 688 — Cavancha and Iquique, Tarapaca, and
Tumbes, Concepcion; Albert (1), 103, p. 839 — from ChiloS northward
(monog.); Philippi (23), p. 172 — Chiloe and Algarrobo; Passler (1), p.
103 — Arica (Tacna), Caleta Buena (Tarapaca), Taltal (Antofagasta);
Housse (1), p. 53 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Graculus gaimardi Des Murs (2), p. 489 — southern Chile; Boeck, p. 513 —
Valdivia; Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 165 — between Coquimbo
and Caldera, Atacama; Pelzeln (2), pp. 158, 163 — Chiloe Island; Philippi
(12), p. 290 — Chilo6 to central provinces; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — coast
near Caldera, Atacama.
Graculus gainsardii (sic) Germain, p. 315 — Chilo£ (breeding habits).
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan north to the
Peruvian boundary.
Material collected. — Concepcion: coast near Concepcion, two
cf cf ad., April 8.
The Gray Cormorant, called "Lile" by the natives, occurs all
along the Chilean coast, but is said to be more common in the central
and northern provinces than in the south. Lane found it plentiful
off Corral (Valdivia), though not nearly so numerous as P. o. oliva-
ceus, and states that it did not come into the harbors or up the
rivers, but kept outside a few miles off the land. Passler found it
breeding on the sea-cliffs at various points in Antofagasta, Tarapaca,
irThis name has apparently slight priority over Phalacrocorax cirriger King
(Zool. Journ., 4, No. 3 [April-July], p. 103, after July, 1828— Straits of Magellan).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 297
and Tacna. According to Germain, it chooses for its nest the
crevices of rocks which rise perpendicularly from the sea, at the foot
of which the waves dash; the nests are made of marine and decaying
plants, and contain three or four eggs in November.
South of Chilo4 this species appears to be of rather rare occur-
rence. Cunningham (Not. Nat. Hist. St. Magellan, p. 365) mentions
a single instance of two examples being seen in Mesier Channel.
There are, however, several records from southeastern Patagonia
(San Julian; Puerto Deseado) -1 In the north the range of P. gaimardi
extends to the islands off the Peruvian coast.
196. Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus (Humboldt)
Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool. et Anat. Comp., 1, p. 47,
1805 — near Banco, Rio Magdalena, Colombia.
Halieus gracilis Meycn,2 Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Curios.,
16, Suppl., p. 113, pi. 23, 1834— San Fernando, Colchagua (=juv.);
Philippi (12), p. 323 (crit.).
Phalacrocorax brasiliensis Fraser (1), p. 119 — Los Guauros, Valdivia Bay.
Graculus brasilianus Des Murs (2), p. 490 — Chile; Boeck, p. 513 — Valdivia;
Germain, p. 315— Chile (breeding habits); Philippi (12), p. 291— Chile;
Streets, p. 24 — Concepcion Bay.
Phalacrocorax gracilis Bibra, p. 132 — common in all harbors of Chile.
Phalacrocorax brasilianus Hartlaub (3), p. 219 — Corral Bay, Valdivia; Cassin,
p. 205, pi. 28— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile; E. Reed (4),
p. 206 — Corral, Valdivia, and the whole coast of Chile; Lane, p. 186 —
Laraquete, Arauco, and Corral, Valdivia (habits); Schalow (2), p. 688 —
Isla dos Pajaros (Coquinibo), Villarrica, and Lago Llanquihue; Albert
(1), 103, p. 842, 1899— Chile (monog.) ; Bullock (4), p. 207— Angol, Malleco.
Graculus brasiliensis Pelzeln (2), p. 158 — Chile; Waugh and Lataste (2), p.
CLXXIII— San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; idem (3), p. LX— Penaflor,
Santiago.
Phalacrocorax vigua Ridgway (2), p. 138 — Port Otway; Passler (1), p. 102 —
Corral, Valdivia; Housse (1), p. 54 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Jaffuel and
Pirion, p. 114 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Phalacrocorax vigua vigua Barros (4), p. 46 — Nilahue, Curic6 (visitor); idem
(5), p. 174 — Rio Aconcagua, Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Acon-
cagua to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension
Island, cf ad. (non-breeding), Feb. 1.
lCf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Zool., 6, p. B 156, 1891.
2 This reference is erroneously included by Ogilvie-Grant (Cat. B. Brit. Mus.,
26, p. 343, 1898) in the synonymy of Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus), an Old World
species! Stresemann (in litt.) writes that the type is a young individual of P.
olivaceus.
298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Although the material at hand is insufficient to make out whether
the Black Cormorant of South America is divisible into local races,
it appears that the length of the tail alluded to by Ogilvie-Grant as
a possible character for the birds of the Pacific coast is of little impor-
tance. Their proper name, however, cannot be determined without
examining an adequate series from the type locality (Magdalena
River, Colombia), whence no specimens are available. Halieus
gracilis Meyen1 unquestionably refers to the juvenile plumage of
the "Pato Yeco," this being the only species of cormorant found in
the interior of Chile.
The "Pato Yeco" is reported as exceedingly common in the
central and southern provinces of Chile. T. Bridges, as recorded
by Fraser, speaks of a colony of thousands of cormorants near a
place called Los Guauros, south of the island of Mansera, in the Bay
of Valdivia, where the birds nested on the summits of the loftiest
trees. Germain tells us that they choose the rocks on the seacoast
or trees which border certain lakes or pools to build their nests, and
lay three or four eggs in October and November. While preferring
the seacoast, they penetrate up the rivers, so as to be often found
almost at the base of the Andes and on comparatively small streams;
when on the rivers, they usually occur singly, flying up and allowing
themselves to drift downstream while fishing (A. Lane). Edwyn
Reed (Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, 1877, p. 560) also met with this species
far inland on the Rio Cachapoal and on the Laguna de Cauquenes,
Colchagua. R. Barros noticed it on the Rio Aconcagua, at Los Andes
(alt. 3,000 feet), Prov. Aconcagua, and F. Meyen obtained the type
of H. gracilis in the interior at San Fernando. Albert even claims
that this cormorant breeds on the lagoons of the Cordilleras up to
an elevation of 2,000 meters and more.
I do not find any record from the arid districts of northern Chile
beyond Coquimbo, where L. Plate secured several examples in
October, 1893, on the Islas dos Pajaros.
P. o. olivaceus is distributed over the greater part of South
America, while a nearly related, smaller race is found in Central
America and the southern United States.
'Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, pp. 674-675, 1899) takes great pains in
pointing out the distinctness of Meyen's bird from P. gaimardi, which is, of course,
quite different. I cannot make out P. promaucanus Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile,
103, p. 674, 1899— central provinces; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 173, 1899;
idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 107, pi. 51, 1902 — type stated to be from
Matanzas, coast of Colchagua). It is based on a single juvenile specimen, and
may be referable to P. o. olivaceus.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 299
197. Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson)
Carbo bougainvillii Lesson, Journ. Navig. Thetis et Esperance, 2, p. 331,
1837 — Valparaiso.
Carbo albigula Brandt, Bull. Scient. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb., 3, p. 57, 1837—
Chile.
Phalacrocorax ventralis Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 106, pi. 50,
1902— Prov. Santiago (=juv.).
Phalacrocorax albigula Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 187, 1844 —
Valparaiso; Fraser (2), p. 157 — coast of Chile.
Graculus bougainvillii Des Mure (2), p. 491 — Valparaiso (ex Lesson); Philippi
(12), p. 291 — Valparaiso (ex Lesson).
Graculus albigula Des Mure (2), p. 491— Chile (ex Brandt); Philippi (12), p.
291— Chile (ex Brandt).
Phalacrocorax bougainvillii Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile (crit.); E.
Reed (4), p. 207— Chile; Murphy, Bird Islands of Peru, p. 73— Corral,
Valdivia; Barros (8), p. 138 — San Felipe and Los Andes, Aconcagua.
Phalacrocorax albigula Albert (1), 103, p. 845— Prov. Santiago, Sept., 1861
(monog., crit.).
(?) Graculus imperialis Housse (1), p. 53 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Range in Chile. — Recorded from Aconcagua, Valparaiso, San-
tiago Province, Talcaguano (Concepcion), and Corral, Valdivia.1
Very little is known regarding the occurrence of Bougainville's
Cormorant in Chile. It was described from a specimen taken in
the Bay of Valparaiso, and two skins from this locality are preserved
in the collection of the British Museum. Bridges, according to
Fraser, calls it "a very scarce bird, found along the shores of Chile
in rocky places." Two young birds, apparently of this species,
obtained on the coast of Santiago in September, 1861, are recorded
by Albert as being in the Museo Nacional. The very same examples
formed the basis of Philippi's alleged new species named and figured
as P. ventralis. Barros reports that in the first days of May, 1925,
after a strong gale, many specimens were seen at San Felipe and
Los Andes, Prov. Aconcagua. Murphy (1. c.) states that this cor-
morant in the non-breeding season ranges as far south as the vicinity
of Corral, Valdivia. No Chilean breeding-place seems to exist.2
The "Guanay" breeds on the islands along the Peruvian coast
from Mollendo north to Punta Parina, Piura.
1 The reported occurrence in Tierra del Fuego is doubtless erroneous.
2 Dr. Murphy (in litt.) suggests, however, that possibly it nests on the little
islands of Alecran, off Arica.
300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
198. Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gmelin)
Pelecanus magellanicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 576, 1789 — based on
"Magellanic Shag" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 3, (2), p. 604, Tierra del
Fuego, and also Staaten Island.
Phalacrocorax eumegetkes Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 673, 1899 —
Reloncavi Bay, Llanquihue; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 173, 1899 —
Calbuco, Reloncavi Bay.
Graculus magellanicus Boeck, p. 513 — Valdivia; Germain, p. 315 — Chilo6
Archipelago (breeding habits); Pelzeln (2), pp. 159, 163 — Chilo6; Philippi
(12), p. 291— Chiloe*.
Phalacrocorax magellanicus E. Reed (4), p. 207 — Chile; Schalow (2), p. 681,
pi. 37 — Valparaiso and Isla Lagartija (Calbuco), Llanquihue; Albert (1),
103, p. 836 — Llanquihue and Chilo6 (monog.); Philippi (23), p. 173 —
ChiloS; idem (24), p. 105— Chiloe".
Phalacrocorax gracilis (not of Meyen) Philippi (24), p. 105, pi. 49 — Calbuco
(Llanquihue) and Valdivia.
Range in Chile. — From Valdivia to the Straits of Magellan;
accidental at Valparaiso (one record).
Material collected. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension Is-
land, cf ad. (intermediate plumage), <? imm., Jan. 30, Feb. 2.
The adult bird has the throat largely white in the middle, but
no white on the sides of the head; the other example is molting from
the brown juvenile into the black plumage.
P. eumegethes from Calbuco, Reloncavi Bay, near Puerto Montt,
appears to have been based on an immature individual with unde-
veloped bill of the present species. In a later communication1
Philippi, ignoring his own name, describes and figures the same
specimen as G. gracilis (not of Meyen), and Albert (1. c., p. 838)
claims that G. gracilis Ph. refers to the juvenile plumage of P.
magellanicus.
This cormorant is restricted to the southern parts of Chile, breed-
ing on islands from Llanquihue southwards. In the Chiloe" Archi-
pelago, according to Germain, it collects in flocks in December,
laying from two to four eggs. It chooses the perpendicular
rocks of the islands, and in the steepest part it builds a nest of
marine and decaying plants. It does not seem to breed in Valdivia,
though specimens have been recorded from that province, and it
very rarely strays farther north. Its occurrence at Valparaiso, whence
Schalow lists a single bird, is evidently quite exceptional.
On the other hand, this species is abundant in the Straits of
Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, and on the Falkland Islands.
!Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 105, 1902.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 301
199. Phalacrocorax atriceps atriceps King
Phalacrocorax atriceps King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 102, 1828 — Straits of Magellan
(= adult).
Graculus elegant Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 24, (1), p. 305, 1858— Chiloe" Island
(= adult).
Graculus albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson) Des Murs (2), p. 491 — Chile;
Boeck, p. 513— Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 291— Corral, Valdivia,
Graculus cirrhatus (not Pelecanus cirrhatus Gmelin) Boeck, p. 513 — Valdivia;
Philippi (12), p. 291— Chiloe" and Corral, Valdivia.
Graculus cristatus (lapsu) Germain, p. 315 — Chiloe Archipelago (breeding
habits).
Graculus carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Pelzeln (2), pp.
159, 163, pi. VI, fig. 16 (egg)— Chiloe\
Phalacrocorax cirrhatus Skater (2), 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile; Schalow (2),
p. 683 — Calbuco (near Puerto Montt), Llanquihue (crit.); Albert (1),
103, p. 833— Chiloe" and s. Chile (monog.); Philippi (23), p. 172— Chiloe;
idem (24), p. 104, pi. 48— Chiloe.
Phalacrocorax imperialis E. Reed (4), p. 207 — Chile.
Range in Chile. — From Valdivia to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension
Island, cf ad., Feb. 2.
The Imperial Cormorant also is a southern species, whose north-
ward range does not extend beyond Valdivia Province. As we are told
by Germain, it breeds in colonies on the inaccessible rocks of the
Chilce" Archipelago, upon the summits of which, surrounded by water,
the birds place all their nests near together, constructed of marine
and decaying plants; they lay from two to four eggs in December.
Nicoll (Ibis, 1904, p. 48) calls them the most abundant of all cor-
morants in Magellan Straits and Smyth's Channel. P. albiventer
(Lesson), with black auriculars and more largely developed frontal
caruncles, is evidently but a race of the Imperial Cormorant. It breeds
on the Falkland Islands, but is also said to occur at the southern
extremity of South America, hence in the range of P. atriceps. Both
may eventually turn out to be conspecific with P. carunctdatus
(Gmelin), of New Zealand.1
. Z.S. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340) includes Phalacrocorax purpurascens
"Brandt" (ex Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 2, p. 177, 1857) among the birds of Chile.
Brandt (Bull. Sci. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 3, No. 4, col. 56, 1837), when describ-
ing the species, states "ex patria ignota," and it is now assumed that C. purpuras-
cens is identical with P. carunculatus, of New Zealand.
Another unidentifiable record is P. pelagicus, which Passler (Ornith. Monats-
ber., 17, p. 102, 1909) claims to have shot in winter at Coronel!
302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
200. Ardea cocoi Linnaeus
Ardea cocoi Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 237, 1766 — based on "Le
Heron hupp6 de Cayenne," Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 400, 1760, Cayenne; Des
Murs (2), p. 409 — Laguna de Campeche, Quillota; Philippi, Arch. Naturg.,
21, (1), p. 13, 1855 — Cordillera and Lake Aculeo; Boeck, p. 509 — Valdivia;
Cassin, p. 192— interior of Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 273— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 560— Cauquenes, Colchagua;
idem (4), p. 207 — Chile; Lane, p. 188 — Rio Bueno, Pilmaiquen, Valdivia,
and Laguna Llanquihue; Schalow (2), p. 680 — Sotaqui, Coquimbo; Albert
(1), 103, p. 239— Chile (monog.); Bullock (4), p. 200— Rio Malleco,
Malleco.
Ardea major Fraser (1), p. 116 — southern provinces of Chile.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from Coquimbo to Chilce*.
Material collected. — Chilce* Island: Quellon, 9 ad., Jan. 6, 1923.
The "Cuca" has been recorded from various points in central
Chile, but is reported to be nowhere common. In Valdivia and
Llanquihue it is a regular winter visitant (Lane). It seems doubtful
whether it breeds in Chile.
The species is widely distributed throughout South America.1
201. Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin)
Ardea egretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 629, 1789 — based on Buffon's
"Grande Egrette": Cayenne, Santo Domingo, and Louisiana; Des Murs
(2), p. 410— Chile; Boeck, p. 509— Valdivia; Germain, p. 313— Santiago
(breeding habits); Frauenfeld, p. 639 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Sclater
(2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 273— Chile; Sclater and
Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284— Port Otway; E. Reed (2), p. 560— Cauquenes,
Colchagua; Sclater (6), 1891, p. 135 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lataste (5),
p. LXII— Llohue' (Itata), Maule; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVIII
— Rio Mapocho, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXIII — San Alfonso (Quillota),
Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 207 — Chile; Lane, p. 188 — central Chile and
Tarapaca; Schalow (2), p. 680 — Sotaqui (Coquimbo) and Calbuco (Puerto
Montt); Albert (1), 103, p. 242— Chile (monog.).
Ardea ohula* Poeppig (3), p. 8 — southern Chile.
Herodias galatea Fraser (1), p. 116 — Chile.
Herodias alba Bibra, p. 131 — Santiago, Quillota.
Ardea galatea Hartlaub (3), p. 215 — Valdivia.
Egretta galatea Cassin, p. 193 — Chile.
Ardea leuce Pelzeln (2), p. 118— Chile.
Herodias egretta Barros (4), p. 45 — Nilahue, Curico (now extinct); Jaffuel
and Pirion, p. 112 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
'Another heron, Ardea erytrocephala, described by Molina (Saggio Stor. Nat.
Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782) as white with a long rufous crest is unidentifiable.
2Poeppig's Ardea ohula (probably a pen-slip for thula Molina) seems to refer
to the present species; cf. "pennis interscapularibus longissimis, setaceo-barbatis,
ultra caudam propendentibus; occipite ecristato; rostro croceo . . ."
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 303
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan.
The "Garza" is said to be numerous in the central provinces, less
common in the south. According to Germain, "it unites in com-
munities to lay, sometimes upon rocks at the sea-shore, sometimes
on the trees in woody ravines, where it builds large nests with
branches and grasses; it lays from four to eight eggs from October
to November." In Tarapaca Lane is inclined to believe this heron
to be merely a chance migrant.
202. Egretta thula thula (Molina)
Ardea thula Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782— Chile;
Fraser (1), p. 116— Chile.
Ardea leuce (errore) Poeppig (2), p. 279 — Rio Colorado, Santiago.
Ardea candidissima Des Murs (2), p. 411 — Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 118 — Chile;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 273— Chile; E.
Reed (2), p. 560— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 399—
Sitani, Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 135 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lataste
(2), p. XXXIV— Caillihue (Vichuquen), Curico; idem (5), p. LXII—
Llohue (Itata), Maule, and San Carlos, Nuble; Waugh and Lataste (1),
p. LXXXVIII— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXIII— San Alfonso
(Quillota), Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 207— Chile; Lane, p. 188— central
Chile and Tarapaca; Schalow (2), p. 680— Coquimbo; Albert (1), 103,
p. 244— Chile (monog.); Bullock (4), p. 201— Angol, Malleco.
Herodias candidissima Bibra, p. 131 — Santiago and Quillota; Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 112 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Egretta thula Cassin, p. 193— Chile; Barros (8), p. 263— Tilicura and Torca,
Curic6.
Egretta candidissima Barros (4), p. 45 — Nilahue, Curico (now extinct).
Range in Chile. — Northern and central provinces, from Tarapaca
to Nuble.
The "Garceta" is stated to be numerous on rivers and swamps in
central Chile, where it breeds. The most southerly record is San
Carlos, Ruble, where Lataste secured two specimens in April, 1895.
It seems to be absent from southern Chile, and Lane did not see any
in Arauco. According to the same observer, this heron is only an
occasional migratory visitor in Tarapaca.
203. Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot)
Ardea involucris Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., 3, livr. 93, p. 1127, 1823 —
based on Azara, No. 361, Paraguay.
Ardea exilis (not of Gmelin) Des Murs (2), p. 411 — Chile (excl. descr.);1
JThe description was obviously taken from specimens of the North American
species (/. exilis).
304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Boeck, p. 510 — Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 273— Chile; Lataste (5), p.
LXII— Junquillos (San Carlos), Nuble.
Ardeola exilis Fraser (3), p. 1 — Chile.
Botaurus exilis Cassin, p. 194 — Chile (rare).
Ardea erythromelas (not of Vieillot) Pelzeln (2), p. 124 — part, Chile.
Ardetta exilis Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; E. Reed (4), p. 207—
Chile; Schalow (2), p. 679— Chile; James (2), p. 8— Chile; Albert (1),
103, p. 247 — Chile (monog.).
Ardetta involucris E. Reed (2), p. 560 — Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Ardetta erythromelas Schalow (2), p. 679 — Puerto Montt (eggs descr.).
Ixobrychus involucris Passler (3), p. 446 — Coronel (breeding habits).
Egretta involucris Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 112 — Valley of Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Santiago to Llanquihue.
Material examined. — "Central Chile:" c? ad. (nuptial). J. Zele-
bor, "Novara" Expedition (Vienna Museum).
The "Huaravillo" is reported to be a scarce resident in Chile,
but owing to its retiring habits is doubtless often overlooked. Edwyn
Reed states that several pairs nest every year around the lagoon of
Cauquenes, Colchagua. Boeck shot a single specimen near Valdivia,
where it is said to be very rare, and Lataste secured a couple at
Junquillos (San Carlos), Ruble, on May 22 and 23, 1895, while
Schalow describes eggs taken by G. Hopke at Puerto Montt, Llanqui-
hue. According to Passler, the Least Bittern is found among the
reeds of ponds and marshes near Coronel, but is exceedingly shy and
rarely seen. The nesting season begins about the middle of October.
The funnel-shaped nest is made of short, dry reed-grass, and con-
tains three elliptical, dull grass green or yellowish green eggs.
/. involucris ranges over Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay,
and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul to Sao Paulo).
204. Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte1
Nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 2, p. 141, 1857 — Chile;2 Pelzeln
(2), p. 124— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; E. Reed (2),
p. 561 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Ridgway (2), p. 137 — Port Otway; Lane,
1 Ardea cyanocephala Molina (Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782) has
been referred to the Chilean Night-heron by Sharpe and others. However, the
description, "Ha la testa, e il dprso turchini, le ali nere orlate di bianco, il venire
giallo verdiccio, la coda verde, il becco nero, e le gambe gialle," hardly fits the
species. It appears to be one of those fictitious birds Molina described from hear-
say or memory.
2Although Bonaparte includes Falkland Island birds sent to the Paris Museum
by Quoy and Gaimard, the diagnosis is obviously based on Gay's specimens from
Chile.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 305
p. 188 — part, central and southern Chile; Lataste (6), p. LXVII — Chile
(plumages); E. Reed (4), p. 207— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 679 — Coquimbo
and Calbuco (Puerto Montt); Bullock (4), p. 201— Angol, Malleco.
Ardea nycticorax Kittlitz, Kupfert. Naturg. Vog., Part 3, p. 26, pi. 35, fig.
1, 1833— Chile; Peale, p. 215— Chile (crit.); Kittlitz, Denkw., 1, p. 122—
San-Tome, Concepcion.
Nycticorax americanus Darwin, p. 128 — Valparaiso.
Nycticorax cyanocephalus Fraser (1), p. 116 — Chile; Barros (4), p. 45 — Nilahue,
Curico; idem (5), p. 173 — Precordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (1), p. 52 —
Isla La Mocha, Arauco; idem (2), p. 149 — San Bernardo, Santiago;
Passler (3), p. 445 — Coronel; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 112 — Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso.
Nycticorax naeviws Des Murs (2), p. 412 — Chile; Boeck, p. 510 — Valdivia;
Philippi (12), p. 273— Chile; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVIII—
Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXIII— San Alfonso (Quillota),
Valparaiso.
Nycticorax gardeni Bibra, p. 131 — Santiago; Hartlaub (3), p. 216 — Valdivia;
Cassin, p. 193 — Chile; Germain, p. 313 — Santiago (nesting habits).
Nycticorax griseus Albert (1), 103, p. 251 — Chile (part).
Nicticorax cyanocephalus Gigoux, p. 87 — Caldera, Atacama.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Caldera) to the Straits of
Magellan.
Material collected. — Concepcion: Concepcion (near coast), cf
juv., April 4, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Cautin: Finfin, Temuco, cf ad., April
30, 1910. A. C. Saldana; Maquehue, Temuco, <? ad., Sept. 8, 1905.
D. S. Bullock; Pelal, Temuco, d" juv., two 9 9 juv., Nov. 6-24,
1909. A. C. Saldana.— Valdivia: Rio Contra, d" juv., Jan. 13, 1891.
A. A. Lane. — Llanquihue: Frutillar, near Lago Llanquihue, d* ad.,
Dec. 6, 1890. A. A. Lane (all in the British Museum).
Although the series is not so large as could be desired, the avail-
able material clearly shows that in spite of Hartert's contrary asser-
tion the night-herons of southern Chile and the Straits of Magellan
are not the same as those from Argentina and Paraguay, to which the
name tayazu-guira had been applied by Sharpe and others. They
differ, when adult, in having the whole under surface including
the sides of the head nearly uniform sooty or dark smoke brown, only
the chin and the middle of the upper throat being white, whitish, or
brownish white. In juvenile plumage they are very dark above with
large deep buff spots; the sides of the head are densely streaked with
blackish brown and buff or rufescent, and the lower parts strongly
suffused with buff, the dark stripes very broad and blackish. A
series from the Straits of Magellan (Cockle Cove, Puerto Bueno,
306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Mesier Channel, Trinidad Channel) and two young birds from
Tierra del Fuego (Estancia Viamonte, Rio Grande) in the British
Museum collection are similar to the Chilean examples. It is quite
possible that in response to the greater amount of humidity the racial
characters of obscurus are more strongly developed in the southern
part of its range, since two adults from Cockle Cove and Frutillar
(Llanquihue) are decidedly darker below than two from Temuco.
In central Chile, whence unfortunately no material whatever is
accessible, the dark form may eventually be found to merge into
tayazu-guira, to which birds from Tarapaca must be referred.
The "Huairavo" is reported to be locally common. According to
Germain, it nests in colonies on reeds or bushes surrounding the
marshes, and lays from three to five eggs in October or November.
It only occurs in the plains and foothills, being rarely seen above
4,000 feet.
205. Nycticorax nycticorax tayazu-guira (Vieillot)
Ardea tayazu-guira Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 437,
1817 — based on Azara, No. 357, Paraguay.
Nycticorax naevius (not of Boddaert) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Empexa,
Tarapaca.
Nycticorax griseus Albert (1), 103, p. 251 — Chile (part).
Nycticorax obscurus (not of Bonaparte) Sclater (6), 1891, p. 136 — Sacaya,
Tarapaca; Lane, p. 188 — part, Sacaya.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of
Tarapaca.
Material examined. — Tarapaca: Sacaya, two cT cf ad., one 9
ad., three cf d* juv., Jan. 24, March 7, April 21-30, 1890. A. A.
Lane (British Museum).
This series is unquestionably different from the south Chilean
form (N. n. obscurus). The adult birds are pale gray underneath
with the throat extensively white and a strong white suffusion along
the middle of breast and abdomen. The juvenile plumage is much
paler brown above with smaller, sometimes hardly any, whitish spots
on the back; the sides of the head are much more narrowly streaked
with blackish brown and whitish; the lower parts white, rarely slightly
tinged with pale buff on foreneck and chest, and the dusky streaks
narrower and not so dark, often pale brown. The Tarapaca birds
agree with others from southern Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco),1
1From northern Chubut and western Rio Negro Wetmore (Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., 24, p. 412, 1926) and Peters (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 299, 1923)
record N. "cyanocephalus" [ = N. n. obscurus].
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYB 307
Bolivia, and southern Peru (Tinta), though those in juvenile
plumage, doubtless owing to their excessively worn and bleached
condition, are extremely pale brown (nearly unspotted) above.
As far as my material goes, the distribution of the two races of
night-heron in southern South America seems quite clear. From
Chapman's remarks1 it appears, however, that in parts of Peru
certain specimens are met with that cannot be distinguished from
the dark Chilean form (obscurus). This also obtains in the Falkland
Islands, whence the British Museum has a series of ten birds in
adult and juvenile plumage. While the majority fit very well in
with the pale race from Argentina, Tarapaca, and Peru, one adult
is just as dark as, and cannot be told from, two Temuco examples.
The occasional occurrence of dark-colored individuals in the range
of the light form I look upon as a reversion to ancestral characters
rather than as a case of dichromatism.
1 quite agree with Dr. Chapman that the Falkland Island Night-
heron, named N. cyanocephalus falklandicus by Hartert,2 cannot
be separated from the mainland birds east of the Andes, unless it
be on account of its smaller size.
As to the proper name of the light-colored eastern race, I prefer
for the present to use Vieillot's term tayazu-guira, which is of un-
doubted applicability, since a juvenile bird from Villa Rica, Para-
guay, collected on Oct. 18, 1905, by Lord Brabourne, is in every
respect similar to those from Argentina, etc., whereas its absolute
identity with the night-heron of North and northern South America
(N. n. hoactli (Gmelin)) has yet to be proved.3
WING MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS
N. n. tayazu-guira
Two males from Tinta, Cuzco, Peru 337,350
One unsexed from "High Peru" 355
One unsexed from Bolivia 335
One male from Sacaya, Tarapaca 340
One female from Sacaya, Tarapaca 336
Two males from Lago Blanco, Chubut 330,345
N. n. falklandicus
One male from the Falkland Islands 320
One female from the Falkland Islands 307
Four unsexed from the Falkland Islands 313,318,320,322
N. n. obscurus
Two males from Temuco, Chile 337,340
One male from Llanquihue, Chile 328
One female from Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan 332
'Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, pp. 51-54, 1921.
2 Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 35, p. 15, 1914.
8 See, however, Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 39, pp. 265-267, 1930.
308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
206. Euxenura maguari (Gmelin)1
Ardea maguari Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 623, 1789 — based on "Maguari"
Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204, northeastern Brazil.
Ciconia pillus Fraser (1), p. 116 — marshes of Colchagua (habits); Cassin, p.
156— Chile.
Ciconia maguaria Des Murs (2), p. 415 — Chile; Philippi (12), p. 274 —
Colchagua.
Ciconia maguari Poeppig (3), p. 9 — Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 125 — Chile; Sclater
(2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 561— Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Euxenura maguari E. Reed, Ibis, 1893, p. 596 — Chile (resident); idem (4),
p. 207— Chile; Albert (1), 104, p. 991— Chile (rare).
Range in Chile. — Central provinces.
Very little information is available on the distribution of the
"Pillo" in Chile, where it is reported to be rather rare. Both
Bridges and Philippi claim, however, that it is fairly common in the
province of Colchagua, and the first named naturalist (P. Z. S.
Lond., 11, 1843, p. 116) tells us that it "feeds on a species of lobster,
called by the natives 'Cangrejo/ which is abundant in the marshes
and moist meadows. The habitat of the Cangrejo may be known
by the extraordinary cylinders which it makes with the mud taken
from its caves; sometimes they are elevated a foot above the surface
of the soil, looking like so many little columns. The Pillo whilst
stalking amongst them catches the Cangrejo on the top depositing its
load brought from the bottom of the cave."
We have not seen any Chilean material.
207. Plegadis falcinellus guarauna (Linnaeus)
Scolopax guarauna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 242, 1766 — based on
"Guarauna" (Brisson ex) Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204, northeastern
Brazil.
"Harpiprion cayanensis (Ibis (Falcinellus) ordi, Bonap.)" [sic] Fraser (1), p.
117 — marshy places [in Chile].
Ibis falcinellus Des Murs (2), p. 416 — Chile (descr. of nuptial plumage);
Pelzeln (2), p. 125— Chile (crit.); Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 274 — Chile; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Antofagasta; Lataste
(1), p. CXVI— road to Chilian, Nuble.
Falcinellus guarauna Des Murs (2), p. 418 — vicinity of Valparaiso (descr. of
winter and juvenile plumage); Germain, p. 313 — Santiago (breeding
habits).
Ardea galatea Molina (Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782)
and Tantalus pillus Molina (1. c., pp. 243, 344) refer in part to the South American
Stork, in part to the Egret. Characters of the two species are, however, so badly
mixed up in the descriptions that both names should be discarded as undetermina-
ble. See, however, Deautier and Steullet, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 475, 476,
1929.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYE 309
Ibis guarauna Bibra, p. 131 — northern Chile; Cassin, p. 197 — Chile.
Falcinellus igneus E. Reed (2), p. 561 — Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua
(breeding).
Pkgadis guarauna E. Reed (4), p. 207 — Chile; Albert (1), 104, p. 996 — Chile
(breeding); C. Reed (4), p. 56 — Pudahuel, Santiago (food).
Plegadis falcinellus Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 112 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Antofagasta to Colchagua.
Very little is known about the distribution of the Glossy Ibis in
Chile. According to Germain, "they assemble [in the vicinity of
Santiago] in numerous flocks for nesting, and lay from November to
December four to six eggs in a nest of rushes, placed in the midst of
reeds," and Edwyn Reed reports to have found hundreds of couples
nesting in the month of January around the Laguna de Cauquenes,
Colchagua. In winter they congregate in large flocks and are, to a
certain extent, migratory.
The few Chilean specimens (none with locality specified) which
we have seen appear to be inseparable from Brazilian birds.
208. Theristicus caudatus melanopis (Gmelin)1 .
Tantalus melanopis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 653, 1789— based on "Black-
faced Ibis" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 108, pi. 79, 1785, New Year's
Island, near Staten Land (ex Forster); Poeppig (2), p. 279 — Rio Colorado,
Santiago.
Ibis albicollis (errore) Meyen, p. 105 — southern Chile.
Theristicus melanops Fraser (1), p. 117 — interior of Chile; E. Reed (2), p.
561 — Cauquenes, Colchagua (rare).
Ibis melanopis Des Murs (2), p. 417 — Chile to the Straits of Magellan; Hart-
laub (3), p. 216 — Valdivia; Cassin, p. 197 — mountains of Chile; Germain,
p. 313 — Cordillera of Santiago (breeding habits); Philippi, Reise Wuste
Atacama, p. 163 — Cachinal de la Costa, Atacama; Sclater (2), 1867, p.
339— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 274— Chile; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159— Cachinal
de la Costa; Lataste (1), p. CXV— Bureo (Chilian), Nuble.
Ibis melanopsis Lesson (11), p. 209 — Valparaiso; Bibra, p. 131 — northern
Chile; Boeck, p. 510 — Pampa de Negron, Rio Bueno, Arique, etc., Valdivia;
Gigoux, p. 87 — Caldera, Atacama.
Theristicus melanopis Pelzeln (2), p. 127 — Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 112 —
Quebrada de la Madera, Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Barros (10), p. 356 —
Aconcagua.
Therislicus caudatus E. Reed (4), p. 207— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 678— Villa-
rrica; Albert (1), 104, p. 1001— Chile; Bullock (3), p. 127; idem (4), p.
200— Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Biobio.
Ibis menalops (sic) Housse (1), p. 52 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
irThe three "species" of this genus are clearly members of one "formenkreis."
310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Cachinal de la Costa) to the
Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Guaitecas Islands: La Senda, Guaiteca
Island, c? ad., Feb. 3.— Cautin: Rio Pehuenco (alt. 4,680 feet),
d" ad., Feb. 26. — Chiloe" Island: Rio Inio, 9 ad., Jan. 9; Quellon,
9 ad., Dec. 23.
Additional specimens. — Cautin: Finfin, Temuco, 9 ad., March
31, 1910. A. C. Saldana.— Chilo£ Island: d" ad., July, 1905. C. S.
Reed (both in Field Museum collection).
The Chilean series agrees with specimens from the Rio Gallegos,
southern Patagonia.
The "Bandurria" is stated to be fairly common throughout Chile,
though more plentiful in the southern provinces. According to
Germain, it "builds in the month of October a rude nest in steep
and rugged rocks, in which it deposits from three to five eggs; in the
provinces of the south it chooses for its nest the summits of dead,
high, and inaccessible trees, while in the north it retires often for this
purpose to the Cordilleras, to the height of seven or eight thousand
feet." Barros, however, states that this ibis, while a regular winter
visitor to the foothills, is never seen in the Cordilleras of Aconcagua.
The most northerly record from Chile is Cachinal de la Costa, Ata-
cama, where this ibis was met with by R. A. Philippi. Sanborn
observed it a little to the south, at Ramadilla, in the Copiapo Valley.
No representative of this group has been found in either Antofagasta,
Tarapaca, or Tacna. T. c. melanopis is said, however, to reappear on
the Peruvian coast, at lea, Lima, and Chorillos.1 Besides, it breeds
in southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, migrating northwards
in winter.
209. Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus)
Platalea Ajaja Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — based on
"Platea incarnata" Sloane (Voy. Jam., 2, p. 316 — salt ponds of Jamaica)
and "Aiaia" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204); Rio Sao Francisco,
eastern Brazil (ex Marcgrave) may be accepted as type locality; Fraser (1),
p. 117 — south of Valparaiso; Des Murs (2), p. 414 — Chile; Bibra, p. 131 —
Chile; Cassin, p. 197— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi
(12), p. 274 — provinces of Santiago and Colchagua (Hacienda de
Larmahue).
Platelea (sic) ajuja (sic) E. Reed (2), p. 561 — Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Ajaja rosea E. Reed (4), p. 207— Chile; Albert (1), 104, p. 1006— Chile
(monog.); idem (2), 4, p. 7, pi. — Chile.
*Cf. Berlepsch and Stolzmann, P. Z. S. Lond., 1892, pp. 389-392; Salvadori,
Ibis, 1900, pp. 511-515.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 311
Range in Chile. — Central provinces of Valparaiso, Santiago and
Colchagua.
The Roseate Spoon-bill, widely distributed in South and southern
North America, is stated to be very rare in Chile. Bridges, as
reported by Fraser, tells us that "it is found in small flocks of five or
six along the margins of rivers south of Valparaiso," while Philippi
records its occurrence in Santiago and Colchagua and its nesting
in the Hacienda de Larmahue, in the latter province.
210. Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis Molina
Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina,1 Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 242, 344, 1782 —
Chile; Poeppig (3), p. 8 — Andes of Chile; Fraser (1), p. 117 — especially
the southern provinces of Chile; Bibra, p. 131 — northern Chile.
Phoenicopterus ignipalliatus Des Murs (2), p. 441 — Chile; Cassin, p. 198 —
Rio Maule; Frauenfeld, p. 638— Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Pelzeln (2), p. 136
—Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 279—
Cordilleras of Chile; idem (14), p. 160 — source of the Rio Maule (eggs
descr.); idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Antofagasta; E. Reed (2), p. 561 — Cau-
quenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 207 — southern Chile; James (2), p. 9 —
Chile; Albert (1), 108, p. 557— Chile (monog.).
Range in Chile. — From Antofagasta to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San Pedro,
c? ad., Sept. 18, 1923.
The "Flamenco" is generally distributed over the Chilean Andes,
where it seems to nest in the small fresh-water lagoons of the high
Cordilleras. Philippi, through T. Medina, received an egg taken
in a breeding colony on a lagoon at the source of the Rio Maule,
Talca. Bridges found these birds abundant in the lakes and rivers,
but has never been able to ascertain where they build their
nests. Gilliss states that they are quite common on the interior
fresh-water lakes, and encountered a large flock of them on the
shores of the Rio Maule. Philippi was the first to record this species
from Antofagasta, and, although his identification has been questioned,
its occurrence so far north is confirmed by the specimen in our
collection.
This flamingo is immediately recognizable from the other Chilean
species by more elevated (less depressed) upper mandible, the absence
of red at the base of the bill, naked chin, the presence of a distinct,
though small hind toe, and various differences in coloration.
irThe description is erroneous in so far as the remiges are called "white"
instead of black, doubtless a pen-slip.
312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
P. r. chilensis is widely diffused in Argentina, extending into
Uruguay and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), and has
also been found in southern Peru (Puno and Lake Junin). In the
late Count Berlepsch's collection I have seen specimens shot by
Otto Garlepp at Esperanza (Sajama), Oruro, Bolivia.
211. Phoenicoparrus andinus (Philippi)
Phoenicopterus andinus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, Aug., 1854, p. 337 —
salt-lake below Altos de Pingo Pingo, Antofagasta; idem, Arch. Naturg.,
21, (1), p. 12, 1855 — same locality; Cassin, p. 198 — Antofagasta (ex Phil-
ippi) ; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, pp. 57, 164, pll. 4, 5 — near Tilopozo,
Antofagasta; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— part, "Cordilleras of Copi-
ap6"; Philippi (12), p. 279 — Atacama; idem, Arch. Naturg., 45, (1), p.
160, 1879 — Atacama (eggs descr.); Sclater (4), 1886, p. 399 — Huasco,
Tarapaca (eggs descr.) ; Rahmer, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 161, 1887 — Maricunga,
east of Copiap6 (Atacama) to Cancosa, Tarapaca; Philippi, Onus, 4, p.
160 — Antofagasta; Sclater (6), 1891, p. 136 — salt-marshes of "Canchosa"
[=Cancosa], Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 207 — Atacama; Lane, p. 189 —
Huasco and Cancosa, Tarapaca; Philippi (24), p. 74, pi. 23, fig. 3 (bill),
pi. 24 — Bolivia to Copiap6.
Phoenicoparrus andinus Albert (1), 108, p. 506 — northern Chile (monog.).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of northern Chile, from central
Tarapaca (Cancosa, Sacaya Valley) south to Atacama.
The "Parrina" was originally discovered by R. A. Philippi near
Tilopozo, on the south shore of the Salar de Atacama, in Antofagasta.
Carlos Rahmer, thirty years later, met with it at Cancosa, in the
Sacaya Valley, in central Tarapaca, and thence found it in all
suitable localities as far south as Maricunga in the Cordillera of
Copiapo. On the Salar de Huasco the birds were counted by the
thousands. Lane also observed them at Huasco and Cancosa.
They inhabit the salt-lagoons at elevations of from 10,000 to 15,000
feet and appear to be resident. Their eggs have been described by
Philippi and Sclater.
Outside of Chile, this flamingo is known to occur in northwestern
Argentina (Lagunas de Calchaquies, Tucuman). In the Berlepsch
Collection are specimens secured by Otto Garlepp in April, 1901,
at Esperanza (Sajama), Oruro, Bolivia.
212. Phoenicoparrus jamesi (Sclater)
Phoenicopterus jamesi Sclater, P. Z. S. Lond., for June, 1886, p. 399, pi. 36 —
Sitani, at the foot of the Volcano "Tsluga" [ =Isluga], Tarapaca; Rahmer,
Anal. Univ. Chile, 69, la secc., p. 753, 1886 — foot of Volcano Isluga;
idem, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 160, pi. 2, 1887 — salt-lake at the foot of Isluga;
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 313
Cabanis, 1. c., 37, p. 76, 1889— "Arica"; James (2), p. 9— Tarapaca; E. Reed
(4), p. 207— Tarapaca; Philippi (24), p. 74, pi. 33, figs. 1, 2— Tarapaca.
Phoenicoparrus jamesi Albert (1), 108, p. 563 — Tarapaca (monog.).
Phoenicopterus andinus Philippi (1), p. 338; idem (2), p. 12 — part, Tarapaca
(coll. Bollaert); Sclater (2), 1867, p. 334— part, Tarapaca (coll. Bollaert);
Gray, Ibis, 1869, p. 443, pi. 15, figs. 9, 10— "Peruvian Andes"
[=Bollaert's specimen].
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of northern Tarapaca (Laguna de
Parinacota; Sitani, base of Isluga).
The discovery of a second three-toed species of flamingo is due
to the interest of the late H. Berkeley James, who organized
Rahmer's expedition to the Cordilleras of Tarapaca. It was made
known to science almost simultaneously by Sclater and Rahmer,
who very appropriately named this striking bird in honor of Mr.
James, Sclater's description apparently having several months'
priority.
P. jamesi is nearly related to P. andinus, but decidedly smaller,
the bill particularly so, and may be readily distinguished by the
differently colored bill. In P. jamesi the black terminal portion is
much less extensive, and is succeeded by an orange yellow area
occupying the whole basal portion, while the narrow rim at the base
of the forehead, the lores, and the naked skin round the eye are
carmine red. There is, besides, a red spot terminating the orange
yellow at the front of the upper mandible. The external secondaries
and scapulars are bright rosy-red and elongated into filiform plumes,
extending about two inches beyond the tips of the primaries; the legs
and feet are dark brick red instead of pale yellowish; the naked loral
space is wider and differently shaped.
The heads of the three Chilean flamingos are well depicted on the
plate accompanying Rahmer's paper in the "Journal fur Orni-
thologie" for 1887.
The first specimen of James's Flamingo was secured around 1850
on the Laguna de Parinacota, southwest of Isluga, by W. Bollaert
and, although it passed into the collection of the British Museum, its
distinctness from P. andinus was not recognized.
In Tarapaca P. jamesi, according to Rahmer, does not range
beyond the Isluga region in the south, and seems to be restricted to
the department of Pisagua in the northern section of the province,
while farther south, around Cancosa, Sacaya, and Huasco, its place
is taken by P. andinus. It has been recorded, however, by Me"n£-
gaux1 from Abrapampa, Jujuy, where six specimens were secured by
'Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10th ser.), 1, p. 222, 1909.
314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
the expedition of Cre'qui-Montfort and Se'ne'chal de la Grange.
Northwards the range of P. jamesi stretches through western
Bolivia to extreme southern Peru (Puno).1 We have seen in the
Berlepsch Collection a splendid series of thirty specimens, adults
and young, obtained by Otto Garlepp in April and May, 1901,
at Esperanza and Sajama (alt. 4,000 meters), Oruro, Bolivia.
In the same locality (Esperanza) the collector also shot specimens
of P. andimis, a fact which seems to indicate their specific difference.
Like its ally, P. jamesi inhabits the salt-lakes in the Puna Zone
upwards of 12,000 feet. The example in the Berlin Museum said to
be from "Arica" is doubtless incorrectly labeled.
213. Cygnus melancoryphus (Molina)
Anas melancorypha* Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 234, 344, 1782 —
Chile.
Cygnus nigricollis Fraser (1), p. 118 — lakes near the coast of Chile; Tschudi,
p. 35 — Valparaiso; Yarrell, p. 54 — Chile (egg); Des Murs (2), p. 445, pi.
[11] — Laguna de Taguatagua, Valdivia (breeding); Bibra, p. 131 — lakes of
Chile; Cassin, p. 200 — small mountain lakes [of Chile]; Germain, p. 315 —
Chile (breeding habits); Frauenfeld, p. 638 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago;
Pelzeln (2), p. 137— Santiago; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 281— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 562— Cauquenes, Colchagua
(rare), more common in the south; idem (4), p. 207 — Chiloe and lagunas
of central provinces; Lane, p. 191 — Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia; Lataste
(10), p. 192— Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Bullock (4), p. 205— Angol, Malleco.
Cygnus melanocoryphus Barros (9b), p. 160 — Tilicura, Curic6.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces to Straits of
Magellan.
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, RioNirehuau,
cf ad., two 9 9 ad., one d" juv., one 9 juv., Feb. 21-March 6
(Conover Collection).
The Black-necked Swan is reported to be common in southern
Chile. According to Gay, it used to breed on floating islands in the
Laguna de Taguatagua, Valdivia,3 and Lataste describes its breeding
under similar conditions on Lake Aculeo, Santiago. Gilliss observed
it frequently in the small mountain lakes, on the shores of which
it builds its nest, and Germain tells us that the female lays
between June and August from four to six eggs in a rather large nest
placed among the reeds of marshes and lakes. Edwyn Reed found
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 131, 1906.
zMelancoripha on p. 234, correctly spelt on p. 344.
3 This lagoon was drained in 1841, and its former location is now used for
agricultural purposes.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 315
this swan abundant on the coast of Chile, probably in winter.
According to Barros, it breeds in the swamp of Tilicura, Curico.
Bullock lists it as a very rare visitor to Angol.
214. Coscoroba coscoroba (Molina)
Anas coscoroba Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 234, 344, 1782 — Chile.
Cygnus coscoroba Des Murs (2), p. 446 — Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 137 — Chile;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 281— Chile (rare);
E. Reed (2), p. 562 — central provinces (rare).
Coscoroba Candida E. Reed (4), p. 208 — Chile (rare).
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces. Winter
visitor from the south.
The Coscoroba Swan is listed as a rare winter visitor to Chile.
No definite locality or any other data are on record.
[Anas iopareia Philippi
Anas iopareia Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 24, 1860— Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile (ex Philippi); Philippi, P. Z. S. Lond., 1868, p.
531— Chile (crit.).
Cairina moschata ? Pelzeln (2), p. 139— Chile.
This alleged species turned out to be a hybrid between the
Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) and some domesticated race.
The specimens, shot in a wild state in the Andes by Segeth and
mentioned by Pelzeln, probably were of similar origin.
Neither Cairina moschata (Linnaeus), described by Molina (Saggio
Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 234, 344, 1782) as Anas regia, nor Sarkidiornis
sylvicola Jhering and Jhering, admitted by Sclater (P. Z. S. Lond.,
1867, p. 339) s. n. Sarcidiornis regia, but rejected by Philippi (1. c.,
1868, p. 532) as not Chilean, occur in Chile in a wild state.]
215. Chloephaga melanoptera (Eyton)1
Anser melanopterus Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 93, 1838 — Lake Titicaca; Darwin,
p. 134, pi. 50 — "bought at Valparaiso"; Fraser (1), p. 119 — on plains near
the Andes, in the province of Colchagua (winter).
Bernicla melanoptera Des Murs (2), p. 443 — near Quintero, Valparaiso; Bibra,
p. 131 — Chile; Cassin, p. 201 — lakes of the Chilean Andes, Valle de los
Piuquenes near Portillo Pass; Philippi and Landbeck (8), p. 428 — Andes
of Chile north to Peru (habits) ; idem (11), p. 185 — Andes of Chile (monog.) ;
Pelzeln (2), p. 137— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; Philippi
1 As indicated by the vernacular name, Otis chilensis Molina (Saggio Stor. Nat.
Chile, pp. 260, 344, 1782) was intended for the Andean Goose, but the description
is so utterly wrong that I do not see how the name can be accepted.
316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
(12), p. 280 — central provinces to Peru; E. Reed (2), p. 562 — lagoons of
Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 401 — Sacaya, Tarapaca;
Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160— Brea, Atacama; Sclater (6), 1891, p. 136—
Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 207 — lagoons of the Cordilleras; Bullock
(4), p. 205— Angol, Malleco.
Chloephaga melanoptera Lane, p. 190 — Cueva Negra, Huasco, and Sacaya,
Tarapaca (breeding habits); Blaauw, Ibis, 1916, p. 485 — between Los
Sauces and Puren, Malleco; Barros (5), p. 173 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras of northern and central Chile,
south to Malleco.
The Andean Goose is an inhabitant of the Cordilleras, its range
extending from Peru and Bolivia south to Malleco and Mendoza.1
In the breeding season these birds live at altitudes of 10,000 feet and
upwards, but on the approach of the severe weather they resort,
congregating in flocks, to the marshy plains at the foot of the Andes.
According to Philippi and Landbeck, the "Piuque'n," as it is
called by the Chileans, is very common in the Cordillera of Santiago.
In November or December the female lays eight to ten eggs in a
slight hollow on the rocky shore of one of the many lakes near the
edge of the eternal snow. Lane, on the other hand, reports having
found, on January 29, at Cancosa, Tarapaca, a nest of this goose
in a hole in a low sandy cliff. In the Andes of Aconcagua, R. Barros
tells us, the "Piuque'n" arrives in August, and after raising its brood
departs again in March. In Colchagua Edwyn Reed found it not
uncommon around the lagoons of the Cordilleras, while T. Bridges
met with it during winter on plains near the Andes. The most
southerly Chilean record is from Malleco, where Blaauw saw a
flock between Los Sauces and Puren, while riding through a plain
at the foot of the Maritime Andes. Bullock states that it occurs
at Angol only during migration.
A single adult from Colchagua examined in the British Museum
apparently does not differ from a series collected in Tarapacd and
Peru.
216. Chloephaga hybrida hybrida (Molina)
Anas hybrida Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 241, 344, 1782— ChiloS
Island.
Bernicla antarctica Darwin, p. 134 — western coast as far north as Chilo6;
Des Murs (2), p. 442; Bibra, p. 131 — "northern Chile" (errore); Cassin,
p. 20, pi. 23— coast of Chile; Philippi and Landbeck (8), p. 437; idem (11),
1 There is no reliable record for its occurrence in the Straits of Magellan. The
birds seen by Giglioli at Punta Arenas and attributed to the Andean Goose doubt-
less belonged to some other species, probably C. hybrida.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 317
p. 199 — Corral, Arique, and Collico, Calle-Calle River, Valdivia; Pelzeln
(2), p. 136— Guaitecas Islands; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339 — Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 280 — Straits of Magellan to Chiloe and Valdivia; E. Reed
(4), p. 207 — Chiloe' Island and Chonos Archipelago.
Chloephaga antarctica Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 — Port Otway;
Blaauw, Ibis, 1916, p. 480— Slight Harbor, Hoppner Sound, Gulf of
Pefias, and Melinka, Ascension Island.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan north to Valdivia.
Material collected. — Chiloe" Island: Rio Inio, two cfcf ad., two
9 9 ad., three d" cf juv., three 9 9 juv., Jan. 12-18 (Collection
of H. B. Conover).
In juvenile plumage the sexes are much alike, resembling —
except for the dusky bill — the adult female, but the male has a lighter
head, always with more or less white on the throat, lores, cheeks, and
forehead, and the black pectoral bars are narrower and do not extend
so far down the belly, leaving the middle of the lower breast plain
white.
The Kelp Goose, called "Cague" or "Caranca" (Chiloe") by the
Chileans, breeds from the Straits of Magellan all along the western
coast of South America as far north as Chilce* Island. Osgood and
Conover found it very common at Rio Inio, especially about the
small rocky islands, and on the island of Guapiquilan. "About the
middle of January, these geese had young about one-half to two-thirds
grown. Many pairs, however, had no young, and as the natives say,
I believe, they do not nest their first year at least. The birds with
young seemed to keep to the islands more than the others, avoiding
the mainland. On Jan. 18, a white male was killed which had molted
all its primaries, and several others were seen, which refused to fly
and appeared to be in the same condition. No females, however,
seemed to have molted their primaries at this time. The natives
say that the juvenile males get their white plumage a couple of
months after becoming full-grown." (Conover, MS.)
Edwyn Reed lists the Kelp Goose as abundant in the Chonos
Archipelago, and Germain, as reported by Pelzeln, secured it in
the Guaitecas Islands in January during the breeding season. Blaauw
also noticed it as plentiful on the north coast of Ascension Island.
According to Philippi and Landbeck, this goose, in winter, visits
Valdivia Province, and has been observed at Arique and in the
harbor of Corral. In 1857, these authors watched a small flock
from June 6 up to the end of August, on the Calle-Calle River near
Collico, inland of Valdivia City.
318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
On the Falkland Islands the Kelp Goose is replaced by a large-
billed race, C. h. malvinarum Phillips.1
217. Chloephaga poliocephala Sclater
Chloephaga poliocephala (Gray, MS.) Sclater,2 P. Z. S. Lond., 25, p. 128,
1857 — based on Bernicla inornata (not of King) Gray and Mitchell, Gen.
of Birds, 3, pi. 165, 1844 (the type in the British Museum is from Chilo6
Island) ; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 339— Chile; Blaauw, Ibis, 1916, p. 484—
Chiloe Island.
Bernicla chiloensis Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 21, p. 434, 1862 —
Chiloe Island and Valdivia; idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 195, 1863—
Chiloe and Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 280 — Chiloe, in winter as far north
as Curic6.
Bernicla inornata Des Murs (2), p. 444 — Chile (part, female).
Bernicla poliocephala Pelzeln (2), pp. 136, 163— ChiloS; E. Reed (2), p. 562—
Cauquenes, Colchagua (rare); idem (4), p. 207 — Curico.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Cautin: Lake Gualletue" (alt. 3,800 feet),
<? vix ad., 9 imm., Feb. 16, 17. — Chilo£ Island: Rio Inio, 9 ad.,
Jan. 8. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Rirehuau, three cf cT ad.,
three 9 9 ad., Feb. 24-March 6 (Collection of H. B. Conover).
An immature female (from Lake Gualletue") has the pectoral area
much duller, sayal brown rather than hazel, and closely barred with
blackish; the flanks are washed with buffy, and the dark bands
narrower as well as less blackish. Adult birds generally have the
rufous breast plain or with but a few scattered blackish spots or
bands, mostly near the lower end. In a female (from Casa de
Richards), however, the entire pectoral area is barred with blackish,
though much more narrowly so than in the bird from Malleco.
The Ashy-headed Goose, "Canquen" of the natives, is widely
distributed in southern Chile, though little definite is known about
its breeding range. Philippi and Landbeck, who describe the eggs,
without stating, however, where they have been taken, assume that
it breeds on Chilo£ Island, and Blaauw also reports that it is said
to be abundant in some seasons and to breed there. According to
information gathered by Conover, the breeding grounds of this
goose are the lakes in the interior of Chiloe". It is known to nest
along the Straits of Magellan and in southern Patagonia.
'Auk, 33, p. 423, 1916 — Port Stephen, West Falkland.
^Chloephaga poliocephala G. R. Gray (List B. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 127, 1844)
is a nomen nudum.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 319
In winter, the "Canquen" spreads over the central parts of the
republic. Philippi and Landbeck record it from Valdivia Province,
and small numbers are said to go as far north as Curico and Col-
chagua. Sanborn secured two immatures in February on Lake
Gualletue", Malleco.
218. Chloephaga picta (Gmelin)
Anas picta Gmelin,1 Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 504, 1789— based on "Painted Duck"
Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 443, "Staaten-Land" =Staten Island
(descr. of male with plain white under parts).
Bernicla dispar Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 21, p. 431, 1862 —
Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 190, 1863— Laguna de Cauquenes,
Colchagua; Pelzeln (2), p. 137— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 280— central
provinces; idem (24), p. 76, pi. 35 — Chile (reprint of original account).
Chloephaga magellanica Fraser (1), p. 118 — Chile (in winter on the plains).
Bernicla inornata Des Murs (2), p. 444 — Chile (part, male).
Bernicla magellanica Des Murs (2), p. 443 — Chile (excl. ethology); Cassin, p.
201, pi. 24— Chile; Boeck, p. 511— Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 136— Chile
(eggs descr.); E. Reed (2), p. 562— Colchagua.
Chloephaga dispar Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile.
Bernicla dispar E. Reed (4), p. 207 — lagoons of the Cordilleras.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau,
two d1 d" ad., one cf (imm.?), two 9 9 ad., two 9 9 imm., Feb.
24-March 9 (Collection of H. B. Conover).
There can be little doubt in my mind that the two recognized
"species" of Upland Goose, C. "magellanica" and C. "inornata"
(or dispar), are either merely individual mutants or ill-segregated
local races.
Philippi and Landbeck separated the form with black-and-white
barred under parts in the male, and grayish crown in the female sex
as B. dispar. While basing their descriptions on winter birds from
central Chile, they claim that this goose breeds on the lagoons of the
Cordilleras and specifically mention the Laguna de Cauquenes, Col-
chagua, as one of its nesting places. The authors admit, however,
that they are not acquainted with its nuptial plumage, and as the
breeding of the Upland Goose in central Chile has not been con-
firmed subsequently, I cannot help thinking that the statement was
irThis is the earliest name for the Upland Goose. Latham's description is
quite unmistakable and refers to the phase with plain white (unbarred) under
parts. Anas picta Gmelin has page-priority over the same author's A. magellanica
(1. c., p. 505), which is, besides, preoccupied by A. magellanica Sparrman (Mus.
