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THE BIRDS
OF THE
JAPANESE EMPIRE.
c4^
BY
HENRY SEEBOHM,
AUTHOK OF ' SIBERIA IN EUROPE,' ' SIBERIA IN ASIA,' ' A HISTORY OF
BRITISH BIRDS,' ' CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS IN THE BRITISH
museum' (vol, v.), 'the GEOGRAPrilCAL DISTRIBUTION
OF THE FAMILY CHARADRIIDJE,' 'CLASSIFICATION
OF BIRDS,' ETC., ETC,
WITH NUMEROUS WOODCUTS.
LONDON:
H. H. PORTER, 18 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE.
1890.
Al.EUK Y KI.A.MMAM. (^
I'KINTED HY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COUKT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
During the last ten years I have been making a collection of
Japanese Birds, and have accumulated a carefully selected series of
more than two thousand skins, out of the many thousands that have
passed through my hands. I am indebted to Captain Blakiston for
the most interesting of these specimens, some of which were in the
Swinhoe Collection, whilst others were sent to me from time to time
during the many years' residence of Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi.
I am also indebted to the late Mr. Harry Pryer for many skins of
birds from Southern Japan, and at his death, after many years' resi-
dence in Yokohama, when his collection came into my hands, I
began to prepare my notes on Japanese Birds for the press. I have
also to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Hey wood Jones for a
small collection of skins from Fuji-yaraa, and to Mr. Ringer, of
Nagasaki, for some very rare birds from Kiu-siu. I am much
indebted to the Curator of the Norwich Museum for arranging their
valuable collection of Japanese skins so that it could be examined
without difficulty ; and I have to thank Dr. Stejneger of Washington
for valuable information respecting the interesting collections made
in Southern Japan by Messrs. Jouy and Smith. I also take this
opportunity of thanking the Curators of the Museums of Leyden,
Bremen, Frankfort, Paris, Vienna, Philadelphia, and Washington
for showing me many interesting birds from the Japanese Empire.
a2
IV
PREFACE.
The interest attaching to Geographical Distribution is so great
that it is not necessary to apologize for the amount of space devoted
to the consideration of the breeding-range of each si)ccics, and of the
subspecies or local races of those that vary in different parts of their
range. The interest to be derived from the study of the Geogra-
phical Distribution of (jenera has been to a large extent destroyed
by the number of nuiniportaut subgenera which have been elevated
to generic rank. I have endeavoured to place these pseudogenera in
their proper position as much as possible, but much yet remains to
be done in this direction. It is, of course, impossible to study the
Geographical Distribution of the higher groups until tluir respective
limits have been determined. Of these the subdivisions of the Pas-
seres present the greatest difficulty, and with some slight modifica-
tions I have adopted those defined by Mr. Gates (Fauna of British
India, Birds, i. p. 8), which seem to me to be a distinct advance
upon previous arrangements. In the higher groups I have followed
the scheme explained in detail in my ' Classification of Birds/ and
have included the diagnoses of the subclasses, orders, and suborders
which are not represented in Japan as well as those which are.
The absence of a group is often quite as interesting as the presence
of others, especially the absence of those whose range almost, but
not quite, reaches the district treated of. Further, by making the
list of suborders, orders, and subclasses complete, it has given me an
opportunity of correcting some inaccuracies in ray former work.
I have divided the subject of the Birds of Japan into three sections.
The first treats of the Literature relating to Jaj)ancse Birds. The
second section relates to their Geographical Distribution in the
Japanese Empire, and during the breeding-season outside its limits.
To this is appended a table of comparison of the number of species
in each suborder, and in the case of the Passeres in each subfamily,
which have been recorded from the British Islands with those which
have been found in the Jajiaiiesc J'^mpire. I have concluded this
section with some remarks on the important fact that there are many
PREFACE. V
cases in which West-European birds more closely resemble East-
Asiatic ones than the Siberian races -which intervene. The third
section, which embraces the larger part of the volume, is devoted to
the Classification and Identification of Japanese Birds. I have not
occupied the space devoted to each species with useless synonymy or
with long descriptions. Those references only are quoted which
contain some valuable information, and those details of the plumage
only are given which are necessary to distinguish the species from
other Japanese birds, or from nearly allied species or races.
I venture to think that the information respecting the Birds of
the Japanese Empire, much of it collected together for the first time,
Avill prove to be an interesting and important contribution towards
our knowledge of the Geographical Distribution of the Birds of
the Palsearctic Reorion.
CONTENTS.
Literature relating to Japanese Birds.
Page
Pallas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica 1
Temmlxck, Xouveau E-ecueil de Plauches Coloriees d'Oiseaux 2
KiTiLiTZ, Ueber die Vogel des Inselgruppe von Boninsima 2
XiTTLiTz, Kupfertafeln zur Xaturgeschichte der Yogel 2
Temminck, Manuel d'Ornithologie 2
Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica 3
Cassin, Descriptions of Xew Species of Birds 3
Cassix, Peport on the Birds collected by the Perry Expedition 4
Cassix, lleport on the Birds collected during the cruise of the ' Ports-
mouth ' 4
Cassin, Eeport on the Birds collected by the United States North Pacific
Surveying and Exploring Expedition 5
Blakistojt, On the Oi-nithology of Northern Japan 5
Blakiston, Corrections and Additions to the preceding paper 5
SwixHOE, List of the Birds of Japan 6
SwiNHOE, Notes on the Birds collected in Japan during the cruise of the
' Portsmouth ' 6
WniTELT, Notes on Birds collected near Hakodadi 6
Shaepe, Notes on Birds collected by Mr. K. H. Bergman in Japan .... 7
SwiNHOE, On the White Stork of Japan , 7
SwiNHOE, On the Bosy Ibis of Japan 7
SwiNHOE, Notes on Birds collected near Hakodadi 7
SwiNHOE, Further Notes on birds from Hakodadi 7
SwiNHOE, Further Notes on birds from Hakodadi 8
SwiNHOE, Further Notes on Birds from Hakodadi 8
Blakiston and Pkyek, Catalogue of the Birds of Japan 9
Seebohm, On a Wagtail from Japan 10
viii CONTENTS.
Page
Seebohm, Remarks on Mossrs. Blakiston and Fryer's ' Catalogue of tlio
Birds of Japan ' 1 1
Seebohm, Further Contributions to the Ornithology of Japan 11
Bl.vkiston and Pkyi'.r. Birds of Japan 11
Br.AKisTON, Notes on the Birds of Yezzo 12
Seehohm, On the Pied Wagtails of Japan 12
Skkiioum, On a new Species of Owl from Yezzo 12
Blakiston, On the ]iird3 collected by Messrs. Jouy and Smith in Central
Japan 12
Jocv, On the Birds of Central Japan 13
Blakiston, Notes on the Birds of Yezzo 13
Blakiston, Notes on the Birds of the Kurile Islands 13
SEEBonM, Further Contributions to the Ornithology of Japan 13
JiLAKisTON, Amended List of the Birds of Japan 13
Hakgitt, On a new Japanese Woodpecker 14
Seeuoum, Further Contributions to the Ornithology of Japan 14
SEEBonii, On the Cormorants of Japan 14
Skehoiim, Further Contributions to the Ornithology of Japan 14
SxEJNEGER, On the Woodpeckers of Japan 14
Stejneger, On the Tits and Nuthatches of Japan 14
SiEJXEGEU, On tho Rails, Gallinules, and Coots of Japan 15
Stejnkoek, On the Birds of the Central Group of the Loo-Choo Islands . 15
Blakiston, The Water-Birds of Japan 15
Seeboum, On tho Bullfinches of Japan 15
Seehoum, On tho Birds of the Central Croup of the Loo-Choo Islands . . 15
Stejneger, On the Thrushes of Japan 10
Stwneoer, On tho Bullfinches of Japan 1 G
Stejneger, On the Birds of the Loo-Choo Islands U)
Stejneger, On the Ibises, Storks, and Herons of Japan 1(5
Stejneger, On the Currion-Crow of Japan IG
Stwneoer, On the Birds of the Southern Group of the Loo-Choo Islands. 17
Stejneger, On tho Pigeons of Japan 17
Stwneger, On tho Birds of the Seven Islands 17
Stejneger, On a new Species of Fruit-Pigeon from the Central (iroup of
the Loo-Choo Islands 17
Stejneger, On the Creepers of Japan 17
JocY, On Cormorant Fishing in Japan 18
Seehohm, On the Birds of the Central (iroup of the L<io-Choo Islands . . 18
Stwneger, On the Nutcracker of Japan 18
Stw.neger, On the Wrens of J;ij)an . 18
SoLLER, On Japanese Birds IS
Skeuoii:^, On the Birds of the Bonin Islands IS
CONTENTS. ix
Geographical Dstribution of Japanese Birds.
Page
List of Species, showing tlicir Distribution within the Japanese Empire,
and (during the breeding-season) outside its limits 20
Summary of the various ranges (during the breeding-season) of Japanese
Birds 30
Distribution of Birds pecuHar to the Japanese Empire 32
Summary of the Distribution of Birds within the Japanese Empire .... 34
Comparative table of British and Japanese Birds 37
Climatic Variations of Paltearctic Birds 38
Classification and Identification of Japanese Birds.
Subclass PASSERIFORMES.
Order PICO-PASSERES.
Suborder I. PASSERES.
Family PASSERID^.
Subfamily Tukdin^.
1. GeoclcJiJa varia. White's Ground-Thrush 43
2. sibirica. Siberian Ground-Thrush 44
3. terrestris. Kittlitz's Ground-Thrush 44
4. Metula cardis. Grey Japanese Ouzel 45
5. fuscata. Dusky Ouzel 46
6. naumanni. Eed-tailed Ouzel 47
7. pallida. Pale Ouzel 47
8. clirysolaus. Brown Japanese Ouzel 48
9. obscura. Dusky Ouzel 49
10. cel(Knops. Seven-Island Ouzel 50
1 1. Erithacus aJcahi(je. Japanese Bobin 50
12. namiijei. Stejneger's Bobin 51
13. komadori. Temminck's Robin 52
14. calliope. Siberian lluby-throated Bobin 52
15. cyaneus. Siberian Blue Bobin 53
IG. Monticola cyanxis solitaria. Eastern Blue Ilock-Thrush 53
17. Cinclus pallasi. Sibcriaji Black-bellied Dipper 54
\ CONTENTS.
Page
18. Acantor olpinus eri/throjit/(fliis. Japanese Alpine Accentor 50
19. rubidtis. Japanese Iledj^e-Sparrow 5(5
20. I'ratincola maura. Siberian Sionccliat 57
21. lluticiUa aurorea. Daurian Redstart 57
22. Tarsujer cyanurus. Siberian Blue -tail 58
23. Niltava cyanomelcvna. Japanese l31uo Flycatcher 51>
24. Sijihia luteohi. Mugiraaki Fljcatcher 60
25. Xantho2>yijia narcissina. Narcissus Flycatcher 61
26. Mxisckapa sibirlca. Siberian Flycatcher 62
27. lalirostris. Brown Flycatcher 62
28. Terps'qihoae princeps. Japanese Paradise Flycatcher 63
Subfamily CKAXEROPODiNyE.
29. Ilypslpetes amaurotis. Brown-eared Bulbul 6-1
30. sqiiamiceps. Boniu-Island Bulbul . 05
pryeri. Loo-Choo Bulbul 06
31. IlapnJoptcron famiUare. Bonin White-eyed Warbler 66
32. Zosteropa ptdpiebrosa nicobarica. Loo-Choo White-eye 07
33. japoiiica. Japanese White-eye 08
Subfamily Stlvii.\,'e;
34. Phylloscopus coronatus. Temminck's Crowned Willow- Warbler . . 08
35. borealis. Arctic Willow-Warbler 09
36. xunthodryas. Swinhoc's Willow-Warbler 70
37. tenellipes. Pale-legged W^illow- Warbler 70
38. AcrocepJudus orienUdis. Chinese Great Reed-Warbler 71
39. bistrijlceps. Schrenck's Reed-Warbler 71
40. Locicsiclla fasciolata. Gray's Grasshopper-Warbler 72
41. ochotensis. MiddendorfTs Grasshopper-Warbler 73
42. hiiiceolata. Temmijick's Grasshopper-Warbler 73
43. Cettia squamiceps. Swinhoe's Bush-Warbler 74
44. cantans. Large Japanese Bush-Warl)ler 74
45. ranfdhins. Small Japanese Bush- Warbler 70
46. diphone. Bonin Bush-Warblcr 77
47. Cisiicola ci)tticola brunncictps. Fan-tailed Warbler 77
48. Lugciniola pryeri. Pryer'a Grass- Warbler 79
Subfamily Paiun.k.
I!', liifjulus criftalus orioitidis. Eastern (ioldcrest SO
5(>. I'urus pidustrts jitpon'uu$. Japanese Marsh-Tit M
CONTENTS. XI
Page
51. Parus cUer pekinensis. Eastern Cole Tit 82
52. atrkeps minor. Manchurian Great Tit 83
53. variiis. Japanese Tit 85
castaneiventris. Formosau Tit 8G
54. Acredida caudata. Continental Long-tailed Tit 87
55. trivirrjata. Japanese Long-tailed Tit 87
56. j^Egithalus consohrhms. Swinhoe's Penduline Tit 88
57. Troglodi/tes fumir/atiis. Japanese Wren 89
hurilensis. Kurile-Island Wren 90
58. CertJua familiaris. Common Creeper 91
59. Sitta co'sia amurensis. Daurian Nuthatch 92
uralensis. Siberian Nuthatch 93
albifrons. Kamtschatkan Nuthatch 93
Subfamily Corvine.
60. Corvus corax. Raven 94
61. macrorhynchus japonensis. Japanese Oriental Raven 94
levaillanti. Small Oriental Raven 95
62. corone. Carrion-Crow 96
63. dauricus. Pallas's Jackdaw 97
64. neglectus. Swinhoe's Jackdaw 97
65. pastinator. Eastern Rook 98
66. Nucifraga caryocatactes. Nutcracker 99
67. Cyanopolius cyanus. Eastern Blue Magpie 99
68. Garndus hrandti. Brandt's Jay 100
69. japonicus. Japanese Jay 101
70. sinensis. Chinese Jay 101
71. Pica caudata. Magpie 102
caudata kamtschatkensis. Kamtschatkan Magpie 103
Subfamily Laniin^
72. Lanius major. Pallas's Grey Shrike 103
73. magnirostris. Thick-billed Shrike 104
74. superciliosus. Japanese Red-tailed Shrike 104
75. lucionensis. Chinese Red-tailed Shrike .... 105
76. hucephalus. BuU-headed Shrike 106
77. Pericrocotus cinereus. Siberian Minivet 106
78. tegimce. Loo-Choo Minivet 107
XII CONTENTS.
Subfamily Sxckxin^.
79. Sturnus cineraceus. Grey Starling 107
80. Stumia jtyrrhogenys. Itcd-chccked Starling 108
81. Ampelis rjnrridus. Bohemian Waxwing 110
82. japonicus. Japanese Waxwiug 110
Subfamily Motacillin^.
83. Motacilla htgens. Kamtschatkan "Wagtail Ill
84. japonica. Japanese Wagtail 112
8.5. boarula melanope. Eastern Grey Wagtail 11-i
86. fljva. Blue-headed Wagtail lU
87. Anthus maculatus. Eastern Tree-Pipit 115
88. spinoletta japonicus. Japanese Alpine Pipit 116
89. cervinus. lled-throated Pipit 117
Subfamily Alaudin^.
90. AJauda arvensis pekiaensis. Large Japanese Sky-Lark 118
arvensis japonica. Small Japanese Sky-Lark 118
91. alpestris. Shore-Lark 119
Subfamily FBiNGiLLiNji.
92. Coccothraustes vuhjaris. Common Hawfinch 120
93. j^ersonatas. Japanese Hawfinch 121
94. Lo.via curvirostra. Common Crossbill 121
95. Cliaunoprochis ferreirostris. Benin Grosbeak 122
96. Pinicola enucleator. Pine-Grosbeak 122
97. Carpodacus roseus. Kose-Finch 123
98. enjtlirinus. Scarlet Pose-Finch 1^3
99. sanguinolentus. Japanese Hose-Finch 124
100. Fringilla spinus. Siskin 125
101. linaiia. Mealy llcdpole 125
102. montifrinfjilla. Brambling 126
103. siuica. Chinese Greenfinch 127
104. hurarahiba. Japanese Greenfinch 127
105. littUtzi. Bonin-Island Greenfinch 128
lOf). MuntifnuijiUa brunnciiuwha. Japanese Snow-Finch 128
107. Pijri'huhi (jriseivintris. Oriental Bulfinch 129
griseiventiis luritensis. Kurile-Island Bulfinch 129
108. I'asser montanus. Tree-Sparrow 130
109. rulihiHS. Kusset Sparrow 13]
CONTENTS. Xin
Page
110. Eniheriza ciopsis. Bonaparte's Japanese Bunting 131
111. yessoensis. Swinhoe's Japanese Bunting 132
112. scliceniclus pahtstns. Eastern Rccd-Bunting 133
113. rustica. Kustic Bunting 134
114. fucata. Grey-headed Bunting 134
115. sulphurata. Siebold's Bunting 135
116. personata. Temminck's Japanese Bunting 136
117. spodocephala. Black-faced Bunting 137
118. eler/ans. Temminck's Yellow-browed Bunting 137
119. rutila. Ruddy Bunting 138
120. aureola. Yellow-breasted Bunting 138
121. variabilis. Grey Bunting 139
122. nivalis. Snow-Bunting 140
123. lap'ponica. Lapland Bunting 140
Subfamily HiRrNDiNiNiE.
124. Ilirando rustica f/utturalis. Eastern Chimnej'-Swallow 141
125. javanica namiyei. Loo-Chou Bungalow-Swallow 142
126. alpestris nipalensis. Nepalese Mosque-Swallow. . ; 142
127. Chelidon dasypus. Black-chinned Martin 144
128. Cotyle riparia. Sand-Martin 144
Suborder II. EURYL.EMI.
Suborder III. TROCHILI.
Suborder IV. SCANSORES.
129. Gecinus aiuohera. Japanese Green Woodpecker 147
130. canus. Grey-headed Green Woodpecker 148
131. Picus martins. Great Black Woodpecker 149
132. richardsi. Tristram's Woodpecker 149
133. noguchii. Bryer's Woodpecker 151
134. leuconotus. White-backed Woodpecker 152
suhcirris. Japanese White-backed Woodpecker .... 152
135. namiyei. Stejneger's Woodpecker 153
136. major japonicus. Japanese Great Spotted Woodpecker .... 153
137. minor. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker 155
138. lynyipicus hisuM. Temminck's Pigmy Woodpecker 156
seeboJimi. Hargitt's Pigmy Woodpecker 156
niyrescens. Loo-Choo Pigmy Woodpecker 156
139. Iyn.v torrpiiUa. Wryneck 157
XIV CONTENTS.
Suborder V. UPUIKK
Page
1 ^'». Upiipn ejiojis. TIoopoo 159
Order TROGONKS.
Subonler VI. TJiOGOXES.
Order COLUMB.E.
Suborder VII. COLUMBJE.
141. Golumha livia. Blue Rock-Pigeon IGO
142. TuHiir orient alis. Eastern Turtle-Do vc IGO
143. risorius. Common Indian Dove 1G2
144. humilis. Chinese lied Dove 1G2
145. Treron sieholdi. Japanese Green Pigeon ] G3
14G. perma(/na. Loo-Choo Green Pigeon 164
147. Carpophaja ianihina. Japanese Fruit-Pigeon 165
148. versicolor. Bonin Fruit -Pigeon IGG
149. jo^iyi. Loo-Choo Fruit- Pigeon 1G7
Order COCCYGES.
Suborder VIII. MUSOPUAGI.
Suborder IX. CUCULI.
150. Cucnlus ennoms. Common Cuckoo 169
151. intcrmcdius. Himalayan Cuckoo 1G9
152. j)olioccphalus. Little Cuckoo 171
153. Ilicroco(xyx hyperi/thrus. Amoor Cuckoo 171
Subelass CORACIIFORMES.
Order PICARI/E.
Suborder X. HALCYONES.
154. Ilah-yon coromanda. lluddy Kingfisher 173
155. Crryh i/itt(a(a. Oriental Spotted Kingfisher 174
150. Alcedo is^tiila henr/fdensln. Eastern Common Kingfisher 175
CONTENTS. XV
Suborder XI. CORACLE.
Page
157. CypseJus pacifnis. White-rumped Swift 177
108. Chcetum candacuta. Needle-tailed Swift 178
159. Caprbnithjas joUfl'ci. Japanese Goatsucker 178
1()0. Eio-ifntomiis onentalis. Broad-billed Roller 179
Suborder XII. BUGEROTES.
Order MIMOGYPES.
Suborder XIII. MIMOGYPES.
Subclass FALCONIFORMES.
Order PSITTACI.
Suborder XIV. PS ITT ACT.
Order RAPTORES.
Suborder XV. STlilGES.
161. Buho maximus. Eagle-Owl 183
162. hlaUstoni. Blakiston's Eagle-Owl 184
163. Surnia nyctea. Snowy Owl 185
16-4. StrLv uralensis. Ural Owl 185
fuscescens. Kiu-siu Ural Owl 185
165. otus. Long-eared Owl 186
166. brachyotus. Short-eared Owl 187
167. Ninox scutulata. Brown Owlet 187
168. Scopis semitorques. Feathered-toed Scops Owl 188
169. elegans. Cassin's Scops Owl 188
170. scops. Scops Owl ~ 189
171. pryeri. Fryer's Scops Owl 190
Suborder XVI. ACCIPITRES.
172. Falco fjyrfalco. Jer-Falcon 192
173. lurecjrinus. Peregrine Falcon 192
CONTKNTS.
Page
174. Falco mhhuteo. Hobby \S)'6
175. asalon. Merlin 193
176. tinnunculus Ja2)0)iints. Japanese Kestrel 194
177. Vandion halinetus. Osprey 195
17S. Butaster indicus. Javan Huzzard 196
179. J'ernis opn-orMS. Honey-Biizzard 197
180. Milvus aier melanotis. Siberian Black Kite 197
181. IlaUaetus albicUla. White-tailed Eagle 198
182. pchtfjiciis. Steller's Sea-Eagle 199
183. Aquila chnjsaetus. Golden Eagle 199
184. lagopus. Rough-legged Buzzard-Eagle 200
185. Sjtizaeius nijHihnsis. Indian Crested Eagle 200
180. Buteo hemilasius. Siberian Buzzard 201
187. vulgaris plumipes. Eastern Buzzard 201
188. Circus njaneus. Hcn-Harrier 202
189. ceruginosns. Marsh-Harrier 203
spUonotus. Eastern Marsh-Harrier 203
190. Accipiter palumbarius. Goshawk 204
191. nisus. Common Sparrow-Hawk 204
192. (/ularis. Chinese Sparrow-Hawk 205
Suborder XVII. SERPENTARII.
Subclass ANSERIFORMES.
Order PELECANO-HERODIONES.
Suborder XVIII. STEOANOPODES.
VX\. Phdlacrocorax carho. Common Cormorant : 208
194. aipiUaius. Tcmrainck's Cormorant 209
19.5. pela/flcus. Resplendent Shag 210
19(5. hicristatus. Bare-faced Shag 211
197. Sula leucof/astra. Booby Gannet 212
198. piscatri.v. Red-footed Booby 213
199. Phaeton ruhricauda. Red-tailed Tropic-bird 213
200. Fregata minor. Ixjsscr Frigate-bird 214
CONTENTS. XVU
Suborder XIX. IIERODIONES.
Page
201. Ardea cinerea. Comraou Heron 215
202. aJha. Great ^Tiite Egret 216
alha modesta. Eastern Great White Egret 216
203. intermedia. Plumed Egret 217
204. (jarzetta. Little Egret 218
205. coromanda. Eastern Buff-backed Heron 219
206. jugularis. Eastern Reef-Heron 220
207. Kycticorax nycticorax. Night-Heron 222
208. crassirostris. Benin Night-Heron 222
209. goisagi. Japanese Xight-Heron 223
210. javanicus stagnatilis. Australian Mangrove-Heron 224
211. pmsinosceles. Chinese Squacco-Heron 225
212. Botaurus steUaris. Bittern 226
213. sinensis. Oriental Little Bittern 227
214. eurhythma. Schrenck's Little Bittern 227
215. Ciconia boyciana. Japanese Stork 228
Suborder XX. PLATALE^.
216. Platalea leucorodia. Common Spoonbill 229
217. minor. Swinhoe's Black-faced Spoonbill 231
218. Ibis nijjpon. Japanese Crested Ibis 232
219. melanocephcda. White Ibis , 232
Order LAMELLIROSTRES.
Suborder XXI. PH(ENICOPTERI.
Suborder XXII. ANSERES.
220. Cygnus musicus. Hooper Swan 234
221. beiuichi. Bewick's Swan 235
222. Anser cygnoides. Chinese Goose 235
223. segetum serrirostris. Eastern Bean-Goose 236
224. alhifrons. White-fronted Goose 237
225. minutus. Lesser AVhite-fronted Goose 238
226. hyperboreus. Snow-Goose 238
nivalis. Greater Snow-Goose 238
227. Tiutchinsi. Hutcbins' Bernacle Goose 239
228. nigricans. Pacific Brent Goose 240
229. Dendrocygna javanica. Indian Whistling Teal 240
b
Xviii CONTENTS.
Page
230. Tadorna conuita. Common Sheldrake 241
231. nttila. Ruddy Sheldrake 241
232. A)uis strqnra. Gadwall 242
233. chjpeata. Shoveller 242
234. hoschas. Mallard 243
235. zonorliyncha. Dusky Mallard 243
236. crecca. Common Teal 244
237. formosa. Spectacled Teal 244
238. falcata. Falcated Teal 245
23'J. circia. Garganey 246
240. acuta. Pintail 246
241. imielope. "NVigeon 247
242. ijalericulaia. Mandarin Duck 248
243. Fuligula americana. American Hack Scoter 248
244. fusca stejnegeri. Asiatic Velvet Scoter 251
245. glucialis. Long-tailed Duck 252
246. clangula. Golden-eye 253
247. hlstrionica. Harlequin Duck 253
248. haeri. Siberian White-eyed Duck 254
249. fcrina. Tochard 254
250. cristuia. Tufted Duck 255
251. marila. Scaup 256
252. Somateria xjtectahiUs. King Eider 256
253. stelhri. Steller's Eider 257
254. Mcrgus 'merganser. Goosander 257
255. serrator. lled-breasted Merganser 258
256. albcUux. Smew 258
Suborder XXIII. PALAMEDE^.
Subclass GALLIFORMES.
Order TUBINARES.
Suborder XXIV. TUBINARES.
257. Diomalea aVtairus. Steller's Albatross 261
258. nigripcs. Audubon's Albatross 263
25!>. Puffitim Ititromelns. Siclxild's Shearwater 264
260. canuijics. Piiik-foot^'d Sliearwater 265
261. griseua. Sooty Shearwater 266
262. tnivirostris. Slender-liilled Shearwater 267
I
CONTENTS. XIX
Page
263. Fidmai'us gladalis. Fulmar 268
264. (Estrelata hypoleuca. Bonin-Island Shearwater 269
265. Procellaria leaclii. Leach's Fork-tailed Petrel 270
266. melania. Black Petrel 270
267. fiircata. Grey Fork-tailed Petrel 271
Order IMPENNES.
Suborder XXV. IMPENNES.
Order GALLO-GRALL.E.
Suborder XXVI. GAVI^.
268. Alca troile arrci. Pallas's Guillemot 273
269. carbo. Sooty Guillemot 274
270. columha. Pigeon-Guillemot 2/5
271. antiqua, Bering's Guillemot 276
272. ivumizusume. Temminck's Guillemot 277
273. marmorata. Marbled Guillemot 278
274. brevirostris. Kittlitz's Guillemot 279
275. Fratercula corniculata. Horn-eyed Puffin 280
276. cirrhata. Tufted Puffin 281
277. monocerata. Horn-billed Puffin 283
278. psittamla. Parrot-billed Puffin 284
279. cristatella. Crested Puffin 285
280. pygmcea. Whiskered Puffin 286
281. jpusilla. Least Puffin 287
282. Stercorarius richardsoni. Eichardson's Skua 288
283. biifoni. Buffon's Skua 289
284. pomarinus. Pomarine Skua 289
285. Larus glauais. Glaucous Gull 290
286. glaucescens. Glaucous-winged Gull 290
287. marinus scTiistisagics. Eastern Great Black-backed Gull 291
288. cachinnans. Pallas's Herring-Gull 291
289. leucopterus. Iceland Gull 292
290. crassirostris. Temminck's Gull 293
291. canus. Common Gull 293
292. tridactylus. Kittiwake 294
293. ridibundiis. Black-headed Gull 295
294. Sterna dougalli. Eoseate Tern 295
XX CONTENTS.
Page
295. Sterna longipennis. Daurian Tern 296
296. melanauchen. Black-napcd Tern 297
297. sinensis. Oriental Lesser Tern 298
298. aleutica. Aleutian Tern 299
299. bergii. RuppelFs Tern 299
300. stolida. Noddy Tern 300
301. ancestheta. Bridled Tern 301
302. fidiginosa. Sooty Tern 302
Suborder XXVIl. LIMICOLJE.
303. Charadrius fulvus. Asiatic Golden Plover 303
304. helvcticus. Grey Plover 304
305. morinellus. Common Dotterel 305
306. minor. Little Hinged Plover 306
307. placidus. Hodgson's Ringed Plover • 307
308. mongolinis. Mongolian Sand-Plover 308
309. cantianus. Kentish Plover 309
310. geoffroyi. Geoffrey's Sand-Plover 310
311. Lobivanellus cinereus. Grey-headed Wattled Lapwing 311
312. Vanelhis cristatus. Common Lapwing 312
313. Hcematopus osculans. Japanese Oystercatcher 313
314. niger. North-American Black Oystercatcher 313
315. Nunienius arquatus lineatus. Eastern Curlew 314
316. cyanoptis. Australian Curlew 315
317. pTKBOpusvariegatus. Eastern Whimhrel 316
318. minutus. Least Whimbrel 317
319. Phalaropiis ftdicariiis. Grey Phalarope 318
320. hijperhoreus. Iled-necked Phalarope 318
321. Totanus fuscus. Dusky Redshank 319
322. calidris. Common Redshank 320
323. glottis. Greenshank 321
324. stagnatilis. Marsh-Sandpiper 322
325. incanus. Asiatic Wandering Tattler 323
hrevipes. American Wandering Tattler 323
326. glareola. Wood-Sandpiper 324
327. ochropv.8. Green Sandpiper 325
328. terelim. Terek Sandpiper 326
329. hgpoleiicus. Common Sandpiper 326
330. pugtiax. Ruff 327
331. Limosa riifa uropygialis. Eastern Bar-tailed Godwit 328
332. mekinura melanuroidcs. Eastern Black-tailed Godwit .... 329
1
CONTENTS. XXI
Page
333. Macrorhamphus grisms scolopaceus. Alaskan Snipe-billed Sandpiper 330
334. Strepsilas interpres. Turnstone 331
335. Tringa crassirostris. Japanese Knot 332
336. canutus. Knot 333
337. alpina padfica. Pacific Dunlin 334
338. maritima. Purple Sandpiper 335
339. arenaria. Sanderling 336
340. platyrhynclia. Broad-billed Sandpiper 337
341. minuta ruficolUs. Red-throated Stint 337
342. suhminuta. Middendorff's Stint 338
343. pygmcea. Spoon-billed Sandpiper 338
344. acuminata. Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper 339
345. Rliynchcea capensis. Painted Snipe 340
346. Scolopax australis. Latham's Snipe 342
347. solitaria japonica. Japanese Solitary Snipe 342
348. megala. Swinhoe's Snipe 343
349. gallinula. Jack Snipe 344
350. stenura. Pintail Snipe 345
351. gallinago. Common Snipe 346
352. rusticola. Woodcock 347
Suborder XXVIII. GRALL^.
353. Grus cinerea. Common Crane 348
354. leucogeramis. Siberian White Crane 349
355. japonensis. Sacred Crane 351
356. leucauchen. White-naped Crane 352
357. monachus. White-headed Crane 353
358. Turnix hlahistoni. Blakiston's Hemipode 354
Suborder XXIX. FULICARIM
359. Otis dyhoivskii. Eastern Great Bustard 355
360. Crex pusilla. Pallas's Crake 356
361. fusca erythroiliorax. Siberian Ruddy Crake 357
362. undulata. Swinhoe's Crake 358
363. sepiaria. Loo-Choo Crake 358
364. Rallus aqwiticus indicus. Eastern Water-Rail 359
365. Gallicrex cinereus. Water-Cock 360
366. Fulica atra. Common Coot 360
367. Gallinula chloropv^. Water-Hen 360
Xxii CONTENTS.
Suborder XXX. PYGOPODES.
Page
368. Cohjmhus adamsi. TN'hite-billed Diver 362
369. ardicus. Black-throated Diver 363
370. septentrionalis. Red-throated Diver 364
371. Podiceps ruhricoUis major. Eastern Eed-necked Grebe 364
372. nigricoUis. Black-necked Grebe 366
373. cormdus. Sclavonian Grebe 367
374. minor. Little Grebe 367
Suborder XXXI. GALLING.
375. Phasiamis torquatm. Chinese Eing-necked Pheasant 369
376. versicolor. Japanese Green Pheasant 370
377. scemmeringi. Copper Pheasant 370
378. scintillans. Hondo Copper Pheasant 371
379. Tetrao mutus. Common Ptarmigan 372
380. honasia. Hazel-Grouse 373
381. Coturnix conununis. Common Quail 373
japonica. Eastern Common Quail 373
Suborder XXXII. CEYPTDEI.
Subclass STRUTHIONIFORMES.
Order APTERYGES.
Suborder XXXIII. APTEBYOES.
Order RATITiE.
Suborder XXXIV. RHEM
Suborder XXXV. CASUARII.
Suborder XXXVI. STRUTIIIONES.
LIST OF WOODCUTS.
Page
Map of the Japanese Empire Frontispiece
Deep plantar tendons of Fatagona gvjas 145
■ of Picus martius 14<)
Picus ricJiardsl 150
nogucMi 151
Pterylosis of Upupa epops 158
Deep plantar tendons of Trogon 159
of Catharista atratus 172
Sternum of Upujxi epops, of Buceros albirostris, and of Merops apiaster . 176
Deep plantar tendons of Cathartes aura 180
Foot of Bubo maxinius 183
Deep plantar tendons of Pandion haliaetus 195
Foot of Seipentai-ius secretarius 206
Head of Phcdacrocorax carho 208
capillatus 209
p)elagicus 210
bicristatus 211
Pterylosis of neck of Ardea cinerea 214
Side of head and throat of Platcdea leucorodia 230
minor 231
Skull of Anas boscJias 234
Head of Fidigida americana 249
nigra 249
fusca stejnegen 250
velvetina 251
fusca 251
Diomedea albatrus 261
nigripes 263
Puffinus leucomelas 264
carneipes 265
griseus 266
tenuirostris 267
Fulnuirus glacialis 268
Procellaria leachi 270
furcata 271
Fratercula corniculata 281
cirrliata 282
monocerata 283
psittacula 284
cristatella 285
pygmcHa 287
pusilla 288
XXIV LIST OF WOODCUTS.
Page
Head of Sterna dougalli 296
loiuiipennis 296
melanauchen 297
sinensis 298
berr/ii 299
sto'Uda 300
ancrstheta 301
falifjinosa 302
Charadrius helveticus 304
Charadrius morinellus 305
Head of Charadrius minor 306
placidus 307
mongolicvs 308
Charadrius cantianus 309
Head of Charadrius geoffroyi 310
Vanelhts cristatus 312
Bill of llo'matopus niger 314
Numenius arquatus 315
jihceopus 316
Phalaropus fulicarius 318
hyperhoreus 319
Totanus fuscus 320
calidris 321
glottis 322
gJareola 324
ochropus 325
hypoleucvs 327
Limosa rufa 328
melanura 330
Macrorhamphus scolopaceus and griseus 331
Strepsilas interpres .' 332
Tringa canutus 333
alpina 334
maritima 335
arenaria 336
pygnioia 339
Kcctrices of Tringa acuminata 340
Scolop>ax gallinula 344
llectriccs of Scolopcuv stenura 345
Scolojia.v gaUinago 346
rusticola 347
Grus cinerea 349
leucogeranus 350
jaj)oninsis 351
h'ucanchcn 352
monachus 353
Femur and tibia of Colymhus glacialis 3G1
I'odiccps ruhricollis 362
Sternum of Crax canincida, Lojdiophorus impeyanus, and Megapodius
rubripes 368
Deep plantar tendons of GaUus domesticus 369
BIRDS
OF THE
JAPANESE EMPIRE.
LITERATURE RELATING TO JAPANESE
BIRDS.
In the following brief notices of the most important books and
papers in various periodicals which treat of the Birds of Japan, an
attempt has been made to trace the gradual growth of our knowledge
of the subject during the present century. They are arranged in the
order of the date of publication.
Pallas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica. Printed in 1809, but not pub-
lished until 1826.
This important work, the value of which can scarcely be over-
estimated, embodies the results of thirty years^ work upon the
Zoology of Siberia and the adjacent Islands. Very little informa-
tion regarding the birds of Japan is to be found in it, but the
occurrence of 50 species on the Kurile Islands is recorded. Most of
these are given on the authority of Steller, whose manuscripts were
B
2 BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
placed at the disposal of Pallas ; others were sent to him by his
friend Captain Billings, and a few by Dr. !Merk.
Temminck. Nouveau Recueil de Planches Coloriees d'Oiseaux.
1827-1836.
The discoveries of Dr. Siebold during his stay in Japan were of
so much importance that many of the birds sent by him to Leyden
were figured by Temminck in the * Planches Coloriees ' from time to
time. No fewer than 35 species were described and most of them
figured in this publication from 1827 to 1830.
KiTTLiTZ. Ueber die Vogel des Inselgruppe von Boninsiraa. —
Memoires presentes ;\ PAcademie Imperiale des Sciences de
St. Petersbourg par divers savans. 1830, pp. 231-248.
This short but imperfect, though important, paper is a record of
the birds obtained by Kittlitz during a fortnight's visit from the
1st to the 14th of May, 1828, to the three larger islands of the
Bonin group. Three new species of birds are described : —
Hopnlopteron familiare (placed by Kittlitz in the genus Zro*).
Cettia diphone (placed by Kittlitz in the genus Sylvia).
Geocichla terrestris (placed ])y Kittlitz in the genus Turdus).
Kittlitz. Kupfertafcln zur Naturgeschichte der Vogel. 1832.
In this little volume some of the birds found by F. H. von Kittlitz
on the Bonin Islands are figured : — Columba ianthina, Cuhimba ver-
sicolor, Fringilla papa (Chaunoprocta fcrrcirostris), Galf/ulus amaurotis
{Hypsi petes sqiuuniceps) , and Ardea caledonica {Nycticorux crassi-
rostris) .
Temmixck. Manuel d'Ornithologie. Second edition. Vol. iii., 1835;
Vol. iv., 1840.
In these two volumes, which form a Supplement to the first and
second volumes of Tcmminck's important work on European birds,
many references to Japan are added to the geographical distribution
of the various species which range across the Pahrarctic Pegion. It
might have been a very valuable addition to the knowledge of
Japanese Ornithology, but unfortunately he mentions so many birds
as occurring in Japan that have never been found there by any
recent collector that very little importance can be attached to these
statements. For example, he says of Strix flammea (Man. d'Orn.
LITER VTURE. 3
iii. p. 48), " I'esp^ce est exactement la meme au Japon -" of Sylvia
atricapilla (Man. d'Orn. iii. p, 132), '' Habite jusqu^au Japon, ou
elle est absolument la meme qu'en Europe ;" of Parus cceruleus
(Man. crOrn. iii. p. 210), " Se trouve aussi en Moree et au Japon -/^
of Perdiv rubra (Man, d^Orn. iv. p. 333), " On trouve cette espece
au Japon, sans qu^clle y ait eprouve la moindre difference dans les
formes ou la coloration du plumage j^^ of Pelecanus onocrotalus
(Man, d'Orn. iv. p. 560), *^Lcs sujets re9us du Japon ne different
point de ceux d'Europe,^' &c., &c.
It seems probable that Temminck must have been imposed upon
by some fraudulent dealer, or that by some unfortunate accident in
the management of the Leyden Museum a number of European
skins were mixed with the Japanese collections.
Temminck & Schleqel. Fauna Japonica. Aves. 1845-1850.
This book is the standard work upon the birds of Japan. It com-
prises all the species that were obtained by Dr. Siebold during his
residence in Southern Japan from 1823 to 1830, some of which had
already been described in the 'Planches Coloriees.* Unfortunately,
no information as to the exact locality where each species was obtained
is given, and scarcely a word is said as to the habits of any of the
birds. The number of species enumerated in the ' Fauna Japonica '
is 200; but after eliminating one or two obvious errors, and discard-
ing those which were introduced solely on the authority of Japanese
pictures, which may or may not have been drawn from native birds,
the number of species known to inhabit Japan at the date of the
publication of this important work is reduced to 175. This does
not include the birds mentioned by Pallas as found on the Kurile
Islands, or those discovered by Kittlitz on the Boniu Islands.
This work was published in numbers. Parts 1 to 3, containing
the Raptores and Striges, were issued in 1845 (Eugelmann, Bibl.
Hist. Nat. p. 342), a statement confirmed by the fact that plates 8
and 9 and page 25 are quoted in September 1845 (Gray, Genera of
Birds, i. p. 38), and plate 10 in October 1845 [torn. cit. p. 39).
Cassin. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, vi. pp. 184-188. De-
scriptions of New Species of Birds, specimens of which are in
the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia. 1852.
In this paper nine supposed new species of birds from various
b2
4 BIRDS OF Tiiii: japane«;e empire.
localities are described, amongst wliicli is an Owl ( Ephlalfes elegans),
which was obtained by Dr. Wilson from M. J. P. Vcrrcaux, of
Paris, labelled '' En Mer, cotes du Japon, lat. 29° 47' N., long. 126°
13' 30" E/' Unfortunately the collector's name is not added.
Cassix. Exp. Amer. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. pp. 219-248
(1856).
This paper is an important addition to the history of Japanese
birds. It is a report of a collection made by Mr. Heine, the artist
of the Perry Expedition, during the years 1852-1854. It principally
relates to birds obtained at Hakodadi, wliich was then almost virgin
ground. Of the species obtained at Nagasaki by the Siebold
Expedition, 18 were found by the Perry Expedition at Hakodadi,
6 others at Simoda near Yokohama, and 2 on the Loo-Choo Islands.
Nine species were added to the Japanese fauna, of which the first
mentioned had been recorded by Pallas from the Kurile Islands.
Two were obtained at Simoda : —
Fratercula mystacea.
Larus ridibundus.
Two were procured on the Loo-Choo Islands '.- —
Gallinula cMoropus.
Sterna sinensis.
And the remaining five were collected at Hakodadi : —
Picus major japonicus.
Scolopax stenura.
Phalaropus hyperboreus.
Fratercula inonocerata.
Numenius phceopus variegatus.
Some interesting notes on the habits of the birds, as observed by
Mr. Heine, arc added.
Cassin. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, pp. 191-19G.
This is a catalogue of a small collection of birds made by Dr.
Henderson during the cruise of the 'Portsmouth' in the year 1857,
but it adds something to our knowledge of Japanese birds. All tlie
examples were obtained at Hakodadi.
LITERATURE. " 5
Fifteen species included in the ' Fauna Japouica' are added to the
list of Yezzo birds, and 6 new species are added to the Japanese
list :—
Parus palustris.
Locustella ochotensis.
,, lanceolata.
Sitta europaa.
Charadrius morinellus.
Totanus glottis.
Cassin. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 186.2, pp. 312-327.— Cata-
logue of Birds collected by the United States North Pacific
Surveying and Exploring Expedition in command of Capt.
Jolm Rodgers, United States Navy, with notes and descriptions
of new species. (Apparently from 1853 to 1855.)
The chief interest attaching to this paper is the addition of seven
species to the list of Loo-Choo birds, of which one, Ardea jugularis,
was new to the Japanese fanna. Three species are also added to
the list of Bonin birds; and one species, Alca carbo, is added to the
birds of Japan.
Blakiston. On the Ornithology of Northern Japan. Ibis, 1862,
pp. 309-333.
Blakiston. Corrections and Additions to Captain Blakiston^s Paper
on the Ornithology of Northern Japan. Ibis, 1863, pp. 97-100.
These important contributions to the ornithology of Japan are the
result of a visit of three months (August, September, and October)
in 1861 to Hakodadi. The number of species added to the list of
Yezzo birds was at least 40, of which the following 10 were new to
Japan : —
Chelidon dasypus.
Parus ater.
Picus leuconotus.
„ martius.
Gecifius canus.
Garrulus brandti.
Nucifraga caryocatactes.
Tetrao bonasia.
Charadrius cantianus dealbatus.
Tringa minuta ruficoUis.
6 BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
SwiNiioE. Catalogue of the Birds of China, with remarks principally
on their geographical distribution. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863,
pp. 332-338.
In these pages, at the close of his article on the Birds of China,
Swinhoe adds a comparative list of the Birds of Amoorland^ of Japan,
and of Formosa. The list of the Birds of Japan possesses no special
interest.
SwiNHOE, Notes on the Ornithology of Northern Japan. Ibis,
1863, pp. 442-445.
This paper is little more than an introduction to British ornitho-
logists of the information in regard to Japanese birds contained in
Cassiri's account of the species obtained by Dr. Henderson at
Hakodadi, during the cruise of the ' Portsmouth.'
Whitely. Notes on Birds collected near Hakodadi in Northern
Japan. Ibis, 1867, pp. 193-211.
This paper is a list of birds procured during the residence of the
writer for a year or more (1864-1865) at Hakodadi, to which is
added the briefest possible notes on their habits. It forms a very
important addition to our knowledge of Japanese birds. At least
40 more species were added to the list of Yezzo birds, of which the
following 14 were new to Japan : —
Cert h I a fa m ilia ris .
Muntifritigilla brunneinucha.
Trinya acuminata.
Scolopax gallimda.
Fuligula marila,
,, glacialis.
„ fusca stejnegeri.
Colymbus septentrionalis.
Podiceps cornutus.
Larus marimis schistasagus.
„ canus.
Fratercula cristatella.
Strix otus.
„ brachyotus.
LITERATURE. 7
Sharpe. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 157.
This paper is a catalogue of birds procured by Mr. R. H. Berg-
man in China and Jajian. Fourteen species are enumerated from
the latter country, but the only interesting point is the occurrence
of FuUgula marila at Nagasaki.
SwiNHOE. On the White Stork of Japan. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873,
pp. 512-514.
The Japanese Stork is described for the first time, under the name
of Ciconia boyciana.
SwiNHOE. On the Rosy Ibis of China and Japan {Ibis nippon).
Ibis, 1873, pp. 249-253.
This is a very interesting paper on the breeding-habits and changes
of plumage of the Japanese Crested Ibis.
SwiNHOE. On some Birds from Hakodadi, in Northern Japan.
Ibis, 1874, pp. 150-166.
This paper is Swinhoe^s report upon a collection of birds sent to
him by Captain Blakiston, who had procured them near Hakodadi.
It adds 16 species to the list of Yezzo birds, of which the following
9 were new to Japan : —
Acrocephalus histi'igiceps.
Cettia squameiceps.
Acredula caudata.
Emberiza yezzoensis.
Charadrius placidiis.
Scolopax australis.
Larus glaucus.
,, glaucescens.
Alca marmorata.
Of these Emberiza yezzoensis had not previously been described.
SwiNHOE. On the contents of a second Box of Birds from Hako-
dadi, in Northern Japan. Ibis, 1875, pp. 447-458.
This paper is Swinhoe's report upon another collection of birds
from Hakodadi, sent to him by Captain Blakiston. It adds 20 more
species to the list of Yezzo birds, of which the following were new
to Japan : —
8 BIRDS OF TIIK JAPANESE EMPIRC
Falco subbuteo.
Cfuetura caudacuta.
Lanius super ciliosus.
Emberiza aureola.
Charadrius minor.
Totanus fuscus.
Tringa arenaria.
„ subminuta.
Anser segetum serrirosiris.
„ brachyrhynchH^.
Macrorhamjjhus griseus scolapaceus.
Podiceps minor.
SwiNHOE. On the contents of a third Box of Birds from Hakodadi,
in Northern Japan. Ibis, 1876, pp. 330-335.
This paper is Swinhoe's report upon another collection of birds
sent to him from Hakodadi by Captain Blakiston. It adds 8 species
to the list of Japanese birds : —
Phylloscopus xanthodryas.
Emberiza schoenicola palustris.
Botaurus curythma.
Crex undulata.
Locustella fasciolata.
Numenius cyaiiopus.
Cypselus pacificus.
Turtur risorius.
Of these the last-named is from " Yedo " (Yokohama) ; and in
addition to these he adds two species to the list of Yezzo birds.
SwiNiiOE. On the contents of a fourth Box of Birds from Iluko-
dadi, in Northern Japan. Ibis, 1877, pp. 14-1— 1 17.
This paper is Swinhoe's report upon another collection of birds
from Ilakodadi sent l)y Captain Blakiston. It adds two species to
the list of Yezzo birds, both of Mhicli were new to Japan : —
Colymbus adamsi.
Fn/igula histrionica.
LITERATURE. . 9
It also adds four other species to tlie Japanese list^ three from
examples obtained near Yokohama, and one from the extreme north
of Hondo : —
Geocichla varia.
Carpodacus roseus.
Fa I CO (e salon.
Circus cervginosus.
Blakiston & Pryer. a Catalogue of the Birds of Japan, Ibis,
1878, pp. 209-250.
This is by far the most important contribution to the ornithology
of the Japanese Islands that has appeared ; inasmuch as for the first
time an attempt is made to collect information as to the habits and
distribution of the birds in the Japanese Islands themselves. For
this purpose the authors were specially adapted — Captain Blakiston
having resided some years in Hakodadi, and Mr. Harry Pryer in
Yokohama. To the 174 species of birds which were known to
inhabit Japan when the 'Fauna Japonica^ was published, 17 species
had been added by the collections which passed through Cassin^s
hands, and 14 had been added by Whitely, making in all 205 species.
This number Captain Blakiston had succeeded in increasing by 46,
so that the number of Japanese birds known previously to the publi-
cation of this paper was 251. After visiting the various museums
in Japan, and comparing their collections, the united labours of
Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer greatly increased this number. After
eliminating the doubtful species there still remained an addition of
the following 44 species, raising the total number of Japanese birds
from the 174 of the ' Fauna Japonica^ to 295 : —
Fratercula cirrhuta.
„ pusilla.
AIca troile arra.
Cygnus bewicki.
Anser minutus.
„ canadensis hutchinsi.
„ brenta nigricans.
Anas circia.
Fuligula baeri.
„ americana.
Somateria stelleri.
10 BIRDS OK THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
Sterna longipennis.
harxis tr'idactijlus .
Fiilmarus glacialls.
Prucellaria fur cat a.
,, leucorrhoa.
Charadrius mongoUcus.
Hcsmatojms osculans.
Totanus pugnax.
Ibis jjropinqua.
Botaiirus shiensis.
Grus japonetisis.
Crex piisiUa.
Otis dybowskii.
Tetrao bonusia.
,, mutiis.
Columba livia.
Cuculus poliocephalus.
Upupa epops.
Cotyle riparia.
Corvus corax.
Lanius major.
Muscicapa sibirica.
Pericrocotus cinereus.
Accentor alpinus erythropygius.
Anthus cervinus.
Erithacus cyaneus.
Emberiza aureola.
„ nivalis.
Lo.ria enucleator.
Aquila lagopus.
Accipiter palumbarius.
Seebodm. Contributions to the Ornithology of Siberia. Ibis, 1878,
p. 345.
In this paper an apparently new species of "Wagtail is deseribed
under the name of Motacilla amurensis, from the valley of the Amoor
and Japan. It was afterwards proved by Captain IMakiston to be
the first summer plumage of Motacilla higens of Kittlitz, originally
deseribed from Kamtschatka ; but as this species is quite distinct
from the Motacilla lugens of Temminck and Schlegel, it forms an
addition to tlie Japanese fauna.
LITERATURE. 11
Seebohm. Remarks on Messrs. Blakiston and Pryei'^s Catalogue
of the Birds of Japan. Ibis, 1879, pp. 18-43.
This paper is a report on the skins sent for identification by
Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer, the results of which are included in
the list of new species added to the Japanese fauna appended to the
remarks on the previous paper. Three species are added on the
authority of examples sent by Captain Blakiston whilst the paper
was in progress : —
jEgithalus consobrinus.
Picks minor.
Phylloscupus borealis.
Seebohm. Further Contributions to the Ornithology of Japan.
Ibis, 1882, pp. 368-371.
This paper adds but little to the number of Japanese species, but
it clears up one or two doubtful points, the most important being
that the race of Canada Goose which occurs in Japan is Anser cana-
densis hutchinsi. A new species of Bullfinch is described, but sub-
sequent investigations have thrown some doubt upon its validity.
Blakiston & Pryer. Birds of Japan. Trans. Asiatic Society Japan,
1882, pp. 84-186.
This is a revised list of the Birds of Japan, including the additions
made during the four years which had elapsed since the previous list
was published, correcting the identification and nomenclature of the
previous list, adding much information respecting the distribution
of Japanese birds, and enumerating the following species, which had
not previously been recorded from Japan : —
Fratercula corniculata.
„ psittacula.
Alca columba.
Sterna stolida.
Larus cachinnans.
Stercorarius richardsoni.
„ buffoni.
„ pomarinus.
Aitagen minor.
Puffinus fuliginosus.
Toianus stagnatilis.
12 BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
Tr'inyu canulus.
„ platyrliynchti.
Phalaropus fulicarlus.
Gallicrex cristatus.
Phasiamis torquatus.
Tiirtur humilis.
Eurystomus orieidalis.
Gan'ulus sinensis.
Lanius magnirostris.
Mutacilla jlava.
Swnia scandiaca.
Blakiston. The Clirysantlicmum, ii. pp. 421-128; pp. 471-475 ;
pp. 521-525. Ornithological Notes. 1882.
These three papers appeared in the ^ Chrysauthemum/ a periodical
published in Yokohama^ and consist of a series of interesting notes
on the various s))ecies of birds observed by the writer on the south-
east coast of Ye/zo during a trip which he made in May and June.
Seebohm. Observations on the Pied Wagtails of Japan. Ibis, 1883,
pp. 90-92.
Tliis paper describes an apparently new species of Wagtail under
the name of Motacilln hlakistuni, which has since been proved to be
the fully adult, in the second year, of Motacilla lugens of Kittlitz.
Seeboiim. Exhibition of a new species of Owl from Yezzo. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 4G6.
This notice refers to a new species of Owl sent from Japan by
Captain Blakiston, and named Bubo blakistoni.
Blakiston. The Chrysanthemunij iii. pp. 7G-81. Ornithological
Notes. 1883.
This paper contains much very interesting information respecting
the collections of birds made by Mr. P. L. Jouy, of the Smithsonian
Institution at AVashington, and Mr. A. J. ]\I. Smith in the neigh-
bourhood of Fuji-yama and Tate-yama, two mountain-ranges in the
largest of the Japanese Islands. One bird is added to the Japanese
list :—
Emberiza spoduccphala.
LITERATUKK. 13
JouY. Ornithological Notes on Collections made in Japan from
June to December 188.2. Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883,
pp. 273-318.
Although this paper does not add any new species of bird to the
Japanese list, it gives much interesting information respecting the
breeding of many species of birds on the mountains of Central Japan.
Blakistox. The Chrysanthemum, iii. pp. 26-36. Ornithological
Notes. 1883.
This paper is entitled " Autumn collecting at Sapporo, Yezo,"
and contains a detailed account of the various species observed during
an ornithological expedition in the months of September and
October.
Blakiston. The Chrysanthemum, iii. pp. 172-174. Ornithological
Notes. 1883.
This paper chiefly refers to birds obtained by the collectors of
Messrs. Owston Snow & Co., on the Kurile Islands. One bird is
added to the Japanese list : —
Ardea alba.
Seebohm. Further Contributions to the Ornithology of Japan.
Ibis, 1884, pp. 30-43.
This paper is a report on a small collection of birds from Japan
sent by Captain Blakiston. Many species which are included with
some doubt in the second list of Japanese birds issued by Messrs.
Blakiston and Pryer are identified for the first time. The following
species are added to the Japanese list : —
Puffinus griseus.
Ardea prasinosceles.
Luscitiiola pnjet'i.
Blakiston. Amended List of the Birds of Japan. 1884.
This pamphlet corrects some errors in the previous lists, and
arranges the Birds of Japan in four groups: — A, B. Species common
to Yezzo and Southern Japan. C. Species not found in Yezzo or
the Kuriles. D. Species not found south of Yezzo. E. Species
found on the Kuriles, but not in Japan proper. The following
species are added to the Japanese list : —
Diomedea nigripes.
Pvffinus carneipes.
14 BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
Hargitt. Notes on Woodpeckers. — No. V. On a new Japanese
Woodpecker. Ibis, I88i, p. 100.
In this paper the Pygmy Woodpecker of Yezzo and Hondo is
separated from that of Kiusiu under tlie name of Tyngipicus seebohmi.
Seebohm. Further Contributions to the Ornithology of Japan.
Ibis, 1884, pp. 174-183.
This paper is principally a record of the identification of skins
sent by Captain Blakiston from Japan, and published in his Amended
List.
Seebohm. On the Cormorants of Japan and China. Ibis, 1885,
pp. 2/0-271.
In this paper the differences between Phalacrocorax carho and
P. capUlatus are pointed out ; the two species were correctly separated
by Temminck, and incorrectly united by Schlegel.
Seebohm. Further Contributions to the Ornithology of Japan.
Ibis, 1885, pp. 363-364.
This short paper records the result of the examination of a few
birds sent for determination by the Japanese Governracut tlirough
Mr. Harry Pryer. The reoccurrence of three species wliicli had
previously only been known to have been once obtained in Japan is
recorded, and one species new to the Japanese fauna is added to the
list, Totanus calidris.
Stejneger. Review of Japanese Birds. — I. The Woodpeckers.
Proc. United States Nat. :\Ius. 1886, pp. 99-121.
This is a very important paper, and is principally founded upon
tiie collections brought from Japan by Mr. Jouy. Two subspecies
of Gecinus canus are described, G. canust jessoensis from Yezzo, and
G. canus perpallidus from !Manchuria. The first will scarcely be
maintained, but it is possible that the second may have some claim
to be recognized. Picus leuconotus subcirris appears to be a fairly
good subspecies. Picus namiyei appears to be new, but very closely
allied to Picus instil oris.
Stejneger. Keview of Japanese Birds. — II. Tits and Nuthatches.
Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1886, pp. 371-391.
This paper adds but little to our knowledge of Japanese birds. A
LITERATURE. 15
new subspecies of Nuthatch from Yczzo is described as Sitta amur-
ensis clara, but it seems hardly worthy of recognition.
Stejneger. Review of Japanese Birds. — III. Ilails^ Gallinules, and
Coots. Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1886, pp. 395-408.
This paper adds little to the previous knowledge of the subject.
Stejneger, On a Collection of Birds made by jSIr. M. Namiye in
the Liu-kiu Islands, Japan, with descriptions of New Species.
Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1886, pp. 634-651.
This is a most important paper. The occurrence of a Turnix on
the Loo-Choo Islands is most interesting. Treron permagna is a
new species of Fruit-Pigeon very closely allied to Treron formosa.
Scops elegans, previously known only from one or two examples, is
established as a good species. Hypsipetes pryeri is a small race of
Hypsipetes squamiceps. Erithacus namiyei is a species of Robin very
closely allied to Erithacus komodori. Hirundo namiyei is probably
a subspecies of Hirundo javanica. Pericrocotus tegimae. is a new
species of Minivet allied to Pericrocotus cinereus. The occurrence
of Parus castaneovent7'is on the Loo-Choo Islands is very interesting.
Blakiston. "Water-Birds of Japan. Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1886, pp. 642-660.
This paper is an analysis of the Water-Birds of Japan, which are
divided into four groups : those which are circumpolar, those which
range across the Palsearctic Region, those which are confined to the
eastern half of Asia, and those which are found on both shores of
the Pacific.
Seebohm. On the Bullfinches of Siberia and Japan. Ibis, 1887,
pp. 100-103.
In this paper an attempt is made to fix the respective ranges of
the various species and subspecies of the genus Pyrrhula which occur
in Siberia and Japan.
Seebohm. Notes on the Birds of the Loo-Choo Islands. Ibis,
1887, pp. 173-182.
This is a very important paper, the greater part of it being written
from information supplied by Mr. Pryer, who visited the Loo-Choo
16 RIKDS Ol- Till- JAPANESi; F-MPIKK.
Islands, and scut a small collection of birds obtained at Nalia, the
capital of Okinawa-sima, the largest island of the central group.
Iijn(/ipicus kizuki Jiif/rescens is described as a small dark race of
Temminck's Pigmy "Woodpecker. Picus nognchii is described as a
new species, possibly allied to the genus Bhjthipicus. Other species
new to the Japanese fauna are
Sterna melanavchen.
„ douf/alli.
Dendrocyyna javanica.
Stkjneger. Review of Japanese Birds. — IV. Synopsis of the Genus
Tardus. Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, pp. 4-5.
In this j)apcr a supposed new species of Thrush is described from
the main island of Japan under the name of Turdus jouyi.
Stejneger. Notes on the Northern Paliearctic Bullfinches. Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1887, pp. 103-110.
In this paper various points relating to the genus Pyrrhula are
discussed, amongst others the complete intergradation of Pyrrhula
orientalis and PyrrJiuIa rosacea.
Stejxeger. Zcitschr. gesaramte Ornith. 1887, pp. 100-170. — A
List of the Birds hitherto reported as occurring in the Liu-kiu
Islands, Japan.
This paper combines the information respecting the birds of the
Loo-Choo Islands contained in the writer's article on that subject
M-ith that furnished by ]Mr. Pryer, to which are added the species
previously recorded from this locality.
Stejnegek. Review of Japanese Birds. — V. Ibises, Storks, and
Herons. Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, pp. 271-319.
This paper contains much interesting matter; the claim of P/a-
talea minor to be regarded as a good species is substantiated. A
supposed new species of Reef-IIeron is described under the name of
Demieyretta rinyeri from the island of Tsu-sima.
Stej.negek. On the systematic name of the Kamtschatkan and
Japanese Carriou-Crow. Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887,
pp. 320-321.
In this paper the writer comes to the conclusion that the Japanese
Crow oui^ht to bear the name of Corvus corone urientalis.
LITERATURE. 17
Stejneger. Further contributions to the Avifauna of the Liu-Kin
Islands, Japan, with descriptions of new species. Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 1887, pp. 391-415.
This paper contains important information respecting a collection
of birds made by Mr. Uishi on the Yaye-yama Islands, the most
southerly group of the Loo-Choo chain. An alleged new species of
Rail is described as Porzana ph<eopi/ga, which seems to be an
immature example of CreJ? fusca. A new species of Crex allied to
Crex mundarma is described as Euryzona sepiaria. An alleged new
species of Turtle-Dove is described as Turiur stimjjsoni, apparently
an example of Turtur orientalis. The true home of Erithacus koniu-
dori lias been at last discovered.
Stejneger. Review of Japanese Birds. — YI. The Pigeons. Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1887, pp. 416-439.
This paper is valuable, inasmuch as it contains a careful and
minute description of the type of Columba versicolor described by
Kittlitz from the Bonin Islands, and also of an example of Carpo-
phaga ianthina, also obtained by Kittlitz on the Bonin Islands —
both specimens being preserved in the Museum of the Imperial
Academy of Science in St. Petersburg. The latter is made the type
of a supposed new species, lanthmnas nitens.
Stejneger. On a Collection of Birds made by Mr. M. Namiye in
the Islands of Idzu, Japan. Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1887, pp. 482-487.
This short paper contains two very important statements. An
entirely new species of Merula is described as Tardus celcenops ; and
the breeding-grounds of the very rare Guillemot Alca wumizusume
are pointed out.
Stejneger. Description of a New Species of Fruit-Pigeon [lan-
thoenas jouyi) from the Liu-Kiu Islands, Japan. The American
Naturalist, 1887, pp. 583-584.
The species described in this paper appears to be a very well-
marked one.
Stejneger. Review of Japanese Birds. — VII. The Creepers. Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1887, pp. 606-611.
In this paper the two races of the Common Creeper found in the
Japanese Islands are discusse<l.
c
18 BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
JouY. On Cormorant Fishing in Japan. The American Naturalist,
1888, pp. 1-3.
This short paper contains some very interesting information re-
specting the capture of fish in the rapid rivers of Japan by Cor-
morants especially trained for the work.
Seebohm. Further notes on the Birds of the Loo-Choo Islands.
Ibis, 1888, pp. 232-23G.
This paper is principally a correction of a few inaccurate identifica-
tions on the part of Mr. Pryer in his paper on the Loo-Choo Islands ;
based upon the information contained in Dr. Stojnegcr's article, and
confirmed by a small collection of skins. One species, Zosterops
swtpk'x, is added to the Japanese list.
Stejneger. Review of Japanese Birds. — VIII. The Nutcracker.
Proc. United States Nat. ]\Ius. 1888, pp. 125-132.
This paper is an attempt to prove that the Japanese Nutcrackers
are more nearly allied to the slender-billed Siberian race than to the
thick-billed l^uropean race of the s[)ccies.
Stejneger. Review of Japanese Birds. — IX. The AVrc-ns. Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1888, pp. 547-54.8.
In this paper the Wren inhabiting the Kurile Islands is describe d
as Ti-oglodytes fumigatus kurilensis.
Jules Soller. Archives des Missions Scientifiques. 3rd Series,
vol. XV. pp. 269-280. 1889.
This paper contains some interesting particulars respecting the
birds of Japan and their migrations. Mons. Soller was surgeon on
board a French steamship which navigated the Japanese Seas in
1885, 1880, and 1887.
Seeboh.m. On the Birds of the Bonin Islands. Ibis, 1890, pp. 95-
108.
Tliis paper contains notes upon an important collection of birds
made in 1889 by Mr. P. A. Hoist on the Bonin Islands.
ly
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JAPANESE
BIRDS.
In the following Table the species whicli have been recorded from
the Japanese Empire are arranged in systematic order. The columns
on the right liand represent the distribution Avithin the Japanese
Empire; whilst that on the left represents the distribution during
the breeding-season outside its limits. C. means that the species is
Circumpolar; P. that it ranges across the Palsearctic Region, but is
not found in the Nearctic Region ; E.P. that it ranges across the
Palsearctic Region, but that there are two races, an Eastern Race
and a Western Race, whicli intergrade with each other, and are
therefore regarded as only subspecifically distinct ; S. that it ranges
across Siberia into Eastern, but not into Western Europe; E.S. that
the breeding-range of tbe species is confined to East Siberia, and does
not extend to West fSiberia or to Europe ; P.O. that the species
breeds on both the Asiatic and American shores of the North Pacific
Ocean ; A. that the species breeds in America, but is not known to
do so in Asia, though probably such is generally the case ; T. that
the species is a Tropical one, aud breeds chiefly in the Oriental
Region, or in a few instances in the Australian Region ; J. that
although it has been found as a winter migrant, or as an accidental
visitor on the mainland, or on more southerly islands, it is not known
to breed beyond the limits of the Japanese Empire; and J.J. that
the species is believed to be peculiar to the Japanese Empire.
In this Table the subspecific names are omitted, but full par-
ticulars of the variations, if any, from the typical form, and tlieir
geographical distribution where known, will be found amongst the
notes devoted to the species which are represented in the Japanese
Empire by closely allied and intergrading races.
c2
20
BIRDS OF THE JAPANL><i; EMPIRE.
E.S.
E.S.
J.J.
J.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
J.J.
E.S.
J.J.
J.J.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
E.P.
J.J.
S.
E.S.
S.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
T.
J.
J.J.
J.J.
T.
J.J.
E.S.
S.
J.
J.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
Systematic List of Species.
Passeres.
Turd'uKB.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24,
25.
26.
27,
28.
Geocichla varia
„ sibiiica
„ terrestris
Merula cardis
„ fuscata
„ iiauraanni
„ pallida
„ chry.solaas . . . . ,
„ obscura
„ celaenops
Erithacus akaliij^e
„ naniiyei ....
,, liomadori ....
„ calliope
„ cyaneus
Monticola cyanus
Cinclu.s pallasi
Accentor alpinus
,, nibidus
Pratincola maiira
Kuticilla aiirorea
Tarsi},,'er cyannrus
Niltava cyanoniela?na . .
Siphia luteola
Xantbopyi^ia narcissina
Muscicapa sibirica
„ latirostris. . . .
Terpsiphone princeps . .
C rater opodin ce.
20. Ilypsipetes amauroti.s .
30. „ squamiieps.
31. Ilapalopteron fainiliare
32. Zosterop.s palpebrosa .
33. „ japonira . . .
34.
35.
30.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Si/lntu(P.
Phylloscopu.s coronatus . .
„ boreali.s . . . ,
„ xaDthodryas
„ tenellipn,s . .
Acrocephalus orientalis . .
„ bi.strigicepfl
LociiBtella fasciolata
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
21
Systematic List of Species.
M
CO
D
(n
M
m
00
O
^
,a
hH
o
a
a
o
>
a
w
E.S.
S.
J.
E.S.
E.S.
J.J.
E.P.
J.J.
E.P.
E.P.
P.
E.S.
J.
P.
J.
E.S.
E.S.
P.
E.P.
C.
T.
P.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
P.
E.S.
S.
J.J.
T.
P.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
T.
E.S.
E.S.
J.J.
Sylviinw (continued).
41. Locustella ocbotensis . . .
42. „ lanceolata . . .
43. Cettia squamiceps
44. „ cantans
45. „ cantillans
46. „ diplione
47. Cisticola cisticola
48. Lusciniola pryeri
Parin<B.
49. Eegulus cristatus
50. Parus palustris
51. ,, ater
62. „ atriceps
53. „ varius
54. Acredula caiidata
65. ,, triviro^ata . . .
66. ^githalus consobriuiis
57. Troglodytes fumigatus .
58. Certhia familiaris
59. Sitta caesia
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
CorvincB.
Corvus corax
„ macrorliynclius
„ corone
„ dauricus
„ neglectiis
„ pastinator
Nucifraga caryocatactes
Cyanopolius cyanus ...
Garrulus brandti
„ japonicus . . . ,
„ sinensis ,
Pica caudata
Laniincs.
72. Lanius major
73. „ magnirostris .
74. ,, superciliosus .
75. „ lucionensis .
76. „ bucepbalus .
77. Pericrocotus cinereus
78. „ tegimse .
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
22
BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
E.S.
J.
C.
E.S.
K.S.
E.S.
E.P.
P.
E.S.
S.
s.
r.
E.S.
C.
J.J.
C.
E.S.
S.
E.S.
P.
P.
P.
E.S.
J.J.
.T.J.
E.S.
E.S.
P.
T.
J.J.
J.J.
P.
S.
E.S.
J.
J.J.
E.S.
E.S.
Systematic List of Species.
79.
80.
81.
82.
8.3.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
9G.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
10.-5.
104.
10.-).
lOtJ.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
11.1.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
Sturninee.
Sturnus ciueraceus . .
Sturuia pyrrliojrenys
Ainpt'li.s {jarnilus . .
„ japonicus . .
Motacillinre.
Motacilla lugens ...
„ iaponica . ,
„ boarula .
„ ilava . . .
Antlius maculatus .
„ spinoletta .
„ cervinus . . .
Alaudirue.
Alauda avveusis
„ alpestris
lyinf/illina;.
Coccothraustes vulgaris
„ personatus
Loxia curvirostra
Chaiinoproctus ferreirostris . . . .
Pinicola enucleator
Carpodacus roseus
„ erythrinius
,, sangiiinolentiis . . . .
Friugilla spinus
,, liiiaiia
,, monlifriugilla
„ sinica
,, kawarahiba
,, kittlitzi
Montifi'ingilla bnmneinucba. . . .
I'yrrluila griseivcntris
Passer montanu.*
,, rutilans
Emberiza ci'ipsis
„ yessoi'iisis
,, scboeniclus
„ rustica
„ f iicata
„ sulpliurata
„ pt-rsonata
„ snodoccpliala
„ elegftiis
O
GEOORAPIIICAL DISTRIBUTION.
23
E.S.
S.
E.S.
C.
P.
E.P.
T.
E.P.
J.
C.
J.J.
P.
P.
J.J.
J.J.
E.P.
J.J.
E.P.
S.
E.S.
P.
P.
E.S.
T.
T.
J.J.
J.J.
J.J.
J.J.
J.J.
Svstcmalic List of Species.
FriwjillincR (continued).
119. Emberiza rutila
120. „ aureola
121. „ variabilis . . .
122. „ nivalis
123. „ lapponica . . .
Himndinino' .
124. Hirundo rustica
125. „ javanica
126. „ alpestris
127. Chelidon dasypus
128. Cotyle riparia
SCANSORES.
129. Gecinus awokera.
130. „ can us. . .
131. Picus martius . . .
richardsi .
noguchii. . .
leuconotus.
namiyei . . .
major
minor
132,
133.
134,
135,
136.
137.
138. lyngi picus kisuki
139, lynx torquilla . . .
Upup^.
140. Upupa epops . . .
COLUMB^.
141. Coluniba livia
142. Turtur orientalis
143. „ risorius
144. „ humilis
145. Treron sieboldi
146. „ permagna
147. Carpopbaga ianthina .
148. „ versicolor
149. „ jouyi . . .
O
3
M
n
t Known only from Tsu-sima.
24
BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
P.
E.S.
T.
E.S.
T.
T,
E.r.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
T.
P.
J.J.
C.
s.
p.
c.
T.
J.J.
J.J.
E.P.
J.J.
C.
C.
1».
P.
E.P.
C.
T.
P.
E.P.
P.
E.S.
Systematic List of Species.
CrcuLi.
150. Cuculus canorus
151. „ iutermetlius
152. „ poliocephaliis ....
153. llierococcyx hyperythrus . .
Halcyones.
154. Ilalcvon coronianda
155. Ceryle guttata
15G. Alcedo ispida
CORACI^.
157. Cypselus pacificus . . .
158. Chaitura caudacuta . . .
15!>. Caprimulgus jotaka .
loo. Eurystomus orientalis
101.
162.
10.3.
1(34.
If^Jj.
100.
107.
108.
100.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
170.
177.
178.
170.
180.
181,
182.
Stbiges.
Pubo maxiimis . .
,, blaki8toni . .
Siirnia nyctt-a . . , .
Strix uralen^is. . . .
„ otiis
„ brachyotus. .
Ninox .s:utiilata . .
Scops sfiiiitorques
,, elegans . . . .
,, scops
„ pryeri
AccipiTnKs.
Falco pyrfalco
„ perejriiiius. . .
„ Bubbuteo . . .
„ aesalon
„ tinminculu.s .
Pandion lialiat'tus .
Putiwter indiciis . . .
I'finis npivDiiis . . .
Milvus atiT
llaliautus albicilla .
„ pelagicus.
c»
pq
t Known only in the Japanese Empire from the Goto Isles.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
25
Systematic List of Species.
P.
P.
T.
E.S.
E.P.
P.
E.P.
P.
P.
T.
P.
J.
P.O.
P.O.
T.
T.
T.
T.
P.
E.P.
T.
P.
T.
T.
C.
J.J.
J.
T.
T.
P.
T.
E.S.
E.S.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
AcciPiTRES {continued).
Aqiiila chrysaetus
„ lagopus . _.
Spizaetus nipalensis . . . .
Buteo hemilasius
„ vulgaris
Circus cyaneus
„ teruginosus
Accipiter palumbarius . ,
„ nisus ,
„ gularis
Steganopodes.
193. Phalacrocorax carbo . . . .
194. „ capillatus
195. „ pelagicus
196. „ bicristatus
197. Sula leucogastra
198. „ piscatrix
199. Phaeton rubricauda . . . .
200. Fregata minor
Heeodiones.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
21.3!
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
Ardea cinerea
„ alba
„ intermedia
„ garzetta
„ coromanda
^„ _ jugularis
Nycticorax nycticorax .
,, crassirostris .
„ goisagi
„ javanicus . . .
,, prasinosceles
Botaurus stellaris
„ sinensis
„ eurliythma . . .
Ciconia boyciana
Platale.s;,
Platalea leucorodia
„ minor
Ibis nippon
„ melanocephala .
2G
BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
Systematic List of Species.
o
i
p.
p.
E.S.
E.S.
C.
S.
A.
A.
A.
T.
P.
P.
C.
C.
C.
E.S.
P.
E.S.
E.S.
P.
C.
P.
E.S.
A.
P.
C.
C.
C.
E.S.
P.
P.
C.
c.
s.
p.
c.
p.
P.O.
T.
T.
T.
T.
Anseres.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
2.30.
231.
232.
233.
234.
23o.
236.
237.
2.38.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
240.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
Cygnus masicus
„ bewicki
Anser cygnoides
„ segetum
„ albifrons
„ niiuutus
„ hyperboreus . . .
„ hutchinsi
„ nigricans
Dendrocygna javanica
Tadorna comuta
„ rutila
Anas strepera
„ clypeata
„ boschas
„ zonorbyncha . . .
„ crecca
„ fonnosa
„ falcata
„ circia
„ acuta
„ penelope
„ galericulata . . .
Fuligula aniericana. . .
,, fusca
„ glacialis . . .
„ clangula . . .
„ bistrionica .
„ baeri
„ ferina
„ cristata
„ marila
Somateria spectabilis .
„ stelleri . . .
Mergus merganser . . .
„ serrator
,, albellus
TUBINAnES.
267. Diomedea albatrus .
258. „ nigripes .
259. Puffinus leiiromcbis
200. „ carnoipes .
201 . „ griseuB . . .
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
27
Systematic List of Species.
a
T.
0.
P.O.
c.
P.O.
P.O.
c.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
P.O.
c.
c.
c.
c.
A.
E.P.
p.
s.
E.S.
P.
c.
p.
c.
E.S.
T.
T.
A.
T.
T.
T.
T.
TuBiXAREs (contmued) .
■2C)2. Puffinus tenuirosti'is . . .
263. Fulmariis glacialis
264. (Estrelata liypoleuca . . .
26.5. Procellaria leaclii
266. „ melania
267. „ furcata
Gavije.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
Alca troile
„ carbo
„ columba
„ antiqua
„ wumiziisume
„ marmorata
„ brevirostris
Fraterciila corniculata .
„ cirrhata
„ inonocerata .
„ psittacula . . .
„ criytatella . . .
„ pygmsea . . .
„ pusilla
Stercorarius richardsoni .
„ buffoni . . .
„ pomarinus .
Larus glaucus
g-laucescens
„ mannus
„ cachinnans . ,
„ leucopterus .
„ crassirostris . ,
„ canus
„ tridactylus .
„ I'idibundus .
Sterna dougalli . . . ,
„ longipennis . ,
,, melanauchea
„ sinensis . . . ,
„ aleutica . . . .
„ ber^ii
„ stolida
„ anaestheta . .
„ fuliginosa. . . .
28
HIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
C.
C.
P.
P.
T.
S.
E.P.
T.
E.S.
P.
E.S.
A.
E.P.
E.S.
E.P.
E.S.
C.
C.
P.
P.
P.
P.
E.S.
P.
P.
S.
P.
P.
E.P.
E.P.
A.
C.
E.S.
C.
c.
c.
c.
1'.
E.P.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
T.
J.
E.S.
Systematic List of Species.
303.
304.
305.
300.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
31±
31.3.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
310.
320.
321.
322.
323.
324.
.325.
320.
327.
328.
329.
330.
331.
332.
333.
334.
.3.35.
330.
337.
338.
339.
340.
:m.
342.
34.3.
344.
.345.
.34(i.
347.
Limicol.t:.
Charadrius fulvus
„ helveticus. . .
„ morinellii.s .
„ minor
„ placidus . . .
„ mongolicus .
„ cantianus . . .
„ geofFroyi . . .
Lobivanelhis cinereus. . .
Vant'llus cristatus
Haematopus osculans . . .
„ niger
Numenius arquatus . . .
„ cyanopus . . .
„ ph.-copus . . .
„ minutus
Phalaropus fulicarius . . .
„ hyperboreus
Totanus fuscus
„ calidris
„ glottis
„ etagnatilis
,, incanus
,, glareola
„ ochropus
„ terekius
„ hypoleuous . . .
„ pugnax
Limosa rufa
„ mt'laiuna
Macrorliam])lius grii^eus .
Strepsilas iiiterpres
Triiiga crassiro-stris
„ canutus
„ alpina
„ niaritiiiia
„ ari'iiaria
,, plafyrliynclia . . .
„ minuta
„ subiiiimita
„ pygniica . . .
,, acuminata .
Rhynchaja capen.-^is
Scolopax au.^trali.s .
„ solitaria .
W
o
n
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION'.
29
Systematic List of Species.
M
«
r/2
«
E.S.
P.
E.S.
C.
P.
P.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
T.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
E.S.
J.J.
E.P.
T.
P.
C.
C.
C.
C.
E.P.
S.
c.
p.
E.S.
J.J.
J.J.
J.J.
c.
p.
p.
L1MICOL.S; (continued).
348. Scolopax megala. .
349. „ gallinula
350. „ stenura
351. „ gallinago
352. „ I'usticola
GRALLiE.
353. Grus cinerea ....
354. „ leucogeranus
355. „ japoneusis . .
356. „ leucauchen . .
357. „ monachus . .
358. Tiu-nix blakistoni
FuLICARI^.
359. Otis dybowskii
360. Crex pusilla
361. ,, fiisca
362. „ undulata
363. „ sepiaria
364. Rallus aquaticus
365. Gallic-rex ciuereus
366. Fulica atra
367. Gallinula cliloropus . . . .
Pygopodes.
368. Colymbus adanisi
369. „ aicticus
370. „ septentrionalis
371. Podiceps rubricoUis . . . .
372. „ nigricoUis
373. „ cornutus
374. ,, minor
Galling.
375. Phasianus torquatiis
376. „ verjicolor
377.
378.
379. Tetrao mutus
380. „ bonasia
381. Coturnix communis
soemmeringi
scintillaus . .
t Known only in the Japanese Empire from Tsu-sinia.
30 lUIlDS OK THh JAPAM'.SE E.MIMKE.
The geograpliical distrihutiou of the Birds found in tlie Japanese
Empire presents several points ot" interest. The avifauna of Japan
is typically Palaearctic. If we consider the Birds of Japan with
regard to their distribution during the breeding-season, we shall find
that about 75 per cent, are Palaearctic species, of which 39 per cent.
range across the Palaearctic Region, and 3fi per cent., though
breeding in Eastern Siberia^ are not found in Western Europe. The
remaining 25 per cent, consist of 12 per cent, of tropical species,
and 13 per cent, of species not known to breed outside the Japanese
Empire. The percentage of Oriental and Australian species which
invade the southern portions of the Eastern Palaiarctic Region is
probably about the same as that of Ethiopian species which invade
the southern portions of the Western Pahearetic Region.
The species of birds known to have occurred in the Japanese
Empire, if classified according to the range of their distribution
during the breeding-season, may be summarized as follows : —
Circumpolar species 49
Pahearetic species 71
Eastern races of Palaearctic species , . . 2G
Palaearctic species 140
Siberian and East-European species ... 17
East- Siberian species 95
Both shores of the Pacific 27
East Palaearctic species .... 139
Tropical species 47
Only known to breed in the Japanese Empire . 49
Total ... 381
This geographical distribution of Japanese Birds can only be
regarded as typically Palaearctic. This is all the more remarkable,
because not only the Flora of Japan and the Lepidoptera of Japan,
which may be more or less connected, but also the Reptiles and
Batrachians of Japan show an affinity to the Eastern Nearctic species.
