Presented to the
LIBRARY of the
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
by
Professor E. Wallace
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
University of Toronto
http://www.archive.org/details/bishopburnetshi04burn
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BISHOP BURNET'S
HISTORY
OF
HIS OWN TIME,
FROM THB
RESTORATION OF KING CHARLES II.
CONCLUSION fl^P^fflETRSx Qf3^1.^CE J^^S^UTmCUT,
IN CHE/REIGn"!' QuieK. AJii'^ ^"^
X—' 'r' 7s
\ To which is pjefijed; / ,^-«
A SUMMARY RECAPITULATION OF AB^AtllS^lfc/lHWQf AND STATE. FROM
KING TAMES I. TO THE R]^TO^iATIoy*I^5riJp VE A R i6dO.
Togralief jMinl V A
THE AUTHOR'S LIf£,S^Y*^E EDITOR:
AND SOMF
EXPLANATORY NOTES.
THE WHOLE REVISED AND CORRECTED BY HIM.
IN FOUR VOLUMES.
VOL. IV.
LONDON:
VUIMED loK J. NliNN, (iRLAl QULEN STREKT; H PKILi,iLi,i\ HOLBOKN,
AND M- PRIESTLKV, HIGH STKLLi, BLOnMSBURV.
V
1K18.
Printed by J. F. DOVE, St. Joliu's S(juait.
CONTENTS
FOURTH VOLUME.
Page
1703.
pRti'AHATiONS for tlie campaign 1
Honne taken • • • ■ S;
Earthquakes in Italy • • • ib.
The battle of Eckeren ■ • • ib.
Huy, Limburgh, and Guelder, with
all the Coudras, taken • • 3
The success of the French on the
Danube • • • •■ • ib.
Little done in Italy • • -4
A war begun in Hungary • • ib.
Disorders in tlie Emperor's court • 5
Augsburgh and Landaw taken by the
French • • • • • ib.
A treaty with the King of Portugal 6
The great wind in November • 8
The new King of Spain came to Eng-
land 9
He landed at Lisbon • • • ib.
The Duke of Savoy came into the al-
liance • • • • • 10
The secret reasons of his former de-
parture from it • . ib.
The French discover his intentions,
and make all hi* troops with them
prisoners of war • . • 11
Count Stahremberg joined him • 1 2
The insurrection in the Ceveanes • ib.
The affairs of Poland . • -13
Affairs at sea • • • •14
A fleet sent into the Mediterranean • 15
Another to the West Indies • . ib.
They returned without success • 16
Our fleets were ill victualled • • ib.
The affairs of Scotland - • -17
Presbytery was confirmed • • ib.
Debates couceniing the succession to
the crown • • • -18
Practices from France • • '19
A discovery made of these • • ib.
Reflections on the conduct of affairs
there 21
The affairs of Ireland • • • ib.
An act passed there against popery 22
Jealousies of the ministry • • 2-t
A bill against occasional conformity 25
Passed by the Commons • • ib.
But rejected by the Lords • • 26
Page
The clergy out of humour • • 26
The Commons vote all the necessary
supplies • • • • '27
Inquiries into the conduct of the fleet ib.
The Earl of Orford's accounts justified ib,
A bill for examining the public ac-
counts lost between the two houses 28
1704.
A dispute concerning injustice in the
elections of members of parliament 29
The Lordsjudge that the right of elect-
ing was triable at law • • '31
The Queen gave the tenths and first-
fruits for the benefit of the poor clergy 32
An act passed about it • • ••34
A plot discovered • • • • 35
Disputes between the two houses in
addresses to the Queen • • 38
The Lords ordered a secretexamiuation
of all who were suspected to be in
this plot 40
The Lords' opinion upon the whole
matter • • • • '43
An address justifying the pi'oceeding
of the Lords • • • • ib.
An act for recruits • • -44
An address concerning the justices of
peace • • • • '45
The ill temper of manj-, especially of
the clergy • • • • ib.
The Duke of Marlborough went to
Holland in winter • • -46
The Earl of Nottingham quitted his
place • • • • -47
The Earl of Jersey and Sir Edward
Seymour turned out • • • ib.
The Duke of Maa-lborough conducted
his design with great secrecy • 48
He marched to the Danube • • 49
The battle of Schellenberg • • ib.
The battle of Hocksted • • -51
The Duke of Marlborough advanced
to Triers • • • • -54
Affairs at sea • • • '55
Gibraltar was taken • • -57
The affairs of Portugal • • • ib-
A fifjlit at sea • • • • 58
CONTRNTS.
Page
The siege of CibvaUar • • -60
Affairs in Italy • ■ 61
And in the Ccvcnncs • • • ib.
Affairs of Hungary • • -62
rho affairs of Poland • • -63
The Pope, wholly in the French in-
terest • • • • • 64
The affairs of Scotland - • -65
Debates about the succession • • 67
The settling it put off for that session ib.
A money bill with a tack to it • ib.
The ministers there advise the Queen
to pass it • . • .69
It was passed - • - - ib.
Censures passed upon it • -70
A session of parliament in England • 71
1705.
The occasional bill is again brougiit
in, and endeavoured to be tacked
to a money bill • • • ib.
The lack was rejected • ■ -73
Debates concerning Scotland • • ib.
Complaints of the Admiralty • • 75
The bill against occasional conformity
debated and rejected by the Lords 76
Bishop Watson's practices • • 77
Some promotions in the church • 78
Designs witli relation to the Elec-
toress of Hanover • • • ib.
The House of Commons committed
to prisoftsome of the men of Ayles-
bury . . . • -79
The end of the parliament • • 82
Bills that were not passed • • 83
Proceedings in the convocation • 85
The siege of Gibraltar raised • • ib.
The Duke of Marlborough marched
to Triers • • • -86
Expecting the Prince of Baden • 87
Who failed him • • . ib.
The Duke of Marlborough broke
through the French lines • • 88
The Dutch would not venture a battle ib.
The Emperor's death and character 89
Affairs in Germany . • -90
And in Italy • • . .91
Affairs in Spain . . • . ili.
A fleet and army sent to Spain • 92
They landed near Barcelona . • 93
The King pressed the siege • • 9t
Fort Montjuy attacked • • 95
And taken • • • • -96
Barcelona capitulated • • • ib.
King Cijarlcs's letters • • • ib.
Affairs at sea • • • •97
The siege of Badajos raised • • ib-
Page
The councils of Portugal • . 97
Affairs in Hungary • • .98
And in Poland • . • . ib.
A parliament chosen in England • 99
Cowpcrmade lord keeper • • 100
An act for a treaty of union passed • 101
The state of Ireland . • .102
A parliament in England • • ib.
A speaker chosen • • • ib.
Debates about the next successor • 104
A bill for a regency • . . 106
Great opposition made to it • • 108
A secret management in the House
of Commons .... 109
The act of the regency passed • 110
The dangers of the church inquired
into • • . . • ib.
A vote and address to the Queen
about that • • . -Ill
1706.
Complaints of the allies rejected . 112
The acts against the Scots repealed • 113
The public credit very high • .114
A bill to regulate proceedings at law 115
Complaints of the progress of popery 1 16
A design for a publiciibrary • • 117
Proceedings in convocation • • 118
Preparations for the campaign • 120
A revolt in Valencia • • • ib.
The siege of Barcelona • • • 121
Alcantara taken • . • • ib.
The Germans are defeated in Italy 122
The treaty for the union of the two
kingdoms • • • • 123
The siege of Barcelona raised • 125
An eclipse of the sun • • • ib.
The Earl of Gallway advanced • ib.
King Philip came to Madrid, and
soon left it • • • • ib.
The Earl of Gallway came to it, but
King Charles delayed too long to
come thither .... 126
The battle of Ramillies . • • 128
A great victory gained • • • ib.
Flanders and Brabant reduced • 129
Ostend and 3Ienin taken • • ib.
Tlic Duke of Vendonic commanded
in Flanders .... ISO
Dendernionde and Acth taken • ib.
Designs for a descent in France • 131
The siege of Turin • • • 132
Prince Eugene marches to raise it • ib.
The French army routed, and the
siege raised . . . • 134
The King of Sweden marched into
Saxony . . . . • 135
CONTENTS.
A treaty of union concladtd
nie articles of the union
Debated long in the parliament
Scotland
Page
136
ib
of
138
1707.
At last agreed to
The equivalent disposed of •
Reflections on the union
The supplies were granted •
Proceedings in convocation •
Affairs in Italy •
And in Poland •
The character of the King of Sweden
Propositions for a peace
The battle of Almanza
The design upon Toulon
It failed in the execution
The siege of Lerida •
Relief sent to Spain •
The conquest of Naples
Affairs on the Rhine •
The King of Prussia judged Prince
of Neufchatel
The King of Sweden gets the prO'
testant churches in Silesia to be
restored to them
A sedition in Hamburgh
The campaign in Flanders •
Affairs at sea
Proceedings with relation to Scotland
A new party at court •
Promotions in the church
Complaints of the Admiralty
Examined by the House of Lords
And laid before the Queen in an ad
dress . . • •
Inquiry into the affairs of Spain
142
145
147
149
150
152
153
155
ib.
156
167
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
167
ib.
168
ib.
169
170
172
173
175
176
1708.
Discoveries of acorrcspondence with
France ..... 178
An examination into that corre-
spondence • • • -181
Proceedings with relation to Scotland 182
A descent designed upon Scotland 184
A fleet sailed from Dunkirk
Reports spread by the French
The parliament stands firmly by the
Queen .....
The French fleet got again into
Dunkirk ....
The designs of the campaign are
concerted ....
The princes of France sent to the
army in Flanders
The Duke of Orleans sent to Spain
185
186
187
ib.
188
189
ib
Pag.
Tortosa besieged, and taken • • 189
Supplies sent from Italy to Spain • 190
GheiitandBrugestakenby theFrench ib.
The battle of Oudenarde • • 191
Lisle besieged • • • • ib.
The French drew lines all along the
Scheld 192
A new supply to Ostend ■ • 193
A defeat given the French when they
were three to one • • • ib.
The convoys from Ostend came safe
to the camp .... 194
Leffingen taken by the French • ib.
Misunderstanding between the Dukes
of Burgundy and Vendome • 195
Affairs on the Upper Rhine • • ib.
The Elector of Bavaria sent to attack
Brussels • • • • • ib.
The Duke of Marlborough passed the
Scheld and the lines • • • 196
The Elector of Bavaria drew off from
Brussels • • • • • ib.
The citadel of lisle capitulated • 197
Reflections that passed on it • • ib.
Ghent and Bruges are retaken • ib.
A very hard winter • • • 198
Sardinia and Minorca reduced • 199
The Pope threatens the Emperor with
censures and a war • • • ib
The Duke of Savoy took Exilles and
Fenestrella • • • . ib.
The Pope is obliged to submit to the
Emperor . • • -200
And acknowledges King Charles • 201
Affairs in Hungary • • • ib.
And in Poland • • • • ib.
Affairs at sea • • • • ib.
Prince Georse's death and character 202
A new ministry .... 203
A new parliament opened • • ib.
1709.
Debates concerning the elections of
the peers of Scotland • • 204
A Scotch peer created a peer of Great
Britain was to have no vote there 205
Other exceptions were determined • 206
A faction among the Scots • • ib.
An act concerning trials of treasons
in Scotland "i • • -207
The heads of the act • • • 208
The forms of proceeding in Scotland ib.
Of the forfeitures in cases of treason 210
Amendments to the act • • • 211
It passed in both houses • • 212
An act of grace • • • - ib.
An enlaroemcnt of the Bank • • ib.
CONTENTS.
Great riclies in Portugal
\n act for a general naturalization
of all protcstants
An address to the Queen when a
treaty of peace should be opened
The convocation was put off by a
prorogation ....
A faction among the clergy of Ireland
An ill temper among our clergy still
kept up ....
Negotiations for peace
The preliminaries agreed on •
The King of France refuses to ratify
them .....
The war went on • . .
In Portugal ....
In Spain .....
In Dauphiny ....
In Germany ....
And in Planders
Toumay is besieged and taken
The battle of Blarignies •
Mons besieged and taken .
Affairs in Italy ....
Affairs in Spain
The King of Sweden's defeat
The King flies into Turkey •
His character ....
Affairs in Denmark
Our fleet well conducted
A session of parliament
Sacheverers sermon .
Many books wrote against the
Queen's title ....
1710.
Dr. Hoadly's writings in defence
thereof .....
Sacheverel was impeached by the
House of Commons . . . 230
And tried in Westminster Hall • 231
A great disorder at that time . 233
Continuation of the trial • . ib.
Sir John Holt's death and character 234
Parker made lord chief justice • ib.
Debates in the House of Lords after
the trial . . • . ib.
He is censured very gently • • 236
Addresses against the parliament « 237
The Queen's speech . . • ib.
Duke of Shrewsbury made lord
chamberlain .... 238
The Queen was spoke to with great
freedom . . . . ib.
Doway besieged and taken . • 240
The history continued to the peace ib.
Negotiations for a peace • • ib.
213
ib.
214
ib.
215
ib.
217
218
220
ib.
ib.
221
ib.
ib.
ib.
222
223
ib.
ib.
ib.
224
ib.
226
227
ib.
ib.
228
229
Conferences at Gertruydenburgh . 243
All came to no conclusion . • 244
A change of the ministry in England 214
Sacheverel's progress to Wales • 245
The elections of parliament men . 246
A sinking of credit ■ . . 247
Affairs in Spain . . . . ib.
The battle of Almanara . • 248
King Charles at Madrid . • ib.
The battle of Villa Viciosa • . 249
The disgrace of the Duke of Medina
Cell ib.
Bethune, Aire, and St. Venant are
taken 250
Affairs in the north • . • ib.
The new parliament opened . • ib.
1711.
The conduct in Spain censured by the
Lords 251
Reflections made on it • • 254
A strange way of proceeding • 255
Some abuses censured in the House
of Commons ' • . • . 256
Supplies given for the war . . ib.
The Duke of Marlborough still com-
manded our armies . • • 257
Complaints upon the favour shewed
the Palatines .... 258
A bill to repeal the general naturaliz-
ation act, is rejected by the Lords 259
A bill qualifying members to be
chosen, passed • • • ib.
An act for importing French wine • 260
An attempt on Harley by Guiscard ib.
A design against Kuig William's
grants miscarries • . • 261
Inquiries into the accounts . • 262
Tlie Dauphin's death, and the Em-
peror's ..... 263
War breaking out between the Turk
and the Czar • • • . ib.
The convocation met . • . 264
Exceptions to the license sent t-hem ib.
A new license .... 265
A representation drawn for the Queen ib.
Whiston revives Arianism • . 266
The different opinions of the judges
concerning the power of the con-
vocation .... 267
Winston's doctrines condemned . 263
An act for the South Sea trade • 269
Reflections on the old ministry fully
cleared • • . . . ib.
Affairs in Spain .... 270
The election of Kuig Charles to be
emperor . . . • ib.
CONTENTS.
Page
The Duke of Marlborough passed
the French lines • • • 272
He besieged Bouchaiu • • ib.
And took it • • • -273
An expedition by sea to Canada • ib.
It miscarried .... 274
Affairs in Turkey • • • ib.
And in Pomerania • • -275
Harley made an Earl, and lord trea-
surer • • • . • ib.
Negotiations for a peace with France 276
Preliminaries offered by France • ib.
Count Gallas sent away with dis-
grace ..... 277
Earl of Strafford sent ambassador to
Holland . • • ■ ib.
Many libels against the allies • ib.
Earl Rivers sent to Hanover, but
succeeded not • • • 278
The states are forced to open a treaty ib.
Endeavours used by the court be-
fore they opened the parliament • 279
The Queen's speech to the two houses ib.
Reflections on it • • • 280
The Earl of Nottingham moved,
that no peace could be safe unless
Spain and the West Indies were
taken from the house of Bourbon ib.
Agreed to by the Lords • -281
The Queen's answer • • • ib.
A bill against occasional conformity ib.
Passed without opposition • • 282
Duke Hamilton's patent examined 283
Judged against him • • • 281
The Lords' address that our allies
might be carried along with us in
the treaty • • . • ib.
Discoveries of bribery pretended • 285
The Duke of Marlborough aimed at i b.
He is turned out of all his employ-
ments . . . . > 286
Twelve new peers made • • ib.
1712.
The Queen's message to the Lords
to adjourn, disputed, but obeyed 287
Prince Eugene came to England • ib.
His character • • • • ib.
A message to both houses • • 288
A bill giving precedence to the
house of Hanover • • . ib.
Debates concerning the Scotch peers 289
Walpole's case and censure • • ib.
The censure put on the Duke of
Marlborough . ■ • -290
M^ay libels against him • • 291
Page
His innocence appeared evidently • 291
The Scotch lords put in good hopes 292
A toleration to the English liturgy in
Scotland • • • . ib.
Designs to provoke the presbyterians
there 293
Patronages restored • • • ib.
The barrier treaty • • • 294
It was complained of • • • 295
And condemned by the House of Com-
mons ..... 296
The states justify themselves • • 297
The self-denjnng bill lost . • ib.
The treaty at Utrecht opened • 298
The French proposals • . • ib.
The death of the two Dauphms • 299
The character of the Dauphin • 300
An indignation, when the French pro-
posals came over, appeared in both
houses • • • • • ib.
The demands of the allies • • 301
Preparations for the campaign • ib.
The Pretender's sister died • • ib.
Proceedings in convocation • • 302
Censure on Whiston's book, not con-
firmed by the Queen • • ib.
An inclination in some of the clergy
towards popery • • • S03
Dodu ell's Kolions . - • ib.
The bishops designed to condemn the
re-baptizing dissenters • • 305
But the clergy did not agree to it • ib.
Great supplies given • • • ib.
The Duke of Ormond ordered not to
act offensively .... 306
A separate peace disowned by the
Lord Treasurer • • . 307
The Queen, by the Bishop of Bristol,
said she was free from all her trea-
ties with the states • • • ib
The Queen laid before the parliament
the plan of the peace • • 308
Addresses of both houses upon it • ib.
The end of the session of parliament 309
The Duke of Ormond proclaims a ces-
sation of arms, and left Prince Eu-
gene's army .... 310
Quesnoy taken • • • . ib.
Landrecy besieged • • .311
A great loss at Denain brought a re-
verse on the campaign • . ib.
Distractions at the Hague • • 312
The renunciation of the successions in
Spain and France • • . ib.
Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun
both killed in a combat • • 313
CONTENTS.
Page
The Duke of Shrewsbury sent to
France, and Duke de Auniont
caiuc to England • • . 314
The affairs in the north • ib.
The Emperor prepares for the war
with Frauce • • • • ib.
A new barrier treaty with the states 315
Tlie death of the Earl of Godolphin.
His character • • • • ib.
The Duke of Marlborough went to
live beyond sea • • - ib.
Wc possess Dunkirk in u very pre-
carious manner • • • 316
The barrier treaty signed • • 317
1713.
Seven prorogations ol' parliament ■ ib.
Affairs of Sweden • - • 318
The King of Prussia's death . ib.
The King of Sweden's misfortunes - ib.
The treaties signed, and the session
of parliament opened • • 319
The substance of the tiealies of
peace and commerce • - 320
Aid given by the Commons • • 323
The Scots oppose their being charged
with the duty on malt ■ » ib.
And moved to have the union dis-
solved ..... 324
A bill for ri'udcring (he treaty of
commerce \\ith France effectual ib.
A speech I prepared when the ap-
probation of the peace should be
moved in the House of Lords • 326
Pernicies, Suramus Conatus • • 328
A demand of money for the civil
list debts • • • -331
Reasons against it • ■ • ib.
But it was granted • - • ib
All address of both houses to get the
Pretender removed from Lorraine 332
The death of some bishops • • 333
The Queen's speech at the end of
the session • • • • ib.
CONCLUSION.
Page
Mv zeal for the church of England 336
Tlie doctrine • . . • ib.
The worship .... 337
And discipline • • ■ ib.
My zeal against separation • • 338
And tenderness to scrupulous con-
sciences • . . . . 339
My zeal against persecution • . 340
My thoughts concerning the clergy • 341
An inward vocation • . . ib.
The function of the clergy • ■ 342
My advices to the bishops • • 345
An expedient couceniing ordina-
tions ..... 347
The duties of a bishop • • • 348
Their abstraction from courts and in-
trigues • ■ . ■ ib
Concerning patrons • • • 349
Non-residence and pluralities • • 351
Concerning the body of the people • ib.
Of the gentry .... 353
The danger of losing public liberty • ib.
Errors in education . • 356
And iu marriages . . • 357
Of trade and industry . • . 3.58
Of the stage - • . • ib.
Of educating the other sex • • 359
Of the nobility • • . ib.
Of their education - . ib.
Of their chaplains - - • 361
Concerning the two houses of parlia-
ment SG'i
Of elections • ■ • • ib.
Of the parties of whig and tory • 363
The correction of our laws • • 365
Provision foi (he j)oai- • • ■ ib.
Of shorter sessions of parliament • 366
All address to our princes • • 36?
An exhortation to all to become tiuly
religious ..... 373
THE
HISTORY,
The Duke of Marlborough had a great domestic affliction 1703,
at this time : he lost his only son, a graceful person, and a -p^:^
very promising youth : he died at Cambridge of the small- tions wr the
pox. This, as may be imagined, went very deep in his *^*™p^'S"-
father's heart, and stopped his passing the seas some days
longer than he had intended. Upon his arrival on the other
side, the Dutch brought their armies into the field : the first
thing they undertook was the siege of Bonne. In the mean
while, all men's eyes were turned towards Bavaria: the
court of Vienna had given it out, all the former winter, that
they would bring such a force upon that Elector, as would
quickly put an end to that war, and seize his whole coun-
try. But the slowness of that court appeared on this, as
it had done on many other occasions ; for though they
brought two armies into the field, yet they were not able to
deal vnth the Elector's forces. Villars, who lay with his
army at Strasburgh, had orders to Jireak through and join
the Elector ; so he was to force his way to him at all ad-
ventures. He passed the Rhine, and set do^Mi before Fort
Kiel, which lay over against Strasburgh, and took it in a
few days. Prince Lewis was in no condition to raise the
siege ; for the best part of his army was called away to the
war in Bavaria : he therefore posted himself advanta-
geously at Stollhofien ; yet he could not have maintained it,
if the states had not sent him a good body of foot, which
came seasonably, a few days before Marshal Villars at-
tacked him with an army that was more than double
his number ; but his men, chiefly the Dutch battalions, re-
ceived them with so much courage, that the French were
forced to quit the attack, after they had lost about four
thousand men in it. Yet, upon repeated orders from
France, Marshal Villars resolved to ventiu-e the loss of his
whole army rather than abandon the Elector ; who, though
\ OL. IV. B
2 HISTORY OF THE R-EIGN
170:3. he had taken Newburgb, and had .surprised Ratisbon, and
'"^'^ had several advantages in little engagements with the im-
perialists, yet was like to be overpowered by a superior
force, if he was not relieved in time. The Black Forest
was thought impracticable in that season, which was a
very wet one : this was too mucli trusted to, so that the
passes were ill looked after ; and therefore Villars over-
came all difficulties and joined the Elector : but his troops
were so harassed with the march, that he was obliged to
put them, for some time, into quarters of refreshment.
Bonne The Dukc of Marlborough carried on the siege of Bonne
ta Ml. ^^.^j^ such vigour, that they capitulated within ten days
after the trenches were opened : the French reckoned upon
a longer resistance, and hoped to have diverted this by an
attempt upon Liege. The states had a small army about
Maestricht, which the French intended to fall upon, being
much superior to it : but they found the Dutch in so good
order, and so well posted, that they retired within their
lines as soon as they saw the Duke of Marlborough, after
the siege of Bonne, was marching towards them. The win-
ter had produced very little action in Italy : the country
was under another very heavy plague, by a continued suc-
cession of threatening, and of some very devouring earth-
Ea. ti.quakts quakcs : Rome itself had a share in the common calamity ;
^ '"'■^' • but it proved to them more dreadful than it was mis-
chievous. Prince Eugene found that his letters, and the
most pressing representations he could send to the court
of Vienna, had no effect : so at last he obtained leave to go
thither.
Ti.ckiiUe rpjjg motions of the Dutch army made it believed,
there was a design on Antwerp. Cohorn was making ad-
vances in the Dutch Flanders, and Opdam commanded a
small army on the other side of the Scheld, while the
Duke of Marlborough lay, with the main army, near the
lines in Brabant. Bouflers was detached from Villeroy's
army, with a body, double in number to Opdam's, to fall on
him : he marched so quick, that the Dutch, being surprised
at Eckeren, were put in great disorder, and Opdam, ap-
prehending all was lost, fled with a body of his men to
Breda : but the Dutch rallied, and maintained their ground
with such firmiics.s, that Ihc French retired little to their
honour ; since though they \\ ere much supQjrior in number.
OF QUEEN ANNE, 3
yet they let the Dutch recover out of their first confusion, i^*^"'-
and keep their ground, although forsaken by their general, "^^^
who justified himself in the best manner he could, and cast
the blame on others.
Bouflers' conduct was so much censured, that it was
thought this finished his disgiace ; for he was no more put
at the head of the French armies : nor was the Duke of
Marlborough without some share of censure on this occa-
sion ; since it was pretended, that he ought to have sent a
force to support Opdam, or have made an attempt on Vil-
leroy's army, when it was weakened by the detachment sent
%vith Bouflers.
The French lines were judged to be so strong, that the Wny, Lim-
forcing them seemed impracticable, so the Duke of Marl- oLdii' '
borough turned towards Huy, which was soon taken ; and ^^'*'' •" ''le
after that to Limburgh, which he took with no loss, but taken. '
that of so much time as was necessary to bring up a train
of artillery: and as soon as that was done, the ganison
were made prisoners of war, for they were in no condition
to maintain a siege. Guelder was also blocked up, so that
before the end of the campaign it was brought to capitulate.
Thus the Lower Rhine was secured, and all that country,
called the Coudras, was entirely reduced : this was all that
our troops, in conjunction with the Dutch, could do in
Flanders : we had the superior army, but what by reason
of the cautious maxims of the states, what by reason of
the factions among them, (which were rising very high be-
tween those who had ])een of the late King's part)', and
were now for having a captain-general, and those of the
Lovestein party, who were for governing all by a depu-
tation from the stales) no great design could be undertaken
by an army so much distracted.
In the Upper Rhine matters went much worse : Villars The su.-coss
lay for some time on the Danube, whilathe Elector of Ba- fJ,',',!J, „„
varia marched into Tyrol, and possessed himself of In- the Danube.
spruck: the Emperor's force was so broken into many
small armies, in different places, that he had not one good
army any where : he had none at all in Tyrol : and all that
the Prince of Baden could do, was to watch Villars's mo-
tions : but he did not venture on attacking him, daring this
separation. Many blamed his conduct : some called his
courage, and others his fidelity in question; while many
4 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1703. excused him, since his army was both weak ami ill fur-
nislied in all respects. The Duke of Vendome had orders
to march from the Milanese to Tyrol, there to join the
Elector of Bavaria : upon which junction, the ruin of the
house of Austria would have probably followed : but the
boors in Tyrol rose, and attacked the Elector with so much
resolution, that he was forced to retire out of the country,
with considerable loss, and was driven out before the Duke
of Vendome could join him, so that he came too late : he
seemed to have a design on Trent, but the boors were now
so animated with their successes, and were so conducted
and supported by officers and troops sent them by the Em-
peror, that Vendome was forced to return back without
being able to effect any thing.
Little done Nothuig passcd this summer in Italy : the imperialists
were too weak, and too ill supplied from Germany, to
be able to act offensively : and the miscarriage of the
design upon Tyrol lost the French so much time, that they
undertook nothing, unless it were the siege of Ostiglia,
in which they failed. Bersello, after a long blockade, was
forced to capitulate, and by that means, the French pos-
sessed themselves of the Duke of Modena's country : the
Duke of Burgundy came to Alsace, and sat do\\Ti before
Brisack, of which he was soon master, by the cowardice or
tieachery of those who commanded, for which they were
condemned by a council of war.
^an in Hun- ^^^^ Empcror's misfortuucs grew upon him : Cardinal
j.a;7. Calonitz and Esterhasi had the government of Himgary
trusted chiefly to them : the former was so cruel, and the
other so ravenous, that the Hungarians took advantage
from this distraction in the Emperor's affairs, to run toge-
ther in great bodies, and in many places, setting Prince
Ragotski at their head. They demanded that their griev-
ances should be redressed, and that their privileges should
be restored : they were much animated in this by the prac-
tices of the French, and the Elector of Bavaria's agents :
some small assistance was sent them by the way of Poland :
they were encouraged to enter upon no treaty, but to unite
and fortify themselves ; assurances being given them that
no peace should be concluded, unless they were fully re-
stored to all their antient liberties.
The court of Vienna was much alarmed at this, fearing
OF QUEEN ANNE. O
it might be secretly set on by the Turks : though that court i^^^s.
gave all possible assurances, that they would maintain the pj^^^jg^^ j^
peace of Carlowitz most religiously, and that they would tiie Empe-
in no sort encourage or assist the malecontents. A revo- '"fs court.
lution happening in that empire, in whi«h a new sultan was
set up, raised new apprehensions of a breach on that side :
but the Sultan renewed the assurances of maintaining the
peace so solemnly, that all those fears were soon dissi-
pated. There was a great faction in the Emperor's court,
and among his ministers ; and it did not appear that he had
stiength or genius enough to govern them. Count Mans-
field was much suspected of being in the interests of France :
the Prince of Baden and Prince Eugene both agreed in
charging his conduct, though they differed almost in every
thing else : yet he was so possessed of the Emperor's fa-
vour and confidence, that it was not easy to get him set
aside : in conclusion, he was advanced to a high post in
the Emperor's household, and Prince Eugene was made
president of the council of war.
But what efi'ect soever this might have in succeeding An-sijuiRi.
campaigns, it was then too late in the year lo find remedies ^"kenb"'','hp
for the present disorders ; and all affairs on the south of the French.
Danube were falling into gieat confusion. Things went a
little better on the north side of that river : the Upper Pa-
latinate was entirely conquered ; but, near the end of the
year, Augsburgh was forced to submit to the Elector of Ba-
varia, and Landaw was besieged by the French : Tallard,
who commanded the siege, took it in fewer weeks than it
had cost the Germans months to take it in the former year :
nor was this all, an army of the confederates was brought
together to raise the siege : the young Prince of Hesse com-
manded, but the Prince of Nassau Welburg, as a man of
more experience in war, was chiefly depended on, though
his conduct shewed how little he deserved it. The Empe-
ror's birth-day was a day of diversion, and the German ge-
nerals, then at Spire, allowed themselves all the idle liber-
ties used in courts on such days, without the ordinary pre-
caution of having scouts or parties abroad, in the same care-
less state, as if no enemy had been near them. Tallard,
having intelligence of this, left a party of his army to make
a shew, and maintain the works before Landaw, and
marched with his best troops against the Germans : he sur-
6 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1703. prised and routed them ; upon which Landaw capitulated r
with this the warlike operations of this carapai^ ended,
very gloriously and with great advantage to the French.
A treau But two great negotiations, then broueht to a conclusion,
•with the -LI
King: ot very much changed the face of affairs : all the confederates
Portugal, pressed the King of Portugal to come into the alliance, as
his own interest led him to it ; since it was visible, that as
soon as Spain was once miited to the crown of Fiance, he
could not hope to continue long in Portugal. The Almi-
rante of Castille was believed to be in the interests of the
house of Austria; therefore, to send him out of the way, he
was appointed to go ambassador to France : he seemed to
undertake it, and made the necessary preparations : he saw
this emljassy was intended for an exile, and that it put him
in the power of his enemies : so, after he had raised what
was necessary to defray his expense, he secretly changed
his course, and escaped with the wealth he had in his
hands to Lisbon, where he entered into secret negotiations
witli the King of Portugal and the Emperor : he gave great
a.ssurances of the good dispositions in which both the peo-
ple and grandees of Spain were, who were growTi sick of
their new masters. The risk he himself ran, seemed a very
fall credential : he assured them, the new King was de-
spised, and that the French about him were universally
hated : the Spaniards could not bear the being made a pro-
vince, either to France or to the Emperor,
He therefore proposed, that the Emperor and the King
of the Romans should renounce all their pretensions, and
transfer them to the Archduke, and declare him King of
Spain ; and that he should be immediately sent thither; for
he assured them, the Spaniards would not revolt from a
king that was in possession, till Ihey saw another king
who claimed his right : and in that case, they would think
they had a right to adhere to the king they liked best. The
King of Portugal likewise demanded an enlargement of his
frontiersy and some new accessions to his crown, which
were reasonable, but could not be stipulated but by a King
of Spain.
In the treaty that the Emperor had made with the late
King, and with the states, one article was, that they should
be at liberty to possess themselves of the dominions which
the crown of Spain had in the West Indies, and he vested
OF QUEEN ANNE.
in them the right that their amis should give them in these ^^'^^•
acquisitions ; upon which the King had designed to send a
great fleet, with a land army, into the Bay of Mexico, to
seize some important places there, with a design of re-
storing them to the crown of Spain, upon advantageous ar-
ticles for a free trade, as soon as the Spaniards should re-
ceive a king of the house of Austria. This design was
now laid aside, and the reason that the ministers gave for
it, was, that the Almirante had assured them, that if we
possessed ourselves of any of their places in the West
Indies, the whole nation would by that means become en-
tirely French ; they would never believe our promises of
restoring them ; and seeing they had no naval power of
their own to recover them, they would go into the French
interest very cordially, as the only way left to recover these
places.
Ah entire credit was given to the Almirante ; so the
Queen and the states agreed to send over a great fleet,
with a land army of twelve thousand men, together with a
great supply of money and arms to Portugal; that King
undertaking to have an army of twenty-eight thousand men
ready to join ours. In this treaty an incident happened
that had almost spoiled the whole : the King of Portugal
insisted on demanding the flag, and the other respects to be
paid by our admiral, when he was in his ports : the Earl of
Nottingham insisted, it was a dishonour to England to
strike, even in another king's ports : this was not demand-
ed of the fleet that was sent to bring over Queen Catharine;
so, though Methuen our ambassador had agreed to this ^-
ticle, he pressed the Queen not to ratify it.
Methuen, in his own justification, said, he consented to
the article, because he saw it was insisted on so much, that
no treaty could be concluded unless that point were yield-
ed : the low state of their afiairs, in the year 1662, when
the protection of England was all they had in view for
their preservation, made such a difterence between that
and the present time, that the one was not to be set up for
a precedent to govern the other : besides, even then the
matter was much contested in their councils, though the
extremities to which they were reduced made them yield
it. The Lord Godolphin looked on this as too inconsi-
derable to be insisted on ; the whole afiairs of Europe
8 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i''03. seemed to turn upon this treaty, and so important a matter
ought not to be retarded a day for such punctilios as a sa-
lute or striking the flag: and it seemed reasonable, that
every sovereign prince should claim this acknowledgment,
unless where it was otherwise stipulated by express trea-
ties. The laying so much weight on such matters very
much heightened jealousies ; and it was said, that the Earl
of Nottingham and the tories seemed to lay hold on every
thing that could obstruct the progress of the war ; while the
round proceeding of the Lord Godolphin reconciled many
to him. The Queen confirmed the treaty, upon which the
court of Vienna was desired to do their part. But that
court proceeded with its ordinary slowness : the mildest
censure passed on these delays was, that they proceeded
from an unreasonable alFectation of magnificence in the ce-
remonial, which could not be performed soon nor easily in
a poor but a haughty court : it was done at last, but so late
in the year, that the new-declared King of Spain could not
reach Holland before the end of October. A squadron of
our fleet was lying there to bring him over ; such as was
wont to convoy the late King when he crossed the seas.
But the ministers of the King of Spain thought it was not
strong enough; they pretended they had advertisements
that the French had a stronger squadron in Dunkirk, which
might be sent out to intercept him ; so an additional strength
was sent: this lost some time and a fair wind.
The !!:reat jj had like to have been more fatal ; for about the end of
wind in No- -.-, . i i ■ • j i. i
vember, JNovember, the weather grew very boisterous, and broke
out, on the 27th of November, in the most violent storm,
both by sea and land, that had been known in the memory
of man: the city of London was so shaken with it, that
people were generally afraid of being buried in the ruins
of their houses : some houses fell and crushed their mas-
ters to death : great hurt was done in the southern parts of
England; little happening in the north, where the storm
was not so violent. There was a great fall of trees, chiefly
oi' elms, that were blown down by the wind. Wc had at
that time the best part of our navd force upon the sea :
which tilled all people with great apprehensions of an irre-
parable loss ; and, indeed, if the storm had not been at its
height at full flood, and in a spring tide, the loss might have
proved fatal to the nation. It was so considerable, tliat
OF QUEEN ANNE. 9
fourteen or fifteen men of war were cast away, in whicli i70:5.
fifteen hundred seamen perished ; few merchantmen were ""^^^
lost : such as were driven to sea were safe : some few only
were overset. Thus the most threatening danger to which
the nation could be exposed went off with little damage ;
we all saw our hazard, since the loss of oiu* fleet must have
been the loss of the nation. If this great hiuricane had
come at low water, or in a quarter tide, our ships must
have been driven out upon the banks of simd that lie before
the coast, and have stuck and perished there as some of
the men of war did ; but the sea being so full of water, all
but some heavy ships got over these safe. Our squadron,
which \\as then in the jNIaese, suffered but little, and the
3hips were soon refitted and ready to sail.
About the end of December, the King of Spain landed '^'.'e "ew
at Portsmouth; the Duke of Somerset was sent by the Spain came
Queen to receive him, and to bring him to an interview, ♦" En-ian<i,
which was to be at W indsor : Prince George went and met
him on the way, and he was treated with great magnifi-
cence : the court was very splendid, and much thronged :
the Queen's behaviour towards him was very noble and
obliging. The young King charmed all that were there ; he
had a gravity beyond his age, tempered with much mo-
desty : his behaviour was in all points so exact, that tliere
was not a circumstance in his whole deportment that was
liable to censure : he paid an extraordinary respect to the
Queen, and yet maintained a due greatness in it. He had
an art of seeming well pleased with every thing, without
so much as smiling once all the while he was at court,
which was only three days: he spoke but little, and all he
said was judicious and obliging. All possible haste was
made in fitting out the fleet ; so tliat he set sail in the be-
ginning of January, and for five days he had a fair wind
with good weather ; but then the wind changed, and he was
driven back to Portsmouth : he lay there above three weeks,
and then he had a very prosperous navigation. The forces
that were ordered to ^o over to his assistance, were by this
time got ready to attend on him ; so he sailed with a great
fleet, both of men of war and transport ships. He arrived He Umhd
happily at Lisbon, where he was received with all the out- '^^ '* *"'■
ward expressions of joy and welcome, and at an expense,
in a vain magnificence, which that court could not well
VOL. IV. 0
10
1703.
ha^cc.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
bear : but a national vanity prevailed to carry this too far,
by which other things, that were more necessary, were ne-
glected : that court was then very melancholy ; for the
young Infanta, whom the King of Spain was to have mar-
ried, as had been agreed, died a few days before his arrival.
While this negotiation with Portugal was canied on, the
Duke of Savoy began to see his own danger, if the two
crowns should come to be united ; and he saw, that if the
King of France drove the imperialists out of Italy, and be-
came master of the Milanese, he must lie exposed and at
mercy. He had married his two daughters to the Duke of
Burgundy, and to King Philip of Spain ; but as lie wrote
to the Emperor, he w as now to take care of himself and his
The Dolce of gQu : his alliance with France was only for one year, which
into (he ai- h© had renewed from year to year: so he oiVered, at the
end of the year, to enter into the great alliance ; and he de-
manded, for his share, the Novarize and the Montferrat.
His leaving the allies, as he had done in the former war,
shewed that he maintained the character of his family, of
changing sides, as often as he could expect better terms
by a new turn : yet his interest lay so visibly now on the
side of the alliance, that it was very reasonable to believe
he was resolved to adhere firmly to it. So when the de-
mands he made were laid before the court of Vienna, and
from thence transmitted to England and Holland, all the
assistance that he proposed was promised him. The court
of Vienna had no money to spare, but England and the
states were to pay him 20,000/. a month, of which England
M as to pay him two-thirds, and the states the rest.
Since 1 am to relate the rest of this transaction, I must
look back, and give some account of his departing from
the alliance in the former war, which I had from Monsieur
Herval, who was then the King's envoy in Switzerland, a
French refugee, but originally of a German family of Augs-
bourg, settled but lately in France. In January, 1696,
when the plot for assassinating the King and invading the
nation was thought so surely laid that it could not mis-
carry, the King of France sent Mr. Chanley very secretly
to the Duke of Savoy, with a full credence to the proposi-
tions he was to make, demanding a positive answer within
six hours. With that the Duke of Orle;uis wrote >cry
warni>y to him : he said, he had employed all his interest
Tlie HtorPt
reasons of
Jiis lV)riiier
riepRi'luie
(roiii it.
OP QUEEN ANNE. 11
"^ilh the King his brother to get these offers made to him, i^os.
which he coDJured him to accept of, otherwise he must ^^^^^
look for utter ruin, without remedy or recovery. Chanley
told him, that at that present time he w as to reckon that
King James was repossessed of the throne of England, and
that the Prince of Orange was either dead or in his hands :
so he atfered to restore Cazal and Pigneroll, and all that
was afterwards agreed to by the treaty, if he would depart
from the alliance. The Duke of Savoy being thus alarmed
with a revolution in England, and being so straitened in
time, thought the extreme necessity, to which he would be
reduced, in case that was true, must justify his submitting,
when otherwise his ruin was miavoidable. The worst part
of this was, that he got leave to pretend to continue in the
alliance, till he had drawn all the supplies he was to expect
for that year from England and the states, and then the
whole matter w as owned, as has been related in the trans-
actions of that year. I leave this upon the credit of him
from whom I had it, who assured me he was well informed
concerning it.
The Duke of Savoy having now secretly agreed to enter ^''6 French
into the alliance, did not declare it, but continued still de- intentions,'*
ny^ng it to the French, that so when the Duke of Vendome ''!»' '"»'''' '''^
111- 1- I i/'i • 1 ^^'^ Irodns
sent back his troops to hmi, at the end ot the campaign, he „iih tbem
might more safely ovni it. The French had reason to sus- J^^^"'"^"^" "'
pect a secret negotiation, but could not penetrate into it :
so they took an efl'ectual, thovigh a very fraudulent method
to discover it ; which was told me soon after by the Earl of
Pembroke. Tliey got the Elector of Bavaria to write to
him, with all seeming sincerity, and with great secrecy ; for
he sent it to him, by a subject of his own, so well disguised
and directed, that the Duke of Savoy was imposed on by
this management. In this letter the Elector complained
bitterly of the insolence and pertidiousness of the French,
into whose hands he had put himself: he said, he saw his
error now, when it was too late to see how he could correct
it ; yet, if the Duke of Savoy, who was almost in as bad a
state as himself, would join with him, so that they might
act by concert, they might yet not only recover themselves,
but procure a happy peace for all the rest of Europe. The
Duke of Savoy, mistrusting nothing, wTote him a frank
answer, in which he o>\'ncd his own designs, and en-
war.
1^2 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i'03. coiiragcd the Elector to go on, aiid offered all offices of
""^^^ Irieudship on his behalf with the rest of the allies. The
French, who knew by what ways the Savoyard was to re-
turn, seized him, without so much as acquainting the
Elector with the discovery that they had made : they saw
now into this secret : so when the time came in which the
Duke of Vendome ought to have sent back his troops to him,
they were prisoners made of war, contrary to all treaties ;
and Adth this the war began in those parts. It was much
apprehended that, considering the weak and naked state
in which the Duke of Savoy then was, the French woidd
Count Sta- have quickly mastered him; but Count Staremberg ven-
llinedhim ^^^^^ ^n a march, which military men said was the best
laid, and the best executed, of any in the whole war: he
marched from the Modonese, in the worst season of the
year, through ways that, by reason of the rains that had
fallen, seemed impracticable, having in many places the
French both before and behind him : he broke through all,
and in conclusion joined the Duke of Savoy with a good
body of horse. By this he was rendered safe in Piedmont :
it is true the French made themselves quickly masters of
all Savoy, except Montmelian ; where some small actions
happened, much to the Duke's advantage. The Smtzers
interposed to obtain a neutrality for Savoy, though without
effect.
The insnr- The rising in the Cevennes had not been yet subdued,
thfcev'e"- tl^ough Marshal Montravel was sent with an army to re-
nes. duce or destroy them : he committed great barbarities, not
only on those he found in arms, but on whole villages, be-
cause they, as he was informed, favoured them : they came
often down out of their hills in parties, ravaging the coun-
try, and they engaged the King's troops with much resolu-
tion, and sometimes with great advantage: they seemed
resolved to accept of nothing less than the restoring their
edicts to them ; for a connivance at Iheir on\ti way of wor-
ship was offered them : they had many among them who
seemed qualified, in a very singular manner, to be the
teachers of the rest : they had a great measure of zeal,
without any learning; they scarce had any education at
all. I spoke with the person who, by the Queen's order,
sent one among them to know the state of their aliairs: I
read some of the letters wiiich he brought from them, full
or QUEEN AN'NE. 13
of a sublime zeal and piety, expressing a courage and con- i703.
fidence that could not be daunted : one instance of this ^■^''^
was, that they all agreed, that if any of them was so
wounded, in an engagement with the enemy, that he could
not be brought off, he should be shot dead, rather than be
left alive to fall into the enemy's hands : it was not possible
tlien to form a judgment of tliat insurrection, the reports
^bout it were so various and uncertain, it being as much
magnified by some as it was imdervalued by otliers : the
whole number that they could reckon on was four thousand
men, but they had not arms and clothes for half that num-
ber ; so they used these by turns, while the rest were left
at home to follow their labour : they put the counti y all
about them in a great fright, and to a vast expense ; Mhile
no intelligence could be had of their designs; and they
broke out in so many different places, that all who lay
within their reach were in a perpetual agitation. It was a
lamentable thing that thoy lay so far witiiin the country,
that it was not possible to send supplies to them, unless
the Duke of Savoy should be in a condition to break into
Dauphiny ; and tlierefore advices were sent tliem, to ac-
cept of such terms as could be had, and to reserve them-
selves for better times.
In Poland the scene was more embroiled than ever : rii.' aftairs
ihere was some appearance of peace this summer, but it °' i^"'*""^'
went off in whiter : the old fierce Cardinal drew a diet to
Warsaw : there it was declared, that their King had broken
all their laws : upon that they, by a formal sentence, de-
posed him, and declared the throne vacant. This as as
done in concert with the King of Sweden, who lay with his
army at some distance from them, in the neighbourhood of
Dantzic, ^^hich alarmed the citizens very much. It was
believed, that they designed to choose Sobieski, the eldest
son of the late King, who then lived at Breslau in Silesia,
and being in the Emperor's dominions, he thought himself
safer than he proved to be : the King of Poland retired into
Saxony in some haste, which made many conclude, that he
resolved to abandon Poland ; but he laid another design,
which was executed to his mind, though, in the sequel, it
proved not much to his advantage : Sobieski and his bro-
tlier were in a correspondence with the party in Poland
tliat opposed the King ; upon which they ought to have
^^i^.-w'
14 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. looked to their own securily with more precaution : they,
it seems, apprehended nothing: where they then were, and
so diverted themselves at huntinfj, and otherwise in their
usual manner ; upon this some sent by the King of Poland
took them both prisoners, and brouglit them to Dresden,
where they were safely kept ; and all the remonstrances
that the Emperor could make, upon such an act of hos-
tility, had no effect. This, for a while, broke their mea-
sures at Warsaw : many forsook them, while the King of
Sweden seemed implacable in his opposition to Augustus ;
whose chief confidence was in the Czar. It was suspected
that the French had a management in this matter, since it
was certain that, by the war in Poland, a gieat part of that
force was diverted, which might otherAvise have been en-
gaged in the common cause of the great alliance. All the
advices that we had from thence agreed in this, that tlie
King of Sweden himself was in no understanding with the
French ; but it was \isible, that what he did contributed not
a little to serve their ends. This was the state of affairs at
land.
Aftaiis t»t I turn next to another element, and to give an account
of the operations at sea, where things were ill designed^
and worse executed : the making Prince George our lord
high admiral proved, in many instances, very unhappy to
the nation : men of bad designs imposed on him ; he un-
derstood those matters very little ; and they sheltered them-
selves under his name, to which a great submission was
paid : but the complaints rose the higher for that. Our
main fleet was ready to go out in May, but the Dutch fleet
was not yet come over ; so Rook was sent out to alarm
the coast of France : he lingered long in port, pretending
ill health ; upon that Churchill was sent to command the
fleet ; but Rook's health returned happily for him, or he
thought fit to lay aside that pretence, and went to sea,
where he continued a month; but in such a station, as if
his design had been to keep far from meeting the French
fleet, which sailed out at that time ; and to do the enemy
no harm, not so much as to disturb their quiet, by commg
near their coast : at last he returned, without having at-
tempted any thing.
It was after this resolved to send a strong fleet into the
Mediterranean : it was near the end of June before they
aea.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 15
were ready to sail, and they had orders to come out of the i^f>3.
streights, by the end of September : every thing was so ill ^^^*^
laid in this expedition, as if it had been intended, that nothing i„to*^the*"
should be done by it, besides the convoying our merchant Mediterra-
ships ; which did not require the fourth part of such a force. °*^"'
Shovel was sent to command : when he saw his instruc-
tions, he represented to the ministry, that nothing could be
expected from this voyage : he was ordered to go, and be
obeyed his orders : he got to Leghorn by the beginning of
September. His arrival seemed to be of great consequence,
and the allies began to take courage from it ; but they were
soon disappointed of their hopes, when they understood,
that by his orders he could only stay a few days there : nor
was it easy to imagine, what the design of so great an ex-
pedition could be, or why so much money was thrown away
on such a project, which made us despised by our enemies,
while it provoked our friends ; who might justly think, they
could not depend upon such an ally, who managed so great
a force with so poor a conduct, as neither to hurt their ene-
mies, nor protect their friends by it.