Carls., fasc. 2, pi. 37, 1787) = Chloephaga hybrida, female, as well as over A.
leucoptera Gmelin (p. 505).
320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
based on hearsay rather than on actual observations. So far as we
know, the Upland Goose is merely a rather unusual winter visitor
to the central provinces, and its breeding grounds lie much farther
south in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
1 may say at the outset that I have not been able to discriminate
the two types of coloration in the female sex. Newly molted speci-
mens have the top of the head decidedly washed with rufescent, but
as the breeding season advances, this tone, which is restricted to the
edges of the feathers, is gradually worn off, and the crown assumes a
grayish appearance.
As to the extent of black bars on the under parts of the males,
there appears to be much individual variation, white-breasted as
well as heavily barred birds having been taken or observed together
in the same locality, while intermediates are frequent. J. B. Hatcher,
when with the Princeton University Expedition to Patagonia, shot
both varieties on November 12, 1896, at Coy Inlet, Santa Cruz.1
Oustalet2 found plain-breasted, barred, and intermediate speci-
mens among his series from the Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island
and Orange Bay). Blaauw (Ibis, 1916, p. 483) reports to have seen
some white-breasted birds associated with flocks of the banded-bellied
form (C. "inornata") in Tierra del Fuego, where Crawshay3 made
similar observations.
There is, however, the possibility that the variation — to some
degree at least — might be connected with different areas, and that in
certain districts one type of coloration predominates over the other.
For instance, four males from Rivadavia, s. e. Chubut, are all heavily
barred below, though the width of the bars and their extension
towards the abdomen vary considerably, while four others from the
Lago Argentine, western Santa Cruz, belong to the plain-breasted
type, the black bars being confined to the flanks. From Rio Nire-
huau, farther north on the eastern slope of the Andes, we have one
white-breasted specimen; another example taken a few days later
shows scattered black-barred feathers on the foreneck, chest, and
middle of the belly; a third individual, an immature male with dusky
rump and upper tail coverts, has a limited zone on the upper chest
narrowly barred with dark brown, while all the sides of the breast
'Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Prince. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, Orn., 2, (1), pp.
424, 433.
2 Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, 6, Ois., pp. B 189, 191, 1891.
3 Birds of Tierra del Fuego, pp. 94, 95, 1907.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 321
and flanks are marked with broader, darker brown bands, being thus
halfway between picta and dispar.
The coloration of the tail, which has been used as a criterion for the
discrimination of two species, does not hold good, for we have of both
the plain-breasted and barred phase specimens with white and others
with black lateral rectrices.
Blaauw,1 who still maintains two species of Upland Goose, has
clearly shown the type of Anas inornate, King2 to be a young (in
fresh plumage) of C. "magellanica" [ = picta].3 Should the barred
form — against my expectations — prove to be different, its proper
name would be C. picta dispar (Philippi and Landbeck).
The breeding range of the Upland Goose comprises the southern
section of Chile and Argentina, north to the Rio Negro. Peters4
found it a permanent resident in western Rio Negro, but in other parts
it is probably migratory. Philippi and Landbeck tell us that it is a
winter visitor to the central provinces of Chile. Its nesting there,
however, has never been corroborated, as we have stated above.
219. Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot)
Anas bicolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 136, 1816—
based on Azara, No. 436, Paraguay and Buenos Aires.
Dendrocygna fulva E. Reed (2), p. 562 — "Velluco," O'Higgins, and Cauquenes,
Colchagua; idem (4), p. 208 — near Paine, O'Higgins; Salvadori, Cat. B.
Brit. Mus., 27, p. 149, 1895— "Central Chile."
Range in Chile. — Accidental in the central provinces of O'Higgins
and Colchagua.
The Fulvous Tree-duck appears to be an occasional visitor to
Chile. Edwyn Reed reports that a single specimen killed by
Salinas at "Velluco" in October was presented to the Museo Nacional
at Santiago. A flock of strange ducks seen in November at Cau-
quenes, Colchagua, he believes to have been of the same species.
In a later publication the same observer states that several examples
were shot near Paine, in the province of O'Higgins. A single bird
from "Central Chile" is in the H. Berkeley James Collection (British
Museum).
'Ibis, 1920, pp. 497-498.
'Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, "1830-31," p. 15, Jan. 6,
1831 — "in Fretu Magellanico."
'Crawshay (Birds of Tierra del Fuego, pp. 95-96, 1907) refers it to C. hybrida,
but this can hardly be correct.
4 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 300, 1923.
322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
220. Heteronetta atricapilla (Merrem)
Anas atricapilla Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. und
Kiinste, 35, p. 26, 1841 — based on Azara, No. 438, Buenos Aires.
Anas melanocephala Cassin, p. 202, pi. 25 — interior of Chile; Pelzeln (2), p.
138— Chile; Germain, p. 315— central provinces; Sclater (2), 1867, pp.
335, 340— Chile (note on female); Philippi (12), p. 282— Paine, Santiago;
idem (24), p. 80 — Santiago Province.
Heteronetta melanocephala E. Reed (2), p. 563 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem
(4), p. 208— Chile; Lane, p. 192— Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia; Lataste (9),
p. 172 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Santiago
to Valdivia.
Very little is known regarding the distribution of the Black-headed
Duck in Chile. Although it is included by Germain among ducks
"breeding from September to October in the central provinces,"
Philippi states that the "Pato rinconero," as it is called by the
natives, is very rare in Chile, and at the time of his writing he knew
it only from the province of Santiago, specimens having been taken
near Paine. Edwyn Reed lists it as uncommon for the Hacienda de
Cauquenes, Colchagua. Lataste shot a single female on Lake
Aculeo (Jan. 28, 1896), and the British Museum received a pair from
near Santiago through F. Leybold, while A. Lane, on February 19,
1890, secured one on the Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, where he believes
this duck to be merely a visitor. Lord William Percy1 purchased at
Concepcion a skin of this duck taken many years ago in that vicinity.
Its parasitic nesting habits have but recently been discovered.2
Outside of Chile, H. atricapilla inhabits the northern parts of
Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and extreme southern Brazil (Rio
Grande do Sul).
221. Anas specularis King3
Anas specularis King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 98, 1828 — Straits of Magellan; Des
Murs (2), p. 450 — estuaries of rivers of Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 217 —
Valdivia; Cassin, p. 202— Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 138— Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 282— Straits of Magellan to
Valdivia, rare farther north; E. Reed (2), p. 563 — Cauquenes, Colchagua
(common); idem (4), p. 208 — common in the south, rare in the lagoons of
the Cordilleras of the central provinces; Lane, p. 192 — Rio Pilmaiquen,
JCf. Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 96, 1925.
2Cf. Daguerre, El Hornero, 3, pp. 194, 252; Wilson, 1. c., 3, p. 355.
3Boetticher (Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, No. 1, p. 14, 1929) proposed the genus
Speculanas for this species, but I agree with Wetmore (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
24, p. 416, 1926) that both A. specularis and A. cristata may well be retained in
the genus Anas.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 323
Valdivia; Barros (4), p. 46 — Nilahue, Curico (winter visitor); Blaauw (1),
p. 28 — Peulla, Lake Todos Los Santos, Llanquihue; idem, Ibis, 1916, p.
485 — near Lake Todos Los Santos.
Anas chalcoptera Kittlitz, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. P6tersb., (sav. 6tr.), 2, p. 471,
pi. 5, 1835 — Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 119 — rivers and lakes of Colchagua
Province (rare); Kittlitz, Denkwiird., 1, p. 164 — near Hacienda de Lagu-
nilla, Valparaiso; Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 20,
1921 — Valparaiso (note on type in Leningrad Museum).
Range in Chile. — From Valparaiso to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Balseo, junction of Rios Simp-
son and Mafiiuales (alt. 200 feet), d* ad., 9 ad., April 2; Estancia
Aisen, Rio Coihaique, four cf cf , two 9 9 ad., Feb. 12-14; Casa
de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, two cf cf, one 9 ad., Feb. 19-21 (Col-
lection of H. B. Conover).
Additional specimens. — Cautin: Huilio, Temuco, cf ad., July
26, 1916. A. C. Saldana (Collection of H. B. Conover).
The "Pato antiojillo" or "Pato perro" of the natives is a common
bird in the southern parts of Chile, from the Straits of Magellan north
to Valdivia, where Ambrose Lane met with it along the Rio Bueno
and its tributary, the Rio Pilmaiquen. Farther north it is reported
to be much less common, and probably merely a winter visitor.
A. C. Saldana obtained specimens — in April and July — in the neigh-
borhood of Temuco, Cautin. In the Nilahue Valley, Curico, Barros
found it wintering in small numbers. Both Bridges and Edwyn Reed
mention the Spectacled Duck as occurring on the lagoons and rivers
of the Cordilleras of Cauquenes, Colchagua, and from the observa-
tions of the first-named naturalist, who noticed these ducks always in
pairs, their breeding in that district might be inferred. The most
northerly record is from Valparaiso, where Kittlitz shot the type of
A. chalcoptera early in April, doubtless a migrant from the south.
The members of the Field Museum Expedition found this duck
fairly common in southern Llanquihue on the Rio Aisen and its
affluents. Mr. Conover supplies the following note: "These ducks
seem to like wooded swift-running streams, where they feed in the
eddies and along the banks. It is a common thing to see them
resting on the gravel bars or sitting on stones projecting out of the
water. They also seem to like wooded brushy ponds and swamps,
and go into open ponds near their favorite resorts, but apparently
they do not like the open country. They are undoubtedly birds of
the mountains, probably descending in winter to the coast of Chile,
though I do not think that they ever go far into the pampa country.
Their call is a very peculiar barking quack."
324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The breeding range of A. specularis apparently extends over
both the Chilean and Argentine slopes of the Andes from 40° S. lat.
to the Straits of Magellan.
222. Anas cristata cristata Gmelin
Anas cristata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 540, 1789 — based on "Crested Duck"
Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 3, (2), p. 543, Staten Island; Des Murs (2), p.
449 — central provinces; Germain, p. 314 — Cordilleras of Santiago (nesting
habits); Pelzeln (2), p. 138— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 281— Cordilleras of Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 563— Cordillera
of Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p. 208 — Chile.
Anas pyrrhogastra Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur.,
16, Suppl., p. 119, pi. 25, 1834— Maipo, Santiago.
Dafila pyrogaster Fraser (2), p. 157 — Chile.
Range in Chile. — From Santiago to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Argentina, Terr, del Chubut (near Chilean
boundary) : Arroyo Verde, four cf cf ad., two 9 9 , March 17
(Collection of H. B. Conover).
The Crested Duck, "Pato Juarjual" of the Chileans, is stated to
be not uncommon in the central and southern parts of Chile. In
the central provinces (Santiago, Colchagua) it breeds in the elevated
Cordilleras, but repairs to lower altitudes in winter. Farther south,
however, it is found nearly down to sea level in the breeding season.
The Field Museum Expedition did not meet with this duck in
Chile proper, but obtained a small series east of Casa de Richards
on Argentine territory, where, according to Conover's observations,
they were fairly plentiful on the ponds on the road to Arroyo Verde
and in the Arroyo Verde itself. Mr. Conover believes that he saw
this bird also at Rio Nirehuau.
The specimens collected agree with others from the Rio Gallegos,
Patagonia (wing 260-270 mm.).
A. c. cristata inhabits the southern part of the Andes from Santi-
ago and Lake Nahuel Huapi south to the Cape Horn region and the
Falkland Islands.
223. Anas cristata alticola Me'ne'gaux
Anas cristata alticola Men6gaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10th ser.), 1, p. 224,
1909 — Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia.
Anas cristata Sclater (4), 1886, p. 401 — Sitani, Sacaya, and Huasco, Tarapaca
(eggs descr.); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Pastos Largos, Atacama; Lane,
p. 192 — Sacaya, Sitani, and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 325
Range in Chile. — In northern provinces, from Atacama to
Tarapac£.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San
Pedro (alt. 12,600 feet), one d" ad., two <? cf , two 9 9 (downy)
juv., Oct. 6, 1923.
The adult bird differs from the preceding form by larger size
(wing 310 mm.), heavier bill, and whiter, less spotted under parts,
and agrees closely with a male from Laguna de Taxara, Tarija,
Bolivia.
Birds from Tarapacd examined in the British Museum appear to
be similar, while others from Peru are again more brownish below.
A. c. alticola is an inhabitant of the Puna Zone. Lane found it
common in the Andes of Tarapaca; it nested at Huasco and Sacaya
from January to March in rushes and sedge, preferring little islands
in the midst of ponds; the clutch consisted usually of five or six eggs.
Sanborn, on October 6, secured downy young east of San Pedro, which
indicates an earlier breeding season for Antofagasta. Philippi's
record of A. cristata from Pastes Largos is doubtless referable to the
present form.
224. Mareca sibilatrix (Poeppig)
Anas sibilatrix Poeppig in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, No.
529 [ =25, No. 1], p. 10, July, 1829— Talcaguano, Concepci6n.
Anas chiloensis King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15,
Jan. 6, 1831— "in insuia ChiloeV'
Mareca chiloensis Fraser (1), p. 119 — Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 447 — provinces
of Santiago, Chilo4, etc.; Bibra, p. 131— Chile; Cassin, p. 201— Chile;
Germain, p. 315 — central provinces; Pelzeln (2), p. 138 — Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 335, 339— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 281— rare in Chiloe" and
Valdivia, "more common" in the central provinces.
Mareca chilensis Frauenfeld, p. 638 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Lataste (1), p.
CXV — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (5), p. LXII — San Carlos, Nuble.
Mareca sibilatrix E. Reed (2), p. 564 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 13 —
Coquimbo; E. Reed (4), p. 208 — Chilo£ (common), rarer farther north;
Lane, p. 194 — Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, and Chiloe Archipelago; Schalow
(2), p. 674— Conception; Bullock (4), p. 205 — Angol, Malleco.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Chilo£ Island: Cucao, three c? cf ad., one
9 ad., one 9 imm., three (downy) juv., Dec. 22-27. — Llanquihue:
Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, cf ad., 9 ad., cf juv., 9 juv., Feb.
21 to March 6 (Collection of H. B. Conover).
The Chilean Widgeon, the "Pato Real" of the natives, is very
common in the southern provinces. The Field Museum party found
326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
it plentiful on Chiloe" Island, where it was breeding and several
downy young were taken. Ambrose Lane did not meet with any of
these ducks north of Valdivia, and even about the Rio Bueno they
were seen in flocks, as if they had come from some breeding-haunt.
They are also reported to breed in the central provinces, but in much
smaller numbers than in the south (Edwyn Reed). The most
northerly locality on record is Coquimbo, where Coppinger shot a
single specimen in June, probably a migrant.
The range of M. sibilatrix, outside of Chile, comprises the greater
part of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the extreme south of
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
225. Nettion flavirostre flavirostre (Vieillot)
Anas flavirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 107, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 439, Buenos Aires.
Querquedula creccotdes Fraser (1), p. 118 — Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 453 — Chile
to Straits of Magellan; Cassin, p. 203, pi. 26 — abundant in Chile; Germain,
p. 315 — central provinces; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile; Philippi
(12), p. 282— Chile; Lataste (5), p. LXII— San Carlos, Nuble.
Querquedula oxyptera (not of Meyen) Hartlaub (3), p. 217 — Rio de Valdivia;
Bibra, p. 131— Santiago; Pelzeln (2), p. 138— Chile.
Querquedula flavirostris E. Reed (2), p. 562 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4),
p. 208— Chile; Housse (1), p. 54— Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Bullock (4),
p. 206— Angol, Malleco.
Nettion flavirostre Blaauw, Ibis, 1916, p. 487 — Lake Todos Los Santos,
Llanquihue.
Range in Chile. — From Santiago to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Chiloe" Island: Lago Huillinco, cf ad.,
Dec. 21; Cucao, two cf d", three 9 9, Dec. 23-Jan. 14; Rio Inio,
two cf cf ad., three (downy) juv., Jan. 7-10. — Llanquihue: Casa
de Richards, Rio Stirehuau, cf ad., 9 ad., Feb. 17, 21 (Collection
of H. B. Conover).
The "Pato jergon chico," as it is called by the Chileans, appears
to be most abundant in the southern parts of the republic. The Field
Museum party found it common on Chilo£ Island. Mr. Conover
supplies the following note: "Fairly common at Rio Inio. On
January 10, in the mouth of a small fresh water creek where it emptied
onto the beach, we found a brood of about six or eight downy young
accompanied by both old birds. The female took up the bank into
the bush, the young attempting to follow. Broods of fully grown
young were also seen at this time perfectly able to fly, but apparently
loath to unless absolutely necessary. When pursued by a boat,
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 327
they would run along the edge of the mud flats like shore-birds.
Like all teals these birds seem partial to mud flats. Also seen at
the Puerto Aisen and common around the Rio Nirehuau. Found
in the lagoons, still running rivers and also in parts of the swift
streams with the Spectacled Duck." Its range evidently extends
throughout the republic as far north at least as Santiago, where
Bibra reports to have met with it on all the lakes in the vicinity of
the capital.
It is also widely distributed in Argentina and Uruguay, and
stretches into extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
226. Nettion flavirostre oxypterum (Meyen)
Anas oxyptera Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16,
Suppl., p. 121, pi. 26, 1834 — eastern slope of the South Peruvian Andes
toward Lake Titicaca.
Querquedula angustirostris Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 21, p.
439, Nov., 1862 — Laguna "Cucullata," Tacna; idem, Arch. Naturg.,
29, (1), p. 202, 1863— Laguna "Cucullata," Tacna; Philippi, Ornis, 4,
p. 160 — "Calalaste," Antofagasta; idem (24), p. 78 — Laguna "Cucullata"
(crit.).
Querquedula oxyptera Sclater (4), p. 401 — Sitani, Huasco, and "Lalcalhuay,"
Tarapadi (eggs descr.); idem (6), p. 136 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lane, p.
193— Sacaya; E. Reed (4), p. 208— Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of northern Chile, from Tacna to
Antofagasta.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chungara (alt. 15,150 feet), cf ad.,
June 25.— Antofagasta: Rio Loa (alt. 9,000 feet), <? ad., Sept. 11.
Chilean birds are obviously not different from Peruvian examples.
The male from Chungara is practically a topotype of Q. angustirostris.
While correctly recognizing the distinctness of the northern form,
Philippi and Landbeck erred in referring Meyen's term to the
Yellow-billed Teal of central and southern Chile, and, by describing
Q. angustirostris, merely renamed Anas oxyptera.
Meyen's Teal is clearly but a northern race of N. flavirostre. The
principal points of difference are larger size, stronger bill with the two
colors more abruptly contrasted, paler dorsal surface, and less
spotted under parts. It replaces the typical race in northwestern
Argentina, northern Chile, Bolivia, and the greater part of Peru.
Another member of this group is N. f. andium (Sclater and
Salvin), of Ecuador, Colombia, and western Venezuela. In dark
coloration and heavy spotting below, it shows a reversion to the
characters of N. f. flavirostre, but the edgings to the scapulars are
328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
grayish buff instead of rufescent, while the wholly black bill serves
to distinguish it from either of its allies.
In opposition to its southern representative, N. f. oxypterum is
restricted to the Puna Zone. In northern Chile its vertical range
extends from 9,000 to 15,000 feet.
[Nettion brasiliense (Gmelin), included in the Chilean fauna by Gay
(p. 451) s. n. Querquedula ipecutiri, though widely distributed in
South America, has never been taken in Chile proper.]
227. Paecilonitta bahamensis rubrirostris (Vieillot)
Anas rubrirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 108, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 433, pampas of Buenos Aires.
Dafila urophasianus Bridges, p. 95 — valleys on the eastern side of the Andes;
Fraser (2), p. 157— Chile.
Dafila bahamensis Des Murs (2), p. 448 — Chile; Cassin, p. 203 — Chile; Philippi
and Landbeck (1), p. 284; idem (2), p. 33— Chile (crit.); Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 335, 340— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 281— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 563—
Colchagua (rare); idem (4), p. 208 — Chile (rare).
Poecilonetta bahamensis Barros (4), p. 46 — Nilahue, Curico.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from Santiago to Curico.
The Bahaman Pintail is of very irregular occurrence in Chile.
According to Philippi and Landbeck, it is quite common in some years
in winter and practically absent in others. They quote Dr. Carlos
Segeth, a local naturalist, as saying that during his long residence
in Chile he had seen only eight specimens. Edwyn Reed mentions
it as very rare for Colchagua, while R. Barros states that sometimes
a few pairs breed in the Nilahue Valley, Curico.
A single specimen from Chile (locality not specified) agrees in
size with the large southern race distinguished by Bangs1 under
Vieillot's name.
228. Paecilonitta spinicauda (Vieillot)2
Anas spinicauda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 135, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 429, Buenos Aires.
Anas oxyura Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl.,
p. 122, 1834— Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 449— Chile; Cassin, p. 202— Chile;
Frauenfeld, p. 638 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Philippi (12), p. 281 — Chile;
'Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 6, p. 89, 1918.
2 1 quite agree with Mr. Bangs (Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 6, p. 88, 1918)
that, as long as the two genera are separated, the Chilean Pintail should be referred
to Paecilonitta rather than Dafila.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 329
idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Antofagasta; Lataste (1), p. CXV — Cauquenes,
Colchagua; idem (5), pp. LXII, LXIII— San Carlos, Stable; Waugh and
Lataste (1), p. LXXXIX— Penaflor, Santiago.
Anas bahamensis ? (errore) Fraser (1), p. 119 — Chile (common); Yarrell, p.
54 — Chile (eggs descr.).
(?) Dafila bahamensis Germain, p. 314 — Santiago (breeding habits); Pelzeln
(2), p. 138 — Chile (eggs descr.); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 203 — Arica.
Dafila oxyura Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile.
Dafila spinicauda E. Reed (2), p. 563 — Rio Cachapoal, Colchagua; Sharpe, p.
14— Talcaguano; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 402— Sitani, Tarapaca; idem (6),
1891, p. 136 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 208 — central provinces;
Lane, p. 194 — Rio Pilmaiquen, Corral, and Rio Bueno (Valdivia), and
Sacaya, Tarapaca (habits); Schalow (2), p. 674 — Ovalle, Coquimbo;
Barros (4), p. 46— Nilahue Valley, Curico; C. Reed (4), p. 56— Rio Cacha-
poal, Colchagua (food); Housse (2), p. 150 — San Bernardo, Santiago;
Passler (3), p. 446— Coronel (breeding habits); Blaauw, Ibis, 1916, p. 487
— Lake Todos Los Santos, Llanquihue; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 113 — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 206— Angol; Barros (10), p. 357—
Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa, cf ad., Sept. 12. —
Llanquihue: Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, two cTc? ad., two 9 9
ad., one cT imm., two 9 9 imm., Feb. 17-March 9 (Collection of
H. B. Conover).
The "Pato jergon grande" is the commonest duck in Chile, and
occurs in suitable places throughout the republic from the northern
boundary south to the Straits of Magellan. In the Cordillera of
Tarapacd, in the extreme north of Chile, it ascends as high as
12,000 feet, and breeds from October to February. The nest is placed
amongst sedge or bushes and contains from four to six eggs, which
are described as being closely similar to those of the Bahaman
Pintail, with which the present species has been frequently con-
fused by the earlier writers on Chilean ornithology. Fraser's and
Yarrell's records of A. bahamensis, based on Bridges's collections,
unquestionably refer to P. spinicauda, and so do probably Ger-
main's, Pelzeln's and MacFarlane's.
Birds from Antofagasta and Bolivia (Tarija) appear to be some-
what whiter underneath than the series from southern Chile, which
agrees with topotypes from Buenos Aires.
P. spinicauda is widely diffused in southern South America,
ranging in the west north to Ecuador.
330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
229. Querquedula versicolor versicolor (Vieillot)
Anas versicolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 109, 1816 — based
on Azara, No. 440, Paraguay.
Cyanopterus fretensis Fraser (2), p. 157 — Chile.
Querquedula maculirostris Des Murs (2), p. 452 — Chile to Straits of Magellan;
Philippi (12), p. 282— Chile.
Petrocyanea maculirostris Bibra, p. 132 — Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 139 — Chile.
Querquedula versicolor Cassin, p. 203 — vicinity of Santiago; Germain, p. 315 —
central provinces; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile; E. Reed (2),
p. 563 — Cauquenes, Colchagua (rare); idem (4), p. 208 — Chile; Lane,
p. 193 — junction of Rio Pilmaiquen and Rio Bueno, Valdivia; Schalow
(2), p. 675 — Concepcion.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Santiago
to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau,
eight cf d1, three 9 9 ad., Feb. 19-March 6 (Collection of H. B.
Conover).
These specimens are identical with others from Argentina.
Very little precise information is available regarding the dis-
tribution of the "Pato capuchino" in Chile, where it is said to be very
rare. The United States Astronomical Expedition obtained several
specimens near Santiago. Ambrose Lane shot a single adult male on
the Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, on January 4, 1890, and L. Plate secured
one at Concepcion in September, 1894. According to Edwyn Reed, it
is extremely rare at Cauquenes, Colchagua, though Germain lists it
among the species breeding in the central provinces. About Rio
Nirehuau Mr. Conover found the Gray Teal very common in the
marshes. He noted that the male has an enlargement of the wind-
pipe very similar to that of Barrow's Golden-eye.
Q. v. versicolor is widely diffused throughout Argentina, Paraguay,
Uruguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
230. Querquedula versicolor puna (Tschudi)
Anas puna (Lichtenstein MS.) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 315, 1844 —
Peru.
Querquedula puna Sclater (4), 1886, p. 401 — Sitani and Sacaya, Tarapaca
(eggs descr.); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160— Antofagasta; Sclater (6), 1891,
p. 136— Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 208— Tarapaca; Lane, p. 193—
Sacaya and Cancosa, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of northern Chile, from Tacna to
Antofagasta.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HBLLMAYR 331
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San
Pedro, cf ad., Sept. 17.
This northern representative differs from the Gray Teal by larger
size; stronger bill with the basal spot to the upper mandible light
blue instead of orange; more deeply black pileum ; less heavily marked
back; plain brownish (unmarked) rump; narrower and much less
distinct barring on both upper tail coverts and abdomen, etc.
Chilean specimens, of which some additional ones from Tarapaca
have been examined in the British Museum, appear to agree with a
Peruvian series.
Within Chile, this teal is found only at high elevations of the
Cordilleras from Antofagasta northwards.1
231. Querquedula cyanoptera cyanoptera (Vieillot)
Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 104, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 434, La Plata River and Buenos Aires.
Querquedula caerulata Eraser (1), p. 118 — lakes and rivers of Chile; Yarrell, p.
54 — Chile (eggs descr.).
Querquedula caeruleata Des Murs (2), p. 452 — Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 217 —
Valdivia; Boeck, p. 511 — Valdivia; Germain, p. 315 — central provinces;
Frauenfeld, p. 638— Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Philippi (12), p. 282— Chile;
Lataste (5), pp. LXII, LXIII— San Carlos, Nuble.
Anas caerulata Bibra, p. 131 — lakes near Santiago (common).
Querquedula cyanoptera Cassin, p. 202 — Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340—
Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 563 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 14—
Talcaguano; E. Reed (4), p. 208 — central provinces; Lane, p. 193 — part,
southern provinces; Schalow (2), p. 676 — Ovalle and La Serena, Coquimbo;
Housse (3), p. 227 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Passler (3), p. 447 — Coronel;
Barros (8), p. 142 — Nilahue, Curico; Bros, p. 381 — Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso.
Pterocyanea coerukata Pelzeln (2), p. 139 — Chile.
Querquedula discors (errore) Schalow (2), p. 675 — Ovalle, Coquimbo.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau,
two cf cf ad., one 9 , March 1-6 (Collection of H. B. Conover).
Additional specimens. — Santiago: vicinity of Santiago, cf ad.
F. Leybold. — Colchagua: Cauquenes, cf (eclipse), 9 ad. E. C.
Reed. — Conception: Talcaguano, 9 ad., Sept. 22, 1879. Coppinger.
— "Central Chile:" two cf cf ad., one cf (eclipse). H. Berkeley
James Collection (all in the British Museum).
1A specimen in the Paris Museum said to be from "Santiago" (C. Gay) is no
doubt incorrectly labeled.
332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Specimens from central and southern Chile appear to me in-
separable from a North American series. Their wings range from
180 to 195 mm.
According to Edwyn Reed, the Cinnamon Teal is one of the
commonest ducks in the central provinces. Bibra noted it as abun-
dant on the lakes in the vicinity of Santiago, and Reed has the same
remark with respect to its occurrence at Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Frauenfeld observed it on Lake Aculeo, Santiago. Lataste found it
breeding at San Carlos, Ruble, and Barros in Nilahue, Curico, while
Schalow lists specimens from Coquimbo. Dr. Stresemann informs
me that the female taken by Plate at Ovalle, which Schalow refers
to Q. discors, belongs likewise here. Lane, who found it in the
southern provinces, was told that at certain seasons it is numerous
in Chiloe".
The Cinnamon Teal is also widely distributed in Argentina,
Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
232. Querquedula cyanoptera orinomus Oberholser
Querquedula orinomus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 93, 1906 —
"Puna" [ =Puno], Lake Titicaca, alt. 12,250 feet, Peru.
Querquedula caeruleata Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Antofagasta.
Querquedula cyanoptera Sclater (4), 1886, p. 401 — Sitani and Sacaya, Tara-
paca; idem (6), 1891, p. 136 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 193 — part,
Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Antofagasta, Tarapaca, and
Tacna.
Material examined. — Tarapaca: Sacaya, cf ad., cf (eclipse),
three 9 9 ad., one 9 imm., Jan. 25, Feb. 8, March 13. C. Rahmer
and A. A. Lane; Sitani, two cf d"1 ad., Jan. 15, 20, 1886. C. Rahmer
(all in the British Museum).
Re-examination of the material in the British Museum shows
the Cinnamon Teal breeding in the highlands of Tarapaca to be
referable to Q. c. orinomus, originally based upon a single adult male
from Lake Titicaca. When compared with typical cyanoptera, the
wings are considerably longer: 215-223 in males, 205-223 in females
(against 180-195 in cyanoptera of central Chile), and the tarsi are
also longer as well as stouter. The bill is sometimes, though not
always, larger. Females are deeper buffy brown on the chest and
sides of the head, the latter being generally more heavily marked with
dusky. Males, however, do not seem to, differ in coloration, rump
and upper tail coverts being by no means more banded with buff
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 333
than in cyanoptera. Three adult males from Tarapaca, it is true, have
no trace of black on the chin, but similar specimens also occur in the
range of the typical race.
According to Ambrose Lane, this species is not quite so numerous
in the Andes of Tarapaca as the other ducks and more local. It
nests at Sacaya about January in sedge or rushes.
The development of an altitudinal representative of the Cin-
namon Teal in a comparatively restricted area of southern Peru
and northern Chile is of unusual interest. We have seen that birds
of the more southern parts of Chile and adjacent countries, where
they are usually found at low elevations, are nowise different from
North American examples.
233. Spatula platalea (Vieillot)
Anas platalea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 157, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 431, Buenos Aires and Paraguay.
Dafila caesioscapula Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvog., Natatores,
pi. 51, fig. 180, between 1845 and 1848— no locality.
Dafila caesioscapulata Bibra, p. 131 — lakes round Santiago.
Rhynchaspis maculatus Fraser (1), p. 118 — Chile; Yarrell, p. 54 — Chile (eggs
descr.); Des Murs (2), p. 454 — Chile (ex Fraser); Germain, p. 315 —
central provinces; Philippi (12), p. 283 — rare in the south, common in
the central provinces; Lataste (1), p. CXV — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem
(5), p. LXII— San Carlos, Nuble; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIX—
Penaflor, Santiago.
Spatula (Rhynchaspis) maculata Pelzeln (2), p. 139 — Chile.
Spatula platalea Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 564—
Cauquenes, Colchagua (rare); idem (4), p. 208 — Chile; Lane, p. 195 —
Rio Pilmaiquen and Rio Bueno, Valdivia; Bullock (4), p. 207 — Angol,
Malleco.
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Santiago
to the Straits of Magellan; accidental in Tarapaca.
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau,
one cf ad., two 9 9 ad., March 10 (Collection of H. B. Conover).
These specimens agree with others from Buenos Aires.
The "Pato cuchara" is reported to be fairly common in the
central provinces, though rare in the south. Lataste and Waugh
record it as not uncommon at Penaflor (Santiago) and Cauquenes
(Colchagua), while Bibra lists it as fairly plentiful on the lakes near
Santiago. Lane found these ducks numerous near Valdivia from
December to March, where they probably breed. Mr. Conover
(MS.) noted them in some numbers on certain ponds on the Rio
334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Nirehuau. In Tarapaca, whence the British Museum has a young
female, if correctly labeled, the species would seem to be merely of
accidental occurrence, though it is known to inhabit the highlands of
Bolivia and southern Peru. Besides, it is widely diffused in Argen-
tina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
234. Metopiana peposaca (Vieillot)
Anas peposaca Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 132, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 430, Paraguay and Buenos Aires.
Anas metopias Poeppig in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, No.
529 [ = 25, No. 1], p. 9, 1829— "rarissima in Chile."
Fuligula metopias Des Murs (2), p. 456 — Chile (ex Poeppig); Hartlaub (3),
p. 217— Rio de Valdivia; Cassin, p. 204, pi. 27— Chile; Germain, p. 315—
central provinces; Philippi (12), p. 283 — common in the central provinces,
rare in the south.
Fuligula albipennis Bibra, p. 132— Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 139— Chile.
Fuligula peposaca Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile.
Metopiana peposaca E. Reed (2), p. 564 — Cauquenes, Colchagua (not com-
mon); idem (4), p. 208 — Chile; Schalow (2), p. 674 — Concepcion; Salvadori,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 332, 1895— Santiago and Rio Pilmaiquen,
Valdivia.
Range in Chile. — From Santiago to Valdivia.
The "Pato negro" is stated to be fairly common in the central
provinces, where it is supposed to breed. Various specimens have
been taken in the vicinity of Santiago. According to Edwyn Reed,
it is by no means plentiful in Colchagua. Schalow records a single
example taken by Plate in September at Concepcion. Lane shot
a young male in February on the Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, and
Hartlaub lists the species from the Rio de Valdivia, which marks the
southern limit of its range in Chile.
Its extralimital area comprises the northern parts of Argentina,
Uruguay, Paraguay, and the extreme south of Brazil (Rio Grande
doSul).
235. Nyroca erythrophthalma (Wied)
Anas erythrophthalma Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (1), p. 929, 1832—
Villa Belmonte, southern Bahia, Brazil.
Fuligula nationi MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 203 — Arica.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section (once recorded from
Arica, Tacna).
MacFarlane shot specimens in a marsh about five miles inland of
Arica in October, 1883, this being the only record of this pochard
from Chile.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 335
Although the correctness of the identification has been questioned,
the occurrence of this duck around Arica is not at all unlikely, since
the late Professor Nation obtained it near Lima.
There seems to be hardly any doubt that A. erythrophthalma is the
earliest name for this species, long known as Fuligula nationi. No
fresh material from eastern Brazil is available, but birds from that
part of South America are not likely to be different, since specimens
from Venezuela (Lagunillas) and various localities in Africa (Upper
Luapula, Katanga, Belgian Congo; Marsabit, Kenya; Ruanda,
Uganda) prove to be inseparable one from another.
236. Tachyeres brachypterus (Latham)1
Anas brachyptera Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 834, 1790 — new name for Anas
cinerea Gmelin, 1789 (not of S. G. Gmelin, 1774),2 Falkland Islands.
Micropterus cinereus Des Murs (2), p. 457 — Chiloe to Straits of Magellan;
Boeck, p. 511 — Bay of "Arend" [=Ancud], Chiloe; Germain, p. 315 —
archipelago of Chiloe (nesting habits); Pelzeln (2), pp. 139, 163— Chiloe;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile (ex Pelzeln); Philippi (12), p. 283—
Straits of Magellan to Valdivia.
Tachyeres cinereus E. Reed (4), p. 208 — Straits of Magellan to Valdivia; Lane,
p. 195 — Corral, Valdivia; Schalow (2), p. 672 — Calbuco, near Puerto
Montt, Llanquihue (in part); Passler (1), p. 103 — Ancud, Chiloe; Strese-
mann, Ornith. Monatsber., 35, p. 47, 1927 — Calbuco (crit.); Chapman,
Bull. B. O. C., 46, p. 120, 1926— between Puerto Montt and the Guaitecas
Islands.
Range in Chile. — Southern provinces, from the Straits of Magel-
lan north to Valdivia.
Material collected. — Chilo4 Island: Rio Inio, one cf ad., three
9 9 ad., Jan. 12-16. — Guaitecas Islands: Canal Lagreze, Ascension
Island, one d" (in down), Feb. 4; Melinka, Ascension Island, cf
(downy) juv., Jan. 20 (Collection of H. B. Conover).
The adults from the Rio Inio, non-flying birds, are conspicuous
for their light grayish head and enormous bill which is for the greater
part yellow (orange at base in life) in both sexes. The male weighed
twelve, the females eight and a half pounds. They thus correspond
to what Oustalet, Blaauw and others call T. cinereus, i.e. the heavily
built, short- winged, non-flying "species."
1A.s pointed out by Philippi (Zeits. Ges. Naturwiss., Neue Folge, 7 [ =41], p.
125, 1873), it seems very probable that the Steamer-Duck was intended by Molina,
when he described Diomedea chiloensis (Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 239, 344, 1782)
from the Archipelago of Chiloe, though beyond the native name "Quethu"
[ = Quetru] the description contains hardly anything to permit the identification
of the bird.
2 See Collin, Ornith. Monatsber., 35, p. 54, 1927.
336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Two specimens are molting their wings. Those with fully
developed remiges measure 260 (male) and 240 (female) respectively.
All have a distinct vinaceous tinge along the middle of the throat.
According to Mr. Conover, no flying birds were seen at Chilo6
or Melinka at the time of his visit (January and February). "At
Rio Inio, these ducks were very numerous, sitting on the rocks and
along the beaches. Only one pair with young were seen, these on
January 21st. The young were not over a couple of weeks old, but
very fine divers. On being pursued, the ducklings scattered and
dove, while the old birds hung off about 150 yards, grunting anx-
iously." Chapman also states that among the hundreds of Steamer-
Ducks, many accompanied by recently hatched young, observed
by him in January, 1924, in the Guaitecas, not one was seen to fly.
Rollo H. Beck, however, while collecting for the American Museum
of Natural History, saw large numbers of flying individuals off
Chilo£ in May and June, 1914. Of three specimens collected by L.
Plate in December, 1894, at Calbuco, near Puerto Montt, Strese-
mann refers one, a male, to the present species, and the two others to
the flying T. patachonicus.
Ambrose Lane noticed some of these ducks in the Bay of Corral
about October and November, and Philippi also lists the species from
Valdivia, which obviously forms the northern limit of its range.
The "Quetru" is reported as exceedingly common in the Straits of
Magellan.
237. Tachyeres patachonicus (King)
Oidemia paiachonica King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 100, 1828 — Straits of Magellan =
western part of the Straits (cf. King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, 1831).1
Tachyeres cinereus Schalow (2), p. 672 — Calbuco, near Puerto Montt (in part);
Stresemann, Ornith. Monatsber., 35, p. 47, 1927 — Calbuco (crit.).
Micropterus cinereus Philippi (24), p. 81 — Cordillera of Villarrica, Valdivia.
Range in Chile. — Southern provinces, from the Straits of Magel-
lan north to Chilo£ Island; occasionally in Valdivia (Villarrica).
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Balseo, junction of Rios Simp-
son and Maniuales, near Puerto Aisen (alt. 200 feet), one cf , April
2. — Chubut: Arroyo Verde, near Chilean boundary, two cf cf, two
9 9 , March 18 (Collection of H. B. Conover).
These birds, when compared with the series from Chilo4 Island,
have much smaller (shorter as well as slenderer) bills, a darker,
xThe type is supposed to be in the Edinburgh Museum (cf. Gibson, Proc.
Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 4, pp. 185-186, 1877).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 337
decidedly brownish head, and are also darker on the back; the
vinaceous tinge on the throat is deeper in tone and more extensive.
Except for their darker bills and the absence of rufous on the chest,
they correspond to the plate of M. patachonicus in Oustalet's report.1
The color of the bills appears to be due to post-mortem change, for
Mr. Conover noted it on the fresh specimens as "yellowish orange"
or "greenish yellow, bluish about nostrils."
Much has been written about the Steamer-Ducks, and the ques-
tion whether the flying individuals really constitute a different
species is far from being settled. This problem, I believe, can only
be satisfactorily solved by continued observations in the field.
Cunningham, it will be recalled, considered them all to belong to one
species, and attributed the loss of the power of flight to age. Oustalet,
however, took the opposite stand, and endeavored to prove the spe-
cific distinctness of the flying and flightless birds. More recently,
Blaauw (Ibis, 1916, pp. 488-492) and Bennett (Ibis, 1920, pp. 327-
328) have expressed similar views, and Mr. Conover, who observed
the flying bird at various points from inland of Puerto Aisen to the
Chilean-Chubut boundary, also is inclined to admit two species.
The flying birds are said to be partial to fresh-water lakes and
ponds, and the Andean lakes Nahuel Huapi, Todos Los Santos, Lago
Argentine, etc., are reported to harbor exclusively the flying
"species."
In Chile T. patachonicus was observed by the Field Museum
party only on the Rio Aisen; but, as stated under the preceding
heading, flying birds have been met with by R. H. Beck in May and
June, 1914, off Chiloe", and Stresemann refers two specimens secured
by L. Plate in December, 1894, at Calbuco, near Puerto Montt, to
the present "species." Philippi records an example from the Cor-
dillera of Villarrica, Valdivia, which no doubt belongs here rather
than to T. brachypterus.
238. Erismatura ferruginea Eyton2
Erismatura ferruginea Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 170, 1838 — Chile (types in
British Museum examined); (?) Fraser (1), p. 119 — Lake of Quintero,
Valparaiso; Des Murs (2), p. 458— lakes of central Chile; (?) Bibra, p. 132
— lakes around Santiago; Cassin, p. 204 — Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 139 — Chile;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340— Chile (part); Philippi (12), p. 283— lakes
1 Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, 6, Ois., pi. 5.
2 The two Chilean lake-ducks haying frequently been confused, it is impossible
to properly allocate any reference without re-examination of the respective speci-
mens. Some of the quotations included here in the synonymy of E. ferruginea
may actually belong to E. vittata.
338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
of central Chile (part); (?) E. Reed (2), p. 564 — Laguna de Cauquenes,
Colchagua; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Antofagasta; E. Reed (4), p. 208 —
Chile (part); (?) Housse (2), p. 150 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Nomonyx dominicus (errore) Schalow (2), p. 672 — part, No. 208, Concepcion
(June).
Range in Chile. — From Antofagasta to Llanquihue. Breeding
range unknown.
Material collected. — Malleco: Lake Malleco (alt. 3,500 feet),
cf ad. (nuptial), Jan. 20, 1924. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio
Nirehuau, cf juv., three 9 9 juv., Feb. 24-March 6, 1923.
Additional specimens. — "Chile" (unspecified): d" ad., juv. C.
Crawley. Types of species (British Museum). — Concepcion: Penco,
9 ad., June, 1905. C. S. Reed (Tring Museum).
Very little is known about the distribution of the lake-ducks in
Chile. Salvadori1 refers all Chilean birds to E. vittata, restricting
the range of E. ferruginea to Peru and Bolivia. The adult male (in
full nuptial plumage) taken by Sanborn on the shore of Lake Mal-
leco, however, is in every particular typical of E. ferruginea, agreeing,
as it does, in size and coloration with the type in the British Museum
and a series from the Andes of Peru (Lake Titicaca and Laguna de
Tambo, Arequipa) and Ecuador.2 Its date of capture (January 20)
would seem to indicate that the bird was breeding, and if the records
of the nesting of the Ruddy-Ducks on the lakes of the central prov-
inces belong here, it may turn out that the breeding range of E.
ferruginea extends all over the Andes from Ecuador down to southern
Chile.
Four birds in female and immature plumage, secured by Conover
on the Rio Nirehuau in March and late February, are likewise refer-
able to the large-billed form, as is also an apparently adult female
from Penco, Concepcion, taken by C. S. Reed in winter (June).
I am informed by Dr. Stresemann that one of Plate's specimens from
the same locality (June, 1894) is a female of E. ferruginea, while the
September bird pertains to E. vittata. Both were erroneously identi-
fied by Schalow as Nomonyx dominicus, a species not known to
occur in Chile.
In the plains around Concepcion, this species doubtless is merely
a winter visitor, its nesting grounds being in the Temperate and Puna
Zones of the Andes.
'Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 450, 1895.
2 Three adult males and three females from Ecuador (Colta, Riobamba; Anti-
sana; Sical; Lake Yaguarcocha, Imbabura) are inseparable from more southern
specimens, thus showing E. aequatorialis to be invalid.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 339
239. Erismatura vittata Philippi
Erismatura vittata Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 26, 1860 — Chile (descr.
of juv.); Philippi and Landbeck (1), p. 284 (crit.); Philippi (11), 1868, p.
531 (crit.); Bros, p. 380 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso (September).
Erismatura ferruginea (not of Eyton) Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 335, 340 — Chile
(part); Philippi (12), p. 283— central provinces (part); E. Reed (4), p. 208—
Chile (part); Lataste (4), p. LXIII— Junquillos (San Carlos), ftuble
(spec, in Paris Museum examined); Lane, p. 195 — Rio Pilmaiquen,
Valdivia (spec, examined): Lataste (9), p. 172 — Aculeo and Junquillos;
Bullock (4), p. 207— Angol, Malleco.
Nomonyx dominions (errore) Schalow (2), p. 672 — part, No. 247, Concepcion
(September).
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Val-
paraiso to Valdivia.
Material examined. — Santiago: Santiago, one o" ad., one 9 juv.
F. Leybold (British Museum). — Nuble: Junquillos (San Carlos),
cf juv., Sept., 1895. F. Lataste (Paris Museum). — Concepcion:
Cabrero, two <? <f juv., one 9 , June 6, 1904. C. S. Reed (Tring
Museum). — Valdivia: Rio Pilmaiquen, one d" (eclipse), four 9 9
juv., Feb. 1&-19, March 1, 1891. A. A. Lane (British Museum).—
"Central Chile:" four cf cf ad., two (unsexed) juv. H. Berkeley
James Collection. — "Tarapaca:" one cf (eclipse). H. Berkeley
James Collection (all in the British Museum).
Information on the distribution of the Small-billed Ruddy Duck
in Chile is even scantier than for the preceding species. Although a
good many specimens have been taken at various times in the
southern part of the country, not a single definite breeding record
exists. It appears to be fairly common in winter around Santiago,
and quite recently Father R. Bros records the taking of a specimen
in September at Los Quillayes in the Marga-Marga Valley, Prov.
Valparaiso. Lataste shot two birds at Junquillos, Nuble, toward the
end of September, while C. S. Reed secured some at Cabrero, Con-
cepcion, early in June. After inspecting the material in Field Mu-
seum, Mr. Bullock assures me that the lake-duck visiting Angol in
winter is the present species and not E. ferruginea. Farther south,
in Valdivia Province on the Rio Pilmaiquen, Lane collected a series
in February and March. There being among them a male just
molting from the extremely worn nuptial dress into the winter
plumage, one is tempted to assume that the birds might have been
breeding in the neighborhood, but, according to Lane, they did not
appear there before the beginning of February. A male (in eclipse
plumage) in the collection of the British Museum said to be from
340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
"Tarapaca" is no doubt incorrectly labeled like many other skins in
the H. Berkeley James Collection.
Although the characters separating E. ferruginea and E. vittata
are not so striking as to suggest specific difference, yet it appears that
these two ducks coexist in certain parts of their ranges. Peters1
reports to have collected both late in December (supposed nesting
season!) at Neluan, western Rio Negro, Argentina, and P. W. Rey-
nolds sent to the British Museum specimens of both shot on March
4, 1928, at Cape Pefias, Tierra del Fuego. On the other hand, an
example (in female plumage) from Los Yngleses, A jo, Buenos Aires,
Oct. 3, 1908, C. H. B. Grant coll., in the British Museum seems to
be intermediate between the two species!
More exact information about their ranges during the breeding
season is urgently required for the proper understanding of their
relationship.
240. Merganetta armata armata Gould
Merganetta armata Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 9, "1841," p. 95, March, 1842—
"Andes of Chile, lat. 34°-35°" =Colchagua (types in British Museum
examined); Fraser (1), p. 119 — Chile; Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, 3,
pi. 170, 1844 (figure of male type); Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 8, pi. 48
(=female), 1847— Chile; Bibra, p. 132— torrents of the high Cordillera
[of Santiago]; Cassin, p. 204 — rivers of the Andes; Pelzeln (2), p. 140 —
Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 340— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 564— Rio Cachapoal,
Colchagua; idem (4), p. 208 — Chile; Barros (4), p. 173— Cordillera of
Aconcagua; C. Reed (4), p. 55 — Rio Claro, Colchagua.
Rhaphipterus chilensis Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Atlas, Zool., pi. [12], 1844 —
Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 459— Maipo, Chile; Philippi (12), p. 283— high
Cordilleras of central provinces.
Merganetta chilensis Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 1, pi. 5 ( =male), 1845 — Chile.
Merganetta fraenata Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 458, pi. 5, fig. 1,
1895 — "Central Chili" (type in British Museum examined).
Merganetta andina Blaauw (1), p. 26 — between Puerto Varas and Lake Todos
Los Santos, Llanquihue.
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras from Coquimbo to Llanquihue.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Balala, Rio Turbio (alt. 4,850
feet), cf ad., 9 juv. (in down), Nov. 7; Guanta, Rio Turbio (alt.
4,250 feet), 9 ad., Nov. 7. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Nire-
huau, cf ad., 9 ad., March 3 (Field Museum and Collection of H.
B. Conover).
Additional specimens. — Colchagua: Colchagua, cT ad., June,
1864. Weisshaupt (British Museum) ; three young birds. E. Reed
'Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 303, 1923.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 341
(Tring Museum). — "Central Chile:" four cfcf ad., including the
type of M. fraenata. H. Berkeley James Collection. — "Andes"
[of Chile] : two cf c? ad., including the type of M. armata. T. Bridges
(all in the British Museum).
Although the available material of Chilean torrent-ducks leaves
much to desire, I have little doubt that there is but one form in Chile,
and that the characters used for the separation of M. fraenata are of
individual rather than racial value. M. fraenata was based on a
single male from "Central Chile" in the Berkeley James Collection
(now in the British Museum), which differs from the ordinary type
by having the lower parts (below the black foreneck) paler rufescent
with broader, deeper black shaft-streaks, and by the black of the
pileum being connected with the black around the eye by a vertical
streak in front of the eye. However, this type of coloration does not
seem to be restricted to any particular area, for an example obtained
by Ferrua in February, 1897, at Valle Hermoso, Mendoza
(British Museum), and a male shot by H. B. Conover at Casa de
Richards, Rio Nirehuau, far down in southern Llanquihue, are
essentially similar. Both have the heavily marked belly, but vary
somewhat in other details. While the Valle Hermoso bird has the
black connecting streak in front of the eye just as well pronounced
as the type, this feature is but slightly suggested by dusky edges to
the supra-ocular feathers in Mr. Conover's specimen. The posterior
under parts are strikingly pale, light pinkish cinnamon, in the birds
from Valle Hermoso and Casa de Richards, while the type of M.
fraenata is somewhat darker, between light vinaceous-cinnamon and
pinkish cinnamon, thus forming the transition to M. armata (from
Coquimbo and Colchagua), in which the color falls between sayal
brown and tawny.
The male from the Rio Turbio, Coquimbo, agrees in the absence of
the vertical black streak above the eye and in the pale rufescent,
faintly striped under parts with two of Bridges' original examples
(of M. armata)1 and others from "Central Chile" in the British
Museum. A male from Colchagua (Weisshaupt) — by paler, light
vinaceous-cinnamon belly — closely approaches "fraenata." Another
male, secured by G. H. Dawson at Traful, Lake Nahuel Huapi,
again is among the darkest, being even less streaked below than the
majority of "armata."
1 The type is in full molt with many of the breast feathers just emerging from
the sheaths and the whitish bases showing through in places.
342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Females from such widely separated localities as Rio Turbio
(Coquimbo) and Casa de Richards (Llanquihue) are indistinguishable
one from another.
This, together with the great amount of variation observable
in other members of the genus,1 clearly points to the conclusion that
M. armata and M. fraenata are merely individual variants of a single
taxonomic unit.
M. a. armata inhabits the rivers in the Cordilleras from Coquimbo
south to western Patagonia (Chubut).2
According to Barros, it breeds at elevations of from 5,000 to
10,000 feet, but descends to lower regions in the severe season, being,
however, rarely seen below 3,000 feet.
241. Columba araucana Lesson
Columba araucana Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 4, pi. 40, July,
1827; livr. 6, p. 706, May, 1830— Talcaguano, Bay of Conception; Des
Murs (2), p. 376— Chile (monog.); Peale, p. 186— Chile; Hartlaub (3),
p. 215— Valdivia; Bibra, p. 130— Valdivia; Boeck, p. 508— Valdivia
(habits); Cassin, p. 190— Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 108— Santiago; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 330, 339— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 267— the whole of Chile, par-
ticularly in the south; E. Reed (2), p. 564 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Lataste
(1), p. CXV — Cordillera of Aculeo, Santiago, and Ninhue (Itata), Maule;
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVII — Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p.
CLXXII— San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 208— Chile;
Lane, p. 297 — near Hospital (Santiago), Arauco, Calle-Calle and Rio
Bueno (Valdivia); Schalow (2), p. 671— Chile (egg descr.); Costes, p. 161—
Valle de Marga-Marga, Valparaiso (habits); Barros (4), p. 16 — Nilahue,
Curico; idem (5), p. 170 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (1), p. 51 —
Isla La Mocha, Arauco; idem (2), p. 148 — San Bernardo, Santiago;
Passler (3), p. 432 — Coronel (habits, nest, and eggs); Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. Ill — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso (migratory visitor); Bullock (3), p.
126 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 192 — Angol, Malleco
(common).
Columba denisea Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 86, pi. 502, Sept., 1830 —
Chile; Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, 1842 — Valdivia; idem, Echo du Monde
Sav., 9, 2nd sem., col. 253, 1842 — Valdivia.
Dabbene's paper (in El Hornero, 4, pp. 34-38, pis. 3, 4, 1927) on M.
berlepschi [ =M. a. garleppi], of northwestern Argentina.
2 An adult male lately received by the British Museum extends the range of the
Chilean Torrent-duck even to Tierra del Fuego. The bird was shot by P. W.
Reynolds on Dec. 22, 1928, eight miles south of Lago Fagnano in the southern part
of the island. It is the darkest specimen we have yet seen; below it is as heavily
streaked with blackish as the type of M. fraenata, but the ground color is much
deeper, about cinnamon-drab. The vertical connecting line above the eye is
suggested by dusky edges.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 343
Columba fitfroyii King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1,
"1830-31," p. 15, Jan., 1831— ChiloS Island; Darwin, p. 114— peninsula
of Tres Montes and Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 115 — southern provinces,
in winter near Santiago.
Chloroenas araucana Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p. 91 (nest).
Columba (Chloroenas) araucana Barros (10), p. 357 — Aconcagua (breeding).
Range in Chile. — Central and southern provinces, from Coquimbo
to peninsula of Tres Montes.
Material collected. — Aconcagua: Papudo, one (downy) young,
Dec. 4, 1923. — Concepcion: Cabrero, cf ad., Sept. 8, 1904. Carlos
S. Reed.— Malleco: Curacautin, 9 ad., July 19, 1923. C. S. Reed.
-Valdivia: Mafil, <? ad., Feb. 20.— Chiloe" Island: Quellon, two
9 9 ad., Jan. 1, 1923.
The "Torcaza" is widely distributed throughout the lowlands
of Chile. Mr. Sanborn writes: "Common from Chiloe" to near
Concepcion, less common in central Chile, although many were
seen at Papudo, coast of Aconcagua, in December, 1923, where a
nest, made of sticks, was found in thick, brushy woods about twelve
feet above the ground, containing one downy young. The species
was observed as far north as Tambillos, Province of Coquimbo."
H. B. Conover and Wilfred H. Osgood found it very common on
Chilo£ Island. Ambrose Lane states that he found this pigeon
plentiful in the south, especially about Valdivia and Rio Bueno, less
so in Arauco, but only once in a wooded and secluded glade on the
hills near Hospital, where he was told a pair nested. Barros found it
in the Aconcagua Valley only in winter time, though never in great
abundance; small flocks were seen as high as 1,600 meters above
sea level. In November, 1924, a pair nested, however, in the vicinity
of the Estacion de Piscicultura.
I cannot help thinking that the specimens said to be from "Tara-
paca" in the British Museum (H. Berkeley James Collection) have
been incorrectly labeled, since the arid nature of that country
hardly affords suitable haunts for this woodland species. The most
southerly recorded locality on the Chilean side of the Andes is the
peninsula of Tres Montes, where Darwin obtained specimens during
the voyage of the "Beagle." It also occurs on the Argentine side
from Neuquen to Lago General Paz, western Chubut. Specimens
from San Martin de los Andes, Neuquen, in the collection of H. B.
Conover, are in every respect similar to the Chilean ones.
This pigeon has never been taken in Patagonia proper, in the
Straits of Magellan, or in Tierra del Fuego, although these districts
are sometimes included in its range.
344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
242. Zenaida auriculata auriculata (Des Murs)1
Peristera auriculata Des Murs in Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 381, pi.
6, 1847 — central provinces of Chile; Germain, p. 312 — Santiago (breeding
habits).
Columba aurita (not of Temminck) Meyen, p. 99 — Chile.
Zenaida aurita Darwin, p. 115 — Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 115 — Chile (very
common); Yarrell, p. 53— Chile (egg); Des Murs (2), p. 378— Chile;
Cassin, p. 191— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 268— the whole of Chile; idem,
Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Atacama; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 202 — near La
Serena, Coquimbo; Lataste (1), p. CXV — Bureo (Chilian), -Ruble, and
Ninhue (Itata), Maule; idem (4), p. XXXIV— Caillihue (Vichuquen),
Curic6; idem (5), p. LXII— Maule; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVII
— Pefiaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXII— San Alfonso (Quillota),
Valparaiso.
Zenaida auriculata Pelzeln (2), p. 109 — Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 330, 339—
Chile; Schalow (2), p. 671 — Santiago; Costes, p. 164 — Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso; Housse (1), p. 50 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; idem (2), p. 148 —
San Bernardo, Santiago; Gigoux, p. 85 — Caldera, Atacama.
Columba meridionalis (not of Latham) Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 330, 339 — Chile.
Zenaida maculata E. Reed (2), p. 565 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 9 —
Coquimbo; E. Reed (4), p. 208— Chile; Lane, p. 298— Hacienda Mansel
(near Hospital), Santiago, Rio Pilmaiquen and Rio Bueno, Valdivia
(habits); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. Ill — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock
(4), p. 192 — Angol, Malleco (nesting).