It seems impossible to imagine any connection between Japan and
the Eastern States of North Ainerica, to tlie exclusion of the
GEOGRAPHICAL DlSTKlBUtlOX. Ji 1
Western States. It must, however^ be admitted that similar
difficulties present themselves in other parts of the world ; ibr
example, the Reptilia of Madagascar are allied to those of Soutli
America and not to those of Africa. "With the single exception of
the oft-repeated story of the Blue Magpie of Japan, a species
which reappears in a slightly modified form in Spain, where it
may have been introduced by human agency, the Birds of Japan
offer no insoluble problems to the student of geographical dis-
tribution.
Japan is part of the eastern subtropical or Manchurian Sub-
region of the Palsearctic Region, and is closely connected with the
mainland of that subregion by the islands in the Straits of Corea.
Its connection with the eastern arctic or Siberian Subregion of
the Palsearctic Region is equally close. The island of Sakhalicn
forms a bridge from Yezzo to the mouth of the Amoor, whilst the
long chaiu of the Kurile Islands forms a second bridge to Kamt-
schatka. To the south the chain of the Loo-Choo Islands connects
it with Formosa and the Indo-Chinese Subregion of the Oriental
Region.
Thus the geographical position of the Japanese Empire fully
explains the character of its avifauna, so far as regards the Pahe-
arctic and Oriental species which have been found within its limits.
Some further explanation may, however, be given respecting the
species which are not known to breed elsewhere.
So far as is known there are 49 species of birds which do not
breed beyond the limits of the Japanese Empire, but some of these
are migratory birds and wander southwards in autumn.
The following species have been recorded in winter from Formosa
or South China : — Merula cardis, Phylloscopus xardhodryas, Phijllo-
scopus tenelHpes, Cettia squamiceps, Parns varius, Emberiza sulphu-
rata, Nycticorax goisagi, and Phalacrocorax capUlatus.
In addition to these, Hypsipetes amavrotis and Acredula trivirgata
have occurred on the Corean peninsula, whilst Scolopax australis is
a regular winter visitor to Australia. Sturnia pyrrhogenys and
Chelidon dasypus winter in the Malay Archipelago. Some of these
species may hereafter be found breeding on the mainland, in which
case they must be struck off the roll of birds only known to breed
in the Japanese Empire.
There still remain no fewer than 36 species of birds which have
32 BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIKE.
never been found beyoiul the limits of tlic Japanese Empire. Some
of these may possibly be found hereafter on the mainhmd, but when
we consider how few of the smaller Japanese Islands have been
explored, there can be little doubt that many more peculiar species
remain to l)e discovered. Those already known may be classified as
follows : —
Species peculiar to Yezzo : — Bubo hlakistoni .... 1
Species common to Yezzo and Southern Japan : —
Accentor rubldus, Zosterups japonicus, Frlnyllla
kawarahiba, Emberiza ciup'is, Embcriza yessoensis,
Embcriza personato, Treron sicbohl'i, Scops seini-
torqiU'S 8
Species found iu Southern Jajjun but not in Yezzo : —
Lusciniola pri/eri, Gurrnlus japonicus, Gecinus
mvokera. Picas nuuiiyei, Curpophaya ianthina,
Phasianus versicolor, Phasianus scemmeringi,
Phasianus scintilla us 8
Species peculiar to Tsu-sima : — Picus richardsi ... 1
Species peculiar to the Seven Islands : — Me?'ula cehe-
nops 1
Species peculiar to the Loo-Clioo Islands : — Erithacus
namiyei, Erithacus komaduri, Pericrocotus ter/imce,
Picus noguchii, Treron perniagna, Carpuphaga
jouyi. Scops efegans. Scops pryeri, Cre.v sepiaria . 9
Species found only in the Loo-Choo and Bonin
Islands : — Hijpsipetes squamiceps I
Species peculiar to the Bonin Islands : — Geocichla ter-
reslris, Hapalopteron J ami Hare, Cettia diphone,
Chaunoproctus ferreirostris, Fringilla kittlitzi,
Carpophaga versicolor ^ Nycticora.v crassirostris . 7
Species peculiar to the Japanese Empire . . 30
The number of peculiar species here, as elsewhere, is in direct
proportion to the number of opportunities presented by the eon-
figuration of the land for geographical isolation. Species may
change in the course of ages by natural selection and many otiicr
causes, Init they can only be multiplied l)y Isolation. It is imj)ossiblc
to overestimate the importance of (Jcographical Isolation in studying
ti.e Origin of Species. Darwin most justly observes (' liife and
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 33
Letters of Charles Darwiu/ iii. p. 159), '' I do not believe that one
species will give birth to two or more new' species as long as they
are mingled together in the same district.-" And the importance of
Isolation as a factor in the multiplication of species is over and over
again recognized by Wallace in his 'Island Life/ as the following
quotations prove : — " We " (p. 243) " have every reason to believe
that special modifications would soon become established in any
animals completely isolated under such conditions;" and again
(p. 258), "however long they may have inhabited the islands, there
has been no chance for them to have acquired any distinctive
characters through isolation.'^
It is not known that any species of bird is peculiar to the Kurile
Islands ; but a local race of the Japanese Wren, Troglodytes fumi-
gatus kurilensis, has not been obtained elsewhere. Like the local
race of the European Wren found on the Faroe Islands, it is remark-
able for its long bill. The winters are very cold in the Kurile
Islands ; consequently few birds are resident, and the opportunities
for isolation are very small.
Picus major japonicus is a local race confined to the three main
islands, but connected with the typical race by intermediate forms in
Sakhalien and the valley of the Amoor. Picus leuconotus subcirris is
a local race principally confined to Hondo, but occasionally oc-
curring in Yezzo, though most examples from that island are almost
typical. Parus palustris Japonicus is a local race found in Kiu-siu
and Hondo, and represented by intermediate forms in Yezzo.
One species only is supposed to be peculiar to Kiu-siu, Phasianus
soemmeringi ; but Strix uralensis fuscescens and lyngipicus kisuki are
two local races peculiar to that island.
Very little is known of the Seven Islands, only twenty-two species
having as yet been obtained there, but one of these, Merula celtenops,
is peculiar to the islands.
Still less is known of the island of Tsu-sima ; but one species,
Picus richardsi, has not been found elsewhere.
Of the Loo-Choo Islands, the large island of the central group
and an island of the southern group are the only ones that have been
partially explored, with the result that several new species and three
local races have been discovered. lyngipicus kisuki nigrescens is a
local race peculiar to the islands; Hirundo javanica namiyei is
another peculiar local race; and Hypsipetes squamiceps pryeri is a
local race only differing from the typical form in being on an average
sliffhtlv smaller.
S-i BIRDS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE,
The soutliern jjroup of the Loo-Choo Islands has so far produced
only two pecnliar species, Erithucus kouiudori and Crex scpiaria.
The Bonin Islands are remarkable for several pecnliar species.
If we consider the birds recorded from the Japanese Empire with
regard to their distribution within its limits^ the list may be analyzed
as follows : —
Resident and migratory species not found south of
the Kurile Islands 20
Species not found south of Yczzo; residents 7, win-
ter visitors 25 32
Species common to Yezzo and Southern Japan ; resi-
dents 108, winter visitors 83, summer visitors 47 238
Species found in Southern Japan, but not in Yezzo;
residents 25, summer visitors 36 61
Additional species from
Loo-Choo Islands 17
Bonin Islands 9
Islands in Corean Straits 3
Seven Islands 1
Total .... 381
These figures are, of course, approximate. !Many of the migratory
species which have only been recorded from the Kurile Islands or
from Yezzo may occasionally wander further south in winter ; and
it is not at all improbable that some of the residents and summer
visitors which have hitherto been only known from Southern Japan
may hereafter be found to occur in Yezzo. In either case the
number of species common to Yezzo and Southern Japan (which
already amounts to 62 per cent, of the whole) would be increased.
If the list be restricted to the birds of Yezzo and Southern Japan,
the number of species common to both is raised to 72 per cent. ;
but if the winter visitors be excluded, it is only raised to 69 percent.
A somewhat anomalous fact in the distribution of Japanese birds
is the occurrence of East-Siberian species in Hondo which for some
reason do not visit Yezzo.
Cyanopolhis cyunus inhabits the valU-y of the Amoor, and has been
recorded from Lake Baikal ; nevertheless it is not known to have
occurred in Yezzo, though it is not uncommon in Hondo.
A'/f/ila chrysaetiis, J'crnis apivorus, Biitaster indicits, Fulco tiih.
nnncu/us, Emberha elcgans, Enihcriza spudocephala, Mcrula ob.scuru,
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 35
Geocichla sibirica, Accentor aJpinus, Pericrocotus cinereus, Lanius
magnirostris , Corvus pastinator, Corvus dauricus, Hirundo daurica,
Grus cinerea, Grus leucogeranus, Grus monachus, Ciconia boyciana,
Numenius minutus, Tringa canutus, Totanus terekius, Totanus calidris,
Stercorarius pomarinus,Anas strepera, Anasformosa, Tadorna cornuta,
Anser hyperboreus, Cygnus bewicki, and possibly one or two other
species have a somewhat similar distribution.
The explanation of these at first sight rather startling facts is not
difficult to find. In the first place, about half of the species enume-
rated above are winter visitors to Japan, and migrate every spring
and autumn along the coasts of Yezzo to and from their winter-
quarters. It is not surprising that they have escaped detection in
Yezzo, because they only pass through on migration and do not
winter there ; nor is it surprising that they do not winter there,
because the mean winter temperature of Yezzo is so much lower
than that of Southern Japan. According to the ' Physikalische
Atlas' of Berghaus the mean temperature of Hakodadi during
January is 4 degrees (Cent., or 7j degrees Fahr.) below freezing,
whilst at Yokohama it is as much above it. In the second place, the
remaining half of these species breed in Southern Japan, and many
of them may not breed in Yezzo because of the difference in the
mean summer temperature. According to the same authority, the
mean temperature of the valley of the Amoor and its tributaries
during July ranges from about 63° (Fahr.) in the north to about
73° (Fahr.) in the south. The mean temperature of Hakodadi for
the same period is below the lowest of these figures, whilst that of
Yokohama is above the highest. The mean temperature appears to
be a much more potent factor in the distribution of Japanese birds
than the distance from the land or the depth of the intervening
ocean. The reason why the Tsugaru Straits, or Blakiston's Line, is
an important one in the distribution of birds is not because it
represents deep sea as Wallace's Line does, but because it happens to
coincide with certain Isothermal Lines which bound both the breedingr-
grounds and the winter-quarters of so many species.
Besides the 30 species that have been recorded from Yezzo but not
from Hondo, there are at least 50 species of birds which have been
recorded from Hondo but not from Yezzo, and there are very many
more that have been recorded from Yezzo but not from the Kuril e
Islands. Most of the former are species which breed in the Arctic
regions and seldom migrate so far south as Japan ; but many of
them are species that migrate further south than Japan, and it is
d2
36 BIRDS or THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
only an accident that they have been recortled from Yezzo but not
from Hondo. Precisely the same remark applies to many of the
latter species ; they must have passed Yezzo, and they may have passed
the Kurilcs in order to get to Hondo. There are, however, amongst
the resident birds, three remarkable instances of species inhabiting
Siberia and Yezzo which are represented in Hondo by allied but
different species : —
Gecinus camis is represented in Hondo by Gecinus awokera.
Garridus braiidti is represented in Hondo by Garrulus japonicus.
Acredula candata is represented in Hondo by Acredula trivirgcda.
A third jioint of view from which the birds recorded from the
Japanese Empire may be regarded, is in relation to those recorded
from the British Islands. About 130 species in each list are abso-
lutely identical, or so closely allied that they are not regarded as
more than subspecifically distinct. An analysis of the species belonging
to each suborder, and, in the case of the Passeres, of those belonging
to each family, represented in the two districts, shows a remarkable
similarity between the two faunas, wliich is all the more remarkable
when the relative position of the two groups of islands to the
mainland is taken into consideration.
The Japanese Empire consists of a range of islands extending from
Kamtsehatka, in latitude 53^°, southwards to Formosa, in latitude
23^°, a range of thirty degrees. A similar range on the Atlantic
coast of the Palaearctic Region would extend from Yorkshire to the
Canary Islands. The parallels of latitude have, however, little to do
with the distribution of birds, which appears to be governed by the
Isothermal Lines. The January isothermals of the Japanese Empire
transferred to the European coast would range from Cherry Island
to Gibraltar; those of July from John o' Groat's to the Cape Vcrdes ;
whilst those of mean annual temperature would range from Iceland
to the Canaries. Japan proper, from th<3 north of Yezzo to the south
of Kiu-siu, is much less extensive, and only ranges from 444° to 31°,
or only thirteen degrees and a half. A similar range on the map of
Europe would extend from Bordeaux to Morocco. The corresponding
Janxiary isothermals would range from Jan Mayen to Lisbon, those
of July from London to the Canaries, whilst those of mean annual
temj)erature would range from the Orkneys to Gibraltar.
AVith a climatic range of so much greater extent than is possessed
by the British Islands, it would be reasonable to expect that the
number of si)ccies found in the Japanese Empire should much exceed
those of its Atlantic rival, were it not for other considerations.
The orntthologv of thr British Islands has been studied for a
nEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
37
century or more by a succession of students in every part of the
country, who have vied with each other in detecting every rare or
accidental visitor to our shores. On the other hand, the ornithology
of the Japanese Empire has only been studied during the last half-
century, by a dozen visitors who have spent a month or two in a few
isolated spots, and by two or three residents who have occupied the
leisure of a busy life in the study of Zoology, of which the collection
of birds has only formed a branch. It is therefore fair to assume
that there are many of the rarer residents, or of the irregular
visitors, which have hitherto escaped detection in Japan ; and there
can be scarcely any doubt that new species remain to be discovered
on the islands which have not yet been explored.
British.
Japanese.
Passkhes — Ttu'dinse
27
0
20
15
10
5
3
12
6
32
4
28
5
15
11
12
7
4
7
2
32
5
Crateropodinse
Sylviinse
Pariii86
Coninse
Laniinte
SturninsB
Motac'illinse
Alaudinae
Fringillinae
Hirundiniuse
SCANSORES
134
4
1
4
3
2
7
10
25
2
12
3
8
44
37
48
2
10
9
9
128
11
1
9
4
3
4
11
21
4
15
8
11
37
35
60
6
9
r
7
Upup^ ,
COLUMB.S
Cttculi
Halcyones
CoRACLa;
Striges
ACCIPITRES
Platale^
Herodiones
Steganopodes
TUBINABES
Anseres
Gavls;
LlMICOL^
Grall^
FULICAH,!^
Pygopodes
Gallix^
374
381
The birds of Japan do not differ very widely from the birds of the
British Islands. It would be very remarkable if they did. The
1
3S rUKDS Of THE JAP.ANKSE KMPIRE.
Japanese Islands bear almost exactly the same relation to the cast
coast of the PaljEarctic Region as the British Islands do to its west
coast. The Palsearctic Region, as defined by Sclater and Wallace,
is a very clearly defined one so far as the majority of birds are con-
cerned. The range of many species of birds extends uninterniptedly
from the British Islands across Europe and Siberia to Japan. Of
course there is no species of bird which is found both in Britain and
Japan but not in the intervening district. Cases of interrupted
areas of distribution are almost unknown, though, as will hereafter
appear, there are many eases in whicli West-European birds re-
semble more closely East-Asiatic ones, than the Siberian races which
intervene. This is imquestionably tlie most remarkable fact con-
nected with the birds of Japan, and it is one M'hich has not been
i^^iTisistcd upon as much as it ought to have been.
It is an undoubted fact that in most species where climatic variations
ot" colour occur, the extreme of whiteness is not found in the examples
from Central Siberia, but in those from Kamtsehatka. The mean
annual temperature of the former locality is nearly twenty degrees
lower than that of the latter, and the mean winter temperature shows
a much greater difference. Nearly all the sjxicics which appear to
exhibit these climatic variations of colour arc resident birds, which
moult only once a year, in July and August ; and the mean tempera-
ture of July, when the new feathers arc forming, appears to coincide
with the variation of colour so closely that it is difiicult to resist the
conclusion that they are cause and effect.
The Common Nuthatch {Sitta casia) ranges completely across
Europe and Siberia from the British Islands to Japan. Throughout
this extensive range very little variation occurs in the colour of its
upper parts, which is a bright slate-grey. On the other hand, the
variation in the colour of the underparts is very remarkable. In the
West the range of this species extends as far south as Algeria, where
the colour of the underparts is dark buff, paler on the throat. Pro-
ceeding in a north-easterly direction, little change is observable until
the Baltic is reached, when the white on the throat gradually increases,
until at Dantzig it has covered the breast, and at St. Petersburg it
has spread over the belly. In Central Siberia the underparts, except
tlie extreme flanks and the under tail-coverts, are snow-white, but in
the valley of the A moor and in Southern Japan the buff has reap-
peared on the belly, and the Dantzig bird is rejjroduced. The
southern limit of the eastern range of this species appears to be South
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 39
China, where the colour of the uiiderparts resembles exactly that of
birds of Western Europe and Algeria. The young in first plumage
of the European race closely resemble their parents, but those of the
Central-Siberian race closely resemble the adults of the Baltic and
Amoor races, leading to the supposition that the Central- Siberian
race is the one which has changed most i-ecently.
The Kamtschatkan race of the Nuthatch resembles the Central-
Siberian race in the whiteness of its underparts, but is paler on the
upper parts, especially on the forehead.
These climatic variations correspond to a remarkable degree with
the July Isothermal Lines. The palest race (from Kamtschatka)
moults in a mean temperature of 54° to 58°; the Central-Siberian
race enjoys a mean temperature at that season of 58° to 62°. The
Western race in the Baltic Provinces, which is scarcely distinguish-
able from the Eastern race in the valley of the Amoor, moults in a
mean temperature of 65° to 70° ; whilst the dark race in Southern
Europe, and its prototype in China, enjoys a mean temperature of 75°
to 80° during the moulting-season.
Not only is the Kamtschatkan race of Sitta caesia whiter than any
other climatic race of that species, but the Kamtschatkan races of
Pyrrhula vulgaris, Pica caudata, and Parus palustris exhibit the same
peculiarity.
It has been stated (Stejneger, 'Orn.Expl. Commander Islands and
Kamtschatka,' pp. 230, 231) that the Kamtschatkan races of Picus
major and Picus minor are whiter than the Central-Siberian races of
those species, but this does not appear to be the case.
In both those species, however, the Japanese races are darker than
the Siberian races, and more nearly resemble those of Western Europe.
The Japanese race of Picus major closely resembles the South-Euro-
pean race, whilst the Japanese race of Picus minor scarcely differs
from the South-Scandinavian race of that species. The Japanese
race of Gecinus canus is not known to differ from the European race
of that species, but there is good reason to believe that Siberian
examples are on an average greyer.
The Japanese race of Falco tinnunculus scarcely differs in colour
from the race which breeds on the islands off the coast of West Africa.
These races are darker and more richly colom-ed than those in the
intervening country.
Siberian examples of Certhia familiar is are whiter than those from
Japan or Europe, and the same remark applies to Siberian examples
40 BIRDS or THE JAPANKSK EMPIRE.
of Picus leuconotus, Strix uralensis, Slrix brachyotus, aud Nucifraga
canjocatactes.
There arc several instances in which Japanese species resemble
European species more closely than they resemble their nearest
Asiatic allies : for example^ Accentor rulid^s and Accentor modularis,
Garridus japonicus and Garru/us fflandarlus, Acredula trivirgata aud
Acredula rosea, &c.
The Common Jay {Gatrulus glandarius) ranges across Europe,
n(jrth of the Mediterranean, as far east as the valley of the Volga.
In the valley of the Kama it is said to iutergrade -with the Siberian
Jay {GaiTulus br and ti),v,\\\c\\ ranges eastwards from the Ural Moun-
tains across Southern Siberia to Yezzo, the nortli island of Japan.
In Southern Japan it is replaced by the Japanese Jay {Garrulu» japo-
jiicus) , a species so nearly allied to the European form that Schlegel
only admitted it to be subspccifically distinct. The young in first
plumage of the European Jay differ very slightly from their parents ;
but those of the Siberian Jay are less streaked on the crown, resem-
bling in this respect the adults of the Chinese Jay. There can, how-
ever, be little doubt that the Japanese Jay is more nearly related to
the Siberian than to the Chinese species. The three semitropical
forms of the Common Jay are, Garrulus bispecularis from the Hima-
layas, Garrulus sinensis from Cliina, and Garrulus taivanus from
Formosa. These three species differ from the semi-arctic Jays in
having no white on the outer webs of the secondaries. These facts
can only be explained by the assumptions that Formosa received its
Jay from China, and that Hondo received its Jay from Siberia.
These assumptions also account for the absence (so far as is known)
of a Jay on the Loo-Choo Islands. To explain the distribution of
the two species on the Japanese islands, we can only assume that
when the Jay which formerly ranged across the Pahearctic Region
was driven southwards, the island of Yczzo was temporarily incapaci-
tated from serving as a residence for Jays, and that it remained with-
out a Jay until the Siberian Jays in their changed climate hud differ-
entiated into Garrulus brandti, which eventually emigrated to Yezzo.
The Japanese Jay is not known to intergrade with the Siberian Jay,
and can always be distinguished from the Common Jay by its black
lores. In spite of its superficial resemblance to the Common Jay,
the Japanese Jay is probably more nearly allied to the Siberian Jay,
inasmuch as the colour f)f the crown varies with age much more than
the colour of the lores.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 41
The similarity between the British and Japanese Long-tailed
Tits has often been remarked. They are so nearly allied that
some examples are very difficult to determine; nevertheless, be-
tween their respective ranges an apparently distinct species occurs.
The Continental Long-tailed Tit [Acredula caudaia) is found in
Northern and Central Europe, and across Siberia to the island of
Yezzo. It can scarcely be called the arctic race of the Long-tailed
Tit, firstly, because it occurs in Central Europe, and secondly, be-
cause in Central Siberia a real arctic race o^ Acredula caudata occurs.
There is, however, much evidence to prove that it intergrades with
the British Long-tailed Tit, and it may possibly do so with the
Japanese Long-tailed Tit. One fact is absolutely certain, that the
immature birds of all these races differ widely from the Siberian race,
and approach very near the other two races, from which it may rea-
sonably be assumed that it is the Siberian race which has become
whiter, and not the British and Japanese races which have become
darker.
The existence of a pale Siberian race betw^een a darker Eastern
and a darker Western race is found almost exclusively amongst resi-
dent birds. Migratory species either range with little or no local
variation across the Palsearctic Region from the British Islands to
Japan, or are represented by an Eastern and a Western race. Very
many Japanese birds belong to this category. The following British
birds are represented in Japan by Eastern races -which are regarded as
only subspecifically distinct because they are connected by intermediate
forms : — Buteo vulgaris, Regulus cristatus, Lanius excubitor, Motacilla
boarula, Anthus spinoletta, Alcedo ispida, Ardea alba, Anser segetum,
Tringa alpina, Tringa minula, Charadrius cantianus, Numenius
arquatus, Nutnenius phceopus, Limosa rufa, Limosa melanura, Rallus
aquaticus, Podiceps rubricollis, and some others.
CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF
JAPANESE BIRDS.
Subclass PASSERIFORMES.
The Passcriformes arc the most numerous and the most higlily
developed of birds, though they contain some archaic families. So
far as is known, they are the only birds which combine the following
characters : —
Young bom with a few scattered tufts of down, but never possessing
a continuous downy covering before acquiring feathers : flexor longiis
hallucis (and not flexor perforatis digitorum) leading to hallux, or in
default of that digit to fourth digit reversed to take its place.
To these characters others may be added to strengthen the
diagnosis : — The young are born helpless, and require to be fed in the
nest by their parents for many days. The spinal feather-tract on the
neck is well defined by lateral bare tracts, and is not split by a spinal
bare tract. The number of the cervical (including the cervico-dorsal)
vertcbrjc does not exceed 15.
The Subclass Passcriformes contains three Orders.
Older PICO-PASSERES.
The Pico-Passeres possess, of course, the five characters which have
already been described as found in all the Passcriformes ; but in
order to diagnose them it is only necessary to add to the two cha-
racters which are diagnostic of the larger group the following : —
Ambiens and accessory femoro-caudal muscles absent.
The Order Pico-Passeres contains six Suborders.
Suborder I. PASSERES.
Palate .xgithognathous ; deep i)lantar tendons not united by a
vinculum.
The Passercs comprise nearly half the known species of birds, and
TURDIN.K. 1-3
are represented in every part of the world capable of producing food
upon which a land-bird can exist. They may be divided into several
families, but all those found in Japan belong to the Passeridae (or
Acromyodi, if the group be regarded as of more than family rank) .
The subfamilies of the Passeridae are very difficult to define^ and
the following attempts at definitions of such as are represented in
the Japanese Empire can only be regarded as provisional.
TURDIN^.
Sexes generally different; young in first plumage (which is
moulted in the first autumn) spotted, streaked, and barred on the
underparts, and generally also on the upper parts ; first primary very
variable, always present, but never as long as the second. The fea-
thering of the nostril^ the development of the rictal bristles, and the
width of the bill vary considerably, but it is impossible to draw any
line between the Muscicapine and Turdine genera.
The Turdinae are almost cosmopolitan^ and are well represented in
Japan.
1. GEOCICHLA VARIA.
(WHITE'S GROUND-THHUSH.)
Turdus varius, Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. i. p. 449 (1826).
White's Ground-Thrush differs from every other Japanese Thrush
in having black concentric markings on both the upper and the under
parts. It is the largest Japanese Thrush, and has fourteen tail-
feathers.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, ii. pi. 39 ; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, ii. pi. 10.
White's Ground-Thrush was known to inhabit the mountains of
Japan at least as long ago as 1840 (Temminck, Man. d'Orn. iv.
p. 604) ; and was obtained in some numbers by the Siebold Expe-
dition, presumably near Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna
Japonica, Aves, p. 67).
It has only once occurred on the island of Yezzo (Blakiston and
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 241), but it must be a very common bird on the
more southerly Japanese islands, as great numbers are exposed for
sale in the Yokohama market during winter (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877,
44 PASSERES.
p. 144). There arc a score or more examples in the Pryer collection,
and Mr. Ringer has procured it near Nagasaki.
White's Thrush breeds in East Siberia and North China, and is an
accidental visitor to Europe and the British Islands.
2. GEOCICHLA SIBIRICA.
(SIBERIAN GROUND-THRUSH.)
Tardus sibiriais, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. G94 (1776).
The male of the Siberian Ground-Thrush is greyish black, -vvith a
white eye-stripe ; tlie female is olive-brown, with white spots on the
underparts ; both sexes are typically Geocichline in the white pattern
on the under surface of the wings.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 31
(female) ; Dresser, Birds of Europe, ii. pi. 12 (male and female).
There is no authentic record of the occurrence of the Siberian
Ground-Thrush on the island of Yezzo (Blakiston, Amended List of
the Birds of Japan, p. 58) ; but it breeds in some numbers on the
mountains of the main island. I have three examples collected
by Mr. Jouy on Fuji-yama, and there are twelve examples in the
Pryer collection from the same locality (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans.
As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 1G4).
The Siberian Ground-Thrush breeds in Eastern Siberia, and is
only an accidental visitor to Europe. It is said to have occurred
once in the British Islands.
Eggs said to be of this species in the Pryer collection resemble
those of the Ring-Ouzel, but are smaller.
Mr. Jouy found this bird quite as shy and retiring on Fuji-yama
as I found it in the valley of the Yenesay. It frequents the deep
woods, and in Japan is found as high as 5000 feet above the sea-
level (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 278). It is a
fine songster.
3. GEOCICHLA TERRESTRIS.
( K ITTLITZ ' S G R O U N D-T II RU S H . )
Turdus terreatriit, Kittlitz, M6m. pr^sent^s a I'Aoad. Imp. des Sciences de
St. P^tersb.par divers savans, 1830, p. 244.
Kittlitz's Groimd-Thrush agrees with every other species of Geo-
TURDIX.E. 45
cichla in the white pattern on the under surface of its "wing, but
differs from them all in having uniform brown axillaries. It is a
brown bird, conspicuously streaked with black on the mantle, and
obscurely spotted with dark brown on the breast.
Figures : Kittlitz, Mem. presentes k TAcad. Imp. des Sciences de
St. Petersb. par divers savans, 1830, pi. 17.
Kittlitz's Ground-Thrush is supposed to be peculiar to the Bonin
Islands, ^^here it was discovered in 1828. Besides the type specimen
in the Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Peters-
burg, there is a second example in the Leyden Museum, and a third
in the Vienna Museum.
It appears to be allied to Geocichla sibirica, and quite as closely to
Geocichla pinicola and Geocichla naevia.
4. MERULA CARDIS.
(GREY JAPANESE OUZEL.)
Turdm cordis, Teniminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 618 (1813).
The male Grey Japanese Ouzel somewhat resembles the male of
Geocichla sibirica, but it has no white eye-stripe, or white pattern on
the underside of the wings. The female is olive-grey above, and
white spotted with dark brown below. Adult males have slate-grey
axillaries ; female and immature males have these feathers orange-
chestnut, but at no age is there any chestnut on the tail.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 29
(male adult and first winter), pi. 30 (female adult and first winter).
The Grey Japanese Ouzel appears to be confined to the Japanese
Islands during the breeding-season. It is a common summer visitor
to Yezzo, whence I have three adult males, one adult female, and two
immature males, collected by Mr. Henson between the 27th of May
and the 20th of September. I have also a young bird in first plumage,
collected by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi in August (Seebohm,
Ibis, 1884, p. 41), and two others collected by Mr. Jouy on Fuji-
yama in July, so that there can be no doubt that it breeds on both
islands. In the Pryer collection there are three adult males and two
adult females from Fuji-yama, in addition to two immature males
and one immature female. I have other examples, both of adults
and immature birds, collected in the same locality by Mr. Heywood
Jones and Mr. Jouy; and in the British Museum there is an example
collected by Mr. Whitely at Nagasaki.
4G PASSERES.
The Grey Japanese Ouzel is a lowland bird, and breeds abundantly
at the base of Fuji-yama. The nest is generally placed in the
fork of a small tree overhanging a stream, and is composed of moss,
roots, and dry leaves, M'ith a foundation of mud. It is lined with
grass, fine roots, and horsehair (Jouy, Proc. United States ^Nat. Mus.
1883, p. 277). Eggs in the Pryer collection resemble those of the
Missel-Thrush, but are slightly smaller. This bird is a fine songster,
and is much valued by the Japanese as a cage-bird (Blakiston and
Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 165).
It leaves Japan in autumn to winter in South China and Hainan.
I have been unable to find any evidence in favour of the statement
(David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine,^ p. 150) that it migrates to tlie
valley of the Amoor in spring.
5. MERULA FUSCATA.
(DUSKY OUZEL.)
Turdus fnscatm, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 451 (182G).
The Dusky Ouzel may be recognized by the chocolate-chestnut
colour of its axillaries, by the chestnut on its tertials and greater
wing-coverts, and by the brown of its upper parts, which is russet
rather than olive.
Figures: Gould, Birds of Asia, iii. pi. 1 (male and female);
Dresser, Birds of Europe, ii. pi. 7 (male and female).
The Dusky Ouzel is a winter visitor to Jaj)an, arriving from the
north in great numbers. A few remain to winter in the northern
island, Init most of them ])ass onwards, and winter in the more
southerly islands. Tliey are very common in winter near Yokohama,
whence there are nine examples iu the Pryer collection. It also
occurs near Nagasaki (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 1G7), wdience examples have been sent by Mr. Ringer to the
Norwich Museum, and whence those erroneously recorded as Turdus
naumanni in the Report of the Siebold Expedition were probably
obtained (Temminck and kSchlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. Gl).
One of these examples was figured in 1831 under the name of Turdus
eunomus (Temminck, Phmclies Coloriees, no. 51 J).
The Dusky Ouzel breeds in Eastern Siberia, above the limit of
forest-growth, and winters in South China as well as in Japan. It
arrives in Yczzo n great numbers soon after the middle of October
(Blakiston, Ibis, 18G2, p. 311)), but a few stray birds occasionally
migrate westwards, and occur during winter in various parts of Europe.
TURDINiE. 47
6. MERULA NAUMANNI.
(RED-TAILED OUZEL.)
Turdus naumanni, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. i. p. 170 (1820).
The Red-tailed Ouzel may be recognized by the pale chestnut on
the inner webs of its tail-feathers^ on the centres of the feathers of
its breast and flanks, and on its axillaries and under tail-coverts.
The upper parts are nearly uniform olive-brown.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, ii. pi. 6 (male and female) ;
Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, pi. 10.
The Red-tailed Ouzel is a rare winter visitor to Japan. Dr. Hen-
derson procured it at Hakodadi in October, 1857 (Cassin, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 194) ; and in the Pryer collection there is
one example obtained by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi in March,
and two examples from Yokohama. It has also occurred on the
Loo-Choo Islands (Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1880,
p. 646) .
It breeds in Eastern Siberia, and winters in China as well as in
Japan. To Europe it is only an accidental visitor.
This species is almost as variable in the colour of the upper parts
as Merulafuscata, and the distinguished naturalist who presided over
the Museum at Warsaw, than whom no ornithologist had more
opportunities of judging, was of opinion that they intergrade (Tac-
zanowski, Journ. Orn. 1872, p. 437). The amount of rusty red on
the upper parts and on the tail varies much ; but the predominant
colour of the upper parts is always olive and that of the breast rusty
red in Merula naumanni, whilst the upper parts are always more or
less russet-brown and the centres of the breast-feathers very dark
brown in Merula fuscata. I have seen large series from China and
Japan, but have never found them to intergrade, though they often
approach each other.
7. MERULA PALLIDA.
(PALE OUZEL.)
Turdtis pallidus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 815 (1788).
The Pale Ouzel has a large patch of white on the tip of the outei-
tail-feathers, and pale grey axillaries, a combination found in no other
48 PASSERES.
Japanese Thrush. It has no eye-stripe. The upper parts are very
russet, and the breast and flanks are almost grey.
Figures: Tcmminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 515 (male); Tem-
niinck and Schlegel, Fauna Japouica, Aves, pi. 26.
The Pale Ouzel is principally known as a winter visitor to Japan,
and is not uncommon in the bamboo-thickets near Yokohama
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 164). It is a
rare bird in Yezzo (Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 199), and there is no
record of its having been found breeding in any of the Japanese
islands. There are seven examples in the Pryer collection from
Yokohama; and Mr. Ringer has sent an example to the Norwich
Museum obtained at Nagasaki, whence those figured in the ' Fauna
Japonica ' as Tardus daulias were probably procured. There is an
example in the Pryer collection obtained in the central group of the
Loo-Choo Islands during January (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 174-) ;
and it has also been obtained in the southern group (Stcjneger, Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 405).
The Pale Ouzel breeds in the valley of the Lower Amoor, and
winters in South China and Formosa as well as in Japan.
8. MERULA CHRYSOLAUS.
(BROWN JAPANESE OUZEL.)
Turdtis chrysolaus, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 537 (1831).
The Brown Japanese Ouzel has pale grey axillaries, rusty-red breast
and flanks, no eye-stripe, very little Mhite on the outer tail-feathers,
and almost uniform brown upper parts, slightly suffused with russet.
Figures: Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 28
(male and female).
The Brown Japanese Ouzel is a resident in all the Japanese islands.
It is common in Yezzo, congregating in large flocks in winter (Whitely,
Ibis, 1867, p. 199). On the main island it breeds on Fuji-yama,
and winters in the plains near Yokohama; but many of the young
birds migrate in autumn to Formosa and South China, and it has once
occurred in the Lower Amoor (Schrenck, Reis. nnd Forsch. im Amur-
Ijande, i. p. 352). I have two examples of the young in first
plumage obtained by Mr. Jouy on Fuji-yama, and in the Pryer collec-
tion there are fourteen adult birds from the Yokohama market
(Hlakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 241). I have an example col-
TUKDIN^R. 49
lectcd by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki ; and Mr. Pryer has recorded it
from the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887,
Eggs of this species in the Pryer collection resemble finely streaked
examples of those of the Blackbird,
The nest is made of much coarser materials than that of Merula
cordis, and is composed of twigs bound together with long fibres of
grass. It is placed in bushes. This bird is said to be a sweet songster
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 106).
Dr. Stejneger has described what he supposes to be a new species
of Thrush from the mountains north of Yokohama, under the name
of Turdus jouyi (Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887,
p. 4) . It is said to have a smaller bill, and to be more or less suffused
with chestnut on the axillaries and under wing-coverts. The ex-
amples obtained were a breeding pair, but both appear to have been in
female plumage. They were probably birds of the previous year of
Merula chry solans, possibly of a late brood, and more immature than
usual. The colour of the axillaries is more liable to variation than
that of some other parts. In Merula fuscata it varies from pale grey
to deep chestnut, and in Merula cardis from slate-grey to orange-
chestnut. I have five examples of Merula obscura in which the
axillaries are suffused with buff; and there is an example of Merula
chry solans itself in the Paris Museum, collected by FAbbe Fauire near
Hakodadi, in which the axillaries and under wing-coverts are con-
siderably suffused with buff.
9. MERULA OBSCURA.
(DUSKY OUZEL.)
Turdns obscures, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 81G (1788).
The Dusky Ouzel has pale grey axillaries and a white eye-stripe, a
combination found in no other Japanese Thrush. The white patch
at the tip of the outer tail-feathers is small, and the upper parts are
olive-brown.
Figures : Temminck and Sehlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 27
(male adult and bird of the year) ; Dresser, Birds of Europe, ii. pi. 9
(male adult, and young in first plumage) .
The Dusky Ouzel is a very rare winter visitor to Japan. There are
E
50 PASSERES.
two examples in tlic Pryer collection from Yokohama (Blakiston and
Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 105) ; Mr. Jony obtained
examples (one of -wliicli I have in my collection) at Tate-yama, north
of Yokohama, on the autumn migration (Jouy, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 277) ; and there is an example in the British
Museum, collected by Capt. St. John at Nagasaki. It has not been
recorded from Yezzo.
It breeds in Eastern Siberia, and winters in the Burma Peninsula
and in the islands of the Malay Archipelago. Stragglers occasionally
wauder to Europe.
10. MERULA CEL^NOPS.
(SEVEN-ISLAND OUZEL.)
Tardus cekenops, Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 484.
The male of the Seven-Island Ouzel has a black head and neck :
the female resembles that of Merula chrysolaus, but the chestnut of
the breast and flanks is much deeper in colour.
The Seven-Island Ouzel was originally described from the island
of Miaco-shima, one of the Seven Islands, about 50 miles from the
mainland, and about 100 miles south of Y'okohama. The types are
in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, and
there is a skin of a male in the Pryer collection. It was afterwards
procured by Mr. Ilolst on Fatsizio, an island about seventy miles
further south, and a skin of a female as well as of a male from that
locality arc in my collection (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 98).
11. ERITHACUS AKAHIGE.
(JAPANESE ROBIN.)
Syh-ia akahiffe, Teniminck, Planches Colorioes, no. 571 (1835).
Tlic Japanese Robin has an orange-chestnut throat and tail. The
lower breast and ilanks arc grey in the male, and brown in the
feiniile.
Eigiircs : Teniminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 21 b
(male and fcinaie).
The Japanese Robin is not known to have occurred in Yezzo in a
TURDIN^. 51
wild state*, but in Southern Japan it breeds on the mountains and
winters in the plains. There is an cxarajile in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama, and I have four examples from Nagasaki, for which
I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Ringer. It breeds on the
Seven Islands (Stejnegcr, Pi'oc. United States Nat. Mus, 1887,
p. 486). L'Abbe David found it at Pekin in April, and at Fokieniii
November, so that it is probably a resident in North China as well as
in Japan.
12, EEITHACUS NAMIYEI.
(STEJNEGER'S ROBIN.)
Icoturus namiyei, Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 188G, p. G4o.
The adult male of Stejneger's Robin has the black chin and throat
of Temminck's Robin, but its under wing-coverts, flanks, and axil-
laries are grey as in the female of that species. The female has a
brownish-grey breast.
Stejneger's Robin was described by Dr. Stejneger from an adult
male obtained by Mr. Namiye on the mountain of Nagoga-
take in Okinawa Shima. There is an example (a female) in the
Pryer collection from the same island, which differs from the female
of Temminck^s Robin in various characters which are pointed out on
the next page. No other examples are known. Erithacus sihilans
may be distinguished from both the Japanese species by its resem-
blance to Erithacus akahige in the colour of its upper parts. The
measurements of the two examples of Stejneger^s Robin are as
follows : — Wing from carpal joint, ,^ 2"85 inches, $ 2*75 ; tail,
^ 2*05,? 1"8 ; exposed culmen, cJ'55, ? "5 ; tarsus, ^ 1-15, ? I'l ;
middle toe with claw, (^ "2, ? '83 ; gradation of tail ^ "2, ? '15.
Erithacus komadori, E?ithacus akahige, Erithacus sihilans, Eritha-
cus namiyei, and Erithacus rubecula, all belong to the same subgeneric
gi'oup of the genus Erithacus. In the concavity of the wing, in the
comparative length of the first and second primaries, in the feather-
ing of the nostrils, and in the development of the rictal bristles they
are almost identical. I cannot therefore admit the validity of
Icoturus (Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 613)
even as a subgenus.
* I have an example collected by ]\Ir. Ilenson at Hakodadi on the 28th of June.
As its wings are very much abraded and its tail is in moult, I assume it to be an
escaped cage-bird.
e2
o2 PASSERES.
13. ERITHACUS KOMADORI.
(TEMMINCK^S KOlilN.)
Sylvia komaclori, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 570 (183')).
Temminck's Robin has a black chin and throat and black flanks
in the adult malcj and in both sexes the upper parts are orange-
chestnut. The female has the feathers which arc black in tlie male
creamy Mhitc with grey margins.
Figures : Temminck and Schlcgcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 21 c.
Temminck's Robin was originally described from Japan, from
examples procured by the Siebold Expedition ; but later ornitholo-
gists asserted tliat it was only known as a cage bird in that country,
and that the Japanese imported it from the Corea (Blakiston and
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 239); nevertheless, no collectors on that penin-
sula have been able to discover it. Its home remained a mystery
until it was brought from Yaye-yama Island in the southern group
of the Loo-Choo chain (Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1887, p. 404). I have two fine males from Japan, but, like most
cage-birds, the tips of the quills and tail-feathers are imperfect.
It appears to be quite distinct from Erithacus namiyei. In the
adult male the flanks are black instead of grey ; the under wing-
coverts are black margined with Avhitc, instead of grey margined
with rufous, and the axillarics are white with dark centres instead of
uniform grey. In the female the feathers of the throat and breast
are creamy white margined with grey, instead of being uniform
greyish brown, and the under tail-coverts are white instead of grey.
Very little reliance can be placed upon the alleged structural differ-
ences between the two species, unless a much larger series of eacli
could be obtained, to correct the amount of individual variation that
usually occurs. It is, liowcver, probable that Erithacus komadori has
a slightly shorter tail, a slightly shorter tarsus, a sliglitly shorter
bastard-i)rimary, and a somewhat flatter and more pointed wing than
Erithacus namiyei.
14. ERITHACUS CALLIOPE.
(SIBERIAN RUBY-THROATED ROBIN.)
Motacilla calliope, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. G07 (177G).
The male of the Siberian Buby-throated Robin has a gorgeous
TURBINE. 53
metallic riilay-coloured throat. The female is a plain brown bird
like a Nightingale^ with an olive-brown tail.
Figures : Gould^ Birds of Asia, iv. pi. 38.
The Siberian Ruby-throated Robin is a summer visitor to the
Kurile Islands (whence I have an example collected by Mr. Snow in
June) and to Yezzo (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 182). There is a single
example in the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and Mr. Ringer
obtained it near Nagasaki, where the examples procured by the
Siebold Expedition were probably obtained (Temminck and Schlegel,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 57). It has been recorded from the
southern group of the Loo-Choo Islands (Stejneger, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 406).
This fine songster breeds in Siberia from the Ural Mountains to
Kamtschatka, and winters in South China, the Philippine Islands,
Burma, and India.
15. ERITHACUS CYANEUS.
(SIBERIAN BLUE ROBIN.)
Motavilla aijane, Pallas, Reise Riis3. Reichs, iii. p. 697 (1770).
The male Siberian Blue Robin is blue above and white below. The
female is olive-brow n above, suffused with blue on the upper tail-
coverts, and rufous-brown below.
Figures : Radde, Reisen Slid. v. Ost-Sibir. ii. pi. 10.
The Siberian Blue Robin is a summer ^dsitor to Yezzo (Seebohm,
Ibis, 1884, p. 182), but probably does not winter there. In the
Pryer collection there are four males and a female from Fuji-yama,
where it breeds (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 281).
This species is a summer visitor to East Siberia from Lake Baikal
to the mouth of the Amoor. It winters in China, Burma, North
India, the Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.
16. MONTICOLA CYANUS.
(BLUE ROCK-THRUSH.)
Turdus a/anus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 29G (176G).
The Eastern Blue Rock-Thrush with chestnut belly intergrades with
the typical form, with the belly blue like the rest of the plumage, in
54* PASSEllES.
North-east China, and can only be regarded as subspeeifieally distinct
from its western representative,, though it has been described as
Tiinhis sol'dnritis (Muller, Natursyst. Suppl. p. 1 12) as long ago as
177G. The length of wing varies from 4^ to 5 inches.
Figures : Daubenton, Planches Enlurainees, no. 636 (male), no.
564, fig. 2 (female).
The eastern race of the Blue Rock -Thrush is a common summer
visitor to all the Japanese Islands, and is occasionally seen in winter
in Southern Japan (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882,
p. 163). There are two examples in the Swinhoc collection from
Ilakodadi (SMinhoc, Ibis, 1874, p. 157), and eight in the Pryer col-
lection from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer has obtained it at Nagasaki,
where the examples procured by the Siebold Expedition, and recorded
as Tardus manillensis, were probably obtained (Temminck and
Schlcgcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 0)7). It is very common on the
Bonin Islands, whence I have a series in various stages of plumage
collected by Mr. Hoist (Scebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 98). Capt. Rodgers
procured it from the Loo-Choo Islands (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad.
1862, p. 314) ; and there are three examples in the Pryer collection
from the same locality (Seebolim, Ibis, 1887, p. 174).
The range of the Blue Rock-Thrush extends from Spain across
Southern Europe and Central Asia to China. The eastern form
breeds in Japan, in the valley of the Ussuri in Eastern Siberia,
and in Formosa, wintering in South-east China and the islands of
the Malay Archipelago.
Intermediate forms between the Eastern and Western races are very-
common in China, and an example in the Norwich ]\Iuseum sent by
Mr. Ringer from Nagasaki, as well as one in the British Museum,
])robably from the same locality, show traces of blue on many feathers
of the belly apparently derived from a strain of Western blood.
17. CINCLUS PALLASI.
(SIBERIAN BLACK-BELLIED DIPPER.)
Cinclua pallasii, Temminck, Mau. d'Orn. i. p. 177 (1820).
The Siberian Black-bellied DipjK'r, like its Himalayan ally, is
cliocolate-brown aljove and l)elow, but is darker and less rufous than
that species.
Figures: Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna .laponica, Aves, pi. 31 (
(adult and young) .
TURDINiE. 55
The Siberian Black-bellied Dipper is a common resident on the
mountain-streams of all the Japanese islands (Blakiston and Pryer,
IbiSj 1878; p. 239) . There are two examples in the S winhoe collection
from Hakodadi (S winhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 449), and there are five
examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. I have also an
example from Nagasaki.
The range of the Siberian Black-bellied Dipper extends northwards
to Kamtschatka and the Aleutian Islands, westwards to Lake Baikal,
and southwards to Central China.
18. ACCENTOR ALPINUS.
(ALPINE ACCENTOR.)
Motacilla alpina, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 804 (1788).
The Japanese race of the Alpine Accentor has the throat white
spotted with black; and the upper tail-coverts are chestnut with
dark centres.
Figures: Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, pi. 9; Gould, Birds of
Asia, iv. pi. 43.
The Japanese Alpine Accentor is not known to occur in Yczzo, but
there are two examples in the Pryer collection from Fuji-yama.
Dybowski procured it on a mountain near the southern shore of
Lake Baikal ; Maack obtained it in the valley of the Araoor ; Midden-
dorff found it on the southern shore of the Sea of Okhotsk ; and
Swinhoe described it from North China. I have examples collected
by Prjevalski in Kansu, which are slightly chestnut on the upper
tail-coA^erts and much streaked on the flanks, but in this respect they
are intermediate between A. alpinus and A. erythropygius. The
Japanese Alpine Accentor has been described as a distinct species
under the latter name (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 124), but
can scarcely be regarded as more than subspccifically distinct, in which
case it may be known as Accentor alpinus erythropygius.
The Alpine Accentors appear completely to intergrade. Typical
forms differ as follows : —
(ru
Flanks uniform chestnut.-?
a/pinus .
rufilatus
;:}
Upper tail-coverts grey.
Ipalensis . . "i tt i. -i i. t, j.
f Dppcrtail-covcrts chest-
fry Mro;j?/yzM« .}
nut.
56 PASSERES.
The most interesting fact concerning them is that the Japanese
form resembles the European one in having the chestnut flank-fcathcrs
edged with grey, and appears to be connected with it by intermediate
forms in South-east ]Mongolia.
The habits of the Japanese Alpine Accentor resemble those of its
European ally. It is described as flitting around on the rocks,
uttering a low soft chuckling note, and as being very tame. It has
been found both on Fuji-yama and on Tate-yama (Jouy, Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 300).
19. ACCENTOR RUBIDUS.
(JAPANESE HEDGE-SPARROW.)
Accentor modularis luhtdm, Temiuinck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 69 (1847).
The Japanese Hedge-Sparrow has an unstreaked brown throat and
breast. It is much more rufous than its British representative.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 32
(in very abraded plumage) ; Gould, Birds of Asia, iv. pi. 42 (in newly
moulted plumage).
The Japanese Iledgc-Sparrow is peculiar to Japan. There are
nine examples in the Fryer collection from the neighbourhood of
Yokohama ; and there are two examples in the British Museum col-
lected by Mr. Whitely near Hakodadi in Minter. It is therefore pro-
bable that this species is a resident in all the Japanese islands. The
examples figured in the ' Fauna Japonica ' without the broad chestnut
stripes on the flanks are probably birds in abraded plumage.
This bird ascends Fuji-yama in summer as high as 8000 feet,
where it frequents the scrub willows, and has a sparrow-like chirping
note (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 300). Eggs in
the Prycr collection do not differ from those of its European ally.
The nearest ally of the European Hedge-Sparrow {Accentor modu-
laris) and the Japanese Hedge-Sparrow {Accentor riibidus) is the
Maronne-backcd Hedgc-S])arrow {Accentor inimaculatus), a species
vhich ranges from Nepal, through the Eastern Himalayas to Eastern
Thibet and Setchuen in Western China. As is the case with several
other species of iMiropean and Japanese or Chinese birds, the Central
form appears to have changed more than the extreme Western and
Eastern forms, probably in consequence of a greater change of climate.
TURDlNiE. 57
20. PRATINCOLA MAURA,
(SIBERIAN STONECHAT.)
Motacilla mcmra, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. p. 708 (177'3).
The Siberian Stonechat differs from its close ally in Western
Europe in having the upper tail-coverts white without any dark
streaks, and the axillaries black without Q,\\y white tips.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, iv. pi. 34.
The Siberian Stoncchat is a common summer visitor to Yezzo
(Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 197), and I have an example obtained by
Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands. In the Swinhoe collection there is
a pair obtained by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi in April ; and in
the Pryer collection there are five examples from Fuji-yama. I have
also three examples collected in the latter locality by Mr. Heywood
Jones ; and it has been obtained by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki, where
the examples procured by the Siebold Expedition, and recorded as
Saxicola rubicola, were probably obtained (Temminck and Schlegel,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 58).
This species breeds in Eastern Europe in the valley of the Petchora
and eastwards across Siberia to Kamtschatka. It winters in India,
Burma, and South China.
The habits of the Siberian Stonechat are precisely the same as
those of our Common Stonechat; but eggs in the Pryer collection
from Japan, said to be those of this species, are not nearly so blue as
British or Siberian examples.
21. RUTICILLA AUROREA.
(DAURIAN REDSTART.)
Motacilla aurorea, Gmelin, Syst, Nat. i. p. 970 (1788).
Tiie Daurian Redstart has a white patch on the wing, caused by
white bases to the secondaries and tertials. The male has a black
back and throat, a chestnut breast and rump, and a grey crown and
nape.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 21 d
(male and female) ; David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pi. 26 (male).
The Daurian Redstart is a resident on all the Japanese islands,
breeding in the mountains and wintering in the plains, many doubt-
58 PASSE RES.
less migratin{]f southwards in autumn (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans.
As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 162). There arc nine examples in the
Pryer collection from the ncighhourliood of Yokohama. In the
British Museum is an example from Ilakodadi, and Mr. Ringer has
sent examples from Nagasaki to the Norwich Museum.
The Daurian Redstart also breeds in South-cast Sil)eria, East
^longolia, and North China. It winters in Formosa, South China,
Hainan, and occasionally in Assam, the Malay Peninsula, Java, and
Timor.
It is generally found in low bushes or tangled thickets, and has a
loud piping note ( Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 282) .
22. TARSIGER CYANURUS.
(SIBERIAN BLUE-TAIL.)
Motacilla cyanurus, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. p. 709 (177G).
The male Siberian Blue-tail is blue above, with a white eye-stripe ;
and white below with orange-chestnut flanks. The female is olive-
brown above with no eye-stripe, and in addition to the orange flanks
there is an obscure broad brown band across the breast.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 21
(male and female) ; David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pi. 28 (male).
The Siberian Blue-tail is a summer visitor to Yezzo (VVhitely, Ibis,
18G7, p. l'J7) ; but in the more southerly islands of Japan it is a
resident, breeding on the mountains and wintering in the plains.
There arc twelve examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama,
and ;Mr. Ringer has sent skins to the Norwich Museum obtained at
Nagasaki (Blakiston and Pi-yer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. IGl).
There is an example in the Pryer collection from the central group
of the Loo-Choo Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 174), and another
in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington from
the same locality (Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1880,
p. 646).
The range of the Siberian Blue-tail extends from the Ural Moun-
tains, whence 1 have seen examples in the Moscow Museum, to
Kamtsfhatka. It is a winter visitor to China and Formosa.
I found this bird in the valley of the Yenesay as far north as the
Arctic Circle, and Mr. Jouy describes it as one of the commonest
birds in the mountains of Ja|)an during sumujcr, often the only one
TURDINiE. 59
seen on some of the higher passes. It is very familiar in its wavs
and easily approached. Seated on a low branch of a tree or shrub,
with its head on one side, it utters a low guttural chuckling note
(Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 281). Mr. Jouy
procured examples of this species on Fuji-yama in June and on
Tate-yama in December.
23. NILTAVA CYANOMEL^NA.
(JAPANESE BLUE FLYCATCHER.)
Museicapa cyanomelana, Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 470 (1829).
The male Japanese Blue Flycatcher is blue on all the upper
parts, black on the throat and breast^ white on the rest of the under-
parts and at the base of the tail. The female is a brown bird, with
white belly and under tail-coverts, and a large pale patch on the
throat.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 17 d
(male), pi. 16 (female) ; David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pi. 81.
The Japanese Blue Flycatcher is a summer visitor to all the Japa-
nese islands. I have ten examples collected by Mr, Henson at Hako-
dadi in ]May, and three collected by Mr. Hey wood Jones on Fuji-yama
in simimer (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 180). There are eight examples
in the Pryer collection from the latter locality, including a young
male in first plumage collected by Mr. Jouy in July. In the British
Museum there is a male collected by Mr. Whitely at Nagasaki, whence
the examples figured in the ' Fauna Japonica/ the male as Museicapa
melanoleuca and the female as M. gularis, were probably also pro-
cured.
This handsome bird also breeds in Manchuria near the moutli of
the Ussuri (Taczauowski, Journ. Orn. 1875, p. 251). It passes
along the coast of China on migration to winter in Borneo.
The Japanese Blue Flycatcher appears to be nearly allied to
Niltava vivida from Formosa, which may be regarded as an island
form of Niltava sundara. Neither of these species has any white
on the tail, but both have the curious pale patch on the throat.
It is common in the deep woods on Fuji-yama, breeding early in
June, and being easily attracted by imitating its mellow whistling
note (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 306).
The female may always be distinguished from the other Japanese
GO PASSERES.
Flycatchers by its large size (wing 3^ inches or more), and by its
large pale patch on the throat.
Young in first plumage are, like young Thrushes, spotted with buff
and barred with black on both the upper and under parts.
24. SIPHIA LUTEOLA.
(MUGIMAKI FLYCATCHER.)
Motacilla luteola, Tallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 470 (1827).
The male Mugimaki Flycatcher is slate-grey above, with a white
eve-stripe, a white patch on the shoulder, aud white at the base of
most of the tail-feathers. The throat and breast are orange-chestnut,
shading into white on the belly and under tail-coverts. In the
female the slate-grey of the male is replaced by olive, but the white
on the wings and tail remains.
Figures : Temminek and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 17 n
(male).
The Mugimaki F'lycatcher appears to be an accidental visitor to
Japan on migration. The Siebold Expedition only obtained a soli-
tary example, probably at Nagasaki; a single example is in the
museum at Sapporo, in Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc.
Japan, 1882, p. 148) ; and a young male Avas obtained at Tate-yama,
in the centre of the main island, in autumn (Jouy, Proc. United
States Xat. Mus. 1883, p. 305).
This species breeds in Eastern Siberia from Lake Baikal to the
mouth of the Amoor, passes through China and Formosa on migra-
tion, and winters in Borneo.
The Mugimaki Flycatcher belongs to the genus Siphia, in which,
although the sexes diflcr in colour, they agree in having the base of
the tail more or less white and the upper tail-coverts nearly black.
The genus was established in 1837 (Hodgson, Indian Review, i.
p. 051), and Siphia strophiata is the type.
It is the only Japanese Flycatcher which has white at the base of
the tail in both sexes. The male of the Japanese Blue Flycatcher
has white at the base of the tail, but neither sex has dark u])pcr
tail-coverts.
TUKDIN/E. 61
25. XANTHOPYGIA NARCISSINA.
(NARCISSUS FLYCATCHER.)
Mtiscicapa narcissina, Temminck, Planches Coloviees, no. 577, fig. 1 (183o).
The male Narcissus Flycatcher is orange on the rump and throat,
shading into yellow on the centre of the breast^ yellow on the super-
cilium, white on the greater wing-coverts and under tail-coverts,
and nearly black on the rest of the plumage. The female is olive
above, shading into russet on the upper tail-coverts and tail, and
greyish white below, suffused with yellow and brown in immature
examples.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 17 c
(male), pi. 17 (female under the name of Mtiscicapa hylocharis).
The Narcissus Flycatcher is a common summer visitor to Yezzo,
but in the more southerly Japanese islands it breeds on the moun-
tains and has been known to winter in the plains (Blakiston and
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 234). In the Pryer collection are sixteen
examples from Fuji-yama and Yokohama; in the Swinhoe collection
is an example from Hakodadi obtained by Captain Blakiston ; and I
have an example from Nagasaki, for which I am indebted to the
kindness of Mr. Ringer.
It is abundant on Fuji-yama in June and July, but is very shy in
its habits, frequenting the deep woods (Jouy, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 306). Its song is described as very sweet.
The Narcissus Flycatcher breeds in South China as well as in Japan,
and has occurred in the Philippine Islands in winter.
The Narcissus and the Tricoloured Flycatchers appear to have no
relations. The genus Xanthopygia was established for their recep-
tion in 1847 (Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi. p. 123), to which
some other species have been referred on what appear to be insuffi-
cient grounds.
Xanthopygia tricolor has no claim to be regarded as a Japanese
bird. It is not included in the ' Fauna Japonica,' a fact which con-
demns the stuffed specimen (a male) in the British Museum, which
is labelled " Japan, Leyden Museum ; " and there can be no doubt
that the female figured in the ' Fauna Japonica ' as Muscicapa hylo-
charis is an immature female of the Narcissus Flycatcher, and not, as
has been suggested (Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. iv. p. 250), of the
Tricoloured Flycatcher.
62 PASSE RES.
26. MUSCICAPA SIBIRICA.
(SIBERIAN FLYCATCHER.)
Muscicapa sihirica, Gnielin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 93G (1788).
Tlie Siberian Flycatcher is a little brown bird, very closely allied
to the Brown Flycatcher, but differing fro mi tin being rather darker
in colour, especially on the breast. It differs from the females of
the two species of Xanthopyyia in having no trace of green on the
upper parts.
Figures : Hume and Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand, pi. 4.
The Siberian Flycatcher appears to be a common bird in Japan.
Captain Blakiston sent me an example from Sapporo, in Yezzo,
dated May 2G, 18/7; and in the Fryer collection are five adult
birds and three young in first plumage from Fuji-yama, proving that
it breeds in the main island.
This species breeds in Dauria and the valley of the Amoor and
also in the Himalayas. It passes through China on migration to
winter in India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula.
The Siberian Flycatcher so closely resembles the Brown Fly-
catcher that they are often confounded together. It is a slightly
larger bird, the upper parts arc brown instead of ashy brown, and
the sides of the neck and breast are brown instead of pale brown.
Young in first plumage are spotted and barred, both on the ujiper
and under parts, like young Thrushes.
27. MUSCICAPA LATIROSTRIS.
(BROWN FLYCATCHER.)
Muscicapa latirostris, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 312 (1821).
The Brown Flycatcher is a little grey bird, very closely allied to
the Siberian Flycatcher, but didering from it in being rather paler
in colour, especially on the breast. It differs from the females of
the two species of Xanthojnjfjia in having no trace of green on the
uj)per parts.
Figures : Tcmminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japoniea, Avcs, j)l. 15 ;
Hume and Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand, pi. 5.
The Brown Flycatcher is a common summer visitor to Yezzo and
the Kurile Islands, and in the more soutlierly Japanese islands it is
TURDIN/E. 63
common during tlie breeding-season on the mountains. Dr. Hen-
derson procured it at Hakodadi in October 1857 (Cassin, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 194) ; and there is an example in the
Swinhoe collection collected by Mr. Whitely in the same locality on
the 24th of September, and another collected by Captain Blakiston
in May (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 159). There are nine examples in
the Pryer collection from Fuji-yama and Yokohama. The example
figured in the ' Fauna Japonica ' as Muscicapa cinereo-alba was
probably obtained at Nagasaki.
The Brown Flycatcher breeds in the valley of the Yeaesay and the
valley of the Amoor, and probably in the Himalayas and the moun-
tains of China. In winter it is found in India, Ceylon, Sumatra,
Java, Borneo, and Malacca.
28. TERPSIPHONE PRINCEPS.
(JAPANESE PARADISE FLYCATCHER.)
Muscipeta princeps, Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 584 (1836).
The adult male Paradise Flycatcher may be recognized by its long
central tail-feathers (10 to 11 inches). The female looks like a
Red-tailed Shrike with the head of a Flycatcher.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 17 e
(male and female).
The Japanese Paradise Flycatcher is a common summer visitor to
the southern islands of Japan, but is not known to migrate as far
north as Y^ezzo. I have five examples procured on Fuji-yama by Mr.
Heywood Jones, and there are five examples in the Pryer collection
from the same locality and one from the central group of the Loo-Choo
Islands. Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer record its occurrence near
Nagasaki, where the examples figured in the ' Fauna Japonica ■* as
Muscipeta principalis were probably obtained.
It passes along the coasts of South China on migration to winter
in the Malay peninsula.
It is very abundant around Fuji-yama in summer, and builds in
the deep fork of a small tree, sometimes supported by the swaying
branches of a Wisteria, eight or ten feet from the ground, and gene-
rally near running water. The nest is made of dry grass, strips of
bark, and fresh moss, lined with fine moss roots, and sometimes
garnished with lichen or spiders^ webs (Jouy, Proc. United States
01 PAS9ERES.
Nat. Mas. 1883, p. 304). Eggs in the Piycr collection resemble
the rufous Aariety of the eggs of the Red-backed Shrike, but are not
so round.
The Paradise Flycatchers are an African genus of birds, no less
than ten species being found in the Ethiopian Region. Two others
are found in India, and the remaining two in China and Japan.
They are very conspicuous objects, as tlicy fly from bush to busli
with their long tails streaming behind them.
CRATEROPODIN^.
Sexes alike; young in first plumage only differing from that of
the adult in being slightly paler ; first primary generally rather more
than half the length of the second; nostrils exposed.
The range and number of species of the Crateropodinaj are very
difficult to determine, but they are represented in most of the tropical
and subtropical parts of the Old World, including the Pacific Islands.
I'our species are found in Japan.
29. HYPSIPETES AMAUROTIS.
(BROWN-EARED BULBUL.)
Tardus amaurotis, Temuiinck, Planches Coloriees, no. 497 (1830).
The Brown-eared Bulbul is smaller than its close ally on the Loo-
Choo Islands (wing from carpal joint 4'8 to 5'3), but scarcely differs
in size from the Bonin-lsland form. It differs from both in having
no chestnut-brown on the throat, breast, or belly.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 31 n.
The Brown-cared Bulbul may possibly be peculiar to Jajjan during
the breeding-season. In Yezzo it is principally known as a summer
visitor, but a few remain during winter. In Southern Japan it
breeds on the mountains and winters in the plains (Blakiston and
Prycr, Ibis, 1878, p. 210). There are examples in the Swinhoe col-
lection from Ilakodadi and Nagasaki (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1871, p. 158) j
and tliere are five examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama,
and two from the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands. It is pro-
bable that some of the Yezzo birds migrate to the Loo-Choo Islands
in a\itumn, returning northwards in spring (Stcjneger, Zeitschr. ges.
CRATEROPODINiE. 65
Orn. 1887, p. 173). Others wander as far as the Corea, where they
have been obtained in December, January, and February (Tacza-
nowski, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1887, p. 603).
The nest of the Brown-eared Bulbul is built in a bush, and made
of twigs, moss, and coarse roots, lined with fine roots (Blakiston and
Pryei', Trans. As. Soe. Japan, 1882, p. 163). Eggs in the Pryer
collection are pinkish white spotted with reddish brown, and with
lilac underlying markings ; they resemble eggs of the European
Blackbird in size, but in colour they scarcely differ from eggs of the
Chinese and Indian Bulbuls belonging to the genus Pycnonotus.
30. HYPSIPETES SQUAMICEPS.
(BONIN-ISLAND BULBUL.)
On'oltis squamieepsy Kittlitz, Mem. pr^s. h. I'Acad. Imp. dea Sciences de St.
Petersbourg, par divers savans, 18.30, p. 241.
The Bonin-Island Bulbul is larger than its Japanese ally (wing
from carpal joint 5*5 to 4"8), and is suffused with chestnut-brown,
not only on the ear- coverts and flanks, but also on the throat and
belly.
Figures : Kittlitz, Kupfertafeln zur Naturgeschichte der Vogel,
pi. 12. fig. 1, under the name of Galgulus amaurotis.
This Bulbul is only known from the Bonin and the Loo-Choo
Islands ; but inasmuch as examples from the latter locality arc on
an average smaller than the typical form from the former, they may
be regarded as subspecifically distinct. The comparative measure-
ments of the two races are as follows : —
Boniu Islands.
Loo-Choo Islands,
Wing . .
. . 5"45 to 4-85
4-9 to 4-46
Tail . .
. . 5 05 to 4*45
4-6 to 4-0
Bill . .
. . 1-05 to -85
'9 to '7Q
Tarsus .
. . 1-0 to -9
•9 to -8
The measurements are in English inches ; the wing is measured
from the carpal joint, and the bill from the frontal feathers. The
two races do not differ in colour.
The typical form was discovered by Kittlitz in 1828, and was de-
scribed by him in 1830 as an Oriolus. When he figured it in 1832,
F
66 PASSERES.
he identified it Avith the Japanese species, hut doubting Teniminck's
assertion tliat it was a Turdus, lie decided that it must be a Holler,
and called it Galgulus amaurotis. Since that date the two species
remained confu-cd togetlier until ISS 1, when the 15onin-Island Bull)ul
reappeared in ornithological literature under tlic name oi Hypsipetes
squamiceps (Meyer, Zeitsclirift ges. Orn. i. p. 211).
The Loo-Choo form appears comi)letely to iutergrade with the
typical form, from which it may be distinguished as Hyjis'i petes squa-
miceps pryeri. It was originally described from an example col-
lected by Mr. Naraiye on Okinawa-Shima, the largest of the middle
group of the Loo-Choo Islands, under the name of Hypsipetes pryeri
(Stejnegcr, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 642). Pryer
described its attempts at song as an almost melodious connected
whistle, whilst those of its Japanese ally arc said to be most
discordant (Stejneger, Zcitschrift ges. Orn. 1887, p. 173).
There are two examples of the typical form from the Bonin Islands
in the Pryer collection, and I have lately received twelve more from
the same locality collected by Mr. Hoist (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 98).
There are seven examples in the Pryer collection of the race which
inhabits the Loo-Choo Islands.
31. HAPALOPTERON FAMILIARE.
(BONIN WPIITE-EYED WAKBLER.)
Jxos familiaris, Kittlitz, Ml'hi. pros, a I'Acad. Imp. des Sciences do St. P^ters-
bourg, par divers savans, If^OO, p. 23o.
The Bonin White-eyed Warbler has a round wing with large first
primary. Upper parts olive, underparts yellow, a ring of white
feathers round the eye; lores yellow; forehead and superciliary
stripe black ; ear-coverts black on anterior half, yellow on posterior
half.
Figures: Kittlitz, Mem. pres. i\ PAcad. Imp. dcs Sciences de St.
Pctcr-sb. par divers savans, 1830, pi. 13.
The Bonin White-eyed Warbler was discovered in 1828 by Kittlitz,
and remained unknown until it was rediscovered in 1889 by Mr.
Hoist (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 100). The only record that I can
find of any example having l)een seen between these dates is that of
two live birds in the National Museum at Tokio (iJlakiston and
Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jaj)an, 1882, p. 138, no. 180^). I have twelve
CRATEROPODIN.E. 67
examples collected by Mr. Hoist on tlie Parry Islands and on one of
tlie Baily Islands.
It is a Timeliine Warbler^ probably allied to Stachyris. In 1848 it
was doubtfully referred to the genus lora (Gray, Genera of Birds, i.
p. 199); but in 1851. the genus Apalopteron was invented for its
reception (Bonaparte, Conipt. Rend, xxxix. p. 59).
32. ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSA.
(INDIAN WHITE-EYE.)
Zoster ops palpebrosa, Teiuminck, Plauches Coloriees, uo. 293, fig. 3 (1824).
The Chinese form of the Indian White-eye is a little bird, not
ranch larger than a Golden-crested Wren, with a white ring round
its eye, olive above and white below, shading into pale grey on the
flanks and breast, and into yellow on the throat and under tail-
coverts.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, ii. pi. 34 (Chinese form).
The Chinese White-eye is said to share with the Tree-SpaiTOw the
honour of being the commonest bird in the Loo-Choo Islands
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 234).
Its range extends to Formosa, South China, and Hainan. It is
not nearly so yellow a green on the upper parts as the typical form,
which inhabits India and Burma, but intermediate forms occasion-
ally occur.
The examples from the Loo-Choo Islands are rather large (wing
from carpal joint 2*15 to 2*25 inches), and the bills are large ('4 inches
from frontal feathers) ; they closely resemble examples from the
Eastern Himalayas, Andaman Islands, and the Nicobars, the Zoste-
rops nicobarica of Blyth.
The Chinese form has been named Zosterops simplex (Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1861, p. 331), and is fairly entitled to be regarded as sub-
specifically distinct under the name of Zosterops palpebrosa simplex.
Possibly the examples from the Loo-Choo Islands, which bave been
named Zosterops loochooensis (Tristram, Ibis, 1889, p. 229), ought to
be recognized as Zosterops palpebrosa nicobarica.
f2
08 PASSERES.
33. ZOSTEROPS JAPONICA.
(JAPANESE AVIUTE-EVE.)
Zosterops japonicus, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 57
(1847).
The Japanese White-eye is easily distinguished from its Chinese
ally by the colour of its breast and flanks, which arc pale chestnut-
brown instead of pale grey.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 22.
The Japanese AVhitc-eye is a resident in all the Japanese Islands,
and is peculiar to Japan. It is not very common in Yezzo, but was
obtained at Hakodadi as long ago as 1853 by the Perry Expedition
(Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 221). There
are eight examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and I
have two examples collected by Mr. Heywood Jones on Fuji-yama.
I have also three examples obtained by j\Ir. Ringer at Nagasaki.
The Japanese White-eye is so absolutely intermediate between the
species which inhabits South China and that found in North China,
that it is impossible to say to which it is most nearly allied. The
latter species, Zosterops erythropleura, has once occurred in the valley
of the Amoor ; the brown on its underparts is deepened into chestnut
and restricted to the flanks.
The nest of the Japanese Wbite-eye is a beautiful structure com-
posed entirely of moss, patched outside with large pieces of lichen,
and lined inside with horse-hair. It is rather flat in shape, and is
evidently a ground nest (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883,
p. 288) . Eggs in the Pryer collection arc unspotted bluish white, of
the dimensions of full-sized Willow- Warbler's eggs.
SYLVIIN/E.
Sexes generally alike; young in first plumage (which is retained
during the first winter) the same but brighter; first primary very
variable, always i)resent, but never as long as the second ; feathering
of nostrils very variable.
There are i)r()babiy from 300 to 400 sj)ccies that may be referred
to this subfamily, which is nearly cosmopolitan. Fifteen species
have occurred in Jaj)an.
SYLVIIN^E. (59
34. PHYLLOSCOPUS CORONATUS.
(TEMMINCK^S CROWNED WILLOW-WARBLER.)
Ficedula coronata, Temminck and Scblegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 48 (1847).
Tcmminck's Crowned Willow- Warbler differs from the other
Japanese Willow-Warblers in having a pale mesial line on the erown,
and in having the under tail-coverts bright yellow, in strong contrast
to the rest of the underparts, which are nearly white.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 18.
Tcmminck's Crowned Willow-Warbler is a very common summer
visitor to all the Japanese Islands. Dr. Henderson obtained it at
Hakodadi in October 1857 (Cassin, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1858, p. 193), and I have several examples from the same locality
(Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 197). There are thirteen examples in the
Pryer collection from Yokohama, and j\Tr. Jouy found it on Fuji-
yama in July (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 282).
Temminck's Crowned Willow- Warbler breeds in Eastern Siberia
as well as in Japan, and passes along the coasts of Formosa and
China on migration, to winter in the islands of the Malay Archi-
pelago.
35. PHYLLOSCOPUS BOREALIS.
(ARCTIC W1LL0W-WAR13LER.)
Phyllopneuste horealis, Blasius, Naumannia, 1858, p. 313.
The Arctic Willow^- Warbler differs from its Japanese allies in
liaving a very small and pointed bastard primary, and in having the
underparts nearly white, very slightly tinged with yellow on the
breast and under tail-coverts.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, i. pi. 79.
The Arctic Willow- Warbler passes the Japanese coasts in spring
and summer on its migration from its breeding-grounds in Kamt-
schatka to its winter-quarters. I have an example collected by
Wossnesensky on the Kurile Islands, and it has been obtained in
Yezzo, but appears to be rare (Blakiston, Am. List Birds of Japan,
p. 56). There is an example in the Pryer collection from Yoko-
hama; and there is one in the Leyden Museum from Nagasaki
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soe. Japan, 1882, p. 159).
The Arctic Willow-Warbler breeds in the Arctic Regions from
70 PASSERES.
Fiumark across Siberia to Alaska, and passes in great numbers on
migration along the coasts of China and Formosa, to winter in the
islands of the Malay Archipelago, the Burma peninsula, and the
South Andaman Islands.
36. PHYLLOSCOPUS XANTHODRYAS.
(SWINHOE'S ^VILLO^V-^VAKBLEK.)
Phylloscopiu xanthodryas, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G3, p. iiOO.
Swinhoc's Willow-Warbler differs from its Japanese allies in having
all the underparts much suffused Mith yellow.
The Japanese representative of the Arctic Willow- Warbler, better
known as Swinhoe's Willow-Warbler, breeds in the Kurile Islands,
in Yezzo, and in the mountains of Southern Japan, migrating south-
wards in autumn. I have an example collected by Wossnesensky on
the Kurile Islands; there is an example in the British Museum
obtained by Capt. St. Jolm at Hakodadi (Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. V. p. 43) ; and there are eleven examples in the Pryer collection
from Fuji-yama.
Swinhoe's Willow- Warbler is only known to breed in Jai)an, where
it is common. It passes the coast of China on migration and m inters
in Borneo.
37. PHYLLOSCOPUS TENELLIPES.
(PALE-LEC(JKI> WILLOW-WARBLER.)
I'/iijUoscoptis tenellipes, Swiuhoe, Ibis, 18G0, p. 53.
Tlie Pale-legged Willow-Warbler has very pale legs and feet. It
has two pale bars across the wing, and the 2nd ])rimary is equal to
or slightly longer than the 7th. Like most of its allies it is olive-
brown above, but it differs from them in having the rumj) and upper
tail-coverts russet-brown.
There is an uiulonbted example of tliis sjiecics in the Britisih
^Iiiseum, which was fornu'rly in the Twccddale eollcction. It is
sexed a female, and was procured by Mr. Henry \Vhitely at Hako-
dadi on the 5th of May, 18G5 ; and there is a second exami)le in the
Paris Museum, procured by I'Abhe Fauire in the same locality.
The Pale-legged "\\'illow-\N'arbler probably breeds in Japan and
SYLVIIN/E. 71
China. The type was procured at Amoy during the autumn mi-
gration and is in the Swinhoe collection. It has recently been
obtained in North Fokien in May and October^ and there are several
skins in tlie British Museum obtained by Mr. Gates in its winter-
quarters in the Burma peninsula.
38. ACROCEPHALUS ORIENTALIS.
(CHINESE GREAT REED-WARBLER.)
Salicaria fAirdina orieritalis, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 50 (1847).
The Chinese Great Reed- Warbler is a large bird_, the lengtli of
wing varying from 3 to Sf inches.
Figures: Temminck and Schlcgel^ Fauna Japonica^ Aves, pi. 20b.
The Chinese Great Reed- Warbler is a common summer visitor to
all the Japanese Islands wherever reed- beds are found. There is an
examjjle in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1874, p. 153) ; whence an example had been procured by the Perry
Expedition twenty years previously (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China
Seas and Japan, ii. p. 221), and whence examples have been recently
sent by Mr. Henson. There are five examples in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama, and both Mr. Hey wood Jones and Mr. Jouy obtained
it on Fuji-yam a.
The Chinese Great Reed-Warbler breeds in Eastern Siberia and
North China as well as in Japan, and passes through South China
on migration, to winter in the islands of the Malay Archipelago, the
Burma peninsula, and the South Andaman Islands.
39. ACROCEPHALUS BISTRIGICEPS.
(SCHRENCK^S REED- WARBLER.)
Acrocephalus histrigieeps, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 51.
Sclirenck's Reed- Warbler has a broad dark-brown band on each
side of the crown, abruptly defined over the pale eye-stripe, but
gradually fading into tlie plain brown of the top of the head.
Figures: Schrenck, Reisen und Forsch. im Amur-Lande, i. pi. 12.
fig. 4.
72 PASSERES.
SchrcTick^s Rccd-Warblcr is a common summer visitor to all the
Japanese Islands. There are four examples in tlie Swinlioe eollection
obtained by Captain Blakiston in May and June at llakodadi
(Swiuhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 154) ; and there are two examples in the
Prycr collection from Yokohama. I have examples collected during
the brcedinjj-scason on Fuji-yama by Mr. Heywood Jones in 1878
and l)y Mr. Jouy in 1882. Mr. Ringer has obtained it from Nagasaki
(Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p, 15G) and kindly
presented me with an example.
Schrcnck's Heed-Warbler breeds in Eastern Siberia as well as in
Japan, and ])asses along the coast of China on migration, to winter
in the Burma peninsula.
Jt is a rather shy bird, but is very common in the meadows round
Fuji-yama in summer, the males mounting the tops of the long
grass and disappearing on the other side (Jouy, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 288).
40. LOCUSTELLA FASCIOLATA.
(GRAY'S GRASSnOPPEK-WARBLER.)
Acrocephalus fasciolatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 349.
Gray's Grasshopper- AVarbler has the upper parts nearly uniform
in colour and is a large bird (wing from the carpal joint 29 to
3"2 inches).
Figures : Scebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. v. pi. 5 (adult and
young).
Gray's Grasshopper- War bier is a rare visitor on migration to the
Japanese Islands. There is an example in the Swiuhoe collection
from llakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 187(), p. 332) ; but it has not yet
been recorded from Southern Japan. There can, however, be no
reasonable doubt that it passes Hondo as well as Yezzo on migration.
This species breeds near Lake Baikal and in the valley of the
Anujor. It passes along the coasts of China and Japan on migration,
to winter in the islands of the Malay Archipelago.
SYLVIIN^. 73
41. LOCUSTELLA OCHOTENSIS.
(MIDDENDORFF'S GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER.)
Sylvia {Locustella) uchotensis, Middendorff, Sibirisclie Reise, ii. p. 185 (1853).
Middendorff^s Grasshopper- Warbler has uniform upper parts ;
aud the tail-feathers on the under surface become gradually nearly-
black towards the apex, and are finally tipped with greyish white.
Figures : Middendorff, Sibirisclie Reise, ii. pi. 16. fig. 7 (bird of
the year) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 187G, pi. 8. fig. 1 (young in first plumage).
Middendorff 's Grasshopper-Warbler probably breeds in the Kurile
Islands. I have an example collected by Wossnesensky on Urup
Island in 1844, and another sent me by Captain Blakiston from
Ishurup (an island between Urup and Yezzo), shot on the 28th of June.
There are four examples in the Pryer collection obtained by Mr. Snow
on the Kurile Islands ; and one (the type of Arundinax hlakistoni) in
the Swinhoe collection (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1876, p. 332), a bird in first
plumage obtained at Hakodadi in October. The type of Locustella
suhcerthiola (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 154) was also procured at
Hakodadi, but it is not in the Swinhoe collection ; it appears to have
been an adult bird of this species. A third example from Hakodadi
is in the Philadelphia Museum (Seebohm, Ibis, 18S0, p. 275), and is
the type oi Lusciniopsis japonica (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1858, p. 193).
Middendorff's Grasshopper- Warbler breeds in Eastern Siberia as
well as on the Kurile Islands, and passes along the coasts of China
and Japan, to winter in the islands of the Malay Archipelago.
42. LOCUSTELLA LANCEOLATA.
(TEMMINCK'S GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER.)
Sylda lanceolata, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 614 (1840).
Temminck's Grasshopper- Warbler has clearly defined streaks on
the upper parts, but the tail-feathers are plain russet-brown, with no
markings on either the upper or the under surface.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, ii. pi. 92. fig. 2.