A squadron was sent to the West Indies, conunanded by A.iotiier to
Graydon; a man brutal in his way, and not well affected to I'l'iji^g*^*"*
the present state of affairs : the design was, to gather all the
forces that we had scattered up and down the plantations,
and with that strength to go and take Placentia, and so to
drive the French out of the New foundland trade : but the
secret of this was so ill kept, that it was commonly talked
of before he sailed : the French had timely notice of it, and
sent a greater force, to defend the place, than he could bring
together to attack it. His orders w^ere pressing, in particu-
lar, that he should not go out of his way, to pursue any of
the enemy's ships, whom he might see : these he observed
so punctually, that when he saw a squadron of four French
men of war sailing towards Brest, that were visibly^ foul,
and in no condition to make any resistance, he sent indeed
one of his ships to view them, who engaged them, but Gitiy-
don gave the signal to call him off; upon which they got
safe into Brest. This was afterwards known to be Du
Casse's squadron, who was bringing treasure home from
Carthag^na, and other ports of the West Indies, reported to
be four millions of pieces of eight : but though here was a
good prey lost, yet so careful was the Prince's council to
16 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1703. excuse every thing done by such a man, that they ordered
'^ an advertisement to be put in the gazette, to justify Gray-
don ; in which it was said, that pursuant to his orders, he
Tiiey re- ]|^(j j^y^ en2:a2ed that fleet. The orders were indeed strangelv
turned with- , " i • i i i ., 1,1 1
out success, given, yet our admirals had never thought themselves so
bound down to them, but that, upon great occasions, they
might make stretches ; especially where the advantage was
visible, as it was in this case : lor since they were out of
the way of new orders, and new occasions might happen,
wliich could not be known, when their orders were given,
the ualuic of the service seemed to give them a greater li-
berty, than was lit to bo allowed in the land service. When
he came to the plantations, he acted in so savage a manner,
as if he had been sent rather to terrify, than to protect them :
when he had drawn the forces together, that were in the
jjlantations, he went to attack Placentia; but he found it to
be so well defended, that he did not think tit so much as to
make any attempt upon it : so this expedition ended very
ingloriously, and many complaints of Graydon's conduct
were sent after him.
Oiii Opois There was also a great complaint through the whole fleet
jj ^ of their victualling : e lost many of our seamen, who, as
was said, were poisoned by ill food : and though great com-
plaints were made of the victuallers, before the fleet went
out, yet there was not such care taken to look into it, as a
matter of that consequence deserved. The merchants did
also complain, that they were ill served with convoys, and
so little care had been taken of the Newcastle fleet, that the
price of coals rose very high : it was also said, that there
w as not a due care had of our seamen, that were taken by
the privateers; many of them died by reason of their ill
usage, w hile others, to deliver themselves from that, went
into the French service. Thus all our marine affairs were
much out of order, and these disorders were charged on
tho.se who had the conduct of them: every thing was un-
prosperous, and that will always be laid heavily on those,
who arc in the management of affairs : it is certain, that in
the beginning of this reign, all those who hated the late
King and his goverimient, or had been dismissed the service
by him, w ere sought out, and invited into employments : so
it was not to be expected, that they could bo faithful or cor-
dial in Iho war against France.
werr
lictualU'd
OF QUEEN ANNE. 17
The affairs of Scotland come next to be related : a new i^o^.
parliament was called, and many were chosen to serve in rpj^^ ^J^^
it, who were believed to be in secret engagements with the of Scotland,
court at St. Germains : the lords who had hitherto kept out
of parliament, and were known to be Jacobites, came and
qualified themselves, by taking the oaths, to vote in parlia-
ment : it was set up for a maxim, by the new ministiy, that
all the Jacobites were to be invited home ; so a proclama-
tion was issued out, of a very great extent, indemnifying all
persons, for all treasons committed before April last ; vnXh-
out any limitation of time for their coming home, to accept
of this grace, and without demanding any security of them
for the future. The Duke of Queensberry was sent down
the Queen's commissioner to the parliament : this inflamed
all those who had formerly opposed him : they resolved to
oppose him still in every thing, and the greater part of the
Jacobites joined with them, but some of them were bought
off, as was said, by him : he, seeing so strong an opposition
formed against him, studied to engage the presbyterian
party to stick to him; and even the party that united
against him, were so apprehensive of the strength of that
interest, that they likewise studied to court them, and were
very careful not to give them any umbrage. By this, all
the hopes of the episcopal party were lost ; and every thing
relating to the church did not only continue in the same
state in which it was during the former reign, but the pres- T'csbvicrj
byterians got a new law in their favour, which gave them finned.
as firm a settlement, and as full a security, as law could
give ; for an act passed, not only confirming the claim of
rights, upon which the crown had been offered to the late
King, one of its articles being against prelacy, and for a
parity in the church, but it was declared high treason to en-
deavour any alteration of it. It had been often proposed
to the late King, to pass this into an act, but he would never
consent to it : he said, he had taken the crown on the terms
in that claim, and that therefore he would never make a
breach on any part of it ; but he would not bind his suc-
cessors, by making it a perpetual law. Thus a ministry,
that carried all matters relating to the church to so great a
height, yet, with other views, gave a fatal stroke to the epis-
copal interest in Scotland, to which the late King would
never give way. The great debates in this session were
VOL. IV. D
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
concerning the succession of the cioami, in case the Queen
should die without issue. They resolved to give the pre-
ference to that debate, before they would consider the sup-
plies : it was soon resolved, that the successor to the crowu
after the Queen, should not be the same person that was
King or Queen of England, unless the just rights of the na-
tion should be declared in parliament, and fully settled in
an iudependance upon English interests and councils. After
this, they went to name particulars, which by some were
carried so far, that those expedients were indeed the setting
up a commonwealth, with the empty name of a king : for
it was proposed, that the whole administration should be
committed to a council, named by parliament, and that the
legislature sjiould be entirely in the parliament, by which no
shadow of power was left with the crown, and it was merely
a nominal thino : but the further entering upon expedients
was laid aside for that time, only one act passed, that went
a gjeat way towards them : it was declared, that no suc-
ceeding king should have the power to engage the nation
in a war, without consent of parliament. Another act of a
strange nature passed, allowing the importation of French
goods, which, as was pretended, were to be imported in the
ships of a neutral state. The truth was, the revenue was
so exhausted, that they had not enough to support the go-
vernment without such help : those who desired to drink
good wine, and all who were concerned in trade, ran into
it; so it was carried, though with great opposition : the Ja-
cobites also went into it, since it opened a free conespond-
ence with France : it was certainly against the public inte-
rest of the government, in opposition to which private in-
terest will often prevail. The court of St. Germains, per-
ceiving such a disjointing in Scotland, and so great an op-
position made in parliament, was from thence encouraged
to set all their emissaries in that kingdom at work, to engage
both the chief of the nobility, and the several tribes in the
highlands, to be ready to appear for them. One Frazier
had gone tlirough the highlands the former year, and from
tlience he went to France, where he pretended he had au-
thority from the highlandcrs, to undertake to bring together
a body of twelve thousand men, if they might be assisted
by some force, together with officers, arms, ammunition,
and money from France. After he had delivered this mes-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 19
sage to the Queen at St. Germains, she recommended him i''0"-
to the French ministers : so he had some audiences of them. ^"'^•'^
He proposed that five thousand men should be sent from Practices
Dunkirk, to land near Dundee, with anns for twenty thou- p°™ge^
sand men ; and that five hundred should be sent from Brest
to seize on Fort William, which commanded the great pass
in the highlands. The French hearkened to all this, but
would not venture much upon slight grounds, so they sent
him back with some others, in whom they confided more,
to see how much they might depend on, and what the
strength of the highlanders was : they were also ordered, to
try whether any of the great nobility of that kingdom would
engage in the design.
When these came over, Fr^zier got himself secretly in- A discovery
troduced to the Duke of Queensberry, to whom he disco- "hese."
vered all that had been already transacted : and he under-
took to discover the whole correspondence between St.
Germains and the Jacobites. He also named many of the
lords who opposed him most in parliament, and said,
they were already deeply engaged. The Duke of Queens-
berry hearkened very willingly to all this, and he gave him
a pass to go through the highlands again, where he found
some were still very forward, but others were more re-
served. At his return, he resolved to go back to France,
and promised to make a more entire discoveiy. He put
one letter in the Duke of QueensbeiTy's hands, from the
Queen at St. Germains, directed on the back (but by ano-
ther hand) to the Marquis of Athol : the letter was writ in
such general terms, that it might have been directed to any
of the great nobility : and probably he who was trusted
with it, had power given him to direct it to any, to whom
he found it would be most acceptable : for there was no-
thing in the letter that was particular to any one person or
family ; it only mentioned the promises and assurances
sent to her by that lord. This Frazier had been accused
of a rape, committed on a sister of the Lord Athol, for
which he was convicted and outlawed : so it might be sup-
posed, that he, to be revenged of the Lord Athol, who had
prosecuted him for that crime, might put his name on the
back of that letter. It is certain, that the others who Avere
more trusted, and were sent over with him, avoided his
company, so that he was not made acquainted with that
20 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1703. proceeding. Frazier came up to London in winter, and
^^''^ had some meetings with the practising Jacobites about the
town, to whom he discovered his negotiation. He con-
tinued still to persuade the Duke of Qiieensberry of his
fidelity to him : his name was not told the Queen, for when
tlie Duke of Qucensberry wrote to her an account of the
discovery, he added, that unless she commanded it, he had
promised not to name the person, for he was to go back to
St. Germains to complete the discovery. The Queen did
not ask his name ; but had more regard to what he said,
because in the main it agreed with the intelligence that her
ministers had from their spies at Paris. The Duke of
QueensbeiTy procured a pass for him to go to Holland, but
by another name : for he opened no part of this matter to
the Earl of Nottingham, who gave the pass. The Jacobites
in London suspected Frazier's correspondence with the
Duke of Queensberry, and gave advertisement to the Lord
Athol, and by this means the whole matter broke out, as
shall be told afterwards. What influence soever this, or
any other practice, might have in Scotland, it is certain the
opposition in parliament grew still greater ; and since the
Duke of Queensberry would not sufi'er them to proceed in
those strange limitations upon the crown, that had been
proposed, though the Queen ordered him to pass the other
bills, they w ould give no supply ; so that the pay of the
army, with the charge of the government, was to run upon
credit, and by this means matters'there were like to come
to extremities. A national humour of rendering themselves
a free and independent kingdom did so inflame them, that
as they had a majority of seventy in parliament, they
seemed capable of the most extravagant things that could
be suggested to them. The greatest part of the ministry
forsook the Duke of Queensberry in parliament ; both the
Earl of Seafield, lord chancellor, the Marquis of Athol,
the lord privy seal, and Lord Tarbct, the secretary of state,
with all that depended on them, broke oft' from him : yet,
upon the conclusion of the session, Athol was made a
duke, and Tarbet was made Earl of Cromarty, ^^ hich look-
ed like rewarding them for their opposition. Soon after
that, the Queen resolved to revive the order of the thistle,
that had been raised by her father, but was let fall by the
late King : it was to be carried hi a green ribbon, as the
OF QUEEN ANNE. 21
GtOTge is in a blue, and the glory was in the fonn of a St. i^os.
Andrew's cross, with a thistle in the middle. Argyle, Athol, ^^'^^
Annandale, Orkney, and Seafield, were the first that had it,
the number being limited to twelve. And to such a height
did the disorders in that kingdom rise, that great skill and
much secret practice seemed necessary to set matters right
there. The aversion and jealousy towards those who had Reflections
•^ •' on iiie con-
been most active in the last reign, and the favour shewed dnst of af-
to those who were in King James's interests, had an ap- '^""^ ^^"^'
pearance of bringing matters out of an excess, to a temper:
and it was much magnified by those who intended to flatter
the Queen, on design to ruin her : though the same mea-
sures were taken in England, yet there was less danger in
following them here than there. Errors might be sooner
observed, and easier corrected, where persons are in view,
and are watched in all their motions ; but this might prove
fatal at a greater distance, where it was more easy to deny
or palliate thiugs with great assurance. The Duke of
QueensbeiTy's engrossing all thiugs to himself, increased
the disgust at the credit he was in. He had begun a prac-
tice of drawing out the sessions of parliament to an imu-
sual length ; by which his appointments exhausted so much
of the revenue, that the rest of the ministers were not paid,
and that will always create discontent. He trusted entirely
to a few persons, and his conduct was liable to just ex-
ceptions. Some of those who had the greatest credit with
him, were believed to be engaged in a foreign interest, and
his passing, or rather promoting the act, that opened a cor-
respondence with France, was considered as a design to
settle a commerce there : and upon that, his fidelity or his
capacity were much questioned.
There were still high discontents in Ireland, occasioned The affairs
by the behaviour of the trustees there. The Duke of Or- ° '^^ ^
mond was the better received, when he went to that govern-
ment, because he came after the Earl of Rochester ; till it
appeared, that he was in all things governed by him ; and
that he pursued the measures which he had begun to take, of
raising new divisions in that kingdom : for, before that time,
the only division in Ireland was, that of English and Irish,
protestanfs and papists : but of late an animosity came to
be raised there, like that we labour under in England,
between whig and tory. The wiser sort of the English
22 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1703. resolved to oppose this all they could, and to proceed with
^"■^^^ temper and moderation. The parliament there was opened
with speeches and addresses, that carried the compliments
to the Duke of Ormond so far, as if no other person besides
himself could have given them that settlement, which they
expected from his government. The tiustees had raised a
scandal upon that nation, as if they designed to set up an
independancG upon England ; so they began the sessions
with a vote, disclaiming that as false and injurious. They
expressed, on all occasions, their hatred of the trustees and
of their proceedings, yet they would not presume to meddle
with any thing they had done, pursuant to the act that had
passed in England, which vested the trust in them. They
offered the necessary supplies, but took exceptions to the
accounts that were laid before them, and observed some
errors in them. This begat an uneasiness in the Duke of
Ormond ; for though he w^as generous, and abovB all sordid
practices, yej:, being a man of pleasure, he was much in
the power of those who acted under him, and whose in-
tegrity was not so clear. One great design of the wiser
among them was, to break the power of popery, and the
interest that the heads of the Irish families had among them.
An art pass- rpjj euactcd the succession of the cro^v^l, to follow the
ed tliere •' '
against po- pattern set them by England in every particular. They
P®*^^" also passed an act concerning papists, somewhat like that
which had passed in England three years before ; but with
some more eflfectual clauses, for the want of which we have
not yet had any fruit from our act. The main dift'erenee
was that which made it look less invidious, and yet was
more effectual, for breaking the dependance on the heads of
families ; for it was provided, that all estates should be
equally divided among the children of papists, notwith-
standing any settlements to the contrary, unless the per-
sons, on whom they were settled, qualified themselves by
taking the oaths, and coming to the communion of the
church. This seemed to carry no hardship to the family in
general, and yet gave hopes of weakening that interest so
considerably, that the bill was oftered to the Duke of Or-
mond, pressing him, mth more than usual vehemence, to
intcrcftde so effectually, that it might be returned back un-
der the great seal of England. They understood that the
papists of Ireland had raised a considerable sum, to be
OF QUEEN ANNE.
sent over to England, to support their practices, in order to
the stopping this bill. It came over, warmly recommended
by the Duke of Ormond ; but it was as warmly opposed by
those who had a mind to have a share in the presents, that
were ready to be made. The pretence for opposing it was,^
that while the Queen was so deeply engaged with the Em-
peror, and was interceding for favour to the protestants in
his dominions ; it seemed not seasonable, and was scarce
decent, to pass so severe a law against those of his reli-
gion. Tliough this had the less strength, since it was very
evident that all the Irish papists were in the French inte-
rest, so there was no reason to apprehend that the Emperor
could be much concerned for them. Ihe parliament of
England was sitting when this bill came over, and men's
eyes were much set on the issue of it. So that the ministers
judged it was not safe to deny it ; but a clause was added,
which they hoped would hinder its being accepted in Ire-
land. That matter was carried on so secretly, that it was
known to none but those who were at the council, till the
news of it came from Ireland, upon its being sent thither.
The clause was to this purport, that none in Ireland should
be capable of any employment, or of being in the magistra-
cy in any city, who did not qualify themselves by recei\ang
the sacrament, according to the test act passed in England ;
which before this time had n^ver been ollered to the Irish na-
tion. It was hoped, by those who got this clause to be added
to the bill, that those in Ireland who promoted it most, would
now be the less fond of it, when it had such a weight hung
to it : the greatest part of Ulster was possessed by the
Scotch, who adhered stiffly to their first education in Scot-
land : and they were so united in that way, that it was be-
lieved they could not find such a number of men, who
would qualify themselves, as was necessary by this clause,
to maintain the order and justice of the coimtry. Yet upon
this occasion the Irish parliament proceeded with great
caution and wisdom : they reckoned that this act, so far as
it related to papists, would have a certain and great effect
for their common security: and that when it was once
passed, it would never be repealed : whereasMf great in-
conveniences did arise upon this new clause, it would be
an easier thing to obtain a repeal of it in a subsequent par-
liament, either of England or Ireland. So the act was
23
1703.
24
1703.
Jealousies
of the iiii-
nislrj'.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
passed, and those who thought they had managed the ma:t-
ter with a master-piece of cunning, were out\\dtted by an
Irish parliament. However, this artifice, and some other
things in the Duke of Ormond's conduct, put them into
such an ill humour, that the supply bill was clogged and
lessened by many clauses added to it. The session ended
in so much heat, that it was thought that parliament would
meet no more, if the Duke of Ormond was continued in the
goveiTunent.
Thus the parts of the government that were thought the
most easily managed, Scotland and Ireland, had of late
been put into so much disorder, that it might prove no easy
work to set them again in order: the government was
every where going, as it were, out of joint : its nerves and
strength seemed to be much slackened: the trusting and
employing, not only violent tories, but even known Ja-
cobites, as it brought a weakness on the management, so it
raised a jealousy that could not be easily cured. Stories
were confidently vented, and by some easily believed, that
the Queen was convinced of the wrong done her pretended
brother, and that she was willing to put affairs in the hands
of persons who favoured his succession : it was also ob-
served, that our court kept too cold civilities with the house
of Hanover, and did nothing that was tender or cordial
looking that way : nor were any employed, who had ex-
pressed a particular zeal for their interests. These things
gave great jealousy : all that was said in excuse for trust-
ing such persons was, that it was fit once to try if good
usage could soften them, and bring them entirely into the
Queen's interests : and assurances were given, that if, upon
a trial, the effect hoped for did not follow, they should be
again dismissed.
This was the state of our affairs when a new session of
parliament was opened in November: the Queen in her
speech expressed a great zeal for carrying on the war, and
with relation to the affairs of Europe : she recommended
union and good agieement to all her people : she said, she
wanted words to express how earnestly she desired this.
This was understood, as an intimation of her desire, that
there should be no further proceedings in the bill against
occasional conformity: addresses full of respect were made
to the Queen, in return to her speech 5 and the Lords, in
OF QUEEN ANNE. 25
theirs, promised to avoid every thing that should occasion *703.
disunion or contention : but nothing could lay the heat of a ^''^■'^
party, which was wrought on by some, who had designs
that were to be denied or disguised, till a proper time for
o\vmng them should appear. A motion was made in the
House of Commons, for bringing in the bill against oc-
casional conformity : great opposition was made to it ; the A biu
court was against it, but it was carried by a great majority, 'f^nai"*^*
that such a bill should be brought in. So a new draught wnfonnity
was formed : in it the preamble that was in the former bill
was left out. The number besides the family, that made a
conventicle, was enlarged from five to twelve : and the fine
set on those, who went to conventicles, after they had
received the sacrament, besides the loss of their employ-
ment, was brought down to 50/. : these were artifices, by
which it was hoped, upon such softenings, once to carry
the bill on any terms : and when that point was gain-
ed, it would be easy afterwards to carry other bills of
greater severity. There was now such a division upon
this matter, that it was fairly debated in the House of Com-
mons : whereas before, it went there with such a torrent,
that no opposition to it could be hearkened to. Those who
opposed the bill went chiefiy upon this ground, that this
bill put tlie dissenters in a worse condition than they were
before : so it was a breach made upon the toleration, which
ought not to be done, since they had not deserved it by any
ill behaviour of theirs, by which it could be pretended that
they had forfeited any of the benefits designed by that act:
things of tliis kind could have no effect, but to embroil us
with new distractions, and to disgust persons well aftected
to the Queen and her government : it was necessary to
continue the happy quiet that we were now in, especially
in tliis time of war, in which even tlic severest of perse-
cutors made tlieir stops, for fear of irritating ill humours
too much. The old topics of hypocrisy, and of tlie danger
the church was in, were brought up again on behalf of the
bill, and the bill passed in the House of Commons by Passed bj^
a great majority : and so it was sent up to the Lords, ^'^y^*"^"
where it occasioned one debate oi many hours, whether
tlie bill should be entertained and read a second time, or be
tlirown out : the Prince appeared no more for it, nor did he
come to the House upon this occasion : some who had voted
VOL. IV. E
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
for it in the former session kept out of the House, and
others owned they saw farther into the design of the bill.
Bill reject- and SO voted against it. Upon a division it was carried, by
LoiL. "^ ^ majority of twelve, not to give it a second reading, but to
reject it.
The bishops were almost equally divided : there were
two more against it, than for it: among these, I had the
largest share of censure on me, because 1 spoke much
against the bill : I knew how the act of test was carried, as
has been already shewn in its proper place : I related that
in the House, and the many practices of the papists, of
setting us of the church against the dissenters, and the dis-
senters against us by turns, as it might serve their ends : I
ventured to say, that a man might lawfully communicate
with a church, that he thought had a worship and a doctrine
uncorrupted, and yet communicate more frequently with a
church, that he thought more perfect : I myself had com-
municated with the churches of Geneva and Holland, and
yet at the same time communicated with the church of
England : so, though the dissenters were in a mistake, as to
their opinion, which was the more perfect church, yet, al-
lowing them a toleration in that error, this practice might
be justified. I was desired to print what I said upon that
occasion, which drew many virulent pamphlets upon me,
but I answered none of them : I saw the Jacobites designed
to raise such a flame among us, as might make it scarce
possible to carry on the war ; those who went not so deep,
yet designed to make a breach on the toleration by gaining
this point: and I was resolved never to be silent, when
that should be brought into debate : for I have long looked
on liberty of conscience as one of the rights of human na-
ture, antecedent to society, which no man could give up,
because it was not in his own power : and our Saviour's
rule, of doing as we would be done by, seemed to be a very
express decision to all men, who would lay the matter
home to their own conscience, and judge as they would
willingly be judged by others.
The clergy Thc clcrgy ovcr England, who were generally inflamed
mour. '" ^vit^ this matter, could hardly forgive thc Queen and the
Prince, the coldness that they expressed on this occasion :
thc Lord Godolphin did so positively declare that he
thought thc bill unseasonable, and tliat lie had done all he
OF QUEEN ANNE. 27
€Ould to hinder its being brought in, that though he voted to i703.
give the bill a second reading, that did not reconcile the party '^'^^^
to him: they set up the Earl of Rochester as the only man
to be depended on, who deserved to be the chief minister.
The House of Commons gave all tlie supplies that were The Com-
necessary for carrying on the war : some tried to tack the ^° ",* J^^^
bill against occasional conformity to the bill of supply, cessarjsui)-
but they had not strength to carry it. The Commons i''""^-
shewed a very unusual neglect of all that related to the
fleet, which was wont to be one of their chief cares : it was
surmised, that they saw, that if they opened that door, dis-
coveries would be made of errors that could neither be jus-
tified nor palliated, and that these must come home chiefly
to their greatest favourites ; so they avoided all examina-
tions, that would probably draw some censure on them.
The Lords were not so tender : they found great fault inquiries
with the counsels, chiefly \vith the sending Shovel to the II|I°t'of i,"""
Mediterranean, and Graydon to the West Indies : and laid neet.
all the discoveries that were made to them, with their own
observations on them, before the Queen, in addresses that
were very plain, though full of all due respect. They went
on likewise in their examinations of the outcry made of
the waste of the public treasure in the last reign : they ex-
amined the Earl of Orford's accounts, which amounted to
17,000,000/., and upon which some observations had been
made by the commissioners for examining the public ac-
counts ; they found them all to be false in fact, or ill-
grounded, and of no importance.
The only particular that seemed to give a just colour to The Eari of
exception, was very strictly examined: he had victualled ^,',[)^[f *„*'"
the fleet while they lay all winter at Cadiz : the purser's re- tified.
ceipts for the quantity that was laid into every ship, were
produced, but they had no receipts of the Spaniards, from
whom they had bought the provisions ; but they had enter-
ed the prices of them in their own books, and these were
given in upon oath. This matter had been much canvass-
ed in the late King's time, and it stood thus : Russel, now
Earl of Orford, when he had been ordered to lie at Cadiz,
wrote to the board of victualling, to send one over to pro-
vide the fleet ; they answered, that their credit was then so
low, that they could not undertake it: so he was desired to
do it upon his own credit. It appeared, that no fleet nor
20 HISTORY OF THE REION
1703. single ship had ever l>een victualled so cheap, as the fleet
^^""^ was then by him : it was not the custom in Spain to give
receipts ; but if any fraud had been intended, it would have
been easy to have got the Spaniards, after they had their
money, to have signed any receipts that could have been
offered them for swelling up the accounts ; for the prac-
tices of swelling accounts, in their dealings with their o>vn
court, were well known there. Upon these reasons, the
Lords of the Treasury had passed his accounts, and were
of opinion that he had done a great service to the govern-
ment, in that whole transaction. The House of Lords did
now confirm this, and ordered an account of that whole
matter to be printed.
The Commons made no progress in any discoveries of ill
practices in the Earl of Ranelagh's office, but concluded
that matter with an address to the Queen, that she would
order a prosecution. This was an artifice to make the na-
tion still think, that great discoveries of corruption might
be made, if carefully looked after. It was expected, after
such an outcry as they had made, and after the expense the
nation was put to, for this commission, and the extraordi-
nary powers that were lodged with the commissioners, that
at least some important discoveries should have been made
by them.
A bill for The Commons sent up a bill to the Lords, for continuing
(he m'l'bHc thc commissiou anotlier year : it was observed that an al~
accmmts tcration was made of the persons; some, who expected
tb« iwiT^" better places, got their names to be left out. The Lords
houses. excepted to one Bierly, who was named to be one of the
commissioners, because he had been made a colonel, and
had not yet cleared the accounts of his own regiment : so
they struck out his name, and named another ; and they
added two more, who were not members of the House of
Commons. The reason of this was, because the members
of that House would not appear before them, to explain
some particulars; they only sent their clerk to inform
them, and when the Lords sent a message to the House of
Commons, to desire them to order their members to attend
on tlicir committe*?, all the return they had was, that they
would send an answer by messengers of their own; but this
was illusory, for they sent no such message. So the Lords
Ihought it necessary, in order to their being better informed.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 29
to put some in commission for the future, who shoukl be i703.
bound to attend upon them, as oft as they should be called ^"^-'^
for. The Commons rejected these amendments, and pre-
tended that this was of the nature of a money bill, and
that therefore the Lords could make no alterations in
it. The message that the Commons sent the Lords upon
this head, came so near the end of the session, that the
Lords could not return an answer to it, with the reasons
for which they insisted on their amendments ; so that bill
fell.
The charge of this commission amounted to 8000/. a
year: the commissioners made such noise, and brought
many persons before them to be examined, and gave great
disturbance to all the public ofl&ccs, what by their attend-
ance on them, what by copying out all their books for their
perusal ; and yet, in a course of many years, they had not
made any one discovery : so a full stop was put to this way
of proceeding.
An incident happened during this session, which may 1704.
have great consequences, though in itself it might seem in- ^onccrdng
considerable. There have been great complaints long injustice in
made, and these have increased much within these few ^'f^i^embeTT
years, of great partiality and injustice in the elections of ofpariia-
parliamcnt men, both by sherilVs in counties, and by the "*'^^"
returning officers in boroughs. In Aylesbury, the return
was made by four constables, and it was believed, that they
made a bargain with some of the candidates, and tlien ma-
naged the matter, so as to be sure that the majority should
be for the person to whom they had engaged themselves ;
they canvassed about the town to knovy how the voters
were set, and they resolved to find some pretence lor dis-
abling those who were engaged to vote for other persons
than their friends, that they might be sure to have the ma-
jority in their own hands ; and when this matter came to be
examined by the House of Commons, they gave Uie elec-
tion always for him who was reckoned of the party of the
majority, in a manner so barefaced, that they were scarce
out of countenance when they were charged for injustices
in judging elections. It was not easy to find a remedy to
such a crying abuse, of which all sides in their turns, as
they happened to be depressed, had made great complaints ;
but when they came to be the majority, seemed to have
30 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1704. lorgot all that they had I'ormerly cried out on. Some lew
excused this on the topic of retaliation; they said they
dealt with others as they had dealt with them or their
friends. At last an action was brought against the con-
stables of Aylesbury, at the suit of one who had been
always admitted to vote in former elections, but was denied
it in the last election. This was tried at the assizes, and it
was found there by the jury, that the constables had denied
him a right, of which he was undoubtedly in possession ; so
they were to be cast in damages : but it was moved in the
Queen's Bench to quash all the proceedings in that matter,
since no action did lie, or had ever been brought upon that
account. Powel, Gould, and Powis were of opinion, that
no hurt was done the man : that the judging of elections
belonged to the House of Commons : that as this action
was tlie first of its kind, so, if it was allowed, it would bring
on an infinity of suits, and put all the officers concerned
in that matter upon great difficulties. Lord Chief Justice
Holt, though alone, yet differed from the rest; he thought
this was a matter of the greatest importance, both to the
whole nation in general, and to every man in his own par-
ticular ; he made a great dift'erence between an election of
a member, and a right to vote in such an election ; the
House of Commons were the only judges of the former,
whether it was rightly managed or not, without bribery,
fraud, or violence ; but the right of voting in an election
was an original right, founded either on a freehold of 40*. a
year in the county, or on burgageland, or upon a prescrip-
tion, or by charter in a borough : these were all legal titles,
and as such were triable in a court of law. Acts of parlia-
ment were made concerning them, and by reason of these,
every thing relating to those acts, was triable in a court of
law : he spoke long and learnedly, and with some vehe-
mence upon the subject ; but he was one against three, so
the order of the court went in favour of the constables :
the matter was upon that brought before tlie House of
Lords, by a w rit of error ; the case was very fully argued
at the bar, and the judges were ordered to deliver their opi-
nions upon it, which they did very copiously.
Chief Justice Trevor insisted much on the authority that
the House of Commons had, to judge of all those elec-
tions ; from that he inferred, thuttliey only could judge who
OF QUEEN ANNE. 31
were the electors : petitions were often grounded on this, 1^04,
that in the poll some were admitted to a vote, who had no
right to it, and that others were denied it who had a right ;
so that in some cases they were the proper judges of this
right ; and if they had it in some cases, they must have it
in all : from this he inferred, that every thing relating to
this matter was triable by them, and by them only ; if two
independent jurisdictions might have the same case brought
before them, they might give contrary judgments in it ; and
this must breed great distraction in the execution of those
judgments.
To all this it was answered, that a single man, who was
wronged in this matter, had no other remedy but by bring-
ing it into a court of law; for the House of Commons
could not examine the right of every voter ; if the man,
for whom he would have voted, was returned, he could not
be heard to complain to the House of Commons, though in
his own particular he was denied a vote, since he could not
make any exceptions to the return ; so he must bear his
wrong, without a remedy, if he could not bring it into a
court of law. A right of voting in an election was the
greatest of all the rights of an Englishman, since by that
he was represented in parliament; the House of Commons
could give no relief to a man wronged in this, nor any da-
mages ; they could only set aside one, and admit of another
return; but this was no redress to him that suffered the
wrong : it made him to be the less considered in his Ijo-
rough, and that might be a real damage to him in his trade :
since this was a right inherent in a man, it seemed reason-
able that it should be brought, where all other rights were
tried, into a court of law ; the abuse was new, and was
daily growing, and it was already swelled to a great
height; when new disorders happen, new actions must
lie, otherwise there is a failure in justice, which all laws
abhor ; practices of this sort were enormous and crying ;
and if the judgment in the Queen's Bench was affirmed, it
would very much increase these disorders by this indem-
nity, that seemed to be sriven to the officers who took the
poll.
After a long debate, it was carried by a great majority riie Lords
to set aside the order in the Queen's Bench, and to give i^g'^^1„\','t^o,
judgment according to the verdict given at the assizes, electing was
1701.
triable at
law.
3^ HISTORY OF THE REIGN
This gave great otFencc to the House of Commons, who
passed very high votes upon it against the man of Ayles-
bury, as guilty of a breach of their privileges, ajid against
all others who should for the future bring any such suits
into courts of law ; and likewise against all counsel, attor-
neys, and others, who should assist in any such suits ; and
they affirmed, that the whole matter relating to elections be-
longed only to them : yet they did not think fit to send for
the man who had sued, or rather in whose name the suit
was carried on : so they let the matter as to him fall, under
a shew of moderation and pity, and let it rest upon those
general votes. The Lords on their part ordered the whole
state of the case to be drawn up and printed, which was
done with much learning and judgment ; they also asserted
the right that all the people of England had to seek for
justice in courts of law upon all such occasions ; and that
the House of Commons, by their votes, struck at the liber-
ties of the people, at the law of England, and at the judi-
cature of the House of Lords ; and they ordered the lord
keeper to send a copy of the case, and of their votes, to all
the sheriffs of England, to be communicated to all the bo-
roughs in their counties. The House of Commons was
much provoked with this, but they could not hinder it ; the
thing was popular, and the Lords got great credit by the
judgment they gave, which let the people of England sec
how they might be redressed for the future, if tliey should
meet with the injustice, partiality, and other ill practices,
that had appeared of late in elections, even beyond the ex-
amples of former times. This may prove a restraint on the
officers, now that they see they are liable to be sued, and
that a vote of the House of Commons cannot cover them.
During the session, and on her own birth-day, which
was the 6th of Feljruary, the Queen sent a message to the
House of Commons, signifying her purpose to apply that
branch of the revenue that was raised out of the first fruits
poor iiirgy. and tenths, paid by the clergy, to the increase of all the
small benefices in the nation : this branch was an imposi-
tion, begun by the popes in the time of the holy wars, and
it was raised as a fund to support those expeditions ; but
when taxes arc once raised by such an arbitrary power
as the popes then assumed, and alter tiierc has been a sub-
mission, anil tho payments have been .settled into a rustoui
'j'lie Queen
gave ihe
tttitJis aiirl
<ir»l-tiuits
for tlic Ix-
Jiofit of llie
^^,-w
OF QUEEN ANNE. 33
they are always continued, even after the pretence, upon i704.
which they were at first raised, subsists no more : so this
became a standing branch of the papal revenue, till Henry
the Eighth seemed resolved to take it away. It was first
abolished for a year, probably to draw in the clergy to con-
sent the more willingly to a change that delivered them
from such heavy impositions ; but, in the succeeding ses-
sion of parliament, this revenue was again settled as part
of the income of the crown for ever. It is true, it was the
more easily borne, because the rates w ere still at the old
value, which, in some places, was not the tenth, and in most
not above the fifth part of the true value : and the clergy
had been often threatened with a new valuation, in which
the rates should be rigorously set to their full extent.
The tenths amounted to about 11,000/. a- year, and the
first-fruits, which were more casual, rose, one year with
another, to 5000/. so the whole amounted to between
16,000/. and 17,000/. a-year : this was not brought into the
Treasury as the other branches of the revenue ; bat the
bishops, who had been the Pope's collectors, were now the
King's, so persons in favour obtained assignations on them
for life or for a term of years : this had never been applied
to any good use, but was still obtained by favourites for
themselves and their friends : and, in King Charles the Se-
cond's time, it went chiefly among his women and his na-
tural children. It seemed strange, that while the clergy
had much credit at court, they had never represented this
as sacrilege, unless it was applied to some religious pur-
pose, and that during Archbishop Laud's favour with King
Charles the First, or at the restoration of King Charles the
Second, no endeavours had been used to appropriate this
to better uses. Sacrilege was charged on other things on
very slight grounds ; but this, which was more visible, was
always forgot.
When 1 wrote the History of the Reformation, I consi-
dered this matter so particularly, that I saw here was a
proper fund for providing better subsistence to the poor
clergy ; we having among us some hundreds of cures, that
have not of certain provision 20/, a-year, and some thou-
sands that have not 50/. Where the encouragement is so
small, what can it be expected clergymen should be ? It
is a crying scandal, that, at the restoration of King Charles
VOL. IV. P
V-vW
34 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1704. the Second, the bishops and other dignitaries, who raised
much above a million in fines, yet did so little this way. I
had possessed the late Queen with this, so that she was
fully resolved, if ever she had lived to see peace and set-
tlement, to have cleared this branch of the revenue of all
the assignations that were upon it, and to have applied it
to the augmentation of small benefices. This is plainly
insinuated in the essay that I wrote on her memory some
time after her death. I laid the matter before the late
King, when there was a prospect of peace, as a proper ex-
pression both of his thankfulness to Almighty God, and of
his care of the church ; I hoped that this might have gain-
ed the hearts of the clergy : it might at least have put a
stop to a groundless clamour raised against him, that he
was an enemy to the clergy, which began then to have a
very ill effect on all his afi'airs. He entertained this so
well, that he ordered me to speak to his ministers about it ;
they all approved it, the Lord Somers and the Lord Halli-
fax did it in a most particular manner : but the Earl of
Sunderland obtained an assignation upon two dioceses for
2000^ a-year for two lives ; so nothing was to be hoped
for after that. I laid this matter very fully before the pre-
sent Queen, in the King's time, and had spoke often of it
to the Lord Godolphin.
This time was perhaps chosen to pacify the angry clergy,
who were dissatisfied with the court, and began now to talk
of the danger the church was in, as much as they had done
during the former reign : this extraordinary mark of the
Queen's piety and zeal for the church, produced many ad-
dresses full of compliments ; but it has not yet had any
great effect in softening the tempers of peevish men. When
the Queen's message was brought to the House of Com-
mons, some of the whigs, particularly Sir John Holland
and Sir Joseph Jekyll, moved that the clergy might be en-
tirely freed from that tax, since they bore as heavy a share
of other taxes ; and that another fund might be raised of
the same value, out of which small benefices might be aug-
mented ; but this was violently opposed by Musgrave, and
other tories, who said, the clergy ought to be kept still in a
dependance on the crown.
Aq act pass- Upou the Quccu's message, a bill was brought in, en-
abling her to alienate this branch of the revenue, and to
cd about it.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 35
create a corporation by charter, to apply it to the use for i''"*-
which she now gave it : they added to this a repeal of the ^^"■''^
statute of Mortmain, so far as that it might be free to all
men, either by deed or by their last wills, to give what they
thought fit towards the augmenting of benefices. It was
suggested, how truly I cannot tell, that this addition was
made in hope that it would be rejected by the Lords, and
that the scandal of losing the bill might lie on them. It
occasioned a great debate in the House of Lords : it was
said, that this law was made and kept up even during the
times of popery, and it seemed not reasonable to open a
door to practices upon dying men. It was answered, that
we had not the arts of ati'rightening men by the terrors of
purgatory, or by fables of apparitions : where these were
practised, it was very reasonable to restrain priests from
those artifices by which they had so enriched their church,
that without some such effectual checks they would have
swallowed up the whole wealth of the world, as they had
indeed in England, during popery, made themselves mas-
ters of a full third part of the nation. The bishops were so
zealous and unanimous for the bill, that it was carried and
passed into a law. The Queen was pleased to let it be
known, that the first motion of this matter came from me :
such a project would have been much magnified at another
time ; and those who had promoted it would have been
looked on as' the truest friends of the church: but this did
not seem to make any great impression at that time ; only
it produced a set of addresses, from all the clergy of Eng-
land, full of thanks and just acknowledgments.
I come now, in the last place, to give the relation of the a plot di»-
discoveries made of a plot which took up much of the Lords' *="^*"^*
time, and gave occasion to many sharp reflections, that
passed between the two houses in their addresses to the
Queen. About the same time that the story of Frazier's
pass and negotiations began to break out. Sir John Mac-
clean, a papist, and the head of that tribe or clan in the
highlands and western isles of Scotland, came over from
France in a little boat, and landed secretly at Folkstone in
Kent : he brought his lady with him, though she had been
delivered of a child but eleven days before. He was taken
and sent up to London; and it seemed, by all circum-
stances, that he came over upon some important design :
V^/^
36 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
if04. he pretended at first, that he came only to go through Eng-
land and Scotland, and to take the benefit of the Queen's
general pardon there : but when he was told that the par-
don in Scotland was not a good wanant to come into Eng-
land, and that it was high treason to come from France
without a pass, he was not willing to expose himself to the
severity of the law : so he was prevailed on to give an ac-
count of all that he knew concerniMg the negotiations be-
tween France and Scotland. Some others were, at the
same time, taken up upon his information, and some upon
suspicion ; among these there was one Keith, whose uncle
was one of those who a\ as most trusted by the court of St.
Germain s, and whom they had sent over with Frazier, to
bring them an account of the temper the Scotch were in,
upon which they might depend. Keith had been long at
that court ; he had free access both to the Queen and
Prince, and hoped they would have made him under-secre-
tary for Scotland. For some time he denied that he knew
any thing, but afterwards he confessed he was made ac-
quainted with Frazier's transactions, and he undertook to
deal with his uncle to come and discover all he knew; and
pretended there was no other design among them, but to
iay matters so, that the Prince of Wales should reign after
the Queen. Ferguson offered himself to make great dis-
coveries : he said, Frazier was employed by the Duke of
Queensberry, to decoy some into a plot, which he had
framed, and intended to discover as soon as he had drawn
many into the guilt: he affirmed that there was no plot
among the Jacobites, who were glad to see one of the race
of the Stuarts on the throne ; and they designed, when the
state of the war might dispose the Queen to a treaty with
France, to get such terms given her as King Stephen emd
King Henry the Sixth had, to reign during her life. When
I heard this, I could not but remember what the Duke of
Athol had said to myself, soon after the Queen's coming to
the crown : I said, 1 hoped none in Scotland thought of the
Prince of Wales : he answered, he knew none that thought
of him as long as the Queen lived : I replied, that if any
thought of him after that, 1 was sure the Queen would live
no longer than till they thought tlieir designs for him were
well laid : but he seemed to have no apprehensions of that.
1 presently told the Queen this, without naming the person.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 37
and she answered me very quick, there was no manner of i704.
doubt of that : but though I could not but reflect often on '''^''^
that discourse, yet since it was said to me in confidence, I
never spoke of it to any person, during all the inquiry, that
was now on foot ; but I think it too material not to set it
down here. Ferguson was a man of a particular charac-
ter. Upon the Revolution he had a very good place given
him, but his spirit was so turned to plotting, that within a
few months after he turned about, and he has been ever
since the boldest and most active man of the Jacobite party.
He pretended he was now for high church, but many be-
lieved him a papist. There was matter of treason sworn
both against him and Keith, but there was only one witness
to it.
At the same time Lindsey was taken up ; he had been
under-secretary, first to the Earl of Melfort, and then to the
Earl of Midletoun : he had carried over from France the
letters and orders that gave rise to the Earl of Dundee's
breaking out, the year after the Revolution ; and he had been
much trusted at St. Germains : he had a small estate in
Scotland, and he pretended that he took the benefit of the
Queen's pardon, and had gone to Scotland to save that ;
and, being secured by this pardon, he thought he might
come from Scotland to England, but he could pretend no
colour for his coming to England ; so it was not doubted,
but that he came hither to manage their correspondence and
intrigues. He pretended he knew of no designs against the
Queen and her government; and that the court of St. Ger-
mains, and the Earl of Midletoun, in particular, had no
design against the Queen ; but when he was shewed Fra-
zier's commission to be a colonel, signed by the pretended
King, and ccruntersigned Midletoun, he seemed amazed at
it ; he did not pretend it was a forgery, but he said that
things of that kind were never communicated to him.
At the same time that these were taken up, others were
taken on the coast of Sussex ; one of these, Boucher, was
a chief officer in the Duke of Berwick's family, who was
then going to Spain ; but it was suspected that this was a
blind to cover his going to Scotland. The House of Lords
apprehended, that this man was sent on great designs, and
suspecting a remissness in the ministry, in looking after
and examining those who came from France, they made
Queen.
38 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
15^04. an address to the Queen, that Boucher might be well looked
^^''^ to : they did also order Sir John Macclean to be brought
before them; but the Queen sent them a message, that
Macclean's business was then in a method of examination,
and that she did not think fit to alter that for some time :
but as for Boucher, and those who were taken with him,
the Earl of Nottingham told the House that they were
brought up, and that they might do with them as they
pleased : upon that the House sent back Macclean, and
ordered the usher of the black rod to take the other prison-
ers into his custody, and they named a committee of seven
lords to examine them. At this time, the Queen came to
the parliament, and acquainted both houses, that she had
unquestionable proofs of a correspondence between France
and Scotland, with which she would acquaint them, when
the examinations were taken.
Dispates The Commons were in an ill humour against the Lords,
between tbe and SO they Were glad to find occasions to vent it. They
ill addresses thouglit the Lords ought uot to have entered upon this ex-
^ihe amination ; they complained of it as of a new and unheard-of
thing, in an address to the Queen ; they said it was an inva-
sion of her prerogative, which they desired her to exert. This
was a proceeding without a precedent ; the parliamentary
method was, when one House was offended with any thing
done in the other, conferences were demanded, in which
matters were freely debated ; to begin an appeal to the throne
w as new, and might be managed by an ill-designing prince,
so as to end in the subversion of the whole constitution ;
and it was an amazing thing, to see a House of Commons
affirm, in so public a manner, and so positively, that the
Lords taking criminals into their own custody, in order to
an examination, was without warrant or precedent ; when
there were so many instances, fresh in every man's memo-
ry, especially since the time of the popish plot, of prece-
dents in both houses, that went much further ; of w hich a
full search has been made, and a long list of them was read
in the House of Lords. That did not a little confound
those among them, who w ere believed to be in a secret cor-
respondence with the House of Commons : they were forced
to confess, that they saw the Lords had clear precedents to
justify them in what they had done, of which tliey were in
great doubt before.
^^/-*^
OF QtEEN ANNfi. 39
''The Lords upon this made a very long address to the ^^^04.
Queen, in which they complained of the ill usage they had
met with trom the House of Commons ; they used none of
those hard words, that were in the address, made against
them by the House of Commons, yet they justified every
step they had taken, as founded on the law and practice of
parliament, and no way contrary to the duty and respect
they owed the Queen. The behaviour of the House of Com-
mons was such, on this occasion, as if they had no mind that
plots should be narrowly looked into ; no house of parliament,
and indeed no court of judicature, did examine any persop,
without taking him inio their own custody during such ex-
amination ; and if a person's being in custody must restrain
a house of parliament from examining him, here was a
maxim laid down, by which bad ministers might cover
themselves from any inquiry into their ill practices, only
by taking the persons, who could make discoveries, into
custody : the Lords also set forth the ill consequences that
might follow, upon one house of parliament carrying their
complaints of another to the throne, without taking first the
proper method of conferences. This address was drawn
with the utmost force, as well as beauty and decency of
style ; and was reckoned one of the best pieces of its kind
that were in all the records of parliament. The Queen, in
her answer, expressed a great concern to see such a dis-
pute between the two houses.
Boucher, when he was examined, would confess nothing ;
he said, he was weary of living so long out of his country,
and that having made some attempt to obtain a pass, when
that was denied him, he chose, rather than to live always
abroad, to come and cast himself upon the Queen's mercy : it
did not seem reasonable to believe this ; so the Lords made an
address to the Queen, that he might have no hopes of par-
don, till he was more sincere in his discoveries ; and they
prayed that he might be prosecuted on the statute : he con-
fessed his crime, and was condemned, but continued still
denying that he knew any thing : few could believe this ;
yet there being no special matter laid against him, his case
was to be pitied : he proved, that he had saved the lives of
many prisoners, during the war of Ireland, and that during
the war in Flanders, he had been very careful of all Eng-
lish prisoners : when all this was laid before the Lords, they
40 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1704. ^id jjot think fit to carry the matter farther ; so he was re--
prieved, and that matter slept.
About the end of January, the Queen sent the examina-
tions of the prisoners to the two houses : the House of Com-
mons heard them read, but passed no judgment upon them,,
nor did they offer any advice to the Queen, upon this occa-
sion ; they only sent them back to the Queen, with thanks
for communicating them, and for her wisdom and care of
the nation : it was thought strange, to see a business of this
nature treated so slightly, by a body that had looked in
former times more carefully to things of this kind ; espe-
cially since it had appeared, in many instances, how dex-
terous the French were in raising distractions in their ene-
mies' countiy : it was evident, that a negotiation w as begun^r
and had been now carried on for some time, for an army
that was to be sent from France to Scotland : upon this,,
which was the main of the discovery, it was very amazing
to see, that the Commons neither offered the Queen any ad-
vice, nor gave her a vote of credit, for any extraordinary
expense, in which the progress of that matter might engage
her ; a credit so given might have had a great eflfect, towards
defeating the design, when it appeared how well the Queen
was furnished to resist it : this coldness, in the House of
Commons, gave great and just ground of suspicion, that
those, who had the chief credit there, did not act heartily,
in order to the defeating all such plots, but were willing to
let them go on, without check or opposition.
The Lords The Lords resolved to examine the whole matter nar-
ordered a jowly *. the Earl of Nottingham laid before them, an ab-
seoret exa- /» n i • j. ^i -i i i i
miuation of stract of all the exammations the council had taken ; but
all who were gQu^g took great exceptions to it, as drawn on design to
suspected to . ° . • i i i i ,-,.■,.
be iu this make it appear more inconsiderable than they believed it
P^°'* to be : the substance of the whole was, that there went many
messages between the courts of St. Germains and Ver-
sailles, ^vith relation to the affairs of Scotland ; the court of
Versailles was willing io send an army to Scotland, but
they desired to be well assured of the assistance they might
expect there ; in order to which, some were sent over, ac-
cording to what Frazierhad told the Duke of Queensberry :
some of the papers were >vrit in gibberish ; so the Lords
moved that a reward should be offered, to any who should
decipher tliese. When the Lords asked the Earl of Not-
OF QUEEN ANNE
tiugham, if every thing was laid before them, he answered,
that there was only one particular kept from them ; because
they were in hopes of a discovery, that was like to be of
more consequence than all the rest : so after the delay of a
few days, to see the issue of it, which was Keith's endea-
vouring to persuade his uncle (who knev/ every step that
had been made, in the whole progress of this affair) to come
in and discover it, when they were told there was no more
of that, the Lords ordered the committee, which had exa-
mined Boucher, to examine into all these discoveries.
Upon this, the Commons, who expressed a great uneasiness
at every step the Lords made in the matter, went with a
new address to the Queen, insisting on their former com-
plaints against the proceedings of the Lords, as a wrest-
ling the matter out of the Queen's hands, and the taking it
wholly into their own ; and they prayed the Queen to re-
sume her prerogative, thus violated by the Lords, whose
proceedings they affirmed to be without a precedent.
The seven lords went on with their examinations, and
after some days they made a report to the House : Mac-
clean's confession was the main thing : it was full and par-
ticular ; he named the persons that sat in the council at St.