Zenaida auriculata auriculata Passler (3), p. 432 — Coronel (habits, eggs);
Barros (4), p. 16 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 171 — Los Leones and Rio
Blanco, Aconcagua; Wetmore (3), p. 180 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Caldera) to Llanquihue; acci-
dental in the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Romero, d" ad., July 11. — San-
tiago: Cajon de Maipo, d" juv., May, 1923. C. S. Reed. — Colcha-
gua: Banos de Cauquenes, d" ad., May 5; Hacienda de Cauquenes,
two 9 9 ad., c? imm., 9 imm., May 3. — Conception: Hacienda
Gualpencillo, <? ad., April 8. — Llanquihue: Rio Coihaique, Estancia
Aisen, d1 ad., Feb. 12; Casa de Richards, Rio SJirehuau, two 9 9
ad., <f imm., 9 juv., Feb. 17-21.
The "Tortolita" is the commonest species of the family, being
found in abundance throughout the whole of the republic from
Coquimbo to Llanquihue. In Atacama, at Caldera, Gigoux records
it as a rare winter visitant.
It is reported to be to some extent migratory, and to occur in
certain parts only as a summer visitor. While chiefly found in the
*A specimen of Nesopelia galapagoensis (Gould) in the British Museum said
to have been obtained by Lord Byron in Chile is doubtless incorrectly labeled.
1932 . BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 345
plains and lower hills, it ascends the mountains, according to Barros,
to an elevation of more than 6,000 feet. In central Chile, Ambrose
Lane tells us, it breeds from November to December, and around
Valdivia from Christmas till March.
Its nest is described as resembling that of the European Turtle-
Dove (Streptopelia turtur}. It is usually placed in a thick bush or
the fork of a tree, often overhanging the water.
Birds from Mendoza (Tunuyan) and Neuquen (Lake Nahuel
Huapi) appear to be identical with the Chilean form, while a series
from eastern Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay (Z. virgata Bertoni)
average smaller and paler below.
243. Metriopelia melanoptera melanoptera (Molina)1
Columba melanoptera Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 236, 345, 1782 —
Chile (descr. mala).2
Columba boliviana (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye MS.) Eydoux and Gervais,
Mag. ZooL, 6, cl. 2, p. 33, pi. 75, 1836 — "Boliviae montes"; idem, Voy.
Favorite, 5, (2), p. 59, pi. 23, 1839— "Boliviae montes"; Bridges, p. 95—
valleys of the Andes [of Colchagua]; Fraser (1), p. 115 — Andes of Chile.
Zenaida boliviana Darwin, p. 116 — Valparaiso; Des Murs (2), p. 379 — Chile;
Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163 — Miguel Diaz, Antofagasta;
MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 202— Coquimbo; Philippi (12), p. 268— central
provinces; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — "Pacpote," Atacama.
Zenaida innotata Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 74, 1851 — Chile.
Chamaepelia melanura (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, p. 130 — Cordillera [of
Santiago].
Metriopelia melanoptera Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 330, 339— Chile; E. Reed (2),
p. 565 — Cordillera of Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 402—
"Lalcalhuay," Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 208— Chile; Lane, p. 298— "Lalcal-
huay," Huasco, and Sacaya, Tarapaca; Schalow (2), p. 670 — PuntaTeatinos,
Coquimbo; Costes, p. 163 — Valle de Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Barros
(4), p. 151 — Nilahue, Curic6; idem (5), p. 171 — Cordillera of Aconcagua;
Housse (2), p. 149 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Gigoux, p. 85 — Caldera,
Atacama; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. Ill — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Tacna to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Santiago: Las Condes (18 km. northeast
of Santiago), three rf1 d* ad., Nov. 6, 11, 1923. Carlos S. Reed.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: "Llalcalhuay," d71 ad., Feb. 1,
1886. C. Rahmer (British Museum).— "Central Chile:" three (un-
sexed) adults and one young. Coll. Landbeck (British Museum).
1 About the generic affinities of the species, see Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 133, p. 178, 1926.
2Cf. Deautier and Steullet, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 474, 1929.
346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The "Tortolita cordillerana" ranges over the greater part of
the northern and central provinces, and is reported to be locally
common. During breeding time it keeps to the higher valleys and
wooded slopes of the Cordilleras at elevations of from 6,000 to 12,000
feet; on the approach of winter — in Aconcagua early in April (fide
R. Barros) — the birds repair to the foothills and plains, and descend
even to the coast.
Specimens from central Chile agree with a single male from
Tarapaca and a series from Bolivia (Parotani) and southern Peru
(Tinta, Cuzco). This pigeon is widely diffused in the Puna Zone
of these countries and western Argentina, while a nearly allied
form, M. m. saturatior Chubb, replaces it in the Andes of Ecuador.
244. Leptophaps1 aymara (Knip and PreVost)
Columba aymara Knip and Prevost, Les Pigeons, 2, p. 62, pi. 32, circa 1840 —
"Tacora," Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).
Metriopelia aymara Sclater (4), 1886, p. 402 — Huasco and Sitani, Tarapaca;
E. Reed (4), p. 208— Tarapaca; Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 499,
1893 — "Iquique" and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca.
Zenaida aurisquamata Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Brea, Atacama.
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras of northern Chile, in provinces of
Atacama, Antofagasta, and Tarapaca.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San Pedro
(alt. 12,600 feet), d" ad., 9 ad., May 1, 1924, Oct. 4, 1923.
In Chile this dove appears to be restricted to the northern prov-
inces. Rahmer obtained it at several localities in Tarapaca, while
Philippi records specimens from Brea, Cordillera of Atacama. It
is apparently absent from the central parts of the republic, although
Maximilian Landbeck, according to Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile, 31,
p. 268, 1868, s. n. Columbina aurisquamata), met with it in January,
1866, just across the Chilean frontier in the vicinity of Uspallata
Pass, Mendoza.
This dove inhabits the Puna Zone2 of western Argentina (south
to the Andes of Mendoza), northern Chile, Bolivia, and southern
Peru. Birds from Argentina (Columbina aurisquamata Leybold)3
which Chubb (Ibis, 1919, p. 44) proposed to distinguish under
lLeptophaps Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 401, 1913 — type Columba aymara
Knip and Prevost.
2 The specimen from "Iquique" (H. Rowland) in the British Museum is
doubtless incorrectly labeled.
3Leopoldina, 8, No. 7, p. 53, March, 1873 — Los Paramillos, near Uspallata,
Prov. Mendoza.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 347
Leybold's name, appear to me inseparable. They are by no means
smaller, but perhaps on average slightly paler, especially below.
245. Melopelia asiatica meloda (Tschudi)
Columba meloda Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 385, 1843 — "frequenter in
regionibus calidris praecipue declivitatis Antium occidentalis," Peru;
Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Suca [Rio Camarones, Tarapaca).
Zenaida souleyetiana Des Murs in Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 380,
pi. 6, 1846 — Chile (type in Paris Museum examined).
Melopelia meloda Sclater (2), pp. 330, 338— Chile; idem (4), 1886, p. 402—
Pica, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 209 — Tarapaca; Lane, p. 11— Pica.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in provinces of
Tarapaca and Tacna.
Specimens examined. — Tarapaca: Pica, d" ad., Feb. 22, 1886.
Carlos Rahmer. Wing 166; tail 128; bill 22 (British Museum).—
•"Chile:" adult. Type of Z. souleyetiana. M. Eydoux. Voyage of
the "Bonite," 1838. Wing 162; tail 126; bill 21 (Paris Museum).
Except for slightly larger size, the Pica bird agrees with others
from the Peruvian littoral (Chepen; Trujillo).
This dove is clearly but a race of M. asiatica, from which it merely
differs by somewhat stronger bill and decidedly gray (instead of pure
white) tips to the rectrices. Its range extends all along the Pacific
littoral from extreme northern Chile to southwestern Ecuador (Santa
Elena and Puna Island), while M. asiatica is found from western
Panama northwards. No representative of the genus appears to
exist in the intervening region.
M. a. meloda has been twice recorded from Chile. Philippi lists
it from Suca, on the Rio Camarones, which forms the boundary line
between the provinces of Tarapaca and Tacna, and Lane shot a
single male at Pica, in the first-named province. The exact locality,
where the type of Z. souleyetiana came from, is not known. It was
obtained by Eydoux and Souleyet during the voyage of the "Bonite"
in 1838, and may have originated either in northern Chile or in
Peru.
246. Columbina picui picui (Temminck)
Columba picui Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 1, pp. 435, 498, 1813 —
based on Azara, No. 324, Paraguay; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. Ill — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso.
Columbina strepitans (not of Spix) Fraser (1), p. 115 — Valley of Aconcagua;
Yarrell, p. 53 — Chile (egg descr.); Cassin, p. 191 — "in the mountains"
[of Chile]; Pelzeln (2), p. 109— Chile (egg descr.).
348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Colunibina picui Des Mure (2), p. 377 — "en las provincias centrales"; Germain,
p. 312 — Santiago (breeding habits); Philippi (12), p. 268 — central prov-
inces; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVII — Penaflor, Santiago;
Housse (2), p. 149 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Chamaepelia cyanostigma Bibra, p. 130 — near Casa Blanca, Valparaiso; Philippi
(12), p. 325 (crit.).
Columbula strepitans Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 330, 339— Chile (ex Pelzeln).
Columbula picui E. Reed (2), p. 565 — Colchagua; idem (4), p. 209 — valleys of
the Cordilleras; Schalow (2), p. 669— Santiago; Costes, p. 166— Valle
de Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 192 — Angol, Malleco.
Columbula picui picni Barros (4), p. 16 — Nilahue, Curic6 (rare).
Columbina picui picui Barros (5), p. 171 — Precordillera of Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from Aconcagua to Malleco.
Material collected. — Valparaiso: Olmue*, two d"cf ad., May 24,
June 2. C. C. Sanborn; Palmilla, La Cruz (alt. 500 feet), 9 imm.,
Nov. 20, 1924. J. A. Wolffsohn.— Santiago: Lampa, 9 ad., June 19,
1924. C. S. Reed.
The "Tortolita cuyana" has a very limited range in Chile, being
restricted to some of the central provinces. It has been recorded
by various observers from a number of localities in Valparaiso and
Santiago, such as Olmue", Casa Blanca, Santiago, Penaflor, San
Bernardo, and Marga-Marga. In the foothills and mountain valleys
of Aconcagua it is reported by Bridges and Barros to be tolerably
common. Farther south, it apparently decreases in numbers. R.
Barros lists it as rare in the Valley of Nilahue, Curico, and Bullock
records a single occurrence, in July, 1928, for Angol, Malleco. It
lives in the plains and hills, and is hardly ever found above an
elevation of 1,100 meters.
Chilean birds are seemingly inseparable from typical picui, of
which a large series has been examined including several topotypes
from Paraguay. While C. p. picui thus occupies a wide area, com-
prising central Chile, the northern parts of Argentina, Bolivia,
Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, without undergoing any
noticeable change, a smaller, decidedly paler race, C. p. strepitans,
has developed in northeastern Brazil (Bahia to Ceara and Piauhy).1
247. Chamaepelia talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck)
Columba talpacoti Temminck (and Knip), Les Pigeons, 1, Colombigallines, p.
22, pi. 12, 1811— "l'Ame>ique meridionale" = Brazil.
Range in Chile. — Accidental in Malleco (one record from Angol).
>Cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 466, 1929.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 349
Material examined. — Malleco: Angol, d1 ad., Sept. 5, 1926. D.
S. Bullock (Field Museum).
A flock of about fifty individuals of this dove appeared in the
vicinity of Angol on September 5, 1926, and one specimen was shot
by Mr. Bullock, who very kindly presented it to Field Museum of
Natural History. The bird agrees with our large series from Brazil.
This is the unidentified species referred to by Mr. Bullock under
No. 54 in his "Aves observadas en los alrededores de Angol" (Rev.
Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 192), where, by a pen-slip, the year of the
occurrence is given as 1927.
This dove is certainly but an accidental visitor in Chile.
248. Eupelia1 cruziana (Knip and PreVost)
Columba cruziana Knip and Prevost, Les Pigeons, 2, p. 89, pi. 48, 1842 (?)* —
"Bolivia, in the vicinity of Santa Cruz," errore; we suggest coast of Tacna
(types in Paris Museum examined).
Chamaepelia cruziana Sclater (4), 1886, p. 402 — Pica, Tarapaca; idem (6),
1891, p. 136 — Pica; E. Reed (4), p. 209— Tarapaca; Lane, p. 299— Pica
(nesting habits).
Columba gracilis Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Canchones, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of
Tarapaca.
Material collected. — Tarapaca: Pica (alt. 4,000 feet), two 9 9
imm., May 24, 1924.
Additional specimens. — "Peru" (locality not specified): d* ad.,
9 ad. D'Orbigny, 1831. Types of the species (Paris Museum).
These skins are similar to the types, but owing to their immaturity
they are not so bright on the breast and have a number of brownish
feathers in the gray crown. Although the describers indicate "Santa
Cruz, Bolivia" as habitat, the two examples in the Paris Museum,
according to both labels and registers, were obtained by d'Orbigny
in 1831 in "Peru," viz. in the province of Tacna.
This handsome little dove is reported by Lane to be common at
Pica in gardens, streets, and corrals. Philippi records it from Can-
chones, in the same district. Lane "found a nest on top of a post
supporting the wall of a shed in a garden; as the whole structure was
lEupelia Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 512, 1913 — type Columba cruziana
Knip and PreVost.
1 Although no definite information is available concerning the dates of pub-
lication and contents of the various livraisons of this work, it is generally conceded
that C. cruziana has priority over Columba gracilis Tschudi (Arch. Naturg., 9,
(1), p. 385, 1843— Peru).
350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
a mere wicker-work arrangement, intended only as a shelter from
the sun, the birds found no difficulty of passage through the inter-
stices of the roof. The nest was a mere platform of stalks of grass,
and contained two newly hatched young. I believe that this dove
nests more commonly in the forks of trees or shrubs."
E. cruziana ranges from northern Chile to western Ecuador, its
habitat being restricted to the arid and semi-arid Tropical Zone.
249. Gymnopelia ceciliae gymnops Chubb
Gymnopelia ceciliae gymnops (Gray MS.) Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 38,
p. 18, 1917— Challapata [Oruro], Bolivia.
Gymnopelia erythrothorax Sclater (4), 1886, p. 402 — Sibaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed
(4), p. 209— Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in provinces of
Tarapaca and Tacna.
Material collected. — Tacna: Putre (alt. 11,600 feet), d" ad., July
2, 1924.
The specimen is identical with others from the Bolivian province
of Cochabamba (Tiraque, Vacas), which may be taken to represent
G. c. gymnops.
This race differs from G. c. ceciliae (Lesson),1 of western Peru
(Santa Eulalia and Matucana, above Lima), by much paler2 and
more brownish upper parts with the tail coverts buffy brown or
buckthorn brown; lighter brown central rectrices; much deeper vinous
foreneck and chest; and deeper buff abdomen. It has long been
known as G. erythrothorax, a name that cannot be retained, since
Columba erythrothorax Meyen3 is antedated by C. erythrothorax
Temminck.4
Its range comprises the extreme south of Peru (Arequipa, Puno),
Bolivia, and the most northerly parts of Chile. In the latter country
it was taken only once before, Carlos Rahmer having shot a single
young male at Sibaya, in the Cordillera of Tarapaca. Its habitat
is restricted to the arid Temperate and Puna Zones.
lColumba (Chamoepelia) ceciliae Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 12, 1st sem.,
No. 1, col. 8, 1845 — Peru. — Syn. Columba (Chamoepelia) anais Lesson, Oeuvr.
Buffon (e"d. LeVgque), 20, [ =Descr. Mammif. et Ois.], p. 210, 1847— Peru.
2 Not darker, as stated in the original description.
3 Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 92, pi. 26,
1834— Pisacoma (alt. 14,000-15,000 feet), Arequipa, Peru.
4 Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, Colombigallines, p. 15, pi. 7, 1811 —
"Surinam" (?).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 351
250. Rallus limicola antarcticus King
Rallus antarcticus King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 95, 1828 — Straits of Magellan;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile (crit.); E. Reed (2), p. 565; idem
(4), p. 209— Chile; Philippi (24), p. 70, pi. 28— Santiago.
Rallus uliginosus Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 14, (1), p. 83, 1858 — plain of San-
tiago; idem (12), p. 278 — Santiago.
Range in Chile. — Only recorded from the province of Santiago,
but also occurring in the Straits of Magellan and in Argentina.
Specimens examined. — Santiago Province: adult, 1866. R. A.
Philippi. — "Chile" (unspecified) : five adults. Collected by T. Bridges,
F. Leybold, and L. Landbeck (all in the British Museum).
Birds from central Chile (R. uliginosus) appear to be inseparable
from others taken at Punta Arenas and Valle del Lago Blanco,
western Chubut.
This little-known rail is nearly related to R. limicola aequatorialis
Sharpe, but differs by generally smaller size;1 paler, sandy (buffy)
instead of brownish edges to the dorsal plumage; dark gray throat,
breast, and upper abdomen (instead of isabelline passing into white
along middle of throat, as in aequatorialis) ; and by having the flanks
much more broadly and more regularly barred with black and white.
Nothing is known about its distribution in Chile beyond its having
been obtained by several collectors in the central section, particularly
in Santiago Province.
251. Rallus sanguinolentus landbecki n. subsp.
Adult. — Nearest to R. s. luridus Peale, from the Straits of
Magellan, but with slenderer, though not always shorter bill, and
upper parts decidedly paler and more olivaceous, less rufous brown.
Type in Field Museum of Natural History, No. 66,400. 9 ad.,
Conception, Chile, June 20, 1903. Carlos S. Reed.
Range. — The whole of Chile from Tarapaca south to Llanquihue
(Rio Aisen).
Remarks. — The form here described is — properly speaking — not
a new bird, but has been known for nearly a century under the name
Rallus (or Limnopardalus) sanguinolentus as the Chilean race of R.
rytirhynchus. Recent investigation of the case, however, reveals
1 Eight specimens from Chile, Chubut, and Punta Arenas measure: wing 89-95;
bill 29-32; seven from Ecuador and Lima: wing 100-107, once 95 mm. An adult
female from Buenos Aires (Lomas de Zamora) with a wing of 99 mm. is, however,
hardly smaller than R. L aequatorialis.
352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
the fact that no name is available for this rail, and that the nomen-
clature of the whole group needs readjustment.
The earliest name to be considered is Rallus rytirhynchos Vieillot,1
exclusively based on the "Ypecaha pardo" of Azara (No. 372), who
claims to have seen three specimens of it — presumably from Paraguay
or the adjacent section of Argentina, although no definite locality
is mentioned. The description, which appears to have been taken
from immature individuals, indicates a bird with blackish brown
top and sides of the head, pale brown occiput and nape; a whitish
band along the middle of the under parts from the foreneck to the
lower abdomen; and tarsi which are black anteriorly and coral-red
laterally, while the bill is stated to be remarkably long, measuring 35^
French lines ( = 80 mm.). These characters certainly do not agree
with any plumage of the species designated by authors as R. rytir-
hynchos, and I am of the opinion that Vieillot's name should be
dropped as unidentifiable.
Rallus setosus King2 cannot at present be accepted either. The
original account does not mention any specific locality, although
from the title of the paper3 one is led to assume that the bird came
from the Straits of Magellan. However, King expressly states that
"the feathers of the lower part of the back" and "the secondary quill-
feathers are marked with black in the centre," which is in utter dis-
agreement with the plain-backed Magellanic race, whereas this
feature is plainly shown in the Argentine and Brazilian forms. King's
letter being dated "Adventure, Rio de Janeiro, July 8, 1827" (see
Zool. Journ., 3, p. 422, 1827), I am wondering if R. setosiLS might
not have been secured in the vicinity of the Brazilian capital, where
a form with black-spotted back and secondaries, R. s. zelebori, is
known to occur. Until the type, whose whereabouts are unknown,
is found, it seems unadvisable to bring King's name into use.
Rallies sanguinolentits Swainson4 obviously is the first term of
unquestionable applicability. The description, "Bill green, with a
red spot at the base of the under mandible; plumage, above, olive
brown; beneath, cinereous and unspotted; tail brown; the under
coverts black. Inhabits Brazil and Chile," not containing any
reference to the black spotting above, has been referred to the Chilean
'Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 28, p. 549, 1819.
2 Zool. Journ., 4, p. 94, 1828.
3 "Extracts from a letter addressed by Capt. Philip Parker King to N. A.
Vigors, on the Animals of the Straits of Magellan."
4Anim. Menag., p. 335, Dec. 31, 1837.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 353
form. An inspection of the type courteously lent from the Cambridge
(Eng.) Museum by the late Dr. Hans Gadow, however, shows this
surmise to be fallacious. The type,1 an adult bird in good condition,
is a perfectly typical example of the eastern (Argentine-Paraguayan)
race with heavily black-spotted middle and lower back and second-
aries. The reddish color at the base of the mandible and on the
lower half of the maxilla is still discernible. In the rather pale
olivaceous tinge of the upper parts it agrees particularly well with
certain specimens from Uruguay in the British Museum. Swain-
son's2 name R. sanguinolentus must, therefore, replace rytirhynchus
auct., and becomes the specific term of the whole group.
In 1847, Des Murs3 described the Chilean form as Rallus bicolor,
but this name is preoccupied by Rallus bicolor Blackwall,4 a synonym
of R. nigricans Vieillot.6
A year later, Peale6 named Rattus luridus from Tierra del Fuego,
which is the same as the bird separated long afterwards by Sharpe7
as Limnopardalus vigilantis.
Thus, no valid name is available for the "Piden" of the Chileans,
and we, accordingly, propose to call it R. sanguinolentus landbecki
in commemoration of Ludwig Landbeck, who did more for the ad-
vancement of Chilean ornithology than anybody else.
After saying so much about their nomenclature, it seems appro-
priate to add a few lines on the characters of the various races and
their distribution. At the outset, I want to state that I am quite
unable to agree with Sharpe8 and Lowe9 in splitting the group into
several specific entities. In the light of our present knowledge it is
evident that nowhere do two of them occur side by side, and their
distinguishing features, while fairly constant in series, are not of a
nature to suggest specific difference. Rallus nigricans, on the other
xlt still bears Swainson's original label with the inscription: "Rallus san-
guinolentiis Sw. Cent. No. 161 and Mus. Brazil." Besides, there is a Museum
label: "E Mus. Acad. Cantabrigiae. Rallus rythirhynchus. Type of R. sanguino-
lentus, Sw. Swainson Collection."
2 Swainson may have seen Chilean birds in W. J. Hooker's collection or in the
Zoological Society's Museum. In view of their general similarity it is not sur-
prising that he should have regarded them as identical with his own specimen.
3 In Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 434, 1847— Chile.
4Edinb. Journ. Sci. (ed. Brewster), new ser., 6, No. 11, p. 78, Oct., 1832 —
Brazil.
6Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e<L, 28, p. 560, 1819 — based on Azara, No. 371,
Paraguay and La Plata River.
•U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 223, 1848— Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego.
7 Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 31, pi. 4, 1894— Tom Bay, Straits of Magellan.
8 Rep. Prince. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, (1), p. 48, 1904.
'Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 37, 1925.
354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
hand, is obviously specifically distinct (its principal character being
the nearly straight, greenish or yellowish bill) and is found, alongside
with representatives of R. sanguinolentus, over a wide area of South
America. I do not see any practical advantage in the recognition
of such generic groups as Pardirallus or Ortygonax that have been
advocated by certain authors, and prefer to include these neotropical
rails in Rallus.
(a) Rallus sanguinolentus sanguinolentus Swainson.
Middle and lower back more or less distinctly spotted with black-
ish; inner secondaries extensively black in the center, margined with
brown; bill with a conspicuous red basal spot, involving the whole
depth of the mandible and the lower half of the maxilla.
Range. — Northern Argentina, south to the Rio Negro; Paraguay;
Uruguay; extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
The blackish central spots to the dorsal feathers and secondaries,
together with the prominent red mark at the base of the bill, render
this form readily recognizable. The ground color of the upper parts
is subject to certain individual variation, being sometimes more
rufescent, sometimes duller and more olivaceous.
Among the many adults examined there was not one that lacked
the red basal spot to the bill. The range appears to comprise the
greater part of Argentina, from the Rio Negro northwards, as well
as the adjoining republics of Paraguay and Uruguay, and stretches
into the extreme south of Brazil. A specimen from Rio Grande,
Rio Grande do Sul, agrees in color and size with the average from
Argentina.
Specimens have been examined from the following localities.—
Argentina, Prov. Buenos Aires: Isla Ella, Delta del Parana, d31 ad.,
Jan. 18, 1917. R. Kemp; Barracas al Sud, two cf d" ad., one 9 ad.,
May, July, Sept. F. M. Rodriguez and S. Venturi; Avellaneda, 9
ad., Sept. 22, 1904. F. M. Rodriguez; Belgrano, d" ad., Aug. 10,
1876. H. Durnford;LomasdeZamora, cTad., Nov. 8, 1886. W. W.
Withington; Alvear, adult (unsexed), Aug. 13, 1876. H. Durnford;
Conchitas, 9 ad., Oct., 1869. W. H. Hudson; Ajo, one c? ad.,
three 9 9 ad., March, June, Sept., Oct. E. Gibson; Los Yngleses,
Ajo, 9 ad., May 30, 1909. C. B. Grant; Del Carril, Dept. Saladillo,
adult, Oct. 11, 1896.— Cordoba: Cosquin, <? ad., Aug. 2, 1882.
E. W. White.— Entrerios: La Soledad, 9 ad., Feb. 25, 1902. C. B.
Britton. — Mendoza: Tunuyan, d" imm., 9 ad., May 25-30, 1923.
H. B. Conover. — Tucuman: San Felipe, d* imm., June 19, 1904.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 355
L. Dinelli; Rio Colorado, cf ad., June 24, 1904. L. Dinelli; Bur-
ruyain, 9 ad., Aug., 1926. E. Budin. — Paraguay: Sapucay, cf ad.,
Nov. 18, 1902. W. Foster. — Uruguay: Montevideo, adult, Burnett
and Fitzroy; Santa Elena, Soriano, <? ad., Oct. 29, 1892. 0. V.
Aplin. — Brazil: Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, cf ad., June. H. von
Ihering; unspecified, adult (unsexed), type of R. sanguinolentus Sw.
(b) Rallus sanguinolentus zelebori (Pelzeln).
Aramides zelebori Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 133, 1865 — Lake
Paratininga (type) and Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro.
Two adults from the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, both in the Vienna
Museum, are so much smaller and have so much slenderer, paler
(yellowish green) bills that I cannot but maintain A. zelebori as
subspecifically different. Both have the secondaries extensively
black, the middle and lower back coarsely spotted with black,1
and a very conspicuous bright red basal spot to the bill, thus agreeing
in coloration with R. s. sanguinolentus. The dorsal surface is decid-
edly rufescent brown.
Wing 110, 114; tars. 55; bill 41, 45 mm.
Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in State of Rio de Janeiro (Lake
Paratininga and Sapitiba).2
Specimens examined. — Lake Paratininga, adult, Aug., 1857. J.
Zelebor ("Novara" Expedition), type; Sapitiba, 9 ad., Feb. 11, 1818.
J. Natterer.
(c) Rallus sanguinolentus luridus Peale.
Rallus luridus Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 223, 1848— Orange Harbour,
Tierra del Fuego.
Limnopardalus vigilantis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 31, pi. 4, 1894 —
Tom Bay, Straits of Magellan.
This form differs from the two preceding ones by its unspotted
rufous brown upper parts, much larger feet and bill, and generally
larger dimensions. The red basal spot to the bill is as a rule more
or less obsolete or even absent, though sometimes hardly less con-
spicuous than in sanguinolentus, but apparently always lacking on
the upper mandible.3
1 In the Sapitiba bird the lower back and rump are nearly uniform black, hence
darker than in any of the numerous specimens of typical sanguinolentus.
2 The bird from Ypiranga, Sao Paulo, recorded by Ihering (Cat. Faun. Braz.,
1, p. 27, 1907) s. n. Limnopardalus rytirhynchus, probably belongs to R. s. zelebori.
3 The coloration of the plate (2) in Oustalet's "Oiseaux de la Mission Scient.
du Cap Horn" is obviously incorrect. In the text (p. 133), the bill in fresh speci-
mens from the Cape Horn region is described as follows: "Les deux mandibules
sont vertes sur la plus grande partie de leur longueur, mais la superieure tourne
au bleu violac6 du c6te" du front, tandis que 1'inferieure est marquee a la base d'une
tache rouge tres apparente."
356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Wing 150-163; bill 61 (once), 63-69 mm.
Range. — Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, and Cape Horn
region.
This rail is evidently restricted to the southern extremity of the
South American continent and neighboring islands, where it appears
to be resident, since birds have been taken in January, February,
March, April, June, and December.
We have examined specimens from the following localities. —
Magallanes: Tom Bay, Madre de Dios Island, Trinidad Channel,
9 ad., April 13, 1879. R. W. Coppinger (type of L. vigilantis);
Mayne Harbor, d* ad., March, 1880. R. W. Coppinger; Puerto
Bueno, West Smyth's Channel, rf ad., Feb. 6, 1903. M. J. Nicoll;
Port Fleury, Straits of Magellan, d" ad., Jan. 29, 1879. R. W.
Coppinger; Isla Afio Nuevo, Tierra del Fuego, cf ad., Dec., 1918.
E. Barcelo; Hermit Island, adult. Antarctic Expedition; Bay Gret-
ton, Wollaston Island, cf ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 25, June 21-22;
Maxwell Island, 9 ad., June 26, 1883; M. Hahn (French Cape Horn
Expedition).
(d) Rallus sanguinolentus landbecki Hellmayr.
Rallus sanguinolentus (not of Swainson) Darwin, p. 133 — Valparaiso; Fraser
(1), p. 108— Chile; Yarrell, p. 54— Chile (egg descr.); Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 333, 339 — Chile; Lane, p. 299 — Pica, central and southern Chile,
Chiloe\
Rallus bicolor (not of Blackwall) Des Murs (2), p. 434 — Chile; Boeck, p. 510 —
Valdivia; Germain, p. 314 — Santiago (breeding habits); Frauenfeld, p. 639
— Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Philippi (12), p. 278 — the whole of Chile;
Lataste (1), p. CXV— Bureo (Chilian), Ruble; idem (4), p. XXXIV—
Caillihue (Vichuquen), Curic6; idem (5), p. LXIII — Junquillos, ftuble;
Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXIX— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p.
CLXXIII — San Alfonso, Valparaiso.
Rallus caesius (not of Spix) Cassin, p. 195 — interior of Chile; Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 8, 1865— Santiago.
Aramides bicolor and Aramides sanguinolentus Pelzeln (2), pp. 133, 134 — Chile.
Rallus rythrhynchus (sic) E. Reed (2), p. 565 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Gigoux,
p. 83 — Caldera, Atacama.
Rallus rhytorhynchus Sclater (6), 1891, p. 136 — Pica, Tarapaca.
Rallus erythyrhynchus (sic) E. Reed (4), p. 209 — Chile.
Limnopardalus rytirhynchus sanguinolentus Schalow (2), p. 669 — Punta Tea-
tinos, Coquimbo; Passler (3), p. 438 — Coronel (breeding habits).
Pardirallus rityrhynchus sanguinolentus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 51 — Maquehue
and Pelal, Temuco; Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p. 91 (nest).
Pardirallus rytirhynchus subsp. sanguinolentus Barros (4), p. 16 — Nilahue,
Curico.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 357
Pardiralltis ryiirhynchus sanguinolentus Barros (5), p. 171 — Cordillera of
Aconcagua.
Rallus rytirhynchus Housse (1), p. 52 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; idem (2), p.
150 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 113 — Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 203 — Angol, Malleco (breeding).
Range. — Chile, from Tarapaca to Llanquihue (Rio Aisen), and
the adjacent section of southwestern Argentina (western Chubut
and western Santa Cruz).
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, 9
ad., Aug. 24. — Cautin: Rio Lolen (alt. 3,600 feet), Lonquimai Valley,
9 imm., cf juv., Feb. 11. — Valdivia: Mafil, cf vix ad., cf imm.,
9 juv., Feb. 21. — Chiloe" Island: Quellon, two cf cf ad., one 9 ad.,
Jan. 17-19; Rio Inio, cf ad., 9 ad., Dec. 22, Jan. 5. — Llanquihue:
Casa de Richards, Rio Rirehuau, cf ad., cf vix ad., Feb. 21-27;
Balseo, junction of Rios Simpson and Maniuales, near Puerto
Aisen, cf imm., April 12.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Pica, 9 ad., May 24, 1890.
A. Lane.1 — Coquimbo: Vicuna, adult, July 1, 1886. R. H. Powell.3—
Santiago (not specified): cf ad., 1871. F. Leybold;1 cf ad., June 14,
1924. C. S. Reed;2 two cf cf ad., Sept., 1872. E. C. Reed.3—
O'Higgins: Raricagua, cf ad., June 22, 1924. C. S. Reed.*— Curic6:
Teno, cf ad., May 23, 1923. C. S. Reed.2— Concepcion: Vegas de
Talcaguano, cf ad., June 12, 1924. C. S. Reed;2 Concepcion, 9
ad., June 20, 1903. C. S. Reed (Field Museum); Penco, cf ad.,
June 20, 1904. C. S. Reed;3 Cabrero, 9 ad., June 8, 1903. C. S.
Reed.3 — Ruble: Junquillos (San Carlos de Chilian), 9 ad., May 23,
1895. F. Lataste (Paris Museum). — Arauco: Maquegua, two cf cf
ad., July 19, Aug. 10, 1890. A. A. Lane.1— Malleco: cf ad., June 8,
1924. C. S. Reed.2 — Cautin: Maquehue, one cf ad., two 9 9 ad.,
one 9 imm., March 5, 28, Jan. 19, Sept. 9. D. S. Bullock;1 Pelal,
Temuco, two 9 9 ad., Nov. 20, 1909. A. C. Saldana;1 Chapod,
Temuco, 9 ad., April 19, 1910. A. C. Saldana.1— Valdivia: Rio
Bueno, cf ad., Jan. 9, 1890. A. A. Lane.1
The Chilean race is closely allied to R. s. luridus and resembles
it in the uniform (unspotted) upper parts, but feet and bill are
decidedly weaker, while the coloration above is lighter, more oliva-
ceous (less rufous) brown. Some of the Chilean birds have the bills
quite as long as luridus, and a few approach it also in the saturated
British Museum (Natural History), London.
1 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
1 Tring Museum, Herts., England.
358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
tone of the dorsal plumage; but in series the two forms are clearly
separable.
There does not seem to be any local variation, birds from Copiapo
and Santiago being identical with others from southern Chile. A
single female from Pica, Tarapaca, however, is smaller and has a
remarkably short bill.
The red spot at the base of the bill is very rarely so well-marked
as in R. s. sanguinolentus. In most cases it is rather obsolete or even
absent as in R. s. luridus, although the red color sometimes encroaches
on the extreme lower portion of the upper mandible.
The "Piden" is reported to be common in suitable places through-
out the republic. According to Barros, it is found in the Cordilleras
up to about 6,000 feet elevation. It appears to be also this form
that occurs on the eastern side of the Andes in the western districts
of Chubut and Santa Cruz. An immature female from Puesto
Burro, Chubut (Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, No. 9395.
April 22, 1918. E. Budin) I am unable to distinguish from Chilean
specimens in corresponding plumage, and Wetmore1 likewise refers
an adult bird from Caracoles, Santa Cruz, to the present race.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Bill
Three from Santiago 138,140,150 59,63,—
One from Rancagua 150 68
One from Curico 147 67
Two from Conception 150,150 65,69
Two from Arauco 144,146 67,68
One from Malleco 148 64
One from Cautin 150 67
Two from Valdivia 145,150 67,68
Three from Chiloe Island 140,150,152 62,66,68
One from Rio Nirehuau 150 60
Adult females
One from Pica, Tarapaca 130 43
One from Copiapd, Atacama 135
Two from Conception 140,140 59,59
One from Ruble 142 56
Five from Cautin 137,137,138,141,149 54,56,57,57,65
Two from ChiloS Island 141,144 55,57
Two additional races, R. s. tschudii (Chubb) and R. s. simonsi
(Chubb), inhabit Peru. They are closely related to R. s. sanguino-
lentus, and need not be discussed any farther in the present connection.
252. Creciscus jamaicensis salinasi (Philippi)
Rallus salinasi Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, p. 180, 1857 — Chile; idem,
Arch. Naturg., 23, (1), p. 262, 1857— Chile.
lUniv. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 424, 1926.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 359
Gallinula salinasi Philippi (12), p. 278 — only in the province of Santiago.
Porzo.no, jamaicensis (not of Gmelin) Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile;
E. Reed (2), p. 565— Colchagua (?); idem (4), p. 209— Chile.
EaMtts (Porzana) salinasi Philippi (24), p. 69, pi. 23, fig. 2— Chile.
Range in Chile. — Definitely recorded only from the province of
Santiago, but doubtless more widely distributed.
Specimens examined. — Santiago: Vicinity of Santiago, 9 ad.,
9 imm., Sept., 1865. R. A. Philippi (U. S. National Museum);
cf imm., 9 juv., 1866. F. Leybold (Munich Museum).
This little rail, originally discovered by Eulojio Salinas near
Santiago, was afterwards obtained in the same district by R. A.
Philippi and F. Leybold. Nothing is known about its habits, though
it is not likely to differ from its congeners. Mr. Sanborn believes
that he saw it in the Copiapo Valley, near Ramadilla, Atacama.
All the specimens preserved in collections are from Santiago.
C. j. salinasi is closely related to the Black Rail of North America,
but may be distinguished by the much more extensive as well as
brighter (russet instead of carob or chestnut brown) nuchal area
and slightly longer toes. As far as the blackish ground color and the
restricted white marginal spots of the dorsal plumage are concerned,
the two birds are very much alike. Another close ally, C. j. muri-
vagans Riley,1 inhabits the littoral of Peru. It is very similar to
C. j. salinasi, but has the back more of a brownish hue with the white
markings forming regular bars across the whole width of the feathers
instead of being broken into isolated spots. There can be no question
in my mind that these South American "species" are merely slightly
differentiated races of the northern Black Rail.
253. Porphyriops melanops crassirostris (J. E. Gray)
Fulica crassirostris J. E. Gray in Griffith's Anim. Kingd., Birds, 3, p. 542
and plate, 1829 — "South America" (type in British Museum examined).
Gallinula crassirostris Darwin, p. 133 — Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 118 —
[Colchagua] Chile (egg descr.); Yarrell, p. 54 — Chile (egg descr.); Des
Murs (2), p. 436, pi. 9 — Chile (monog.); Boeck, p. 510 — Valdivia; Cassin,
p. 196 — Chile; Germain, p. 314 — Santiago; Frauenfeld, p. 639 — Lake
Aculeo, Santiago; Pelzeln (2), p. 135 — Chile (egg descr.); Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 49, 1865— Santiago and Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 278
— the whole of Chile; Lataste (5), p. LXII — San Carlos (Junquillos),
ftuble (spec, examined); Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVIII— Penaflor,
Santiago; Housse (2), p. 150 — San Bernardo, Santiago.
Ortygomet ra femoralis Hartlaub (3), p. 216 — Valdivia.
Hydrocicca melanops Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 333, 339 — Santiago.
lProc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 104, 1916— Lima, Peru.
360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Porphyriops crassirostris Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1868, p. 461 —
Chile (crit.).
Porphyriops melanops E. Reed (2), p. 565 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2),
p. 428 — Coquimbo Lagoon; E. Reed (4), p. 209— Chile; Lane, p. 300—
Valdivia; Schalow (2), p. 668— Villarrica; Barros (4), p. 17— Nilahue,
Curic6; Housse (1), p. 52 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Jaffuel and Pirion,
p. 113 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso (breeding); Bullock (4), p. 203 — Angol,
Malleco.
Porphyriops melanops melanops Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 159,
1914 — Temuco, Cautin; Passler (3), p. 434 — Coronel (breeding habits).
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to Llanquihue.
Specimens examined. — Coquimbo: Coquimbo, 9 ad., Nov., 1881.
A. H. Markham— Santiago: Penaflor, <? ad., Feb. 26, 1895. F.
Lataste; Santiago, d" ad., 1872. F. Leybold (British Museum).—
Ruble: Junquillos (San Carlos de Chilian), <? ad., May 23, 1895.
F. Lataste (Berlepsch Collection, Frankfort Museum). — Cautin:
Finfin, Temuco, three d"d* ad., April 30, 1910. A. C. Saldana;
Maquehue, Temuco, rf1 ad., Sept. 23, 1904. D. S. Bullock.— Val-
divia: Rio Contra, <? juv., Feb. 19, 1891. A. A. Lane (all in the
British Museum). — Llanquihue: Desagiie, 9 ad., April 12, 1895.
G. Hopke (Frankfort Museum). — Chile (unspecified): five adults.
H. Berkeley James Collection (British Museum).
Comparison with a fair series from eastern Argentina (Buenos
Aires region) and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia) tends to
show that Chilean birds may be separated on account of their
generally longer wings and stouter, more elevated bills. While it
must be admitted that measurements slightly overlap and that the
bill in some Chilean examples is by no means larger than in the general
run from Argentina, certain birds from the east are remarkably
small-billed, and their wings never attain the high figures frequently
reached by specimens from the Pacific side. The type of Fulica
crassirostris, from an unknown locality, presented by W. Hennah
to the British Museum, according to dimensions of wing and bill,
is a typical example of the Chilean form.
MEASUREMENTS
P. m. melanops Wing Tail Bill
Four adult males from Aj6, Buenos Aires 123,125, 54,55, 29,31,
128,128 56,59 32,32
One adult male from Dept. Saladillo,
Prov. Buenos Aires 117 52 24
One adult from Espartillar, Buenos Aires 119 52 25
One adult male from Buenos Aires 125H 54 29^
Two adults from near Colonia, Rio de la Plata 115,125 56,58 27,28
One adult from Sao Lourenco, Rio Grande
do Sul, Brazil 128 52 27M
One adult female from Joazeiro, Bahia 120 49 30
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 361
P. TO. crassirostris Wing Tail Bill
Two adult males from Santiago Province 130,134 57,59 28,30
One adult male from Junquillos, Nuble 135 64 30^
Four adult males from Temuco, Cautin 126,134, 57,60, 28,29,
134,141 60,62 29,30
One adult female from Coquimbo 126 55 27
One adult female from Llanquihue 127 62 29
Type of Fulica crassirostris Gray 135 58 32
So far as coloration is concerned, I am unable to discover any
constant difference between the two races. The presence of white
at the tips of the shorter secondaries is evidently a purely individual
character, and has no geographic significance.
The "Tagiiita" is reported as common around lakes and marshes
in the southern and central provinces. In the north it ranges as
far as Coquimbo, where specimens have been taken by Markham
and Plate.
254. Gallinula chloropus garmani Allen
Gallinula garmani Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 3, p. 357, 1876 — Lake
Titicaca, Peru.
Gallinula galeata (not of Lichtenstein) Sclater (4), 1886, p. 402 — Sitani,
Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 136 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p.
209— Chile; Lane, p. 300— Sacaya, Tarapacd (habits).
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras of Tarapaca.
Specimens examined. — Tarapaca: Sacaya, three c?1 rf1 ad., one
d1 imm., one 9 ad., Jan. 25, March 13, 16, 29, April 30, 1890. A. A.
Lane; Sitani, 9 ad., Jan. 20, 1886. C. Rahmer (British Museum).
The series agrees with another from Peru and Bolivia, including
a number of topotypes. The large size, the nearly uniform dark
slaty coloration (at best with a slight dull brownish olive tinge on
lower back and rump), and the slaty blackish head and neck readily
distinguish G. c. garmani from the other South American races of the
moorhen.
It is apparently a high Andean representative of the group, which
lives in the Temperate and Puna Zones (from 10,000 feet upwards)
of Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina. In
addition to the Tarapaca series, we have examined specimens from
the following localities: Lake Junin (three); Puno, west shore of
Lake Titicaca (three); Chililaya, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia (three);
Laguna de Tambo, Arequipa, Peru (one); Vacas, Cochabamba,
Bolivia (one); Puna de Jujuy, Argentina (one).
The wing ranges in males from 212 to 228, in females from 190
to 210 mm. ; the specimens from Junin being on average slightly larger
(220 and more) than the others.
362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Birds from the littoral of northwestern Peru (Reque and Eten,
Lambayeque; Trujillo, Libertad)1 are much smaller (wing 157-165
mm.), paler, and extensively olive brown on the dorsal surface. They
appear to be very near to G. g. pauxilla Bangs, but differ by much
shorter bill with much less expanded frontal plate.
According to Lane, Garman's Moorhen is by no means uncom-
mon in the marshes of Sacaya, Tarapaca. It is locally known as
"Llagareto," nests in rushes, sedges, etc., laying about five eggs in
January or February, and occurs up to 11,000 feet.
[Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein) does not occur in Chile,
as has been pointed out long ago by Philippi (P. Z. S. Lond., 1868,
p. 532). Des Murs's statement (in Gay, p. 437) that G. galeata is
"comun en los lagos de la Republica" refers without doubt to some
species of Ftdica, and so does Frauenfeld's sight-record (p. 639) from
Lake Aculeo, Santiago.]
255. Fulica cornuta Bonaparte
Fulica cornuta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 925, Dec., 1853
— Bolivia (type from Potosi, coll. Castelnau, in Paris Museum examined) ;
Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Lake Ascotan, Antofagasta.
Range in Chile. — Puna of Antofagasta (one record from Lake
Ascotan).
Philippi records this species from Lake Ascotan, at an altitude
of about 15,000 feet, in the Cordillera of northeastern Antofagasta.
This coot, immediately recognizable by the caruncles on the
frontal shield, is only known from a few localities, all above 13,000
feet, in northwestern Argentina, Bolivia, and northern Chile. Dis-
covered by Castelnau and Deville near Potosi, Bolivia, in 1845, the
type remained unique in the French National collection until the
late G. Baer2 secured specimens at the Laguna de Cerro Pelado (alt.
16,000-17,000 feet), in the Aconquija Range, Tucuman. Additional
specimens have since been obtained on the Laguna de las Cumbres
Calchaquies (alt. 15,000 feet), Tucuman,3 and on Lake Poopo,
Oruro, Bolivia.4
*We have not seen birds from Lima.
2Cf. Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 14, p. 38, 1904; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 232,
1904.
3Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, p. 70, 1905; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool.,
16, p. 260, 1909.
4Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 220, 1909.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 363
256. Fulica gigantea Eydoux and Souleyet
Fulcia (sic) giganlea Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., 1, p. 102, pi.
8, 1841— Peru.
Fulica gigantea Sclater (4), 1886, p. 402 — Cueva Negra, near Sacaya, Tarapaca
(eggs descr.); idem (6), 1891, p. 136 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 301 —
Sacaya, Tarapaca; Blaauw (1), p. 14 — "Laguna Huachiri," Chile.
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras of Tarapaca and Tacna.
Specimens examined. — Tarapaca: Cueva Negra, two 9 9 ad.,
Feb. 10, 1886. C. Rahmer; Sacaya, rf1 ad., March 18, 1890. A.
Lane (British Museum).
These birds are identical with others from Peru (Junin).
Within Chilean limits the Gigantic Coot has only been found in
Tarapaca, where it is said to be far from common. In fact, Lane
writes that in the district visited by him it was very local, being
confined to certain pools. There was a small piece of marsh at
Sacaya in the upper part of the valley with a few acres of water and
a fair amount of sedgy grass about it. On this Lane found a colony
of F. gigantea and F. ardesiaca, but never saw them anywhere else
but in this one spot, from which they appeared never to stray. The
altitude of this marsh was nearly 11,000 feet.
Blaauw states that the Museo Nacional at Santiago has two
specimens of this coot taken in 1870 on the Laguna Huachiri, a
place that I have not been able to locate on any map.
F. gigantea inhabits the Puna Zone of Peru, Bolivia, and northern
Chile.
257. Fulica ardesiaca Tschudi
Fulica ardesiaca Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 389, 1843— Peru, sc. Lake
Junin (see Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 303); Sclater (4), 1886, p. 402— Huasco,
Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 136 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; Philippi, Ornis, 4,
p. 160 — Antofagasta; Lane, p. 203 — Sacaya, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras of Tarapaca and Antofagasta.
Specimens examined. — Tarapaca: Sitani, d" ad., 9 ad., Jan. 20,
1886. C. Rahmer (British Museum).
These examples agree with others from Peru (Lake Junin; Laguna
de Tungasuca).
Lane found this coot in company with F. gigantea on a marsh
in the upper part of the Sacaya Valley. Carlos Rahmer obtained
it at Sitani, Tarapaca, and Philippi lists it from Antofagasta.
F. ardesiaca is widely distributed in the Puna and Temperate
Zones of the Andes from Ecuador south to Bolivia and northern
Chile.
364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
258. Fulica rufifrons Philippi and Landbeck
Fulica (misprinted Tulica) rufifrons Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ.
Chile, 19, No. 4, p. 507, Oct., 1861— Chile; Landbeck, Arch. Naturg.,
28, (1), pp. 223, 225, 226, 1862— Chile, sc. Santiago; Philippi (24), p. .71—
Chile; Housse (2), p. 150 — San Bernardo, Santiago; idem (3), p. 227 —
Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Passler (3), p. 436 — Coronel (breeding habits);
Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 113 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Fulica leucopyga (not of Wagler, 1831) Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 1, "1853,"
Extraheft, p. 84, 1854 — Talcaguano; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli,
p. 64, 1865— Santiago (crit.); Pelzeln (2), p. 135— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 333, 339— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 667— Villarrica and La Serena,
Coquimbo.
Fulica ruifrons (sic) Philippi (12), p. 279 — central provinces.
Fulica lecopygia (sic) E. Reed (2), p. 566 — Cauquenes, Colchagua.
Fulica lencopyga (sic) E. Reed (4), p. 209 — Chile.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from Coquimbo to Arauco.
Material collected. — Talca: Camarico, 9 ad., Aug. 14, 1924.
C. S. Reed.— Conception: Penco, & ad., Sept. 10, 1904. C. S.
Reed.— Malleco: 9 ad., June 8, 1924. C. S. Reed.
In addition, I have examined a number of Chilean specimens from
unspecified localities in European collections.
This coot is easily distinguishable from the two other species
found in the central provinces by the dark red frontal shield ending
posteriorly in a narrow acute point and the proportionately longer
tail ; the first (outermost) primary lacks every trace of a white margin.
Landbeck and Wetmore1 have accurately described the characters
of this bird.
Very little definite information is available about the exact limits
of its breeding range in Chile. From the data at hand it seems to
extend from Coquimbo (where L. Plate secured eggs) at least
to Coronel, where Passler found it nesting in October. According to
Landbeck (1. c., p. 226) and Passler, the eggs are readily distinguished
from those of F.armillata by more elongated shape, smoother surface,
and greenish color with dusky markings which are more evenly
distributed.
F. rufifrons occurs also in Argentina, Uruguay, and Sao Paulo
(Iguape").
Specimens from the Falkland Islands, which we have not seen,
are said to be somewhat smaller.
'Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 119, 1926.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 365
259. Fulica armillata Vieillot
Fulica armillata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 12, p. 47, 1817 —
based on Azara, No. 448, Paraguay; Lesson (11), p. 209 — Valparaiso;
idem (12), p. 253— Valparaiso; Hartlaub (3), p. 217— Rio de Valdivia;
idem, Journ. Orn., 1, "1853," Extraheft, p. 83, 1854— Valdivia and Val-
paraiso (monog.); Pelzeln (2), p. 136— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334,
339 — Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 566 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4), p.
209— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 668— La Serena, Coquimbo, and El Pozo,
Lago Llanquihue; Barros (4), p. 17 — Nilahue, Curico; Passler (3), p. 435
— Coronel (breeding habits); Wetmore (3), p. 118 — Concon, Valparaiso;
Bullock (4), p. 204— Angol, Malleco (breeding); Barros (10), p. 355 —
Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Fulica galeata (lapsu) Darwin, p. 133 — Concepcion; Fraser (1), p. 118 — lakes
of Quintero and Santo Domingo (spec, examined in British Museum);
Yarrell, p. 54 — Chile (eggs descr.).
Fulica frontata Gray, List Spec. Birds Brit. Mus., 3, p. 124, 1844 — Valparaiso
(nom. mid.; spec, examined in British Museum).
Fulica chiknsis Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Atlas, pi. 10, 1848; Des Murs, 1. c.,
8, p. 474, 1854 — Chile; Cassin, p. 196 — vicinity of Santiago; Germain,
p. 314 — Santiago (breeding habits); Frauenfeld, p. 638 — Lake Aculeo,
Santiago; Philippi and Landbeck (6), p. 506 — Chile; Landbeck (3), pp.
221, 224, 226— Chile (monog.); Philippi (12), p. 279— Valdivia to central
provinces.
Fulica chlorop[oides] Boeck, p. 510 — Calle-Calle River, Valdivia; Lataste (5),
pp. LXII, LXIII — Junquillos (San Carlos), Nuble; Waugh and Lataste
(1), p. LXXXIX— Penaflor, Santiago; idem (2), p. CLXXIII— San
Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso (spec, in British Museum examined).
(?) Fulica americana (errore) Bibra, p. 131 — lakes near Santiago.
Fulica leucopygia (errore) Sharpe, p. 14 — Talcaguano (spec, in British Museum
examined).
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Temuco: Puyehue, d"1 ad., Jan. 27, 1912.
A. C. Saldana. — Valdivia: Rinihue, 9 ad., March 9. — Llanquihue:
Casa de Richards, Rio Sfarehuau, cf ad., c? imm., 9 imm., March 1.
Additional specimens. — Valparaiso: San Alfonso, Quillota, d"
ad., June 23, 1894. F. Lataste; Valparaiso, adult (not sexed).
Burnett and Fitzroy (Fulica frontata Gray). — Santiago: Hacienda
de Convento, near San Antonio, d" ad., Dec. 5, 1889. A. Lane.—
Ruble: San Carlos de Chilian, <? juv., April 13, 1895. F. Lataste.—
Concepcion: Talcaguano, d* ad., Sept. 18, 1879. R. W. Coppinger
(SS. "Alert").
This is the commonest coot in Chile, especially in the central
and southern provinces, where it is reported to breed in large numbers.
The large feet, the reddish tarsi, and the absence of prominent white
tips to the secondaries serve to distinguish it from F. leucoptera.
366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The eggs are described by Landbeck as being similar to those of F.
rufifrons, but more roundish with rougher shell and of a more olive
brownish color with more numerous dusky spots of unequal size.
Passler tells us that around Coronel this coot breeds in October
and early November. It was clearly the same species that Bridges1
found in abundance on the lakes of Quintero and Santo Domingo
in central Chile. Plate secured specimens in the breeding season
at La Serena, Coquimbo (October), as well as on the shores of Lake
Llanquihue (November). R. Barros met with this coot in the lagoons
of the Cordilleras of Aconcagua up to an elevation of 10,000 feet.
In the south it leaves the nesting grounds at the approach of the
rainy season, and repairs to the lagoons along the seacoast.
Sclater, in a footnote to Lane's paper (Ibis, 1897, p. 302), claims
that this collector obtained F. armillata in Tarapaca, but this appears
to be a mistake, since no authentic examples from this province are
in the British Museum collection.
Outside of Chile, F. armillata is widely diffused in Argentina,
Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul to
Sao Paulo).
260. Fulica leucoptera Vieillot
Fulica leucoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 12, p. 48, 1817 —
based on Azara, No. 447, Paraguay and Buenos Aires; Sclater (4), 1886,
p. 403 — Huasco, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 302 — Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed
(4), p. 209— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 667— Lago Llanquihue; Passler (3),
p. 436 — Coronel (breeding habits); Wetmore (3), p. 120 — Rio Aconcagua,
near Concon, Valparaiso.
Fulica chloropoides Philippi and Landbeck (6), p. 503 — Chile and Arica,
"Peru" (monog.); Landbeck (3), pp. 218, 224, 227— Magellan, Valdivia,
Santiago, Arica (crit.); Philippi (12), p. 279 — Chile to Straits of Magellan;
Gigoux, p. 84 — Caldera, Atacama.
Fulica stricklandi Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile.
Range in Chile. — From Tacna to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Conception: Penco, two cf c? ad., July 20,
Aug. 26, 1904. C. S. Reed.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Huasco, 9 ad., Feb. 17, 1886.
C. Rahmer; Sacaya, 9 ad., Jan. 24, 1890. A. Lane. — Temuco:
Pelal, 9 ad., May 11, 1910. A. C. Saldana; Maquehue, d" ad., 9
ad., Sept. 14, 23. D. S. Bullock (British Museum).
Birds from Tarapaca are precisely similar to others from Con-
cepcion and Temuco, all having the secondaries widely tipped with
JThe identity results from the note "legs reddish brown" (Fraser, 1. c., p. 118)
and from one of his specimens in the British Museum.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 367
white, a very prominent white margin along the outer web of the
first primary, and the posteriorly rounded frontal plate scarcely
darker than the yellowish bill.
This species has the widest range in Chile. It extends north
to the Peruvian border, specimens having been taken in the Andes
of Tarapaca by both Rahmer and Lane. Landbeck records a young
bird even from so far north as Arica, where, according to Frobeen,
it is, however, of rather unusual occurrence. It is stated to breed
on the lakes around Santiago, Valdivia, and in Llanquihue. Passler
found it breeding in October near Coronel. Its eggs are described
by Landbeck as being smaller, paler, and more thickly spotted than
those of the other species occurring in central Chile. In the south
it ranges to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, and is
also found throughout Argentina, eastern Bolivia (San Miguel,
Chiquitos), Uruguay, and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande
do Sul).
261. Jacana spinosa jacana (Linnaeus)
Parrajacana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 — based on Marc-
grave, Edwards, and Brisson, restr. type locality, Surinam; Philippi (24),
p. 71 — Quillota, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Once recorded from Quillota, Valparaiso.
Philippi states that a single specimen of the Jacana was caught
in the vicinity of Quillota in 1895. Its occurrence in Chile is doubtless
accidental.
262. Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis (Harting)1
Vanellus occidentalis Harting, P. Z. S. Lond., 1874, p. 450 — Chile, Patagonia,
and (?) Falkland Islands; Sharpe, p. 14 — Talcaguano.
Vanellus grisescens Prazak, Orn. Monatsber., 4, p. 23, 1896 — northern Chile.
Belonopterus cayennensis molina Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. Ill, 1921 —
new name iorB, chilensis auct. nee Molina.
Charadrius cayanus (errore) Meyen, p. 106 — Chile.
Philomachus cayanus Darwin, p. 127 — Chile.
Vanellus cayennensis Bridges, p. 94 — Colchagua; Des Murs (2), p. 400 — Chile;
Bibra, p. 131— Quillota and Santiago; Hartlaub (3), p. 215— Valdivia;
Boeck, p. 509 — Valdivia; Cassin, p. 195 — interior of Chile; Germain,
p. 313 — Santiago (nesting habits); Frauenfeld, p. 639 — Lake Aculeo,
lParra chilensis Molina (Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 258, 344, 1782) I consider
an unidentifiable mixtum compositum of B. c. occidentalis and Jacana j. jacana,
although some of the characters were doubtless taken from the Lapwing. In
addition to what is said about the two-lobed frontal shield, the passage: "il collo,
il doreo e la parte anteriore delle ali di color violetto" is so utterly in disagreement
with its characters that the name had better be dropped altogether.