Tcmminck's Grasshopper- Warbler is probably a rare visitor on
migration to all the Japanese Islands. It was originally discovered in
Japan, during the cruise of the ' Portsmouth,' by Dr. Henderson at
74 PASSERES.
llakodacU in October 1857, and described as a new species under the
name of Lusciniopsis hendersoiiii (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1858, p. 19-i). I have examined the type in the PhiLidclphia
Museum ; it is streaked on the breast and lower tliroat, and slightly
so on the under tail-coverts. Tlicre was an example in the Swinhoe
collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 449), but it cannot
now be found.
This species breeds in Siberia and in North Russia as far west as
St. Petersburg. It passes through China on migration, and winters
in the Burma peninsula and the Andaman Islands.
43. CETTIA SQUAMICEPS.
(SWINIIOE^S BUSU-AVAllBLER.)
Tribura squameiceps, Swinboe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G.3, p. 292.
Swinhoe's Bush-Warbler is a small bird, with the tail only about
half as long as the wing. It has a very conspicuous pale stripe above
the eye, and a dark stripe through the eye.
Figures : Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, pi. 4.
Swinhoe^s Bush-AVarbler is a summer visitor to Japan. There is
an example in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1874, p. 155) ; and I have two examples collected by Mr. Hensou
from the same locality in May. There are four examples in the
Pryer collection from Fuji-yama, Mhere it is said to be rather rare
(Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 284).
Swinhoe's Bush-Warbler is probably confined to Japan during the
breeding-season, and winters in Formosa and South China. It is
represented in Eastern Siberia by a very nearly allied species, Cettia
ussitnuiius , which only dill'ers from its Jaj)aucse ally in having the
upper parts olive-brown instead of chocolate-brown.
44. CETTIA CANTANS.
(LARGE JAPANESE BUSH-WARBLER.)
Salicaria cantans, Temminck and Schlepel, Fniinn Japonica, Aves, p. 51
(1847).
The Large Japanese Bush-Warbler is dull ulive-hrown on the
syLviiN.i!;.
upper parts, and greyish white on the underparts. It varies in length
of wing from 2*8 to 25 inches.
Figures: Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 19.
The Large Japanese Bush-Warbler is a summer visitor to Yezzo,
but in Southern Japan it is a common resident (Blakiston and Prycr,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 156). I have a female (wing i'rom
carpal joint 2"55 inches), collected at Hakodadi on tlie 19th of April,
1865 (Whitcly, Ibis, 1867, p. 197); and there are fourteen unsexed
examples in the Pryer collection from Yokoliama (wing varying from
2*75 to 2*5 inches). I have a female collected by Mr. Ringer at
Nagasaki (wing 2*5 inches) which is as russet as examples of Cettia
minuta from Formosa, but the tail is longer than the wing. There
are two examples in the Pryer collection from the central group of
the Loo-Choo Islands (wing 2*7 inches), which are both typically olive
in colour.
The Large Japanese Bust- Warbler is only known from Japan and
the Loo-Choo Islands, and is everywhere found in company with the
Small Japanese Bush-Warbler, which I thought to be its female
when I wrote the fifth volume of the ' Catalogue of Birds in the
British Museum.^ Since then further evidence has been collected,
which, as far as it goes, leads to the conclusion that the two forms
are distinct species.
Mr. Jouy collected a series of these birds on Fuji-yama and on
Tate-yama, and came to the conclusion that the large form is distinct
from the smaller one, but unfortunately his evidence is rather meagre.
Of the large form he enumerates 5 adult males and 1 adult female,
whilst of the small form he only mentions 1 adult male and no
females. He further states that the young in first plumage of the
larger form have darker legs than those of the smaller form, but he
is unable to detect any other dift'erence in colour either in adult or
young birds.
The Japanese Bush-Warbler is a favourite cage-bird with the
Japanese, who value it for its song, which is not extensive, though
the few notes are sweet (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 237). I
am informed that the Japanese do not recognize the existence of two
species. In its habits it evidently resembles its European represen-
tative, Cetti's Warbler, being found along the banks of streams and
in brush heaps. It utters a harsh scolding note when disturbed, and
has a Wren-like habit of cocking its tail over its back (Jouy, Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 283).
76 PASSERES,
Eggs of Cettia cantans from Yokohama in the Prycr collection are
uniform brick-red in colour, and very closely resemble eggs of Cettia
cetti from South Europe, of Cettia canturians from Lake Kiukiang
in Central China, and of Cettia fort'ipes from India.
45. CETTIA CANTILLANS.
(SMALL JAPANESE BUSll-WAllBLER.)
Salican'a cantillaits, Tcmminck and Schlegel, Fiuiim Japonica, Avcs, p. 02
(1847).
The Small Japanese Bush-Warbler differs from its larger ally only
in size (wing from carpal joint 2*3 to 2'1 inches).
Figures : Tcmminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 20.
The Small Japanese Bush-Warbler is a summer visitor to Yezzo,
but is a resident in Southern Japan. It is common in the plantations
at Ilakodadi (Whitely, Ibis, 1807, p. 197) ; there are six examples in
the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and four from the central
group of the Loo-Choo Islands.
It docs not differ in colour from the larger species ; and in both
the tail, mIicu in perfect condition, is slightly longer than the
wing.
It is somewhat remarkable that two species so nearly allied should
liave precisely the same geographical distribution, l)ut this apparently
anomalous fact is capable of explanation. The large species (wing
2*8 to 2*5 inches) is probably the result of an emigration to Yezzo of
a party of Cettia canturians, which breeds in the valley of the Ussuri,
the island of Askold, and North China, and winters in South China
and Formosa. The Chinese Bush-Warblcr is slightly larger than its
Japanese ally (wing 3'1 to 2*8 inches) ; its tail is proportionately
shorter, and its colour is more russet, especially on the crown. The
small species (wing 23 to 2-1 inches) is probably the result of an
emigration of a party of Cettia minuta, vhich reached Southern
Japan vid Formosa and the Loo-Choo Islands. The Hainan Bush-
Warbler is a resident in South China and Hainan, and is represented
on the island of Formosa by intermediate forms (wing 2o(> to 2'35
inches) which intergradc in colour with both forms. To explain the
present condition of these closely allied species, it is necessary to
assume, first, that the two emigrating colonics increased and sj)rcad,
the one northwards and the other southwards, until they both ranged
SYLVIIN/E. 11
over the whole Japanese group; and secondly, that the effect of the
changed climatic and other conditions was the same on each species,
reducing the size, lengthening the tail, and altering the colour from
russet to olive.
46. CETTIA DIPHONE.
(BONIN BUSH-WARBLER.)
Sylvia diphone, Kittlitz, Mem. priSs. a I'Acad. Imp. des Sciences St. Petersb.
par divers savans, 1830, p. 237.
The Bonin Bush-Warbler resembles the Small Japanese Bush-
AVarbler in colour ; but it differs from it in liaving a longer tail (2*56
to 2"46 instead of 2'3 to 2"1), a longer tarsus ("98 to "93 instead of
•9 to '89) J and a longer bill ("7 to "69 instead of '6 to '5 inches).
Figures : Kittlitz, Mem. pres. a l^Acad. Imp. des Sci. St. Petersb.
par divers savans, 1830, j)l. 14.
Tiie Bonin Bush- Warbler was discovered by Kittlitz in 1828, and
remained almost unknown until it was rediscovered in 1889 by Mr.
Hoist (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 99). A mutilated example was pro-
cured by Mr. N. Ota in February 1883 (Blakiston, Amended List of
the Birds of Japan, p. 56, no. 234^), and there is an example in the
Pryer collection probably from the same source.
I have three examples from Peel Island, and two from one of the
Parry Islands, collected by Mr. Hoist.
47. CISTICOLA CISTICOLA.
(FAN-TAILED WARBLER.)
Sylvia cisticola, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. i. p. 228 (1820).
The Fan-tailed Warbler has a large first primary, conspicuous
streaks on the back, and pale tips to the tail-feathers.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 20 c
(summer plumage of Japanese race) ; Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii.
pi. 99 (winter plumage of typical race).
The Fan-tailed Warbler is a resident in Southern Japan, but is not
known to have occurred in Yezzo. There are a dozen examples in
78 PASSERES.
the Prycr collection from Yokohama, and three from the central
group of the Loo-Choo Islands. ^Mr. Ringer obtained it at Naga-
saki. It is very remarkable that of these fifteen skins, one only
(from the Loo-Choo Islands) is a male in summer plumage, with
unstripcd crown.
All the examples are large, varying in length of wing (from carpal
joint) from 2 to 2'23 inches ; and the example in summer plumage
has a broad buff band across the tail (Seebohm. Ibis, ]SS7, p. 175).
There is a male in summer plumage from the neighbourhood of
Yokohama in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington ; and it has
been obtained in the southern group of the Loo-Choo Islands (Stej-
neger, Proe. United States Nat. :Mus. 1887, p. 408).
This extreme form of the Eastern or tropical race of the Fantail
Warbler has been called Salicaria {Cisticold) brunneiceps (Temminck
and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 134), and may possibly have
a right to the name of Cisticola cisticola brunneiceps on account of
its large size. The buff baud across the tail appears to he character-
istic of the summer plumage of the tropical form, which ranges
throtigh Formosa, South China, Burma, India, and Ceylon, to
tropical Africa. Examples in the Swinhoe collection from Formosa
vary in length of wing from 2*15 to 1'85 inches. The Eastern race
appears to be entitled to the name of Cisticola cisticola cursitans,
the latter name having been bestowed upon examples from the neigh-
bourhood of Calcutta CFranklin, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 118).
Winter examples of the two forms are not easy to distinguish, but
the Eastern form has on an average a shorter first primary and a
longer second primary than its Western representative. In an
example from Smyrna and one from Yokohama the wing is of the
same length, 2 inches. In the Japanese example the first primary
measures '45, the second is *9 longer, only '15 shorter than the
longest, which is '3 inch longer than the tenth. In the Asia-Minor
exam])le the first primary measures T)7, the second is "02 longer, *2
shorter than the longest, which is only '25 inch longer than the
tenth. It must be admitted, however, that there is considerable
individual variation in these structural characters, but on an average
they appear to be suflBcicntly reliable to serve as a foundation for a
subspecies.
PARIN^E. 79
48. LUSCINIOLA PRYERI.
(FRYER'S GRASS-WARBLER.)
Meyalunis pryeri, Seebolim, Ibis, 1884, p. 40.
Pryer's Grass- Warbler lias a plain and much graduated tail, a
concave wing witli a large first primary as in Cisticola, and streaked
upper parts as in that genus, or as in a typical Locustella.
Pryer's Grass-Warbler does not appear to me to differ in any
generic character from the other Grass-Warblers. It cannot be far
removed from Lusciniola melanopogon or from Lusciniola luteiventris.
Its tail consists of twelve feathers and is much graduated ; its wings
are much concaved, and the first primary is very large ; its bill is
small, and the rictal bristles are very small ; its under tail-coverts
are very long, but its tail is shorter than the wing.
I only know of the existence of three skins of this species : the type
and a second skin from the Pryer collection are in my possession ;
the third skin is in the British Museum. All three were obtained by
Mr. Pryer near Yokohama.
The statement (Blytli, Ibis, 1867, p. 25) ihaiPhylloscopusfuscahis
is common in China, Formosa, and Japan is not confirmed by recent
collectors. I have never seen a Japanese example of this species,
but if it winters in Formosa (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 306) it probably
passes Japan on migration.
PARING.
Sexes alike ; young in first plumage the same, but paler ; first
primary not more (generally much less) than half the length of the
second ; nostrils more or less concealed by feathers or hairs, but
varying much in this respect. Scarcely worthy of separation from
the Corvinse.
The Parinse include the Tits, the Nuthatches, the Creepers, and
the Goldcrests, and number about 125 species, of which eleven are
represented in Japan. They are almost cosmopolitan, but are absent
from South America, Madagascar, and the Pacific Islands.
80 PASSERES.
49. REGULUS CRISTATUS.
(GOLDCREST.)
Regulns cn'stafiis, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 190 (1816).
The Goldcrcst is easily recognized by the yellow {female) or
orange (male) mesial line on the crown. The Japanese race ditters
from its European ally in having the nape and upper back more or
less suffused with slaty brown.
Figures: Gould, Birds of Asia, vi. pi. GO (very bad).
The Goldcrest is a resident on all the Japanese Islands (Blakiston
and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 238) . There are no examples in the Swinhoe
collection from Hakodadi, but there are eight in the Pryer collection
from Yokoliama. It has been recorded from Kiu-siu (SoUer, Arch.
Miss. Scientifiques, 3rd series, xv. p. 277), where the examples
obtained by the Sicbold Expedition were probably procured (Tcm-
minck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 70). On Fuji-yama
it breeds at an elevation of 7000 feet (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat.
Mus. 1883, p. 281).
The breeding-range of the Goldcrest extends from the British
Islands across Europe and Southern Siberia to the Himalayas,
China, and Japan. Asiatic examples are greyer on the nape and
on the upper back than European ones, and may fairly be re-
garded as subspecitieally distinct. The species has been split into
three ; but the su])poscd three forms appear to be merely three
points in a series which completely intergrade. The typical form
Mas described by Linneus from Europe. In 1856 the Japanese race
was separated under the name of Hef/ithis japonicus (Bonaparte,
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 707), and in 18G3 the Himalayan race was
separated under the name of Regulus hhnalaijensis (Jerdon, Birds of
India, ii. p. 200) ; but it is impossible to recognize three races.
Examples from Asia Minor, Samarcand, the Himalayas, and Japan
are scarcely distinguishable. The alleged did'ercnee in size and in
the colour of the crown is a myth. Examj)les from St. Petersburg
agree precisely with others from Western Ihirope. Possibly the
wisest course is to coin a new trinomial for tlie eastern race of the
Goldcrest, and call it lie(/tiliis cristatus orie/i/a/is.
PARINvE. 81
50. PARUS PALUSTRIS.
(MARSH-TIT.)
Pants palustris, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 341 (176G).
In the Marsh-Tits the black on the crown extends to the bill and
covers the nape, and the black on the throat is very restricted.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pis. 108, 109.
The Marsh-Tit is a resident on all the Japanese Islands (Blakiston
and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 150). It was first
described as a Japanese bird from examples obtained by Dr. Hender-
son, during the cruise of the ' Portsmouth,' at Hakodadi in October
1857 (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 193). There
are three examples in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi pro-
cured by Captain Blakiston in winter (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 156) ;
and Mr. Snow obtained it on the Kurile Islands. There are six
examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and it is common
in Central Hondo both in summer and winter (Jouy, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 286).
The range of the Marsh-Tit extends across the Palaearctic Region
from the British Islands to Japan, embracing a variety of climates,
each of which possesses a more or less distinct race of Marsh-Tit.
The two extremes appear to have become specifically distinct, as it
is not known that either of them completely intergrades with the
typical race. The Marsh-Tits of Kamtschatka have the upper parts
sandy white, and the flanks pure white, and may be regarded as
distinct under the name of Parus kamtschatkensis of Bonaparte. In
Turkestan and Mongolia the other extreme, Parus songcunis of
Severtzow, occurs, with very brown upper paits and flanks. The
other races of Marsh-Tit appear completely to intergrade and to be
climatic rather than local races. Parus palustris baikalensis is the
Arctic form with the widest range, extending from Archangel across
Siberia to Vladivostok. The eastern examples are on an average
slightly larger than the w^estern, but they seem to have smaller bills.
They are all very grey, and the black on the head is prolonged to
the upper back. The two semi-arctic forms, Parus palustris burealiii
in Scandinavia, and Parus palustris japonicus (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879,
p. 32) in Southern Japan, are almost identical in colour, but the
latter are slightly more sandy brown on the upper parts and flanks.
G
82 PASSERES.
Kxamplcs from Yczzo may be on an avcrajic sli;ilitly more sandy
than tliose from Southern Japan; and exanii)les from St. Petersburg
may be on an average slightly greyer than those from Southern
Sweden. Examples from the Kurile Islands may be referred to
Parus paliistris juponicus or to Pariis jxilusfris baikah'ns'is, aecording
to the caprice of the collector, or aecording to the individual varia-
tion of the skins.
Examples from North China are indistinguishable from those
obtained in Greece. They are browner than examples from Japan
and Scandinavia, but they arc more sandy and not quite so brown
as tliose from the Pyrenees. British examples are on an average a
shade browner still, but some examples from Denmark are quite as
brown.
61. PARUS ATER.
(COLE TIT.)
Parm ater, LInneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 3il (1700).
In the Cole Tits the black on the crown extends to the bill, but
there is a white ])atch on the nape ; and the black on the throat
extends downwards to the breast and sideways to the shoulders.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 107. fig. 3.
The Cole Tit is a resident on all the Japanese Islands (Blakiston
and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc, Japan, 1882, p. 119). There arc three
examples in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, ibis,
1874, p. 155), and there are nine examples in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama. It is exceedingly abundant in winter in Central
Hondo (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 285), and
Mr. Pryer has recorded it from the central group of the Loo-Choo
Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. I7G).
The breeding-range of the Cole Tit extends from the British Islands
across Europe and Siberia to Japan. The typical form appears to
range from the British Channel across Europe, and across Asia from
the Arctic Circle to the southern slopes of the Himalayas, and
through North China to Japan, It varies in three directions : in the
bliH'ucss of the grey of the upper i)arts ; in the pureness of the
white on the breast ; and in the <;lougation of the feathers of the
crown into a crest.
PARIN/T.. 83
Parus atcr (nmodius lias a dccidcfl crest, and is also darkest on the
breast, which is sandy buff", but its back is not quite so brown as
that of British examples. It inhabits the southern slopes of the
Himalayas. It appears to lessen its crest and to become paler on
the breast in China ; and in Japan the crest is almost obsolete, the
breast has become sandy white, and the grey on the back very blue.
The same change takes place as it ranges westwards. Examples
from the Thian-Shan mountains (the Parus picea of Scvertzow) have
small crests, the breast is very slightly buffer than in Japanese birds,
and the grey on the back is almost as blue. In Uussiau Turkestan
(Parus i-ufipedus of Scvertzow) the crest is all but obsolete, the
breast is a shade paler, but the colour of the back remains the
same.
Parus ater britannicvs, from the British Islands, represents the
extreme of brownness on the back, the entire absence of a crest, and
the extreme of whiteness on the breast. The two latter characters
are, however^ common to examples from Europe and Western
Siberia.
Parus ater in its typical form ranges across continental Europe and
Siberia, but in the eastern half of its range a tendency to develop a
crest is more or less observable, and the breast is slightly sandy in
colour. If Chinese examples be distinguished as Parus ater pekin-
ensis, those from Japan must be described as intermediate between
the Chinese and European forms.
52. PARUS ATRICEPS.
(INDIAN GREAT TIT.)
Parus atriceps, Ilorsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. IGO (1820).
The Manchurian race of the Indian Great Tit, like its British
representative, has a black band down the underparts, and a green
mantle, but its flanks are nearly white.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 33,
under the name of Parus minor ; Gould, Birds of Asia, ii. pi. oG.
The Manchurian race of the Indian Great Tit is a resident in
Japan, whence it was originally described by Temminck and Schlegel
from examples obtained by Dr. Siebold. It was first procured in
Yezzo by Dr. Henderson, who found it abundant near Hakodadi in
October (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 192) ; and
there is an example in the Swinhoe collection obtained by Captain
g2
81' PASSERES.
Blakiston at Ilakodadi in February (Swinlioc, Ibis, 187 1, p. 15G).
There arc examples in the Paris Museum procured at Aomori, in the
north of Hondo, by I'Abbe Fauire ; and tliere are five examples in
the Pryer collection from Yokohama. There is an example in the
Norwich Mur-eum, collected by Mr. Ivinger at Nagasaki (lilakistou
and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 151) ; and there are
three examples in the Pryer collection from the central group of the
Loo-Choo Islands (Secbohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 17G). The latter are
intermediate in colour between the Manchurian race of this species
and the typical form.
The Indian Great Tit, Parus atriceps, has a wide range. It is
generally distributed throughout India from the Himalayas to Ceylon.
It is also found in Burma, Sumatra, Java, Lombock, Flores, and
Hainan. In South China as far north as Foo-chow it appears com-
pletely to intergrade with the Manchurian Great Tit, Parus atriceps
minor, which only differs from it in having the mantle suffused with
yellowish green, instead of being pure slate-grey. These intermediate
forms were called Parus commixtas by Swinhoe (Ibis, 18G8, p. 03),
and it is to this form that the examples in the Pryer collection from
the Loo-Choo Islands belong.
Parus atriceps also intcrgrades with a northern race which ranges
from Afghanistan and Gilgit to Turkestan, South-western Siberia,
and Western ^longolia, whence I have several examples collected by
General Prjevalski in the oasis of the Urungu River. Parus atriceps
boccharensis is a desert form : it is rather larger in size, a little
])aler in colour, and has a much longer tail than the typical form.
All three forms differ from Parus major in having no trace of yellow
on the undcrparts when adult ; but examples of young in first
jdumage in the Swinhoe collection from South-west Fokieu are
suffused with yellow on the undcrparts.
The breeding-range of the ^Manchurian race of the Indian Great
Tit extends from Japan across China as far south as the valley of
the Yangtsc-kiang, as far west as East ^longolia (whence I have an
example collected by Genei'al Prjevalski in Kansuj, and as far north
as the valley of the Ussuri (whence I have an example collected by
^Monsieur Jankoff). The Manchurian birds are probably migratory,
as there are several examples in the Swinhoe collection obtained in
winter at Amoy.
The climatic variations of the Great Tit and its allies are very
anomalous. Parus major, so common in the British Islands, appears
PARING. 85
lo range across Europe and Southern Siberia as far as the Stanovoi
Mountains on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, with little or no
variation in eolour. South of the Amoor the yellow suddenly dis-
appears from the underparts, and in South China it gradually dis-
appears from the mantle, leaving the Indian or tropieal form white,
black, and slate-grey (the usual characteristics of an Arctic race), to
be suddenly represented in Persia by the species found in the British
Islands. Neither in the east nor in the west does the Common Great
Tit intergrade with the Indian Great Tit; and although the Japanese
birds are intermediate in the colour of the upper parts, they are not
in the least so as regards the colour of the underparts. The Loo-
Choo Islands appear to have received their Great Tits from South
China. The Japanese Great Tits may have come from the Coreau
Peninsula, since so far as is known there are no Great Tits in
Sakhalien or in the valley of the Amoor north of its junction with
the Ussuri. I can see no difference between examples from Yezzo
and those from Yokohama.
The probable explanation of this anomalous variation is that the
Japanese birds are the modified descendants of Parus atriceps hoc-
char tnsis, which was differentiated as a desert form in Mongolia, and
that the true ti'opical representative of Parus major is Parus monti-
cola, which ranges from the Himalayas across Southern China to
Formosa.
The Manchuriau Great Tit is described as the commonest Tit in
Japan, abundant everywhere on the mountains in summer and very
common in the plains in winter (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat.
Mus. 1883, p. 286).
53. PARUS VARIUS*.
(JAPANESE TIT.)
Varus variu^, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japouica, Ave.-^, p. 71 (1847).
* The name of Parus varius having been applied to the Parus americanus of
Linneud (now known as Parula americana) as long ago as 1791 (Bartram, Trav.
Florida, p. :292), will probably be rejected by the devotees of the Stricklandian
code, who maj^, if they like, substitute for it the name of Parus sieboldi ; but 1 can
see no reason whatever for abandoning the name already in use.
80 PASSERES.
The Japanese Tit may always be recognized by its chestnut flanks
and buff forehead.
Figures : Tcmniinck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica, AveSj pi. 35.
The Japanese Tit is supposed to be only a summer visitor to Yezzo,
whence there is an example in the Swinhoe collection obtained by
Caj)tain Blakiston at Ilakodadi in April (Swinhoe, Il)is, 1874, p. 155) ;
but it is a resident in Hondo, whence there are four examples from
Yokohama in the Pryer collection.
It has occurred in Febniary in the Corcan Peninsula, but it is
not known whether it breeds there or not (Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1887, p. GOl).
It is a favourite cage-bird with the Japanese. Its note is described
as resembling that of the Little Woodpecker. Like the other Tits
it frequents the pines, but it is much less sociable and is generally
seen alone or in pairs (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883,
p. 287).
The Japanese Tit is represented in Formosa by a smaller race,
which is figured in Gould's * Birds of Asia/ ii. pi. 49, and was
originally described as Parus castaneiventris (Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc.
180:2, p. 280).
An example of the Formosan race of the Japanese Tit was collected
by Mr. Namiye at Nagogatake, in the central group of the Loo-
Choo Islands, on the 10th of March (Stejneger, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 050).
The Formosan Tit is only known from three or four examples
which vary slightly in size (wing from carpal joint 235 to 2'4 inches).
The example obtained on the Loo-Choo Islands is rather larger (wing
2'Ot inches), and it is probable that a larger series would bridge over
the distance between it and the Japanese species, which is larger still
(wing 2*8 to 3*1 inches). The example from the Loo-Choo Islands
is described as agreeing with the Formosan race in having less
chestnut on the upper mantle, as being intermediate between the
two in having indications of a creamy patch on the upper breast,
atid as agreeing with pale examples of the Japanese race in the
colour of its flanks.
The Formosan Tit and its close ally the Japanc se Tit appear to have
no near relations ; but it is possible that the latter is the Japanese re-
presentative of the Blue Tit {Pams carulceus), of which the Azure Tit
{Punis cyunitx) is the Siberian representative, and Parus ultmmaiinus
the North-African representative. All these species, which appear
PARIN.E. 87
to be quite distinct from each other, agree with the Japanese Tit in
liaving white foreheads. It is possible, however, that the white
forehead is not an important character, and that the affinities of
the Japanese Tit may be with Parus rufonuchalis , Parus melanolo-
phus, and Parus beavani.
54. ACREDULA CAUDATA.
(CONTINENTAL LONG-TAILED TIT.)
Parus caudatus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 342 (1766).
The Continental Long-tailed Tit may be recognized by its long
tail and white head and neck.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 101.
The Continental Long-tailed Tit is a common resident in the
island of Yezzo, but is not known to cross the Strait of Tsugaru to
the more southerly islands. I have an example collected by Captain
Blakiston at Hakodadi in February, and a second collected by Mr.
Henson in the same locality on the 25th of October (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1874, p. 156).
The Continental Long-tailed Tit is only an occasional visitor to
the British Islands, but its breeding-range extends across Europe
and Southern Siberia to Japan.
55. ACREDULA TRIVIRGATA.
(JAPANESE LONG-TAILED TIT.)
Parus trivirgatus,T^&va.mm(ik and Sclilegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 71 (1817).
The Japanese Long-tailed Tit has a black stripe on each side of
the crown and on the lores.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 31 ;
Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 103.
The Japanese Long-tailed Tit is a resident in Southern Japan,
breeding on the mountains and wintering in the plains (Blakiston and
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 235). It is not known to have occurred in
Yezzo, where its place is taken by the Continental Long-tailed Tit
{Acredula caudata). There is a large series in the Pryer collection
88 PASSERES.
from Yokohama, and Mr. Riiifjcr has obtained it at Nagasaki, whence
he lias sent examples to the Norwicli ^Museum.
A single example has been recorded from the Corea (Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. COi), Mhere it may possibly be only an
occasional winter visitor.
The sui)posed intergradation of Acredula caudata and Acrednla
rosea has frequently been recorded in Hesse (Bcrlcpsch, Journ.
Orn. 1880, p. 218) and other parts of West Germany (Taubcr,
Journ. Orn. 1880, p. 421); but it has not been suggested
that Acredula caudata intergrades with Acredula trivirgata. On
the other hand, the dark markings on the lores are often found in
British examples, and are often very obscure in Japanese examples,
so that Acredula rosea and Acredula trivirgata may possibly
interffrade. In Central Siberia there is so much white on the
tertials and on the outer webs of the secondaries, and the length
of the tail is so great, that it is difficult to avoid recognizing an
Acredula caudata sibirica.
56. iEGITHALUS CONSOBRINUS.
(SWINHOE'S PENDULINE TIT.)
JEffithalua cousobrinus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 1.33.
Swinhoe's Penduline Tit has a grey crown, with a rufous band
round the nape and a black baud across the forehead, which extends
through the eye and across the ear-coverts.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, ii. pi. 70.
Swinhoe's Penduline Tit is a resident at Nagasaki, whence I have
seen two males and two females collected by Mr. Ringer. I am
indebted to Captain Blakiston for having one of the former in my
collection (Scebohm, Ibis, 1881, p. 37), and to Mr. Ringer for one of
the latter. The type from Central China is also in the Swinhoe
collection. Having seen five examples of this rare bird, it appears
to me impossible not to recognize its apparent distinctness, a con-
clusion to which Dr. Stcjneger has also arrived (Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1880, {). 389;. It is, however, very probable that it may
eventually be |)rovc(l to be the female of the western species, or be
degraded to subspecific rank.
The great variability of this species and the close resemblance of
the alleged males from China and Japan with the females of the
European species, and the fact that the alleged females of the
Japanese hirds are apparently immature, are all arguments against
the validity of the species. The characters relied upon are the
smallness of the ear-patch (which agrees with that of the typical
female), the much narrower black frontal band (which is not narrower
than usual in my skins from China), the absence of the chestnut on
the forehead (which is scarcely perceptible in an example from Asia
Minor), the white eye-stripe (which may be a good character), the
buff throat (which is white in the typical form), and the absence of
the concealed chestnut bases of the breast-feathers (which has every
appearance of being a really good character).
57. TROGLODYTES FUMIGATUS.
(JAPANESE WREN.)
Trofflodytes fumigatm, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. iii. p. 161 (183o).
The Japanese Wren principally differs from" the Common Wren in
the colour of the underparts, which is darker and more rufous than
that of the underparts of the western species.
Figures : Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vi. pi. 16. fig. 2.
The Japanese Wren is a resident in all the Japanese Islands.
Captain Blakiston has sent examples from Yezzo (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1874, p. 152); there are twelve in the Pryer collection from Yoko-
hama; I have one collected by Mr. Hey wood Jones on Fuji-yama in
summer, and three collected by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki in winter,
where it was also procured by the Siebold Expedition (Temminck and
Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 69).
It is common in Central Hondo, near the peaks of the high moun-
tains in summer, and frequents bushes near streams in the lowlands
in winter. Its song is described as low, delicious, and warbling,
exactly like that of the American Winter Wren (Jouy, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 287).
The Japanese representative of the Common Wren is on an average
a paler and more rufous form than the Himalayan race, but the
darkest example from Nagasaki is scarcely distinguishable from the
palest from Sikkim, both dated January.
90 PASSERES.
In the colour of tlic upper parts tlie various species of Wrens com-
pletely intergrade. It is impossible to draw a line anywhere between
the palest desert forms from Algeria or Turkestan, and the darkest
tropical forms from Cashmere and Sikkim. The barring is on an
average most conspicuous in the tropical form, but examples showing
the extreme amount of barring occur in France, Norway, Mongolia,
and other localities.
In the colour of the underparts it seems possible to draw a line,
which may be a natural one. Truylodytes parvulus and its subspecific
allies form a pale group, which range across Europe to Algeria in the
south and to Kussian Turkestan in the east ; whilst Troglodytes
fumiyatus and its subspecific allies form a dark group, which range
from Japan across Asia to the Himalayas and the Altai Mountains.
On Bering Island a pale form occurs, Troylodijtes fumigatus pallescens,
which probably came from Alaska. The underparts arc generally
much more barred in the dark species than in the pale one, but the
amount of individual variation in this respect is very great. The
variations in the size of the bill and feet are considerable, but no
genetic value can be attached to them. The large bill and feet
characteristic of the races of St. Kilda, the Faroe Islands, Bering
Island, and the Kuriles have probably each been independently
acquired.
The Kurile Island race of the Common AVren is remarkable for its
long bill, the exposed culmen measuring '55 inch (11 millimetres),
a length exceeding that of the Faroese Wren and equalling that of
the Commander Island Wren. The length of the hind toe, ••! inch
(10 millimetres), or with the claw "G inch (15i millimetres), agrees
with that of the Commander Island Wren and that of the St. Kilda
Wren, but exceeds that of the European Wren and that of the
Japanese Wren. In colour it agrees with the least rufous of the
Japanese Wrens, but is much less rufous than the ordinary type of
that race, and much more rufous than the Commander Island Wren.
It is more rufous than typical examples from Europe, but scarcely
diilcrs in colour from an example collected by General rrjevalski in
the Chuan-Che range of mountains in Mongolia. The bars on
the upper parts are not quite obsolete on the mantle, and on the
breast are well marked, but this is probal)ly only a sign of summer
plumage.
I have two examples collected by Mr. Snow in June on Uscliisir,
one of the small central islands of the Kurile range, and Dr. Stej-
PARINili. 91
ncger has dcscribecl a third, to which he has given the name of
Troglodytes fumiyutus ku7-i/cnsis (Stvineger, Proc. United States Nat,
]\Ius. 1888, p. 548), a name which I had already given it in manu-
script.
58. CERTHIA FAMILIARIS.
(COMMON CREEPER.)
Typical Form.
Certhia famiUaris, Linueus, Sjst. Nat. i. p. 184 (1766).
Arctic Form.
Certhia scandulaca, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 432 (1826).
The Creeper has a curved bill like a Hoopoe, and stiflF pointed tail-
feathers like a Woodpecker.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 123 (typical form).
The Creeper is common in the woods and plantations near Hako-
dadi (Whitely, Ibis, 1862, p. 196), and appears to be a resident ou
the Kuriles, as well as in the other Japanese Islands. I have an
example collected by Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands, and there is
an example in the Swinhoe collection obtained by Captain Blakiston
at Hakodadi in February (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 152). I have also
two examples collected by Mr. Henson at Hakodadi on the 13th of
April, and there is an example in the Pryer collection from Yoko-
hama.
The Common Creeper is one of those unsatisfactory birds that seem
to vary with every variation of climate; so that the ornithologist is
obliged either to become a 'Jumper •" of the old school of binomia-
lists, and confuse all the races together under the name of Certhia
familiaris, or to become a " splitter " of the new school of trinomia-
lists, and give to each geographical race a third name, until he has
made so many that he is frightened at the ever-increasing number.
Examples from Central Siberia are so much whiter than the typical
European form that it is impossible not to allow Certhia familiaris
scandulaca subspecific rank.
Examples from Yokohama agree very closely with those from
North China, Kansu, the Chuan-Che mountains, and Asia Minor.
They are too white to be regarded as belonging to the typical form,
but they are not white enough to belong to the Arctic race.
Examples from the Kurile Island:? and from Yezzo are quite as
92 PASSERES.
difficult to place. Tlioy agree very closely with examples from the
Amoor, and arc distinctly \\liitcr than those from Southcru Japan;
but they are not so wliite as examples from Central Siberia.
The Common Creeper is a circumpolar species, and its range
extends across North America, where it seems to be subject to the
same climatic variation. Tropical f jrms occur in the Himalayas and
in Mexico.
59. SITTA C^SIA*.
(NUTHATCH.)
Typical Form.
Sitta casta, Wolf, Tasclienbuch, i. p. 12.-> (1810).
Arctic Form.
Sitta urukiisis, Lichtensteiii, Gloger'a Ilandb. Vog. UcuticLl. pp. .'577, 388
(1834).
Eastern Semi-arctic Form.
Sitta amurensis, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 350.
Kamtschatkan Form.
Sitta albifrons, Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 385.
The Nuthatch has the bill of a "Woodpecker with the tail of a Tit.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 119 (typical form),
pi. 118 (Arctic form, but feet coloured wrong).
The Nuthatch is a resident in all the Japanese Islands (Blakiston
and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 23G). I have an example collected by
iSfr. Snow on the Kurile Islands. Dr. Henderson obtained it at
Ilakodadi in October 1857 (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad.
1858, p. 195) ; and there are two examples in the Swinhoe collection
from Yczzo (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 152). There are seven examples
in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The range of the Nuthatch extends from the British Islands across
Europe and Sil)eria to Japan and China.
The local races of the Common Nuthatch are the despair of the
ornithological nomenclator.
Sitta casia, a smallish bird (wing 3*15 to 33 in.), with chestnut
brea.st, in the British Islands and Western Europe, intergradcs with
Sitta ccenia hoineyeri in Pomcrania, the Baltic Provinces of Russia,
• According to the law of priority Sitta europa?a ought to be accepted as the
typical fornt, but to avoid the absurdity of calling a Japani'se bird Sitta europaa
Kfidoixis, it is necessary to make Sitta cicsia the typical form. To do otherwise
•would be misleading.
coKVi.v.i;. 93
Poland, and the Crimea, wLich in turn intergrades on the one hand
with
Sitta ccesia europaa in Scandinavia, a slightly larger bird (wing
3-35 to 3"5 in.) with nearly white breast ; and on the other Avith
Sitta ccesia uralensis in Northern Siberia, a small bird (wing 2*9
to 3-2 in.) with pure white underparts, which intergrades on the
one hand with
Sitta coesia albifrons in Kamtschatka ; a small bird, with the head
and nape slightly paler, the forehead white, and the greater wing-
coverts tipped with white.
On the other hand it intergrades with
Sitta ccesia amurensis, which only differs from Sitta ccesia homey eri
in having the smaller dimensions of Sitta ccesia uralensis. This race
inhabits the valley of the Amoor, Manchuria, and Southern Japan,
and doubtless intergrades with
Sitta ccesia sinensis in China and Eastern Thibet, a race Avhich
only differs from the typical form in being slightly smaller (wing
2-9 to 3-0 in.).
The Nuthatches from Southern Japan have the throat and upper
breast white, and the lower breast and belly pale chestnut, and may
be regarded as Sitta ccesia amurensis.
Those from Yezzo are intermediate between Sitta ccesia uralensis
and Sitta ccesia albifrons, but are so near to the former that they
may be reasonably included in that race, though Dr. Stejneger has
called them Sitta amurensis clara (Stejneger, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 393). Those from the Kurile Islands are also
intermediate between Sitta ccesia uraleneis and Sitta ccesia alhifrons,
but are so near the latter that even Dr. Stejneger has not thought
it necessary to create a new subspecies for their reception.
CORVINE.
Sexes alike; young in first plumage the same, but paler; first
primary more than half the length of the second ; nostrils concealed
by feathers. Very doubtfully distinct from the Parinse.
The Corvinse scarcely number 200 species, of which 12 occur in
Japan. The subfamily may be regarded as cosmopolitan.
94 PASSERES.
60. COEVUS CORAX.
(RAVEN.)
Corvus corax, Liniieus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 15o (17()()).
The Raven is a large bird (wing from carpal joint 19^ to 10 inches)
with a very thick bill. The feathers of the mantle resemble those of
the Carrion-Crow in being glossed with greenish purple and in
having nearly white bases. The feathers of the upper breast as well
as those of the throat are lanceolate.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 265. fig. 1.
The Raven breeds in the Kurile Islands, where its presence was
long ago recorded (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 380), but it is
not known to have occurred in Japan proper. I have an example
Avhich Captain Blakiston sent me (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 31), and
there is a second in the Pryer collection, both obtained by Mr. Snow
in the Kurile Islands.
The Raven is a circumpolar species, inhabiting the whole of the
Palrearctic and Ncarctic Regions, except Japan, where its place
appears to be taken by Corvus macrorhynchus, the Raven of the
Oriental Region.
The Raven from the Commander Islands has been described by
Dr. Dybowski and by Dr. Stejncger as a distinct species, on the
ground of a difference in the wing-formula. An example from
tlie Kurile Islands and four exami)les from the valley of the Ycnesay
agree in having the 4th primary the longest, the 3rd a little shorter,
and the 5th a trifle shorter still ; whilst the 1st primary is betMcen
the 7th and 8th. This agrees with European examples.
61. CORVUS MACRORHYNCHUS.
(ORIENTAL RAVEN.)
Corvus tnacrorhi/nchus, Wagler, Systenia Avium, p. 311 (1827).
The Japanese race of the Oriental Raven is intermediate in size,
and in some other characters, between the Ci)mnu)n Raven and the
Common Crow (wing from carpal joint 14^ to 13^ inches) ; but its
bill is as thick as that of the Common Kaven (upper mandible at
nostrils "8 inch high). The feathers of the mantle differ from
botli these species in having a greener gloss and much darker bases.
CORVl.NVR. 95
Tlie feathers of the throat arc lanceolate, but not tliosc of the upper
breast.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 39 b.
The Japanese Raven is a resident on all the Japanese Islands^ and
is the common Crow of Japan. I have examples collected by
Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands. In the Swinhoe collection is an
example collected by Mr. "VVhitely at Hakodadi (Whitely, Ibis, 18G7,
p. 200) ; and in the Pryer collection there are several examples from
Yokohama. In the British Museum there is an example from
Nagasaki ; and in the Pryer collection there is one from the central
group of the Loo-Choo Islands. Mr. Hoist procured it on the Bonin
Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 97).
It is said to be more of a maritime species than the Carrion-Crow,
and to have much harsher and more varied notes (Jouy, Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 302).
The Oriental Eaven represents the Common Raven in India,
Ceylon, the Burma peninsula, the islands of the Malay Archi-
pelago, South China, and Japan ; but in North China, the Kurile
Islands, and in Eastern Siberia both species occur, the Japanese
race of the Oriental Raven being found in company with the
Common Raven. The typical form of the Oriental Raven (often
called the Indian Jungle-Crow) is on an average smaller than its
Siberian and Japanese ally (wing 13^ to 11-^ inches), and becomes
smaller still in Ceylon (wing 12^ to 10| inches). Examples from
Siberia, Japan, China, and Ceylon are supposed always to have dark
grey bases to the feathers of the back ; those from the islands of the
Malay Archipelago are supposed to have nearly white bases to these
feathers ; but Mr. Hume has conclusively shown (Stray Feathers,
1877, p. 461) that both forms are found in India.
Corviis japonensis (Bonaparte, Consp. Generum Avium, i. p. 38G)
was described in 1850 from Japan, but it appears to be only a
subspecific form of the Indian Jungle- Crow, and may therefore be
called Coi'vus macrorhynchus japonensis. The example from the
Loo-Choo Islands is smaller (wing 12^ inches) and has a more
slender bill (height of upper mandible at centre of nostrils -5 inch),
and agrees exactly with the type in the Swinhoe collection of
Corvus colonorum from Formosa, Intermediate forms (wing 13i ;
upper mandible "55 inch) occur near Yokohama, so that the Loo-
Choo race, if it be regarded as separable, must be known as Corvus
macrorhynchus levaillanti (Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 328), a name
dating from 1831, whereas Swiuhoe's name only dates from 18G4.
9G PASSERES.
62. CORVUS CORONE.
(CARRIOX-CROW.)
Corvws curuiie, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 155 (17(30).
The Carrion-Crow is almost as large as the Japanese Raven (wing
from carpal joint II to 12^ inches), but it has a very much slciulcrev
bill. The feathers of the mantle are glossed with greenish purple
and have pale grey bases.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 203. fig. 1.
The Carrion-Crow is a resident in all the Japanese Islands, but is
not so abundant as its thicker-billed ally. I have three examples
collected by ^Ir. Snow on the Kurile Islands. In the Swinhoe
collection there are two examples from Hakodadi, one collected by
Captain Blakiston (Swinboe, Ibis, 1874., p. 159) and the other by
Mr. AYhitely ; and in the Pryer collection there are three examples
from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer has procured it at Nagasaki, where
the examples obtained by the Siebold Expedition were doubtless
procured (Temminck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 79).
The range of the Carrion-Crow extends westward from Japan
across Siberia as far as the valley of the Yenesay ; thence it con-
tinues along the mountains of Southern Siberia across Turkestan,
the Caucasus, and the valley of the Danube into Europe, west of the
Elbe, as far south as Spain, and as far north as the British Islands.
The Carrion-Crow of East Asia has been separated from that of
Europe by Eversmann, Dybowski, and others, on the ground of
its larger size, more rounded tail, and more brilliant plumage.
Examples from Japan vary in length of wing from carpal joint from
12.1, to It inclies; the outer tail-feathers are from i to 1 inch
shorter than the longest, and the gloss of the back looks green
when contrasted with that of the Rook, and purple when contrasted
with that of the Japanese Raven. It can scarcely be regarded even
as subspecifically distinct.
The attempt to place the Raven, Crow, Jackdaw, and Rook each
in a separate genus has been almost universally abandoned, much
to the credit of ornithologists, and greatly to the advantage of
ornithology, which lias been exposed to much well-deserved derision
from the invention of so many pseudo-genera.
corvin.t:. 97
63. CORVUS DAURICUS.
(PALLAS'S JACKDAW.)
Coitus dmmricus, Pallas, Reise Riiss. Reichs, iii. p. 694 (177G).
Pallas's Jackdaw is about the size of its Britisli representative
(wing 9^ to 9 inches) J but it has a white collar round the neck; the
breast, belly, and flanks are white, and the bases of the feathers of
the mantle are dark grey.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi, 41.
Pallas's Jackdaw appears to be a rare bird in Japan, and is confined
(so far as is known) to the extreme south. I have never seen a
Japanese example except those obtained by Dr. Siebold, probably
near Nagasaki, and now in the Leyden Museum. It is said to have
occurred near Yokohama (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 232).
The range of Pallas's Jackdaw extends from Eastern Siberia to
North China and Eastern Mongolia.
64. CORVUS NEGLECTUS.
(SWINHOE'S JACKDAW.)
Corvus neglectuSy Schlegel, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd., fol., art. Corviis, p. IG.
Swinhoe's Jackdaw very closely resembles its British represen-
tative, but its belly is dark grey instead of greyish black, and the
first eight secondaries are nearly equal in length.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 40.
Swinhoe's Jackdaw is a rare bird in collections. The only
examples which I have seen from Japan are the types obtained by
Dr. Siebold, presumably near Nagasaki, and now in the Leyden
Museum, and an example from Osaka in the extreme south of
Hondo, and now in the Ilakodadi Museum (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 143). The latter specimen is paler
on the underparts than typical examples in the Swinhoe collection
from China, and resembles an example in the same collection from
Slianghai, which Swinhoe regarded as a hybrid between Corvus
(luuricus and Corvus neylectus (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871,
p. 383).
The range of Swinhoe's Jackdaw extends from Eastern Siberia to
North China.
98 PASSERES.
65. CORVUS PASTINATOR.
(EASTERN ROOK.)
Corvtis pasfi'nator, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 1.
Tlic Eastern Rook is sliglitly smaller than the Common Crow
(winf^ from carpal joint 12J to 11^ inehes), and its bill is quite as
slender. The feathers of the mantle are glossed with greenish
purple, and have dark-grey bases. In adult examples the forehead
and lores are bare of feathers.
The Eastern Rook is a resident in Southern Japan, but has not
been known to have occurred in Yezzo. Captain Blakiston sent me
an example from Yokohama for examination (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879,
p. 31) ; and there is an example in the British Museum collected by
Captain St. John at Nagasaki, where tiiose procured by Dr. Siebold,
and erroneously recorded as Corviis frugilegus , were probably obtained
(Tcmminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, p. 79).
The range of the Eastern Rook extends from Irkutsk, across
South-eastern Siberia, to North China and Japan. It is not known
that cither species occurs in the valley of the Western Yencsay or in
that of the Obb, but the range of the European Rook extends east-
wards to the valley of the Irtiseh.
The Rooks appear to be much less hardy than the Crows, as their
range does not extend nearly so far north; but if we may judge
from the bareness of their nostrils, their food is much more exclu-
sively obtained in the ground, and they arc consequently soon starved
out by a frost. As the mean temperature of January in Ilakodadi
is seven degrees below freezing-point, whilst in Yokohama it is seven
degrees above it, there is no difficulty in explaining Avhy the Eastern
Rook is not a resident in Yezzo.
The Western Rook, Corvus fruyilecpis, agrees with the Eastern
Rook, and differs from the Common Crow, in having dark bases to
the feathers of the mantle. The Western Rook when adult has the
throat, as -well as the forehead and lores, bare of feathers, which is
never the case with its Eastern ally. All three species differ in tlie
colour of the head — in Corvits fnu/ilci/ns the jjurple of the crown is
glossed with blue, in Corvus ixisllnutor with red, and in Corvus
corone with green.
CORVIN.E. 99
66. NUCIFRAGA CARYOCATACTES.
(NUTCRACKER.)
Con-iis caryocatactes, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 157 (1766).
The Nutcracker is a well-known bird, about the size of a Jay, dark
brown, spotted with white.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 253.
The Nutcracker is a resident in Japan, both in Yezzo (Blakiston,
Ibis, 18G2, p. 326) and on the mountains of Southern Japan.
There are six examples in the Pryer collection from Fuji-yama,
where they occur at an elevation of about 5000 feet, descending
nearer the plains in winter (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1883, p. 302).
The Nutcracker is an occasional visitor to the British Islands, and
its breeding-range extends across Europe and Siberia to Japan. In
Siberia the white spots, both on the upper and under parts and on
the ends of the tail-feathers, are much more developed than they
are in Europe and somewhat more so than they are in Japan. In
Siberian examples the bill is much slenderer than in European and
Japanese examples, and consequently they have been called Nuci-
fraga caryocatactes leptorhynchus (Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 236).
67. CYANOPOLIUS CYANUS.
(EASTERN BLUE MAGPIE.)
Corvus cyamis, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 694 (1776).
The Eastern Blue Magpie is much smaller than the Common
Magpie (wing from carpal joint 5^^ to 5| inches). The head is black
above, the body grey above and nearly white below, and the tail and
most of the wing are azure blue.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 42.
The Eastern Blue Magpie is a resident in Southern Japan. There
is an example in the Swinhoe collection from Yokohama (Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1877, p. 115) ; and there are four examples in the Pryer col-
lection from the same locality. It is rather remarkable that it has
not been recorded from Yezzo, as it is common in the valley of the
Araoor and in North China.
The Spanish Blue ^Magpie, Cyanopolius cooki, is so closely allied
n 2
100 PASSERES.
to tlie Eastern Blue Magpie^ that it is doubtful whether they are
more than suhspceifically distinct. The Spanish bird is browner,
and the white tips to the central tail-feathers only occur accidentally.
It has also been recorded from Morocco. It has no other nearer
ally than the s[)ecies Ijclonging to the genera Pica and Urocissa.
Tlie Spanish Blue ]\rag[)ie was unknown to Teniniinck in 18.20, but
is included in the third vohune of his ' ]\Ianuel d'Ornithologic ' pub-
lished in 1835, having been mentioned in 1827 in Wagler's 'Systeraa
Avium ^ from an example in the Paris !Museum. That the area of
distribution of tliese two species was once continuous is a self-
evident proposition. That the range of the Blue ^lagpie ouce
extended from Spain to Japan, but that the species has been
exterminated in the rest of Southern Europe and in Western Siberia,
is a possible but liighly improbable hypothesis. That once upon a
time there was an emigration of Blue Magpies from Eastern Siberia
to Western Europe, as there has been twice within the present
century of Sand-Grouse, is a ranch more probable theory ; but the
most probable explanation of this anomalous fact of geographical
distribution is the obvious one that the Chinese Blue Magpie was
brought from China to Spain, precisely in the same manner as tlie
Chinese Ringed Pheasant was introduced into England. It has
probably become browner since its introductioii in consequence of
the greater rainfall of Spain, and it may have lost the white tips to
tlie centre tail-feathers by protective s'.lection. The young in first
plumage of the Japanese Blue Magpie have not only all the tail-
feathers but also the tertials tipped with white.
68. GARRULUS BRANDTI.
(BRANDT'S JAY.)
f!rirnih(x hrancVii, Evorsmann, Add. Palks. Zoogr. iii. p. 8 (1843).
Brandt'.s Jay differs from the Common and Japanese Joys in
liaving the grouiul-colour of the forehead, crown, nape, and mantle
chestnut-buff, and the outer webs of the primaries pale grey.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 25.5.
Brandt's Jay is a resident in Yczzo, but has not been known to
cross the Straits of Tsugaru. There are several examples in the
Swinhoe collection from Ilakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 450),
and one in the Prver collection from the same locality.
COKVINiE. 101
69. GARRULUS JAPONICUS.
(JAPANESE JAY.)
Gurndus (jlandanus japonicm, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japouica, A\es,
p. 8a (1847).
The Japanese Jay differs from Brandt^s Jay in having black lores,
in having the ground-colour of the forehead and crown nearly white,
and in having the outer webs of the primaries nearly white towards
the apex and nearly black towards the base.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 43.
The Japanese Jay is a common resident in Southern Japan, but
has not been known to occur in Yezzo. There are several examples
in the Swinhoe collection from Yokohama (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877,
p. 1-14), and a large series in the Pryer collection from the same
locality. Mr. Ringer has obtained it at Nagasaki, whence he has
sent examples to the Norwich Museum. It has not been recorded
from any part of the Asiatic continent.
It is quite a mistake to suppose that the European Jay is more
nearly allied to the Japanese than to the Siberian or Chinese Jays.
It certainly resembles it most in the colour and markings of the
crown ; but this is a very variable character in adults, and still more
so in young in first plumage. The Japanese Jay is unique in having
black lores, the other three species having them coloured like the
crown. The Japanese and Chinese species agree in having the
terminal portions of the outer webs of the primaries white and the
basal portions black, whilst the European and Siberian species agree
in having the whole outer webs of the primaries for the most part
grey. The Chinese species poi^sesses two unique characters : it has
no black streaks on the crown, and the central portion of the outer
webs of its first four secondaries are barred with white, black, and
blue. The European Jay is nearest allied to the Siberian Jay, and,
according to Bogdanow, intergrades with it.
70. GARRULUS SINENSIS.
(CHINESE JAY.
G'anulus suicnsis, Govili,Jide Swinhoe, Proc. Zoo See. 18G3 p. 304.
The Chinese Jay has all the body- feathers uniform viuaccous,
sluuliiig into white on the upper and under tail-coverts, except a
102 PASSERES.
broad black malar stripe. The central portions of the outer webs of
the first five secondaries are barred with white, black, and blue, and
the basal portions of the outer webs of the primaries are black.
The Chinese Jay is very closely allied to the Himalayan Jay, Gar-
ruhts hispecnlaris, and to the Formosan Jay, Gan'ulus taivanus.
In the Himalayan Jay the nasal bristles are of the same colour as
the crown ; in the Chinese Jay they are tipped w ith black ; and in
the Formosan Jay they are entirely black. In this character the
Chinese Jay agrees Avith the Japanese, Siberian, and European Jays.
There is an example of the Chinese Jay in the British Museum
which is labelled as having been bought at Stevens's Sale-rooms in
ISGo as part of a collection of birds procured by Captain St. John at
Nagasaki (Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. iii. p. 101). This is the
only record of the occurrence of this species in Japan.
The Chinese Jay has a very restricted range, and, with the above-
named exception, has only been recorded from South China. The
Himalayan Jay is found as far east as Eastern Thibet, and on the
island of Formosa a third allied species occurs.
71. PICA CAUDATA.
(COMMON MAGPIE.)
Pica caudata, Geriui, Orn. Metli. Dig. ii. p. 40 (1700).
The Common Magpie is black and white ; the black more or less
bronzed with green and purple, and the white confined to the
scapulars, the belly, the rump, and the centres of the quills.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 260.
The Common INIagpie was long ago recorded both from the Kurilc
Islands and from Japan (Pallas, Zoogr. llosso-Asiat. i. p. 390), but
it has not been obtained from either locality of recent years. It is
not known to have occurred in Yezzo or in the main islaiul of Japan,
but there can be little doubt that it breeds on Kiusiu (Blakiston,
Amended List of the Birds of Japan, p. 18). Dr. Rein ol)tained the
nests and eggs and found the bird to be common near the Shimbara
(iulf, east of Nagasiiki ; and skins were brought to Leyden by the
Sicbold Expedition (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 81).
It is probably the typical form of the Magpie which is found in
Southern Japan. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Dresser
LANIIN.Ii:. 103
for several examples of the Magpie said to have been procured by
Mr. Snow on the Kiirile Islands. Of these one might be ealled
Pica caudata leucoptera, if the recognition of such an intermediate
form be allowable ; the others are Pica caudata kamtschatkensis, and
probably came from Kamtschatka. It is, however, possible that this
local race may migrate to the Kurile Islands in autumn.
LANIIN^.
Sexes alike or nearly so ; first primary about half the length of the
second ; young in first plumage transversely barred on the under-
parts, and in some genera on the upper parts also. Rictal bristles
well developed.
If the Laniinae be regarded as consisting of the Shrikes, the
Cuckoo- Shrikes, and the Swallow-Shrikes, to the exclusion of the
Drongo Shrikes (which may possibly be a natural arrangement), the
subfamily will contain about 300 species, of which 7 have been
recorded from the Japanese Empire. With the exception of the
Arctic Region, they are distributed throughout the Old World.
The true Shrikes, being the most arctic, have found their way across
Bering Straits and have spread over North America.
72. LANIUS MAJOR.
(PALLAS^S GREY SHRIKE.)
Zanitis major, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 401 (1826).
Pallas's Grey Shrike has the crown and back grey, shading into
white on the forehead and upper tail-coverts.
The claim of Pallas''s Grey Shrike to be regarded as a Japanese
bird rests upon a single example procured by Captain Blakiston near
Hakodadi about the year 1873 (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 37).
Pallas^s Grey Shrike breeds in Southern Siberia from the Ural
Mountains to Kamtschatka, and is an occasional winter visitor to the
British Islands.
104 PASSERES.
73. LANIUS MAGNIROSTRIS.
(THICK-BILLED SHRIKE.)
Lanim magnirostfis, Lesson, Zool. Voy. Indes-Or. p. 251 (1834).
The Thick-billed Shrike has the crown and nape grey, the back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts chestnut, barred with black, and the tail
plain russet.
Figures : Walden, Ibis, 18G7, pi. 6.
The Thick-billed Shrike is a very rare bird in Japan. There is an
example in the Prycr collection from Yokohama (Sccbohm, Ibis,
1884, p. 37); and a second example was obtained by Mr, Jouy on
Fuji-yama during July (Blakiston, Am. List Birds of Japan, p. ID).
The Thick-billed Shrike breeds on the shores of the Japanese Sea,
north of Vladivostok (Taczauowski, Journ. Orn. 1876, p. 197), and
in Central Cliina ; it Avinters in the Malay Peninsula.
74. LANIUS SUPERCILIOSUS.
(JAPANESE RED-TAILED SHRIKE.)
Laiiius superciliosus, Latham, Index Oni. Suppl. p. xx (1801),
The Japanese Red-tailed Shrike has the crown, nape, back, rump,
u])pcr tail-eovcrts, and tail rich chestnut.
Figures : Walden, Ibis, 1867, pi. 5. fig. 2 (erroneously named
Lunius ]}hoenicurus) .
The Japanese Rcd-tailcd Shrike is probably only a summer visitor
to Yezzo aud Southern Japan. There is an example from llakodadi
in the Swinhoe collection (Swiuhoc, Ibis, 1875, p. 450); and there
are eight examples in the Prycr collection from Yokohauia.
It winters in some numbers in ^lalacca. So far is certain, but
whetlier it also breeds in Malacca, or whether any of the Japanese
birds remain in Soiilhoni J;ipan during the winter, is unknown.
The Japanese Red-tailed Shrike aj)i)ears to be a rufous island form
ol" tlie Indian Red-tailed Shrike, Lanius cristutiis, with whicli it ahnost
secius to intcrgrade; that is to say, that the l)riglitcst examples from
Eastern Siberia scarcely differ from the dullest examples IVom Japan,
tliougli a scries of the one arc very different on an average from a
series of the other. There can be no doubt that the Siberian birds
(the Lunius phuninniis of Pallas), of which 1 have a large series
LANlIN^i. 105
from the Ycncsay, the Amoor, and the Ussuri, arc identical with
the Indian birds (in their winter-quarters) and not witli the
Japanese birds. The western form is so pale that it may be
called a desert form — Lanius isabellinus, breeding in Turkestan and
Mongolia^ and wintering in Scinde_, Arabia^ and Abyssinia. This
form appears to be specifically distinct, inasmuch as the males have
a white bar across the wing formed by the white bases of the pri-
maries. This species is also subject to much climatic variation, and
may be separated into two or more subspecies.
The Japanese Red-tailed Shrike makes a large nest in the fork of
a small tree or bush, composed of roots, the stems of plants, and dry
grass, lined Avith finer grass and rootlets (Jouy, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 292). Eggs in the Pryer collection resemble
rufous eggs of the Woodchat.
75. LANIUS LUCIONENSIS.
(CHINESE RED-TAILED SHRIKE.)
Lanius lucionensis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 135 (17G6).
The Chinese Red-tailed Shrike has the crown and nape grey in the
adult and brown in the young, shading into greyish white on the
forehead and into chestnut on the upper tail-coverts and tail.
Figures : Waldeu, Trans. Zool. Soe. ix. pi. 29. fig. 1.
The Chinese race of the Red-tailed Shrike appears to winter in
some of the Loo-Choo Islands, and may possibly be a resident there.
A nearly adult example in the Pryer collection was procured near
Naha, the capital of the largest island (Okinawa) of the central group,
in January.
This race breeds in North China and winters in the Philippine
Islands and on some of the islands of the Malay Archipelago.
Lanius cristatus is intermediate in colour between Lanius super-
ciliosus and Lanius lucionensis, but it does not appear quite to
intergrade with either. Its breeding-grounds are by no means
intermediate between those of its allies, either geographically or
climatically. The Rufous Shrikes, like the Swallows, appear to
moult in our winter, and it is very probable that the winter-quarters
of Lanius cristatus may be climatically intermediate between those of
its allies.
100
PASSERES.
76. LANIUS BUCEPHALUS.
(BULL-HEADED SHRIKE.)
Lanius bticephaltis, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 39 (1847)
The Bull-licadcd Shrike has the head and nape rufous, and the tail
for tlic most part grey.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 1-i.
The Bull-headed Shrike is a very common resident in Southern
Japan, but to Yczzo it is only a summer visitor. There is an
example in the Swinhoc collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1875, p. 450) ; and there are eight examples in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama. I have three examples collected by Mr. Heywood
Jones on Fuji-yama ; and Mr. Ringer has procured it at Nagasaki,
and has presented examples to the Norwich Museum from that
locality.
The Bull-headed Shrike breeds in the valley of the L^ssuri (Tac-
zanowski, Journ. Orn. 187G, p. 197), as well as in Japan and North
China, and winters in South China.
Eggs in the Pryer collection resemble blue varieties of eggs of the
"Woodchat. The nest is described as made of twigs and dead grass,
lined with finest grass (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 1 IG).
77. PERICROCOTUS CINEREUS.
(SIBERIAN MINIVET.)
Pericrocotua cinerens, Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 94.
The Siberian Minivet is grey above and white below. The forc-
licad is white, the crown and nape black, and the wings and tail are
partly black and partly white.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, ii. pi. 11.
It is rather remarkable that the Siberian Minivet has not been
recorded from Yczzo. I have an example collected by Mr. Ilcywood
Jones on Fuji-yama, and in the Pryer collection are five examples
from the same locality.
This species also breeds in Manchuria, w hence examples have been
sent by Dybowski from tlic mouth of the Ussuri River ; and passes
through China on migration to winter in the Philij)pine Islands,
Mornco, Sumatra, and tlic Malay Peninsula.
STURNIX.E. 107
78. PEEICROCOTUS TEGIM^.
(LOO-CflOO MINIVET.)
Pericrocotus tegimm, Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 188G, p. 648.
The Loo-Choo Minivet differs from its Siberian and Japanese ally
in having a grey instead of a white breast, and in having the -white
on the forehead restricted to a narrow line at the base of the
bill and over each eye, instead of occupying the whole of the fore-
head and the front part of the crown as far back as the eyes.
Figures : Stejneger, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, pi. 2.
The Loo-Choo Minivet was described by Dr. Stejneger from
examples collected in IMarch by Mr. Namiye on Okinawa Shima,
one of the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands, where it is
supposed to be a resident. There are three examples in the Pryer
collection from the same locality.
STURNIN^.
Sexes alike, or nearly so ; first primary very small ; no rictal
bristles; young in first plumage (which is moulted in the first
autumn) sometimes very different from the adult, sometimes the
same. Autumn plumage of adult changed in spring, not by a moult,
but by casting the tips of the feathers.
The Sturninee probably number about 150 species, if the Wax-
wings be included in the group. The Starlings are distributed over
most parts of the Old World except in the Arctic Region, where
their place is taken by the Waxwings. The range of the latter
extends across the Arctic Regions of both continents. Two species
of each group occur in Japan.
79. STURNUS CINERACEUS.
(GREY STARLING.)
Stumus cineracetis, Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 556 (1835).
The Grey Starling is a large bird (wing from carpal joint about
5 inches), with yellow bill and feet.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 45.
lOS PASSERKS.
The Grey Starling is a common summer visitor to Yczzo ; but in
Southern Japan it is a resident. There are several examples in the
Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, IHTl, p. Ii39),
where a single specimen was obtained twenty years previously by the
Perry Expedition (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan,
ii. p. 220). There are four examples in the Prycr collection from
Yokohama, and it has been obtained by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki
(Hlakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 18G).
It breeds in holes in fir-trees (Blakiston and Prycr, Ibis, 1878,
p. 233). Eggs in the Prycr collection resemble rather small and
rather dark eggs of the European Starling.
The range of the European Starling extends from the British
Islands across Europe and Siberia as far east as Western Dauria.
In Eastern Dauria, the lower valley of the Amoor, and southwards
into North China it is replaced by the Grey Starling, which
winters in South China, Formosa, and Hainan. There is a smaller
resident species in South China, Stunius sericeus, which is said to
have been once procured in Japan, but it is very doubtful that it has
occurred there in a wild state (Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc.
Japan, 1882, p. 116).
80. STURNIA PYRRHOGENYS.
(RED-CHEEKED STARLING.)
Lamprotornia pijrrhoycnys^ Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs,
p. 8G (1847).
The Red-cheeked Starling is a small bird (wing from carpal joint
about A\ inches) with dark-blue bill and feet.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 46,
as Lamproturnis pyrr/topof/on.
The Red-checked Starling is one of a small section of Japanese
birds belonging to different families, and some of them to different
orders, but agreeing in the remarkable peculiarity, that whilst tliey
are, so far as is known, absolutely confined to the Japanese Islands
during the l)reeding-scason, tliey migrate southwards in autumn,
some to one country and others to another.
It has been recorded from Eturop, one of the Kurile Islands
(Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 116); and
there are several examples in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi
STURNIN7E. 109
(Swinhoc, Ibis, 1871', p. 159), where it had been found in abundance
twenty years previously by tlie Perry Expedition (Cassin, Exp. Am.
Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 220). There are half a dozen
examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama ; and Mr. Ringer
has procured it at Nagasaki. It has also been recorded from the
southern group of the Loo-Choo Islands (Stejneger, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 413).
In winter it has been recorded from the Philippine Islands, and
from Celebes and Borneo. As it is not known to have occurred in
China or Formosa ; it appears to take a short cut from the Loo-Choo
Islands to the Philippines.
It was described and figured as long ago as 1760 (Brisson, Orn.
iii. p. 446), from an example obtained on the Philippine Islands;
but Brisson mistook it for a large species of Stonechat, and named
it Ficedula rubetra phUippensis major \ Ten or twelve years later
Buffon and INIontbeillard^s great work appeared, accompanied by the
' Planches Enluminees,' in which d^Aubenton figured the adult
(pi. 185. fig. 2) and the young (pi. 627. fig. 2); the former being
described as a species of Stonechat (Buff'on, Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 230),
and the latter as a species of Blackbird ! (Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii.
p. 396). In 1783 the name of MotaciUa violacea was based upon
the figure of the adult (Boddaert, Table Planches Enl. p. 11), and
that of Turdus dominicanus upon the figure of the young (Boddaert,
Table Planches Enl. p. 38) . The nomenclature of the Red-cheeked
Starling was further complicated in 1788, the adult being named
MotaciUa phUippensis (Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 968) ; and again in
1829, though a step towards its correct systematic position was
made when the bird was named Pastor ruficollis (Wagler, Syst. Av.
p. 92). In 1847 Temminck and Schlegel, in the 'Fauna Japonica,''
gave it a new generic name, and two new specific names, one in the
text and one on the plate. In 1850 two more names — Heterornis
pyrrhogenys (said to reside in Japan and Borneo) and Heterornis
ruficollis (said to be a Philippine species) — were added to the
synonymy of this bird (Bonaparte, Conspectus Avium, i, p. 418).
Two more names were added in 1870, Temenuchus pyrrhogenys and
Temenuchus ruficollis (Gray, Hand-list of Birds, ii, p. 21) ; one more
in 1872, Acridotheres jjyrrhogenys (Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 268) ;
one more in 1875, Sturnia violaceus (Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix.
p. 203) ; and two more in 1877, Sturnia pyrrhogenys and Sturnia
ruficollis (Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 550).
110 PASSERES.
The Rcd-clicckcd Starling is a very well marked species, but it is
apparently nearest allied to Sturnia daurica, a Starling which breeds
in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, and passes through China on
migration to winter in the Burma peninsula and Java.
81. AMPELIS GARRULUS.
(BOHEMIAN WAXWING.)
Ampelui garrulity, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 297 (176G).
In the Bohemian Waxwing the tip of the tail is yellow.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 155,
The Bohemian Waxwing is a common winter visitor to Yezzo, and
occasionally wanders into Southern Japan. There are two examples
in the Swinhoc collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoc, Ibis, 1874,
p. 158), and four in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. The
examples procured by the Siebold Expedition were probably obtained
at Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 84).
The Bohemian Waxwing breeds in the Arctic Regions of both
continents, and sometimes visits the British Islands in great numbers.
82. AMPELIS JAPONICUS.
(JAPANESE WA.XW1NG.)
Bomhycicora japonica, Siebold, Hist. Nat. Jap. St. no. 2 (1824).
In the Japanese Waxwing the tip of the tail is red.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 44,
as Bomby cilia phcenicojitera.
The Japanese Waxwing is a winter visitor to Japan, but is less
abundant than the European species. It is very rare in Yezzo
(Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 200), but there are seven examples in the
Prycr collection from Yokohama. IMr. Ringer has presented examples
to the Norwich Museum obtained at Nagasaki (Blakiston, Am. List
Birds of Japan, ]). 50) ; and it has also been recorded from the
central group of the Loo-Choo Islands (Stejnegcr, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. I88f), p. G18).
The Japanese Waxwing breeds in South-eastern Siberia, and
M'intcrs in Ja})an, China, and Formosa.
In winter it often feeds on the berries of the mistletoe (Jouy, I'roc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 291).
MOTACILLIN.^. Ill
MOTACILLIN^.
First primary obsolete ; bill narrow and notched ; tertials reaching
very nearly or quite to the end of the wing.
The Motacillinpe scarcely number 100 species^ but they are nearly
cosmopolitan^ being absent only from the Pacific Islands. Seven
species have been recorded from the Japanese Empire.
83. MOTACILLA LUGENS.
(KAMTSCHATKAN WAGTAIL.)
MotaciUa luriens, Pallas, Jidc Kittlitz, Kupfertafeln zur Naturgeschichte dor
Yogel, p. 16 (1832).
The Kamtschatkan Wagtail always has the sides of the head white,
with a black band through the eye ; and there is always much white
on the inner webs of the first and second as well as of the remaining
primaries.
Figures: Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, pi. 9 (male in first summer plu-
mage) .
The Kamtschatkan Wagtail was originally described from ex-
amples obtained in Kamtschatka. Under the impression that white
secondaries were the peculiar character which distinguished the
Japanese Wagtail, I named the bird in its first summer plumage (in
which the secondaries are grey) MotaciUa amurensis (Seebolim, Ibis,
1878, p. 345). Soon afterwards I discovered that black cheeks were
the peculiar character which distinguished the Japanese Wagtail
both summer and winter; and finding a series of Wagtails from
Japan with white secondaries and white cheeks, I named them
MotaciUa blakistoni (Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 91). In 1884 Captain
Blakiston discovered that my MotaciUa amurensis was the same
species in first summer plumage which in the following summer and
for the rest of its life became my MotaciUa blakistoni. In 1885 both
these names were shown to be synonyms of the MotaciUa lugens of
Kittlitz (Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. x. p. 474).
I have a large series of this species from the Kurile Islands, col-
lected by Mr. Snow ; from Yezzo, collected by Captain Blakiston ;
112 PASSERES.
from Y(^lvoliania, collected hy ^\r. Prvcr; and from Nagasaki, col-
lected by ^Ir. Ringer.
The Kamtschatkan Wagtail breeds in Kamtschatka, the Knrile
Islands, and very sparingly in Yezzo. It migrates southward in
autumn, and is common in winter at Nagasaki and Yokohama.
On the continent it appears to have a very restricted range,
breeding in the valley of the Lower Amoor and wintering in South
China.
The changes of plumage of the Kamtschatkan Wagtail have given
rise to much confusion and to many synonyms, for some of which I
am responsible. First, as regards season : in summer the lower
throat is black, in winter white. Second, as regards age : adult
birds have the secondaries and the greater part of the primaries
white; in immature birds they are brown. The brown quills are
not moulted until the second autumn, so that adult birds are always
more than a year old. Third, as regards sex : in their fii'st winter
plumage the males resemble the females in having grey backs, but
differ from them in having some black on the crown. In their first
spring plumage the back and rump of both male and female are
mottled black and grey, but in the male the black greatly preponde-
rates and in the female the grey. In adult winter plumage the back
and rump of the male are more black than grey, but those of the
female are entirely grey. In adult summer plumage the back and
rump of the male are entirely black, but those of the female arc grey
slightly mottled with black.
84. MOTACILLA JAPONICA.
(JAPANESE WAGTAIL.)
MvtaciUa jajwnica, Swinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18C3, p. 275.
The Jaj)anese Wagtail never has white on the ear-coverts or
between the ear-coverts and the eye, the cheeks being grey in young
in first plumage and black ever afterwards.
Figures : Temminek and Sehlegcl, I'auna Japoniea, Aves, pi. 25.
The Japanese Wagtail was supposed to be jicculiar to Japan, where
it is a resident, both on Ye/.zo and the more southerly islands ; ])ut
it has been found to l)reed in the upper valley of the l-ssuri (Tacza-
nowski, Journ. Orn. 1870, j). 191). I liave one of the examples
MOTACILLINK. 113
from the latter locality, besides a series from various localities in
Japan. In the Swinlioc collection there are five examples from
Yezzo ; in the Pryer collection there are six examples from Yoko-
hama ; and in the British Museum is an example, presented by
Mr. Ringer, from Nagasaki, where the example figured in the
' Fauna Japonica' as Motacilla lugens was probably obtained.
The changes which the Japanese Wagtail undergoes differ com-
pletely from those of its Kamtschatkan ally. First, as regards
season : the plumage of winter does not differ from that of summer ;
the head is always entirely black, except the white forehead, chin,
and eye-stripe. Second, as regards age : the amount of white on the
quills of adult birds resembles that of the allied species ; but iu
immature birds there is also a great deal of white on the basal halves
of these feathers. Young in first plumage have the entire head,
breast, and back grey. Third, as regards sex : females differ only
from males in having the back a very dark slate-grey instead of
black.
The Pied Wagtails appear to be of all birds the most unfortunate
as regards nomenclature. The Japanese Wagtail was originally de-
scribed in 1835 as Motacilla lagubris (Temminck, Man. d'Orn. iii.
p. 175), and twelve years later as Motacilla lugens (Temminck and
Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 60). In 1863 Swinhoe discovered
that both these names were preoccupied (though he did not place
either of them correctly), and renamed the Japanese Wagtail
Motacilla japonica. He, however, fell into the same error that the
authors of the 'Fauna Japonica' committed, correctly regarding the
plumage there figured as that of adult summer, but incorrectly
regarding the Kamtschatkan Wagtail as the winter plumage. It
was not until twenty-one years later that the Japanese Wagtail was
correctly diagnosed (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 38). If Swinhoe was
a lumper I was a splitter. Swinhoe confounded two species under
the name M. japonica. I restricted his name to the Japanese Wag-
tail, and split the Kamtschatkan Wagtail into two supposed species,
M. amurensis and M. blakistoni. This ought to have been a final
settlement of the nomenclature of the Japanese Wagtail; but in
1885 the synonymy of this unfortunate bird was once more confused
by the addition of a fourth name^ M. grandis (Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. X. p. 492). It is unnecessary to say that there can be no
excuse for the creation of this useless synonym.
114 PASSERES.
85. MOTACILLA BOARULA.
(GREY AVAGTAIL.)
MotaciUa boarula, Linneus, Mantissa Plantarum, p. 527 (1771).
The Grey Wagtail has yellow under lail-covcrts, much more bril-
liant than the yellow breast and belly. Japanese examples have, on
an average, shorter tails than those from Europe.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 128.
The Grey Wagtail is found on all the Japanese Islands, but is
probably only a summer visitor to the Kuriles, whence I have
examples collected by Mr. Snow, and to Yczzo, whence there are
examples in the Swinhoe collection obtained by Captain Blakistou
(Swinhoc, Ibis, 187 i, p. 157). A pair were found at Hakodadi by
the Perry expedition twenty years earlier (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad.
China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 2.21). There are several examples in
the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and jNIr. Ringer gave rac two
examples from Nagasaki, where those obtained by the Siebold ex-
pedition were doubtless procured (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna
Japonica, Avcs, p. 59). It has been obtained early in ^larcli on the
central group of the Loo-Choo Islands (Stejueger, Proc. United.
States Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 642), and there is an example in the
Pryer collection from the same locality (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 17(5).
The Grey Wagtail has a very extensive breeding-range, from the
British Islands across Russia and Siberia to Japan ; but there can
be no doubt that eastern examples have on an average shorter tails
than western examples. Fifty Asiatic examples vary in the length
of the tail from 3*1 to 3'75 inches; whilst forty examples from
England, Europe, and Asia Minor vary from 3*5 to 4"1 inches. The
eastern form was described in 177G as MotaciUa melanope (Pallas,
Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 090), and may fairly claim to be sub-
specifically distinct under the name of MotaciUa boarula melanope.
86. MOTACILLA FLAVA.
(BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL.)
MotaciUa Jlava, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 3.31 (170G).
The Blue-headed Wagtail has the breast, belly, and under tail-
MOTACILLIN/E. 115
coverts of the same shade of yellow. It always has an eye-stripe,
white in the male, dull white in the female, and buff in the young.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 129. figs. 1, 2.
It is not known that any species of Yellow Wagtail (subgenus
Budytes) occurs on any of the main islands of Japan ; but examples
occur on the Kurile Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 39) which have
dark olive-green heads and buff eye-stripes. There is one in the
Pryer collection. They are probably females and immature males
of Motacilla flava, which breeds in the Commander Islands, and
ranges across Southern Siberia and Central Europe as far as Hol-
land, but is only known as an accidental visitor on migration to the
British Islands.
87. ANTHUS MACULATUS.
(EASTERN TREE-PIPIT.)
Anthill maculatus, Hodgson, Gray's Zool. Miscell. 1844, p. 83.
In the Eastern Tree-Pipit the hind toe is longer than its claw ;
the belly is always white, and the tail short (less than 2\ inches).
It is greener than the two other Japanese species.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 23.
The Eastern Tree-Pipit is only a summer visitor to Yezzo ; but in
Southern Japan it breeds on the mountains and winters in great
numbers in the pine-plantations in the plains (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 153), There are ten examples in
the Pryer collection from Yokohama ; Mr. Ringer has presented
examples to the Norwich Museum from Nagasaki ; and there is an
example in the Pryer collection from the central group of the Loo-
Choo Islands.
The breeding-range of the Tree-Pipit extends from the British
Islands across Europe and South Siberia to Japan. Eastern ex-
amples are more suflfused with green on the upper parts, and the
spots on the mantle are so much more obscure that typical examples
cannot be confounded together except in abraded plumage. Some
examples from the valley of the Yenesay and from the Himalayas
are, however, slightly intermediate; and it is possible that the two
races may ultimately be regarded as only subspecifically distinct.
The Eastern Tree-Pipit is found on Fuji-yama as high up as the
snow-line. The nest is placed on the ground, and is built of moss
and coarse grass, lined with fine grass and rootlets (Jouy, Proc.
i2
110 PASSERES.
United States Nat. Mus. 18S3, p. 2S0). Egrgs in the Fryer col-
lection arc pinky grcy^ with light and dark sepia streaks, spots, and
blotches, and exactly resemble a coraraon variety of the eggs of the
western species.
88. ANTHUS SPINOLETTA.
(ALPINE PIPTT.)
Atillms spjno/ettri, T^iiinoup, Syst. Nat. i. p. 288 (17G0).
The Japanese race of the Alpine Pipit has brown upper parts,
suflfused with grey in summer plumage. The dark centres to the
feathers are very obscure, almost obsolete on the crown.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 24
(under the name o? Ant/ius protensis japonicus).
The Japanese Alpine Pipit breeds on the Kurile Islands, whence
I have three examples collected on Urup by "Wossnescnski (Sce-
bohra, Ibis, 1879, p. 3 J) and three collected by Mr. Snow. Dr.
Henderson obtained it at Ilakodadi in October 1857 (Cassin, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 193) ; and I have six examples col-
lected by Captain Blakiston in Yczzo in Sei)tcmbcr, October, and
November (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 419). It is common in winter
in Southern Japan, and there are no fewer tlian twelve examples in
the l^'ver collection from Yokohama. Its breeding-range extends to
Eastern Siberia, and there are examples in the Swinhoe collection
from South China, where it is only known as a winter visitor.
Thci'c seem to be four races of Alpine Pipit. The typical, or
Western Palajarctic, form differs from the other three in being on an
average slightly larger ; the Eastern Pahearctic form, Antlius spino-
letta blakistoni, on\j diilvrs from the typical form in size; but the
Japanese form, Anthus spinoletta japonicus, differs from most ex-
amples of the other three forms in having j^lc legs and feet ; and
the Ncarctic form, Anthus spinolctla pennsylvanicus, generally (though
not always) differs from the other three forms in having the outer
web of the penultimate tail-feather on each side Avhite for some
distance from the tip.
In Captain Blakiston's collection there is a remarkably handsome
specimen of the fully adult Japanese Alpine Pipit in summer
])lumage, which scarcely dillcrs from that of the American Alpine
Pipit (Swaiuson and Richardson, Faun. Bor-Amer. ii. pi. 41).
ALAUDIN.K. 117
89. ANTHUS CERVINUS.
(RED-THROATED PIPIT.)
Motacilla cervino, Pallas, Zoogr. llosso-Asiat. i. p. 511 (1826).
The Red-throated Pipit differs from the Japanese Alpine Pipit in
having conspicuous dark centres to all the feathers of the upper
parts ; and from the Eastern Tree-Pipit in having the belly always
buffj and the hind toe shorter than its claw.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 136.
The Red-throated Pipit is a rare visitor on migration in spring
and autumn to the Japanese Islands. I have never seen a specimen
from Japan, but there cannot be much doubt that it does occur there,
as I have one example (No. 205G) obtained by INIr. Snow on
Shumshu (the most northerly of the Kurile Islands) on the 7th of
June, 1876 (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 3i) ; a second example obtained
by Mr. Snow on Eturup (the most southerly but one of the same
group) in September; a third example (in the Pryer collection)
obtained by Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands on the 29tli of July ;
and a fourth and fifth example (also in the Pryer collection) obtained
on the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands in January.
The breeding-range of the Red-throated Pipit extends on the
tundras above the limit of forest-growth from the Atlantic to the
Pacific; but in the eastern and western extremities of its range it is
a rare bird, which accounts for the difficulty of procuring examples
in Japan and the British Islands, where it only occurs on migration
to its winter- quarters in North-east Africa and Burma.
ALAUDIN^.
Sexes nearly alike ; young in first plumage (which is moulted in
the first autumn) spotted above and below ; first primary generally
very small, sometimes obsolete ; back of tarsus scutellated.
There are about 70 species of Larks, chiefly confined to the Palse-
arctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions. One of the Palsearctic
species is circumpolar, and each of the Australian, Neotropical, and
Nearctic Regions contains a solitary species.