Germains : he said, the command was offered to the Duke
of Berwick, which he declined to accept, till trial was made
whether Duke Hamilton would accept of it, who he thought
was the proper person : he told likewise, what directions
had been sent to hinder the settling the succession in Scot-
land ; none of which particulars were in the paper that the
Earl of Nottingham had brought to the House of his con-
fession. It was farther observed, that all the rest, whose
examinations amounted to little, were obliged to write their
o\^Ti confessions, or at least to sign them : but Macclean
had not done this ; for after he had delivered his confession
by word of mouth to the Earl of Nottingham, that lord wrote
it all from his report, and read it to him the next day ; upon
which he acknowledged, it contained a full account of all
lie had said. Macclean 's discovery to the lords v/as a
clear series of all the counsels and messages, and it gave a
full view of the debates and opinions in the council at St.
Germains, all which was oiT\itted in that which was taken
by the Earl of Nottingham, and his paper concerning it was
both short and dark ; there was an appearance of truth in
VOL. IV. G
42 HISTORY OF THE REMN
^^ all that Macclean told, and a regular progress was set
forth in it.
Upon these observations, those lords, who were not sa-
tisfied with the Earl of Nottingham's paper, intended to
have passed a censure upon it, as imperfect : it was said,
in the debate that followed upon this motion, either Mac-
clean was asked, who was to command the army to be sent
into Scotland, or he was not ; if he was asked the question,
and had answered it, then the Earl of Nottingham had not
served the Queen or used the parliament well, since he had
not put it in the paper ; if it was not asked, here was great
remissness in a minister, when it was confessed, that the
sending over an army \>4as in consultation, not to ask who
was to command that army. Upon this occasion, Ihe Earl
of Torrington made some reflections, that had too deep a
venom in them : he said, the Earl of Nottingham did prove,
that he had often read over the paper, in which he had set
down Macclean's confession, in his hearing ; and had asked
■him, if all he had confessed to him was not fully set down
in that paper; to which he always answered, that every
thing he had said was contained in it. Upon this, that Earl
observed, that Macclean, having perhaps told his whole
story to the Earl of Nottingham, and finding afterwards,
that he had writ such a defective account of it, he had rea-
son to conclude, (for he believed, had he been in his condi-
tion, he should have concluded so himself,) that the Earl of
Nottingham had no mind, that he should mention any thing,
but what he had wTit down, and that he desired that the rest
might be suppressed: he could not judge of others but by
himself; if his life had been in danger, and if he were inter-
rogated by a minister of state, who could do him either
much good or much hurt, and if he had made a full discovery
to him, but had observed that this minister, in taking his
confession in writing, had omitted many things, he should
have understood that, as an intimation that he was to speak
of these things no more ; and so he believed he should have
said it was all, though at the same time he knew it was not
all, that he had said. It was hereupon moved, that Mac-
clean might be sent for and interrogated, but the party was
not strong enough to carry any thing of that kind ; and by
a previous vote it was carried, to put no question concern-
ing the Earl of Nottingham's paper.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 43
The Lords were highly oftended with Ferguson's paper, ^'^^'^•
and passed a severe vote against those lords who had re- ^^^^^
ceived such a scandalous paper from him, and had not
ordered him to be prosecuted upon it, which they directed
the Attorney-General to do. It was apparent, there was a
train of dangerous negotiations, that passed betAveen Scot-
land and St. Germains, though they could not penetrate
into the bottom and depth of it : and the design of Keith's
bringing in his uncle, was managed so remissly, that it was
generally concluded that it was not in earnest desired it
should succeed. During these debates, one very extra-
ordinary thing happened : — the Earl of Nottingham did,
upon three or four occasions, affirm, that something had
been ordered in the cabinet council, which the Dukes of
Somerset and Devonshire, who were likewise of that coun-
cil, did not agree with him in.
After all these examinations and debates, the Lords con- The Lords'
eluded the whole matter, with voting that there had been upon ihe
dangerous plots between some in Scotland and the court of "^^^"'^ ™*^-
France and St. Germains ; and that the encouragement of
this plotting came, from the not settling the succession
to the crown of Scotland in the house of Hanover : these
votes they laid before the Queen; and promised, that when
this was done, they would endeavour to promote the union
of the two kingdoms, upon just and reasonable terms.
This being ended, they made a long and vigorous ad- ^" address
dress, in answer to that which the Commons had made t||e,'nre^d.
against them: they observed, how uneasy the Commons i"?^f the
had been at the whole progress of their inquiry into this
matter, and had taken methods to obstruct it all they
could ; which did not shew that zeal for the Queen's safety,
and the preservation of the nation, to which all men pre-
tended : they annexed to their address a list of many prece-
dents, to shew what good warrants they had for every step
they had made : they took not the examination to them-
selves, so as to exclude others who had the same right, and
might have done it as well as they, if they had pleased :
their proceedings had been regular and parliamentary, as
well as full of zeal and duty to the Queen : they made
severe observations on some of the proceedings in the
House of Commons, particularly on their not ordering
writs to be issued out for some boroughs, to proceed
4i HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i'«4. to new elections, when they, upon pretence ol" corruption,
^"'^^^ had voted an election void ; wliich had been practised
oi' late, when it was visible that the election would not fall
on tlie person they favoured. They charged this as a
denial of justice, and of the right that such boroughs had
to be represented in Parliament, and as an arbitrary and il-
legal way of proceeding : this address was penned with
great care and much force. These addresses were dra\^m
by the Lord Somers, and were read over, and considered
and corrected very critically, by a few lords, among whom
I had the honour to be called for one. This, with the
other papers that were published by the Lords, made a
great impression on the body of the nation: for the dif-
ference that was betw een these, and those published by the
House of Commons, was indeed so visible, that it did not
admit of any comparison, and w as confessed even by those
who were the most partial to them.
An act for An act passed in this session, which may be of great ad-
vantage to the nation, if well executed ; otherwise, since it
is only enacted for one jear, it mil not be of much use : it
empowers the justices of peace, or any three of them, to
take up such idle persons, as have no callings nor means of
subsistence, and to deliver them to the officers of the army,
upon paying them the levy money, that is allowed for
making recruits : the methods of raising these hitherto, by
drinking and other bad practices, as they were justly
odious, so they were now so well known, that they were no
more of any efl'ect : so that the army could not be recruit-
ed, but by the help of this act. And if this is well ma-
naged, it will prove of great advantage to the nation ; since
by this means they will be delivered from many vicious
and idle persons, who are become a burthen to their coun-
try : and indeed there was of late years so great an increase
of the poor, that their maintenance was become in most
places a very heavy load, and amounted to the full half of
the public taxes. The party in both houses, that had been
all along cold and backward in the war, opposed this act
with unusual vehemence ; they pretended zeal for the pub-
lic liberty, and the freedom of the person, to which, by
the constitution, they said every Englishman had a right ;
which they thought could not be given away, but by a legal
judgment, and for some crime. They tliought this put
OF QUEEN ANNE. 45
a power in the hands of justices of peace, which might be ^^^04.
stietched and abused, to serve bad ends : thus men, that
seemed engaged to an interest that was destructive to all li-
berty, could yet make use of that specious pretence to
serve their purpose. The act passed, and has been conti-
nued from year to year, with a very good effect: only
a visible remissness appears in some justices, who are se-
cretly influenced by men of ill designs.
The chief objection made to it in the House of Lords An address
was, that the justices of peace had been put in and put out, ^"""/"e^
in so strange a manner, ever since Wright had the great of peace.
seal, that they did not deserve so great a power should
l)e conmiitted to them : many gentlemen, of good estates,
and antient families, had been of late put out of the com-
mission, for no other visible reason, but because they had
gone in heartily to the Revolution, and had continued zea-
lous for the late King. This seemed done on design to
mark them, and to lessen the interest they had in the elec-
tions of members of parliament : and at the same time,
men of no worth nor estate, and known to be ill-affected to
the Queen's title, and to the protestant succession, were
put in, to the great encouragement of ill designing men :
all was managed by secret accusations, and characters that
were very partially given. AYright was a zealot to the
party, and was become very exceptionable in all respects :
money, as was said, did every thing with him ; only in his
court, I never heard him charged for any thing but great
slowness, by which tlie Chancery w as become one of the
heaviest grievances of the nation. An address was made
to the Queen complaining of the commissions of the peace,
in which the Lords delivered their opinion, that such as
would not serve, or act under the late King, were not fit to
serve her Majesty.
With this the session of parliament was brought to a The ill tem-
quiet conclusion, after much heat and a great deal of con- e^e^ciaii^of
tention between the two houses : the Queen, as she thank- the ckrgv.
ed them for the supplies, so she again recommended union
and moderation to them. These words, which had hitherto
carried so good a sound that all sides pretended to them,
were now become so odious to violent men, that even in
sermons, chiefly at Oxford, they were arraigned as import-
ing somewhat that was unkind to the church, and that fa-
46 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
170*. voured the dissenters : the House of Commons had, dur-
ing this session, lost much of their reputation, not only
with fair and impartial judges, but even with those who
were most inclined to favour them. It is true, the body of
the freeholders began to be uneasy under the taxes, and to
cry out for a peace : and most of the capital gentry of
England, who had the most to lose, seemed to be ill-turned,
and not to apprehend the dangers we were in, if we should
fall under the power of France, and into the hands of the
pretended Prince of Wales ; or else they were so fatally
blinded, as not to see that these must be the consequences
of those measures in which they were engaged.
The universities, Oxford especially, have been very un-
happily successful in corrupting the principles of those
who were sent to be bred among them : so that few of them
escaped the taint of it, and the generality of the clergy
were not only ill-principled, but ill-tempered ; they ex-
claimed against all moderation as endangering the church,
though it is visible that the church is in no sort of danger,
from either the numbers or the interest that the dissenters
have among us, w hich by reason of the toleration is now so
quieted, that nothing can keep up any heat in those mat-
ters, but the folly and bad humour that the clergy are
possessed with, and which they infuse into all those with
^vhom they have credit : l)ut at the same time, though the
great and visible danger that hangs over us is from popery,
w hich a miscarriage in the present war must let in upon us,
with an inundation not to be either resisted or recovered,
they seem to be blind on that side, and to apprehend and fear
nothing from that quarter.
The convocation did little this winter; they continued
tlieir former ill practices, but little opposition was made to
them, as very little regard w as had to them : they drew up
a representation of some abuses in the ecclesiastical dis-
cipline, and in the consistorial courts; but took care to
mention none of those greater ones, of which many among
themselves were eminently guilty ; such as pluralities, non-
residence, the neglect of their cures, and the irregularities
in the lives Oi' the clergy, which were too visible.
Tilt Duke of Soon after the session was ended, the Duke of Marlbo-
Totlh"yent ^Q^^S^ wcut ovcr to Holland. He had gone over for some
toHoii..nd weeks, at the desire of the states, in January, and then
iiiAviuter. ^ ^ v ->
OF QUEEN ANNE. 47
there was a scheme fohned for the operations of the next ^~^
campaign. It was resolved that, instead of a fruitless one ^^'^'^
in the Netherlands, they would have a small army there, to
lie only on the defensive, which was to be commanded by
M. Auverquerque ; but that, since the Rhine was open, by
the taking of Bonne, all up to the Mozelle, their main
army, that was to be commanded by the Duke of Marlbo-
rough, should act there : more was not understood to be
designed, except by those who were taken into the confi-
dence. Upon this, all the preparations for the campaign
were ordered to be carried up to the Rhine ; and so every
thing was in readiness, when he returned back to them in
April : the true secret was in few hands, and the French
had no hint of it, and seemed to have no apprehensions
about it.
The Earl of Nottingham was animated by the party, to T?*^ ?"' **
'? 1 T^ 1 n ri Nottingham
press the Queen to dismiss the Dukes of Somerset and quitted his
Devonshire from the cabinet council, at least that they P^*^^*
might be called thither no more : he moved it often, but
finding no inclination in the Queen to comply %\ith his mo-
tion, he carried the signet to her, and told her, he could not
serve any longer in councils to which these lords were ad-
mitted : but the Queen desired him to consider better of it.
He returned next day, fixed in his first resolution, to which
he^adhered the more steadily, because the Queen had sent The Earl of
to the Earl of Jersey for the lord chamberlain's stafi", and and sir^Erf-
to Sir Edward Seymour for the comptroller's. Tlie Earl «ard Sej-
of Jersey was a weak man, but crafty and well practised ^^^^
in the arts of a court : his lady was a papist, and it was
believed, that while he was ambassador in France, he was
secretly reconciled to the court of St. Germains : for after
that, he seemed hi their interests. It was one of the re-
proaches of the last reign, that he had so much credit with
the late King ; who was so sensible of it, that if he had
lived a little while longer he would have dismissed him : he
was considered as the person that was now in the closest
correspondence with tlie comt of France ; and though he
was in himself a very inconsiderable man, yet he was ap-
plied to by all those who wished well to the court of St.
Germains. The Earl of Kent had the stafi": he was the
first Earl of England, and had a great estate. Mansell,
the heir of a great family in AVales, was made comptioUer ;
48 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1704. and after a month's delay, Harley, the speaker, was made
^""'^ secretary of state.
The Duke But now I tum to give an account of the affairs abroad :
rough coll- ^^^ Emperor Avas reduced to the last extremities; the
dacted his Elcctor of Bavaria was master of the Danube all down to
aeM^ae-^' Passau, and the malecontents in Hungary were making a
crecy. formidable progress. The Emperor was not in a condition
to maintain a defensive war long, on both hands ; so that
when these should come to act by concert, no opposition
could be made to them. Thus his affairs had a very black
appearance, and utter iiiin was to l)e apprehended ; Vienna
would be probably besieged on both sides ; and it was not
in a condition to make a long defence : so the house of
Austria seemed lost. Prince Eugene proposed that the
Emperor should implore the Queen's protection ; this was
agreed to, and Count Wratislaw managed the matter at
our court, with great application and secrecy ; the Duke of
Marlborough saw the necessity of undertaking it, and re-
solved to try, if it was possible, to put it in execution.
When he went into Holland in the winter, he proposed it
to the Pensioner, and other persons of the greatest confi-
dence ; they approved of it, but it was not advisable to
propose it to the states ; at that time, many of them would
not have thought their country safe, if their army should be
sent so far from them : nothing could be long a secret that
was proposed to such an assembly, and the main hope of
succeeding in this design, lay in the secrecy with which it
was conducted. Under the blind of the project for carry-
ing the war to the Mozelle, every thing was prepared, that
was necessary for executing the tiue design. When the
Duke went over the second time, that which was proposed
in public, related only to the motions towards the Mozelle ;
so he drew his army together in May : he marched towards
the Mozelle, but he went farther ; and after he had gained
the advance of some days of (he French troops, he wrote
to the stales from Ladeuburg, to let (hem know, that he had
the Queen's order to march to the relief of the empire, with
-which he hoped they Avould agree, and allow of his carry-
ing their troops to share in tlie honour of that expedition :
he had their answer as quick as the courier could carry it,
by which they approved of the design, and of his currying
their troops witli him.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 49
So he marched with all possible expedition from the i704.
Hhine to the Danube, which was a great surprise to the Hemarcbed
court of France, as well as to the Elector of Bavaria. The t° the Dar
King of France sent orders to Marshal Tallard to march
in a:ll haste with the best troops they had to support the
Elector, who apprehended that the Duke of .Marlborough
would endeavour to pass the Danube at Donawert, and so
break into Bavaria : to prevent that, he posted about sixteen
thousand of his best troops at Schellenberg, near Donawert,
which was looked on as a very strong and tenable post. The
Duke of Marlborough joined the Prince of Baden, with the
imperial army, in the beginning of July ; and, after a long
inarch, continued from three in the morning, they came up ihe battu*
to the Bavarian troops towards the evening : they were so °^^cheiieu.
well posted, that our men were repulsed in the three first
attacks with gTeat loss : at last the enemy were beat from
their posts, which was followed with a total rout, and we
became masters of their camp, their artillery, and their bag-
gage. Their general, Arco, with many others, swam over
the Danube: others got into Donawert, which they aban-
doned next morning, with that precipitation, that they were
not able to execute the Elector's cruel orders, which were
to set fire to the town if they should be forced to abandon
it : great quantities of straw were laid in many places, as
a preparation for that, in case of a misfortiuic
Tlie best half of the Bavarian forces were now entirely
routed ; about five thousand of them were killed : we lost
as many, for the action was very hot, and our men were
much exposed ; yet they went still on, and continued the
attack with such resolution, that it let the generals see how
much they might depend on the courage of their soldiers.
Now we were masters of Donawert, and thereby of a pas-
gage over the Danube, which laid all Bavaria open to our
army : upon that, the Elector, with Marshal ^[arsin, drew
the rest of his army under the cannon of Augsburgh, where
he lay so well posted, that it was not possible to attack
him, nor to force him out of it : the Duke of Marlborough
followed him, and got between him and his countiy, so
that it was wholly in his power. When he iiad him at this
disadvantage, he entered upon a treaty with him, and of-
fered him what terms he could desire, either for himself or
his brother, even to the paying him the whole charge of the
VOL. IV. H
v*v^
50 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1704. -^ar, upon condition that he would immediately break with
the French, and send his array into Italy, to join mth the
imperialists there : his subjects, who were now at mercy,
pressed him vehemently to accept of those terms : he
seemed inclined to hearken to them, and messengers went
often between the tu o armies : but this was done only to
gain time, for he sent courier after courier, with most press-
ing instances to liasten the advance of the French army.
When he saw he could gain no more time, the matter went
so far, that the articles were ordered to be made ready for
signing. In conclusion, he refused to sign them ; and then
severe orders were given for military execution on his
country. Every thing that was within the reach of the
army, that was worth taking, was brought away, and the
rest was burnt and destroyed.
The t\\o generals did after that resolve on further action;
and since the Elector's camp could not be forced, the siege
of Ingolstad was to be carried on : it was the most impor-
tant place he had, in which his great magazines were laid
up. The Prince of Baden went to besiege it, and the Duke
of Marlborough was to cover the siege, in conjunction
with Prince Eugene, who commanded a body of the impe-
rial army, which was now drawn out of the posts into
which they had been put, in order to hinder the march of
the French; but they were not able to maintain them,
against so great a force as was now coming up : these
formed a great army. Prince Eugene, having intelligence
of the quick motions of the French, posted his troops,
that were about eighteen thousand, as advantageously as
he could ; and went to concert matters with the Duke
of Marlborough, who lay at some distance. He upon
that marched towards the Prince's army with all possi-
ble haste, and so the two armies joined: it was now
in the beginning of August. The Elector hearing how
near M. Tallard was, marched with M. Marsin, and joined
him. Their armies advanced very near ours, and were well
posted ; having the Danube on one side, and a rivulet on
the other, whose banks were high, and in some places
formed a morass before them. The two French armies
were now in view one of another: the French were supe-
rior to us in foot, by about ten thousand ; but we had three
tliousand horse more than they : the post of which they
OF CiUEEN ANNE. 51
were possessed was capable of being, in a very little time, ^^04.
put out of all clanger of future attacks ; so the Duke of "^^"^
Marlborough and Prince Eugene saw how important it
was, to lose no time, and resolved to attack them the next
morning. They saw the danger of being forced, otherAAisc,
to lie idle in their camp, till their forage should be con-
sumed, and their provisions spent. They had also inter-
cepted letters from Marshal Villeroy to the Elector, by
which it appeared, that he had orders to march into Wir-
temberg, to destroy that country, and to cut off the
communication with the Rhine, which must have been
fatal to us: so the necessary dispositions were made
for the next morning's action. Many of the general
officers came and represented to the Duke of Marlbo-
rough the difficulties of the design; he said, he saw
these well, but the thing was absolutely necessary: so
they were sent to give orders every where, which was re-
ceived all over the army with an alacrity that gave a
happy presage of the success that followed. ,
I will not venture on a particular relation of that great
day : I have seen a copious account of it, prepared by the
Duke of Marlborough's orders, that will be printed some
time or other : but there are some passages in it, which
make him not think it fit to be published presently. He
told me, he never saw more evident characters of a special
Providence, than appeared that day : a signal one related
to his own person : a cannon-ball went into the ground so
ueai' him, that he was some time quite covered with the
cloud of dust and earth that it raised about him. J will
sum up the action in a few words.
Our men quickly passed the brook, the French making The battle of
no opposition : this was a fatal eiTor, and was laid aa holly
to Tallard's charge : the action that followed was, for some
time, very hot; many fell on both sides; ten battalions of
the French stood their ground, but were, in a manner,
mowed down in their ranks : upon that the horse ran many
of them into the Danube ; most of these perished : Tallard
himself was taken prisoner. The rest of his troops were
posted in the village of Blenheim : these, seeing all lost,
and that some bodies were advancing upon them, which
seemed to them to be thicker than indeed they were, and
apprehending that it was impossible to break through, they
V*\-w/
52 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1704. did not attempt it, though brave men might have made their
way. Instead of that, when our men came up to set fire to
the village, the Earl of Orkney first beating a parley, they
hearkened to it very easily, and were all made prisoners of
war. There were about thirteen hundred officers, and
twelve thousand common soldiers, who laid doAvn their
arms, and Avere now in our hands. Thus all Tallard's
army was either killed in the action, drowned in the Da-
nube, or become prisoners by capitulation. Things went
not so easily on Prince Eugene's side, where the Elector
and Marsin commanded : he was repulsed in three attacks,
but carried the fourth, and broke in; and so he was master
of their camp, cannon, and baggage. The enemy retired
in some order, and he pursued them as far as men, wearied
with an action of about six hours, in an extieme hot day,
could go : thus we gained an entire victory. In this action
tliere was on our side about twelve thousand killed and
wounded ; but the French and the Elector lost about forty
thousand killed, wounded, and taken.
The Elector marched with all the haste lie could to Ulm,.
where he left some troops, and then, with a small body, got
to Villeroy's army. Now all Bavaria was at mercy ; the
Electoress received the civilities due to her sex, but she was
forced to submit to such terms as were imposed on her :
Ingolstad, and all the fortified places in the electorate,
with the magazines that were in them, were soon delivered
up : Augsburgh, Ulm, and Meming, quickly recovered
their liberty ; so now our armj, having put a speedy con-
clusion to the war, that was got so far into the bowels of
the empire, marched quickly back to the Rhine. The Em-
peror made great acknowledgments of this signal service,
which the Duke of Marlborough had done him, and upon it
offered to make him a prince of the empire ; he very de-
cently said, he could not accept of this, till he knew the
Queen's pleasure ; and, upon her consenting to it, he was
created a prince of the empire, and, about a year after,
Mindleheim was assigned him for his principality.
Upon this great success in Germany, the Duke of Savoy
sent a very pressing mess.age for a present supply. The
Duke of Vendome was in Piedmont, and, after a long
siege, had taken Verceil, and was like to make a further
progress : the few remains of the imperial aimy, that lay in
OF QUEEN ANNE. 53
the Modenese, gave but a small diversion ; the Grand Prior ^^O'*-
had so shut them up, that they lay on a feeble defensive. ^"^'^
Baron Leiningen was sent, with another small army, into
the Brescian ; but he was so ill supplied, that he could do
nothing but eat up the country ; and the Venetians were
so feeble and so fearful, that they suffered their country to
be eat up by both sides, without declaring for or against
either. The Prince of Baden insisted on undertaking the
siege of Landau, as necessary to secure the circles, Suabia
in particular, from the excursions of that garrison: this
was popular in Germany, and though the Duke of Marlbo-
rough did not approve it, he did not oppose it with all the
authority that his great success had given him : so the
Prince of Baden undertook it, while the Duke, with his
army, covered the siege. This was universally blamed;
for while France was in the consternation which the late
great loss brought them under, a more vigorous proceeding
was like to have greater effects ; besides that the imperial
army was ill provided ; the great charge of a siege was
above their strength : the Prince of Baden suffered much
in his reputation for this undertaking : it was that which
the French \vished for ; and so it was suspected that some
secret practice had prevailed on that Prince to propose it.
It is certain that he was jealous of the glory the Duke had
got, in which he had no share ; and it was believed that if
he had not gone to besiege Ingolstad, the battle had never
been fought: he was indeed so fierce a bigot in his religion,
that he could not bear the successes of those he called he-
retics, and the exaltation which he thought heresy might
have upon it.
While the Duke of Marlborough lay covering the siege,
Villeroy with his army came and looked on him ; but as
our soldiers were exalted Avith their success, so the French
were too much dispirited with their losses to make any
attack, or to put any thing to hazard, in order to raise the
siege. They retired back, and went into quarters, and
trusted to the bad state of the imperial army, who were ill
provided and ill supplied : the garrison made as vigorous
a defence, and drew out the siege to as great a length as
could be expected : the Prince of Baden had neither en-
gineers nor ammunition, and wanted money to provide
them ; so that if the Duke had not supplied him, he must
54 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^'^^*- have been forced to srive it over. The King: of the Romans.'
came again to have the honour of taking the place ; his
behaviour there did not serve to raise his character; he
was not often in the places of danger, and was content to
look on at a great and safe distance ; he was always beset
with priests, and such a face of superstition and bigotry
appeared about him, that it very much damped the hopes
that were given of him.
The Dnke When it appeared, that there was no need of an army
of Maribo- to covcr the siege, and that the place could not hold out
vancecf to many days, the Duke of Marlborough resolved to possess
Triers. himself of Triers, as a good winter quarter, that brought
him near the contines of France ; from whence he might
open the campaign next year, with great advantage : and
he reckoned that the taking of Traerback, even in that
advanced season, would be soon done : and then the com-
munication with Holland, by water, Avas all clear : so that
during the mnter every thing that was necessary could be
brought up thither from Holland safe and cheap. This he
executed with that diligence, that the French abandoned
every place as he advanced with such precipitation, that
they had not time given them to burn the places they for-
sook, according to the barbarous method which they had
long practised. The Duke got to Triers, and that being a
large place, he posted a great part of his army in and about
it, and left a sufficient force with the Prince of Hesse for
the taking of Traerback, which held out some weeks, but
capitulated at last. Landau was not taken before the mid-
dle of November.
Thus ended this glorious campaign ; in which England
and Holland gained a very unusual gloiy : for as they had
never sent their armies so far by land, so their triumphant
return helped not a little to animate and unite their coun-
sels. Prince Eugene had a just share in the honour of
this great expedition, which he had chiefly promoted by his
counsels, and did so nobly support by his conduct. The
Prince of Baden had no share in the public joy : his con-
duct was as bad as could be, and the fret he was possessed
with, upon the glory that the otliei- generals canicd from'
him, threw him, as was believed, into a languishing, of
which he never quite recovered, and of wliich he died two
ycais after.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 55
At the conclusion of the campaign, the Duke of Marl- *^<^
borough went to Berlin, where he concerted the measures
for the next campaign, and agieed witli the King of Prussia
for eight thousand of his troops, which were to be sent to
Italy upon the Queen's pay. He had settled matters with
the Emperor's ministers, so that they undertook to send
Prince Eugene, with an army of twenty thousand men, who
should begin their march into Italy, as soon as it was pos-
sible to pass the mountains : of these the Queen and the.
states were to pay sixteen thousand. He returned by the
court of Hanover, where he was treated with all the honour
that the success of the campaign well deserved : he met
with the same reception in Holland, and was as much
considered and submitted to as if he had been their stadt-
holder. The credit he was in among them was very happy
to them, and was indeed necessary at that time for keep-
ing down their factions and animosities, which were rising
in every province, and in most of their towns. Only Am-
sterdam, as it was the most sensible of the common danger,
so it was not only quiet within itself, but it contributed not
a little to keep all the rest so, which was chiefly maintained
by the Duke of Marlborough's prudent management. Eng-
land was full of joy, and addresses of congratulation were
sent up from all parts of the nation ; but it was very visible,
that, in many places, the tones went into these very coldly;
and perhaps that made the whigs the more zealous and
affectionate.
I now turn to the other element, where our affairs were AflFairs «i
carried on more doubtfully. Rook sailed into the Straits,
where he reckoned he was strong enough for the Toulon
squadron, which was then abroad in the Mediterranean :
soon after that, a strong squadron from Brest passed by
Lisbon into the Straits. Methuen, our ambassador there,
apprehending, that if these two squadrons should join to
attack Rook, it would not be possible for him to fight
against so great a force, sent a man of war, that Rook
had left at Lisbon, with some particular orders, which
made him very unwilling to carry the message, but Me-
thuen promised to save him hai-mless : he upon that sailed
through the French fleet, and brought this important ad-
vertisement to Rook ; who told him, that on this occasion
he would pass by his not observing his orders, but that for
s«».
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
the future he would find the safest course was to obey
orders. Upon this Rook stood out of the way of the French,
towards the mouth of the Straits, and there he met Shovel
with a squadron of our best ships ; so being thus reinforced
he sailed up the Straits, bemg now in a condition, if need
were, to engage the French. He came before Barcelona,
where the Prince of Hesse Darmstadt assured him there was
a strong party ready to declare for King Charles, as it was
certain, that there was a great disposition in many to it :
but Rook woidd not stay above three days before it : so
that the motions within the town, and the discoveries that
many made of their inclinations, had almost proved fatal
to them. He answered, when pressed to stay a few days
more, that his orders were positive : he must make towards
Nice : which it was believed the French intended to be-
siege.
But as he was sailing that way, he had advice that the
t^rench had made no advances in that design : so he turned
his course westward, and came in sight of the French fleet,
sailing from Brest to Toulon : the advantage he had was so
visible, that it was expected he would have made towards
them ; he did it not : what orders he had was not known,
for the matter never came under examination : they got to
Toulon, and he steered another way. The whole French
fleet was then together in that harbour ; for though the
Toulon squadron had been out before, it was then in port.
A veiy happy accident had preserved a rich fleet of
merchant ships from Scanderoon, under the convoy of
three or four frigates, from falling into their hands : the
French fleet lay in their way in the Bay of Tunis, and no-
thing could have saved them from being taken, but that
which happened in the critical minute in which they need-
ed it ; a thick fog covered them all the while that they were
sailing by that bay, so that they had no apprehension of
the danger they were in, till they had passed it. I know it
is not possible to determine when such accidents rise from
a chain of second causes in the course of nature, and >\hen
they are directed by a special Providence ; but my mind
has always carried me so strongly to acknowledge the lat-
ter, that I love to set these reflections in the way of others,
that they may consider them with the same scrioua atten-
tion that I feel in myself.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 57
Rook, as he sailed back, fell in upon Gibraltar; ^vhere ^~*^^-
lie spent much powder, bombarding it to very little pur- Gibraltar
pose, that he might seem to attempt somewhat, though ^^'^^ ^''''^'^•
there was no reason to hope that he could succeed. Some
bold men ventured to go ashore, in a place where it was
not thought possible to climb up the rocks; yet they suc-
ceeded in it : when they got up, they saw all the women of
the town were come out, according to their superstition, to
a chapel there, to implore the Virgin's protection: they
seized on them, and that contributed not a little to dispose
those in the towTi to surrender : they had leave to stay or
go as they pleased ; and in case they staid, they were as-
sured of protection in their religion, and in every thing
else ; for the Prince of Hesse, who was to be their gover-
nor, was a papist : but they all went away, with the small
gaiTison that had defended the place. Tlie Prince of Hesse,
with the marines that were on board the fleet, possessed
himself of the place, and they were furnished out of the
stores that went with the fleet, with every thing that was
necessary for their subsistence or defence, and a regular
method was laid down of supplying them constantly from
Lisbon.
It has been much questioned, by men who understand
these matters well, whether our possessing ourselves of
Gibraltar, and our maintaining ourselves in it so long, was
to our advantage or not : it has certainly put us to a great
charge, and we have lost many men in it ; but it seems the
Spaniards, who should know the importance of the place
best, think it so valuable, that they have been at a much
greater charge, and have lost many more men, while they
have endeavoured to recover it, than the taking or keeping
it has cost us : and it is certain that in war, whatsoever loss
on one side occasions a greater loss of men or of treasure
to the other, must be reckoned a loss only to the side that
suflers most.
Our expedition in Portugal, and our armies there, which 'I'l,^^''' '*,
cost us so dear, and from Avhich we expected so much, had
not hitherto had any great efiects : the King of Portugal
expressed the best intentions possible ; but he was much
governed by his ministers, who v/ere all in the French inte-
rests : they had a great army, but they had made no pre-
parations for taking the field ; nor coitid they bring their
VOL. IV. I
'^rw/
58 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1704. troops together for want of provisions and carriages : the
forms of their government made them very slow, and not
easily accessible : they were too proud to confess that they
wanted any thing when tliey had nothing, and too lazy to
bestir themselves to execute what was in their power to do ;
and the King's ill health furnished them with an excuse,
for every thing that was defective, and out of order. The
priests, both in Spain and Portugal, were so universally in
the French interest, that even the house of Austria, that
had been formerly so much in their favour, was now in dis-
grace with them. Their alliance with heretics, and their
bringing over an army of them, to maintain their preteh-
tions, had made all their former services be forgotten. The
governing body at Rome did certainly engage all their zea-
lots every where to support that interest, which is now so
set on the destruction of heresy. King Philip advanced
towards the frontiers of Portugal, his army being com-
manded by the Duke of Berwick, w ho began to shine there,
though he had passed elsewhere for a man of no very great
character. They had several advantages of the Portuguese :
some of the English and Dutch battalions, which were so
posted that they could not be relieved, and in places that
were not tenable, fell into the enemies' hands, and were
made prisoners of war. Some of the general officers, who
came over, said to me, that if the Duke of Berwick had
followed his advantages, nothing could have hindered liis
coming to Lisbon. The Duke of Schomberg was a better
officer in the field than in the cabinet ; he did not enough
know how to prepare for a campaign; he was both too in-
active and too haughty ; so it was thought necessary to send
another to command. The Earl of Gall way was judged the
fittest person for that service ; he undertook it, more in sub-
mission to the Queen's commands, than out of any great
prospect or hopes of success ; things went on very heavily
there ; the distraction that the taking Gibraltar put the Spa-
niards in, as it occasioned a diversion of some of the Spa-
nish forces that lay on their frontier, so it furnished them
with advantages, which they took no care to improve.
Afij,'iitat Rook, after he had supplied Gibraltar, sailed again into
the Mediterranean ; and there he met the Count of Thou-
lous(% with tiie m hole French licet : they were superior to
the English in number, and hud many galleys with them that
sea.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 69
^V'Cre of great use. Rook called a council of war, in which ^'^'^^
it was resolved to engage them ; there was not due care ''^
taken to furnish all the ships with a sufficient quantity
of powder, for some had wasted a great part of their stock
of ammunition before Gibraltar, yet they had generally
twenty-five rounds, and it had seldom happened, that so
much powder was spent in an action at sea. On the 12th
of August, just ten days after the battle of Hocksted, the
two fleets engaged. Shovel advanced with his squadron
to a close fight, for it w as the maxim of our seamen to fight
as near as they could ; he had the advantage, and the squa-
dron before him gave way. Rook fought at agreater distance ;
many broadsides passed, and the engagement continued till
night parted them : some ships, that had spent all their am-
munition, were forced on that account to go out of the line ;
and if the French had come to a new engagement the next
day, it might have been fatal, since many of our ships were
without powder, whilst others had enough and to spare.
In this long and hot action, there was no ship of either
side, that was either taken, sunk, or burnt ; we made a shew
the next day, of preparing for a second engagement ; but
the enemy bore off, to the great joy of our fleet. The
French suffered much in this action, and went into Toulon
so disabled that they could not be put in a condition to go
to sea again in many months. They left the sea, as the field
of battle, to us, so the honour of the action remained ^v itli
us ; though the nation was not much lifted up with the
news of a drawn battle at sea with the French. We
were long without a certain account of this action, but
the modesty in which the King of France wrote of it to
the Archbishop of Paris, put us out of all fears ; for
uhereas their style was very boasting of their successes,
in this it was only said, that the action was to his advant-
age : from that cold expression we concluded the victory
was on our side.
When the full account was sent home from our fleet, the
partialities on both sides appeared very signally ; the tories
magnified this as a great victory, and in their addresses of
congratulation to the Queen, they joined this with that
which the Duke of Marlborough had gamed at Hocksted.
I understand nothing of sea matters, and therefore cannot
make a judgment in the point: I have heard men, skilled
60 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i''0 '• in those aifairs, differ much in the sentiments of Rook's
'"^"'^^ conduct in that action; some not only justifying but extol-
ling? it, as much as others condemned it. It was certainly ri-
diculous to set forth the glory of so disputable an engage-
ment, in the same words with the successes we had by
land. The fleet soon after sailed home for England, Leak
being left with a squadron, at Lisbon.
Tlie siege of The Spaniards drew all the forces they had in Andalusia
and Estremadura together, to retake Gibraltar ; that army
was commanded by the Duke of Villadarias : he had with
him some French troops, with some engineers of that
nation, who were chiefly relied on, and were sent from
France to carry on the siege. This gave some disgust to
the Spaniards, who were so foolish in their pride, that
though they could do nothing for themselves, and indeed
knew not how to set about it, yet could not bear to be taught
by others, or to see themselves out-done by them. The
siege was continued for above four months, during which
time the Prince of Hesse had many occasions given him to
distinguish liimself veiy eminently, both as to his courage,
conduct, and indefatigable application. Convoys came fre-
quently from Lisbon, with supplies of men and provisions ;
which the French were not able to hinder, or to intercept.
•Pointy at last came, with a squadron of twenty French
ships, and lay long in the bay, trying what could be done
by sea, while the place was pressed by land : upon that, a
much stronger squadron was sent from Lisbon, w ith a great
body of men, and stores of all sorts, to relieve the place
and to raise the siege ; and the court of France, not being
satisfied with the conduct of the Spanish general, sent
Marshal Tesse to carry on the siege with greater expedi-
tion. The Portuguese, all this while, made no use of the
diversion given by the siege of Gibraltar; they made great
demands on us, for England was now considered as a
source, that could never be exhausted : we granted all their
demands, and a body of horse was sent to them at a vast
charge. The King was in a very ill state of health, occa-
sioned by disorders in his youth ; he had not been treated
skilfully, so he was often relapsing, and was not in a con-
dition to apply himself much to business. For some time,
our Queen Dowager was set at the head of their councils :
lier administration was much commended, and she was
very careful of the English and all tlicir concerns.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 61
In Italy, the Duke ol" Savoy had a melancholy campaign, i'"^-
losing place after place ; but he supported his affairs with Affairs in
great conduct ; and shewed a firmness in his misfortunes, ^'*'J^-
beyond what could have been imagined. Verceil and
Yvrea gave the Duke of Vendome the trouble of a tedious
siege; they stood their ground as long as possible; the
Duke of Savoy's army was not strong enough to raise
tliese sieges, so both places fell in conclusion. The French
had not troops both to carry on the war and to leave gar-
risons in those places, so they demolished the fortifica-
tions ; after they had succeeded so far, they sat doun be-
fore Verue in the end of October. The Duke of Savoy
posted his army at Crescentino, over against it, on the other
side of the Po : he had a bridge of communication ; he
went often into the place, during the siege, to see and ani-
mate his men, and to give all necessary orders ; the sick
and wounded were carried away, and fresh men put in their
stead. This siege proved the most famous of all that had
been during the late Avars ; it lasted above five months, the
garrison being often changed, and always well supplied.
Tlie French army suftercd much by continuing the siege
all the A\ inter, and they were at a vast charge in carrying
it on; the bridge of communication was, after many un-
successful attempts, at last cut off; and the Duke of Sa-
voy being thus separated from th6 place, retired to Chivaz,
and left them to defend themselves as long as they could,
which they did beyond what could in reason have been ex-
pected. The Duke of Savoy complained much of the Em-
peror's failing to make good his promises ; but, in a dis-
course upon that subject with the Queen's envoy, he said,
though he w as abandoned by his allies, he would not aban-
don himself.
The poor people in the Cevennes suffered much this -^ndin Uic
summer : it was not possible to come to them with sup- ''^°°®'-
plies till matters should go better in Piedmont, of which
there was then no prospect : they were advised to preserve
themselves the best they could. Marshal Villars was sent
into the country to manage them with a gentler hand ; the
severe methods taken by those formerly employed being
now disowned, he was ordered to treat with their leaders,
and to offer them full liberty to serve God in their own
way A^ithout disturbance; they generally inclined to hearken
62 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
•^^ to this ; for they had now kept themselves in a body much
longer than was thought possible in their low and helpless
state : some of them capitulated, and took service in the
French army ; but, as soon as they came near the armies of
the allies, they deserted and went over to them : so that, by
all this practice, that fire was rather covered up at present
than quite extinguished.
H^"^* "5 '^'^^ disorders in Hungary had a deeper root, and a
greater strength ; it was hoped that the ruin of the Elector
of Bavaria would have quite disheartened them, and have
disposed them to accept of reasonable terms ; if the Em-
peror could have been prevailed on to offer them frankly,
and immediately upon their first consternation, after the
conquest of Bavaria. There were great errors in the go-
vernment of that kingdom : by a long course of oppres-
sion and injustice, the Hungarians were grown savage and
intractable ; they saw they w ere both hated and despised
by the Germans ; the court of Vienna seemed to consider
them as so many enemies, who were to be depressed in
order to their being extirpated : upon any pretence of plots
their persons w ere seized on, and their estates confiscated :
the Jesuits were believed to have a great share in all those
contrivances and prosecutions ; and it was said that they
purchased the confiscated estates upon very easy terms ;
the nobility of Hungary seemed irreconcileable to tlie
court of Vienna : on the other hand, those of that court,
who had these confiscations assigned them, and knew that
the restoring these would certainly be insisted on as a ne-
cessary article, in any treaty that might follow, did all they
could to obstruct such a treaty. It was visible that R*-
gotski, who was at their head, aimed at the principality of
Transylvania : and it was natural for the Hmigarians to
look on his arriving at that dignity, by which he could pro-
tect and assist them, as the best security they could liave.
On the other hand, the court of Vienna, being possessed of
that principality, would not easily part with it. In the
midst of all this fermentation, a revolution happened in the
Turkish empire : a new sultan was set up. So all things
were at a stand, till it might be known a\ hat was to be ex-
pected from him. They were soon delivered from this
anxiety ; for he sent a chiaus to the court of Vienna, to as-
sure theiii, that he was resolved to maintain the peace in all
OF QUEEN ANNE. 63
points, and that he would give no assistance to the male- ^^o-k
contents. The court of Vienna being freed from those ap- ^^''^^
prehensions, resolved to carry on the war in Hungary as
vigorously as they could : this was imputed to a secret
practice from France on some of that court, and there
were so many there concerned in the confiscations, that
every proposition that way was powerfully supported :
thus Italy was neglected, and the siege of Landau was ill
supported ; their chief strength being employed in Hun-
gary. Yet when the ministers of the allies pressed the
opening atieaty with the malecontents, the Emperor seemed
willing to refer the arbitration of that matter to his allies ;
but, though it was fit to speak in that style, yet no such
thing was designed. A treaty was opened ; but when it was
known that Zeiher had the chief management of it, there
was no reason to expect any good effect of it : he was bom
a protestant, a subject of the palatinate, and was often em-
ployed by the Elector Charles Lewis, to negotiate afi'airs
at the court of Vienna^: he, seeing a prospect of rising in
that court, changed his religion, and became a creature of
the Jesuits ; and adhered steadily to all their interests.
He managed that secret practice with the French, in the
treaty of Ryswick, by which the protestants of the palati-
nate suffered so considerable a prejudice. The treaty in
Hungary stuck at the preliminaries ; for indeed neither side
was then inclined to treat ; the malecontents w ere supported
from France ; they were routed in several engagements,
but these were not so considerable as the court of Vienna
gave out in their public news ; the malecontents suffered
much in them, but came soon together again ; and they sub-
sisted so well, what by the mines, of which they had pos-
sessed themselves, what by the incursions they made, and
the contributions they raised from the Emperor's subjects,
that unless the war w ere carried on more vigorously, or a
peace were offered more sincerely, that kingdom was long
like to be a scene of blood and rapine.
So was its neighbouring kingdom of Poland : it was The affairs
hoped, that the talk of a new election w^as only a loud
threatening, to force a peace the sooner; but it proved
otherwise : a diet was brought together of those who were
irreconcilable to King Augustus, and after many delays,
Stanislaus, one of the palatines, was chosen and proclaim-
64 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^'04- ed their King ; and he was presently oAMied by the King
of Sweden. The Cardinal seemed at first unwilling to
agree to this, but he suffered himself to be forced to it ; this
was believed to be only an artilice of his to excuse himself
to the court of France, whose pensioner he was, and to
whom he had engaged to carry the election for the Prince
of Conti. The war went on this year, with various success
on both sides ; King Augustus made a quick march to
Warsaw, where he surprised some of Stanislaus's party,
he himself escaping nanowly: but the King of Sweden
followed so close, that not being able to fight him, he was
forced to retreat into Saxony, where he continued for some
months : there he ruined his own dominions, by the great
preparations he made to retiun with a mighty force : the
delay of that made many forsake his party ; for it was
given out that ho would return no more, and that he was
weary of the war, and he had good reason so to be. Po-
land, in the meanwhile, was in a most miserable condition ;
the King of Sweden subsisted his army in it, and his tem-
per grew daily more fierce and gothic ; he was resolved to
make no peace till Augustus was driven out. In the mean-
while, his own country suflFered much : Livonia was de-
stroyed by the Muscovites; they had taken Narva, and
made some progresses into Sweden. The Pope espoused
the interests of King Augustus ; for to support a new con-
vert of such importance was thought a point worthy the
zeal of that see ; so he cited the Cardinal to appear at
Rome, and to give an account of the share he had in all
that war.
The Pope The Popc was now wholly in the French interest, and
J^JieVre'nch maintained the character, they pretend to, of a common fa-
iriierest. thcr, with SO much partiality, that the Emperor himself,
how tame and submissive soever to all the impositions of
that see, yet could not bear it ; but made loud complaints
of it. The Pope had threatened, that he would thunder out
excommunications against all those troops that should
continue in his dominions : the Emperor was so implicit
in his faith, and so ready in his obedience, that he or-
dered his troops to retire out of the ecclesiastical state :
but all the eflect tluit tliis had, was to leave that state en-
tirely in the hands ol" the French, against ^^hom the Popc
did not tliink fit to fiilmiuate ; yet the Pope still pretended
OF QUEEN ANNE. 65
that he would maintain a neutrality, and both the Vene^ i'04.
tians and the Great Duke adhered to him in that resolution, ''^
and continued neutral during the war.
Having now given a view of the state of aflfairs abroad, The affairs
I return back to prosecute the relation of those at home, ** '^^ "^ •
and begin with Scotland. A session of parliament was held
there this summer : the Duke of Queensberry's management
of the plot was so liable to exception, that it was not thought
fit to employ him, and it seems he had likewise brought him-
self under the Queen's displeasure ; for it was proposed by
some of his friends in the House of Lords, to desire the
Queen to commmiicate to them a letter, which he had Avrote
to her of such a date : this looked like an examination of
the Queen herself, to whom it ought to have been left to
send what letters she thought fit to the House, and they
ought not to call for any one in particular. The matter of
that letter made him liable to a very severe censure in Scot-
land : for in plain words he charged the majority of the par-
liament as determined in their proceedings, by an influence
from St. Germains : this exposed him in Scotland to the
fury of a parliament; for how tiue soever this might be, by
the law s of that kingdom, such a representation of a parlia-
ment to the Queen, especially in matters which could not
be proved, was leasmg-making, and was capital.
The chief design of the court in this session, was to get
the succession of the crown to be declared, and a supply to
be given for the army, which w as run into a great arrear. In
the debates of the former session, those who opposed every
thing, more particularly the declaring the succession, had
insisted chiefly on motions to bring their owii constitution
to such a settlement, that they might sufter no prejudice, by
their King's living in England. Mr. Johnstone was now
taken in by the ministers into a new management : it was pro-
posed by him, in concert with the Marquis of Tweedale,
and some others in Scotland, that the Queen should em-
power her commissioner to consent to a revival of the whole
settlement, made by King Charles the First, in the year
1641.
By that, the King named a privy council, and his minis-
ters of state in parliament, who had a power to accept of,
or to except to the nomination, without being bound to give
the reason for excepting to it: in the intervals of parlia-
VOL. IV. K
66 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1704, jnent, the King was to give all employments, with the
^^"^^ consent of the privy council: this was the main point of that
settlement, which was looked on by the wisest men of that
time, as a full security to all their laws and liberties. It
did indeed divest the crowTi of a great part of the preroga-
tive, and it brought the parliament into some equality with
the crown.
The Queen, upon the representation made to her by her
ministers, offered this as a limitation on the successor, in
case they would settle the succession, as England had done ;
and, for doing this, the Marquis of Tweedale was named
her commissioner. The Queen did also signify her plea-
sure very positively to all who were employed by her, that
she expected they should concur in settling the succession,
as they desired the continuance of her favour. Both the
Duke of Marlborough and the Lord Godolphin expressed
themselves very fully and positively to the same purpose ;
yet it was dexterously surmised, and industriously set about
by the Jacobites, and too easily believed by jealous and
cautious people, that the court was not sincere in this mat-
ter ; and that at best they were indifferent as to the success.
Some went further, and said, that those who were in a par-
ticular confidence at court, did secretly oppose it, and
entered into a management on design to obstruct it: I
could never see any good ground for this suggestion ; yet
there was matter enough for jealousy to work on, and
this was carefully improved by the Jacobites, in order to
defeat the design. Mr. Johnstone was made lord regis-
ter, and was sent down to promote the design ; the Jacobites
were put in hopes, in case of a rupture, to have a consider-
able force sent to support them from Dunkirk.
A session of parliament being opened, and the speeches
made, and the Queen's letter read, all which tended to the
settling the succession, that was the first debate : a great
party was now wrought on, when they understood the secu-
rity that was to be offered to them ; for the wisest patriots
in that kingdom had always magnified that constitution, as
the best contrived scheme that could be desired ; so they
went in with great zeal to the accepting of it: but those,
who, in the former session, had rejected all the motions of
treating witli England with some scorn, and had made this
their constant topic, that they must tn the first place secure
OF QUEEN ANNE. 6t
their own constitution at home, and then they might trust i^o-*-
the rest to time, and to such accidents as time might bring ^^^^
forth ; now when they saw that every thing that could be
desired was offered, with relation to their owti government,
they (being resolved to oppose any declaration of the suc-
cession, what terms soever might be granted to obtain it)
turned the argument wholly another ^n ay, to shew the ne-
cessity of a previous treaty with England. They were upon
that told that the Queen was ready to grant them every
thing that was reasonable, with relation to their own con-
stitution, yet without the concurrence of the parliament of
England, she could grant nothing in which England was
concerned ; for they were for demanding a share of the
plantation trade, and that their ships might be comprehend-
ed within the act of navigation.
After a long debate, the main question was put, whether Debates
they should then enter upon the consideration of the limi- gac"es$io*D.
tations of the government, in order to the fixing the suc-
cession of the croAAii, or if that should be postponed till
they had obtained such a security by a treaty with Eng-
land as they should judge necessary. It was caiTied by a
majority of forty, to begin with a treaty with England : of
these, about thirty were in immediate dcpendance on the
court, and were determined according to the directions given
them. So, notAvithstanding a long and idle speech of the
Earl of Cromarty's, which was printed, running into a dis-
tinction among divines, between the revealed and secret
will of God, shewing, that no such distinction could be ap-
plied to the Queen ; she had but one will, and that was re-
vealed ; yet it was still suspected, that at least her minis-
ters had a secret w ill in the case. They went no further in Jiie settling
this vote for a treaty with England ; for they could not Ihaulsslon'
agree among themselves, who should be the commissioners,
and those who opposed the declaring the succession, were
concerned for no more, when that question w as once set
aside : so it was postponed, as a matter about which they
took no further care.