368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Santiago; Pelzeln (2), p. 115— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339—
Chile; Philippi (12), p. 271— Chile; Lataste (1), p. CXV— Bureo (Chilian),
Ruble; 1. c., p. CXVI— Ninhue (Itata), Maule; idem (5), p. LXII—
Maule; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVIII — Penaflor, Santiago;
idem (2), p. CLXXII — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; Johow, p.
238— Mas A Tierra.
Philomachus chilensis Fraser (1), p. 117 — on the plains near the Andes [of Chile].
Vanellus chiliensis Yarrell, p. 54 — Chile (egg descr.).
Vanellus chilensis E. Reed (2), p. 566 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4),
p. 209— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 666— Ovalle, Coquimbo; Gigoux, p. 84—
Caldera, Atacama.
Belonopterus chilensis Lane, p. 302 — San Pedro (Concepci6n) and San Antonio
(Valparaiso); Barros (4), p. 44 — Nilahue, Curico; Passler (3), p. 444 —
(breeding habits).
Belonopterus cayennensis chilensis Barros (5), p. 172 — Cordillera of Aconcagua;
C. Reed (4), p. 146 — Teno; Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p. 91 (nest).
Belonopterus cayennensis Housse (1), p. 51 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; idem (2),
p. 149 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock (4), p. 201 — Angol, Malleco.
Belonopterus chilensis chilensis Wetmore (3), p. 169 — Concon (habits; crit.).
Belonopterus cayamensis (sic) Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 113 — Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Caldera) to the Straits of
Magellan.
Material collected. — Concepcion: near coast of Concepcion, two
9 9 ad., April 4. — Malleco: Curacautin, cf ad., Jan. 8. — Cautin:
Pelal, Temuco, d" ad., Aug. 21, 1912. A. C. Saldana.— Chilo<§
Island :Cucao, 9 ad., Dec. 23;Quellon, 9 ad., Jan. 28. — Llanquihue:
Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau (alt. 2,000 feet), cf ad., March 4.
This form is closely similar to B. c. lampronotus (Wagler), of
eastern Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, and agrees with it in the
possession of a distinct gular stripe connecting the black of the throat
with that of the breast; but it differs by more purely gray coloration
of the head, more extensive black pectoral area, and generally broader
as well as more compact gular stripe.
B. c. occidentalis apparently is not restricted to the western side
of the Andes, since birds from Concepcion (Tucuman), Tunuyan
(Mendoza), and Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco) are perfectly identi-
cal with the Chilean ones.
The "Queltrehue" is common in Chile, reaching the northern limit
of its range at Caldera, where Gigoux shot a specimen on March 25,
1901. It is mostly confined to the plains and foothills, being rarely
found above 3,000 feet elevation. Johow records it from Mas A Tierra
(straggler ?).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 369
263. Ptiloscelys resplendens (Tschudi)
Charadrius resplendens Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843 — Andes
of Peru.
Vanellus resplendens Sclater (4), 1886, p. 403 — Sitani and Sacaya, Tarapaca;
Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— Cana, Antofagasta; Sclater (6), 1891, p.
136— Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 209— Tarapaca; Lane, p. 303— Sacaya
and Sitani, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Antofagasta and Tarapaca.
Specimens examined. — Tarapaca: Sitani, two cf o* ad., Jan. C.
Rahmer; Sacaya, three cf cf1 ad., one 9 ad., Feb. and March. A. A.
Lane (British Museum).
Chilean specimens agree with a series from Peru.
In Chile this lapwing is found only in the Cordilleras of the
northern provinces from Antofagasta northwards. According to
Lane, it closely resembles the preceding species in habits, and utters
similar discordant cries when approached. It was observed from
8,000 to 12,000 feet in Tarapaca at Huasco, Sacaya, and Cancosa,
where it appeared to be resident. Lane was told that it nests on
the open ground about December, laying four eggs.
P. resplendens is widely diffused throughout the Temperate and
Puna Zones of the Andes from northern Chile and northwestern
Argentina to Ecuador.
264. Squatarola squatarola cynosurae Thayer and Bangs
Squatarola squatarola cynosurae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl.,
5, p. 23, 1914 — Baillie Island, Arctic America.
Range in Chile. — Once recorded from Caldera, Atacama. Winter
visitor.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, cf (in winter plumage),
Dec. 2, 1923. E. Gigoux.
The Black-bellied Plover does not appear to have been listed
previously from Chile, though it had been known as a winter visitor
to Peru and Ecuador.
265. Pluvialis dominicus dominicus (Miiller)
Charadrius dominicus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 116, 1776 — based
on "Pluvier dore de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 48, pi. 6, fig. 1,
1760; Santo Domingo.
Charadrius pluvialis (errore) Peale, p. 239 — coast of Chile.
Charadrius virginianus Fraser (1), p. 148 — Chile.
370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Charadrius marmoratus Des Murs (2), p. 403; Housse (1), p. 51 — Isla La
Mocha, Arauco.
Charadrius virginicus Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Philippi (12),
p. 272— "Cordilleras" of central provinces; E. Reed (4), p. 209— Chile.
Range in Chile. — Recorded from the central provinces and Arauco
(Isla La Mocha).
The American Golden Plover is an uncommon winter visitant
to Chile. The only specimen we have seen appears to be referable
to the eastern form, not to P. d. julvus (Gmelin).
266. Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein)
Charadrius modestus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 71, 1823 —
Montevideo.
Squatarola cincta Darwin, p. 126 — Chilo6 Island.
Squatarola urvillii (ei) Fraser (1), p. 118 — Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 401—
Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 215— Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 271— common on
the coast of Chile.
Squatarola modesta Pelzeln (2), p. 115 — Chile.
Eudromias modesta Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Lane, p. 303— on
the beach near Arauco; E. Reed (4), p. 209 — Chile (winter visitor from the
south); Bullock (4), p. 202 — Angol, Malleco (winter).
Zonibyx modesta Ridgway (2), p. 137 — Port Otway; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.,
24, p. 238, 1896 — "Tarapaca" =Arauco.
Range. — Central and southern provinces. Winter visitor from
the south.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, cf ad. (winter plumage),
May 11, 1924. E. Gigoux. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Nire-
huau, 9 ad. (winter plumage), 9 imm., March 15, 1923. H. B.
Conover. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension Island, 9 juv.,
Feb. 1, 1923. C. C. Sanborn.
Additional specimens. — Valparaiso: coast near Valparaiso, one
adult (nuptial plumage), no date. G. F. Mathew. — Arauco: Maque-
gua, 9 ad. (winter plumage), July 27, 1890. A. A. Lane; near
Arauco City, Aug. 10, 1890. A. A. Lane. — Cautin: Nige, Tolten
Viejo, 9 (winter plumage), Feb. 28, 1905. D. S. Bullock; Almagro,
c?1, 9 (winter plumage), April 7, 1910. A. C. Saldana (all in the British
Museum).
This plover breeds in the Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego,
along the Straits of Magellan, and in southern Patagonia. It is
very doubtful if it nests anywhere within the region covered by this
paper, although it may do so on the Guaitecas Islands, where San-
born shot a full-grown bird in juvenile plumage on February 1.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 371
Farther north in Chile it certainly is merely a winter visitor. Accord-
ing to Abbott (Ibis, 1861, p. 155), the birds disappear in April from
their breeding grounds in the Falkland Islands, and start on their
northward migration. In winter they are met with in large numbers
in northern Argentina along the La Plata River, in Uruguay, and
on the Chilean coast, specimens having been taken by Darwin on
Chilo£ Island, by Philippi around Valdivia, and by Lane on the beach
near Arauco. The most northerly record is from Caldera, Atacama,
where Gigoux secured a male in winter plumage on May 11.
267. Charadrius falklandicus Latham
Charadrius falklandicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 747, 1790 — based on "Rusty-
crowned Plover" Portlock, Voyage round the World, p. 36 (with plate),
1789, Port Egmont, Falkland Islands; Wetmore (3), p. 165— Concon,
Valparaiso.
Hiaticula bifasciata Eraser (1), p. 118 — "shores and margins of lakes in Chile."
Hiaticula trifasciata Cassin, p. 195 — vicinity of Santiago.
Charadrius trifasciatus Pelzeln (2), p. 116 — Valparaiso; Philippi (12), p. 271 —
coast of Santiago "to Peru."
Aegialiies falklandicus Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile.
Aegialitis faklandica (sic) E. Reed (4), p. 209 — Chile.
Charadrius pyrrhocephalus Philippi (12), p. 271 — from the Straits of Magellan
"to Peru"; (?) idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Brea, s. Antofagasta.
Oegialitis (sic) falklandica Housse (1), p. 51 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Range in Chile. — Breeding from the Straits of Magellan north
to the Island of Chilo6, migrating in winter as far north as Coquimbo
(?) and Antofagasta (Brea).
Material collected. — Chile: Cucao, c" ad., 9 ad., Dec. 24.—
Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Stirehuau, one cT juv., seven
9 9 juv., March 10-15, 1923 (Coll. H. B. Conover).
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Coquimbo, juv., March, 1873.
G. Mathew (British Museum). — Santiago: 9 imm. F. Leybold
(British Museum).
The Falklandic Plover breeds on the Falkland Islands, in Tierra
del Fuego, Patagonia, and southern Chile, north to Chilo4 Island.
In winter it migrates northwards, and is said to be not uncommon
on the seashore of central Chile. We have examined in the collec-
tion of the British Museum a bird in juvenile plumage, taken by
G. Mathew in March, 1873, at Coquimbo. Philippi records the
species even from Brea in southern Antofagasta, but the identification
is perhaps questionable.
372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
268. Charadrius alticola (Berlepsch and Stolzmann)
Aegialitis alticola Berlepsch and Stolzmann, P. Z. S. Lond., 1902, 2, p. 51 —
Ingapirca, Junin, Peru.
Aegialitis occidentalis (not of Cabanis) Sclater/(4), 1886, p. 403 — Sitani,
Huasco, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 137 — Sacaya,
Tarapaca; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 295, 1896 — part, spec, a-g,
Tarapaca; Lane, p. 303 — part, Sacaya, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Tarapaca and Antofagasta.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Ojo de San Pedro (alt. 12,400
feet), cf ad., May 2; twenty miles east of San Pedro (alt. 12,600
feet), three cf cf ad., three 9 9 ad., Sept. 18, Oct. 6-8.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: Huasco, 9 ad., cf juv., Feb.
17, 1886; Cueva Negra, cf ad., Feb. 10, 1886; Sitani, cf ad., 9 ad.,
Jan. 17, 1886. C. Rahmer; Sacaya, cf ad., 9 imm., April 18-24,
1890; Cancosa, cf ad., Jan. 28, 1890. A. A. Lane (all in the British
Museum).
We have no topotypical material for comparison, but the Chilean
series as well as specimens from the highlands of western Bolivia
(Oruro and Challapata, Prov. Oruro) correspond precisely to the
original description. C. alticola is indeed a near ally of C. falklandicus
Lath., but is much smaller in all its dimensions, the bill in particular
being much shorter and weaker. In coloration, too, it shows several
striking differences, being much paler, more grayish brown above
with the rufescent tinge on pileum and hind neck light pinkish
cinnamon to pinkish cinnamon instead of orange cinnamon, while
the lower parts lack the two broad black cross bands, so conspicuous
in the southern species.
The series exhibits a certain amount of individual variation in the
extent and intensity of the rufescent suffusion on the head. In some
specimens (cf ad., Cancosa, Tarapaca; cf ad., Ojo de San Pedro,
Antofagasta; two cf cf ad., one 9 ad., Challapata, Bolivia) the
crown immediately behind the black post-frontal band is strongly
washed with pinkish cinnamon, and the hind neck as well as the sides
of the neck are largely cinnamon. This color, in one of the Challapata
males, extends over the hind crown so as to conceal the grayish
ground color. Other examples, notably a female from near San
Pedro, Antofagasta, and one or two adults from Tarapaca, merely
have the sides of the neck shaded with light pinkish cinnamon and a
pale pinkish buff collar across the hind neck. The remaining indi-
viduals connect these two stages in various degrees. On each
side of the foreneck there is a grayish brown patch, often tinged
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYB 373
with cinnamomeous and intermixed with a number of blackish
spots. A good many specimens have a distinct pinkish cinnamon
band across the breast; it is, however, frequently evanescent and
sometimes barely suggested by a number of half-concealed pale
grayish brown subterminal spots. In an adult female from Sitani,
Tarapaca, this pectoral crescent, grayish brown mixed with dusky,
is fully as wide as in the juvenile plumage of C. falklandicus, suggesting
the close interrelation of the two species.
Adults taken from January to April are in worn breeding dress.
A full-grown male in juvenile plumage, secured by C. Rahmer at
Huasco, Tarapaca, on February 17, 1886, differs by lacking the
black post-frontal band and by having just a faint buff tinge below
the eye, while the grayish brown patch on the sides of the foreneck
and the pectoral band are but slightly indicated.
In spite of superficial resemblance C. alticola is totally different
from C. a. occidentalis, although Sharpe confused the two species,
and Chubb (Ibis, 1919, p. 264) misidentified the highland bird of
Bolivia with the South American race of the Snowy Plover. C.
alticola may be readily separated from the latter by larger size;
much stronger and longer, deep black (instead of light-colored) tarsi
and toes; longer, slenderer bill; much more buffy or cinnamomeous
suffusion on the head; grayish brown (instead of black) patch on the
sides of the foreneck; finally, by the presence of a more or less distinct
cinnamon or grayish brown pectoral band.
C. alticola is restricted in its range to the Puna Zone of southern
Peru (Ingapirca, Junin; Puno), western Bolivia (Oruro), and
northern Chile (south to Antofagasta). According to Lane, it lives
in wet salt-marshes and brackish lagoons.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Two from Challapata, Bolivia 119,123 53,54 15,15
Four from Tarapaca, Chile 119,120,121,122 55,55,56,57 15,15,16,—
Four from Antofagasta, Chile 120,121,121,123 54,55,55,55 16,16,—,—
Adult females
Two from Oruro, Bolivia 115,120 51,54 143416
Two from Tarapaca, Chile 118,120 52,54 15,15
Three from Antofagasta, Chile 120,122,123 51,55,55 15,15,15
269. Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis (Cabanis)
Aegialitis occidentalis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 20, p. 158, 1872 — no locality t =
Chile]; cf. idem, 1. c., 32, p. VI, pi. 6, fig. 1, 1885 (type in Berlin Museum
examined); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 — part, Laraquete, Arauco (spec.
374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
examined); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 295, 1896— part, spec, h, i,
Laraquete, "Tarapaca."
Hiaticula azarae (not of Temminck) Darwin, p. 127 — part, spec, ex Valparaiso
(crit.; spec, examined); Cassin, p. 195 — Chile.
Charadrius collaris (not of Vieillot) Des Murs (2), p. 402 — Chile.
Charadrius azarae Pelzeln (2), p. 116 — Chile.
Aegialites nivosus (not of Cassin) Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339 — Chile.
Aegialitis nivosa Sharpe, p. 15 — Coquimbo; Salvin (2), p. 428 — Chile; E. Reed
(4), p. 209 — Chile; Schalow (2), p. 665 — Cavancha, near Iquique, and
Totoralillo, Coquimbo1 (spec, examined).
Charadrius cantianus (errore) Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1923 —
Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis Neumann, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 215, 1929
(crit.).
Range in Chile. — From Arauco to Tarapaca (and along the
Peruvian coast north to Ancon).
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, cf ad., Aug. 28, 1923.
C. C. Sanborn; 9 ad., June 8, 1924. E. Gigoux. — Aconcagua:
Papudo, tf ad., Dec. 8, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Peru: Ancon, Lima, 9 ad., Nov. 2, 1912.
H. O. Forbes;2 Lurin, Lima, cf ad., July 29, 1903. Lord Brabourne;2
Mollendo, Arequipa, adult. Aug., 1878. H. Saunders;2 Tambo
Valley, Arequipa, three cTcf ad., Oct. 20, 28, Nov. 4, 1867. H.
Whitely.2 — Chile, Tarapaca: Cavancha (Iquique), adult and imma-
ture. May, 1893. L. Plate.3 — Coquimbo: Totoralillo, immature.
Oct., 1893. L. Plate.3— Valparaiso: Valparaiso, adult. G. F. Mathew;2
"Patagonia" [= Valparaiso], adult. Jan. 4, 1837. C. Darwin.2 —
Arauco: Laraquete, cf ad., 9 ad., Aug. 20, 1890. A. Lane.2 —
"Chile" (unspecified): seven adults. T. Bridges,2 A. H. Markham,2
L. Landbeck,2 Segeth (type of A. occidentalis),3 and ex Verreaux.2
The occurrence of a Snowy Plover on the coast of Peru and Chile4
has been known for many years, but it was assumed that the birds
were migrants from North America. On receiving the Chilean
collection of the Marshall Field Expedition, I was struck by the
fact that two of the specimens, both in nuptial plumage with
1 Schalow also lists a male from Calbuco Island, near Puerto Montt, Llanquihue.
This specimen being no longer in the Berlin Museum, its identification is open to
doubt.
2 In collection of British Museum (Natural History).
•In collection of Berlin Museum.
4 Des Murs (in Gay, Hist. fis. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 402) probably had the
present bird in mind when listing C. collaris from Chile, though his description
was evidently drawn up from a specimen of the latter species.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 375
black post-frontal band, auriculars, and patch on the sides of the
neck, had been taken in June and August, hence at a time when the
Snowy Plover might be expected to be on its breeding grounds in
the western United States. Moreover, Californian birds secured
between August and December were found to be in winter plumage,
the black markings on the head being replaced by grayish brown.
Researches in literature then revealed that there was no reliable
winter record for the North American C. nivosus from farther south
than Mexico, and that no representative of this group occurred any-
where in Central America,1 Colombia, or Ecuador. These facts
pointed to the probability of the Chilean and Peruvian birds belong-
ing to an endemic race, and this surmise was fully corroborated by
the study of ample material in European collections.
Altogether twenty-three specimens, representing nearly every
month of the year, have been examined from Chile and Peru, and
notes on eleven additional ones in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York, have been supplied by my former associate,
Mr. J. T. Zimmer. Compared with some thirty skins from California
and Lower California, the adults from the Pacific coast of South
America have the occiput and hind crown more heavily washed with
buff; the black post-frontal band generally wider; the back of a darker
grayish brown; and the wings on average slightly longer. The
amount of buffy suffusion is subject to some individual variation.
It is most strongly pronounced in a bird from Mollendo (Peru),
which has the whole crown (behind the black band) tinged with
warm buff, passing into light ochraceous buff on the nape. Two
specimens from unspecified localities in Chile are very similar, while
the June bird from Caldera and one from Lurin, near Lima, have
hardly less buffy on the head. When the buff tips are worn off and
the crown becomes more grayish, C. a. ocddentalis closely resembles
its North American relative. The type of A. ocddentalis, kindly lent
by Dr. Stresemann, is an adult bird in somewhat worn plumage,
and agrees perfectly with other Chilean examples. It was collected
in 1872 by Dr. Segeth, a physician practising in Santiago, and
probably came from the vicinity of that city.
All of the Chilean and Peruvian adults seen by me, regardless of
season, wear the nuptial plumage, i.e., the post-frontal band, the
auriculars, and the patch on the sides of the neck are black. It
would appear that C. a. ocddentalis does not assume a winter plumage.
irThe inclusion of "Costa Rica" by certain authors in its range goes back to
Zeledon (Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887), who does not appear to have
seen any specimens, however.
376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Females are not always distinguishable, though the post-frontal
band is, as a rule, not quite so extensive. An unsexed adult from
Cavancha (Iquique), May, 1893, L. Plate coll., Berlin Museum, has
the auricular patch somewhat duller, less blackish, than all the
others. Two other (unsexed) birds — taken by the same collector at
Cavancha (May) and Totoralillo, Coquimbo (October), respectively—
while possessing a narrow black post-frontal band across the crown,
are conspicuous for the neck patch and auriculars being grayish
brown or dusky brown as in C. a. niwsus. Judging from the fluffy
texture of the body plumage and the presence of pale fringes to the
dorsal feathers and wing coverts I take them to be immature.
We have no definite record of eggs having been taken in Chile;
but Mr. Sanborn tells me that this plover was doubtless nesting on
the coast of Aconcagua, and the specimen obtained by him in
December at Papudo is in worn breeding plumage. It probably
breeds all along the sandy seacoast of Chile from Tarapaca to
Arauco, the most southerly locality being Laraquete, where A. Lane
secured a couple of adults on August 20 and 22 respectively. The
American Museum of Natural History, New York, has three speci-
mens (one cf ad., two 9 9 ad.) taken by T. Hallinan in June
and July, 1917, at Tofo, north of Coquimbo, as I am informed by
Mr. Zimmer. On the coast of Peru this bird was for the first time
found by H. Whitely, Jr., in the Tambo Valley, Arequipa,1 and then
again by C. Jelski at Chorillos, Lima.2 Dr. C. R. Murphy secured
breeding birds (of both sexes) in October and November, 1919, at
Paracas, Pisca Bay, lea, and R. H. Beck met with it in the same
locality about the end of June. Besides, the American Museum has
specimens, including an immature male, from Chorillos, collected by
Beck in February, 1913. These data, supplemented by those of the
British Museum material, clearly indicate that C. a. occidentalis is a
permanent resident on the Peruvian littoral, at least as far north
as Ancon.
The case of the Snowy Plover, represented by a breeding race on
the Pacific coast of South America, offers an interesting parallel to
the Killdeer which was recently shown by Chapman3 to be replaced
in northwestern Peru by a closely allied resident form (Oxyechus
vociferus peruvianus).
lAegialiies nivosus Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1868, pp. 176, 570.
*Aegialitis nivosa Taczanowski, P. Z. S. Lond., 1874, p. 559.
3 Auk, 37, p. 106, 1920— Paletillas, n. e. of Payta, Piura, Peru.
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
377
Wing
Tail
BUI
100
47
16
104
48
15
102,104,108
42,48,48
15,15,15
102
48
15
109
53
14
109
50
Ul/2
110
50
14
110
49
14
107
52
HM
110
49
uy2
111
50
15
105,106,106,
45,45,46,
14,14,14^,
106,109,111
47,49,49
15,15,15
There is no question to my mind that both C. nivosus and C.
occidentalis are merely geographical races of the European C.
alexandrinus.
MEASUREMENTS
One adult male from Lurin, Lima
One female from Ancon, Lima
Three adult males from Tambo, Arequipa
One (unsexed) adult from Iquique
One adult male from Caldera, Atacama
One female from Caldera
One adult male from Papudo, Aconcagua
One adult male from Valparaiso
One adult male from Laraquete, Arauco
One adult female from Laraquete
Type of A. occidentalis, adult (unsexed)
Six (unsexed) adults from "Chile"
In ten adult males of C. a. nivosus from California the wing
ranges from 99 to 106, in fourteen females, from 101 to 108 mm.
270. Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte1
Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 98,
1825 — based on Tringa hiaticula Wilson (Amer. Orn., 7, p. 65, 1813) and
Charadrius hiaticula Ord (Wilson's Amer. Orn., 7, p. 69, 1824), coast of
New Jersey.
Aegialitis semipalmata Salvin (2), p. 428 — Coquimbo Lagoon.
Aegialitis senupalmata (sic) E. Reed (4), p. 209 — Chile.
Aegialeus semipalmata Schalow (2), p. 665 — Punta Teatinos (Coquimbo) and
Calbuco, near Puerto Montt.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to Llanquihue. Winter visitor.
The Semipalmated Plover is a rather uncommon winter visitant
to Chile. Admiral (then Captain) Markham secured a single bird in
November, 1881, in the Coquimbo Lagoon, while Plate shot one in
November, 1893, at Punta Teatinos, north of Coquimbo, and another
on Calbuco Island, near Puerto Montt, Llanquihue (date not
recorded). _
[Aegialites cdbidipectus Ridgway (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, "1882,"
p. 526, March, 1883), supposed to be from "Chile," apparently refers
to an African species, C. marginatus Vieillot.l
(Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 260, 1896) claims that Charadrius hiaticula
Linn, is an accidental visitor to Chile. Although the species has been admitted
to the Chilean fauna by Ridgway, the A. O. U. Check List, and Hartert (who, in
Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1534, suggests it might be C. h. tundrae Lowe rather than
the typical form), there is no evidence that the Ringed Plover ever occurred in
that country.
378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
271. Oxyechus vociferus peruvianus Chapman
Oxyechus vociferus peruvianus Chapman, Auk, 37, p. 106, 1920 — Paletillas,
near Payta, Piura, Peru.
Oxyechus vociferus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 247, 1896 — Chile.
Range in Chile. — Once recorded from an indefinite locality.
Sharpe lists a single specimen from "Chile" in the H. Berkeley
James Collection. This bird is much more likely to be referable to
the South American race of the Killdeer recently described by
Chapman, which is known to breed on the Peruvian coast from Piura
to Arequipa. Unfortunately, I could not find it in the collection of
the British Museum.
272. Oreopholus ruficollis (Wagler)
Charadrius ruficollis Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 653 — Canelones, Uruguay.
Oreopholus totanirostris Jardine andSelby, Illust. Orn., 3, Part 10, pi. 151, Dec.,
1835— Andes of Chile.
Dromicus lessonii Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, 11, No. 26, col. 616, April,
1 844 — Valparaiso.
Oreophilus totaniroslris Darwin, p. 125 — Valparaiso; Fraser (1), p. 117 — Chile,
probably a native of the Andes; Des Murs (2), p. 399 — from the Straits
of Magellan to Valparaiso; Pelzeln (2), p. 114 — Chile; Philippi (12), p.
271— Chile.
Oreophilus ruficollis Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; E. Reed (2), p.
566— Cordillera of Colchagua; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 403— "Llalcalhuay,"
Tarapaca; E. Reed, Ibis, 1893, p. 596— Chile (resident); idem (4), p. 209—
Chile; Schalow (2), p. 664 — Conception; Barros (4), p. 44 — Cerros near
Nilahue, Curic6; Housse (2), p. 150 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Gigoux,
p. 84 — Caldera (winter visitor); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 113 — Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 201 — Angol, Malleco (winter visitor).
Oreopholus ruficollis Barros (8), p. 143 — Nilahue, Curic6.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Tarapaca: Pica (alt. 4,000 feet), 9 imm.,
May 25. — Atacama: Caldera, two d" cf ad., Aug. 29. — Llanquihue:
Casa de Richards, Rio Nirehuau, three 9 9 imm., March 10; Arroyo
Verde, Argentine boundary, 9 imm., March 17.
Additional specimens examined. — Tarapacd: "Lalcalhuay," cfad.,
Jan. 27, 1886. C. Rahmer (British Museum). — Santiago: Cordillera
of Santiago, 9 ad., Dec., 1864. R. A. Philippi (British Museum).—
Conception: Cabrero, 9 ad., June 28, 1903. C. S. Reed (Tring
Museum). — Malleco: Angol, cT ad., Jan. 6, 1904. C. S. Reed
(Tring Museum).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 379
Study of nearly fifty specimens from throughout the range clearly
shows that none of the proposed races of the Rufous-throated Plover
can be maintained. Lowe1 considered the Chilean form (0. r.
totanirostris) to be separable from ruficollis "ex Patagonia" by reason
of its "fulvous-brown" hind neck and upper parts and its buff
instead of gray under parts. I cannot help thinking that this
sentence must be disfigured by a misprint, for I have yet to see a
Rufous-throated Plover with gray under parts. In every specimen of
this species, regardless of locality, the breast only is underlaid with
grayish, while the remainder of the belly is buff, varying in shade
according to season. As a matter of fact, Chilean birds appear
to me indistinguishable from Patagonian examples in comparable
plumage. 0. r. simonsi Chubb2 has no better claims for recognition,3
as not one of the characters insisted upon by the describer holds good.
The buff edges to the dorsal plumage and the hind neck do not differ
in tone nor is the belly deeper buff than in southern examples, which
are by no means mostly white below. Only one (the type) out of
eight specimens from the range assigned to 0. r. simonsi has the
throat darker rufous, while others, in this respect, are even paler
than the average from Patagonia. Northern birds are perhaps slightly
larger, but the divergency is insignificant, as will be seen from the
appended measurements of the wing.
Peru. — cf ad., Islay, 173; 9 ad., Lobos de Tierra, 170.
Bolivia. — cf ad., Challapata (type), 177; two cf cf ad., Uyuni,
Potosi, 163, 165; 9 ad., Uyuni, 175.
Tarapaca.— c? ad., Lalcalhuay, 167; 9 ad., Pica, 160.
Atacama.— Two rf1 cf ad., Caldera, 165, 170.
Central Chile. — 9 ad., Cordillera of Santiago, 165; 9 ad.,
Cabrero, Conception, 164; cf ad., Angol, Malleco, 160.
Argentina. — cf ad., Sierra de Tafi, Tucuman, 160; two 9 9 ad.,
Chubut, 162, 165; two 9 9 ad., Rio Negro, 165, 167; d* ad., Rio
Negro, 160; three cTcT ad., Buenos Aires, 162, 163, 166; 9 ad.,
Barracas al Sud, 160; two 9 9 ad., Rio Gallegos, 157, 162.
Falkland Islands.— d1 ad., Port Stanley, 167.
The "Polio del Campo," according to Philippi, Landbeck, E.
Reed and others, breeds in the high Cordilleras, and visits the plains
'Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 42, p. 19, 1921.
'Ibis, (llth ser.), I, p. 262, 1919— Challapata, Lake Poopo, Bolivia.
1 The description is rather confused, since there is never any olive in the color-
ation of the species.
380 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
on migration and in winter. Its breeding range probably extends
north to Tarapaca and the adjacent parts of the Bolivian plateau
(Oruro, Potosi). An adult male secured by Rahmer on January 27,
1886, at Lalcalhuay is in slightly worn plumage. In Peru this species
seems to occur merely as a winter visitor.
273. Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus)
Tringa morinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based on
Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 72, pi. 72, 1731, coast of Florida.
Strepsilas interpres Darwin, p. 132 — Iquique, Tarapaca; Fraser (1), p. 118 —
Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 407— Chile; Pelzeln (2), p. 117— Chile; Sclater
(2), 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 163— Paposo,
Antofagasta; idem (12), p. 273 — coast of Chile; Sharpe, p. 15 — Talcaguano;
Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159— Paposo; E. Reed (4), p. 209— Chile; Schalow
(2), p. 664 — Islas dos Pajaros, Coquimbo; Housse (1), p. 51 — Isla La
Mocha, Arauco; Gigoux, p. 67 — Caldera, Atacama.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to Arauco. Winter visitor.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, two cf d* ad., one 9 ad.,
March 26. — Aconcagua: Papudo, 9 ad., Dec. 1.
The Turnstone is a winter visitor to Chile. There are various
records of its occurrence in the northern and central provinces
(Iquique, Tarapaca; Paposo, Antofagasta; Caldera, Atacama;
Papudo, Aconcagua; Coquimbo; Talcaguano, Conception; Isla La
Mocha, Arauco), but none from southern Chile. Boeck (p. 509)
states that he never saw the species around Valdivia.
Our specimens are just in the process of acquiring the nuptial
plumage. They are slightly larger (wing of adult males 152, 154)
than a series from Alaska, but agree perfectly in coloration. I am
inclined to follow Murphy's contention1 that South American
Turnstones should be referred to A. i. morinella rather than A. i.
interpres.
274. Aphriza virgata (Gmelin)
Tringa virgata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 674, 1789 — based on "Streaked
Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 3, (1), p. 180, 1785, "Sandwich
Sound" = Prince William Sound, Alaska.
Aphriza townsendii Fraser (2), p. 157 — Chile.
Strepsilas borealis Des Murs (2), p. 408 — "en las costas de Chile"; Philippi,
Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 163 — Paposo, Antofagasta; idem (12), p. 273 —
from Valdivia to Peru; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Paposo.
Aphriza virgata Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; E. Reed (4), p. 210—
Chile.
Tringa borealis Housse (1), p. 51 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
'Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 190, 1926.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 381
Range in Chile. — From Antofagasta to the Straits of Magellan.
Winter visitor.
The Surf-bird, whose breeding place has lately been discovered
in Alaska, visits Chile on its winter migration. According to Philippi,
the Santiago Museum has five specimens, one of which is specifically
stated to be from Valdivia. In his "Reise durch die Wiiste Atacama"
the species is recorded from Paposo, coast of Antofagasta. During
the cruise of the "Alert," R. W. Coppinger, as reported by Sharpe
(P. Z. S. Lond., 1881, p. 15), secured a male on February 15, 1879,
on Van Island, Trinidad Channel, in the Straits of Magellan.
275. Haematopus ater Vieillot and Oudart
Haematopus ater Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 88, pi. 230, 18251 — part,
"au detroit de Magellan" (type in Paris Museum examined); Peale, p. 245
—Valparaiso; Cassin, p. 198— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339—
Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 — Puerto Laguna, Chonos
Archipelago; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 37— Mas Afuera (?); E. Reed (4), p. 210
— Chile; Schalow (2), p. 664 — Isla dos Pajaros, Coquimbo; E. Reed (5),
p. 50 — coast of Chile; Passler (1), p. 103— Arica.
Haematopus niger Fraser (1), p. 116 — along rocky shores [of Chile]; Des Murs
(2), p. 406— Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 215— Valdivia; Boeck, p. 509—
Corral, Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 117— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 272— central
provinces; Housse (1), p. 51 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; Gigoux, p. 87 —
Caldera, Atacama.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan to the Peruvian
border.
Material collected. — Chiloe" Island: Rio Inio, three d* cf ad., two
9 9 ad., Jan. 8-14, 1923. H. B. Conover.— Atacama: Caldera,
9 ad., Aug. 28, 1923. C. C. Sanborn.
The Black Oyster-catcher, immediately recognizable by its
elevated, excessively compressed bill, breeds in suitable localities
all along the Chilean and Peruvian coast, north to Ancon. On Chiloe"
^berholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 47, 1918) calls the South American
Black Oyster-catcher H. townsendi Audubon, 1838, based on a specimen erroneously
supposed to have been obtained by Townsend somewhere on the Pacific Coast of
North America. According to the dates of publication of the "Galerie des Oiseaux,"
as worked out by Mathews (Austr. Av. Rec., 2, pp. 153-158, 1915), Vieillot's name,
however, appears to have priority by many years. Inspection of the specimens in
the Paris Museum shows that Vieillot did not distinguish between the South
American and the Australian species (H. fuliginosus), and while his description
might equally be referred to either, the original of the plate — marked as such —
unquestionably pertains to the first-named. It was secured by Quoy and Gaimard
(collectors' No. 258), naturalists of the "Uranie" and "Physicienne" under the
command of Captain Freycinet, and is stated to have come from "la baie des
Chiens Marins, Nouvelle Hollande" [ =Shark's Bay, Australia]. The locality is an
obvious mistake, since the bird agrees in every respect, particularly in the
characteristic shape of the bill, with others from the Straits of Magellan.
382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Island it was found breeding with the two other species, but seemed
to prefer rocky rather than sandy shores. Its occurrence in Mas
Afuera is open to doubt.
The Caldera bird agrees with those from more southern localities.
276. Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Murphy
Haematopus palliatus pitanay Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 1, 1925 —
Pisco Bay, lea, Peru.
Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Fraser (1), p. 116 — sandy shores
north of Valparaiso; Des Murs (2), p. 406 — Chile; Cassin, p. 197 — Chile;
Germain, p. 314 — near the borders of the sea, Santiago (nesting habits);
Pelzeln (2), p. 117— Chile (egg); Sclater (2), 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi,
Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 163 — Chanaral, Atacama; idem (12), p. 272 —
central provinces; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 — An cud, Chilo4;
Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159— Chanaral, Atacama; E. Reed (4), p. 210— Chile;
idem (5), p. 50 — Chile; Gigoux, p. 87 — Caldera, Atacama.
Haematopus frazari (not of Brewster) Lane, p. 303 — Arauco; Schalow (2), p.
663— Chile.
Range in Chile. — From the northern boundary to Chiloe* Island.
Material collected. — Chiloe" Island: Cucao, d* ad., 9 ad., Dec.
22, 23; Rio Inio, rf ad., 9 ad., Jan. 7, 10. H. B. Conover.
The six American races classed under the name H. palliatus are
clearly conspecific with the European Oyster-catcher. This has
recently been pointed out by Stresemann,1 and an independent
investigation of the problem leads me to essentially the same con-
clusions. In structural details the New World representatives agree
perfectly with the European bird, while the close resemblance of
the adult plumage of H. palliatus to the juvenile stage of H. ostra-
legus affords additional evidence for their genetic relationship. Their
natural affinities are, therefore, best expressed by the use of tri-
nomials, taking ostralegus as the specific name.
The Oyster-catcher of the coasts of Chile and Peru, justly sepa-
rated by Murphy as H. o. pitanay, is very similar to H. o. palliatus
in general coloration, but smaller in all dimensions and lacks the
white markings on the inner primaries. In the latter respect it
resembles H. o. frazari, of Lower California and western Mexico,
which is, however, somewhat larger and has a black and white
mottled zone on the lower end of the blackish gular area, while
in H. o. pitanay the black of the foreneck is abruptly defined against
the white of the belly.
'Ornith. Monatsber., 35, pp. 71-73, 1927.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 383
H. o. pitanay is the common Oyster-catcher breeding on the arid
seacoast of Chile, but it does not seem to range farther south than
Chilo£ Island, where it was found nesting in company with H.
leucopodus and H. ater by the members of Field Museum Expedition.
In the north it extends all along the coast of Peru to southwestern
Ecuador (Gulf of Guayaquil). Specimens from the latter country,
we are told by Murphy, show an approach to H. o. palliatus by having
a slight suggestion of white on the inner primaries.
277. Haematopus leucopodus Garnot
Haematopus leucopodus Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 47, 1826 — lies Malouines.
Haematopus leucopus Boeck, p. 509 — Chiloe", Rio Pudeto, and Bay of "Relon-
caoi" [=Reloncavi], Llanquihue; Philippi (12), p. 272 — southern Chile
to Straits of Magellan; E. Reed (4), p. 210 — Magellania and southern
Chile; idem (5), p. 50 — Chile; Blaauw (1), p. 70 — island east of Achao,
Chiloe"; (?) Housse (1), p. 51 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan north to Chilo£
Island and (?) Arauco (Isla La Mocha).
Material collected. — Chik>6 Island: Rio Inio, cT ad., two 9 9 ad.,
Jan. 12-18, 1923. H. B. Conover.
This Oyster-catcher is obviously quite different specifically. It
may be distinguished from the other white-bellied species (H. o.
pitanay} by glossy black (instead of hair brown) back and wings;
wholly white upper tail coverts (the middle ones not mottled or
spotted with brown); black (instead of white) under wing coverts;
the extension of the black all over the chest; yellow instead of crimson
eyelid; decidedly shorter, stouter tarsi; and wider nails with promi-
nent lateral flange.
Birds from Chilo4 Island are identical with others from Patagonia
and the Falklands.
H. leucopodus is of more southerly distribution than the pre-
ceding species. It breeds on the Falkland Islands and in the Straits
of Magellan, extending north on the Atlantic side to the Chubut,
and on the west coast to Chilo£ Island. Housse lists it as a visitant
to the Isla La Mocha, Arauco, but perhaps this record refers to the
superficially similar H. o. pitanay.
278. Himantopus himantopus melanurus Vieillot
Himantopus nwlanurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 10, p. 42,
1817 — based on "Zancudo" Azara, No. 393, Paraguay.
384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Himantopus nigricollis Fraser (1), p. 117 — margins of lakes and rivers [of
Chile]; Des Murs (2), p. 424 — Chile; Bibra, p. 131 — common around the
lakes near Santiago; Cassin, p. 196 — Chile; Germain, p. 313 — Santiago
(nesting habits); Pelzeln (2), p. 131— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 339—
Chile; Philippi (12), p. 276— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 567— Hacienda de
Cauquenes, Colchagua; Lataste (9), p. 171 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago.
Himantopus brasiliensis E. Reed (4), p. 210 — lagunas of the central provinces;
Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 113 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p.
202— Angol, Malleco.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces. Recorded from Cauquenes,
Colchagua, the vicinity of Santiago, and Angol, Malleco.
The Black-tailed Stilt is reported to be not uncommon in the
central provinces, though as yet little is known regarding its dis-
tribution. According to Bibra, it is frequent around the lakes near
Santiago, and Lataste met with it on Lake Aculeo. Germain, whose
notes refer to the same district, tells us that it lays in November three
or five eggs in the marshes, choosing for this purpose slight elevations,
where it puts together a few dry grasses in the form of a nest. Edwyn
Reed lists it as uncommon in the Hacienda de Cauquenes, Colchagua.
279. Recurvirostra andina Philippi and Landbeck
Recurvirostra andina Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 618,
1861 — Laguna "Parunicota" [= Parinacota], Tacna; idem, Arch. Naturg.,
29, (1), p. 131, 1863— "Parunicota"; Harting, Ibis, 1874, pp. 241, 257,
pi. 9 — Parinacota; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 404 — Huasco, Tarapaca; Philippi,
Ornis, 4, p. 160 — northern Chile (locality not specified); Rahmer, Journ.
Orn., 35, p. 161, 1887 — Cordilleras of Tarapaca and Atacama; Sclater (6),
1891, p. 137— Sacaya and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 210—
Tarapaca; Lane, p. 308 — Lake Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca (habits);
Philippi (24), p. 64, pi. 32 — Parinacota (Tacna), Inacaliri and Incahuasi
(Antofagasta).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone from Tacna to Atacama.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: twenty miles east of San Pedro
(alt. 12,600 feet), two tf cf ad., one 9 ad., Sept. 18, Oct. 6, 1923.
The Andean Avocet was discovered by Frobeen, in June,
1853, on the Laguna de Parinacota, in the Cordillera of Tacna, at an
elevation of 16,000 feet. Subsequently, the collectors of the late H.
Berkeley James secured a small series in the Andes of Tarapaca,
which, after his death, passed into the collection of the British
Museum. According to Ambrose Lane, this bird is peculiar to the
salt-marshes, occurring in the Cordillera of Tarapaca (alt. 8,000 to
12,000 feet). He found it plentiful about Huasco and a few occurred
at Sacaya in one spot, which was a stretch of saltish sediment with
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 385
from two to nine inches of water on it, but it never resorts to swamps
or grassy slopes. The birds are said to be resident and to nest about
November on the shores of the water they frequent, laying four or
five eggs. In Antofagasta F. Philippi met with the Avocet at
Inacaliri and Incahuasi, while Sanborn noticed it at Ojo de San
Pedro in April, May, September, and October.
Rahmer gives Maricunga, in the Andes east of Copiapo, as the
southern limit of its range.
The Andean Avocet has rather a restricted range. Besides in
northern Chile, it has been recorded from several localities in Peru
(Ingapirca, Junin; Laguna de Pahara, Puno). I have also seen many
specimens in the Berlepsch Collection secured by the Garlepp
brothers at Esperanza and Sajama (alt. 13,000 feet), Prov. Oruro,
Bolivia.
280. Phalaropus f ulicarius (Linnaeus)
Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — based on
"The Red-footed Phalarope" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 142, pi.
142, Hudson Bay.
Phalaropus platyrhynchus Meyen, p. 107 — Coquimbo.
Lobipes hyperboreus Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 8, col.
183, July 28, 1844— Chile.
Lobipes antarcticus Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 8, col.
183 (in text), July 28, 1844— Chile; idem, Compl. Oeuvr. Buffon, ed.
LeVgque, 20 (Descr. Mamm. et Ois.), p. 238, 1847— Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, p. 332— Chile (ex Lesson).
Phalaropus antarcticus Des Murs (2), p. 431 — Chile; Philippi (12), p. 277 —
Valdivia; idem, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 2, p. 267, pi. 4, 1893—
Santiago (April), Valdivia (November), ChiloS (February) (crit.); idem
(24), p. 66, pi. 27, fig. 2 — same localities (Spanish translation of preceding).
Phalaropus f ulicarius Des Murs (2), p. 430 (ex Meyen); Philippi (12), p.
278 (ex Meyen); Salvin (2), p. 429— Coquimbo Bay (Nov., 1881); E.
Reed (4), p. 210— Chile; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 50— Valparaiso Bay
(Feb. 18).
Crymophilus fulicarius Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 693, 1896 — Coquimbo,
Chile, and off Juan Fernandez; Schalow (2), p. 662— Chile.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to Chilo£ Island. Winter
visitor.
The Red Phalarope is now known as a regular, though not very
common winter visitor to central Chile. It was first recorded by
Meyen, who shot a specimen in winter plumage towards the close
of the summer on the open sea near Coquimbo. Lesson founded a
new species on Chilean specimens changing from the winter into the
386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
nuptial plumage. At first, the name L. antarcticus was proposed
tentatively in the text of a description, but in a later communication
the Chilean bird was accorded full specific rank. Philippi, in a little-
known paper published at Santiago in 1893, treats of this bird at
length, giving, besides a colored figure, various details on six speci-
mens in the Chilean National Museum, from Santiago, Valdivia, and
Chiloe" Island.
From the data at hand it results that the Red Phalarope arrives
in Chile in September and stays there all winter until April, when
it departs on its northward migration. Specimens have been taken
at Coronel (Sept. 13, 15; Berlin Museum), Valdivia (November;
Philippi), Coquimbo (November; Markham), Chilo£ (February;
Philippi), Valparaiso Bay (March 18; M. J. Nicoll), and Santiago
(April; Philippi).
281. Steganopus tricolor Vieillot
Steganopus tricolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 32, p. 136,
1819— based on Azara, No. 407, Paraguay; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 332—
Chile.
Phalaropus wilsonii Fraser (1), p. 118 — Lake Quintero, Valparaiso; Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, 5, No. 27 (Scolopaces), p. 60, 1864— Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi, Verb. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 2, p. 270,
pi. 5, 1893 — Iquique, Tarapaca (Sept.), and Rancagua, O'Higgins (Sept.);
idem (24), p. 68, pi. 31 — same localities (Spanish translation of preceding);
E. Reed (4), p. 210— Chile.
Phalaropus lobatus (errore) Des Murs (2), p. 432 — coast of Valparaiso; Philippi
(12), p. 277— Chile and "Peru."
Phalaropus frenatus Pelzeln (2), p. 132— Chile.
Range in Chile. — Occasional winter visitor. Recorded from
Iquique (Tarapaca), Quintero (Valparaiso), and from Rancagua
(O'Higgins).
Material examined. — Chile (unspecified) : one adult (winter plum-
age). J. Zelebor (Vienna Museum).
Wilson's Phalarope is reported as a rare winter visitant to Chile.
Gay and Bridges state that it is sparingly met with along the coast
of Valparaiso, and Philippi discusses four specimens — three from
Iquique (Tarapaca) and one from Rancagua (O'Higgins) — all
obtained in September, in the collection of the Museo Nacional at
Santiago. In the Vienna Museum, there are two examples brought
home by the "Novara" Expedition.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 387
282. Gapella stricklandii (Gray)
Scolopax stricklandii Gray,1 Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1, Birds, pi. 23,
"1846" — no locality given [= Hermit Island, Cape Horn, fide Sharpe,
1. c., p. 37, 1875].
Gallinago stricklandii Des Murs (2), p. 527 — Straits of Magellan and Tierra
del Fuego; Philippi (12), p. 277— Straits of Magellan, ChiloS, Valdivia.
Scolopax spectdbilis Hartlaub, Naumannia, 1853, p. 216 — Hualves, Valdivia.
Gallinago paludosa (not of Gmelin) Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 332, 339 — Chile.
Gallinazo (sic) stricklandi E. Reed (4), p. 210 — rare in the central provinces.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan north to Valdivia;
(?) occasionally in the central provinces.
Material collected. — Guaitecas Islands: Melinka, Ascension
Island, 9 ad., Jan. 31, 1923.
Strickland's Snipe principally inhabits the southern extremity of
South America from the Straits of Magellan to Tierra del Fuego and
Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands. Thence its range extends
through southern Chile to Chilo6 and Valdivia, though it has yet to
be ascertained whether it breeds there or merely visits these parts on
migrations. E. Reed states that it is, though rarely, even met with
in the central provinces, and Seebohm2 mentions that Berkeley James
picked up some specimens in the market at Valparaiso.
The only specimen in the Museum collection was found dead
on Ascension, one of the Guaitecas Islands.3
Strickland's Snipe has good specific characters, but I do not see
how it can be separated generically from Capella.
283. Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King)
Scolopax magellanicus King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 93, 1828 — Straits of Magellan.
Scolopax frenata chilensis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadr., p. 496, 1887 —
Chile.
Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaiae (not of Vieillot) Darwin, p. 131 — Valparaiso.
1Gallinago stricklandii Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 112, 1844)—
generally quoted as original reference-^-is a nomen nudum. No description was
ever published in the text of the ornithological portion of the Zoology of the
Erebus and Terror, but the plate is sufficient to identify the species. Although no
information is available respecting its exact date, plate 23 appears to have been
issued some time before 1847, as it is cited by Des Murs in Gay's "Historia ffsica
y politica de Chile," published in that year.
'Geogr. Distr. Charadr., p. 488.
3 Lane (p. 310) observed what he believed to be this species at Huasco, Cordil-
lera of Tarapaca, but did not procure any specimens. The snipe seen by him is
more likely to have been C. jamesoni (Bonaparte) — known to range all over the
Andes from Colombia to Bolivia — which may ultimately turn out to be a northern
race of C. stricklandii.
388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Scolopax paraguaiae Fraser (1), p. 118 — in the marshes [of Chile] in winter;
Yarrell, p. 54 — Chile (egg descr.); Cassin, p. 194 — Chile.
Scolopax frenata (not of Lichtenstein) Tschudi, p. 35 — Valparaiso.
Gallinago parguiae (sic) Boeck, p. 510 — Valdivia.
Gallinago paraguia Germain, p. 313 — Santiago (breeding habits).
Gallinago paraguiae (sic) Des Murs (2), p. 426 — Chile; Lataste (1), p. CXV —
Bureo (Chilian), Nuble; Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVIII— Penaflor,
Santiago; idem (5), p. LXIII — Junquillos (San Carlos), Nuble; Lane, p.
309 — part, Rio Bueno and Rio Pilmaiquen (Valdivia), Arauco, Conception;
Housse (1), p. 52 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; idem (2), p. 150 — San Bernardo,
Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 113 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock
(4), p. 203— Angol, Malleco.
Gallinago frenata Pelzeln (2), p. 132— Chile.
Gallinago paraguaiae (ayae) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 5, No. 27 (Scolopaces),
p. 11, 1864— Arique (Valdivia); Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 277— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 567— Cauquenes, Colchagua;
Barros (4), p. 44 — Nilahue, Curico.
Gallinazo (sic) paraguaiae E. Reed (4), p. 210 — Chile.
Gallinago paraguayae chilensis Schalow (2), p. 661 — La Serena, Coquimbo.
Capella paraguaiae Passler (3), p. 445 — Coronel (habits).
Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 506 — part, Chile
in general (except Sacaya).
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Copiapo) to the Straits of
Magellan.
Material collected. — Atacama: Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, d"
ad., Aug. 27. — Malleco: Curacautin, 9 ad., Jan. 8. — Cautin: Lake
GualletuS (alt. 3,800 feet), cT ad., 9 ad., Feb. 18, 20.— ChiloS Island:
Quellon, three d1 d" ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 31-Jan. 5; Cucao,
cf ad., two 9 9 ad., one downy young, Dec. 24. — Guaitecas Islands:
Melinka, Ascension Island, d1 ad., Jan. 30. — Llanquihue: Casa
de Richards, Rio Nirehuau (alt. 2,000 feet), two & <? ad., two 9 9
ad., Feb. 24-27.
The series of adults differs from typical C. p. paraguaiae1 in less
blackish dorsal surface caused by the greater amount of buff mark-
ings; more deeply buff foreneck and chest with less prominent black-
ish spotting; deeper rufous tail; and more tapering outermost rectrix.
In opposition to Deichler,2 1 am unable to discover any constant dif-
ference between specimens from the Straits of Magellan (magellanica)
JIn another connection (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 496, 1929)
we have pointed out that the description of Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot refers
to the breeding form of Paraguay, which, as shown by a series from Villarrica in
the Conover Collection, is identical with the Brazilian bird (S. braziliensis
Swainson).
2 Journ. Ornith., 45, p. 153, 1897.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYB 389
and those from Chile (chilensis). The proportion of the shortest
secondaries used as criterion for discriminating two races proves to
be extremely variable in our series of breeding birds from Chilo£
Island, and no reliance can be placed on this character.
C. p. magellanica is widely distributed in suitable localities
throughout southern Chile. W. H. Osgood and H. B. Conover found it
breeding in December and January on Chiloe" Island, where a downy
young was taken on December 24. Ambrose Lane records it as a
breeding species for Valdivia (Rio Bueno and Rio Pilmaiquen),
and R. Passler states that around Coronel (Arauco) it nests in small
numbers on marshy meadows in the second half of October. In
the vicinity of Santiago, according to F. Germain, it breeds from
July to September, laying two eggs in a rude nest composed of straw
and dried grass. The only specimen from northern Chile — an adult
male taken in the Copiapo Valley on August 27 — matches in every
detail, coloration as well as size (wing 130; bill 68), the southern
birds, and does not show any approach to the Antofagasta race.
The snipes were indulging in mating flight and apparently breeding
at the time (C. C. Sanborn).
Outside of Chile, this snipe breeds on the Falkland Islands, in
Tierra del Fuego, and southern Patagonia, migrating as far north
as Buenos Aires and Uruguay in winter.
284. Capella paraguaiae innotata subsp. nov.
Gallinago paraguiae (not Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot) Philippi, Reise Wiiste
Atacama, p. 164 — Tilopozo, Salar de Atacama, Antofagasta; idem, Ornis,
4, p. 160— Tilopozo.
Type from Rio Loa, Antofagasta, Chile, in Field Museum of
Natural History. No. 62,342. Adult male. Collected on Sept. 13,
1923, by C. C. Sanborn (Orig. No. 620).
Similar to C. p. andina in proportions, but immediately recog-
nizable by nearly plain white under wing coverts and by having all
of the primaries (not only the two outermost) exteriorly and apically
edged with hoary white.
Measurements of two adult females. — Wing 118, 118; tail 50, 52;
bill 53, 58 mm.
Range. — Only known from the type locality.
Two females taken by Mr. Sanborn on September 12 and 14, 1923,
at Rio Loa, Antofagasta, in northern Chile, differ so conspicuously
from all of the numerous specimens of both C. p. magettanica and
C. p. andina that I have no alternative but to separate them
390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
subspecifically. The under wing coverts, which in both forms are
strongly barred with black and white, show but traces of dark
gray wavy lines towards the edge of the wing, the rest being uniform
white. All of the primaries have a distinct, though narrow, hoary
white edge along the outer web and a broader margin of the same color
on the tip. In the markings of the primaries the Antofagasta birds
are approached only by one from Tungasuca, Cuzco, and another
from the Huanuco Mountains, while the other examples examined by
me have merely the two outermost primaries exteriorly edged with
whitish. In dimensions, the new form agrees exactly with C. p.
andina, from Tarapaca and Peru.
C. p. innotata will doubtless be found to occur in the adjacent
section of Argentina, though in view of the distribution of the
allied races its range cannot be very extensive.
285. Capella paraguaiae andina (Taczanowski)
Gallinago andina Taczanowski, P. Z. S. Lond., 1874, p. 561 — Lake Junin, Peru.
Gallinago paraguaiae (not of Vieillot) Sclater (6), 1891, p. 137 — Sacaya, Tara-
paca; Lane, p. 309 — pa"t, Sacaya.
Gallinago frenata (not of Lichtenstein) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 646,
1896 — part, spec, a, Sacaya, Tarapaca.
Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 506 — part,
Sacaya.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Tarapaca.
Material examined. — Tarapaca: Sacaya, cf imm., 9 ad., March
16, April 5, 1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum).
Birds from Sacaya, Tarapaca,1 which were referred to "G. frenata"
and C. p. paraguaiae respectively by Sharpe and Mrs. Meinertzhagen,
prove to belong to C. p. andina. The specimens collected by Lane
agree in every particular with a Peruvian series. The under wing
coverts are just as heavily barred with black, and only the two outer-
most primaries have a hoary white margin along the outer web.
C. p. andina is well distinguished by its decidedly shorter wings
and shorter as well as slenderer bill, there being a distinct gap between
its measurements and those of C. p. magellanica. Mrs. Meinertz-
hagen's claim that "small specimens of C. p. paraguaiae [viz. magel-
lanica] overlap with those of large C. p. andina" is due to her referring
1 Under G. paraguayae Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 650, 652) lists nine
more specimens from "Tarapaca (A. A. Lane)." This is a mistake, since they are
all from southern Chile, six being from Arauco, the others from Rio Bueno and
Corral, Valdivia. All are referable to C. p. magellanica.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 391
the Tarapaca birds to the former, while they unquestionably pertain
to the small northern race.
C. p. andina is restricted to the Puna Zone of Peru, extreme
northern Chile, and Bolivia. From the last-named country
H. B. Conover has a single female collected by E. Budin at the
Laguna Taxara (alt. 4,000 meters), Dept. Tarija, which I am unable
to distinguish from Peruvian skins.
MEASUREMENTS
C. p. andina Wing Bill
Adult males
One from Cajamarca (10,000 feet), Peru 115 56
One from Junin, Peru 117 53
Adult females
One from near Huamachuco (11,500 feet), Peru 120
Two from Huanuco Mts. (12,200 feet), Peru 120,120
One from Junin, Peru 121
One from Maraynioc, Peru 116
One from Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru 120
One from Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile 120
One from Laguna Taxara, Tarija, Bolivia 121
Immature males
One from Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile 115 48
C. p. magellanica
Fifty specimens from Chile and Argentina 128-138, 65-75, rarely
once 143 78-80
286. Nycticryphes1 semi-collaris (Vieillot)
Totanus semi-collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &i., 6, p. 402,
1816 — based on Azara, No. 405, Paraguay.
Rhynchea (aea) semicollaris Fraser (1), p. 118 — marshes [of Chile]; Des Murs
(2), p. 429 — central provinces; Peale, p. 226 — Chile; Bibra, p. 131 — com-
mon on the lakes near Santiago; Cassin, p. 194 — vicinity of Santiago;
Germain, p. 313 — Santiago (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 5,
No. 27, p. 18, 1864— Santiago; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi
(12), p. 277 — central provinces to Straits of Magellan; E. Reed (2), p.
567 — Laguna of Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 16 — Coquimbo; Salvin
(2), p. 429 — Coquimbo; idem, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 608, 1882— Valparaiso;
E. Reed (4), p. 210— Chile; Waugh and Lataste (3), p. LX— Penaflor,
Santiago; Lane, p. 310 — Arauco (habits); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 113 —
Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Rostratula semicollaris Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 690, 1896 — Santiago,
Coquimbo, Arauco.
Range in Chile. — Central provinces, from Coquimbo to Arauco.
The Painted Snipe is reported to be fairly common around the
lagoons of the central parts of Chile, particularly in the vicinity of
1 Nycticryphes ; Wetmore and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 143, 1923 —
type Totanus semi-collaris Vieillot.
392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Santiago, where it has been observed or secured by various collectors.