One species (possibly two) is represented in the Japanese Empire.
1 18 P.VSSEHES.
90. ALAUDA ARVENSIS.
(SKY-LARK.)
Alauda arretisix, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 287 (17GG).
The Sky-Lark is too well known to need description.
Figures : Tcmminck and Sclilegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 47
(under the name of Alauda Jajjotuca).
The Sky-Lark is found on all the Japanese Islands and on the
Kurilc l>slands. To the latter and possibly to Yczzo it is only a
summer visitor, but in Southern Japan it breeds on the mountains
and winters in the plains. I have four examples procured on the
Kurile Islands by ^Mr. Snow. They are large birds (wing from carpal
joint 4 7 to 4*25 inches), and, in newly moulted autumn plumage,
they have very white bellies and bright sandy-buff margins to the
feathers of the upper parts. They belong to a large north-eastern
race of the Sky-Lark, which breeds in Kamtsehatka and the Kurile
Islands, and winters in Japan and Kottli China. If it be regarded
as subspecifically distinct it must bear the name of Alauda arvensis
pekinensis (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1863, p. 89). I have seven
examples procured in Yezzo by Captain Blakiston during March,
April, May, June, and September ; they are rather smaller birds
(wing 4*1 to 3*7 inches), but they do not differ from the Kurile
examples in colour. There arc eight cxanipics in the Prycr collection
from Yokohama, M'hich are on an average slightly smaller still (wing
4*0 to 3*55 inches), but no difference of colour is discoverable.
Examples from every locality get very dark in summer from the
abrasion of the buff* margins of the feathers, and lose the brilliance
of the white on the belly from stains. If this small race be re-
garded as subspecifically distinct it must bear the name of Alauda
arvensis japoidca. This race appears to be a resident in Japan,
North China, and Thibet.
These three races have their exact parallels in Europe. The
typical Alauda arvensis is a large north-western race, breeding in
Scandinavia and wintering in England and Central Europe. The
intermediate forms, which arc resident in the British Isles, represent
the intermediate forms found in Yezzo ; whilst a small resident race
iidiabits Southern Y.\xto^c, Alauda arvensis cantarclla (Honap. Comp.
List B. Eur. & N. Amer. p. 37). The western races are buffer on
the uuderparts and greyer on the upper parts than the eastern races;
AIAUDIN.E. 119
but between them, breeding in Siberia and wintering in North-west
India, Asia Minor, and Palestine, occurs an Arctic race, Alauda
arvensis dulcivow (Hodgson, Gray's Zool. Misc. i. p. 84), of inter-
mediate size between the northern and southern races, and inter-
mediate in the colour of the underparts between the eastern and
western races, but much greyer on the upper parts than either of
them.
When we remember that the north, south, east, west, and arctic
races intergrade in every direction, it is easy to understand how com-
plicated a problem the nomenclature of the races of the Sky-Lark
becomes. It is, however, still more complicated by the existence of
a small race or species (wing 3*7 to 3"2 inches) in South China and
Ceylon, of the colour of the European Sky-Lark, but having on
an average a larger bill and a longer hind claw. This species
intergrades with a pale grey race, which appears to be a resident in
Turkestan and India. The pale small species has been called Alauda
(jidyula (Franklin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 119); and the rufous
race of it might be called Alauda yidyula coelivox (Swinhoe, Zoologist,
1859, p. 6723), were it not that on the Island of Formosa it appears
to intergrade with Alauda arvensis j)ekinensis. Probably all the
seven forms are only climatic races of one widely spread and very
variable species.
91. ALAUDA ALPESTKIS.
(SHORE-LARK.)
Alauda alpestris, Liuneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 289 (1766).
The Shore-Lark may be recognized by the black on the fore part
of the crown, the ear-coverts, and the upper breast.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 243.
The Shore-Lark, Alauda alpestris, has veiy slender claims to be
regarded as a Japanese bird. It was included doubtfully from a
drawing amongst the discoveries of Dr. Siebold (Teraminck and
Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 138), but it has not been obtained
by recent collectors. There is some evidence that it occurs on the
Kurile Islands, as its local name there is recorded (Pallas, Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 520).
The Shore-Lark is a circumpolar bird, breeding on the tundras of
both hemispheres above the limit of forest-growth.
120 PASSERES.
FRTNGILLINiE.
Sexes g^cncrally different; first primary obsolete; bill thick,
conical, and unnotched ; tertials reaching beyond the middle of the
Ming.
The Fringillin?e number about 500 species, of which 32 have been
recorded from the Japanese Empire. This subfamily is almost
cosmopolitan, but in the Australian Region it is only known from
the Sandwich Islands.
92. COCCOTHRAUSTES VULGARIS.
(COMMON HAWFINCH.)
Coccothraustes vnlffaris, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 12 (1826).
The Hawfinch can always be recognized by its very thick bill and
the curious shape of some of its innermost primaries, which are
notched at the end of the inner webs and expanded at the end of the
outer webs.
Figures : Tcmminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 51.
The Common Hawfinch is a resident in Japan. I have an example
collected by Mr. Henson near Hakodadi in February, and there arc
two exami)les in the Swinhoe collection obtained by Captain Blakiston
in the same locality (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. IGO). There arc
examples in the Paris Museum obtained near Aomori, in the north
of Hondo, by I'Abbd Fauire ; and there are five examples in the
Fryer collection from the neighbourhood of Yokohama, where it is
probably only a winter visitor, as it is said to appear in Central
Hondo in considerable numbers in autumn about every third year
(Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 295) ; Mr. Ringer
has obtained it at Nagasaki, whence he has sent cxamjdcs to the
Norwich Museum.
The breeding-range of the Common Hawfinch extends from the
Rritish Islands acro.ss Europe and Southern Siberia to Japan,
F^astcm examples liave been described as distinct, under the name
of Cuccothravstcs japoniots (Bonajjarte, Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 506),
under the impression that the ends of the wing-coverts were paler in
FKIXGILLIN.E. 121
European than in Japanese and Chinese examples. There can be
no doubt that the two alleged forms are not specifically distinct.
The utmost that can be said is that on an average Eastern examples
may be a shade darker at the ends of the wing-coverts than Western
ones^ but the extreme range of variation is so small that it is very
doubtful whether it ought to be recognized as a subspecific differ-
ence.
93. COCCOTHRAUSTES PERSONATUS.
(JAPANESE HAWFINCH.)
Coccofhraustes personatus, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 91
(1847).
The Japanese Hawfinch has quite as thick a bill as the Common
Hawfinch^ but is easily distinguished from it by its black crown and
black tail.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 52.
The Japanese Hawfinch appears to be a resident in Japan. It is
found in Yezzo (Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 201), and in the Pryer collec-
tion there are three examples from the neighbourhood of Yokohama.
It has been obtained on Fuji-yama in June and July (Jouy, Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 295) ; and in the British ]\Iuseum
there are three examples obtained by Mr. Ringer near Nagasaki.
On the continent this species breeds near the mouth of the Ussuri
River in Eastern Siberia, and winters in South China.
94. LOXIA CURVIROSTRA.
(COMMON CROSSBILL.)
Lovia cio-virostra, Liimeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 299 (176G).
The Common Crossbill is easily recognized by its crossed man-
dibles. It is the type of a group in which the males differ from the
females in being suffused with crimson.
Figures ; Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 203.
The Common Crossbill is a resident in the Japanese Islands.
Mr. Snow obtained it on the Kurile Islands (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans, As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 176). I have two examples collected
by Mr. Henson near Hakodadi in June ; and in the Pryer collection
122 PASSERES.
there are nine from the neif^hbourhood of Yokohama. The examples
procured hy the Siebold expedition were pro])ably ol)taincd at Naga-
saki (Teraminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japoniea, Aves, p. 93).
The Common Crossbill breeds in the ])ine-forests of Arctic Europe
and Asia from Ireland and Scotland to Kamtschatka and Japan,
wandering more or less irregularly southwards in winter.
95. CHAUNOPROCTUS FERREIROSTRIS.
(130NIN GROSBEAK.)
CoccothrattstesferreirostriSfYigoTS, Zool. Juurn. 1828, p. 354.
The Bonin Grosbeak has a thicker bill than any other Finch.
The female is a brown bird above and below, but the male is suffused
w ith crimson on the head and underparts.
Figures : Vigors, Beeehey's Voyage of the '^ Blossom,' pi. 8.
The Bonin Grosbeak was discovered on one of the Bonin group
during the voyage of the ' Blossom,' and the types are now in the
British Museum (Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. ]\Ius. xii. p. 31). It was
rediscovered some years later, and redescribed as Frinyilla jmpa
(Kittlitz, Mem. pres. Ji I'Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Petersb.
par divers savans, 1830, p. 239); but it is not known that it has been
obtained by any recent traveller, though ]\Ir. Hoist heard that it
was to be found on the Bailly Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 102).
The Bonin Grosbeak is probably related to the Pine-Grosbeak,
and may possibly have originated in a flock of those birds which
emigrated from the Arctic Regions many thousands of years ago,
and which have gradually adapted themselves to the changed condi-
tions of life.
Its nearest relation appears to be Telespiza cantans from Medway
Island, about 300 miles north-west of the Hawaiian or Sandwich
Islands, where another not distantly allied si)ccies occurs, Psittlrustra
psittacea.
96. PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR.
(PINE-GROSBEAK.)
Loxia enucleator, Linncus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 299 (170G).
The Pine-Grosbeak is a large Rose-Finch (wing from carpal joint
nearly i.^ inches), with a somewhat hooked beak. The colour varies
FRINGlLUNyK. 123
■with sex and age very similarly to that of the Crossbills. There are
always two pale bars across the wings formed by the pale tips of the
greater and median wing-eoverts.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 201.
Two examples of the Pine-Grosbeak have occurred on the Kurile
Islands (Blakiston, Amended List of the Birds of Japan, p. G3), one
of which I have had an opportunity of examining.
This species breeds in the pine-forests of Arctic Europe and Asia,
from Lapland to Kamtschatka, and. migrates irregularly southwards
in autumn, occasionally, but very rarely, visiting the British Islands.
It also breeds in Arctic America.
97. CARPODACUS ROSEUS.
(ROSE-PINCH.)
Frhigilla rosea, Pallas, Eeise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 099 (177G).
The Rose-Finch is a very brilliant bird and is larger than its
nearest allies in Japan (wing from carpal joint about 3^ inches).
It resembles the Japanese Rose-Finch in having pearly-white plumes
on the forehead and throat, but differs from it in having the tail
much shorter than the wing.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, v. pi. 33.
The Rose-Pinch is a rare winter visitor to the Japanese Islands.
It has been obtained in Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878,
p. 245) ; in the Swinhoe collection there is an example from Tokio
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 145) ; and in the Pryer collection there is a
second example from the same district, A third example has been
recorded from Tate-yama ( Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883,
p. 294) ; whilst in the British Museum there is a fourth Japanese
example probably collected near Nagasaki.
This species breeds in Eastern Siberia and winters in China.
98. CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS.
(SCARLET ROSE-FINCH.)
rt/rrlnda erythrina, Pallas, N. Coram. Acad. Sc. Imp. Petrop. xiv. p. 587
(1770).
The Scarlet Rose-Finch is intermediate in size between its two
nearest allies in Japan (wing from carpal joint about 3^ inches).
121 PASSE RES.
It resembles the Common Rose-Fincli in liaving tlic tail much
shorter than the wing, hut it differs hotli from tliat species and from
tlic Japanese Rose-Finch in having neitlicr pearly-white plumes on
the head nor white hars across the wings.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv, pi. 195.
The sole claim of the Scarlet Rose-Finch to be regarded as a
Japanese bird rests upon an example in the Prycr collection, which
was bought alive in the Yokohama market (Blakiston and Fryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 175). The clean condition of its
feet and the brilliancy of the deep scarlet breast and throat look like
a wild bird, and the fact that its wings arc much abraded also point
to its not having become used to a cage ; but it may nevertheless
have been imported from China.
This sj)ecies breeds in the subarctic regions, wherever forests are
to be found, from Finland to Kamtschatka and further south at high
elevations. It winters in India, Burma, and China, and has twice
been known to wander as far as the British Islands.
99. CARPODACUS SANGUINOLENTUS.
(JAPANESE ROSE-FINCII.)
Pyrrhula sanguinolentus, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 92
(1847).
The Japanese Rose-Finch is the smallest of the three Rose-Finches
found in Japan, but it has a relatively longer tail (wing from carpal
joint about 2f inches, tail slightly longer) . It has two very con-
spicuous white bars across the wing, and pearlj'-white plumes on the
forehead and throat.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 51
(male), pi. 54 b (female).
The Japanese Rose-Finch is a common resident of the group of
islands to which it was formerly supposed to be peculiar. Mr. Snow
obtained it from the Kurile Islands (Blakiston and Prycr, Trans.
As. Soc. Japan, p. 171) ; and in the SMinhoe collection there are two
examples from Ilakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 187-1', p. 160). In the Paris
Museum there are cxamplfs procured by I'Abbe Fauire near Aomori
in Northern Hondo; and in the Fryer collection there are nine from
the neighbourhood of Yokohama.
fkingilt.in.t:. 135
Westwards tlic range of this species extends to JManchnria^ Eastern
Siberia, and the Corean Peninsula.
100. FRINGILLA SPINUS.
(SISKIN.)
Fringilla sirinus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 322 (17G6).
The Siskin is the smallest Fineh found in the Japanese Empire
(wing from carpal joint about 2| inches). It is a small Greenfinch
with a more slender bill. The male has a black crown. The flanks
are streaked in the adult of both sexes as well as in the young.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 169.
The Siskin appears to be only a winter visitor to the Japanese
Islands. It is common in the woods near Hakodadi in autumn
(Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 201), and in the Pryer collection there are
eight examples from the neighbourhood of Yokohama. It appears
in large flocks in autumn and winter in Central Hondo (Jouy, Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 297). Mr. Ringer obtained it at
Nagasaki, where it was also procured by the Siebold expedition
(Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 89) ; and it has
been recorded ft'om the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands (Stej-
neger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 651).
Westwards we find the Siskin breeding in the lower Amoor and
wintering in South China; but beyond this range it is not known
that the Siskin occurs, except west of the Ural Mountains, whence
its range extends to the British Islands. It is highly improbable
that the range of the Siskin is discontinuous, and it will most
probably be found to extend to the mountain-ranges of Southern
Siberia.
Eastern examples have been described as distinct under the name
of Chrysomitris dybowskii (Taczanowski, Jouru. Orn. 1876, p. 199),
but I have failed to discover the alleged diff'erence.
101. FRINGILLA LINARIA.
(MEALY REDPOLE.)
FringiUa linaria, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 322 (176G).
In the Mealy Redpole the forehead and the front half of the crown
is crimson ; the breast is also frequently suflFused with rosy pink.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 187.
126 PASS E RES.
The Mealy Redpole is probably only a winter visitor to the
Japanese Islands. In the Swinhoe colleetion there are three examples
from Ilakodadi (SwiiihoCj Ibis, 1H7 1, p. 100), and in the Prycr col-
lection there are fonr from Yokohama. Two examples are recorded
from Central Hondo, obtained in November (Jouy, Proc. United
States Nat, Mas. 1883, p. 297) ; and those procured by the Siebold
expedition were probably obtained at Nagasaki (Temminck and
Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 89).
It is a eircumpolar bird, breeding in high latitudes at or near the
limit of forest-growthj and migrating irregularly southwards in cold
weather, occasionally visiting the British Islands.
In all the lledpolcs which I have seen from Japan the rump and
upper tail-coverts are streaked with brown^ and the bill is large.
102. FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA.
(BRAMBLING.)
Fringilla 7nontifri?igilla, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 318 (17G6).
The Brambling is the only Japanese Finch with a white rump.
In both sexes the throat and breast are chestnut-buff, but in the
male the rest of the head and the back are black (edged with buff in
the autumn), whilst in the female these parts are dark brown, edged
with buff', at all seasons.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 184.
The Brambling is a common winter visitor to all the Japanese
Islands. It frequents the neighbourhood of Ilakodadi during winter
in small flocks (Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 201); and there are examples
in the Paris ]\Iuseum procured near Aoraori, in the north of Hondo,
by I'Abbc Fauire. There are six examples in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama. The examples procured by the Siebold expedition
were probably obtained at Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna
Japonica, Avcs, p. 87) ; and it occurs on the central group of the
Loo-Choo Islands (Stejncgcr, Zeitschr. ges. Oru. 1887, p. 17()), and
on the Bonin Islands on migration (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 101).
The breeding-range of the Brambling extends across the Palye-
arctic Region from Lapland to Kauitschatka, but in the British
Islands, as in Jap;ui, it is only known as a winter visitor.
FRINQILLINiE. 127
103. FRINGILLA SINICA.
(CHINESE GREENFINCH.)
Fringilla sinica, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 321 (1766).
The Chinese Greenfinch is less than its European representative
(wing from carpal joint 3*3 to 3*1 inches), and further differs from it
in having the bases of the secondaries yellow on both webs.
It is rather less than the Japanese Greenfinch. The crown of the
male is grey^ and that of the female greyish brown.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 49.
The Chinese Greenfinch is a resident in the Japanese Islands.
It is very common in Yezzo (Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 202) ; there is
a large series from Yokohama in the Pryer collection ; and several
examples from Nagasaki were presented by Mr. Ringer to the
British Museum.
This species is very common throughout China, and a single
example was obtained by Dr. Radde in the valley of the Amoor. It
was also found by General Prjevalski in the north-east of Mongolia.
The rump and underparts are very slightly suff'used with yellow
in the female. In the young in first plumage most of the small
feathers have dark central streaks. The three Greenfinches found
in the Japanese Empire are very nearly allied, and may eventually
prove to be only subspecifically distinct.
104. FRINGILLA KAWARAHIBA.
(JAPANESE GREENFINCH.)
FHngilla kawarahiba, Temmirick, Planches Coloriees, no. 588. fig. 1 (183G),
The Japanese Greenfinch is on an average larger than the Chinese
Greenfinch (wing from carpal joint 3'4 to 3*2 inches), but agrees
with it in having the bases of the secondaries yellow on both webs.
It further differs in having the crown of the male brown instead
of grey, and that of the female sandy brown instead of greyish
brown.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 48.
The Japanese Greenfinch is only known from the islands Avhose
name it bears, but it is by no means a common bird. I have one
example collected by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi, where it is
128 PASSE RES.
said to be a rare bird ( Wliitcly, Iljis, 1867, p. 202), and there are
several examples in the Paris Aluspum procured by I'Abbe Fauirc
near Aomori in Northern Hondo. In the Pryer collection there are
two exami)les obtained by Mr. Snow from the Kurile Islands, and two
others from Yokohama. la the British Museum there are two
examples from Nagasaki presented by Mr. llingcr.
105. FRINGILLA KITTLITZI.
(BONIN-ISLAND GREENFINCH.)
Fringilla kittlitzi, Seebolim, Ibis, 1890, p. 101.
The Bonin-Islaud Greenfinch is about the size of the Japanese
Greenfinch, but the crown and nape are olive (instead of brown, as
in F. kaivarahibn, or grey, as in F. sinica). It has also less yellow
at the base of the tail-feathers than either of its allies.
The Bonin-Island Greenfinch was discovered by Kittlitz in 1828,
but was not regarded by its discoverer as distinct from the Euro])can
species. Mr. Hoist obtained three examples on one of the Parry
Islands, and two on one of the Bailly Islands, all of which are in
niv collection.
106. MONTIFRINGILLA BRUNNEINUCHA.
(JAPANESE SNOW-FINCH.)
Frinyilla (Linaria) hrunneinncha, Brandt, Bull. Sc. Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Pdters-
bo'ur-, 1842, p. 252.
The Japanese Snow-Finch is about the size of a Bullfinch (wing
from carpal joint 4^ inches). The wing-coverts, rump, upper tail-
covcrts, and undcrparts arc much suffused with rose-pink in the
male, and slightly so in the female.
Figures : David and Oustalct, Oiseaux de la Chine, pi. 89.
The Japanese Snow-Finch is only a winter visitor to Japan,
generally appearing in large flocks (Whitcly, Ibis, 18G7, p. 215).
I have two examples collected by Captain Blakiston at Ilakodadi
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 187.1, p. 150), and a third collected by ]\Ir. Hcnson
in the same locality. Mr. Fukushi obtained it in the Kurile Islands
in July (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 17 J).
FRINGILLIN/E. 129
This is probably the southern limit of its breeding-range, wliich ex-
tends to Kamtschatka and Eastern Siberia. It winters in Northern
Cliina, as well as Japan, It sometimes appears in winter in Central
Hondo in great numbers ( Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883,
p. 2<JG).
107. PYRRHULA GRISEIVENTRIS.
(ORIENTAL BULFINCH.)
Pyi-rhula griseiventris, Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 240.
The Oriental Bulfineh differs from the Common Bulfinch in having
the breast, belly, and flanks grey (sometimes slightly suffused with
red) instead of bright brick-red.
Figures : Temminek and Sehlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 53,
sub nomine Pyrrhula orientalis.
Tlie Oriental Bulfinch is a resident in Japan. I have two ex-
amples collected by Wossuesenski on the Kurile Islands in July, and
there are two others in the British Museum from tbe same locality.
These are so much paler than Japanese examples that they have been
separated (Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xii. p. 450, pi. xi.) as Pyr-
rhula griseiventris kurilensis. The typical form appears to be found
both in Yezzo and near Yokohama, but in both localities together with
others, in which the underparts are much suffused with rosy and
the upper parts slightly so. If the latter be subspecifically distinct,
they may be called P. griseiventris rosacea. Mr. Whitely, who got
both forms near Hakodadi in March, says (Ibis, 1867, p. 203) that
this species was very abundant, but disappeared before summer.
The range of this species is very restricted. The typical form has
been found on the Island of Askold. opposite Vladivostok, once or
twice near Pekin, and once in the upper valley of the Ussuri, and
the Roseate form on an island in the Bay of Okhotsk (Seebohm,
Ibis, 1887j p. 101). It is quite possible that the roseate tint may
be the result of eating some particular food, the Bulfinches being
apparently specially sensitive to the influence of certain seeds.
There are eight males in the Pryer collection of the typical colour
from Yokohama, and four of the roseate form, besides six females.
There is one male in the Ssvinhoe collection, from Hakodadi, of the
roseate form, besides three females. There are two males in the
British Museum of the typical colour from Yokohama, but none of
K
130 PASSE RES.
the roseate form. In tlic same collection there is only one male of
the typical colour from Yezzo, and four of the roseate form. Mr.
Jouy obtained five adult males in Tate-yama in -winter, four of which
were more or less roseate on the hreast, and in two of them the back
was also roseate (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 293).
The tMo forms certainly intcrgrade, and the appearance of an example
of the typical form from Yczzo throws considerable doubt on the
distinctness of their geographical ranges.
108. PASSER MONTANUS.
(TREE-SPARROW.)
Frinf/illa moidcnia, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 324 (170G).
The Tree-Sparrow is easily recognized by its chestnut-brown
crown and nape, and by the large black patch in the middle of the
white on the side of the head. The female resembles the male, but
is slightly duller in colour.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 178.
The Tree-Sparrow is the Common Sparrow of the towns and
villages of Japan (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 244), and was
obtained probably at Nagasaki by the Siebold Expedition (Temminck
and Schlcgcl, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, p. 89). There is an example
in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877,
p. 11.")) ; and there are four in tlie Pryer collection from the neigh-
bourhood of Yokohama, and nine from the central group of the
Loo-Choo Islands.
The Tree-Sparrow is found throughout the Pakearctic Region,
from the British Islands to Japan.
It is abundant everywhere near houses or towns in Central Hondo,
breeding in the thatched roofs of the native houses (Jouy, Proc.
United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 297). Eggs in the Pryer collec-
tion do not difPcr from those obtained in the British Islands.
Examples from the Loo-Choo Islands have been described as dis-
tinct under the name of Passer suturatns (Stcjnegcr, Proc, United
States Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 19), but I am unable to distinguish them
from the European si)eeies.
The example described by Dr. Stcjnegcr appears to have been in
immature plumage. Examjjlcs collected by General Prjevalski at
Lob Nor and other localities in Central Asia are so pale that they
are almost wortliv of beinjj recoijm'zed as a desert form.
rRINGILLIN.i:. 131
109. PASSER MUTILANS.
(RUSSET SPAIIBOW.)
Fringilla rutilans, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. ^S^, fig. 2 (1836).
Tlie Russet Sparrow has the crown and rump chestnut-red in tlie
malcj and brown in the female. The throat is black in the male,
and there is a buflF eye-stripe extending to the nape in the female.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 50.
The Russet Sparrow is doubtless a resident in Japan. It is not
uncommon in Yezzo, and is occasionally brought into the Yokohama
market (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 244). The example
figured in the ^ Fauna Japonica^ a,s Passer jnissatus was probably
obtained at Nagasaki. There are five examples in the Pryer collec-
tion from Yokohama.
This species has a very restricted range ; it is found in Formosa
and in the mountains of Central China, as far west as Moupin in
Eastern Thibet.
110. EMBERIZA CIOPSIS.
(BONAPARTE'S JAPANESE BUNTING.)
Emberiza ciopsis, Bonaparte, Consp. Generum Avium, i. p. 406 (1850).
Bonaparte's Japanese Bunting has no trace of yellow on the
underparts, and the rump and upper tail-coverts are uniform rich
chestnut. The combination of these two characters prevents it being
confounded with most of the other Buntings which are known to
visit Japan, The fact that the nape is almost as conspicuously
streaked as the crown will probably complete the diagnosis.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 59
(male and female).
Bonaparte's Japanese Bunting is peculiar to Japan, and is the
commonest Bunting on the islands. There is an example from Yezzo
in the Swinhoe collection (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 161) ; and there are
four-and-twenty from Yokohama in the Pryer collection. Mr. Ringer
obtained it at Nagasaki (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 1G8) ; and it was observed in abundance by the officers of
the Perry Expedition at Simoda (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China
Seas and Japan, ii. p. 220). Dr. Henderson obtained it at Hakodadi
in October 1857 (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 192).
k2
132 PASSERES.
It breeds in great abmulancc on Fuji-yama, making a nest on or
near tlic ground of dried grass and kavcs, lined \vitli fine rootlets
(Jouy, Proe. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 298). Eggs in the
Pryer collection closely resemble those of Emheriza cia and those of
Emberiza cioides, being scrawled all over the larger end with fine
hair-like streaks.
Bonaparte's Japanese Bunting is an island form of Brandt's
Bunting, Entbcriza cioides, and is possibly only subspecifically distinct
from it. The adult male differs from that of its continental ally in
havinir the car-coverts nearly black instead of russet-brown. The
female only differs from that of the continental species in having tlic
throat and under tail-coverts more suffused with buff. Intermediate
forms occur in Japan, but these may possibly be immature examples.
Brandt's Buntiug is a resident in Eastern Siberia, and is the eastern
representative of the Meadow- Bunting, Emheriza cia, a perfectly
distinct species which ranges from Spain across Europe and Southern
Siberia as far east as Lake Saissan, whence I have an example col-
lected by General Prjcvalski.
111. EMBERIZA YESSOENSIS.
(S WIN HOE'S JAPANESE BUNTING.)
Schtrnicola yessoensis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. IGl.
Swinhoe's Japanese Bunting combines two characters, rump and
vpper tail-coverts uniform chest nnt-hvff and no trace of yelloiv on the
underpurts. None of the other Buntings which arc known to occur
in Japan possess both these characters except E. ciopsis, E.fucata,
and E. rustica. From the males of these three species and from
both sexes of the last mentioned, tlic entire absence of white on the
throat is a sufficient distinction. From the females of the two first-
mentioned species the fact that the nape is scarcely streaked (in
marked contrast to the conspicuously streaked crown) is a good
distinction.
Figures: Secbohm, Ibis, 1879, pi. 1. fig. 2.
Swinlioe's Japanese Bunting is ])cculiar to Japan, and cannot be a
very rare bird, as, in addition to the t\\)c, in tlic Swinhoe collection
obtained by Ciiptain Blakiston near llakodadi, tiierc are eleven
examples in the Pryer collection from the neighljourhood of Yoko-
liama. Two otlier examples from Yezzo are in the Blakiston collec-
rKlNGILLlN.E. 133
tion (Sccbolirn, Ibis, 1884, p. 42). It is principally known in the
south as a winter visitor, but it breeds on Fuji-yama (Blakiston,
Amended List of the Birds of Japan, p. 61).
112. EMBERIZA SCH(ENICLUS.
(REED-BUNTING.)
Eniberiza schceniclns, Linneus, Syst. Xat. i. p. .311 (17G0).
The male Reed-Bunting diflers from all other Buntings known to
visit Japan in having a white nuchal collar. The female closely
resembles that of Emberiza yessoensis, but is rather larger and much
greyer, especially on the rump and upper taihcoverts.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 221 (females), pi. 222.
fig. 1 (male) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1876, pi. viii. fig. 2 (male in autumn
plumage of eastern race).
The Reed-Bunting is said to be only a summer visitor to Yezzo,
and to the mountains in the more southerly Japanese Islands,
descending to the plains in winter. There are two examples from
Hakodadi (one of them the type of Schcenicola pyrrhulina) in the
Swinhoe collection, and there are twenty from the Yokohama game-
market in the Pryer collection.
The range of the Reed-Bunting extends eastwards from the British
Islands, across Europe and Asia at least as far as the meridian of
Calcutta. I found it common in the valley of the Yenesay, and
General Prjevalski obtained it at Lob Nor. Taczanowski saj^s that
examples obtained by Dybowski in Kamtschatka are identical with
the European bird, and it is probable that the range of this species
across Siberia is continuous. At what point in its geographical
distribution the bill begins to thicken is not known, but Radde
remarks it in an example obtained by him near Tarei Nor.
The Eastern race may be regarded as subspecifically distinct under
the name of Emberiza schoeniclus palustris, on the ground that in the
east the thick-billed birds are most numerous, whilst in the west the
contrary is the case.
It is not known that the Reed-Bunting of Japan differs in the
slightest particular from its representative in the British Islands,
except in having a slightly thicker bill, and in having rather fewer
dark stripes on the flanks. Both these characters are, however, very
variable, and examples from Italy and Asia Minor may be found
131 PASSE RES.
whicli arc undistinguisliablo from examples from Japan. It is abso-
lutely impossible to regard tlie two forms as specifically distinct, and
it is quite as absurd to place them in different genera as it would be
to separate the Siberian Nutcracker from the Japanese Nutcracker
on the same grounds. In the dark ages of Ornithology there was a
superstition that a variation in the shape of tlie bill was necessarily
a generic character, but no student of Darwin^s works can do other-
A> ise than smile at such a theory.
113. EMBERIZA RUSTICA.
(RUSTIC BUNTING.)
Emkriza ruatica, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reicbs, iii. p. G98 (1770).
The Rustic Bunting diff'ers from every other Bunting known to
occur in Japan in having the breast and flanks broadly streaked with
rich chestnut.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 58
(male adult and immature) ; Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 219
(male and female).
The Rustic Bunting breeds in Yezzo and winters in the more
southerly of the Japanese Islands (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878,
p. 2 13) . There is an exanii)le in the Swinhoe collection from Ilako-
dadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 101); and there is one in the Paris
Museum procured near Aomori, in the north of Hondo, by I'Abbe
Fauire. There are five examples in the Pryer collection from the
neighbourhood of Yokohama.
The range of the Rustic Bunting during the breeding-season
extends across the Arctic regions from Lajjland to Kamtschatka. Its
winter-quarters appear to be confined to China. It can only be
rcKarded as an accidental visitor to the British Islands.
114. EMBERIZA FUCATA.
(GREY-HEADED BUNTING.)
Emberizu fucata, Pallas, Roise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. G98 (1770).
The Grey-licadcd Bunting difl'ers from all the other Buntings
which are known to occur in Japan in liaving the tliroat (white in
the male and bull" in the female) surrounded i)y bold black streaks.
FHINGlLLlN/i:. 135
Figures : Temminck and Schlcgel^ Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 57
(male and female); Gould, Birds of Asia, v. pi. 9.
The Grey-headed Bunting is a common winter visitor to the plains
near Yokohama, retiring to the mountains and to Yezzo to breed
(Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 242). There is an example in
the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 161),
where it had been procured seventeen years previously by Dr. Hen-
derson (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 192). There
are nine examples in the Prycr collection from the neighbourhood of
Yokohama, and Mr. Ringer has obtained it at Nagasaki.
Westward the range of this species extends, during the breeding-
season, to Eastern Siberia and Northern China, and in winter to
Southern China, Burma, and the plains of India. It is said to be a
resident in the North-west Himalavas.
115. EMBERIZA SULPHURATA.
(SIEBOLD^S BUNTING.)
Emheriza sulphurata, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 100
(1847).
Siebold's Bunting differs from all the other Buntings known to
occur in Japan by its combination of the two characters, chin, throat,
and breast unstreaked yellow, and forehead, crown, and nape unstreaked
olive-brown.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 60.
Siebold's Bunting is said to be a rare summer visitor to Yezzo
(Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 203), but to be very common in the more
southerly Japanese Islands. In the Prycr collection there are six
examples from Yokohama, and I have a seventh collected by
Mr. Heywood Jones on Fuji-yama.
SieboWs Bunting is said to leave Japan in autumn, and to winter
in Formosa and Southern China.
It is the commonest Bunting on Fuji-yama in summer, and builds
in the fork of a small bush, making its nest of grass, lined with
horsehair or the seed- stalks of moss (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat.
Mus. 1883, p. 299) .
Eggs in the Prycr collection closely resemble a common variety of
the eggs of the Garden-Warbler with dark sj)ots.
136 FASSERES.
116. EMBERIZA PERSON AT A.
(TEMMINCK^S JAPANESE BUNTING.)
Emhcriza persotidta, Teuiniinck, Planches Colorizes, no. 580 (1835).
Teraminck's Japanese Biuiting combines two cliaractcrs, mantle
russet-brown streaked with dark brown, and throat and breast yellow,
streaked v ith brown in the female, which no other Japanese Buntings
possess, except the females of Emberiza spodocephala and E. sul-
phurata. Tlic latter has an unstreaked yellow chin, throat, and
l)rcast. The male of E. personuta has a black chin, and the female
a streaked breast.
Figures : Temminek and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 59 b.
Temminck's Japanese Bunting is peculiar to the Japanese Islands.
It has been recorded from Eturop, the most southerly of the Kurile
Islands (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soe. Jap. 1882, p. 170). It
is a summer visitor to Yezzo, and a few remain in that island during
winter. In the more southerly Japanese Islands it is a resident.
There is an example from Ilakodadi collected I)y Captain Blakiston
in the Swinhoe collection (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. IGl) ; and I have
two others from the same locality collected by Mr. Henson. There
are eight examples from Yokohama in the Pryer collection, and I
have three examples from Nagasaki collected by Mr. Ringer. It
was observed in abundance by the oflBcers of the Perry Expedition at
Simoda (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 2.21) ;
and it is the only Bunting recorded from the Loo-Choo Islands
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 174). It breeds abundantly on Fuji-yama.
The nest is placed on the ground or in a tussock of grass, and is made
of dried grass, lined with fine roots and horsehair (Jouy, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 298). Eggs in the Pryer collection
resemble richly marked examples of those of the Ortolan Bunting.
Temminck's Japanese Bunting is an island form of the Black-
faced Bunting, Entberiza spodocephala, and is possibly only sub-
specifically distinct from it. The adult male differs from tliat of its
continental ally in having the lower throat and breast yellow instead
of olive-grey. The female only difi'ers from that of the continental
species in having rather less white on the outer tail-feathers, but this
is a somewhat variable character. Some of tlie intermediate forms
fiom China have l)een referied to a (;()iitinental race oi' E. per sonata
(Sharpe, Cat. Birds Jirit. Mus. xii. j). 522).
I'lllNGlLLliNMi. 137
117. EMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA.
(BLACK-FACED BUNTING.)
Emberiza spodocephala, Pallas, Eeise Russ. Reiclis, iii. p. G98 (1770).
The male Black -faced Bunting differs from all the other Buntings
that are known to occur in Japan in having a uniform olive-grey
throat and breast. The female scarcely differs from that of Emberiza
personata, except in having much more Avhite on the outer tail-
feathers.
Figures : Middendorff, Sibirische Reise^ ii, pi. 13. figs. 5-8.
The claim of the Black-faced Bunting to be regarded as a Japanese
bird rests upon a single example, a male, with grey breast, shot by
Mr. Jouy in January near Tokio (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 182).
This species has a wide range, breeding in Siberia from the valley
of the Yenesay eastwards, and wintering in the eastern Himalayas
and China.
118. EMBERIZA ELEGANS.
(TEMMINCK^S YELLOW-BROWED BUNTING.)
Emberiza elegans, Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 583 (1835).
TemmincVs Yellow-browed Bunting differs from all other Bunt-
ings known to occur in Japan in having a conspicuous yellow stripe
over each eye, which is almost as bright in the female as in the
male.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 55 ;
Gould, Birds of Asia, v. pi. 12.
TemmincVs Yellow-browed Bunting is by no means a common
bird in Japan. It has not hitherto been recorded from Yezzo, but
there is an example in the Paris Museum procured by I'Abbe Fauire
near Hakodadi. There are three examples in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama, and I have two others obtained by Mr. Ringer near
Nagasaki.
It is possibly a resident in Japan, but to Manchuria and the valley
of the Amoor it is only a summer visitor, wintering in China.
138 PASSERES.
119. EMBERIZA RUTILA.
(RUDDY BUNTING.)
Emheriza rutila, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reiclis, iii. p. 093 (177(>).
The Ruddy Bunting diflfers from all the other Buntings knoAvii to
visit Japan by its combination of three characters : belly yellow,
rump chestnut, mantle streaked.
Figures: Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japouica, Aves, pi. 5G b
(male).
The claim of the Ruddy Bunting to be regarded as a Japanese
bird rests solely on a single example figured in the ' Fauna Japonica.'
It may be an accidental visitor on migration to the west of Japan,
but no second example has been recorded.
It is an East-Asiatic species, breeding in Eastern Siberia and
North Chiua^ and wintering in South China, Cochin China, and
Burma.
120. EMBERIZA AUREOLA.
(YELLOW-BREASTED BUNTING.)
Emheriza aureola, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reicbs, ii. p. 711 (1773).
The male of the Y'ellow-breastcd Bunting is easily recognized by
its uniform chestnut back ; and the female is the only Bunting with
yellow underparts (known to visit Japan), which has also the whole
of the upper parts uniformly streaked.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 218.
I have never seen an example of the Yellow-breasted Bunting
from Japan, but it is occasionally found in Yezzo in summer (Blakis-
ton and Fryer, Trans. As. Soe. Japan, 1882, p. 170). It has been
obtained on the south-east coast of Yezzo in May (Blakiston, Chry-
santhemum, 1882, p. 120), and has once occurred near Y'okohama
(Blakiston and Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 21.3).
This Bunting has a Mide range across Northern Europe and Asia.
It winters in China and Burma.
I'KINGILLIN^. 13U
121. EMBERIZA VARIABILIS.
(GREY BUNTING.)
Emheriza variabilis, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 583, fig. 2 (1835).
The Grey Bunting differs from every other Bunting known to
visit Japan in having no white on any of the tail-feathers, a character
common to both sexes.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 56
(male and female).
The Grey Bunting is probably only a summer visitor to Yezzo, but
it is a resident in the more southerly islands of Japan. I have an
example collected by Captain Blakiston from Hakodadi (Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1875, p. 450), and a second obtained by Mr. Henson from the
same locality. There are six examples in the Pryer collection from
the neighbourhood of Y'okohama, and I have two obtained by Mr.
Ringer near Nagasaki.
The Grey Bunting has a very restricted range. It has been three
times recorded from Kamtschatka : in 1858 (Kittlitz, Denkwiirdig-
keiten, ii, p. 201), in 1881 (Dybowski, Journ. Orn. xxix. p. 184),
and in 1885 (Stejneger, Orn. Expl. Comm. Isl. and Kamtschatka,
p. 247) ; and once from the island of Askold (Taczanowski, ,Tourn.
Orn. 1881, p. 184).
It must be admitted that the Grey Bunting is a somewhat aber-
rant member of the genus, and it is not easy to trace its relationship
to the other species. It has been recently placed (Sharpe, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. xii. p. 566) in the genus Fringillaria, principally
composed of African Buntings, which differ from the true Buntings
in having no white on the outer tail-feathers. To this genus
Emheriza strioluta is also referred, a species which appears to be
much nearer related to E. cia than to E. variabilis. The Grey
Bunting appears to me to be more probably a Spizella allied to S.
atrigularis from California, if it be not nearer allied to the typical
Buntings.
The determination of the genera in the subfamily Fringilliuse is
exceptionally difficult. On the whole, the pattern of colour and the
variations due to age, sex, and season, appear to be of greater generic
value than slight moditicatious of the form or size of the bill.
no PASSERES.
122. EMBERIZA NIVALIS.
(SNOW-BUNTING.)
Ujnberiza nivalis, Liimeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 308 (17G6).
The Snow-Buntiug differs from all the other Buntings uhich are
known to oceur in Japan in having the three outer tail-feathers on
caeh side for the most part white.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 225.
The Snow-Bunting is a rare or aecidental visitor to Yezzo during
winter. Only two examples are reeorded (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 172), one of which 1 have had an
opportunity of examining, thanks to the kindness of Captain
Blakiston. I have also two examples, obtained by Mr. Snow, from
the Kurile Islands, a locality whicli it has long been known to
frequent (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 33).
It is a circumpolar bird, breeding in the Arctic Regions above the
limit of forest-growth, and wandering southwards iu winter.
123. EMBERIZA LAPPONICA.
(LAPLAND BUNTING.)
Friuffilla lajyponica, Linneus, Syst. Xat. i. p. 317 (170(5).
The Lapland Bunting differs from tlie other Buntings found in
Japan in having the rump and upper tail-coverts grey, with nearly
black centres to each feather. The male has a chestnut nape and a
black tlu'oat.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 223.
It is not known that the Lapland Ikmting has occurred in Jaj)an,
but I have an example, an adult male in full breeding-plumage,
obtained by Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands.
The Lapland Bunting is a circumpolar bird, breeding on the tun-
dras of both hemispheres beyond the limit of forest-growth, and
wintering in great numbers in Eastern ^Mongolia and North China.
It is a very rare winter visitor to the British Islands.
HlRUNDINlN.i:. 1 11
niRUNDININ^.
First primary obsolete; bill broad, flat, and notched; tertials not
reaching beyond the middle of the wing.
The Swallows are an almost cosmopolitan group of birds, and
number about eighty species, of which five are represented in the
Japanese Empire.
124. HIRUNDO RUSTICA.
(CHIMNEY-SWALLOW.)
Hinoido 7-iistica, Linneus, Sj'st. Nat. i. p. .343 (1766).
The Chimney-Swallow has a A^ery deeply-forked tail. In the
typical form the throat is chestnut, boundeil below by a black band.
In the Eastern race the chestnut extends below into the black band,
which it divides in the middle.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 160. fig. i. (typical
race) .
The Eastern race of the Barn-Swallow is a common summer
visitor to all the Japanese Islands. There are several examples
sent by Captain Blakiston from Hakodadi in the Swinhoe collection
(Swinhoe, Ibis, ]874, p. 151); and there are four examples in the
Pryer collection from Yokohama. The examples obtained by the
Siebold Expedition were probably procured at Nagasaki (Temminck
and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 31) ; and Mr. Hoist procured
a female on the Bonin Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 102).
The breeding-range of the Barn- Swallow extends from the British
Islands across Europe to Turkestan and West Siberia. Further east
it ranges in a slightly modified form through Mongolia and the
Himalayas, across China to Japan.
The Eastern race of the Chimney-Swallow differs from the W^estern
race in having the black pectoral band almost interrupted in the
middle by the chestnut of the throat. It was described as a distinct
species as long ago as 1786, under the name of Hirundo gutturalis
(Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96); but as the two races
completely intergrade, it can only be regarded as subspecifically
distinct under the name of Hirundo rustica gutturalis.
The Barn- Swallows of Japan build in the native houses, where one
or more little wooden shelves are placed for their accommodation,
just inside the door on one of the rafters of the ceiling, and where
142 PASSERES.
they are jealously guarded from molestation (Jou}^ Proc. United
States Nat. Mas. 1883, p. 290). The eggs do not differ from those
of the European Barn-Swallow (Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc.
Japan, 1882, p. 139).
In immature examples the upper parts are bronzed with green
instead of purple.
125. HIRUNDO JAVANICA.
(BUNGALOW-SWALLOW.)
Hirundojavanica, Span-man, Mas. Carls, ii. pi. 100 (1789).
The Bungalow-Swallows elosely resemble the Chimney-Swallows,
but are smaller, and the tail is only slightly forked. They further
differ from them in having no dark band across the breast below the
chestnut throat, and in having the white of the rest of the under-
parts replaced by brown.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, i. pi. 32 (under the name of
Hypurolcpis duhiicola) .
A large race of the Bungalow-Swallow (wing from carpal joint
4*0 inches instead of 4'-l to 4*0) has been recorded from Okinawa-
shima, the largest island of the central group of the Loo-Choo
Islands. It is said to be green instead of blue on the upper parts,
but this is also the case with examples from Ceylon, Borneo, and
Lorabock.
It has been described as a distinct species under the name of
Chclidon namhjei (Stcjncgcr, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1880,
p. GIG), but it can scarcely be regarded as more than a large race
of the Indian species under the name of Hirundojavanica namiyei.
126. HIRUNDO ALPESTRIS.
(xMOSUUE-S WALLOW.)
ITirundo nlpentris, Pallas, lleise Russ. Reichs, ii. p. 70'.> (1771).
The Moscpic-Swaliows closely resemble the Chimnry-Swallows,
but they are easily recognized by the chestnut rump and the striped
undcrparts.
Figures: Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japouica, Aves, pi. 11
(under the name of Hirundo alpestris japouica) .
The Japanese race of the Mosque-Swallow is a summer visitor to
the southern islands, but has not been recorded from Yezzo. Tiierc
IIIHUNDININyr.. 113
are four skins in the Prycr collection from Yokohama. It builds a
long bottle-shaped nest under the eaves of buildings^ and lays six
white eggs (Blakiston and Prycr, Ibis, 1878, p. 231, no. 173). The
Mosque- Swallow of Asia Minor, Hirundo rufula, builds a similar
nest in caves, and lays similar eggs. The Mosque-Swallow of South
Africa, Hirundo cucidlata, builds a similar nest, often under the
verandahs of houses, and also lays white eggs.
The arrival of the Hume Collection in the British Museum has
been of invaluable service to ornithology, and has made many groups,
which were formerly in hopeless confusion, comparatively easy to
arrange in a satisfactory manner. Of these the Asiatic Mosque-
Swallows are a conspicuous example, and I find myself obliged to
modify the opinions formerly published (Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. ^67).
The Japanese Mosque-Swallow belongs to the group in which the
colour of the rump is uniform (not gradated) . This group appears
to contain four species, though it is very probable that some of them
may hereafter be found to intergrade. Two of these species have
narrow streaks on the underparts, whilst those on the rump are
almost or quite obsolete. One of them is large (wing 5 '2 to 4.*9 inches) ,
somewhat rufous on the underparts, and may be called Hirundo
alpestris, breeding in South Siberia, and wintering in Mongolia and
Thibet. The other is smaller (wing 4'5 to 4*2 inches), not quite so
rufous on the underparts, and may be called Hirundo erythropygia,
breeding in the Himalayas and wintering in the plains of India.
The other two species have broad streaks on the underparts, whilst
those on the rump, though narrow, are very conspicuous. One of the
second pair is large (wing 5'4 to 4'9 inches), with little or no rufous
on the underparts, and may be called Hirundo striolata, breeding
from Assam across Southern China to Formosa, and in winter ranging
as far south as Java. The other is smaller (wing 4'8 to 4*4 inches),
more rufous on the underparts, and may be called Hirundo nipa-
lensis, breeding in the Himalayas across North China to Japan, and
wintering in Burma, Flores, and doubtless other islands of the
Malay Archipelago. I am, however, of Mr. Sharpe's opinion
(Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. x. p. 159), that these four forms
intergrade, and can only be regarded as subspecies of Hirundo alpes-
tris, in which case the Japan examples must be called Hirundo alpes-
tris nipalensis. The extremes appear to be very distinct, but
H. alpestris probably intergrades with H. erythropygia, which appears
completely to intergrade with H. nipalensis, which again appears to
intergrade with H. striolata.
14 1 PASSERES.
127. CHELIDON DASYPUS.
(BLACK-CIIINNED MAllTIN.)
Chelidun dasyptis, Bonaparte, Consp. Generum Avium, i. p. 343 (1850).
The Black-chinned Martin has a much less forked tail than the
European IIouse-^Martin ; and the black on the head descends
farther ])clo\v the eye to the upper part of the ear-covcrts and the
base of the chin.
Figures : Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, pi. 7. fig. 1.
The Black-chinned Martin is the Japanese representative of our
House-^Iartin, and is a very common summer visitor to all the
islands, breeding on the cliffs and in the caves. It was first obtained
in Japan by Captain Blakiston, and erroneously described as a new
species under the name of Chelidon blakistoni (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1862, p. 320). There are several examples from Ilakodadi in
the Swinhoe collection (Whitely, Ibis, 1807, p. 19G), and there is
a large scries in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
It spends its summers in Japan and winters in Borneo. It
breeds in considerable numbers on the sides of an inaccessible cliff
on Fnji-yama, above the limit of forest-growth (Jouy, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 290). Eggs in the Pryer collection do
not difi'cr from those of the European House-Martin.
128. COTYLE RIPARIA.
(SAND-MARTIN.)
JUnimh) riparia, Linneu><, Syst. Nat. i. p. 344 (1700).
The Sand-Martin is a smaller bird than any of the other Swallows
of Japan. Its upper parts and a band across the breast arc brown ;
the rest of the undcrparts arc nearly white.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, iii. pi. 103.
The Sand-Martin is a summer visitor to Japan, but is nowhere
very abundant (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 187<S, p. 231). I have
four examples sent me by Captain Blakiston from Yczzo (Sccbohm,
Ibis, 1879, p. 30) ; and there are two examples in the Pryer col-
lection from Yokohama.
The Sand-Martin is a circumpolar bird, breeding in the British
Islands and across Europe and South Siberia to Japan, whence its
ran^'c extends on the American continent as far east as Baffin's H;iv.
EURYLiEMI. TROCHILI. 145
Suborder II. EURYL.EMI.
Palate segithognathous ; young not passing through a complete
downy stage ; flexor longus hullucis leading to hallux after sending
down a tendon to the flexor perforans digitorum, which leads to the
three front digits.
There are about a dozen species of Broadbills, which are confined
to the Oriental Region. They range as far as Borneo and Siam,but
do not reach the Japanese Empire.
Suborder III. TROCHILI.
Young born helpless, and not passing through a complete downy
stage; palate schizognathous; nasals holorhiual; front plantar leading
to front toes, hind plantar leading to hallux.
Deep plantar tendons of Patar/ona giyas.
There are about 400 species of Humming-birds, which are confined
to the New World.
L
146 SCANSORES.
Suborder IV. SCANSOBES.
Fourth digit reversed ; front plantar leading to third digit only ;
spinal feather-tract well defined on the neck by lateral bare tracts,
and continuing single on the upper back, but divided into two
branches on the lower back.
P1CU6 .
Deep plantar tendons of Pictt.< martins.
The Scansorcs appear to be a natural group of birds consisting of
half a dozen families, and rather more than GOO species. Three of
these families — the Rhamphastida or Toucans, the Galbuliche or
Jacamars, and the Bncconidoe or Puff-birds — arc exclusively Neo-
tropical ; a fourth, the Cajntonidoi or Barbets, is not only Neotropical
but also Ethiopian and Oriental ; a fifth, the Indicatoridce or Iloney-
Guides, is Ethiopian and Oriental; whilst the sixth, the Pic'uUe or
Woodpeckers, is almost cosmopolitan.
The Picidce is the only family belonging to the Scansores which is
represented in the Japanese Empire.
The genera and subgenera of Japanese Woodpeckers may be
diagnosed in the following manner : —
SCANSORES. 147
Distance between nasal grooves ( Dryocopus.
at nostrils one third the width \
ofbiU. (
Reversed toe shortest I Thnponax.
Second primary at least 10 % I Gecinus . . \ ^"^o^e of mandible halfway be-
longer than longest tail-feather, j .. ' tween nostrils and tip of bill.
Reversed toe longest. Distance {lyngipicus. 1 ^.^^^ ^^.j^^^^y less than one third
between nasal grooves at nos- J p.^^ f ^f second,
trils more than one half the ]
width of bill [Sapheopipo.
The only clue we possess to enable us to form an opinion of the
relative value of these characters is their constancy at different ages.
The characters at the left appear to be as much developed in the
young as in the adult^ whilst those on the right vary considerably
with age. It would be very easy still further to multiply the sub-
genera, by the use of equally important characters ; but the interests
of science will probably be best served by restricting the genera in
the following manner : —
Gecinus. (Second primary at least 10 %
T,; +„„„„ v„j.„ 1 i. r T • • I longer than longest tail-feather.
Distance between nasal groove at f lyngipicus. J " ^
nostrils at least one third the I
widtli of bill. Angle of man- -i
dible about halfway between I
eye and tip of bill |^ Picus.
129. GECINUS AWOKERA.
(JAPANESE GREEN WOODPECKER.)
Picus awokera, Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 585 (1836).
The Japanese Green Woodpecker may be easily distinguished
from the Grey-headed Green Woodpecker by the red patch on the
black malar stripe, which is also found in the male of G. viridis.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 36
(male and female).
The Japanese Green Woodpecker is peculiar to Japan. It is not
found in Yezzo, where its place is taken by the Grey-headed Green
Woodpecker, but it is a resident in all the southern islands. There
arc examples in the Paris Museum procured in the north of Hondo
148 SCAN so RE 9.
bv TAbbe Fauirc. There arc eight examples in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama; and Mr. Ringer has obtained it near Nagasaki
(Blakiston, Am. List Birds of Japan, p. 4G).
The Japanese Green "Woodpecker is intermediate in the amount
of black on the sides of its head between G. viridis and G. canm;
and in the barring of the lower half of the undcrparts resembles the
voun"- of those two species and the adult of G. vuiUanti. If the
plumage of the young be regarded as an index to the plumage of
recent ancestors, then we may assume that the Algerian Green
Woodpecker and the Japanese Green "Woodpecker have retained to
a large extent the barring on the undcrparts characteristic of the
common ancestor, and that the Green "Woodpeckers of Europe,
Siberia, Yezzo, and North China have more or less completely lost
these bars in the adult.
130. GECINUS CANUS.
(GREY-HEADED GREEN AVOODPECKER.)
Picus canus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 434 (1788).
The Grey-headed Green "Woodpecker never has a red patch on the
black malar stripe, and when adult has no dark bars on the undcr-
parts.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 95.
The Grey-headed Green "Woodpecker is a resident in Yezzo,
where the earliest recorded Japanese examples were taken in 1801
(Bhikiston, Ibis, 1802, p. 325). It is unknown in Southern Japan,
its place being taken by the Japanese Green "Woodpecker. There
are two examples in the Swinhoe collection from Ilakodadi (Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1875, p. 451) ; and there is an example in the Pryer collection
from the same locality.
The range of the Grey-headed Green Woodpecker extends west-
wards from Yezzo and North China across Siberia into Europe; but
although this species breeds in Scandinavia, Luxembourg, and Spain,
it is not known to have occurred in the British Islands.
Dr. Stcjncgcr regards the Grey-headed (Jrccn Woodpeckers from
Japan as subspecifically distinct from those found on the mainland,
under the name of Picus cinius ycssoeims (Stcjncgcr, Proc. Unite<l
States Nat. Mus. 1880, p. lOG). lie asserts that the head is much
greener, that the undcrparts are paler, aiul that in the male the
SCANSORES. 1 lU
black streaks on tlie nape arc longer than is the case with the typical
form. I am unable to detect the slightest difference between Euro-
pean and Japanese examples. On the other hand^ Siberian examples
are sometimes so remarkably grey, and so devoid of streaks on the
nape, that it seems quite j)ossible that the Picus canus perpallidus
of the same author may be recognized when sufficient material for
comparison has been obtained.
131. PICUS MARTIUS.
(GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER.)
Picus martins, Liuneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 173 (17G0).
The Great Black \Yoodpecker is a large bird (wing from carpal
joint about 9 inches) ; and is black all over, witii the crown and
nape red in the male and the nape only in the female.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 274.
The Great Black Woodpecker is a resident in Yezzo, but does not
occur south of the Straits of Tsugaru. It is common in the woods
near Hakodadi (Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, p. 325). There are two
examples in the Swinhoe collection (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 451),
one in the Pryer collection, and I have a fine example collected by
Mr. Henson — all of them from Hakodadi.
It is doubtful whether the Great Black Woodpecker has ever
occurred in the British Islands, but its range extends from Scandi-
navia across Europe and Southern Siberia to Japan.
132. PICUS RICHARDSI.
(TRISTRAM'S WOODPECKER.)
Dryocopus richardsi, Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 380.
Tristram's Woodpecker is a large bird (wing from carpal joint
nearly 10 inches). It is black, with the lower breast and belly, the
lower back and rump, under wing-coverts and axillaries, and the base
and tips of the primaries white.
Figures: Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, pi. 31.
Tristram's Woodpecker is only known from a single example,
which was procured by Captain Richards on the island of Tsusima
150
SCANSORES.
in the Straits of Corca. It appears to be most nearly related to
Picas feddeni from the Burma peninsula, and to Picus kalinuwskii
from the Corean peninsula.
Picus ridiardsi.
Tliese three Woodpeckers and half a dozen others form a eompaet
little subgenus, to which the name of Thrijwnax has been applied.
They agree with all the species of the genus Picus in the position
of the nasal grooves, and of the angle of the mandible, as well as in
the length of the tail ; but they differ from Dn/ocopus and typical
Picus in the com|)arative length of their toes. In tyjjical Picus the
reversed toe is the longest ; in Dryocopus the reversed toe is equal
in length to the middle tcje ; whilst in Thripunax (as in the genus
Gecinus) the reversed toe is shorter tlian the middle toe. Somewhat
the same relation of the subgenera of Picus to each other and to
Gecinus is also observable in the distance between the nasal grooves.
SCANSORES.
151
In typical Picus this distance at the nostrils is more than half the
width of tlie bill ; in Drtjocopm and Thriporiax about a third ; whilst
in Gecinus it is less than a third.
133. PICUS NOGUCHII.
(FRYER'S WOODPECKER.)
Picus noguchiif Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 178.
Pryer's Woodpecker is medium sized (wing from carpal joint
5| inches). It is black above and reddish brown below^ and it has
a few white spots on the primaries.
Figures : Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, pi. 7.
Picus nogiichii.
Prycr's Woodpecker is only known from a single example
obtained by Mr. Pryer's collectors on the largest island of the central
group of the Loo-Choo Islands. It has a longer first primary than
is usual in Picus, and the nostrils are also less concealed; but
possibly both these characters may be affected by its extreme youth.
152 SCANSORES.
Tlic reversed toe is too long and the tail is much too long for the
genus Blythipicus or Lepocestes, as suggested by Dr. Stcjneger
(Zeitseh. ges. Orn. 1887, p. 172). I prefer to retain it in the genus
PicuSf under the subgencrie term of Saphcopipo, as proposed by
Mr. Hargitt — a subgenus which may possibly have to be abandoned
■when fully adult examples have been examined.
134. PICUS LEUCONOTUS.
(WHITE-BACKED WOODPECKER.)
Picxis leuconotus, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. lOS-l (1805).
The White-backed Woodpecker is a large bird (wing from carpal
joint about 6 inches), and is easily distinguished from the other
Japanese species by the crimson on its under tail-coverts extending
also to the belly.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 279 (typical form).
The White-backed Woodpecker is a resident in all the Japanese
Islands. The earliest record of its occurrence in Japan is that of an
example procured in Yezzo in October 18G1 (Blakiston, Ibis, 1862,
p. 325). There are two examples in the Swinhoe collection from
South Yezzo (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 451); and I have an example
collected by Mr. Henson at Hakodadi on the 13th of April. There
are eighteen examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The range of the White-backed Woodpecker extends westwards
from Japan across Siberia into Europe ; but although it reaches
Norway, Germany, and Spain, this species is not known to have
occurred in the British Islands.
The White-backed Woodpecker is subject to much climatic varia-
tion. The Arctic race ranges from Russia across Southern Siberia
to the mouth of the Amoor. The amount of white on the up})er
parts, especially on the tertials, is at least double that on examples
of tlic typical form from Norway, and entitles it to rank as an ex-
cellent subspecies under the name of Picus lenconotus cirris. Dr.
Stcjneger lias separated the race found in Southern Japan under the
name of Dryobutt'S subcb'ris (Stcjneger, Proc. United States Nat.
Mus. 1886, p. 113). In the amount of wliitc on the upper parts
tlicy agree with examples from Yezzo and the Island of Askold in
being intermediate between the Arctic and the typical form ; but
SCANSORES. 153
whilst the latter differ very slightly from the typical form in the
colour of the underpartSj the race which inhabits Southern Japan
differs from all other races of this species in having the white confined
to the throat, and the crimson on the belly much more developed
and graduating on the breast into brownish buff. This race inter-
grades with the Yezzo race, and can only claim subspecific rank as
Picas leuconotus subcirris.
135. PICUS NAMIYEI.
(STEJNEGER'S WOODPECKER.)
Dryobates namiyei, Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 188G, p. 116.
Stejneger's Woodpecker is rather less than the White-backed
Woodpecker (wing from carpal joint 5| inches), which it very closely
resembles in colour, except that the white is everywhere much reduced
in extent.
Figures : Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1886, pi. 2.
Stejneger^s Woodpecker is only known from a single example in
the Tokio Museum, which was obtained at Yamato, south-west of
Osaka (about halfway between Nagasaki and Yokohama), and which
has been examined and described by Dr. Stejneger (Blakiston and
Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 133). It is of the same
size as Picus leuconotus subcirris (wing 5*75 inches), but in colour it
comes nearest to Picus insularis from Formosa. The latter is a
smaller bird (wing 5*4 to 5"2 inches), but has more white on the
back and on the wings. Stejneger's Woodpecker agrees with Picus
insularis in the colour of the underparts, which are much more
streaked with black on the breast and flanks than in Picus leuconotus.
It differs from Picus insularis in the upper parts in having broad
instead of narrow black tips to the feathers of the lower back. Its
specific rank is very doubtful, but until a series has been obtained it
is impossible to say with which species it intergrades.
136. PICUS MAJOR.
(GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER.)
Picus major, Linueus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 176 (1766).
The Great Spotted Woodpecker is a medium-sized species (wing
151 SCANSORES.
from carpal joint about 5^ inches) Avitli no wliitc on the back except
on the scapulars, and the crimson on the undcrparts scarcely ex-
tending above the under tail-coverts.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 275 (typical race).
The Great Spotted Woodpecker was first recorded as a Japanese
bird on the authority of Mr. Heine, who obtained it at Hakodadi iu
May 1854, during the Perry Expedition (Cassin, Exp. Am, Squad.
China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 222). Other examples were recorded
from the same locality, obtained in October 1857 by Dr. Henderson
during the cruise of the ' Portsmouth ' (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philad. 1858, p. 195), and the characters iu which they differed from
the European form were pointed out. It appears to be generally
distributed in the Japanese Islands ; I have three examples obtained
by Mr. Snow in the Kurile Islands, and five examples obtained by
Captain Blakiston in Yezzo, where it appears to be a resident, as the
dates on the skins are February, March, May, and November.
There are twelve examples iu the Prycr collection from Yokohama.
The range of the Great Spotted Woodpecker extends westwards
from Japan across Siberia and Europe to the British Islands. The
variations in the plumage of this species are considerable and appear
to be climatic. The arctic race extends across Lapland and Siberia,
and may be called Picus major cissa. The throat, breast, and flanks
arc pure white, and the terminal half of the tcrtiarics is black. The
typical form inhabiting Southern Scandinavia and Western Europe
is an intermediate one, the extreme of the first character being found
in the Caucasus : this race is called Picus major poelzami, and has
the throat, breast, and flanks chocolate-brown. The extreme of the
second character is found in Japan : this race is called Picm major
japonicus (Secbohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 24), and has the tertials crossed
by three broad white bands, only interrupted by a black shaft-line,
one of the bands being nearly terminal.
The young in first plumage of the Japanese race differs so much
from that of the west European that the two races may possibly
prove to be specifically distinct. The young of our birds have nearly
uniform buffish-white undcrparts, whilst those of the Japanese race
are profusely streaked with black on the flanks, and more or less so
on the throat and breast.
My examples from the Kurile Islands and from Yezzo arc on an
average whiter on the undcrparts than those from Southern Japan,
but they do not differ from them in the amount of white on the
SCANSORES. 155
tertials. They vary considerably in botli respects in both localities.
An example from Sakhalien, collected by Dr. Schrenck, leads, through
an example from the Amoor, up to the arctic race.
Dr. Stejneger regards the Great Spotted Woodpeckers of Yezzo as
specifically distinct from those of Hondo (Stejneger, Proc. United
States Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 109) on the ground that the latter are
darker on the underparts, and have much less white on the scapulars.
Examples from the Kurile Islands and from Yezzo are on an average
slightly whiter on the underparts than birds from Southern Japan,
but in the amount of white on the scapulars they do not differ.
The scapulars are always white with concealed black bases.
It is the commonest Woodpecker in the mountains of Central
Hondo (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 307).
137. PICUS MINOR.
(LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER.)
Picus minor, Liuneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 176 (176G).
The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker is a small species (wing from
carpal joint about 3| inches), with the front part of the crown white
(suffused with red in the male) and with the hinder part of the
crown and the nape black.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 282.
The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker is a resident on Yezzo ; but is
not known to have occurred in Southern Japan. I have an example
from Hakodadi, collected by Captain Blakiston (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879,
p. 29) on the 11th of May.
The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker has a very wide range from the
Azores and the British Islands into Algeria, and across Europe and
Siberia to Kamtschatka and the north island of Japan. With such
an extensive distribution it is not surprising that it may be sub-
divided into various climatic races. The arctic race extends across
Lapland and Siberia, and may be called Picus minor pipra. The
underparts, with the exception of a few dark streaks on the under
tail-coverts, are pure white, and tlie black transverse bars on the
lower back and rump are very obscurely indicated. If the typical
form be that which occurs in Southern Scandinavia (which was pre-
156 SCANSORES.
sumably tlie one described by Liuneus), it scarcely differs from the
race found in Japan^ uliicli is by no means white on the iinderparts,
is streaked on the breast and flanks, as well as on the nnder tail-
coverts, and is more barred on tlie lower back and rump than Siberian
examples (Secbohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 36). In the IJritish Islands and
in Southern Europe all these characters are more pronounced, the
extreme dark form, Picus minor danfordi, occurring in Asia Minor.
138. lYNGIPICUS KISUKI.
(TEMMINCK'S PIGMY WOODPECKER.)
Picus kisuki, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, text to no. 585 (1836).
Temminek's Pigmy Woodpecker may be best distinguished by its
brown forehead and crown.
Figures : Temminck and Sehlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 37.
Temminck's Pigmy Woodpecker is found on all the Japanese
Islands, including the Loo-Choo Islands, and also occurs in Man-
churia and on the Corean Peninsula. Even within this small range
it is subject to considerable local variation. The typical form was
originally described from the island of Kiusiu, whose name it bears,
and whence I have examined three examples collected by Mr. Ringer
at Nagasaki. On tiic main island and on Yczzo a larger and paler
form occurs, Iijnylpicas kizuki seebohmi (Ilargitt, Ibis, 188 1-, p. 100),
of which there is an example in the Swinhoe collection from Hako-
dadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 187;"), p. 451), and five examples in the Pryer
collection from Yokohama. This is the form which has occurred on
the Island of Askold and in the valley of the Ussuri, but examples
from these localities are on an average larger than those from Japan.
There are three examples in the Pryer collection from the Loo-Clioo
Islands, which are smaller and darker than the typical form, and to
which 1 have given the name of Iijnf/ipicus kisuki nirjrescens (Seebohm,
Ibis, 1887, p. 177). I have also an example of the typical form col-
lected by Mr. Ilcywood Jones on Fuji-yama, two collected by Mr.
Owston at Yokohama, one collected by Mr. Snow on the Kurile
Islands, and one collected by Mons. Kalinowski in the valley of the
Ussuri. They vary considerably in size, as the following measure-
ments of the length of the wing from the carpal joint testify : —
SCANSORES. 157
in.
Ussuri 3*55
Kuriles .... 3*5
Yezzo 3*4
Yokohama . . . 3'45 to 32
Nagasaki .... 3*2
Loo-Choo Islands . 3-2 to 3-1
All ray Yokohama examples (eight), inchiding a breeding female,
agree in colour and markings with the skin from Yezzo, and not
with that from Nagasaki.
There can be little doubt that Temminck's Pigmy Woodpecker is
most nearly related to /. pygmceus and its climatic races, which
range from the Himalayas across China, Hainan, and Formosa, to
Askold and the valley of the Ussuri. It agrees with them in having
black upper tail-coverts and central tail-feathers, but it differs from
them in having the white superciliary stripe separated by a brown
band from the white sides of the neck, and in having the nape and
upper back brown like the crown instead of black. As no species
of lyngipicus is known to occur north of the Amoor, /. kisuki must
be regarded as a tropical species which long ago emigrated from
South China to Japan.
It almost invariably accompanies flocks of Tits, associating with
them in perfect harmony, and uttering its warning cry geed, geed,
as it moves from tree to tree (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1883, p. 308).
139. lYNX TORQUILLA.
(WRYNECK.)
Yunx torquUla, Linneiis, Syst. Nat. i. p. 172 (1766).
The Wryneck is a small bird (wing from carpal joint 3*5 to 3*2
inches). It is barred or spotted all over with dark brown or grey
upon a white or buff ground.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 289.
The Wryneck is found in all the Japanese Islands, but is probably
only a summer visitor to Yezzo. There are two examples in the
Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 162),
and one in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer has
sent examples to the Norwich Museum obtained at Nagasaki, where
158
UPUP.E.
those procured by tlic Sicbokl expedition were probably obtained
(Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 75).
The breeding-range of tlie Wryneck extends from the British
Islands across Europe and Southern Siberia to Japan. This species
also breeds in the Himalayas.
Japanese examples have been described as distinct from the
European and Asiatic species under the name of Yunx japonica
(Bonaparte, Consp. Generum Avium, i. p. 112). It is alleged that
they are smaller and paler than the typical form, but there docs not
seem to be anv foundation for the statement.
Suborder V. TJPTJFM.
Plantars passerine ; episternal process perforated to receive the
feet of the coracoids ; palate desmognathous.
The Upupie consist of two small families — the Upupidre (10 species),
which are found in the Palaearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions ;
and the Irrisoridse (12 species), only found in the Ethiopian Region.
I'terylosis of Upiipa rjinjiK
(upptT purls).
rtervliiMs of Vinipn (■pi>ji:>
(iiiulcr parts).
V¥VVM. TROGONES. 159
140. UPUPA EPOPS.
(HOOPOE.)
Upupa epops, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 183 (1766).
The Hoopoe, with its long curved bill and its conspicuous crest,
is too well known to need description.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 298.
The sole claim of the Hoopoe to be regarded as a Japanese bird
rests upon a single example in the possession of Captain Blakiston,
which was obtained off the south-east coast of Yezzo, and which he
kindly sent me for examination (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 36).
The Hoopoe is not yet quite exterminated in the British Islands,
and its breeding-range extends across Europe and Southern Siberia
to the Himalayas and China.
Order TROGONES.
Feet heterodactyle ; first and second digits directed backwards,
third and fourth forwards ; hind plantar [flexor longus hallucis) divi-
ding into two tendons at the foot of the tarsus, leading to the two
hind toes, front plantar [flexor perforans digitorum) also dividing
into two tendons, leading to the two front toes.
<^'i
F. P.O.
Suborder VI. TROGONES.
The Trogones consist of one suborder only, which comprises
the Trogons, a group of about 60 species, distributed in the Neo-
tropical, Ethiopian, and Oriental Kegions, but not extending to
Japan, though one species reaches the Philippine Islands.
160 COLUMB.U.
Order COLTJMB^.
Palate scliizognathous ; nasals scliizorliinal ; young born helpless.
Suborder VII. COLUMB^E.
The Pigeons are so isolated a group of birds that the suborder may
fairly claim ordinal rank. There are nearly 400 speeies contained in
this almost cosmopolitan group, but with the exception of about a
score which inhabit the Nearctic and Palaearetic Regions, they are
all tropical or subtropical.
Most of the Japanese Pigeons belong to tropical genera.
141. COLUMBA LIVIA.
(BLUE ROCK-PIGEON.)
Culumba livia, Brisson, Oin. i. p. 82 (1760) ; Bonnaterre, Table Encycl. et
M(5thod. i. p. 227 (1790).
The Rock-Pigeon of Japan is a very dark bird, and varies greatly
in the colour of its belly and lower back. The former varies from
dark grey to pale grey, and the latter from nearly black to nearly
white.
The Rock-Dove of Japan, like that of Siberia, appears to be a feral
bird. There are three examples in the Pryer collection from Yoko-
hama. It is said to breed in a cave on Eno-sima (Blakiston and
I'ryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 227) ; and Captain Rodgers obtained examples
on the Loo-Choo Islands (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 18G2,
p. 320).
142. TURTUR ORIENTALIS.
(EASTERN TURTLE-DOVE.)
Cvlumba onentalis, Latham, Index Orn. ii. p. 000 (1790).
The Eastern Turtle-Dove is one of the medium-sized Japanese
Columbic (wing from carpal joint 7| to 7 inches). It may be easily
recognized by the broad chestnut-brown margins of its dark-centred
scapulars and tcrtials.
COLUMB^. 161
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica^ Aves, pi. 60 b
(as Columba gelastis) .
The Eastern Turtle-Dove has been observed on Eturop, one of the
Kurile Islands (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882,
p. 129), and is a summer visitor to Yezzo (Whitely, Ibis, 1867,
p. 204) . There is an example in the Swinhoe collection from Hako-
dadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 162), whence it was procured by the
Perry Expedition twenty years previously (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad.
China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 222). There are seven examples in
the Pryer collection from Yokohama. Captain Rodgers obtained it
on the Loo-Choo Islands (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862,
p. 320) ; and there is an example in the Pryer collection from the
central group of those islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 179).
Examples from the southern group of the Loo-Choo Islands have
been described as distinct under the name of Turtur stimpsoni
(Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 399). They are
said to be deeper in colour than those from Japan. This is probably
only individual variation, as the example in the Pryer collection from
the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands is not so deep in colour as
many of those from Japan, and agrees in every respect with an
example from Hakodadi.
The Eastern Turtle-Dove is the eastern representative of our
Common Turtle-Dove [Turiur auritus) , and is as widely distributed in
the temperate parts of the Eastern Palaearctic Region as its British
ally is in the temperate parts of the Western Palsearctic Region.
In the Eastern species the under tail-coverts and the pale terminal
band across the tail and the tips of the feathers on the sides of the
neck are lavender-grey, instead of white or nearly so. The southern
range of this species extends through China, Cochin China, and
Burma, into India and Ceylon; but in Nepal, Turkestan, and South-
west Siberia the under tail-coverts and the bar across the tail are
frequently almost as pale as in the Western form (which also reaches
Turkestan), though the lavender-grey tips of the feathers on the sides
of the neck are retained. This local race may be called Turtur
orient alts f err ago.
It has been stated that the Japanese birds are larger than those
from China and India, and ought therefore to be regarded as distinct
under the name of Turtur gelastes of Temminck ; but this general-
ization has been arrived at from the measurement of too small a
series. The length of wing from carpal joint varies in twelve
Japanese examples from 7*8 to 7'2 inches, and in twenty-two Indian
and Chinese examples from 7"9 to 7'1 inches.
M
IC)2 COLUMB.B.
The Eastern Turtle-Dove has been recorded more than once as an
accidental visitor to Scandinavia^ and an example was sliot at Scar-
borough in the autumn of 1889. In all these cases the birds were
in first autumn plumage.
143. TURTUR RISORIUS.
(COMMON INDIAN DOVE.)
Cohimha risoria, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 285 (176G).
The Common Indian Dove is less than the Eastern Turtle-Dove
(wing from carpal joint 7 to Gi inches). It may easily be distin-
guished from the other Japanese Columbse by its uniform brownish-
grey scapulars and tcrtials.
Figures: Jardine's Nat. Libr., Pigeons, pi. 17; Dresser, Birds of
Europe, vii. pi. 464'. fig. 2.
The Common Indian Dove is a summer visitor to Southern Japan,
but has not been recorded from Yezzo (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1876, p. 334).
There is an example in the Swinhoe collection from Yokohama
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 145), and there are three in the Pryer col-
lection from the same locality.
Tiic Common Indian Dove has a wide distribiition from Turkey
aud Asia Minor across India, Ceylon, Burma, and China, to Japan ;
and Schrenck records a single example from the Lower Amoor. It
must be regarded as a tropical species whose summer range extends
to the extreme south of the Palsearctic Region.
144. TURTUR HUMILIS.
(CHINESE RED DOVE.)
Columha humiUs, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, nos. 258, 259 (1824),
The Chinese Red Dove is a small bird (wing from carpal joint
about 5^ inches). Its wing-coverts, scapulars, and tcrtials are
vinous-red.
The Chinese Red Dove lias very small claims to be regarded as a
Japanese bird. An example was obtained by Mr. Owston from a
dealer at Yokohama, who asserted that it had been shot in the
neighbourhood (Seebohm, Ibis, 1881, p. 17!)). The skin is in my
COLUMBiB. 163
collection, and sLows no marks of having been in confinement; on
the contrary, it appears to have been shot in the wings.
The Chinese Red Dove is a resident in South China and Formosa,
the Philippine Islands, and the Burma Peninsula, but is replaced in
India by a very nearly allied species, Tartar iranquebaricus.
145. TRERON SIEBOLDI.
(JAPANESE GREEN PIGEON.)
Columha sieboldi, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 549 (1835).
The Japanese Green Pigeon differs from its ally on the Loo-Choo
Islands in the great extent of white on its belly, and in the yellowness
of the green on its head and breast.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 60 d.
The Japanese Green Pigeon is peculiar to Japan. It is a summer
visitor to Yezzo, but in Southern Japan it is a resident. There is an
example in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Whitely, Ibis,
1867, p. 201), and there are six examples in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer has obtained it at Nagasaki (Blakiston,
Am. List Birds Japan, p. 44), whence he has sent an example to the
Norwich Museum.
It is tolerably abundant on Fuji-yama, but exceedingly shy, and
is very fond of feeding on wild cherries (Jouy, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 314). In Yezzo it prefers the wooded bluffs
near the sea, and frequently alights on the sandy shore (Blakiston
and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 129). It has a long and
varied coo.
The Japanese Green Pigeon is nearest related to Tver on sororia
from Formosa. It is doubtful whether the females of the two races
are separable, but the males differ slightly in the colour of the mantle.
In T. sieboldi the vinous red of the wing-coverts is distinctly traceable
across the mantle, but in T. sororia the green of the mantle scarcely
differs from that of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts.
In both races the tail is much graduated, the outer feathers being
an inch shorter than the centre ones. These two Pigeons are, of
course, island races of a continental species, which appears to be
T. sphenura, a Himalayan bird ranging into Burma. This species
scarcely differs from its Japanese offshoots in colour ; it agrees with
m2
164 COLUMB^i:.
both its insular races in the shape and colour of its tail, which is
much graduated and is crossed by a dark terminal band, but it differs
from both of them, and from all the other species of Treron (except
from the long-tailed T. apicauda), in having lost the curious sinua-
tion on the inner web of the third primary, so characteristic of the
other species in the genus.
146. TRERON PERMAGNA.
(LOO-CIIOO GREEN PIGEON.)
Treron permar/na, Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 637.
The Loo-Choo Green Pigeon is a larger bird than its Japanese
ally ; and the head, brcast_, and belly are a nearly uniform dark
green.
The Loo-Choo Green Pigeon was described by Dr. Stejneger from
an example obtained by Mr, Namiye on the island of Okinawa-Shima,
one of the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands. It is so nearly
allied to one of the Formosan Green Pigeons that its specific dis-
tinctness must be regarded as somewhat doubtful until a larger series
is obtained. There are two examples, apparently male and female,
in the Pryer collection.
Both the Formosan Green Pigeons are represented by allied races
in the islands lying to the north. In Japan T. sororia is represented
by T. sieboldi, and on the Loo-Choo Islands T. formosana is repre-
sented by T. permagna. The Loo-Choo Green Pigeon can only be
regarded as a large race of its Formosan ally; the length of the wing
in the former varying from 8*2 to 7'7 and that of the latter from
7*G to 71 inches. The females of the two races scarcely differ in
colour, but in the male of T. formosana in the Swinhoe collection
(the type) the green of the crown is suffused with orange, which is
not the case with the male of T. permagna in the Pryer collection.
In both races the graduation of the tail is very slight (about half an
inch), and tlie third primary is sinuatcd. It is very difficult to trace
the affinities of these nearly allied races, but they do not seem to
belong to the same group as tlic Hainan Green Pigeon, the species
belonging to which are characterized by a broad pale terminal band
across the under surface of the tail. They probably belong to the
same stock as the other two races inhabiting nearly the same area.
COLUMBiE. 161
147. CARPOPHAGA lANTHINA.
(JAPANESE FRUIT-PIGEON.)
Coluniba janthina, Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 503 (1830).
The Japanese Fruit-Pigeon is a large bird (wing from carpal joint
9 to 8^ inches). It is slaty brown^ bronzed with reddish purple and
green.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica^ Aves_, pi. 60 c.
The Japanese Fruit-Pigeon is peculiar to Japan and some of the
neighbouring islands. There are two examples in the Pryer col-
lection from Yokohama^ and one from the central group of the Loo-
Choo Islands. There is an example in the Norwich Museum
obtained by Mr. Ringer near Nagasaki^ and there are several
examples in the British Museum from Nagasaki and Yokohama.
There is an example in the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfort
(labelled Columba metaUica) obtained by Kittlitz on one of the
Bonin Islands^ and there is a second example in the St. Petersburg
Museum from the same source. The latter has been made the type
of a new species, lanthoenas nitens (Stejneger, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 421), on the ground that the head is brown
instead of grey. The difference is doubtless due to abrasion.
Amongst the examples in the British Museum from Yokohama and
Nagasaki are several in which the slate-grey ground-colour has more
or less faded to russet-brown, and the metallic purples and greens
have become dull. The metallic colours are very deceptive. In
typical examples the breast is green, very slightly suffused with
pinkish purple when seen with the spectator's back to the light.
The Bonin example in the Senckenberg Museum is the greenest I
have seen. On the other hand, the Loo-Choo example in the Pryer
collection has the breast -feathers pinkish purple with green bases,
■when seen in the position mentioned. These are probably individual
differences unconnected with geographical distribution.
The genera of the Columbae have never been satisfactorily diagnosed,
and it is possible that this species and the two following do not belong
to the genus Carpophaga. It has been stated (Garrod, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1875, p. 367) that an allied species differs from the species of
that genus in two important particulars : it has no gall-bladder and
it has a caecum.
10'6 coLUMBr,
148. CARPOPHAGA VERSICOLOR.
(BONIN FRUIT-PIGEON.)
C'olumha versicolor, Kittlitz, Kupfertafeln zur ]Nrtturgeschichte der A cigvl, p. 5
(1832).