They ofi'ered to the court six months' cess, for the pay a money
of the army ; but they tacked to this a great part of a bill j^^'^jj^tJ,'^ J
which passed the former session of parliament, but was re-
fused by the throne : by that it was provided, that if the
Queen should die without issue, a parliament should pre-
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
sently meet, and they \vere to declare the successor to the
crowD, who should not be the same person that was pos-
sessed of the crown of England, unless before that time
there should be a settlement made in parliament, of the
rights and liberties of the nation, independent on English
councils. By another clause in the act, it was made law-
ful to arm the subjects, and to train them and put them in
a posture of defence. This was chiefly pressed, in behalf
of the best affected in the kingdom, who were not armed ;
for the highlanders, who were the w orst affected, were well
armed ; so, to balance that, it was moved, that leave should
be given to arm the rest. All was carried Avith great heat
and much vehemence ; for a national Immour, of being in-
dependent on England, fermented so strongly among all
sorts of people without doors, that those who went not into
every hot motion that was made, were looked on as the be-
trayers of their country ; and they were so exposed to a
popular fury, that some of those who studied to stop this
tide, were thought to be in danger of their lives. The
presbyterians were so over-awed with this, that though they
v.ished well to the settling the succession, they durst not
openly declare it. The Dukes of Hamilton and Athol led
all those violent motions, and the whole nation was
strangely inflamed.
The ministers were put to a great difficulty with the sup-
ply bill, and the tack that was joined to it: if it was de-
nied, the army could be no longer kept up : they had run
so far in arrear, that considering the poverty of the coun-
try, that could not be carried on much longer. Some sug-
gested, that it should be proposed to the English ministry,
to advance the subsistence money, till better measures
could be taken ; but none of the Scotch ministry would con-
sent to that. An army is reckoned to belong to those who
pay it ; so an army paid from England, would be called an
English army ; nor was it possible to manage such a thing
secretly. It w as well known, that there w as no money in
the Scotch Trcasiny to pay them ; so if money were once
brought into the Treasury, how secretly soever, all men
must conclude that it came from England ; and men's
minds were tlicn so full of tlie conceit of independency,
that if a suspicion arose of any such practice, probably it
vy'ould have occasioned tumults. Even the army was so
OF QUEEN ANNE. 69
kindled with this, that it was believed that neither officers ^^"^^
nor soldiers would have taken their pay, if they had be- ^"^^^^
lieved it came from England. It came then to this, that
either the army must be disbanded, or the bill must pass.
It is true, the army was a very small one, not above three
thousand ; but it was so ordered, that it was double or tre-
ble officered ; so that it could have been easil^^ increased
to a much ^eater number, if there had been occasion for
it. The officers had served long, and were men of a good
character : so since they were alarmed with an invasion,
which both sides looked for, and the intelligence which the
court had from France, assured them it was intended ; they
thought the inconveniences arising from the tack might be
remedied afterwards : but the breaking of the army was
such a pernicious thing, and might end so fatally, that it
was not to be ventured on. Therefore, by common con-
sent, a letter was wrote to the Queen, which was signed by Tiie minis-
all the ministers there, in which thev laid the whole matter *^".^'i<'^«
' " aiUise the
before her ; every thing was stated and balanced ; all con- yueen to
eluded in an humble advice to pass the bill. This was ^'*** '''
very heavy on the Lord Godolphin, on whose advice the
Queen chiefly relied : he saw the ill consequences of break-
ing the army, and laying tliat kingdom open to an invasion,
would tall on him, if he should, in contradiction to the ad-
vice given by the ministry of Scotland, have advised the
Queen to reject the bill. This was under consultation in
the end of July, when our matters abroad were yet in a
great uncertainty ; for though the victory at Schcllemberg
was a good step, yet the great decision was not then come :
so he thought, considering the state of affairs, and the acci-
dents that might happen, that it was the safest thing for
the Queen to comply with the advices of those, to whom
she trusted the aftairs of that kingdom.
The Queen sent orders to pass tlie bill : it passed on the it was pass-
6th of August, after the great battle was over, but several ^'^•
days before the news of it came to us. When the act
passed, copies of it were sent to England ; where it was
soon printed, by those who were uneasy at the Lord Go-
dolphin's holding the white staft', and resolved to make use
of this against him ; for the whole blame of passing it was
cast on him. It was not possible to prove that he had ad-
vised the Queen to it : so some took it by another handle^
70 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
17^0*- and resolved to urge it against him, that he had not per-
^^'^ suaded the Queen to reject it : though that seemed a great
stretch ; for he being a stranger to that kingdom, it might
have been liable to more objection, if he had presumed to
advise the Queen to refuse a bill, passed in the parliament
of Scotland, which all the ministry there advised her to pass.
Censures Scvcrc ceusurcs passcd on this : it was said, that the two
passed upon kingdoms Were now divided by law, and that the Scotch
were putting themselves in a posture to defend it ; and all
saw by whose advices this was done. One thing that con-
tributed to keep up an ill humour in the parliament of
Scotland, was more justly imputed to him: the Queen had
promised to send do^vn to them all the examinations re-
lating to the plot : if these had been sent down, probably
in the first heat the matter might have been carried far
against the Duke of Queensberry. But he, who staid all
the while at London, got it to be represented to the Queen,
that the sending down these examinations, with the persons
concerned in them, would run the session into so much
heat, and into such a length, that it would divert them quite
from considering the succession, and it might produce a
tragical scene. Upon these suggestions, the Queen altered
her resolution of sending them do^^^^, though repeated ap-
plications were made to her, both by the parliament and
by her ministers, to have them sent ; yet no answer was
made to these, nor was so much as an excuse made for not
sending them. The Duke of Queensberry having gained
this point, got all his friends to join with the party that op-
posed the new ministry: this both defeated all their pro-
jects, and softened the spirits of those, who were so set
against him, that in their first fury no stop could have been
put to their proceedings : but now, the party that had de-
signed to ruin him, was so much ^^TOUght on, by the assist-
ance that his friends gave them in this session, that they
resolved to preserve him.
This was the state of that nation, which was aggravated
very odiously all England over : it was confidently, though,
as was afterwards known, very falsely reported, that gTcat
quantities of arms were brought over, and dispersed through
the whole kingdom ; and it being well known how poor the
nation was at that time, it was said, that those arms were
paid for by other hands, in imitation of what it was be-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 7l
lieved Cardinal Richelieu did, in the year 1638. Another it'Oo.
thing was given out very maliciously, by the Lord Trea- ^'^^^
surer's enemies, that he had given directions underhand to
hinder the declaring the succession, and that the secret of
this was tiusted to Johnstone, who they said talked openly
one way, and acted secretly another ; though T could never
see a colour of truth in those reports. Great use was to
be made of the affairs of Scotland, because there was no
ground of complaint of any thing in the administration at
home : all the Duke of Marlborough's enemies saw his
chief strength lay in the credit that the Lord Godolphin
was in at home, while he was so successful abroad : so it
being impossible to attack him in such a course of glory,
they laid their aims against the Lord Treasurer. The tories
resolved to attack him, and that disposed the whigs to pre-
serve him; and this was so managed bj' them, that it gave
a great turn to all our councils at home.
In the beginning of November, the session of parliament a session of
was opened : it might well be expected, that after such a pari'^"'*-"*
1 11 /'111 11 •" Fuglaud,
summer, the addresses ot both houses would run m a very
high strain : the House of Commons, in their address, put
the successes by sea and land on a level, and magnified
both in the same expressions : but the House of Lords, in
their address, took no notice of Rook nor of the sea. The
lower house of convocation were resolved to follow the ex-
ample of the House of Commtjns, and would have the sea
and land both mentioned in the same terms ; but the bishops
would not vary from the pattern set them by the House of
Lords; so no address was made by the convocation. The
Commons agreed to every thing that the court proposed
for supp5rting the war another year ; this was carried
through vdih great dispatch and unanimity : so that the
main business of the session was soon over : all the money
bills were prepared and carried on in the regular method
without any obstruction: those who intended to embroil
matters saw it was not advisable to act above board, but
to proceed more covertly.
The act against occasional conformity was again brought i705.
in, but moderated in several clauses : for those who pressed ^0,^^"^! j^
it, were now resolved to bring the terms as low as was again
possible, in order once to carry a bill upon that head. The a,^XwidX'
opposition in the House of Commona made to it, was be- voarediobe
72 HISTORY OF THE KEIGN
1705. come so considerable (for the desigTi was now more clearly
^''^^ discerned), that it was carried in that House only by a ma-
tacked fo a . „ ^ . ^-^, , , .,, . , •
inonej bill, jority oi fitty. AV hen the bill was to be committed, it was
moved, that it should be committed to the same committee,
which was preparing the bill for the land-tax : the design of
this was, that the one should be tacked to the other, and
then the Lords would have been put under a great difficulty.
If they should untack the bill, and separate one from the
other ; then the House of Commons would have insisted on
a maxim that was now settled among them, as a funda-
mental principle never to be" departed from, that the Lords
caiuiot alter a money bill, but must either pass it or reject
it, as it is sent to them : on the other hand, the Lords could
not agree to any such tack without departing from that so-
lemn resolution, aaIucIi was in their books, signed by most
of them, never to admit of a tack to a money-bill : if they
yielded now, they taught the House of Commons the way
to impose any thing on them at their pleasure.
The party in the House of Commons put their whole
sti'ength to the carrying this point : they went further in
their design : that v, liich was truly aimed at, by those in
the secret, was to break the war, and to force a peace :
they knew a bill aa itli this tack could not pass in the House
of Peers : some lords of their party told myself that they
would never pass the bill Avith this tack ; so by this means
money would be stopped : this would put all matters in
great confusion both at home and abroad ; and dispose our
allies, as despairing of any help from us, to accept of such
terms as France would offer them : so here was an artful
design formed to break, at least to shake, the whole alli-
ance. The court was very apprehensive of this ; and the
Lord Godolphin opposed it with much zeal. The party
disowned the design for some time, till they had brought
up their whole strength, and thought they were sure of a
majority.
The debate held long : those who opposed it said, this
now aimed at was a change of the whole constitution ; and
was, in eflect, turning it into a commonwealth ; for it im-
ported the denying, not only to the Lords, but to the
crown, the free use of their negative in the legislature : if
this was once settled, then as often as the public occasions
made a money-bill necessary, every thing that thq majority
6
OP QUEEN ANNE. 73
hi their House had a mind to, would be tacked to it. It is :i70.5.
true some tacks had been made to money bills in King ^^-^^
Charles's time; but even these had still some relation to the
money that was given : but here a bill, Avhose operation
was only for one year, and which determined as soon as
the four shillings in the pound was paid, was to have a per-
petual law tacked to it, that must continue still in force
after the greatest part of the act was expired and dead : to
all this, in answer, some precedents were opposed, and the
necessity of the bill for the preservation of the church was
urged, which they saw was not like to pass, unless sent to
the Lords so accompanied ; which some thought was very
wittily pressed, by calling it a portion annexed to the
church, as in a marriage ; and they said, they did not
doubt but those of the court would bestir themselves to
get it passed, when it was accompanied Miih two millions
as its price.
Upon the division, one hundred and thirty-fouv were for The laclc
the tack, and two liundred and fifty were against it : so that ^j? ^^^^'^ '
design was lost by those who had built all their hopes upon
it, and were now highly oft'ended with some of their own
party, who had by their opposition wrought themselves
into good places, and forsook that interest to A\hich they
owed their advancement : these, to redeem themselves with
their old friends, seemed still zealous for the bill, which
after went on coldly and slowly in the House of Commons,
for they lost all hopes of carrying it in the House of Lords,
now that the mine they had laid was sprung.
While this was going on in the House of Commons, the Debates
debate about the Scotch act was taken up with great heat in scotiMd"*
the House of Lords : the ill eflects that were like to follow
upon it were opened in very tragical strains : it was, after
much declaiming, moved, that the Lords might pass some
votes upon it. The tories, who pressed this, intended to
add a severe vote against all those who had advised it ;
and it was visible at whom this was aimed. The whigs
diverted this : they said, the putting a vote against an act
passed in Scotland, looked like the claiming some supe-
riority over them, which seemed very improper at that
time, since that kingdom was possessed with a national
jealousy on this head, that would be much increased by
sucli a proceeding : more moderate methods were therefore
VOL. IV. L
v^-v/
74 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. proposed and agreed to, in order to the making up of ft
breach in this island, with which they seemed to be then
threatened. So an act was brought in, empowering the
Queen to name commissioners to treat of a full miion of
both kingdoms, as soon as the parliament of Scotland
should pass an act to the same purpose : but if no such
union should be agreed on, or if the same succession to the
crown with that of England should not be enacted by a day
l^refixed, then it was enacted, that after that day no Scotch-
man, that was not resident in England or Ireland, or em-
iployed in the Queen's service by sea or land, should be
esteemed a natural-born subject of England : they added
to this, a prohibition of the importation of Scotch cattle,
and the manufacture of Scotland : all this fell in the House
of Commons, when sent down to them, because of the
money penalties which were put in the several clauses of
the bill. The Commons were resolved to adhere to a no-
tion, that had now taken such root among them, that it
could not be shaken, that the Lords could not put any such
clause in a bill begun with them : this was wholly new :
penalties upon transgressions could not be construed to be
a giving of money : the Lords were clearly in possession of
proceeding thus ; so that the calling it in question, was an
attempt on the share which the Lords had in the legislature.
The Commons let this bill lie on the table, and began a new
one to the same purpose : it passed : and the following
Christmas was the day prefixed for the Scotch to enact the
succession, or on failure thereof, then this act was to have
its effect. A great coldness appeared in many of the Com-
mons, who used to be hot on less important occasions :
they seemed not to desire that the Scotch should settle the
succession ; and it was visible that some of them hoped
that the Lords would have used their bill as they had used
that sent down by the Lords. Many of them were less
concerned in the fate of the bill, because it diverted the
censure which they had intended to fix on the Loi d Trea-
surer. The Lords were aware of this, and passed the bill.
Those who wished well to the union, were afraid that
tlie prohibition, and the declaring the Scots aliens after the
day prefixed, would be looked on as thrcatcnings : and
they saw cause to apprehend, that ill-tempered men in that
kingdom would use this as a handle to divert that nation.
OF GUEEN ANNE.
which was already much soured, from hearkening to any
motion that might tend to promote the union, or the de-
claring the succession : it was given out by these, that this
was an indignity done their kingdom, and that they ought
not so much as to treat ^^ith a nation that threatened them
in such a manner. The Marquis of Tweedale excused
himself from serving longer: so the Duke of Argyle, whose
father was lately dead, was named to be sent dowTi com-
missioner to hold a parliament in Scotland : he was then
very young, and was very brave.
This being dispatched easier than was expected, the Complaint*
parliament went on to other business : complaints of an ill mk^'ty
management both at tlie board of the Prince s council and
at sea rose very high : this House of Commons, during the
whole continuance of the parliament, never appointed a
committee to look into those matters, which had been
formerly a main part of their care : they saw things were
ill conducted, but the chief managers of sea affairs were
men of their party, and that atoned for all faults, and made
them unwilling to find them out, or to censure them : the
truth was, the Prince was prevailed on to continue still
in the Admiralty, by those who sheltered themselves under
his name : though this brought a gi'eat load on the govern-
ment. The Lords went on as they had done the former
session, examining into all complaints : they named two
committees, the one to examine the books of the Admiralty,
the other to consider the proceedings at sea : no progress
was made in the first of these ; for though there was a great
deal suggested in private, yet since this seemed to be com-
plaining of the Prince, none would appear directly against
him : but the other afforded matter enough, both for inquiry
and censure : the most important, and that >vhich had the
worst consequences was, that though there were twenty-two
ships appointed for cruising, yet they had followed that
service so remissly, and the orders -sent them were so lan-
guid, and so little urgent, that three diligent cruising ships
could have performed all the services done by that nu-
merous fleet : this was made out -in a scheme, in which
all the days of their being out at sea were reckoned up,
which did not exceed what three cruisers might have
performed. It did not appear, whether this was only
the effect of sloth or ignorance, or if there lay any designed
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
treachery at bottom ; it seemed very plain, -that there was
treachery somewhere, at least among the imder officers :
for a French privateer being taken, they found among
his papers instructions sent him by his owners, in which he
was directed to lie in some stations, and to avoid others :
and it happened that this agreed so exactly with the orders
sent from the Admiralty, that it seemed that could not
be by chance, but that the directions were sent ujjon sight
of the orders. The Queen began this winter to come to
the House of Lords upon great occasions to hear their de-
bates, which as it was of good use for her better informa-
tion, so it was very serviceable in l)riuging the House into
better order. The first time she came, was when the
debate w as taken up concerning the Scotch act : she knew
the Lord Treasurer was aimed at by it, and she diverted
the storm by her endeavours, as well as she restrained
it by her presence.
The bill She came likewise thither to hear the debates upon
aciainst oc- ., , .,, . . -, ^ . • • i j.
casionai the bill agamst occasional conformity, whicii was sent
coniorraity ^p ^jy (he Commons ; if it had not been for the Queen's
debated and , . "^ ' , , , i .
rejected by bciug prcseut, there would have been no long debate on
the Lords, ^jjj^j head, for it w as scarce possible to say much, that
had not been formerly said ; but to give the Queen full
information, since it was supposed, that she had heard
that matter only on one side, it was resolved to open
the whole matter in her hearing ; the topics most insisted
on were, the quiet that we enjoyed by the toleration, on
which head the severities of former reigns were laid open,
both in their injustice, cruelty, and their being managed
only to advance popery, and other bad designs : the peace-
able behaviour of the dissenters, and the zeal tlioy ex-
pressed for the Queen, and her government, was also
copiously set forth ; while others shewed a malignity to it.
That which w^as chiefly urged was, that every new law
made in the matter, altered the state of things from what it
was when the act for toleration first passed ; this gave the
dissenters an alarm, they might from thence justly con-
clude, that one step would be made after another, till
tlie whole effect of that act should be overturned. It did
not appear from the behaviour of any among tlicm, that
they were not contented Avith the toleration they enjoyed,
or that they were carrying on designs against the church :
OF QUEEN ANNE.
ill that case it might be reasonable to look for a farther se-
curity, but nothing tending that way was so much as pre-
tended : all went on jealousies and fears, the common
topics of sedition. On the other hand, to support the bill,
old stories were brought up to shew, how restless and
imquiet that sort of men had been in former times. When
it came to tlic question, whether the bill should be read
a second time or not, it went for the negative by a majority
of twenty lords.
Another debate, that brought the Queen to the House, Bishop
was concerning Watson, late Lord Bishop of St. David's : practice*
his business had been kept long on foot in the courts
below, by all the methods of delay that la\vyers could
invent: after five years pleading the concluding judgment
was given in the Exchequer, that he had no riglit to the
temporalities of that bishopric : and that being affirmed in
the Exchequer-chamber, it was now by a writ of error
brought before the Lords, in the last resort: but as the
House seemed now to be set, he had no mind to let it go to
a final decision : so he delayed the assigning the errors of
judgment, till the days were lapsed, in which, according to
a standing order, errors ought to be assigned, upon a writ
of error : in default of which, the record was to be sent
back. He suffered the time to lapse, though particular
notice was ordered to be given him, on the last day, in
Avhich, according to the standing order, he might have
assigned his eiTors : and the House sat that day some
hours on purpose waiting for it. Some weeks after that,
when the session was so near an end, that he thought
his cause could not be heard during the session, and so
must in course have been put off to another session, he pe-
titioned for leave to assign his errors : this was one of the
most solemn orders that related to the judicature of the
Lords, and had been the most constantly stood to : it was
not therefore thought reasonable to break through it, in fa-
vour of so bad a man, of whom they were all ashamed,
if parties could have any shame : he had aftected, in every
step he had made, to seek out all possible delays for keeping
the see still void, which by reason of a bad bishop and a
long vacancy, was fallen into great disorder ; yet, after all
this, he had still by law the benefit of a writ of error, which
he might bring in any subsequent session of parliament.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
Upon this the Queen resolved to fill that see : and she
promoted to it the celebrated Dr. Bull, who had writ the
learned est treatise that this age had produced, of the doc-
trine of the primitive church concerning the Trinity : this
had been so well received all Europe over, that in an as-
sembly general of the clergy of France, the Bishop of
Meaux was desired to write over to a correspondent he
had in London, that they had such a sense of the service
he had done their common faith, that upon it they sent him
their particular thanks : I read the letter, and so 1 can de-
liver it for a certain truth, how uncommon soever it may
seem to be. The Queen had a little before this promoted
Dr. Beveridge to the see of St. Asaph, who had shewed
himself very learned in ecclesiastical knowledge. They
were both pious and devout men, but were now declining ;
both of them being old, and not like to hold out long.
Soon after this the see of Lincoln became vacant by that
Bishop's death. Dr. Wake was after some time promoted
to it ; a man eminently learned, an excellent writer, a good
preacher, and, which is above all, a man of an exemplary
life.
Desiijns A dcsigu was formed in this session of parliament, but
tuti.eEieo- there was not strength enough to carry it on at this time,
toress of the Earl of Rochester gave a hint of it in the House of
Lords, by saying, that he had a motion of great conse-
quence to the security of the nation, which he would not
make at this time, but would do it when next they should
meet together. He said no more to the House ; but in pri-
vate discourse he o\^Tied it was for bringing over the Elec-
toress of Hanover to live in England : upon this I will di-
gress a little to open the design and the views which he and
some others might have in this motion.
It seemed not natural to believe that a party, which had
been ail along backward at best, and cold in every step
that was made in settling the succession in that family,
should become all on the sudden such converts as to be
zealous lor it ; so it was not an unreasonable jealousy ta
suspect, that somewhat lay hid under it. It was thought
that they either knew, or did apprehend, that this would
not be acceptable to the Queen; and they being highly
displeased with the measures she took, went into (his de-
sign both to vex her, and in hopes that a faction might arise
OF QUEEN ANNE,
mit of it, which might breed a distraction in our councils,
and some of them might hope thereby to revive the Prince
of ^^'ales's pretensions. They reckoned such a motion
would be popular : and if either the court or tlie vvhiirs, on
whom the court was now beginning to look more favour-
ably, should oppose it, this would cast a load on them as
men, who after all the zeal they had expressed for that suc-
cession, did now, upon the hopes of favour at court, throw
it up : and those who had been hitherto considered as the
enemies of that house, might hope, by this motion, to over-
come all the prejudices that the nation had taken up against
them, and they might create a merit to themselves in the
minds of that family, by this early zeal which they resolved
now to express for it.
This was set on foot among all the party; but the more
sincere among them could not be prevailed on to act so
false a part, though they were told this was the likeliest
way to advance the pretended Prince of Wales's interests.
I now come to give an account of the last business of The House
this session, with which the parliament ended. It was "o,^°fited°*
formerly told what proceedings had been at law upon the lo prison
election at Aylesbury ; the judgment that the Lords gave in ^ng^^of"
that matter was executed, and upon tliat live others of the Aviesbary.
inhabitants brought their actions against the constables
upon the same grounds. The House of Commons looked
on this as a great contempt of their votes, and they voted
this a breach of privilege, to which they added a new,
and till then unheard-of crime, that it was contrary to the
declaration that they had niade ; upon that they sent their
messenger for these tive men, and committed them to New-
gate, where they lay three months prisoners : they were all
the while well supplied, and much visited, so they lay
without making any application to tlie House of Commons:
it was not thought advisable to move in such a matter,
till all the money bills were passed ; then motions were
made, in the interval between the terms, upon the statute
for a habeas corpus ; but the statute relating only to com-
mitments by the royal authority, this did not lie witliin it.
When the term came, a motion was made in the Queen's
Bench upon the common law, in behalf of the prisoners for
a habeas corpus ; the lawyers who moved it produced the
commitment, in which their offence was set forth, that they
v-%-*^
80 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. ijad claimed the benefit of the law in opposition to a vote
of the House of Commons to the contrary ; they said the
subjects were sjoverned by the laws, which they might, and
were bound to know, and not by the votes of a house of
parliament, which they were neither bound to know, nor
to obey. Three of the judges were of opinion, that the
court would take no cognizance of that matter ; the Chief
Justice was of another mind ; he thought a general warrant
of commitment for a breach of privilege was of the nature
of an execution ; and, since the ground of the commitment
was specified in the warrant, he thought it plainly appeared
that the prisoners had been guilty of no legal otfence, and
that therefore they ought to be discharged : he was but one
against three, so the prisoners were remanded.
Upon that they moved for a ^wit of error to bring the
matter before the Lords ; that was only to be come at by
petitioning the Queen to order it : the Commons were
alarmed at this, and made an address to the Queen, setting
forth that they had passed all the money bills, thertfore
they hoped her Majesty would not grant this. Ten judges
agreed, that in civil matters a petition for a writ of error
was a petition of right, and not of grace : two of them only
were of another mind ; it was therefore thought a very
strange thing, wiiich might have most pernicious conse-
quences, for a House of Commons to desire the Queen not
to grant a petition of right, which was plainly a breach of
law and of her coronation oath : they also took on them to
affirm, that the writ did not lie ; though that was clearly the
work of the judicature to declare whether it lay or not, and
that was unquestionably the right of the Lords ; they only
could determine that : the supplying the public occasions
was a strange consideration to be otFered the Queen as an
argument to persuade her to act against law: as if they had
pretended that they had bribed her to infringe the law, and
to deny justice. Money given for public service was given
to the country, and to themselves, as properly as to the
Queen,
The Queen answered their address, and in it said, that
the stopping proceedings at law, was a matter of such con-
sequence, that she must consider well of it: this was
thought so cold that they returned her no thanks for it ;
though a well-composed House of Commons would car-
^^*^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 81
tainly have thanked her, for that tender regard to law and i^^s.
justice. The House of Commons carried their anger far-
ther ; they ordered the prisoners to be taken out of Xew-
gate, and to be kept by their serjeant : they also ordered
the lawyers and the solicitors to be taken into custody, for
appearing in behalf of the prisoners. These were such
strange and unheard-of proceedings, that by them the minds
of all the people were much alienated from the House of
Commons. But the prisoners were under such manage-
ment, and so well supported, that they would not submit,
nor ask pardon of the House ; it was generally believed
that they were supplied and managed by the Lord Whar-
ton : they petitioned the House of liOrds for relief, and the
Lords resolved to proceed in the matter by sure and regular
steps. They tirst came to some general resolutions, that
neither house of parliament could assume or create any
new privilege, that they had not been formerly possessed
of: that subjects claiming their rights in a course of law,
against those who had no privilege, could not be a breach
of privilege of either house : that the imprisoning the men
of Aylesbury, for acting contrary to a declaration made by
the House of Commons, was against law : that the com-
mitting their friends and their counsel for assisting them,
in order to the procuring their liberty in a legal way, was
contrary to law : and that the writ of error could not be
denied without breaking the magna charta and the laws of
England. These resolutions were communicated to the
House of Commons at a conference.
They made a long answer to them : in it they set forth,
that the right of determining elections was lodged only
with them, and that therefore they only could judge who
had a right to elect ; they only were the judges of their
own privileges, the Lords could not intermeddle in it : they
quoted very copiously the proceedings in the year 1675,
upon an appeal brought against a member of their House ;
they said their prisoners ought only to apply themselves to
them for their liberty, and that no motion had ever been
made for a wTit of eiTor in such a case. Upon this second
conference, according to form, the matter was brought to a
free conference, where the point was fully argued on both
sides : the city and the body of the nation were on the Lords'
side in the matter. Upon this the Lords drew up a full re-
VOL. IV. M
82 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1T05. presentation of the whole thing, and laid it betbre the
Queen, with an earnest prayer to her Majesty, to give order
for the writ of error : this was thought so well drawn, that
some preferred it to those of the former sessions ; it con-
tained a long and clear deduction of the whole aflfair, with
great decency of style, but with many heavy reflections on
the House of Commons.
By this time the whole business of the session was
brought to a conclusion ; for the Lords, who had the money
bills, would not pass them, till this was ended : they carried
their representation to the Queen, who in ansAver to it told
them, that she would have granted the writ of error, but she
saw it was necessary to put a present conclusion to the
session. This being reported to the House, was looked on
by them as a clear decision in their favour ; therefore they
ordered their humble thanks to be immediately returned to
her Majesty for it. An hour after that, the Queen came
to the House of Lords, and passed all the bills, and ended
the session, with a speech full of thanks for the supplies so
readily granted : she took notice with regret of the effects
of the ill humour and animosity that had appeared, and
spoke of the narrow escape we had made, which she hoped
would teach all persons to avoid such dangerous experi-
ments for the future : this was universally understood to
be meant of the tack, as indeed it could be meant of no-
thing else.
The end of Thus this scssiou, and with it this parliament, came to an
mmir*^''^ end : it was no small blessing to the Queen, and to the na-
tion, that they had got well out of such hands. They had
discovered, on many occasions, and very manifestly, what
lay at bottom with most of them, but they had not skill
enough to know how to manage their advantages, and to
make use of their numbers ; the constant successes with
which God had blessed the Queen's reign, put it out of their
power to compass that which was aimed at by them, the
forcing a peace, and of consequence the delivering all up
to France. Sir Christopher Musgrave, the wisest man of the
party, died before the last session ; and by their conduct
after his death, it appeared that they wanted his direction.
He had been at the head of the opposition, that was made
in the last reign from the begimiing to the end ; but he gave
up many points of great importance in the critical minute,
ment.
OP QUEEN ANNE. 83
ibr which I had good reason to believe that he had 12,000Z. i705.
from the late King, at dift'erent times. At his death it ap- ""^"^
peared that he was much richer than, by any visible com-
putation, he could be valued at ; which made some cast an
imputation on his memory, as if he had received great
sums even from France.
I shall conclude the relation of tiiis parliament with an Bills that
account of some things that were begun, but not perfected passed?
by them : there was a bill offered for the naturalization of
some hundreds of Frenchmen, to which the Commons added
a clause, disabling the persons so naturalized from voting
in elections of parliament : the true reason of this was, be-
cause it was observed that the French among us gave in
all elections their votes for those who were most zealous
against France; and yet, with an apparent disingenuity,
some gave it as a reason for such a clause, that they must
be supposed so partial to the interests of their OAvn country,
that it was not fit to give them any share in oui' government.
The Lords looked on this as a new attempt, and the clause
added was a plain contradiction to the body of the bill,
which gave them all the rights of natural-born subjects,
and this took from them the chief of them all, the choosing
their representatives in parliament : they v> ould not agree to
it, and the Conmiohs resolved not to depart from it ; so with-
out coming to a free conference, the bill fell with the session.
Another bill was begun by the Lords against the papists :
it was occasioned by several complaints brought from many
parts of the kingdom, cliiefly from Cheshire, of the prac-
tices and insolence of those of that religion : so a bill was
ordered to be brought in, with clauses in it, that would have
made the act passed against them four years before, prove
effectual ; which, for want of these, has hitherto been of no
effect at all : this passed in the House of Lords, and was
sent to the Commons. They had no mind to pass it, but to
avoid the ill effects of their refusing such a bill, they added
a clause to it, containing severe penalties on papists who
should once take the oaths, and come into the communion
of our church, if they should be guilty of any occasional
conformity with popery afterwards : they fancied that this
of occasional conformity was so odious to the Lords, that
every clause that condemned it, would be rejected by them:
"-^-^^
84 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. but when they came to understand that the Lords were re-
solved to agree to the clause, they would not put it to that
hazard: so the bill lay on their table, and slept till the
prorog:ation.
A general self-denying bill was oflered in the House of
Commons, by those very men, who, in the first session of
parliament, when they hoped for places themselves, had
opposed the motion of such a bill with great indignation :
now the scene was a little altered, they saw they were not
like to be favourites, so they pretended to be patriots. This
looked so strangely in them, that it was rejected : but ano-
ther bill of a more restrained nature passed, disabling some
oflScers, particularly those that were concerned in the Prize
Office, from serving in parliament : to this a general clause
was added, that disabled all who held any office that had
been created since the year 1684, or any office that should
be created for the future, from sitting in parliament : this
passed among them, and was sent to the Lords, who did
not think fit to agree to so general a clause, but consented
to a particular disability, put on some offices by name :
the Commons did not agree to this alteration ; they would
have all or nothing : so the bill fell.
The conclusion of the parliament set tiie whole nation in
a general ferment : both sides studied how to dispose peo-
ple's minds in the new elections, with gTeat industry and
zeal : all people looked on the affairs of France, as reduced
to such a state, that the war could not run beyond the pe-
riod of the next parliament: a w^ell chosen one must prove
a public blessing, not only to England, but to all Europe ;
as a bad one would be fatal to us at home, as well as to
olur allies abroad : the affairs of France were run very low :
all methods of raising money were now exhausted, and
could afford no great supplies : so, in imitation of our Ex-
chequer bills, they began to give out mint bills; but they
could not create that coufideuce, whicli is justly put in par-
liamentary credit. The French had hopes from their party
here in England, and there was a disjointing in the several
provinces of the United Netherlands : but as long as we
were firm and united, we had a groat influence on the states,
at least to keep things entire during the w ar : so it was vi-
sible that a good election in England must give such a pros-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 85
pect for three years, as would have a great influence on all i705.
the affairs of Europe. v*^^^
I must, before I end the relation of the parliament, say proceedings
somewhat of the convocation that attended upon it, though *'» ^*»f <^"-
it was then so little considered, that scarce any notice was
taken of them, and they deserved that no mention should
be made of them. The lower house continued to proceed
with much indecent violence : they still held their interme-
diate sessions, and brought up injurious and reflecting ad-
dresses to the upper house, which gave a veiy large exer-
cise to the patience and forbearance of the Archbishop and
bishops ; the Archbishop, after he had borne long with their
perverseness, and saw no good eflect of it, proceeded to an
ecclesiastical monition against their intermediate meetings :
this put a stop to that, for they would not venture on the
censures, that must in course follow, if no regard was had
to the monition. At the final prorogation, the Archbishop
dismissed them with a wise, well-composed speech : he laid
open to them their indecent behaviour, and the many wrong
steps they had made : to this he added a severe, but grave
reprimand, with much good advice. The governing men
among them were headstrong and factious, and designed to
force themselves into preferments by the noise they made,
and by the ill humour that they endeavoured to spread
among the clergy, who were generally soured, even with
relation to the Queen herself, beyond what could be ima-
gined possible.
Now having given a full relation of our counsels and
other affairs at home, I shall next consider the progress of
those abroad. The first operation of the campaign was be-
fore Gibraltar : Leak was sailing from Lisbon thither, a^d
as he went out he met Dilks, who was sent from England
to increase his force ; by this addition he had a strong fleet
of thirty men of war, so he held on his course with all ex-
pedition, hoping to find Pointy in the Bay of Gibraltar ; The siege oi
but a great storm had blown all but five ships up the Me- GibraUar
diterranean. Pointy remained only with these, when he
was surprised by Leak, who did quickly overpower him,
and took three capital ships ; the other two, that were the
greatest of them, were run ashore, and burnt near Mar-
bella. Leak sailed to the Levant, to see if he could over-
take those ships that the wind had driven from the rest ;
^6 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705, )j|it atler a fruitless pursuit for some days, he returned back
to Gibraltar : that garrison was now so well supplied, that
the Spaniards lost all hopes of being able to take it ; so
they raised the siege, turning it into a very feeble blockade.
This advantage came at the same time that Verue was lost,
to balance it,
Mlribr"^^ ""^ Now the campaign was to be opened, the Duke of Marl-
rough borough designed that the Moselle should be the scene of
Tvlers^'' ^'^ actiou, and care had been taken to lay up magazines of all
sorts in Triers : the states consented that he should cany
the gieatest part of their army to the Moselle, and resolved
to lie on the defensive upon their own frontiers ; for they
reckoned that how strong soever the Elector of Bavaria's
army was at that time, yet whensoever France should be
pressed with so great a force as they reckoned would be
on the Moselle, he would be ordered to send such detach-
ments thither, that his army would be quickly diminished,
and so would not have the superior strength long. Prince
Lewis, of Baden, seemed to like this scheme of the campaign
so well, and had concurred so cordially in the concert of it
during the winter, that no doubt was made of his being both
able and willing to enter upon this new scene of the war :
but as the Duke of Marlborough Avas setting out, depend-
ing on his concurrence, he received an express from him,
excusing himself both on his own want of health, and be-
cause the force he had about him was not considerable,
nor was that, which he expected, like to come to him so
soon as might be wished for. This could not stop the
Duke of Marlborough, who had set his heart on opening
the campaign in those parts, and had great hopes of suc-
cess : so he resolved to push the matter as far as he could.
He went to the Prince of Baden to concert matters with
him ; whose ill health seemed only to be a pretence : it
was true, that the princes and circles of the empire had not
sent in their quotas, but it appeared that there was already
strength enough, in conjunction with the army that the
Duke of Marlborough was to bring, to advance, and open
the campaign with great advantage, at least till detach-
ments should come from other parts : the Prince of Baden
at last consented to this, and promised to follow with all
the forces he could bring.
The Duke of Marlborough was so satisfied witli these
OF QUEEN ANNE. 87
assurances, that he came back to his army, and quickened i^o").
their march, so that he brought them to Triers ; and he ad- -^^
vanced eight leagues further, through so many defiles, that the'prinoe
the French might easily have made his march both dan- "<" Ba*eD.
gerous and difl&cult. He posted himself very near Mar-
shal Villars's camp, not doubting but that the Prince of
Baden would quickly follow him : instead of that, he repeat-
ed his former excuse of want of health and force. That
which gave the worst suspicions of him was, that it appeared
plainly, that the French knew what he intended to do, and
their management shewed they depended on it, for they or-
dered no detachments to increase M. Villars's army : on the
contrary, the Elector of Bavaria, having the superior
force, pressed the states on their frontier. Huy was be-
sieged and taken, after it had, beyond all expectation, held
out ten days : Liege was attacked next ; the town was
taken, but the citadel held out. Upon this, the states sent
to the Duke of Marlborough to march back with all possi-
ble haste : he had then eat up the forage round about him,
and was out of all hope of the Prince of Baden's coming
to join him; so he saw the necessity of marching back,
after he had lost some weeks in a fruitless attempt: he
made such haste in his march, that he lost many of his
men in the way, by fatigue and desertion. The French
gave him no trouble, neither while he lay so near their
camp, nor when he drew off to march away with so much
haste. To complete the ill conduct of the Germans, those wim foiled
who were left with the magazines at Triers, pretending ^^'
demger, destroyed them all, and abandoning Triers, retired
back to the Rhine.
The Prince of Baden's conduct, through this whole mat-
ter, was liable to great censure : the worst suspicion was,
that he was corrupted by the French. Those who did not
carry their censure so far, attributed his acting as he did to
his pride, and thought he, envying the Duke of Marlbo-
rough, and apprehending that the whole glory of the cam-
paign would be ascribed to him, since he had the stronger
army, chose rather to defeat the whole design, than see an-
other carry away the chief honour of any successes that
might have happened. The Duke of Marlborough came
back in good time to raise the siege of the citadel of Liege';
and he retook Huy in three days : after that, in conjunction
HISTORY OP THE REIGN
with the Dutch army, he advanced towards the French
TheDokl of hncs : he for some days amused them with feints ; at last
Maribo- he made the attack where he had designed it, and broke
through u.e' through the lines, and gave a great defeat to the body of
French t^g Frcuch that defended them, with the loss only of seven
men on his side ; and so without more opposition he came
very near Louvain, the Dyle ruruiing between his camp
and the town : a deluge of rain fell that night, and swelled
the Dyle so, that it was not possible to pass it. This gave
the French time to recover themselves out of the first con-
sternation that the advantages he had gained put them in :
after a few days, when the passing the Dyle was practica-
ble, the Duke of Marlborough gave orders for it : but the
French were posted with so much advantage (m the other
The Dutch side, that the Dutch generals persuaded the deputies of the
wonidnot states, that they must run a great risk if they should
battle. venture to force the passage. The Duke of Marlborough
was not a little mortified with this, but he bore it calmly,
and moved another way. After some few motions, another
occasion was oflered, which he intended to lay hold on :
orders were given to force the passage ; but a motion
through a wood, that was thought necessary to support that,
was not believed practicable ; so the deputies of the states
were again possessed with the danger of the attempt; and
they thought their affairs were in so good a condition, that
such a desperate undertaking, as that seemed to be, was
not to be ventured on.
This was very uneasy to the Duke, but he was forced to
submit to it, though very unwillingly. All agreed that the
enterprise was bold and doubtful : some thought it must
have succeeded, though with some loss at first; and that if
it had succeeded, it might have proved a decisive action :
others, indeed, looked on it as too desperate. A great
breach was like to arise upon this, both in the army and
among the states at the Hague, and in the to^vns of Hol-
land, in Amsterdam in particular ; where the burghers came
in a body to the Stadthouse, complaining of the deputies,
and that the Duke of Marlborough had not fuller powers.
I can give no judgment in so nice a point, in which mili-
tary men were of very different opinions, some justifying
the Duke of Marlborough, as much as others censured him(.
He shewed great temper on this occasion ; and though it
OF QUEEN ANNE. 89
gave him a very sensible trouble, yet he set himself to calm 1705.
all the heat that was raised upon it. The campaign in Flan- ^-'^'^
ders produced nothing after this but fruitless marches, while
our troops were subsisted in the enemy's country, till the
time came of going into winter quarters. Prince Lewis's
backwardness, and the caution of the deputies of the states,
made this campaign less glorious than was expected ; for
I never knew the Duke of Marlborough go out so full
of hopes as in the beginning of it: but things had not
answered his expectations.
This summer the Emperor Leopold died : he was the The Empe-
most knowing and the most virtuous prince of his com- and^c^^rat-
munion ; only he wanted the judgment that was necessary ter.
for conducting great affairs in such critical times. He was
almost always betrayed, and yet he was so firm to those
who had the address to insinuate themselves into his good
opinion and confidence, that it was not possible to let him
see those miscarriages that ruined his aff'airs so often, and
brought them sometimes near the last extremities : of
these every body else seemed more sensible than he him-
self. He was devout and strict in his religion, and was so
implicit in his submission to those priests who had credit
with him, the Jesuits in particular, that he owed all his
troubles to their counsels. The persecution they began in
Hungary raised one great war ; which gave the Turks oc-
casion to besiege Viemia, by which he was almost entirely
swallowed up : this danger did not produce more caution :
after the peace of Carlowitz, there was so much violence
and oppression in the government of Hungary, both of
papists and protestants, that this raised a second war there,
which, in conjunction with the revolt of the Elector of Ba-
varia, brought him a second time very near utter ruin : yet
he could never be prevailed on either to punish, or so
much as to suspect, those who had so fatally entangled his
affairs ; that without foreign aid nothing could have ex-
tricated them. He was naturally merciful to a fault, for
even the punishment of criminals was uneasy to him. Yet
all the cruelty in the persecution of heretics seemed to raise
no relenting in him. It could not but be observed by all
protestants, how much the ill influence of the popish re-
ligion appeared in him, who was one of the mildest and
most \irtuous princes of the age, since cruelty in the mat-
VOL. IV. N
90 HISTQRY OF THE REIGN
^^ ters of religion had a full course under him, though it was
as contrary to his natural temper, as it was to his interests,
and proved oftener than once almost fatal to all his affairs.
His son Joseph, elected King of the Romans, succeeded
him both in his hereditary and elective dignities. It was
given out, that he would apply himself much to business,
and would avoid those rocks on which his father had
struck, and almost split ; and correct those errors to which
his father's easiness had exposed him. He promised to
those ministers that the Queen and the states had in his
court, that he would offer all reasonable terms to the Hun-
garians ; and he consented to their setting a treaty on foot,
in which they were to be the mediators, and become the
guarantees, for the observance of such articles as should
be agreed on ; and he gave great hopes that he would not
continue in that subjection to the priests with which his
father had been captivated.
He desired to confer with the Duke of Marlboroiigh, and
to concert all affairs with him : the Queen consented to
this, and the Duke went to Vienna, where he was treated
with great freedom and confidence, and he had all assurances
given him that could be given in words. He found that the
Emperor was highly dissatisfied with the Prmce of Baden,
but he had such credit in the empire, especially with the
circles of Suabia and Franconia, that it was necessary to
bear with that which could not be helped. The Duke of
Marlborough returned through the hereditary dominions to
Berlin, where he had learned so perfectly to accommodate
himself to that King's temper, that he succeeded in every
thing he proposed, and renewed all treaties for one year
longer. He came from thence to the court of Hanover,
and there he gave them full assurances of the Queen's ad-
hering firmly to their interests, in maintaining the succes-
sion to the crown in their family, with which the Elector
was fully satisfied ; but it appeared that the Electoress had
a mind to be invited over to England. From thence he
came back to Holland, and it was near the end of the year
before he came over to England. Thus I have cast all that
relates to him in one continued series, though it ran out
into a course of many months.
Aflairs in The German army was not brought together before Au-
Geriuaiij. g^gj . jj ^yg^g ^ ^^^ bravc onc, yet it did not much ; the
OF QUEEN ANNE. 91
French gave way and retired before them : Haguenaw and 1^05.
some other places were left by the French and possessed ^"'^^^
by the imperialists : a blockade was laid to Fort Lewis.
But nothing was done by that noble army, equal either to
their numbers and strength, or to the reputation that the
Prince of Baden had formerly acquired. This was con-
trary to the general expectation ; for it was thought, that,
being at the head of so great an army, he would have
studied to have signalized himself, if it had been but to
rival the glory that the Duke of Marlborough and Prince
Eugene had acquired.
Prince Eugene had a hard time in Italy. He had a weak ^nd in
Italy
army, and it was both ill-provided and ill-paid : he was long
shut up within the country of Bergamo ; at last he broke
through to Cusano, where there was a very hot action be-
tween him and the Duke of Vendome : both sides pre-
tended they had the victory, yet the Duke of Vendome
repassed the river, and the imperialists kept the field of
battle. The French threatened Turin with a siege, but
they begun with Chivas, which held out some months, and
was at last abandoned : the Duke of Feuillade command-
ed the army near Turin, and seemed to dispose every thing
in order to a siege ; but the design was turned upon IN ice,
though late in the year : they made a brave resistance for
many weeks ; in December they were forced to capitulate,
and the place was demolished by the French.
The firmness that the Duke of Savoy expressed under
all these losses, was the wonder of all Europe ; he had
now but a small army of eight thousand foot and four thou-
sand horse, and had scarce territory enough to support
these ; he had no considerable places left him but Turin
and Coni ; but he seemed resolved to be driven out of all,
rather than abandon the alliance. His Dutchess, with all
the clergy, and indeed all his subjects, prayed him to sub-
mit to the necessity of his afiairs : nothing could sheike
him : he admitted none of his bishops nor clergy into his
councils, and, as his envoy the Count Briancon told me, he
had no certain father confessor, but sent sometimes to the
Dominicans, and sometimes to the Franciscans for a priest,
when he intended to go to confession.
I turn next to Spain, which was this year a scene of Affairs b
most important transactions. The first campaign in Por- ^'""*
92 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. tugal, before the hot season, produced nothing : the second
campaign seemed to promise somewhat, but the conduct
was so feeble, that though the Earl of Gall way did all that
was possible to put things in a good posture, yet he saw a
disposition in the ministers, and in their whole manage-
ment, that made him often despair and wish himself out of
the service. Fagel, that commanded the Dutch forces,
acted in every thing in opposition to him, and it was visible
that the ministers did secretly encourage that by which
they excused themselves.
A fleet and King Charles was so disgusted with these proceedings,
aim V sent .i.i , . r- ■ • -r* i
to Spain, that he was become quite weary of staying m Portugal :
so when the fleet of the allies came to Lisbon with an army
on board of above five thousand men, commanded by the
Earl of Peterborough, he resolved to go aboard and to try
his fortune with them. The Almirante of Castillo died
about that time : some thought that was a great loss ;
though others did not set so high a value upon him, nor
on any of the intrigues that were among the gTandees at
Madrid : they were indeed offended with several small mat-
ters in King Philip's conduct, and with the ascendant that
the French had in all their councils ; for they saw every
thing was directed by orders sent from Versailles, and that
their King was really but a viceroy : they were also highly
provoked at some innovations made in the ceremonial,
which they valued above more important matters ; many
seemed disgusted at that conduct, and withdrew from the
court. The Marquis of Leganes was considered as most
active in infusing jealousies and a dislike of the govern-
ment into the other grandees, so he was seizjed on, and sent
prisoner to Navarre ; the grandees, in all their conduct,
shewed more of a haughty sullenness in maintaining their
own privileges, than of a generous resolution to free their
countiy from the slavery under which it was fallen ; they
seemed neither to have heads capable of laying any solid
designs for shaking off the yoke, nor hearts brave enough
to undertake it.
Our fleet sailed from Lisbon with King Charles : they
stopped at GibiJiltar, and carried along with them the
Prince of Hesse, who had been so long Governor of Bar-
celona, that he knew both the tempers, and the .•strength,
and importance of the place. The first design of this
OF QUEEN ANNE. 93
expedition was concerted with the Duke of Savc?y ; and i'^'^^.
the forces they had on board were either to join him, or to
make an attempt on Naples or Sicily, as should be found
most advisable : there were agents employed in diflferent
parts of Spain to give an account of the disposition people
were in, and of what seemed most practicable. A body
of men rose in Catalonia about Vick : upon the knowledge
King Charles had of this, and upon other advertisements
that were sent to our court of the dispositions of those of
that principality, the orders which King Charles desired
were sent, and brought by a runner that Avas dispatched
from the Queen to the fleet : so the fleet steered to the
coast of Catalonia to try what could be done there. The
Earl of Peterborough, who had set his heart on Italy, and
on Prince Eugene, was not a little displeased with this, as
appeared in a long letter from him, which the Lord Trea-
surer shewed me.
They landed not far from Barcelona, and were joined '^•'^J'^"'^^"'
With many Miquelets, and others of the country ; these were lona.
good at plundering, but could not submit to a regular dis-
cipline, nor were they willing to expose themselves to dan-
gerous services. Barcelona had a garrison of five thousand
men in it ; these were commanded by officers, who were en-
tirely in the interests of King Philip ; it seemed a very un-
reasonable thing to undertake the siege of such a place,
with so small a force ; they could not depend on the raw
and undisciplined multitudes that came in to join them,
who, if things succeeded not in their hands, would soon
abandon them, or perhaps study to merit a pardon, by cut-
ting their throats. A council of war was called, to consult
on what could be proposed and done : Stanhope, who was
one of them, told me, that both English and Dutch were all
of opinion, that the siege could not be undertaken >\ith so
small a force ; those within being as strong as they were,
nor did they see any thing else worth the attempting : they
therefore thought that no time was to be lost, but that they
were all to go again on board, and to consider what course
%vas next to be taken, before the season were spent, when
the fleet would be obliged to return back again, and if they
could not fix themselves any where before that time, they
must sail back With the fleet. The Prince of Hesse only
was of opinion, that they ought to sit doTVTi before Barcc-
94 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. lona; he said, he had secret intelligence of the good affec-
^^"^^ tions of many in the to\vn, who were well-known to him,
and on whom he relied, and he undertook to answer for
their success : this could not satisfy those who knew nO"
thing of his secrets, and so could only judge of things by
what appeared to them.