According to Germain, it lays in September or October two or three
eggs in marshes and inundated fields, depositing them on the mud
or wet grass. Coppinger and Markham obtained specimens near
Coquimbo, and Ambrose Lane at Arauco, where he found the snipes
in pairs and flushed them from the watery sedge near the seashore.
The two localities mark the northern and southern limits of its
distribution in Chile as recorded in literature.
The Painted Snipe is, besides, found in northern Argentina, Para-
guay, and Uruguay.1
287. Phegornis mitchellii (Fraser)
Leptopus (Leptodactylus) mitchellii Fraser, P. Z. S. Lond., 12, "1844," p. 157,
Feb., 1845 — Chile, probably Andes of Colchagua; idem, Zool. Typ.,
pi. 63, circa 1848 — "in swampy places" of the Andes of central Chile.
Leptoscelis mitchellii Des Murs (2), p. 404 — Chile (ex Fraser); Philippi, Reise
Wiiste Atacama, p. 163 — Rio Frio, Antofagasta, and Cordillera of San-
tiago; Pelzeln (2), p. 117— Cordillera of Santiago; Philippi (12), p. 272—
Cordilleras of central provinces north to the desert of Atacama; idem,
Ornis, 4, p. 159— Rio Frio.
Leptosceles mitchelli Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile.
Phegornis mitchelli Sclater (4), 1886, p. 403— Sitani, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4),
p. 210— Chile; C. Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, p. 12, 1916— "Concepci6n,"
Chile; Barros (5), p. 172 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; idem (10), p. 357 —
Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of the central and northern provinces,
from Colchagua to Tarapaca.
Material collected. — Antofagasta (Bolivia boundary) : Silala (alt.
14,160 feet), cf ad., 9 ad., cf juv., April 26. — Coquimbo: Baiios del
Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), two cf cf ad., one 9 ad., Nov. 14, 17.
The young bird differs from Sharpe's description of the juvenile
plumage by having no ashy white on the hind neck and by lacking
the white post-ocular streak. The whole of the dorsal plumage is
barred with dull rufous, paler on the crown.
P. mitchellii inhabits the upper Temperate and Puna Zones at
elevations of 10,000 feet and upwards, where it breeds along the banks
of streams. It was discovered by Thomas Bridges, probably in the
province of Colchagua. Philippi records it from the Cordillera of
Santiago, and a specimen from this section, secured by Germain
'The records from "Peru" (Tschudi) and "Straits of Magellan" (King) are
obviously erroneous, and the locality "Sao Paulo" (type of R. hilarea) is likewise
open to doubt.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 393
in January, 1859, is now in the Vienna Museum. In Aconcagua,
R. Barros tells us, it arrives in October and, after staying for a short
time at lower altitudes, repairs to its breeding grounds in the elevated
Cordilleras (10,000 feet and more). About the end of April and in
May it migrates northwards. Philippi met with it at Rio Frio,
Antofagasta, in the Desert of Atacama, and Carlos Rahmer obtained
a single specimen at Sitani, Tarapacd. C. S. Reed claims to have
shot one at Concepci6n, Chile.
Outside of Chile, this interesting bird has been found at Yaucha,
Dept. San Carlos, Mendoza,1 and also on the shores of Lake Junin
and in Puno, Peru; whether it nests there, has yet to be ascertained.
288. Pisobia fuscicollis (Vieillot)
Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 34, p. 461,
1819— based on Azara, No. 404, Paraguay; E. Reed (4), p. 210— Chile.
Tringa bonapartii Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 5, No. 27 (Scolopaces), p. 42,
1844— Santiago; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile.
Tringa pectoralis Philippi (12), p. 276 — Atacama and Santiago; idem, Ornis,
4, p. 160 — Antofagasta.
Range in Chile. — From Antofagasta to the Straits of Magellan.
Winter visitor.
Bonaparte's Sandpiper is said to be a rather uncommon winter
migrant in Chile. Schlegel records two females from Santiago
(September, 1853) received through Philippi, and Edwyn Reed states
that the bird is of rather rare occurrence. We have not seen any
Chilean material, and even the British Museum has no specimens
from that country.
289. Pisobia bairdii (Coues)
Actodromas bairdii Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13, p. 194, 1861 —
Fort Resolution [Great Slave Lake, Canada].
Schaeniclus schinzii (not of Brehm) Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p.
105, 1844 — Chile (ex Bridges; spec, in British Museum examined).
(?) Tringa schinzii Des Mure (2), p. 425— Chile; (?) Philippi (12), p. 276 —
Santiago; (?) Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVIII— Penaflor, Santiago.
Tringa bairdi Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 332, 339— Santiago; idem (4), 1886, p.
404 — Huasco, Sacaya, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p.
137— Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 210— Chile; Lane, p. 311— Cancosa,
Sacaya, and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca.
Tringa maculata (not of Vieillot) Sclater (4), 1886, p. 404 — Huasco, Tarapac£
(spec, examined).
'Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, (3), 1, p. 154, 1902.
394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Heteropygia bairdi Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 570, 1896 — Tarapaca
(Cancosa, Sacaya, Huasco), Santiago, and Talcaguano.
Pisobia bairdi Barros (4), p. 173 — Vega Redonda (Valle de los Piuquenes),
Aconcagua.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapacd to Valdivia. Winter visitor.
Material collected. — Antofagasta: Ojo de San Pedro (alt. 12,400
feet), 9 ad., May 2, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca; Sacaya, cf ad., no date. C.
Rahmer; 9 ad., March 10, 1890. A. A. Lane; Cancosa, 9 ad.,
Jan. 28, 1890. A. A. Lane; Huasco, 9 ad., Feb. 15, 1886. C.
Rahmer. — Santiago: Santiago, one 9 ad., Feb. 1872. E. C. Reed;
two 9 9, no date. Friedrich Leybold. — Valdivia: Nige, Tolten, 9,
Feb. 17, 1909. D. S. Bullock.— "Chile" (unspecified): one adult.
T. Bridges (all in the British Museum).
Baird's Sandpiper is a common winter visitant to Chile. Speci-
mens have been secured by Rahmer and Lane in the Cordillera of
Tarapaca, while R. Barros shot one in Aconcagua (alt. 7,000 feet)
in October, 1920. The British Museum has examples from Santiago
(February), Talcaguano (September), and Tolten, Valdivia (Febru-
ary) . The bird collected by Mr. Sanborn is in freshly molted plumage.
290. Pisobia melanotos (Vieillot)
Tringa melanotos Vieillot,1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 34, p. 462,
1819 — based on Azara, No. 401, Paraguay.
Pelidna pectoralis Cassin, p. 195 — Chile.
Tringa maculata Sclater (6), 1891, p. 137 — Tarapaca (spec, examined); E.
Reed (4), p. 210 — Chile; Lane, p. 310 — Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia (spec.
in British Museum examined).
Heteropygia maculata Schalow (2), p. 660 — Cavancha (Iquique), Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to Valdivia. Winter visitor.
Material examined. — Tarapaca: Sacaya, c* ad., 9 ad., March
13, April 4, 1890. A. A. Lane. — Valdivia: Rio Pilmaiquen, cf ad.,
Feb. 22, 1891. A. A. Lane (all in the British Museum).
The Pectoral Sandpiper is stated to be a rather uncommon winter
visitant from the north. Specimens have been recorded from
Tarapaca (Cavancha and Sacaya) and Valdivia (Rio Pilmaiquen).
!As pointed out by Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 153, 1926), this
name has page-priority over Tringa maculata Vieillot, the generally accepted
specific term of the Pectoral Sandpiper. Azara's description is unmistakable,
and before Wetmore's paper was published, we had independently identified it as
pertaining to Pisobia maculata.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 395
291. Crocethia alba (Pallas)
Trynga (alba) Pallas in Vroeg, Cat. Rais. d'Ois., Adumbr., p. 7, 1764 — coast
of North Sea, Holland.
Calidris arenaria Fraser (2), p. 157 — Chile; Cassin, p. 194 — Chile; Pelzeln
(2), p. 131— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 339— Chile; Sharpe, p. 16— Talca-
guano; Salvin (2), p. 429 — Coquimbo Bay; Schalow (2), p. 659 — Cavancha
(Iquique), Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 210— Chile.
Tringa arenaria Des Murs (2), p. 425 — Chile; Philippi (12), p. 276 — common
along the seacoast.
Calidris grisea Philippi (12), p. 276 — Chile; Gigoux, p. 87 — Caldera, Atacama.
Crocethia alba Wetmore (3), p. 153 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Seacoast from Tarapaca to Chiloe* Island.
Winter visitor.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, three cfcf, one 9,
April 11-18, 1924. E. Gigoux. — Aconcagua: Papudo, one <? ad.,
Dec. 8, 1923.
The Sanderling is a regular winter visitant to Chile. Mr. Conover
supplies the following note: "At Cucao, Chilce", twenty-five indi-
viduals were seen on Christmas Day scattered over a wet spot on the
beach, and one was shot for identification."
292. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin)
Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 — based on
"Stone Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 468, 1785, Chateau Bay, Labrador.
Totanus stagnatilis (errore) Des Murs (2), p. 122 — Chile (in part); Frauenfeld,
p. 639 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago; (?) Housse (2), p. 150 — San Bernardo,
Santiago.
Totanus chilensis Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, p. 182, 1857 — Chile (no
locality specified); idem, Arch. Naturg., 23, (1), p. 264, 1857 — coast of
province of Valparaiso; idem, Reise Wxiste Atacama, p. 163 — Paposo,
Antofagasta (?); idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Paposo; idem (24), p. 63, pi.
29, fig. 1— Chile.
Totanus melanoleucus Pelzeln (2), p. 131 — Chile; Philippi (12), p. 275 —
Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160— Antofagasta; E. Reed (4), p. 210— com-
mon in winter; Waugh and Lataste (3), p. LX — Penaflor, Santiago; Lane,
p. 311— Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia; Philippi (24), p. 63, pi. 29, fig. 2—
Chile; Wetmore (3), p. 150— Concon, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 203—
Angol, Malleco.
Gambetta melanoleuca Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile (crit.); E. Reed
(2), p. 567 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 16 — Talcaguano; Sclater
(6), 1891, p. 404— Sitani, Tarapaca.
Totanus stagnalis (sic) (T. melanoleucus?) Waugh and Lataste (1), pp. LXXX-
VIII — Penaflor, Santiago.
396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan.
Winter visitor.
Material collected. — Chiloe" Island: Rio Inio, 9 ad., Jan. 8;
Quellon, 9 ad., Dec. 30.
The Greater Yellow-legs is a common winter visitant to Chile,
and has been recorded from various parts of the country. Philippi,
when receiving the first specimens from the Valparaiso coast, errone-
ously described them as pertaining to a new species under the name
of T. chilensis. There is no question whatever that the individuals
wintering in Chile are merely migrants from the north.
293. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin)
Scolopax flavipes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789— based on "Yellow-
shanks" Pennant, Arct. ZooL, 2, p. 468, 1785, New York.
Totanus stagnatilis (errore) Des Murs (2), p. 122 — Chile (in part); Philippi,
Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163 — Chanaral de las Animas, Atacama.
Totanus flavipes Pelzeln (2), p. 131— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 275 — Chile;
Sclater (4), 1886, p. 137— Tarapaca; Waugh and Lataste (3), p. LX—
Penaflor, Santiago; E. Reed (4), p. 210 — common in winter; Lane, p.
311— Huasco, Sacaya, and "Caracosa," Tarapaca; Philippi (24), p. 63,
pi. 30 — Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 113 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso;
Bullock (4), p. 203— Angol, Malleco.
Gambetta flavipes Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 332, 339— Santiago; E. Reed (2), p.
568 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sclater (6), 1891, p. 404 — Sacaya, Tarapaca.
Totanus stagnalis (sic) (T. flavipes ?) Waugh and Lataste (1), p. LXXXVIII—
Penaflor, Santiago.
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan.
Winter visitor.
Material collected. — Conception: near the coast, cf ad., 9 ad.,
April 7, 14.
The Yellow-legs is likewise a common winter visitant from the
north, and is stated to be even more abundant than its larger relative.
294. Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus)
Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 252, 1766 — based on
Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 222, pi. 25, fig. 2, Santo Domingo.
Eumenetes (sic) pusillus Housse (1), p. 51 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Range in Chile. — Once recorded from Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Winter visitor.
Whether this species has really any claim to be included in the
fauna of Chile requires confirmation. Housse states that it visits
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 397
the shores of the Isla La Mocha, but the note may refer to some other
species, as it seems to be based on field-observations only.
No other collector ever met with the Semipalmated Sandpiper
in Chile, although a species of the genus (either E. pusillus or E.
mauri) has been taken at Paracas Bay, Peru.
295. Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein)
Tringa longicauda Bechstein, Kurze Ubers. Vogel, 2, p. 453, pi. 42, 1812 —
' 'Nordamerika.' '
Actiturus bartramius Philippi (24), p. 65 — Cordillera of Santiago.
Range in Chile. — Once recorded from Santiago. Winter visitant.
According to Philippi, two specimens of the Upland Plover caught
in 1888 in the Cordillera of Santiago are in the Santiago Museum.
It is also said to have occurred near San Fernando, Santiago.
296. Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus)
Scolopax haemastica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 147, 1758 — based
on "Red-breasted Godwit" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, pi. 138, Hudson
Bay.
Limosa hudsonica (us) Darwin, p. 129 — Chiloe" Island; Fraser (1), p. 118 —
mouths of rivers near the sea [of Chile]; Des Murs (2), p. 420 — coast of
Valparaiso; Pelzeln (2), pp. 128, 163— Chiloe Island; Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 332, 339— Chile; Philippi (12), p. 275 — coast of Chile, particularly
abundant at Vichuquen, Curico; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 —
Ancud, Chiloe; Housse (1), p. 52 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; E. Reed (4),
p. 210 — coast of Chile; Schalow (2), p. 659 — Calbuco, Llanquihue.
Range in Chile. — All along the coast south to the Straits of
Magellan. Winter visitor.
The Hudsonian Godwit is a regular winter visitant to Chile. It
is stated to be particularly abundant on the tidal mud-banks of
Chiloe" Island and around Vichuquen on the coast of Curico, and
has also been noted from several other localities (Valparaiso; Isla La
Mocha; Calbuco, near Puerto Montt). Schalow's assumption that
it "doubtless" breeds in South America is wholly unfounded, its
breeding grounds being the tundra of Arctic North America.
297. Numenius hudsonicus Latham
Numenius hudsonicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 712, 1790 — based on "Eskimaux
Curlew" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, No. 364, pi. 19, Hudson Bay; Darwin, p.
129 — Chiloe Island; Fraser (1), p. 117 — sandy bays along the shores of
Chile; Des Murs (2), p. 419— Chile; Boeck, p. 510— "Arend" [ =Ancud],
Chilo6, and Calbuco and Bay von "Reloncaoi" [ =Reloncavi], Llanquihue;
398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Cassin, p. 194— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile; Philippi
(12), p. 275— coast of Chile; Sharpe, p. 16— Talcaguano; E. Reed (4),
p. 210 — Chilo6, less common in the north of Chile; Lane, p. 312 — Vina del
Mar, near Valparaiso; Schalow (2), p. 659 — Chile; Gigoux, p. 87 — Caldera,
Atacama.
Numenius hudsonius Pelzeln (2), pp. 128, 163 — Chilo6 Island.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama to Llanquihue. Winter visitor.
Material collected. — Atacama: Caldera, 9 ad., Dec. 2, 1923.
E. Gigoux.— Chilo<§ Island: Quellon, cf ad., two 9 9, Dec. 29-30,
Feb. 1; Rio Inio, one 9 , one (unsexed) ad., Jan. 8-11.
The Hudsonian Curlew is a regular winter visitant to Chile. It
is reported as particularly abundant along the mud-banks of Chiloe*
Island, where Osgood and Conover found it in large numbers.
Farther north it is said to be less common, though specimens
have been secured at Caldera, Vina del Mar (Valparaiso), and
Talcaguano. Bullock (Auk, 45, 1928, p. 501) met with large migrat-
ing flocks at Penco (Concepci6n) in the first half of March; by the
twenty-first of the month the birds had departed for the north.
298. Numenius borealis (Forster)
Scolopax borealis Forster, Philos. Trans., 62, pp. 411, 431, 1772 — Albany
Fort, Keewatin, and Hudson Bay.
Numenius microrhynchus Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 32, (1), p.
129, 1866 — ChiloS Island and Arica (Tacna); Philippi (12), p. 275—
ChiloS and "Peru."
Numenius borealis Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile (crit.); E. Reed (4),
p. 211— Chile; Philippi (24), p. 62— Chile (crit.).
Range in Chile. — From Tacna to Chiloe" Island. Winter visitor.
The Eskimo Curlew formerly was a winter visitor to Chile.
There are two specimens in the Museo Nacional at Santiago, one
from Chilce" Island, October, 1858, the other taken by Frobeen near
Arica, Tacna, which formed the basis of N. microrhynchus. They
have been examined by both Mr. Conover and Mr. Sanborn.
299. Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz
Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 1, p. 2, pi. 2, 1829 —
near the seacoast in the Bay of Concepci6n; Cassin, p. 191 — "the higher
mountain valleys" [of Chile], errore; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile;
E. Reed (2), p. 567 — plains of Cauquenes, Colchagua; Salvin (2), p. 429—
Coquimbo; Lane, p. 304 — part, Huasco, Atacama, and Laraquete, Arauco
(habits); E. Reed (4), p. 210— central provinces; Albert (1), 106, p. 589—
Chile (monog.); Housse (2), p. 149 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Gigoux,
p. 84 — Caldera, Atacama (winter visitor).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 399
Tinochorus rumicivorus Darwin, p. 117 — from near Concepcidn north to
Copiap6; Des Murs (2), p. 387— Concepcidn; Philippi (12), p. 269—
Santiago to Valdivia.
Tinochorus eschscholtzii Fraser (1), p. 116 — plains of Chile.
Thinocorus swainsoni Pelzeln (2), p. 113 — Chile.
Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Wetmore (3), p. 172 — mouth of the Rio
Aconcagua, near Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Copiapo) to Llanquihue.
Material collected. — Llanquihue: Casa de Richards, Rio Rirehuau
(alt. 2,000 feet), six cf cT ad., one cf imm., four 9 9 ad., three young
(in down), Feb. 17-March 9.
Additional specimens. — Coquimbo: Coquimbo, 9 ad., June,
1880. Coppinger (British Museum). — Santiago: Santiago, d" ad.,
two 9 9 ad. F. Leybold (British Museum).
The Coquimbo bird is identical with others from Santiago and
farther south, being much larger (wing 115) and darker above than
one from Tarapaca. The wing measurements of Chilean birds,
irrespective of sex, run from 110 to 124 mm.
This little seed-snipe is reported to be locally common on sandy
beaches and sterile plains. The most northerly specimen we have
seen is that from Coquimbo, but Lane was told that this bird is
plentiful at Huasco, Atacama, and Darwin found it even at Copiapo.
According to Gigoux, it is merely a winter visitor at Caldera. An
account of its habits and behavior is given by Lane and Wetmore.
Several races of more or less doubtful standing have been described
from Argentina, partly based on migrants, whose breeding places
are unknown. One of them, T. r. swainsonii Lesson,1 is erroneously
stated by Gay (p. 388) to occur, though rarely, in the central prov-
inces of Chile.
300. Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda (Peale)
Glareola cuneicauda Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 244, 1848 — San Lorenzo
Island, near Callao, Peru (type in U. S. National Museum examined).
Thinocorus rumicivorus (not of Eschscholtz) Sclater (6), 1891, p. 137 — La
Noria, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 304 — part, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section, in province of
Tarapaca.
Material examined. — Tarapaca: La Noria, 9 ad., June 2, 1890.
A. A. Lane (British Museum).
1Tinochorus swainsonii Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. et Geol. (Fe>ussac), 25, No. 197,
p. 344, June, 1831 — Buenos Aires.
400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The Tarapaca bird agrees in small size1 and pale upper parts
with two specimens, including the type of T. peruvianus Lowe,2
from the coast of Arequipa (Islay and Tambo Valley). As pointed
out by Wetmore,3 this pale form was first described by Peale under
the name of G. cuneicauda. It replaces the typical race in the extreme
north of Chile, whence it stretches northwards along the Peruvian
coast at least to the latitude of Lima.
Lane found it in Tarapaca occasionally from the seashore to
within a short distance of Pica.
301. Thinocorus orbignyianus orbignyianus (Lesson)
Tinochorus Orbignyianus^ Lesson, Cent. Zool., pp. 137, 139, pll. 48, 49, pub.
by March, 1831 — "San-Jago" [= Santiago], Chile, coll. Gay (types in
Paris Museum); Bridges, p. 95 — Andes of Chile, lat. 34°-35°; Fraser (1),
p. 115 — elevated valleys and mountains of the Andes [of Chile]; Des Murs
(2), p. 387— vicinity of Santiago; Philippi (12), p. 269 — high Cordilleras
of Chile; Porter (1), p. CCXVI— Chanarcillo, Atacama.
Thinocorus orbignianus* Bibra, p. 130 — near the snow of the Cordillera [of
Santiago]; Cassin, p. 191 — valley of the Andes [of Chile]; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 567— Valle de los Cipreses,
Colchagua; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 403 — Sacaya, Tarapaca (egg descr.); idem
(6), 1891, p. 137 — Sacaya, Lake Huasco, and "Canchosa," Tarapaca; Lane,
p. 306 — Tarapaca and Santiago (habits); E. Reed (4), p. 210— Colchagua;
Albert (1), 106, p. 586 — Chile (monog.); Housse (2), p. 149— San Bernardo,
Santiago; Bullock (4), p. 193 — Angol, Malleco.
Thinochorus orbignyanus Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 163 — Agua de
Varas, Antofagasta.
Thinocorus ingae (not of Tschudi) Pelzeln (2), p. 113 — Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile (ex Pelzeln).
Tinocorus orbignyanus Philippi, Onus, 4, p. 159 — Inacaliri and Pastos Largos,
Antofagasta.
Thinocorys orbignyanus Barros (5), p. 172 — Cordillera of Aconcagua.
Thinocorus orbignyanus orbignyanus Brodkorb, Auk, 46, p. 500, 1928 — Chile
(crit.).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of northern and central Chile, from
Tacna to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Tacna: Chungara (alt. 15,150 feet), d" ad.,
cf juv., June 25. — Antofagasta: Rio Loa, cf ad., Sept. 13; twenty
xThe La Noria bird has a wing of 104, a female from Tambo measures 105 mm.
2 Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 109, 1921— Islay, Arequipa, Peru.
3 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 172, 1926.
4 Variously spelled a' orbignyanus, d'orbignianus, orbignyanus, prbignianus, or
orbignyianus, the last-named being the orthography adopted in the original
description.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 401
miles east of San Pedro, two cf cf ad., Oct. 2-6. — Coquimbo: Banos
del Toro (alt. 10,600 feet), three <? d" ad., Nov. 11.
Additional specimens. — Santiago: Cordillera de Las Condes, three
cf d" ad., two 99, Sept. 8, 1923. C. S. Reed (Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge).
Specimens from Coquimbo and Antofagasta agree well with the
series of topotypes in the Cambridge Museum, and the single male
from Chungara (Tacna) obviously is not different either. The wing
measurement ranges in males from Santiago and Coquimbo from
140 to 150 and in those from Antofagasta from 139 to 157, while
the specimen from Tacna has a wing of 147 mm.
Birds from Peru and Bolivia appear to be somewhat smaller, as
pointed out by Brodkorb, and may stand as T. o. ingae Tschudi.
The large seed-snipe inhabits the Puna Zone of the Cordilleras,
near the edge of the snow. In the cold season, it descends to lower
altitudes, even to the foothills, but is rarely met with below 3,000
feet, as R. Barros tells us.
In the Andes of Tarapaca A. Lane found it plentiful about Sacaya,
especially on grassy slopes near water, and encountered it also at
Huasco, Cancosa, and at all the springs giving rise to verdure.
It breeds in Tarapaca during January and February. The nest is a
mere hollow in the sand with fragments of twigs and grass around,
and contains four eggs. According to Lane, these seed-snipes occur
as far south as the peaks adjacent to Santiago, extending on both
sides of the Andes from 8,000 to 14,000 feet. The most southerly
record in Chile proper is the Valle de los Cipreses, Colchagua, where
Edwyn Reed reports to have found a nest.
It is also widely distributed in the Argentine Andes from Jujuy
south to western Santa Cruz (Lago Argentine), and Schalow (p. 662)
records it even from Punta Arenas (February).
302. Attagis gayi gayi Lesson
Attagis Gayi (i) Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 135, pi. 47, pub. by March, 18311 —
"San-Jago" [ = Santiago], Chile (type in Paris Museum examined); Darwin,
p. 117 — Cordillera of Coquimbo and on the Andes behind Copiapo, Ata-
cama; Eraser (2), p. 157— Chile; Bridges, P. Z. S. Lond., 15, p. 29, 1847—
Pass of Tapaquilcha, east of Ascotan, Potosi, Bolivia; Des Murs (2), p.
384, pi. 7 — Cordilleras of Chile; Bibra, p. 130 — Precordillera of Santiago;
Cassin, p. 192— Andes of Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile;
Philippi (12), p. 269— "Alta Cordillera" of Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 567—
lCf. Sherborn, Ind. Anim., 2nd sect., Part 1, p. LXXX, 1922.
402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Cordillera of Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sclater (6), 1891, p. 137 — southwest
of Sacaya, Tarapaca; E. Reed (4), p. 210 — Cordillera of Chile; Lane, p.
307 — near Sacaya; Albert (1), 106, p. 581 — Cordilleras of Chile (monog.);
Porter (2), p. 179 — Valle de San Antonio, Atacama; Barros (5), p. 172 —
Cordillera of Aconcagua; idem (11), p. 315 — Caracoles (alt. 10,000 feet),
Prov. Santiago.
Attagis latreillei (not of Lesson),1 Pelzeln (2), p. 113 — Chile (spec, examined).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of northern and central Chile, from
Tarapaca to Colchagua.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Banos del Toro (alt. 10,600
feet), c? ad., two 9 9 ad., Nov. 9-11.
Additional specimens. — Tarapaca: three leagues southwest of
Sacaya, 9 ad., April 6, 1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum).—
Santiago: Santiago, adult. C. Gay (type of species; Paris Museum).
— "Chile" (unspecified): adult. Zelebor, "Novara" Expedition
(Vienna Museum).
Tone and width of the light vermiculations above are subject to
considerable individual variation. The coloration of the under parts,
too, varies a good deal in intensity. In the three Banos del Toro
specimens it ranges from light pinkish cinnamon to deep pinkish
cinnamon. The type of A. gayi fitzgeraldi Chubb,2 which we have
examined in the British Museum, is just a slight shade darker on
the breast than the most deeply colored of Sanborn's birds, but does
not differ in any other respect. The throat is certainly not more
buffy than in a number of Chilean specimens nor are the dimensions
larger.3 We have no hesitation in uniting this alleged race to typical
gayi. The single example from Sacaya, Tarapaca (wing 190; tail 85;
bill 22), is exactly similar to others from more southern localities, and
does not belong to A. g. simonsi Chubb,4 which seems to be a recog-
nizable form by reason of its much blacker upper parts with the
pale vermiculations greatly restricted.
A. g. gayi inhabits the Puna Zone of Chile from Tarapaca south
to Colchagua. On the Argentine slope of the Andes its range extends
as far south as western Santa Cruz (Lago Buenos Aires). In summer
lAttagis latreillii Lesson (Bull. Sci. Nat. et Ge"ol., 25, No. 197, p. "243" [ =
343], June, 1831 — "d'une collection expediee de Buenos-Ayres," coll. Pecquet,
Caen; idem, Illust. Zool., livr. 4, pi. 11, Nov. 3, 1832 — "Chili") appears to be
referable to the Ecuadorian form (A. chimborazensis Sclater).
2 Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 38, p. 40, 1918— Horcones Valley, Prov. Mendoza.
8 It measures: wing 190; tail 78; bill 19. Our birds from Banos del Toro give
the following figures: wing 190 (d"), 195, 200; tail 75 (d"), 80, 85; bill 19 (d"),
20, 21.
4 Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 38, p. 41, 1918— Crucero, Lake Titicaca, Peru (type in
British Museum examined).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 403
it lives near the edge of the snow from 10,000 feet upwards, but in
the severe season it repairs to lower altitudes, though it is seldom
seen below 5,000 feet.
303. Rynchops nigra intermedia Rendahl
Rynchops melanura intermedia Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 12, 1919 —
Harbor Head, Rio San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua.
Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 385, 1828 —
Concepcion; Fraser (1), p. 110 — coast of Chile; Tschudi, p. 35 — Valpa-
raiso Bay; idem, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 306 — Iquique, Arica; Des Murs
(2), 8, p. 474— coast of Chile; Kittlitz, Denkwiird., 1, pp. 110, 111—
Concepcion; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165 — Chanaral, Atacama;
Pelzeln (2), p. 151— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 340— Chile; Philippi (12),
p. 290 — from Concepcion north to Peru; E. Reed (2), p. 568 — Rio Cacha-
poal, Colchagua; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Chanaral, Atacama.
Rhynchops melanura Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 — Ancud, Chiloe;
Cunningham (2), p. 365 — Ancud; Saunders, p. 522 — Coquimbo Bay; E.
Reed (4), p. 211— Chile; James (2), p. 12— Chile; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus., 25, p. 156, 1896 — Vina del Mar (Valparaiso) and Coquimbo.
Range in Chile. — From the Peruvian boundary to the Straits of
Magellan.
Material collected. — Aconcagua: Papudo (on the beach), three
9 9 ad., Dec. 23, 1923. J. Wolffsohn.
Compared with skins from Amazonia (Lagunas, lower Huallaga,
Peru; Conceigao, Rio Branco) assumed to represent R. n. dnerascens
Spix, the Chilean birds have the rectrices more broadly edged with
white and the white tips to the secondaries wider, while the upper
parts are less deeply blackish. They seem to agree with Rendahl's
description, although in the absence of Central American material
the present identification must be regarded as provisional. It is,
however, not at all unlikely that the Scissor-bills of southern Central
America and of the Pacific coast of South America will be found to
be referable to Rendahl's recently proposed race.
The "Rayador," while ranging all over the republic, is said to be
nowhere common. It is found along the seashore, in estuaries of
rivers, and in lagoons near the coast. There are specific records from
Atacama (Chanaral), Coquimbo Bay, Aconcagua (Papudo), Val-
paraiso (Vina del Mar), Colchagua (Rio Cachapoal), Concepcion, and
Chiloe" (Ancud).
304. Larosterna inca (Lesson and Garnot)
Sterna inca Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., Atlas, livr. 3, pi. 47,
April 18, 1827 — Lima, Peru = San Lorenzo Island (cf. Lesson, Voy.
404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 731, May 1, 1830); Fraser (3), p. 1—
Chile.
Anous inca Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 181, 1844 — Chile; Pelzeln
(2), p. 156— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 337, 340— Chile; Sclater and
Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 — Coquimbo; Cunningham, p. 404 — Pelican Rock,
Coquimbo.
Noddi inca Des Murs (2), p. 486 — coast of Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste
Atacama, p. 165 — coast of Atacama; idem (12), p. 290 — Corral to Peru;
idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Atacama.
Larosterna inca Blyth, Cat. Bds. Mus. As. Soc., p. 293, 1849 — Chile.
Noenia inca E. Reed (4), p. 211 — coast of northern Chile.
Naenia inca Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 132, 1896 — Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — Coast from Coquimbo northwards, accidental
at Valparaiso and Corral (Valdivia).
The Inca Tern is said to be fairly common along the coast of
northern Chile. Philippi noticed it in numbers in Atacama, and
Cunningham observed it on Pelican Rock, off Coquimbo. Its
occurrence at Valparaiso and Corral (Valdivia) is probably accidental.
The Inca Tern breeds on the islands along the Peruvian coast as
far north as Macabi.
305. Sterna trudeaui Audubon
Sterna trudeaui (i) Audubon, Birds Amer., fol. ed., 4, pi. 409, fig. 2, 1838;
idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 125, 1839 — "Great Egg Harbor in New Jersey,"
locality probably erroneous; Des Murs (2), p. 484 — Chile (ex Gray [ex
Bridges]); Philippi (12), p. 289 — coast of Santiago and Colchagua; Sclater
and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1871, p. 570 — Valparaiso; Landbeck (6), p.
515; idem (7), p. 113— Chile (crit.); E. Reed (4), p. 211— Chile.
Thalasseus trudeaui Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 176, 1844 — Chile
(Bridges).
Sterna Trobeni (sic) Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 613,
1861 — Arica Bay (== immature).
Sterna frobeenii Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 125, 1863 —
Arica Bay.
Sterna frobeni Philippi (12), p. 289 — Valparaiso and Arica; idem (24), p. 100,
pi. 47, fig. 2— Arica.
Sterna frobenii Landbeck (6), p. 515; idem (7), p. 113 — Arica and Corral,
Valdivia (crit.).
(?) Phaetusa chloropoda (not of Vieillot) Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl.
Mus. Hein., p. 355, 1890— Chile.
Range in Chile. — From Arica to Valdivia (Corral).
Very little is known regarding the distribution of Trudeau's
Tern in Chile, where it was first collected by T. Bridges. Philippi
and Landbeck separated a female shot by Frobeen in August, 1851,
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 405
at Arica as S. frobenii, and the first-named naturalist lists specimens
of S. trudeaui from the coast of Santiago and Colchagua, while F.
Leybold forwarded an adult bird from Valparaiso to the Munich
Museum. Landbeck insists on the distinctness of S. frobenii, but
the differences pointed out by him appear to be due to age. He
informs us that specimens similar to the type were obtained in March,
1864, in the harbor of Corral, Valdivia.
Trudeau's Tern has been found breeding on St. Ambros Island,
in the St. Felix group, off the coast of Atacama, in December, 1907,
and the eggs (in the collection of Colonel John E. Thayer) have
been described by Bent.1 On the Atlantic coast of South America it
ranges from Rio de Janeiro to Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan.
306. Sterna hirundinacea Lesson
Sterna hirundinacea Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 621, 1831 — "c&tes du Bre'sil" =
Santa Catharina (cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 539, 1850);
Saunders, p. 522 — Coquimbo Bay; E. Reed (4), p. 211 — Chile; Schalow
(2), p. 658 — Calbuco (Puerto Montt), Llanquihue (eggs descr.); Passler
(3), p. 443 — Isla Santa Maria, Arauco (breeding), and Coronel (eggs descr.).
(?) Sterna atrofasciata2 Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 21, p.
440, 1862 — laguna de Vichuquen, Curic6; idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1),
p. 204 — Llico, near the lagoon of Vichuquen, "Colchagua"; Philippi (12),
p. 289 — Colchagua; idem (24), p. 102, pi. 47, fig. 1 — laguna of Vichuquen
( =juv.).
Sterna hirundo Bibra, p. 132 — Valparaiso Bay.
Sterna aranea (not of Wilson) Germain, p. 314 — Chiloe" (breeding habits).
Sterna cassinii Pelzeln (2), pp. 153, 163— Chiloe1 Island; Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 336, 340— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 — Coquimbo.
Sterna antarctica Philippi (12), p. 289 — Straits of Magellan to Valdivia.
Range in Chile. — From the Straits of Magellan to Coquimbo.
Material collected. — Chiloe" Island: Rio Inio, cf ad. (nuptial
plumage), Jan. 14.
The specimen agrees with others from Patagonia (Puerto De-
seado) . This tern is widely distributed along the seashore of southern
and central Chile, though the northern limit of its breeding range
remains to be determined. According to Germain, it breeds on Chiloe"
Island, assembling in flocks in November or December to lay its
eggs, and chooses for this purpose sandy shores, depositing two or
'Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, Longipennes, pp. 227-228, 1921.
2 Judging from the wide blackish band across the upper wing coverts, this
alleged species, resting on a single young female taken on December 4, 1861, at
Llico, near the lagoon of Vichuquen, on the confines of the provinces of Colchagua
and Curic6, seems to be referable to S. hirundinacea rather than S. paradisaea.
406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
three eggs on the ground. Passler states that it nests in large
colonies on grassy islands along the coast of southern and central Chile.
He specifically mentions Santa Maria, off Arauco, as one of its breeding
places. At Coronel it was seen in winter only, when this tern spreads
as far north as Chimbote, Peru. Plate found it breeding in large
numbers on Calbuco Island, near Puerto Montt, and Schalow
describes the eggs as being similar to those of the European S. a.
albifrons Pall., but considerably larger.
Sterna hirundo, stated by Bibra to be common in Valparaiso Bay,
doubtless refers to the present species. The Common Tern, widely
distributed in the northern parts of both hemispheres, has never
been taken in Chile, although this country is sometimes included
in its winter range.
S. hirundinacea is known to have an extensive range on both the
Pacific and Atlantic coasts of southern South America.
307. Sterna paradisaea Briinnich
Sterna paradisaea Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 46, 1764 — Christiansoe, Denmark.
Sterna arctica Philippi (12), p. 289— Prov. Valdivia.
Sterna macrura MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 203 — Arica, Tacna.
Range in Chile. — Occasional winter visitor.
The claims of the Arctic Tern to be included in the Chilean fauna
rest on two rather unsatisfactory records. Philippi somewhat hesi-
tatingly refers an adult male "cazado en la provincia de Valdivia" to
S. arctica [ = paradisaea], and MacFarlane states that "on the 4th of
October (1883) an immature Arctic Tern, Sterna macrura, was found
[at Arica] in an exhausted condition in one of the boats on the davits,
the most southern locality on record in America for this northern
species."
308. Sterna elegans elegans Gambel
Sterna elegans Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, "1848," p. 129, 1849—
Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico; Saunders, p. 521 — Coquimbo Bay; E. Reed
(4), p. 211— Chile; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 84, 1896— Iquique
(Tarapaca), Coquimbo Bay, Vina del Mar (Valparaiso), and Valdivia.
Sterna comata Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 614, 1861 —
Bay of Arica, Tacna; idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 126, 1863— Bay of
Arica; Philippi (12), p. 289— northern Chile and Peru; Landbeck (6), p.
518; idem (7), p. 114— Corral (crit.); Philippi (24), p. 99, pi. 46, fig. 2—
Arica.
Range in Chile. — From the Peruvian boundary (Arica) to
Valdivia.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 407
The Elegant Tern is a winter visitor to Chile. Philippi and
Landbeck were the first to record it, when describing a female in
winter plumage taken by Frobeen in November at Arica as a new
species, S. comata. Landbeck afterwards found it fairly common
in the bay of Corral from November to February, all the birds being
in the white-fronted winter garb. Admiral Markham secured a
specimen in similar plumage in November, 1881, in Coquimbo Bay.
Birds in winter and immature dress from Vina del Mar, near Val-
paraiso, and from Valdivia (Edwyn C. Reed) are in the collection
of the British Museum.
309. Sterna f uscata luctuosa Philippi and Landbeck
Sterna luctuosa Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 32, (1), p. 126, 1866 —
Rio Valdivia, between Corral and Valdivia; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 337,
340— Chile (ex Philippi and Landbeck); Philippi (12), p. 289— Valdivia;
idem (24), p. 101, pi. 46, fig. 1— Rio Valdivia.
Sterna fuliginosa (not of Gmelin) E. Reed (4), p. 211 — Chile.
Range in Chile. — Accidental visitor (was once recorded from
Valdivia).
A single adult female in emaciated condition caught on August 2,
1855, on the Rio Valdivia between Corral and Valdivia was described
by Philippi and Landbeck as S. luctuosa. While description and
colored figure leave no doubt as to its being a Sooty Tern, it is im-
possible to say, without examining the type, to which of the numerous
races it pertains. Luctuosa may prove to be an earlier name for
S. f. crissalis (Lawrence), which ranges from the Galapagos north to
the Mexican coast, though the describer's statement that the outer-
most rectrix is for the greater part white on both webs, rather
suggests S. /. oahuensis (Bloxham), of the Hawaiian Islands.
310. Sterna lorata Philippi and Landbeck
Sterna lorata Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 612, 1861 —
bay of Arica, Tacna; idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 124, 1863 — bay of
Arica; Philippi (24), p. 103, pi. 45, fig. 2— Arica.
Sterna exilis (not of Tschudi) Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile; E. Reed
(4), p. 211— CMle; James (2), p. 12— Chile.
Range in Chile. — Extreme northern section in Arica, province of
Tacna.
The type, an adult female, secured by Frobeen in September,
1851, in Arica Bay, appears to be the only recorded Chilean specimen
of this well-characterized tern, whose breeding range extends all
along the Peruvian coast to the Ecuadorian boundary line.
408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
311. Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin)
Sterna surinamensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 604, 1789 — based on (Latham
ex) "Hirondelle de mer, grande espece" Fermin, Descr. Surinam, 2, p.
187, 1769, Surinam.
Hydrochelidon plumbea Pelzeln (2), p. 155 — Chile.
Hydrochelidon fissipes Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 337, 340— Chile (ex Pelzeln).
Hydrochelidon nigra E. Reed (4), p. 211 — Chile.
Range in Chile. — Occasional winter visitor.
The only record of the Black Tern for Chile is a specimen shot by
the naturalists of the "Novara" Expedition on a lake in the vicinity
of Santiago. Edwyn Reed lists it as uncommon, without giving
further details.1
312. Larus dominicanus dominicanus Lichtenstein
Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 82, 1823 —
coast of Brazil; Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 169, 1844 — Val-
paraiso; Des Murs (2), p. 480 — Chile; Peale, p. 289 — Valparaiso Bay;
Boeck, p. 512— ChiloS; Cassin, p. 204— Chile; Kittlitz, Denkwtird., 1, p.
113 — San-Tom6, Concepci6n; Germain, p. 314 — seashore of Chile
(breeding habits); Sclater (2), 1867, p. 340 — Chile; Philippi (12), p. 287—
Chile; Saunders, p. 527 — Coquimbo; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 202 — La
Compania, Coquimbo; Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXXIII — San Alfonso
(Quillota), Valparaiso; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 245, 1896 —
Coquimbo, Laraquete (Arauco), Valparaiso, Corral; E. Reed (4), p. 211 —
coast of Chile, notably Valparaiso Bay; Schalow (2), p. 657 — Cavancha,
Iquique, and Coquimbo; Passler (3), p. 442 — Coronel, Santa Maria and
Quinquina Island (breeding); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 114 — Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 207 — Angol, Malleco.
Larus verreauxi Bonaparte,2 Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 16, 1855 — Chile.
Larus dominicans ? Fraser (1), p. 119 — shores of Chile.
Larus azarae Pelzeln (2), p. 151 — Chile (eggs descr.).
Range in Chile. — From the Peruvian boundary south to the
Straits of Magellan.
The Kelp Gull is widely distributed along the Chilean coast, where
it is said to be a resident. According to Germain, it chooses, for laying,
the summits of inaccessible rocks on the seashore, and deposits
towards the last of November or in December two or three eggs, on a
rock or upon the grass, with hardly any appearance of a nest. Passler
1Gelochelidon nilotica aranea (Wilson) is included by Des Murs (in Gay, p.
485: Sterna aranea) in the Chilean fauna. Philippi, however, has never seen it
nor do I find any other authentic record of its occurrence in Chile. Until satis-
factory evidence is forthcoming, the species may well be omitted in view of other
unreliable statements in Gay's work. Sterna aranea of Germain refers to S.
hirundinacea, as is shown by one of his specimens in the Vienna Museum.
-Larus verreauxii Bonaparte (Naumannia, 4, p. 211, 1854) is a nomen nudum.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 409
states that these gulls nest on certain islands in large colonies, though
sometimes, either on islands or on the coast, only a few pairs are
associated. He found them breeding on Santa Maria, off Coronel,
as well as on the Island of Quiriquina, near Talcaguano, Concepci6n.
Both Passler and Schalow describe the eggs as similar to those of
L. marinus.
The Kelp Gull breeds also in large numbers in the Straits of
Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, the Falklands, etc., and extends north
along the Atlantic coast to southern Brazil, on the Pacific to Lobos
Tierra, Peru. Nearly allied races occur in New Zealand (L. d.
antipodum) and on the South Shetland Islands (L. d. austrinus).
313. Larus belcheri Vigors
Larus belcheri Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 358, 1829 — no locality given,
coll. Edward Belcher, Voyage of the "Blossom"; Sclater (2), 1867,
p. 340— Chile; Saunders, p. 526— Coquimbo Bay; E. Reed (4), p. 211—
"Cape Horn to Arica"; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 226, 1896 —
Coquimbo and Iquique.
Larus frobenii Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, No. 6, June,
p. 732, 1861— Arica, Tacna; idem, Arch. Naturg., 27, (1), p. 292, 1861—
Arica; Philippi (12), p. 210— "Magellanes" and Peru; idem (24), p. 97,
pi. 45, fig. 1 — Arica.
Range in Chile. — Northern section, from Coquimbo to Arica
(Tacna).
Belcher's Gull appears to be of rare occurrence in Chile, there
being but three records from that country. The type of L. frobenii,
an adult female, was taken by Frobeen at Arica in August, 1854;
Admiral Markham secured a single immature bird in November,
1881, in Coquimbo Bay; and the late H. Saunders received a speci-
men in juvenile plumage from Iquique, Tarapaca, through S. F.
Rowland.
The breeding grounds of this gull are in Peru, where, according
to Murphy (Bird Islands of Peru, p. 283, 1925) it nests close to the
breaking waves on the smaller rocky islets.1
!Dwight (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 158, 1925) gives its distribution as
follows: "largely resident on the Falkland Islands and various coastal islands of
Chile and Peru from Cape Horn to San Gallen Island and the North Chincha
Islands, wandering chiefly northward after the breeding season," but all the
specimens listed are from Peruvian localities. So far as I know, this gull is unknown
in the Falkland Islands and has never been obtained anywhere south of Coquimbo.
Cassin (U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 378, 1858), in listing Larus fuliginosus [ =L. belcheri]
merely quotes Peale as haying seen this gull at various places between Cape Horn
and Callao, but the specimens in the collection were all from Peru. Philippi
(Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 210, 1868) claims to have received L. frobeni from
"Magellanes," but does not repeat this statement in his last account of the species
in 1902, where only the type from Arica is mentioned. Both records are doubtless
due to confusion with some other species.
410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
314. Larus modestus Tschudi
Larus modestus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 389, 1843 — "in Oceani pacifici
littoribus" =Lurin, s. of Lima, Peru (cf. Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves,
p. 307, 1846); Des Murs (2), p. 483— Valparaiso; Pelzeln (2), p. 151— Chile;
Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 336, 340— Valparaiso; Philippi (12), p. 288— Val-
paraiso to Peru; Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., p. 620, 1882— Chile; E.
Reed (4), p. 211 — Valparaiso; Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 223,
1896 — Iquique (Tarapaca) and Valparaiso; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 51 —
Valparaiso Bay; Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 144, 1925—
Corral, Valdivia, and Puyehue, Cautin (monog.).
Larus bridgesii Fraser, P. Z. S. Lond., 13, p. 16, 1845 — Valparaiso; idem,
Zool. Typ., pi. 69, 1849— Valparaiso; Cassin, p. 205— Chile.
Larus fuliginosus (not of Gould) Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 170,
1844— part, spec, b, c, Chile (=juv.); Des Murs (2), p. 481— Chile (ex
Gray).
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to Valdivia (Corral).
The Gray Gull is reported to be a resident on the coast of Chile
and Peru from Corral, Valdivia, in the south to Ancon, near Lima, in
the north. It has been taken at various times in Valparaiso Bay. The
British Museum has adult and young from Iquique, Tarapaca, and
Dwight mentions specimens from Corral (September, October)
and Puyehue, Cautin (February). According to Murphy,1 it breeds
only on the mainland, but during the greater part of the year it
frequents islands with sandy strands, where it feeds in droves upon
crustaceans in the wave- wash. No definite breeding locality in Chile
has been recorded.
315. Larus pipixcan Wagler2
Larus pipixcan Wagler,3 Isis, 1831, Heft 5 (May), coL 515 — Mexico (type
in Munich Museum examined).
Larus cinereo-caudatus Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, No. 6,
June, p. 733, 1861 — San-Tom6 (Conception), Valparaiso, and Arica; idem,
Arch. Naturg., 27, (1), p. 293, 1861— same localities; Philippi (12), p.
288 — Concepci6n to Peru; idem (24), p. 98 — San-Tom6, Valparaiso, Arica.
Larus bonaparti (not of Swainson and Richardson) Des Murs (2), p. 483 —
Chile.
Larus franklinii Des Murs (2), p. 482— Chile (ex Gray); Sclater (2), 1867,
pp. 336, 340 — Chile (crit., synon.); Saunders, p. 524 — Coquimbo Bay;
Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., p. 621, 1882— Chile; E. Reed (4), p. 211—
Chile; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 50— Valparaiso; (?) Housse (1), p. 53— Isla La
Mocha, Arauco.
Islands of Peru, p. 283, 1925.
2 Larus atridlla (Linnaeus), sometimes credited to Chile, has never been found
there.
3 This name has unquestionable priority overL. franklini Richardson (Faun.
Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 424, pi. 71, Feb., 1832).
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 411
Larus cucullatus Kittlitz, Denkwiird., 1, p. 113 — San-Tome, Concepcion.
Chroicocephalus kittlitzii Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 104, 1853 — southern Chile
(based on a drawing in the St. Petersburg Museum).
Xema franklini Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 172, 1844 — Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Arica to Arauco (Isla La Mocha).
Franklin's Gull is a winter visitant to Chile. Specific records are
from Ciudad Tom£ (September, 1859) and Talcaguano (Dec. 25,
1903), Concepcion; Valparaiso (September, 1859; February, 1903;
March 9 and 14); and Coquimbo (November, 1881).
316. Larus serranus Tschudi1
Larus serranus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 414, 1844 — Peru = Puna
region, Valley of Jauja, Junin (cf. Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 307,
1846); Philippi (12), p. 288— Chile to Peru; E. Reed (2), p. 568— Laguna
de los Pejerreyes, Colchagua; Sclater (4), 1886, p. 404 — Huasco, Sitani, and
Cueva Negra, Tarapaca; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — Antofagasta; Sclater
(6), 1891, p. 137 — Sacaya and Lake of Huasco, Tarapaca; idem, Ibis,
1897, p. 312— Huasco and Sacaya; E. Reed (4), p. 211— Cordilleras of
Chile.
Range in Chile. — Cordilleras of northern Chile, Antofagasta to
Tarapaca. Once recorded from Colchagua (Laguna de los Pejerreyes) .
Specimens from Tarapaca (Sacaya, Huasco) in the British
Museum agree with others from Peru.
Tschudi's Black-capped Gull appears to be chiefly restricted to the
Cordilleras of the northern provinces, where it breeds on the Andean
lakes and ponds. Although Philippi gives the whole of Chile as its
range, it must be very rare in the central section of the country.2
The only record I can find is a specimen taken by Edwyn Reed on
the Laguna de los Pejerreyes, at an elevation of 2,000 meters, near the
sources of the Rio Cachapoal, Colchagua. The skin in the British
Museum labeled "Chilean Andes, 7,000 feet, E. C. Reed" is probably
the very same individual.
While known to descend in winter time to the Peruvian coast,
L. serranus has not yet been found in Chile anywhere near the sea-
shore, so far as I am aware. Its range extends north to Ecuador.
317. Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein
Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 83, 1823 —
Montevideo, Uruguay; Saunders, p. 526 — Talcaguano (crit.); idem, Cat.
1 Larus melanorhynchus Temminck (Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 85, pi. 504,
1830), based on a specimen in the Leyden Museum supposed to be from "Chile,"
is clearly the same as L. Philadelphia (Ord), a North American species that has
never been found in Chile. Cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas., 6, p. 41, 1863.
zHartert's record (Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, p.
241, 1891) from "Valdivia" is open to doubt.
412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
B. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 200, 1896 — Arauco, Talcaguano, and Valparaiso
(Vina del Mar); Sclater, Ibis, 1897, p. 312— Vina del Mar (Valparaiso)
and Laraquete (Arauco); Schalow (2), p. 567 — Cavancha (Iquique), Tara-
paca; Passler (1), p. 101 — Tocopilla and Antofagasta, Antofagasta; C. S.
Reed (4), p. 190— Villa de Tolten, Cautin.
Larus glaucodes Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16,
Suppl., p. 115, pi. 24, 1834— coast of Chile; Cassin, p. 204— Chile; Germain,
p. 314 — lakes and rivers of southern Chile; Philippi (12), p. 288 — coast of
Chile; Saunders, p. 526 — Talcaguano (crit.); idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.,
25, p. 203, 1896 — Talcaguano, Colchagua, Algarrobo, Santiago, Valparaiso,
Coquimbo; Ridgway (2), p. 139— Port Otway; E. Reed (4), p. 211— Chile;
Sclater, Ibis, 1897, p. 312 — Vina del Mar, Valparaiso, and Laraquete,
Arauco; Schalow (2), p. 656 — Tumbes and Talcaguano (Concepci6n), and
Lago Llanquihue.
Larus albipennis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 288, 1848 — harbor of Valpa-
raiso; Kittlitz, Denkwiird., 1, p. 133 — Valparaiso.
Larus erythropus (not of Gmelin, 1789) Kittlitz, Denkwiird. Reise, 1, p. 113,
1858 — San-Tom6, Concepci6n (substitute name for L. albipennis).
Xema (Chroicocephalus) cirrocephalum Fraser (1), p. 119 — shores of Chile.
Larus cirrhocephalus Des Murs (2), p. 482 — Chile (part, "juv.");1 Boeck,
p. 512 — Rio Graces and "Arend" [ =Ancud], ChiloS; Frauenfeld, p. 639 —
Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Pelzeln (2), p. 151 — Chile (eggs descr.); Sharpe,
p. 16 — Talcaguano; E. Reed (4), p. 211 — coast of Tarapaca.
Larus glaucotis Sclater (2), 1867, p. 340— Chile.
(?) Larus franklini (not of Richardson) Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXXIII
— San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso (June).2
Hydrocoloeus maculipennis Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 295,
figs. 315-326, 1925 (monog.).
Larus glaucoides Bullock (4), p. 208 — Angol, Malleco (August to April).
Range in Chile. — From Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Cautin: Lake Gualletue" (alt. 3,800 feet),
9 juv., Feb. 16. — Chilo£ Island: Quellon, <? ad., Jan. 5.
This species, which is nearly, perhaps subspecifically, related to
the European Laughing Gull (Larus ridibundus) shows considerable
variation in the wing pattern, and until recently the birds with white
primaries (L. glaucodes) were regarded as specifically different from
those with black-banded primaries (L. maculipennis), although
the coexistence of the two types over large sections of both the
Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South America hardly seemed to favor
such a theory. The solution of the puzzling problem was reserved to
xThe description of the "adult" appears to have been taken from the gray-
hooded L. cirrhocephalus Vieillot, which has not yet been ascertained to occur in
Chile, although Dwight (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 272, 1925) includes this
country in its winter range.
2 1 could not find these specimens in the collections of the Paris Museum.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 413
Dr. Dwight, who conclusively showed the difference to be due to age
and individual development. L. glaucodes is the fully adult bird,
while the stage known as L. maculipennis represents an abnormal
(reversionary) type of second-year plumage.
The Patagonian Brown-headed Gull breeds in Tierra del Fuego,
the Falkland Islands, and on the coast of Patagonia and southern
Chile. The northward limit of its breeding range in the latter
country remains to be determined, but it probably does not
extend much beyond Valdivia. According to Germain, the gulls
assemble in flocks, late in November or during December, to lay
their eggs. They retire for this purpose to lakes in the vicinity of the
seashore or to the rivers in the south of Chile, and build large float-
ing nests, composed of grass and rushes, in which they deposit two or
three eggs. Boeck found them nesting on an island in the Rio
Cruces, Valdivia. After the breeding season, they spread all along
the Chilean coast, and specimens have been taken as far north as
Antofagasta and Iquique (Tarapaca).
318. Leucophaeus scoresbii (Traill)
Larus scoresbii Traill, Mem. Wern. Soc., 4, p. 514, 1823 — New South Shetland
Island; Pelzeln (2), pp. 151, 163— Chiloe Island; Sclater (2), 1867, pp.
336, 340— Chile; E. Reed (4), p. 211— Magellania to Chiloe".
Larus haematorhynchus King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 103, 1828 — Straits of Magel-
lan; Des Murs (2), p. 481— Magellan Straits (ex King); Philippi (12),
p. 288— Magallanes to Chilo6.
Range in Chile. — Southern provinces, from the Straits of Magel-
lan north to Chilo6 Island.
Material examined. — Chiloe" Island: adult, Dec., 1857. F. Ger-
main (Vienna Museum).
Scoresby's Gull, a southern species inhabiting Tierra del Fuego,
the Cape Horn region, the Falklands, and other subantarctic islands,
has been taken by several collectors in the vicinity of Chilo£ Island,
where it is probably found only in the non-breeding season.
319. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus)
Larus parasiticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — "intra
tropicum Cancri, Europae, Americae, Asiae," restricted type locality,
coast of Sweden; cf. Lonnberg, Zoologist, (4), 7, pp. 338-342, 1903.
Stercorarius crepidatus Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 51 — Valparaiso Bay.
Range in Chile. — Occasional winter visitant. Once recorded from
Valparaiso.
414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The late M. Nicoll shot a single male out of a flock of small skuas
of both the light and dark phase in February, 1903, in the bay of
Valparaiso. This record constitutes the most southerly locality for
the winter range of the Parasitic Jaeger on the Pacific coast of
South America.
320. Megalestris skua chilensis (Bonaparte)
Stercorarius antarcticus b. chilensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 2, p. 207, 1857 —
"Amer. merid." = Chile (type in Berlin Museum).
Stercorarius antarcticus (not of Lesson) Des Murs (2), p. 479 — part, Magel-
lania; Philippi (12), p. 287 — part, Magellania (ex Gay).
Stercorarius chilensis Saunders, P. Z. S. Lond., 1876, p. 323, pi. 24 — Mejillones
Bay, Bolivia [now Antofagasta], Valparaiso, and Coquimbo (crit.); Sharpe,
p. 17— Talcaguano; E. Reed (4), p. 211— Chile.
Megalestris chilensis Saunders, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 318, 1896 — Talca-
guano, Iquique, Mejillones Bay; Schalow (2), p. 655 — Coquimbo; Passler
(1), p. 101 — Santa Maria Island, off Coronel, Concepci6n (breeding);
idem (3), p. 444 — Chile, north to Arica (habits, eggs descr.); Housse (1),
p. 53 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Range in Chile. — From Arica to the Straits of Magellan.
The Chilean Skua is clearly conspecific with the Arctic M. s.
skua, from which it differs mainly by more cinnamomeous lower
parts, axillars, and under wing coverts.
It breeds in Tierra del Fuego, the Straits of Magellan, and on the
Chilean coast. The only definite breeding locality in Chile is Santa
Maria Island in Arauco Bay, where Passler secured two eggs which
he describes as similar to those of the typical race, but of darker
coloration with nearly black markings. Passler also observed
adults with young birds towards the end of December at Punta
Angamos, Mejillones Bay, Antofagasta, probably not far from their
breeding grounds. J. R. Denison obtained several adults and an
immature specimen late in February or at the beginning of March
in the same locality, while G. Mathew met with the species at
Valparaiso in January and a month later at Coquimbo. Plate
secured it at the latter place in October, and Coppinger at Talca-
guano in September. In winter the Chilean Skua wanders north-
wards to Arica and Peru, and along the Atlantic coast as far as Rio
de Janeiro.