The Bonin Fruit-Pigeon differs from its Japanese ally in having
the breast pinkish pnrple like the crown, and in having a pale throat.
It is larger than the Japanese species (wing from carpal joint 11
to 10 inches), and much paler both on the upper and under parts.
Figures : Kittlitz, Kupfertafeln zur Naturgcscliichte der Vogel,
pi. 5. fig. 2.
The Bonin Fruit-Pigeon was discovered on one of the Bonin group
of islands in 1827 by Captain Beechey during the voyage of the
' Blossom ; ' but in consequence of the unreasonable delay in tlie
completion of the part relating to the INIollusca, the results of the
voyage were not published until 18,j9, when this interesting bird
received the name of Columba vietaUica (^^igors, Zool. Captain
Beechey's Voyage, p. 25) . In the meantime two events happened
which make the use of this name impossible. In 1828 F. H. von
Kittlitz spent a fortnight on the Bouin Islands, and also discovered
the Fruit-Pigeon which is peculiar to them, which he figured and
described in 1832 under the name of Columba versicolor. But
rot only was Vigors's name antedated by that of Kittlitz in conse-
quence of the provoking delay, but it was completely nullified by its
independent application in 1835 to another species of Fruit-Pigeon
from the island of Timor (Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 562).
A third nan;e, Columba kitlizii, was given to the Bonin species in
the same year (Temminck, Planches Coloriees, page following te.vt
to no. 578). The opinion that this name was applied to the Japanese
species (Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas^ iv. Columba', p. 71) is manifestly
erroneous.
A fourth name was given to it in 1858 (Kittlitz, Denkwurdigkeiten
eiuer Keise nach dcra Russischen Amerika, nach Mikronesicn und
durch Kamtschatka, ii. p. 175), when it was proposed to substitute
the name of Columba iris for that of Columba versicolor.
There can be little doubt that Vigors's type of this species was
once in the Museum of the Zoological Society (together with that of
Nycticorax crassiroslris and Coccothraustes ferreirostris) ; but there
COLUMB.E. 167
is no evidence that it was transferred to the British Museum when
the collection belonging to the Zoological Society was dispersed.
There is an example in the St. Petersburg Museum, which was
obtained by Kittlitz on the Eonin Islands, and which has recently
been described in detail (Stejncger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1887, p. 421) ; and there is a second example in the Senckenberg
Mnseum in Frankfort from the same source. The latter is a large
bird (wing from carpal joint 11 inches), and differs conspicuously
from its Japanese ally in being much paler in colour. It has also a
yellower bill and a much paler throat. The St. Petersburg skin is
10" 1 in length of wing, and Vigors gives 10 inches. Mr. Hoist
obtained for me a male from Nakondo-Shima, one of the Parry
Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 103). It measures 10 inches in
length of wing, and is much larger and paler than its Japanese ally.
The bronze on the wing-coverts is green in all positions, and the
ground-colour of the underparts is lavender instead of dark bluish
grey.
149. CARPOPHAGA JOUYI.
(LOO-CHOO FRUIT-PIGEON.)
lanthcenas joiiyi, Stejneger, American Naturalist, 1887, p. 583.
The Loo-Choo Fruit-Pigeon is larger than its Japanese ally (wing
from carpal joint 10;^ to 9f inches). It principally differs in having
a white crescent across the upper back.
The Loo-Choo Fruit-Pigeon was described by Dr. Stejneger from
an example obtained by Mr. C. Tasaki on one of the islands whose
name it bears. There are two examples in the Pryer collection,
obtained from the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands, most
probably by the same collector (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 179).
This fine and remarkably distinct species is doubtless a resident on
the Loo-Choo Islands, whilst the Japanese Fruit-Pigeon {Carpophaga
ianthina), which also occurs on this group, may prove to be only a
winter visitor.
These three Fruit-Pigeons have close allies on the Philippine
Islands, as well as on some of the islands in the Malay Archipelago,
and must be regarded as of Tropical origin.
168 crc iLi.
Older COCCYGES.
Palate desmognathous ; basipterygoid processes absent ; liallux
present, and connected with the flexor longus hallucis, not M-ith the
flexor perforans diyitorum, Mhich leads to the second, third, and fourth
digits. Young not passing through a complete downy stage. Spinal
feather- tract well defined on the neck.
Suborder VIII. MUSOPHAGI.
Palate desmognathous ; feet semi-zygodactyle ; plantars galline ;
spinal feather-tract well defined on neck by lateral bare tracts, but
with no interscapular fork.
There are about 20 species of Plantain-eaters, which are confined
to the Ethiopian Region.
Suborder IX. CUCULI.
Palate desmognathous; basipterygoid processes absent; feet zygo-
dactyle ; plantars galline ; oil-gland nude.
The Cuckoos are an almost cosmopolitan group of birds, and
number nearly 200 species. They have been divided into three
subfamilies (Beddard, Proc. Zool. See. 1885, p. 187), which are more
properly regarded as families : —
Cuculidce.
k ^ e ( Phcenicophceida
Accessory lemoro-J ^
caudal present. J >-, ^ i- i
^ (^ Lentropoaida.
> Syrinx tracheo- bronchial.
The Cuculidae is the only family of this suborder which is repre-
sented in Japan.
cucuLi. 169
160. CUCULUS CANORUS.
(COMMON CUCKOO.)
Cuculus canorus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 168 (1766).
Japanese examples of the Common Cuckoo appear to be absolutely
similar to European examples. They completely intergrade with
the Himalayan Cuckoo in size (wing from carpal joint 9 to 8
inches) ; and it is not known that they differ in any way in colour,
except that in the adult Common Cuckoo there is no tendency
for the tail to darken near the tip, and in the rufous stage there are
no bars across the rump.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 299.
The Common Cuckoo has long been known to occur both on the
Kurile Islands and in Japan (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 443).
It is a summer visitor to all the Japanese Islands. There is an
example in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1875, p. 451), whence it was obtained by the Perry Expedition
nearly twenty years previously (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas
and Japan, ii. p. 222). There are fourteen examples in the Pryer
collection from Yokohama.
The breeding-range of the Common Cuckoo extends from the
British Islands across Europe and Southern Siberia to Japan.
151. CUCULUS INTERMEDIUS.
(HIMALAYAN CUCKOO.)
Cuculus intermedius, Vahl, Scrift. Nat. Selsk. iv. pt. i. p. 69 (1797).
The Himalayan Cuckoo is a small form (wing from carpal joint
7| to 6| inches) of the Common Cuckoo ; but, having a totally
different note (Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 326), it is regarded as speci-
fically distinct. The tail has a slight tendency to darken towards the
tip, and in the rufous stage the rump is barred.
The Himalayan Cuckoo is a summer visitor to all the Japanese
Islands. It is not uncommon in Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans.
As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 131), and there are three examples in the
Pryer collection from Fuji-yama.
170 CUCULI.
The breeding-range of tlie Himalayan Cuckoo extends westwards
from Japan and China to tlie Himalayas, ^Mongolia, and Eastern
Siberia, as far Avest as the valley of the Yenesay.
The Himalayan Cuekoo has been singularly unfortunate as regards
its nomenclature. INIost writers have called it Cucidus liimalaijamis
(Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 172); but there can be no question
that the figure of this bird (Gould, Century of Birds from the
Himalaya ^Mountains, pi. 54) represents the rufous phase of Cuculus
jwHocephuJus. A still earlier name, dating from 1823, Cuculus striaius
(Drapiez, Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. iv. p. 570), describes a Cuckoo
from Java with a total length of " douze pouccs,'^ or 12f English
inches, and has been applied by many Avriters to this species. This
can only refer to a large example of the Common Cuckoo. The types
of Cuculus cunorohh'S (Salomon Miiller, Land- en Volkenkunde,
p. 235) are fortunately in the Lexdeu Museum (Sehlcgel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, Cuculi, p. 9), and arc said to vary from 7^ to 8^ English inches
in length of wing. It is therefore a composite species (from Java,
Sumatra, Borneo, and Timor), though some of the types are un-
questionably referable to the Himalayan Cuckoo. This name dates
from 1839, and there are plenty of later date to choose from : —
1843. Cuculus saturatus (Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1813,
p. 942).
1845. Cuculus optatus (Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 18).
1858. Cuculus horsfieldi (Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 703).
1862. Cuculus canorinus (Cabanis, Mus. Heiu. iv. p. 35).
18G3. Cuculus kelungensis (Swinhoe, Ibis, 18G3, p. 394).
18G5. Cuculus monosyllabicus (Swinhoe, Ibis, 18G5, p. 545).
These names are, however, so very modern that in this exceptional
case it may be the wisest course to rake up an ill-defined and for-
gotten name which dates from 1797. Cuculus inlennedius was
described in a Danish periodical, published in Copenhagen, from
an example obtained at Travancore in Madras, and is said to be
similar to the Common Cuekoo, but smaller. As there are three
species which scarcely difl'er from each other except in size, and as
the Himalayan Cuckoo happens to be the intermediate one, the name
is singularly a])pr()priate, though of course it does not fulfil the
impossible demands of the ill-starred Strieklandian code.
CUCULI. 171
162. CUCULUS POLIOCEPHALUS.
(LITTLE CUCKOO.)
Cuculus poliocephalus, Latham, Index Orn. i. p. 214 (1790).
The Little Cvickoo appears to be almost simihir, both in form and
colour^ to the Common Cuckoo and the Himalayan Cuckoo, from
which it scarcely differs except in size (wiug from carpal joint 6^ to
6;^ inches). Its uote is quite different from that of either of its close
allies.
Figures : Gould, Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains,
pi. 54 (rufous phase).
The Little Cuckoo is a summer visitor to all the Japanese Islands
(Blakiston, Am. List Birds of Japan, p. 13). There are seven
examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The range of the Little Cuckoo extends westwards across China to
India and Ceylon, and various parts of tropical Africa.
153. HIEROCOCCYX HYPERYTHRUS.
(AMOOR CUCKOO.)
Cuculus hyperythrus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 96.
The Amoor Cuckoo is the same size as the Common Cuckoo (wing
from carpal joint 8 to 7^ inches), but it differs in colour. In adults
the breast is uniform vinaceous buff ; in the young it is white, longi-
tudinally striped with dark brown. The tail is always barred.
Figures : Schrenck, Reis. u. Forseh. Amur-Lande, i. pi. 10 (imma-
ture) ; Gould, Birds of Asia, vi. pi. 43 (adult).
The Amoor Cuckoo is a summer visitor to all the Japanese Islands
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 132). There
are four examples in the Pryer collection from Fuji-yama, and I
have two collected by Mr. Heywood Jones from the same locality
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 28).
It breeds in the valley of the Amoor as well as in Japan, and
winters in South China and the Philippine Islands. It has two
somewhat close allies — Hierococcyoc fugax, which inhabits the Malay
Peninsula and the adjacent islands of the Malay Archipelago,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, &c. ; and Hierococcyx nisicolor, which
inhabits the Himalavas and Burma.
172
COKACIIFORMES.
Subclass COKACIIFORMES.
The Coraciiformcs may be diagnosed by a single character. So
far as is known they differ from every other bird in the arrangement
of their deep plantar tendons. In all other birds the hallux (if it be
present and important enough to have any connection Avith the deep
Deep plantar tendons of Catharista atratus.
plantar tendons) is connected with the flexor longus hallucis and not
with the flexor perforans digitorum. All the Coraciiformcs have a
hallux, and in all of them it is connected with the flexor perforans
digitorum, and not with the flexor longus hallucis. The two plantars
are always coalesced (as they are in the Accipitres, Anseres, &c.),
but may easily be separated by gently tearing them asunder ; but in
very many cases the tendon to the hallux branches off from the flexor
perforans digitorum before the two deep plantars coalesce.
The subclass Coraciiformcs contains two orders, one of which is
represented in Japan, the other being confined to the American
continent.
HALCYONES. 173
Older PICARI^.
The Picariae differ from all otlicr birds in combining the following
two characters : — Flexor perforans digitorum leading to hallux ;
ambiens muscle absent.
The order Picarise contains three suborders^ two of which are
represented in Japan.
Suborder X. HALCYON ES.
Front plantar leading to hallux ; spinal feather-tract well defined
on the neck by lateral bare tracts, and continuing single down the
upper back ; vomer absent ; palate desmognathous ; no basipterygoid
processes.
The Halcyones consist of four families. The Coliidce are a very
small family, containing half a dozen species, confined to the Ethio-
pian Region. The Momotidae, with less than a score species, and the
Todidcp, with about half a dozen, are confined to the Neotropical
Region ; but the Alcedinidce contain nearly a hundred and fifty
species, and, with the exception of the Arctic and Antarctic Regions,
are found all over the world.
Three species are found in Japan, all of them apparently of tropical
origin .
154. HALCYON COROMANDA.
(RUDDY KINGFISHER.)
Alcedo coromanda^ Latham, Index Orn. i. p, 252 (1790),
The Ruddy Kingfisher is more or less rufous all over except a
stripe down the centre of the rump and upper tail-coverts, which is
white marked with blue.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 39,
under the name of Alcedo {Halcyon) coromanda major ; Sharpe,
Alcedinidae, pi. 57.
The Ruddy Kingfisher is said to be only a summer visitor to Yezzo,
but to be a resident in the other islands belonging to the Japanese
group. In the Swinhoe collection there is an example collected by
171 HAI.CVONK.S.
Captain Blakiston at Hukodadi (Blakiston and Prycr, Ibis, 1878,
p. 230) ; aud in the Pryer collection there are two examples from
Yokohama, and three from the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands
(Secbolim, Il)is, 1887, p. 176). It has also occurred in the southern
group of the Loo-Choo Islands (Stejnegcr, Proc. United States Nat.
Mus. 1887, p. 403).
The Ruddy Kingfisher has a wide range. It occurs in Nepal and
Sikkim, the Andaman Islands, Burma and the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra and Java, Borneo and Celebes, and in the Philippine Islands
and Formosa. The fact that it has not been recorded from the con-
tinent of China is presumptive evidence that it found its way to
Japan via the Loo-Clioo Islands and Formosa.
Japanese examples vary in length of wing from 5*1 to 4 6 inches,
and may possibly be on an average slightly larger than Indian skins,
but scarcely sufficiently so to be regarded as subspccifically distinct.
The alleged variations in colour and in the wing-formula do not
appear to have any geographical significance.
155. CERYLE GUTTATA.
(OBIENTAL SPOTTED KINGFISHER.)
Alcedo gidtatus, Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1830, p. 22.
The Oriental Spotted Kingfisher is the largest representative of
its suborder, not only in Japan, but in the Asiatic continent. It
has been asserted that Japanese examples are larger than Indian
ones, but this is an error. In both countries the variation is the
same (wing from carpal joint 7 to 7i inches). In the male the
breast and the sides of the neck are suffused with chestnut-buff, and
the axillarics aud under wing-coverts are white ; and the dark spots
across the breast are few and far between. In the female exactly
the opposite is the case ; the breast and the sides of the neck are
white, profusely spotted with black, but the axillarics and under
wing-coverts arc chestnut-buff.
Figures : Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 38 b;
Sharpe, Alccdinida*, pi. 18.
The Oriental Spotted Kingfisher is a resident in the southern
islands of Japan ; but in Yezzo it is said to be a partial migrant.
There are two examples in the Swinhoc collection obtained at Hako-
HALCYONES. 175
dadi in January (SAvinlioe, Ibis, 1875, p. 449), and there are three
in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. The example figured
in the * Fauna Japonica ' as Alcedo lugubris was probably obtained
by Dr. Siebold at Nagasaki.
On Tate-yama it is found in the wildest mountain-streams and
gorges and is exceedingly wary (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1883, p. 310).
The range of the Oriental Spotted Kingfisher extends from Japan
across China, Burma, and the Himalayan valleys as far west as
Cashmere. As this species is not found in Siberia, nor in Formosa
or the Philippine Islands, it is fair to assume that it reached Japan
across China. In the Swinhoe collection there is an example from
Ningpo, and TAbbe David records it from various localities in
Central China. In the Christiania Museum there is an example
collected by Herr Baun at Puching in North Fokien.
156. ALCEDO ISPIDA.
(COMMON KINGFISHER.)
Alcedo ispida, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 179 (1766).
Japanese examples of the Common Kingfisher vary in length of
wing from 2'8 to 3*0 inches, and in length of bill from 1*2 to 1'5
inches, and may be regarded as belonging to the Eastern race Alcedo
ispida bengalensis.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 38.
The Eastern form of the Common Kingfisher is generally distri-
buted throughout the Japanese Islands. It is a summer visitor to
Eturop (the most southerly of the Kurile Islands) and to Yezzo
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 136), but
further south it is a resident. There is an example in the Swinhoe
collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 152) ; there are
eight examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and Mr.
Ringer has obtained it at Nagasaki. Capt. Rodgers procured it from
the Loo-Choo Islands (Cassiu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862,
p. 318), and there are two examples in the Pryer collection from the
central group of those islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 176).
Few species having so wide a range, and being migratory in so
few localities, vary less than the Common Kingfisher. In the
176
coraci.t:.
Tvestern half of the Palaearctic Region the length of wing varies from
3*2 to 2*8 inches ; whilst in the eastern half of that Region and in
the Oriental Region it varies from 2 '9 to 2'G inches. It is note-
wortliy that the lengtli of bill (which varies according to age from
1^ to 2 inches) is not known to present any geographical variation ;
hence tlu^ Eastern form has relatively a slightly longer bill than its
"Western representative. It is, however, impossible to recognize the
two forms as specifically distinct.
The range of the Common Kingfisher extends across the Palaarctic
Region from the British Islands to Japan, but does not reach further
north than about latitude 55°. To the south it includes the Canary-
Islands, Egypt, India, China, and the islaufls of the Malay Archi-
pelago.
The Eastern form was described as a distinct species as long ago
as 1788 under the name of Alcedo henyalensis (Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i.
p. 450), but it is scarcely probable that any one would claim specific
rank for it now.
Suborder XI. CORACI^.
Front plantar leading to hallux ; spinal feather-tract well-defined
on the neck by lateral bare tracts, but dividing into two tracts on
the upper back ; oil-gland nude.
Front portion of ntcrnum of ( 1) Upupn rpnp*, (2) of JiitrrroH alhirostrix,
(.3) of Afrmps (tpianfer.
coracIjB. 177
The Coraciae consist of seven families. The Meropida, containing
about thirty species, and the Coraciida;, containing nearly a score
species, inhabit the tropical and subtropical parts of the Old World.
The Leptosomida contains only one species, which is peculiar to
Madagascar. The Podargida may contain a score species, which are
confined to the Oriental and Australian Eegions. The Steaturni-
thidce contains only one species, which is peculiar to the Neotropical
Region. The Caprimulyidce, numbering a hundred species, and the
Cypselidce, numbering about seventy species, are cosmopolitan, except
that they are not found in the Arctic or Antarctic regions.
Of these families the Coraciidae, the Caprimulgida, and the Cypse-
lidee are represented in Japan.
157. CYPSELUS PACIFICUS.
(WHITE-RUMPED SWIFT.)
Hifundo pacifica, Latham, Index Orn. Suppl. p. Iviii (1801).
The White-ruraped Swift is slightly larger than the Common
Swift (wing from carpal joint 6'5 to 7'Q inches), and is easily recog-
nized by its white rump.
Figures : Jardine and Selby, Illustrations of Ornithology, iv. pi. 39;
Gould, Birds of Australia, ii. pi. II.
The White-rumped Swift was first procured in Japan by Captain
Blakiston (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1876, p. 331), and has since been found
to be a summer visitor to all the Japanese Islands, It has occurred
on Eturop, the most southerly of the Kurile Islands (Blakiston
and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 140) ; Captain Blakiston
sent me a skin from Hakodadi (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 31); and
there are seven skins in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The breeding-range of the White-rumped Swift extends eastwards
from Japan across Southern Siberia as far west as Krasnoyarsk in
the valley of the Yencsay, whence I have an example procured by
Mr. Kibort in June, and as far south as the Lam-yit Islands (on
the Chinese coast opposite North Formosa). It winters in the Burma
Peninsula and in Australia.
Other white-rumped Swifts are found in the Oriental and Ethi-
opian Regions, but they are all much smaller birds.
N
178 CORACL*.
158. CHiETURA CAUDACUTA.
(NEEDLE-TAILED SWIFT.)
Uirundo caudacuta, Latham, Index Orn. Suppl. p. Ivii (1801).
The Needle-tailed Swift is a large bird (wing from carpal joint
8 inches or more). Japanese examples have less white on the fore-
head than is usual in birds from Siberia, and approach the resident
Nepalese species_, Chatura nudipes, which has no white on the fore-
head or lores.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 270 ; Gould, Birds of
Australia, ii. pi. 10.
The Needle-tailed Swift is a common summer visitor to all the
Japanese Islands. There are several examples in the Swinhoe col-
lection from Ilakodadi (Swinhoc, Ibis, 1875, p. 418), and there are
four examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The Needle-tailed Swift is an accidental visitor to the British
Islands, its breeding-range extending westwards from Japan across
Northern China to South-eastern Siberia. It winters in Australia.
159. CAPRIMULGUS JOTAKA.
(JAPANESE GOATSUCKER.)
Caprimulgus jotaka, Teniminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 37
(1847).
The Japanese Goatsucker differs from its British representative in
several points, of which perhaps the most important are the spots
on the tail-feathers of the male. In the British species the white
spots are terminal, but they only occur on the two outer feathers
on each side, leaving six central feathers without them. In the
Japanese species the white spots are subtermiiial, but they occur
on the four outer feathers on each side, leaving only two central
feathers without them. In tlie plains of India and in Ceylon a paler
and smaller form of the Japanese Goatsucker occurs, C. indicus,
which may possibly be specifically distinct from it, tiie length of
wing varying from 7 to 70 inches instead of from 8'2 to 8'8 inches.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 12
(male), pi. 13 (female).
The Japanese Goatsucker is only entitled to its name on the
ground that it was originally described from Japan. It occurs in
CORACIiE. 179
Yczzo (Whitely, Ihis^ 1867, p, 195), and is common near Yokohama,
if wc may judge by the fact that there are twenty skins in the
Pryer collection. It has also been obtained near Nagasaki by-
Mr. Ringer, who has presented an example from that locality to the
Norwich jNIuseum. To the north its range extends through Man-
churia to the valley of the Amoor, but further west in Siberia its
place is taken by the European species. To the south its range
extends to South-east Mongolia, China, Cochin China, and Burma
to Nepal.
It is probably only a summer visitor to Japan, breeding on the
mountains, and passing through the plains near Yokohama in May
and October (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 231). It is abun-
dant on Fuji-yama in summer, when its cry chuck, chuck, chuck, is
constantly heard in the still evening air and sometimes before day-
break. In autumn it is said to be silent (Jouy, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 310).
It lays two eggs on the ground (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As.
Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 141). Examples in the Pryer collection exactly
resemble the smaller varieties of the eggs of the European Goatsucker.
160. EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS.
(BROAD-BILLED ROLLER.)
Coracias orientalis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 159 (17G6).
The Broad-billed Roller is about the size of the European Roller
(wing from carpal joint 8 inches), but it has a wider bill and a
shorter tail. Its general colour is blue, violet on the wings and
tail, and greenish on the body.
Figures : Daubenton, Planches Enluminees, no. 619.
The claim of the Broad-billed Roller to be regarded as a Japanese
bird rests upon one example procured at Nagasaki in May 1879
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 137), and a
second obtained on the most southerly group of the Loo-Choo
Islands (Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 402).
It inhabits most of the Oriental Region, and must be regarded as
a tropical species which occasionally wanders as far as the valley of
the Amoor.
n2
180 MlMOCiVPES.
Suborder Xll. BUCEIWTES.
Front plantar leading to hallux; no lateral bare tracts on the
neck ; no basipterygoid processes ; cpisternal process perforated to
receive the feet of the coracoids.
The Buccrotes consist of the family Bucerotida, containing about
sixty species confined to the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions.
Ordc r MIMOGYPES.
The Order Mimogypes contains only one Suborder, which is not
represented in Japan.
Suborder XIII. MIMOGYPES.
The Pseudo-Vultures of America possess the following cha-
racters : —
Hallux present, and connected with the ^e^or perforans diyitorum ;
Deep plantar tendons of Cathaiics aura.
spinal feather-tract not defined on the neck ; basipterygoid processes
present ; young born helpless, but covered with down.
Of these four characters the combination either of the first three
or of the last three is not known to occur in any other bird.
PSITTACI. 181
Subclass FALCONIFORMES.
The Falconiformes are supposed to be the only birds which com-
bine the following characters : —
Young born helpless, and requiring to be fed by their parents in
the nest for many days ; young before acquiring feathers passing
through a stage in which they are completely covered with down ;
hallux present, and connected with the flexor longus hallucis and not
with the Jfexor perforans digitorum; spinal feather-tract well defined
on the neck.
The Subclass Falconiformes contains two Orders, one only of
which is represented in Japan.
Order PSITTACI.
The Order Psittaci only contains one Suborder.
Suborder XIV. PSITTACI.
The Parrots may be diagnosed as follows : —
Young born helpless and nearly naked ; feet zygodactyle ; spinal
feather-tract well defined on the neck by lateral bare tracts, and
forked on the upper back ; oil-gland tufted or absent.
There are nearly 400 species of Parrots, which are all tropical or
subtropical birds, and are distributed over both the Old and the New
World. One species ranges into the southern portion of the Nearctic
Region, but the suborder is unknown in the Palsearctic Region,
including Japan, though a few species approach as near as South
China.
The Parrots must be regarded as a very archaic group of birds,
inasmuch as many if not all of them have opisthocoelous dorsal
vertebrae.
182 STRIOES.
Order RAPTORES.
The Raptores possess four characters which are uot known to be
combined in any other birds.
Yoiinf^ born helpless ; young passing through a complete downy
stage; hallux present, and connected y{\i\x the flexor loiiyus hallucis
(not with the flexor perforans digitorum) ; spinal feather-tract well
defined on the neck.
The Order Raptores contains three Suborders.
Suborder XV. STRIGES.
Young born helpless, but completely covered with down ; oil-gland
present, but nude ; spinal feather-tract well defined on the neck.
The following alternative diagnoses are supposed to be equally
exclusive : —
Basal phalanx of the third digit shortened almost to a cube; basi-
ptcrygoid processes present.
Arabiens, accessory fenioro-caudal, semitcndinosus, and accessory
semitendinosus muscles absent ; basipterygoid processes present.
Tiie distribution of the Owls is almost cosmopolitan. The number
of species known is about 200.
There arc eleven species of Owls which liave been found in the
Japanese Empire. Of these three belong to the genus Sirix, in
which the ear-conch is very large and protected by an operculum.
One has been placed in the genus Xino.v (scarcely separable from
Noctna), in which the nostrils are placed in a projection formed by
an inflation of the cere. Of the remaining seven, one belongs to
the geinis Suniia, w hich possesses neither of the characters already
named, but has white or transversely barred underparts, longitudinal
streaks on the underparts, and car-tufts obsolete or nearly so. The
remaining six have very conspicuous ear-tufts, and the broad longi-
tudinal streaks on the underparts are more conspicuous than the
narrow transverse bars. Two of tliem belong to the genus Bubo,
which contains the large species (wing from carpal joint never less
than 12 inches) ; and the remaiuiDg four to the genus Scops, which
STRIGES. 183
contains the small species (wing from carpal joint never more
than 9 inches). It is not known that there are any structural
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other genera of Owls, are very unsatisfactory.
161. BUBO MAXIMUS.
(EAGLE-OWL.)
Bvtho mcurimus, Gerini, Oni. Meth. Dig. i. p. 84 (1767).
The Eagle-Owl is very large (wing from carpal joint 20 to 18
inches). Its feet are densely feathered to the claws, and it has very
conspicuous ear-tufts.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 315.
It is not known that the Eagle-Owl is found on any of the three
or four large islands which may be regarded as continental Japan ;
but in the Norwich Museum there is an example (presented by
184 STRIGES.
Mr. lUnger) which was shot on one of the Goto Islands, a group
which lies only about fifty miles to the west of Nagasaki (Gurney,
Ibis, 188G, p. 524).
The range of the Eagle-Owl extends from the British Islands,
where it is now only an occasional visitor, across Europe and Asia
to the confines of Japan.
162. BUBO BLAKISTONI.
(BLAKISTON^S EAGLE-OWL.)
Bubo blakistmi, Seebohm, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 466; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884,
p. 42.
Blakiston's Eagle-Owl is probably the largest Owl known (wing from
carpal joint 22 inches). Its tarsus is feathered, but its feet are
bare. It has very conspicuous ear-tufts.
Figures : Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, pi. 6.
Blakiston's Eagle-Qwl is only known from the island of Yczzo,
where it is a resident. It had long been confounded with the Eagle-
Owl of Europe, Bubo maximus, until in 1883 Captain Blakiston sent
an example to London for identification, when it was found to be an
undcscribed species. The type is in the British jMuseum, and I
have a second example, to which I am indebted to the kindness of
Captain Blakiston, in my collection. There is a fine example in the
Norwich Museum, which also possesses a skeleton of this interesting
species. On the 20th of January, 1887, two live specimens were
presented to the Zoological Society by Mr. J. H. Leech, who pro-
cured them from Mr. Henson at Hakodadi. They came from the
Lake district twenty miles north of that port (Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1887, p. 138).
The affinities of Bubo bhikistoni have been supposed to be with the
subgeneric group of Eagle-Owls which was called Pseudoptijnx by
Kaup (Gurney, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 138). This group is re-
presented by two species from tlie Philippine Islands, and is supposed
to be characterized by the absence of feathering on the toes. It is
highly imi)rol)ablc that a subgenus should be represented in Yezzo
and the Philijjpine Islands and not in Formosa or Southern Japan.
The feathering of the toes varies so mueii in the allied genus Scops
that it can scarcely be regarded as of much taxonomic value ; and it
STRIGES. 185
seems more probable that the nearest ally of Blakiston's Owl is Bubo
coromandus , which has occurred in China (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884,
p. 183).
163. SURNIA NYCTEA.
(SNOWY OWL.)
Strix nyctea, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 132 (1766).
The Snowy Owl is very large (wing from carpal joint 19 to
15^ inches). Its feet are densely feathered to the claws, but its ear-
tufts are very small. It is white, more or less barred with brown.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 310 (adult), pi. 309
(young) .
The claim of the Snowy Owl to be regarded as a Japanese bird
rests upon a single example, which was brought alive into Hakodadi
on the 29th of November, 1879, and was said to have been caught in
the neighbourhood (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 177).
The Snowy Owl is a circumpolar species, breeding in the Arctic
Region of both continents. It is a rare winter visitor to the British
Islands.
164. STRIX URALENSIS.
(URAL OWL.)
Strix uralensis, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, i. p. 445 (1771).
There are two forms of Ural Owl in Japan, the typical form and
a dark tropical form, which may be called Strix uralensis fuscescens.
The Ural Owl is a large bird (wing from carpal joint 15^ to
12^ inches), but it has a very rounded wing (1st and 10th primaries
nearly of equal length). Its ear-conch is furnished with an oper-
culum) .
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 307 (typical form) ;
Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 10 (tropical form,
sub nomine Strix fuscescens, dating from 1845).
The typical form of the Ural Owl probably breeds in Yezzo
(Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 194), and there is an example in the British
Museum (formerly in my collection) M^iich does not differ from pale
186 STRIGES.
examples from Europe (Scebolim, Ibis, 1879, p. 41). It was collected
by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi. There are ten examples in the
Prvcr collection from Yokohama, most of which may be regarded as
typical Sirix uralensis ; but one of them is a typical Strix uralensis
fuscescens, the Strix rufescens of the text of Temminck and Schlegel's
' Fanna Japonica/ Aves, p. 30. All the examples that I have seen
from Nagasaki, one of which was presented by Mr. Ringer to the
Norwich Museum, belong to this tropical form (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884,
p. 183). It is very much darker, both above and below, than the
typical form, all the pale markings are smaller, and the white is
confined to the throat, and a few spots on the flanks and scapulars.
The two centre tail-feathers, instead of being crossed by half a dozen
pale bars, are uniform brown. Some of the Yokohama examples
are, however, so intermediate that there can scarcely be a doubt that
the two forms completely intergrade.
The range of the Ural Owl extends westwards through Siberia to
Scandinavia, but it does not reach the British Islands.
Eggs in the Pryer collection measure 1*9 by 1*6 inches.
165. STRIX OTUS.
(LONG-EARED OWL.)
Strix otus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 132 (17G6).
The Long-cared Owl measures from 12 to 11 inches in Icngtli of
■wing from carpal joint. Its ear-conch has an operculum, and its
ear-tufts are conspicuous. Its first primary is nearly as long as the
fourth, and the feathers of the undcrparts have narrow transverse
bars as well as broad longitudinal stripes.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 303.
The Long-eared Owl is a resident in all the Japanese Islands. It
is not a very common bird in Y'czzo (Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 195),
but Captain Blakiston has sent an example from Hakodadi (Seebohm,
Ibis, 1879, p. 41) ; there are three skins in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama ; and Mr. Ringer has sent examples from Nagasaki
(Blakiston, Am. List Birds of Japan, p. 65), which arc now in the
Norwich Museum.
The breeding- range of the Long-cared Owl extends from the
British Islands across Europe and Southern Siberia to Japan.
STRIGES. 187
166. STRIX BRACHYOTUS.
(SHORT-EARED OWL.)
Strix brachyotus, Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 384 (1772).
The Short-eared Owl measures from 13 to 12 inches in length of
wiug from carpal joint. Its ear-conch has an operculum, but its
ear-tufts are small. Its fii'st primary is nearly as long as the third,
but the feathers of the underj)arts have no transverse bars, though
most of them have conspicuous longitudinal stripes.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 304.
The Short-eared Owl is common to all the Japanese Islands, and
is probably only a summer visitor to Yezzo, but a resident in the
more southerly islands. Captain Blakiston has sent an example
from Hakodadi (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 41), and it has been pro-
cured in Yezzo by native bird-catchers (Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 195).
In the Pryer collection there are three examples from Yokohama,
besides one from Yezzo; and Mr. Ringer has sent examples to the
Norwich Museum procured near Nagasaki (Blakiston, Am. List
Birds of Japan, p. 65).
The Short-eared Owl breeds in the British Islands, and may
almost be regarded as cosmopolitan, its breeding-range comprising"
most of the temperate regions of the world.
167. NINOX SCUTULATA.
(BROWN OWLET.)
Strix scutulata, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 280 (1822).
The Brown Owlet is one of the smaller species (wing from carpal
joint 9 to 8 inches). No other Japanese Owl has the projecting cere
of this species. It is chocolate-brown, with barred wings and tail ;
the underparts are streaked with white, and the under tail-coverts
are nearly all white.
Figures: Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 9b,
sub nomine Strix hirsuta japonica.
The Brown Owlet is very doubtfully recorded from Yezzo (Blakis-
ton and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 177), but it is not
uncommon in summer near Yokohama and Nagasaki. There are
eight examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and two
188 STRIGES.
from tlie central group of the Loo-Choo Islands (Sccbohm, Ibis,
1887, p. 174). It has also been obtained in the southern group of
the Loo-Choo Islands (Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1887, p. 401). The examples obtained by the Siebold expedition
were probably procured at Nagasaki.
The Brown Owlet is found throughout the Oriental Region as
well as in Japan. It has been subdivided into various species or
subspecies, but it is very doubtful whether any of them can be
defined geographically.
168. SCOPS SEMITORQUES.
(FEATHERED-TOED SCOPS OWL.)
Otus semitorques, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 25
(1845).
The Feathered-toed Scops Owl is one of the smaller species (wing
from carpal joint 7 to 6 inches). It has a conspicuous broad pale
band on the hind neck.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 8.
The Feathered-toed Scops Owl is found in all the Japanese Islands.
In the Swinhoe collection there are many examples from Yezzo
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 448) ; and in the Paris Museum there are
examples from Hirosaki in the north of Hondo, procured by I'Abbe
Fauire. There is a fine series in the Pryer collection from Yoko-
hama ; and in the Norwich Museum as well as in the British Museum
there are examples presented by Mr. Ringer from Nagasaki ; but the
example recorded by Mr. Pryer from the Loo-Choo Islands (Seebohm,
Ibis, 1887, p. 174) proved upon examination to belong to the
following species.
169. SCOPS ELEGANS.
(CASSIN'S SCOPS OWL.)
Ephialtet elegant, Caasin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 186.
Cassin's Scops Owl is a giant race of Scops japonicufi, measuring
G^ to G^ inches in length of wing from carpal joint, and having the
tarsus bare for a short distance above the base of the toes, as may
STRIGES, 189
be seen in the woodcut on page 58 of the British Museum Catalogue
of Striges.
I only know of the existence of five examples of Cassin's Scops
Owl. The type in the Philadelphia Museum was caught on board-
ship a few miles west of the Loo-Choo Islands ; a second example in
the British Museum (erroneously described in the Catalogue, vol. ii.
p. 56, as Scops japonicus) was obtained by Captain St. John at
Nagasaki ; a third, in the Educational Museum of Tokio, was procured
on Okinawa-Shima, one of the Loo-Choo Islands, and is recorded
under the name of Megascops elegans (Stejneger, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 639); and the Pryer collection contains the
fourth example, also from the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 232). The fifth example is that of a very
young bird in the Smithsonian Institution, and was collected by
Mr. Tasaki on one of the northerly islands of the Loo-Choo group
(Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 401).
170. SCOPS SCOPS.
(SCOPS OWL.)
Strix scops, Liuneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 132 (17GG).
Japanese examples of the Scops Owl appear all to belong to the
small dark race of this species, which may perhaps only be entitled
to be regarded as subspecifically distinct, under the name of Scops
scops japonicus. It is slightly smaller than the typical form (wing
from carpal joint 5| to oj inches), and decidedly darker and browner.
The ear-tufts are well developed; the tarsus is feathered, but the
feet are bare.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 314 (typical form) ;
Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 9 (eastern form).
The Scops Owl is said to be rather common in Japan (Blakiston
and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 247), but it is rare in collections. When
the second volume of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum
was published there were no Japanese examples in the National
Collection, and only two have since been added — one from the
Tweeddale collection (brown phase) from Yokohama, and a second
from the Swinhoe collection (rufous phase) from Hakodadi (Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1875, p. 448, no. 71). There are only two examples in the
190 STRIGES,
Pryer collection from Yokohama (one in the brown^ and the other in
the rufous })hase). j\Ir. Ringer has obtained an example (very
rufous) from Nagasaki (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 178).
The Japanese race of this species Mas originally described as Otus
scops japonicus (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 27) ; and the Cliincse race was, about twenty years afterwards,
described as Scups stictonotus (Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. ii. p. 54).
These races cannot, however, be regarded as distinct, and the range
of the subspecies extends beyond China to Nepal and Siam. The
typical form is larger (wing from carpal joint 0^ to 5f inches), and
has the dark stripes both above and below more conspicuous. There
is little difference in colour between the rufous phases of the two
races, but the grey phase of the typical form is represented by a
brown phase in the eastern race.
171. SCOPS PRYERI.
(PRYEirS SCOPS OWL.)
Scops pi-yeri, Gurney, Ibis, 1889, p. 302.
Pryer's Scops Owl is the largest species of Scops Owl found in
the Japanese Empire (wing from carpal joint 7^ inches) . The
feathering of the tarsus, like that of S. scops, extends to the base of
the toes, but not beyond ; it is consequently more than that of S.
eleyans, but less than that of S. semitorques. It agrees with the last-
mentioned species in having a short first primary (equal to the 9th
or 10th), but differs from it in having the pale band on the hind
neck almost obsolete.
Mr. J. II. Gurney informed me that he "thinks Scops pryeri is
nearest allied to S. hucospilus " (from Batchian and Gilolo, figured
on plate G of Sharpe's Catalogue), '' ^. morutensis" (from the Mo-
luccas, figured on plate 7 of the same work), "and S. bouruensis"
(from Bourn, also figured on plate 7), "a group in which 5f. mayicus"
(from Ceram and Amboyna, figured on plate 5) " ought perhaps to
be included. '^
Pryer's Scops Owl is only known from two examples, an adult in
the Norwich Museum and an immature example in the Pryer col-
lection. Both specimens were [jrocurcd on one of the islands of the
central group of the Loo-Choo chain.
ACCIPITRES. 191
Suborder XVI. ACCIPITRES.
Young born helpless^ but completely covered with down ; no basi-
pterygoid processes ; spinal feather-tract well defined on the neck ;
hallux present, and connected with the flexor longus hallucis, and not
with the flexor perforans digitorum, the two tendons bound together
by a fibrous vinculum ; dorsal vertebrae heterocoelous.
The Birds of Prey may be regarded as cosmopolitan in their
distribution. They number about 350 species, of which 20 have
occurred in the Japanese Empire.
The Japanese genera of Accipitres may be divided into three
groups founded upon the peculiarities of the covering of their tarsi ;
but until the osteology of the Birds of Prey has been examined, it
is impossible to say how far these groups are natural ones.
Falconing. — Lower half of tarsus reticulated all round.
Bill deeply notched Falco ...... ^j^.^^ ^^5,^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^
\ and fifth.
Pandioii . . J
But aster.
Lores covered with small feathers, I „
, . ' > Perms.
not hairs 1
Aquilin^e. — Tarsus scutellated or feathered in front ; reticulated
or feathered at sides and back.
CMilvus. "^
m, . J „ ., J/..-!, . • }• Tarsus scutellated in front.
Ihird, fourth, and nfth primaries J jt y f I
longest ] " "]
, , , . . i--^?'«'«- Uail not forked.
Tarsus feathered m front to the J |
toes [ Spizaetus. J
AcciPiTRiN^.— Tarsus scutellated at back and almost always in
front ; reticulated at sides.
Buteo. j Tarsus less than a fourth of wing,
\ and less than half of first pri-
Carpal joint to tip of shortest 1 Circus. { maxy.
primary much less than length \
of tail ( Accipiter.
192 ACCIPITRES.
FALCONING.
172. FALCO GYRFALCO.
(JEIl-FALCON.)
Fako gyrfalco, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 130 (176G).
The Jcr-Falcon is a large bird (wing from carpal joint 16^ to
14 inches). It differs from the Peregrine in having the outer toe no
longer than the inner, and in having the general colour of the tail
not darkened towards the tip. It is not known which of the various
races of the Jer-Falcon occasionally strays as far as Japan.
Figures : Dresser, IJirds of Europe, vi. pis. 3G7 to 371.
Mr. Henson informs me that he procured an example of one of
the various races of Jer-Falcon at Ilakodadi.
The Jer-Falcon is a circumpolar species, varying considerably in
different parts of its range.
173. FALCO PEREGRINUS.
(PEREGRINE FALCON.)
Falco peregriniis, Tunstall, Om. Brit. p. 1 (1771).
The Peregrine is a small Jer-Falcon (wing from carpal joint 15 to
12 inches). It differs from that species in having the tail darkening
towards the tip.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 372.
The Peregrine was recognized by Pallas as one of the l)irds found
by Steller in the Kurile Islands (i'allas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. i. p. 320),
and has recently been I'ouiid by Mr. Snow to be very common there
in summer (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882,
p. 185) ; but it is a res^ident in the more southerly Japanese Islands.
There are examples from Ilakodadi both in the Norwich ^luscum
and in the British Museum (Whitcly, Ibis, 1867, p. 194), and there
are four examples from Yokohama in the Pryer collection. The
examples obtained by the JSiebold Expedition (Temminck and
Schlcgel, Fauna Ja})onica, Avcs, p. 1) were probably procured near
Nagasaki. It has been recorded from the most southerly group of
FALCONINif:. 193
the Loo-Choo Islands (Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1887, p. 401).
The Peregrine is a circurapolar species, and breeds in the British
Islands as well as in Japan.
American ornithologists regard the Nearctic Peregrine Falcons as
subsjjecifically distinct from those found in the Palaearctic Region
under the name of Falco peregrinus anatum. They allege that in the
Nearctic species the breast of the adult bird is generally unspotted.
They originally described East-Asiatic examples as an intermediate
race under the name of Falco peregrinus orientalis ; but Dr. Stejneger
and Mr. Ridgway appear to have abandoned this position, and now
regard Japanese and American examples as identical. Mr. Gurney
did not recognize the Japanese birds as distinct from those of
Europe.
174. FALCO SUBBUTEO.
(HOBBY.)
Falco subbuteo, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 127 (1766).
The Hobby is a miniature Peregrine (wing from carpal joint 11
to 10 inches). It is easily distinguished when adult by its chestnut
thighs, and at all ages by the absence of bars on its under tail-coverts
and central tail-feathers.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 379 (male and female
adult), pi. 387 (young in first plumage and in down).
The Hobby is tolerably abundant in Yezzo (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879,
p. 42) ; but, strange to say, it has not been recorded from Southern
Japan.
The range of the Hobby extends from the British Islands across
Europe and Siberia to Japan.
175. FALCO ^SALON.
(MERLIN.)
Fcdco cBsalon, Tunstall, Orn. Brit. p. 1 (1771).
The Merlin is one of the smallest Falcons (wing from carpal joint
9 to 8 inches). The adult male Merlin (like the adult male Kestrel)
o
191- ACCIPITRES.
lias a bluc-grcy tail^ crossed by a l)road subtcrmiual black baud ; but
the blue-grey cxtouds to the wiug-covcrts, scapulars, tertials, aud
interscapulars. The female and immature male closely resemble
those of the Kestrel, but may be distinguished by having seven
instead of nine dark bars across the tail, which is also less rounded.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 380 (male and female
adult), ])1. 381 (very old female and young in first plumage).
The Merlin is a common resident in all the Japanese Islands.
There are several examples in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi,
and there are ten examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama,
whence the first occurrence of this species in Japan Mas recorded
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 144).
The range of the Merlin extends from the British Islands across
Europe aud Siberia to Japan.
176. FALCO TINNUNCULUS.
(KESTREL.)
Faico tinnunculus, Linneus, S^st. Nat. i. p. 127 (176G).
The Japanese Kestrel belongs to the eastern race of the dark form
of the Kestrel ; and may be regarded as subspccifically distinct, under
tlie name (dating from 1845) of Falco tinnunculus japonicus (Tem-
minck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 2).
The Kestrel varies in length of wing from 10^ to 9j inches. It
is very closely allied to the Merlin, the adult males of both species
having a blue-grey tail, crossed by a broad subterminal black band ;
but in the Kestrel the wing-coverts, scapulars, tertials, and inter-
scapulars arc chestnut, barred with black. The females and imma-
ture males are much more difficult to determine, but in the Kestrel
there are nine (instead of seven) dark bars across the tail, and the
outer feathers arc more than an inch (instead of less than half an
inch) shorter than the central ones. The outer toe is also more
nearly equal to the inner toe than it is in the Merlin.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 1
(immature female), i)l. 1 h (adult male).
The Japanese Kestrel is a common resident in the southern islands
of Japan, but is not known to have occurred in Yezzo. Mr. Ringer
has sent examples to the Norwich Museum procured at Nagasaki
FALCONINiE. 195
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 184), and there
are seven examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The range of the Kestrel extends from the British Islands across
Europe and Siberia to Japan ; but examples from Japan, Formosa,
and South China differ somewhat from the typical race (Gurney,
Ibis, 1881, p. 462). They constitute a dark richly coloured local
race of the same species which inhabits the British Islands, and
only differs in size from the smaller dark race which breeds on
the islands oflF the coast of West Africa (Cape Verd, Canaries,
and Madeira).
Eggs in the Pryer collection resemble those of the common form.
177. PANDION HALIAETUS.
(OSPREY.)
Fako haliccttis, Linaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 129 (17GG).
The Osprey varies in length of wing (from carpal joint) from 21
to 16 inches. It is brown above and white below, with brown
Deep plantar tendons of Pimdion haliaetua.
streaks on the breast and white streaks on the crown and nape.
Immature birds have most of the feathers of the upper parts more or
less margined with white.
o2
19G ACCIPITRES.
Figures : "Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. j)!. 38G (adult), pi. 387
(young in first plumage).
The Osprey is a resident in all the Japanese Islands. Captain
Blakiston has sent an example ol)taincd at Ilakodadi in October
(Secbohm, Ibis, 1881, p. 183), and there arc five examples in the
Pryer collection from Yokohama. In the Nonvieh Museum there
are several examples, which were brought by Mr. Ringer from Naga-
saki, where those proeun d by the Siebold Expedition were probably
obtained (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 13).
The Osprey is a cireum polar species, and has not yet been quite
exterminated in the British Islands. As it is not known to breed in
India or Burma, it probably emigrated to Japan from Siberia.
178. BUTASTER INDICUS.
(JAVAN BUZZARD.)
Fulco tvdtcus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 264 (1788).
The Javan Buzzard varies in length of wing from 13 Ho 12^ inches.
It is brown above, more or less barred with dark brown on the wings
and tail ; and white, barred with brown, below.
Figures : Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 325 (adult) ; Tem-
minck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 7 n (immature).
The Javan Buzzard is a very common resident in Southern Japan,
but it has not been recorded from Yezzo. There are four examples in
the Pryer collection from Y(;koliania, and two from the central group
of the Loo-Choo Islands. There are several exami)les, including a
nestling, iu the Norwich Museum, which were brought by Mr, Ringer
from Nagasaki (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soe. Japan, 1882,
p. 183), where the example figured in the 'Fauna Japonica' as
Buieo pyrrhoffenys, and described as Buteo polyogenysj was probably
])rocurcd.
TIk! range of the Javan Buzzard extends from Japan, the Philip-
pine Islands, and Celebes, across China, Borneo, and Java to the
Malay Peninsula.
Allied species occur in India and North-cast Africa, consequently
the Japan Buzzard must be regarded as one of the Tropical contribu-
tions to the Avifauna of Japan.
AQUILINE. 197
179. PERNIS APIVORUS.
(HONEY-BUZZARD.)
Falco apivoriis, Liuneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 130 (1766).
The Honey-Buzzard varies in length of wing (from carpal joint)
from 17^ to 15 inches. It varies greatly in colour, but the tail
always has four broad dark bands across it. It is easily recognized
by the small feathers on the lores.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 365 (male and female
adult), pis. 364-, 366 (immature).
The Honey-Buzzard appears to be a very rare bird in Japan.
There is one example in the Ley den Museum, probably from Naga-
saki, obtained during the Siebold Expedition (Temminck and Schlegel,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 24) ; and Captain Blakiston has recorded
in the ' Chrysanthemum' the capture of a fine male (without crest)
by Mr. Jouy at Cliiuscnji, in Tokio, during August.
The range of the Honey-Buzzard during the breeding-season
extends from the British Islands across Europe and Southern Siberia
to Japan.
AQUILIN.E.
180. MILVUS ATER.
(BLACK KITE.)
Falco ater, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 2G2 (1783).
Japanese examples of the Black Kite belong to the large Siberian
race, which was described in 1845 as Milviis melanotis (Temminck and
Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 14), and which may fairly claim
to be regarded as subspecifically distinct, under the name of Milvus
ater melanotis.
The Siberian race of the Black Kite is a large form (wing from
carpal joint 21^ to 18^ inches). It is easily recognized amongst
other Japanese birds of prey by its forked tail.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 5
(brown phase), pi. 5 b (rufous phase).
The Siberian Black Kite is a very common resident in Japan. It
198 ACCIPITRES.
is very numerous during the fishing-season at Eturop, the most
southerly of the Kurilc Islands (Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc.
Japan, i882, p. 181) ; and there is an example in the Swinhoe col-
lection from Ilakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 187 1, p. 150), whence it had
been obtained twenty years earlier by the Perry Expedition (Cassin,
Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 219). There are
three examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and one
in the Norwich Museum procured by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki.
The range of the Black Kite extends from Western Europe to
Eastern Siberia and Japan ; but examples from the latter districts
differ slightly from those inhabiting Europe. Some of the Siberian
birds appear to winter in India.
The Siberian form of the Black Kite is slightly larger than the
western form, and has the white at the base of the outer primaries
extending below the under wing-coverts, but that on the margins of
the feathers of the head is confined to the forehead.
Eggs in the Pryer collection are on an average larger than those
of the European form.
181. HALIAETUS ALBICILLA.
(WIIITE-TAILED EAGLE.)
Vultur albicilla, Linneus, Syet. Nat. i. p. 123 (1700).
The White-tailed Eagle is a large bird (wing from carpal joint
29 to 2G inches). The white tail is only characteristic of adult
birds, but the^absence of feathers on the lower half of the tarsus,
combined with the large size, prevent it being confused with any
other Japanese bird except Steller's Sea-Eagle, which has a very
cuneiform tail consisting of 14 (instead of 12) feathers.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 348 (adult), pi. 3i7
(young in first plumage) .
The White-tailed Eagle is a common resident on all the Japanese
coasts (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jajian, 1882, p. 180).
There are two examples in the Prycr collection from Yokohama; and
there are others in the Norwich Museum brought by Mr. Ringer from
Nagasaki, where the exam})lc obtained by the Siebold Expedition was
j)rol)ably procured (Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 12).
AQUILINE. 199
The breeding-range of the White-tailed Eagle extends from the
British Islands across Europe and Siberia to Japan.
As it is only a winter visitor to South China, it must be regarded
as a Palaearctic species which probably emigrated to Japan from
Siberia.
182. HALIAETUS PELAGICUS.
(STELLER'S SEA-EAGLE.)
Aquila pelagica, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 343 (1826).
Steller's Sea-Eagle may always be recognized by its wedge-shaped
tail, consisting of 14 (instead of 12) feathers. It is about the same
size as the White-tailed Eagle, but has a larger bill.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 4
(young) ; Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 489 (adult).
Steller's Sea-Eagle is a frequent winter visitor from its breeding-
grounds in Kamtschatka to the Japanese Islands, but is more often
seen in Yezzo than further south (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As.
Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 180). Mr. Henson has sent several examples
from Hakodadi, three of which are in the British Museum. There
are two examples in the Pryer collection from Yezzo (Seebohm, Ibis,
1884, p. 183), and one from the central group of the Loo-Choo
Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 232), the latter having been caught
exhausted in a paddy-field.
The breeding-range of Steller's Sea-Eagle is probably confined to
the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk.
183. AQUILA CHRYSAETUS.
(GOLDEN EAGLE.)
Falco chrysaetus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 125 (17GG).
The Golden Eagle is not quite so large as the Sea-Eagle (wing
from carpal joint 28 to 22 inches). Its tarsi feathered to the toes,
the absence of bars on the thighs and the rest of the underparts, and
its large size, prevent it from being confounded with any other Japa-
nese bird of prey.
200 ACCIPITRES.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 315.
Several examples of the Golden Eagle have been obtained in
Southern Japan, but it has not yet been recorded from Yezzo
(Blakiston and Prvcr, Ibis, IbTS, p. 217). There is a fine example
in the Pryer eolleetion from the game-market in Yokohama (See-
bohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 43).
The range of the Golden Eagle extends from the British Islands
aeross Europe and Siberia to Japan. As it is not known to occur in
South China, it must be regarded as a Palsearctic species which has
emigrated to Japan from Siberia.
184. AQUILA LAGOPUS.
(ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD-EAGLE.)
Falco lagopus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 260 (1788).
The Rough-legged Buzzard-Eagle is much smaller than any other
Japanese bird of prey which has the tarsus feathered to the toes
(wing from carpal joint 19 to 17 inches). A narrow strip at the
back of the tarsus is free from feathers, a peculiarity also found in
the nestling of the Golden Eagle.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pis. 331, 335.
The Rough-legged Buzzard-Eagle is a rare wiuter visitor to Japan.
Two examples have been procured at Hakodadi (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884,
p. 43), but it has not yet been recorded from Southern Japan.
The Rough-lcggcd Buzzard-Eagle is a rare winter visitor to the
British Islands, as well as to Japan. Its breeding-range extends
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and across Bcriug Straits into
Alaska.
185. SPIZAETUS NIPALENSIS.
(INDIAN CRESTED EAGLE.)
Nisaetus nipalensis, Hodgson, Joum. As. Soc. Beng. 183G, p. 229.
The Indian Crested Eagle is a large bird (^^ing from carpal joint
20 to 18 inches). It has the tarsus feathered to the toes. The
Ihiiiks and thighs are always barred.
ACCIPITRIN^. 201
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel_, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 3
(immature), sub nomine Spizaetus orientalis.
The Indian Crested Eagle is a resident on Hondo, and wanders in
winter as far as Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 181). An immature bird from Japan moulted in the
Zoological Gardens in London into the adult plumage. There is
also an adult example in the Fryer collection from Fuji-yama.
The breeding-range of this species extends from the Himalayas,
and the mountains of Southern India and Ceylon, across Southern
China to Formosa and Japan.
As it has not been recorded from North China or Siberia, it must
be regarded as a Tropical species which has emigrated to Japan from
the south.
ACCIPITRIN^.
186. BUTEO HEMILASIUS.
(SIBERIAN BUZZARD.)
Buteo hemilasius, Temminck and Scklegel, Faima Japonica, Aves, p. 18 (1845).
The Siberian Buzzard is a large bird (wing from carpal joint 20
to 18 inches). The tarsus is seutellated at the back, but reticulated
in front.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 7.
The Siberian Buzzard appears to be only an accidental visitor to
Japan. The Siebold Expedition obtained a single example at Naga-
saki, but no second specimen has been recorded from any of the
Japanese Islands.
This species breeds in Dauria and winters in Mongolia and North
China.
187. BUTEO VULGARIS.
(COMMON BUZZARD.)
Buteo vulgaris, Leach, Syst. Cat. M. & Birds Brit. Miis. p. 10 (1816).
Japanese examples of the Buzzard belong to the Eastern race of
this species, in which the upper half of the tarsus is plumed. It was
originally described from Nepal as Buteo plumipes (^Hodgson, Proc.
202 ACCIPITRES.
Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 37) ; and in the same year from Japan as
Falco buteo japoniciis and Buteo japonicus, in the text, and as Buteo
vulgaris japonicus on the plates (Temminck and Sehlegel, Fauna
Japonica, Aves, p. 16). It is a fairly distinct race (tliough it appears
to intcrgrade with the Western race), and is entitled to the name of
Buteo vulgaris plumipes.
The Eastern race of tlie Common Buzzard varies in length of wing
(from carpal joint) from 16^ to 13^ inches. The tenth primary
exceeds the primary-coverts by about 1^ inches ; in Butaster indicus
by 2| inches.
Figures : Temminck and Sehlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pis. G, 6 b.
The Japanese race of the Common Buzzard is probably only a
summer visitor to the Kurile Islands and to Yezzo, but a resident
in Southern Japan. There are several examples from Hakodadi in
the Swinhoe collection, and there are seven examples in the Pryer
collection from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer has obtained it at Nagasaki
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 182), whence
he has sent many examples to the Norwich Museum ; and Mr. Hoist
procured it on Peel Island, one of the central group of the Bonins
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 102).
The range of the Common Buzzard extends from the British
Islands across Europe, Central Asia, and Southern Siberia to Japan.
Examples from Europe and Turkestan differ slightly from those
found in Eastern Siberia, China, and Japan.
The Eastern form of the Common Buzzard is said to be always
distinguishable from the AVestern form by the greater extent to
which the tarsus is feathered. Adult birds arc said, further, to diftcr
in having uniform brown tails without bars.
188. CIRCUS CYANEUS.
(HEN-HARRIER.)
Falco ci/anem, Linneue, Syst. Nat. i. p. 126 (17G6).
The Hen-Harrier is smaller than the Marsh- Harrier (wing from
carpal joint 15^ to 13^ inches). Adult males are easily recognized
by the palo bluish-grey throat and breast, but females and young
males are very close to those of the Eastern Marsh- Harrier. In
C. (crug'inosus the 1st primary is an inch or more longer than the
7th J in C. cyancus they are nearly equal.
ACClPlTRINiE. 203
Figures : Dresser^ Birds of Europe^ v. pi. 329 (male and female
adult).
The Hen-Harrier is a summer visitor to the Kurile Islands and to
Yezzo, but a winter visitor to Southern Japan (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 185). There is an example in the
Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 448),
and there are eight examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The example obtained by the collectors of the Siebold Expedition, and
erroneously identified as Circus uligmosits, was doubtless procured
at Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 9).
The breeding-range of the Hen-Harrier extends from the British
Islands across North Euroi>e and Siberia to Japan.
189. CIRCUS JERUGINOSUS.
(MARSH-HARRIER.)
Cirais eertiginosus, Linnens, Syst. Nat. i. p. 130 (170G).
The Marsh- Harrier is on an average a somewhat larger bird than
the Hen-Harrier (large females 17 inches in length of wing from
carpal joint). The 1st and 7th primaries are nearly equal in length.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 326 (Western form) ;
pi. 327 (intermediate form) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, pi. 5 (Eastern
form) .
It is impossible to determine whether the Marsh-Harriers of Japan
belong to the Eastern or to the Western form of that species, or to
both. The male of the Eastern form, Circus spilonotus (Kaup, Contr.
Orn. 1850, p. 59), when fully adult has the underparts white, streaked
on the throat and breast with black ; whilst in the Western form the
throat and breast are buff streaked with brown, and the rest of the
underparts are chestnut. The females of the Eastern form are said
to have broad bands across the tail-feathers, but othei'wise to resemble
those of the Western form, which never has a banded tail in either
sex or at any age. I have never seen an adult male (with lavender-
grey tail) of either form from Japan ; but immature males and
females with uniform brown tails (presumably C. aniginosus), and
females with barred tails (probably C. spilonotus), are represented
in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. The existence of inter-
mediate forms between the two races, of which at least five examples
204 ACCIPITRKS.
have been recorded (Guruey, Diurnal Birds of Prey, p. 115)^ appears
to prove that they are ouly subspecifically distinet, and tliat probably
the immature examples of tlie two forms are indistinguishable.
The Marsh-Harrier is probably a summer visitor to all the Japanese
Islands^ whence it was first procured by Captain Blakiston from
Awomori on Houdo opposite Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 144).
There are several examples in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi,
and tlicre are four examples in the Pryer collection from Yokoliama.
The breeding-range of the Marsh-Harrier extends from the British
Islands across Europe and Southern Siberia to Japan.
190. ACCIPITER PALUMBARIUS.
(GOSHAWK.)
Fako pahimbaritis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 130 (1766).
The Goshawk measures from 14 to 12 iuclies in lengtli of wing
from carpal joint. In the adult male the upper parts are slate-grey,
and the underparts white barred with slate-grey. In the female
and young male the upper parts are brown with pale markings, and
the undcqmrts pale rufous streaked with brown.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, v. pi. 354 (female adult, and
young in first plumage).
The Goshawk is a resident in all the Japanese Islands. There is
an example in the Hakodadi Museum obtained in Yezzo (Blakiston
and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 218), and there arc five examples in the
Pryer collection from Yokohama. There is an example in the Paris
Museum procured by FAbbe Fauire near Awomori in the north of
Hondo.
The range of the Goshawk extends from the British Islands across
Europe aud Siberia to Japan.
191. ACCIPITER NISUS.
(COMMON SPARROW-HAWK.)
Falco nism, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 130 (1700).
The Common Sparrow- Hawk varies in length of wing (from carpal
ACCIPITRIN^.. 205
joint) from 9^ to 7^ inches. Tlie feathers of the throat appear each
of them always to have a dark shaft-streak.
Figures : Dresser^ Birds of Europe, v. pis. 355, 356, 357, 358.
The Common Sparrow-Hawk is a resident in all the Japanese
Islands. It has frequently been recorded from Yezzo (Whitely, Il)is,
1867, p. 194), and there are fifteen examples in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama. It is also common at Nagasaki (Blakiston and
Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 183), where the examples
obtained by the Siebold Expedition were probably obtained (Tem-
minck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 4), and whence a
large series has been sent by Mr. Ringer to the Norwich Museum.
The range of the Common Sparrow-Hawk extends from the British
Islands across Europe and Siberia to Japan.
192. ACCIPITER GULARIS.
(CHINESE SPARROW-HAWK.)
Astur (iS7s2/s) gularis, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. o
(1845).
The Chinese Sparrow-Hawk is smaller than the Common species
(wing from carpal joint 8^ to 6^ inches) . It has a line of black
streaks down the centre of the throat, which in the female and
young male is separated from the moustachial streaks by an unstreaked
longitudinal band.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 2 ;
Gurney, Ibis, 1863, pi. 11.
The Chinese Sparrow-Hawk was first described in 1845 by Tem-
minck and Schlegel, in the ' Fauna Japonica.' In 1847 it was re-
described from Malacca under the name of Accipiter nisoides (Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 727), and again in 1863 from China
as Accipiter stevensoni (Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 447).
It is found in all the Japanese Islands. The Perry Expedition
obtained examples at Hakodadi (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China
Seas and Japan, ii. p. 219), and several examples have been since
procured in Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 184). There are five examples in the Pryer collection from
Fuji-yama, near Yokohama, and there are others in the Norwich
Museum obtained by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki (Gurney, Diurnal
Birds of Prey, p. 165).
206 SERPENTARII.
It is probably only a summer visitor to Japan and China, wintering
in the islands of the ^lalay Archipelago and in the Burma penin-
sula. It is very common on migration in October and November in
Central Hondo (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 312).
Suborder XVII. SERPENTARII,
The Secretary Bird may be diagnosed as follows : —
Palate desmognathous ; basipterygoid processes present ; spinal
feather-tract well defined on the neck; deep plantar tendons galline;
oil-gland tufted.
This suborder contains only one species, which is only found in
the Ethiopian Region.
STEGANOPODES. 207
Subclass ANSERIFORMES.
The Anseriformes appear to form a natural group of birds which
may be diagnosed as follows : —
Palate desmognathous ; spinal feather-tract not defined on the
neck (either coalesced with the ventral feather-tracts, or replaced by
a spinal bare tract) ; front plantar not leading to the hallux.
The Subclass Anseriformes contains two Orders,
Order PELECANO-HERODIONES.
The Pelicans, the Herons, and their allies possess, of course, the
three characters which diagnose the Subclass to which they belong,
and in addition possess the following character, which distinguishes
them from the Lamellirostres : — the young are born helpless, and
require to be fed in the nest by their parents for many days.
The Order Pelecano-Herodiones contains three Suborders : Stega-
nopodes, Herodiones, and Platalese, each of which is represented in
the Japanese Empire.
Suborder XVIII. STEGANOPODES.
Palate desmognathous ; no bare tracts on neck ; mandible not
produced and recurved behind its articulation with the quadrate ; no
basipterygoid processes ; hallux united to second digit by a web.
The number of species which comprise the Steganopodes probably
does not much exceed 50. They generally breed in large colonies,
which are distributed in the tropical and temperate regions of both
hemispheres. They may be grouped in families, which are easily
diagnosed by well-marked osteological characters.
Eight species are found within the Japanese Empire.
208
STEGANOPODES.
193. PHALACROCORAX CARBO.
(COMMON CORMORANT.)
Pelecanus carbo, Linueus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 21G (1760).
Head of Phalacrocorax carbo. f natural size.
Ill the Common Cormorant the bare space on each side of the
throat extends behind the gape ; and in adult birds the gorget is
white, and tlie scapulars and wing-coverts are bronzy brown margined
Mith ])lack.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 388.
The Common Cormorant appears to be a resident in the Southern
Japanese Islands (Blakiston and Prycr, Ibis, 1878, p. 21G), but it
has been so much confused with Temminek's Cormorant that its
exact range is difficult to determine. There are no skins in the
Swinhoe collection from Ilakodadi, but there are two in the Pryer
collection from Yokohama. The Perry Expedition found it very
common in the Bay of Ycdo (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas
and Japan, ii. p. 234), and the Siebold Expedition obtained it at
Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 129).
The breeding-range of the Common Cormorant extends from the
British Islands across Europe and both Northern and JSouthern Asia
to Japan. It also extends to Australia and the Atlantic coast of
North America; but on the Pacific coast of the American continent
the Common ('ormorant appears to be crowded out by other species,
some of whicli range as far west as Japan.
STEGANOPODES.
209
194. PHALACROCORAX CAPILLATUS.
(TEMMINCK'S CORMORANT.)
Carlo Jilainentosus vel capillatus, Temmiuck and Sclilegel, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, p. 129 (1847).
Head of Phalacrocorax capillatus, f natural size.
In Temminck's Cormorant the bare space on each side of the
throat does not extend behind the gape ; the gorget is profusely
streaked "with greenish black, and the scapulars and wing-coverts are
bronzy green narrowly margined with black.
Figures : Temminck and Sclilegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 83
(adult), pi. 83 B (young) .
Temminck^s Cormorant is a resident in East China and Japan
(Seebohra, Ibis, 1885, p. 271). There are two examples from Amoy
in the Swinhoe collection, one dated February, the other April ; there
are also two examples from Hakodadi in the same collection pro-
cured in winter. I have a third example from Hakodadi collected
by Mr. Henson on the 22nd of February, and there is one in the
Pryer collection from Sarushima. It was originally described from
Nagasaki.
Temminck's Cormorant is a very distinct species. It is a Cormo-
rant, having fourteen tail-feathers, but in some respects it resembles
a Shag ; the scapulars and wing-coverts are bronzy green (not bronzy
brown as in the Common Cormorant). The gorget of the latter
species is white, but that of Temminck's Cormorant is profusely
streaked with greenish black, Temminck's Cormorant is slightly
the larger bird, and immature examples of the two species may be
p
210 STEGANOPODES.
distinguished by the difference in tlic sliapc of the hare space ou the
throat: in Teraminck's Cormorant the margin of the feathering
extends from the gape at a right angle to tlie line of the commissure,
and meets the margin of the other side at an acute angle, considerably
in front of the gape (Seebohra, Ibis, 1885, p. 270).
195. PHALACROCORAX PELAGICUS.
(RESPLENDENT SHAG.)
Phalaerocorax pelagicus, Tallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 303 (1820).
i
Ilt-ad of Phalaerocorax iielagicus. ? natural size.
The Shags have only ten tail-feathers, and the feathers of the back
and scapulars are not margined uith black. The Resplendent Shag
lias two crests when adult, and the forehead is always feathered to
the base of the bill.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japoniea, Aves, pi. 81.
(adult), pi. 81.H (young) ; misnamed Carlo bicristatus.
The Resplendent Shag breeds on the Kurile Islands, and is com-
mon on the coast of Yczzo during summer (Whitcly, Ibis, 1807,
p. 211) and probably in winter also. Great numbers visit Tokio
Bay in winter, but leave for the north in the spring. I have an
example collected by ^Nlr. Snow on the Kurile Islands, and there are
two examples in the Swinhoc collection from Ilakodadi, one of them
collected by Cajjtain lilakiston in winter (Swinhoe, ll)is, 1871, p. 1G4).
I have also two examples from Ilakodadi collected by Mr. Ilcnson
STKGANOPODES.
211
on the 22nfl of February ; and there are two in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama. There is also a fine example in the Norwich
Museum sent by Mr. Ringer from Nagasaki.
These examples agree in their measurements with an example from
Kamtschatka and with all the examples from China in the Swinhoe
collection, including the type of Phalacrocorax (Bolus (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1867, p. 395). They average: — wing 11 inches, tail 6 inches, bill
from frontal feathers 2 inches, tarsus 2:^ inches. They are all
feathered on the forehead to the base of the bill.
The breeding-range of the Resplendent Shag extends from the
Kurile Islands and Kamtschatka up to Norton Sound, and across the
Aleutian chain to the south coast of Alaska as far south-east as
Sitka.
196. PHALACROCORAX BICRISTATUS.
(BARE-FACED SHAG.)
Phalacrocorax bicristatus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 301 (1826).
Head of Phalacrocorax bicristatus. f natural size.
In the Bare-faced Shag, when adult, the forehead and a con-
siderable space round the eye is orange-red and bare of feathers.
Young birds are scarcely distinguishable from the young of the
Resplendent Shag.
Figures : Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer. ii.
p. 1G3 (coloiired Avoodctit of head).
Tlic Bare-faced Shag was found on the Kurile Islands l)y Steller,
p2
212 STEGANOPODES.
tliougli lie states tliat it is rarer there tliau in Karatschatka. I liave
only one example, a female, Avliieli has only partially completed its
moult into adult plumage, that I can refer to this species. It was
collected by Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands. The crests are well
developed, the white jdumes on the thighs are ai)i)caring, but the
wings are in full moult. The forehead is bare of feathers for some
distance, and the feathering on the side of the lower mandible runs
down in nearly a straight line.
Its range is said to be confined to the North Pacific, where it is
supposed to breed on the coasts of Alaska, Kamtschatka, and the
intervcnincr islands.
197. SULA LEUCOGASTRA.
(BOOBY GANNET.)
Pekeanm leucogaster, Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 57 (1783).
The Booby Gannet or Common Booby has always pale yellow feet.
"When adult it is broAvn all over, exeei)t the underparts below the
breast, which are white. Immature specimens are brown all over,
paler on the head, neck, and underparts.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. j)l. 78.
The Booby Gannet breeds on the Bonin Islands (Blakiston and
Prycr, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 102), and a single example
was brought from Japan by the Siebold Expedition (Teniminck and
Schlegel, Fauna Jai)oniea, Aves, p. 131). Ca])tain Bodgers also found
it on the Bonin Islands, and brought home an example (with i)ale
yellow feet) from the Eastern Sea, between the Loo-Choo Islands
and Formosa, which is recorded under the name of Sula jibcr (Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1802, p. 325). I have a skin from Peel
Island, and an egg from Long Island in the central Bonin group,
both collected by Mr. Hoist (Scebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 107). There
is an example in the Norwich Museum sent by Mr. Ringer from
Nagasaki. There is an example from Formosa in the Swinhoc collec-
tion, and there can be little doubt that Sula simcadwiia (Swiidioe, Ibis,
18G5, p. 109), from the coast of China, west of the Loo-Choo Islands,
must be referred to this species. It has a very wide range, south-
wards to Australia, westwards across the Iiulian and Atlantic Oceans
to the West Indies, and eastwards across the Pacific Ocean.
STLGANOPODES. 213
198. SULA PISCATRIX.
(RED-FOOTED BOOBY.)
Pelecanus piscator, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 217 (17GG).
The Red-footed Booby has coral-red feet at all ages. When adult
it is white with brown quills ; but immature birds are brown all over,
slightly paler on the undcrparts.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. pi. 79.
The Red-footed Booby has been admitted to the Japanese fauna
on the authority of an example in the possession of Mr. Whitely,
said to have been collected by Mr. Abel A. J. Gower while Consul
in Japan (Blakiston, Amended List of the Birds of Japan, p. 34).
I have an example of this species which was caught at sea by Mr.
Snow between Japan and the Kruzenstern Rocks, which lie about
sixty degrees due east of Formosa. It has occurred on the Philip-
pine Islands (Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 24G), and has a very
wide range, westwards across the Indian Ocean, southwards to
Australia, and eastwards across the Pacific Ocean.
199. PHAETON RUBRICAUDA.
(RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD.)
Phaeton ruhricauda, Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Eul. p. 57 (1783).
The Red-tailed Tropic-bird is a white bird with a yellow bill and
two long red feathers in the tail.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. pi. 73.
Mr. Hoist writes that there is a bunch of the tail-feathers of the
Red-tailed Tropic-bird in the Tokio Museum labelled Bonin Islands;
and he was told on the Parry Islands that a white bird with a red
tail was common there at certain seasons (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890,
p. 107). I have a skin which was procured by Mr. Snow in the
spring of 1883 on the Kruzenstern Rocks, about forty degrees to the
east of the Bonin Islands.
The Red-tailed Tropic-bird frequents the Indian and Pacific
Oceans, principally within the tropics.
:ill
IIERODIONES.
200. FREGATA MINOR.
(LESSER FRIGATE-BIRD.)
Pelecanus minor, Gnielin, Syst. Nut. i. p. 572.
The Frigate-birds look like small Cormorants with deeply forked
tails.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. pi. 72.
The Lesser Frigate-bird has been once shot at Hakodadi by Consul
Quin in October (Sccbolim, Ibis, 1881, p. 33).
It frequents the Pacific Ocean, priucipally uithin the tropics.
Suborder XIX. IIERODIOXES.
Palate dcsmognathous ; mandible not produced and recurved
behind its articulation with the quadrate ; spinal bare space extending
halfway or more up the neck.
PlCTylofiia of neck of Anlca cinerea.
The Ilcrodiones comprise three families. The Ardeidte, containing
about ciglity species, arc almost cosnu)jK)lit:in, but they are not found
in the arctic or antarctic regions, ^flic Scojiidtc contains only one
species, which is peculiar to the Ethiopian Region. The Ciconiida:
HERODIONES. 215
consist of a score species, and are nearly as cosmopolitan as the
Ardeida.
Of the 15 Japanese species belonging to the suborder Herodiones,
1 only is peculiar to Japan during the breeding-season ; 3 breed in the
Eastern Palsearctic Region; 5 breed both in the Palsearctic and
Oriental Regions, one of which breeds also in the Nearctic Region ;
whilst 6 may be regarded as exclusively tropical, breeding in the
Oriental Region.
Genus Ardea. — The typical Herons differ from the Night-Herons
{Nycticorax) and agree with the Bitterns {Botaurus) in having the
whole of the front of the tarsus covered with wide transverse plates ;
but they agree with Nycticorax and differ from Botaurus in having
twelve tail-feathers, and in having the inner toe shorter than the
outer. They differ from both these genera in having the tibia bare
of feathers for a greater distance than the length of the hind toe
without the claw, but this character is subject to much individual
variation. In Ardea garzetta it varies from 1*5 to 2*5 inches, being
sometimes longer and sometimes shorter than the length of the inner
toe without the claw. In Ardea coromanda it is always shorter than
the inner toe, but never so short as the hind toe without the claw.
The genus Ardea may be divided into few or many subgenera
according to the caprice of the systematist. The Japanese species
consist of one typical Heron, five Egrets, and a Reef-Heron ; but I
know of no generic characters to distinguish one group from another.
201. ARDEA CINEREA.
(HERON.)
Ardea dnerea, Linneiis, Syst. Nat. i. p. 23G (176G).
The Common Heron is a large grey-backed species like the Purple
Heron (which is very likely to occur in Japan), but may be distin-
guished from it at all ages by the colour of its forehead and crown,
which is slate-grey in young in first plumage, moulting to white in
the adult, whilst that of the Purple Heron is russet-brown in the
young, moulting to black in the adult.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, iv. pi. 395.
The Common Heron is somewhat sparingly distributed in all the
Japanese Islands. There is an example in the Swiuhoe collection
21G HERODIONES.
from Ilakodadi (Swinlioc, Ibis, 187G, p. 335), and tlicrc arc four
examples in the Prycr collection from Yokohama. It also occurs in
Nagasaki (Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc. Jai)an, 1882, p. 118)
and the Loo-Clioo Islands (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas
and Japan, ii. p. 214). The examples obtained by Dr. Siebold were
doubtless procured at Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegcl, Fauna
Japonica, Aves, p. 114).
The breeding-range of the Common Heron extends from the British
Islands, across Europe and Southern Siberia to Japan. It also breeds
in India. Chinese and Japanese examples do not appear to differ
from European ones, but Dybowski states that Siberian examples
have more developed nuptial plumes and redder feet (Taczauowski,
Journ. Orn. 1871, p. 333).
202. ARDEA ALBA.
(GREAT WHITE EGRET.)
Ardea alba, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 239 (17GG).
The Great "White Egret has no nuptial plumes on the head or
breast, but in breeding-dress they are m cU developed on the scapulars.
The bill is black in summer and yellow in winter. It is the largest
of the Japanese "White Egrets (wing from carpal joint 18 to 13^
inches) .
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 398 (Western race) ;
Gray and Ilardwieke, 111. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 19 (Eastern race, described
as Ardea modest a).
Both races of the Great White Egret appear to visit Japan, the
Eastern race as a common summer visitor, the Western race as a more
or less accidental winter visitor. The two races only differ in size.
The length of the wing (from carpal joint) of the Western or typical
race, Ardea alba, varies from 18 to 15^ inches; that of the Eastern
race, Ardea alba modesta^ from 15^ to 13^ inches.
The Eastern race of the Great White Egret is a summer visitor to
all the Japanese Islands, arriving in Tokio Bay in April. It has been
seen on Eturop, the most southerly of the Kurile Islands (Blakiston
and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc. Jajjan, 1882, p. 118) ; and there is an
example in the Swlnhoe collection from Ilakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1870, p. 335). There is an example in the Pryer collection from
Tokio; and it has been collected by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki.
HERODIONES. 217
It is to this race that the Great White Heron procured by Dr.
Siehold doubtless at Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna
Japonica, Aves^ p. 114) must be referred; and also that procured by
Captain Rodgers on the Loo-Choo Islands (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 321), which has lately been examined in the
Philadelphia Museum (Stejneger, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, p. 170).
The Eastern race of the Great "White Heron breeds in Southern
Siberia, and in India, Burma, and China.
A large form of the Great White Egret, with a length of wing
varying from 16^ to 17| inches, has occurred several times in Japan.
Dr. Stejneger gives the measurements of one example from Yezzo
and two from Tokio ; and Captain Blakiston mentions three others
from Yokohama, all obtained in winter, and all with yellow bills. I
have not had an opportunity of examining any of these skins, but
feel little doubt as to the species to which they should be referred.
They agree apparently with the winter plumage of the W^estern form
of A. alba, and it is scarcely possible that they can be examples of
A. egretta from America, or of A. syrmalophora from Australia and
New Zealand. The length of the bill (4f to 5 inches from frontal
feathers) and of the tarsus (6^ to 8 inches) appears to be too great for
either the American or Australian species, so that the evidence seems
to be strongly in favour of regarding these large Japanese Egrets as
examples of the western race of Ardea alba, which have wandered
eastwards in winter. So far as I know, none of the other Egrets
named ever have the tarsus as much as 7 inches long.
203. ARDEA INTERMEDIA.
(PLUMED EGRET.)
Ardea intermedia, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 659.
The Plumed Egret is fairly entitled to the name given it by Gould,
In breeding-plumage the dorsal plumes frequently extend six inches
or more beyond the tail, and the pectoral plumes are often six inches
long, and disintegrated like those of the scapulars. The combination
of these two characters with the absence of nuchal plumes is found
in no other Japanese Heron. The bill in summer is always more or
less dark at the point and yellow at the base of both mandibles. In
Avinter the bill is entirely yellow, a character sufficient to distinguish
218 llERODIONES.
it from A. yarzetta. Its length of wing from the carpal joint, which
varies from IH to 12i inches, distinguishes it from A. coromanda
and A. eulophotes, in which the wing varies from 9 to 10 inches ; and
from A. alba modcsta or A. alba, in which the wing varies from 13^
to 18 inches. The length of bill from the frontal feathers varies from
2f to 3^ inches, which is more than that of A. corumanda, and less
than that oi A. alba modesta. The Plumed Egret is also remarkable
for its very long toes, the longest measuring more than 3 inches
without the claw.
Figures : Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 69
(erroneously named Ardea egrettoides, Avhich is a synonym of Ardea
alba) ; Gould, Birds of Australia, vi. pi. 57 (erroneously described
as a new species under the name of Herodias pluiaiferus).
The Plumed Egret is a summer visitor to all the Japanese Islands,
probably remaining to winter in the south. There are eight examples
in winter dress from Yokohama in the Pryor collection, and it has
been found in Nagasaki and Yezzo in summer dress (Blakiston and
Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 119).
This Egret lias a very wide range. It is said to be a resident
throughout the Ethiopian and Oriental llegions, and the Austro-
Malayan and Australian Subregions.
The Plumed Egret is said to vary in the amount of black which
the bill acquires during the breeding-season. In the Swinhoe col-
lection is an example from Canton in full summer dress with the bill
yellow, except for about half an inch at the tip, which is dark brown.
An example from Yokohama has the terminal two thirds of the bill
brown, whilst those from India and Ceylon are described as black in
summer. It is possible that the eastern birds are subspecifically
distinct, and that they should bear the name of Ardea intermedia
jjlumifera.