Tke King The debate lasted some hours : in conclusion, the King
Mege.^ ^ himself spoke near half an hour ; he resumed the whole de^
bate, he answered all the objections that were made against
the siege ; and treated every one of those who had made
them, as he answered them, with particular civilities ; he
supported the truth of what the Prince of Hesse had assert-
ed, as being known to himself; he said, in the state in which
his affairs then stood, nothing could be proposed that had
not great difficulties in it, all was doubtful, and much must
be put to hazard ; but this seemed less dangerous than any
other thing that was proposed : many of his subjects had
come and declared for him, to the hazard of their lives ; it
became him therefore to let them see, that he would run the
same hazard with them : he desired that they would stay so
long with him, till such attempts should be made, that all
the world might be convinced that nothing could be done,
and he hoped that till that appeared, they would not leave
him ; he added, that if their orders did oblige them to leave
him, yet he could not leave his own subjects : upon this
they resolved to sit do^\Ti before Barcelona. They W'Cre
all amazed to see so young a prince, so little practised in
business, argue in so nice a point, with so much force, and
conclude with such heroical resolutions. This proved
happy in many respects : it came to be known afterwards,
that the Catalans and Miquelets, who had joined them, hear-
ing that they were resolved to abandon them, and go back
to their ships, had resolved, either out of resentment, or
that they might merit their pardon, to murder as many of
them as they could. When this small army sat down be-
fore Barcelona, they found they were too weak to besiege
it; they could scarce mount their cannon : when they came
to examine their stores, thry found (hem very defective ;
and far short of the quanlilies that by their lists they ex-
pected to find : whclher this flowed from treachery or care-
lessness, I will not determine ; there is mucli of both in all
our offices. It soon appeared, that the intelligence was true
OP QUEEN ANNE. 95
concerning the inclinations of those in the to\vn, their affec- i^05.
tions were entire for King Charles : but they were over- ^"^"'^
awed by the garrison, and by Velasco, who, as well as the
Duke of Popoli, who had the chief command, was devoted
to the interests of King Philip. Deserters came daily from
the town and brought them intelligence : the most consider- Fort Mont-
able thing was, that Fort Montjuy was very ill guarded, it ^ ^'^''*'''"
being thought above their strength to make an attempt on
it; so it was concluded that all the hopes of reducing Bar-
celona, lay in the success of their design on that fort. Two
bodies were ordered to march secretly that night, and to
move towards the other side of Barcelona, that the tiue de-
sign might not be suspected, for all the hopes of success
lay in the secrecy of the march. The first body consisted
of eight hundred, and both the Prince of Hesse and the
Earl of Peterborough led them : the other body consisted
of six hundred, who were to follow these at some distance ;
and were not to come above half way up the hill till further
order : Stanhope led this body, from whom I had this ac-
count. They drew up with them some small field pieces
and mortars ; they had taken a great compass, and had
marched all night, and were much fatigued by the time that
they had gained the top of the hill ; three hundred of them,
being commanded to another side of the fort, were sepa-
rated from the rest, and, mistaking their way, fell into the
hands of a body of men, sent up from the tovm to reinforce
the garrison in the fort : before they were separated, the
whole body had attacked the outworks, and carried them ;
but while the Prince of Hesse was leading on his men, he re-
ceived a shot in his body, upon which he fell ; yet he would
not be carried off, but continued too long in the place giving
orders, and died in a few hours, much and justly lamented.
The governor of the fort, seeing a small body in possession
of the outworks, resolved to sally out upon them, and drew
up four hundred men in order to it ; these would soon have
mastered a small and wearied body, disheartened by so
great a loss ; so that if he had followed his resolution, all
was lost, for all that Stanhope could have done, was, to re-
ceive and bring off such as could get to him ; but one of
those newly taken, happening to cry out, " O poor Prince
of Hesse!" the governor, hearing this, called for him, and ex-
amined him, and when he learned that both the Prince of
96 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. Hesse and the Earl of Peterborough were with that body,
^"^■'^ he concluded that the whole army was certainly coming up
after them ; and reflecting on that, he thought it was not fit
for him to expose his men, since he believed the body they
were to attack ^^'x^uld be soon much superior to him ; so he
resolved not to risk a sally, but to keep within and jnain-
tain the fort against them. Thus the Earl of Peterborough
continued quiet in the outAvorks, and being reinforced with
more men, he attacked the fort, but with no great hopes of
succeeding : he threw a few bombs into it ; one of these fell
happily into the magazine of powder, and blew it up : by
this, the governor and some of the best officers were killed,
which struck the rest vdih such a consternation, that they
And taken, delivered up the place. This success gave them great hopes,
the toAvn lying just under the hill which the fort stood on :
upon this, the part>' in Barcelona, that was well aflfected to
King Charles, began to take heart, and to shew themselves :
Barcelona and after a few days' siege, another happy bomb fell with
capiiointtd. gQ good an effect, that the garrison was forced to capitulate.
King Charles was received into Barcelona with great
expressions of joy : in the first transport, they seemed
resolved to break through the articles granted to the garri-
son, and to make sacrifices of the chief officers at least.
Upon that the Earl of Peterborough, with Stanhope and
other officers, rode about the streets, to stop this fury, and to
prevail with the people to maintain their articles religious-
ly ; and in doing this. Stanhope said to me, they ran a
greater hazard, from the shooting and fire that was flying
about in that disorder, than they had done during the whole
siege : they at last quieted the people, and the articles
of capitulation were punctually observed. Upon this un-
expected success, the whole principality of Catalonia
declared for King Charles : I will not prosecute this rela-
tion so minutely in other parts of it, haAing set down so
particularly that which I had from so good a hand, chiefly
to set forth the signal steps of Providence tliat did appear
in this matter.
K>ng ^ Soon after, our fleet sailed back to England, and Stan-
leiterb. hopc was scut ovcr in it, to give a full relation of this great
transaction : by him King Charles wrote to the Queen a
long and clear account of all his affairs ; full of great ac-
knowledgments of her assistance, with a high comnieuda-
G
OF QUEEN ANNE.
tioii of all her subjects, more particularly of the Earl of
Peterborough: the Queen was pleased to shew me the
letter ; it was all \Mit in his o\^ti hand, and the French of it
was so little conect, that it was not like what a secretary
would have drawn for him : so from that I concluded he
penned it himself. The Lord Treasurer had likewise
another long letter from him, which he shewed me : it
was all in bis own hand : one correction seemed to make it
evident that he himself composed it. He wrote towards
the end of the letter, that he must depend on his pro-
tection ; upon reflection, that word seemed not fit for him
to use to a subject, so it was dashed out, but the letters
were still plain, and instead of it. Application was 'WTit
over head : these letters gave a great idea of so yoimg and
unexperienced a prince, who was able to wTite with so
much clearness, judgment, and force. By all that is re-
ported of the Prince of Lichtenstein, that King could not
receive any great assistance from him : he was spoken
of, as a man of a low genius, who thought of nothing
but the ways of enriching himself, even at the hazard
of ruining his master's business.
Our aftairs at sea were more prosperous this year, than Affairs at
they had been formerly : in the beginning of the season our ^^^•
cruizers took so many of the French privateers, that we
had some thousands of their seamen in our hands : we
kept such a squadron before Brest, that the French fleet
did not think fit to venture out ; and their Toulon squadron
had suffered so much in the action of the former years, that
they either could not, or would not venture out : by this
means our navigation was safe, and our trade was pros-
perous.
The second campaign in Portugal ended worse than the
first : Badajos was besieged, and the Earl of Gallway
hoped he should have been quickly master of it ; but his
hopes w ere not w ell grounded, for the siege was raised : in jhe siege of
one action the Earl of Gallway's arm was broke by a can- Badajos
non-ball : it was cut off, and for some days his life w as in
great danger ; the miscarriage of the design heightening
the fever that followed his wound, by the vexation that
it gave him. But now upon the news from Catalonia,
the councils of Portugal were quite changed : they had Thecounciu
a better prospect than formerly of the reduction of Spain : ° ""^ "S •
VOL. IV. o
98 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. fiie war was now divided, which lay wholly upon them be-
fore : and the French party in that court had no more the
old pretence to excuse their councils by, which was, that it
was not fit for them to engage themselves too deep in that
war, nor to provoke the Spaniards too much, and so expose
themselves to revenges, if the allies should despair and
grow weary of the war, and recall their troops and fleets.
But now that they saw the war earned on so far, in the re-
motest corner of Spain, which must give a great diversion
to King Philip's forces, it seemed a much safer, as well as
it was an easier thing, to carry on the war with more vigour
for the future. Upon this all possible assurances were
given the Earl of Gallway, that thiugs should be conducted
hereafter fully to his content. So that by two of his dis-
patches, which the Lord Treasurer shewed me, it appeared
that he was then fully convinced of the sincerity of their in-
tentions, of which he was in great doubt, or rather despair-
ing forraerlJ^
Affairs in In Hungary matters went on very doubtfully : Transyl-
I'lgary. y^nia was almost entirely reduced ; Ragotzi had great
misfortunes there, as the court of Vienna published the
progress of the new emperor's arms, but this was not much
depended on : They could not conceal on the other hand
the great ravages that the malecontents made in other
places : so that Hungary continued to be a scene of confu-
sion and plunder.
AnA in Po- Poland was no better : King Augustus's party continued
film to him, though his long stay in Saxony gave credit to
a report spread about, that he was resolved to abandon
that kingdom, and to return to it no more : this summer
passed over in motions, and actions of no great conse-
quence : wiiat was gained in one place, was lost in another.
Stanislaus got himself to be crowned : the old Cardinal,
though summoned to Rome, would not go thither : he suf-
fered himself to be forced to own Stanislaus, but died
before his coronation, and that ceremony was performed
by the Bishop of Cujavia : the Muscovites made as great
ravages in Lithuania, as they had done formerly in Li-
vonia : the King of Sweden was in perpetual motion : but
though he endeavoured it much, he could not bring things
to a decisive action. In the beginning of winter. King Au-
gustus, with two pcfsons only, broke through Poland in
land
OF QUEEN ANNE. 99
Oisguise, and got to the Muscovite army, which was put i''^^-
under his command. The campaign went on all the >vinter
season, which, considering the extreme cold in those parts,
was thought a thing impracticable before. In the spring
after, Reinschild, a Swedish general, fell upon the Saxon
army, that was far superior to his in number : he had not
above ten thousand men, and the Saxons were about
eighteen thousand : he gave them a total defeat, killed
about seven thousand, and took eight thousand prisoners,
and their camp, baggage, and artillery: numbers upon
such occasions are often swelled, but it is certain this was
an entire victory : the Swedes gave it out, that they had
not lost a thousand men in the action ; and yet even this
great advantage was not like to put an end to the war, nor
to the distractions into which that miserable kingdom
was cast. In it the world saw the mischiefs of an elective
government, especially when the electors have lost their
virtue, and set themselves to sale. The King of Sweden
continued in an obstinate aversion to all terms of peace :
his temper, his courage, and his military conduct were
much commended ; only all said he grew too savage,
and was so positive and peremptory in his resolutions,
that no applications could soften him : he would scarce
admit them to be made : he was said to be devout almost
to enthusiasm, and he was severely engaged in the Lutheran
rigidity, almost equally against papists and Calvinists:
only his education was so much neglected, that he had not
an equal measure of knowledge to direct his zeal.
This is such a general view of the state of Europe this Apariia-
■ 1 1 ., . , • me lit chosen
summer, as may serve to shew how things went on m every j^ Kntriand.
part of it. I now return to England. The election of the
members of the House of Commons was managed with
zeal and industry on both sides: the clergy took great
pains to infuse into all people tragical apprehensions of
the danger the church was in. The universities were in-
flamed with this, and they took all means to spread it over
the nation with much vehemence. The danger the church
of England was in, grew to be as the word given in an
army ; men were known as they answered it : none carried
this higher than the Jacobites, though they had made a
schism in the chuich. At last, even the papists, both at
100 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. home and abroad, seemed to be disturbed with the fearS
^"^^^^ that the danger our church was in put them under : and
this was supported by the Paris Gazette, thoujjh the party
seemed concerned and ashamed of that. Books w ere -writ
and dispersed over the nation with great industry, to pos-
sess all the people with the apprehensions that the church
was to be given up, that the bishops were betraying it, and
that the court would sell it to the dissenters. They also
hoped, that this campaign, proving less prosperous than
had been expected, might put the nation into ill humour,
which might furnish them with some advantages. In op-
position to all this, the court acted wdth such caution and
coldness, that the whigs had very little strength given them
by the ministers, in managing elections : they seemed ra-
ther to look on as indifferent spectators, but the whigs ex-
erted themselves with great activity and zeal. The dis-
senters, who had been formerly much divided, were now
united entirely in the interest of the government, and joined
with the whigs every where.
When the elections were all over, the court took more
heart : for it appeared that they were sure of a great ma-
jority, and the Lord Godolphin declared himself more
openly, than he had done formerly, in favour of the whigs.
The first instance given of this was the dismissing of
Wright, who had continued so long lord keeper, that he
was fallen under a high degree of contempt on all sides,
even the tories, though he was wholly theirs, despising
him. He was sordidly covetous, and did not at all live
suitably to that high post : he became extremely rich, yet I
never heard him charged with bribery in his court ; but there
was a foul rumour, with relation to the livings of the
crown, that were given by the great seal, as if they were
set to sale by the officers under him.
Cowper The seals being sent for, they were given to Cowper, a
lord keeper, gentleman of a good family, of excellent parts, and of an
engaging deportment, very eminent in liis profession, and
who had for many years been considered, as the man who
spoke the best of any in the House of Commons : he was a
very acoeptablc man to the whig parly : they had been
much disgusted with the Lord Treasurer, for the coldness
he expressed, as if he would have maintained a neutrality
OF QUEEN ANNE. 101
between the- two parties, though the one supported him, i"^*^^-
while the other designed to ruin him : but this step went a
great way towards the recoucilirig the Avhigs to him.
A session of parliament met this summer in Scotland:
there was a change made in the ministry there : those who
were employed in the former session, could not undertake
to carry a majority ; so all the Duke of Queensberry's
friends were again brought into employment. The Duke
of Argyle's instructions were, that he should endeavour to
procure an act, settling the succession as it was in Eng-
land, or to set on foot a treaty for the union of the two
kingdoms. When he came to Scotland, and laid his in-
structions before the rest of the ministers there, the Mar-
quis of Annandale pressed that they should first try that,
which was first named in the instructions, and he seemed
confident, that if all who were in employments would con-
cur in it, they should be able to caiTy it. Those of another
mind, who were in their hearts for the pretended Prince of
Wales, put this by with great zeal : they said they must not
begin with that, which would meet with gTcat opposition,
and be perhaps rejected : that Avould beget such an union
of parties, that if they miscarried in the one, they would
not be able to carry the other ; therefore they thought that
tlie first proposition should be for the union : that was po-
pular, and seemed to be a remote thing ; so there would be
no great opposition made to a general act about it. Those
who intended still to oppose it, would reckon they would
find matter enough in the particulars, to raise a great oppo-
sition, and so to defeat it. This course was agreed on, at An act iw a
which the Marquis of Annandale was so highly olfended that \l^^^^;] j,^^,
he concurred no more in the councils of those who gave the ed.
other advice. Some did sincerely desire the union, as that
which would render the whole island happy : others were
in their hearts against it ; they thought it w as a plausible
step, which they believed would run, by a long treaty, into
a course of some years ; that during that time, they would
be continued in their employments, and they seemed to
think it was impossible so to adjust all matters, as to frame
such a treaty as w ould pass in the parliament of both king-
doms. The Jacobites concurred all heartily in this: it
kept the settling the succession at a distance, and very few
looked on the motion for tlie union, as any thing but a pre-
102
1705.
The slate
Ireland.
A parlia-
ment inEn;
land.
A S|)caker
cjioseii.
HISTORY OF THE REIUN
tence to keep matters yet longer in suspense : so this
being proposed in parliament, it was soon and readily
agreed to, with little or no opposition. But that being
over, complaints were made of the acts passed in the
parliament of England : which carried such an appearance
of threatening, that many thought it became them not to
enter on a treaty till these should be repealed. It was
carried, but not without difficulty, that no clause relating to
that should be in the act, that empowered the Queen to
name the commissioners; but that an address should be
made to the Queen, praying her that no proceedings should
be made in the treaty, till the act that declared the Scotch
aliens by such a day, should be repealed. They also
voted, that none of that nation should enter upon any such
treaty till that were first done. This was popular, and no
opposition was made to it ; but those who had ill intentions
hoped that all would l)e defeated by it. The session run
out into a great length, and in the harvest time, which put
the country to a great charge.
of In Ireland, the new heat among the protestants there,
raised in the Earl of Rochester's time, and comiived at, if
not encouraged by the Duke of Ormond, went on still : a
body of hot clergymen, sent from England, began to form
meetings in Dublin, and to have emissaries and a corres-
pondence over Ireland, on design to raise the same fury
in the clergy of that kingdom against the dissenters, that
they had raised here in England. Whether tMs was only
the effect of an unthinking and ill-2:overned heat among:
them, or if it was set on by foreign practices, was not yet
visible. It did certainly serve their ends ; so that it was not
to be doubted, that they were not wanting in their endea-
vours to keep it up, and to promote it, whether they were
tlie original contrivers of it or not ; for indeed hot men,
not practised in afl'airs, are apt enough, of their o>mi ac-
cord, to run into wild and unreasonable extravagances.
The parliament of England met in the end of October :
>- the first struggle was about the choice of a speaker, by
which a judgment was to be made of the temper and incli-
nations of the members. The court declared for Mr. Smith :
he was a man of clear parts, and of a good expression : he
was then in no employment, but he had gone through great
posts in the former reign, witli reputation and honour. He
OF QUEEN ANNE. 103
had been a commissioner of the Treasury and chancellor ^^^^
of the Exchequer : he had, from his first setting out in the
world, been thoroughly in the principles and interests of the
whigs, yet with a due temper in all personal things, with
relation to the tories : but they all declared against him for
Mr. Bromley, a man of a grave deportment and good mo-
rals, but looked on as a violent tory, and as a great favourer
of Jacobites, which appeared evidently in a relation he
printed of his travels. Xo matter of that sort had ever been
carried with such heat on both sides, as this was ; so that
it was just to form a judgment upon it of the temper of the
House. It went for Mr. Smith, by a majority of forty-four.
The Queen, after she had confirmed this choice, made a
speech, in which she recommended union to them in a
very particular manner : she complained of the reports that
were spread by ill-designing men, of the danger the church
was in, who under these insinuations covered that, which
they durst not own: she recommended the care of the pub-
lic supplies to the Commons, and spoke of the Duke of
Savoy in high and very obliging terms. This produced ad-
dresses from both Houses, in which they expressed a detes-
tation of those practices of infusing into her subjects ground-
less fears concerning the church : this went easily ; for some
kept out of the way, from whom it was expected that they
would afterwards open more copiously on the subject. The
chairmen of the several committees of the House of Com-
mons were men of whom the court was well assured.
The first matter, with which they commonly begin, is to
receive petitions against the members returned, so that gave
a further discovery of the inclinations of the majority: the
corruption of the nation was grown to such a height, and
there was so much foul practice on all hands, that there
was, no doubt, great cause of complaint. The first elec-
tion that was judged, was that of St. Albans, where the
Dutchess of Marlborough had a house : she recommended
Admiral Killigrcw to those in the town, ^a hich was done all
England over, by persons of quality who had any interest
in the burghers : yet, though much foul practice was proved
on the other hand, and there was not the least colour of
evidence to fix any ill practice on her, some reflected very
indecently upon her: Bromley compared her to Alice Piers,
ia King Edward the Third's time, and said many other viru-
Debates
at>oul Ihfc
uext suc-
cessor.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
lent things against her ; for indeed she was looked upon,
by the whole party, as the person who had reconciled the
whigs to the Queen, from whom she was naturally very
averse. Most of the controverted elections were carried in
iavour of the whigs : in some few they failed, more by rea-
son of private animosities, than by the strength of the other
side. The House of Commons came readily in to vote all
the supplies that were asked, and went on to provide pro-
per funds for them.
The most important debates that were in this session
began in the House of Lords ; the Queen being present at
them all. The Lord Haversham opened the motions of
the tory side. He arraigned the Duke of Marlborough's
conduct, both on the Moselle and in Brabant, and reflected
severely on the Dutch, which he carried so far as to say,
that the war cost them nothing ; and after he had wandered
long in a rambling discourse, he came at last to the point
which was laid to be the debate of the day : he said we
had declared a successor to the crown, who was at a great
distance from us, while the Pretender was much nearer ;
and Scotland was armed and ready to receive him, and
seemed resolved not to have the same successor, for whom
England had declared. These were threatening dangers
that hung over us, and might be near us. He concluded,
that he did not see how they could be prevented, and the
nation made safe, by any other way, but by inviting the
next successor to come and live among us. The Duke of
Buckingham, the Earls of Rochester, Nottingham, and
Anglesey, carried on the debate with great earnestness.
It was urged, that they had sworn to maintain the succes-
sion, and by that they were bound to insist on this motion,
since there was no means so sure to maintain it, as to have
the successor upon the spot, ready to assume and maintain
his right. It appeared through our whole history, that
whosoever came first into Engianii had always carried it: the
pretending successor might be in Eiigland within three days,
whereas it might be three weeks before the declared suc-
cessor could come : from thence it was inferred, that the
danger was apparent and dreadful, if the successor should
not be brought over. If King Charles had been in Spain,
when the late King died, probably that would have pre-
vented all this war, in which we were now engaged. With
V— ,-^
0?* QUEEN ANNlS. 105
these Lords, by a strange reverse, all the tories joined, arid it^O'-
by another, and as strange a reverse, all the whigs joined
in opposing it. They thought this matter was to be left
wholly to the Queen ; that it was neither proper nor safe,
either for the crown or for the nation, that the heir should
not be in an entire dependance on the Queen ; a rivalry be-
tween two courts might throw us into great distractions, and
be attended with very ill consequences. The next sue-
cessor had expressed a full satisfaction, and rested on the
assurances the Queen had given her, of her firm adherence
to her title, and to the maintaining of it. The nation was
prepared for it, by the orders the Queen had given to name
her in the daily prayers of the church ; great endeavours
had been used to bring the Scotch nation to declare the
same successor. It was true, we still wanted one great
security ; we had not yet made any provision for carrying
on the government, for maintaining the public quiet, for
proclaiming and sending for the successor, and for keeping
things in order till the successor should come : it seemed,
therefore, necessary to make an effectual provision against
the disorders that might happen in such an interval. This
was proposed first by myself, and it was seconded by the
Lord Godolphin, and all the whigs went into it ; and so
the question was put upon the other motion, as first made
by a previous division, whether that should be put or not,
and was carried in the negative by about three to one.
The Queen heard the debate, and seemed amazed at the
behavour of some, who, when they had credit with her, and
apprehended that such a motion might be made by the
whigs, had possessed her with deep prejudices against it :
for they made her apprehend, that when the next suc-
cessor should be brought over, she herself would be so
eclipsed by it, that she would be much in the successor's
power, and reign only at her or his courtesy : yet these very
persons, having now lost their interest in her, and theiF
posts, were driving on that very motion, which they had
made her apprehend was the most fatal thing that could be-
fal. This the Dutchess of Marlborough told me, but she
named no person : and upon it a very black suspicion was
taken up, by some, that the proposers of this matter knew,
or at least believed, that the Queen would not agree to the
motion, which way soever it might be brought to her; whe-
VOL. IV. p
106 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. ther in an address or in a bill : and then they might reckon,
"""^^^^ that this would give such a jealousy, and create such a mis-
understanding between her and the parliament, or rather
the whole nation, as would unsettle her whole government,
and put all things in disorder. But this was only a suspi-
cion, and more cannot be made of it.
A bill for The Lords were now engaged to go on in the debate for a
a regency, j^gggj^^y . j|- ^.^g opened by the Lord Wharton in a manner
that charmed the whole house. He had not been present
at the former debate, but he said he was much delighted
with what he had heard concerning it ; he said he had ever
looked on the securing a protestant succession to the
crown, as that which secured all our happiness : he had
heard the Queen recommend from the throne, union and
agreement to all her subjects, with a great emotion in his
own mind : it was now evident, that there was a divinity
about her when she spoke ; the cause was certainly super-
natural, for we saw the miracle that was wTought by it ; now
all were for the protestant succession ; it had not been al-
ways so : he rejoiced in their conversion, and confessed
it was a miracle : he would not, he could not, he ought not
to suspect the sincerity of those who moved for inviting the
next successor over ; yet he could not hinder himself from
remembering what had passed, in a course of many years ;
and howmen had argued, voted, and protestedall that while.
This confirmed his opinon that a miracle was now wrought,
and that might oblige some to shew their change, by an ex-
cess of zeal, which he could not but commend, though he
did not fully agree to it. After this preamble, he opened
the proposition for the regency, in all the branches of it ;
that regents should be empowered to act, in the nimie of
the successor, till he should send over orders ; that besides
those whom the parliament should name, the next succes-
sor should send over the nomination sealed up, and to be
opened when that accident should happen, of persons who
should act in the same capacity, with those who should be
named by parliament : so tlie motion being thus digested,
was agreed to by all the whigs, and a bill was ordered to
be brought in, pursuant to these propositions. But upon
the debate on the heads of the bill, it did appear that the
conversation, which the Lord Wharton had so pleasantly
magnified, was not so entire as he seemed to suppose :
%^'^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 107"
there was some cause given to doubt of the miracle ; for i^os.
when a security, that was real and visible, was offered,
those who made the other motion flew otF from it. They
pretended, that it w as because they could not go off from
their first motion ; but they were told, that the immediate
successor might, indeed, during her life, continue in Eng-
land ; yet it was not to be supposed, that her son, the Elec-
tor, could be always absent from his own dominions, and
throw off all care of them, and of the concerns of the em-
pire, in which he bore so great a share. If he should go
over, for ever so short a time, the accident might happen,
in wliich it was certainly necessary to provide such an ex-
pedient, as was now offered. This laid them open to much
censure, but men engaged in parties are not easily put out
of countenance. It was resolved, that the regents should be
seven and no more ; and they were fixed by the post they
were in : the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Keeper,
the L©rd Treasurer, Lord President, Lord Privy Seal, Lord
High Admiral, and the Lord Chief Justice, for the time
being, were named for that high trust. The tories strug-
gled hard that the Lord Treasurer should not be one, only
to shew their spite to the Lord Godolphin, but the motion
was rejected with scorn ; for it seemed ridiculous, in a
time when there might be much occasion for money, to ex-
clude an officer from that high trust, who alone could fur-
nish them with it, or direct them how to be finnished. The
tories moved that the Lord Mayor of London should be
one, but that was likewise rejected : for the design of the
act was, that the government should be carried on, by those
who should ))e at that time in the conduct and secret of
affairs, and were persons nominated by the Queen ; whercr^
as the Lord Mayor w as chosen by the city, and had na
practice in business. These regents were required to pro-
claim the next successor, and to give orders for the like
proclamation over England and Ireland. The next suc-
cessor might send a triplicate of the persons, named by her
or him ; one of these was to be deposited with the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, another with the Lord Keeper, and
a third with his ovra minister, residing at this court ; upon
the producing whereof, the persons nominated were to
join with the regents, and to act in equality \dth them :
the last parliament, even thougl^ dissolved, was to be pre-
108 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. sently brought together, and empowered to continue sitting
for six months ; and thus things were to be kept in order,
till the successor should either come in person, or send
over his orders.
GrsBt oppo- fpjjg tories made some opposition to every branch of the
to it. " tict ; but in that of the parliament's sitting, the opposition
was more remarkable. The Earl of Rochester moved,
that the parliament and the regents should be limited to
pass no act of repeal of any part of the act of uniformity ;
and in his positive way said, if this was not agreed to, he
should still think the church was in danger, notwithstand-
ing what they had heard from the throne in the beginning of
the session. It was objected to this, that if the regal power
was in the regents, and if the parliament was likewise a
legal one, then by the constitution the whole legislature
was in them, and that could not be limited : for they could
repeal any law that limited them ; but the judges were of
opinion, that the power of regents might be limited: so
that, as the design of moving this might be to have a new
colour to possess the clergy, that there was a secret design
against the church, which might break out at such a time,
the Lords gave way to it, though they thought it unreason-
able, and proposed with no good design. The tories, upon
the yielding this to them, proposed a great many more li-
mitations, such as the restraining the regents from consent-
ing to a repeal of the act for triennial parliaments, the acts
for trials in cases of treason, and some others ; and so ex-
travagant were they in their design of making the act ap-
pear ridiculous, that they proposed as a limitation, that
they should not have power to repeal the acts of succes-
sion : all these were rejected with scorn and indignation ;
tlie Lords seeing by this their error in yielding to that pro-
posed by the Earl of Rochester : the bill passed in the
House of Lords, but the tories protested against it.
I never knew any thing in the management of the tories
by which they sufl'ered more in their reputation than by this :
they hoped that the motion for the invitatioti would have
cleared them of all suspicions of inclinations towards the
pretended Prince of Wales, and would have reconciled
the body of the nation to them, and turned them against
all who should oppose it: but the progress of the matter
produced a contrary cfl'cct. The management was so ill
OP QUEEN ANNE. 109
disguised, that it was visible they intended only to provoke it^os.
the Queen by it, hoping that the provocation might go so ^"^^^"^
far, that in the sequel all their designs might be brought
about, though by a method that seemed quite contrary to
them, and destructive of them.
The bill lay long in the House of Commons, by a secret '^ secret
. . , . ii-i- luanagemeut
management that was agamst it : the tones there likewise in tiie House
proposed that the next successor should be brought over, of Com-
which was opposed by the whigs, not by any vote against
it, but by resolving to go through the Lords' bill first : the
secret management was from Hanover. Some indigent
persons, and others employed by the tories, had studied to
infuse jealousies of the Queen and her ministers into the
old Electoress. She was then seventy-five ; but had still
so much vivacity, that as she was the most knowing, and
the most entertaining woman of the age, so she seemed
willing to change her scene, and to come and shine among
us here in England ; they prevailed with her to AVTite a
letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, intimating her rea-
diness to come over, if the Queen and parliament should
desire it : this was made public by the intriguing persons
in that court : and a colour was soon found to keep some
whigs from agreeing to the act. In the act that first settled
the succession, one limitation (as was told in its proper
place,) had been, that when the crown should pass into
that House, no man who had either place or pension should
be capable of sitting in the House of Commons : the clause
in this bill, that empowered either the parliament that
should be current at the Queen's death, or that which had
sat last, (though dissolved,) to sit for six months, or till the
successor should dissolve it, seemed contrary to this inca-
pacitating clause in the former act. Great exceptions were
taken to this by some zealous whigs, who were so possess-
ed with the notion of a self-denying bill, as necessary to
preserve public liberty from the practices of a designing
court, that for some weeks there was cause to fear, not
only the loss of the bill, but a breach among the whigs
upon this head : much pains were taken, and with very
good effect, to heal this : it was at last settled ; a great
many offices were enumerated, and it was declared that
every man who held any of these, was thereby incapaci-
tated from sitting in the House of Commons ; and every
110 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705- member of the House, who did not accept of any other
"^ office, was upon that excluded the House, and a new writ
was to go out to those whom he represented to choose agam ;
but it was left free to them to choose him, or any other
The act of as they pleased. It was desired by those who pressed this
the recfency , ., iii i i-i
passed. matter most, that it should take place only m tne next reign ;
but, to remove all jealousy, the ministers were content that
these clauses should take place immediately, upon the dis-
solution of the present parliament. And when the House
of Commons sent up these self-denying clauses to the
Lords, they added to them a repeal of that clause in the
first act of succession, by which the succeeding princes
were limited to govern by the advice of their council, and
by which all the privy-counsellors were to be obliged to
sign their advices, which was impracticable, since it was
visible that no man would be a privy-coimsellor on those
terms : the Lords added the repeal of this clause, to the
amendments sent up by the Commons ; and the Commons
readily agreed to it.
The dangers After this act Lad passed, the Lord Hallifax, remember-
inquired ^^S" what the Earl of Rochester had said concerning the
into- danger the church might be in, moved that a day might be
appointed to inquire into those dangers, about which so
many tragical stories had been published of late : a day
was appointed for this, and we were all made believe that
we should hear many frightful things ; but our expectations
were not answered : some spoke of danger from the presr-
bytery that was settled in Scotland : some spoke of the ab-
sence of the next successor : some reflected on the occa-
sional bill that was rejected in that House : some complain-
ed of the schools of the dissenters : and others reflected
on the principles that many had drank in, that were dif-
ferent from those formerly received, and that seemed de-
structive of the church.
Li opposition to all this it was said, that the church was
safer now than ever it had been : at the Revolution, provi-
sion was made that our king must be of the reformed reli-
gion; nor was this all, in the late act of succession it
was enacted, that he should be of the communion of the
church of England. It was not reasonable to object to tlie
House rojcrting a bill, which was done by the majority, of
whom it became not the lesser number to complain : we
OF QUEEN ANNE. Ill
liad all our former laws left to us, not only entire, but for- 1705.
titled by late additions and explanations ; so tluit v, e were ^^^^^-^^
safer in all these, than we had been at any time formerly :
the dissenters gained no new strengtli, they were visibly
decreasing : the toleration had softened their tempers, and
they concurred zealously in serving all the ends of the go-
vernment : nor was there any particular complaint brought
against them : they seemed quiet and content with their
toleration, if they could be but secure of enjoying it: the
Queen was taking the most efl'ectual means possible to de-
liver the clergy from the depressions of poverty, that
brought them under much contempt, and denied them the
necessary means and helps of study. The bishops looked
after their dioceses with a care tliat had not been known in
the memory of man. Great sums were yearly raised by
their care and zeal, for serving the plantations, better than
had ever yet been done : a spirit of zeal and piety appear-
ed in our churches, and at sacrament beyond the example
of former times. In one respect it was acknowledged the
church was in danger ; there was an evil spirit and a viru-
lent temper spread among the clergy; there were many in-
decent sermons preached on public occasions, and those
hot clergymen, who were not the most regular in their
liyes, had raised faction^ in many dioceses against their
bishops : these were dangers created by those very men
who jfilled the nation with this outcry against imaginary
ones, while their own conduct produced real and threaten-
ing dangers. Many severe reflections were throA\n out on
both sides in the progress of this debate.
It ended in a vote, carried by a great majority, that the a >oteiuiJ
church of England, under the Queen's happy administra- ^"ttiVQulen
tion, was in a safe and flourishing condition ; and to this a about iimu
severe censure was added on the spreaders of these reports
of dangers ; that they were the enemies of the Queen and
of her government. They also resolved to make an ad-
dress to the Queen, in which, after this was set forth, they
prayed her to order a prosecution, according to law, of all
who should be found guilty of this ofl'ence. They sent this
down to the House of Commons, where the debate was
brought over again, but it was run down with great force.
The Commons agreed with the Lords, and both houses went
together to the Queen with this address. Such a concur-
112 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1705. rcnce of both houses had not been seen for some years;
'"^'^"'^-^ and, indeed, there was in both so great a majority for car-
rying on all the interests of the government, that the men
of ill intentions had no hopes, during the whole session, of
embroiling matters, but in the debates concerning the self-
denying clause aboveraentioned.
1706. But though the main designs and hopes of the party had
Complaints thus not ouly failed them, but turned against them; yet
rJjltted.'""' they resolved to make another attempt : it was on the Duke
of Marlborough, though they spoke of him with great re-
spect. They complained of the errors committed this year
in the conduct of the war : they indeed laid the blame of
the miscarriage of the design on the Moselle on the Prince
of Baden, and the errors committed in Brabant on the
states and their deputies ; but they said they could not
judge of these things, nor be able to lay before the Queen
those advices that might be fit for them to ofier to her, un-
less they were made acquainted with the whole series of
those affairs ; therefore they proposed, that by an address
tliey might pray the Queen to communicate to them all that
she knew concerning those transactions during the last
campaign : for they reckoned, that if all particulars should
be laid before them, they would find somewhat in the Duke
of Marlborough's conduct on which a censure might be
fixed : to this it was answered, that if any complaint was
brought against any of the Queen's subjects, it would be
reasonable for them to inquire into it by all proper ways :
but the House of Lords could not pretend to examine or to
censure the conduct of the Queen's allies : they were not
subject to them, nor could they be heard to justify them-
selves : and it was somewhat extraordinary if they should
pass a censure or make a complaint of them. It was one
of the trusts that was lodged with the government to ma-
nage all treaties and alliances : so that our commerce with
our allies was wholly in the crown : allies might sometimes
fail, being not able to perform what they undertook : they
are subject both to errors and accidents, and are sometimes
ill served. The entering into that matter was not at all
proper lor the House, unless it was intended to run into rash
and indiscreet censures, on design to provoke the allies,
and by that meaus to weaken, if not break the alliance :
OF QUEEN ANNE. 113
the Queen would, no doubt, endeavour to redress what- ^"^^^^
soever was amiss, and that must be trusted to her conduct. ^■^^**^
So this attempt not only failed, but it happened upon
this, as upon other occasions, that it was turned against
those who made it : an address was made to the Queen,
praying her to go on in her alliances, and in particular to
cultivate a perfect union and correspondence with the States
of the United Provinces : this had a very good effect in Hol-
land, for the agents of France were, at the same time, both
spreading reports among us, that the Dutch were inclined
to a peace, and among them, that the English had very
unkind thoughts of them. The design was to alienate us
from one another, that so both might be thereby the better
disposed to hearken to a project of peace ; which in the
state in which matters were at that time, was the most de-
structive thing that could be thought on : and all motions
that looked that way, gave very evident discoveries of the
bad intentions of those who made them.
The next business of a public nature that came before The acts
the parliament, was carried very unanimously. The Queen Seoirre- ^
laid before the two houses the addresses of the Scotch pealed.
parliament against any progress in the treaty of union, till
the act which declared them aliens by such a day should
be repealed : the tories, upon this occasion, to make them-
selves poptilar, after they had failed in many attempts, re-
solved to promote this ; apprehending that the whigs, who
had first moved for that act, would be for maintaining their
own work : but they seemed to be much surprised, when,
after they had prefaced their motions in this matter, with
such declarations of their intentions for the public good,
that shewed they expected opposition and a debate, the
whigs not only agreed to this, but earned the motion further,
to the other act relating to their manufacture and trade :
this passed very unanimously in both houses ; and by this
means way was made for opening a treaty as soon as the
session should come to an end. All the northern parts of
England, which had been disturbed for some years with
apprehensions of a war with Scotland, that would certainly
be mischievous to them, whatsoever the end of it might
prove, were much delighted with the prospect of peace and
union with their neighbours.
These were the most important debates during this ses-
VOL. IV. Q
114 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1706. sion ; at all which the Queen was present: she staid all the
^•'"''^ while, and hearkened to every thing with great attention.
The debates were managed on the one side by the Lords
Godolphin, Wharton, Somers, Hallifax, Sunderland, and
Townshend ; on the other side by the Duke of Bucking-
ham, and the Lords Rochester, Nottingham, Anglesey,
Guernsey, and Havershara. There was so much strength
and clearness on the one side, and so much heat and arti-
fice on the other, that nothing but obstinate partiality could
resist s evident a conviction.
The public rpi^g House of Commous went on in creating funds for
credit very ^
high. the supplies they had voted for the next year ; and the na-
tion was so well satisfied ^vith the government, and the con-
duct of affairs, that a fund being created for 2,500,000/., by
way of annuities for ninety-nine years, at six and a half
per cent, at the end of which the capital was to sink ; the
whole sum was subscribed in a very few days : at the same
time the Duke of Marlborough proposed the advance of a
sum of 500,000/. to the Emperor, for the use of Prince Eu-
gene, and the service of Italy, upon a branch of the Empe-
ror's revenue in Silesia, at eight per cent., and the capital
to be repaid in eight y-ears : the nation did so abound, both
in money and zeal, that this w as likewise advanced in a very
few days : our armies, as well as our allies, were every
where punctually paid : the credit of the nation was never
raised so high in any age, nor so sacredly maintained : the
Treasury was as exact and as regular in all payments as
any private banker could be. It is true, a great deal of
money w ent out of the kingdom in specie : that w hich main-
tained the war in Spain, was to be sent thither in that man-
ner, the way by bills of exchange not being yet opened :
our trade with Spain and the N^^est Indies, which formerly
brought us great returns of money, was now stopped : by
this means there grew to be a sensible w ant of money over
the nation : this was in a great measure supplied, by the
currency of Exchequer bills and Bank notes : and this lay so
obvious to the disafiected party, that they were often at-
tempting to blast, at least to disparage this paper credit :
but it was still kept up. It bred a just indignation in all
who had a true love to their country, to see some using all
possible methods to .shake the administration, which, not-
withstanding the ditUculties at home and abroad, was much
OF QUEEN ANNE. 115
the best that had been in the memory of man : and was I'^oe.
certainly not only easy to the subjects in general, but gentle '^
even towards those who were endeavouring to undermine it.
The Lord Somers made a motion in the House of a bill to re-
Lords to coiTect some of the proceedings in the common ceedhiKs at
law, and in Chancery, that were both dilatory and very law.
chargeable. He began the motion with some instances
that were more conspicuous and gross; and he managed
the matter so, that both the Lord Keeper and judges con-
curred "with him ; though it passes generally for a maxim,
that judges ought rather to enlarge than contract their juris-
diction. Abill passed the House, that began a reformation
of proceedings at law, which, as things now stand, are
certainly among the greatest grievances of the nation :
when this went through the House of Commons, it was
visible that the interest of under-officers, clerks, and attor-
neys, whose gains were to be lessened by this bill, was
more considered than the interest of the nation itself. Se-
veral clauses, how beneficial soever to the subject, which
touched on their profit, were left out by the Commons :
bnt what fault soever the Lords might have found with
these alterations, yet, to avoid all disputes ^^^th the Com-
mons, they agreed to their amendments.
Tliere was another general complaint made of the pri-
Aate acts of parliament, that passed through both houses
too easily, and in so great a number, that it took up a great
part of the session to examine them, even in that cursory
way, that was subject to many inconveniences. The fees
that were paid for these, to the speakers and clerks of both
houses, inclined them to favour and promote them : so the
Lord Somers proposed such a regulation in that matter, as
will probably have a good effect for the future. The pre-
sent Lord Keeper did indeed very generously obstruct
those private bills, as much as his predecessor had pro-
moted them. He did another thing of a great example ; on
the first day of the year, it was become a custom for all
those who practised in Chancery, to offer a new-year's gift
to the lord, who had the gieat seal : these grew to be so
considerable, that they amounted to L500/. a year. On
this new-year's day, which was his first, he signified to all
who, according to custom, were expected to come with
their presents, that he would receive none, but woul4'break
116 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1706. that custom. He thought it looked like the insinuating
themselves into the favour of the court ; and that if it was
not bribery, yet it came too near it, and looked too like it :
this contributed not a little to the raising his character.
He managed the court of Chancery with impartial justice
and great dispatch ; and was very useful to the House of
Lords in the promoting of business.
Coinpiaiiiis When the session was near at an end, great complaints
"r *^^ f"^" were made in both houses of the progress of popery in
popery. Lancashire, and of many insoleucies committed there, both
by the laity and priests of that religion : upon this a bill
was brought into the House of Commons, with clauses
that would have rendered the bill, passed against papists
in the end of the last reign, effectual : this alarmed all of
that religion : so 'that they made very powerful, or (to
follow the raillery of that time) very weighty intercessions
with the considerable men of that House. The court look-
ed on, and seemed indifferent in the matter, yet it was
given out that so severe a law would be very unreasonable,
when we were in alliance with so many princes of that reli-
gion, and that it must lessen the force of the Queen's inter-
cession in favour of tlie protestants, that lived in the domi-
nions of those princes : the proceeding seemed rigorous,
and not suited to the gentleness that the Christian religion
did so particularly recommend, and was contrary to the
maxims of liberty of conscience and toleration that were
then in great vogue. It was answered, that the dependanee
of those of that religion on a foreign jurisdiction, and at
present on a foreign pretender to the crown, put them out
of the case of other subjects, who might differ from the
established religion ; since there seemed to be good reason
to consider the papists as enemies, rather than as subjects:
but the application was made in so effectual a manner, that
the bill was let fall : and though the Lords had made some
steps towards such a bill, yet, since they saw what fate it
was like to have in the House of Commons, instead of
proceeding farther in it, they dismissed that matter with an
address to the Queen, that she would give orders, both to
the justices of peace and to the clergy, that a return might
be made to the next session of parliament, of all the papists
ill England.
There was another project set on foot at this time by the
OP QUEEN ANNE.
Lord Hallifax, for putting the records and the public offices
of the kino'dom in better order. He had, in a former ses- . ^'^f ,
•3 ^ A desiga tor
sion, moved the Lords to send some of their number to view a public li-
the records in the Tower, wliich were in great disorder, ^^^^'
and in a visible decay for w ant of some more officers, and
by the neglect of those we had. These lords, in tlieir re-
port, proposed some regulations for the future, which have
])een since followed so efi'ectually, though at a considera-
ble charge, by creating several n€w officers, that the nation
will reap the benefit of all this very sensibly ; but Lord
Hallifax carried his project much further. The famous
library collected by Sir Robert Cotton, and continued
down in his family, was the greatest collection of ma-
nuscripts relating to the public, that perhaps any nation in
Europe could shew. The lat-e o\Mier of it. Sir Jolm Cot-
ton, had, by his will, left it to the public, but in such words,
that it was rather shut up than made any way useful : and
indeed it was to be so carefully preserved, that none could
be the better for it : so that Lord moved the House to en-
treat the Queen, that she would be pleased to buy Cotton
House, which stood just between the two houses of parlia-
ment ; so that some part of that ground would furnish
them with many useful rooms, and there would be enough
left for building a noble structure for a library : to which,
besides the Cotton library, and the Queen's library, the
Royal Society, who had a very good library at Gresham
College, would remove and keep their assemblies there, as
soon as it was made convenient for them. This was a great
design, which the Lord Hallifax, who set it first on foot,
seemed resolved to carry on till it was finished. It vnW set
learning again on foot among us, and be a great honour to
the Queen's reign.
Thus this session of parliament came to a very happy
conclusion ; there was in it the best harmony within both
houses, and between them, as well as with the cro^\'n, and
it was the best applauded in the city of London, over tlie
whole nation, and indeed over all Europe, of any session
that I had ever seen ; and w hen it was considered that this
was the first of the three, so tliat we were to have two other
sessions of the same members, it gave an universal satis-
faction, both to our own people at home, and our allie.«i
abroad, and afl'orded a prospect of a happy end, that
1^^ HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^^ should he put to this devouring^ war, which in all proba-
bility must come to a period before the conclusion of the
present parliament. This gave an unspeakable satisfac-
tion to all who loved their country and their religion, who
now hoped that we had in view a good and a safe peace.
Proceedings The convocation sat at the same time : it was chosen as
uou. "*°'^^" the former had been, and the members that were ill affected
were still prevailed on to come up, and to continue in an
expensive but useless attendance in town. The bishops
drew up an address to the Queen, in which, as the two
houses of parliament had done, they expressed a just in-
dignation at the jealousies that had been spread about the
nation, of the danger of the church. When this was com-
municated to the lower house, they refused to join in it,
but would give no reason for their refusal : they drew an
address of their own, in which no notice was taken of these
aspersions : the bishops, according to autient precedents,
required them either to agree to their address, or to offer
their objections against it: they would do neither ; so the
address Avas let fall : and, upon that, a stop was put to all
further communication between the two houses. The lower
house, upon this, went on in their former practice of inter-
mediate sessions, in which they began to enter upon busi-
ness, to approve of some books, and to censure others :
and they resolved to proceed upon the same grounds that
factious men among them had before set up, though the
falsehood of their pretensions had been evidently made to
appear. The Archbishop had prorogued them to the 1st
of March : when that day came, the lower house was sur-
prised Avith a protestation, that was brought to the upper
house, by a great part of their body, who, being dissatisfied
with the proceedings of the majority, and haAing long
struggled against them, though in vain, at last drew up a
protestation against them : they sent it up and doA\Ti,
through the whole province, that they might get as many
hands to it as they could ; but the matter was managed
with such caution, that (hough it was in many hands, yet it
was not known to the other side, till they heard it was pre-
sented to the president of the upper house : in it all the
irregular motions of the lower house were reckoned up, in-
sisting more particularly on that of holding intermediate
sessions, against all which they protested, and prayed tliat
v^-^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 119
their protestation might be entered in the books of the ^^oe.
upper house, that so they might not be involved in the
guilt of the rest : this was signed by above fifty, and the
whole body was but an hundred and forty-five : some were
neutral : so that hereby very near one half broke oft' from
the rest, and left them, and sat no more with them. The
lower house was deliberating how to vent their indignation
against these, when a more sensible mortification followed :
the Archbishop sent for them, and when they came up, he
read a letter to them, that was wrote to him by the Queen,
in which she took notice that the difiierences between the
two houses w^ere still kept up ; she was much concerned to
see that they were rather increased than abated : she was
the more surprised at this, because it had been her con-
stant care, as it should continue always to be, to preserve
the constitution of the church, as it was by law established,
and to discountenance all divisions and innovations what-
soever : she was resolved to maintain her supremacy, and
the due subordination of presbyters to bishops, as funda-
mental parts of it : she expected, that the Archbishop and
bishops would act conformable to this resolution, and in
so doing they should be sure of the continuance of her pro-
tection and favour, which should not be wanting to any of
the clergy, as long as they were tnie to the constitution,
and dutiful to her, and their ecclesiastical superiors, and
preserved such a temper as became those who were in
holy orders. The i\rchbishop, as he was required to read
this to them, so he was directed to prorogue them, for such
a time as should appear convenient to him : they were
struck with this ; for it had been carried so secretly, that it
was a surprise to them all. AVhen they saw they were to
be prorogued, they ran very indecently to the door, and
with some difficulty were kept in the room till the proroga-
tion was intimated to them : they went next to their own
house, where, though prorogued, they sat still in form, as if
they had been a house, but they did not venture on passing
any vote. So factious were they, and so implicitly led by
those who had got an ascendant over them, that though
they had formerly submitted the matters in debate to the
Queen, yet now, when she declared her pleasure, they
would not acquiesce in it.