321. Oceanodroma hornbyi (Gray)
Thalassidroma hornbyi G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. Lond., 21, "1853," p. 62,
July 25, 1854 — "northwest coast of America," errore.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 415
Procellaria (Oceanites) collaris Philippi, Verb. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago,
3, Heft 1-2, p. 11, pi., 1895— east of Taltal, Antofagasta; idem (24), p.
90, pi. 42, fig. 3— east of Taltal.
Oceanites collaris Passler (la), p. 43 — 32° s., 72° w. [=off Quilimari, n. of
Valparaiso].
Oceanites hornbyi Passler (la), pp. 273, 274 — off Coquimbo and Iquique;
idem (Ib), p. 71—23° s., 70° 7' w. [ =off Mejillones, Antofagasta]; Murphy,
Auk, 39, p. 60 — Peru and Chile (crit.); Stresemann, Ornith. Monatsber.,
32, p. 61, 1924— Santa Luisa, Antofagasta; idem, 1. c., 37, p. 80, 1929—
Pampa del Toco, near Tocopilla, Antofagasta.
Range in Chile. — Coastal waters of northern Chile, from Quili-
mari, Valparaiso, northwards; probably breeding in the Cordilleras
of Antofagasta.
No Chilean material is available, but Field Museum has a series
of this petrel collected by C. C. Sanborn off the Peruvian coast
forty miles north of Mollendo and north of Callao. Dr. Chapman,
who examined the original specimen of P. collaris in the Santiago
Museum, found it to be identical with 0. hornbyi.
Hornby's Petrel is known to inhabit the offshore waters of the
Pacific coast of South America from Quilimari, Valparaiso, north to
the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. The type of P. collaris, together
with a downy young, was picked up dead by Dr. Darapsky in
Antofagasta, inland of Taltal. A mummified specimen was dis-
covered in December, 1903, in a nitrate mine near Santa Luisa (alt.
1,600 meters), as reported by Stresemann, and the petrel mummies
found by Wetzel in nitrate deposits in the Pampa del Toco, near
Tocopilla, and in the vicinity of Rio Loa seem to be referable to the
same species.
These facts seem to indicate that this petrel, whose breeding
grounds are still unknown, may nest far away from the sea in the
Cordilleras of the desert of Atacama.1
322. Fregetta grallaria segethi (Philippi and Landbeck)
Thalassidroma segethi Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 282,
1860 — coast of Chile; idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, p. 27, 1861— coast of
Chile; Philippi (12), p. 286— Valdivia; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 336— Chile
(crit.).
Thalassidroma (Oceanites) segethi Philippi (24), p. 92, pi. 44 — Chile.
JIn this connection it should be mentioned that, according to E. Schlegel,
a breeding colony of some other petrel exists at Colupito in the coastal Cordillera
of Antofagasta, inland of Tocopilla. Stresemann (Ornith. Monatsber., 32, p. 63,
1924) suggests this may be Puffinus griseus [chilensis (Bonaparte)], but in the
absence of specimens the identification is, of course, open to doubt.
416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Fregetta grallaria segethi Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 41, 1912 — waters of the
west coast of South America.
Range in Chile. — Once recorded from an unspecified locality on
the Chilean coast.
This little petrel, which inhabits the South Pacific Ocean, was
described by Philippi and Landbeck from a single specimen presented
to the Santiago Museum by Dr. Segeth. The exact locality is not
known, although Philippi in one of his papers — evidently by mis-
take— indicates Valdivia. An example in the British Museum was
taken by Dr. Coppinger, the naturalist of the "Alert," off San
Ambrose Island, and others were obtained by the "Challenger"
Expedition in the South Pacific Ocean.
As has been shown by Mathews, these birds differ from F. g.
grallaria (Vieillot), of the Australian Sea, by decidedly larger size
and should stand under Philippi and Landbeck's name. T. segethi
had tentatively been identified by Sclater with Oceanites gracilis
(Elliot), from which it appears, however, to be quite distinct.
323. Aechmophorus major (Boddaert)
Colymbus major Boddaert, Tabl. PL Col., p. 24, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PL EnL, 404, fig. 1, "Cayenne" (errore).
Podiceps chilensis (not of Lesson) Fraser (1), p. 119 — sea and fresh-water
lakes near the coast of Chile; Yarrell, p. 54 — Chile (eggs descr.).
Podiceps bicornis Bibra, p. 132 — Valdivia and Algodon Bay.
Podiceps leucopterus Hartlaub (3), p. 218 — Valdivia; Boeck, p. 511 — Rio
Valdivia and Laguna de "Clarquihue" [=Llanquihue]; Cassin, p. 205 —
coast of Chile; Frauenfeld, p. 638 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Sclater (2),
1867, p. 340— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 568— Laguna de Cauquenes, Colcha-
gua; Lataste (9), p. 172 — Lake Aculeo; idem (11), p. 135 (nesting habits).
Podiceps leucurus (sic) Lataste (10), p. 193 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago (nesting
habits).
"Podiceps King (Guala, Huala)" Philippi (12), p. 284 — central provinces.
Podiceps major Salvin (2), p. 432 — Coquimbo Bay.
Aechmophorus major E. Reed (4), p. 212 — Chile; Lane, p. 313 — Laguna
Llanquihue; Schalow (2), p. 652 — Villarrica and Laguna Llanquihue;
Passler (3), p. 439— near Coronel; C. Reed (4), p. 189 — Laguna de
Curacavi, Santiago (food); Barros (8), p. 264 — Laguna de Vichuquen,
Curic6 (food); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 114 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso;
Bros, p. 381 — Marga-Marga.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Cautin: Lake Gualletue' (alt. 3,800 feet),
cf ad. (nuptial), Feb. 15.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 417
This large grebe, called "Guala" or "Huala" by the natives, is
reported to be common in the southern, less frequent in the central
provinces. It is particularly fond of mountain lakes, where it breeds,
and probably visits the seacoast only in winter. Lataste, who found
it breeding on Lake Aculeo, gives interesting details on its habits,
and describes the nest and the single egg.
Its general range, outside of Chile, includes southern Argentina,
Uruguay, and the extreme south of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).1
324. Colymbus occipitalis occipitalis (Garnot)
Podiceps occipitalis Garnot,2 Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 50, 1826 — Falkland Islands.
Podiceps kalipareus Fraser (1), p. 119 — Bay of Valparaiso; Yarrell, p. 55 —
Chile (eggs descr.); Des Murs (2), p. 464— coast of Chile; Bibra, p. 132—
near Santiago; Philippi (12), p. 284— Chile.
Podiceps calipareus* Hartlaub (3), p. 218 — Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 140 —
Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 340— Chile; E. Reed (2), p. 569 — Cauquenes,
Colchagua, and Cordillera of Santiago; Schalow (2), p. 651 — Talcaguano
and Valparaiso; E. Reed (4), p. 212— Chile; Passler (3), p. 438— Coronel
and Talcaguano (winter); Gigoux, p. 84 — Puerto Ingles, Atacama; Barros
(8), p. 264 — Riecillos, Aconcagua (food); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 114 —
Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock (4), p. 208 — Angol; Barros (10), p.
356 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Bros, p. 381 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Podiceps caliparius Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 — Chiloe".
Range in Chile. — From Atacama (Caldera) to the Straits of
Magellan.
Material collected. — Malleco: Lake Malleco (alt. 3,500 feet),
cf ad. (nuptial plumage), Jan. 20.
We have not been able to examine topotypical material from the
Falkland Islands, and it is quite possible that direct comparison
may show the Chilean birds to be separable.
This grebe inhabits during the breeding season the lakes of the
Cordilleras of the central provinces at altitudes of from 3,000 to
10,000 feet. R. Barros found it breeding in the Andes of Aconcagua.
Edwyn Reed obtained specimens on a lagoon near Cauquenes, Col-
chagua (alt. 2,000 meters), and others in the Cordillera of Santiago
(alt. 3,000 meters). In the southern parts of the republic it is found
xThe localities "Cayenne" and "Rio Negro, Brazil" are no doubt incorrect.
2 This name has priority over Podiceps kalipareus Lesson and Garnot (Voy.
Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 5, pi. 45, Oct., 1827) and Podiceps calipareus Lesson (1. c.,
Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 727, May, 1830— Rio Bougainville, Soledad Bay, near
Port Louis, Falkland Islands), and is also earlier than Podiceps occipitalis Lesson
(Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 356, June, 1828 — Rio Bougainville, Falkland Islands).
'Variously spelled calipareus, caliparaeits, and caliparoeus.
418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
at lower elevations. In winter the birds resort to the seacoast.
Passler met with large numbers in June and July in the bays of
Talcaguano and Coronel, and Gigoux with a flock of eleven on
May 22, 1921, as far north as Puerto Ingles, south of Caldera,
province of Atacama.
Its extralimital range comprises the greater part of western and
southern Argentina and the Falkland Islands.
325. Colymbus occipitalis juninensis (Berlepsch and Stolzmann)
Podiceps calliparaeus juninensis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6th ser.),
6, p. 112, 1894— Lake Junin, Peru.
Podiceps callipareus (not of Lesson and Garnot) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160 —
Antofagasta.
Podiceps caliparaeus Sclater (6), 1891, p. 137 — Lake Huasco, Tarapaca.
Podicipes calipareus Lane, p. 313 — Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of the northern provinces of Anto-
fagasta and Tarapaca.
Material examined. — Tarapaca: Lake Huasco, cf ad., March 3,
1890. A. A. Lane (British Museum).
This specimen, though in very poor condition, agrees in the
wholly white throat with others from Peru (Laguna de Tungasuca)
and Bolivia (Potosi). The few traces left of the auricular tufts are
drab, not tinged with golden-buff. I have no hesitation in referring
it to C. o. juninensis. According to Lane, this grebe is of regular
occurrence on Lake Huasco. I have little doubt that the bird from
Antofagasta recorded by Philippi as P. callipareus belongs likewise
here.
C. o. juninensis, a very well-marked race, differs from typical
occipitalis by darker (sooty rather than drab gray) pileum, less
extensive black nuchal patch, pure white (instead of drab gray)
throat and subocular region, and whitish tip to the lower mandible,
while the auricular tufts are drab instead of yellowish isabella color.
It inhabits the Paramo Zone of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and northern
Chile. Field Museum has a fine series of adults and young in various
stages from Antisana, Ecuador.
326. Colymbus rolland chilensis (Lesson)
Podiceps chilensis (Garnot MS.) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 358, June, 1828 —
Concepci6n; Des Murs (2), p. 464— Chile; Frauenfeld, p. 638— Lake
Aculeo, Santiago; Sclater (2), 1867, p. 340— Chile.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 419
Podiceps americanus (Garnot MS.) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 358, June, 1828 —
Concepci6n; Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 13, p. 599, Nov.,
1829 — Conception; Des Murs (2), p. 465 — Conception (ex Garnot);
Boeck, p. 511 — Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 284 — southern provinces;
Barros (4), p. 17 — Nilahue, Curico; Housse (3), p. 227 — Isla La Mocha,
Arauco; Passler (3), p. 437 — Coronel (breeding habits); Barros (8), p.
264 — Laguna de Torca, Curic6 (food); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 114 — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso.
Podiceps chiliensis Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 14, p. 601, Jan.,
1830 — Conception.
Podiceps rollandii (not P. rolland Quoy and Gaimard) Fraser (1), p. 119 —
near the coast; Des Murs (2), p. 463— Chile; Hartlaub (3), p. 218—
Valdivia; Boeck, p. 511— Valdivia; Pelzeln (2), p. 140 — Chile; Sclater (2),
1867, p. 340 — Chile; Philippi (12), p. 284 — central provinces; E. Reed (2),
p. 568 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p. 17 — Talcaguano; Salvin (2),
p. 432 — Talcaguano; Lataste (1), p. CXV — Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem
(5), p. LXII— Llohue (Itata), Maule; Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXXIII
— San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; Schalow (2), p. 651 — Valparaiso and
Lago Llanquihue; E. Reed (4), p. 212— Chile; Passler (3), p. 437—
Coronel, Ancud, and Corral; Bullock (4), p. 208 — Angol, Malleco.
Podicipes rollandi Lane, p. 313 — Laguna Llanquihue and Rio Bueno, Valdivia.
Range in Chile. — From Valparaiso to the Straits of Magellan.
Material collected. — Cautin: Lake Gualletue* (alt. 3,800 feet),
cT juv., Feb. 16. — Valdivia: Rinihue, d* ad. (winter plumage),
March 5. — Guaitecas Islands: Lagreze Canal, 9 ad. (winter plum-
age), Feb. 3.
This continental representative differs from C. r. rolland (Quoy
and Gaimard), of the Falkland Islands, by much smaller size and
duller as well as darker rufous under parts in the nuptial plumage.
By some unaccountable mistake, this species was described twice
by Lesson and Garnot under different names with very nearly
the same phrases, though somewhat differently worded. Both
descriptions were obviously based on the very same individuals, some
of which had been obtained at Conception during the voyage of the
"Coquille," while others had been taken by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire
in Rio Grande [do Sul], Brazil. The name P. chilensis standing first
must be adopted.
The "Pimpollo" of the natives is widely distributed throughout
the central and southern provinces of Chile down to the Straits of
Magellan. According to Edwyn Reed, it is the most abundant
species among the grebes and very common on all the lakes, but less
so in the mountains. Passler tells us that it breeds at Coronel in
September and October, building its nest immediately above the
420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
water on lakes and marshy meadows. His notes, placed under two
headings, clearly refer to a single species.
This grebe has a wide range in southern and western South
America. Birds from Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina appear to be
alike.
327. Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson)
Podiceps antarcticus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, 1842 — Valparaiso; idem,
Echo du Monde Sav., 9, 2nd sem., No. 11, col. 253, Aug., 1842 — Valparaiso;
Des Murs (2), p. 465 — Valparaiso (ex Lesson); Philippi (12), p. 284 — lakes
of Valparaiso; Lataste (2), p. XXXIV — Rio Tinguiririca (Vichuquen),
Curico; Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXXIII— San Alfonso (Quillota),
Valparaiso.
Podilymbus brevirostris Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, 3, p. 633, pi. 172, 1846
— no locality given, the types (in the British Museum) were obtained by
T. Bridges in Chile; Bibra, p. 132— Santiago; Cassin, p. 205— Chile.
Podilymbus antarcticus Hartlaub (3), p. 218 — Valdivia (crit.); Germain, p.
314— Santiago (breeding habits); Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 337, 340— Chile
(crit.); E. Reed (2), p. 569 — Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua; idem (4),
p. 212 — central provinces; Lane, p. 314 — Laguna Llanquihue and Rio
Bueno, Valdivia; Schalow (2), p. 650 — Laguna Llanquihue; Passler (3),
p. 438 — Coronel (nesting); Bullock (4), p. 210 — Angol, Malleco (breeding).
Podilymbus carolinensis Pelzeln (2), p. 140 — Chile.
Podilymbus podiceps Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 — Chiloe; idem, 1. c.,
1870, p. 500 — Compania, Coquimbo; Barros (4), p. 17 — Nilahue, Curico;
Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p. 92 (nest); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 114 — Marga-
Marga, Valparaiso.
Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus Wetmore (3), p. 49 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to Llanquihue.
This race, of which we have seen a fair number of Chilean ex-
amples in the collection of the British Museum and at Paris, may be
separated from the Pied-billed Grebe of North America by the
slightly more grayish dorsal surface, more dusky-spotted under parts
and somewhat deeper, more robust bill; the wings are frequently,
though not constantly, slightly longer.
The Pied-billed Grebe, the "Picurio" of the natives, is sparingly
diffused throughout central and southern Chile. The most northerly
locality on record is Compania, near Coquimbo, where a young bird
was taken by Cunningham. It is said to be nowhere plentiful.
According to Germain, this bird builds on small streams a flat,
floating nest, composed of wet grass, in which it lays in October and
November three or four eggs. R. Barros found it not uncommon in
the Valley of Nilahue, Curico, where it starts to breed in the first
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 421
half of September. Passler secured a nest with three eggs at Coronel
on October 15.
In opposition to the view expressed in another place,1 I am now
inclined to refer the Pied-billed Grebe of the whole of South America
to P. p. antarcticus. As correctly stated by Chapman,2 single speci-
mens are not always separable from the North American bird, but
by far the greater number have stouter bills and are less purely white
underneath, owing to the dusky bases of the feathers showing
through.
328. Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster)
Aptenodytes magellanicus Forster, Comm. Soc. Reg. Scient. Getting., 3, p. 143,
pi. 5, 1781 — Staten Island, Tierra del Fuego, and the Falkland Islands.
Spheniscus trifasciatus (Landbeck MS.) Philippi, Zeits. Ges. Naturw., N. F.,
7, p. 121, pll. 1, 2, 1873— Valdivia; idem (24), p. 81, pi. 36, fig. 3 (head)—
Valdivia.
Spheniscus humboldti (not of Meyen) E. Reed, Ibis, 1874, p. 83 — "Masafuera";
Johow, pp. 29, 238 — Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands (breeding) ;
E. Reed (4), p. 212 — part, Juan Fernandez and Santa Clara Islands;
Housse (1), p. 53 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco.
Spheniscus magellanicus Lane, p. 314 — Corral, Valdivia; Schalow (2), p. 648 —
part, Coquimbo; Passler (1), p. 102 — Isla Santa Maria, Arauco; Chapman,
Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 120— Puerto Montt to Guaitecas Islands;
Lonnberg, p. 16 — Santa Clara Island and Mas A Tierra.
(?) Spheniscus modestus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 671, 1899 — Chile;
idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 171, 1899— Chiloe Island; idem (24), p. 84,
pi. 39, figs. 1, 3— Chiloe" Island ( = juv.).
Range in Chile. — Southern provinces from Conception to the
Straits of Magellan, also the islands of Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara
in the Juan Fernandez group; migrating in winter as far north as
Coquimbo.
Material collected. — Chiloe" Island: Rio Inio, cf imm., Jan. 13,
1923.
Additional specimens. — Valdivia: Corral, one 9 ad., two juv.,
Dec., 1920, and Jan., 1922. F. Ohde (Munich Museum).
The Chilce* bird is indistinguishable from specimens in corre-
sponding stage taken at Rivadavia on the coast of Chubut, eastern
Patagonia, and is clearly referable to S. magellanicus. An adult in
full plumage from Corral, Valdivia, which we have examined in the
Munich Museum, undoubtedly belongs to the same species, showing
1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 500, 1929.
2 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 181, 1926.
422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
— in addition to the dark gular area — two black bands underneath,
a feature also exhibited in Philippi's plate of S. trifasciatus, which is
obviously synonymous with S. magellanicus. As far as is possible to
judge from the rather poor description and wretched figure, S.
modestus appears to have been based on a young bird of the present
species.
This penguin, as a breeding bird, is evidently restricted to the
southern parts of Chile. Lane states that it is common about Corral
in summer time, becoming more numerous in winter, and Chapman
found it nesting on densely forested islands between Puerto Montt
and the Guaitecas Archipelago. The birds breeding on Mas A
Tierra and Santa Clara Islands, Juan Fernandez group, which have
been referred by the earlier writers to S. humboldti, turn out to be S.
magellanicus, as shown by Lonnberg. Dr. R. C. Murphy (in litt.)
also informs me that all penguins seen by him from that region
are magellanicus. Passler records these birds from Santa Maria, off
Arauco, hence there can be little doubt that the species known to
breed on the Isla La Mocha is magellanicus and not humboldti.
In winter these birds apparently stray northwards into the
breeding range of the allied S. humboldti, an adult specimen having
been taken by L. Plate as far north as Coquimbo, as recorded by
Schalow.1
329. Spheniscus humboldti Meyen2
Spheniscus humboldti (i) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat.
Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 110, pi. 21, 1834— Callao, Peru; Des Murs (2), p. 467—
coast of Chile; Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 165 — coast of Atacama;
Pelzeln (2), p. 142— Chile; Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 337, 340— Chile; Philippi
(12), p. 285 — coast of Chile and Peru; idem, Zeits. Ges. Naturw., N. F.,
7, p. 126 — island off Algarrobo, Valparaiso (breeding habits); Streets,
p. 33 — Talcaguano, Concepci6n Bay; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160 — coast of
northern Chile; E. Reed (4), p. 212— part, coast of Chile; Schalow (2),
p. 650— Isla dos Pajaros, Coquimbo; Philippi (24), p. 86, pi. 36 (figs. 1, 2),
37, 39 (fig. 2)— Chile (crit.); Passler (1), p. 102— Caleta Buena, Tarapaca;
idem (3), p. 439 — coast of Antofagasta and Coronel.
Aptenodyles chiloensis Bibra, p. 132 — coast of Chile (Valparaiso).
Spheniscus magellanicus (not of Forster) Schalow (2), p. 648 — part, Iquique,
Tarapaca.
Spheniscus meyeni Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 670, April, 1899 — Chile;
idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 171, 1899— Chile; idem (24), p. 87, pi. 38
—Chile.
1 Dr. Stresemann (in litt.) confirms the identification.
2 Either this or the preceding species was intended by the name Diomedea
chilensis Molina (Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 238, 344, 1782), but the incomplete
diagnosis and the absence of a definite locality render its identification impossible.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 423
Spheniscus flavipes Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 670, 1899 — Chile;
idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (l),p. 172, 1899 — Cartajena, south of Valparaiso;
idem (24), p. 88, pi. 40— Chile ( =juv.).
Range in Chile. — Breeds on islands and on the coast from the
Peruvian boundary south to Algarrobo, Valparaiso, spreading in
winter south to Valdivia (Corral).1
Humboldt's Penguin replaces the preceding form in the more
northern parts of Chile, its range extending along the Peruvian
littoral as far north as 6° S. latitude. Philippi thought to perceive
certain differences between Meyen's plate and Chilean specimens,
and accordingly proposed to separate the latter under the name
of S. meyeni. Birds from the two countries in the collection of the
American Museum of Natural History, however, do not seem to be
distinguishable in any way. S. flavipes is clearly based on a young
bird.
Philippi found these penguins common all along the coast of
Atacama, and in another paper (Zeits. Ges. Naturw., N. F., 7, p. 126)
gives a full account of their breeding habits as observed by L.
Landbeck on a small island off Algarrobo, south of Valparaiso, which
appears to be the most southerly colony of the species on record.
The reported nesting of S. humboldti on the Isla La Mocha and on
certain islands of the Juan Fernandez group, on the other hand,
obviously refers to the allied S. mageUanicus. In winter (May to
September), Passler tells us, Humboldt's Penguin may be seen in
large numbers, sometimes in company with S. magellanicus, in the
Bay of Coronel. Two immature birds from Iquique, listed by
Schalow as S. mageUanicus — we are informed by Dr. Stresemann
(in litt.) — prove to belong to S. humboldti.
Humboldt's Penguin is evidently but a northern race of S.
magellanicus. Still I refrain from using trinomials, as both may
eventually turn out to be conspecific with the African S. demersus
(Linnaeus), of which no material is at present available.
330. Lophortyx calif ornica brunnescens Ridgway
Lophortyx californicus brunnescens Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, p. 94,
1884 — "Santa Barbara," California, errore.
Lophortyx calif ornica Passler (1), p. 103 — Chile (common); Barros (4), p. 15 —
Nilahue, Curic6; C. Reed (4), p. 146 — Coquimbo to the Rio Cachapoal;
Barros (5), p. 170 — Precordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 149 — San
irThe egg from Tierra del Fuego attributed to this species by Schalow (p. 650)
belongs, of course, to S. magellanicus.
424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Bernardo, Santiago; Lonnberg, p. 17 — Mas A Tierra and Mas Afuera;
Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 112 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Swarth, Condor,
29, p. 164, 1927; Barros (9a), p. 38— Coquimbo to Talca (habits).
Range in Chile. — From Coquimbo to Talca, also on the Juan
Fernandez Islands. Introduced from the United States.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Tambillos, two cfcT, one 9
ad., July 8. — Colchagua: Banos de Cauquenes, d" ad., May 5.
The California Quail, introduced in 1870, has become perfectly
acclimatized throughout the central provinces of Chile, where it is
now found in large numbers. Its actual range extends from Co-
quimbo south to Talca. Introduced on the Juan Fernandez Islands
in 1912 or 1913 by Captain Wahlbom, it has since become very
common on Mas Afuera, while on Mas A Tierra it is not thriving
so well.
Chilean specimens agree with the brown-backed, dark-flanked
race of the humid coast region of California, which Grinnell (Condor,
33, p. 37, 1931) has shown to be entitled to the name of L. calif ornica
brunnescens.
331. Phasianus colchicus colchicus Linnaeus
Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 158, 1758 — "Habitat
in Africa, Asia"; Rion, Transcaucasia, accepted as type locality; Lataste,
Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 6, p. LXVII, 1896 — Coquimbo; Chauvelet, 1. c.,
6, p. LXXXV, 1897— Coquimbo.
Range in Chile. — Introduced at Coquimbo.
According to Chauvelet, the Pheasant was introduced from
England by C. J. Lambert in 1886 or 1887. Two couples settled in
the park of La Compania, about ten miles from the Bay of Coquimbo.
In 1897, they had largely increased in numbers without penetrating,
however, more than fifteen miles inland. I have not been able to
find any recent record regarding the actual status of the Pheasant
in Chile.
An attempt to introduce the Hungarian Partridge (Perdix perdix
perdix Linn.) in Chile has completely failed.
332. Nothoprocta perdicaria perdicaria (Kittlitz)
Crypturus perdicarius Kittlitz, M&n. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb., sav. e'tr., 1, livr.
1, p. "192" [=193], pi. 12, 1830— around Valparaiso; Meyen, p. 99— Val-
paraiso; Kittlitz, Denkwtird. Reise, 1, p. 150 — near Valparaiso; Chros-
towski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 18, 1921 — type from
Valparaiso in Leningrad Museum.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 425
Nothura punetulata Des Murs in Gay, Hist. fls. pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 391,
1847 — "provincias centrales de la Republica" (type in Paris Museum
examined); Sclater (2), 1867, p. 331— Chile (ex Des Mure); Waugh and
Lataste (1), p. LXXXVIII— Penaflor, Santiago.
Nothura coquimbica Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 554, pi. 15, 1895 —
Coquimbo (type in British Museum examined).
Nothura perdicaria Darwin, p. 119 — part, Valley of "Guasco," Atacama;
Fraser (1), p. 115— Chile (habits, egg); Yarrell, p. 53— Chile (egg); Cassin,
p. 192 — Chile; Germain, p. 312 — Santiago (nesting habits); Philippi (12),
p. 270— Chile (part); Waugh and Lataste (2), p. CLXXII— San Alfonso
(Quillota), Valparaiso.
Rhyncholus perdix Pelzeln (2), p. 113 — Chile.
Rhynchotus punctulatus Sclater (2), 1867, p. 339 — Chile (ex Des Mure).
Rhynchotus cinerascens (not Nothura cinerascens Burmeister) Sclater (2),
1867, pp. 331, 339— Coquimbo.
Nothoprocta perdicaria E. Reed (2), p. 569 — Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, p.
18 — Coquimbo; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 202 — Coquimbo; E. Reed
(4), p. 212— Chile (part); Schalow (2), p. 647— Santiago; C. Reed (4),
p. 57 — La Serena, Coquimbo (food); Fuentes, p. 290 — Easter Island;
Barros (5), p. 170 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse (2), p. 149 — San
Bernardo, Santiago; Barros (8), p. 263 — part, Rio Blanco, Aconcagua
(food); Jaffuel and Pirion, p. 112 — Valley of Marga-Marga, Valparaiso.
Nothoprocta perdicaria perdicaria Wetmore (3), p. 40 — Concon, Valparaiso.
Range. — From southern Atacama (Valley of Huasco) to Col-
chagua (Rio Cachapoal). Introduced on Easter Island.
Material collected. — Coquimbo: Romero, two 9 9 ad., July
14, 19; Paiguano, 9 ad., June 18. — Valparaiso: Limache, d1 ad.,
9 ad., June, 1921. C. S. Reed. — Colchagua: Banos de Cauquenes,
four cf cT ad., one 9 ad., one 9 imm., May 2-8.
Additional material. — Coquimbo: Coquimbo, two cf cf ad., June,
1879. Coppinger. Types of N. coquimbica Salv. (British Museum).
—Santiago: Penaflor, adult, Feb. 20, 1895. F. Lataste (Paris
Museum). — "Chile" (unspecified): two adults, including the type
of N. punetulata. C. Gay (Paris Museum).
As pointed out by Conover,1 the Chilean "Perdiz" is divisible
into two races: a northern with dingy gray chest, light pinkish buff
sides, and whitish median under parts, and a southern with deep
clay color ventral surface shading into buff along the middle line.
The type of C. perdicarius was shot by Kittlitz (on April 3, 1827)
near Valparaiso. Two adults from Limache, Valparaiso, in the
Conover Collection are, therefore, essentially topotypical. They
agree with a series from Banos del Toro, Colchagua, all being gray-
»Auk, 41, pp. 334-335, 1924.
426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
breasted birds with whitish middle line and light pinkish buff flanks.
N. punctulata Des Murs — based on specimens from the central prov-
inces— evidently refers to the same form, the under parts being de-
scribed as follows: "estomago y pecho di un gris violaceo, . . . punteado
sobre cada pluma con una retondez blanquiza, el vientre . . . de un
bianco flavo algo mas oscuro sobre los flancos." This conclusion is
corroborated by a re-examination of the type in the Paris Museum.
It is an adult bird presented by Gay (exact locality not stated) and,
except for being slightly more washed with buff on the chest, agrees
with Lataste's Penaflor specimen. The few whitish pectoral spots
are a purely individual character and wholly independent of locality.
Salvador! separated three specimens from Coquimbo as N.
coquimbica, and two of the originals which we have examined in the
British Museum are indeed remarkably pale and grayish on the
upper parts. Three adults in perfect plumage secured by C. C.
Sanborn in that vicinity, however, hardly differ from the central
Chilean series, and, as I am unable to perceive the slightest divergency
in the coloration of the lower surface, I do not think that Salvadori's
form can be maintained.
The "Perdiz" is widely diffused throughout the plains and foot-
hills of the central provinces. According to Barros, the upper limit
of its vertical range is about 6,000 feet. Northward, it extends
as far as the valley of Huasco, in southern Atacama, while the Rio
Cachapoal seems to mark the southern limit of its distribution.
333. Nothoprocta perdicaria sanborni Conover
Nothoprocta perdicaria sanborni Conover, Auk, 41, p. 334, 1924 — Mafil,
Valdivia.
Nothura perdicaria (not of Kittlitz) Darwin, p. 119 — Chile (part); Des Murs
(2), p. 392— Chile; Boeck, p. 508— Roble, Valdivia; Philippi (12), p. 270—
Chile (part).
Rhynchotus perdicarius Sclater (2), 1867, pp. 331, 339 — Chile.
Notkoprocta perdicaria E. Reed (4), p. 212 — Chile (part); Lane, p. 314—
Maquegua (Arauco), Rio Bueno (Valdivia), Puerto Varas and Osorno
(Llanquihue) ; Barros (4), p. 15 — Nilahue, Curic6; Passler (3), p. 431—
Coronel (habits, egg); Barros (8), p. 263 — part, Ranquil (Valle de Nilahue),
Curic6 (food); Bullock (3), p. 126— Nahuelbuta, Malleco; idem (4), p. 194
— Angol, Malleco; Barros (12), p. 31 — Curico (breeding habits).
Nothura punctulata (not of Des Murs) Lataste (1), p. CXVI — Ninhue (Itata),
Maule.
Range. — Southern Chile, from Curico to Llanquihue.
Material collected. — Maule: Quirihue (alt. 700 feet), 9 ad.,
May 3. — Malleco: Curacautin, d* ad., Jan. 8. — Valdivia: Mafil,
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 427
three 9 9 (including the type), two cf d" juv., Feb. 18-26; Rinihue,
cf juv., March 8. — Llanquihue: Puerto Montt, 9 imm., April 15.
Birds from Valdivia and Llanquihue are easily distinguished from
N. p. perdicaria by the more rufescent barring of the dorsal surface
and the deep clay color under parts passing into buff along the middle
line, without any gray (or a mere suggestion of it) on the chest.
Specimens from Malleco and Maule form the transition to the
northern form, the chest being underlaid with grayish and the flanks
not quite so intensely colored. Taken as a whole, they are, however,
much nearer to N. p. sanborni than to N. p. perdicaria.
[Nothocercus nigrocapillus (G. R. Gray) — described from "Chile"-
has since been ascertained to inhabit the Andes of Bolivia. The
genus is not represented in Chile.]
334. Tinamotis pentlandii Vigors
Tinamotis pentlandii Vigors, P. Z. S. Lond., 4, "1836," p. 79, Jan. 16,
1837 — "on a high elevation in the Andes," probably Bolivia; Bridges,
1. c., 15, p. 28, 1847 — Pass of Tapaquilcha, east of Ascotan, Potosi, Bolivia;
Des Murs (2), p. 393— near Santiago (errore); Sclater (4), 1886, p. 404—
Huasco, Tarapaca; idem (6), p. 137 — Sacaya and "Canchosa," Tarapaca;
Lane, p. 316— Sacaya and "Canchosa" (habits); E. Reed (4), p. 212—
"Atacama" and Tarapaca; Schalow (2), p. 647 — "Conception" (!).
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of the northern provinces, from
Tacna to Antofagasta.
Material collected. — Tacna: Choquelimpie (alt. 15,000 feet),
9 ad., June 23. — Antofagasta: Rio Inacaliri (alt. 12,800 feet), two
9 9 ad., April 25-27.
These specimens agree with others from Argentina.
Pentland's Tinamou is found only in the three northern provinces
at elevations of 12,000 feet and upwards. T. Bridges met with it on
the Pass of Tapaquilcha, on Bolivian territory, just beyond the
Chilean border, and Lane states that it is not uncommon in the
Andes of Tarapaca.
Outside of Chile, it is distributed over northwestern Argentina
(Jujuy, Tucuman, Los Andes), Bolivia, and southern Peru.
[Calopezus elegans (d'Orb. and Is. Geoffr.) is listed by Gray (List
Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, Gallinae, p. 106, 1848) as having been
collected in Chile by T. Bridges. He was doubtless misled by
428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
wrongly labeled specimens, since Bridges himself (P. Z. S. Lond.,
15, p. 28, 1847) states that he met with this species only in the
vicinity of Mendoza, and never saw it on the Chilean side of the
Andes.]
335. Pterocnemia tarapacensis tarapacensis Chubb
Pterocnemia tarapacensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 33, p. 79, 1913 — "Can-
chosa" [ =Cancosa], Tarapaca.
Rhea darwini (not of Gould) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159 — Atacama; Sclater (5),
1890, p. 412— Tarapaca; idem (6), 1891, p. 137— "Canchosa," Tarapaca;
E. Reed (4), p. 213 — part, Tarapaca; Lane, p. 316 — Cancosa, Tarapaca.
Range in Chile. — Puna Zone of Atacama, Antofagasta, and
Tarapaca.
This rhea, whose distinctness from the Patagonian P. pennata
(d'Orbigny) has but recently been recognized, was first recorded by
Philippi from the highlands of Atacama. Lane, afterwards, pro-
cured specimens in the Cordillera of Tarapaca, where it is stated to
be not uncommon. Mr. Sanborn saw it in the vicinity of Silala, near
the Chilean-Bolivian boundary, in Antofagasta.
The principal character that separates P. tarapacensis from its
Patagonian ally is the smaller number of scutes (eight to ten instead
of sixteen to eighteen) on the lower portion of the tarsus; besides,
the dorsal surface is much more brownish, with fewer, if any, white
feathers interspersed. The late C. Chubb distinguished P. t.
garleppi from Esperanza, Oruro, Bolivia, on account of isabelline-
buff (not ashy-gray) head and neck, and grayish brown instead of
rufous brown back. This form has lately been recorded by Dabbene1
from northwestern Argentina (Pasto Ventura, Cerro Nevada), while
Berlepsch and Stolzmann2 listed s. n. R. darwini specimens from
Titari, Puno, in southern Peru. A series from Esperanza and
Sajama, Bolivia, in the Berlepsch Collection, shows considerable
variation in color, and while I have not been able to compare them
with birds from Tarapaca, it is quite possible that the rheas of the
Andean highlands, from southern Peru to Chile and northwestern
Argentina, may turn out to be referable to a single form.
*E1 Hornero, 2, p. 84, 1920.
2 Ornis, 13, p. 130, 1906.
ORNITHOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHILE
Ornithological literature on Chile is unusually scattered, and the
compilation of this bibliography proved to be a difficult task. Not
one of the many libraries consulted, either in America or in Europe,
possesses a complete set of the "Anales de la Universidad de Chile"
or of the "Revista Chilena de Historia Natural." Thanks to the
obliging cooperation of the Zoological Society of London and various
correspondents, among whom Dr. C. W. Richmond (Washington),
Dr. Joseph Grinnell (Berkeley), and Dr. H. Balss (Munich) should
be specifically mentioned, I have, however, been able to check most
of the numerous ornithological papers published in these serials,
excepting a few, of which transcriptions were available.
The bibliography purports to contain the title of every publica-
tion dealing with Chilean birds from a scientific point of view up to
December 31, 1930. All faunal papers and those containing original
descriptions are listed, including certain general works where im-
portant data on Chilean birds may be found. Catalogues of collec-
tions, unless restricted to Chile, have been purposely omitted as well
as papers of a popular or purely economic nature.
ALBERT, F.
1. Contribuciones al Estudio de [las] Aves Chilenas. Anal. Univ. Chile, 100, pp.
301-325, 593-627, 863-895, 1898; 101, pp. 23-54, 229-264, 497-520, 655-679,
909-941, 1898; 103, pp. 209-255, 445-461, 579-591, 677-690, 829-847, 1899;
104, pp. 95-134, 267-283, 987-1008, 1899; 106, pp. 579-591, 1900; 108, pp.
193-237, 243-306, 547-564, 1901. [Also issued separately and repaged (pp.
I-VIII, 1-580) in thirteen parts (entregas), each with a separate cover.
Pp. I-VIII, and pp. 1-343 (Entregas 1-9) form "Tomo Primero," provided
with title page "Contribuciones al Estudio de las Aves Chilenas. Tomo
Primero," and subtitle "Contribuciones al Estudio de las Ayes Chilenas, por
Federico Albert. Publicado en los "Anales de la Universidad" tomos CI-
CIII. Tomo Primero. Santiago de Chile. Imprenta Cervantes. Bandera
46. — 1899." The remaining parts (Entregas 10-13) were apparently intended
to form a second volume, which was left unfinished.]
This extensive paper treats of various families regardless of systematic order,
but, beyond good descriptions of the species, gives very little original informa-
tion. Many of the author's identifications are utterly wrong, and numerous
names placed in synonymy pertain to quite distinct species.
2. Estudios sobre la Ornitolojia Chilena. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 2, pp. 39-42,
63-64, 94-96, 139-143, 1898; 3, pp. 25-28, 1899; 4, p. 7, pi. 1, 1900; 6, pp.
52-53, 77-88, 1902.
Notes on the Chilean species of Parrots, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, Tapacolas,
Humming-birds, Goatsuckers, Swallows, Spoonbills, Pipits, Orioles, Boobies,
and Tyrants.
3. Die chilenischen Buteos. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 5 [ = Fauna Chilensis, 2],
Heft 3, pp. 643-650, May 2, 1902.
Distinguishes three species: B. obsoletus, B. albicaudatus, and B. erythronotus,
whose plumages and variations are fully described.
429
430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
4. Les Buses (Buteo) du Chili. Ornis, 11, No. 4, pp. 437-445, June, 1902.
Slightly modified French translation of the preceding paper. B. obsoletus is
here designated as B. swainsoni.
ALLEN, J. A.
List of the Birds Collected in Bolivia by Dr. H. H. Rusby, with Field Notes by
the Collector. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, pp. 72-112, March 22, 1889.
Included in this paper are various birds supposed to have been collected at
"Valparaiso." Owing to the loss or accidental transposition of labels, however,
the localities have been mixed up, and, as a result, species which had doubtless
been taken in Bolivia are credited to "Valparaiso," while others of undoubted
Chilean origin are listed from Bolivian localities. Two supposed novelties,
Enicornis striata [ = Upucerthia ruficauda], from "Chile (Valparaiso?)," and
Leptasthenura fuscescens [ =L. a. aegithaloides], from "Falls of the Madeira,"
Bolivia, are described.
ANGELINI, G.
1. Aphrastura fulva. Nuova specie di Passeraceo appartenente ai Dendro-
colaptidi Sinallaxini. Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital., 2nd ser., 6, fasc. 7-8, pp. 227-230,
1905.
The type was collected by Admiral de Amezaga at Ancud, Chilo£ Island.
2. Qualche osservazione sopra due Uccelli Neotropicali: Aphrastura fulva e
Creciscus melanophaeus. L. c., 2nd ser., 7, fasc. 1-3, pp. 96-99, 1906.
On pp. 96-98, further notes on A. fulva.
AUDUBON, J. J.
1. A Synopsis of the Birds of North America. 1 vol. in 8vo, pp. xii + 359,
Edinburgh, 1839.
Carduelis stanleyi, from "Upper California," described as a new species
(p. 118), turned out to be the same as Spinus barbatus. The type was almost
certainly collected by Townsend at Valparaiso, Chile.
2. Ornithological Biography, or an Account of the Habits of the Birds of the
United States of America, accompanied by Descriptions of the Objects
represented in the work entitled The Birds of America 5, pp. XXXIX
+ 664, Edinburgh, 1839.
On p. 312, Fringilla mortonii, from "Upper California," is described as new
[ =Zonotrichia capensis chilensis].
BAIRD, S. F.
Review of American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.
Part 1, 8vo, pp. vi + 478, Washington, 1864-1872.
Progne furcata, from "Chile," is described as a new species (p. 278).
BARROS, R.
1. La Perdiz Chilena. Protection i incremento de los recursos de caza de pluma.
Boletin de Bosques, Pesca i Caza, Santiago, 2, pp. 554-558, 574-584, 1914.
2. Acclimatacion del Gorrion en Chile. Anal. Zool. Aplic., 4, pp. 8-15, pi.
1, 1917.
Distribution of Passer domesticus in Chile.
3. La Rara (Phytotoma rara Mol.). L. c., 6, pp. 1-16, pi. 2, 1919.
4. Aves del Valle de Nilahue, Curic6. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, pp. 12-17,
1919; 24, pp. 43-49, 139-152, 1920.
Carefully annotated list of eighty-one species.
5. Aves de la Cordillera de Aconcagua. L. c., 25, pp. 167-192, 1921.
This important paper contains notes on eighty-nine species, and adds con-
siderably to our knowledge of the vertical distribution of Chilean birds.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 431
6. Notas sobre algunos pajaros Chilenos. L. c., 28, pp. 31-35, 1924.
Notes on the occurrence of nine species in various localities of central Chile.
7. Observaciones ornitologicas relacionadas con la agriculture y la caza. L. c.,
29, pp. 238-279, 1925.
8. Notas ornito!6gicas. L. c., 30, pp. 137-143, 1926.
Further records of noteworthy birds from Rio Blanco, Aconcagua, and Nila-
hue, Curico.
9. Apuntes para el estudio de la alimentaci6n de las aves de Chile. L. c., 31,
pp. 262-265, 1927.
9a. Segundas notas ornito!6gicas. L. c., 32, pp. 36-42, 1928.
9b. Sobre algunas aves observadas en la Costa de Curico. L. c.. pp. 160-163,
1928.
10. Nuevas observaciones sobre aves de la Cordillera de Aconcagua. L. c.,
33, pp. 355-364, 1929.
11. Sobre algunas aves de la Alta Cordillera de Mendoza. L. c., 34, pp. 312-330,
1930.
Notes on eight species from the Chilean side of the Andes (pp. 314-315).
12. Esclarecimiento de la reproducci6n de la perdiz chilena. L. c., 34, pp. 31-37,
1930.
Breeding habits of Nothoprocta perdicaria.
BERLEPSCH, H. VON and LEVERKUHN, P.
Studien iiber einige siidamerikanische Vogel nebst Beschreibungen neuer Arten.
Ornis, 6, Heft 1, pp. 1-32, 1890.
Remarks on Amihus calcaratus [=A. correndera catamarcae] collected by
Professor Behn at Calama, Prov. Antofagasta.
BIBRA, [ERNST] FREIHERR VON
Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Chile. Denks. math.-naturw. Cl. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 5, Abt. 2, pp. 73-142, pll. 4-8, 1853. Vogel: pp. 128-132. [Re-
printed in Journ. Ornith., 3, pp. 52-58, 1855.]
Results of six months' traveling in central and southern Chile (Valparaiso and
vicinity; Santiago; Cordillera of Santiago; Bay of Corral in Valdivia). The
birds were determined by Reichenbach. Two new species are described, and
in addition there are several nomina nuda.
BLAAUW, F. E.
1. Across South America to Tierra del Fuego and back through the Smith-
Channel. Notes Leyden Mus., 35, pp. 1-74, pll. 1, 2, December, 1912.
Many scattered notes on the birds seen during a journey across the Andes
from Puente del Inca to Santiago and on various excursions in Valdivia and
Llanquihue (pp. 9-38).
2. On Birds and Their Surroundings between Puerto Varas and Puerto Montt.
Avic. Mag., 3rd ser., 4, pp. 192-199, May, 1913.
3. Field-notes on Some of the Water Fowl of the Argentine Republic, Chile, and
Tierra del Fuego. Ibis, 10th ser., 4, pp. 478-492, pi. 14, 1916.
Deals with the ducks, geese, and swans observed on the trip described in one
of the preceding papers (1).
4. The Steamer Duck. Ibis, 10th ser., 5, pp. 274-276, 1917.
5. On the type specimen of Chloephaga inornata King in the British Museum,
and some further notes. Ibis, llth ser., 2, pp. 497-498, pi. 13, 1920.
432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
BOECK, E. VON
Vorlaufige Bemerkungen iiber die Ornis der Provinz Valdivia, in der Republik
Chile. Naumannia, pp. 494-513, 1855.
Notes from Valdivia and Chilo6 Island.
BOLLAERT, W.
Observations on the Geography of Southern Peru, including Survey of the
Province of Tarapaca, and Route to Chile by the Coast of the Desert of
Atacama. Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. Lond., 21, pp. 99-130, map, 1851.
On p. 120, the author mentions "flamingos with red breasts" found on the
Lake of Parinas, n. of Mauque, s. w. of Volcan of Isluga.
BONAPARTE, C. L.
1. Conspectus Generum Avium. 2 vols. in 8vo, Leyden, 1850-57.
The following Chilean birds are described as new: Thryothorus eidouxi (I,
p. 221), from "Brazil" [= Talcaguano, Conception]; Chrysomitris marginalis
(1, p. 517); Nycticorax obscurus (2, p. 141); Siercorarius antarcticus b. chilensis
(2, p. 207).
2. Notes sur les collections rapport6es en 1853, par M. A. Delattre, de son
voyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris,
37, pp. 806-810, 827-835, 913-925, 1853; 38, pp. 1-11, 53-66, 258-266,
378-389, 533-542, 650-665, 1854. [Reprinted with corrections and additions
under the title "Notes Ornithologiques sur les collections rapportees en 1853
par M. A. Delattre et Classification Parall&ique des Passereaux Chanteurs."
4to, pp. 1-95, Paris, 1854.]
Although the paper purports to deal only with birds collected in California
and Nicaragua, it results from the text that Delattre also visited northern Chile,
for (38, p. 660, repr., p. 90) Lucifer vesper and Calothorax yarelli (sic) are
recorded from "Arica, dans le Peiou," and "Cobija, dans la Bolivie," respectively.
In 37, p. 915 (repr., p. 15) a supposedly new Siskin [Chrysomitris] icteroides,
"Schimper," from Chile, in the Strasbourg Museum, is mentioned, hardly more
than a nomen nudum.
3. Notes sur les Larides. Rev. Mag. Zool., 2nd ser., 7, pp. 12-21, 1855.
Larus verreauxi, from Chile (p. 16), is described as new.
BRANDT, J. F.
Observations sur plusieurs especes nouvelles du genre Carbo ou Phalacrocorax,
qui se trouvent dans le Museum de 1'Academie des Sciences de St. Peiers-
bourg. Bull. Scient. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 3, No. 4, col. 53-57,
Nov. 16, 1837. .
Carbo albigula, from Chile (col. 57), is described as new.
BRIDGES, T.
[Notes on various Birds and Mammals from Chile.] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
9, "1841," pp. 93-95, March, 1842.
The specimens were collected ... in the Andes of Chile, lat. 34°-35°. See
also L. FRASER.
BRODKORB, P.
Geographic Variation in Thinocorus orbignyanus Geoffrey and Lesson. Auk,
45, pp. 499-500, 1928.
Birds from Chile are referred to T. o. orbignyanus.
BROS, R.
Observaciones sobre el Pato tripoca (Erismatura vittata Ph.) y el Pato Colorado
(Querquedula cyanoptera Vieill.) en el Valle de Marga-Marga. Rev. Chil.
Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 379-382, 1929.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 433
BRUCH, P.
Monographische Uebersicht der Gattung Larus. Journ. Ornith., 1. pp. 96-108,
1853.
Chroicocephalus Kitttiteii, from southern Chile, is described as new (p. 104).
BULLOCK, D. S.
1. Sobre algunos nidos de Aves Chilenas. El Hornero, 3, No. 1, pp. 90-94, 1923.
2. Hudsonian Curlew and Greater Yellow-legs at Penco, Chile. Auk, 45,
p. 501, 1928.
3. Aves de los pinares de Nahuelbuta. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 121-127,
1929.
Notes on thirty-seven species.
4. Aves observadas en los alrededores de Angol. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp.
171-211, 1929.
Fully annotated list of ninety-nine species.
5. Birds observed in the neighborhood of Angol (Chile). The Oologists'
Record, 10, pp. 40-46, 71-72, 87-94, 1930; 11, pp. 17-24, 1931.
English translation of the preceding pages.
BURMEISTER, H.
Systematisches Verzeichnis der in den La Plata-Staaten beobachteten Vogel-
arten. Journ. Ornith., 8, pp. 241-268, 1860.
Cillurus paiagonieus [ =Cinclodes o. oustcdeti] is incidentally recorded from
Caldera, coast of Atacama.
CABANIS, J.
[Zwei neue Charadrius-Arten des Berliner Museum.] Journ. Ornith., 20, p.
158, 1872.
Aegialitis occidentalis is described as new. No locality is stated here, but
Chile is given in a later communication (Journ. Ornith., 32, p. vi, 1885).
CABANIS, J. and HEINE, F.
Museum Heineanum. Verzeichnis der ornithologischen Sammlung des Ober-
amtmann Ferdinand Heine auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. 2.
Theil, die Schreivogel enthaltend. 8vo, pp. 175, Halberstadt, 1859-60.
A supposed new species, Cillurus minor, from Araucana, is characterized, and
a new name, Henicornis gouldi, is proposed in a rather obscure way for what
proves to be a young bird of Chilia melanura (p. 24).
CASSIN, J.
Birds. In The U. S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemi-
sphere, during the years 1849-50-51-52. Lieut. J. M. Gilliss, Superintendent.
2, pp. 172-206, pll. 14-28, 4to, Washington, 1855.
An important contribution to Chilean ornithology, with beautiful illustrations
of the more striking representatives of the bird life.
CASTILLO, L.
Migraciones observadas en la Fauna i Flora de Chile. Boletin de Bosques,
Pesca i Gaza, Santiago, 2, pp. 224-253, Oct., 1913.
CHAPMAN, F. M.
1. Descriptions of Proposed New Birds from Central and South America.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, pp. 363-388, May 27, 1915.
In a chapter entitled "Remarks on Certain South American Forms of the
Genus Cerchneis" (pp. 372-382), the two Chilean races, C. sparverius cinnamo-
mina and C. s. fernandensis (n. subsp.), from Mas A Tierra, are discussed.
434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
2. Descriptions of Proposed New Birds from Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and
Chile. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 41, pp. 323-333, Sept. 1, 1919.
Microsittace ferruginea minor, from Corral, Valdivia, and Upucerthia dume-
toria hallinani, from Tofo, sixty miles north of Coquimbo, Chile, are described
as new.
3. Descriptions of Proposed New Birds from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, and Chile. Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 96, pp. 1-12, Nov. 19, 1923.
Melanodera xanthogramma barrosi, from Rio Blanco, Aconcagua, Chile, is
described as a new race.
4. An Ornithological Reconnaissance in Southern Chile. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl.,
46, pp. 119-120, 1926.
CHAUVELET, J.
L'aclimatation du Faisan a Coquimbo. Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 6, livr. 4-5,
"1896," p. LXXXV, July 10, 1897.
CHROSTOWSKI, T.
Sur les types d'oiseaux neotropicaux du Musee Zoologique de 1'Academie des
Sciences de P6trograde. Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, pp. 9-30,
Sept. 30, 1921.
On pp. 13-21, a critical list of the type specimens of the nineteen Chilean species
described by F. H. von Kittlitz is given.
CHUBB, C.
1. [Exhibition and description of a new species of bird ( Upucerthia tamucoensis)
from southern Chili.] Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 27, p. 101, July 13, 1911.
Upucerthia tamucoensis, from "Tamuco," southern Chile, is described as new.
2. [Exhibition and description of two new forms of Rhea (Pterocnemia tara-
pacensis and P. t. garleppi), with a key to the genera and species of Rheas.]
Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 33, pp. 79-81, Dec. 23, 1913.
Pterocnemia tarapacensis, from Cancosa, Tarapaca, is described as a new
species.
CONOVER, H. B.
A new subspecies of Nothoprocta from Chile. Auk, 41, pp. 334-336, 1924.
Nothoprocta perdicaria sanborni, from Mafil, Valdivia, is characterized as new.
COSTES, N.
Columbideas del Valle de Marga-Marga. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 21, pp.
161-166, 1917.
CUNNINGHAM, R. O.
1. [Letter on the Ornithology of the Straits of Magellan and Chiloe Island.]
Ibis, new series, 4, pp. 486-495, 1868.
2. Notes on the Natural History of the Strait of Magellan and West Coast of
Patagonia made during the Voyage of H. M. S. "Nassau" in the years 1866,
'67, '68, and '69. With maps and illustrations. 8vo, pp. IX +517, Edinburgh,
1871.
DABBENE, R.
Los Picaflores de Chile. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 489-503, 1930.
A critical revision of the humming-birds described by Molina, with key,
descriptions, and principal synonymy.
DARWIN, C.
The Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt.
Fitzroy, during the years 1832 to 1836. Part III. Birds, described by John
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 435
Gould, with A Notice of their Habits and Ranges, by Charles Darwin, and
with an Anatomical Appendix, by T. C. Eyton. 1 vol. in 4to, pp. ii + 156,
pll. 50, London, 1838-41.
Contains important notes on the habits and distribution of many species in
the southern and central parts of Chile, between Chiloe" Island and Copiapo.
DEAUTIER, E. and STEULLET, A.
Las Aves descriptas por Molina. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 473-482, 1930.
A critical review of, and an attempt to identify, the thirty-three species of birds
described by Molina.
DBS MURS, O.
1. Iconographie Ornithologique. Nouveau Recueil general de planches peintes
d'Oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complement aux Planches Enlumin6es
de Buff on . . . et aux Planches coloriees de M M. Temminck et Laugier.
11 pp., 146 11., 72 pll., 1 vol. in demy folio, Paris, 1845-49.
Three Chilean species are described and figured, viz. Merganetta chilensis
(pi. 5), Ulula fasciata nov. sp. (pi. 37), and Sylviorthorhynchus maluroides
(desmurii) (pi. 45). A fourth species, Diglossa brunneiventris (pi. 43), is errone-
ously credited to Chile.
2. Aves: In Claudio Gay, Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Zoologia. 1,
pp. 183-496, 1847; 8, pp. 474, 477-486, 1854; Atlas, 2, fourteen plates on
birds, 8vo and demy folio, Paris and Santiago.
The ornithology of this comprehensive work, dealing with the physical and
political history of Chile, was written by O. Des Murs (according to statements
on pp. 11 and 183, 1), while Gay merely contributed field-notes. It is an
exceedingly poor compilation with very little original information. Many
species are admitted to the Chilean fauna without good reasons, and others are
wrongly identified. The date of publication of the plates is open to question
(see Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 16, Part 1, pp. 237-238, 1926).
ESCHSCHOLTZ, F.
Zoologischer Atlas, enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Thier-
arten, wahrend des Flottcapitains von Kotzebue zweiter Reise um die Welt,
auf der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Kriegsschlupp Predpriatie in den Jahren 1823-
1826 beobachtat von Dr. Friedrich Eschscholtz. Folio. Heft l:pp. i-iv, 1-17,
pll. 1-5, 1829; Heft 2: pp. 1-13, pll. 6-10, 1829; Heft 3: pp. 1-18, pll. 11-15,
1829; Heft 4: pp. 1-19, pll. 16-20, 1831; Heft 5: pp. i-viii, 1-28, pll. 21-25,
frontispiece, 1833, Berlin.
The only bird of interest within the scope of our paper is Thinocorus rumi-
civorus (Heft 1, p. 2, pi. 2), from the lowlands near the seacoast in the Bay of
Concepci6n.
EYDOUX, F. and GERVAIS, P.
1. Voyage autour du Monde de la corvette La Favorite. Oiseaux; Mag. Zool.,
6, cl. 2, pp. 1-37, pll. 62-76, 1836.
The following Chilean species are described and figured: Tyranmts gutturalis
(n. sp.), Chile and Coquimbo (p. 6, pi. 63); Anthus variegatus (p. 12, pi. 67);
Fringilla diuca, Valparaiso (p. 18, pi. 69); Passerina guttata (p. 22, pi. 70);
Emberiza luctuosa (p. 24, pU 67). Besides, there is a short note on the previously
described Fringilla gayi, stating that the specimens examined are from Valparaiso
(p. 20), and a description of Synallaxis aegithaloides (p. 32).
2. Sur quelques particularites anatomiques du Phytotoma rara de Molina.
Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, pi. 86, pp. 1-3, 1838.
Some notes on the anatomy.
3. Voyage autour du Monde par les Mere de 1'Inde et de Chine execute' sur la
corvette de 1'etat La Favorite pendant les annees 1830, 1831, et 1832 sous le
436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
commandement de M. Laplace. Tome 5. Zoologie. 2e Partie. Oiseaux.
pp. 29-64 quater, pll. 10-25, Paris, 1839.
The ornithological portion, as given above, is merely a reprint of the two
preceding papers.
EYDOUX, [F.] and SOULEYET, [F. L. A.]
Voyage autour du Monde execute" pendant les annees 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette
La Bonite commande'e par M. Vaillant. Zoologie par M M. Eydoux et
Souleyet. Tome 1. Oiseaux. pp. 69-132, Paris, 1841, 8vo.
Further anatomical observations on Phytotoma rara are given on pp. 92-97.
EYTON, T. C.
1. A Monograph on the Anatidae, or Duck Tribe. 1 vol. in 4to, pp. [x+] 180
[+vi], pll. 24, London, 1838.