204. ARDEA GARZETTA.
(LITTLE EGRET.)
Ardea fjarzetta, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 237 (17G0).
The Little Egret has a black bill both summer and winter. The
length of wing from carpal joint varies from 10 to 11 inches, which
is rather more than that of A. coromanda, and rather less than that
o{ A. intermedia (neither of which ever has a black bill), and very
HERODIOxNES, 219
much less than that of either the eastern or western forms of A. alba
(which have a black bill in summer, and a yellow bill in winter).
Although the Little Egret is a smaller bird than A. intermedia, it has
a longer bill. Measured from the frontal feathers the bill of the
smaller species varies from 3^ to 3 inches, whilst that of the larger
species varies from 3 to 2| inches.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 399.
The Little Egret has not been obtained in Yezzo ; but it is a resi-
dent in Southern Japan. There are eight examples in the Pryer
collection from Yokohama (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 27). The
examples procured by Dr. Siebold were doubtless obtained near
Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 115).
The Little Egret is only an accidental visitor to the British Islands,
but its breeding-range extends from South Europe across Persia,
India, Burma, and China to Japan.
205. ARDEA COROMANDA.
(EASTERN BUFF-BACKED HERON.)
Cancroina coromanda, Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783).
The Eastern representative of the Buff-backed Heron appears to
be specifically distinct from its Western ally, and it is supposed that
the ranges of the two species do not coalesce. The Eastern Buff-
backed Heron differs from A. bubulcus in being rather larger in its
size, and somewhat more brilliant in the colour of its nuptial plumes.
In breeding-dress the chestnut-buff plumes on the head, nape, breast,
and scapulars distinguish it from the other Japanese species. In
winter plumage the length of the wing from carpal joint, which
varies from 9 to 10 inches, distinguishes it from every other Japanese
White Egret except perhaps from very small examples of A. garzetta.
The colour of its bill, which is yellow at all seasons of the year,
prevents it from being confused with A. garzetta, in which the bill
is always black. There is, however, another small white Egret which
is found in China (and possibly in the Malay Archipelago and
Australia, if A. immaculata be the same species), and which may
probably occasionally visit Japan, which is about the same size iu
length of wing. A. eulophotes may be recognized in summer by its
220 IIERODIONES.
■white occipital crest. lu winter it may be known by its longer bill,
which measures from the frontal feathers 3^- to 2§ inches, instead of
only from 2 i to 2j inches; and by its shorter middle toe, which
measures, Mithout the claw, only from 2^ to 2g instead of from 2|
to 2| inches; so that in A. eu/ophotes the bill is longer than the
middle toe, but in A. coromanda it is shorter.
Figures : D^Aubcnton, Planches Enluminecs, no. 910.
The Eastern Buti'-backcd Heron is a summer visitor to Southern
Japan, but it has not been recorded from Yezzo. There are four
examples from Tokio in winter plumage in the Pryer collection
(Scebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 35), and I have one in full summer dress
from Sakai, in the south-west of the main island, collected by Mr.
Owston. It has been sent by Mr. Ringer from Nagasaki, where
the examples obtained by Dr. Siebold were doubtless also procured
(Temminek and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 115).
It is a tropical species, inhabiting India, Ceylon, the Burma
Peninsula, Cochin China, Southern China, Java, Borneo, Celebes,
and the Philippine Islands.
206. ARDEA JUGULARIS.
(EASTERN REEF-HERON.)
Ardea jugularis, Wngler, Syst. Av. p. 214 (1827).
The grey phase of the Eastern Reef-Heron may be known by the
nearly uniform slate-grey colour of the plumage ; the white phase is
of the same length of wing as Ardea intermedia, but the bill from
frontal feathers (3y to 3§ iuches) is longer instead of sliortcr than
the middle toe and claw (2§ to 2^ inches).
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vi. pi. GO (grey form), pi. Gl
(white form).
The synonymy of the Reef-Herons is in the greatest confusion in
consequence of there being two forms, one pure white, and the other
slate-grey with a white line down the chin and upper throat. Tiie
white form appears to lie the rarer of tlie two, but they arc generally
found together, and occasionally produce ])iebald exami)lcs, pre-
sumably by interbreeding. The Japanese birds belong to the Eastern
species, which is said to range from the Andaman Islands castAvards
(Ui the coasts of Burma, the islands of the Malay Archipelago, to the
HERODIONES, 221
coasts of Australia and New Zealand, and to some of tlie Pacific
Islands. It is probable that the name oi Ardea sacra (Gmelinj Syst.
Nat. i. p. 640) may apply to the white form ; but in the absence of
proof it is wisest to adopt Wagler^s name for the grey form, and
Ardea jugularis greyi (Gray, List Spec. Birds Coll. Brit. Mus.
iii. p. 80) for the white form. From Ceylon westwards along the
coasts of Africa to the Gulf of Guinea a nearly allied species, Ardea
gularis, is found, with much more white on the throat and a much
more elongated crest.
The Eastern Reef-Heron is found as far north as Southern
Japan, where it was obtained by Dr. Siebold (Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, v. pt. 4, p. 28), though it was not included in the
' Fauna Japonica.' Mr. Ringer gave me two skins from Tsu-sima, an
island in the Straits of Corea, and he also procured it from the
Goto Islands a little further south (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As.
Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 120). Captain Rodgers obtained both the grey
form and the white form on the shores of the Loo-Choo Islands
(Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 321) ; and there are
two examples of the grey form in the Pryer collection from the same
locality. There are also examples of both the grey form and the
white form from the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands in the
museum of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington (Stejneger,
Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, pp. 301-303). The grey forms
from the Corcan Straits and from the Loo-Choo Islands are described
by Stejneger as a new species under the name of Demiegretta
ringeri.
In none of my examples is the crown or the occipital crest lighter
in colour than is the case with typical examples in summer plumage,
as stated by Dr. Stejneger of birds from the same localities. They
all agree in having a narrow white line on the chin and upper throat,
though this is sometimes obsolete or nearly so. Examples from the
Pacific are on an average larger, darker and browner on the under-
parts than those from the Bay of Bengal.
Genus Nycticorax. — The Night-Herons differ from the Herons
(Ardea) and from the Bitterns [Botaurus) in having the lower
portion of the tarsus reticulated instead of scutellated in front. They
further differ from Ardea, and resemble Botaurus, in having the
tibia feathered almost to the joint; and they further differ from
222 IIERODIOXES.
Botaurus and resemble Ardea in having twelve tail-feathers, and in
having the inner toe shorter than the outer.
The genus Nydicorav may be divided into several subgenera —
Night-Herons (typieal Nydicorax), ]\Iangrovc-Hcrons {Bi/torides),
and Scjuacco Herons [Ardeola) : the two former with grey (instead
of Avhite) quills ; and the two latter with straight and somewhat
slender (instead of dceurvcd and stout) bills.
207. NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX.
(NIGHT-HERON.)
Ardea 7iycticorax, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 235 (1766).
The Night-Heron is a medium-sized species (wing from carpal
joint 10^ to 11 inches). It has grey quills, a stout decurved bill,
and uniform pale grey axillaries.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 402.
The Night-Heron is a common summer visitor to Southern Japan,
but is not known to have occurred in Yezzo. In the Pryer collec-
tion there is a large series of both adult and immature examples from
Yokohama. The examples procured by the Siebold Expedition were
doubtless obtained near Nagasaki (Temminek and Schlegel, Fauna
Japonica, Aves, p. 116) ; and there is one in the Norwich Museum
sent by Mr. Ringer from the same locality. It was included by Prycr
in the list of birds obtained by Namiye on the central group of the
Loo-Choo Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 181), and the specimen
Avas identified l)y Dr. Stcjueger (Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1887, p. 296).
The breeding-range of the Night-Heron does not reach the British
Islands (where this species is only known as a rare visitor), but it
extends across Southern Europe to Persia, India, Burma, China, and
Japan. It also breeds on the American continent.
208. NYCTICORAX CRASSIROSTRIS.
(BONIN NIGHT-HERON.)
Nydicorax crassirostris, Vigors, Zool. Captain Beecbey's Voyage, p. 27 (1839).
Tlic Bonin Night-Heron has a white superciliary stripe and white
IlERODIONES. 223
axillaries, and is otlicrAvise similar to iV. cnledomca, except that the
height of the bill at the nostrils varies from TO to '9 (instead of from
•9 to '8) inches.
The Bonin Night-Heron was discovered by Kittlitz in 1828, but
he identified it with the Australian species ; and when he recorded
it in 1833 (Kittlitz, Kupfertafeln zur Naturgesehichte der Vcigel,
pt. iii. p. 27) he called it Ardea caledonica. It had, however, been
discovered in 1827 by Captain Beechey during the voyage of the
'Blossom,^ but the zoological results of this voyage were not published
until 1839, when the Bonin Night-Heron was named Nycticorax
crassirustris. Yigors's type was placed in the iMuseum of the Zoolo-
gical Society, and was transferred to the British Museum, where it
now is, all statements (Walden, Trans. Zool. Soe. ix. p. 238) to the
contrary notwithstanding.
The only other example known to exist is one in my collection,
which was procured by Mr. Hoist on Nakoudo-Shiraa, one of the
Parry Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 106).
209. NYCTICORAX GOISAGI.
(JAPANESE NIGHT-HERON.)
Nycticorax goisagi, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 582 (1835).
The Japanese Night- Heron is a medium-sized species (wing from
carpal joint 10 to 10^ inches). It has dark grey quills tipped with
chestnut, a stout decurved bill, and barred axillaries.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 70.
The Japanese Night- Heron, or, as it is sometimes called, the Japanese
Tiger-Bittern, is peculiar to Japan and Formosa. There are six ex-
amples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama ; and Mr. Dresser has
seven examples procured in the same locality by Mr. Owston. There
are examples in the Tweeddale collection and in the Norwich Museum
obtained by Mr. Ringer from Nagasaki, whence those obtained by
Dr. Siebold were probably also procured. It is veiy closely allied to
the Malayan Night-Heron, Nycticorax melanolophus, a species which
ranges from Southern India (Bourdillon, Stray Feathers, vii. p. 525),
Ceylon, the Nicobar Islands (Hume, Stray Feathers, ii. p. 312), the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippine Islands, to
Formosa (Biittikofer, Notes from the Leyden Museum, 1887, p. 81),
224 IIERODIONES.
but it has not been obtained in China. The two species arc so nearly
allied that Swinhoc regarded them as identical ; but there seems good
grounds for believing them to be distinct.
The ^Malay species always has a dark crest (with a central and
subtcrminal white spot on each feather in the young in first i)lumagc) ;
there is much white on the axillaries, under wing-eovcrts, and on the
tips of the primaries.
It is not known that the Japanese species ever has a dark crest
(though two of ray specimens are very dark and grey on the fore-
head and crown) ; the pale bars across the axillaries and under wing-
coverts are buff instead of white, and in only one example is there
any white on the tips of the primaries, except on the first. Young
in first plumage are unknown.
It has been stated that the shape of the bill is different in the two
species, but this is not the case, except that in the Malayan species
the bill is slightly longer than in the Japanese bird.
Both species occur on Formosa, the INIalayan species as a breeding
bird, and the Japanese species probably as a winter visitor, as the
examples without the black crest in the Swinhoc collection were
obtained in March, a fact which caused Swinhoe to regard them as
the winter plumage of the Malayan species.
There can be no manner of doubt that this species has 12 and not
merely 10 tail-feathers as has been stated (Rcichenow, Journ. Orn.
1877, p. 21G).
210. NYCTICORAX JAVANICUS.
(AUSTRALIAN MANGROVE-HERON.)
Ardea javanica, Ilorsficld, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1821, p. 190.
The Australian Mangrove-IIcron is a small species (wing from
carpal joint 7-5 to 8-2 inches) . It has grey quills, a straight bill,
and grey axillaries.
Figures: Gould, Birds of Australia, vi. pi. GG (under the name of
Ardetta mucrorlnjiicha) , pl.G7 (under the name of Ardetta staynatUls).
The Australian Mangrove-Heron is a summer visitor to Japan.
Captain Biakiston obtained it at Hakodadi (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 120) ; and Mr. Ringer has sent
examples to the Norwich Museum procured at Nagasaki (Sccbohm,
HERODIONES. 325
Ibis, 1884, p. 35), where those obtained by the Siebold Expedition
(recorded erroneously under the name of Ardea scapularis) were
doubtless also procured (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, p. 116).
The Australian Mangrove-Heron was originally described from
North Australia, under the name of Ardetta stagnatilis (Gould, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 221); it was afterwards redescribed from the east
coast of Australia, under the name of Ardetta macrorhyncha (Gould,
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1848, p. 39). It is probable that the Ardea patru-
elis, described in the same year from Tahiti (Peale, Zool. U. S. Ex pi.
Exp. p. 216), must be referred to this race; and there can be no
doubt that the names Ardea [Butorides) virescens var. amurensis
(Schrenck, Reis. Forsch. Amur-Lande, i. p. 441) and Butorides
schrenckii (Bogdanow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. i. p. 115) do belong
to it. This race breeds in the valley of the Amoor and probably in
Japan, and winters in Formosa and South China. It is said also to
breed in Australia. It may be known as Nycticorax javanicus stag-
natilis. It cannot be regarded as more than subspecifically distinct
from the typical Nycticorax javanicus, as it only differs from it in size
(wing 8*2 to 7'5 inches). Indian examples are smaller (wing 7*2 to
6"5 inches). The typical form ranges from India and Ceylon, across
the Burma Peninsula to the Malay Archipelago and South China.
Probably both forms occur and completely iutergrade in the tropics.
211. NYCTICORAX PRASINOSCELES.
(CHINESE SQUACCO HERON.)
Ardeola prasinosceles, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 64.
The Squacco Herons form a group of half a dozen small species,
in which the wing from carpal joint only measures from 8 to 9 inches.
The Chinese Squacco Heron is white, with the head, nape, and sides
of the neck chestnut, and with the disintegrated feathers of the back
and breast greenish black in the adult. In immature birds the
chestnut is replaced by brown streaked with buff, the breast is white
streaked with brown, the back and the tertials are brown, the wing-
coverts are pale brown, and the scapulars are obscurely streaked
with buflf.
226 IlERODIONES.
The sole elaim of the Chinese Squacco Heron to be rcg:ardcd as a
Japanese bird rests upon a single immature example proeured by
Captain Blakiston at Ilakodadi on the 12th of October, 1879, and
presented by him to the museum of the Smithsonian Institution in
Washington (Secbohra, Ibis, 1884-, p. 35).
The Chinese Squaeco Heron is a resident in South China and
Cochin China. It is said to be a summer visitor to Central China
(David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 443). It has once occurred in
Manchuria (Taczanowski, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1886, p. 309),
and is also recorded from Independent Burma, Tenasserim, and the
Malay Peninsula.
It is possible that the Crabier de Malac (D'Aubenton, Planches
Enluminees, plate 911) may be intended to represent an immature
example of this species, in ^vhich ease the names Cancruma leucoptera
(Boddaert, Table PI. Enl. p. 51) and Ardea malaccensis (Gmelin,
Syst. Nat. i. p. 043) must 1)0 added to its synonymy. Tlie name of
Buphus bacchus, dating from 1857 (Bonaparte, Consp. Generum
Avium, ii. p. 127), belongs, without doubt, to it.
Genus Botaurus. — The Bitterns differ from the Herons (Ardea)
and from the Night-Herons {Nycticorax) in liaving only ten instead
of twelve tail-feathers, and in liaving the inner toe longer than the
outer. Tlicy further differ from Nycticorax and resemble Ardea in
having the whole of the front of the tarsus covered with wide trans-
verse plates. They further differ from Ardea and resemble Nycti-
corax in having the tibia feathered almost to the joint.
212. BOTAURUS STELLARIS.
(BITTERN.)
Ardea stcUaris, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 239 (17G(>).
The Common Bittern is a large bird (wing from carpal joint more
than 12 inches) and it has barred primaries.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of luirope, vi. pi. 4()3.
The Bittern is found in all the Japanese Islands, and is probably a
suunncr visitor to Vezzo, and a resident in the islands further south.
There is an example in the Swinhoc collection from Ilakodadi
HERODIONES. 227
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 455), and there are three examples in tlie
Pryer collection from Yokohama. Mr. llingcr has also procured it
at Nagasaki, where the examples obtained by the Siebold Expedition
were also doubtless procured (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Ja-
ponica, Aves, p. 116).
The breeding- range of the Bittern extends from the British Islands
across Europe and Asia, both north and south of Mongolia, to Japan.
213. BOTAURUS SINENSIS.
(ORIENTAL LITTLE BITTERN.)
Ardea sinensis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. G42 (1788).
The Oriental Little Bittern is a small bird (wing from carpal joint
5 to 5^ inches), with white or buff axillaries, and the tibiae completely
feathered to the joint.
Figures : Gray and Hardwicke, 111. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 66. fig. 2.
The Oriental Little Bittern or Yellow Bittern is found in all the
Japanese Islands. There are numerous examples from Yokohama in
the Pryer collection, and Captain Blakiston sent me one from Hako-
dadi. There are two examples in the Norwich Museum sent by
Mr. Ringer from Nagasaki; they do not differ from Chinese ex-
amples in the Swinhoe collection (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 27).
It is a tropical species, resident in India, Ceylon, the Malay
Peninsula, many of the Islands of the Malay Archipelago, and
China.
214. BOTAURUS EURHYTHMA.
(SCHRENCK'S LITTLE BITTERN.)
Ai'detta eurhythma, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1873, p. 73.
Schrenck's Little Bittern is a small bird (wing from carpal joint
5 to 5^ inches), with grey axillaries, and the tibia not quite feathered
to the joint.
Figures : Swinhoe, Ibis, 1873, pi. 2 (adult) ; Schrenck, Reis.
Forsch. Amur-Lande, i. pi. 13. fig. 3 (young).
Schrenck^s Little Bittern has occurred several times in Yezzo
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 118). There
q2
228 HKKODIONES,
is an example in the Swinhoe collection from Ilakodadi (Swinlioe,
Ibis, 187G, p. 335), and there are two examples from Yokohama in
the Pryer collection. They do not differ from Chinese specimens.
It breeds in the valley of the Amoor and in North China, migra-
ting in antumu to Japan and South China.
215. CICONIA BOYCIANA.
(JAPANESE STORK.)
Ctconia boyciana, Swinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 512.
The Japanese Stork is a very large bird (wing from carpai joint
27 inches), and is white w'ith black scapulars and black quills, except
that the outer webs of some of the primaries are partly hoary white.
Figures : Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, pi. 1.
The Japanese Stork is said to be a resident in Japan. There are
two examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. It was origi-
nally described by Swinhoe from a pair of living examples in the
grounds of the British Consulate at Shanghai^ which had been
brought from Yokohama; and Mr. Sclater's figure was drawn from
a second pair brought by Swinhoe from Japan. Dybowski found it
in some numbers in the valley of the Ussuri (Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soe. 1874, p. 307); and Mr. Jouy obtained three examples in
the Corea (Stcjucger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 286).
It is to be seen sailing on its immense spread of wings over the plains
near Yokohama (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 224).
The Japanese Stork appears to be nearest allied to the INIaguari
Stork, Ciconia maguari, a species which inhabits the pampas of South
America. It is larger than its Neotropical ally (wing from carpal
joint 27 instead of 20 inches) ; but it resembles it in having the bare
skin in front of the eye red ; its bill is black instead of horn-colour,
and its upper tail-eovcrts white instead of Ijlack. There can, how-
ever, be little doubt that its real affinities are with the Wliite Stork,
Ciconia (ilha, the range of which extends from Sjjain across Europe
and Western Asia to J']astcrn Turkestan, where it has been recorded
as far east as Yarkand. The White Stork is intermediate in size
(wing about 23 inches) ; the distribution of black and white on the
plumage is the same as that of the Japanese Stork, but the bill is
red, and the bare skin in trout of the eye is black.
PLATALE.li. 229
Suborder XX. PLATALEjE.
The Spoonbills and Ibises form a connecting-link between the
Anserine and the Ardeine groups of birds ; but in some respects
they closely resemble the Limicoline group. They appear to be
easily diagnosed by two characters. They agree with the Anseres
and Herodiones in having the maxillo-palatines completely fused with
each other^ and with the Limicolse in being schizorhinal in the bifur-
cation of their nasals. They further agree with the Anseres and the
Limicolae in having the mandible produced behind its articulation
with the quadrate and recurved.
There are only about 30 species of Platalese^ which are distributed
throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of the world.
Of the four Japanese species which belong to this suborder one is
only known to breed in Japan, one is confined to Japan and East
China, one is Paleearctic and Orientab whilst the fourth is only
Oriental and Japanese.
216. PLATALEA LEUCORODIA.
(COMMON SPOONBILL.)
Platalea leucm-odia, Linnens, Syst. Nat. i. p. 231 (1766).
The Common Spoonbill is rather larger than Swinhoe^s Black-
faced Spoonbill ; the naked skin on the face is yellow ', and the throat
is bare in the middle for a much greater distance than it is on the
sides. The feathering on the forehead and sides of the head reaches
far in front of the eye.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 75,
under the name of Platalea major.
The Common Spoonbill is a somewhat rare bird in Japan, espe-
cially in Yezzo. There is an example in the Swinhoe collection
obtained by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi, where it had been pre-
viously procured on the 13th of October (Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 204-),
and another from Yokohama obtained in November.
The range of the Common Spoonbill extends from the British
Islands (where it formerly bred) across Europe and Southern Siberia
to Japan. To these countries it is only a summer visitor, but it is a
resident in North Africa, India, and Ceylon. It is a winter visitor to
Formosa and South China.
230
PLATALEiE.
It has been stated that the Eastern race of the Common Spoonbill
has a longer culmen than the Western raee, and ought therefore to
be regarded as subspecifically distinct (Ogilvic-Grant, Ibis, 1889,
p. 41). I have been unable to find the slightest evidence of the
truth of this statement. The extreme length of bill attained by old
birds seems to be 9 inches, and this appears to be the case through-
out the range of the species from Spain to Japan. It is true that
Hume states (Stray Feathers, i. p. 256) that in Scinde and the
Punjab they sometimes attain a length of 9*7 inches ; but as no
example in the Hume collection measures more than 9 inches, it is
probable that this is a misprint for 9*1 inches. If it be not a printer's
error, it only proves that there may be a large-billed race of the
Side of head and throat of Platalea lencorodia. \ natural size.
Common Spoonbill which is a resident in the Oriental Region,
perhaps only in the western half of the Oriental Region, and it still
leaves the Japanese Spoonbills absolutely indistinguishable from those
of Holland.
The alleged difference in the extent of the bare space on the throat
between Eastern and Western examples docs not appear to have any
geographical significance, but to be due either to individual varia-
tions or to dill'ercuce of age.
PLATALE.E.
231
217. PLATALEA MINOR.
(SWINHOE'S BLACK-FACED SPOONBILL.)
Platalen minor, Temminck and Sclilegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 120 (1847).
Swinhoe's Black-faced Spoonbill is rather smaller than the Common
Spoonbill ; the naked skin on the face is black ; and the feathering
scarcely extends in front of the eyes either on the forehead or on the
sides of the head. The bare space on the throat is, on the other
hand, much less extensive than in the European species.
Figures : Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 70
(bare skin on face coloured wrong) .
The type of Swinhoe's Black-faced Spoonbill has a black face,
though it is neither described nor figured as such in the ' Fauna
Japonica.' In all probability it was procured at Nagasaki, whence
there is an example in the Christiania Museum, collected by Mr,
Petersen in December (Stejneger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
Side of head and throat of Platalea minor, f natural size.
1887, p. 283). There is also a head in the collection of Canon Tris-
tram at Durham, obtained by Lieutenant Gunn on North Goto
Island, west of Nagasaki (Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1889, p. 57).
So far as is known, Swinhoe's Black -faced Spoonbill is peculiar to
Formosa and the extreme south of Japan. It is very nearly allied to
Platalea melanorhyncha from Australia and Timor, which combines
the black face of P. minor with the naked throat of P. leucorocUa.
232 PLATALBiB.
218. IBIS NIPPON.
(JAPANESE CRESTED IBIS.)
Ibis nippon, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 561 (1835).
The Japanese Crested Ibis is a large species (wing from carpal
joint 16 inclies) ; it is white when adult (grey on the head, crest,
neck, and back when immature), with the fore part and sides of the
head naked and scarlet, and the quills suffused with scarlet.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 71.
The Japanese Crested Ibis breeds in Yezzo, but probably migrates
southwards in autumn. In Southern Japan it is a resident (Blaki-
ston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 223). There is an example in the
Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 455),
and there is one in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. It is not
peculiar to Japan, but breeds also at Ningpo, and occurs in winter in
the Corcan Peninsula, and on the coasts of South China and Hainan.
It docs not seem to be closely related to any of the other Ibises,
and it is impossible to guess wliich is its nearest ally.
219. IBIS MELANOCEPHALA.
(WHITE IBIS.)
Tantalus melanocephalus^ Latham, Index Orn. ii. p. 709 (1790).
The White Ibis is a large species (wing from carpal joint 13 to 15
inches). It is white with grey disintegrated tertials in adult breeding
plumage. The head and neck are naked and black.
Figures : Temminck, Planches Coloriecs, no. 481 (1829).
The White Ibis is probably a summer visitor to Southern Japan,
but has not been recorded from Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis,
1878, p. 223). There is an example in the Swinhoe collection and
one in the Pryer collection, both from Yokohama (Secbohm, Ibis,
1884, p. 35).
It is a tropical species resident throughout the Oriental Region
(Secbohm, Ibis^ 1888, p. 437), and is represented by close allies in
the Ethiopian and Australian Regions.
PHCENICOPTERI.^ — ANSEllES. 233
Older LAMELLIROSTRES.
So far as is known the Lamellirostres are the only birds which
combine the following characters : —
Young born covered with down^ and able to run and feed them-
selves in a few hours ; palate directly desmognathous ; spinal feather-
tract not defined oil tlie neck.
The Order Lamellirostres contains three Suborders^ only one of
which is represented in Japan.
Suborder XXI. PIKENICOPTERL
Palate desmognathous ; basipterygoid processes absent or very
rudimentary ; nasals holorhinal ; mandible much produced and re-
curved behind its articulation with the quadrate.
The number of known species of Flamingo does not reach a dozen,
but they have a very wide range. They are found in the Neotropical
and Ethiopian Kegions, in the south of the Palsearctic Region, and in
the Oriental Region as far east as Calcutta. The Common Flamingo
is said to have occurred in the British Islands and on Lake Baikal,
but neither statement rests on satisfactory evidence. It is somewhat
remarkable that the range of the Phoenicopteri does not extend to
China or Japan.
Suborder XXII. AFSEEES.
The Ducks, Geese, and Swans possess a character which they share
with the Gallinse. They have basipterygoid processes on the rostrum
of the basisphenoid which articulate with the pterygoids as near as
possible to the palatines. They diflFer from the Gallinae in many
important characters, though they resemble them in having the man-
dible produced and recurved behind its articulation with the quadrate.
They are desmognathous, and there is only one notch on each side of
234
ANSERES.
the posterior marf;;in of the stcrmim, and that is a very shallow one
compared with tlie deep clefts in the sternum of the Gallinae. The
Skull of Anas hoschas.
cpisternal processes are small, and do not meet over the feet of the
coracoids.
The Anscres are cosmopolitan, and consist of nearly two hundred
species, of which 37 have been recorded from tlie Japanese Empire.
220. CYGNUS MUSICUS.
(HOOPER SWAN.)
Cygnm miisicus, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 830 (1809).
The Hooper may be recognized by the distribution of the yellow
and black on its bill. The yellow at the base of the mandible extends
in front of the nostrils, whilst the black only reaches halfway to the
gape.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 419. fig. 4 (head).
The Hooper Swan is a common winter visitor to Yezzo. There is
an example in the Swinhoc collection procured by Captain Blakiston
at Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 456). Messrs. Blakiston and
ANSERES. 235
Prycr state that it is occasionally obtained in Tokio Bay in winter,
but there is no skin in the Pryer collection. The example procured
by the Siebold Expedition was probably obtained at Nagasaki
(Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 125).
The breeding-range of the Hooper extends from the Atlantic to
the Pacific, and it is not known that examples from the Eastern
Palffiarctic Region differ in any way from those obtained in the western
part of that Region,
221. CYGNUS BEWICKI.
(BEWICK^S SWAN.)
Cygnus bewickii, YaiToll, Trans. Linn. Soc, xyi. p. 453 (1833).
In Bewick^s Swan the yellow on the mandible does not reach so far
forward as the nostrils, whilst the black extends backwards to the
gape.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 10; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, vi. pi. 419. fig. 3 (head).
Bewick^s Swan is a winter visitor to the Japanese Islands. It was
first included in the Japanese list on the authority of a specimen in the
Tokio Educational Museum (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212).
There is an example in the Pryer collection from Tokio Bay.
Bewick^s Swan breeds in the high north both of the Eastern and
the Western Palsearctic Region, and winters in the British as well as
the Japanese Seas. It is not known to vary in any way within its
range.
222. ANSER CYGNOIDES.
(CHINESE GOOSE.)
Anser cyynoides, Gnielin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 502 (1788).
Tlie Chinese Goose has a black bill, and a dark brown band down
the back of the neck.
Figure : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 81.
The Chinese Goose appears to be a resident in Japan, and has been
recorded from the Kurile Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii.
p. 219). There is an example from Yokohama in the Blakiston col-
lection (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 32) .
It breeds in Eastern Siberia, and winters in China.
236 ANSERES.
223. ANSER SEGETUM.
(BEAN-GOOSE.)
ATiser segetxnn, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 512 (1788).
The Bean-Goose has yellow legs, and an orange bill with a dark-
base and a dark nail.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 412 (typical form).
The Eastern race of the Bean-Goose is a common winter visitor to
the Japanese Islands. There is an example in the Swiuhoe collec-
tion procured by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi in October (Swin-
lioe. Ibis, 1875, p. 456), and there is another in the Pryer collection
from Tokio Bay. The former of these appears to be the first recorded
from Japan, unless we admit that the Anser vulgaris of Pallas (Zoogr.
Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 223), of which the Kurile Island and Japanese
local names are quoted, refers to this species.
The Eastern form of the Bean-Goose completely intergrades with
the Western form, and is consequently regarded as only subspeci-
fically distinct from it. The range of the species extends from the
Atlantic to the Pacific.
The Eastern form of the Bean-Goose is especially remarkable for
its large size, and for the browner (not so grey) colour of its head.
Examples from Japan measure from the frontal feathers to the tip
of the beak 2*5, 27, and 2"9 inches. Western examples vary in this
respect from I '7 to 2*5 inches, and Eastern examples from 2'4 to
3 "4 inches.
The Eastern form is known as Anser seffctum serrirostris (Swinhoc,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 417).
ANSER BRACHYRHYNCHUS.
(pink-footed goose.)
Anser bvachyrhynchm, Baillon, MtSm. Soc. roy. d'6m. d'Abbeville, 1833, p. 74.
The rink-footed Goose vory closely resembles the Bean-Goose, but the yellow
on the bill and feet is replaced by pink.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 413.
The Pink-footed Goose was admitted to the Japanese fauna on the authority of
a female obtained in October at Hakodadi by Captain Blakiston (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1875, p. 4<'jG). Unfortunately this example cannot bo found in the Swinhoc col-
lection, and .some doubt attaches to the correctness of the identification.
ANSERES. 237
224. ANSER ALBIFRONS.
(WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.)
Branta aliifrons, Scopoli, Ann. T. Hist. Nat. p. C9 (1769).
The White-fronted Goose is supposed to vary in length of bill
from frontal feathers from 2"35 to 1*6 inches. The white on the
forehead does not reach as far back as the eye. The legs are yellow
and the bill pale.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 414.
The White-fronted Goose is a common winter visitor to the
southern islands of Japan, and passes along the coasts of Yezzo on
migration in spring and autumn. There is a male in the Swinhoe
collection procured in April at Hakodadi by Captain Blakiston
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 456), and there is an example in the Pryer
collection from Tokio Bay. The examples obtained by the Siebold
Expedition were probably procured at Nagasaki (Temmiuck and
Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 125).
The two adult examples of the White-fronted Goose from Japan
measure respectively 1'75 and 1*9 inches from frontal feathers to tip
of beak. If Anser gambeli be regarded as a distinct race the latter
would belong to it. The smaller bird is paler in colour and has a
white patch on the chin, but there is no reason to suppose that
American examples differ from European ones in any way. An
example from Brighton measures 2*05 inches from frontal feathers to
tip of beak.
The occurrence of the Pink-footed Goose on the Japanese coasts requires authen-
tication. Captain Blakiston sent me the skin of a Goose which he obtained at
Hakodadi in October (Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 369).
There is no trace of black on the breast or belly.
The brown of the head joins the bill without any trace of black or white.
The whole bill is pale except the nail, which is nearly black.
It is possible that this may be an example of a Pink-footed Goose, but, in the
absence of the black base to the biU, I am inclined to regard it as the young in
first plumage of the White-fronted Goose, of which an example in the Swinhoe
collection, dated Shanghai, 8 March, has only a narrow margin of white feathers
at the base of the bill.
The Pink-footed Goose is only known with certainty to breed on Spitzbergen,
but its breeding-range probably extends to Iceland and Franz-Josef Laud. Its
occurrence in Japan, if confirmed, is probably only accidental.
238 ANSERES.
225. ANSER MINUTUS.
(LESSER \VIHTE-F110NTED GOOSE.)
Anser 7ninutiu<!, Naumann, Yog. Deutschl. xi. p. 364 (1842).
The Lesser AVhitc-fronted Goose is supposed to vary in length of
bill from 1'6 to 1*15 inches. The white on the forehead extends as
far baek as the eye. The legs are yellow and the bill pale.
Figures : Naumann, Vogel Dcutsehlands, pi. 290.
The Lesser White-fronted Goose is a winter visitor to the Japanese
Islands, and has been obtained both in Yezzo and in Southern Japan
(Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212). There is an example in
the Swinhoe eolleetion obtained in the Yokohama market in January
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 22), and there is a seeond in the Pryer
collection from the same locality.
It breeds in the tundras of Siberia and Northern Europe.
226. ANSER HYPERBOREUS.
(SNOW-GOOSE.)
Anser hyperhoreus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. vi. p. 2') (1700).
Tlie Snow-Goose, when adult, is white with black primaries
(shading into grey at the base) and grey primary-coverts. The bill
is light red, and the legs dark red. Young birds have the head,
neck, baek, and breast grey, and the bill and legs brown.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 417.
American ornithologists (Ridgway, Man. North- Am. Birds, p. 115)
admit two races of Snow-Geese : the typical form Atiser hyperboreus,
or Lesser Snow-Goose (wing from carpal joint \~{\ to 17 inches);
and a larger race Anser hyperboreus nivalis, or Greater Snow-Goose
(wing from carpal joint 17;^ to 17.^ inches). In the former the bill
from the frontal feathers is said to vary from 1-9 to 23 inches, and
in the latter from 2-5 to 27 inches.
Both races appear to be winter visitors to the Japanese coasts,
occurring in large Hocks (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soe. Japan,
1882, p. 95) ; and the small race was recorded from Japan as long
ago as 1810 (Temminck, Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 510),
There are two examples in the Pryer collection from Tokio Bay
which undoubtedly belong to the smaller race; they measure 15 J
ANSERES. 239
and IG^ inches in length of wing from carpal joint, and 2 inches in
length of bill from frontal feathers. On the other hand, two ex-
amples in the Blakiston collection, from the same locality, measure
17 and 17| inches in length of wing (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884<, p. 32),
and might almost be regarded as belonging to the larger race. The
example procured by the Siebold Expedition was doubtless obtained
at Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 125).
The Snow-Geese breed in Arctic America, and possibly in Eastern
Siberia, and occasionally appear in winter on the British coasts.
227. ANSER HUTCHINSI.
(HUTCHINS^ BERNACLE GOOSE.)
Anse7- hutchinsii, Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 470 (1831).
Hutchins' Bernacle Goose is a small dark race of the Canada
Goose, and is said to have fewer tail-feathers (14 to 16 instead of
18 to 20). Both races of the Canada Goose differ from the Bernacle
Goose, which visits the British Islands, in having the black on the
crown extending also over the forehead, but in not having the black
of the throat reaching the breast.
Figures : Cassin, Birds of California &c. pi. 45 ; Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer. ii. p. 458 (coloured woodcut
of head) .
The occurrence of a species of Bernacle Goose in Japan was recorded
as long ago as 1840 (Temminck, Man. d^Orn. iv. p. 520) ; but
Captain Blakiston was probably the first to discover that the Japanese
bird was one of the races of the Canada Goose, and quite distinct
from the species of Bernacle Goose which winters on our coasts
(Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212, no. 27).
Hutchins' Bernacle Goose breeds on the Commander Islands
(Stejneger, Orn. Expl. Comm. Isl. and Kamtschatka, p. 148) and
on the Kuriles (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882,
p. 96) . It is a winter visitor to the coasts of the Japanese Islands ;
Captain Blakiston sent me an example procured at Hakodadi in
November (Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 369) ; and there is an example
in the Pryer collection from Kadsusa in Tokio Bay.
The breeding-range of Hutchins' Bernacle Goose extends from the
Kurile Islands across Arctic America to Hudson's Bay.
240 ANSERES.
228. ANSER NIGRICANS.
(PACIFIC BREXT GOOSE.)
Attscr nif/ricans, Lawrence, Aim. Lye. New York, 1846, p. 17L
The Pacific Brent Goose only differs from the typical or dark-
bellied race of the European Brent Goose in having the white cres-
centie markings on each side of the neck meeting in front, and in
having the line of demarcation between the black breast and the
dark belly rather more obscure.
Figures : Baird, Brewer, and llidgway, Water-Birds N. Amor. ii.
p. 472 (woodcuts).
The Pacific Brent Goose is a winter visitor to the Japanese coasts
(Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212). Mr. Ilcnson has sent skins
from Hakodadi ; there are three examples in the Pryer collection
from Tokio Bay, and Mr. Ringer has procured it near Nagasaki
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 32).
It is not known that the Pacific Brent Goose breeds in the Old
World, but on the American continent it is a summer visitor to
Alaska and Arctic North America as far east as Franklin Bay.
229. DENDROCYGNA JAVANICA.
(INDIAN WHISTLING TEAL.)
Anasjavanica, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1821, p. 199.
The Indian Whistling Teal has a brown crown, with no stripe
down the hind neck. The underparts vary from buff to chestnut,
but are unstriatcd.
Figures : Hume and Marshall, Game Birds of India, Burmah, and
Ceylon, iii. pi. 15.
There are three examples of the Indian Whistling Teal in the
Pryer collection from the central group of the Loo-Choo Islands,
and an example was obtained by Mr. Nishi on one of the most
southerly group of the same chain (Stcjneger, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 3U7).
It is a tropical species, breeding in India, Ceylon, the Burma
Peninsula, Java, and in the Nicobar and the Andaman Islands.
The occurrence of this species in the Loo-Choo Islands is very
remarkable. An allied form with a sj)otted breast, Dt'n(trocy(jnn
vagans, occurs in the Philippine Islands, Celebes, Timor, and North
Australia; but the genus appears to be unrepresented in China.
ANSERES. 241
230. TADORNA CORNUTA.
(COMMON SHELDKAKE.)
Anas cornuta, S. G. Gmelin, Roise Russl. ii. p. 185 (1774).
The Common Sheldrake has a greenish-black head and neck, and
white lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts_, sides of belly, and flanks,
all these parts being chestnut in the Ruddy Sheldrake, except the
rump and upper tail-coverts, which are black.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 420.
The Common Sheldrake is not knoM'u to have occurred in Yezzo,
but is not UTicoramon in Southern Japan, where it is probably a
resident. There is an example in the Pryer collection from Tokio
Bay, and Mr. Ringer has sent one to the Norwich Museum from
Nagasaki (Seebohm, Ibis, 1881, p. 175), where the examples obtained
by the Siebold Expedition were doubtless also procured (Temminck
and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 128).
The breeding-range of the Common Sheldrake extends from the
British Islands, across Europe and South Siberia to Japan. The
mean temperature of July is so much less in Yezzo than it is in
Dauria, that it is quite possible that this bird does not visit Yezzo,
though it breeds ten degrees further north in Siberia.
231. TADORNA RUTILA.
(RUDDY SHELDRAKE.)
Anas rutila, Pallas, Nov. Com. Petrop. xiv. p. 579 (1770).
The Ruddy Sheldrake is chestnut above and below, except the rump,
upper tail-coverts, tail, and quills, which are nearly black.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 421.
The Ruddy Sheldrake must be a very rare bird in Japan, and
confined to the extreme south, since neither Captain Blakiston
nor Mr. Pryer were able to procure examples. On the other hand,
several examples are said to have been procured by the Siebold
Expedition, presumably near Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 128). It is probably only an accidental
visitor on migration.
The breeding-range of the Ruddy Sheldrake extends across Europe
and Southern Siberia from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
242 ANSERES.
232. ANAS STREPERA.
(GADWALL.)
A7ias strepera, Liuneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 200 (176G).
The outer webs of the Dth, lOtli, and lltli secondaries are nearly
white in the Gadwall.
Figures : Dresser^ Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 424.
The Gadwall has not yet been recorded from Yezzo, and appears to
be a somewhat rare Avinter visitor to Southern Japan. There are
nine examples in the Pryer collection from the Yokohama game-
market ; and it was met with, probably near Nagasaki, by the Siebold
Expedition (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs,
p. 128).
The Gadwall is a circumpolar species, breeding in the subarctic
regions of both continents. It can scarcely be supposed to reach
Southern Japan without passing along the coasts of Yczzo.
233. ANAS CLYPEATA.
(SHOVELLER.)
Alias clijpeata, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 200 (1700).
The Shoveller may always be recognized by its spoon-shaped bill,
which is twice as wide near the tip as it is at the base.
Figures : Dresser, 13irds of Europe, vi. pi. 425,
The Shoveller is a winter visitor to the Japanese Islands. It is a
rare bird in Yezzo (Whitely, Ibis, 18(57, p. 207), and probably only
occurs on migration (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 457) ; but in Nagasaki
and Yokohama it is common. There is an example in the Swinhoe
collection from Hakodadi procured by Captain Blakiston in October,
and there are six examples in the Prycr collection from the Yokohama
M inter-market. The examples obtained by the Siebold Expedition
were doubtless procured near Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel,
Fauna Jai)onica, Aves, p. 128).
The Siiovcllcr is a circum()olar species, breeding in the ai'ctie and
Subarctic Uei^ions of btjth coiitiueuts.
ANSERES. 243
234. ANAS BOSCHAS.
(MALLARD.)
Anas boschas, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 205 (17G0).
The Mallard is one of the larger Ducks (wing from carpal joint
IO5 to 11 inches). Its axillaries and under wing-coverts are white.
Its greater wing-coverts are grey with black tips, emphasized by a
subtermiual white band.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 422.
The Mallard has long been known to occur on the Kurile Islands
and in Kamtschatka (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 256). It
breeds sparingly on the Kurile Islands, and more abundantly on
Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 96) ; but
it is only a w^inter visitor to Southern Japan. There is an example in
the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi, obtained by Captain Blakiston
in March (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 146) ; and there are two in the
Pryer collection from the Yokohama winter-market. Mr. Ringer has
obtained it at Nagasaki, where the examples procured by the Siebold
Expedition were doubtless also obtained (Temminck and Schlegel,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 126).
The Mallard is a circumpolar species, but its breeding-range rarely
reaches as far north as the Arctic Circle.
235. ANAS ZONORHYNCHA.
(DUSKY MALLARD.)
Anas zonorhyncha, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1866, p. 304.
The Dusky Mallard is one of the larger Ducks (wing from carpal
joint about 11 inches). Its axillaries and under wing-coverts are
white. Its greater wing-coverts are brown, broadly tipped with black.
Its bill is black, broadly tipped with yellow.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 82.
The Dusky Mallard is a resident in the Japanese Islands, and is
common both in Yezzo and the more southerly islands (Blakiston and
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 213), breeding on the inland lakes. There is an
example in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1874, p. 164), and there is an example in the Pryer collection from
r2
2[4 ANSERES.
Yokohama. It lias also occurred on tbc Kuriics, ubcrc it is probably
a snniracr visitor (Blakiston and Pry er, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882,
p. 96). Tcmminck and Scblegal erroneously regarded it as a cross
between Anas jjwcilorhyncha and Anus bosclias, but it is unquestion-
ably a good species, mIiosc range extends across China to Mongolia
and Eastern Siberia.
236. ANAS CRECCA.
(COMMON TEAL.)
Anascrecca, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 204 (170G).
The Teal and the Gargancy are the only Japanese Ducks in ubich
the wing from carpal joint measures less than 7^ inches. In tbc Teal
the outer webs of the outer secondaries are velvet-black, those of the
three inner ones metallic emerald-green.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 426.
The Teal has long been known to occur in the Kurile Islands and
in Kamtschatka (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 263). It breeds
in the Kurile Islands (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 97) ; winters sparingly in Yezzo (VVhitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 207),
and aliundantly in Southern Japan (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878,
p. 213). There is a male (Blakiston, April) and a female (Blakiston,
November) in the Swinhoc collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1877, p. 147), and there are two examples in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer has obtained it at Nagasaki, where
the examples procured by the Siebold Expedition were doubtless also
obtained (Tcmminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 127).
It has also been recorded from the most southerly group of the
Loo-Choo Islands (Stejneger, Zeitscbr. gcs. Orn. 1887, p. 169).
The breeding-range of the Teal extends from the British Islands
across arctic and subarctic Eurasia to the Kurile Islands.
237. ANAS FORMOSA.
(SPECTACLED TEAL.)
Anas formoaa, Georgi, Reis. Russ. Roichs, i. p. 1G8 (1776).
The Spectacled Teal is not one of tlio larger Ducks (wing from
carpal joint 7^' to 8 inches). It has a small bill (from frontal feathers
ANSERES. 245
al)out li inches). Its greater wing-coverts (like those of the male
Pintail) are tipped with chestnut-buflF.
Figures : Temniinek and Schlegel, Fauna Japoniea, Aves, pi. 82 b
(male), pi. 82 c (female) ; Dresser, Birds of Europs, vi. pi. 428.
The Spectacled Teal has not yet been recorded from Yezzo or the
Kurile Islands, but is a common winter visitor to Southern Japan.
There is an example in tlie Swinhoe collection from Awomori Bay,
opposite Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 147), and there are
three in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. There are two examples
in the Norwich Museum sent by Mr. Ringer from Nagasaki.
Under the various names of Anas formosa, Querquedula formosa,
Eunetta formosa, Anas ylocitans, Querquedula glocitans, or Eunetta
glocitam, the Spectacled Teal has been recorded as breeding through-
out Eastern Siberia, and wintering in China, occasionally wandering
as far as France and Calcutta. It is extremely improbable that it
reaches Southern Japan without passing along the coasts of Yezzo.
238. ANAS FALCATA.
(FALCATED TEAL.)
Avasfakata, Georgi, Reis. Russ. Reichs, i. p. 167 (1775).
The Falcated Teal is not a small bird (wing from carpal joint 9 to
9| inches). Its axillaries and under wing-coverts are nearly white.
Its greater wing-coverts are grey, shading into white at the tips.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 429.
The Falcated Teal is a winter visitor to all the Japanese Islands.
The Perry Expedition found it to be one of the most abundant of the
water-birds of Japan, and noticed it at various points during the
voyage, obtaining specimens at Hakodadi (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad.
China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 231) ; and there is also an example in
the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi obtained by Captain Blakiston
in April (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 164). There are eight examples in
the Prver collection from Yokohama, and it is recorded from Nasra-
saki (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 98), where
the examples obtained by the Siebold Expedition were doubtless also
procured (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 127).
The Falcated Teal breeds in Eastern Siberia and winters in China.
It is a rare accidental visitor to Europe.
24G ANSERES.
239. ANAS CIRCIA.
(GARGANEY.)
Anascireia, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 204 (17G6).
The Gargancy and the Teal arc the only Japanese Ducks in
which the wingf from carpal joint measures less than 7^ inches. The
secondaries of the Gargancy are much paler than those of the Teal,
and have very little metallic gloss.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 427.
The Gargancy is a winter visitor to all the Japanese Islands, but
appears to be nowhere common. It was first recorded as a Japanese
bird from an example procured in the Yokohama market (Blakiston
and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 214). Captain Blakiston obtained an
example in Yezzo ; Mr. Owston procured several in the Yokohama
market (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 98), one
of which is in the Pryer collection ; and Mr. Ringer lias sent several
examples from Nagasaki (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 175).
The breeding-range of the Gargancy extends across Europe and
Southern Siberia from tlie British Islands to the Pacific.
240. ANAS ACUTA.
(PINTAIL.)
Anas acuta, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 202 (17G6).
The Pintail is one of tlie larger Ducks (wing from carpal joint 10
to 11 inches). Very few of the under wing-coverts are white. It
has a long bill (from frontal feathers If to 2^ inches).
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 431 (male), pi. 430
(female).
The Pintail has long been known to visit the Kurilc Islands (Pallas,
Zoogr. Kosso-Asiat. ii. p. 280). It passes the coasts of Yezzo in spring
and autumn on migration, to winter in considerable numbers in
Southern Japan (Mlakiston and Pryer, Il)is, 1H78, p. 213). The
Perry Expedition obtained examples from Ilakodadi (Cassin, Exp. Am.
Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 231), In the Swinhoe collection
there are two examples from Awomori, on the main island opposite
ANSERES. 24:7
Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 117), and there are seven examples
in the Pr3'er collection from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer procured it at
Nagasaki, where the examples obtained by the Siebold Expedition
were probably also procured (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, p. 128).
The Pintail is a circumpolar bird, breeding in the Arctic Regions
of both continents.
241. ANAS PENELOPE.
(VVIGEON.)
Anas jyenelope, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 202 (1766).
The Wigeon is not one of the smaller Ducks (wing from carpal
joint 9^ to 10^ inches), but it has a small bill (from frontal feathers
\\ to If inches). Its axillaries and under wing-coverts are mottled
with brown.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pis. 532, 533.
The Wigeon passes the coasts of Yezzo in spring and autumn, and
winters in great numbers in Southern Japan (Blakiston and Pryer,
Ibis, 1878, p. 213). The Perry Expedition obtained an example
from Hakodadi in May 1854 (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China
Seas and Japan, ii. p. 231) ; and there is an example in the Swinhoe
collection, also from Hakodadi, obtained by Captain Blakiston in
November (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 457) . There are four examples in
the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and it has been obtained near
Nagasaki (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 97),
where the examples procured by the Siebold Expedition were doubt-
less also obtained (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 128).
The Wigeon winters on the shores of Great Britain as well as on
those of Japan, breeding throughout the intervening Arctic Regions.
It is represented on the American continent by a nearly allied
species. Anas americana, which is said occasionally to wander across
the Atlantic as far as the British Islands.
218 AN8ERES.
242. ANAS GALERICULATA.
(MANDARIN DUCK.)
Anas ffulei'iailata, hmneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 639 (17CG).
The Mandarin Duck may always be recognized by the silver-grey
on the outer webs of its primaries.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, vii. pi. G9.
The Mandarin Duck is probably only a summer visitor to Yezzo,
but a resident in the more southerly Japanese Islands, where it is
very common on the small streams (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878,
p. 213). It frequents the large lakes near Ilakodadi ("Wliitely, Ibis,
1867, p. 207). There is an example in the Swinhoe collection from
Hakodadi, obtained by Captain Blakiston in September ; and there
are eight examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
Mr. Ringer has sent examples to the Norwich Museum obtained at
Nagasaki, Avhere those procured by the Sicbold Expedition were
doubtless also obtained (Temminck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, pi. 127). In autumn it frequents the lakes in the interior in
large flocks, and feeds on the paddy-fields in company with the
Teal (Jouy, Proe. United States Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 318).
The Mandarin Duck is a summer visitor to the valley of the Amoor,
but in Central and Southern China it is a resident.
243. FULIGULA AMERICANA.
(AMERICAN BLACK SCOTER.)
Oidemia mncricana, Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 450
(1831).
Tlie Black Scoter has dark axillaries and no white on the wing.
It has a large bill (width in front of the nostrils about 1 inch).
Figures : Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer. ii.
pj). 89, 00, 91 (woodcut and coloured woodcuts of head).
The Diving Ducks form a very natural group possessing two
cliaracters, cither of which will distinguish them from the genus
Anns or from the genus Tadorna : the hind toe is furnished with a
well-developed lobe ; and the nostrils are placed very far forward.
The distance from the gape to the front of the nostril is more than
that from the tip of the bill to the front of the nostril.
ANSERES.
249
The existence of a species of Black Scoter on the Japanese coasts
was recorded in 1840 (Temminck, Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 543), but pro-
bably in error, as no mention is made of it in the ' Fauna Japonica.'
Captain Blakiston was undoubtedly the first to discover that it was
Head of Fuligula americana. f natural size.
the Nearctic and not the Palsearctic species which occurs in Yezzo
(Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215, no. 52), and was probably
the first discoverer of its occurrence in Japan.
Head of Fuligula nigra. * natural size.
The American Black Scoter breeds on the Kurile Islands (Blakiston
and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 100), and winters on the
shores of the Japanese Seas. Captain Blakiston and Mr. Henson
have sent examples from Hakodadi obtained in February and March
250
ANSERES.
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 23), and there are two in the Prycr collec-
tion from Yokohama.
The American lilack Scoter breeds on tlie shores of the Arctic
Ocean from Labrador to Alaska, and across Bering Straits to
Kamtschatka.
244. FULIGULA FUSCA.
(VELVET SCOTER.)
Annx fusca, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 100 (1706).
Head of Fuliyula fusca sfejneyeri. ^ natural size.
The Velvet Scoter has dark axillaries ; bnt the central secondaries
are white. The feathering on the side of the upper mandible
approaches within a quarter of an inch of the nostrils.
The Velvet Scoter was recorded from Japan in 1840 (Temminck,
Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 5 13), but it is not mentioned in the * Fauna
Japonica/ and we may consequently assume that Temminck dis-
covered good reasons for doubting the accuracy of the statement in
the earlier work, before the later one was published.
It has, however, been since found in various localities as a winter
visitor. There is a skin in the Pryer collection obtained by Mr. Snow
on the Kurile Islands.
The first record of its occurrence in Yezzo is that of two specimens
obtained at Hakodadi, one on the 21th of December, 18G1., and
the other shot by Captain lilakiston on the 28th of January, 1865
(Whitely, Ibis, 18G7, p. 200). I have a very fine male from the
same locality, obtained by Mr. llenson on the 2Hth of February.
ANSERES.
251
There are three examples in tlie Pryer collection from Yokohama,
and one in the Norwich Museum sent by Mr. Ringer from
Nagasaki. These examples all agree with others from East Siberia
and China in the shape of the bill and in the extent of the frontal
feathering.
The Velvet Scoter is a winter visitor to the British Islands as well
as to Japan, and breeds throughout the Arctic Regions of both con-
tinents ; but there is a slight difference between European, Asiatic,
and American examples.
Head of Fnliyula fusca velvetina. f natural size.
The Velvet Scoter is subject to some local variation in the shape
of its bill and in the extent to which the frontal feathering is carried.
Head oi Fuligula fusca. f natural size.
In the European or typical form the rostral knob is comparatively
small ; in the American form, Fuligula fusca velvetina, it is well
or* 9
ANSEUES.
developed ; and in the Asiatic form, Fuliyuln fiisca stejnegeri, it is
enormously developed and overhangs the bill. The frontal feather-
ing is least developed in the European form, more so in the Asiatic
form, and most so in the American form. In the European form
the nostrils are separated from the frontal feathering on the side of
the bill by more than their Avidth ; in the American form the frontal
feathering extends on the top of tlie bill as far as above the beginning
of the nostrils ; the Asiatic form agrees with the American form in
the former point, and with the European in the latter.
The Japanese form was described as a new species in 1887 under
the name of Oidemia stejnegeri (Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds,
p. 112) ; but the American form appears to be so intermediate
between it and the European form that it can scarcely be regarded
as more than subspecifically distinct unless a much larger series than
is at present attainable should hereafter prove that tlie apparent
intergradation is not complete.
245. FULIGULA GLACIALIS.
(LONG-TAILED DUCK.)
Anas glacialis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 203 (1766).
The Long-tailed Duck has dark axillaries and no white on the
wing. It has a small bill (width in front of the nostrils about ^ inch).
The feathering on the side of the upper mandible approaches within
\ inch of the nostril.
Eigurcs : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 444.
The Long-tailed Duck has long been known to occur on the Kurile
Islands and on the coast of Kamtschatka (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.
ii. p. 27G), and more recently Mr. Snow has observed that it is the
earliest Duck to pass the Kurile Islands on its spring migration to
its arctic breeding-grounds. It was first recorded as a Japanese bird
from examples })rocured in January 18G5 at llakodadi, where it is said
to be common in winter (Whitely, Ibis, 18G7, p. 208). There is an
example in the Swinhoe collection obtained by Captain Blakiston at
llakodadi in Eebruary (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 1 17), and there is
another in the Fryer collection obtained at the same time. I have a
third example collected by Mr. Ilenson in the same locality on the
ANSERES. 253
27th of March, hut I can find no evidence of its occurrence in
Southern Japan.
"J'lie Long-tailed Duck is a circumpolar species, breeding in tlie
Arctic Regions of both continents.
246. FULIGULA CLANGULA.
(GOLDEN-EYE.)
Alias ckmijida, Linueus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 201 (17GG).
The Golden-eye has dark axiliaries, but the central secondaries
are white. The feathering on the side of the upper mandible does
not approach within half an inch of the nostrils.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 4^40.
The Golden-eye appears to have been found by Steller on the
Kurile Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 272). It is a
common winter visitor to Japan, and is especially numerous on the
coast of Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882,
p. 99). There are two examples in the Swinhoe collection from
Hakodadi, one of them obtained by Captain Blakiston in November
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 147), and there are eight examples in the
Pryer collection from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer procured it at Na-
gasaki, where the examples obtained by the Siebold Expedition were
doubtless also procured (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, pi. 128).
The Golden-eye is a circumpolar species, breeding in the Arctic
Regions of both continents.
247. FULIGULA HISTRIONICA.
(HARLEQUIN DUCK.)
Anas histrionkus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 204 (17G6).
The Harlequin Duck has dark axillaries. It has a small bill
(width in front of the nostrils about \ inch) . The feathering on the
side of the upper mandible recedes from the nostrils, curving back-
wards in a semicircle.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 442.
254 ANSERES.
The Harlequin Duck is a winter visitor to the Japanese Islands ;
extremely abundant on the Kuriies, less so in Yezzo, and least so in
the more southerly islands (lUakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc.
Japan, 1882, p. 99). I have an example collected by Mr. Snow on the
Kurile Islands ; there is an example in the Swinhoe collection from
Ilakodadi, obtained by Captain Blakiston in June (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1877, p. 1 17), which a})pcars to be the first recorded from Japan ; and
there are two in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The Harlequin Duck breeds in the Arctic Regions of both con-
tinents.
248. FULIGULA BAERI.
(SIBERIAN WIIITE-EYED DUCK.)
Anas {Fuhgula) baeri, Radde, Reis. Siid. Ost-Sibirien, ii. p. 376 (1863).
The Siberian White-eyed Duck has white axillaries and nearly
white under tail-eoverts. It has no white on the lores, and no white
vermiculations on the back or scapulars.
Figures : David and Oustalet, Oiscaux de la Chine, pi. 124'.
The Siberian White-eyed Duck has not previously been recorded
from Japan, but all the notices of the occurrence of the Ferruginous
Duck in those islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 22) probably refer
to the Eastern species. It has occurred both in Yezzo and on the
main island, but probably only in winter (Riakiston and Pryer, Ibis,
1878, p. 215). There are four examples in the Pryer collection from
Yokohama.
The Siberian White-eyed Duck breeds in the valley of the Amoor
and w inters in China. It is the Eastern representative of the White-
eyed Pochard, FuUgula nyroca, a species which ranges eastwards as
far as the valley of the Obb.
249. FULIGULA FERINA.
(POCHARD.)
Anas ferina, Linneus, Syst. Nat, i. p. 203 (1766).
The Pochard has white axillaries and nearly uniform grey
secondaries.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 434.
The Pochard occurs both in Yezzo and in the more southcrlv
ANSERES. 255
Japanese Islands; but whether it be a resident or only a winter visitor
there seems to be no evidence to determine. Captain Blakiston shot
a single example at Hakodadi (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 176), appa-
rently the first recorded from Japan ; and there are four examples
in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The Pochard winters in the British Islands as well as in Japan,
and breeds in subarctic Europe and Southern Siberia.
250. FULIGULA CRISTATA.
(TUFTED DUCK.)
Anas cristata, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mauim. &c. Brit. Mas. p. 39 (1816).
The Tufted Duck has white axillaries. Its secondaries are white,
broadly tipped with black. Its under tail-coverts are black (adult
male) or brown. It has very little white on the lores, and seldom
any trace of white vermiculations on the back or scapulars.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 437.
The Tufted Duck was probably found by S teller in the Kurile
Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 266). It is a spring and
autumn visitor to Yezzo, and may possibly breed there, but in
Southern Japan it is only known as a winter visitor (Blakiston and
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 214). There is an example in the Swinhoe col-
lection from Hakodadi, obtained by Captain Blakiston in September ;
I have an example sent me by Captain Blakiston from the same
locality procured in May (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 22) ; and there are
five in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. The examples obtained
by the Siebold Expedition were probably procured at Nagasaki
(Temmiuck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 128).
The breeding-range of the Tufted Duck extends from the Atlantic
to the Pacific.
It is represented on the American Continent by a nearly allied
species, Fuligula coUaris, which has a chestnut collar round the neck,
and further differs from its Eurasian ally in having a shorter crest
and a pale slate-grey wing-speculum.
250 ANSERES.
251. FULIGULA MARILA.
(SCAUP.)
AnrtA marila, Linnous, Syst. Nat. i. p. 19G (1700).
Aythi/a (ijpnis marUoides, Stejneger, Om. Expl. Comni. Isl. & Kamtschatka,
p. 101 (1885).
The Scaup has white axillarics, but brown under tail-covcrts.
Tlicre is much wliitc on the lores, and always some white vennicu-
lations on the back and scapulars.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 436.
The Scaup is a winter visitor to the shores of the Japanese Seas.
There are two examples in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 457), which appear to be the first recorded
from Japan ; and there are three in the Pryer collection from Yoko-
hama. !Mr. Ringer has obtained it at Nagasaki (Blakiston and
Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 98) ; and it has been recorded
from the Loo-Choo Islands (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
1862, p. 322).
The Scaup is a circumpolar bird breeding in the Arctic Regions of
both continents.
Fully adult males from Japan are precisely similar to those from
tlie British Islands. In both the black of the sides of the head is
glossed witli green and not with pur[)le. The absence of pure white
on the primaries and the presence of vermiculations on the Hanks
are indications of immaturity.
252. SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS.
(KING EIDER.)
A7ias spectabilis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 19-j (1766).
The male King Eider differs from the male Common Eider in
having the crown lavender-grey instead of black, and the lower back
and scapulars black instead of white. Both sexes may be distin-
guished by the feathering on tlie base of the bill. In the King Eider
the feathering on the base of the mandible extends further forward
in the centre than at tlie sides ; in the Common Eider exactly the
contrary is the case.
ANSERES. 257
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 446.
The King Eider is said to be common on the Kurile Islands (Pallas,
Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 237), but no examples have been obtained
there by recent travellers. It is a circumpolar species, breeding on
the shores of the Arctic Ocean and wintering further south. It is a
common winter visitor to the Aleutian Islands, and occasionally
stravs as far south as the British Islands.
253. SOMATERIA STELLERI.
(STELLER'S EIDER.)
A7tas stelleri, Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, pt. vi. p. 35 (1780).
The male Steller's Eider has a blue-black ring round the neck and
a black back. It has a green patch on the lores and on the nape.
The female has a purple-blue speculum between two white alar bars.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 447.
S teller's Eider is a winter visitor to the Kurile Islands, but has not
been recorded from Japan (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc.
Japan, 1882, p. 100, no. 51). Dr. Stejneger found it on the Com-
mander Islands, and it visits Kamtschatka (Blakiston and Pryer,
Ibis, 1878, p. 215).
Steller^s Eider breeds on the shores of the Arctic Ocean in North
Russia and Siberia, and on the islands in Bering Sea. It is an
accidental visitor to the British coast.
254. MERGUS MERGANSER.
(GOOSANDER.)
Mergns merganser, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 208 (17GG).
The Goosander is the largest of the Mergansers and differs from
its allies in all plumages in the colour of its central secondary quills,
which are white with completely concealed dark bases on the outer
webs.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 452.
The Goosander occurs on the Kurile Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-
Asiat. ii. p. 287), and is a winter visitor to the Japanese Islands.
s
258 ANSERES,
In tlic Swinhoc collcctiou there is an example from Hakodadi
obtained by Captain Blakiston in April (Swinhoc, Ibis, 1875, p. 456),
and in the Prycr collection there are five examples from Yokohama.
Tiie examples obtained by the Siebold Expedition were doubtless
procured at Nagasaki (Temminck and Sehlegel, Fauna Japonica,
Avcs, p. 129).
The Goosander breeds in the Arctic Regions of Russia and Siberia,
and winters on the coasts of the British Islands, as well as on those
of Japan.
The Goosander is also found on the American continent, but
examples from the New World differ f lom those found in the Old
World in having a black bar across the wing-coverts, for which
reason they are regarded as subspecifically distinct under the name
of Mergus merganser americanus. In both forms the basal portion of
the greater wing-coverts is black, but in examples from Europe and
Asia (including those from Japan) the median wing-coverts extend
beyond and entirely conceal the black bases, whilst in the American
form they fall short of them and thus leave exposed the narrow black
bar to which allusion has been made.
255. MERGUS SERRATOR.
(RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.)
Mergus serratur, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 208 (1766).
The Red-breasted Merganser is slightly smaller than the Goosander,
and the terminal half of the central secondaries is white, but the dark
bases on the outer webs are never concealed by the greater wing-
coverts.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pi. 453.
The Red-breasted Merganser breeds on the Kurile Islands and
winters in Japan (Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. !Soc. Jajjan, 1882,
p. 101). There are two examples in the Swinhoe collection from
Hakodadi (Swinlioe, Ibis, 1875, p. 15G), and six in the Prycr collec-
tion from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer has sent an example to the
Norwich ISIuseum from Nagasaki, where those procured by the
Siebold Expedition were doubtless also obtained (Temminck and
Sehlegel, I'auna Japonica, Aves, p. 129).
ANSERES. 259
The Red-breasted Merganser is a circumpolar bird, breeding in the
subarctic districts of both continents.
256. MERGUS ALBELLUS.
(SMEW.)
Meryus albellus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 209 (17GG).
The Smew is the smallest of the Mergansers, and the central
secondaries are dark with narrow white terminal bands.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vi. pis. 454, 455.
The Smew is a winter visitor to the Japanese Islands, and is sent
both to the Yezzo and the Yokohama game-markets (Blakiston and
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215). There are three examples in the Pryer
collection from the latter locality. The examples procured by the
Siebold Expedition were probably obtained at Nagasaki (Temminck
and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 129).
The Smew winters on the British coasts, as well as on those of
Japan. It breeds in the intervening Arctic Regions.
The Smew is represented on the American Continent by the
Hooded Merganser, Mergus cucullatus , a perfectly distinct species
with a much longer bill and with many important differences in its
colour.
Suborder XXIII. PALAMEDE^.
The Screamers are supposed to be absolutely unique amongst
existing birds in having lost the uncinate processes of their ribs.
In this respect they appear to be in advance of all other birds. They
may otherwise be diagnosed as follows : — Plumage of upper parts
with no spinal bare tract. Palate desmognathous. Young born
covered with down, and able to run in a few hours. Only three
species are known, which are confined to the Neotropical Region.
s2
'260 TUBINARES.
Subclass GALLIFORMES.
The Galliformes are believed to be the only birds which combine
the following characters : —
Young born completely covered with down or feathers; maxillo-
palatines not united across the middle line; coracoid articulating
with the scapula at an angle more acute than 1 20° ; if a deep plantar
tendon reach the hallux it proceeds from the flexor longus halluciSj
and not from the flexor perforans diyitorwn.
The Subclass Galliformes contains three orders^ two of which are
represented in Japan.
Order TUBINAEES.
The Tubinares differ so little amongst themselves that they cannot
be divided into suborders of sufficient importance to claim more than
family rank.
The diagnosis of the Order is therefore the same as that of the
Suborder.
Suborder XXIV. TUBINARES.
Hallux absent or reduced to one bone ; other three digits directed
forwards and webbed ; spinal feather-tract well defined on neck by
lateral bare tracts ; dorsal vertebrsc hcteroccclous ; nasals holorhinal ;
external nostrils produced into tubes.
There are three families wliich can be well defined comprised in
the Tubinares, each of which is represented in the Japanese Seas.
Family DIOMEDEIDyE.
The Albatrosses differ from all the other families of Tubinares in
having the nasal tubes separated from each other ; they further differ
from the Puffinidaj in having no basipterygoid processes.
DIOMEDEID^E. 261
They all possess the ambiens muscle.
The Albatrosses belong essentially to the southern hemisphere, but
out of ten or a dozen speeies, two belong to the North Pacific and
frequent the Japanese Seas.
257. DIOMEDEA ALBATRUS.
(iSTELLER'S ALBATROSS.)
Diomedea albati'us^ Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, pt. v. p. 28 (1780).
Steller's Albatross is a very large bird (wing from carpal joint 22
to 19 inches). The pale form is nearly white, with the wings, the
tail, most of the scapulars, and most of the wing-coverts brown. The
dark form is entirely brown both above and below. Bill, legs, and
feet pale.
Figures : (light form) Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 554 ;
(both forms) Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. pi. 39 ; (dark form)
Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 66.
Head of Diomedea albatrus. \ natural size.
Steller's Albatross was discovered by the illustrious traveller whose
name it bears on the coast of Karatschatka, and was described by
2G2 TUBINARES,
Pallas in the last century. It is a common species in the Japanese
Seas. There is an example in the British ^Museum collected by Mr.
Snow on Eturop, the most southerly of the Kurile Islands, and
several examples have been scut by Mr. Henson from Hakodadi
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 17G). There arc two examples in the Prycr
collection from Tokio Bay, and INIr. Ringer has obtained it at
Nagasaki.
It is generally found in company with an entirely dark form, which
is, on an average, slightly smaller, and has therefore been regarded
by many ornithologists as the young of Steller's Albatross. Other
ornithologists regard the dark form as specifically distinct. In the
' Planches Enluminees^ of D^Aubenton, plate 903 represents a brown
Albatross with pale bill and feet, under the title of L'Albatros de la
Chine. Upon this plate the name of Diomedea chinensis was founded
in 1820 (Tcmminck, Man. d'Orn. i. ])reface, p. ex) ; but its author
appeared to be dissatisfied with it, and in 1828 altered it to Diomedea
brachiura (Temminck, Planches Coloriees, Genus Diomedea, 75th
livraison). It was afterwards rediscovered and redcscribcd under the
name of Diomedea deroyata (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 786).
This dark form, which may, for the sake of distinction, be called
Swinhoe^s Albatross, is described by Messrs. Blakiston and Prycr as
the commoner bird on the coasts of Yezzo, whilst Steller's Albatross
is represented as the most abundant further south. In the Swinhoe
collection there is an example of the dark form obtained by Captain
Blakiston at Hakodadi in July (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1871', p. 165), aiul
there are two examples in the Prycr collection from Tokio Bay.
It seems probable that these two forms represent a dimorphic
species like the Fulmar Petrel [Fulmarus glacialis), the Pomarine
Skua [Stercorarius pomarinus), Richardson's Skua {Stercorarius
richardsoni) , or the Reef-Heron {Ardea jugularis). I have never
seen any intermediate forms.
Eggs in the Prycr collection from the Bonin Islands vary in size
from 47 by 2*9 inches to 43 by 3 inches ; they are creamy white,
profusely speckled with russet at the large end, some of the spots
occasionally being larger.
Although it is figured by Gould in his ^ Birds of Australia,' it is
not known to have ocf urred in the Southern Hemisphere. It lias
been recorded from Bering Sea, and appears to be confined to the
North Pacific Ocean, where it is common both on the Asiatic and
American coasts.
DIOMEDEIDiE. — PUFFINIDiE,
203
258. DIOMEDEA NIGRIPES.
(AUDUBON'S ALBATROSS.)
Diomedeaniyripcs, Audubon, Orn. Biogr. v. p. 327 (1839).
Audubon's Albatross is slightly smaller than Steller's Albatross
(wing from carpal joint 18^ inches). It is dark brown above and
below, shading into pale brown round the base of the bill. Bill, legs,
and feet nearly black.
Figures : Cassin, Illustr. Birds of California, Texas, &c. pi. 35.
Head of Diomedea 7i!f/ripes. | natural size.
The claim of Audubon's Albatross to be regarded as a Japanese
bird rests upon a fine adult female shot by Mr. H. Henson on the
17th of May, 1883, in the Strait of Tsugaru, between Yezzo and the
main island of Japan (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 176), and a male
obtained on the 27th of February on the coast of the province of
Sagami near Yokohama (Seebohm, Ibis, 1885, p. 363).
Audubon's Albatross is a North-Pacific species, but its range does
not extend so far north as Bering Sea.
Family PUFFINID^.
The Shearwaters differ from all the other families of Tubinares in
having basipterygoid processes.
They further differ from the Albatrosses in having the nasal tubes
264
TUBINARES.
side by side in the centre of the mandible. Tliey all possess the
ambiens muscle except the genus Pelecanoides.
There may be about 70 species of Shearwaters of various genera,
most of which belong to the Southern Hemisphere, and six of which
have been recorded from the Japanese seas.
259. PUFFINUS LEUCOMELAS.
(S1E130LD'S SHEARWATER.)
Procellaria leitcomdas, Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 587 (183G).
Siebold's Shearwater is the largest of the Japanese Shearwaters
(wing from carpal joint 13 to 12^ inches). It is brown above and
white below, but there is much white on the forehead and crown, and
some brown on the under wing-coverts. The bill, legs, and feet are
pale.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 85.
Head of Piiffinus leucomelas. Natural size.
Siebold's Shearwater is found in all the Japanese seas. There arc
several examples in the British Museum collected by Mr. Henson at
llakodadi, and there are two examples in the Prycr collection from
Yokohama (Seebohm, Ibis, ISS-t, p. 176).
Siebold's Shearwater ranges as far south as the Malay Archipelago,
where it has been recorded Irom the Pliili])pincs, liurneo, Celebes, the
Molucca.s, New Guinea, and the Duke of York Island.
PUFFINIDiE.
2G5
260. PUFFINUS CARNEIPES.
(PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.)
Piiffimis caryieipes, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 57.
The Pink-footed Shearwater is very slightly less than Siebold's
Shearwater (wing from carpal joint 12^ inches). It is brown above
and beloWj including the under wing-coverts, but the bill, legs, and
feet are pale-
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. pi. 57.
7^^
Head of Puffinus carneipes. Natural size.
The Pink-footed Shearwater is probably the species described by
Pennant in his 'Arctic Zoology' as the Kurile Petrel, and very
appropriately named about 1780 Procellaria nigra (Pallas, Spicilegia
Zoologica, pt. V. p. 28). Three examples collected by Mr. Henson
at Hakodadi in May have passed through my hands (Seebohm, Ibis,
1884, p. 176) and are now in the British Museum.
This species is said to breed on some islands oflP the coast of South-
western Australia, and is probably a non-breeding summer visitor to
the North Pacific.
266
TUBINARES.
261. PUFFINUS GRISEUS.
(SOOTY SHEARWATER.)
Proccllaria ffritea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 5G4 (1788).
The Sooty Shearwater is slightly smaller than the Pink-footed
Shearwater (wing from carpal joint 12 to 11 inches). It is almost
uniform hrown, except the under wing-eoverts, which are mostly
white. Its bill, legs, and feet are very dark.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 616.
Head of Puffinus grtgeus. Natural size.
The Sooty Shearwater was obtained by Mr. Snow on the Kurile
Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 33). It was procured by him as
far north as Urup Island (Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc.
Japan, 1882, p. 106), whence there are several examples in the
Ilakodadi Museum. An example formerly in my collection is now
in the British Museum.
The Sooty Shearwater breeds in the Southern Hemisphere in the
Pacific, and probably in the Indian Ocean and the South Atlantic. It
has frequently occurred on the British coasts, and may be regarded
as a non-breeding summer visitor to the North Atlantic and the
North Pacific. Its only known breeding-place is on the Cliatham
Islands cast of New Zealand, but there can be little doubt that other
breeding-grounds remain to be discovered.
PUFFINIDiE. 207
262. PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS.
(SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.)
Procelimna tcnuirostris, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, text to no. 587 (183o).
The Slender-billed Shearwater is the smallest Japanese Shearwater
(wing from carpal joint lOf to 10 inches). It is almost uniform
brown, with pale grey under wing-coverts, but dark bill and feet.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 86 ;
Gould, Birds of A.ustralia, vii. pi. 56, under the name of Pvffinus
brevicnudus.
Head of Puffinus tenuirostris. Natural size.
The Slender-billed Shearwater does not appear to have been pro-
cured by the Siebold Expedition, but was originally described by
Temminck from an example obtained by Mons. Burger in the Sea of
Japan. Capt. Rodgers procured it on the east coast of the main
island of Japan a few miles north of the latitude of Yokohama
(Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. 1862, p. 327). An example
was picked up after a storm at Yoshino, Yamato, an inland town in
the south of the main island forty miles from the coast (Bakiston
and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 218) ; another specimen was picked up
much decayed on the beach at Kamakara in Tokio Bay (Blakiston
and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 106) ; and there is an
example in the British Museum, collected by Captain St. John at
Nagasaki in May.
This Shearwater is said to breed in millions on some of the islands
off the coasts of Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand, but is pro-
bably a non-breeding summer visitor to the North Pacific.
268
TUBINARES.
263. FULMARUS GLACIALIS.
(FULMAR.)
Procellaria glacialis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 213 (1760).
The Fulmar is one of the larger speeies (wing from carpal joint
about 12 inches). It varies very much in colour: but is easily dis-
tinguished from any of the Shearwaters by the length of its nasal
tubes, which nearly reach the nail of the bill ; and from all its
Japanese allies by the under outline of its bill, which turns suddenly
upwards at the angle of the mandible, instead of following the same
direction throughout.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. G17.
Head of Fulmanis ylacialis. Natural size.
Stellcr observed the Fulmar breeding in great numbers on the
Kurile Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 313), and Mr.
Snow has recently observed the same fact (Blakiston and Fryer, Trans.
As. Soc. Japan, 1SH2, p. 100). There arc examples from the Kurile
Islands in the Ilakodadi Museum (Blakiston and Fryer, Ibis, 1S7H,
p. 218), and there is a skin in the British Museum collected by
Mr. Snow on the same islands (Scebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 25). The
PROCELLARIIDiE. 269
latter belongs to the dark form, but there is a skin in the Pryer col-
lection, also collected by Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands, which is as
typical of the light form.
The Fulmar is a circumpolar species and breeds in great numbers
on St. Kilda. It appears to be dimorphic, but, as is common with other
dimorphic species, the proportion of dark and light forms varies
greatly in different localities.
264. (ESTRELATA HYPOLEUCA.
(BONIN-ISLAND SHEARWATER.)
(Estrelata hypoleuca, Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 359.
The Bonin-Island Shearwater is blackish brown above, with the
feathers of the back and rump margined with grey ; the forehead,
lores^ and underparts are white ; the axillaries are white, but most of
the under wing-coverts are brown ; quills brown, rectrices white
at base. Wing 8|, tail 4| inches.
The Bonin-Island Shearwater was originally described from an
example sent to me by Mr. Snow from Kruzenstern Island in the
North Pacific, where it had been obtained in the spring of 1883.
The type remained unique in the British Museum until Mr. Hoist
sent me adult and young from Nakondo-Shima, one of the Parry
Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 105).
Family PROCELLARIID^.
The Petrels appear to be intermediate between the Shearwaters,
which they resemble in the position of their nasal tubes, and the
Albatrosses, which, like the Petrels, have lost their basipterygoid
processes.
They all possess the ambiens muscle except the genus Fregetta.
There may be about a score species of true Petrels in the two sub-
families, Procellariinse and Oceanitinse, into which the group may be
divided. The family is represented in both hemispheres, and three
species are recorded from Japan.
270 TUBINARES.
265. PROCELLARIA LEACHI.
(LEACH'S FORK-TAILED PETREL.)
Procellaria leachii, Teraminck, Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 812 (1820).
Leach's Petrel is a little bird (wing from carpal joint about G
inches). It is very dark brown above and below, except the upper
tail-coverts, Mliich arc white.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 013. fig. 2.
Head of Procellaria hcuhi. Natural size.
Leach's Fork-tailed Petrel breeds in the Kurilc Islands (Blakiston
and Prycr, Ibis, 1878, p. 218). There is an example in the Prycr
collection obtained by Mr. Snow in this locality, and Captain
Blakiston has sent me others (Scebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 33).
Leach's Fork-tailed Petrel breeds on some of the western islands
of Scotland and Ireland, as well as in the Bay of Fundy on the
American coast. Tiicse colonics appear to be completely isolated
from the colony in the North Pacific, which extends to the Com-
mander Islands and the Aleutian Islands.
266. PROCELLARIA MELANIA.
(BLACK PETREL.)
Procellaria melania, Bonaparte, Compt. Rend, xxviii. p. 662 (1854).
The Black Petrel is slightly larger than Leach's Petrel (wing from
carpal joint G^ inches), the fork of its tail is somewhat deeper (1^
inches), and the rump and upper tail-covcrts are sooty brown like
the rest of the plumage ; but in both species the margins of the
tcrtials and scajjuiars arc paler.
Figures : Baird, Brewer, and Ilidgway, Watcr-Birds N. Amcr. ii.
]). 107 (woodcut of tail and foot), p. Ill (woodcut of head).
PROCELLARIID/E. 271
The Black Petrel is only known from the type in the Paris
Museum, which was collected by Mons. Delattre during his voyage
from Nicaragua to California ; and an example in the collection of
Canon Tristram, which was obtained twenty years afterwards by
Lieut. Gunn during July in Sendai Bay on the east coast of Hondo.
I have carefully compared the two examples and have no doubt
that they belong to the same species.
267. PROCELLARIA FURCATA.
(GREY FORK-TAILED PETREL.)
Trocdlaria furcata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 5G1 (1788).
The Grey Fork-tailed Petrel is slightly larger than Leach's Petrel
(wing from carpal joint about 6^ inches). It is pale slate-grey,
shading into white on the under tail-coverts and the tips of the
scapulars and tertials, and into dark brown on the axillaries, under
wing-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, and ear-coverts.
I'igures : Cassin, Birds of California &c. pi. 47; Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer. ii. p. 413 (woodcut of head,
foot, and tail).
Head of Procellaria furcata. Natural size.
The Grey Fork-tailed Petrel was recorded from the Kurile Islands
from examples obtained by Mons. Merck (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat.
ii. p. 315) ; and it has recently been found breeding on Rashua, one
of the central islands of the chain, by Mr. Snow (Blakiston and
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 218). There are three examples in the Pryer
collection obtained by Mr. Snow from this locality in June (Scebohm,
Ibis, 1884, p. 33).
272 IMPENNES.
The breeding-range of tlie Grey Fork-tailed Petrel extends east-
■\vards from the Knrile Islands and the Commander Islands, aeross
the Aleutian chain and the islands on the south coast of Alaska, as
far east as Sitka. It has occurred as far north as Berino: Straits.