The session of parliament being now at an end, the pre-
120 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1706. parations for the campaign were carried on Avith all possi-
prepara- ble dispatcli : that which was most pressing was first done.
tions for the Upon Stanhopc's first coming over, in the beginning of
campaign. ^ '^ . ,,.t /• j-
January, orders were immediately issued out lor sending
over five thousand men, with all necessary stores, to Spain:
the orders were given in very pressing terms ; yet so many
ofiices were concerned in the execution, that many delaysr
were made ; some of these were much censured : at last
they sailed in March. The fleet that had gone into the
Mediterranean with King Charles, and was to return and
AWnter at Lisbon, was detained by westerly winds longer in
those seas than had been expected.
A revolt in The pcoplc of Valencia seemed to hope, that they were
to winter in those seas ; and by tliis they were encouraged
to declare for King Charles : but they were much exposed
to those who commanded in King Philip's name. All Ca-
talonia had submitted to King Charles, except Roses ; gar-
risons were put in Gironne, Lerida, and Tortosa ; and the
states of that principality prepared themselves, with great
zeal and resolution, for tlie next campaign, which, they
had reason to expect, would come both early and severely
upon them. There was a breach between the Earl of
Peterljorough and the Prince of Lichtenstein, whom he
charged very heavily, in the King's own presence, with
corruption and injustice : the matter went far, and the King
blamed the Earl of Peterborough, who had not much of a
forbearing or forgiving temper in him. There was no
method of communication with England yet settled : we
did not hear from them, nor they from us, in five months :
this put them out of all hope : our men wanted every thing,
and could be supplied there with nothing. The revolt in
Valencia made it necessary to send such a supply to them
from Barcelona as could be spared from thence. The dis-
gust that was taken, made it advisable to send the Earl of
Peterborough thither, and he willingly undertook the ser-
vice : he marched towards that kingdom with about fifteen
hundred English, and a thousand Spaniards: they were all
ill equipped and ill furnished, without artillery, and with
very little ammunition : but, as they marched, all the coun-
try either came into them or fled before them. He got to
Valencia without any opposition, and was received there
with all possible deraonstiations of joy. This gave a great
OF QUEEN ANNE. 121
disturbance to the Spanish councils at Madrid : they ad- ^^°*-
vised the King to begin with the reduction of Valencia : it
lay nearer, and was easier come at; and by this the dis-
position to revolt would be checked, wliich might otherwise
go further : but this was overruled from France, where little
regard was had to the Spaniards. They resolved to begin
with Barcelona : in it King Charles himself lay ; and on
taking it they reckoned all the rest would fall.
The French resolved to send every thing that was neces- Tbe siege of
sary for the siege by sea ; and the Count of Toulouse was ^"'^^^°^-
ordered to lie with the fleet before the place, whilst it was
besieged by land : it was concerted to begin the siege in
March, for they knew that if they begun it so early, our
fleet could not come in time to relieve it : but two great
storms, that came soon one after another, did so scatter
their tartanes, and disable their ships of war, that as some
were cast away, and others were much shattered, so they
all lost a month's time, and the siege could not be formed
before the beginning of April. King Charles shut himself
up in Barcelona, by which the people were both animated
and kept in order : this gave all the allies very sad appre-
hensions ; they feared not only the loss of the place, but of
his person. Leak sailed from Lisbon in the end of March :
he missed the galleons very narrowly, but he could not
pursue them ; for he was to lose no time, but haste to Bar-
celona : his fleet was increased to thirty sliips of the line
by the time he got to Gibraltar ; but though twenty more
were following him, he would not stay, but hasted on to the
relief of the place as fast as the wind served.
At the same time, the campaign was opened on the side Alcantara
of Portugal : the Earl of Gallway had full powers, and a ^''^^^'
brave army of about twenty thousand men, well furnished
in all respects : he left Badajos behind him, and marched
on to Alcantara. The Duke of Berwick had a very small
force left him to defend that frontier : it seems the French
trusted to the interest they had in the court of Portu-
gal : his troops were so bad, that he saw in one small
action, that he could not depend on them : he put a good
garrison in Alcantara, where their best magazine was laid
in. But when the Earl of Gallway came before the town/
within three days, the garrison, consisting of four thousand
men, delivered up the place ^nd themselves as prisoners of
VOL. IV. R
122 HISTORY OF THE HEIGN
1706. war : the Portuguese would have stopped there, and thought
^'^^ they had made a good campaign, though they had done no
more ; but the English ambassador at Lisbon went to the
King of Portugal, and pressed him, that orders might be im-
mediately sent to the Earl of Gallway to march on ; and when
he saw a great coolness in some of the ministers, he threat-
ened a present rupture, if it was not done : and he con-
tinued waiting on the King, till the orders were signed, and
sent away. Upon receipt of these, the Earl of Gallway
advanced towards Placentia, all the country declaring for
him as soon as he appeared; and the Duke of Berwick
still retiring before him, not being able to give the least in-
tenuption to his march.
The Ger- -pj^g campaign was opened in Italy with great advantage to
defeated in the Frcuch : the Duke of Vendome marched into the Bres-
^^*'^' ciau, to attack the imperialists, before Prince Eugene could
join them, who was now come very near: he fell on a
body of about twelve thousand of them, being double their
number; he drove them from their posts, with the loss of
about three thousand men killed and taken ; but it was be-
lieved there were as many of the French killed as of the
imperialists. Prince Eugene came up within two days,
and put all in order again. He retired to a surer post,
waiting till the troops from Germany should come up : the
slowness of the Germans was always fatal, in the begin-
ning of the campaign. The Duke of Savoy was now reduced
to great extremities : he saw the siege of Turin was design-
ed ; he fortified so many outposts, and put so good a gar-
rison in it, that he prepared well for a long siege, and a
great resistance ; he wrote to the Queen, for a further sup-
ply of 50,000/. assuring her, that by that means the place
should be put in so good a state, that he would undertake
that all should be done, which could be expected from
brave and resolute men : and so careful was the Lord
Treasurer to encourage liim, that the courier was sent back
the next d^y, after he came, with credit for the money.
There was some hopes of a peace, as there was an actual
cessation of war in Hungary : the malecontents had been
put in hopes of a great diversion of the Emperor's forces,
on the side of Bavaria, where there was a great insurrec-
tion, provoked, as was said, by the oppression of the im-
Ijcrial officers, who were so accustomed to be heavy in
OP QUEEN ANNE. 123
their quarters, that when they had the pretence, that they ^^^oe.
were among enemies, it may be easily believed, there was
much just occasion of complaint ; and that they were guilty
of great exactions and rapine. This looked formidably at
first, and seemed to threaten a new war in those parts, but
all was soon suppressed : the peasants had no officers
among them, no discipline, nor magazines, and no place of
strength : so they were quickly dispersed, and stricter orders
were given, for the better regulating the military men,
though it was not expected that these would be long ob-
served.
While matters were in this disposition abroad, the treaty The treaty
for the union of the two kingdoms was brought on, and B,!ion*of tbe
managed with great solemnity. Commissions were given t^o ting-
out for thirty-two persons of each kingdom, to meet at °™ *
London on the 18th of April ; Somerset House was ap-
pointed for the place of the treaty : the persons who were
named to treat on the English side, were well chosen ; they
were the most capable of managing the treaty, and the
best disposed to it, of any in the kingdom. Those who
came from Scotland, were not looked on as men so well
aflFected to the design : most of them had stood out in a
long and firm opposition to the Revolution, and to all that
had been done afterwards, pursuant to it. The nomination
of these was fixed on by the Dukes of Queensberry and
Argyle: it was said by them, that though these objections
did indeed lie against them, yet they had such an interest in
Scotland, that the engaging them to be cordially for the
union, would be a great means to get it agreed to in the
parliament there: the Scotch had got among them the
notion of a foederal union, like that of the United Pro-
vinces, or of the cantons in Swisserland : but the English
resolved to lose no time in the examining or discussing
of that project, for this reason, besides many others, that
as long as the two nations had two difierent parliaments,
they could break that union w hensoever they pleased ; for
each nation would follow their own parliament. The de-
sign was now to settle a lasting and indissoluble union
between tlie kingdoms, therefore they resolved to treat only
about an incorporating union, that should put an end to all
distinctions, and unite all their interests : so they at last
entered upon the scheme of an entire union.
^'VW
124 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1706. But now to look again into our affairs abroad. The
French seemed to have laid the design of their campaign
so well, that it had every where a formidable appearjince :
and if the execution had answered their scheme, it would
have proved as glorious, as it was in the conclusion fatal
to them. They reckoned the taking of Barcelona and Turin
sure : and by these, they thought the war, both in Spain and
Italy, would be soon brought to an end : they knew they
would be superior to any force that the Prince of Baden
could bring together, on the Upper Rhine ; and they in-
tended to have a great army in Flanders, where they knew
our chief strength would be, to act as occasion or their
other affairs should require. But how well soever this design
might seem to be laid, it appeared Providence had another :
which was brought to bear every where, in a most wonder-
ful manner, and in a reverse to all their ^dews. The steps
of this, I intend to set out, rather as a meditation on the
providence of God, than as a particular history of this sig-
nal year, for which I am no way furnished : beside that, if I
were, it does not answer my principal design in writing.
The French lay thirty-seven days before Barcelona : of
that time, twenty-two were spent in taking Mountjoy ; they
seemed to think there was no danger of raising the siege,
and that therefore they might proceed as slowly as they
pleased : the town was under such a consternation, that
nothing but the King's presence could have kept them
from capitulating the first week of the siege : there were
some mutinies raised, and some of the magistrates were
killed in them; but the King came among them on all oc-
casions, and both quieted and animated them. Stanhope
wrote, after the siege was over, (whether as a courtier or not,
I cannot tell, for he had now the character of the Queen's
envoy to King Charles,) that the King went into all places
of danger, and made all about him examples to the rest,
to be hard at work, and constant upon duty. After Mount-
joy was taken, the town was more pressed : the Earl of
Peterborough came from Valencia, and was upon the hills,
but could not give them any great assistance : some few
from Gironne, and other places, got into the town: the
French engineers performed their part with little skill and
isuccess ; those they relied most on, happened to be killed
in the beginning of the siege. The Levant wind was all
OF QUEEN ANNE. 125
this while so strong, that it was not possible for Leak to i^oe.
come up, so soon as was desired, to their relief. "-^^^^
But when their strength, as well as their patience, was "^^ ",^* °^
, . 1X1-11, Barcelona
almost quite exhausted, the wind turned, and Leak with all raised.
possible haste sailed to them : as soon as the Count of
Toulouse had intelligence that he was near him, he sailed
back to Toulon. Tesse, mth King Philip, (who was in
the camp, but was not once named in any action,) conti-
nued three days before Barcelona, after their fleet sailed
away : they could then have no hopes of carrying it, im-
less a storm at sea had kept our fleet at a distance : at last,
on the 1st of May, O. S. the siege was raised, with great pre-
cipitation, and in much disorder : their camp was left well fur-
nished, and the sick and wounded could not be carried oflF.
On the day of the raising the siege, as the French army An eclipse
was marching ofl", the sun was eclipsed, and it was total in °" * '""■
those parts : it is certain that there is no weight to be laid
on such things ; yet the vulgar being apt to look on them
as ominous, it was censured as a great error in Tesse, not
to have raised the siege a day sooner ; and that the rather,
because the King of France had made the sun, with a
motto of Nee plurihus impar, his device. King Philip
made all the haste he could to Perpignan, but his army was
almost quite ruined before he got thither : there was no
manner of communication, over landj between Barcelona
and Portugal: so the Portuguese, doubting the issue of
that siege, had no mind to engage further, till they saw how
it ended : therefore they ordered their army to march aside The^aricrf
to Ciudad Roderigo, on pretence that it was necessary to acTvalced
secure their frontier, by taking that place : it was taken
after a very short siege, and with small resistance : from
thence they advanced to Salamanca. But upon the news
of raising the siege of Barcelona, they went on towards
Madrid ; the Duke of Berwick only observing their mo-
tions, and still retiring before them. King Philip went, ^^iui; pli-
with great expedition, and a very small train, from Perpig- MadrXaad
nan to Navarre ; from thence he came post to Madrid : but *ooii leti it.
finding he had no army that he could trust to, the grandees
being now retired, and looking as so many dead men ; and
he seeing that the Portuguese were still advancing, sent his
Queen to Burgos, and followed her in a few days, carrying
with him that which was valuable in the palace : and it
120 HISTORY OP THE RElGN
I'^o^^ seems he despaired ever to return thither again, since he
destroyed all that could not be carried away ; in which he
acted a very extraordinary part, for he did some of this with
his own hand ; as the gentleman, whom the Earl of Gall-
way sent over, told me was universally believed in Madrid.
The Earl of The Capital city beinij: thus forsaken, the Earl of Gall-
came to it. Way Came to it by the end of June ; he met vnth no re-
but King sistance indeed, but with as little welcome : an army of
layed too Portugucsc, w ith a heretic at their head, were certainly very
long to come strange sights to the Castilians, who retained all the pride,
without any of the courage, of their ancestors : they thought
it below them to make their submissions to any, but to the
King himself; and if King Charles had come thither im-
mediately, it was believed that the entire reduction of
Spain would have been soon brought about. It is not yet
certain what made him stay so long as he did at Barcelona,
even from the beginning of May till near the end of July.
Those about him pretended, it was not tit to go to Madrid,
till he was well furnished with money to make a decent en-
try : Stanhope offered to furnish him with what was neces-
sary for the journey, but could not afford a magnificent
equipage for a solemn entry. King Charles vrrote a very
pressing letter to the Duke of Marlborough, setting forth
his necessities, and desiring greater supplies ; I saw this
letter, for the Duke sent it over to the Lord Treasurer :
but little regard was had to it, because it was suggested
from many different hands, that the Prince of Lichtenstein
was enriching himself, and keeping his King poor. Others
pretended the true cause of the delay was a secret amour
of that King's at Barcelona ; whatsoever the cause of it
might be, the effects have hitherto proved fatal: it was
first proposed, that King Charles should march through
Valencia, as the nearest and much the safest way, and he
came on that design as far as Tarracona : but advice being
brought him there, that the kingdom of Arragon was in
a good disposition to declare for him, he was diverted
£rom his first intentions, and prevailed on to go to Sa-
ragossa ; where he was acknowledged by that kingdom :
but he lost much time, and more in the reputation of his
arms, by delaying so long to move towards Madrid : so
King Philip took heart, and came back from Burgos
to Madrid. The Earl of Gall way was very uneasy at this
v*-,-^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 127
slow motion which King Charles made: King Philip had Z^'^^^-
some more troops sent him from France, and the broken
bodies of his army being now brought together, he had an
army equal in numbers to the Earl of Gallway, and so
he marched up to him : but since so much depended on the
issue of an action, the Earl of Gallway avoided it, because
he expected every day reinforcements to be brought up
to him, both by King Charles, and by the Earl of Peterbo-
rough from Valencia : therefore, to facilitate this conjunc-
tion, he moved towards Arragon; so that Madrid was
again left to be possessed by King Philip. At last, in the
beginning of August, King Charles came up, but with
a very inconsiderable force: a few days after, the Earl
of Peterborough came also with an escort, rather than
any strength; for he had not with him above five hun-
dred dragoons. He was now uneasy, because he could
not have the supreme command, both the Earl of Gallway
and Count Noyelles being much antienter officers than
he was. But, to deliver him from the uneasiness of being
commanded by them, the Queen had sent him the powers
of an ambassador extraordinary ; and he took that charac-
ter on him for a few days. His complaining so much
as he did of the Prince of Lichtenstein and the Germans,
who were still possessed of King Charles's confidence,
made him very unacceptable to that King : so he, waiting
for orders from the Queen, withdrew from the camp, and
sailed away in one of the Queen's ships to Genoa. Our
fleet lay all the summer in the Mediterranean ; which
obliged the French to keep theirs within Toulon. Car-
thagena declared for King Charles, and was secured by some
of our ships : the fleet came before Alicant : the seamen
landed and stormed the town ; the castle held out some
weeks, but then it capitulated, and the soldiers by articles
were obliged to march to Cadiz. Soon after that, our fleet
sailed out of the Straits; one squadron was sent to the
West Indies, another was to lie at Lisbon, and the rest
were ordered home. After King Charles had joined Lord
Gallway, King Philip's army and his looked on one an-
other for some time, but without venturing on any action :
they were near an equality, and both sides expected to be
reinforced ; so in that uncertainty, neither side would put
any thing to hazard.
128 HISTORY or THE IIEIGN
1706. But now I turn to another and a greater scene : the King
The battle of France was assured, that the King of Denmark would
ofRamii- stand upon some high demands, he made to the allies,
so that the Duke of Marlborough could not have the
Danes, who were about ten or twelve thousand, to join
him for some time; and that the Prussians, almost as
many as the Danes, could not come up to the confederate
army for some weeks : so he ordered the Elector of Ba-
varia and Villeroy to march up to them, and to venture on
a battle ; since, without the Danes, they would have been
much superior in number. The states yielded to all Den-
mark's demands, and the Prince of Wirtemberg, who com-
manded their troops, being very well aft'ected, reckoned
that all being granted, he needed not stay till he sent
to Denmark, nor wait for their express orders ; but marched
and joined the army the day before the engagement. Some
thought, that the King of France, upon the news of the dis-
grace before Barcelona, that he might cover that, resolved
to put all to venture, hoping that a victory would have set
all to rights : this passed generally in the world. But the
Duke of Marlborough told me, that there being only twelve
days between the raising of the siege of Barcelona and
this battle, the one being on the 1st of May, and the other
on the 12th, eight of which must be allowed for the cou-
rier to Paris, and from thence to Brabant, it seemed not
possible to put things in the order in which he saw them in
so short a time. The French left their baggage and heavy
cannon at Judoign, and marched up to the Duke of Marl-
borough : he was marching towards them, on the same de-
sign ; for if they had not offered him battle on the 12th,
he was resolved to have attacked them on the 13th of May :
they met near a village called Ramillies (not far from the
Mehaigne), from whence the battle takes its name.
A great vie- The engagement was an entire one, and the action was
orj game . j^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ hours : both the French mousquetaires and the
cuirassiers were there : the Elector of Bavaria said, it was
the best army he ever beheld : but, after two hours, the
French gave way every where, so it ended in an entire de-
feat. They lost both their camp, baggage, and artillery, as
well as all that they had left in Judoign ; and in all possi-
ble confusion they passed the Dyle ; our men pursuing, till
it was dark. The Duke of Marlborough said to me, the
OF QUEEN ANNE. 129
Frendi army looked the best of any he had ever seen : but i~06.
that their officers did not do their part, nor shew the cou- ^^-"^
rage that had appeared among them on other occasions.
And when 1 asked him the difference between the actions
at Hocksted and at Ramillies ; he said, the first battle
lasted between seven and eight hours, and we lost above
twelve thousand men in it ; whereas the second lasted not
above two hours, and we lost not above two thousand five
hundred men. Orders were presently sent to the great ci-
ties to draw the garrisons out of them, that so the French
might have again the face of an army : for their killed, their
deserters, and their prisoners, on this great day, were about
twenty thousand men. The Duke of Marlborough lost no
time, but followed them close : Louvain, Mechlin, and
Brussels submitted, besides many lesser places : Antwerp Fi"'«^ers
made a shew ot standing out, but soon lollowed the exam- reduced.
pie of the rest : Ghent and Bruges did the same : in all these
King Charles was proclaimed. Upon this unexpected ra-
pidity of success, the Duke of Marlborough went to the
Hague to concert measures with the states, where he staid
but few days ; for they agreed to every thing he proposed,
and sent him back with full powers. The first thing he un-
dertook was the siege of Ostend, a place famous for its long Ostend and
siege in the last age : the natives of the place were disposed ten.
to return to the Austrian family, and the French, that were
in it, had so lost all heart and spirit, that they made not the
resistance that was looked for : in ten days after they sat
down before it, and within four days after the batteries were
finished, they capitulated. From thence the confederates
went to Menin, which was esteemed the best finished forti-
fication in all those parts : it was built after the peace of
Nimeguen ; nothing that art could contrive was wanting to
render it impregnable ; and it was defended by a gaiTison
of six thousand men, so that many thought it was too bold
an undertaking to sit down before it. Tlie French army
was become considerable, by great detachments brought
from the Upper Rhine, where Marshal Villars was so
far superior to the Germans, that, if it had not been for this
revulsion of his forces, the circles of Suabia and Franco-
nia would have been much exposed to pillage and con-
tribution.
The Duke of Vendome's conduct in Italy had so raised
VOL. IV. ' ■ s
130 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1706. his character, that he was thought the only man fit to be at
Tiie Duke ^^^ head of the army in Flanders : so he was sent for, and
of Vendorae had that Command given him, with a very high compliment,
inFlandei^s. ^^^icli was Very injurious to the other officers, since he was
declared to be the single man on whom France could de-
pend, and by whom it could be protected in that extremity.
The Duke of Orleans was sent to command in Italy, and
Marshal Marsin was sent with him to assist, or rather in
reality to govern him ; and so obstinately was the King of
France set on pursuing his first designs, that notwithstand-
ing his disgraces, both in Spain and in the Netherlands,
yet (since he had ordered all the preparations for the siege
of Turin) he would not desist from that attempt, but order-
ed it to be pursued with all possible vigour. The siege of
Menin was, in the meanwhile, carried on so successfully,
that the trenches were opened on the 24th of July, and the
batteries were finished on the 29th ; and they pressed the
place so warmly, that they capitulated on the 11th of Au-
gust, and marched out on the 14th, being St. Lewis's day :
lour thousand men marched out of the place.
It seemed strange, that a garrison, which was still so nu-
merous, should give up, in so short a time, a place that was
both so strong and so well furnished : but as the French
were much sunk, so the allies were now become very ex-
pert at carrying on of sieges ; and spared no cost that was
necessary for dispatch. Dendermonde had been for some
weeks under a blockade : this the Duke of Marlborough
D«i<ief- ordered to be turned into a formal siege. The place was
mande and ii-i i it^./^t-. i
Aetuiaken. SO surrounded with water, that the Kmg of France havmg
once begun a siege there, was forced to raise it ; yet it was
now so pressed, that the garrison offered to capitulate, but
the Duke of Marlborough would give them no other terms
but those of being prisoners of war, to which they were
forced to submit. Aeth was next invested ; it lay so in-
conveniently between Flanders and Brabant, that it was
nece>ssary to clear that communication, and to deliver Brus-
sels from the danger of that neighbourhood : in a fortnight's
time it was also obliged to capitulate, and the garrison
were made prisoners of war.
During those sieges, the Duke of Vendome having fixed
himself in a camp that could not be forced, did not think
lit to give the Duke of Marlborough any disturbancOj while
OF QUEjEN ANNE. 131
he lay with his army covering the sieges : the French were '^'^^^^
jealous of the Elector of Bavaria's heat, and though he de- '^*^
sired to command an army apart, yet it Avas not thought fit
to divide the forces, though now grown to be very nume-
rous. Deserters said the panic was still so great in the
army, that there was no appearance of their venturing on
any action : Paris itself was under a high consternation ; and
though the King carried his misfortunes with an appear-
ance of calmness and composure, yet he was often let
blood, which was thought an indication of a great commo-
tion within ; and this was no doubt the greater, because it
was so much disguised. No news was talked of at that
court ; all was silent and solemn ; so that even the Dutch-
ess Dowager of Orleans knew not the true state of their af-
fairs, which made her write to her aunt, the Electoress of
Hanover, to learn news of her.
There was another alarm given them, which heightened ^^*'^^^'?'"
1 /-w 11 /• 1 ^ descent id
the disorder they were m : the Queen and the states tormed France.
a design of a descent in France, with an army of about ten
thousand foot, and twelve hundred horse. The Earl of Ri-
vers commanded the land army, as Shovel did a royal
fleet, that was to convoy them, and to secure their landing ;
it was to be near Bourdeaux : but the secret was then so
well kept, that the French could not penetrate into it ; so
the alarm was general. It put all the maritime counties of
France to a vast charge, and under dismal apprehensions :
officers were sent from the court to exercise them ; but they
saw what their militia was, and that was all their defence.
I have one of the manifesto's that the Earl of Rivers was
ordered to publish upon his landing : he declared by it,
that he was come neither to pillage the country, nor to con-
quer any part of it ; he came only to restore the people to
their liberties, and to have assemblies of the states, as they
had antiently, and to restore the edicts to the protestants ;
he promised protection to all that should come in to him.
The troops were all put aboard at Portsmouth, in the be-
ginning of July, but they were kept in our ports, by con-
trary winds, till the beginning of October : the design on
France was then laid aside ; it was too late in the year for
the fleet to sail into the Bay of Biscay, and to lie there, for
any considerable time, in that season : the reduction of
^ain was of the greatest importance to us ; so new orders
132 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1706. were sent them to sail first to Lisbon, and there to take
^'^^^'^ sucli measures as the state of the atFairs of Spain should
require.
The siege of The slege of Turin was begun in May, and was continued
till the beginning of September : there was a strong garri-
son wnthin it, and it was well furnished, both with provi-
sions and ammunition. The Duke of Savoy put all to the
hazard : he sent his Dutchess with his children to Genoa >
and himself, with a body of three thousand horse was mov-
ing about Turin, from valley to valley, till that body was
much diminished ; for he was, as it were, hunted from place
to place by the Duke of Feuillade, who commanded in the
siege, and drove the Duke of Savoy before him ; so that all
hope of relief lay in Prince Eugene. The garrison made a
noble resistance, and maintained their outworks long; they
blew up many mines, and disputed every inch of ground
^^'ith great resolution : they lost about six thousand men,
who were either killed, or had deserted during the siege ;
and their powder was at last so spent, that tliey must have
capitulated within a day or two, if they had not been re-
lieved. The siege cost the French very dear; they were
often forced to change their attacks, and lost about four-
teen thousand men before the place, for they were fre-
quently beat from the posts that they had gained.
Prir.ee Priucc Eugeuc made all the haste he could to their re-
marcUes to ^^^^- The court of Vienna had not given due orders, as
raise it. they had undertaken, for the provision of the troops that
were to march through their country to join him : this oc-
casioned many complaints, and some delay. The truth
was, that court was so much set on the reduction of Hun-
gary, that all other things were much neglected, while that
alone seemed to possess them. A treaty was set on foot
with the malecontents there, by the mediation of England
and of the states ; a cessation of anus was agreed to for
two months. All that belonged to that court were very
uneasy while that continued ; they had shared among thciu
the confiscations of all the great estates in Hungary, and
they saw, that if a peace was made, all these would be va-
cated, and the estates would be restored to their former
owners : so they took all possible means to traverse the
negotiation and to inflame the Emperor. There seemed to
be some probability of bringing tilings to a settlement, but
^--v-^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 133
tfeat coulcl not be brought to any conclusion during the 1706.
term of the cessation ; when that was lapsed, the Emperor
could not be prevailed on to renew it : he recalled his
troops from the Upper Rhine, though that was contrary to
all his agreements with the empire. Notwithstanding all
this ill management of the court of Vienna, Prince Eugene
got together the greatest part of those troops that he ex-
pected in the Veronese before the end of June : they were
not yet all come up, but he, believing himself strong enough,
resolved to advance ; and he left the Prince of Hesse with
a body to receive the rest, and by them to force a diver-
sion while he should be going on. The Diike of Vendome
had taken care of all the fords of the Adige, the Mincio,
and the Oglio ; and had cast up such lines and entrench-
ments every where, that he had assured the court of France
it was not possible for Prince Eugene to break through all
that opposition, at least to do it in any time to relieve Tu-
rin. By this time the Duke of Orleans was come to take
the army out of Vendome's hands ; but before that Duke
had left it, they saw that he had reckoned wrong in all those
hopes he had given the court of France of stopping Prince
Eugene's march. For, in the beginning of July, he sent a
few battalions over one of the fords of the Adige, where
the French were well posted, and double their number;
yet they ran away with such precipitation, that they left
every thing behind them : upon that. Prince Eugene passed
the Adige with his whole army, and the French, in a con-
sternation, retired behind the Mincio. After this, Prince
Eugene surprised the French with a motion that they had
not looked for nor prepared against, for he passed the Po ;
the Duke of Orleans followed him, but declined an en-
gagement ; whereupon Prince Eugene wrote to the Duke
of Marlborough that he felt the eflects of the battle of Ra-
millies even in Italy, the French seeming to be every where
dispirited with their misfortunes. Prince Eugene, march-
ing nearer the Appenines, had gained some days' march of
the Duke of Orleans ; upon which that Duke repassed the
Po, and advanced with such haste towards Turin, that h^
took no care of the pass at Stradella, which might have
been kept and disputed for some days : Prince Eugene
found no opposition there ; nor did he meet with any other
difficulty, but from the length of the march, and the heat
134 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1706. of {[if. season ; for he was in motion all the months of July
and August.
In the beginning: of September, the Duke of Savoy joined
him, with the small remnants of his anny, and they hasted
on to Turin. The Duke of Orleans had got thither before
them, and the place was now reduced to the last extremi-
ties: the Duke of Orleans, with most of the chief officers,
were for marching out of the trenches ; Marsin was of an-
other mind, and when he found it hard to maintain his opi^
nion, he produced positive orders for it, which put an end
to the debate. The Duke of Savoy saw the necessity of
attacking them in their trenches; his army consisted of
twenty-eight thousand men, but they were good troops ; the
French were above forty thousand, and in a well fortified
camp ; yet, after two hours' resistance, the Duke of Savoy
broke through, and then there w as a great destruction ; the
French flying in much disorder, and leaving a vast treasure
in their camp, besides great stores of provisions, ammu-
Tiie French uitiou, and artillery. It was so entire a defeat, that not
md "jhe" '^' ' ^t)ove sixteen hundred men of that great army got off in a
siege raised, body ; and they made all the haste they could into Dau-
phiny. The Duke of Savoy went into Turin, where it may
be easily imagined he w as received w ith much joy ; the gar-
rison, for want of powder, was not in a condition to make
a sally on the French while he attacked them ; the French
were pursued as far as men wearied with such an action
could follow them, and many prisoners were taken. The
Duke of Orleans, though he lost the day, yet gave grea,t
demonstrations of courage, and received several wounds :
Marshal Marsin fell into the enemies' hands, but died of
his wounds in a few hours ; and upon him all the enors of
this dismal day w ere cast, though the heaviest part of the
load fell on Chamillard, who was then in the supreme de-
gree of favour at court, and was entirely possessed of Ma-
dame Maintenon's confidence. Feuillade had married his
daughter, and, in order to the advancing him, he had the
command of this siege given him, which was thus obsti-
nately pursued till it ended in tliis fatal manner. The ob-
stinacy continued, for the King sent orders, for a month
together, to the Duke of Orleans to march back into Pied-
mont, when it was absolutely impossible ; yet repeated or-
ders were sent, and the reason of this was understood af-
OF QUfiEN ANNE» 135
tersvards : Madame Maintenon, it seems, took that care of I'^^e.
the King's health and humour, that she did not suffer the ill ''^"'^^
state of his aifairs to be fully told to him ; he, all that
while, was made believ e that the siege was only raised upon
the advance of Prince Eugene's army, and knew not that
his OAvn was defeated and ruined. I am not enough versed
in military affairs to offer any judgment upon that point,
whether they did well or ill not to go out of their camp to
fight : it is certain that the light was more disorderly, and
the loss was much greater, by reason of their lying within
their lines : in this I have known men of the trade of differ-
ent opinions.
While this was done at Turin, the Prince of Hesse ad-
vanced to the Mincio, which the French abandoned ; but
ds he went to take Castiglione, Medavi, the French general,
surprised him, and cut off about two thousand of his men ;
upon which he was forced to retire to the Adige. The
French magnified this excessively, hoping with the noise
they made about it to balance their real loss at Turin,
The Prince of Vaudemont, upon the news from Turin,
left the city of Milan, and retired with the small forc« be
tad to Cremona : the Duke of Savoy and Prince Eugene
marched with all haste into the Milanese : the city of Mi-
lan was opened to them ; but the citadel and some strong
places, that had garrisons iii them, stood out some time ;
yet place after place capitulated, so that it wa« visible all
would quickly fall into their hands.
Such a succession of eminent misfortunes, in one cam-
paign, and in so many different places, was without ex-
ample : it made all people conclude, that the time was
-come, in which the perfidy, the tyranny, and the cruelty of
that King's long and bloody reign, was now to be repaid
him, with the same severe measure, with which he had for-
merly treated others : but the secrets of God are not to be
too boldly pried into, till he is pleased to display them to
us more openly. It is certainly a year that deserves to be
long and much remembered.
In the end of the campaign, in which Poland had been The King of
harassed with the continuance of the war, but without any ^«edeH
great action ; the King of Sweden, seeing that King Angus- to Saxony. '
tU5 supported his affairs in Poland, by the supplies both of
men and money that he drew from his electorate, resolvecj
136 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i^*^^- to stop that resource : so he marched through Silesia and
Lusatia into Saxony. He quickly made himself master of
an open country, that was looking? for no such invasion, an^
was in no sort prepared for it, and had few strong places ia
it capable of any resistance : the rich town of Leipsic and
all the rest of the country was, without any opposition, put
under contribution. All the empire was alarmed at this ; it
was at first apprehended, that it was set on by the French
councils, to raise a new war in Germany, and to put the
north all in a flame. The King of Sweden gave it out, that
he had no design to give any disturbance to tlie empire :
that he intended, by this march, only to bring the war of
Poland to a speedy conclusion ; and it was reasonable to
believe, that such an unlooked-for incident would soon bring
that war to a crisis.
A treaty of This was the state of our affairs abroad, in this glorious
ciuXd!"*^ and ever-memorable year. At home, another matter of great
consequence was put in a good and promising method : the
commissioners of both kingdoms sat close in a treaty till
about the middle of July ; in conclusion, they prepared a
complete scheme of an entire union of both nations : some
particulars being only referred, to be settled by their pair
liaments respectively. When every thing was agreed to,
they presented one copy of the treaty to the Queen, and
each side had a copy, tobe presented to their respective par-
liament, all the three copies being signed by the commis-
sioners of both kingdoms : it was resolved to lay the mat-
ter first before the parliament of Scotland, because it was
apprehended, that it would meet with the greatest oppo^
tion there.
The union of the two kingdoms was a work of which
many had quite despaired, in which number I was one ;
and those who entertained better hopes, thought it must
have run out into a long negotiation for several years : but,
beyond all men's expectation, it was begun and finished
The articles withiu the compass of one. The commissioners brought
ot the lujioii. up from Scotland for the treaty, were so strangely chosen
(the far greater number having continued in an opposition
to the government, ever since the Revolution), that from
thence many concluded, that it was not sincerely designed
by the ministry, when they saw such a nomination. This
was a piece of the Earl of Stair's cunning, >yho did heartily
OF QUEEN ANNE. 137
promote the design: he then thought, that if such a number ^'^os.
of those who were looked on as Jacobites, and were popular
men on that account, among the disaffected there, could l)e
so wrought on, as to be engaged in the affair, the work would
be much the easier, when laid before the parliament of Scot-
land ; and in this, the event shewed that he took right mea-
sures. The Lord Somers had the chief hand in projecting
the scheme of the union, into which all the commissioners of
the English nation went very easily : the advantages that
were offered to Scotland, in the whole frame of it, were so
great and so visible, that nothing but the consideration of
the safety that was to be procured by it to England, could
have brought the English to agree to a project, that, in eveiy
branch of it, was much more favourable to the Scotch nation.
They were to bear less than the fortieth part of the pub-
lic taxes : when 4*. in the pound was levied in England,
which amounted to 2,000,000/., Scotland was only to be
taxed at 48,000/. which was eight months' assessment : they
had been accustomed for some years to pay this, and they
said it was all that the nation could bear. It is held a
maxim, that in the framing of a government, a proportion
ought to be observed, between the share in the legislature
and the burden to be borne ; yet, in return of the fortieth
part of the burden, they offered the Scotch near the ele-
venth part of the legislature : for the peers of Scotland
were to be represented by sixteen peers in the House of
Lords, and the commons by forty-five members in the
House of Commons; and these were to be chosen, accord-
ing to the methods to be settled in the parliament of Scot-
land: and since Scotland was to pay customs and excises
on the same foot with England, and was to bear a share in
paying much of the debt England had contracted during
the war, 398,000/. was to be raised in England and sent
into Scotland as an equivalent for that; and that was to be
applied to the recoining the money, that all might be of
one denomination and standard, and to paying the public
debts of Scotland, and repaying to their African Company
all their losses with interest; upon which that company
was to be dissolved ; and the overplus of the equivalent
was to be applied to the encouragement of manufactures.
Trade was to be free all over the island, and to the plan-
tations ; private rights were to be preserved ; and the judi-
VOL. IV. T
138 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1^0^' catories, and laws of Scotland, were still to be continued :
but all was put, for the future, under the regulation of the
of the parliament of Great Britain ; the two nations now
were to be one kingdom, under the same succession to the
cro\Mi, and united in one parliament. There was no pro-
^^sion made in tliis tieaty with relation to religion ; for in
the acts of parliament, in both kingdoms, that empowered
the Queen to name commissioners, there was an express
limitation that they should not treat of those matters.
Debated This was the substance of the articles of the treaty,
parfiament which being laid before the parliament of Scotland, met
of Scotland, with gieat opposition there. It was visible, that the nobi-
lity of that kingdom suffered a gieat diminution by it : for
though it was agreed that they should enjoy all the other
privileges of the peers of England, yet the greatest of them
all, which was the voting in the House of Lords, was re-
strained to sixteen, to be elected by the rest at every new
parliament ; yet there was a greater majority of the nobi-
lity that concurred in voting for the union, than in the other
states of that kingdom. The commissioners from the shires
and boroughs were almost equally divided, though it was
evident they were to be the chief gainers by it ; among
these the union was agreed to by a very small majo-
rity. It was the nobility that, in every vote, turned the
scale for the union: they were severely reflected on by
those who opposed it : it was said many of them were
bought off to sell their country and their birthright. All
those who adhered inflexibly to the Jacobite interest, op-
posed every step that was made with great vehemence ; for
they saw that the union struck at the root of all their views
and designs for a new revolution : yet these could not have
raised or maintained so great an opposition as was now
made, if the presbyterians had not been possessed with a jea-
lousy, that the consequence of this union w ould be the change
of church-government among them, and that they would
be swallowed up by the church of England. This took such
root in many, that no assurances, that were offered, could
remove their fears. It was infused in them chiefly by the
old Dutchess of Hamilton, who had great credit with them :
and it was suggested, that she, and her son, had particular
vie^ys, as hoping, that if Scotland should continue a sepa-
rated kingdom, tlic crown might come into their family.
v-^/^
OP QUEEN ANNE. 139
they being the next in blood, after King James's posteiity. ^^oe.
The infusion of such apprehensions had a great effect on
the main body of that party, who could scarce be brought to
hearken to, but never to accept of, the offers that were made
for securing their presbyterian government. A great part
of the gentry of that kingdom, who had been oft in Eng-
land, and had observed the protection that all men had
from a House of Commons, and the security that it pro-
cured against partial judges and a violent ministry, entered
into the design with great zeal. The opening a free trade,
not only with England, but with the plantations, and the
protection of the fleet of England, drew in those who un-
derstood &ese matters, and saw there was no other way in
view to make the nation rich and considerable. Those who
had engaged far into the design of Darien, and were great
losers by it, saw now an honourable way to be reimbursed,
which made them wish well to tlie union, and promote it :
but that which advanced the design most effectually, and
without which it could not have succeeded, was, that a con-
siderable number of noblemen and gentlemen, w ho were in
no engagements with the court (on the contrary, they had
been disobliged and turned out of great posts, and some
very lately) declared for it : these kept themselves very
close and united, and seemed to have no other interest but
that of tlieir country, and were for that reason called the
squadron. The chief of these were the jVIarquis of Twee-
dale, the Earls of Rothes, Roxburgh, Hadington, and
Marchmont ; they were in great credit, because they had no
visible bias on their minds ; ill usage had provoked them
rather to oppose the ministry, than to concur in any thing
where the chief honour would be carried away by others.
When they were spoke to by the ministry, they answered
coldly, and with great reserves ; so it was expected they
would have concurred in the opposition, and they being
between twenty and thirty in numljer, if they had set them-
selves against the union, the design must have miscarried :
but they continued still silent, till the first division of the
House obliged them to declare, and then they not only
joined in it, but promoted it effectually, and witli zeal.
There were great and long debates, managed on the side of
the union, by the Earls of Seafield and Stair for the minis-
try, and for the squadron by the Earls of Roxburgh and
^^..-^
140 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i^'o^' Marchmont; and against it by the Dukes of Hamilton and
Athol, and the Marquis of Annandale. The Duke of Atbol
was believed to be in a foreign correspondence, and was
much set on violent methods. Duke Hamilton managed
the debate with great vehemence, but was against all des-
perate motions. He had much to lose, and was resolved
not to venture all with those who suggested the necessity
of running, in the old Scotch way, to extremities. The
topics from which the arguments against the union were
drawn, were the antiquity and dignity of their kingdom,
which was oflfered to be given up and sold : they were de-
parting from an independent state, and going to sink into a
a dependence on England ; what conditions soever might
be now speciously oft'ered, as a security to them, they could
not expect that they should be adhered to, or religiously
maintained in a parliament, where sixteen peers and forty-
five commoners, could not hold the balance, against above
an hundred peers and five hundred and thirteen commoners.
Scotland would be no more considered as formerly by fo-
reign princes and states. Their peers would be precarious
and elective : they magnified their crown, with the other
regalia so much, that since the nation seemed resolved
never to suffer them to be carried away, it was provided, in
a new clause added to the articles, that these should still
remain within the kingdom. They insisted most vehe-
mently on the danger that the constitution of their church
must be in, when all should be under the power of a British
parliament : this was pressed with fury by some, who were
known to be the most violent enemies to presbytery of any
in that nation : but it was done on design to inflame that
body of men by those apprehensions, and so to engage
them to persist in their opposition. To allay that heat,
after the general vote was carried for the union, before they
entered on the consideration of the particular articles, an
act Avas prepared for securing the presbyterian govern-
ment ; by which it Avas declared to be the only government
of that church, unalterable in all succeeding times, and the
maintaining it was declared to be a fundamental and es-
sential article and condition of the union; and this act was
to be made a part of the act for the union, which, in the
consequence of that, was to be ratified by another act of
parliament in England : thus those, who were the greatest
V-^v^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 141
enemies to presbytery of any in the nation, raised the cla- ^'^^6-
monr of the danger that form of government would be in,
if the union went on to such a height, that by their means
this act was carried, as far as any human law could go, for
their security : for by this, they had not only all the secu-
rity that their own parliament could give them, but they
were to have the faith and authority of the parliament of
England, it being, in the stipulation, made an essential
condition of the union. The carrying this matter so far,
was done in hopes that the parliament of England would
never be brought to pass it. This act was passed, and it
gave an entire satisfaction to those who were disposed to
receive any ; but nothing could satisfy men who made use
of this oidy to inflame others. Those who opposed the
union, finding the majority was against them, studied to
raise a storm without doors, to frighten them. A set of ad-
dresses against the union were sent round all the counties,
in which those who opposed it had any interest. There
came up many of these in the name of counties and bo-
roughs, and at last from parishes : this made some noise
abroad, but was very little considered there, when it was
known by whose arts and practices they were procured.
When this appeared to have little eflfect, pains were taken
to animate the rabble to violent attempts, both at Edin-
burgh and at Glasgow. Sir Patrick Johnston, lord provost
of Edinburgh, had been one of the commissioners, and had
concurred heartily in the design : a great multitude gathered
about his house, and were forcing the doors on design, as
was believed, to murder him; but guards came and dis-
persed them. Upon this attempt, the privy-council set out
a proclamation against all such riots, and gave orders for
quartering the guards within the town : but to shew that this
was not intended to overawe the parliament, the whole
matter was laid before them, and the proceedings of the
privy-council were approved. No other violent attempt
was made after this, but the body of the people shewed so
much sullenness, that probably had any person of authority
once kindled the fire, they seemed to be of such combus-
tible matter, that the union might have cast that nation
into great convulsions. These things made great impres-
sions on the Duke of Queensberry, and on some about him :
he despaired of succeeding, and he apprehended his per-
142 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^^'^^j- son might be in clanger. One about Mm wrote to my Lord
^^^ Treasurer, representing the ill temper the nation was gene-
rally in, and moved for an adjournment, that so with the
help of some time, and good management, those difficulties,
which seemed then insuperable, might be conquered. The
Lord Treasurer told me his answer was, that a delay was,
upon tlie matter, laying the whole design aside; orders
were given, both in England and Ireland, to have troops
ready upon call ; and if it w as necessary, more forces
should be ordered from Flanders. The French were in no
condition to send any assistance to those who might break
out, so that the circumstances of the time w ere favourable ;
he desired, therefore, that they would go on, and not be
alarmed at the foolish behaviour of some, who, whatever
might be given out in their names, he believed, had more
wit than to ruin themselves. Every step that was made,
and every vote that was carried, was w ith the same strength,
and met with the same opposition : both parties giving
strict attendance during the whole session, which lasted
1707. for three months. Many protestations were printed, with
At last every man's vote. In conclusion, the w hole aaticles of the
treaty were agreed to with some small variations. The Eail
of Stair, having maintained the deliate on the last day, in
which all was concluded, died the next night suddenly, his
spirits being quite exhausted by the length and vehemence
of the debate. The act passed, and w as sent up to Lon-
don in the begiiming of February.
The Queen laid it before the tw o houses ; the House of
Commons agreed to it all, without any opposition, so soon,
that it was thought they interposed not delay and consider-
ation enough, suitable to the importance of so great a trans-
action. The debates w^ere longer and more solemn in the
House of Lords : the Archbishop of Canterbury moved,
that a bill might be brought in for securing the church of Eng-
land : by it, all acts passed in favour of our church, w^ere
declared to be in full force for ever ; and this was made a
fundamental and essential part of the union. Some excep-
tions were taken to the words of the bill, as not so strong
as the act passed in Scotland seemed to be, since the
government of it was not declared to be unalterable : but
they were judged more proper, since, where a supreme le-
gislature is once acknowledged, nothing can be unaltera-
ble. After tjiis was over, the Lords entered upon the con-
agreed to.
^^^.-^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 143
sideration of the articles, as they were amended in Scot- i^o?.
land: it was pretended, that here a new constitution was
made, the consequence of which, they said, was the alter-
ing all the laws of England. All the judges were of opi-
nion, that there was no weight in this : great exceptions
were taken to the small proportion Scotland was rated at,
in the laying on of taxes ; and their election of peers, to
every new parliament, was said to be contrary to the na-
ture of peerage. To all the objections that were offered,
this general answer was made, that so great a thing as the
uniting the whole island into one government, could not be
compassed, but with some inconveniences : but if the ad-
vantage of safety and union was greater than those inconve-
niences, then a lesser evil must be submitted to. An elective
peer was indeed a great prejudice to the peers of Scotland;
but since they had submitted to it, there was no just occa-
sion given to the peers of England to complain of it. But
the debate held longest upon the matters relating to the
government of the church : it was said, here was a real
danger the church ran into, when so many votes of persons
tied to presbytery, were admitted to a share in the legisla-
ture. All the rigour with which the episcopal clergy had
been treated in Scotland, was set forth, to shew with how
implacable a temper they were set against the church of
England : yet, in return to all that, it was now demanded,
from the men of this church, to enact, that the Scotch form
should continue unalterable, and to admit those to vote
among us, who were such declared enemies to our consti-
tution. Here was a plausible subject for popular elo-
quence, and a great deal of it was brought out upon this
occasion, by Hooper, Beveridge, and some other bishops,
and by the Earls of Rochester and Nottingham. But to
all this it was answered, that the chief dangers the church
was in, were from France and from popery : so that what-
soever secured us from these, delivered us from ourjustest
fears. Scotland lay on the weakest side of England,
where it could not be defended but by an army : the col-
lieries on the Tyne lay exposed for several miles, and
could not be preserved, but at a great charge, and with a
great force. If a war should fall out between the two na-
tions, and if Scotland should be conquered, yet, even in
that case, it must be united to England, or kept imder by
144 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1707. an army. The danger of keeping up a standing force, in
the hands of any prince, and to be modelled by him (who
might engage the Scotch to join with that army and turn
upon England), was visible : and any union, after such a
conquest, would look like a force, and so could not be
lasting ; whereas all was now voluntary. As for church
matters, there had been such violence used by all sides, in
their turns, that none of them could reproach the others
much, without having it returned. upon them too justly. A
softer management would lay those heats, and bring men
to a better temper. The cantons of Swisserland, though
very zealous in their different religions, yet were united in
one general body : the diet of Germany was composed of
men of three different religions : so that several constitu-
tions of churches might be put under one legislature ; and
if there was a danger of either side, it was much more like-
ly that five hundred and thirteen would be too hard for for-
ty-five, than that forty-five would master five hundred and
thirteen ; especially w hen the crown was on their side : and
there were twenty-six bishops in the House of Lords, to
outweigh the sixteen votes from Scotland. It was indeed
said, that all in England were not zealous for the church ;
to which it was answered, that by the same reason it might
be concluded, that all those of Scotland were not zealous
for their way, especially when the favour of the court lay
in the English scale. The matter was argued, for the
union, by the Bishops of Oxford, Norwich, and myself, by
the Lord Treasurer, the Earls of Sunderland and Wharton,
and the Lords Townshend and Hallifax ; but above all, by
the Lord Somers. Every division of the House was made
with so great an inequality, that they were but twenty
against fifty that were for the union. When all was agreed
to, in both houses, a bill was ordered to be brought in to
enact it ; which was prepared by Harcourt with so parti-
cular a contTivance, that it cut ofi' all debates. The pre-
amble was a recital of the articles, as they were passed in
Scotland, together with the acts made in both parliaments,
for the security of their several churches ; and in conclu-
sion, there came one enacting clause, ratifying all. This
put those upon great difliculties, who had resolved to ob-
ject to several articles, and to insist on demanding some
alterations in them ; for they could not come at any de-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 145
bate about them ; they could not object to the recital, it ^''^^•
being merely matter of fact; and they had not strength ^
enough to oppose the general enacting clause, nor was it
easy to come at particulars, and to otfer provisos relating
to them. The matter was carried on with such zeal, that
it passed through the House of Commons, before those,
who intended to oppose it, had recovered themselves out
of the surprise, under which the form it was drawn in had
put them. It did not stick long in the House of Lords,
for all the articles had been copiously debated there for se-
reral days before the bill was sent up to them : and thus
this great design, so long wished and laboured for in vain,
was begun, and happily ended, within the compass of nine
months. The union was to commence on the 1st of May,
and till that time, the two kingdoms were still distinct, and
their two parliaments continued still to sit.