Erismatura ferruginea, from Chili, is described as new (p. 170), Mareca chiloen-
sis, from Chiloe Island, is figured (pi. 21).
2. Descriptions of two new Species of Synalaxis [sic]. Contrib. to Ornith.,
4, Part 4, p. 159, pi. 81, Oct., 1851.
Synallaxis modestus, from "Bolivia" [ = Antofagasta, Chile], is described and
figured (pi. 81, fig. 2).
FRASER, L.
1. [On the Collection of Birds brought to England by Mr. Bridges.] Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, pp. 108-121, Dec., 1843.
A catalogue of the birds collected by Bridges in Chile with notes by the col-
lector relating to their habits and ranges. Notes are added on a few species
found in the vicinity of Mendoza, Argentina.
2. [On Birds from Chile, and description of Leptopus Mitchellii.] Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 12, "1844," p. 157, Feb., 1845.
Additions to the preceding paper.
3. [Exhibition of two Birds from Chile.] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 13, p. 1, April,
1845.
Sterna inca and Ardeola exilis collected by T. Bridges.
4. Descriptions of three new Species of Birds in the Society's Collection. L. c.,
13, p. 16, April, 1845.
Larus bridgesii, from Valparaiso, described as new.
FRAUENFELD, G. RITTER VON
Ueber den Aufenthalt in Valparaiso und Ausfltige daselbst, wahrend der Welt-
fahrt der k. k. Fregatte Novara. Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, 10,
Abhandl., pp. 635-640, 1860.
Contains numerous notes on the birds observed near Valparaiso, Santiago,
and Lake Aculeo.
FUENTES, F.
Contribucion al Estudio de la Fauna de la Isla de Pascua. Bol. Mus. Nac.
Chile, 7, pp. 285-318, 1914.
Besides sea-birds, two species of land birds: Nothoprocta perdicaria (p. 290)
and "Leistes superciliaris" (p. 291) [ = Trupialis m. militaris], both introduced
from Chile, are found on Easter Island.
GARNOT, P.
Description de quelques especes nouvelles d'oiseaux. In L. I. Duperrey,
Voyage autour du monde, exe'cute' sur la Corvette ... La Coquille, pendant les
annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie, par Lesson et Garnot. 1, Part
2, livr. 13, pp. 588-600, Nov. 21, 1829; livr. 14, pp. 601-613, Jan. 9, 1830,
Paris.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 437
Three Chilean species are described as new. Certhia chiliensis, from "Tal-
caguana" [ =Talcaguano] (p. 599); Podiceps americanus (p. 599); and Podiceps
chiliensis (p. 601), both from Concepcidn.
GAY, C.
See O. DBS MURS (2).
GERMAIN, F.
Notes upon the Mode and Place of Nidification of some of the Birds of Chili.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, pp. 308-316, August, 1860.
Notes on sixty-nine species found in the vicinity of Santiago.
GERVAIS, P.
Moineau de Gay. Fringilla Gayi Eydoux et Gervais. Mag. Zool., 4, cl. 2, pi. 23,
1834.
Described, with colored figure, as a new species from "Chile." [See also
F. EYDOUX.]
GIGOUX, E. E.
Aves que nos visitan; Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, pp. 83-87, 1924.
Notes on the birds of Caldera, Prov. Atacama.
a. Contribuci6n Ornithologica. Aves Chilenas de las Familias Psittacidae,
Picidae, Alcedinidae, Caprimulgidae, Trochilidae, Pteroptochidae, Bubonidae,
Tytonidae y Cuculidae, y especias que huy en la provincia de Atacama. Bol.
Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile, 13, pp. 37-49, 1930.
GIGOUX, E. E. and LOOSER, G.
Los tipos de aves conservados en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de
Santiago. Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile, 13, pp. 5-33, 1930.
A critical list of the types of birds described by Philippi, Landbeck, and others,
as far as they still exist in the collection of the National Museum at Santiago.
GOULD, J.
1. [Exhibition of Birds, allied to the European Wren, with characters of new
Species.] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 4, "1836," pp. 88-90, Feb., 1837.
Scytalopus fuscm, from Straits of Magellan and Chili, is described as new.
2. [Exhibition of the Fissirostral Birds from Mr. Darwin's Collection, and
characters of the New Species.] L. c., 5, "1837," p. 22, Nov. 21, 1837.
Among other birds, Caprimulgus bifasciatus, locality not stated, is character-
ized as new.
3. [Characters of a new Species and Genus of Anatidae.] L. c., 9, "1841," pp.
95-96, March, 1842.
Merganetta armata (nov. gen. et sp.), from the Andes of Chile, is described.
4. Drafts for an Arrangement of the Trochilidae, with descriptions of some
new Species. L. c., 7, pp. 7-11, March 29, 1847.
Oreotrochilus leucopleurus (p. 10), from the Chilean Cordilleras, is described
as new.
5. On a supposed new Species of Humming-bird from the Juan-Fernandez
Group of Islands. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., 6, p. 406, 1870.
Eustephanus leyboldi, from Mas Afuera, is characterized as new.
GRAY, G. R.
The Genera of Birds: comprising their generic characters, a notice of the habits
of each genus, and an extensive list of species referred to their several genera.
Illustrated by D. W. Mitchell. Imp. 4to, 1, pp. xvi + 300, pll. 82 + 57,
London, 1844-45.
Enicornis melanura, locality not stated, is described and figured (p. 133, pi. 41).
438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
GRAY, J. E.
Description of some Birds discovered by Edward Bloxam, Esq., during the
Voyage of Capt. Lord Byron, R. N., now in the British Museum. Zool.
Misc., No. 1, pp. 11-12, 1831.
Two species, Sylvia Bloxami and Psittacus (Aratinga) Byroni, from Chile,
are described as new.
GRIFFITH, E.
The Animal Kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization, by the
Baron Cuvier. The Class Aves arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with specific
description by Edward Griffith and Edward Pidgeon, the additional species
inserted in the text of Cuvier by John Edward Gray. 3 vols., London, 1829.
On p. 42, 2, "Byron's Golden Crested Wren" from Chile is described, with
Regulus byronensis printed at the bottom -of the opposite plate. It appears that
this name, a synonym of Tachuris rubrigastra, should be credited to Pidgeon.
D'HAMONVILLE, BARON
[Sobre la Strix perlata.] Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 6, livr. 1, pp. xxviii-xxx, 1896.
The eggs of the Chilean Barn Owl are decidedly larger than those of the
European form.
HARTING, J. E.
On the Lapwing of Chili. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp. 449-452, 1874.
Vanellus occidentalis, from Chile and Patagonia, is described as new.
HARTLAUB, P. [=G.]
1. Sur une nouvelle espece de Colombe de Chile. Rev. Mag. Zool., 2nd ser.,
3, p. 74, 1851.
Zenaida innotata, from Chile, described as new [ = Metriopelia m. melanoptera],
2. Descriptions de quelques nouvelles especes d'oiseaux. Rev. Mag. Zool.,
2nd ser., 4, pp. 3-7, 1852.
Picus kaupii, from Chile, is described as new.
3. Bericht iiber eine Sendung von Vogeln, gesammelt um Valdivia im siidlich-
sten Chile durch Dr. Philippi. Naumannia, 3, pp. 207-222, 1853.
Annotated list of fifty species, of which Ochthoeca chilensis [ = Muscisaxicola
macloviana mentalis], Crithagra flavospecularis [ = Spinus barbatus], and Scolo-
pax spectabilis [ = Capella stricklandi] are described as new. Appended is a
nominal list of two hundred species supposed to occur in Chile.
HELLMAYR, C. E.
.1. Critical Notes on the Types of Little-Known Species of Neotropical Birds. —
Part III. Nov. Zool., 21, pp. 158-179, 1914.
Notes on Leptasthenura fuscescens, which is shown to be the same as L. a.
aegithaloides, and Cinclodes molitor, whose identity with C. p. rupestris is demon-
strated (pp. 175-176).
2. New Birds from Chile. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, pp. 71-75,
April 19, 1924.
Descriptions of four new races belonging to the genera Scelorchilus, Geositta,
Muscisaxicola, and Troglodytes.
3. Catalogue of the Birds of the Americas and the adjacent Islands in Field
Museum of Natural History. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4,
pp. iv + 390, 1925.
Besides numerous records of other Chilean species, the following are described
as new: Chilia melanura atacamae (p. 53), from Domeyko, Atacama; Leptas-
thenura aegithaloides grisescens (p. 61), from Gatico, Antofagasta; Asthenes
modesta australis (p. 138), from Banos del Toro, Coquimbo; Asthenes humicola
polysticta (p. 144), from Gualpencillo, Conception.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 439
4. [Same title.] Part 5, pp. vi + 517, 1927.
Three Chilean races are characterized as new: Agriornis montana intermedia
(p. 5), from Putre, Tacna; Muscisaxicola rufivertex pallidiceps (p. 21), from
twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta; Elainea albiceps chile nsis (p.
413), from Curacautin, Malleco.
See also A. MENEGAUX.
HOUSSE, R.
1. Apuntes sobre las aves de la isla La Mocha. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, pp.
47-54, 1924.
2. Avifauna de San Bernardo y sus aldrededores. L. c., 29, pp. 141-150, 1925.
3. Adici6n a los "Apuntes sobre las aves de la isla La Mocha." L. c., 29, pp.
225-227, 1925.
4. El Aguila de Chile (Geranoetus melanoleucus, Vieillot). L. c., 30, pp. 113-
131, 1926.
5. Anotaciones sobre el Gorrion. L. c., 33, pp. 107-120, 1929.
Introduction and life-history of the English Sparrow in Chile.
6. Ensayo de Estudio ornitologico sobre Aguiluchos y Peucos (Buteo ery-
thronotus y Buteo unicinctus y B. ventralis). L. c., 33, pp. 243-246, 1929.
JACQUINOT, H. et PUCHERAN, [J.]
Mammiferes et Oiseaux. In Voyage au P61e Sud et dans I'OcSanie sur les
corvettes L' Astrolabe et la Zelee; ex6cut£ . . . pendant les ann6es 1837-1838-
1839-1840 sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont-D'Urville. Zoologie,
par Hombron et Jacquinot. 3, pp. 5-166 [Oiseaux: pp. 47-158, 164-166],
8vo, Paris, 1853.
Two Chilean species, Platyurus niger (p. 91, pi. 19, fig. 5) and Troglodytes
eydouxi (p. 94, pi. 19, fig. 6), both from Talcaguano, are described and figured.
The plate, which contains only French vernacular names, was published in
October, 1844.
JAFFUEL, F.
Sobre la Zenaida maculata. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 22, pp. 75-78, 1918.
Reproduction in captivity.
JAFFUEL, F. and PIRION, A.
Aves observadas en el valle de Marga-Marga. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, "1927,"
pp. 102-115, 1928.
Notes on the occurrence of ninety-three species in the valley of Marga-Marga,
Valparaiso Province.
JAMES, H. B.
1. List of Chilian Birds. 8vo, pp. 15, Valparaiso, 1885.
A list of 241 species supposed to occur in Chile, printed in three columns.
The names in the first column are those adopted by P. L. Sclater in his List of
Chilian Birds of 1867, the second shows the nomenclature of the Santiago
Museum, and the third gives the local (vernacular) names. Several species are
entered twice, when figuring under different names in Sclater's list and in the
Santiago Museum, while many of the latin names are misprinted. A poor
production of little value.
2. A new List of Chilian Birds compiled by the late Harry Berkeley James.
With a Preface by P. L. Sclater. Printed for Private Use. 8vo, pp. vii + 15,
London, 1892.
Nominal list of 255 species with vernacular names and a general statement of
their occurrence in Chile. A very useful compilation.
440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
JARDINE, W. and SELBY, P. J.
Illustrations of Ornithology. 4 vols. in 4to, Edinburgh, 1827-43.
Several Chilean birds are described and figured, viz., Phytotoma bloxamii
(n. sp.), from Valparaiso (1, pi. 4, 1827); Oreophilus totanirostris (n. sp.), from
"Andes of Chile" (3, pi. 151, 1835); Scytalopus fiiscus (4, pi. 19, 1838).
JOHOW, F.
Estudios sobre la Flora de las Islas de Juan Fernandez. 1 vol., imp. 4to, pp.
xi + 289, two maps, pll. 18, Santiago de Chile, 1896.
On pp. 237-238, a "Catalogo de las Aves Fernandezianus" is given, in which
fourteen species, including one previously unrecorded from the islands, are
listed with a summary of their distribution. On p. 29, details on the breeding
of Spheniscus humboldti may be found.
JULIET, C.
Hidrografia e Historia Natural. — Informedel ayudante dela comision esploradora
de Chilo6 i Llanquihue. Anal. Univ. Chile, 45, pp. 661-734, 1874.
Scattered throughout the paper are references to the birds that were observed.
KING, P. P.
1. Extracts from a letter addressed by Capt. Philip Parker King to N. A.
Vigors on the Animals of the Straits of Magellan. Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11,
Sept. to Dec., 1827, pp. 422-432; 1. c., 4, No. 13, April to July, 1828, pp.
91-105, pi. supp. 29.
Descriptions of, and notes on, birds from the Straits of Magellan and Uruguay
(Maldonado).
2. [Characters of New Genera and Species of Birds from the Straits of Magellan.]
Proc. Comm. Sci. and Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, "1830-31," pp. 14-16,
Jan. 6, 1831; 1. c., pp. 29-30, March 2, 1831.
Descriptions of new species from the Straits of Magellan, Chiloe, and
Juan Fernandez. [Reprinted in "The Philos. Magaz. and Ann. of Philos.,"
new ser., 9, No. 49, pp. 64-66, Jan., 1831, and No. 51, pp. 226-227, March,
1831. If the numbers of this periodical were really issued on the "first day of
every month," as stated on the wrappers, King's new species will have to be
quoted from the "Philos. Mag." instead of from the "Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp.
Zool. Soc."]
3. Birds. In Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of his Majesty's Ships
Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their
Examination of the Southern shores of South America and the Beagle's
circumnavigation of the Globe. London, 1839, 1, pp. 532-544.
Reprints (newly arranged in systematic order) of the papers by Captain King
published in Zool. Journ., 3 and 4, and Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1, also including Vigors's description of Mellisuga kingii. In all eighty-
two species are listed.
KITTLITZ, F. H. VON
1. Uber einige Vogel von Chili, beobachtet in Marz und Anfang April 1827.
M6m. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., sav. etr., 1, livr. 2, pp. 173-194, pll. 1-12,
1830; 1. c., 2, pp. 465-472, pll. 1-5, August, 1835.
Descriptions and colored figures of seventeen species of Chilean birds, all
except two believed to be new. See also CHROSTOWSKI.
2. Kupfertafeln zur Naturgeschichte der Vogel. 1 vol. in demy 8vo, pp. i, ii,
3-28, pll. 1-36, Frankfort-on-Main, 1832-33.
On pp. 18-19, pi. 23, figs. 1, 2, of Heft 2, Fringilla fruticeti (Valparaiso) and
F. alaudina are described and figured. See also CHROSTOWSKI.
3. Denkwtirdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem russischen Amerika, nach Mikrone-
sien und durch Kamtschatka. 1, pp. xiv + 382, 8vo, Gotha, 1858.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 441
The fourth chapter is in part devoted to the author's sojourn in Chile, with
notes on the birds observed and collected in the vicinity of Concepci6n (pp.
110-126), Valparaiso (pp. 132-138), and during excursions from the latter city
along the coast and to the Valley of Quillota (pp. 139-183). Several substitute
names are incidentally quoted from the author's old manuscript.
KRAHNASS, A.
1. [Les cris de 1'Effraye du Chili et celui du Nandou.l Act. Soc. Scient. Chili,
5, livr. 4, "1895," pp. CXLIII-CXLIV, April 4, 1896.
2. Note sur les cris de 1'Effraye du Chili. L. c., 7, livr. 2-3, pp. 87-89,
Oct. 4, 1897.
LAFRESNAYE, F. DE
1. Phytotome. Phytotoma Molina. Mag. Zool., 2, cl. 2, text (pp. 1-12) to
pi. 5, 1832.
Note on the plumages, and figure of an immature male, of P. rare, which
the author erroneously refers to P. rutila.
2. Alouette. Alauda Lin. Certhilauda Swainson. — Sirli Lesson. Mag. Zool.,
6, cl. 2, text (pp. 1-7) to pll. 58 and 59, 1836.
On p. 6, a supposed new species sent by Gay from Chile is described as Alauda
nigro-fasdata [—Geositta cunicularia fissirostris].
3. Oiseaux nouveaux de Santa-Fe" de Bogota. Rev. Zool., 3, pp. 101-106, 1840.
Merulaxis analis, from "Paraguay or Chile," is incidentally described as new
(p. 104).
4. Observations on the Genus Scytalopus. Contrib. to Ornith., 4, Part 4, pp.
145-150, Oct., 1851.
Merulaxis fuscoides (n. sp.), from Chile, is described.
5. Sur quelques especes d'Oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus du Chili et de la
Colombie. Rev. Mag. Zool., 2nd ser., 7, pp. 59-63, pi. 3, 1855.
Muscisaxicola flavinucha (pi. 3), from Chile, M. albilora and M. albimentum,
from an unknown locality, are described as new.
LAFRESNAYE, [F.] DE and D'ORBIGNY, A.
Synopsis Avium ab Alcide d'Orbigny in ejus per Americam meridionalem itinere,
coilectarum et ab ipso viatore necnon a de Lafresnaye in ordine redactarum.
Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, pp. 1-88, 1837; 1. c., 8, cl. 2, pp. 1-34, 1838.
A preliminary list with localities of the species collected by d'Orbigny during
his travels in southern and western South America. Many species are recorded
from Valdivia, Valparaiso, Cobija, and various localities in the province of
Tacna, then belonging to Peru. D'Orbigny was the first naturalist to visit this
province. Nine new species are described from Tacna (Tacna, Arica, Palca,
Tacora), and five others from Cobija. For a fuller account of his collections
see under D'ORBIGNY.
LANDBECK, L.
1. Descripcion de una nueva especie de pajaro chileno del je"nero Scytalopus.
Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, for April, May, and June, pp. 182-184, 1857.
Scytalopus albifrons from the vicinity of Valdivia is described as new.
2. Pteroptochos albifrons n. sp. Arch. Naturg., 23, pp. 273-275, 1857.
German translation of No. 1.
3. Uber die chilenischen Wasserhuhner aus der Gattung Fulica. Arch. Naturg.,
28, pp. 215-228, 1862.
German translation of PHILIPPI and LANDBECK (6), but the illustrations are
omitted.
442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
4. Beitrage zur Ornithologie Chiles. Arch. Naturg., 30, (1), pp. 55-62, 1864.
Dendroica atricapilla (p. 56), from Collico, near Valdivia, and Arundinicola
citreola (p. 58), from the Mapocho Valley above Santiago, are described as new.
5. Contribuciones a la Ornitolojia de Chile. Anal. Univ. Chile, 24, No. 4, pp.
336-348, April, 1864.
Redescription (in Spanish) of Dendroica atricapilla and Arundinicola citreola
and Chlorospiza plumbea, Sycalis aureiventris, and Accipiter chilensis. See
PHILIPPI and LANDBECK (14).
6. Sobre algunos pajaros chilenos. Anal. Univ. Chile, 41, pp. 515-519, April,
1872.
Explains the differences between Sterna trudeaui and S. frobenii, Conurus
cyanolyseos and C. patagonus, and Sterna galericulata and S. comata.
7. Zur Ornithologie Chiles. Arch. Naturg., 40, pp. 112-116, 1874.
Insists on the specific distinctness of Conurus cyanolyseos and C. patagonus,
and discusses the distinguishing features of Sterna frobenii.
8. Der gemeine chilenische Colibri (Trochilus sephanoides Less.) als Trau-
benverwiister. Zoologischer Garten, 17, pp. 225-229, 1876.
Contains a short account of the geographical distribution of the Chilean species
of humming-birds.
9. Bemerkungen iiber die Singvogel Chiles. Zoologischer Garten, 18, pp. 233-261,
1877.
An excellent paper dealing with the life history, local distribution, range,
and migration of Chilean songbirds. Chrysomitris crassirostris (p. 254), from the
Uspallata and Portillo Passes beyond the Chilean frontier, is described as new.
10. Einige Bemerkungen iiber den Condor (Sarcoramphus condor). Zoolog-
ischer Garten, 18, pp. 296-297, 1877.
11. Jagd, Vogelfang and Vogelhandel in Chile. Zoologischer Garten, 18, pp.
370-372, 1877. See also R. A. PHILIPPI and L. LANDBECK.
LANE, A. A.
Field-Notes on the Birds of Chili. With an Introduction and Remarks by P. L.
Sclater. Ibis, 7th ser., 3, pp. 8-51, 177-195, 297-317, 1897.
Lane worked in the vicinity of Santiago, in Tarapaca, and in Arauco and
Valdivia. One hundred twenty-four species are treated in the annotated list,
which gives much valuable information about local and vertical distribution,
migratory movements, habits, and nidification.
LATASTE, F.
1. Minuscule contribution a 1'ornithologie chilienne. Act. Soc. Scient. Chili,
3, livr. 3, "1893," pp. CXIII-CXVI, March, 1894.
Notes from the provinces of Nuble (Chilian), Colchagua (Cauquenes), San-
tiago (Aculeo), and Maule (Ninhue, Dept. Itata).
2. La Question de 1'Effraye du Chili, Strix perlata Lichtenstein ou Strix flammea
Linne"? L. c., 4, livr. 4, "1894," pp. 165-176, Jan. 22, 1895.
Interesting observations on the life-history of the Chilean Barn Owl, which
the author considers separable from the European form by its longer tarsi.
3. Nouvelles Observations sur les moeurs et les manifestations phone'tiques de
1'Effraye Sud-Ame'ricaine (Strix perlata Lichtenstein). L. c., 5, livr. 1-3, pp.
63-72, Dec. 20, 1895.
Further contributions to the life-history of the Barn Owl.
4. Liste d'oiseaux recueillis, en trois jours de chasse, a la fin du mois de de"cembre,
dans la hacienda de Caillihue" (de"p. de Vichuquen). L. c., 5, livr. 1-3, pp.
XXXIII-XXXIV, Dec. 20, 1895.
Annotated list of twenty-one species collected at Caillihue, Prov. Curic6.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 443
5. Liste d'oiseaux captures a Llohu6 (Itata), du 8 au 13 avril, et a Junquillos
(San Carlos), les 13 et 14 avril 1895; avec reflexions sur le vol a voile et le
vol ram6. L. c., 5, livr. 1-3, pp. LX-LXIII, Dec. 20, 1895.
Annotated list of thirty-eight species obtained in the provinces of Maule and
Nuble.
6. La femelle du Huairavo (Nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte) a la m§me robe
que le male. L. c., 6, livr. 2-3, p. LXVII, 1896.
7. Faisan commun (Phasianus colchicus Linne) vivant et se reproduisant en
liberte aux environs de Coquimbo. L. c., 6, livr. 2-3, p. LXVII, 1896.
8. Mes dernieres observations sur la Zooethique du Strix perlata Lichtenstein.
L. c., 7, livr. 2-3, p. 112, Oct. 4, 1897.
Call-note of the female.
9. Presentation d'une collection d'Oiseaux du Chili. Extraits des Proces-
Verbaux des Stances de la Sori6te" Linneenne de Bordeaux, pp. 166-172, 1923.
Annotated list of seventy-one species collected by the author in various parts
of central Chile and presented by him to the Society. With the exception of a
few, all had been recorded in previous papers.
10. Excursion dans la Hacienda d'Aculeo, Chili (Vol du Condor. — Nid de
Cygnes. — Ruse de Canard. — Nidification de Grebes). L. c., pp. 192-194, 1923.
11. La nidification et la ponte du Grebe leucoptere. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
29, pp. 135-137, 1925. See also E. WAUGH.
LEADBEATER, B.
Descriptions of some new Species of Birds belonging chiefly to the rare Genera
Phytotoma, Gmel., Indicator, Vieill., and Cursorius, Latham. Trans. Linn.
Soc. Lond., 16, Part 1, pp. 85-93, 1829.
Tyrannulus Vieilloti, from Chili, is described as new (p. 88).
LESSON, R. P.
1. Observations gSneYales sur 1'histoire naturelle des di verses contr£es visitees
par la corvette la Coquille, et plus parti culierement sur rornithologie de chacune
d'elles. In L. I. Duperrey, Voyage autour du monde execute . . . sur la cor-
vette ... la Coquille, pendant les annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie,
par Lesson et Garnot. 1, Part 1, livr. 6, pp. 229-246, March 22, 1828, Paris,
4to.
A general account of the natural history of the vicinity of Talcaguana [ =
Talcaguano], Penco, and Conception, with numerous notes on the birds observed
or collected. Picus chilensis (p. 241) is described as new. The generic name
Hymenops (ex Commerson MS.) is proposed (p. 239) for "Le Clignot" of Buff on
[ = Motacilla perspicittata Gmelin].
la. Manuel d'Ornithologie, ou Description des genres et des principales especes
d'Oiseaux. 2 vols. in 18mo, Paris, June, 1828.
Several species from Chile are described as new: Synallaxis tupinieri (1, p.
281), Concepci6n; Furnarius chilensis (2, p. 17), San Vincent; Podiceps chilensis
and Podiceps americanus (2, p. 358), Concepci6n.
2. Catalogue des oiseaux recueilUs dans I'exp&lition de la Coquille, avec la
description de plusieurs genres nouveaux et d'un grand nombre d'especes
in&lites. In L. I. Duperrey, Voyage autour du monde ex6cut6 . . . sur la
corvette ... la Coquille, pendant les annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825.
Zoologie, par Lesson et Garnot. 1, Part 2, livr. 14, pp. 614-648, Jan. 9,
1830; livr. 15, pp. 649-696, April 3, 1830; livr. 16, pp. 697-735, May 1, 1830,
Paris, 4to.
In this annotated catalogue, seven Chilean species are described as follows:
Psittacara paiagonica, Conception (p. 625); Anthus sordidus (n. sp.), Talcaguano,
Conception (p. 664); Troglodytes chilensis (n. sp.), Conception (p. 665); Synal-
laxis tupinieri, Conception (p. 665, pi. 29, fig. 1); Furnarius chilensis, Saint-
444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Vincent (p. 671); Orthorhynchus sephaniodes, Concepci6n, near Talcaguano (p.
683, pi. 31, fig. 2); Columba araucana (n. sp.), Talcaguano (p. 706, pi. 40).
3. Centurie Zpologique, ou Choix d'Animaux rares, nouveaux ou imparf aitement
connus; enrichi de planches inedites, dessine'es d'apres nature par M. Pre"tre,
gravies et colorizes avec le plus grand soin. 1 vol. in 4to, pp. i-x, 11-244,
pll. 1-80, Paris, 1830-32.
Contains descriptions and colored figures of the following Chilean birds:
AttagisGayi (n. sp.), from Santiago (p. 135, pi. 47); Tinochorus Orbignyanns
(n. sp.), from Santiago (pp. 137, 139, pll. 48, 49); Megalonyx rufus (n. sp.),
from southern Chile (p. 200, pi. 66).
4. Illustrations de Zoologie, ou Recueil de figures d'animaux peintes d'apres
nature. 1 vol. in 8vo, 103 11., pll. 1-60, Paris, 1832-35.
Full description and colored figure (pi. 60) of Megalonyx medius Lesson, from
Valparaiso, Chile.
5. [Description d'oiseaux nouveaux du Chile et du Pe>ou.] L'Institut, 2, No.
72, pp. 316-317, Sept. 27, 1834.
Besides others from Callao, Peru, the author describes as new Megalonyx
medius, Phytotoma Molina, Dolichonyx griseus, all from Valparaiso; Fringilla
erythrorhyncha, from Coquimbo; Vermivora elegans, from southern Chile;
Troglodytes hornensis, from twenty leagues southeast of Cap Horn. Most, if
not all, of these species were evidently collected by M. Busseuil, naturalist of
the "Thetis." See below under No. 6.
6. Histoire Naturelle. In Journal de la navigation autour du monde de la
frigate La Thetis et de la Corvette L'Esp6rance pendant les annees 1824,
1825 et 1826 ... par le baron de Bougainville. 2, pp. 297-351, 1837, Paris, 4to.
In the ornithological portion, which occupies pp. 311-331, the following
Chilean species are treated: Vermivora elegans, southern Chile; Pitangus chilensis
(n. sp.), Valparaiso; Dolychonyx griseus, Valparaiso; Fringilla erythrorhyncha,
Coquimbo; Troglodytes hornensis, twenty leagues southeast of Cap Horn; Orpheus
australis (nom. nov.), Valparaiso; Carbo Bougainvillii (n. sp.), Valparaiso.
7. Description de treize oiseaux nouveaux, suivies [sic] de rectifications sur
quelques especes de"ja publiees. Rev. Zool., 2, pp. 100-104, 1839.
Contains short latin diagnoses of Corydalla chilensis (n. sp.), from "Chile"
(p. 101), and Pepoaza flavida (n. sp.), from "provincia Valparaiso" (p. 102). The
author claims priority for his genus Megalonyx.
8. Avium Species Novae. L. c., 2, pp. 104-105, 1839.
Synallaxis sordidus, from Chile, is described as new (p. 105).
9. Notices ornithologiques. L. c., 3, pp. 261-275, 1840.
Describes Thriothorus rosaceus, from "Plata et Chili" (p. 262), and Cinclodes
inornatus (p. 267), from "Chili," as new. Several other Chilean species are
incidentally mentioned.
10. Notes sur les Oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus rapportes de la mer du Sud
par M. Adolphe Lesson. Rev. Zool., 5, pp. 135-136, "May," 1842.
Five species from Chile are enumerated: Pteroptochos megapodius, Valparaiso;
Megalonyx rufogularis, Chiloe and Valdivia; Megalonyx nanus (n. sp.), Chiloe;
Oxiurus patagonicus, Chiloe; Phytotoma Bloxamii, Valparaiso.
11. Notes sur les Oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus rapportes de la mer du Sud
par M. Adolphe Lesson. L. c., 5, pp. 209-210, "July," 1842.
Several Chilean species are listed as follows: Megalonyx rufocapillus (n. sp.),
ChiloS; Megalonyx Tarnii, Chilo6; Ibis melanopsis, Valparaiso; Fulica armillata,
Valparaiso; Columba denisea, Valdivia; Podiceps antarticus (n. sp.), Valparaiso.
12., Sur quelques oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus rapport&s de la mer du Sud.
Echo du Monde Savant, 9e annee, 2e semestre, No. 11, col. 253, 11
a6ut 1842.
Reprint of the preceding paper with some omissions, the description of
Megalonyx rufocapillus being eliminated among others.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 445
13. Revision des especes d'Oiseaux du genre Magalonyx [sic]. Act. Soc. Linn.
Bordeaux, 12, "No. 41" [ = No. 61], pp. 194-197, Sept. 15, 1842.
Megalonyx nanus is once more described as a new species, and Eugralla pro-
posed as a subgenus for Troglodytes paradoxus Kittlitz.
14.^ Sur un nouveau genre d'oiseau echassier propre a I'Ame'rique meridionale.
Echo du monde Savant, lie annee, le semestre, No. 26, col. 616-617, April
4, 1844. [Reprint, pp. 71-73.]
Dromicus lessonii (nov. gen. et sp.), from the vicinity of Valparaiso [ = Oreo-
pholus ruficollis].
15. Catalogue ^des oiseaux nouveaux, ou peu connus de la collection Abeille
(5e article). Echo du Monde Savant, lie annSe, 2e semestre, No. 2, col.
29-32, July 7, 1844. [Reprint, pp. 128-134.]
Conirostrum fuliginosum (n. sp.), from Chile (col. 30), described as new
[ = Scytalopus fuscus].
16. Catalogue des oiseaux nouveaux, rares ou peu connus de la collection
Abeill6 (lie article). Echo du Monde Savant, lie annee, 2e semestre, No.
8, col. 182-184, July 28, 1844. [Reprint, pp. 160-165.]
On col. 183, the name Lobipes antarcticus is tentatively proposed for Chilean
specimens of L. fulicarius.
LEYBOLD, F.
1. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Picaflor. Anal. Univ. Chile, 32, No. 1,
pp. 43-44, January, 1869.
Trochilus atacamensis, from Copiapo, described as new.
2. Beschreibungen einiger Thiere und Pflanzen aus den Anden Chile's und der
Argentinischen Provinzen. Leopoldina, 8, No. 7, pp. 52-56, March, 1873.
Full description of the adult male of Trochiltts atacamensis.
LONNBERG, E.
The Birds of the Juan Fernandez Islands. In The Natural History of Juan
Fernandez and Easter Island. Edited by Carl Skottsberg. III. Zoology.
Part 1, pp. 1-24, Upsala, 1921.
An account of the thirty species of birds now known to inhabit the islands of
the group. Cinclodes oustaleti baeckslroemii (p. 4) and Pterodroma (Aestrelatd)
cooki masafuerae (p. 14) are separated as new subspecies. No land birds (except
two species introduced from Chile) are found on Easter Island.
LOWE, P. R.
1. [Proposed new name (Belonopterus cayennensis molina) for the Chilean Lap-
wing.] Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 41, pp. 110-111, 1921.
2. [Remarks on Oreophilus ruficottis totanirostris "Lesson."] Bull. Brit. Orn. CL,
42, p. 19, Oct. 29, 1921.
Author considers the Chilean form separable from the typical race.
MACFARLANE, J. R. H.
Notes on Birds in the Western Pacific, made in H. M. S. "Constance," 1883-5.
Ibis, 5th ser., 5, pp. 201-215.
Contains notes on birds observed or collected in the Gulf of Penas, in the
vicinity of Coquimbo, at Arica, and on Juan Fernandez.
MATHEW, G. F.
1. Natural History Notes from Coquimbo. Zoologist, 2nd ser., 8, pp. 3578-
3579, 1873.
2. Gulls off Valparaiso. L. c., pp. 3493-3494, 1873.
446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
A.
Etude d'une Collection d'Oiseaux provenant des hauts plateaux de la Bolivie et
du Pe>ou meridional. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 10th ser., 1, pp. 205-229, 1909.
A number of species obtained by Stiibel in the Cordillera of Tacna are inci-
dentally recorded.
MENEGAUX, A. and HELLMAYR, C. E.
Etude des especes critiques et des types du groupe des Passereaux trach6ophones
de I'Ame'rique tropicale appartenant aux collections du Museum. I et II.
Conopophagides et Hylactid6s. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 11, No. 6, pp.
372-381, 1905.— III. Dendrocolaptides. M6m. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 19,
pp. 43-126, 1906.
Numerous references to Chilean specimens, including several types, collected
by d'Orbigny, Gaudichaud, Gay, Lataste, de la Narde, Philippi, E. C. Reed, and
others. Various notes of importance for the identification of early records. The
characters of Geositta maritime, and Cinclodes oustaleti are discussed at length.
MENETRIES, E.
Monographic de la famille des Myiotherinae ou spnt de'crites les especes qui
ornent le Muse'e de 1' Academic Imperiale des Sciences. Mem. Acad. Sci. St.
Petersb., 6th ser., 3, Part 2 (Sci. Nat.), pp. 443-543, pll. 1-16, 1835.
Troglodytes paradoxes Kittl. is redescribed under the name of Malacorhynchus
chilensis.
MEYEN, F. J. F.
Beitrage zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde von Dr. F. J. F.
Meyen. Vierte Abhandlung. Vogel. Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.
Nat. Curios., 16, Suppl. 1, pp. 59-124, pll. vi-xxvi, 1834.
[Also issued with double pagination (pp. 183 [59J-248 [124]), the first figure,
like the numbering of the plates (xvi-xxxvi), being continuous to the pagination
of the three preceding parts of the "Beitrage."]
In addition to birds from other parts of the world, the paper deals with various
species, some previously undescribed, from Copiapo and central Chile (Co-
quimbo; Valparaiso; Maipo, Santiago; San Fernando, Colchagua). Ceblepyris
chilensis, erroneously ascribed to Chile, is an Old World species (Lalage nigra
juv., from Manila).1
MOLINA, G. I.
1. Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili. 1 vol. in 8vo, pp. 367, Bologna, 1782.
The birds are treated at some length on pp. 232-268, and short characters of
thirty-three new species described in the work are given on pp. 343-345.
A French translation, with latin diagnoses of the new species, under the title
"Essai sur 1'histoire naturelle du Chili, par M. 1'abbi Molina; traduit de
1'Italien, et enrichi de notes par M. Gruvel" was published at Paris in 1789.
2. Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili di Gio. Ignazio Molina. Seconda
edizione accresciuta e arrichita di una nuova carta geografica e del ritratto
dell' autore. 4to, pp. V + 306, Bologna, 1810.
A revised enlarged edition of the original work. The text has been largely
rewritten with additions and other changes. Ornithological matter occupies
pp. 197-226. The diagnoses of the new species of animals, contained in the
concluding chapter of the first edition, have been eliminated.
NICOLL, M. J.
Ornithological Journal of a Voyage round the World in the "Valhalla" (Novem-
ber 1902 to August 1903). Ibis, 8th ser., 4, pp. 32-67, pi. 1, 1904.
On pp. 44-52, the author lists nineteen species ootained between the Straits of
Magellan and the Gulf of Penas, and ten from the Bay of Valparaiso, Chile.
*Cf. Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 38, p. 19, 1930.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYB 447
OBERHOLSER, H. C.
A Review of the Wrens of the Genus Troglodytes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 27,
pp. 197-210, pi. 5, 1904.
Troglodytes musculus acosmus (p. 204), from central Chile, is described as new.
D'ORBIGNY, A.
Voyage dans 1'Amerique Me*ridionale (le Br6sil, la Re"publique Orientale de
I'Uruguay, la Re"publique Argentine, la Patagonie, la Re"publique du Chili, la
Re"publique de Bolivia, la Re"publique du Pe*rou), exe"cuti pendant les annees
1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 et 1833, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Tome
Quatrieme. 3e Partie: Oiseaux. 4to, pp. iii + 395, pll. 1-6, 6bis, 7-66,
Paris, 1834-47.
A full account of the collections with comprehensive notes on habits and dis-
tribution. The points visited in Chile are Valparaiso, Cobija, Arica, Tacna
(and the Cordillera inland up to Tacora), and Juan Fernandez Island. Several
Chilean species are figured. See also F. DE LAFRESNAYE.
OUSTALET, E.
Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn. 1882-1883. Tome vi. Zoologie. Oiseaux.
pp. Bl-341, pll. 1-6, 4to, Paris, 1891.
This paper gives a full report on the birds collected in Tierra del Fuego and
southern Patagonia by the French Expedition of 1882-83 and by M. Lebrun
and the other officers of the "Volage" in 1884. Numerous references to Chilean
localities of various species are scattered throughout the volume.
PASSLER, R.
1. Beitrage zur Verbreitung der Seevogel. Ornith. Monatsber., 17, pp. 99-
103, 1909.
Records numerous species from various points along the coast of Chile.
la. Beitrage zur Verbreitung der Seevogel. Journ. Ornith., 61, pp. 41-51,
1913; 1. c., 62, pp. 272-278, 1914.
Ib. Beitrage zur Verbreitung der Seevogel. Ornith. Monatsber., 23, pp. 59-61,
71-72, 1915.
2. Ein Ausflug bei Coronel in Chile. Zeits. fur Oologie and Ornithologie, 16, pp.
27-30, 1906.
Notes on the breeding habits of certain birds in the vicinity of Coronel,
Concepci6n. Several species are doubtless misidentified, such as Zonotrichia
canicapilla and Dinca (sic) minor.
3. In der Umgebung Coronel's (Chile) beobachtete Vogel. Beschreibung der
Nester und Eier der Brutvogel. Journ. Ornith., 70, pp. 430-482, 1922.
Excellent observations on the habits and nidification of seventy-seven species
in the vicinity of Coronel, where Passler (captain of a merchant vessel) stayed
from August 27, 1914, to the end of October, 1918. Careful notes on the colora-
tion of the soft parts of the collected birds are also given.
4. Schutzvorrichtungen am Vogelneste. Beitr. zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie der
Vogel, 4, p. 30, 1928.
Notes on the nests of Troglodytes hornensis and Patagona gigas from observa-
tions in Chile.
PEALE, T. R.
United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841
and 1842 under the command of Chas. Wilkes. 8, Mammalia and Ornith-
ology. 4to, pp. xxv + 338, Philadelphia, 1848.
About a dozen Chilean species, mostly from Valparaiso, are included in this
work. The following are described as new: Turdus pallidus, "Valparaiso"
(p. 86) [= Colluricincla harmonica, Australia!]; Regulw plumulosus, Valparaiso
448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
(p. 94); Fringilla (Niphaea) laciniata, Valparaiso (p. 121); Pipilo cinerea, road
from Valparaiso to Santiago (p. 123) ; Caprimulgus conterminus, near Valparaiso
(p. 169); Larus albipennis, harbor of Valparaiso (p. 288). Besides, two
species from Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego, Rallus luridus (p. 223) and Scolopax
meridionalis (p. 230), are also characterized as undescribed.
Several of the supposed novelties are relegated to the synonymy of previously
described species by Cassin (U. S. Expl. Exp., Mammalogy and Ornithology,
1858, pp. 429-452), who reprinted some of Peale's original descriptions in
footnotes to his "Catalogue of Birds."
PELZELN. A. VON
1. Uber neue und weniger gekannte Arten von Raubvogeln in der kaiserlichen
ornithologischen Sammlung. Sitzungsberichte Ak. Wiss. Wien, math.-natur-
wiss. Cl., 44, Abt. 1, pp. 7-16, 1861.
Milvago crassirostris from Chile (p. 9), is described as new.
2. Vogel. In Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in
den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von
Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. I. Band, Wirbelthiere. 2, pp. i-iv,
1-176, pll. i-vi, 4to, Wien, 1865.
Mentions various species from Valparaiso and Santiago obtained by members
of the Expedition or secured from the resident naturalists Dr. Segeth and Mr.
Leybold, and others from Chilo6 Island collected by F. Germain, of which a
list is given on p. 163. The eggs of several Chilean species are described and
figured.
PHILIPPI, F.
1. Reise nach der Provinz Tarapaca. Verhandl. Deutsch. Wissensch. Ver.
Santiago, 1, Heft 4, pp. 135-163 (with map), 1886.
An account of a journey through the provinces of Atacama, Antofagasta,
and Tarapaca, with notes on the fauna and flora. For a complete list of the
birds collected during the trip see R. A. PHILIPPI (15).
2. Dos Aves Nuevas de Chile. Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 1, No. 3, pp. 63-65, 1909.
Pelecanus landbecki, from an indefinite locality in Chile, and Sylviorthorhynchus
fasciolatus, from Victoria, Valdivia, are described as new.
PHILIPPI, R. A.
1. Descripcion de una nueva (sic) especie de Flamenoo (sic), Phoenicopterus
andinus. Anal. Univ. Chile, pp. 337-338, August, 1854.
The new species was secured on a salt-lake below Altos de Pingo-Pingo, twenty-
five leagues from San Pedro de Atacama.
2. tiber einige Vogel Chile's. Briefliches an den Herausgeber. Arch. Naturg.,
21, pp. 9-14, 1855.
Besides a German description of Phoenicopterus andinus, the author gives
some notes on Ardea cocoi, Xanthornus cayennensis, and Circus macropterus.
3. Noticias zoolojicas relativas a la fauna Chilena. Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, pp.
179-182, for April, May, and June, 1857.
The following three species are described as new: Rallus salinasi, Chile;
Upucerthia atacamensis, near San Pedro de Atacama; Totanus chilensis, Chile.
4. Ueber einige chilenische Vogel und Fische. Arch. Naturg., 23, pp. 262-
272, 1857.
In addition to German translations of the descriptions of the new birds treated
in the preceding paper, Philippi describes Culicivora Fernandeziana, from Juan
Fernandez, as new.
5. Kurze Beschreibung einer neuen Chilenischen Ralle. Arch. Naturg., 24,
pp. 83-84, 1858.
Rallus uliginosus, from the plains of Santiago, is described.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 449
6. Beschreibung neuer Wirbelthiere aus Chile. Arch. Naturg., 24, pp. 303-
311, 1858.
Graculus elegans (p. 305), from ChiloS, is described as new.
7. Ueber zwei vermuthlich neue Chilenische Enten und iiber Fringilla barbata
Mol. Arch. Naturg., 26, pp. 24-28, 1860.
Anas iopareia and Erismatura vittata are described as new, and the synonymy
of Spinus barbatus is discussed at length.
8. Reise durch die Wiiste Atacama auf Befehl der chilenischen Regierung im
Sommer 1853-54 unternommen und ausgefiihrt von R. A. Philippi. 4to,
pp. X + 192 + 62, one map, twenty-seven plates, Halle, 1860.
A general account of a trip to the Desert of Atacama. The birds are treated
briefly on pp. 161-163 and pll. (Zool.) 3-5, where Upucerthia atacamensis,
Phoenicopterus andinus, and P. ignipalliatus are figured. Thirty-three species
are listed. The preface of the book is dated "Santiago, August 29, 1858."
9. Viage al Desierto de Atacama hecho de Orden del Gobiernp de Chile en el
verano 1853-54 por R. A. Philippi. Publicado bajo los auspicios del Gobierno
de Chile. 4to, pp. viii + 236, one map, twenty-seven plates, Halle en Sajonia,
1860.
Spanish translation of the foregoing work. The birds are contained on pp.
143-148. The preface is dated "September 3, 1858."
10. Commentario critico sobre los animales descritos por Molina. Anal. Univ.
Chile, 29, No. 10, October, pp. 775-802, 1867.
On pp. 788-795, the birds described by Molina are critically reviewed, and
their identification is attempted.
11. [Letter relating to certain birds of Chili.] P. Z. S. Lond., pp. 531-532, 1868.
12. Catalogo de las aves chilenas existentes en el Museo Nacional de Santiago.
Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, No. 2, August, pp. 241-335, 1868. [Also separately
issued in pamphlet form, with the same title, but dated "1869," pp. 1-95.]
A systematic catalogue of the birds, representing 229 species, in the Museo
Nacional of Santiago, with short notes on their distribution in Chile. Numerous
critical notes are offered in various appendices at the end of this important paper.
13. Ueber eine neue Art von Spheniscus, S. trifasciatus Landbeck. Zeits. f. d.
gesamten Naturwiss., Neue Folge, 7, pp. 121-127, pll. 1, 2, 1873.
The type of the supposed new species was caught on the seacoast near Val-
divia. The colored plate shows it to be S. magellanicus. S. humboldti breeds
on a little island opposite Algarrobo, south of Valparaiso.
14. Ueber einige neue chilenische Thiere. Arch. Naturg., 45, pp. 158-164,
pi. 9, 1879.
The eggs of Phoenicopterus andinus, Spheniscus trifasciatus, and S. humboldti
are described, and an extralimital species, Taenioptera australis (pi. 9) [ = Neoxol-
mis rufiventris], from Patagonia, is characterized as new.
15. Ornis der Wiiste Atacama und der Provinz Tarapaca. Ornis, 4, Heft 1,
pp. 155-160, 1888.
Results of a collecting trip by Friedrich Philippi and Karl Rahmer. List of
eighty species with localities. See also F. PHILIPPI (1).
16. Albinismus unter den Vogeln Chiles. Verhandl. Deutsch Naturwiss. Ver.
Santiago de Chile, 2, Heft 4, pp. 231-234, 1892.
Albinism in sixteen Chilean species recorded, and notes on Ardea cocoi and
A. candidissima.
17. tiber Phalaropus antarcticus und Wilsoni. Verhandl. Deutsch. Naturwiss.
Ver. Santiago de Chile, 2, Heft 5-6, pp. 266-271, pll. 4, 5, 1893.
18. Comparacion de las floras i faunas de las Republicas de Chile i Argentina.
Anal. Univ. Chile, 84, Entr. 15, pp. 529-555, July, 1893.
450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The birds are discussed on pp. 542-545, and a list of the species supposed to
be common to Chile and Argentina is given on pp. 549-552.
19. Neue Thiere Chile's. Verhandl. Deutsch. Wissensch. Ver. Santiago de Chile,
3, Heft 1-2, pp. 9-23, 1895.
Procellaria (Oceanites) collaris (n. sp.) is based on a specimen found dead inland
of Taltal, Antofagasta (p. 11). Besides, a fossil species, Phalacrocorax sulcatus,
is described from the Guano of Tarapaca (p. 17).
20. Pajaros nuevos Chilenos. Anal. Univ. Chile, 91, for December, pp. 667-675,
1895.
The following supposed new species are described: Elainea murina (p. 668),
Santiago; Synallaxis montana (p. 673), no definite locality; Synallaxis (Leptas-
thenura) stenoptila (p. 673), Andes of Santiago ;Syn .a llaxis cinerea (p. 674), San
Fernando; Chrysomitris anthracina (p. 675), "San Fernando."
21. Wie weit Vogel sich verfliegen konnen. Zoologischer Garten, 39, p. 69, 1898.
Records specimens of the American Barn Swallow taken at Arica and in the
vicinity of Santiago.
22. Observaciones criticas sobre algunos pajaros chilenos i descripcion de algunas
especies nuevas. Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, pp. 661-675, April, 1899.
Critical notes on the Chilean species of Buteo (of which not less than eight are
described as new!), Spheniscus (two new ones) and Phalacrocorax (two new).
23. Kritische Bemerkungen iiber einige Vogel Chiles. Arch. Naturg., 65,
pp. 165-174, 1899.
The preceding paper (22) in German translation.
24. Figuras i Descripciones de Aves Chilenas. Anales Mus. Nac. Chile. Entrega
15. Primera Seccion. Zoolojia, pp. 114, pll. 51, 4to Santiago de Chile, 1902.
Discussion and colored figures (of exceedingly poor quality) of various species
of Chilean birds described by Philippi and Landbeck. In many cases the original
descriptions are reprinted without any additional information.
PHILIPPI, R. A. and LANDBECK, L.
1. Beschreibung zweier neuen chilenischen Vogeln aus den Geschlechtern
Procellaria und Caprimulgus. Arch. Naturg., 26, pp. 279-284, 1860.
Caprimulgus andinus, from the Cordillera of Santiago, and Thalassidroma
segethi, from an unspecified locality, are proposed as new species. Erismatura
vittata is believed to be identical with E. ferruginea. Some misidentifications
in Des Murs's contribution to Gay's Historia fisica y politica de Chile are
corrected.
2. Descripcion de una nueva especie de pajaros de Chotacabra o Caprimulgus.
Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, pp. 29-33, 1861.
Redescription (in Spanish) of Caprimulgus andinus and corrections to Des
Murs, as in the preceding paper.
3. Descripcion de una nueva especie de pajaros del j6nero Thalassidroma.
Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, pp. 27-29, 1861.
Redescription (in Spanish) of Th. segethi (see No. 1).
4. Descripcion de algunas especies nuevas de pajaros. Anal. Univ. Chile, 18,
No. 6, June, pp. 731-734, 1861.
Upucerthia albiventris, from the vicinity of Arica, Larus frobenii, from Arica,
and Larus cinereocaudatus, from Tom6, Valparaiso, and Arica are described
as new.
5. Neue Wirbelthiere von Chile. Arch. Naturg., 27, pp. 289-301, 1861.
On pp. 290-295, the three species made known in the preceding paper (4)
are redescribed in German.
6. Sobre las especies chilenas del j£nero Tulica (sic). Anal. Univ. Chile, 19,
No. 4, October, pp. 501-509, 1861.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYB 451
Full descriptions of T. chloropoides, T. chilensis, and T. rufifrons (n. sp.), with
drawings of the frontal shield of the three species.
7. Descripcion de unas nueve especies de pajaros peruanos del Museo Nacional.
Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, No. 5, November, pp. 609-622, 1861.
The following species from the province of Tacna, then forming part of Peru,
are characterized as new: Synallaxis striata (Cordillera of Tacna); Chlorospiza
erythronota (Putre or Parinacota); Pitylus albociliaris (Socorama); Sterna
lorata (Arica) ; Sterna Trobeni [sic] (Arica) ; Sterna comata (Arica) ; Leistes albipes
("Peru"); Recurvirostra andina ("Parunicota"); Dasycephala albicauda (Cordil-
lera of Tacna).
8. Sobre los gansos chilenos. Anal. Univ. Chile, 21, No. 5, November, pp.
427-439, 1862.
Full descriptions of the Chilean species of the genus "Bernicla," including two
new ones, B. dispar and B. chiloensis.
9. Descripcion de una nueva especie de pato del Peru. Anal. Univ. Chile,
21, No. 5, November, pp. 439-440, 1862.
Querquedula angustirostris from the laguna "Cucullata," Prov. Tacna, is
described as new.
10. Descripcion de una nueva golondrina de mar. Anal. Univ. Chile, 21, No. 5,
November, pp. 440-442, 1862.
Sterna atrofasciata (n. sp.) is based on a single young female taken in the
lagoon of Vichuquen.
11. Beitrage zur Fauna von Peru. Arch. Naturg., 29, pp. 119-138, 1863.
German version of No. 7.
12. Ueber die chilenischen Ganse. Arch. Naturg., 29, pp. 184-202, 1863.
German reprint of No. 8.
13. Beschreibung einer neuen Ente und einer neuen Seeschwalbe. Arch. Naturg.,
29, pp. 202-206, 1863.
German version of Nos. 9 and 10.
14. Beitrage zur Ornithologie Chiles. Arch. Naturg., 30, pp. 41-54, 1864.
Three new Chilean birds, Accipiter chilensis, from an unspecified locality,
Chlorospiza plumbea and Sycalis aureiventris, from the Cordillera of Santiago,
are characterized.
15. Contribution a la ornitolojia de Chile. Anal. Univ. Chile, 25, No. 3, Septem-
ber, pp. 408-439, 1864.
Monographs of the Chilean species of the genera Certhilauda [ = Geositta]
and Muscisaxicola, with descriptions of several new species, C. frobeni, C.
isabellina, Geobamon fasciatus, Muscisaxicola cinerea, M. rubricapilla, M.
flavivertex, and M. nigrifrons. Besides, Pteroptochus castaneus, from Col-
chagua, is characterized as new.
16. Beitrage zur Ornithologie von Chile. Arch. Naturg., 31, (1), pp. 56-106,
1865.
German reprint of No. 15.
17. Beitrage zur Fauna Chiles. Arch. Naturg., 32, (1), pp. 121-132, 1866.
Besides describing once more Pteroptochos castaneus, the authors characterize
the following species as new: Sterna luctuosa, from the Rio Valdivia; Synallaxis
masafuerae, from Mas Afuera Island; Numenius microrhynchus, from Chilo6
and Arica.
POEPPIG, E.
1. Kurze Mitteilungen des Hrn. Dr. Poppig wahrend einer Reise nach der
Sudsee. Froriep's Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und Heilkunde, No.
428 [ = No. 10 des 20. Bandes], pp. 145-154, March, 1828.
452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
The letter, dated "Valparaiso, April 14, 1827," gives a short account of the
animal life in Chile generally. Trochilus gigas is shortly characterized in a foot-
note on p. 153.
2. Schreiben des jetzt in Chile reisenden Hrn. Dr. Poppig. L. c., No. 502 [ =
No. 18 des 23. Bandes], pp. 273-282, Feb., 1829.
General notes on nature and animal life in Chile. Eight species of birds are
mentioned. The paper is signed "Htitte am Rio Colorado in den Anden Chile's.
Dec. 24, 1827."
3. Schreiben des jetzt in Chile reisenden Hrn. Dr. Poppig. L. c., No. 529 [ =
No. 1 des 25. Bandes], pp. 1-10, July, 1829.
The paper, dated "Talcahuano, Prov. Concepcion, Chile, Oct. 15, 1828,"
contains (on pp. 6-10) under the subtitle "Fragmenta zoologica itineris chilensis,
No. 1," descriptions of mammals and seven species of birds, including Anas
metopias Pp. and Anas sibilatrix Pp. (ssp. nov.). [Reprinted in Ferussac, Bull.
Sci. Nat. et Geol., 19, pp. 97-104, 1829.]
4. Reise in Chile, Peru und auf dem Amazonenstrome wahrend der Jahre 1827-
1832. 1, 4to, pp. xviii + 466, Leipzig, 1835.
Account of the author's travels in the vicinity of Valparaiso, the Aconcagua
Valley, the Andes of Santa Rosa [ = Los Andes], the Bay of Concepcion, and the
Andes of Antuco, Biobio. On pp. 451-542, the habits of Psittacus cyanolyseos
[sic] are described.
5. Psittacus cyanolyseos Mol. Arch. Naturg., 1, pp. 87-88, 1835.
Reprint of the account from "Reise in Chile . . . ."
6. "Ueber das gesellige Nisten des Psittacus cyanolyseos Molina " Froriep's
Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und Heilkunde, No. 948 [ = No. 2 des
44. Bandes], p. 24, March, 1835.
Reprint from "Reise in Chile . . . ."
PORTER, C. E.
1. [Tinochorus orbignyanus se encuentra en Chanarcillo, s. e. de Copiapo.]
Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 4, livr. 4, "1894," p. CCXVI, Jan. 22, 1895.
2. Datos para la Fauna i Flora de la Provincia de Atacama. Lista de las
especies colectadas. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 3, No. 9, p. 135, Sept., 1899; No.
12, pp. 179-182, Dec., 1899.
On p. 179, two species of birds: Attagis gayi (Valle de San Antonio) andFnn-
gilla matutina (Pabellon) are listed.
3. Bibliografia Ornitolojica de Chile. Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 4, No. 2, pp. 197-
206, 1912.
Historical sketch of the ornithological exploration and list of the principal
publications relating to the birds of Chile.
4. Un pajarillo destructor de pulgones. Anal. Zool. Aplic., 3, p. 30, 1916.
Leptasthenura aegithaloides.
PRAZAK, J. P.
Uber einen vermutlich neuen Kiebitz aus Siidamerika. Ornith. Monatsber.,
4, p. 23, 1896.
A supposed new species from "northern Chile" is described as Vanellus
grisescens.
QUIJADA B., B.
1. Catalogo Ilustrado i Descriptivo de la coleccion de las Aves Chilenas con-
servadas en el Museo Nacional. Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 1, pp. 269-378, 1911.
A popular catalogue of the Chilean birds in the National Museum at Santiago
de Chile. Two nomina nuda, Elainea nigrifrons (p. 296) and Mimus albicaudus
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 453
(p. 301), both credited to Philippi, appear to be published for the first time. The
paper adds nothing to our knowledge and has no scientific value whatever.
2. La Ornitolojia Chilena en el Diccionario de la Lengua Castellana. L. c., 10,
pp. 5-27, 1917.
Deals in a popular manner with twenty-eight species of Chilean birds. Spanish
vernacular names, short descriptions, and outlines of their ranges.
RAHMER, C.
1. Descripci6n de una nueya especie de Flamenco de la provincia de Tarapaca.
Anal. Univ. Chile, 69, primera seccion, pp. 753-755, 1886.
Phoenicopterus jamesi, from near the foot of the Isluga Volcano, is described
as new.
2. Briefliches iiber Phoenicopterus Jamesi Rahm. Journ. Ornith., 35, Heft 2,
No. 178, pp. 160-162, pi. 2, April, 1887.