Order IMPENNES.
The order Impcnucs contains only one suborder.
Suborder XXV. IMPENNES.
The Penguins possess several characters, each of which is diag-
nostic ; and are the only birds which combine the following
characters : —
Young born helpless, but covered with down ; spinal feather-tract
not defined on neck ; palate schizognathous.
There are about a score species of Penguins, which are principally
confined to the Antarctic Region. On the eastern shores of the
Pacific they range as far north as the equator, but on the western
shores they do not approach Japan nearer than the southern coasts
of Australia.
Order GALLO-GRALL^.
Young born covered with down or feathers ; maxillo-palatincs not
coalesced with each other across the middle line ; angle formed by
the lines drawn from the junction of the scapula and coracoid to the
other ends of those bones generally less and never much more than
a right angle (extreme limit 110°); quill-feathers well difTcrcntiated ;
external nostrils not produced into tubes.
The order Gallo-Gralla; contains seven suborders, six of which arc
represented in Japan.
GAViiis. 273
Suborder XXVI. GAVI^.
Palate schizognathous ; dorsal vertebrse more or less opisthocoelous ;
no basipterygoid processes ; spiual feather-tract well defined on the
neck by lateral bare tracts.
The Gaviae consist of four families — the Laridae (containing about
140 species), which are cosmopolitan j the Alcidae (containing about
30 species) , confined to the Nearctic and Palsearctic Regions ; the
Cursoriidse (containing about 30 species), found in the Neotropical,
Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, and the southern portion of the
Palaearctic Regions; and the CEdicnemidae (about 10 species), which
are found in the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The
Laridae and Alcidae are the only families of this suborder which are
represented in Japan.
268. ALCA TROILE.
(GUILLEMOT.)
Colymbus troile^ Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 220 (1766).
The Guillemot has white tips to the secondaries at all ages and
seasons, and white under wdng-coverts ; the bill from frontal feathets
is longer than 1 inch. The combination of the first and last of these
characters is found in no other Japanese species of the genus.
Figures : Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer, ii.
p. 486 (woodcut of bill) .
A form of the Common Guillemot known as Pallas's Guillemot is
a resident on the coast of Ye^zo and the Kurile Islands, and
probably strays in winter along the coasts of the more southerly
Japanese Islands. I have six examples collected by Mr. Snow on
the Kurile Islands, and two obtained by Mr. Henson at Hakodadi.
There is a third example from the latter locality, procured by Captain
Blakiston, in the Swinhoe collection. The variation in the shape of
the bill in even this small series is very remarkable. The length
from the frontal feathers varies from 1"8 to 1"4 inches, and the
height at the extremity of the nostrils from '7 to '45 inch.
Five of the examples are evidently identical with the birds described
as Cepphus lomvia (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 345) j they are
large (wing 8^ to 9i inches), and very dark coloured, they have large
thick bills with a short gonys, and the upper mandible is pale and
27i ' GAVI^.
denuded of feathers almost to the gape. Three of the examples agree
uith the description of Cepphus arra (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii.
p. 317) ; they are small (wini; 8 inehcs) and of a much paler grey in
eolour, they have small tliin bills with a long gonys, and the l)ase of
the upper mandihle is feathered to the nostrils. It is possible that
the slender-billed examples may be birds of the year of the thick-
billed species, but, be that as it may, it is scarcely possible that either
form is specifically distinct from the Common Guillemot.
Eggs in the Pryer collection resemble well-known varieties of the
common form.
The Guillemot is a circumpolar species, breeding in great numbers
on the rocky coasts of the British Islands, and varying much in
different parts of its range, the thick-billed birds being commoner
in the high north.
269. ALCA CARBO.
(SOOTY GUILLEMOT.)
Cepphus carbo, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 350 (182G).
The Sooty Guillemot may be distinguished from all its Japanese
congeners by its combination of the two characters — l)ill from frontal
feathers longer than 1^ inch, and secondaries never tipped with
white.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, vii. pi. 71 ; Baird, Cassin, and
Lawrence, Birds of North America, pi. 97.
The Sooty Guillemot has long been known to visit the Kin'ilc
Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Ilosso-Asiat. ii. p. 350), but it was not re-
corded from Japan until Captain Rodgers procured it in June in the
Bay of Scndai, on the east coast of Hondo, about halfway between
Yokohama and Ilakodadi (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 18G2,
p. 323). There is an example in the Swinhoe collection obtained by
Captain Blakiston at Ilakodadi on the 31st of May (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1875, p. 458), and I have two examples collected by Mr. Ilenson in
the same locality, one on the 27th of March and the other on the
2nd of April. 1 have also an example collected by Mr. Owston at
Uraga near Yokohama on the 27th of February.
The Sooty Guillemot breeds in great numbers on the rocky islands
in the Gulf of Tartary (Seln-enck, Reisen und Forsch. im Amur-
Landc, i. p. 11)8) and on tlie south shores of the Sea of Okhotsk
GAvi^. 275
(MiddendorflP, Sibirische Reise, ii. p. 239). It is not uncommon
during summer on tlie coasts of Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis^
1878, p. 211). It is an accidental visitor to the Commander Islands
(Stejncger, Orn. Expl. Comm. Isl. and Kamtscli. p. 22), but there is
no record of its occurrence on the coast of Alaska or the Aleutian
Islands since the time of Pallas.
The Sooty Guillemot is slightly larger than the Pigeon-Guillemot,
and may always be distinguished from it by its longer bill. The
upper parts are dark brown at all ages and seasons, except that the
frontal feathers, the chin, and a space round the eye are pale grey.
It never has any white on the upper wing-coverts, but young birds
have much white on the under wingrcoverts.
A. columba. A. carbo.
Bill from frontal feathers 1"2 to Bill from frontal feathers 1*4 to
1-3 inch. 1*7 inch.
Wing 6*9 to 7'2 inches. Wing 7-1 to 7-9 inches.
More or less white on wing- No white on the upper surface of
coverts, except in adult suiji- the wing at any season or age.
mer plumage.
Frontal feathers always dark More or less pale grey on frontal
brown ; no pale grey round feathers and round the eye.
the eye, except in very young
birds.
The egg of the Sooty Guillemot (Schrenck, Reisen u. Forsch. im
Amur-Lande, i. pi. xvi. fig. 1) is larger than that of the Black
Guillemot, but not so large as even small examples of the egg of the
Razorbill ; otherwise it closely resembles them.
270. ALCA COLUMBA.
(PIGEON-GUILLEMOT.)
Cepphus columha, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 348 (1826).
The Pigeon-Guillemot may be most easily distinguished from its
Japanese congeners by its combination of the two characters — secon-
daries never tipped with white, and bill from frontal feathers more
than an inch, but less than \\ inch.
Figures : Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Birds of North America,
pi. 9G. fig. 1.
t2
276
OAVLE.
The fact that the Pigeon-Guillemot occurs on the Kurile Islands
was probably known to Pallas, inasmuch as he gives the local name
of the bird in various languages, amongst which is that bestowed
on it by the inhabitants of those islands. Of late years this bird
has been foimd by Mr. Snow breeding in some numbers on the
Kurile Islands (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882,
p. 91) ; and Captain Blakiston has obtained it at Ilakodadi
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 174). There are three examples in the
Pryer collection obtained in June by Mr. Snow on Ketoi Island, one
of the central islands of the Kurile range.
The breeding-range of the Pigeon-Guillemot extends from Bering
Straits, southwards as far west as the Kurile Islands, and as far east
as the Santa Barbara Islands, about 250 miles south of San
Francisco.
It is a smaller bird than the Common Guillemot, and further
differs from that species in always having some brown on the under
wing-coverts, and in never having any white tips to the secondaries.
It is very closely allied to the Sooty Guillemot, Alca carbo, and the
only constant difference between them appears to be the shorter bill
of the Pigeon-Guillemot. Immature birds are easily distinguished
by the more or less obscure white bars across the wing ; these bars
appear entirely to disappear with age, leaving only the following
differences in colour between the two species, viz. : the darker and
more sooty hue of the brown, especially of the underparts, and the
absence of the pale region round the eye, on the frontal feathers, and
on the chin. It is said that the Pigeon-Guillemots from Kamtschatka
and California always have white on the wing-coverts, but that a
species occurs in Greenland {Alca mansfeldi) which is black all over.
An c'^y[, of this Guillemot in my collection, ol)tained by Mr. Snow
on the Kurile Islands, does not differ in size, colour, or markings
from eggs of the Black Guillemot.
271. ALCA ANTIQUA.
(BEIUNG'S GUILLEMOT.)
Alca antiqua, Ginelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. C64 (1788).
In summer plumage Bering's Guillemot is conspicuous by its
1)1 ack flanks, and by the white streaks on the sides of the crown and
GAVI^. 211
the sides of the lower neck. In its winter plumage it resembles the
Marbled Guillemot, but is easily distinguished from that species by-
its shorter bill (-6 instead of "8 inch from frontal feathers) , its longer
tarsus (1-0 instead of '7 inch), and by the absence of white on the
scapulars. The wing from the carpal joint varies from 5*2 to
5 "6 inches. No other Japanese Guillemot combines all these measure-
ments, except Temminck's Guillemot, which has a crest in summer
plumage. In winter the two species are very diflScult to distinguish.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 80.
Bering's Guillemot has long been known to be a visitor to the
Kurile Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 368) ; and many
examples were obtained by the Siebold Expedition at Nagasaki,
whence I have a male in winter plumage procured by Mr. Colling-
wood on the 24th of February. I have four examples collected in
June by Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands, where he found it breeding
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 90). There
is an example in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi, procured by
Captain Blakiston in April (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 166) ; and there
are eight examples in the Pryer collection from the Yokohama
market, where it is abundant during winter.
The breeding-range of Bering's Guillemot extends eastwards from
the Kurile Islands and the Commander Islands, across the Aleutian
chain to the islands on the south coast of Alaska as far east as Sitka.
It is not known to occur further north.
272. ALCA WUMIZUSUME.
(TEMMINCK'S GUILLEMOT.)
TJria tctimizusmne, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 679 (1835).
Temminck's Guillemot almost exactly resembles Alca antiqua,
except that in summer plumage it is furnished with a black occipital
crest.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 79.
Temminck's Guillemot was originally described from Japan, whence
it was probably procured near Nagasaki. It has since been recorded
from Simoda (Cassin, Exp. Am, Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii.
p. 233), but is probably only an occasional visitor to the main
islands, as no specimens have reached this country. It is said to
278 OAVi.K.
breed in some numbers on tlie clifls of Kodushima, one of the Seven
Islands (Stcjncger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 482).
It is a very rare bird, and has only occurred elsewhere on the
opposite shore of the Pacific south of Vancouver Island.
273. ALCA MARMORATA.
(MARBLED GUILLEMOT.)
Colymhus mannoratwi, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 583 (1788).
The Marbled Guillemot may be distinguished from all its Japanese
congeners by its combination of the two characters — scapulars streaked
uit/i while (winter) or huff (summer), and no ivhite on Ihe upper
surface of the unnys (wing-covcrts, or tips of secondaries) .
Figures : Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ii. pi. 90 ; Audubon, Orni-
thological Biography, v. pi. 430 ; Audubon, Birds of America, vii.
pi. 175.
Although the Marbled Guillemot was known both to Pallas and
Latham, I can find no record of its occurrence cither in the Kurilc
Islands or in Japan earlier than that of the female in the Swinhoe
collection, which was procured in May by Captain Blakiston at
Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. IGG). There is a male in the
Swinhoe collection apparently procured at the same time, but it is
in full summer plumage, whilst the female is only beginning to lose
its winter dress. I liavc another male collected by Mr. Henson at
Hakodadi on the 23rd of March, which has half completed its spring
moult, and a female collected by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi in
November in full winter plumage. I have a female collected by
Mr. Snow on the Kurilc Islands in which the feathers of the upper
parts arc tipped with greyish white instead of dark buff, and the
under wing-coverts are mottled with grey instead of being all grey.
Mr. Owston has collected this species at Yokohama (Hlakiston and
Prycr, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 90).
The breeding-range of the Marbled Guillemot extends eastwards
from the Kurilc Islands across the Aleutian chain and the islands on
tlie south coast of Alaska as far south as Vancouver Island. It is
not known to occur north of the Aleutian Islands.
Hr. Stejnegcr divides the ^Marbled Guillemot into tM'o species,
which he calls Brachijrhaniphus murmoratiis and B. ])erdix ; the former
is probably the male and the latter the i'emale or immature male.
GAVI/E. 279
The Marbled Guillemot can never be confounded with its shorter-
billed ally. These two very distinct species differ in the following
particulars : —
Alca marmorata. Alca brevirostris .
Bill from frontal feathers '8 to Bill from frontal feathers o to
•7 inch. -4 inch.
Tail-feathers all brown. Outer tail-feathers white.
No white on any of the secon- White at tips of many outer se-
daries. condaries.
Lores always brown. Lores white in winter plumage.
Under wing-coverts principally Under wing-coverts always grey.
white in winter plumage.
The changes of plumage are very similar in both species, but the
larger-billed form often has much white on the under wing-coverts
in winter, which is not the case in any winter examples of the
smaller-billed form that I have seen.
274. ALCA BREVIROSTRIS.
(KITTLITZ'S GUILLEMOT.)
Uria brevirostris, Vigors, Zool. Journ. 1828, p. 367.
Kittlitz's Guillemot may always be known by its very small bill,
which measures less than half an inch from the frontal feathers.
Figures : Turner, Nat. Hist. Alaska, Birds, pi. 2 (winter plumage) ;
Henshaw, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, Birds, pi. 1 (summer plumage).
No authentic instance of the occurrence of Kittlitz's Guillemot,
otherwise known by the name of the Short-billed Marbled Guillemot,
in any of the Japanese Islands has been recorded. All the examples
recorded as Brachjrhamphus Mttlitzi from the Kurile Islands or
Japan have proved on examination to have belonged to the longer-
billed species, Alca marmorata. There are, however, in the Pryer
collection two examples in nearly full summer plumage, obtained by
Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands, which belong to the short-billed
species.
Kittlitz's Guillemot appears to be a very rare bird. Besides the
two examples collected by Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands, two
280 GAVIiE.
examples have been obtained on the Aleutian Islands (Nelson^ Cruise
of the 'Corvin/ p. 117), and I have an example in winter plumage
from Kamtsehatka Mhich was sent to me by Mons. Taczanowski.
The Smithsonian Institution at Washington has reeeived it from
Cape Lisburne, north of Bering Straits. Nothing further is known
of its range.
Kittlitz's Guillemot is remarkable for the shortness of its tarsus
and the smallness of the exposed portion of its bill. Though the
wing measures from 5 to G inehes from the carpal joint, the tarsus
only measures "7, and the bill from the frontal feathers only "4 ineh.
The winter plumage is grey above and white below and on the
innermost scapulars. In summer the upper parts are marbled with
buff, and the underparts with grey. The under wing-coverts are
always grey, and the outer tail-feathers and the tips of the outermost
secondaries are always wliite.
Genus Frateucula. — The Puffins are a very unfortunate group of
birds, for in spite of the fact that they fonu a compact and well-
defined genus, the variable character of their bills has caused them to
be split up into numerous pseudogencra^ and that to such an extent
that in some cases one genus has been provided for the summer
plumage and a second for the winter dress. In the genus Fratercula
the bill is provided with one or more sheath-like structures of an
orangc-rcd colour, which appear in spring and are shed in autumn.
275. FRATERCULA CORNICULATA.
(IIOKN-EYED PUFFIN.)
Munnon corniculata, Naumann, Isis, 1821, p. 782.
The Horn-eyed Puffin in breeding-dress is readily diagnosed by the
hom-shapcd wattles above its eyes, but as these disappear before
winter, a more complicated diagnosis is necessary. No other Japanese
Puffin combines the characters, bill 9 inch or more hiyh, and breast
and belly white.
Figures : Stejneger, Orn. Expl. Comm. Isl. and Kamtsehatka, j)l. 3;
(iray, Genera of Birds, iii. pi. 171 ; liaird, Brewer, and Kidgway,
Water-Birds N. Amer. ii. j). 529 (coloured woodcut of head).
GAVI.5E.
281
The Horn-eyed Puffin has long been known to inhabit the Kurile
Islands (Pallas^ Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 365), but it was for a long
time confused with its Atlantic representative. It has not been
recorded from Japan, but probably breeds on the Kurile Islands
(Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 89), as I have
Head of Fratercula cornieiilata. f natural size.
an example obtained in June by Mr. Snow on Shiashkotan, one of the
more northerly islands of the group (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 174). It
breeds in great numbers on the islands of the southern shores of the
Sea of Okhotsk (Middendorff, Sibirische Reise, ii. p. 240} ; whence
its range extends eastwards to the Commander Islands, the Aleutian
Islands, and the islands on the southern coast of Alaska as far south
as Sitka ; and northwards through Bering Straits to Cape Lisburne.
276. FRATERCULA CIRRHATA.
(TUFTED PUFFIN.)
Alca cirrhata, Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, pt. v. p. 7 (1780).
The Tufted Puffin may be distinguished from its Japanese allies by
its combination of the two characters — underparts entirely brown, and
tving from carpal joint between 7 and 8 inches long.
282
GAVI^.
Figures : Daubcnton, Planches Enluminecs, no. 7G1 ; Bonaparte,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, pi. 44; Stejncger, Orn. Expl. Comm. Isl. and
Karatschatka, pi. 1 ; Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water-Birds N.
Amer. ii. p. 532 (coloured woodcut of head).
-..- Ji
Head of Fratercula cirrhata. 4' natural size.
The Tufted Puffin has long been known to inhabit the Kurile
Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 364), where it breeds
(Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 210). Its claim to be regarded as
a Japanese bird rests upon examples from Nemoro in north-east
Yczzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 88).
I have an example collected by Dr. Schrenck in Kamtschatka, and
there are four examples in the Pryer collection obtained by Mr. Snow
on the Kurile Islands in July.
It also breeds on many of the islands in Bering Sea, and on both
shores of the North Pacific Ocean, where its range extends a little
further north than Bering Straits, and as far south as the Farallon
Islands, outside the harbour of San Francisco.
An egg collected by ^Ir. Snow on the Kurile Islands measures
2'8 by 2-0 inches ; it resembles eggs of the Common Puilin, but the
colour is browner, and it is streaked rather than spotted.
GAVIyE.
283
277. FRATERCULA MONOCERATA.
(HORN-BILLED PUFFIN.)
Alca monocei'ata, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 361 (1826).
The Horn-billed PufBu in breeding-dress is easily diagnosed by the
remarkable horny projection above its nostrils^ but as this is cast
every autumn, other characters must be found to distinguish it in
winter plumage. The combination of a iving from the carpal joint
between 6*4 and 7'8 inches long, and a bill, exclusive of the horny pro-
jection, '8 inch or less in height will exclude every other Japanese
species.
Figures: Gray, Genera of Birds, iii. pi. 174 (woodcut of head) ;
Eschscholtz^ Zool. Atlas, pi. 12.
Head of Fratercida monocerata. f natural size.
The Horn-billed Puffin was included by Temminck and Schlegel in
the list of Japanese birds at the end of the ' Fauna Japonica ' on the
authority of a Japanese drawing ; but it was first legitimately intro-
duced into the Japanese list from examples obtained at Hakodadi in
1854 by Mr. Heine, the artist of the Perry Expedition (Cassin, Exp.
Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 233) ; and has since been
found to be by no means a scarce bird in that locality, breeding in
great numbers on the islands off the coast of Yezzo and wintering in
Southern Japan (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882,
p. 92) . It is possibly to an immature or winter example of this species
that the bird obtained by the Siebold Expedition at Nagasaki, and
284 GAVi^.
recorded as AIca tor da, must be referred (Temminck and Sclilegel,
Fauna Japonica^ Avcs, p. 125).
I have an example from Kamtschatka collected by Dybowski ; one
from the Kurilc Islands collected by Wossnesensky ; and a third from
Ilakodadi collected by Mr. Ilenson on the 12th of May. There arc
two examples in the Swinhoe collection obtained by Captain Blakiston
at Ilakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. IGG), and five in the Fryer
collection from Yokohama.
The Horn-billed Puffin is not known to have occurred as far north
as Bering Sea, or even on the Aleutian Islands ; but it is common
on the American shores of the Pacific, breeding on the islands near
the coast, as far north as Sitka on the southern coast of Alaska, and
as far south as the Farallon Islands near San Francisco.
278. FRATERCULA PSITTACULA.
(PARROT-BILLED PUFFIN.)
Alca psittacula, Pallas, Spicile^a Zoologica, pt. v. p. 13 (1780).
The Parrot-billed Puffin is easily recognized' by the shape of its
bill, the line of the gape curves upwards to such an extent that in
profile both outlines of the upper mandible appear equally convex.
Figures: Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, pi. IG; Stcjneger, Orn. Expl,
Comm. Isl. and Kamtschatka, pi. 4. fig. G (head).
Head of Fratcrcula psittamlo. Natural size.
The Parrot-billed Puffin has long been known to inhabit the
Kurile Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 3G6), and was found
GAVIiE. 285
there in 1881 by Mr. Snow (Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc.
Japan, 1882, p. 89). I have an example collected by Mr. Snow on
the Kurile Islands in June (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 174), and there
are two examples in the Pryer collection, also obtained by Mr. Snow
in the same locality. It is said to be a comparatively rare bird, not
more than half a dozen pairs being met with in a season^s sea-otter
hunting.
The Parrot-billed Puffin is extremely abundant in Bering Straits
and for some distance north, especially on the Siberian coast. It has
not been recorded from Japan, nor from the coast of Alaska east of
the Aleutian Islands.
279. FRATERCULA CRISTATELLA.
(CRESTED PUFFIN.)
Alca cnstatella, Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, pt. v. p. 18 (1780).
The Crested Puffin may be distinguished from its Japanese con-
geners by its combination of the two characters — underparts entirely
brown, and wing from carpal joint between 5 and 6 inches long.
Head of Fratercula cnstatella. Natural size.
Figures: Gray, Genera of Birds, iii. pi. 174. fig, 1 (woodcut of
head) ; Stejneger, Orn, Expl. Comm. Isl. and Kamtschatka, pi. 4.
fig. 4 (head in summer), fig. 5 (head in winter).
The Crested Puffin has long been known as an inhabitant of the
286 GAVI.Ti.
Kurile Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 370), and two
examples were procured in 1805 on the east coast of Japan, one of
them in the latitude of Yokohama, and the other about 150 miles due
south of Yezzo (Whitcly, Ibis, 1807, p. 209). I have two examples
collected by Wossnesensky on the Kurile Islands, where it was found
breeding by Mr. Snow (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 89), and whence I have an example obtained by Mr. Snow
in June (Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 168). There are two examples in
the Pryer collection procured at the same time.
The breeding-range of the Crested Puffin extends from the islands
in Bering Straits, south-west to the Kurile Islands, and south-east
to the Aleutian Islands and Kodiak.
An egg obtained by Mr. Snow on the Kiirilc Islands measures
215 by 1*4 inches; it is dirty white outside and greenish inside.
280. FRATERCULA PYGM^A.
(WHISKERED PUFFIN.)
Alca pygmcBa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 555 (1788).
The Whiskered Puffin may be distinguished from its Japanese con-
geners by its combination of two characters — winy less than five inches
from carpal joint, and throat dark brown.
Figures : Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no, 200 (erroneously
named Phalaris crisiatella) ; Turner, Nat. Hist. Alaska, Birds, pi. i.
(breeding-plumage) ; Stejneger, Orn. Expl. Comm. Isl. and Kamts-
chatka, pi. 1. fig. 1 (head in winter), fig. 2 (head in summer).
The Whiskered Puffin is doubtless identical with the Pigmy Auk
of the early writers (Pennant, Arctic Zoology, ii. p. 513), who de-
scribed it in winter plumage (Latham, Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 328)
from the islands in Bering Sea. It was afterwards described in
summer plumage under the name of Alca .kamtschatica (Lepechin,
Nov. Act. Petropol. 1801, p. 309), to be renamed some years later as
Uria mystacea (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 372). Its synonymy
was further complicated by Lichtcnstein, who named it Mormon
8ttperciliosa, and by Dr. Coues, who called the young Simorhynchus
cussini.
It is a mistake to call this Puffin the Pigmy Auk, firstly, because
it is a Puffin and not an Auk, and, secondly, because there is a still
smaller species belonging to the same genus.
GAVI^E. 287
The Whiskered Puffin has long been known to occur both on the
Kurile Islands and the Japanese coasts (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.
ii. p. 372) . Examples were taken by Mr. Heine of the Perry Expe-
dition at Simoda and in the Bay of Yedo in April 1854 (Cassin, Exp.
Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 234). There are nine
Head of Fratercula i^ygmcea. Natural size.
examples in the Pryer collection obtained by Mr. Snow in June on
Ushisir, one of the central islands of the Kurile range.
The breeding-range of the Whiskered Puffin extends from the
Kurile Islands eastwards to the Commander Islands and the Aleutian
Islands as far east as Unalaska.
281. FRATERCULA PUSILLA.
(LEAST PUFFIN.)
TJria pusilla, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 373 (1826).
The Least Puffin may always be distinguished from its congeners
by its diminutive size. The wing from the carpal joint measures
from 3i to 4 inches.
288 OAVi^.
Figures: Gray, Genera of Birds, iii. pi. 175 (summer plumage) ;
Nelson, Cruise of the ' Corvin/ Birds, pi. 1 (summer plumage).
Head of Frutercula pusilla. Natural size.
Tlie Least Puffin was not recorded from Japan until it was deseribcd
from two examples, one of whieh, in the Tokio Museum, was procured
on the Kaga coast of Hondo, and the other, in the Hakodadi Museum,
was caught in Hakodadi Bay in Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis,
1878, p. 210). On the 2nd of March, 1883, several examples were
collected in Hakodadi Bay by jSIr. Hcnson, two of which were sent
me by Captain Blakiston (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 31), and two more
came into my possession afterwards.
The Least Puffin breeds in great abundance on the islands in the
North Pacific Ocean as far north as Bering Straits, and as far south
as the Aleutian Islands.
282. STERCORARIUS RICHARDSONI.
(IIICHARDSON^S SKUA.)
Li'stris richardsoni, Swainson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 433 (1831).
Richardson's Skua is a sooty-brown bird, witli or without a great
deal of white on the underparts. The narrow, pointed central tail-
feathers are 3 or 4 inches longer than the outer ones. The shafts of
most of the primaries are Mhite.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 80; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. Gil.
GAVi^. 289
Richardson's Skaa probably breeds on the Kurile Islands, whence
examples have been brought by Mr. Snow (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 105). There are three examples in
the Pryer collection from the Kurile Islands, all of them belonging to
the dark form with no white on the underparts.
Richardson's Skua is a circumpolar species, and frequently visits
the British Islands on its migrations, a few breeding in Scotland.
283. STERCORARIUS BUPFONI.
(BUFFON^S SKUA.)
Lestris huffoni, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562.
Buifon's Skua closely resembles Richardson's Skua, but it is not
known ever to have dark underparts. The central tail-feathers are
4 to 8 inches longer than the others, and only the first and second
primaries have white shafts.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 81 ; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, iii. pi. 612. fig. 1.
Bufibn's Skua probably breeds on the Kurile Islands, whence
examples have been brought by Mr. Snow (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 105) .
BuiFon's Skua is a circumpolar species, and occasionally visits the
British Islands on its migrations.
284. STERCORARIUS POMARINUS.
(POMARINE SKUA.)
Lestris pomarinus, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. p. 514 (1815).
The Pomarine Skua differs from its allies in having broad, rounded
and twisted central tail-feathers.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 79 ; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. p. 610.
The Pomarine Skua is an occasional winter visitor to Japan (See-
bohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 32). There is an example in the Pryer collection
from Tokio Bay.
The Pomarine Skua is a circumpolar species, and frequently visits
the British Islands in winter.
u
290 GAVI.E.
285. LARUS GLAUCUS.
(GLAUCOUS GULL.)
Larus glaucus, Briinuich, Oru. llor. p. 44 (17G4).
The Glaucoiis Gull is the largest species of the genus (wing from
carpal joint 21 to 18 inches). Its legs are flesh-coloured, its orbits
vermilion (in the adult), and its primaries white.
Figures: Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 57; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. G05 (legs and feet wrongly coloured).
The Glaucous Gull is a winter visitor to Japan ; immature examples
are more common than adults, but tlie latter are occasionally met
with. There is an example in the Swinhoe collection from Ilakodadi
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 165), which was apparently the first obtained
in Japan ; and there is another in the Pryer collection from Yoko-
hama.
The Glaucous Gull is a circumpolar species, and is a winter visitor
to the British Islands.
286. LARUS GLAUCESCENS.
(GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.)
Larus f/huceseens, Naumann, Naturg. Yog. Deutscbl. x. p. 351 (1840).
The Glaucous-winged Gull is quite as large as a Herring-Gull, and
resembles that species in the colour of its mantle. It may at once
be recognized by its ])rimaries, the pattern of which resembles that of
L. cachinnans , but tlie dark part of the markings, instead of being
nearly black, arc lavender-grey like the mantle.
The Glaucous-winged (iuU is an occasional visitor to Japan from
the American coast, where it breeds in Alaska and winters in Cali-
fornia. Examples from Ilakodadi are in the Swinhoe collection,
which appear to be the first obtained in Japan, and in that of
Mr. Howard Saunders (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1871, j). 1(55). It has also
occurred in Tokio Bay (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 101).
The (ilaucous- winged Gull is a Pacific-Ocean species, breeding on
the Commander Islands and in Alaska.
GAVI.K. 291
287. LARUS MARINUS.
(GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL.)
Lams marimis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1706).
Tlie Great Black-backed Gulls of Yezzo and the Kuriles are appa-
rently identical with those found on the Commander Islands, and
named Larus sdiistisagus (Stejneger, Auk, 1884, p. 231). They
seem to intergrade with Larus marinus (of which they are doubtless
an Eastern race), and some examples from Japan are so absolutely
intermediate between the two forms that they may l)e referred to
either, and can only be recognized as Lariis marinus schistisayus.
The Great Black-backed Gull is one of the largest species (wing
from carpal joint 20 to 18 inches). Its legs are flcsh-coluured, its
mantle very dark slate-grey, and the light pattern on the inner webs
of its primaries is obscure and seldom much cuueated. Its orbits are
vermilion.
Mr. Snow obtained a scries of Gulls from the Kurile Islands, and
Mr. Whitely and Captain Blakiston have both procured specimens
near Hakodadi of a large size, and differing only from L. affinis in
having flesh-coloured instead of yellow legs and feet (Whitely, I])is,
1867, p. 210). There can be little doubt that they are identical Avith
the Gulls described by Dr. Stejneger as Larus schistisagus, which I
regard as the Eastern form of Larus marinus, and with which it
appears to intergrade. The Western race differs from the Eastern
one in being on an average a slightly larger bird, in having a some-
what darker mantle, and in possessing a white subterminal spot or
bar on the second primary. In the Swinhoe collection is a Gull
from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 165), which has a dark
mantle, but no subterminal spot on the second primary ; and in the
Pryer collection is an example from the Kurile Islands which has
the paler mantle, but possesses the subterminal spot on the second
primary.
288. LARUS CACHINNANS.
(PALLAS^S HERRING-GULL.)
Larus caehinnans, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 318 (1826)i
Pallas's Herring-Gull is smaller than the Great Black-backed Gull
(wing from carpal joint 19 to 18 inches). Its legs are yellow, its
u2
292 oAVi.T..
mantle pale slate-jjrey, and the light pattern on the inner webs of
its primaries is very distinct and wcdge-sliaped. Its orbits are ver-
milion.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 602. fig. 2.
Pallas's Herring-Gull appears to be a regular winter visitor to
Japan, There are several examples in the Pryer collection from
Yokohama, and many have been procured at Ilakodadi (Whitely,
Ibis, 1807, p. 210). It is probably to this species that the immature
Gulls obtained by the Perry Expedition in Ycdo Bay, and supposed
to be the young of Larus ichthyaetus, are to be referred (Cassin,
Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 232). It is a winter
visitor to the Bonin Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 105), and there
is an example in the Norwich Museum obtained by Mr. Ringer near
Nagasaki,
This species has a very wide range, from Teneriffe (where I found
it very abundant in May), through the Mediterranean, the Black
Sea, the Caspian, the Aral Sea, and Lake Baikal, to the valley of the
Amoor, but it has not occurred in the British Islands, where its place
is taken by a very closely-allied species, Larus argentatus.
289. LARUS LEUCOPTERUS.
(ICELAND CULL.)
Larus leucoptenis, Faber, Prodr. i.slandischen Orn. p. 98 (1822).
The Iceland Gull is a miniature Glaucous Gull, with very pale
mantle and white primaries (wing from carpal joint 17 to 16 inches).
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi, 006 (orbits coloured
vermilion instead of flesh-eolour).
The occurrence of the Iceland Gull in Japan is not very satisfac-
torily proved. It is said that Cajjtain Blakiston obtained an example
(Saunders, Proc, Zool. Soc, 1878, p, 100). There is no such example
in the Swinhoe collection, but it is very prol)able that there may
have been one, as it is said to be the commonest Gull in the Bering
Sea (Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p, 53).
The Iceland (iull breeds in Arctic America, wandering in winter
as far west as Japan and as far east as the British Islands.
GAVI.K. 293
290. LARUS CRASSIROSTRIS.
(TEMMINCK'S GULL.)
Larus crassirostris, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxi. p. 508 (1818).
Temminck's Gull is exactly the same size as the Common Gull^
but is slightly darker in the colour of its mantle, which scarcely
differs from that of the Eastern form of the Great Black-backed Gull.
The black band across the end of the tail of the adult of Temminck^s
Gull is an excellent mark of distinction from the adult of the Common
Gull, in which the tail is white throughout. Immature examples of
the former have three fourths of the tail nearly black, wliilst those of
the latter have only one third dark brown.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 88
(adult and young), as Larus melanurus.
Temminck's Gull is the common Gull of China and Japan, and
breeds in Yezzo (Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, p. 311), and probably in all
the Japanese Islands. There are several examples in breeding-
plumage in the Pryer collection obtained near Yokohama ; and
Mr. Heine, the artist of the Perry Expedition, says that it abounded
in the Bay of Hakodadi in May 1854 (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad.
China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 232) .
Temminck's Gull breeds in Eastern Siberia, as well as in Cliina
and Japan. Eggs in the Pryer collection resemble large eggs of
Larus canm.
291. LARUS CANUS.
(COMMON GULL.)
Larus canus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1760).
The Common Gull is one of the smaller species. It scarcely differs
from Pallas's Herring-Gull, except in being smaller and in having
greener legs. The entirely white tail distinguishes adult examples
from Temminck's Gull. In immature examples one third of the tail
is dark brown (instead of three fourths being nearly black, as in the
young of Temminck's Gull). The pattern of its primaries is quite
different from that of either the Black-headed Gull or the Kittiwake.
It has been stated that the Common Gulls of East Asia were a
larger race than those of Western Europe. A series in the Pryer
collection vary in length of wing from 13| to 14| inches, whilst a
series from Europe vary from 12| to 14| inches.
294 GAvii'.
Figures: Cioulil, lairds of Groat Britain, v. pi. GO; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. (iOO.
Tlie (Jonuuou (Jul! i)ro1)al)ly breeds on tlic Kurilc Islands and on
tlie coasts of Vczzo, wlienec many examples have been procured by
Mr. Snow, Mr. Hcnson, and Captain Blakistou. The first identified
example recorded froni Jajian was shot at Ilakodadi on the 13th of
XovcniI)er, lH(;i (Wliitely, Ibis, ISO?, p. 210). There arc several
examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama, but most of tlieni
are in immature i)huna<jje.
Lants cd/ifortiicus has been recorded from Japan (Saunders, Proc.
Zooh Soc. 1878, p. 175), and aho Larus delawarensis (Saunders, Proc.
Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 177). Mr. Saunders informs me certainly tliat
the former ami probably the latter were wrongly identified, and must
be referred to Larus canus.
The range of the Common Gull, like that of the Black-headed Gull,
^'xtends I'rom the British Islands across Sil)eria to Japan, but it is au
Arctic not a Temperate species, and rarely breeds where the meun
temperature for the month of July is above 60°.
292. LARUS TRIDACTYLUS.
(KITTIWAKE.)
Larus tridactyhis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1700).
The Kittiwakc is one of the smaller Gulls (wing from carpal joint
13 to 11 inches). Its legs and feet are nearly black, and the hind
toe is absent or very small. The colour of its mantle is like that of
the Common Gull, The wing l)eyond the tip of the sixth ])rimary is
black, with small white tips to the fourth and fifth jjrimarics ; the
rest of the wing is pearl-grey, with a black outer web to the first
primary.
Figures: Gould, Birds of Great Biitain, v. pi. Gl ; Dresser, Birds
of FuroiJC, viii. pi. (108.
The Kittiwakc breeds on the Kurilc Islands, whence it was ])ro-
bably (obtained by Steller (Pallas, /oogr. Kosso-Asiat. ii. p. 321),
and whence there is an exami)l(' in tlic Pryer collection obtained by
Mr. Snow in .lune on the island of Kaslnia. In tlie Ilakodadi
Museum there are cxamj)les obtained at Nemoro, the eastern extremity
of Yczzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 105).
The Kittiwakc is a circumpolar species, and bn-eds on the coasts
of the British Islands.
GAVi^. 295
293. LARUS RIDIBUNDUS.
(BLACK-HEADED GULL.)
Lams ridibundus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (17G0).
The Black-headed Gull is one of the smaller species (wing from
carpal joint 12^ to 11^ inches). \Vlien adult the bill, legs, and feet
are coral-red, and the mantle pale grey. In summer the head is
dark brown.
A white band runs down the centre of the second primary to
■within an inch of the tip ; and the outer primary-coverts are for the
most part white.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 64; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. 597. fig. 1.
The Black-headed Gull probably breeds in Yezzo (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1874, p. 165), and migrates in autumn as far south as Yokohama,
whence it was procured by the Perry Expedition (Cassin, Exp. Am.
Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 232), and whence there are
several skins in w-inter plumage in the Pryer collection. There
is an example in the Korwich Museum obtained at Nagasaki by
Mr. Ringer. It is a Palsearctic species, breeding in the British
Islands and in various inland localities across Temperate Europe and
Southern Siberia to Northern Japan.
294. STERNA DOUGALLI.
(ROSEATE TERN.)
Sterna dougalli, Montagu, Om. Diet. Suppl. (1813).
The Roseate Tern agrees with the Common and Daurian Terns in
having a black forehead ; the rump and upper tail-coverts are
suffused with grey, the white margins of the inner webs of the
primaries extend to the tips of the feathers ; the bill is black, and
the feet are red.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 71 ; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. 581.
There is an example of the Roseate Tern from the Loo-Choo
Islands in the Pryer collection (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 181).
296
OAVl/K.
This widely spread species is known to breed in many localities in
the Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; and on the western shores of the
Head of Sternn dorujalli. Natural size.
Pacific is recorded from New Guinea, Australia, and New Caledonia.
It formerly bred in several localities on the British coasts.
295. STERNA LONGIPENNIS.
(DAURIAN TERN.)
Sterna lonyipennis, Nordmann, Ermau's Verz. vou Thiereu uiid I'flauzen,
p. 17 (1835).
The Daurian Tern has a black forehead ; the upper tail-coverts arc
pure white ; the primaries are not margined with white towards the
tip; the bill is black and the feet are brown.
Head of Slerna Ivugipennis. Natural size.
Figures : Middciidorff, Sibirische Rcisc, ii. pi. 25. fig. 1.
GAVI.E.
297
The Daurian Teru is the eastern representative of the Common
Tern, and breeds in Eastern Siberia, wintering in Japan and Cliina. I
have an example collected by Mr. Snow on Eturop, the most southerly
of theKurile Islands, where it probably breeds (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879,
p. 23). In the Tweeddale collection is a skin from Yezzo (Saunders,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 650) ; and I have an example collected by
Mr. Fryer in Tokio Bay.
296. STERNA MELANAUCHEN.
(BLACK-NAPED TERN.)
Sterna meUmauchen, Temminck, Plancbes Colorizes, no. 427 (1827).
The Black-naped Tern has a black patch covering the nape and
passing through each eye to the lores, in strong contrast to the
white forehead and crown. The bill and the feet are black.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. pi. 28.
Head of Stenia melanauchen. Natural size.
There is an example of the Black-naped Tern from the Loo-Choo
Islands in the Pryer collection (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 181). It
breeds on the rocks outside Amoy Harbour (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1871, p. 422) ; and is found in the Indian Ocean as far w^est as
the Andaman Islands (Walden, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 556), and
in the Pacific as far south as New Caledonia (Layard, Ibis, 1879,
p. 365), and as far east as the Samoa Group.
298
OAVI.«.
297. STERNA SINENSIS.
(ORIENTAL LHSSKR TERN.)
Sfon.n sinensis, Gmelin, Syst, Nat. i. p. 608 (1788).
The Oriental Lesser Tern is easily distinguished from the other
Japanese Terns by its small size (wing from carpal joint 7 to G inches).
It differs from our Lesser Tern in having the shafts of the three
outer primaries Avhitc instead of brown. The forehead is white, and
the bill and the feet are yellow.
Figures : Gould, Birds of New Guinea, v. pi, 72, as Stemula
placens.
PS,'!;;;,-',","- /"^ 'M ^^j^N-^^]^^''"
Head of Sfcnia situmst's. Natural size.
The Oriental Lesser Tern is the eastern representative of our
Lesser Tern, and breeds in Southern Japan. There are several
examples from the neighbourhood of Yokohama, and one from the
Loo-Choo Islands in the Fryer collection (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887,
p. 181). There can be little doubt that the examples of the Little
Tern obtained by the Ferry expedition in the last-named locality in
August 185 i are referable to this species (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad.
China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 248). This is probably the northern
limit of its range, which extends south to Northern Australia and
west to Ceylon.
Eggs in the Fryer collection do not differ in any way from common
varieties of those of S/cniti minutd.
GAVIM.
299
298. STERNA ALEUTICA.
(ALEUTIAN TERN.)
Sterna aleutica, Baird, Trans. Cliicag'o Acad. Nat. Sc. i. p. 321 (1869).
Tlie Aleutian Tern is about the size of the Common Tern (wing
from carpal joint 11 to 9^ inches). Its mantle and rump are slate-
grey, but its forehead and upper tail-coverts are white.
Figures: Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. 1869, pi. 31. fig. 1.
The Aleutian Tern appears to be a more or less accidental visitor
to the coasts of Japan, as there is an example in the Pryer collection
labelled " Inuboye/^ which is probably the same as Cape Inoboga due
east of Tokio.
It is a North Pacific species, breeding on the coasts of Alaska from
Kadiak to Norton Sound.
299. STERNA BERGII.
(RUPPELL^S TERN.)
Sterna herr/ii, Liclitenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 80 (1823).
Riippell's Tern is one of the larger species (wing from carpal joint
15 to 13 inches). The black on the crown does not cover the fore-
Head of Sterna hergii. Natural size.
head, and ends in a point on the nape, which is white, gradually
shading into slate-grey on the back.
300
oAVi.f:.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. pi. 23 (sub uom. Thalassetcs
pelecanoides) , pi. 24 (sub nom. Tfialasseus poliocercus) .
Riippell's Tern lias been found in the southern group of the Loo-
Choo Islands (Stcjneger, Proc. United States Nat. j\Ius. 1887,
p. 393).
It is a tropical species, ranging from the Red Sea and both coasts
of South Africa across the Indian Ocean to the "Western Pacific. It
breeds on Kelung Island, oflf the north coast of Formosa, and ranges
southwards to Tasmania and the Fiji Islands.
300. STERNA STOLIDA.
(NODDY TERN.)
Sterna stolida, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (17GG).
The Noddy Tern belongs to the group in which the whole of the
upper parts below the head are of a nearly uniform brown. It may
easily be recognized by its pale forehead and crown, or by its wedge-
shaped tail.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. pi. 34.
The Noddy Tern is found in all tropical seas, and occasionally
strays into the more temperate regions. There is an example in
the Pryer collection obtained by Mr. Harrison near the Gulf of
'W
//
'f'
Head of Sterna stolida. Natural size.
Yedo, and there is a second exami)le in the Tokio Museum from
the same locality (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882,
OAVI^.
301
p. 103) ; Mr. Cuthbcrt Colliugwood procured a third example near
the Loo-Choo Islands (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. G03) :
these are, so far as I know, the only recorded occurrences of this
species in Japan. It breeds on the cliffs of Formosa (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1863, p. 430). It is said that two examples of this species were
once shot in Ireland.
301. STERNA AN^STHETA.
(BRIDLED TERN.)
Sterna antpstfieta, Scopoli, Delicire Florte et Faunae Insubricfe, i. p. 02 (178G).
Head of Sterna ancestheta. Natural size.
The Bridled Tern is smaller than the Sooty Tern, the upper parts
are paler, the white nuchal collar is more distinct, the black on the
lores extends as far forwards as the white, and the web on both sides
of the middle toe is narrower.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vii. pi. 33.
The Bridled Tern is said to be an oceanic species, resident through-
out the tropics, and only occasionally wandering into the temperate
regions. An example was obtained by Mr. Cuthbcrt Collingwood
at Hakodadi on the 4th of November (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc,
1870, p. 603), and a second example in the Pryer collection was
302
GAVl.E.
obtained near Yokohama. It is common on the Pescadore Islands
between Formosa and China (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 422).
The Bridled Tern is a tropieal species, inhabiting the Indian
Ocean, the Pacific, and the Atlantic. It is said to have once occurred
in England.
302. STERNA FULIGINOSA.
(SOOTY TERN.)
Sterna fuli/jinosa, (Jmolin, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 605 (1788).
Head of Sterna fuliytiiosa. Natural size.
The Sooty Tern belongs to the group in Avhich the back, ruiiij),
and upper tail-coverts are dark brown, but the underparts are Avhite
in the adult. It is larger than the Bridled Tern. The wliitc nuchal
collar docs not extend across the nape, and the black on the lores
does not extend as far forward as the white on the forehead.
Figures : Temminck and Schlcgcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 89;
Dresser, Birds of Euro])e, viii. pi. 587.
The Sooty Tern is a resident throughout the tropical seas, and is
only accidentally found in more temperate regions. Its only claim
to be regarded as a Japanese species is the record of the examples,
doubtless from Southern Japan, obtained by the Siebold Expedition,
and an example obtained on the Yaye-yauia Islands, tin; most
southerly grouj) of the Loo-Choo l>lan(ls, by Mr. Nishi (Stejnegcr,
Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, j). 3U2). There arc two records
of its occurrence on the British lsl;in(l>.
limicol.t:. 303
Suborder XXVII. LIMICOL^E.
Palate schizognathous ; nasals scliizorliinal ; dorsal vcrtebi'ce opis-
thocoelous ; basipterygoid processes present.
The suborder Limicolaj consists of two families. The Cbaradriidte,
containing rather more than 150 species, are cosmopolitan. The
Parridse do not number a dozen species, and are confined to the
tropical regions of the world.
Fifty species belonging to the family Charadriidse are recorded
from Japan.
303. CHARADRIUS FULVUS.
(ASIATIC GOLDEN PLOVER.)
Charadrius fulvus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 687 (1788).
The Asiatic Golden Plover belongs to a small group of Plovers
which have the tail-feathers transversely barred. It is the only
species in this group which has grey axillaries.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegeb Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 62
Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 516 (summer plumage), pi. 517.
figs. 2 & 3 (winter jilumage) .
The Asiatic Golden Plover passes the Kuriles, the Japanese Islands,
and the Loo-Choo Islands in great numbers, both on the spring and
on the autumn migrations. Dr. Henderson procured it at Hakodadi
in October 1857 (Cassin, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 195).
There are two examples from Hakodadi in the Swinhoe collection
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 162) ; and there are four from Yokohama in
the Pryer collection. Captain Rodgers obtained it both on the
Bonin Islands and on the Loo-Choo Islands (Cassin, Proe. Acad.
Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 321), and there are four examples from
the latter locality in the Pryer collection (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887,
p. 180).
Although the only known breeding-grounds of the Asiatic Golden
Plover are on the tundras of Eastern Siberia, it is an accidental
straggler to Western Europe, and is recorded as having once been
obtained on the British Islands.
304
LlMICOL.'F.
304. CHARADRIUS HELVETICUS.
(GREY vPLOVER.)
Tringa helvetica, Linneus, Syst. Nat.V P- 250 (1700).
The Grey Plover belongs to a small group of Plovers which have
the tail-feathers transversely barred. In this small group it may be
distingriislied either by its foot, whieh is furnished with a hind toe,
or bv its axillaries, which are black.
Head of Charadritts lielveticus. Natural size.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. })1. 517. fig. 1 (winter
plumage), pi. 515. fig. 2 (summer plumage).
The Grey Plover passes the Kuriles, Japan, and tlie Loo-Choo
Islands in some numbers on the spring and autumn migration. It
was obtained by Dr. Henderson at Ilakodadi in October 1857
(Cassin, Proe. Acad. Nat. So. Philad. 1858, p. 195), and there are
several examples in the Swinhoe collection from the same locality
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 452). There are five examples in the Pryer
collection from Yokohama, and one from the Loo-Choo Islands. It
was obtained, doubtless near Nagasaki, by the Siebold Expedition
LIMICOLiE.
305
(Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 106). Ex-
amples from Yokohama are dated from the 24th of September to
the 16th of October.
The Grey Plover is a common winter visitor to the British Islands
as well as to Japan, and breeds in various localities in the intervening
Arctic Regions, as well as in Arctic America,
305. CHARADRIUS MORINELLUS.
(COMMON DOTTEREL.)
Charadrius morinellus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 2i'A (176G).
The Common Dotterel has grey axillaries like the Oriental Dotterel
and the Asiatic Golden Plover. In summer plumage its black belly
and chestnut flanks are very distinctive, and at all seasons its short
bill is remarkable. The bill from the frontal feathers is shorter than
the middle toe without the claw.
Charadrius inorinellus.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 526 (summer and
winter plumage) .
It is quite possible that the Common Dotterel may be a rare
30G
LIMICOL.*:.
visitor on mij^ration to tlie Japanese Islands. In October 1857 Dr.
Heudcrson visited Ilakodadi, during the cruise of tlie * Portsmouth/
and procured, on the shores of a salt-water ci'cek a bird which is
recorded as being indistinguishable from the European Dotterel
(Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 195).
The breeding-range of the Common Dotterel extends from the
British Islands, across Northern Europe and Siberia.
306. CHARADRIUS MINOR.
(LITTLE RINGED PLOVER.)
Cfiaradritcs minor, Wolf and Meyer, Viig. Deutschland, i. p. 182 (1805).
The Ringed Plovers arc a widely spread and numerous section of
the genus. They combine the following characters : — white axil-
larics, do hind toe, white belly, and a dark subtcrminal band across
the tail. There are two Ringed Plovers in Japan. The Little
Ringed Plover is a small species (length of M'ing from carpal joint
Head of Charadrius minor. Natural size.
about 1^ inches), with a slightly graduated tail (outer feathers less
than a quarter of an inch shorter than the central ones).
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 524.
The Little Ringed Plover breeds in all the Japanese Islands. It
I.IMICOL.E. 307
is probably only a summer visitor to Yezzo, but a resident in
Southern Japan. There are several examples in the Swinhoe col-
lection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe^ Ibis, 1875, p. 452) ; three in tlie
Pryer collection from Yokohama ; and there are three from the
Loo-Choo Islands.
The Little Ringed Plover breeds in various localities from Western
Euroi)e to East Siberia, but is only a rare visitor to the British
Islands.
307. CHARADRIUS PLACIDUS.
(HODGSON'S RINGED PLOVER.)
Charadriiis placidus, Gray, Cat. Mamm, &c. Nepal &c. Hodgson, p. 70 (1863),
Hodgson's Ringed Plover scarcely differs in colour from the Little
Ringed Plover, but it is a much larger bird (wing from carpal joint
about 5^ inches), with a more graduated tail (outer feathers half
an inch shorter than the central ones) .
Figures : Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, pi. 12.
Head of Charadrius placidus. Natural size.
Hodgson's Ringed Plover is a winter visitor to Southern Japan,
but probably breeds in Yezzo. There are several examples in the
Swinhoe collection obtained by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi
x2
308 LIMICOL/E.
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 162) ; and there are five in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama. T have also four examples collected by Mr. Snow
from the latter locality.
It is occasionally seen in autumn on the dry river-courses, and on
the lake shores of Central Hondo (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat.
Mus. 1883, p. 31G).
Tlie range of Hodgson's Pinged Plover extends from Japan west-
wards across Central China to the Himalayas, at least as far west as
Nepal.
308. CHARADRIUS MONGOLICUS.
(MONGOLIAN SAND-PLOVEK.)
Charadritts mongoUcus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 13G (1826).
The Sand-Plovers are a large and widely distributed section of the
genus which combine the two characters of having the base of the
outer web of the innermost primaries white, and of having no dark
subterminal band across the tail. The Mongolian Sand-Plover is
one of the larger species (wing from carpal joint 5'4 to 4*9 inches),
but it has a short bill (terminal vault "3 inch or less).
Figures : Middendorff, Sibir. Rcise, ii. pi. 19. figs. 2, 3.
" .,,</r>v<2?4-/^'
Head of C/iaradrius mongolicus. Natural size.
The Mongolian Sand-Plover was originally described by Pallas
from examples obtained in Siberia, Mongolia, and the Kurilc Islands.
It passes in considerable numbers along the shores of the Japanese
seas l)oth on spring and on autumn migration. I have an example
obtained by Mr. Snow on the Kurilc Islands (IJIakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 108), and there is an example in tlie
LIMICOL^.
309
Swiuhoe collection obtained by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi in
September (Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 25). There are five examples in
the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and 1 have three examples pro-
cured by Mr. Owston in the Yokohama market on the 21st of April.
The breeding-range of the Mongolian Sand-Plover extends from
Eastern Turkestan to the valley of the Amoor.
309. CHARADRIUS CANTIANUS.
(KENTISH PLOVER.)
Charadrius cantianus, Latham, Index Orn. Suppl. p. Ixvi (1801).
The Kentish Plover belongs to the section of the genus vrhich I
have called Sand-Plovers, of which it is one of the smaller species
(wing from carpal joint 4"6 to 4*1 inches). The Chinese form of
Charadrius cantianus.
the Kentish Plover is found in Japan, and only differs from the
typical form in having pale legs.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 523 (typical form with
dark legs).
The Kentish Plover appears to be only a summer visitor to Yezzo,
310 LI.MICOL.*.
but to be a resident in Southern Japan, whenee its range extends
southwards to Formosa, South China, and Hainan. There is no ex-
ample from Yezzo in the Swinlioe collection, but it is probable that
the typical dark-legged form is found there (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875,
p. 452). In the Pryer collection there are nine examples of the
pale-legged form from Yokohama, and one of the dark-legged form
unfortunately without any locality affixed.
The pale-lcggcd race has been described as specifically distinct
under the name of jEgialites dealhatus (Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1870, p. 138), but there can be little doubt that the two races in-
tergrade, and that the Chinese race ought to be called Charadrius
cantianus dealbatus.
310. CHARADRIUS GEOFFROYI.
(GEOFFROY'S SAND-PLOVER.)
Charadrius geoffroyi, Wagler, Syst. Av. p. 01 (1827).
Geoffroy's Sand-Plover is one of the larger species of the section
(wing from carpal joint 5| to 5^ inches), with a long thick bill
(length from frontal feathers '95 to '8 inch, of which the terminal
vault occupies about half).
Figures : Ilarting, Ibis, 1870, pi. 11 ; Dresser, Birds of Europe,
vii. pi. 521.
'^'^mm
lli'iul <t[ CJidififlrius t/i'iiff'ioi/i. Natur.il size.
Geoffroy's Sand-Plover is a very rare accidental straggler to Japan,
and the only authority for its occurrence in any of the Japanese
LIMICOL.E. 311
islands (tliat I can find) is a statement (Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 379)
founded upon an exami)le obtained by j\Ir. Whitely from Japan.
It is a tropical species, breedinj^ in Formosa and Hainan, and
possibly in the Red Sea.
311. LOBIVANELLUS CINEREUS.
(GREY-HEADED WATTLED LAPWING.)
I'luvianus cinereus, Blytli, Joura. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 587 (1842).
This species differs from every other Japanese bird in Iiaving a
small wattle between the bill and the eye. No other Wattled Lap-
wing has both white secondaries and a hind toe.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japouica, Avcs, pi. 63.
The Grey-headed Wattled Lapwing is not known to have occurred
in Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1S78, p. 219), but is a not un-
common resident in Southern Japan. There are five examples in the
Pryer collection from Yokohama,
Eggs in the Pryer collection measure 1'95 by 1*35 inch, and
exactly resemble eggs of the Common Lapwing. They are said to
be laid in April, on the grass-ridges between the paddy-fields. The
cock guards the sitting hen vigilantly, driving oft' the birds of prey
with loud laughing cries.
CHARADRIUS VEREDUS.
(OBIENTAL DOTTEREL.)
C'haradiius veredus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 38.
The Oriental Dotterel has grey axillaries like the Cominon Dotterel and the
Asiatic Golden Plover, Its white belly distinguishes it from either of these species
in summer plumage, but at all ages and seasons it is remarkable for its small foot
(middle toe without the claw shorter than the bill from the frontal feathers, and
less than half the length of the tarsus).
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, Vi. pi, 14 ; Harting, Ibis, 1870, pi. 0.
The only claim of the Oriental Dotterel to be regarded as a Japanese bird is a
skin in Dresser's collection obtained by Capt. Conrad at Saigon, and a skin in the
British Museum labelled Japan. As Saigon is in Cochin China, and as tlie skin in
the British Museum is also marked '^ Celebes, Wallace," this species must be struck
out of the Japanese List for the present.
The Oriental Dotterel breeds in Mongolia,
312
MM I COL.!!:.
The brccding-rangc of tlie Grey-licadcd Wattled Lapwing extends
westwards from Japan across North China to South-east Mongolia.
As it is not known to have occurred eitlicr in Siberia or Yezzo it is
fair to assume that it found its way to Soutliern Japan via Formosa
or the Corea.
312. VANELLUS CRISTATUS.
(COMMON LAPWING.)
Vunelltts efistatus, AVolf and Meyer, Vog. Deutschland, ii. p. 110 (1805).
The Common Lajjwing has both the upper and under tail-coverts
of a chestnut-buff colour.
Vanellus crktattts.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. i)l. 531.
The Common Laj)wing is found in all the Japanese Islands, but it
is not known whether any remain to breed. There arc four examples
in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. It is said to be very rare
in Yezzo (lilakislou and Pryer/rruns. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 108),
LIMICOL^. 313
but Dr. Sicbold found it very common at Nagasaki (Temminck
and Sclilegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 106).
The range of the Common Lapwing extends from the British
Ishinds across Europe and Southern Siberia to Japan.
313. H^MATOPUS OSCULANS.
(JAPANESE OYSTERCATCHER.)
HcBmatopus osculans, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 40o.
The Japanese Oystercatcher is an intermediate form between the
European and the Australian Pied Oystercatchers, but it is more
nearly allied to the former than to the latter species. The white
on the outside web o£ the primaries appears on the third quill of the
European species, not until the sixth quill of the Japanese species,
and on none of the quills of the Australian species.
The occuiTcuce of a Pied Oystercatcher on the Kurile Islands has
long been known (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 129), and the
Japanese Oystercatcher has recently been found to be a resident on
the Japanese coasts. I have an example obtained by Mr. Snow on
the Kurile Islands, where it is possibly only a summer visitor. It is
found on the coasts of Yezzo, but not in great abundance (Blakiston
and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219j. There are eight examples in the Pryer
collection from Yokohama.
The range of the Japanese Oystercatcher extends northwards to
Kamtschatka, westwards to the lower valley of the Amoor, and
southwards to the east coast of China.
314. H^MATOPUS NIGER.
(NORTH-AMERICAN BLACK OYSTERCATCHER.)
Ucematopus niger, Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. ii. p. 131 (1826).
This species of Black Oystercatcher is of a uniform blackish-brown
colour, with a vermilion-red bill and flesh-coloured legs.
Figures: Audubon, Orn. Biogr, v. pi. 427; Audubon, Birds of
America, v. pi. 325.
314 LIMICOL.?^.
The North-American Black Oystercatcher is said (Pallas, Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 131) to be a common bird on the Kurilc Islands,
but I have never seen any examples from the Asiatic continent, I
Bill of Hamatiipuii niycr. Xiitiiral size.
have a skin procured by Wossnesensky on the Aleutian Islands,
where it is known as a summer visitor. Its breeding-range extends
along the soutlicrn coast of Alaska as far south as the coast of Upper
California. It winters on the coast of Lower California.
315. NUMENIUS ARQUATUS.
(COMMON CURLEW.)
Scolopn.r arqnata, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 242 (170()).
The Eastern race of the Common Curlew completely intcrgrades
with the Western or typical race, but it was described as distinct as
long ago as 1829 under the name of Numenius lineatus (Cuvier, Rej;.
An. i. p. 521). It can, however, only be regarded as subspecifieally
distinct under the name of Numenius arquatus lineatus. It is a large
bird (tarsus more than three inches long), and it has a white lower
back and rum|).
It diti'ers from the European form in Imving the lower back and
the axillarics without any dark markings, in having whiter margins
to the scapulars and the feathers of the upper back, and in having,
on an average, a longer bill (varying from 5^ to 8 instead of from 4^
to 7 inches).
The Oriental race of the Common Curlew was probably found l)y
LIMICOL.E.
315
Stcller ill the Kurile Islands (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 168).
It appears to be a resident on the eoasts of Southern Japan and a
summer visitor to Yczzo. There are no examples in the Swinhoe
Kumem'us arqucdus.
collection from Hakodadi; but there are six in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama. I have also an example obtained by Mr. Owston
in the Yokohama market in April; and it has been recorded from
the Loo-Choo Islands (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862,
p. 3,21).
The range of the Curlew extends from the British Islands across
Europe and Southern Siberia to Japan, but, as already explained,
eastern examples differ slightly from western ones.
316. NUMENIUS CYANOPUS.
(AUSTRALIAN CURLEW.)
Numenius cyanopus, Vieillot, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 306 (1817).
The Australian Curlew is a large bird (tarsus more than three
310
LIMICOLyE.
inches long) ; but the lower Ijack. and rump searcely differ in colour
from the upper hack.
Figures : Temminck and Schlcgcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 66
(the description applies to the preceding species) .
The Australian Curlew is a summer visitor to the Japanese Islands.
There are three examples in the Swinhoc collection from Ilakodadi
(SwinhoCj Ibis, 1876, p. 334), and five in the Pryer collection from
Yokohama.
The Australian Curlew breeds in Eastern Siberia and winters in
Australia.
317. NUMENIUS PH^OPUS.
(COMMON WHIMBREL.)
Scolopax ph(eopu8, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 243 (17GG).
The Eastern form of the Common Whimbrel completely inter-
grades with the Western or typical form, and was described as
distinct as long ago as 1786, under the name of Tantalus varieyatus
(Scopoli, Del. Fl. Faun. Ins. ii. p. 92).
Numcnius phaopus.
The Eastern form of the Common Whimbrel is a small bird (tarsus
about 2\ inches), with the lower back much paler in colour than the
LIMICOLiE. 317
upper back. It differs from the European form in having the lower
baek much more profusely streaked with brown, but can only claim
subspecific rank under the name of Numenius phceopus variegatus.
Figures : Gould^ Birds of Australia, vi. pi. 43.
The Eastern form of the Whimbrcl is a migratory species which
passes along the Japanese coasts in some numbers both in spring
and in autumn. I have an example procured by Mr. Hen son at
Hakodadi on the 5th of October, and there is an example in the
Swinhoe collection, also from Hakodadi, procured by Captain Blakiston
on the 24th of May (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. I4G). The Perry
Expedition obtained two examples from the same locality in 1854
(Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 228).
There are three examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama ;
and I have an example procured by Mr. Owston in the Yokohama
market on the 22ad of May. Mr. Ringer has obtained it at Naga-
saki (Blakiston, Amended List of the Birds of Japan, p. 40).
The Whimbrel breeds in the Arctic Regions of the Old World, and
visits the British Islands as well as Japan in spring and autumn, but
the partial isolation caused by these Avidely separated winter-quarters
appears to have given rise to a partial differentiation of the western
from the eastern birds.
318. NUMENIUS MINUTUS.
(LEAST WHIMBREL.)
Ntimenius minutus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 176.
The Least Whimbrel has scarcely any trace of pale bars on the
inner webs of its primaries and secondaries, and the back of the
tarsus is scutellated as distinctly as the front.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. Q7.
The Least Whimbrel is a very rare visitor on migration to Japan.
Its sole claim to be regarded as a Japanese bird is the single example
figured in the ' Fauna Japonica/ and a second obtained on the 3rd
of October, 1883, at Giotoku, near Yokohama (Seebohm^ Ibis, 1885,
p. 363).
The Least Whimbrel breeds in Eastern Siberia.
318
LIMICOL.K
319. PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS.
(l;ki:y phalahopk.)
Triiif/a/uh'ran'a, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (17GG).
Two species of Phalarope, or lobed-footed Sandpipers, occur witliin
Japanese territory. The Grey Phalarope has a .-hort wide hill and a
much graduated tail, the central feathers being generally more than
half an inch longer than the outermost.
Figures : Dresser, lairds of Europe, vii. pi. 538.
Cj'v
Phalaropus fuUcarius.
The Grey Phalarope is a winter visitor to the Kurile Islands,
whence it was procured by Mons. ISIcrk (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.
ii. p. 205) ; but it has not yet been recorded from Japan proper. I
have an example collected on the Kurile Islands by INTr. Snow (See-
bohm, Ibis, 1881, p. 33).
The Grey Phalarope is a circurapolar species, breeding in the
Arctic Regions of both continents, and occasionally visiting the
Britisli Islands in winter.
320. PHALAROPUS HYPERBOREUS.
(RED-NECKED PHALAROPE.)
Trbxja hyperltorea, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 240 (1706).
The Red-necked Phalarope has a short slender bill, gradually
tapering to the point.
LIMICOLtE.
319
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 537.
The Red-necked Plialarope is a winter visitor to the Japanese
Islands. I have two examples procured by Mr. Snow on the Kuriles
(Bhikistou and Prycr, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 113) ; and there
3^^.
Phalaropus hyperboreus.
is an example from Hakodadi in the Swinhoe collection (Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1875, p. 455), whence several examples, the first recorded from
Japan, were procured by the Perry Expedition in 1854 (Cassin, Exp,
Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 230). There are four
examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama, and it has been
obtained on the Loo-Choo Islands (Stejneger, Proc. United States
Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 394).
The Red-necked Phalarope is a circumpolar bird, breeding in the
Arctic Regions of both continents and in Scotland.
321. TOTANUS FUSCUS.
(DUSKY REDSHANK.)
Scolopax fusca, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 243 (17G6).
The Dusky Redshank belongs to a small group of partially -web-
footed Sandpipers, which have the lower back and rump unstreaked
white. It has white secondaries transversely barred with grey.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 568. fig. 2 (summer
plumage), pi. 569. fig. 1 (winter plumage), pi. 567. fig. 2 (young in
first plumage) .
320
LIMICOL.E.
The Dusky Redshank, sometimes called the Spotted Redsliank, is
a winter visitor to tlic Japanese coasts. There are several examples
in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875,
Totanusf uncus.
p. 453), and nine in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. It is
recorded by Captain Blakiston in the ' Chrysanthemum ' as having
been obtained by Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands.
The Dusky Redshank breeds on the tundras of the Old World
from Lapland to Bering Straits. It visits the British Islands in
winter as well as Japan.
322. TOTANUS CALIDRIS.
(COMMON REDSHANK.)
Scolopax calidris, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 245 (1766).
The Common Redshank has a white lower back and rump, but its
secondaries are nearly uniform white.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Kuroi)c, viii. ])!. ')(]?. fig. 1 (summer
])lumagc), pi. 569. fig. 2 (winter plumage), })1. 508. fig. 1 (young in
first plumage).
LIMICOLiE.
321
The Common Redshank has only very recently been added to the
list of Japanese birds ; but there can be little doubt that it is a
frequent visitor on migration^ since the Japanese Islands lie on the
Tutanus calidris.
direct route from its most easterly breeding-grounds in Siberia to the
Malay Archipelago^ where it is known to winter. A young male in
first plumage w^as obtained at Giotoku^ near Yokohama, on the 4th
of September, 1883 (Seebohm, Ibis, 1885, p. 363).
The breeding-range of the Common Redshank extends from the
British Islands across Europe and Southern Siberia to the Sea of
Okhotsk, and possibly to Yezzo,
323. TOTANUS GLOTTIS.
(GREENSHANK.)
Scohpax glottis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 245 (17G6).
The Greenshank has a white lower back and rump ; but its secon-
daries are nearly uniform grey. It is a large bird (wing from carpal
joint about 7 inches).
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 570.
322
LIMICOL.B.
The Greeushauk is a spring and autumn visitor to tlic coasts of
the Japanese islands. Dr. Henderson obtained it at Hakodadi in
October 1857 (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 196) _
Tot anus f/lottis.
There are several examples in the Swinlioe collection from Hakodadi
(Swinlioe, Ibis, 1875, p. 453), and there are ten in the Pryer collec-
tion from Yokohama.
The Grecushank breeds in the Arctic Regions from Scotland
across Lapland and Siberia to Kamtschatka.
324. TOTANUS STAGNATILIS.
(MAHSH-SANDPIPER.)
Totanus staynatilis, Bcchstein, Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 292 (1803).
The Marsh-Sandpiper has a white lower back and rump, and nearly-
uniform grey secondaries, like the Greenshank ; but it is a smaller
bird (wing from carpal joint about 5^ inches long).
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii, pi. 5GG.
The Marsh-Sandpiper is a very rare visitor on migration to the
Japanese islands. The only example that T know of from Japan is
the one described from Mr. Owston's collection (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Jai)an, 1882, j). 109, no. 95^). It was probably
obtained in tlic Yokohama market.
LTMICOL^. 323
The breeding-range of the Marsh-Sandpiper extends from the
delta of the Rhone, across Europe and Southern Siberia, and it is
said to have once occurred in the British Islands (Littleboy, Trans.
Hertfordsliire Nat. Hist. Soc. 1888, p. 78).
325. TOTANUS INCANUS.
(WANDERING TATTLER.)
Scolopax incana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. Go8 (1788).
The Wandering Tattler has grey lower back^ rump, and upper tail-
coverts, and unbarred dark-grey axillaries.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 65.
The Asiatic race of the Wandering Tattler passes along the shores
of the Japanese islands in considerable numbers, both in spring and
autumn. I have an example obtained by Mr, Snow on the Kurile
Islands (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 109).
Mr. Heine, the artist of the Perry Expedition, says that it was
frequently seen on the sandy beach of the bay of Hakodadi, where
examples were obtained in May 1854 (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad.
China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 229) . There are four examples in the
Swinhoe collection from the same locality (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874,
p. 163), and eleven in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
Captain Rodgers procured it on the Bonin Islands (Cassin, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 321) ; and there are four examples
in the Pryer collection from the Loo-Choo Islands (Seebohm, Ibis,
1887, p. 180).
The Asiatic race of the Wandering Tattler breeds in Eastern Siberia
and winters in Australia.
Mr. Hoist sent me an example from Peel Island, in the centre of
the Bonin group. All these records appear to refer to the Asiatic
race of this species, which may be regarded as subspecifically distinct
under the name of Totanus incanus brevipes, which was described in
1817 under the name of Totanus brevipes (Vieillot, N. Diet. d^Hist.
Nat. vi. p. 410).
A second example sent by Mr. Hoist from Peel Island appears to
belong to the typical form. The whole of the underparts are barred ;
the nasal groove extends for two thirds of the length of the bill ; and
Y 2
324 LIMlCOLiE.
the back of the tarsus is very imperfectly scutellated. The American
Wandering Tattler must therefore be regarded as a rare wanderer on
migration to the Boniu Islands (Secbohm, Ibis^ 1890, }). 104).
326. TOTANUS GLAREOLA.
(WOOD-SANDPlPEii.)
Trxnya glareola, Linneiis, Syst. Nat. i. p. 149 (1758) ; Gmelin, Sjst. Nat. i.
p. 677 (1788).
The Wood-Sandpiper is a small bird (wing from carpal joint about
5 inches) ; the lower back is nearly the same colour as the mantle ;
and the predominant colour of the upper tail-covcrts, axillarics^ and
under wing-coverts is white.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 565.
■^-c'
Tutanus t/lareula.
The Wood-Sandpiper passes along the Japanese coasts both on
spring and on autumn migration. It is recorded from the Kurile
Islands (Blakistou and Prycr, Trans. As. Soo. Japan, 1882, p. 110),
and 1 have an example collected at Ilakodadi on the 21th of August
by Mr, Henson, and a second from the same locality collected by
Mr. Snow in September. There is also an example in the Swinhoe
collection procured by Captain Blakiston in May at Ilakodadi (Swin-
hoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 163), and two in the Prycr collection from Yoko-
hama. Mr. Ringer has procured it at Nagasaki, where the examples
LIMICOL.i:.
325
obtained by the Siebold Expedition -were probably also procured
(Temminek and Seblegel^ Fauna Japoniea^ Avcs, p. 110).
The Wood- Sandpiper breeds in the Arctic and Subarctic Regions
of Europe and Siberia, and passes along the British coasts as well as
those of Japan on its migrations.
327. TOTANUS OCHROPUS.
(GREEN SANDPIPER.)
Tringa ochrojms, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (1766),
The Green Sandpiper has white upper tail-coverts and brown
axillaries narrowly barred with white.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 564.
Totanus ochropus.
The Green Sandpiper is a winter visitor to Japan. There is an
example in the Swinhoe collection fi'om Hakodadi, where it was pro-
cured by Captain Blakiston (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 453) ; and there
are five examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer
330 LIMICOL.E.
has procured it at Nagasaki, where the examples obtained by the
Siebold Expedition were probably also procured (Temminek and
Schlcgel, Fauna Japoniea, Aves, p. 110).
The Green Sand])iper breeds in the suljarctic regions of the Old
"World, visiting the British Islands as well as Japan on its migrations.
328. TOTANUS TEREKIUS.
(TEREK SANDPIPER.)
Scolopax terek, Latham, Index Om. ii. p. 724 (1790).
The Terek Sandpiper has no white on the primaries or rump, a
great deal of white on the secondaries, and nothing but white on the
axillaries. Its beak is recurved like that of the Greenshank.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 572.
The Terek Sand])ipcr is probably a spring and autumn \nsitor on
migration to all the Japanese Islands, though it has not yet been
recorded from Yezzo. It is occasionally found in the Yokohama
market (Scebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 33), whence I have two examples in
the Pryer collection, and a third collected by jNIr. Owston.
The Terek Sandpijicr breeds in the Arctic Regions from Archangel
to Kamtschatka, but is not known to have visited the British
Islands.
329. TOTANUS HYPOLEUCUS.
(com:mon sandpiper.)
Trin(ja hypoleucos, Linneus, Sj'st. Nat. i. p. 2o0 (1760).
The Common Sandpiper has white axillaries, large patches of
white on most of the primaries and secondaries, but no Avhite on the
rump or upper tail-covcrts.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 563.
The Common Sandpiper is probably a summer visitor to Yezzo,
and a resident in the more southerly Jai)anese Islands. It has l)cen
seen on Eturop, the most southerly of the Kurilcs (Blakiston and
Prycr, Trans, As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 110), and there are several
examples in the Swinhoc collection from Ilakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
limicol.t;.
327
1874, p. 163). There are five examples in the Pryer collection from
Yokohama, and Mr. Ringer has sent an example to the Norwich
Museum procured at Nagasaki (Blakiston, Am. List Birds of Japan,
p. 3G), where the examples procured by the Siebold Expedition were
Tvtamts hypoleucus.
probably obtained (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 108) . Captain Rodgers procured it on the Loo-Choo Islands, and
also on one of the Bonin Islands ^ (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philad. 1862, p. 322). Mr. Hoist has lately sent an example from
Peel Island (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p. 104) .
The breeding-range of the Common Sandpiper extends from the
British Islands across Europe and Siberia to Japan.
330. TOTANUS PUGNAX.
(RUFF.)
Trinya pugnax, Liuneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 247 (1766).
The RufF has white axillaries, but no white on the primaries,
secondaries, or central upper tail-coverts.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pis. 557, 558.
* The Bonin Island example is recorded under the name of Tringoides empiisa of
Gould.
328
LIMICOL.B.
The Ruff is a very rare visitor on migration to the Japanese
islands (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 221). A single example
has occurred in Yezzo (Seebohm, Ibis, 1881, p. 33); there is a
single example in the Pryer collection from the Yokohama market,
and two others were obtained in the neighbourhood of Yokohama on
the 13th of October (Seebohm, Ibis, 1885, p. 3G1).
The Huff is a winter visitor to the British Islands, its breeding-
range extending across Europe and Siberia to Kamtschatka.
331. LIMOSA RUFA.
(BAR-TAILED GOLD WIT.)
Li7nosa rufa, Brissou, Oru. v. p. 281 (1760) ; Leach, Syst. Cat. Maium. kc.
Brit. Mus. p. 32 (181G).
The Eastern race of the Bar-tailed Goldwit has been described as
distinct from the Western race, under the name of Limosa uropygialis
(Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 38) .
In the Bar-tailed Godwit the basal half of the tail-feathers docs
not difier much from the terminal half in colour. The Eastern form
Limosa rufa,
of the Bar-tailed Godwit differs from the European form in having
the lower back and rump much more profusely streaked with brown ;
but as the two forms completely iutcrgrade, it can only be regarded
LIMICOL^. 329
as subspecifically distinct, under the name of Limosa rufa uropy-
gialis.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vi. pi. 29 (winter plumage).
The Siberian form of the Bar-tailed Godwit was found on the
Kurile Islands by Steller (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 181), and
passes the coasts of the Japanese Islands in some numbers in spring
and autumn. I have an example from the Kurile Islands collected
by Mr. Snow in July.
Dr. Henderson obtained it at Hakodadi in October 1857 (Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 196), and there arc several
examples in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1875, p. 453), and eight in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. It
was obtained by the Siebold Expedition probably near Nagasaki
(Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 114).
The Bar-tailed Godwit breeds on the tundras of Lapland and
Siberia, visiting the British coasts as well as those of Japan on its
migration. Eastern examples differ slightly as described from
Western ones.
332. LIMOSA MELANURA.
(BLACK-TAILED GODWIT.)
Limosa melanura, Leisler, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturg. DeutscU. ii. p. 153 (1813).
The Eastern form of the Black -tailed Godwit has been described
as a distinct species, under the name of Limosa melanuroides (Gould,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1846, p. 84) ; but as it intergrades with the Western
form it can only be regarded as subspecifically distinct under the
name of Limosa melanura melanuroides.
The Black-tailed Godwit has the terminal portion of the tail-
feathers black in strong contrast to the basal half, which is pure
white.
The Eastern form of the Black-tailed Godwit is rather smaller than
the European form (wing from carpal joint 7 to 8 instead of 8 to 9
inches; tarsus 2^ to 3 instead of 3 to 3| inches).
Figures : Gould, Birds of Australia, vi. pi. 28 (winter plumage).
The Siberian form of the Black-tailed Godwit passes in spring and
autumn on migration along the Japanese coasts. There is an
example in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1875, p. 453), and six in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. The
330
LIMICOL/E,
examples procured by the Siebold Expedition were probably obtained
near Nagasaki (Tcmrainck and Srlilogcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 111).
Limosa melanura.
The Black-tailed Godwit breeds in subarctic Europe and Siberia,
visiting on its migrations the British coasts as well as those of
Japan. Eastern examples are slightly smaller than Western ones.
333. MACRORHAMPHUS GRISEUS.
(AMERICAN SNIPE-BILLED SANDPIPER.)
Scohpax gnsea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. G58 (1788).
The Alaskan or Western race of the American Snipc-billcd Sand-
piper was described in 1833 as distinct from the Canadian or Eastern
race under the name of Limosa scolopaceus (Say, Long's Exped. ii.
p. 170).
The Canadian and Alaskan Snipe-billed Sandpipers resemble small
Bar-tailed Godwits, with the bills of Snipes.
Tlic Alaskan form is on an average a slightly larger bird than the
typical ('anadian form, and may be regarded as subspccifically dis-
tinct under the name of Macrorbamphus griseus scolopaceus.
Figures: Lawrence, Ann. Lyr. Now York, v. ])1. 1.
LIMICOL.'E. 331
The Alaskan form of the American Snipe-billed Sandpiper lias
occurred twice in Japan. There is one example in the Blakiston
collection, shot amongst a flock of Eastern Golden Plover in Yezzo
on the 13th of October (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 454), which I have
M. scolopaceus (winter plumage). 31. griseus (summer phimage).
examined (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 33) ; and I have a second example,
procured by Mr. Owston in the Yokohama market on the 13th of
March.
The Alaskan form of the American Snipe-billed Sandpiper breeds
in the Arctic Regions of America west of the Rocky Mountains.
334. STREPSILAS INTERPRES.
(TURNSTONE.)
Tr'mga interpres, Linneus, Syat. Nat. i. p. 248 (176G).
The Turnstone is peculiar in having a dark rump between a white
lower back and white upper tail-coverts. It combines the cleft toes
of the Snipes with the position of the nasal aperture (extending
beyond the basal fourth of the bill) of the Plovers.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 532.
33.2
limicol.t:.
The Turnstone probably breeds on the Kuriles, whence I have two
examples obtained by Mr. Snow (Blakiston and Prycr, Trans. As.
Soe. Japan, 1882, p. 109), and is undoubtedly a winter visitor to the
southern Japanese Islands (Swinhoc, Ibis, 187G, p. 334). There
Strepsilas interpres.
are seven examples in the Pryer eolleetion from Yokohama. I have
not seen an example from Yezzo, but it is said to be occasionally
found on migration on the coasts of that island (Blakiston and Pryer,
Ibis, 1878, p. 219).
The Turnstone is a eircumpolar bird, and is as common in winter
on the British coasts as it is on those of Japan.
335. TRINGA CRASSIROSTRIS.
(JAPANESE KNOT.)
Triwja crassirostris, Teniminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 107
(1847).
Amongst the eleft-tocd Sandpipers the Japanese Knot is the only
one which has white on the upper tail-coverts, and a straight bill
more than an iiu-h and a lialf Iouk-
LIMICOL.li;.
333
Figures : Temminck and Sclilcgcl, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. G4
(summer and winter plumage).
The Japanese Knot, so called because it was originally discovered
in Japan, is only a spring and autumn visitor on migration to the
islands whose name it bears. I have an example obtained by
Mr. Snow on the Kurile Islands. It was first obtained in Yezzo in
October 1857, by Dr. Henderson (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Philad. 1858, p. 196), and afterwards in 1861 (Blakiston, Ibis, 1862,
p. 330), and there are seven examples in the Pryer collection from
Yokohama.
The Japanese Knot probably breeds somewhere in Eastern Siberia.
336. TRINGA CANUTUS.
(KNOT.)
Tringa eamitus, Linueus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 251 (1766).
Four of the cleft-toed Sandpipers have the ground-colour of the
upper tail-coverts white. Tw^o of these are smaller birds (wing from
carpal joint less than 5^ inches), but the third, the Japanese Knot,
Tringa canutus.
is larger (wing 7'6 to 7 inches, instead of 6"8 to 6*2 inches ; bill
from frontal feathers 1'8 to 1'6, instead of 1*5 to 1"1 inch).
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pis. 555, 556.
334
LIMICOL.f:.