In Scotland, they proceeded to dispose of the sum pro- The eqniva-
vided to be the equivalent : in this, great partialities ap- ed" of,'*^^*'
peared, which were much complained of; but there was
not strength to oppose them. The ministiy, and those who
depended on them, moved for very extravagant allowances
to those who had been employed in this last, and in the
former treaty ; and they made large allotments of some
public debts, that were complained of as unreasonable and
unjust ; by which, a great part of the sum was diverted
from answering the end for which it was given. This was
much opposed by the squadron, but as the ministers pro-
moted it, and those Avho were to get by it, made all the in-
terest they could to obtain it (some few of them only ex-
cepted, who, as became generous patriots, shewed more
regard to the public than to their private ends), so those,
who had opposed the union, were not ill pleased to see this
sum so misapplied ; hoping by that means, that the aver-
sion, which they endeavoured to infuse into the nation
against the union, w ould be much increased ; therefore, they
let every thing go as the ministers proposed, to the great
grief of those who wished w ell to the public. It w as re-
solved, that the parliament of England should sit out its
period, which, by the law for triennial parliaments, ran yet
a year further; it was thought necessary, to have another
session continued of the same men who had made this
union, since they would more readily consolidate and
VOL. IV. u
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
strengthen their own work. Upon this ground, it seemed
most proper, that the members to represent Scotland,
should be named by the parliament there. Those who had
opposed the union, carried their aversion to the squadron
so far, that they concurred with the ministry in a nomina-
tion, in which very few of them were included, not above
three of the peers, and fifteen commoners ; so that great
and just exceptions lay against many who were nominated
to represent that kingdom : all this was very acceptable to
those who had opposed the union. The customs of Scot-
land were then in a farm, and the farmers were the crea-
tures of the ministry, some of whom, as was believed,
were sharers with them: it was visible, that since there
was to be a free trade opened, between Scotland and Eng-
land, after the 1st of May, and since the duties of Scot-
land, laid on trade, were much lower than in England, that
there would be a great importation into Scotland, on the
prospect of the advantage, that might be made by sending
it into England. Upon such an emergency, it was reason-
able to break the farm, as had been ordinarily done upon
less reason, and to take the customs into a new manage-
ment, that so the gain, to be made in the inten^al, might go
to the public, and not be left in private hands : but the lease
was continued in favour of the farmers. They were men
of no interest of their ovm, so it w as not doubted, but that
there was a secret practice in the case. Upon the view of
the gain, to be made by such an importation, it was under-
stood, that orders were sent to Holland, and other places,
to buy up wine, brandy, and other merchandise. And
another notorious fraud was designed by some in England,
who, because of the great drawback that was allowed for
tobacco and other plantation commodities, when exported,
were sending great quantities to Scotland, on design to
bring them back after the first of May, that so they might
sell them free of that duty. So a bill was ofi'ered to the
House of Commons for preventing this. While this was
going on, Harley proposed the joining another clause, to
this efiect : that all goods, that were carried to Scotland
after the first of February (unless it were by the natural-
born subjects of that kingdom, inhabiting in it), in case
they were imported into England after the 1st of May,
should be liable to the English duties; and of tliis the
OF QUEEN ANNE. 147
proof was to lie on the importer. This angered all the i^o/.
Scotch, who raised a high clamour upon it, and said the '^^^^
union was broke by it ; and that such a proceeding would
have very ill effects in Scotland. But the House of Com-
mons were so alarmed with the news of a vast importation,
which was aggravated far beyond the truth, and by which
they concluded the trade of England would greatly suffer,
at least for a year or two, that they passed the bill and
sent it to the Lords, where it was rejected ; for it appeared
plainly to them, that this was an infraction of some of the
articles of the treaty. It was suggested, that a recess for
some days was necessary, that so the Commons might have
an opportunity to prepare a bill, prohibiting all goods from
being brought to England, that had been sent out, only in
order that the merchants might have the drawback allowed.
With this view, the parliament was prorogued for a few
days ; but, at their next meeting, the Commons were more
inflamed than before : so they prepared a new bill, to the
same effect, only in some clauses it was more severe than
the former had been : but the Lords did not agiee to it, and
so it fell.
Thus far I have carried on the recital of this great trans-
action, rather in such a general view as may transmit it
right to posterity, than in so copious a narration, as an af-
fair of such consequence might seem to deserve : it is very
probable, that a particular journal of the debates in the par-
liament of Scotland, which were long and fierce, may at
some time or other be made public : but I hope this may
suffice for a history. I cannot, upon such a signal occa- Reflections
sion, restrain myself from making some reflections on the °"* eumon.
directions of Providence in this matter. It is certain the
design on Darien, the great charge it put the nation to, and
the total miscarriage of that project, made the trading part
of that kingdom see the impossibility of undertaking any
great design in trade ; and that made them the more readily
concur in carrying on the union. The mser men of that
nation had observed long, that Scotland lay at the mercy
of the ministry, and that every new set of ministers made
use of their power to enrich themselves and their creatures
at the cost of the public ; that the judges, being made by
them, were in such a depeudance, that since there are no
juries allowed in Scotland in civil matters, the whole pro-
\^»v-^
148 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1707. perty of the kingdom was in their hands, and by their means
in the hands of the ministers : they had also observed, how
ineffectual it had been to complain of them at court : it put
those, who ventured on it, to a vast charge, to no other
purpose, but to expose them the more to the fury of the
ministry. The poor noblemen, and the poor boroughs,
made a great majority in the parliament, and were easily
to be purchased by the court: so they saw no hopes of a
remedy to such a mischief, but by an incorporating union
tnth England. These thoughts were much quickened by
the prospect of recovering what they had lost in that ill-
concerted undertaking of Darien ; and this wa^ so univer-
sal and so operative, that the design on Darien, wrhich the
Jacobites had set on foot, and prosecuted with so much
fury, and with bad intentions, did now engage many to pro-
mote the union, who, without that consideration, would
have been at least neutral, if not backw^ard in it. The
court w^as engaged to promote the union, on account of the
act of securitj% passed in the year 1704, which was imputed
chiefly to the Lord Treasurer : threatenings of impeaching
him for advising it, had been often let fall, and upon that, his
enemies had set their chief hopes of pulling him down : for
though no proof could be brought of his counsel in it, yet
it was not doubted, but that his advice had determined the
Queen to pass it. An impeachment was a word of an odious
sound, which would engage a party against him, and dis-
order a session of parliament; and the least ill effect it
might have, w ould be to oblige liim to withdraw from busi-
ness, which was chiefly aimed at. The Queen was very
sensible, that his managing the great trust he w as in, in the
manner he did, made all the rest of her government both
safe and easy to her ; so she spared no pains to bring this
about, and it was believed she was at no small cost to com-
pass it, for those of Scotland had learned from England,
to set a price on their votes, and they expected to be well
paid for them : the Lord Treasurer did also bestir himself
in this matter, v^ith an activity and zeal that seemed not to
be in his nature : and indeed, all the application, with
which the court set on this aflair, was necessary to master
the opposition and difficulties that sprang up in the pro-
gress of it. That which completed all was, the low estate
OF QUEEN ANNE. 149
to which the affairs of France were reduced: they could 1^07.
neither spare men nor money to support their party, which ""^"^
otherwise they would undoubtedly have done : they had,
in imitation of the Exchequer bills here in England, given
out Mint bills to a great value ; some said two hundred
millions of livres : these were ordered to be taken by the
subjects in all payments, as money to the full value, but
were not to be received in payment of the King's taxes.
This put them under a great discredit, and the fund created
for repaying them, not being thought a good one, they had
sunk 70 per cent. This created an inexpressible disorder
in all payments, and in the whole commerce of France: all
the methods that were proposed for raising their credit, had
proved inelOtectual ; for they remained, after all, at the dis-
count of 58 per cent. A court in this distress, was not in a
condition to spare much, to support such an inconsiderable
interest, as they esteemed their party in Scotland : so they
had not the assistance which they promised themselves
from thence. The conjuncture of all these things meeting
together, which brought this great work to a happy conclu-
sion, was so remarkable, that I hope my laying it all in one
view, will be thought no impertinent digression.
This was the chief business of the session of parliament; The supplies
and it was brought about, here in England, both sooner Tranied.
and with less difficulty than was expected. The grant of
the supplies went on quicker than w as usual. There was
only one particular to which great objections were made :
upon the great and early success of the former campaign, it
was thought necessary to follow that with other projects,
that drew on a great expense, beyond what had been es-
timated and laid before the parliament. An embarkation,
first designed against France, and afterwards sent to l*ortu-
gal, and the extraordinary supplies that the Duke of Savoy's
afiairs called for, amounted to about 800,000/. more than
had been provided for by parliament. Some complained
of this, and said, that if a ministry could thus run the nation
into a great charge, and expect that the paiiiaraent mu^t
pay the reckoning, this might have very ill consequences.
But to this it was answered, that a ministry deserved public
theunks, that had followed oiur advantages with such vigour :
if any thing was raised without necessity, or ill applied,
under the pretence of serving the public, it was reasonable
150 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
*7or. to inquire into it, and to let it fall heavy on those who were
^"^^ in fault : but if no other exception lay to it, than because
the matter could not be foreseen, nor communicated to the
parliament before those accidents happened that occa-
sioned the expense, it was a very unjust discouragement, if
ministers were to be quarrelled with for their care and zeal :
so it was carried by a great majority to discharge this debt.
All the other supplies, and among them the equivalent for
Scotland, were given and lodged on good funds : so that
no session of parliament had ever raised so much, and se-
cured it so well, as this had done. The session came to a
happy conclusion, and the parliament to an end. But the
Queen, by virtue of a clause in the act of union, revived it
by proclamation. Upon this, many of the Scotch lords
came up, and were very well received ; two of them, Mon-
trose and Roxburgh, were made Dukes in Scotland ; some
of them were made privy-counsellors in England ; and a
commission for a new council was sent to Scotland. There
appeared soon two different parties among the Scotch:
some of them moved, that there should neither be a distinct
government, nor a privy-council continued there, but that
all should be brought under one administration, as the se-
veral counties in England were ; they said, the sooner all
were consolidated, in all respects, into one body, the pos-
sibility of separating and disuniting them would be the
sooner extinguished : this was pressed with the most ear-
nestness by those who were weary of the present ministry,
and longed to see their power at an end : but the ministry,
who had a mind to keep up their authority, said, there was
a necessity of preserving a shew of greatness, and a form
of government in those parts, both for subduing the Jaco-
bites, and that the nation might not be disgusted, by too
sudden an alteration of out\vard appearances. The court
resolved to maintain the ministry there till the next session
of parliament, in which new measures might be taken.
Thus our affairs were happily settled at home ; and the 1st
of May was celebrated ^vith a decent solemnity, for then
the union took place.
Proceedings The couvocatiou sat this winter ; and the same temper that
tion*^""^"' '^ had for some years possessed the lower house did still pre-
vail among them. When the deljates concerning the union
were before the parliament, some in the lower house spoke
■^^N-^
OF QUEEN ANNE. l51
very tragically on that subject : a committee was named to i707.
consider of the present danger of the church, though, but a
little while before, they had concurred mth the bishops in a
very respectful address to the Queen, in which it was ac-
knowledged, that the church was, under her Majesty's ad-
ministration, in a safe and flourishing condition : this was
carried by the private management of some aspiring men
amongst them, who hoped by a piece of skill to shew what
they could do, that it might recommend them to farther
preferment : they were much cried out on as betrayers of
their party for carrying that address ; so to recover their
credit, and because their hopes from the court were not so
promising, they resolved now to act another part. It was
given out, that they intended to make an application to the
House of Commons against the union : to prevent that, the
Queen wrote to the Archbishop, ordering him to prorogue
them for three weeks : by this means that design was de-
feated ; for, before the end of the three weeks, the union had
passed both houses. But, when one factious design failed,
they found out another : they ordered a representation to
be made to the bishops, which set forth, that ever since the
submission of the clergy in Henry the Eighth's time, which
was for a course of an hundred and seventy-three years,
no such prorogation had ever been ordered, during the sit-
ting of parliament; and they besought the bishops, that
from the conscientious regard which they doubted not they
had for the welfare of this church, they would use their ut-
most endeavours, that they might still enjoy those usages,
of which they were possessed, and which they had never
misemployed ; witli this they brought up a schedule, con-
taining, as they said, all the dates of the prorogations, both
of parliament and convocation, thereby to make good their
assertion ; and, to cover this seeming complaint of the
Queen's proceedings, they passed a vote, that they did not
intend to enter into any debate concerning the validity of
the late prorogation, to which they had humbly submitted.
It was found to be a strange and a bold assertion, that this
prorogation was without a precedent : their charge, in the
preserving their usages, on the consciences of the bishops,
insinuated that this was a breach made on them : the bi-
shops saw this was plainly an attempt on the Queen's su-
premacy ; so they ordered it to be laid before her Majesty';
152 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^7^^^- and they ordered also a search to be made into the records :
for though it was an undoubted maxim, that nothing but a
positive law could limit the prerogative, which a non-usage
could not do ; yet they ordered the schedule oiFered by the
lower house to be compared Avith the records : they found
that seven or eight prorogations had been ordered during
the sitting of parliament, and there were about thirty or
forty more, by which it appeared, that the convocation sat
sometimes before, and sometimes after a session of parlia-
ment, and sat sometimes even when the parliament was
dissolved. Upon all this, the Queen %vrote another more
severe letter to the Archbishop, complaining of the clergy
for not only continuing their illegal practices, but reflecting
on her late order, as without a precedent, and contrary to
antient usages ; which as it was untrue in fact, so it was
an invasion of her supremacy : she had shewed much ten-
derness to the clergy, but if any thing of this nature should
be attempted for the future, she would use means, war-
ranted by law, for punishing offenders, how unwilling so-
ever she might be to proceed to such measures. When
the day came, on which this was to be communicated to
the lower house, the prolocutor had gone out of town, with-
out so much as asking the Archbishop's leave, so a very
small number of the clergy appeared: upon this signal con-
tempt, the Archbishop pronounced him contumacious, and
referred the further censuring him to the day he set for their
next meeting : the prolocutor's party pressed him to stand
it out, and to make no submission ; but he had sounder ad-
vice given him by some who understood the law better ; so
he made a full submission, with which the Archbishop was
satisfied : yet a party continued, with great impatience, to
assert that their schedule was true, and that the Queen was
misinfoi-med, though the Lord Chancellor, made now a peer
of England, and the Lord Chief Justice Holt had, upon
perusal of the records, affirmed to the Queen, that their
assertion was false, and that there were many precedents
for such prorogations.
AflfaKs in And now I must look abroad into foreign affairs. The
French were losing place after place in Lombardy : Cre-
mona, Mantua, and the citadel of Milan were the only
places that were left in their hands : it was not possible to
maintain these long without a greater forcc; nor was it eaay
6
OF QUEEI^ ANNE. 153
to convey that to them. On the other hand, the reducing ~ 1705.
those fortresses was like to be a work of time, which would ^^''^
fatigue the troops, and would bring a great charge with it :
so a capitulation was proposed for delivering up those
places, and for allowng the French troops a free march to
Dauphiny. As soon as this was sent to Vienna, it was
agreed to, without communicating it to the allies, which
gave a just cause of oflence: it was said in excuse, that
every general had a power to agree to a capitulation ; so
the Emperor, in this case, was not bound to stay for the
consent of the allies. This was true, if the capitulation
had been for one single place, but this was of the nature of
a treaty, being of a greater extent. By this the French
«aved ten or twelve thousand men, who must all have
been, in a little time, made prisoners of war : they were
veteran troops, and were sent into Spain, of which we
quickly felt the ill effects.
The design was formed for the following campaign after
this maimer : Uic Duke of Savoy undertook to march an
army into France, and to act there as should be concerted
by the allies. Some proposed the marching through Daur-
phiny to the river of the Rhone, and so up to Lyons : but
an attempt upon Toulon was thought to be the most ira-
portcUit thing that could be designed ; so that was settled
on. Marshal Tesse was sent to secure the passes, and to
cover France on that side. This winter the Prince of
Baden died, little esteemed, and little lamented : the Mar-
quis of Bareith had the command of the army on the Upper
Rhine, from whom less was expected : he was so ill sup-
ported, that he could do nothing. The court of Vieima was
so set on the reduction of Hungary, that they thought of
nothing else : the Hungarians were very niuncrous, but they
wanted both officers and discipline. Ragotski had pos-
sessed himself of almost all Transylvania, and the Hun-
garians were so alienated from the Emperor, that they were
consulting about choosing a new king.
The eyes of all Europe were upon the King of Sweden, And in Po-
who, having possessed himself of Saxony, made King Au-
gustus soon feel, that now, that his hereditary dominions
were in his enemy's hands, he could no longer maintain the
war in Poland : so a treaty was set on foot with such se-
crecy, that it was concluded before it was apprehended to
VOL. IV. X
v-%-^
;lt>4 HISTORY OP THE REIGN
1707. be in agitation. King Augustus was only waiting for a fit
opportunity, to disengage himself frotn his Polanders, and
from the Muscovites : an incident happened tliat had almost
embroiled all again. The Polanders and Muscovites at-
tacked a body of Swedes, at a great disadvantage, being
much superior to them in number; so the SAvedes were
almost cut to pieces. King Augustus had no share in this,
and did all that he durst venture on to avoid it. He paid
dear for it, hard conditions were put on him, to which the
necessity of his affairs forced him to submit. He made all
the haste he safely could to get out of Poland : he resigned
back their crown to them, and was contented with the empty
name of king, though that seemed rather to be a reproach
than any accession of honour to his electoral dignity ; he
thought otherwise, and stipulated that it should be con-
tinued to him. He was at mercy, for he had neither forces
nor treasure. It was thought the King of Sweden treated
him with too much rigour, when he had so entirely mas-
tered him. The other was as little pitied as he deserved to
be, for by many wTong practices he had drawn all his mis-
fortunes on himself. The King of Sweden, being in the
heart of Germany, in so formidable a posture, gave great
apprehensions to the allies. The French made strong ap-
plications to him ; but the courts of Prussia and Hanover
were in such a concert with that King, that they gave the
rest of the allies great assurances, that he would do nothing
to disturb the peace of the empire, nor to weaken the al-
liance. The court of France pressed him to offer his me-
diation for a general peace ; all the answer he gave was,
that if the allies made the like application to him, he would
interpose, and do all good offices in a treaty : so he refused
to enter into any separate measures with France ; yet the
court of Vienna was under a great apprehension of his
seeking matter for a quarrel with them. The Czar at this
time overrim Poland, so that King Stanislaus was forced
to fly into Saxony, to the King of Sweden, for protection*
Both he and his Queen staid there all the winter, and a great
part of this summer. The Czar pressed the Polanders to .
proceed to the election of another kingybut could not carry
tliem to that ; so it was generally believed, that they were
resolved to come to a treaty with King Stanislaus, and to
soUlc the quiet of that kingdom, exhausted by a long and
OF QUEEN ANNE. 155
destructive war. The Czar tried, if it were possible, to ^^^or.
come to a peace with the King of Sweden, and made great '^
offers in order to it; but that King was implacable, and
seemed resolved to pull him down as he had done King
Augustus. That King's designs were impenetrable, he The charac-
advised mth few, and kept himself on great reserves \\ith ^[ ° ^f **
all foreign ministers, whom he would not suffer to come Sweden.
near him, except when they had a ^particular message to
deliver. Our court was advised, by the Elector of Ha-
nover, to send the Duke of Marlborough to him. It was
thought this would please him much, if it had no other ef-
fect ; so he went thither, but could gain no gTOund on him.
He affected a neglect of his person, both in clothes, lodg-
ing, and diet : all was simple, even to meanness ; nay, he
did not so much as allow a decent cleanliness. He ap-
peared to have a real sense of religion, and a zeal for it,
but it was not much enlightened. He seemed to have no
notion of public liberty, but thought princes ought to keep
their promises religiously, and to observe their treaties
punctually. He rendered himself very acceptable to his
army, by coming so near their way of living, and by his
readiness to expose his own person, and to reward services
done him. He had little tenderness in his nature, and was
a fierce enemy, too rough and too savage. He looked on
foreign ministers as spies by their character, and treated
them accordingly ; and he used his own ministers rather as
instruments to execute his orders, than as counsellors.
The court of France finding they could not prevail on Proposi-
him, made a public application to the Pope for his medi- peac.
ating a peace. They offered the dominions in Italy to
King Charles, to the states a barrier in the Netherlands,
and a compensation to the Duke of Savoy for the waste
made in his country; provided that, on those conditions.
King Philip should keep Spain and the West Indies. It
was thought the court of Vienna wished this project might
be entertained ; but the other allies were so disgusted at it,
that they made no steps toward it. The court of Vienna
did what they could to confound the designs of this cam-
paign ; for they ordered a detachment of twelve thousand
men to march from the army in Lombardy to the kingdom
of Naples. The court of England, the states, and the
Duke of Savoy, studied to divert this, with the warmest
17 or.
of AhudivM.
156 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
instaiices possible, but in vain : though it was represented
to that court that if the Duke ol' Savoy could enter into
Provence, with a great army, that would cut oU" all sup-
plies and communication with France : so that success, in
this great design, would make Naples and Sicily fall into
their hiuids of course; but the imperial court was inflexi-
ble : they pretended they had given their party in Naples
such assurances of an invasion, that if they failed in it,
tliey exposed them all to be destroyed, and thereby they
might provoke the whole country to become their most in-
veterate enemies : thus they took up a resolution without
consulting their allies, and then pretended that it was fixed
and could not be altered.
The battle The Campaign was opened very fatally in Spain. King
Charles pretended there was an army coming into Cata-
lonia from Roussillon ; and that it was necessary for him
to march into that country. The dividing a force, when
the whole together was not equal to the enemy's, has often
proved fatal : he ought to have made his army as strong
as possibly he could, and to have marched with it to Ma-
drid ; for the rest of Spain would have fallen into his
hands upon the success of that expedition; but he per-
sisted in his first resolution, and marched away with a
part of the anny, leaving about sixteen thousand men under
the Earl of Gall way's command. They had eaten up all
their stores in Valencia, and could subsist no longer there,
so they were forced to break into Castille : the Duke of
Berwick came against them with an army not much supe-
rior to theirs : but the court of France had sent the Duke
of Orleans into Spain ^vith some of the best troops that
they had brought from Italy; and these joined the Duke of
Berwick, a day before the two armies engaged : some de-
serters came over, and brought the Earl of Gall way the
news of the conjunction ; but they were not believed, and
were looked on as spies sent to frighten them. A council
of war had resolved to venture on a battle, v.hich the state
of their affairs seemed to make necessary : they could not
subsist where they were, nor be subsisted if they retired
back into Valencia ; so, on the 14th of April, the tvvo armies
engaged in the plain of Almanza. The English and Dutch
beat the enemy, and broke through twice ; but the Portu-
guese gave way : upon that the enemy, who were almost
OF QUEEN ANNE. 157
double in number, both horse and foot, flanked them, and t^or.
a total rout followed, in which about ten thousand were '"^■'^
killed or taken prisoners. The Earl of Gallway was
trv\4ce wounded ; once so near the eye, that for some time
it put him out of a capacity of giving orders ; but at last
he, with some other officers, made the best retreat they
could. Our fleet came happily on that coast, on the day
that the battle was fought ; so he was supplied from thence,
and he put garrisons into Denia and Alicant, and retired to
tiie Ebro with about three thousand horse and almost as
many foot. The Duke of Orleans pursued the victory;
Valencia submitted, and so did Saragossa; so that the
principality of Catalonia was all that remained in King
Charles's obedience. The King of Portugal died this win-
ter, but that made no great change in aff'airs there : the
young King agreed to every thing that was proposed to
him by the allies ; yet the Portuguese were under a great
consternation, their best troops being either cut oft', or at
that time in Catalonia.
Marshal Villars was sent to command in Alsace. He
understood that the lines of Stolhoven were ill kept, and
weakly manned ; so he passed the Rhine, and, without any
loss and very little opposition, he broke through, and
seized on the artillery, and on such magazines as were lain
in there. Upon this shameful disgrace, the Germans retired
to Hailbron. The circle of Suabia was now open and put
under contribution; and Villars designed to penetrate as
far as to Bavaria. The blame of this miscarriage was laid
chiefly on the imperial court, who neither sent their quota
thither, nor took care to settle a proper general for the de-
fence of the empire. In Flanders, the French army, com-
manded by the Duke of Vendome, came and took post at
Gemblours, in a safe- camp: the Duke of Marlborough lay
at Meldert in a more open one : both armies were about
one hundred thousand strong ; but the French m ere rather
superior to that number.
In the month of June, the design upon Toulon began to
appear. The Queen and the states sent a strong fleet
thither, commanded by Sir Cloudesly Shovel : who, from
mean beginnings, had risen up to the supreme command;
and had given many proofs of great courage, conduct, and
^eal, in the whole course of his life. Prince Eugene had
^— v-^
158 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1707. the command of the imperial army that was to second the
Duke of Savoy in this undertaking, upon the success of
Avhich the final conclusion of the war depended. The army
was not so strong as it was intended it should have been.
The detachment of twelve thousand men was ordered to
march to Naples ; and no applications could prevail at the
court of Vienna to obtain a delay in that expedition : there
were also eight or ten thousand recruits that were promised
to be sent to reinforce Prince Eugene, which were stopped in
Germany ; for the Emperor was under such apprehensions
of a rupture with Sweden, that he pretended it was abso-
lutely necessary for his otvti safety to keep up a good force
at home. Prince Eugene had also orders not to expose
his troops too much ; by this means they were the less ser-
viceable : notwithstanding these disappointments, the Duke
of Savoy, after he had for some weeks covered his true
design, by a feint upon Dauphiny, by which he drew most
of the French troops to that side ; as soon as he heard that
tlie confederate fleet was come upon the coast, he made a
very quick march through ways that were thought imprac-
ticable, on to the river Var, where the French had cast up
such works, that it was reckoned these must have stopped his
passing the river : and they would have done it effectually,
if some ships had not been sent in from the fleet, into the
mouth of the river, to attack these where there was no de-
fence ; because no attack from that side was apprehended:
by this means they were forced to abandon their works, and
so the passage over the river was free : upon this that Duke
entered Provence, and made all the haste he could towards
Toulon. The artillery and ammunition were on board the
fleet, and were to be landed near the place, so the march of
the army was as little encumbered as was possible ; yet it
was impossible to advance with much haste in an enemy's
country, where the provisions were either destroyed or car-
ried into fortified places, which though they might have
easily been taken, yet no time was to be lost in executing
the great design: so this retarded the march for some days;
yet, in conclusion, they came before the place, and were
quickly masters of some of the eminences that commanded
it. At their first coming, they might have possessed them-
selves of another called St. Anne's Hill, if Prince Eugene
had executed the Duke of Sftvoy's orders : he did it not.
OP QUEE?J ANNE. ^'5^
\(4iJch raised a high discontent ; but he excused himself, *''0''-.
by shewing the orders he liad received not to expose the ^"^
Emperor's troops. Some days were lost by the roughness
of the sea, which hindered the ships from landing the ar-
tillery and ammunition. In the meanwhile, the troops of
France were ordered to march from all parts to Toulon.
The garrison within was very strong : the forces that w ere
on their march to Spain, to prosecute the victory of Al-
manza, were countermanded; and so great apartof Villars s
army was called away, that he could not make any further
progress in Germany : so that a great force was, from all
hands, marching to raise this siege ; and it was declared,
to the court of France, that the Duke of Burgundy would
go and lead on the army. The Duke of Savoy lost no time,
but continued cannonading the place, while the fleet came
op to bombard it : they attacked the two forts that com-
manded the entrance into the Mole with such fury, that they
made themselves masters of them ; but one of them was af-
terwards blown up. Those within the town were not idle,
they sunk some ships, in the entrance into the Mole, and
fired furiously at the fleet, but did them little harm : they
beat the Duke of Savoy out of one of his most important
posts, which was long defended by a gallant prince of
Saxe Gotha ; who, not being supported in time, was cut to
pieces. This post was afterwards regained, and the fleet
continued for some days to bombard the place : but in the
end the Duke of Savoy, whose strength had never been
above thirty thousand men, seeing so great a force march-
ing towards him, who might intercept his passage, and so
destroy his whole army ; and there being no hope of his
carrjing the place, found it necessary to march home in
time, which he did with so much order and precaution,
that he got back into his own country without any loss ; and
soon after his return, he sat down before Suza, and took it
in a few weeks. Our fleet did all the execution they could it failed m
on the town : their bombs set some places on fire, which ijiee^iecu-
they believed were magazines ; for they contmued bumiug
for many hours; in conclusion they sailed olf. They left
behind them a fleet of six and twenty ships in the JMedi-
terrauean, and the great ships sailed homewards. Thus
this great design, on which the eyes of all Europe were set,
iaUed in the execution, chiefly by the Emperor's means.
160 HISTORY OF THK REIGN
1707. England and the states peilonned all that was expected
of them, nor was the Duke of Savoy wanting on his part ;
though many suspected him as backward, and at least cold
in the undertaking. It was not yet perfectly understood
what damage the French sustained. Many of their ships
were rendered unserviceable, and continue to be so still :
nor did they set out any fleet all the following winter;
though the affairs of King Charles in Spain were then so
low, that if they could have cut off the communication by
sea, between Italy and Spain, they must soon have been
masters of all that was left in his hands : so that from their
fitting out no fleet at Toulon, it was concluded, that they
could not do it. When the design upon Toulon was broke>
more troops were sent into Spain. The Earl of Gallway
did, with incredible diligence and activity, endeavour to
repair the loss at Almanza, as much as was possible : the
supplies and stores that he had from our fleet, put him in
a capacity to make a stand ; he formed a new army, and
put the strong places in the best posture he could. Lerida
was the most exposed, and so was the best looked to: Tor-
tosa, Tarragona, and Gironne, were also well fortified, and
good garrisons were put in them. The attempt on Toulon>
as it put a stop to all the motions of the French, so it gave
him time to put the principality of Catalonia in a good state
of defence. The Duke of Orleans, being reinforced with
TLe siege of troops from France, set down before Lerida, in the end of ^
Luida. September, with an army of thirty thousand men. The
place was commanded by a Prince of Hesse, who held out
above forty days. After some time he was forced to aban-
don the to^\Ti, and to retire into the castle : the army suf-
tered much in this long siege. When the besieged saw
how long they could hold out, they gave the Earl of Gall-
way notice, upon which he intended to have raised the
siege ; and if the King of Spain would have consented to'
his drawing, out of the other garrisons, such a force as
might have been spared, he undertook to raise it, which
was believed might have been easily done ; and if he had
succeeded, it would have given a new turn to all the affairs
of Spain : but Count Noyelles, who was well practised in
the arts of flattery, and knew how much King Charles was
aJiejiated from the Earl of Gallway, for the honest free-
dom he had used >^ith him, in laying before him some-
OF QUEEN ANNE,
errors in his conduct, set himself to oppose this, appre-
hending that success in it, would have raised the Earl of
Gallway's reputation again, which had suffered a great
diminution by the action of Almanza : he said this would
expose the little army they had left them to too great a
liazard ; for if the design miscarried, it might occasion a
revolt of the whole principality. Thus the humours of
princes are often more regarded than their interest; the
design of relieving Lerida was laid aside. The French
army was diminished a fourth part, and the long siege had
so fatigued them, that it was visible the raising it w ould
have been no difficult performance ; but the thoughts of that
being given over, Lerida capitulated in the beginning of
November. The Spaniards made some feeble attempts on
the side of Portugal, with success, for little resistance was
made ; the Portuguese excusing themselves by their feeble-
ness, since their best troops were in Catalonia.
King Charles, finding his affairs in so ill a condition, ^'^''<^f/*'"'
w rote to the Emperor, and to the other allies, to send him '
supplies with all possible haste : Stanhope was sent over
to press the Queen and the states to dispatch these the
sooner. At the end of the campaign in Italy, seven thou-
sand of the imperial troops were prepared to be sent over
to Barcelona : and these w ere carried in the w inter by the
confederate fleet, without any disturbance given them by
the French. Recruits and supplies of all sorts were sent
over from England, and from the states, to Portugal. But
while the house of Austria was struggling with great dif-
ficulties, two pieces of pomp and magnificence consumed
a great part of their treasure : an embassy w as sent from
Lisbon to demand the Emperor's sister for that King, which
was done with an unusual and extravagant expense : a
wif€ was to be sought for King Charles among the pro-
testant courts, for there was not a suitable match in the
popish courts : he had seen the Princess of Anspach, and
was much taken with her ; so that great applications were
made to persuade her to change her religion, but she could
not be prevailed on to buy a crown at so dear a rate : and
soon after she was married to the Prince Electoral of
Brunswick, which gave a glorious character of her to this
nation ; and her pious firmness is like to be rewarded, even
in this life, with a much better crown than that which she
VOL. IV. Y
1^'^ HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^^ rejected. The Princess of Wolfcmbuttcl was not; so firm ;
so she was brought to Vienna, and some time after was
married by proxy to King Charles, and was sent to Italy
in her way to Spain. The solemnity with which these mat-
ters were managed, in all this distress of their affairs, con-
sumed a vust deal of treasure ; for such was the pride of
those courts on such occasions, that, rather than fail in a
point of splendour, they would let their most important af-
fairs go to wreck. That Princess was landed at Barce-
lona : and the Queen of Portugal, (he same year, came to
Holland, to be carried to Lisbon by a squadron of the Eng-
lish fleet.
The con- But while matters were in a doubtful state in Spain, the
nTpIc"' expedition to Naples had all the success that was expect-
ed : the detachment from Lombardy marched through the
ecclesiastical state, and struck no small terror into the
court of Rome, as they passed near it : it Avas apprehend-
ed some resistance Vvould have been made in Naples, by
those who governed there under King Philip ; but the in-
bred hatred the Neapolitans bore the French, together with
the severities of their government, had put that whole king-
dom into such a disposition to revolt, that the small party
which adhered to King Philip, found it not advisable to
offer any resistance, so they had only time enough to con-
vey their treasure and all their richest goods to Cayeta, and
to retire thither : they reckoned they would either be re-
lieved from France by sea, or obtain a good capitulation ;
or if that failed, they had some ships and galleys in which
they might hope to escape. The imperialists took posses^
sion of Naples, where they were received with great re-
joicings ; their ill conduct quickly moderated that joy, and
very much disposed the Neapolitans to a second revolt;
but, upon applications made to the courts of Vienna and
Barcelona, the excesses of the iniparialists, who carried
their ravenous disposition >Aith them wheresoever they
went, were somewhat corrected, so that they became more
tolerable. As soon as a government could be settled at
Naples, they undertook the siege of Caj eta, which went on
at first very slowly : so that those within seemed to appre-
hend nothing so much as the want of provisions, upon
which tliey sent the few ships they had to Sicily to bring
them supplies for all they might want ; when these were
OF QUEEN ANNE. 163
sent away, the imperialists, knowing what a rich booty was ^''O'"-
lodged in the place, pressed it very hard, and, in conclu- ^^"^
sion, took it by stonn, and so were masters of all the wealth
tliat was in it : the garrison retired into the castle, but they
Avere soon after forced to surrender, and v, ere all made pri-
soners of war. It was proposed to follow this success
with an attempt upon Sicily ; but it was not easy to supply
Aaples with bread ; nor was our licet at liberty to assist
them ; for they were ordered to lie on the coast of Spain,
and to wait there for orders : when these arrived, they re-
quired them to carry the Marquis das Minas and the Earl
of Gallway, witii the forces of Portugal, to Lisbon, which
was happily performed : and the Earl of Gallway found the
character and powers of an ambassador lying for him there.
The thoughts of attempting Sicily were therefore laid aside
for this time, though the Sicilians were known to be in a
very good disposition to entertain it. A small force was
sent from Xaples, to seize on those places which lay on the
coast of Tuscany, and belonged to the crown of Spain :
some of them were soon taken, but Porto Longone and
Port Hercole made a better resistance. This was the state
of affairs in Italy and Spain all this year, and till the open-
ing of the campaign the next year.
Villars continued in Germany, laying Suabia under An'airs on
heavy contributions ; and very probably he would have "'*^ i^ ""f.
penetrated into Bavaria, if the detachments he w as ordered
to send away had not so weakened his army, that he durst
not venture further, nor undertake any considerable siege.
While the empire was thus exposed, all men's eyes turned
towards the Elector of Brunswick, as the only person that
could recover their afiairs out of those extieniities into
w hich they were brought : the Emperor pressed liim to ac-
cept of the supreme command ; tbis was seconded by all the
allies, but most earnestly by the Queen and the states:
the Elector used all the precaution that the embarking in
such a design required, and he had such assurances of as-
sistance from the princes and circles, as he thought might
be depended upon; so he undertook the command. His
first care was to restore military discipline, which had been
very little considered or submitted to for some years past ;
and he established this with such impartial severity, that
the face of affairs there v» as soon changed : but the army
164 HISTORY OF THE REION
17^07. y^as too weak, and the season was too far spent, to enter
^^ on great designs. One considerable action happened,
which very much raised the reputation of his conduct :
Villars had sent a detachment of three thousand horse and
dragoons, either to extend his contribution, or to seize on
some important post : against these, the Elector sent out
another body that fell upon the French, and gave them a
total defeat, in which two thousand of them were cut off :
soon after that, Villars retired back to Strasburgh, and the
camjjaign in those parts ended.
Tbe King of I will take in here a transaction that lay not far from the
^Xed scene of action. There was, all this summer, a dispute at
Prince of Ncufchatel upon the death of the old Dutchess of Nemours^
Neufchatei. -^ ^-^qjj^ (hg housc of Longucville ended : she enjoyed this
principality, which, since it lay as a frontier to Swisser-
land, was on this occasion much considered. There were
many pretenders of the French nation ; the chief was the
Prince of Conti ; all these came to Neufchatei, and made
their application to the states of that country, and laid their
several titles before them : the King of France seemed to
favour the Prince of Conti most; but yet he left it free to
the states to judge of their pretensions, provided they gave
judgment in favour of one of his subjects ; adding severe
threatenings in case they should judge in behalf of any
other pretender. The King of Prussia, as heir by his
mother to the house of Chaalons, claimed it as his right,
which the late King had by a particular agreement made
over to him; so he sent a minister thither to put in his
claim : and the Queen, and the states, ordered their minis-
ters in Swisserland to do their best offices, both for advanc-
ing his pretensions, and to engage the cantons to maintain
them ; the King of Sweden wrote also the cantons to the
same effect. The allies looked on this as a matter of gTcat
consequence, since it might end in a rupture between the
protestant cantons and France; for the popish cantons
were now wholly theirs. After much pleading, and a long
dispute, the states of the principality gave judgment in fa-
vour of the King of Prussia ; the French pretenders pro-
tested against this, and left Neufchatei in a high discon-
tent: the French ambassador tlireatened that little state
with an invasion, and all commerce with them was forbid :
the canton of Bern espoused their concern with a spirit and
OF QUEEN ANNE. 165
zeal that was not expected from them : they declared they i^f>7.
were in comburghership with them ; and, upon that, they '^^'^^
sent a body of three thousand men to defend them. The
French continued to threaten, and Villars had orders to
march a great part of his army towards them ; but when
the court of France saw that the cantons of Bern and Zu-
rick were not frightened w ith those marches, they let the
whole matter fall very little to their honour : and so the in-
tercourse bet^ een the French dominions and that state was
again opened, and the peace of the cantons was secured.
The King of Prussia engaged his honour that he would
govern that state with a particular zeal, for advancing both
religion and learning in it ; and upon these assurances he
persuaded the bishops of England, and myself in particu-
lar, to use our best endeavours to promote his pretensions ;
upon which we \\Tote, in the most effectual manner we
could, to Monsieur Ostervald, who was the most eminent
ecclesiastic of that state, and one of the best and most ju-
dicious divines of the age : he was bringing that church to
a near agreement with our forms of w orship : the King of
Prussia was well set in all matters relating to religion ; and
had made a great step in order to reconcile the Lutherans
and the Calvinists in his dominions, by requiring them not
to preach to the people on those points in which they dif-
fer ; and by obliging them to commimicate together, not-
withstanding the diversity of their opinions : which is in-
deed the only wise and honest way to make up that breach.
The affinity of the matter leads me next to give an ac- T,,g j^j^ ,_f
count of the difl'erences between the King of Sweden and Sweden
the court of Vieima : that King, after he had been a very proteVunt
heavy guest in Saxony, came to understand, that the pro- churches jn
testants in Silesia had their churches, and the free exercise restorefU.^
of their religion, stipulated to them by the peace of Mun- i^em.
ster, and that the cro^^^l of Sweden was the guarantee for
observing this : these churches were taken from them ; so
the King of Sweden was in justice bound to see to the ob-
serving of that article ; he very readily embraced this op-
portunity, which had been long neglected, or forgotten by
his father. When this was first represented to the court of
Vienna, it was treated there ^\'ith much scorn : and Count
Zabor, one of the ministers of that court, spoke of the King
of Sweden in a style, that he thought furnished him with a
166 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1707. jxist pretension to demand, that he should be sent to him, to
^^^ be punished as he thought fit : this was soon yielded ; the
Count was sent to the King, and made such an himible sub-
mission to him, as was accepted : but the demand for re-
storing the churches, was a matter of hard digestion to a
bigoted and haughty court. The King of Sweden had a
great army at hand, and he threatened an immediate rup-
ture, if this demand w as not agreed to without delay : in
this he was so positive, that the imperial court at last yield-
ed, they being then in no condition to resist a warlike
Prince, and an army, hardened by an exact discipline, and
the fatigues of a long war ; so that every thing that was
demanded, pursuant to that article of the treaty of Munster,
was agreed to be performed, within a prefixed time : and
upon that, the King of Sweden marched his army, under
the most regular discipline, through Silesia, as had been
agreed, into Poland. The Jesuits made great opposition
to the performance of what had been stipulated ; but the
imperial court would not provoke a Prince, who they
thought was seeking a colour to break with them : so, by
the day prefixed, all the churches were restored to the pro-
testants in Silesia. Upon this, he was highly magnified,
and great endeavours w ere again used, to engage him in the
alliance ; but he w as so set against the Czar, whom he de-
signed to dethrone, that nothing could then divert him from
it : yet he so far entered into the interests of religion, that,
as he wTote to the King of France, desiring him not to op-
pose the King of Prussia in his pretensions on Neufchatel,
he also wrote to the cantons, desiring them to promote and
support them. The cantons seeing those characters of
zeal in him, sent a French gentleman of quality to him,
the Marquis de Rochegude, to let him know^ what regard
they had to his recommendations, and to desire him to in-
terpose his good oflices w ith the King of France, for setting
at liberty about three hundred persons, who w ere condemned
to the galleys, and treated most cruelly in them, upon no
other pretence, but because they would not change their
religion, and had endeavoured to make their escape out of
France : he received this message with a particular civility,
and immediately complied with it ; ordering his minister,
at the court of France, to make it his desire to that King,
that these confessors might be delivered to him ; but the
OF QUEEN ANNE. 167
ministers of France said, that was a point of the King's go- I'^or.
vemment at home, in which he could not suffer foreign '"^^''^^
princes to meddle : he seemed sensible of this neglect, and
it was hoped, that when his affairs could admit of it, he
would express a due resentment of it.
To end all the affairs of Germany for this year, at once ; ^ JJ^**^""
I must mention a quarrel, raised in Hamburgh, between burgh.
some private persons, one of whom was a Lutheran minis-
ter ; which created a great division in that city. One side
was protected by the senate, v.hicli gave so gieat a disgaist
to the other side, that it was like to end in a revolt against
the magistrates, and a civil war within the to^vn : and it
being kno\m, that the King of Denmark had, for many
years, had an eye on that place, the neighbouring princes
apprehended, that he might take advantage from those com-
motions, or that the weaker side might choose rather to fall
under his power, than under the revenges of the adverse
party. The Kings of Sweden and Prussia, with the house
of Brunswick, resolved therefore to send troops thither, to
quiet this distraction, and to chastise the more refractory ;
while the Emperor's ministers, together with the Queen's,
endeavoured to accommodate matters, without suffering
them to run to extremities.
It remains, that I give an account of the campaign in The eam-
Flanders : the French kept close within their posts ; though p-hinders.
the Duke of Marlborough often drew out his troops to see
if that could provoke them ; but they were resolved not to
fight on equal terms ; and it was not thought advisable to
attempt the forcing their posts : they lay, for some months,
looking on one another ; but both armies had behind them
such a safe and plentiful conveyance of provisions, that no
want of any sort could oblige either side to dislodge. The
Duke of Vendome had orders to send detachments to rein-
force Marshal Villars, in lieu of those detachments that
he had been ordered to send to Provence. The Duke of
Savoy seemed to wonder that the confederates lay so quiet,
and gave the Duke of Vendome no disturbance ; and that
they could not, at least, oblige him to keep all his army to-
gether. At last the Duke of Marlborough decamped, and
moved towards French Flanders : the French decamped,
about the same time, but lodged themselves again in such
a safe camp, that he could not force them into any action -,
IGR
1707.
AlTairs
sea.
Proceed-
ings with
relation to
Scotland.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
nor was hi.s army so numerous, as to spare a body to ini-
flertake a siege, l^y that means to draw them to a battle ; so
that the campaign Avas carried on there in a very inofFen-
sive mamier on both sides ; and thus matters stood in the
continent, every where this season.
France set out no fleet this year, and yet we never had
greater losses on that element : the Prince's council was
very unhappy in the whole conduct of the cruizers and con-
voys : the merchants made heavy complaints, and not with-
out reason : convoys were sometimes denied them, and
when they were granted, they were often delayed beyond
the time limited for the merchants to get their ships in rea-
diness ; and the sailing orders were sometimes sent them
so unhappily (but as many said, so treacherously), that a
French squadron was then lying in their way to intercept
them. This was liable to very severe reflections : for many
of the convoys, as well as the merchant ships were taken ;
and to complete the misfortunes of our aft'airs at sea this
year, when Sir Cloudesly Shovel was sailing home with the
great ships, by an unaccountable carelessness and security,
he, and two other capital ships, ran foul upon those rocks
beyond the Land's End, known by the name of the Bishop
and his Clerks ; and they were in a minute broke to pieces,
so that not a man of them escaped. It was dark, but there
was no wind, otherwise the whole fleet had perished with
them: all the rest tacked in time, and so they were saved.
Thus one of the greatest seamen of the age was lost by an
error in his own profession, and a great misreckoning, for
he had laid by all the day before, and set sail at night, be-
lieving, that next morning he would have time enough to
guard against running on those rocks ; but he was swal-
lowed up within three hours after.
This w^as the state of our afixiirs abroad, both by sea and
land. Things went at home in their ordinary channels;
but the conduct with relation to Scotland, was more unac-
countable : for, whereas it might have been reasonably ex-
pected, that the management of tlie newly imited part of
this island, should have been particularly taken care of, so
as to give no just distaste to the Scots, nor olfer handles to
those who were still endeavouring to inflame tliat nation,
and to increase their aversion to the union ; things were
on the contrary so ordered, as if the design had been to
OF QUERN ANNE. 160
contrive methorls to exasperate the spirits of the people i707.
there. Though the management of the Scotch revenue was
to fall into the Lord Treasurer's hands, on the 1st of May,
no care was taken to have all the commissions ready at the
day, with new officers to serve in them ; so that the whole
trade of Scotland was stopped for almost two months for
want of orders to put it into the new course, in which it
was to be carried on. Three months passed before the equi-
valent was sent to Scotland ; and when wines and other
merchandise were imported into England from thence,
seizures were every where made, and this was managed
\vith a particular affectation of roughness. All these things
heightened the prejudices, with which that nation had been
possessed against the union : it was also known that many
messages passed between Scotland and France, and that
there were many meetings, and much consultations among
the discontented party there; a great body appeared openly
for the pretended Prince of Wales, and celebrated his birth-
day very publicly, both at Edinburgh, and in other places
of the kingdom : and it was openly talked, that there was
now an opportunity, that was not to be lost, of invading
the kingdom, though with a small force ; and that a gene-
ral concurrence, from the body of that nation, might be de-
pended on : these things were done in so barefaced a man-
ner, that no check being given to them, nor inquiry made
after them by those who were in the government, it gave
occasion to many melancholy speculations. The manage-
ment from England looked like a thing concerted to heigh-
ten that distemper ; and the whole conduct of tlie fleet af-
forded great cause of jealousy.
But to open this, as clearly as it has yet appeared to me, a uew paiiy
I must give an account of a new scene at court. It was ^^ '"'"'^'•
observed, that Mr. Harley, who had been for some years
secretary of state, had gained great credit with the Queen,
and began to set up for himself, and to act no more under
the direction of the Lord Treasurer : there was one of the
bedchamber women, who, being nearly related to the
Dutchess of Marlborough, had been taken care of by her, to-
gether Avith her whole family (for they were fallen low) in a
most particular manner. She brought her not only into
that post, but she had treated her witli such a confidence
that it had introduced her into a high degTee of favour with
VOL. IV. z
170 HISTORY OF THE UlJIGN
i'^*^''- the Queen ; which, for some years, was considered a* ait
efiect of the Dutchess of Marlborougli's credit with her ?
she was also nearly related to Mr. Harley, and they two-
entered into a close correspondence. She learned the arts
of a court,, and observed the Queen's temper with so much
application, that she got far into her heart; and she em-
ployed all her credit to establish Harley in the supreme
confidence -v^ith the Queen, and to alienate her affections
from the Dutchess of Marlborough, who studied no other
mctliod of preserving her favour, but by pursuing the true
interest of the Queen, and of the kingdom. It was said,
that the Prince was brought into the concert, and that he
was made to apprehend that he had too small a share in
the government; and that he was shut out from it by the
great power that the Duke of Marlborough and the Lord
Treasurer had drawn into their hands : it was said, all de-
pended on them, that the Queen was only a cypher in
the government, that she was in the Dutchess of ]\[arlbo-
rougli's hands, as her affairs were in the Duke of Marlbo-
rough's. It was likewise talked, among those who made
their court to the new favourites, that there was not now a
Jacobite in the nation, that all were for the Queen ; and that,
without doubt, she would reign out peaceably her whole
life ; but she needed not concern herself for a German fa-
mily : these discourses began to break out, and gave sad
thoughts to those to whom they were brought. This went
on too long, little regarded ; the Dutchess of Marborough
seemed secure of her interest in the Queen, and shewed no
jealousy of a favour, to which herself gave the first rise.
This was the state of the court at the opening of the session
of parliament.
Pr. moiions There were, at that time, thice bishoprics vacant : Tre-
church. lawny had been removed, the summer before, from Exeter
to A^'^inchester ; which gave great disgust to many, he being
considerable for nothing, but his birth and his interest in
Cornwall. The Lord Treasurer had engaged himself to him,
and he was sensible that he was much reflected upon for it :
but he, to soften the censure that was brought on him, had
promised, that, for the future, prcfennents should be be-
stowed on men well principled, with relation to the present
constitution, and on men of merit. The Queen, without
regarding this, did secretly engage herself to Dr. lilackhall.
i)F QUEEN ANNE.