Besides a description of the new Flamingo, there is a note on the range of
P. andinus. Colored figures of the heads of the three Chilean species.
3. Ornitolojia Chilena. I. Observaciones sobre el Molothrus bonariensis Gm.
Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 4, pp. 207-209, 1912.
RASPAIL, X.
Examen Comparatif de 1'Oeuf de PEffraye du Chili. Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 5, livr.
1-3, pp. 55-62, Dec. 20, 1895.
REED, CARLOS S.
1. Las Aves de la Provincia de Concepcion y algunas noticias acerca de su
relation con la Agricultura. 8vo, pp. 63, Santiago de Chile, 1904.
On pp. 35-48, there is a nominal list of 147 species with vernacular names,
found in the province of Concepcidn.
2. Las Aves Chilenas consideradas mui especialmente desde el pun to de vista
biolojieo. 8vo, pp. I-XIV, 15-132, Concepci6n, 1907.
3. Datos para la biologia del Molothrus bonariensis. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 17,
No. 3, pp. 172-179, pi. 14, June, 1913.
Reviews the present distribution in Chile of M. bonariensis, a comparatively
recent immigrant.
4. Breves Notas Biol6gicas referentes a las Aves Chilenas. L. c., 27, pp. 145-146,
1923; 28, pp. 55-57, 1924; 29, pp. 189-191, 1925.
REED, EDWYN C.
1. Remarks on the Birds of Juan Fernandez and Mas Afuera. Ibis, 3rd ser., 4,
pp. 81-84, 1874.
Notes on the six species of land-birds of Mas A Tierra and nominal list of the
five species found on Mas Afuera.
2. Apuntes de la Zoolojia de la hacienda de Cauquenes, provincia de Colchagua.
Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, pp. 535-569, 1877.
Annotated list of the birds on pp. 541-569.
3. Notes on the Birds of Chili. Ibis, 6th ser., 5, pp. 595-596, 1893.
Critical notes on the mode of occurrence of certain species.
4. Catalogo de las Aves Chilenas. Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, pp. 197-213, 1896.
List of 277 species with short annotations.
5. Sobre el je"nero Haematopus. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 9, Nos. 2-3, pp. 49-50,
June, 1905.
Short notes on H. ater, H. palliaius, and H. leucopus.
454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
REICHE, C.
La Isla de La Mocha. Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, Entrega 16, pp. 104, pll. 12,
Santiago de Chile, 1903.
Notes on a few birds may be found in the "Resena zoolojica de la isla" on
p. 47.
REICHENBACH, H. G. L.
Handbuch der Speziellen Ornithologie, Scansoriae. Lief. 4. A. Sittinae. pp.
145-218, Dresden and Leipzig, Aug. 1, 1853.
Upucerthia hypoleuca, from Chile, is described as a new species (p. 214).
REICHENOW, A.
1. [Tiber Diomedea platei n. sp.] Journ. Ornith., 47, pp. 118-119, 1899.
The type of this new albatross was shot by L. Plate at Cavancha, Chile.
2. [Uber die Gattung Cinclodes.] Journ. Ornith., 68, pp. 238-241, 1920.
Records C, bifasciatus from Calama (Antofagasta) and discusses C. chilensis
and C. minor.
RIDGWAY, R.
1. Descriptions of New Species and Races of American Birds, including a
Synopsis of the Genus Tyrannus, Cuvier. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, "1878,"
pp. 466-486, March 22, 1879.
Lichenops perspicillatiis, 0 andinus, from Chili "to New Granada" (p. 483)
is described as new.
2. Scientific Results of Explorations of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer
Albatross. II. — Birds collected on the Island of Santa Lucia, West Indies,
Abrolhos Islands, Brazil, and at the Straits of Magellan in 1887-'88. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," pp. 129-139, Feb. 5, 1890.
In the list of the birds of the Straits of Magellan (pp. 131-139), various species
are recorded from Port Otway, Gulf of Penas.
SALVADORI, T.
1. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. 27, pp. XV + 636, pll.
19, London, 1895.
Two new species, Merganetta fraenata (p. 458, pi. 5, fig. 1), from "central
Chili," and Nothoprocta coquimbica (p. 554, pi. 15), from Coquimbo, are described
as new.
2. On the Genera Henicornis and Chilia. Ibis, 9th ser., 2, pp. 451-454, 1908.
A new genus Chilia is erected for Enicornis melanura, whose synonymy and
range are indicated.
SALVIN, O.
1. Additional Notes on the Birds of the Islands of Mas Afuera and Juan Fernan-
dez. Ibis, 3rd ser., 5, pp. 370-377, 1875.
Buteo exsul and Oestrelata externa, from Mas Afuera, are described as new.
A revised list of the seventeen species known from the two islands is appended.
2. A List of the Birds collected by Captain A. H. Markham on the West Coast
of America. P. Z. S. Lond., 1883, pp. 419-432.
Various species recorded from Coquimbo, Talcaguano, and Juan Fernandez.
See also P. L. SCLATER.
SAUNDERS, H.
On some Laridae from the Coasts of Peru and Chile, collected by Captain
Albert H. Markham, R. N., with Remarks on the Geographical Distribution
of the Group in the Pacific. P. Z. S. Lond., pp. 520-530, pi. 34, 1882.
Several species of gulls and terns are recorded from Coquimbo Bay.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR 455
SCHALOW, H.
1. [tiber die Vogelfauna von Juan Fernandez.] Sitzungsber. Gesells. Naturf.
Freunde Berlin, pp. 68-71, 1897.
Twenty species are listed for the two islands. Two are peculiar to Mas A
Tierra, three are exclusively found on Mas Afuera.
2. Die Vogel der Sammlung Plate. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4 [= Fauna Chilensis],
Heft 3, pp. 641-749, pll. 37, 38, December 15, 1898.
Collections were made at various points on the coast of Chile between Puerto
Montt and Iquique, and on Mas A Tierra Island.
SCHNEIDER, C. O.
La Propagation del Gorrion en Chile. Anal. Zool. Aplic., 7, p. 5, 1920.
Occurrence of Passer domesticus near Conception.
SCLATER, P. L.
1. Catalogue of a Collection of American Birds belonging to Philip Lutley
Sclater. pp. xvi + 338, pll. 20, 8vo, London, 1862.
Chrysomitris uropygialis, from Chili, is described as new (p. 125).
la. Note on the Species of the Genus Muscisaxicola. Ibis, new series, 2, pp. 56-59,
1866.
2. Notes on the Birds of Chili. P. Z. S. Lond., pp. 319-340, 1867.
A critical review of the avifauna of Chile, based on original research and
perusal of the then existing literature. This important paper, the first scientific
account of Chilean ornithology, closes with a nominal list of 209 species.
3- On the Land-birds of Juan Fernandez. Ibis, 3rd ser., 1, pp. 178-183, pi. 7,
1871.
Short notes on the six species known to occur on these islands, their dis-
tribution, and relationship. Anaeretes fernandezianus and Oxyurus masafiierae
are figured.
4. List of a Collection of Birds from the Province of Tarapaca, Northern Chili.
P. Z. S. Lond., pp. 395-404, pi. 36, 1886.
Annotated list of fifty-three species collected by Carlos Rahmer in the Cor-
dillera of Tarapaca. Phoenicopterus jamesi is described as new and figured on the
accompanying plate.
5. [Exhibition of, and Remarks upon, two young specimens of Darwin's Rhea
(Rhea darwini) from the Province of Tarapaca\] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
p. 412, 1890.
6. On a Second Collection of Birds from the Province of Tarapaca, Northern
Chili. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp. 131-137, pi. 13, 1891.
Report on a collection received by H. Berkeley James from A. Lane. Collecting
stations were at Pica (4,000 feet), Sacaya (10,000 feet), and Lake Huasco
(12,000 feet). Fifty-three species are enumerated, including Phrygilus coracinus
(pi. 13) supposed to be undescribed.
7. [On the Egg of Hylactes megapodius.] Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 7, p. xxiii, 1897.
SCLATER, P. L. and SALVIN, O.
1. Second List of Birds Collected, during the Survey of the Straits of Magellan,
by Dr. Cunningham. Ibis, new series, 5, pp. 283-286, 1869. l
List of thirty-three species, collected at various points between the Straits of
Magellan and Chiloe Island. Critical notes on some of the species.
lThe first article "List of Birds collected in the Straits of Magellan by Dr.
Cunningham, with remarks on the Patagonian Avifauna" by P. L. Sclater and
P. Salvin (Ibis, new series, 4, pp. 183-189, 1868) refers exclusively to the Straits
of Magellan.
456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
2. Third List of Birds collected, during the Survey of the Straits of Magellan,
by Dr. Cunningham. With additional Note [on the Nests and Eggs] by the
Editor [ = A. Newton]. Ibis, new series, 6, pp. 499-504, 1870.
List of thirty-three species obtained at various points in the Straits of Magel-
lan, on Chiloe Island, and at Coquimbo.
3. Reports on the Collections of Birds made during the Voyage of H. M. S.
"Challenger." — No. IX. On the Birds of Antarctic America. Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., pp. 431-438, 1878.
Most of the species were obtained in the Straits of Magellan, but a few are
recorded from Juan Fernandez and Port Otway, Gulf of Penas.
SCLATER, W. L.
[Description of new Hawks from South America.] Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 38, pp.
43-45, March 4, 1918.
The Chimango of southern Chile (Cautin and Valdivia provinces) is separated
as Milvago chimango temucoensis.
SCOTT, W. E. D.
[Descriptions of apparently new or hitherto undetected species of birds from
South America.] Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 10, pp. btii-lxiv, April 30, 1900.
Several Chilean species are described as new: Cinclodes oustaleti, from "Chili
and Mendoza" (p. LXII); C. molitor, from "Chili" (p. LXII); Upucerthia
saturatior, from "Central Chili" (p. LXIII). Besides, Geositta brevirostris Scott
is recorded from "Central Chili."
SEEBOHM, H.
The Geographical Distribution of the Family Charadriidae, or the Plovers,
Sandpipers, Snipes, and their allies. Roy. 4to, pp. XXIX + 1 + 524,
with 21 pll., London, 1887.
On p. 496, the Chilean form of the South American Snipe is separated as
Scolopax frenata chilensis.
SHARPE, R. B.
Account of the Zoological Collections made during the Survey of H. M. S.
"Alert" in the Straits of Magellan and on the Coast of Patagonia. Aves.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp. 6-18, 1881.
Various species are recorded from Coquimbo, Valparaiso, and Talcaguano.
STEULLET, A.
See E. DEAUTIER.
STREETS, T. H.
Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Janning Islands
and Lower California, made in connection with the United States North
Pacific Surveying Expedition, 1873-75. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, 1877.
Ornithology, pp. 9-33.
Three Chilean species are listed: Otus brachyotux (p. 15), Talcaguano ;Graculus
brasilianus (p. 24), Concepci6n Bay; Spheniscus humboldti (p. 33), Talcaguano.
STRESEMANN, E.
1. Oceanodroma hornbyi (Gray) aus einem chilenischen Salpeterfelde. Ornith.
Monatsber., 32, pp. 61-63, 1924.
2. Puffinus griseus (Gmelin) Brutvogel in der nordchilenischen Pampa. Ornith.
Monatsber., 32, pp. 63-64, 1924.
3. Ueber Tachyeres cinereus und T. Patachonicus. Ornith. Monatsber., 35,
p. 47, 1927.
1932 BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR 457
Of three Steamer-ducks secured by L. Plate at Calbuco, southern Chile, one
belongs to T. patachonicus, two to T. dnereua.
4. Eine weitere Fundstelle von Oceanodroma hornbyi in der chilenischen Sal-
peterwuste. Ornith. Monatsber., 37, pp. 80-81, 1929.
SWAINSON, W.
1. Zoological Illustrations, or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare,
or Interesting Animals .... 2nd ser., 3, 8vo, London, 1832-33.
Leptonyx macropits, from Chile, is described as new. The type was in W.
Hooker's Collection.
2. Animals in Menageries. The Cabinet Cyclopedia. Conducted by D.
Lardner. Natural History. 1 vol. in cap 8vo, pp. vi -f 373, London,
"1838" [ = December 31, 1837].
Contains descriptions of several species from "Chili" believed to be new, as
follows: Falco cinnamominus (p. 281); Leistes niger (p. 304); Platyurus niger
(p. 323);Geositta anthoides (p. 323); Oxyurus ornatus (p. 324); Rallus sanguino-
, from "Brazil and Chili" (p. 335).
TSCHUDI, J. J. VON
Peru. Reiseskizzen aus den Jahren 1838-42. 1, 8vo, pp. XII -f 346, St.
Gallen, 1846.
The first chapter (pp. 3-35) is devoted to the author's sojourn in Chile (Chiloe
Island, Valley of Quillota, and Valparaiso), and contains notes on a number of
birds.
VIGORS, N.
1. [Characters of several new Species of Birds, collected by Mr. Cuming in
Chili and Mexico]. Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., Part 2, pp.
3-4, March 29, 1832.
Notes on the female (or young male) of Phytotoma bloxhami, and description
of Xanthornus chrysocarpus n. sp. [ = Agelaius t. thilius], from Chile. The
three other species are erroneously ascribed to that country.
2. Ornithology. In the Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage; compiled from
the collections and notes made by Captain Beechey, the officers and naturalist
of the expedition, during a voyage to the Pacific and Behring's Straits per-
formed in His Majesty's Ship Blossom, under the command of Capt. F. W.
Beechey in the years 1825, 26, 27, and 28. 1 vol. in 4to, pp. 13-40, pll. 3-14,
London, 1839.
Two Chilean species, both from Concepcidn, Sturnella militaris (p. 20) and
Colaptes chilensis (p. 24) are listed.
WAUGH, E. and LATASTE, F.
1. Quelques jours de chasse a Penaflor durant les mois de Janvier et de mars.
Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 4, livr. 2, pp. LXXXIII-LXXXIX, Aug. 22, 1894.
Fully annotated list of thirty-six species from Penaflor, on the Mapocho
River, Prov. Santiago.
2. Une semaine de chasse, au mois de juin, dans la hacienda de San Alfonso
(de"partement de Quillota). L. c., 4, livr. 4, "1894," pp. CLXVII-CLXXIII,
Jan. 22, 1895.
Annotated list of forty-five species.
3. Addition a la liste des Oiseaux de Penaflor. L. c., 5, livr. 1-3, pp. LIX-LX,
Dec. 20, 1895.
Notes on eight additional species new to the region and on others previously
observed.
458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
WETMORE, A.
1. New forms of neotropical birds. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 12, No. 4, pp.
323-328, Aug. 19, 1922.
Glaucidium nanum vafrum (p. 323), from central Chile (Santiago to Tofo),
is described as new.
2. New Subspecies of Birds from Patagonia. Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, No.
12, pp. 333-337, June, 1923.
Besides several races from the Straits of Magellan and Patagonia, Pteroptochos
rubecula nemorivaga is described from Port Otway, Gulf of Penas, Chile.
3. Observations on the Birds of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Chile.
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. IV + 448, pi. 1 (map), 1926.
Contains references to birds collected at Concon, Valparaiso, and discussions
of various Chilean species.
WETZEL, W.
Vogelmumien und "Guano" in chilenischen Salpeterablagerungen. Centralbl.
Min., Geol. und Paleont., 1925, Abt. A, pp. 284-288, 1925.
On Petrel mummies, apparently Oceanodroma hornbyi, from Tocopilla (Pampa
del Toco) and the vicinity of Rio Loa, Antofagasta.
YARRELL, W.
Descriptions of the Eggs of Some of the Birds of Chile. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
15, pp. 51-55, May, 1847.
The collection was made by T. Bridges.
INDEX
Current names in roman type, synonyms and secondary references in italic
type, new names in bold-faced type.
Accipiter chilensis 279
erythronemius 280
accipitrinus, Asio 269
acosmus, Troglodytes 34
Actiturus bartramius 397
Aechmophorus major 416
Aegialites albidipectus 377
Aegialitis nivosa 374
aegithaloides, Leptasthenura 196
aethereus, Phaethon 295
aethiops, Buteo 274
Agelaius thilius 100
xanthocarpus 100
Agriornis albicauda 112
fortis 107
intermedia 108
leucura 110
livida 105
marginalis 105
maritima 109
aguia, Haliaetus 278
Ajaia ajaja 310
Ajaja rosea 310
Alauda nigro-fasciata 150
alaudina, Pyrrhula 52
alaudinus, Phrygilus 62
alba, Crocethia 395
Herodias 302
albicauda, Agriornis 112
albiceps, Elania 146
Muscipeta 147
albicollis, Scelorchilus 219
albidipectus, Aegialites 377
albif rons, Muscisaxicola 125
Pteroptochos 222
albigula, Buteo 274
Carbo 299
Upucerthia 168
alb il or a, Muscisaxicola 118
albimentum, Muscisaxicola 127
albipennis, Fuligula 334
Lents 412
albipes, Leistes 105
albiventris, Cinclodes 184
albociliaris, Saltator 96
albo-gularis, Pygarrhicus 212
aldunatei, Chlorospiza 56
alticola, Anas 324
Charadrius 372
Amazilia dumerilii 242
americana, Hirundo 47
americanus, Leistes 103
Nycticorax 305
Podiceps 419
Anabates turdoides 213
analis, Catamenia 52
Merulaxis 228
Anas alticola 324
chalcoptera 323
chiloensis 325
cristata 324
iopareia 315
melanocephala 322
metopias 334
oxyura 328
pyrrhogastra 324
specularis 322
anatum, Falco 280
andecola, Haplochelidon 47
andecolus, Micropus 243
andina, Capella 390
Hymenops 134
Merganetta 340
Recurvirostra 384
andinus, Caprimulgus 245
Phoenicoparrus 312
Phoenicopterus 313
angustirostris, Querquedula 327
Phytotoma 150
antarctica, Bernicla 316
Geositta 155
Geositta 156
Sterna 405
antarcticus, Lobipes 385
Podilymbus 420
Rallus 351
anthoides, Asthenes 210
anthotdes, Geositta 150
anthracina, Chrysomitris 85
anthracinus, Turdus 31
An thus cat amarcae 42
chilensis 40
dabbenei 4g
peruvianus 44
rufidorsis 131
sordidus 131
variegatus 131
Aphrastura fulva 193
spinicauda 191
Aphriza townsendii 380
virgata 380
Aptenodytes chiloensis 422
Aquila braccata 273
pezopora 286
Ar a erythrofrons 257
Aramides bicolor 356
sanguinplentus 356
Aratinga jandaya 261
459
460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
araucana, Columba 342
araueanus, Malacorhamphus 228
arctica, Sterna 406
Ardea candidissima 303
coco! 302
leuce 302
major 302
nycticorax 305
ohula 302
Ardeola exilis 304
ardesiaca, Fulica 363
Ardetta erythromelas 304
arenaria, Calidris 395
Arenaria morinella 380
arequipae, Asthenes 206
Spizitornis 142
argentina, Muscisaxicola 126
armata, Merganetta 340
armillata, Fulica 365
Arundinicola citreola 137
arvensis, Fringilla 88
Asia accipitrinus 269
breyiauris 269
cassini 269
flammeus 269
otus 270
Asthenes anthoides 210
arequipae 206
australis 205
humicola 207
modesta 203
polysticta 209
sordida 202
atacamae, Chilia 188
Scelorchilus 220
atacamensis, Cinclodes 186
Rhodopis 239
Troglodytes 37
ater, Buteo 273
Haematopus 381
aterrimus, Sturnus 102
atratiis, Catharistes 293
Spinus 84
airicapilla, Dendroica 44
Heteronetta 322
atriceps, Phalacrocorax 301
Phrygilus 58
atricilla, Lams 410
atripunctata, Systellura 247
atrofasciata, Sterna 405
Attagis gayi 401
Atticora cyanoleuca 46
aura, Cathartes _ 291
aureiventris, Pseudochloris 92
auriculata, Zenaida 344
aurifrons, Capita 252
aurisquamata, Zenaida 346
aurita, Zenaida 344
auriventris, Sicalis 91
aurocapillus, Picus 252
australis, Asthenes 205
Geranoaetus . . . 278
australis, Orpheus 32
Zonotrichia 80
aymara, Leptophaps 346
azarae, Charadrius 374
Cyanotis 138
Larus 408
badius, Molothrus 99
bahamensis, Dafila 328, 329
bairdii, Pisobia 393
barbatus, Spinus 83
barrosi, Melanodera 71
Bartramia longicauda 397
bartramius, Actiturus 397
bekni, Diuca 67
belcheri, Larus 409
bellicosa, Pezites 105
Belonopterus molina 367
occidentalis 367
berlepschi, Leptasthenura 199
Bernida antarctica 316
chiloensis 318
dispar 319
inornata 318, 319
bicolor, Aramides 356
Dendrocygna 321
bicornis, Podiceps 416
bifasciata, Hiaticula 371
Systellura 245
Upucerthia 184
bifasciatus, Cinclodes 186
bloxami, Sylvia 140
bloxamii, Phytotoma 148
Bolborhynchus orbignyi 260
boliviana, Columba 345
bonapartii, Tringa 393
bonariensis, Molothrus 98
borealis, Numenius 398
Strepsilas 380
bougainvillii, Phalacrocorax 299
braccata, Aquila 273
brachyotos, Otus 269
brachypterus, Tachyeres 335
brasilianum, Glaucidium 268
brasilianus, Graculus 297
brasiliense, Nettion 328
brasiliensis, Coragyps 293
Himantopus 384
Phalacrocorax 297
Polyborus 290
breviauris, Asio 269
breyicauda, Muscigralla 136
brevirostris, Crithagra 88
Geositta 155
Podilymbus 420
bridgesii, Larus 410
brunneiventris, Diglossa 49
brunnescens, Lophortyx 423
Bubo crassirostris 263
magellanicus 263
nacurutu 263
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
461
buffoni, Circus 272
burtoni, Eustephanus 234
Buteo aethiops 274
albigula 274
ater 273
elegans 274
erythronotus 273
macronychus 273
melanostethus 273
pictus 274
poecilochrous 274
poecilogaster . . 273
poliosoma 273
polyosoma 273
tricolor 273
ventralis 273
byronensis, Regulus 138
byroni, Cyanoliseus 255
caerulata, Querquedula 331
caeruleata, Querquedula 332
caesipscapula, Dafila 333
caesioscapulata, Dafila 333
Cairina moschata 315
Calidris arenaria 395
grisea 395
californica, Lophprtyx 423
caliparaeus, Podiceps 418
calipareus, Podiceps 417
Calopezus elegans 427
Candida, Coscoroba 315
candidissima, Ardea 303
Capella andina 390
innotata 389
magellanica 387
paraguaiae 390
stricklandii 387
capistrata, Muscisaxicola 122
Capita aurifrons 252
Caprimulgus andinus 245
conterminus 245
exilis 247
obscurus 245
Carbo albigula 299
Carduelis stanleyi 83
carolinensis, Pandion 291
Podilymbus 420
Casmerodius egretta 302
cassini, Asio 269
Falco 282
Falco 280
cassinii, Sterna 405
castaneus, Pteroptochos 215
catamarcae, Anthus 42
Catamenia analis 52
Catharistes atratus 293
Cathartes aura 291
Iota 292
jota 291
urubu 293
caudatus, Theristicus 309
cayanus, Philomachus 367
cayennensis, Vanellus 367
Xanthomus 100
Centrites niger 132
Centurus gradatus 251
Cerchneis cinnamomina 284
peruviana 285
Ceryle torquata 253
chakoptera, Anas 323
Chamaepelia cyanostigma 348
melanura 345
talpacpti 348
Charadrius alticola 372
azarae 374
f alklandicus 371
marmoratus 370
occidentalis 373
pyrrhocephalus 371
semipalmatus 377
virginianus 369
virginicus 370
cheroyeus, Psittacara 257
chiguanco, Turdus 29
chilensis, Accipiter 279
Anthus 40
Cinclodes 175
Colymbus 418
Elaenia 145
Fulica 365
Malacorhynchus 228
Megalestris 414
Ochthoeca 127
Philomachus 368
Phoenicopterus 311
Pfcus 248
Pitangus 105
Psilorhinus 105
Rhaphipteriis 340
Scolopax 387
Totanus 395
Troglodytes 34
Xanthormis 100
Zonotrichia 77
Chilia atacamae 188
melanura 187
chiliensis, Vanellus 368
chiloensis, Anas 325
chiloensis, Aptenodytes 422
Bernicla 318
chimango, Milvago 286
Pplyborus 287
Chlidonias surinamensis 408
Chloephaga hybrida 316
Chloephaga magellanica 319
melanoptera 315
picta 319
poliocephala 318
chloris, Sicalis 92
chloropoides, Fulica 365, 366
Chlorospiza aldunatei 56
plumbea 60
xanthogramma 71
Chroicocephalus kitttitzii 411
462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
chrysocarpus, Xanthornus 100
chrysogaster, Pheucticus 50
Chrysomitris anthracina 85
marginalis 83
xanthomelaena 86
Ciconia pillus 308
Cillurus minor 182
Cinclodes albiventris 184
atacamensis 186
bifasciatus 186
chilensis 175
fuscus 182
inornatus 173
molitor 175
nigro-fumosus 173
oustaleti 179
patagonicus 176, 179
c.incta, Squatarola 370
cinerea, Muscisaxicola 125
Pipilo 72
Serpophaga 143
Synallaxis 207
cinereo-caudatus, Larus 410
cinereola, Muscicapa 143
cinereum, Conirostrum 50
cinereus, Circus 271
Micropterus 335
Tachyeres 336
cinnamomina, Cerchneis 284
circumcinctus, Spiziapteryx 285
Circus buffoni 272
cinereus 271
histrionicus 271
macropterus 272
megaspilus 272
poliopterus 271
cirrhatus, Phalacrocorax 301
cirrhocephalus, Larus 412
cirrocephalum, Xema ...... 412
Cistothorus hornensis 38
citreola, Arundinicola 137
cocoi, Ardea 302
Colaptes pitiguus 248
pitius 248
rupicola 249
colchicus, Phasianus 424
collaris, Procellaria 415
Colorhamphus parvirostris 143
Columba araucana 342
boliviana 345
denisea 342
fitzroyii 343
gracilis 349
Columbina picui 347
Columbula strepitans 348
Colymbus chilensis 418
juninensis 418
occipitalis 417
comata, Sterna 406
communis, Falco 280
concolor, Xenospingus 51
condor, Sarcoramphus 293
Conirostrum cinereum 50
fuliginosum 224
littorale 50
conterminus, Caprimulgus 245
Conurus erythrofrons 259
patachonicus 255
pyrrhurus 259
smaragdineus 259
coquimbana, Strix 264
coquimbica, Nothura 425
coracinus, Phrygilus 65
Coragyps brasiliensis 293
foetens 292
cornuta, Fulica 362
coronata, Suiriri 136
coronatus, Harpyhaliaetus 278
Coscoroba Candida 315
coscoroba 315
coscoroba, Coscoroba 315
crassirostris, Bubo 263
Diuca 74
Milvago 289
Porphyriops 359
Spinus 81
creccoides, Querquedula 326
Creciscus salinasi 358
crepidatus, Stercorarius 413
cristata, Anas 324
cristatus, Graculus 301
Crithagra brevirostris 88
flavospecularis 83
Crocethia alba 395
Crotophaga sulcirostris 253
cruziana, Eupelia 349
cucullatus, Larus 411
cuneicauda, Thinocorus 399
cunicularia, Geositta 152
Speotyto 264
cunicularius, Furnarius 150
cupricauda, Trochilus 237
curaeus, Notiopsar 102
cyanocephalus, Nycticorax 305
cyanoleuca, Atticora 46
Cyanoliseus byroni 255
cyanolyseos, Psittacus 255
cyanoptera, Querquedula 331
Querquedula 332
Cyanopterus fretensis 330
cyanostigma, Chamaepelia 348
Cyanotis azarae 138
omnicolor 138
Cygnus melancoryphus 314
nigricollis 314
cynosurae, Squatarola 369
dabbenei, Anthus 43
Dafila bahamensis 328, 329
caesioscapula . , 333
caesioscapulata 333
pyrogaster 324
urophasianus 328
darwinii, Thraupis 97
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
463
Dendrocygna tricolor 321
fulva 321
Dendrodramus leucosternus 212
Dendroica atricapilla 44
striata 44
denisea, Columba 342
deserticolor, Geositta 152
desmurii, Sylviorthorhynchus 189
Diglossa brunneiventris 49
dispar, Bernicla 319
Elanus 286
Diuca behni 67
crassirostris 74
diuca 72
grisea 72
molinae 72
speculifera 75
diuca, Diuca 72
Dolichonyx griseus 72
domesticus, Passer 96
dominicans, Larus 408
dominicanus, Larus 408
dominicus, Pluyialis 369
dorsalis, Phrygilus 70
Silvia 131
dorsomaculata, Synallaxis 194
Dromlcus lessonii 378
dumerilii, Amazilia 242
dumetoria, Ochetorhynchus 162
Uppucerthia 164
Dyctiopicus lignarius 251
egretta, Casmerodius 302
Egretta thula 303
eidouxi, Thryothorus 39
Elaenia chilensis 145
modesta 147
Elainea murina 144
Elania albiceps 146
Elanus dispar 286
leucurus 285
elegans, Buteo 274
Calopezus 427
Graculus 301
Progne 45
Sterna 406
Vermivora 140
Emberiza guttata 63
luctuosa 64
Enicognathus leptorhynchus 257
Enicornis striata 171
Ereunetes pusillus 396
Erismatura ferruginea 337
vittata 339
erythrofrons, Ara 257
Conurus 259
erythrogaster, Hirundo 47
erythromelas, Ardetta 304
erythronemius, Accipiter 280
erythronotus, Buteo 273
Phrygilus 67
erythrophthalma, Nyroca 334
erythropterus, Leichenops 135
erythrorhyncha, Fringilla 64
erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus 295
erythrothorax, Gymnopelia 350
eschscholtzii, Tinochorus 399
estella, Oreotrochilus 236
Eugralla paradoxa 228
eumegethes, Phalacrocorax 300
Eupelia cruziana 349
Eustephanus burtoni 234
Euxenura maguari 308
exilis, Ardeola 304
Caprimulgus 247
falcinellus, Ibis 308
Falcinellus igneus 309
Falco anatum 280
cassini 282
cassini 280
communis 280
femoralis 283
fusco-coerulescens 283
nigriceps 280
pelegrinus 280, 282
peregrinus 282
tharus 290
falklandicus, Charadrius 371
Turdus 27
fasciata, Geositta 159
Ulula 270
fasciolatus, Sylviorthorhynchus 191
femoralis, Falco 283
Ortygometra 359
ferruginea, Erismatura 337
Microsittace 259
fissipes, Hydrochelidon 408
fissirostris, Geositta 150
fitzroyii, Columba 343
flammeus, Asio 269
flavinucha, Muscisaxicola 121
flavipes, Spheniscus 423
Totanus 396
flavirostre, Nettion 326
flavirostris, Spizitornis 142
flaviventris, Pseudocolopteryx 137
flavivertex, Muscisaxicola 121
flavospecularis, Crithagra 83
f oetens, Coragyps 292
forficatus, Trochilus 242
fortis, Agriornis 107
fraenata, Merganetta 340
franklinii, Larus 410
Fregetta segethi 415
frenata, GaUinago 388
frenatus, Phalaropus 386
fretensis, Cyanopterus 330
Fringilla arvensis 88
erythrorhyncha 64
laciniata 63
matutina 78
mortonii 77
frobeenii, Sterna 404
464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
frobeni, Geositta 153
Geositta 154
frobenii, Larus 409
f rontalis, Muscisaxicola 123
frontata, Fulica 365
f ruticeti, Phrygilus 64
Fulica ardesiaca 363
armillata 365
chilensis 365
chloropoides 365, 366
cornuta 362
frontata 365
gigantea 363
leucoptera 366
rufifrons 364
stricklandi 366
f ulicarius, Phalaropus 385
fuliginosum, Conirostrum 224
Fuligula albipennis 334
nationi 334
fulva, Aphrastura 193
Dendrocygna 321
furcata, Progne 45
Furnarius cunicularius 150
furvus, Troglodytes 34
fusca, Sula 295
fuscater, Turdus 31
fuscator, Merula 28
fuscescens, Leptasthenura 196
fuscicollis, Pisobia 393
fuscoater, Turdus 28
fusccHCoerulescens, Falco 283
fuscoides, Merulaxis 224
fuscus, Cinclodes 182
Scytalopus 224
Scytalopus 222
gaimardi, Phalacrocorax 296
galatea, Herodias 302
galeata, Gallinula 362
galeritus, Stephanoides 234
Gallinago frenata 388
Gallinula galeata 362
garmani 361
gardeni, Nycticorax 305
garmani, Gallinula 361
gayi, Attagis 401
Phrygilus 56
Phrygilus 53
Trochilus 242
Geobamon nigrofasciata 159
Geositta antarctica 155
antarctica 156
anthmdes 150
brevirostris 155
cunicularia 152
deserticolor 152
fasciata 159
fissirostris 150
frobeni 153
frobeni 154
isabellina . . ... 156
Geositta isabellina 159
maritima 157
punensis 154
rufipennis 159
Geranoaetus australis 278
gigantea, Fulica 363
Ornismya 230
gigas, Patagona 230
Patagona 232
Glaucidium brasilianum 268
nanum 266
vafrum 266
glaucodes, Larus 412
glaucotis, Larus 412
gouldi, Henicornis 187
gracilis, Columba 349
Halieus 297
Graculus brasilianus 297
cristatus 301
elegans 301
imperialis 299
gradatus, Centurus 251
Grallaria varia 150
grisea, Calidris 395
Diuca 72
grisescens, Leptasthenura 198
Vanellus 367
griseus, Dolichonyx 72
Nycticorax 305, 306
gryphus, Vultur 293
guarauna, Plegadis 308
guarixa, Troglodytes 34
Guira guira 253
guira, Guira 253
guirahuro, Pseudoleistes 102
guttata, Emberiza 63
gutturalis, Tyrannus 105
Gymnopelia erythrothorax 350
gymnops 350
gymnops, Gymnopelia 350
haemastica, Limosa 397
Haematopus ater 381
leucopodus 383
leucopus 383
niger 381
pitanay 382
haematorhynchus, Larus 413
Haliaetus aguia 278
Halieus gracilis 297
Halioetus melanoleucus 278
hallinani, Upucerthia 161
Haplochelidon andecola 47
Harpyhaliaetus coronatus 278
Henicornis gouldi 187
phaenicura 187
Herodias alba 302
galatea 302
Heteronetta atricapilla 322
Hiaticula bifasciata 371
trifasciata ^ 371
Himantopus brasiliensis 384
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE— HELLMAYR
465
Himantopus melanurus 383
nigricollis 384
hirundinacea, Sterna 405
Hirundo americana 47
erythrpgaster 47
meyeni 48
rustica 47
hirundo, Sterna 405
histrionicus, Circus 271
hornbyi, Oceanodroma 414
hornensis, Cistothorus 38
hudsonica, Limosa 397
hudsonicus, Numenius 397
humboldti, Spheniscus 422
humicola, Asthenes 207
Siptornis 205, 209
hybrida, Chloephaga 316
Hydrochtlidon fissipes 408
nigra 408
plumbea 408
Hydrocicca melanops 359
Hymenops andina 134
nyctitarius 134
hyperboreus, Lobipes 385
hypoleuca, Upucerthia 162
Ibis falcinellus 308
igneus, Falcinellus 309
ignipalliatus, Phoenicopterus 311
imperialis, Graculus 299
Phalacrocorax 301
inca, Larosterna 403
innotata, Capella 389
Zenaida 345
inornata, Bernicla 318, 319
inornatus, Cinclodes 173
intermedia, Agriornis 108
Rynchops 403
interpres, Strepsilas 380
involucris, Ixobrychus 303
iopareia, Anas 315
Iota, Cathartes 292
Ipocrantor magellanicus 250
Iridoprocne leucopyga 48
isabellina, Geositta 156
Geositta 159
Ixobrychus involucris 303
Jacana jacana 367
jacana, Jacana 367
jamesi, Phoenicoparrus 312
jandaya, Araiinga 261
jota, Cathartes 291
jubatus, Picus 250
juninensis, Colymbus 418
Muscisaxicola 120
kalipareus, Podiceps 417
kaupii, Picus 251
kingii, Mellisuga 233
Picus.. . 251
Kittlitzi, Pyrope 113
kittiitzii, Chroicocephalus 411
laciniata, Fringilla 63
lanceolatus, Opetiorhynchus 173
landbecki, Pelecanus 294
Rallus 351
Larosterna inca 403
Larus albipennis 412
azarae 408
belcheri 409
bridgesii 410
cinereo-caudatus 410
cirrhocephalus 412
cucullatus 411
dominicans 408
dominicanus 408
franklinii 410
frobenii 409
glaucodes 412
glaucotis , 412
haematorhynchus ~ 413
maculipennis 411
modestus 410
pipixcan 410
serranus 411
verreauxi 408
Leichenops erythropterus 135
Leistes albipes 105
americanus 103
niger 102
Leptasthenura aegithaloides 196
aegithaloides 198, 199
berlepschi 199
fuscescens 196
grisescens 198
striata 200
superciliaris. . . . , 201
Leptonyx macropus 217
Leptophaps aymara 346
leptorhynchus, Enicognathus 257
Lessonia oreas 132
rufa 130
kssonii, Dromicus 378
leuce, Ardea 302
leucometopa, Ochthoeca 134
Leucophaeus scoresbii 413
leucopleurus, Oreotrochilus 235
leucopodus, Haematopus 383
leucoptera, Fulica 366
leucopterus, Podiceps 416
leucopus, Haematopus 383
leucopyga, Iridoprocne 48
leucospilos, Mimus 33
leucosternus, Dendrodramus 212
leucura, Agriornis 110
leucurus, Elanus 285
Lichenops perspicillata 134
lignarius, Dyctiopicus 251
Limnopardalus vigilantis 355
Limosa haemastica 397
hudsonica . . . 397
466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
littorale, Conirostrum 50
livida, Agriornis 105
Lobipes antarcticus 385
hyperboreus 385
longicauda, Bartramia 397
Lophortyx brunnescens 423
californica 423
lorata, Sterna 407
loyca, Sturnus 103
luctuosa, Emberiza 64
Sterna 407
luridus, Rallus 355
luteiventris, Sicalis 87
macloviana, Muscisaxicola 127
macronychus, Buteo 273
macropterus, Circus 272
macropus, Leptonyx 217
macrura, Sterna 406
maculata, Tringa 394
Zenaida 344
maculatus, Rhynchaspis 333
maculipennis, Larus 411
maculirostris, Muscisaxicola 129
Querquedula 330
magellanica, Capella 387
Chloephaga 319
magellanicus, Bubo 263
Ipocrantor 250
Phalacrocorax 300
Sarcorhamphus 293
Scytalppus 221
Spheniscus 421
Troglodytes ; 34
Turdus 27
magnirostris, Spinus 81
maguari, Euxenura 308
major, Aechmophorus 416
Ardea 302
Malacorhamphus araucanus 228
Malacorhynchus chilensis 228
maluroides, Sylviorthorhynchus 190
Mareca sibilatrix 325
marginalis, Agriornis 105
Chrysomitris 83
maritima, Agriornis 109
Geositta 157
marmoratus, Charadrius 370
matutina, Fringilla 78
medius, Megalonyx 220
Megaceryle stellata 253
Megalestris chilensis 414
Megalonyx medius 220
warms 228
ruficeps 214
rufogularis 218
rufus 217
megalopterus, Phalcoboenus 288
megapodius, Pteroptochos 216
megaspilus, Circus 272
melancoryphus, Cygnus 314
melanocephala, Anas 322
melanocephalus, Picus 251
Melanodera barrosi 71
melanoleucus, Halioetus 278
Totanus 395
melanopis, Theristicus 309
melanops, Hydrocicca 359
Phleocryptes 194
melanoptera, Chloephaga 315
Metriopelia 345
melanostethus, Buteo 273
melanotos, Pisobia 394
melanura, Chamaepelia 345
Chilia 187
Rynchops 403
melanurus, Himantopus 383
Mellisuga kingii 233
meloda, Melopelia 347
Melopelia meloda 347
mentalis, Muscisaxicola 127
Merganetta andina 340
armata 340
fraenata 340
Merula fuscator 28
Merulaxis analis 228
fuscoides 224
Metallura phoebe 237
Metopiana peposaca . , 334
metopias, Anas 334
Metriopelia melanoptera 345
meyeni, Hirundo 48
Iridoprocne 48
Spheniscus 422
Micropterus cinereus 335
Micropus andecolus 243
parvulus 242
parvulus 244
peruvianus 244
microrhynchus, Numenius 398
Microsittace ferruginea 259
minor 258
militaris, Pezites 103
Milvagp chimango 286
crassirostris 289
temucoensis 287
Mimus leucospilos 33
thenca 32
triurus 33
minor, Cillurus 182
Microsittace 258
mitchellii, Phegornis 392
modesta, Asthenes 203
Elaenia 147
Siptornis 205
modestus, Larus 410
Spheniscus 421
Zpnibyx 370
molina, Belonopterus 367
Phytotoma 149
molinae, Diuca 72
Pelecanus 294
molitor, Cinclodes 175
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
467
Molothrus badius 99
bonariensis 98
monachus, Myiopsitta 261
montana, Synallaxis 194
Uppucerthia 170
montanus, Phalcoboenus 288
morinella, Arenaria 380
mortonii, Fringilla 77
moschata, Cairina 315
murina, Elainea 144
Muscicapa cinereola 143
Muscigralla brevicauda 136
Muscipeta albiceps 147
Muscisaxiccla albif rons 125
albilora 118
albimentum 127
argentina 126
capistrata 122
cinerea 125
flavinucha 121
flavivertex 121
frontalis 123
juninensis 120
macloviana 127
maculirostris 129
mentalis 127
nigra 131
nigrifrons 123
pallidiceps 117
rubricapilla 118
rufivertex 115
sanborni 115
Myiopsitta monachus 261
Myrtis yarrellii 241
nacurutu, Bubo 263
naevius, Nycticorax 305
nanum, Glaucidium 266
warms, Megalonyx 228
nationi, Fuligula 334
nemorivaga, Pteroptochos 218
Nettion brasiliense 328
flavirostre 326
oxypterum 327
niger, Centrites 132
Haematopus 381
Leistes 102
Platyurus . .• 224
nigra, Hydrochelidon 408
Musdsaxicola 131
nigriceps, Falco 280
nigricollis, Cygnus 314
Himantopus 384
Pelecanus 294
nigrifrons, Musdsaxicola 123
nigrocapillux, Nothocercus 427
nigro-fasciata, Alauda 150
nigrofasciata, Geobamon 159
nigro-fumosa, Upucerthia 176
nigro-fumosus, Cinclodes 173
Nisus pileatus 279
nivosa, Aegialitis 374
Nothocercus nigrocapillus 427
Nothoprocta perdicaria 424
sanborni 426
Nothura coquimbica 425
punctulata 425
Notiopsar curaeus 102
Numenius borealis 398
hudsonicus 397
microrhynchus 398
Nycticorax americanus 305
cyanocephalus 305
gardeni 305
griseus 305, 306
naevius 305
obscurus 304
tayazu-guira 306
nycticorax, Ardea 305
Nycticryphes semi-collaris 391
nyctitarius, Hymenops 134
Nyroca erythrophthalma 334
obscura, Sylvia 222
obscurus, Caprimulgus 245
Nycticorax 304
Pyrocephalus 136
occidentalis, Belonopterus 367
Charadrius 373
occipitalis, Colymbus 417
Oceanodroma hornbyi 414
Ochetorhynchus dumetoria 162
Ochthoeca chilensis 127
leucometopa 134
oenanthoides 133
oenanthoides, Ochthoeca 133
ohula, Ardea 302
olivaceus, Phalacrocorax 297
omnicolor, Cyanotis 138
Opetiorhynchos rupestris 175
vulgaris 182
Opetiorhynchus lanceolatus 173
orbignesius, Psilopsiagon 260
orbignianus, Thinocorus 400
orbignyanus, Thinochorus 400
orbignyi, Bolborhynchus 260
orbignyianus, Thinoconis 400
oreas, Lessonia 132
Oreophplus ruficollis 378
totanirostris 378
Oreotrochilus estella 236
leucopleurus 235
orinomus, Querquedula 332
ornatus, Oxyurus 191
Ornismya gigantea 230
tristis 230
Orpheus australis 32
Ortygometra femoralis 359
otus, Asio 270
Otus brachyotos 269
palustris 269
oustaleti, Cinclodes 179
Oxiurus patagonicus 191
468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Oxyechus peruvianus 378
vociferus 378
oxypterum, Nettion 327
oxyura, Anas 328
Oxyurus ornatus 191
Paecilonitta rubrirostris 328
spinicauda 328
pallida, Upucerthia 166
pallidiceps, Muscisaxicola 117
palustris, Otus 269
Pandion carolinensis 291
Parabuteo unicinctus 277
paradisaea, Sterna 406
paradoxa, Eugralla 228
paraguaiae, Capella 390
Scolopax 388
parasiticus, Stercorarius 413
parulus, Spizitornis 140
parvirostris, Colorhamphus 143
parvulus, Micropus 242
Micropus 244
Passer domesticus 96
patachonicus, Conurus 255
Tachyeres 336
Patagona gigas 230
gigas 232
peruviana 232
patagonica, Pygochelidon 45
patagonicus, Cinclodes 176
Cinclodes 179
Oxlurus 191
Phrygilus 53
pectoralis, Pelidna 394
Tringa 393
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 295
landbecki 294
molinae 294
nigricollis 294
thagus 294
pelegrinus, Falco 280, 282
Pelidna pectoralis 394
pentlandii, Tinamotis 427
peposaca, Metopiana 334
perdicaria, Nothoprocta 424
perdicarius, Rhynchotus 426
perdix, Rhynchotus 425
peregrinus, Falco 282
perlata, Tyto 262
perspicillata, Lichenops 134
peruviana, Cerchneis 285
Patagona 232
peruvianus, Anthus 44
Micropus 244
Oxyechus 378
peruviensis, Volatinia 52
Zpnotrichia 76
Pezites bellicosa 105
militaris 103
pezopora, Aquila 286
phaenicura, Henicornis 187
Phaethon aethereus 295
Phalacrocorax atriceps 301
bougainvillii 299
brasiliensis 297
cirrhatus 301
eumegethes 300
gaimardi 296
imperialis 301
magellanicus 300
olivaceus 297
ventralis 299
vigua 297
Phalaropus frenatus 386
fulicarius 385
platyrhynchus 385
wilsonii 386
Phalcoboenus megalopterus 288
montanus 288
Phasianus colchicus 424
Phegornis mitchellii 392
Pheucticus chrysogaster 50
Philomachus cayanus 367
chilensis 368
Phleocryptes melanops 194
schoenobaenus 195
phoebe, Metallura 237
Phoenicpparrus andinus 312
jamesi 312
Phoenicopterus andinus 313
chilensis 311
ignipalliatus 311
Phrygilus alaudinus 62
atriceps 58
eoracinus 65
dorsalis 70
erythronotus 67
f ruticeti 64
gayi 56
gayi 53
patagonicus 53
plebejus 64
unicolor 60
Phytotoma angustirostris 150
bloxamii 148
molina 149
raimondii 150
rara 148
silens 148
picta, Chloephaga 319
pictus, Buteo 274
picui, Columbina 347
Picus aurpcapillus 252
chilensis 248
jubatus 250
kaupii 251
kingii 251
melanocephalus 251
pilaris, Quiscalus 102
pileata, Zonotrichia 76, 78
pileatus, Nisus 279
pillus, Ciconia 308
Pipilo cinerea 72
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
469
pipixcan, Larus 410
Pisobia bairdii 393
fuscicollis 393
melanotos 394
pitanay, Haematopus 382
Pitangus chilensis 105
pitiguus, Colaptes 248
pitius, Colaptes 248
plancus, Polyborus 290
platalea, Spatula 333
platyrhynchus, Phalaropus 385
Platyurus niger 224
plebejus, Phrygilus 64
Plegadis guarauna 308
plumbea, Chlorospiza 60
Hydrochelidon 408
plumulosus, Regulus 140
Pluvialis dominicus 369
Podiceps americanus 419
bicornis 416
caMparaeus 418
calipareus 417
kalipareus 417
leucopterus - . 416
rollandii 419
podiceps, Podilymbus 420
Podilymbus antarcticus 420
brevirostris 420
carolinensis 420
podiceps 420
poecilochrous, Buteo 274
poecilogaster, Buteo 273
poliocephala, Chloephaga 318
poliopterus, Circus 271
poliosoma, Buteo 273
Polyborus braziliensis 290
chimango 287
plancus 290
vulgaris 290
polyosoma, Buteo 273
polysticta, Asthenes 209
Porphyriops crassirostris 359
Procellaria collaris 415
Progne elegans 45
furcata 45
Pseudochloris aureiventris 92
Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris 137
Pseudoleistes guirahuro 102
Psilopsiagon orbignesius 260
rubrirostris 262
Psilorhinus chilensis 105
Psittacara cheroyeus 257
Psittacaria rectirostris 257
Psittacus cyanolyseos 255
Pterocnemia tarapacensis 428
Pteroptochos albifrons 222
castaneus 215
megapodius 216
nemorivaga 218
tarnii 214
Ptiloscelys resplendens 369
pulacayensis, Zonotrichia 76
pumicola, Synallaxis 207
puna, Querquedula 330
punctulata, Nothura 425
punensis, Geositta 154
pusillus, Ereunetes 396
Pygarrhicus albo-gularis 212
Pygochelidon patagonica 45
Pyrocephalus obscurus 136
pyrogaster, Dafila 324
Pyrope Kittlitzi 113
pyrope, Xolmis 113
pyrrhocephalus, Charadrius 371
pyrrhogastra, Anas 324
Pyrrhula alaudina 52
pyrrhurus, Conurus 259
Querquedula angustirostris 327
caerulata 331
caeruleata 332
creccoides 326
cyanoptera 331
cyanoptera 332
maculirostris 330
orinomus 332
puna 330
yersicolor 330
Quiscalus pilaris 102
raimondii, Phytotoma 150
Rallus antarcticus 351
landbecki 351
luridus 355
rhytorhynchus 356
rytirhynchus 357
sanguinolentus 354
uliginosus 351
zelebori 355
rara, Phytotoma 148
rectirostris, Psittacaria 257
Recuryirostra andina 384
reguloides, Spizitprnis 142
Regulus byronensis 138
plumulosus 140
resplendens, Ptiloscelys 369
Rhaphipterus chilensis 340
Rhodopis atacamensis 239
tertius 240
vesper 237
vesper 239
Rhynchaspis maculatus 333
Rhynchotus perdicarius 426
perdix 425
rhytorhynchus, Rallus 356
risora, Yetapa 134
rollandi, Podicipes 419
rosaceus, Thriothorus 34
rosea, Ajaja 310
rubecula, Scelorchilus 218
rubricapilla, Muscisaxicola 118
rubrigastra, Tachuris 138
rubrirostris, Paecilonitta 328
Psilopsiagon 262
470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
ruficauda, Upucerthia 170
ruficeps, Megalonyx 214
ruficollis, Oreopholus 378
rufidorsis, Anthus 131
rufifrons, Fulica 364
rufipennis, Geositta 159
rufipes, Strix 270
rufi vertex, Muscisaxicola 115
rufa, Lessonia 130
rufogularis, Megalonyx 218
Synallaxis 202, 210
rufus, Megalonyx 217
rumicivorus, Thinocorus 398
rupestris, Opetiorhynchos 175
rupicola, Colaptes 249
rustica, Hirundo 47
Rynchops intermedia 403
melanura. 403
rytirhynchus, Rallus 357
salinasi, Creciscus 358
Saltator albociliaris 96
sanborni, Muscisaxicola 115
Nothoprocta 426
Zonotrichia 79
sanguinolentus, Aramides 356
Rallus 354
sapfeo, Sappho 242
Sappho sapho 242
Sarcoramphus condor 293
Sarcorhamphus magellanicus 293
saturatior, Upucerthia 164
Scelorchilus albicollis 219
atacamae 220
rubecula 218
schinzii, Tringa 393
schoenobaenus, Phleocryptes 195
Scolopax chilensis 387
paraguaiae 388
spectabilis 387
scoresbii, Leucophaeus 413
Scytalopus fuscus 224
fuscus 222
magellanicus 221
segethi, Fregetta 415
semi-collaris, Nycticryphes 391
semipalmatus, Charadrius 377
sephaniodes, Sephanoides 233
Sephanoides sephaniodes 233
Serpophaga cinerea 143
serranus, Larus 411
sibilatrix, Mareca 325
Sicalis auriventris 91
chloris 92
luteiventris 87
uropygialis 90
silens, Phytotoma 148
Silvia dorsalis 131
Siptornis humicola 205, 209
modesta 205
smaragdineus, Conurus 259
solitarius, Urubitornis 278
sordida, Asthenes 202
sordidus, Anthus 131
souleyeliana, Zenaida 347
sparverius, Tinnunculus 284
Spatula platalea 333
spectabilis, Scolopax 387
specularis, Anas 322
speculifera, Diuca 75
Speotyto cunicularia 264
Spheniscus flaripes 423
humboldti 422
magellanicus 421
meyeni , 422
modestus 421
trifasciatus 421
spinicauda, Aphrastura 191
Paecilonitta 328
Spinus atratus 84
barbatus 83
crassirostris 81
magnirostris 81
uropygialis 86
urubambensis 82
Spiziapteryx circumcinctus 285
Spizitornis arequipae 142
flavirostris 142
parulus 140
reguloides 142
Sporophila telasco 52
Squatarola cincta 370
cynosurae 369
urvillii 370
stanleyi, Carduelis 83
Steganopus tricolor 386
stellata Megaceryle 253
stenoptila, Synallaxis 196
Stephanoides galeritus 234
Stercorarius crepidatus 413
parasiticus 413
Sterna antarctica 405
arctica 406
atrofasciata 405
cassinii 405
comata 406
elegans 406
frobeenii 404
hirundinacea 405
hirundo 405
lorata 407
luctuosa 407
macrura 406
paradisaea 406
trudeaui 404
stissitura, Synallaxis 211
strepitans, Columbula 348
Strepsilas borealis 380
interpres 380
striata, Dendroica 44
Enicornis 171
Leptasthenura 200
striaticeps, Synallaxis 212
1932
BIRDS OF CHILE — HELLMAYR
471
stricklandi, Fulica 366
stricklandii, Capella 387
Strix coquimbana 264
rufipes 270
Sturnus aterrimus 102
loyca 103
Suiriri coronata 136
Sula fusca 295
sulcirostris, Crotophaga 253
Sula variegata 295
superciliaris, Leptasthenura . . . 201
surinamensis, Chlidonias 408
swainsoni, Thinocorus 399
Sylvia bloxami 140
obscura 222
Sylviorthorhynchus desmurii 189
fasciolatus 191
maluroides 190
Synallaxis cinerea 207
dorsomaculata 194
montana 194
pumicola 207
rufogularis 202, 210
stenoptila 196
stissitura 211
striaticeps 212
thelotii 196
tupinieri 191
Systellura atripunctata 247
bif asciata 245
Tachuris rubrigastra 138
Tachyeres brachypterus 335
cinereus 336
patachonicus 336
talpacoti, Chamaepelia 348
tamucoensis, TJpucerthia 164
tarapacensis, Pterocnemia 428
tarnii, Pteroptochos 214
tayazu-guira, Nycticorax 306
tecellatus, Troglodytes 38
telasco, Sporophila 52
temucoensis, Milvago 287
tertius, Rhodopis 240
thagus, Pelecanus 294
tharus, Falco 290
thelotii, Synallaxis 196
thenca, Mimus 32
Theristicus caudatus 309
melanopis 309
thilius, Agelaius 100
Thinochorus orbignyanus 400
Thinocorus cuneicauda 399
orbignianus 400
orbignyianus 400
rumicivorus 398
swainsoni 399
Thraupis darwinii 97
Thriothorus rosaceus 34
Thryothorus eidouxi 39
thula, Egretta 303
Tinamotis pentlandii 427
Tinnunculus sparverius 284
Tinochorus eschscholtzii 399
torquata, Ceryle 253
totanirostris, Oreopholus 378
Totanus chilensis 395
flavipes 396
melanoleucus 395
townsendii, Aphriza 380
tricolor, Buteo 273
Steganopus 386
trifasciata, Hiaticula 371
trifasciatus, Spheniscus 421
Tringa bonapartii 393
maculata „ 394
pectpralis 393
schinzii 393
tristis, Ornismya 230
triurus, Mimus 33
Trochilus cupricauda 237
forficatus 242
gayi 242
Troglodytes acosmus 34
atacamensis 37
chilensis ' 34
furvus 34
guarixa 34
magellanicus 34
tecellatus 38
trudeaui, Sterna 404
tuidara, Tyto 262
tupinieri, Synallaxis 191
turdoides, Anabates 213
Turdus anthracinus 31
chiguanco 29
falklandicus 27
fuscater 31
fuscoater 28
magellanicus 27
Tyrannulus vieilloti 138
Tyrannus gutturalis 105
Tyto perlata 262
tuidara 262
uliginosus, Rallus 351
Ulula fasciata 270
unicinctus, Parabuteo 277
unicolor, Phrygilus 60
Uppucerthia dumetoria 164
montana 170
Upucerthia albigula 168
bifasciata 184
hallinani 161
hypoleuca 162
nigro-fumosa 176
pallida 166
ruficauda 170
saturatior 164
tamucoensis 164
urophasianus, Dafila 328
uropygialis, Sicalis 90
Spinus 86
urubambensis, Spinus 82
472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIX
Urubitornis solitarius 278
urubu, Cathartes 293
urvillii, Squatarola 370
vafrum, Glaucidium 266
Vanellus cayennensis 367
chiliensis 368
grisescens 367
varia, Grallaria 150
variegata, Sula 295
variegatiis, Anthus 131
ventralis, Buteo 273
Phalacrocorax 299
Vermivora elegans 140
verreauxi, Larus 408
versicolor, Querquedula 330
vesper, Rhodopis 237
Rhodopis 239
vieilloti, Tyrannulus 138
vigilantis, Limnopardalus 355
vigua, Phalacrocorax 297
virgata, Aphriza 380
virginianus, Charadrlv& 369
virginicus, Charadrius 370
vittata, Erismatura 339
vociferus, Oxyechus 378
Volatinia peruviensis 52
vulgaris, Opetiorhynchos 182
Polybortis 290
Vultur gryphus 293
wilsonii, Phalaropus 386
xanthocarpus, Agelaius 100
xanthogramma, Chlorospiza 71
xanthomelaena, Chrysomitris 86
Xanthornus cayennensis 100
chilensis 100
chrysocarpus 100
Xema cirrocephalum 412
Xenospingus concolor 51
Xolmis pyrope 113
yarrellii, Myrtis 241
Yetapa risora 134
zelebori, Rallus 355
Zenaida auriculata 344
aurisquamata 346
aurita 344
innotata 345
maculata 344
souleyetiana 347
Zonibyx modestus 370
Zonotrichia australis 80
chilensis 77
peruviensis 76
pileata 76, 78
pulacayensis 76
sanborni . . 79
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