The Knot passes the Japanese coasts on its spring and autumn
migrations from its arctic breeding-grounds to its tropic winter-
quarters, but ajjparcntly not in very great numbers. It has not yet
been recorded from Yezzo, but it is occasionally found in the Yoko-
hama market (Scebohm, Ibis, 1881, p. 31), whence I have an example
in the Pryer collection, and a second obtained from Mr. Owston.
The Knot also passes the British coasts on its migrations to its
arctic breeding-grounds. It may Ijc regarded as a circumpolar
species.
337. TRINGA ALPINA.
(DUNLIN.)
Tr I Jiff a alpina, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (1766).
The Pacific race of the Dunlin has been described as distinct from
the European race under the name of Pelidna pacifica (Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 1861, p. 189).
The Dunlin belongs to the section of cleft-toed Sandpipers which
have a great deal of white on the seventh, eighth, and ninth secondaries,
but little or none on the central upper tail-coverts. Its hind toe and
its black legs distinguish it from the other species in the section.
Tiinga alpina.
Examples from East Asia and America are on an average slightly
larger birds, and may be recognized as subspecitically distinct under
the name of Tringa alpina pacifica.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 5 18.
LIMlCOLiE.
335
The Pacific race of tlie Dunlin passes in some numbers along the
Japanese coasts in spring and autumn on migration. I have six
examples procured by Mr. Snow on the Kuriles (Blakiston and
Fryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. Ill), where it probably breeds.
Dr. Henderson obtained it in Yezzo in October 1857 (Cassin, Proc.
Acad, Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 196), and there are several examples
in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875,
p. 455). There are eleven examples in the Pryer collection from
Yokohama, where a few probably remain during winter. j\lr. Ringer
has procured it at Nagasaki, where it was also obtained by the
Siebold Expedition (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 108).
The Dunlin is a circumpolar species, and visits the British Islands
in great numbers, but European examples are, on an average, slightly
smaller than those from Asia and America.
338. TRINGA MARITIMA.
(PUHPLE SANDPIPER.)
Tringa maritima, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. G78 (1788).
The Purple Sandpiper has a nearly black rump and upper tail-
coverts j but the seventh, eighth, and ninth secondaries are nearly all
■white.
Trinya maritima.
Figures
Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 554.
The Purple Sandpiper is a rare winter visitor to the Kurile Islands,
336
LIMlCOLiE.
whence it was obtained by Mons. Mcrk (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.
ii. p. 190). I can find no record of its occurrence in Japan, but
I have an example obtained by Wossncsensky on Urup, one of the
Kurile Islands, and there are two examples in the Pryer collection,
obtained by Mr. Snow on one of the islands of that group.
The Purple Sandpiper is a circumpolar species, and is a winter
visitor to the British Islands.
339. TRINGA ARENARIA.
(SANDERLING.)
Ti-inya arenaria, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 251 (1760).
The Sanderling is the only cleft-toed Sandpiper without a hind toe.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pis. 559, 5G0.
The Sanderling appears to be a rare visitor to Japan. There is
only one example from Hakodadi in the Swinhoe collection (Swinhoc,
Ibis, 1875, p. 454), and although Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer state
Trinya arenaria.
that there are examples from Yokohama in the Hakodadi Museum,
there are none in the Pryer collection. I liavc, however, two
examples obtained by Mr. Owston in the Yokohama market on the
1st and lltli of May respectively.
The Sanderling is a circumpolar bird, and is a common visitor to
the coasts of the Hriti^h Islands in spring and autunni.
LIMICOL/K. 337
340. TRINGA PLATYRHYNCHA.
(BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER.)
Tringa platyrhincha, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. p. 398 (1815).
The Broad-billed Sandpiper has little or no white on the secon-
daries and upper tail-coverts. Its bill is very flat, sHghtly widened
towards the middle, and more than a fourth of the length of the
wing.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii. pi. 545.
The Broad-billed Sandpiper appears to be a rare winter visitor to
the Japanese coasts. Captain Blakiston collected an example in
August at Hakodadi (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 33), and there is
one in the Pryer collection from the Yokohama market.
The breeding-range of the Broad-billed Sandpiper extends from
the Atlantic to the Pacific ; and it is a rare winter visitor to Great
Britain as well as to Japan.
341. TRINGA MINUTA.
(LITTLE STINT.)
Tringa minuta, Leisler, Nachtr, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. i. p. 74 (1812).
The Eastern form of the Little Stint was described as a distinct
species as long ago as 1776 under the name of Trynga ruficollis
(Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 700).
The Little Stint is a small bird (wing from carpal joint less than
4 inches), with black legs and feet, and a narrow bill, broadest at the
base.
The Eastern form has a chestnut chin, throat, and upper breast in
summer plumage, but in winter the two forms are indistinguishable.
The Eastern form may be regarded as subspecifically distinct, under
the name of Tringa minuta ruficollis .
Figures : Seebohm, Charadriidse, pi. 15.
The Eastern form of the Little Stint, or Red-throated Stint, is
common during the spring and autumn migrations on the Japanese
coasts. I have four examples procured by Mr. Snow on the Kurile
z
338 LIMICOLiE,
Islands (Blakiston, Am. List Birds of Japan, p. 37). Dr. Henderson
obtained it (for the first time in Japan) at Ilakodadi in October
1857 (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. 1858, p. 196), and there
are several examples in the Swinhoe collection from the same locality
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 1-55). There arc ten examples in the Pryer
collection from Yokohama, and Mr. Ringer procnrcd it at Nagasaki.
The Little Stint breeds on the tundras of Lapland and Siberia,
passing the British coasts as well as those of Japan on its migrations.
Eastern examples differ in summer plumage from Western ones.
342. TRINGA SUBMINUTA.
(MIDDENDORFF'S STINT.)
Tringa mhminuta, Middendorff, Reise in Nord. u. Ost. Sibir. ii. p. 222 (1853).
Middcndorff's Stint is a small bird (wing from carpal joint less
than 4 inches), Avith pale legs and toes, and grey outer tail-feathers.
Figures : ^liddcndorff, Reise Nord. Ost. u. Sibir. ii. pi, 19. fig. 6.
MiddendorfPs Stint is a visitor on migration to the Japanese coasts.
Mr. Snow obtained it on the Kurile Islands (Blakiston, Am. List
Birds of Japan, p. 37), and there are several examples in the Swinhoe
collection from Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 455), and I have
six examples collected by Mr. Ilenson in the same locality between
the 20th of August and the 19th of September. There is only one
example in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
Middcndorff's Stint breeds in Eastern Siberia, and winters in the
islands of the Malay Archipelago.
343. TRINGA PYGMiEA.
(SPOON-BILLED SANDPIPER.)
Plataka pygmeea, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 231 (176G).
The Spoon-billed Sandpiper resembles the Red-throated Stint in
size, colour, and seasonal variations of plumage ; but its bill is three
times as wide near the tip as it is at the base.
Figures : Ilarting, Ibis, 18G9, pi. 18 (summer plumage) ; Gray,
Genera of Birds, iii. pi. 152. fig. 1 (winter plumage).
LIMICOL.E.
339
The Spoon-billed Sandpiper is an occasional winter visitor to the
Japanese coasts. Captain Blakiston obtained it at Hakodadi (Swin-
hoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 455) ; I have an example obtained on the 8th of
Head of Trhxga pygmcBa. Natural size.
October by Mr. Henson, also at Hakodadi ; and there are three
examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The Spoon-billed Sandpiper breeds in some unknown country north
of Bering Straits.
344. TRINGA ACUMINATA.
(SIBERIAN PECTORAL SANDPIPER.)
Totanus acummatus, Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1820).
The Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper is not very small (wing from
carpal joint more than 4| inches). It has pale legs and feet, dark
central upper tail-coverts, and little or no white on the secondaries
beyond a narrow margin.
Figures : Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn. ii. pi. 91 ; Gould, Birds of
Australia, vi. pi. 30.
The Siberian form of the Pectoral Sandpiper is a common visitor
on spring and autumn migration to the Japanese coasts. Captain
z2
34U
LIMICOL.E.
Blakiston procured it at Hakodadi (SwinlioCj Ibis, 1875, p. 455). I
have a very fine scries collected by Mr. Snow at Yokohama, and
there arc eight skins in the Pryer collection also from Yokohama. It
has occurred at Nagasaki (Ulakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc, Japan,
1882, p. 112).
Rectrices ot 1 rnuja acuminata.
The Siberian form of the Pectoral Sandpiper is confined to East
Siberia and Alaska during the breeding-season, and differs very
slightly from the Western form, which breeds in the arctic regions of
America.
345. RHYNCH^A CAPENSIS.
(PAINTED SNIPE.)
Scolopax capenxis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 246 (1706).
The Painted Snipe has a deeurved bill, which is not much longer
than the tarsus, but is considerably longer than the diftcreucc iu
length between the shortest and longest primary.
Figures : Mihie-Kilwards and (irandidier, Hist. Madag. Ois., Atlas,
iii. pi. 2GI ; Shelley, Birds of Egypt, pi. 11.
LIMICOLi£. 341
The Painted Snipe lias been only once found in Yezzo (Seebolim,
IbiSj 1884, p. 178), but is a common resident in Southern Japan.
There is an example in the Swinhoe collection from Yokohama
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 146) ; and there are four in the Pryer Col-
lection from the same locality. Mr. Ringer has sent examples to the
Norwich ^luseum obtained at Nagasaki (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans.
As. Soc. Japan, 188.2, p. 122), where it was also procured by the
Siebold Expedition (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
p. 113).
The Painted Snipe breeds in China, India, and South Africa, and
is one of the few examples of tropical species which breed in Japan.
The genus Scolopax is a remarkably isolated one, and is easily
diagnosed from all other genera of the Gallo-Gralline group of birds
by well-marked ostcological characters. Its affinities are not so close
with Tringa and the other genera of Limicolae containing species
whose toes, like those of the Snipes, are cleft to the base, as with
Limosa and Macrorhamjihus.
In most birds the eye is more or less protected above by an over-
hanging orbital septum which forms an arch springing from the
postfrontal to the lachrymal. In a few genera [Dendrocygna, and
many genera of the Psittacidse amongst desmognathous birds) the
orbital septum is continued below the eye as well as above it, thus
forming a complete ring. This is the case in every species of Scolopax
which I have been able to examine, including the Woodcock and the
Jack Snipe, and is not the case, so far as I know, in any other species
of schizognathous birds. The Snipes further differ from Charadrius,
Vanelius, Totanus, &c., in having a strongly marked nasal keel to
strengthen the upper mandible. It might be regarded as an ossified
nasal septum, but it is of a very different character to that found in
the Raptores or Striges. It thickens above as it joins the nasal pro-
cesses of the premaxilla, and behind as it nears the ethmoid. It is
in every sense a maxillary keel, and has no connexion whatever with
the maxillo-palatines. This maxillary keel is as well-developed in
Limosa as in Scolopax, and nearly as well in Macrorhamphus . It is
more or less present in Tringa and Erennetes, but entirely absent in
Vanelius, Charadrius, and Totanus. If it be regarded as a good
character, it completely disposes of the importance hitherto attached
to the presence or absence of any remains of the webs which probably
342 LiMicoLiij:.
once connected the toes in all the species comprised in the Limicolae.
In subdividing the Charadiiidic, it seems as if Strepsilas and R/njn-
cfuea must be expelled from the Scolopacime, and Limosa, Macro-
rhamphus, and Ercuiieies admitted.
346. SCOLOPAX AUSTRALIS.
(LATHA]\rS SNIPE.)
Scolopax mtstralis, Latham, Index Orn., Suppl. p. Ixv (1801).
Latham's Snipe is a large bird (wing from carpal joint G| to G
inches). It has 18 tail-feathers, of which only two on each side are
less than -3 inch in width.
Figures: Gould, Birds of Australia, vi. pi. 40.
Latham's Snipe is a common visitor to the Japanese Islands,
probably breeding in Yezzo, and certainly doing so on the mountains
of Southern Japan. There is an example from Ilakodadi in the
Swinhoc collection, procured by Captain Blakiston in May (Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1874, p. 163), and there are three examples in the Prycr
collection from Yokohama. I have also an example obtained by
Mr. Owston in the Yokohama market on the 4th of April.
Latham's Snipe is probably confined to Japan during the breeding-
season, but in autumn it passes the Philij)])ine Islands and the coasts
of China on its migration to winter in Australia.
347. SCOLOPAX SOLITARIA.
(JAPANESE SOLITARl' SNIPE.)
Gallinago solitaria, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 8.
The Solitary Snipe is a large bird (wing from carpal joint 6* !■ to
6 inches). It has many feathers on tiic upper j)arts, csj)ecially the
outer margins of the scapulars, streaked with white instead of buff.
The typical form is slightly larger (wing 64 to 6*8 inches), has
fewer bars on the lower breast, broader pale dorsal stripes, and more
vhitc marbling near the tips of the primaries.
I'igures : Tenmiinck and Sehlegcl, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. OH.
'I'lie .hipnncM' race of tlic Solilaiy Snipe is a residint ii\ Japan.
LIMICOL^, 343
I have an example collected at Sapporo in Yczzo, on the 27th of
January, by Captain Blakiston, who states that it frequents during
winter some spring-water creeks which remain unfrozen in the
severest weather (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soe. Japan, 1882,
p. 114). Mr. Heine, the artist of the Perry Expedition, says that it
was not uncommon near Hakodadi, where it kept in the meadows
and marshy woods (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan,
ii. p. 227). There are six examples in the Pryer collection from
Yokohama; Mr. E-inger has obtained it at Nagasaki, whence he has
sent an example to the Norwich Museum.
It has been obtained in Central Hondo in winter, and frequents
marshy places, the banks of streams, and soft boggy ground, but is
not found in the paddy-fields. It resembles the Woodcock in its
habits more than the true Snipe (Jouy, Proc. United States Nat. Mus.
1888, p. 317).
The Japanese race of the Solitary Snipe has been described as a
distinct species under the name of Gallinago japonica (Swinhoe, Ibis,
1873, p. 364), but it appears completely to intergrade with its con-
tinental ally, and can only be regarded as subspecifically distinct
under the name of Scolopax solitaria japonica.
348. SCOLOPAX MEGALA.
(SWINHOE'S SNIPE.)
Gallinago megala, Swinhoe, Ibis, 186], p. 343.
Swinhoe's Snipe is a medium-sized bird (wing from carpal joint 5'6
to 5*2 inches). It has 20 tail-feathers, of which 12 (6 on each side)
are narrow (varying from '15 to '3 inch wide).
Figures: Seebohm, Charadriidae, p. 479 (woodcut of tail).
Swinhoe's Snipe appears to have been overlooked by Japanese
collectors, but it is doubtless a frequent visitor on spring and autumn
migration, as there are two examples in the Pryer collection from
the Yokohama market, and I have a third example from the same
locality obtained by M. Boucard's collector.
Swinhoe's Snipe breeds in South-east Siberia, and winters in the
islands of the Malay Archipelago.
3U
LIMICOL^E.
349. SCOLOPAX GALLINULA.
(JACK SNIPE.)
Scolopax (jaUimtla, Linnous, Syst. Nat. i. p. 244 (1766).
The Jack Snipe is the smallest of all the Japanese Snipes (wing
from carpal joint 4 to 4-3 inches). It has a purple gloss on its
luantlcj and nietallic green on the inside webs of its scapulars.
■yuM'-^'
Scolopax galUnula.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 544.
The Jack Snipe passes the Japanese coasts on its spring and autumn
migrations. It has been procured at Ilakodadi on the 3rd of October
(Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 20G) ; and there are five examples in the
Prycr collection from Yokohama. I have also three examples ob-
tained by Mr. Owston in Yokohama, one of them in November.
The Jack Snipe is a regular winter visitor to the J3ritish Islands,
and doul)tless breeds across the Arctic l{<'gions of the Old ^V()rld,
though it has not been recorded in Siberia east of the Taimur
Peninsul.i.
LIMICOLiE.
345
350. SCOLOPAX STENURA.
(PINTAIL SNIPE.)
Scolopax stenura, Bonaparte, Ann. Stor. Nat. Bologna, iv. fasc. xiv. p. 335
(1830).
The Pintail Snipe is about the size of the Common Sni2)e (wing
from carpal joint 5-3 to 4-9 inches) . It has 26 tail-feathers^ of which
IG (8 on each side) are very narrow (not exceeding *! inch across).
Rectrices of Scoloptix stenura.
Figures : Radde, Reis. im Siid. von Ost-Sibir. ii. pi. 13 ; Hume and
Marshall, Game-Birds India &c. iii. p. 339; Seebohm, Charadriidae,
p. 477 (woodcut of tail).
The sole claim of the Pintail Snipe to be regarded as a Japanese
bird rests on the examples obtained by the Perry Expedition; but as
Japan lies on the direct route between the arctic breeding-grounds and
the tropic winter-quarters of this species^ it is remarkable that its
presence in these Islands has not been more often detected (Cassin,
Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 227).
The Pintail Snipe breeds in East Siberia, and winters in the islands
of the Malay Archipelago.
31G
LlMltOL.E.
351. SCOLOPAX GALLINAGO.
(COMMON SNIPE.)
Scdopcu- yallinago, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 244 (17GG).
The Common Snipe is a medium-sized bird (wing from carpal
joint about 5 inches). It lias It tail-feathers, of which none are less
than 'A inch broad.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii.pls. 542, 543.
/n^,^i^/:^Yii^
ficolopoA f/ollnioffo.
The Common Snipe is abundant in Japan, but I can find no
evidence that it breeds there. It has occurred on the Kurile Islands
(Blakiston and Pry er. Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 114); there
arc three examples in the Swinhoc collection from Ilakodadi
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874-, p. 1G3); and eight in the Pryer collection
from Yokohama, whence I have also four examples collected by Mr.
Snow in September, January, and April. The examples obtained by
the Siebold Expedition were doubtless procured near Nagasaki
(Tcmminck and Schlegcl, Fauna Japoniea, Aves, p. 112).
The Common Snipe is a circumpolar bird, but American examples
(lillcr from those of the Ohl Worhl. It breeds in tlie British Islands.
LlMlCOLiE.
34-;
352. SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA.
(WOODCOCK.)
Scolo2)ax rusticola, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 243 (1760).
The Woodcock has silvery-white tips on the under surface of its
tail-feathers, all the feathers of the breast are barred, and there are
rudimentary bars on the margins of both webs of the primaries.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe^ vii. pi. 540.
Scolopax rusticola.
The Woodcock breeds in Yezzo and on the mountains of Southern
Japan. To the north island it is only a summer visitor, but south of
the Straits of Tsugaru it is a resident. There is an example from
Hakodadi in the Swinhoe collection (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 145) ;
and there are six examples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
Mr. Ringer has sent examples from Nagasaki, where those procured
by the Siebold Expedition were probably also obtained (Temminck
and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 112).
The Woodcock breeds in England as well as in Japan, its range
extending through the Himalayas, as well as through Southern
Siberia.
318 GRALLiB.
Suborder XXVIII. GBALLM
Maxillo-palatines not coalesced vitli cacli other across tlie middle
line, nor with the vomer ; nasals schizorhinal ; dorsal vcrtcbric hctcro-
coclous ; voung born not only covered with down, but able to run in
a fcM' hours.
The Grallaj may be regarded as almost cosmopolitan, but of the
six families which it contains, only two arc represented in the Japanese
Emjjire.
The Turnicidai are a small family (about 25 species), confined to
the tropical and subtropical parts of the Old AVorld, one species
extending its range in the west into Southern Europe, and another
in the east reaching the Loo-Choo Islands. The Pteroclidae are a
still smaller family (about IG species) with a similar range in the
west, but in the east not extending beyond the Bay of Bengal, and
consequently not reaching Japan. The Rhinochetidaj only comprises
one species confined to New Caledonia ; the IMesitidie one species
confined to Madagascar; and the Eurypygida; two species confined to
tropical America. The Gruidse are a small family (about IG species)
of which no less than five visit Japan ; two irdiabit North America,
one Australia, and the rest arc either Palaearctic, Oriental, or
Ethiopian,
353. GRUS CINEREA.
(COMMON CKANE.)
Cirus cinerea, Bcchstein, Nnturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 103 (1800).
The Common Crane is a grey bird, with the nape, crown, forehead,
lores, ear-coverts, chin, and throat black. No other Japanese Crane
lias a black nape.
Figures: Temminck and Sehlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 72.
The Common Crane is a winter visitor to Japan. It has not been
recorded from \'vy.vj), and tlic only authority tliat I know of for its
GllALL.'E.
349
occurrence in Japan is tlie example figured iu the ' Fauna Japonica '
under the name of Grus cinerea lungirustris. Tliere is an example in
the Swinhoe collection from South-east China.
Grus cinerea.
The breeding-range of the Common Crane extends from Europe
across Southern Siberia to Kamtschatka. It no longer breeds in
the British Islands, but is occasionally seen on migration.
354. GRUS LEUCOGERANUS.
(SIBERIAN WHITE CRANE.)
Grus leucogeranus, Pallas, Eeise Russ. Reichs, ii. p. 438 (1773).
The Siberian White Crane is white all over, except the primaries
which are black, and the fore part of the head which is almost bare
of feathers. No other Japanese Crane has a white body and a white
neck.
Figures : Temminck, Planches Coloriees, no. 467 (adult) ; Tem-
minck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 73 (young) ; Dresser,
Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 507 (adult) .
350
GHALL.f:.
The Siberian White Crane is principally known in Japan as a spring
and autumn visitor on migration, but it is probable that some remain
to ^viuter. It has not been recorded from Yezzo, nor have I seen an
example from any part of Japan, except those figured in the ' Fauna
Grm lencixjoranus.
Japonica/ of which there are three in the Lcyden Museum (Sclilcgcl,
Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, v. pt. ii. p. 5).
The Siberian WTiite Crane breeds in Eastern Siberia, and occasion-
ally wanders in winter as far west as Europe, and as far cast as
China and Japan. Its usual winter-quarters appear to be in the
nlains of Northern India, but even there it is said to be somewhat
local and rare (Hume, Ibis, 18G8, p. 28).
GRALL.E.
351
355. GRUS JAPONENSIS.
(SACRED CRANE.)
Ardea (Gnts) japonensis, Miiller, Natiirsj-st. Suppl. p. 110 (1776),
The Sacred Crane has a wliite body like the Siberian White
Crane, but the forehead, lores, chin, fore neck, lower hind neck, and
disintegrated tertials are black. No other Japanese Crane has a
white body and a black fore neck.
Figures : Wolf, Zool. Sketches, series i. pi. 46 ; Tegetmeier, Nat.
Hist. Cranes, pp. 13, 53.
Grus japonensis.
The Sacred Crane, so called because it was formerly held sacred
in Japan, and was only allowed to be hawked with great ceremony
by nobles of the highest rank (otherwise known as the Manchurian
Crane, because it breeds in that country), has been known as a
Japanese bird from time immemorial. It is the Ciconia grus japo-
nensis of Brisson ; the Ardea grus /3 of Gmelin ; the Japan Crane
of Latham ; la Grue du Japon of BuflPon ; and the 0-tsuri or Tsuri-
sama of the Japanese. In 1823 it received the name of Grus viridi-
rostris (Vieillot, Tableau Encycl. et Meth. iii. p. 1141); in 1829
352
GRALL.r:.
that of Grus coUaris (Temminck, Planches Coloriees, text to
no. 449); and in 1851- that of Antigone montiynesia (Bonaparte,
Compt. llcnd. xxxviii. p. GGl).
The Sacred Crane is found in all the Japanese Islands. It has
been recorded from Yezzo as late as January (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 121 ; erroneously called Grus leu-
cauchen). Mr. Ringer sent an example from Nagasaki (Seebohm,
Ibis, 1884, p. 178), but for some reason or other, possibly its sacred
character, it was not obtained by the Sicbold Expedition.
The Sacred Crane breeds in Eastern Siberia and Japan (David and
Oustalet, Ois. de la Chine, p. 436), but is supposed to be only a
winter visitor to China.
356. GRUS LEUCAUCHEN.
(WIUTE-NAPED CRANE.)
Grus leticauchen, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 449 (1827).
The White-naped Crane is a grey bird, with the crown, najic, hind
neck, and upper throat white. It is the only Crane in which the
Grus leucauchen.
white on the crown is continued along the hind neck to the mantle
but not beyond.
Figures : Tegetmeier, Nat. Hist. Cranes, j). 30.
GRALL^.
353
The White-naped Crane is the most abundant Crane in Japan,
and is found in all the islands (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878,
p. 225, no. 137). Mr. Ringer sent two skins from Nagasaki (See-
bohm, Ibis, 1884', p. 177), where the examples procured by the
Siebold Expedition were probably also obtained (Temminck and
Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 119).
It breeds in Eastern Siberia.
The White-naped Crane is rather unfortunate in its name, inas-
much as the Sacred Crane, the Asiatic White Crane, and the White-
headed Crane have also w^hite napes.
357. GRUS MONACHUS.
(WHITE-HEADED CRANE.)
Grus monacha, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 555 (183o).
The White-headed Crane is a grey bird like the Common Crane,
and, like that species, the lores, forehead, and crown are black. It
differs, however, in having the rest of the head and the whole of the
upper neck white. It is the only Japanese Crane that combines the
two characters — body grey, upper neck entirely white.
2 A
354 GRALL.E.
Figures : Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 74-.
The White-headed Crane has not been recorded from Yczzo, but
is not uncommon in the more southerly islands (Blakiston and Pryer,
Trans. As. Soe. Japan, 1882, p. 121). There is an example in the
Pryer coUcetiou from Yokohama; and Mr. Ringer sent three ex-
amples from Nagasaki (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 178).
The "White-headed Crane certainly breeds in East Siberia, and
probably also in Southern Japan (David and Oustalet, Ois. de la
Chine, p. 434).
358. TURNIX BLAKISTONI.
(BLAKISTON'S IIEMIPODE.)
Areotumiv blakistoni, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 401.
Figures : Temminek, Planches Coloriees, no. GO. fig. 2 (female) ;
Gould, Birds of Asia, vii. pi. 11 (male) ; Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii.
pi. 4 (male).
Blakiston's Ilemipode was described from a single example, a
male, procured by Captain Blakiston near Canton, and now in the
Swinhoe collection. A second male has been described from the
Loo-Choo Islands (Stejncger, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1886,
p. 035). A very adult female with black throat belongs (as Dr.
Stejneger suggests) to the same species ; it was sent by Mr. Pryer
from the Loo-Choo Islands, and is dated July (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887,
p. 179).
Blakiston's Hemipode will probably prove to be a local race of
Turnix pugnax. It forms a connecting-link between the two Indian
races known as Turnix plumbipes and Tur?iix taigooi'. These three
races difler in typical examples as follows : —
General colour of the upper I , , .
parts in-ev I P^^^^'^^' ) Grouud-colour of tlio underparts
( buff, sliglitlv pnler on the breast
I and slij,'litly darker on the
,, , , . , ( blakistoni. Hanks.
Lieneral colour of tlio upper I
] \ Oround-colour of the underparts
( tnifjoor J butllsh white on the breast and
I che^stuut below.
FULICARIiB. 355
I cannot sec any specific difference between T. pugnax from Java
and T. taigoor from India^ or between T. plumbipes from India
and T. rostrata from China and Formosa. Both forms occur in the
Burma peninsula. The size and thickness of the bill appear to be
only individual characteristics, and vary greatly in both forms.
Suborder XXIX. FULICARIjE.
Palate scliizognathous ; nasals holorhinal ; dorsal vertebra hetero-
coelous ; episternal process not perforated to receive the feet of the
coracoids ; posterior processes of the ilia separated sufficiently to
show a broad sacrum; young born able to run in a few hours.
The Fuliearise, or Holorhinal Grallse, comprise six families, two
of Avhich are represented in Japan. The Otididce are a small family
(about 25 species) distributed in most suitable localities in the Old
World, one species ranging as far east as Japan. The Opisthocomida
consist of only one species found in Brazil. The Cariamidce consist
of only two species, also found in Brazil. The Heliornithida may
comprise half a dozen species — one in tropical America, four in
tropical Africa, and one in Borneo. The Psophiidte are also found
in Brazil, and number half a dozen species. The Rallidce are almost
cosmopolitan, and number nearly 150 species, of which eight are
recorded from the Japanese Empire.
The Grallae (scliizognathous Grallai) and the Fulicarise (liolorliinal
Grallse) are very closely allied, and are the remains of a group which
was probably once very numerous.
359. OTIS DYBOWSKII.
(EASTERN GREAT BUSTARD.)
Otis dybowskii, Taczanowslri, Journ. Orn. 1874, p. 331.
The Eastern Great Bustard is found in Japan ; but as the only
examples procured were shot in November and December, it is
uncertain whether it be a resident or only a winter visitor from
•2 A 2
356 FULICARI^.
Siberia (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 124).
Two examples have passed through my hands ; one of them, shot in
tlic presence of Captain Blakiston on the 12th of November, near
the mouth of the Iskari River on the north-west coast of Yezzo, is
obviously not quite adult ; the other, shot in December at Jasahai,
fifteen miles north of Nagasaki, after a gale of wind, appears to be
adult (Scebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 178). It is somewhat smaller than
the Western species, the bill is slightly longer and more slender, the
head is paler in colour, and the lesser wing-coverts are grey, like the
greater and median wing-coverts, instead of being mottled with
brownish buff and black, like the back.
The breeding-range of the Eastern Great Bustard probably extends
across Eastern Siberia to Japan ; but examples from the latter
locality have not yet been procured in summer.
360. CREX PUSILLA.
(PALLAS'S CRAKE.)
liaUus pusillus, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 700 (1776).
Pallas's Crake is a small bird (wing from carpal joint about
3^ inches). The outer web of the first primary is white; the under
tail-coverts are white, barred with black ; and it has no spots on the
sides of the throat or breast.
Figures ; Hume and Marshall, Game-Birds of India, Burmah, and
Ceylon, ii. pi. 35.
Pallas's Crake is a resident in all the Japanese Islands. Captain
Blakiston sent mc an example from Yezzo (Scebohm, Ibis, 1884,
p. 35) ; there arc two examples in the Pryer collection from Yoko-
hama; and INlr. Ringer has sent an exami)le to the Norwich Museum
obtained at Nagasaki (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan,
1882, p. 123).
Pallas's Crake has been most unaccountably confused with Bail-
Ion's Crake, but the dilTerencc between the two species has been
recently pointed out (Ogilvie Grant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890,
vol. v. p. 80).
The breeding-range of Baillon's Crake extends from the British
Islands across Europe to Africa and Madagascar. Neither species is
known to occur in Asia Minor, Persia, or South-west Siberia ; but
ruLicARi^. 357
Pallas^s Crake is a regular summer visitor to South-east Siberia^ and
appears to be a resident in India, Burma, China, and Japan. In
winter it visits the Philippines, Borneo, and the Andaman Islands.
In fully adult birds the sexes are alike. In Baillon's Crake the
sides of the head are slate-grey ; in Pallas's Crake this slate-grey is
interrupted by a broad brown band, which begins at the base of the
bill, passes over the lores, and is continued behind the eye to the
nape.
361. CREX FUSCA.
(RUDDY CRAKE.)
Rallusfuscus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 262 (1766).
The Ruddy Crake is a small bird (wing from carpal joint 4j to 3^
inches). It is olive-brown above, with a vinous-chestnut breast.
There is no white on any of the quills, except occasionally a spot or
two on the outer web of the first pi-imary.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 78.
The Ruddy Crake is found in all the Japanese Islands^ and is pro-
bably a summer visitor to Yezzo and a resident in Southern Japan.
There is an example in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 163), whence examples were obtained by
the Perry Expedition twenty years previously (Cassin, Exp. Am.
Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 229). There are three ex-
amples in the Pryer collection from Yokohama ; and Mr. Ringer has
sent examples to the Norwich Museum obtained at Nagasaki (Blakis-
ton and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 123). Japanese
examples belong to the Siberian race of this species, and have been
described as distinct from the Indian species under the name of
Gallinula erythroihorax (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, p. 121), but they appear to be only entitled to subspecific
distinction as Crex fusca erythroihorax.
The Siberian furrn of the Ruddy Crake breeds in the valley of
the Lower Amoor and m China. It is not known to diflFer in any
way except in size from the typical form, whose range extends from
the Philippine Islands and the Malay Archipelago to the Malay
peninsula, Burma, India, and Ceylon. Japanese examples vary in
length of wing from 4*4 to 4'6 inches ; Chinese examples from 4*1 to
358 ruLicARi.u.
4*6 inches ; whilst in Siberia it is said to attain a leugth of 5 inclies.
Indian and Ikinnesc examples vary from 35 to 38 inehcs, and two
examples in the Swinhoe collection from Formosa measure 3"8 inches.
Young in first plumage are nuich darker than adults, and have no
vinous chestnut on the breast. It is prolxiljly one of these immature
examples that was procured by Mr. Nishi on one of tlic Yayc-yama
Islands, the most southerly group of the Loo-Choo chain, and was
described as a new species under the name of Porzana phoiopyga
(Stejnegcr, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 391). The
length of wing of this example is given as 4*I inches.
362. CREX UNDULATA.
(SWINIIOE'S CllAKE.)
Puizanu undulala, Tiiczanowski, Journ. Orn. Is74, p. 33.'5.
Swinhoc's Crake is a very small bird (wing from carpal joint about
3 inches). There is a great deal of white on most of the secondaries.
Figures : Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, pi. 3 (under the name of Porzana
exquisita) .
Swinhoe's Crake is found in all the Japanese Islands, and is pro-
bably a resident. There is an example in the Swinhoe collection
from Ilakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1876, p. 335). and there is an example
in the Pryer collection from Yokohama.
The range of Swinlioe's Crake extends westwaids from Japan to
South-eastern Siberia and Xortl^-ea^tern China.
363. CREX SEPIARIA.
(LOO-CHOO CKAKE.)
Euryzona sepiaria, Stojneger, I'roc. United States Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 395.
The Loo-Choo Crake is as large as the Conimon Corn-Crake (whig
from carpal joint 5*9 inches). It is a brown bird, with a i)ale throat,
and tlic underj)arts l)elow the breast black barred with white.
The Loo-Choo Crake is only known from a single example obtained
by Mr. Nishi on one of the Yayc-yama Islands, the most southerly
^roiip of the Loo Chdo cliain. It is represented in China by a
FULlCARKt;. 359
smaller species^ C. mandarina (wing 5 inches), with a chestnut ])reast
(David and Oustalet, Ois. de la Chine, pi. 123) ; and in the Philip-
pine Islands by an equally small species, C. fasciata, with pale bands
across the quills and wing-coverts.
364. RALLUS AQUATICUS.
(WATER-RAIL.)
HiiI/ks (Kpiatlcus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 2G2 (17G0).
The Water-Rail is a medium-sized bird (wing from carpal joint
5^ to 5 inches). Its bill is longer than its head, and the feathers of
the upper parts are huffish brown, with nearly black centres.
Figures : Hume and Marshall, Game-Birds of India, Burmah, and
Ceylon, ii. p. 257 (Eastern race).
The Indian form of the Water-Rail is a resident in all the Japa-
nese Islands. There is an example in the Swinhoe collection from
Hakodadi (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 1G3), and there are ten examples
in the Pryer collection from Yokohama. Mr. Ringer has sent
examples to the Norwich Museum from Nagasaki, where those
procured by the Siebold Expedition were probably also obtained
(Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Jaj^onica, Aves, p. 122).
The breeding-range of the Water-Rail extends from the British
Islands across Europe to Chinese Turkestan ; and probably inosculates
with that of the Eastern form of this species, which extends from
Eastern Siberia and Japan to China, Burma, and India.
" The Eastern form of the W^ater-Rail is, on an average, slightly
larger than the Western race : the slate-grey on the underparts is
always more or less suffused with brown, the dark brown of the lores
extends also below and behind the eye, and the under tail-coverts are
more barred with black ; but no one of these characters is always
constant" (Seebohm, British Birds, ii. p. 553). It was described as
a distinct species in 1849 (Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xviii. p. 820),
but it can scarcely be regarded as more than subspecifically distinct,
and may be distinguished as Rullus aquaticus indicus.
The Rails are very closely allied to the Crakes, but differ from them
in having the bill longer instead of shorter than the head. The
Rails are almost cosmopolitan, but the Crakes are confined to the
Old World.
360 FULICAKI.E.
365. GALLICREX CINEREUS.
(WATER-COCK.)
Fulka cinerea, Gnicliu, Syst. Nat. i. p. 703 (1788).
The Water-Cock is nearly as large as the Coot (wing from carpal
joint 8^ to 7 inclics). The under tail-covcrts are white (male) or
buft" (female), barred (in botli sexes) with dark brown.
Figure: Gray, Fasc. Birds of China, pi. ]0.
The claim of the Water-Cock to be regarded as a Japanese bird
rests upon a single example procured by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki
during June (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 178).
The Water-Cock is a resident in most parts of the Oriental
Region, but can only be regarded as an accidental visitor to Southern
Japan.
366. FULICA ATRA.
(COMMON COOT.)
Fulica otra, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 257 (1766).
The Coot is a large bird (wing from carpal joint 8^ to 7| inches) .
The under tail-covcrts arc all black.
Figures : Temminck and Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 77 ;
Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 504. fig. 2.
Tlie Common Coot is a resident in all the Japanese islands. I
have examined skins from Yezzo collected by Captain Jilakiston,
and there are two examples in the Fryer collection from Yokohama.
I have also examined an example from Nagasaki collected by Mr.
Ringer (Seebohm, Ibis, 1881<, p. 178), and Mr. Pryer records it
from the Loo-Choo Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 180).
The breeding-range of the Common Coot extends from the British
Islands across Europe and South Siberia to Japan.
367. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS.
(WATER-HEN.)
Fulica chloropus, Linneus, Syst. Nut. i. p. 2.58 (17GG).
The Watcr-IIcn is much less than the Coot (wing from carpal
PYGOPODES.
361
joint 6f to 6 inches). The central under tail-coverts arc black, hut
the lateral ones are white.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 503.
The Water-Hen is a resident in all the Japanese Islands (Blakiston
and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 225). There are four examples in the
Pryer collection from Yokohama, and three from the Loo-Choo
Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 180). From the last-named locality
it was obtained by the Perry Expedition in 1854 (Cassin, Exp. Am.
Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 245).
The Water-Hen is a circumpolar species, and is very common in
the British Islands.
Suborder XXX. PYGOPODES.
The Grebes and the Divers possess the following characters, which
are not combined in any other bird : —
Cnemial process of tibia produced forwards to a remarkable degree;
posterior processes of the ilium approximated to such an extsent that
Femur and front part of tibia.
the sacrum is almost entirely concealed ; spinal feather-tract not
defined on the neck ; palate schizognathous.
The Pygopodes consist of two families. The Colymbidce contain
only four species, which are confined during the breeding-season to
362
PYGOPODE8.
tljc Arctic Regions, and three of wliich visit Japan in winter. The
Podicipida number Ijetween twenty and thirty species, which are
r'eiuur and front part of tibia.
distributed over the rest of the world, includinf^ Madagascar, Aus-
traba, and New Zealand, but not the Pacific Islands. Five of the
rodiei])i(lce breed in Japan.
368. COLYMBUS ADAMSI.
(WIIITK-BILLKD DIVEH.)
Colymhus admiixii, (5 ray, Proc. Zool. Soc. LS^O, ]i. 1(17.
This species may always be recognized by its hill, which is nearly
white, not decurvcd, and very large (height at nostrils 1^ to 1 inch,
instead of, as in ('. ylacialis, from 1 to ^ inch).
Figures : Elliot's liirds of North America, pi. 63.
There can scarcely bo any doubt tiiat the (ircat Northern Divers
PYGOPODES. 3G3
Avliic-li Stellcr observed on the coasts of the Kurilc Islands (Pallas,
Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 341) belonged to the species with a large
Avliite bill, and not to the perfectly distinct species -svith a much
smaller black bill. It is to the white-billed species that the Kamt-
schatkan birds must be referred (Stejneger, Orn. Exp. Comm. Isl. &
Kamtsehatka, p. 14) ; and it is the White-billed Diver that has
occurred on the Japanese coasts. The occurrence of this species in
Japan was first ascertained from an example procured by Captain
Blakiston at Hakodadi in January (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 1 16) ;
and I have a fine example collected by Mr. Henson at Hakodadi
(Seebohm, Ibis, ISS^, p. 32). It has also occurred as far south as
Nagasaki (Saunders, Ibis, 1883, p. 348).
The "VVhite-billed Diver is probably a circumpolar species, and
breeds in Siberia and Arctic America ; it occasionally visits the
British Islands in winter.
369. COLYMBUS ARCTICUS.
(BLACK-THROATED DIVER.)
Colymbus ardicus, Linueus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 221 (17G6).
In this species the forehead and crown are uniform unmottled grey
at all ages and seasons ; and the height of the bill at the nostrils
never reaches f of an inch.
Figures: Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 44; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. 627.
The Black-throated Diver is a common winter visitor to the coasts
of Yezzo (Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 208), and probably of all the other
Japanese Islands. In the Pryer collection there are five examples in
winter plumage from Yokohama, and I have an example in summer
dress collected by Captain Blakiston in May (Seebolmi, Ibis, 1879,
p. 22) . Mr. Ringer has also procured it near Nagasaki, where the
examples obtained by tlie Siebold Expedition were probably also
procured (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 123).
The range of the Black-throated Diver extends from the British
Islands, across North Europe and Siberia to Japan, and across
Bering Straits into Alaska and Arctic America as far cast as
Hudson^s Bay.
It is impossible to say whether any of the examples belong to the
form which American ornithologists call Colymbus arcticus pacijicus.
364 PYGOPODES.
An example in M-inter plumage measures 2*5 inches from the frontal
feathers to the tip of the bill ; a second, in summer plumage with a
pale nape, measures 2 3 inches ; whilst a third, moulting into summer
plumage with a dark nape, measures only 11) inches.
370. COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS.
(RED-THROATED DIVER.)
Colymfms septentrionalis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 220 (1766).
In this species the forehead and crown are always mottled.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 45 ; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. G28.
It is probably to Steller that we are indebted for the local name of
the Red-throated Diver on the Kurile Islands, whence we may infer
its frequent occurrence in that locality (Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.
ii. p. 343). It probably breeds there, as I have an example in
breeding-plumage obtained by Mr. Snow in June on Rashua, one of
the central islands of the chain. The first example recorded from
Japan was obtained at Hakodadi in January 1865 (Whitely, Ibis,
1867, p. 208) ; and there is an example in winter plumage in the
Swinhoe collection obtained by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 163). It is said to be occasionally obtained
inTokio Bay (Blakiston and Prycr, Ibis, 1878, p. 211), but there are
no examples in the Pryer collection. It is probably only a winter
visitor to the Japanese Islands. Dr. Stejneger found it breeding in
great abundance on the Commander Islands.
The Red-throated Diver is a circunipolar species, and breeds in
Scotland and the north of Ireland.
371. PODICEPS RUBRICOLLIS.
(RED-NECKED GREBE.)
Colymbus ruhricollis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 592 (1788).
The Red-necked Grebe has dark brown lores both in summer and
winter, and its wing from carpal joint measures more than 6 inches.
Figures: Tcmminck and Sehlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Avcs, pi. 78b
(under the name of Podiceps ruhricollis major, the Eastern form).
It is not known that the Eastern form of the Red-necked Grebe
PYQOPODES. 365
differs in any way from the "Western form except in size. The
Western form varies in length of wing from the carpal joint from 6'3
to 7 inches, and the Eastern form from 7*3 to 8 inches ; and the
former varies in length of bill from the frontal feathers from 1"4 to
1'6 inches, and the latter from 1"65 to 2'2 inches.
I have an example of the Eastern form of the Red-necked Grebe,
collected by Captain Blakiston at Hakodadi in January, and which
I erroneously identified as Podiceps cristatus * (Seebohm, Ibis, 1882,
p. 369), as Temminck appears to have done in 1840 (Temminck, Man.
d^Orn. iv. p. 448). There is an example in winter plumage in the
Pryer collection from Yokohama. The examples figured in the
' Fauna Japonica ' were probably obtained near Nagasaki.
The Red-necked Grebe is almost a circumpolar bird, but European
and West- Asiatic examples are not quite so large as those from East
Asia and America. The Eastern form breeds in the valley of the
Amoor, in Kamtschatka, and across Alaska and British North
America to Greenland. It can only be regarded as subspecifically
distinct from its Western ally, and must bear the name of Podiceps
rubricollis major, given to it by Temminck and Schlegel about 1847.
♦ PODICEPS CRISTATUS.
(Great Crested Grebe.)
Colymbus aistatus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 222 (17G6).
The Great Crested Grebe differs from its allies at all seasons in having nearly
white lores.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 38 ; Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii.
pi. 629.
The occurrence of the Great Crested Grebe in Japan rests on very poor authority.
It was not mentioned in Temminck and Schlegel's ' Fauna Japonica,' but was
recorded from Japan in 1840 (Temminck, Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 448). The statement
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 369) that a skin from Hakodadi in winter plumage was
correctly identified, was a blunder. It is a skin of P. rubricollis holbcelli, as were
probably also the two examples previously recorded from the same locality
(Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 208), inasmuch as a reference is given to the ' Fauna
Japonica,' which relates to that species, and not to the Great Crested Grebe.
There are, however, undoubted examples in the Swinhoe collection from Amoy
and Ningpo, so that its occurrence in Japan is by no means improbable.
The breeding-range of the Great Crested Grebe is very extensive, reaching from
the British Islands across Europe to South Africa, India, Australia, and New
Zealand.
36G PYGOPODES.
It has been described as a distinct species under the name o{ Podiceps
holboeUi (Rcinliardl, Vidcnsk. Meddcl. 1853, p. 7Q). The fact that
in 1783 the name of Colymbus major (Boddaert, Tabl. Planches
Enlurainecs, p. 24-, no, 404) was given to a Grebe now known as
^chvwphorus occidentalis, can scarcely be pleaded as a reason for
adopting Reinhardt's name instead of that given by Temminck and
Schlcjjel.
372. PODICEPS NIGRICOLLIS.
(BLACK-NECKED GREBE.)
Podiceps nigricoUis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 936 (1831).
The Black-necked Grebe is easily recognized in breeding-dress by
its black throat and neck, and at all seasons by its slightly upturned
bill. It may also be recognized at all times by its having not only
white secondaries, but much white on many of the innermost
primaries.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 41 ; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. 632.
The Black-necked or Eared Grebe is a common bird in Japanese
collections, but I cannot find any evidence that it breeds in Japan.
Tiiere are four examples in the Swinhoe collection from Hakodadi,
two in winter dress and two in summer plumage, the latter dated
April (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 163). There are no fewer than
thirteen in the Pryer collection from Yokohama, five of them in
summer dress, but none of them dated. It has been obtained by
Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki, where the examples procured by the Siebold
Expedition were probably also obtained (Temminck and Schlegel,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 123).
The Black-necked Grebe has a wide range, but a very peculiar one.
It is a resident in South Africa and in the l)asin of the Mediterranean.
It is a summer visitor to Central Europe, Southern Russia, and
Southern Si])eria; l)ut, although it winters on the ^lokran coast and
on the coast of Scindc on the one side, and in China and Japan on
the other, it has not been recorded from any other part of India or
Burma. It is a somewhat rare visitor to the British Islands.
It is represented on the American continent by a very closely
allied species, Podiceps californicus, from Avhich it may prove to be
only subspecifically distinct.
PYGOPODES. 367
373. PODICEPS COENUTUS.
(SCLAVONIAN GREBE.)
Colymbm auritux, Liuneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 222 (17G6, nee auctorum pluri-
moruiu).
Colymbus corntdus, Gnielin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 591 (1788).
The Sclavonian Grebe is about the same size as the Black-necked
Grebe, with wliich it is often confounded in winter plumage. In
breeding-dress it may be recognized by its combination of the two
characters, ear-coverts black and fore neck chestnut ; but in winter
plumage a more minute examination is necessary. At all seasons it
combines the two characters — length of wing from carpal joint vary-
ing between 5*8 and 5*2 inches, and white on secondaries but on
none of the primaries.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 40 ; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. 631.
The first example of the Sclavonian Grebe recorded from Japan
was shot in Hakodadi harbour on the 26th of January, 1865 (Whitely,
Ibis, 1867, p. 209). There are two examples in the Swinhoe collection
collected by Captain Blakiston near Hakodadi, one of them dated
October (Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 456) ; there are three examples in
winter plumage in the Pryer collection from Yokohama ; and Mr.
Ringer has procured it near Nagasaki (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans.
As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 92). It is probably only a winter visitor
to Japan.
The Sclavonian Grebe is a circumpolar species, breeding for the
most part a little to the south of the Arctic Circle on both continents,
and wandering still further southwards in winter. It is a winter
visitor to the British Islands.
374. PODICEPS MINOR.
(LITTLE GREBE.)
Colymbus minor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 591 (1788).
The Little Grebe well deserves its name, and the fact that the
length of its wing from the carpal joint is only 4 inches or less is
sufficient to distinguish it from all its Old World allies, except from
P. nestor in South Australia, and from P. rufipectus in New Zealand.
368
OALLINiK.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Great Britain, v. pi. 42 ; Dresser, Birds
of Europe, viii. pi. 633.
The Little Grehe is a common summer visitor to Yezzo, and a
still eommouer resident in the more southerly Japanese Islands ; but
the first authentie oceurrence of this speeies in Japan was that of an
example obtained in September by Captain Blakiston in South Yezzo
(Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 456). There are 12 examples in all stages
of plumage in the Pryer eolleetion from Yokohama ; and Mr. Ringer
has procured it at Nagasaki (Blakiston, Amended List of the Birds
of Japan, p. 32). .
The Little Grebe breeds in all the temperate and subtropical parts
of the Old World, from the British Islands to Japan, and from
South Africa to the Malay Archipelago and Australia, with the
exception of Siberia and Mongolia.
Suborder XXXI. GALLING.
Palate schizognathous ; basipterygoid processes articulating with
the pterygoids as far from the quadrates as possible ; episterual pro-
cess perforated to receive the feet of the coracoids ; nasals holorhiual.
Front portion ofstcniimi of ( 1 1 Cni.v cnnmrula, (.">) n{ Laphuphorus imprrinnus,
{(\) of Mrifopiidiun ruhripr*.
OALLINiE.
369
The Gallinse consists of tlircc families. The Phasianida contains
about 250 spccics_, which are nearly cosmopolitan. The Cracidce con-
tains about 50 species, which arc confined to the tropical regions of
F.P.o
Deep plantar tendons of Domestic Fowl.
the American continent. The Megapodida numbers about a score
species, which inhabit Australia and the islands of the Malay Archi-
pelago.
Seven species of Phasianidse are found in Japan.
375. PHASIANUS TORQUATUS.
(CHINESE RING-NECKED PHEASANT.)
Phasianus torquatus, Gnielin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 742 (1788).
The Chinese Ring-necked Pheasant has a white ring round the
neck, and the colour of the rump and upper tail-coverts is for the
most part lavender-grey.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, vii. pi. 39.
The Chinese Ring-necked Pheasant is not found on any of the
main islands of Japan, but is said to be common on Tsu-sima, an
island in the Straits of Corea (Blakiston and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc.
Japan, 1882, p. 127).
2b
370 GALLIN.F..
376. PHASIANUS VERSICOLOR.
(JAPANESE GREEN PHEASANT.)
Phasianus versicolor, Vieillot, La Galerie des Oiseaux, ii. p. 23, pi. 205 (1829).
Tlie Japanese Green Pheasant lias the breast, belly, and flanks
metallic green.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, vii. pi. 40 ; Tcmminck, Planches
Colorizes, no. 486 (male), no. 493 (female).
The Japanese Green Pheasant is peculiar to Japan, but its range
does not extend into Yezzo. There are examples in the Paris
Museum procured by I'Abbe Fauire near Aomori, in the north of
Hondo, but it is not known to occur north of the Tsugaru Straits.
There are' a pair in the Swinhoe collection from Tokio (Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1875, p. 452), and a fine series in the Pryer collection from
the same district. The latter includes many hybrids between the
Japanese Green Pheasant and the Chinese Ring-necked Pheasant
(Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 22G). A very interesting account
of the habits of this Pheasant is to be found in the narrative of the
Perry Expedition (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan,
ii. p. 223). It is written by Mr. Heine, the artist of the expedition,
who met with the birds at Simoda in the province of Idsu. Eggs in
tlie Pryer collection resemble dark olive varieties of those of the
Common Pheasant.
377. PHASIANUS SCEMMERINGI.
(COPPER PHEASANT.)
Phasianns sccmmeringii, Temminck, Planches Colorizes, no. 487 (male), no. 488
(female) (1830).
The Copper Pheasant is almost entirely coloured crimson and
gold.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, vii. pi. 37.
The Copper Pheasant is peculiar to Japan. I have several ex-
amples from Nagasaki, for which I am indebted to the kindness of
Mr. Ringer. The examples procured by the Sicbold Expedition were
also presumably obtained near Nagasaki (Temminck and Schlegel,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 104). It does not occur in Yezzo (Blakiston
r.ALLlNiE. 371
and Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, 1882, p. 126), but an example
obtained at Simoda on the coast south-west of Yokohama appears to
be referable to this species (Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas
and Japan, ii. p. 22(i), though there is some evidence that it was a
tame bird. It is not unreasonable to assume that this species was
differentiated in the island of Kiu-siu.
378. PHASIANUS SCINTILLANS.
{HONDO COPPER PHEASANT.)
Phasianus scintillcais, Gould, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xvii. p. 150
(18G4).
The Hondo Copper Pheasant is for the most part arrayed in crimson
and gold, but the scapulars, wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts are
more or less edged with white.
Figures : Gould, Birds of Asia, vii. pi. 88.
In the Pryer collection there is a remarkably fine series of Phea-
sants, but of eight examples of the Copper Pheasant all are referable
to this species. Under these circumstances it is not unreasonable to
assume that it is the only species of Copper Pheasant found near
Yokohama. On the other hand, there cannot be any doubt that it
occurs also near Nagasaki (Elliot, Mon. Phasianidse, text to pi. 13).
All the examples in the Paris Museum procured by FAbbe Fauire
near Aomori in the north of Hondo belong to this species.
It differs from its ally in having conspicuous and more or less
complete white margins to the scapulars, the wing-coverts, and the
upper tail-coverts. The flank-feathers are very conspicuous in con-
sequence of their margins being so much paler, and being separated
from the body of the feather by a black line. Each black band
across the tail is emphasized by a white band, above which the
gi'ound-colour of the feather is much paler, causing the black
speckling to be much more conspicuous.
Mr. Elliot asserts that intermediate forms occur, and there can be
no doubt that they would interbreed freely if they had the oppor-
tunity. It is not known that the females differ.
Eggs in the Pryer collection are rather longer than eggs of the
Common Pheasant, and are creamy buff in colour.
372 GALLIN.F..
The Hondo Copper Pheasant was probably differentiated in the
main island of Japan, but may have been introduced into some of
the other islands in a few localities.
379. TETRAO MUTUS.
(COMMON PTARxMlGAN.)
Tetrao 7)mfus, Montin, Siillsk. Ilaiidl. LuikI, i. p. 15o (circa 1780).
The Common Ptarmigan is variously mottled with brown, buff,
and grey in the breeding-season, but the wings are always white, and
the "svhole plumage (except the lores of the male) is white in winter.
Figures: Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 477. fig. 1 (autumn
plumage), pi. 478 (summer plumage).
The Ptarmigan breeds on the main island of Japan at an elevation
of nearly 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, whence I have an
example of an adult female and young in down, collected by Mr. Miwa
in July on Renge-yama, one of the more westerly peaks of the Tate-
yama range, about a hundred miles north-west of Yokohama
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 35). The example in winter plumage,
obtained by Mr. Snow on the Kuriles (Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 179),
may also belong to this species, the male of which has black lores
in winter.
The Ptarmigan is a eircumpolar species, and breeds in Scotland
and various mountain-ranges in Europe and across Asia to Japan.
There are several local races of tiiis species, but it is not known that
Japanese examples differ from Scotch ones.
It was long ago recorded from the Kurile Islands (Pallas, Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 64) ; and the fact that some of the examples
obtained in winter by Mr. Snow on these islands have black lores
(Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 179), whilst others (received since that date,
and presumably females) have white lores, appeal's to prove that the
Kurile Island species is not the Willow-Grouse, though it may still
be an open question whether it be or be not the Rock-I'tarniigan,
Tetrao mutus rupestris.
The Roek-Ptarmigan is difheult to distinguish from the allied
races; but it is said that neither sex ever accjuircs the dark breast
characteristic of the spring plumage of tlie cocks of thi' typical
form.
GALLING. 373
380. TETRAO BONASTA.
(HAZEL-GROUSE.)
Tetrao Ijonasia, Linueus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 275 (1766).
The Hazel-Grouse is less than the Ptarmigan^ the autumn plumage
of which it slightly resembles, except that its wiugs are brown. The
tarsi are featliered, but not the toes.
Figures : Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. pi. 486.
The Hazel-Grouse is a resident on the island of Yezzo (Whitely,
Ibis, 1867, p. 204), but is not known from any of the more southerly
islands. I have five examples collected by Mr. Henson near Hakodadi ;
and there are five other examples from Yezzo in the Pryer collection.
The breeding-range of the Hazel-Grouse extends from Japan
across Siberia and Europe to the Pyrenees, but does not reach the
British Islands.
The Hazel-Grouse of Japan is the same as that which is found in
the valley of the Amoor, in South-western Siberia, and in Europe
(whence I have examples from Russia, Sweden, the Carpathians, and
the Apennines). It differs from the race which I found in the lower
valley of the Yenesay in being more rufous in colour and in having
a longer tail (5*4 to 4"5 inches, instead of 4'6 to 4'1 inches).
381. CCTURNIX COMMUNIS.
(COMMON QUAIL.)
Coturniv communis, Bonnaterre, Tabl. Eiicycl. et Method, i. p. 217 (1790).
The Quail is a small bird (wing from carpal joint 4^ to 3^ inches),
and bears a remarkable resemblance to a Hemipode, but may be at
once distinguished by its hind toe.
Figures : Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pi. 61,
under the name of Coturnix vulgaris japonica.
The Quail was originally described as a Japanese bird by Temminck
and Schlegel, in the ' Fauna Japonica,^ from examples obtained by
the Siebold Expedition, most probably near Nagasaki, whence ex-
amples have been sent to the Norwich Museum by Mr. Ringer. In
May 1854 it was procured by the Perry Expedition at Hakodadi
374 CRYPTURI. — STRUTHIONirORMES,
(Cassin, Exp. Am. Squad. China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 227), whence
there are several examples in the Swiuhoe eollection obtained by
Captain Blakiston (Swinhoc, Ibis, 1875, p. -152). There are seven
examples in the Pryer collection from Yokoliama. It breeds on
all the main islands of Japan, and a few remain during winter in
Yezzo (Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 22G).
The Common Quail is subject to some climatic variation. Tropical
forms resident in South Africa and China are on an average slightly
smaller than forms from more temperate regions. They also differ
in the colour of the throat of the male in summer plumage, that of
examples from China being chestnut-buff, and from South Africa
rusty buff. The two forms completely intergrade, and both occur
in Japan — the pale-throated form, it is said, as a winter visitor from
Siberia, and the rufous-throated form as a resident. If the latter be
regarded as subspecifically distinct, it may bear the name of Coturnix
communis japonica, and its range may be given as Eastern Siberia,
Japan, and North China. On the other hand, it is said that the
rufous-throated form frequently occurs in South Europe, and that
the Quails of India and South China belong to the pale-throated or
typical race.
Suborder XXXII. CRYPTURI.
Keel of sternum well developed ; the cartilage which connects the
ilium with the ischium behind the acetabulum not ossified.
There are about 50 species of Tiuamous, which are confined to the
Neotropical Ilegion.
Subclass STRUTHIONIFORMES.
In the Struthioniformes the keel of the sternum has become obso-
lete ; the basiptcrygoid processes are very large, and placed on the
basisphcnoid rather than on its rostrum ; the oil-gland is absent ;
and there are no lateral bare tracts on the neck.
The subclass Struthioniformes contains two orders.
APTERYGES. — CASUARII. 375
Older APTERYGES.
The order Apterygcs contains only one suborder.
Suborder XXXIII. APTERYGES.
Keel of sternum obsolete ; basipterygoid processes present ; hallux
present.
There are three species of Kiwi, all of them peculiar to New
Zealand.
Order RATIT-ffi.
Keel of sternum obsolete ; basipterygoid processes very large, and
placed on the basisphenoid rather than on its rostrum ; hallux absent.
The order Ratitse contains three suborders.
Suborder XXXIV. RHE^.
Keel of sternum obsolete ; length of humerus more than the com-
bined length of six dorsal vertebrae ; hallux absent ; second, third,
and fourth digits present and directed forwards ; basipterygoid pro-
cesses present, and articulating with the pterygoids as near the
quadrates as possible.
There are three species of Rhea, all of them peculiar to the Neo-
tropical Region.
Suborder XXXV. CASUARII.
Keel of sternum obsolete ; vomer coalesced with the maxillo-pala-
tines in front ; length of humerus less than the combined length of
three dorsal vertebrae.
There are a dozen species of Emu and Cassowary, which are only
known from the Australian Region.
376
STRUTHIONES.
Suborder XXXVI. STBUTIIIONES.
Keel of sternum obsolete ; first and second digits absent.
Two species of Ostrich are known. They inhabit the Etliiopian
Region, the range of one of tliera extending to the south of the
Mediterranean subregion of the Palajarctic Region.
INDEX.
Accentor alpiuus, 55.
erytliropygius, 55.
erj'thropj'gius, 55.
modularis rubidui?, 56.
riibidus, 50.
Accipiter gularis, 205.
nisoides, 205.
nisus, 204.
palumbarius, 204.
stevensoni, 205.
Accipitres, 191.
Accipitrinse, 191.
Acrediila caudata, 87.
trivirgata, 87.
Acrocephalus bistrigiceps, 71.
fasciolatus, 72.
orientalis, 71.
^Egialites dealbatu?, 310.
^githalus consobriuus, 88.
Alauda alpestris, 119.
arvensis, 118.
japonica, 118.
pekinensis, 118.
Alaudinoe, 117.
Alca antiqua, 276.
brevirostris, 279.
carbo, 274.
ciiThata, 281.
coliimba, 275.
cristatella, 285.
kamtschatica, 286.
marmorata, 278.
monocerata, 283.
psittacula, 284.
Alca pygmtea, 286.
torda, 284.
ti-oile, 273.
wuniizusume, 277.
Alcedo beiigalensis, 176.
coroiuanda, 173.
major, 173,
guttatus, 174.
iapida, 175.
bengaleusis, 175.
lugubris, 175.
Ampelis garrulus, 110.
japonicus, 110.
Auas acuta, 246.
baeri, 264.
boschas, 243.
circia, 246.
clangula, 253.
clypeata, 242.
coniuta, 241.
crecca, 244.
cristata, 255.
falcata, 245.
ferina, 254.
formosa, 244.
fusca, 250.
galericulata, 248.
glacialis, 252.
histiionicus, 253.
javanica, 240.
marila, 256.
penelope, 247.
rutila, 241.
spcctabilis, 256.
378
INDEX.
Anaa stelleri, 257.
strepera, 242.
zonorhyncba, 243.
Anser albifrons, 2.'{7.
brachyrbynchus, 23G.
cygnoides, 235.
gambol i, 237.
butcbinsi, 239.
byperboreus, 238.
nivalis, 238.
niinutiis, 238.
nigricans, 240.
segetum, 230.
serrirostris, 236.
vulgari.'*, 237.
Anseres, 233.
Anseriformes, 207.
Antbu3 ceninus, 117.
niaculatus. Ho.
pratensis japonicus, 116.
spinoletta, 116.
japonicus, 11(5.
Antigone montignesia, 302.
Apteryges, 376.
Aquila cbrysaetus, 190.
lagopus, 200.
pelagica, 199.
Aquilinic, 191.
Ardea alba, 216.
amurensis, 225.
caledunica, 223.
cinerea, 215.
coromanda, 219.
egrettoides, 218.
garzetta, 218.
gi'us, 351.
iinmaculata, 219.
intermedia, 217.
japonensis, 351.
javanica, 224.
jugulari.s, 220.
greyi, 221.
malaccenais, 226.
modesta, 216.
nycticorax, 222.
patruelia, 225.
sacra, 221.
sinensis, 227.
Ardea stellaris, 226.
Ardeola prasinosceles, 225.
Ardetta eurhytbma, 227.
macroibyncha, 224.
stagnatilis, 224.
Arciiturnx blalii.--toni, 354.
Arundinax blalcistoni, 73.
Astur gulavis, 205.
Aythya atlinis mariloides, 256.
Bombycilla pbcenicoptera, 110.
Bombycivora japouica, 1 10.
Botaurus eurliytluna, 227.
sinensis, 227.
stellaris, 226.
Brachyrbampbus kittlitzi, 279.
marmoratus, 278.
perdix, 278.
Branta albifrons, 237.
Bubo blakistoni, 184.
maximus, 183.
Bucerotes, 180.
Buplius baccbus, 226.
Butaster indicus, 196.
Buteo beniiliisius, 201.
japonicus, 202.
jiolyogenys, 196.
pyirbogenys, 196.
vulgaris, 201.
japonicus, 202.
pluniipes, 202.
Butoride.s scbreuckii, 225.
Cancroma coromanda, 219.
leucoptora, 226.
Capriinulgus jotaka, 178.
Carbo bicristatus, 210.
capillatus, 209.
iilamentosus, 209.
Carpodacus erytbrinus, 123.
roseus, 123.
sanguinolentus, 1 24.
Carpoi)liaga iantbina, 165.
jouyi, 167.
versicolor, 166.
Casuarii, 376.
Ceppbus arra, 274.
carb«i, 274,
INDEX.
379
Cepphiis columba, 275.
loinvia, 273.
Certhia familiaris, 91.
scandulaca, 91.
Cen-Ie guttata, 174.
Cettia cantans, 74.
cantillans, 7G.
diphone, 77.
squamiceps, 74.
Chgetura caudacuta, 178,
Charadriiis cantianus, 309.
fulvus, 303.
geofifroyi, 310.
helveticus, 304.
minor, 306.
mongolicus, 308.
morinellus, 305.
placidus, 307.
veredus, 311.
Chaunoproctus ferreirostris, 122.
Clielidon blakistoni, 144.
dasypus, 144.
namiyei, 142.
Cicouia boyciana, 228.
grus japonensis, 351.
Cinclus pallasi, 54.
Circus aeruginosus, 203.
cyaneus, 202.
spilonotus, 203.
uligiuosus, 203.
Cisticola cistieola, 77.
Coccothraustes ferreirostris, 122.
japonicus, 120.
personatus, 121.
vulgaris, 120.
Coccyges, 168.
Columba gelastis, 161.
humUis, 162.
iris, 166.
kitlizii, 166.
janthina, 165.
Uvia, 160.
metallica, 166.
orientalis, 160.
risoria, 162.
sieboldi, 163.
versicolor, 166.
Columbse, 160.
Colymbus adamsi, 362.
arcticus, 363.
pacificus, 363.
aui'itus, 367.
cornutus, 367.
cristatus, 365.
marmoratus, 278.
minor, 367.
rubricollis, 364.
septentrionalis, 364.
troile, 273.
Coracise, 176.
Coracias orientalis, 179.
Coraciiformes, 172.
Corvinse, 93.
Corvus caryocatactes, 99.
- — — corax, 94.
corone, 96.
cyanus, 99.
dauricus, 97.
japonensis, 95.
macrorhynchus, 94.
japonensis, 95.
levaillanti, 95.
neglectus, 97.
pastinator, 98.
Coturnix communis, 373.
japonica, 373.
vulgaris japonica, 374.
Cotyle riparia, 144.
Crateropodinee, 64.
Crex fusca, 357.
erythrothorax, 357.
pusilla, 356.
sepiaria, 358.
undulata, 358.
Crypturi, 374.
CucuU, 168.
Cuculus canorinus, 170.
canorus, 169.
horsfieldi, 170.
byperytbrus, 171.
intermedius, 169.
kelungensis, 170.
monosyUabicus, 170.
optatus, 170.
poliocephalus, 171.
saturatus, 170.
380
INDEX.
Cyanopolius cyanus, 99.
C'vgnu3 bewicki, 23o.
musicus, 234.
Cypselils pacificus, 177.
Deinicgretta lingeii, 221.
Dendrocopus richardsi, 149.
Deiidiocygna javanica, 240.
Dioiuedea albatnis, 2(31.
brachiuvrt, 2(52.
cliinensis, 2G2.
derogata, 2G2.
nipiipes, 2(>3.
Uiouiedt'idse, 200.
Dryobates namiyei, 153.
s\ibeiiTis, 152.
Eiuberiza aureola, 138.
ciopsis, 131.
elogans, 137.
fucata, 134.
lappouica, 140.
uivali'^, 140.
persouata, 130.
lustica, 134.
rutila, 138.
scbceniclus, 133.
])alu.stri.s, 133.
npodocepliala, 137.
sulpliurata, 135.
vaiiabili.s, l.'i'J.
yefsounsis, 132.
Ephialtes elegaiis, 188.
Eiithacus akabige, 50.
calliope, 52.
cyauons, 53.
komiidori, 62.
namiyei, 51.
I'^urylaeiui, 145.
Eurystomus orieutalis, 170.
Eiiryzona sepiaria, 358.
Falco ffisalon, 103.
apivorus, 107.
ater, 107.
buteo japonicus, 202.
chrysaetus, 100.
tvuueuf, 202.
Falco gyrfalco, 192.
baliietus, 105.
indicus, 190.
lagopus, 2(X).
nisus, 204.
palunibarius, 204.
peregrinus, 102.
subbuteo, 103.
tinnunculus, 104.
japonicus, 104.
Falconi formes, 181.
Falconinfe, 101.
Ficedula coronata, 00.
Fratercula cirrhata, 281.
corniculata, 280.
cristatella, 285.
monocerata, 283.
psittacu]a, 284.
])usilla, 287.
pygma;a, 280.
Fregata minor, 214.
Fringilla bruuueinucha, 128.
kawarahiba, 127.
kiltlitzi, 128.
linaria, 1 25.
moutuna, 130.
montifringilla, 12G.
rosea, 123.
rutilans, 131.
siiiica, 127.
spinas, 125.
Fringillina?, 12().
Fulica atra, 3(iO.
cliloropus, .'5G0.
ciuere:!, 3G0.
FiUicaria', 355.
Fuligula americana, 248.
baeri, 254.
clangula, 2<>'5.
cristata, 255.
foriua, 254.
fusca, 250.
glacialis, 252.
histrionica, 253.
marila, 25G.
Fulniarus glacialis, 268.
Galguhi^ aniaurutis, G.5.
INDEX.
381
Gallicrex cinereus, 360.
Galliformes, 200.
Gallinte, 368.
Gallinago japonica, 343.
Gallinula chloropus, 360.
erjthrothorax, 357.
Gallo-GrallfB, 272.
Gan-Lilus brandti, 100.
glandarius japonicLis, 101.
japonicus, 101.
sinensis, 101.
Gavife, 273.
Gecinus awokera, 147.
caniis, 148.
Geociclila sibirica, 44.
terrestris, 44.
Taria, 43.
Grallaj; 348.
Gi'us cinerea, 348.
longirostris, 340.
japonensis, 351.
leucauchen, .352.
leucogeranus, 349.
nionachus, 353.
viridirostris, 351.
Ilsematopus niger, 313.
osculans, 313.
Halcyon coromanda, 173.
Halcyones, 173.
Ilaliaetus albicilla, 198.
pelagicus, 199.
Ilapalopteron faniiliare, 60.
Ilerodiones, 214.
Ileterornis pyrrhogenys, 109.
llierococcyx hyperythrus, 171.
Hirundininfe, 141.
Hirundo alpestiis, 142.
japonica, 142.
caudacuta, 178.
gutturalis, 141.
javanica, 142.
namiyei, 142.
pacifica, 177.
riparia, 144.
rustica, 141.
gutturalis, 14].
Hypsipetes amaurotis, 64.
I Hypsipetes pryeri, 66.
squamiceps, 65.
pryeri, 60.
Hypurolepis domicola, 142.
lanthcenas jouyi, 167.
uitens, 105.
Ibis melauocephala, 232.
nippon, 232.
Icoturus namiyei, 51.
Impennes, 272.
Ix<js familiaris, 60.
lyngipicus kisuki, 156.
nigrescens, 156.
seebolnni, 156.
lynx torquilla, 157.
Lamellii'ostres, 233.
Lamprotoi'nis pyiThogeuy.s, 108.
pyrrhopogon, 108.
Laniina5, 103.
Lanius bucephalus, 106.
lucionensis, 105.
magnirostris, 104.
major, 103.
superciliosus, 104.
Larus cachinnans, 291.
californicus, 294.
canus, 293.
crassirostris, 293.
delawarensis, 294.
glaucescens, 290.
glaucus, 290.
ichthyaetus, 292.
leucopterus, 292.
marinus, 291.
schistisagus, 291.
melanuriis, 2!)3.
ridibundus, 295.
schistisagus, 291.
tridactylus, 294.
Lestris buffoni, 289.
po marinus, 289.
ricliardsoni, 288.
Limicolaj, 303,
Liniosa melanura, 329.
melanuroides, 329.
melanuroides, 329.
382
INDEX.
Limosa rufa, 328.
uropygialis, 329.
scolopaceus, 330.
uropygialis, 328.
Lobivanellus cinereus, .'Ul.
Locustella fiisciolata, 72.
lanccolata, 73.
ochotensis, 73.
subcerthiola, 73.
Loxia curvirostra, 121.
enucleator, 122.
Lusciniola pryeri, 79.
Lusciniopsis hendersonii, 74.
japoniea, 73.
Macrorhaiuphus griseus, 330.
scolopaceus, 330.
^Megalurus pryeri, 79.
Megascops elegans, 189.
Mergus albellus, 2.58.
merganser, 257.
serrator, 258.
Merula cardis, 45.
celsenops, 50.
chrysolaus, 48.
fuscata, 46.
naumanni, 47.
obscure, 49.
pallida, 47.
Milvus ater, 197.
melanotis, 197.
melanotis, 197.
Mimogj'pes, 180.
Monticola cyanus, 53.
solitaria, 53.
Montifringilla brunneinucha, 128.
Mormon comiculata, 280.
superciliosa, 28G.
Motacilla alpina, 55.
amurensis. 111.
aurorea, 57.
blakistoni, 111.
boarula, 114.
calliope, 52.
cervina, 117.
cyane, 53.
cyanurus, 58.
flava, 114.
Motacilla grandis, 113.
japoniea, 113.
lugens, 111.
lugubris, 113.
luteola, 00.
niaura, 57.
nielanopo, 114.
Motacilliupe, 111.
Muscicapa cinereo-alba, 03.
cyanomela3na, 59.
gularis, 59.
hylocharis, 01.
latirostris, 02.
melanoleuca, 59.
narcissina, Gl.
sibirica, 02.
Muscipeta princeps, 63.
principalis, 63.
Musophagi, 108.
Niltava cyanomel,T?na, 59.
Ninox scutulata, 187.
Nisaetus nipalensis, 200.
Nucifraga caryocatactes, 99.
leptorhynclius, 99.
Numenius arquatus, 314.
lineatus, 314.
cyanopus, 315.
minutus, 317.
phaiopus, 310.
variegatus, 317.
Nycticorax crassirostris, 222.
goisagi, 223.
javanicus, 224.
staguatilis, 225.
nycticorax, 222.
prasinosceles, 225.
0"]strelata hypolenca, 269.
Oidemia americana, 24^.
stejuegeri, 252.
Oriolus squamiceps, 05.
Otis dybowskii, 355.
Otus scops japonicus, 190.
semitorques, 188.
Palamedea;, 259.
Pandion haliaetus, 195.
INDEX.
383
Parinse, 79.
Parus ater, 82.
atriceps, 83.
minor, 84.
castaneiventris, 86.
caudatus, 87.
commixtus, 84.
minor, 83.
palustris, 81.
baikalensis, 81.
japonicus, 81.
sieboldi, 85.
trivirgatus, 87.
variiis, 85.
castaneiventris, 80.
Passer montauus, 130.
russatus, 131.
rutilans, 131.
saturatus, 130.
Passeres, 42.
Passeri formes, 42.
Pelecano-Herodiones, 207,
Pelecanus carbo, 208.
leucogaster, 212.
minor, 214.
piscator, 213.
Pelidna pacifica, -334.
Pericrocotus cinereus, 106.
tegimae, 107.
Pernis apivorus, 197.
Phaeton rubricauda, 213.
Phalacrocorax bici-istatus, 211.
capillatus, 209.
carbo, 208.
pelagicus, 210.
Plialaris cristatella, 286.
Phalaropus fulicarius, 318,
hyperboreus, 318.
Phasianus scintillans, 371.
soemmeringi, 370.
torquatus, 369.
versicolor, 370,
Phcenicopteri, 2.33.
Phyllopneuste borealis, 69.
Phylloscopus borealis, 69,
coronatus, 69.
fuscatus, 79.
tenellipes, 70.
Phylloscopus xanthodryas, 70.
Pica caudata, 102.
kamtschatkensis, 103.
leucoptera, 103.
Picariae, 173.
Pico-Passe res, 42.
Pious awokera, 147.
canus, 148.
yessoensis, 148.
kisuki, 156.
leuconotus, 152.
subcirris, 153.
major, 153.
japonicus, 154.
martins, 149.
minor, 155.
namiyei, 153.
noguchii, 151.
richardsi, 149.
Pinicola enucleator, 122.
Platalea leucorodia, 229.
major, 229.
minor, 231,
pygmaea, 338,
Plataleee, 229.
Pluvianus cinereus, 311,
Podiceps cornutus, .307,
cristatus, 365,
minor, 367.
nigricoUis, 306.
rubricollis, 364.
holbcelli, 365.
major, 304.
Porzana phteopyga, 358.
undulata, 358.
Pratincola maura, 57.
Procellaria glacialis, 208.
grisea, 200.
f urcata, 271 .
leachi, 270.
leucomelas, 264.
melania, 270,
nigra, 205.
tenuirostris, 207.
Procellariidae, 209.
Psittaci, 181.
Puffinidfe, 203.
Puffinus brevicaudus, 207.
384
INDEX.
PufTinus carneipe-', 2Ci't.
grisous, 200.
leucomelan, 2t'>4.
tenuirostris, 207.
Pygopodes, 301.
Pyrrliula erytlirinn, 12.3.
griseiveutris, 1 20.
rosftcea, 120.
kurilen.sis, 120.
orientalis, 120.
sanguinolentu3, 124.
Kallus aquaticus, 350.
fuscus, 357.
pusillus, 35G.
Raptores, 182.
Ratitfe, 375.
ReguUis cristatu', BO.
oiientalis, 80.
japonicus, 80.
Rheae, 37o.
Rhynchoea capensis, 340.
Ruticilla aurorea, 57.
Salicavia cantaus, 74.
cantillans, 70.
brunneiceps, 78.
turdina orientalis, 71.
Saxicola rubicola, 57.
Scan-sores, 140.
Schcenicola pyrrhuliua, 133.
yessoensis, 132.
Scolopax arquata, 314.
australis, 342.
calidris, 320.
capensis, 340.
fusca, 310.
gallinago, 340.
gallinula, 344.
glottis, 321.
grisea, 3.30.
incana, 323.
plijeopus, 310.
rusticola, .347.
solitaria, 342.
japoiiica, .'>1."5.
stenurn, .315.
terok, 320.
Scops elegans, 188.
japonicus, 180.
pryeri, 100.
scops, 180.
seniitorques, 188.
Serpentarii, 206.
Simorhynchus cassini, 28G.
Siphia hiteola, 00.
Sitta albifrons, 02.
amurensis, 92.
clara, 93.
csesia, 92.
amurensis, 93.
uralensis, 92.
Somateria spectabilis, 2.'iO.
stelleri, 257.
Spizaetus nipaleusis, 200.
orientalis, 201.
Steganopodes, 207.
Stercorarius buflbni, 280.
pomarinus, 280.
richardsoni, 288.
Sterna aleutica, 209.
ansestheta, 301.
bergii, 209.
dougalli, 295.
fuliginosa, .302.
longipennis, 200.
melanauchen, 207.
sinen-sis, 298.
stolida, 300.
Sternula placens, 298.
Strepsilas interpres, .331.
Striges, 182.
Stri.v brachyotus, 187.
fuscesceus, 185.
hir.suta japonica, 187.
nyctea, 185.
otus, 186.
rufesceus, 180.
scops, 180.
japonicus, 189.
scutulata, 187.
uralonsis, 185.
fuscescens, 185.
Strutliioncs, .37().
Strutliioniformes, 375.
Sf II mill i>yrrhogeny.s 108.
INDEX.
385
Sturninae, 107.
Sturnus cineraceus, 107.
sericeus, 108.
Sula fiber, 212.
leucogastra, 212.
piscatrix, 213.
siuicadveua, 212.
Siirnia nyctea, 185.
Sylvia akahige, 50.
cisticola, 77.
diplione, 77.
komadori, 52.
lanceolata, 73.
ocliotensis, 73.
Sylviiuse, 68.
Tadorna cornuta, 241.
rutila, 241.
Tantalus melauocephalus, 232.
Tarsiger cyanurus, 58.
Terpsiphone princeps, 63.
Tetrao bouasia, 373.
mutiis, 372.
rupestris, 372.
Thalas?eu3 pelecanoides, 300.
poliocercus, 300.
Totanus acuminatus, 339.
brevipes, 323.
calidris, 320.
fuscvis, 319.
glareola, 324.
glottis, 321.
hypoleucus, 326.
incanus, 323.
brevipes, 323.
ochropus, 325.
pugnax, 327.
staguatilis, 322.
terekius, 326.
Treron permagna, 164.
sieboldi, 163.
Tribura squameiceps, 74.
Tringa acuminata, 339.
alpina, 334.
pacifica, 334.
arenaria, 336.
canutus, 333.
crassirostris, 332.
Tringa fulicaria, 318.
glareola, 324.
helvetica, 304.
hj-perborea, 318.
bjpoleucos, 320.
interpres, 331.
maritima, 335.
minuta, 337.
ruticollis, 337.
ocliropus, 325.
platyrhyncba, 337.
pugnax, 327.
pygma?a, 338.
subminuta, 338.
Tringoides empusa, 327.
TrochOi, 145.
Troglodytes fumigatus, 89.
kurileusis, 91.
Trogones, 159.
Trynga ruficollis, 337.
Tubinares, 2G0.
Tiu'dinfe, 43.
Turdus amaurotis, 64.
cardis, 45.
chrysolaus, 48.
celfenops, 50.
cyanus, 53.
daulias, 48.
eunomus, 46.
fuseatus, 46.
jouyi, 49.
maniUensis, 54.
naumanni, 47.
obscurus, 49.
pallidus, 47.
sibiricus, 44.
solitarius, 54.
ten-estris, 44.
varius, 43.
Turnix blakistoni, 354.
pugnax, 354.
Turtur humilis, 162.
orientalis, 100.
risorius, 1()2.
stimpsoni, 161.
Upupa epops, 159.
Tpupse, 158.
2d
386
Uiia brevirostris, 279.
mystacea, 286.
pusilla, 287.
wumizusuine, 277.
Vanellus cristatus, 312.
Vultur albicilla, 108.
Xantliopygia narcissina, 01.
INDEX.
Xanthopygia tricolor, Gl.
Yunx japonica, 158.
torquilla, 157.
Zosterops japonica, 08.
loocbooensis, 07.
palpebrosa, 07.
uicobarica, 67.
VniNTED BY TAYLOIl AND FfiANflS, RKD I.HIN COUIIT, KLKKT .STKKKT.
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