Tor Exeter; and Chester (being at tlie same time void, by
the death of Dr. Stratford) to Sir William Dawes, for that
see : these divines were in themselves men of value and
■worth, but their notions were all on the other side ; they
had submitted to the government, but they, at least Black-
hall, seemed to condemn the Revolution, and all that had
been done pursuant to it. Dawes also was looked on as
an aspiring man, who would set himself at the head of the
tor}" party : so this nomination gave a great disgust. To
qualify this a little, Fatrick, the pious and learned Bishop
of Ely, dying at this time, the Queen advanced More, from
Norwich, thither ; and Dr. Trimnell, a worthy person in all
respects, was named for Norwich : yet this did not quiet the
^measiness many were under by reason of the other nomi-
nations, which seemed to flow from the Queen herself, and
so discovered her inclinations. To prevent the ill eflfects,
that this might have, in the approaching session, some of
the eminent members of the House of Commons were
called to a meeting with the Dukes of Somerset and Devon-
shire : these Lords assure^l them, in the Queen's name,
that she was very sensible of the services the whigs did
her ; and though she had engaged herself so far, with re-
lation to those two bishoprics, that she could not recall the
promises she had made, yet, for the future, she was re-
solved to give them full content. But while this was said
to some whigs, Harley and his friends, St. John and Har-
court, took great pains on the leaders of the tories, in par-
ticular on llanmer, Bromley, and Freeman, to engage
them in the Queen's interests : assuring them, that her heart
was with them, that she was weary of the tyranny of the
whigs, and longed to be delivered from it. But they were
not wrought on, by that management ; they either mistrust-
ed it, as done only to ensnare them, or they had other
^aews, which they did not think fit to own. This double-
dealing came to be kno\\Ti, and gave occasion to much
jealousy and distrust. A little before the session was
opened, an eminent misfortune happened at sea : a convoy,
of five ships of the line of battle, was sent to Portugal, to
guard a great fleet of merchant ships; and they were or-
dered to sail, as if it had been by concert, at a time when
a squadron from Dunkirk had joined another from Brest,
and lay in the way, waiting for them. Some advertisments
^72 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^^^ were brought to the Admiralty, of this conjunction, but
they were not believed. When the French set upon them,
the convoy did their part very gallantly, thou<?h the enemy
were three to one; one of the ships was blown up, three of
them were taken, so that only one escaped, much shattered :
but they had fought so long, that most of the merchantmen
had time to get away, and sailed on, not being pursued, and
so got safe lo Lisbon. This coming almost at the same
time with the misfortune that happened to Shovel, the
session was begun with a melancholy face ; and a dispute,
upon their opening, had almost put them into great dis-
order.
It was generally thought that though this was a parlia-
ment that had now sat two years, yet it was a new parlia-
ment, by reason it had been let fall, and was revived by a
proclamation, as was formerly told : and the consequence
of this was, that those who had got places, were to go to a
new' election. Others maintained, that it could not be a
new parliament, since it was not summoned by a new writ,
but by virtue of a clause in an act of parliament. The
Duke of Marlborough, upon his coming over, prevailed to
have it yielded to be a new parliament ; but Harley was
for maintaining it to be an old parliament. The House of
Commons chose the same speaker over again, and all the
usual forms, in the first beginning of a new parliament,
were observed.
Complaints Thesc wcrc no sooner over, than the complaints of the
miral^v^'^' Admiralty w ere offered to both houses : great losses were
made, and all was imputed to the weakness, or to a worse
disposition, in some, who had great credit with the Prince,
and were believed to govern that w hole matter : for as they
w ere entirely possessed of the Prince's confidence, so when
the Prince's council w as divided in their opinions, the deci-
sion was left to the Prince, who understood very little of
those matters, and was always determined by others. By
this means they were really lord high admiral, without being
liable to the law for errors and miscaniages. This council
was not a legal court, warranted by any law, though they
assumed that to themselves ; being counsellors, they were
bound to answ er only for their fidelity. The complaints
were feebly managed, at the bar of the House of Com-
mons ; for it was soon understood, that not only the Prince,
OF QUEEN ANNE. 173
but the Queen likewise concerned herself much in this i^or.
matter : and both looked on it as a design, levelled at their "•^"•'^
authority. Both whigs and tories seemed to be at first
equally zealous in the matter ; but by reason of the op-
position of the court, all those, who intended to recom-
mend themselves to favour, abated of their zeal : some
were vehement in their endeavours to baffle the com-
plaints; they had great advantages, from the merchants
managing the complaints but poorly : some were frighted,
and others were practised on, and were carried even to
magnify the conduct of the fleet, and to make excuses for
all the misfortimes that had happened. That which had
the chief operation on the whole tory party, was, that it
was set round among them, that the design of all these
complaints, was to put the Earl of Orford again at the
head of the fleet : upon which they all changed their note ;
and they, in concurrence with those who were in offices, or
pretended to them, managed the matter so, that it was let
fall, very little to their honour. Unkind remarks were
made on some, who had changed their conduct upon their
being preferred at court ; but the matter was managed with
more zeal and courage in the House of Lords, both whigs
and tories concurring in it.
A committee was appointed to examine the complaints ; EsamiHed
they called the merchants, who had signed the petition, ^^^^ ^^
before them ; and treated them, not mth the scorn that was i^rds.
very indecently otfered them by some of the House of
Commons, but with great patience and gentleness : they
obliged them to prove all their complaints by witnesses
upon oath. In the prosecution of the inquiry, it appeared
that many ships of war were not fitted out to be put to sea,
but lay in port neglected, and in great decay : that convoys
had been often flatly denied the merchants ; and that when
they were promised, they were so long delayed, that the
merchants lost their markets, were put to great charge, and
when they had perishable goods, sufi"ered great damage in
them. The cruizers were not ordered to proper stations in
the Channel ; and when convoys were appointed, and were
ready to put to sea, they had not their sailing orders sent
them, till the enemy's ships were laid in their way, prepared
to fall on them, which had often happened. Many adver-
tisements, by which those misfortunes might have been pre-
174 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1707. vented, had been offered to the Admiralty, but had not only
been neglected by them, but those who offered them had
been ill treated for doing it. The committee made report
of all this to the House of Lords ; upon which the Lord
Treasurer moved, that a copy of the report might be sent
to the Lord Admiral, which was done, and in a few days an
answer was sent to the House, excusing, or justifying the
conduct, in all the branches of it. The chief foundation
of the answer was, that the great fleets, which were kept in
the Mediterranean, obliged us to send away so many of our
ships and seamen thither, that there was not a sufficient
number left to guard all our trade, while the enemy turned
all their forces at sea into squadrons for destroying it ; and
that all the ships that could be spared, from the public
service abroad, were employed to secure the trade : the
promise of convoys had been often delayed, by reason of
cross winds, and other accidents, that had hindered the re-
turn of our men of war longer than was expected ; they
being then abroad, convoying other merchant ships : and it
was said, that there was not a sufiicient number of ships,
for cruizers and convoys both. The paper ended with
some severe reflections on the last reign, in which great
sums were given for the building of ships, and yet the fleet
was at that time much diminished, and four thousand mer-
chant ships had been taken during that war : this was be-
lieved to have been suggested by Mr. Harley, on design to
mortify King William's ministry. LTpon reading of this an-
swer, a new and fuller examination of the particulars was
again resumed, by the same committee ; and all the allega-
tions in it were exactly considered : it appeared, that tlie
half of those seamen, that the parliament had pro%ddedfor,
were not employed in the Mediterranean ; that many ships
lay idle in port, and were not made use of; and that
in the last war, in which it appeared there were more sea-
men, though not more ships, employed in the Mediter-
ranean, than were now kept there, yet the trade was so
carefully looked after, by cruizers and convoys, that few
complaints were then made : and as to the reflections made
on the last reign, it was found that not half the sum that
was named, was given for the building of ships ; and that
instead of the fleets being diminished, during that war, as
had been aflirmed, it was increased by about forty ships ;
OF QUEEN AXNE. 175
nor could any proof be given, that four thousand ships i707.
were taken during that war : all the seamen who were then '^^^"^
taken and exchanged, did not exceed fifteen thousand, and
in the present war eighteen thousand were already ex-
changed ; and we had tw o thousand still remaining in our
enemy's hands : so much had the Prince been imposed on
in that paper that was sent to the Lords in his name.
When the examination was ended, and reported to the And laid be-
House, it was resolved to lay the whole matter before the n"^*^ ^^^.
' '' tjueen in an
Queen, in an address ; and then the tories discovered the address.
design that they drove at ; for they moved in the committee
that prepared the address, that the blame of all their mis-
carriages might be laid on the ministry, and on the cabinet
council. It had been often said, in the House of Lords,
that it was not intended to make any complaint to the
Prince himself, and it not being admitted that his council
was of a legal constitution, the complaining of them would
be an acknowledging their authority; therefore the blame
could be laid regularly no where, but on the ministry.
This was much pressed by the Duke of Buckingham, the
Earl of Rochester, and the Lord Haversham. But to this
it was answered, by the Earl of Orford, the Lord Somers,
and the Lord Hallifax, that the House ought to lay before
the Queen only that which was made out before them upon
oath ; and therefore, since in the whole examination, the
ministry and the cabinet council were not once named,
they could offer the Queen nothing to their prejudice.
Some of the things complained of fell on the na^^^-board,
which was a body acting by a legal authority : the Lords
ought to lay before the Queen, such miscarriages as were
proved to them, and leave it to her to find out on whom the
blame ought to be cast : so far was the ministry from ap-
pearing to be in fault, that they found several advertise-
ments were sent by the Secretary of State, to the Admiralty,
that, as appeared afterwards, were but too well grounded ;
yet these were neglected by them ; and that which raised
the clamour the higher, was, that during the winter there
were no cruizers laying in the Channel ; so that many ships
which had run through all the dangers at sea, were taken in
sight of land, for the privateers came boldly up to our ports.
All this was digested into a full and clear address, laid by
the House before the Queen : there was a general answer
176 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1707. made to it, giving assurances that the trade should be care-
^'^"'^^ fully looked to, but nothing else followed upon it ; and the
Queen seemed to be highly ofl'ended at the whole proceed-
ing. At this time, an inquiry likewise into the affairs of
Spain was begun in both houses.
Inquiry in- The Earl of Peterborough had received such positive
to tie affairs Qrdcrs recalling hira, that though he delayed as long as he
could, yet at last he came home in August : but the Queen,
before she would admit him into her presence, required of
him an account of some particulars in his conduct, both
in military matters, in his negotiations, and in the disposal
of the money remitted to him. He made such general an-
swers as gave little satisfaction : but he seemed to reserve
the matter to a parliamentary examination, which was en-
tered upon by both houses. All the tories magnified his
conduct, and studied to detract from the Earl of Gallway ;
but it was thought, that the ministry were under some re-
straints, with relation to the Earl of Peterborough, though
he did not spare them; which gave occasion to many
to say, they were afraid of him, and durst not provoke
him. The whigs, on the other hand, made severe remarks
on his conduct ; the complaints that King Charles made of
him were read, upon which he brought such a number of
papers, and so many witnesses to the bar, to justify his
conduct, that after ten or twelve days spent wholly in read-
ing papers, and in hearing witnesses, both houses grew
equally weary of the matter ; so, without coming to any
conclusion, or to any vote, they let all that related to him
fall : but that gave them a handle to consider the present
state of affairs in Spain. It was found, that we had not
above half the troops there that the parliament had made
provision for ; and that not above half the officers that be-
longed to those bodies served there : this gave the House
of Commons a high distaste, and it was hoped by the tories,
that they should have carried the House to severe votes
and warm addresses on that head, which was much labour-
ed by them, in order to load the ministry. In this, Harley
and his party were very cold and passive, and it was gene-
rally believed, that the matter was privately set on by
them. But the court sent an explanation of the whole
matter to the House, by which it appeared, that though, by
death and desertion, the number of the tioops there was
OP QUEEN ANNE. 177
tnuch dirainished, yet the whole number provided, or at ^^or.
least very near it, was sent out of England. The service ^^•'^
in Spain was much decried, and there was good reason for
it; things there could not be furnished but at excessive
rates, and the soldiers were generally ill used in their quar-
ters. They were treated very unkindly, not by King
Charles, but by those about him, and by tlie bigoted
Spaniards.
During these debates, severe things were said in general 1708.
of the conduct of affairs in both houses. It was observed,
tliat a vast army was well supplied in Flanders, but that
the interest of the nation required that Spain should be
more considered. It was moved in both houses, that the
Emperor should be earnestly applied to, to send Prince
Eugene into Spain ; complaints were also made of the
Duke of Marlborough, as continuing the war, though at
the eud of the campaign of 1706, the French had offered to
yield up Spain and the West Indies ; but that was a false
suggestion. All these heats in the House, after they had got
this vent, w ere allayed : the Queen assured them, all past er-
rors should be redressed for the future; and, with repeated
importunities, she pressed the Emperor to send Prince Eu-
gene to Spain : that court delayed to comply in this particu-
lar, but sent Count Staremberg thither, w ho had indeed ac-
quired a very high reputation. The Queen entered also into
engagements with the Emperor, that she would transport,
pa\% and furnish all the troops that he could spare for his
brother's service. These steps cjuieted the discontent the
House had expressed, upon the ill conduct of affairs in
Spain ; but upon Stanhope's coming over, he gave a better
prospect of affairs there ; and he found a readiness to agree
to all the propositions that he w^as sent over to make. All
this while an act was preparing, both for a better security
to our trade by cruizers and convoys, and for the encou-
raging privateers, particularly in the West Indies, and in
the South Sea. They were to have all they could take en-
tirely to themselves ; the same encouragement was also
given to the captains of the Queen's ships, with this dif-
ference, that the captains of privateers were to divide
their capture according to agreements made among them-
selves ; but they left the distribution of prizes, taken by
men of war, to the Queen ; who, by proclamation, ordered
VOL. IV. 2 A
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
them to be divided into eight shares, of which the captaiil
was to have three, unless he had a superior officer over
him, in which case, the commodore was to have one of the
three ; the other five parts were to be distributed equally
among the officers and mariners of the ships, put in five
different classes : all the clauses that the merchants de-
sired, to encourage privateers, were readily granted, and it
was hoped, that a great stock would be raised to carry on
this private war. This passed without opposition, all con-
curring in it.
But as to other matters, the tories discovered much ill
humom- against the ministry, which broke out on all occa-
sions : and the jealousies with which the whigs were pos-
sessed, made them as cold as the others were hot. This
gave the ministers great uneasiness : they found Mr. Har-
ley was endeavouring to supplant them at court, and to
heighten the jealousies of the whigs ; for he set it about
among the tories, as well as among the whigs, that both the
Duke of Marlborough and the Lord Treasurer were as
much inclined to come into measures with the tories, as
the Queen herself was : this broke out, and was like to
have had very ill effects ; it had almost lost them the whigs,
though it did not bring over the tories.
Discoveries At this time two discoveries were made, very unlucky
pondence ^ for Mr. Harlcy : Tallard wrote oft to Chamillard, but he sent
>vitii France, his letters Open to the secretary's office, to be perused and
sealed up, and so to be conveyed by the way of Holland :
these were opened upon some suspicion in Holland ; and
it appeared, that one in the secretary's office put letters in
them, in wliich, as he ofl'ered his services to the courts of
France and St. Germains, so he gave an account of all
tiansactious here : in one of these, he sent a copy of the
letter that the Queen was to write, in her own hand, to the
Emperor ; arid he marked what parts of the letter were
drawn by the Secretary, and what additions were made to
it by the Lord Treasurer : this was the letter by which the
Queen pressed the sending Prince Eugene into Spain, and
this, if not intercepted, would have been at Versailles
many days before it could reach Vienna. He who sent
this, wrote, that by this they might see what service he
could do them, if well encouraged : all this was sent over
to the Duke of Marlborough, and upon search it was founjl
OF QUEEN ANNE. 179
to be WTit by one Gregg, a clerk, whom Harley had not I'^^s.
only entertained, but had taken into a particular confi-
dence, without inquiring into the former parts of his life ;
for he was a vicious and a necessitous person, who had
been secretary to the Queen's envoy in Denmark, but
was dismissed by him for tliose, his ill qualities. Harley
had made use of him to get him intelligence, and he came
to trust him with the perusal and the sealing up of the let-
ters which the French prisoners, here in England, sent over
to France ; and by that means he got into the method of
sending intelligence thither. He, when seized on, either
upon remorse or the hopes of pardon, confessed all, and
signed his confession ; upon that he was tried ; he pleaded
guilty, and was condemned as a traitor, for corresponding
with the Queen's enemies. At the same time, Valiere and
Bara, whom Harley had employed as his spies, to go oft
over to Calais, under the pretence of bringing him intelli-
gence, were informed against as spies employed by France,
to get intelligence from England ; who carried over many
letters to Calais and Boulogne ; and, as was believed, gave
such information of our trade and convoys, that by their
means we had made our great losses at sea. They were
often complained of upon suspicion, but they were alw ays
protected by Harley ; yet the presumptions against them
were so violent, that they were at last seized on and
brought up prisoners. These accidents might make Har-
ley more earnest to bring about a change in the conduct of
affairs, in which he relied on the credit of the new favour-
ite. The Duke of Marlborough and the Lord Treasurer
having discovered many of his practices, laid them before
the Queen ; she would believe nothing that was suggested
to his prejudice: she denied she had given any authority
for carrying messages to the tories : but w ould not believe
that he or his friends had done it ; nor would she enter into
any examination of his ill conduct, and was uneasy when
she heard it spoke of. So these lords wrote to the Queen,
that they could serve her no longer, if he was continued in
that post ; and on the Sunday following, when they were
summoned to a cabinet council, they both went to the
Queen, and told her, they must quit her service, since they
saw she was resolved not to part with Harley. She seemed
not much concerned at the Lord Godolphin's offering to
V-%-w/
180 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1708. lay down; and it was believed to be a part of Hai ley's
new scheme to remove liim : but she was much touched
with the Duke of Marlborough's oft'ering to quit, and
studied, with some soft expressions, to divert him from
that resolution ; but he was firm, and she did not yield to
them ; so they both went away, to the wonder of the whole
court. Immediately after, the Queen went to the cabinet
council, and Harley opened some matters relating to fo-
reign affairs. The whole board was very uneasy : the
Duke of Somerset said, he did not see how they could de-
liberate on such matters, since the Cleneral was not with
them ; he repeated this with some vehemence, while all the
rest looked so cold and sullen, that the cabinet covmcil was
soon at an end; and the Queen saw that the rest of her
ministers, and the chief ollicers, were resolved to withdraw
from her service, if she did not recal the two that had left
it. It was said, that she would have put all to the hazard,
if Harley himself had not apprehended his danger, and re-
solved to lay down. The Queen sent the next day for the
Duke of Marlborough, and, after some expostulations, she
told him, Harley should immediately leave his post, which
he did within two days : but the Queen seemed to carry a
deep resentment of his and the Lord Godolphin's behaviour
on this occasion ; and though tliey went on with their busi-
ness, they found tliey had not her confidence. The Dutchess
of Marlborough did, for some weeks, abstain from going to
court, but afterwards that breach ^\as made up in appear-
ance, though it was little more than an appearance. Both
houses of parliament expressed a great concern at this
rupture in the court, and apprehended the ill etfects it
might have. The Commons let the bill of supply lie on
tlie table, though it was ordered for that day; and the
Lords ordered a committee to examine Gregg and the other
} risoners. As Harley laid down, both llarcourt, then
attorney-general, Mansel, the comptroller of the household,
and St. John, the secretary of war, went and laid down
with him. The Queen took much time to consider how
she should fill some of these places, but Mr. Boyle, uncle
to the Earl of Burlington, was presently made secretary of
state.
Ancxainina- The Lords who wcrc appointed to examine Gregg, could
not find out much by him,; he had but uewly begmi his de-
tiou luto
OF QUEEN ANNE. 181
signs of betraying secrets ; and he had no associates with i^os.
coireis-
him in it : he told them, that all the papers of state lay so thaP^*^
carelessly about the otiice, that every one belonging to it, pondeiice.
even the door-keepers, might have read them all. llar-
ley's custom was to come to the office late on post nights,
and after he had given his orders, and MTote his letters, he
usually went aw ay, and left all to be copied out when he
was gone : by that means he came to see every thing, in
particular the Queen's letter to the Emperor. He said, he
knew the design on Toulon in ilay last, but he did not dis-
cover it, for he had not entered on his ill practices till Oc-
tober : this was all he could say. By the examination of
Valiere and Bara, and of many others who lived about Do-
ver, and were employed by them, a discovery was made of a
constant intercourse they were in with Calais, under Har-
-iey's jjrotection : they often went over with boats full of
w ool, and brought back brandy, though both the import and
export were severely prohibited : they, and those who be-
longed to the boats carried over by them, were well treated
on the French side, at the governor's house, or at the com-
missary's : they were kept there till their letters could be
sent to Paris, and till returns could be brought back, and
were all the w hile upon free cost : the order that was con-
stantly given them was, that if any English or Dutch ship
came up to them, tliey should cast their letters into the
sea; but that they should not do it when French ships
came up to them ; so they were looked on by all on that
coast as the spies of France. They used to get what in-
formation they could, both of merchant ships, and of the
ships of war that lay in the Downs ; and upon that they
usually went over, and it happened that soon after some of
those ships were taken. These men, as they were papists,
so they behaved themselves very insolently, and l)oasted
much of their power and credit. Complaints had been
often made of them, but they w ere always protected ; nor
did it appear tliat they ever brought any information of
importance to Harley but once, when, according to what
they swore, they told ^him, that Fourbin was gone to Dun-
kirk, to lie in w ait for the Russian fleet ; which proved to be
true : he both w^ent to w atch for them, and he took a great
part of the fleet. Yet, though tliis was the single piece of in-
telligence that they ever brought, Harley took so little notice
182 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
I'OK of it, t!iat he gave no advertisement to the Admiralty, con-
'^^ corning it. This particular excepted, they only brought
over common news, and the Paris gazettes. These exa-
minations lasted for some weeks; when they were ended,
a full report was made of them to the House of Lords ; and
they ordered the whole report, Avith all the examinations, to
be laid before the Queen in an address, in which they re-
presented to her, the necessity of making Gregg a public
example ; upon w hich he w as executed : he continued to
clear all other persons of any accession to his crimes, of
which he seemed very sensible, and died much better than
he had lived.
A very few days after the breach that had happened at
court, we were alarmed from Holland with the news of a de-
sign, of which the French made then no secret ; that they
were sending the pretended Prince of Wales to Scotland,
with a fleet and an army, to possess himself of that kingdom.
But before I go further, I will give an account of all that
related to the aifairs of that part of the island.
Prooeediiigs The membcrs sent from Scotland to both houses of par-
U)'sc'o!iauT IJament, were treated with very particular marks of respect
and esteem: and they were persons of such distinction
that they very well deserved it. The first thing proposed
in the House of Commons, with relation to them, was to
take off the stop that was put on their trade. It was agreed
unanimously, to pray the Queen, by an address, that she
w ould give order for it ; some debate arising only whether
it was a matter of right or of favour : Harley pressed the
last, to justify those proceedings in which he himself had
so great a share, as w as formerly set forth, and on which
others made severe reflections : but since all agreed in the
conclusion, the dispute concerning the premises was soon
let fa.ll. Aficr this, a more important matter w as proposed,
concerning the government of Scotland, whether it should
continue in a distinct privy-council or not ; all the court
w as for it : those who governed Scotland, desired to keep
up their authority there, with the advantage they made by
it ; and they gave the ministers of England great assur-
ances, that by their influence elections might be so ma-
naged as to serve all the ends of the court ; but they said,
that without due care these might be carried so as to run
all the contrary way: this was the secret motive, yet this
OF QUEEN' ANNE.
could not be owned in a public assembly ; so that which
was pretended, vff^s, that many great families in Scotland,
with the greatest part of the highlanders, were so ill af-
fected that without a watchful eye, ever intent upon thera,
they could not be kept quiet: it lay at too great a distance
from London to be governed by orders sent from thence.
To this it was answered, that by the circuits of the jus-
ticiary courts, and by justices of peace, that country
might be well governed, notwithstanding its distance, as
"Wales and Cornwall were : it w as carried, upon a divisioiv,
by a great majority, that there should be only one privy-
council for the whole island. When it was sent up to the
Lords, it met with a great opposition there. The court
stood alone ; all the tories, and the much greater part of
the whigs, were for the bill. The court, seeing the party
for the bill so strong, was willing to compound the matter;
and whereas, by the bill, the council of Scotland was not
to sit after the 1st of May, the court moved to have it
continued to the 1st of October. It was visible that this
"was proposed only in order to the managing elections for
the next parliament ; so the Lords adhered to the day pre-
fixed in the bill ; but a new debate arose about the power
given by the bill to the justices of peace, which seemed to
be an encroachment on thejurisdiction of the Lords' rega-
lities, and of the hereditary sherifl's and stewards, who had
the right of trying criminals, in the first instance, for four-
teen days' time : yet it was ordinary, in the cases of great
crimes and riots, for the privy-council to take immediate
cognizance of them, without any regard to the fourteen
days ; so by this act, the justices of peace were only em-
powered to do that which the privy-council usually did :
and, except the occasion was so great as to demand a
quick dispatch, it was not to be doubted, but that the jus-
tices of peace would have great regard to all private rights;
yet since this had the appearance of breaking in upon pri-
vate rights, this was much insisted on by those who hoped,
by laying aside these powers given to the justices of the
peace, to have gained the main point of keeping up a
privy-council in Scotland ; for all the Scotch ministers
said, the country would be in great danger if there were
not a supreme govenmient still kept up in it : but it seemed
an absurd thing that there should be a difierent admiuio-
184 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i^'^s. tration where there was but ouc legislature. While Scot-
^^ laud had an entire legislature within itself, the nation as-
sembled in parliaincut could procure the correction of er-
rors in the administration : whereas now, that it was not a
tenth part of the legislative body, if it was still to be kept
under a dilferent administration, that nation could not have
strength enough to procure a redress of its grievances in
parliament; so they might come to be subdued and go-
verned as a province ; and the arbitrary way in which the
council of Scotland had proceeded ever since King James
the First's time, but more particularly since the Restoration,
was fresh in memory, and had been no small motive to
induce the best men of that nation to promote the union ;
that they might be delivered from the tyranny of the coun-
cil : and their hopes would be disappointed if they were
still kept under that yoke : this point was, in conclusion,
yielded, and the bill passed, though to the great discon-
tent of the court: there was a new court of exchequer
created in Scotland, according to the frame of that court in
England. Special acts v/ere made for the elections and
returns of the representatives in both houses of parliament;
and such was the disposition of the English to oblige them,
and the behaviour of the Scotch was so good and discreet,
that every thing that was proposed for the good of their
eoimtry, was agreed to ; both whigs and tones vied with
one another, who should shew most care and concern for
the welfare of that part of Great Britain.
A descent Ou tlic 20th of February, which w as but a few days after
um^D s^coi- ^^^^ ^^*' dissolving the council in Scotland, had passed, w^e
and. understood there was a fleet prepared in Dunkirk, with
about twelve battalions, and a train of all things necessary
for a descent in Scotland : and a few days after, we heard
that the pretended Prince of Wales w as come from Paris,
with all the British and Irish that were about him, in order
to his embarkation. The surprise was great, for it was not
looked for, nor had we a prospect of being able to set out
in time, a fleet able to deal with theirs, which consisted of
twenty-six ships, most of them above forty guns : but that
Providence (which has, on all occasions, directed matters
so happily for our preservation) did appear very signally in
this critical conjuncture : our greatest want was of seamen,
to man the fleet ; for the ships were ready to be put to sea:
OF QUEEN ANNE. 18t>
this was supplied by several fleets of merchant ships, that -i708.
came home at that time with their convoys : the flai^ officers ^"^'^
were very acceptable to the seamen, and they bestirred
themselves so efTectually, that, with the help of an embar-
go, there was a fleet of above forty ships got ready in a
fortnight's time, to the surprise of all at home as well as
abroad : these stood over to Dunkirk; just as they were em-
barking there. Upon the sight of so great a fleet, Fourbin,
who commanded the French fleet, sent to Paris for new or-
ders ; he himself was against venturing out, when they saw
a superior fleet ready to engage or to pursue them. The
King of France sent positive orders to prosecute the design :
so Fourbin (seeing that our fleet, after it had shewed itself
to them, finding the tides and sea run high, as being near
the equinox, had sailed back into the Downs) took that oc- A fleet sailed
casionto go out of Dunkirk on the 8th of March : but con- j^'^.™ ^'
trary winds kept him on that coast till the 11th, and then
he set sail with a fair v.ind. Our admiral. Sir George Bing,
came over again to watch his motions; and as soon as he
understood that he had sailed, which was not till twenty
hours after, he followed him. The French designed to have
landed in the Frith, but they outsailed their point a few
leagues ; and by the time that they had got back to the norlh
side of the Frith, Bing came to the south side of it, and
gave the signal for coming to an anchor ; this was heard by
Fourbin: he had sent a frigate into the Frith, to give sig-
nals, which it seems had been agreed on, but no answers
were made. The design was to land near Edinburgh, where
they believed the castle was in so bad a condition, and so
ill provided, that it must have surrendered upon summons ;
and they reckoned, that upon the reputation of that, the
Avhole body of the kingdom would have come in to them.
But when Fourbin understood, on the 13th of March, that
Bing was so near him, he tacked, and would not stay to
venture an engagement. Bing pursued him with all the
sail that he could make, but the French stood out to sea ;
there was some firing on the ships that sailed the heaviest,
and the Salisbury, a ship taken from us, and then their
vice-admiral, was engaged by two English ships, and taken
without any resistance. There were about five hundred
landmen on board her, with some officers and persons of
quality : the chief of these were the Lord Griffin, and the
VOL. IV. 2 B
186 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1708. Ef^ii of Midletoun's two sons. Bing (having lost sight of
the French, considering that the Frith was the station of
the greatest importance, as well as safety, atid was the
place where they designed to land) put in there till he could
hear what course the French steered. The tides ran high,
and there was a strong gale of wind. Upon the alarm of the
intended descent, orders were sent to Scotland to draw all
their forces about Edinburgh. The troops that remained
in England were ordered to march to Scotland ; and the
troops in Ireland were ordered to march northward, to be
ready when called for : there were also twelve battalions
sent from Ostend under a good convoy, and they lay at the
mouth of the Tyne till further orders : thus all preparations
were made to dissipate that small force ; but it appeared
that the French relied chiefly on the assistance that they
expected would have come in to them upon their landing :
Reports of this they seemed so well assured that the King of France
^iTFrencii ^^^^ instructions to his ministers in all the courts that ad-
mitted of them, to be published every where, that the pre-
tended Prince being invited by his subjects, chiefly those
of Scotland, to take possession of the throne of his an-
cestors, the King had sent him over at their desire, with a
fleet and army to assist him : that he was resolved to par-
don all those who should come in to him, and he would
trouble none upon the account of religion. Upon his being
re-established, the King would give peace to the rest of
Europe. AMien these ministers received these directions,
they had likewise advice sent them, which they published
both at Rome, Venice, and in Swisserland, that the French
had, before this expedition was undertaken, sent over some
ships with arms and ammunition to Scotland : and that
there was already an army on foot there that had pro-
claimed this pretended Prince, king. It was somewhat
extraordinary to see such eminent falsehoods published all
Europe over: they also afiirmed, that hostages were sent
from Scotland to Paris, to secure the observing the engage-
ments they had entered into; though all this was fiction
and contrivance.
The states were struck with great apprehensions ; so
were all the allies ; for tliough they were so long accus-
tomed to the cunning practices of the court of France, yet
this was an original : and therefore it Avas generally con-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 187
eluded, that so small an army, and so weak a fleet, would i^*^^-
not have been sent but upon great assurances of assistance, '"""^'^^
not only from Scotland, but from England : and, upon this
occasion, severe reflections were made, both on the con-
duct of the Admiralty, and on that tract of correspondence
lately discovered, that was managed under Harley's pro-
tection ; and on the great breach that was so near the dis-
jointing all our affairs but a few days before. These things,
when put together, filled men's minds with thoughts of no
easy digestion.
The parliament was sitting, and the Queen, in a speech The pariia-
to both houses, communicated to them the advertisements fi,.u"iy by ^
she had received : both houses made addresses to her, "^e Queen.
giving her full assurance o-f their adhering steadfastly to her,
and to the protestant succession; and mixed with these
broad' intimations of their apprehensions of treachery at
home. They passed also two bills ; the one that the abju-
ration might be tendered to all persons, and that such as
refused it should be in the condition of convict recusants :
by the other, they suspended the habeas corpus act till
October, with relation to persons taken up by the govern-
ment upon suspicion ; and the House of Commons, by a
vote, engaged to make good to the Queen all the extraordi-
nary charge this expedition might put her to.
A fortnight Avent over before we had any news of the '^^^ French
French fleet. Three of their ships landed near the mouth a:;ain''iirto
of Spey, only to refresh themselves, for the ships being so Dunkirk.
filled with landmen, there was a great want of water. At
last all their ships got safe into Dunkirk : the landmen
either died at sea, or were so ill that all the hospitals in
Dunkirk were filled with them. It was reckoned, that they
lost above four thousand men in this unaccountable expe-
dition : for they were above a month tossed in a very tem-
pestuous sea. Many suspected persons were taken up in
Scotland, and some few in England ; but further disco-
veries of their correspondents were not then made: If they
had landed, it might have had an ill effect on our affairs,
chiefly with relation to all paper credit : and if by this the
remittances to Piedmont, Catalonia, and Portugal had been
stopped, in so critical a season, that might have had fatal
consequences abroad : for if we had been put into such a
disorder at home, that foreign princes could no more reckon
1708.
188 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
on our assistance, they might have been disposed to hearken
to the propositions that the Kmg of France would then
have probably made to them. So that the total defeating
of this design, without its having the least ill effect on our
affairs, or our losing one single man in the little engage-
ment we had m ith the enemy, is always to be reckoned as
one of those happy providences for which we have much
to answer.
The Queen seemed much alarmed with this matter, and
saw with what falsehoods she had been abused, by those
who pretended to assure her there was not now a Jacobite
in the nation : one variation in her style was now observed ;
she had never in any speech, mentioned the Revolution or
those who had been concerned in it : and many of those,
who made a considerable figure about her, studied, though
against all sense and reason, to distinguish her title from
the Revolution ; it was plainly founded on it, and on nothing
else. In the speeches she now made, she named the Revo-
lution twice ; and said she would look on those concerned
in it as the surest to her interests : she also fixed a new de-
signation on the pretended Prince of Wales, and called
him the Pretender ; and he was so called in a new set of
addresses, which, upon this occasion, were made to the
Queen : and I intend to follow the precedent, as often as I
may have occasion hereafter to mention him. The session
of parliament was closed in March, soon after defeating
this design of a descent : it was dissolved in April by pro-
clamation, and the writs were issued out for the elections
of a new parliament, which raised that ferment over the
nation that was usual on such occasions. The just and
visible dangers to which the attempt of the invasion had
exposed the nation, produced very good cli'ects : for the
elections did, for the most part, fall on men well affected
to the government, and zealously set against the Pretender.
The designs As soou as the state of affairs at home was well settled,
paign aTe"* ^^^^ Dukc of Marlborough went over to Holland, and there
concerted. Prince Eugene met him, being sent by the Emperor to con-
cert with him and the states the operations of the cam-
paign; from the Hague they both went to Hanover, to
settle all matters relating to the empire, and to engage the
Elector to return to command the army on the Upper
Rhine. Every thing was fixed ; Prince Eugene went back
OF QUEEN ANNE. 189
to Vienna, and was obliged to return by the beginning of i^os.
June; for the campaign was then to be opened every where. ^^'^
The court of France was much mortified by the disap- Tiie princes
pointmeut they had met with in their designs against us ; °^ P^^n^
* •'.. , sent to the
but to put more lite in their tioops, they resolved to send army in
the Duke of Burgundy with the Duke of Berry to be at the ^^^^^'^- .
head of their army in Flanders: the Pretender went with .,
them, without any other character than that of the Cheva-
lier de St. George. The Elector of Bavaria, with the Duke
of Berwick, were sent to command in Alsace, and Mar-
shal Villars was sent to head the forces in Dauphiny. The
credit, with relation to money, was still very low in France ;
for, after many methods taken for raising the credit of the
Mint bills, they were still at a discount of forty per cent.
No fleets came this year from the West Indies, so that they
could not be supplied from thence.
The Duke of Orleans was sent to command in Spain ; The Duke
and, according to the vanity of that nation, it was given "en^'to ""*
out that they were to have mighty armies in many different Spain.
places, and to put an end to the war there. Great rains
fell all the winter in all the parts of Spain ; so that the cam-
paign could not be so soon opened as it was at first in- '-
tended. The bills that the Duke of Orleans brought with
him to Spain were protested, at which he was so much dis-
pleased, that he desired to be recalled : this was remedied
in some degree, though far short of what was promised to
him. The troops of Portugal, that lay at Barcelona ever
since the battle of Almanza, were brought about by a squa-
dron of our ships, to the defence of their own country :
Sir John Leak came also over thither from England Avith
recruits, and otlier supplies, that the Queen was to furnish
that crown Avith : and when all was landed, he sailed into
the Mediterranean to bring over troops from Italy, for the
strengthening of King Charles, whose affairs were in great
disorder.
After all the boasting of the Spaniards, their army, on. jortosa be-
thc side of Portugal, was so weak that they could not at- ^'^^s^'^ ^i<i
tempt any thing ; so this was a very harmless campaign on ^
both sides, the Portuguese not being much stronger. The
Duke of Orleans sat down before Tortosa in June, and
though Leak dissipated a fleet of tartanes, sent from France
to supply his army, and took about fifty of them, which
190 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1708. ^vas a very seasonable relief to those in Barcelona, upon
'"^'^^^ which it was thought the siege of Tortosa would be raised,
yet it was carried on till the last of June, and then the
garrison capitulated.
Soppiies Leak sailed to Italy, and brought from thence both the
Haiyto new Queen of Spain and eight thousand men with him;
^'"- but, by reason of the slowness of the court of Vienna,
these came too late to raise the siege of Tortosa ; the
snow lay so long on the Alps, that the Duke of Savoy did
not begin the campaign till July, then he came into Savoy,
of which he possessed himself without any opposition :
the whole country was under a consternation as far as
Lyons.
On the Upper Rhine, the two Electors continued looking
on one another, without venturing on any action ; but the
great scene was laid in Flanders : the French princes came
to Mons, and there they opened the campaign, and ad-
vanced to Soignies, with PiU army of an hundred thousand
men : the Duke of Marlborough lay between Enghien and
Hall with his army, which was about eighty thousand.
Ghent and The French had their usual practices on foot in several
^°en^b the ^^^^^^ i" thosc parts, A conspiracy to deliver Antwerp to
Freaich. them was discovered and prevented : the truth was, the
Dutch were severe masters and the Flandrians could not
bear it ; though the French had laid heavier taxes on them,
yet they used them better in all other respects : their bigotry
being wrought on by their priests, disposed them to change
masters, so these practices succeeded better in Ghent and
Bruges. The Duke of Marlborough resolved not to weaken
his army by many garrisons ; so he put none at all in Bru-
ges, and a very weak one in the citadel of Ghent, reckon-
ing that there was no danger as long as he lay between those
places and the French army. The two armies lay about a
month looking on one another, shifting their camps a little,
but keeping still in safe ground, so that there was no action
all the while; but, near the end of June, some bodies
drawn out of the garrisons about Ypres, came and pos-
sessed themselves of Bruges without any opposition : and
the garrison in Ghent was too weak to make any resistance,
so they caj)itulated and marched out : upon this, the whole
French army marched towards those places, hoping to have
carried Oudcnarde in their way.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 191
The Duke of Marlborough followed so quick, that they i^os.
drew off" from Oudenarde as he advanced: in one day, ^""^''^
The battle
which was the last of June, he made a march of five of Onde-
leagues, passed the Scheld without any opposition, came °"^^
up to the French army, and engaged them in the afternoon.
They had the advantage both of numbers and of ground,
yet our men beat them from every post, and, in an action
that lasted six hours, we had such an entire advantage, that
nothing but the darkness of the night, and the weariness
of our men, saved the French army from being totally
ruined. There were about five thousand killed, and about
eight thousand made prisoners (of whom one thousand
were officers) and about six thousand more deserted ; so
that the French lost at least twenty thousand men, and retired
in great haste, and in greater confusion, to Ghent. On the
confederates' side, there were about one thousand killed,
and two thousand w ounded ; but our army was so wearied,
with a long march and a long action, that they were not in
a condition to pursue with that haste that was to be desired;
otherwise great advantages might have been made of this
victory. The French posted themselves on the great canal
that runs from Ghent to Bruges : Prince Eugene's army of
about thirty thousand men, was now very near the great
army, and joined it in a few days after this action : but he
himself was come up before them^ and had a noble share
in the victory ; which, from the neighbourhood of that
place, came to be called the battle of Oudenarde.
The French had recovered themselves^out of their first
consternation, during that time, which was necessary to
give our army some rest and refreshment : and they were so
well posted, that it was not thought fit to attack them.
Great detachments were sent, as far as to Arras, to put all
the French countries under contribution; which struck
such a terror every where, that it went as far as to Paris.
Our army could not block up the enemy's on all sides, the
communication with Dunkirk by Newport was still open,
and the French army was supplied from thence : they made
an invasion into the Dutch Flanders : they had no great
cannon, so they could take no place, but they destroyed the
country with their usual barbarity.
In conclusion, the Duke of Marlborough, in concert Lisle be-
with Prince Eugene and the states, resolved to besiege "^^^ '
i§^ HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1708. Lisle, the capital tovm of the French Flanders : it was a
^j^^^^ great, a rich, and a well fortified place, with a very strong
citadel : it had been the first conquest the French King had
made, and it was become, next to Paris, the chief town in
his dominions. Marshal Bouflers threw himself into it,
with some of the best of the French troops : the garrison
was at least twelve thousand strong ; some called it four-
teen thousand. Prince Eugene undertook the conduct of
the siege, with about thirty thousand men, and the Duke of
Marlborough, with the rest of the army, lay on the Scheld
at Pont-Esperies, to keep the communication open with
Brussels. Some time was lost before the great artillery
could be brought up : it lay at Sass van Ghent, to have
been sent up the Lys, but now it was to be carried about by
Antwerp to Brussels, and from thence land by carriages to
the camp, which was a long and a slow work : in that some
weeks were lost, so that it was near the end of August, be-
fore the siege was begun. The engineers promised the
states, to take the place within a fortnight after thelfenches
were open; but the sequel shewed that they reckoned
wrong. There were some disputes among them ; errors
were committed by those who were in greatest credit,
who thought the way of sap the shortest, as well as surest
method : yet after some time lost in pursuing this way, they
returned to the ordinary method. Bouflers made a brave and
along defence : the Duke of Burgundy came with his whole
army so near ours, that it seemed he designed to venture
another battle, rather than lose so important a place : and
the Duke of Marlborough was, for some days, in a pos-
ture to receive him : but when he saw that his whole inten-
tion in coming so near him was only to oblige him to be
ready for an action, without coming to any, and so to draw
ofi" a great part of those bodies that carried on the siege,
leaving only as many as were necessary to maintain the
ground they had gained, he drew a line before his army,
and thought only of carrying on the siege ; for while he
looked for an engagement, no progress was made in that.
TLe French After somc days, the French drew off, and fell to making
&iia1ion"Ti,e lincs all aloug the Scheld, but chiefly about Oudenarde,
Scheld. that they might cut off the communication between Bnls- '
sels and our camp, and so separate our army from all in-
tercourse with Holland. The lines were about seventy
OF QUEEN ANNE. 193
miles long, and in some places near Oudenarde, they ^^^^•
looked liker the ramparts of a fortified place, than ordi-
nary lines ; on these they laid cannon, and posted the great-
est part of their army upon them, so that they did effectu-
ally stop all communication by the Scheld. Upon which
the states ordered all that was necessary, both for the
army and for the siege, to be sent to Ostend : and if the
French had begun their designs with the intercepting this
way of conveyance, the siege must have been raised, for
want of ammunition to carry it on.
About this time, six thousand men were embarked at
Portsmouth, in order to be sent over to Portugal : but they
were ordered to lie for some on the coast of France, all
along from Boulogne to Dieppe, in order to force a diver-
sion, we hoping, that this would oblige the French to draw
some of their tioops out of Flanders for the defence of
their coast. This had no great effect, and the appearance
that the French made, gave our men such apprehensions of
their strength, that though they once begun to land their
men, yet they soon returned back to their ships: but as
their behaviour was not a little censured, so the state of
the war in Flanders made! it necessary to have a greater
force at Ostend. They were, upon this, ordered to come A new snp-
and land there : Earl, who commanded them, came out and ^^l^° ^
took a post at LeflSngen, that lay on the canal, which went
from Newport to Bruges, to secure the passage of a great
convoy of eight hundred waggons, that were to be carried
from Ostend to the army : if that had been intercepted,
the siege must have been raised : for the Duke of Marlbo-
rough had sent some ammunition from his army, to carry
on the siege, and he could spare no more. He began to
despair of the undertaking, and so prepared his friends to
look for the raising the siege, being in great apprehensions
concerning this convoy ; upon which, the whole success
of this enterprise depended : he sent Webb, with a body of
six thousand. men, to secure the convoy.
The French, who understood well of what consequence a defeat
this convoy was, sent a body of twenty thousand men, with french
forty pieces of cannon to intercept it : AVebb, seeing the when they
inequality between his strength and the enemy's, put his ^^one.
men into the best disposition he could. There lay cop-
pices on both sides of the place, where he posted himself;
VOL. IV. 2 c
194 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1708. he lined these well, and stood still for some hours, while
^^^"'^ the enemy cannonaded him, he having no cannon to return
upon them : his men lay flat on the ground till that was
over. But when the French advanced, our men fired upon
them, both in front and from the coppices, with that fury,
and with such success, that they began to run ; and though
their oflOicers did all that was possible to make them stand,
they could not prevail : so, after they had lost about six
thousand men, they marched back to Bruges : Webb durst
not leave the advantageous ground he was in, to pursue
them, being so much inferior in number. So unequal an
action, and so shameful a flight, with so great loss, was
looked on as the most extraordinary thing that had hap-
pened during the whole war : and it encouraged the one
side as much as it dispirited the other. Many reproaches
passed on this occasion, between the French and the Spa-
niards; the latter, who had sufiered the most, blaming the
former for abandoning them : this, which is the ordinary
consequence of all great misfortunes, was not soon quieted.
The COB- The convoy arriving safe in the camp, put new life in
Oatend our army : some other convoys came afterwards, and were
came safe to brought safe: for the Duke of Marlborough moved, with
his whole army, to secure their motions, nor did the enemy
think fit to give them any disturbance for some time. By
the means of these supplies, the siege was carried on so
eff"ectually, that by the end of October the town capitu-
lated : Marshal Bouflers retiring into the citadel, with six
thousand men. The French saw of what importance the
communication by Osteud was to our army, which was
chiefly maintained by the body that was posted at Leffin-
gen ; so they attacked that with a very great force : the
LefiSjigen place was weak of itself, but all about was put under water,
French.^ * SO it might have made a longer resistance : it was too easily
yielded up by those within it, who were made prisoners of
war. Thus the communication with Ostend was cut off,
and upon that the French flattered themselves with the
hopes of starving our army ; having thus separated it from
all communication Avith Holland : insomuch that it was re-
ported, the Duke of Vendome talked of having our whole
forces delivered into his hands, as prisoners of war, for
want of bread, and other necessaries. It is true, the Duke
of Marlborough sent out great bodies both into the French
OF QUEEN ANNE. 195
Flanders, and into the Artois, who brought in great stores ^^^8.
of provisions : but that could not last long. '"-^-^
The French anny lay all along the Scheld, but had sent
a great detachment to cover the Artois : all this while there
was a great misunderstanding between the Duke of Bur- Misnnder-
gundy and the Duke of Vendome; the latter took so f^"'^'"?^*-
, ' tween the
much upon him, that the other officers complained of his Dukes of
neglecting them : so they made their court to the Duke of f^'jsjndj
Burgundy, and laid the blame of all his miscarriages on dome.
Vendome. He kept close to the orders he had from Ver-
sailles, where the accounts be gave, and the advices he of-
fered, were more considered tlian those that were sent by
the Duke of Burgundy : this was very uneasy to him, who
was impatient of contradiction, and longed to be in action,
though he did not shew the forwardness in exposing his
own person that was expected : he seemed very devout,
even to bigotry ; but by the accounts we had from France,
it did appear, that his conduct during the campaign, gave
no great hopes or prospect from him, when all things
should come into his hands : Chamillard was offen sent
from court to soften him, and to reconcile him to the Duke
of Vendome, but with no effect.
The Elector of Bavaria had been sent to command on the Affairs on
Upper Rhine : the true reason was believed, that he might ^^^^'
not pretend to continue in the chief command in Flanders :
he was put in hopes of being furnished with an army so
strong, as to be able to break through into Bavaria. The
Elector of Hanover did again undertake the command of
the army of the empire : both armies were weak ; but they
were so equally weak, that they were not able to undertake
any thing on either side : so after some months, in which
there was no considerable action ; the forces on both sides
went into vrinter quarters. Then the court of France, be- jhe Eleetor
lieving that the Elector of Bavaria was so much beloved in «>f Bavam
Brussels, that he had a great party in the town, ready to tack Brus*
declare for him, ordered an army of fourteen thousand men, ^^^^^
with a good train of artillery, to be brought together, and
with that body he was sent to attack Brussels ; in which,
there was a garrison of six thousand men. He lay before
the towTi five days ; in two of these he attacked it with great
fury : he was once master of the counterscarp, but he was
196 HISTORY OF THE RETGN
1708. soQii beaten out of it; and though he repeated his attacks
very often, he was repulsed in them all.
of'M^r'ibo- ^^^^ Duke of Marlborough hearing of this, made a sud-
roiigh pass- dcn motiou towards the Scheld : but to deceive the enemy,
Scheid and ^^ "^^^ given out, that he designed to march directly towards
the lines. Ghent, and this was believed by his whole army, and it
was probably carried to the enemy ; for they seemed to have
no notice nor apprehension of his design on the Scheld: he
advanced towards it in the night, and marched with the foot
very quick, leaving the horse to come up with the artillery :
the lines were so strong, that it was expected, that in the
breaking through them, there must have been a very hot
action : some of the general officers told me, that they reck-
oned it would have cost them at least ten thousand men ;
but to their great surprise, as soon as they passed the river,
the French ran away, without otTering to make the least re-
sistance ; and they had drawn off their cannon the day be-
fore. Our men were very weary with the night's march, so
they could not pursue ; for the horse were not come up,
nor did the garrison of Oudenarde sally out ; yet they took
a thousand prisoners. Whether the notice of the feint, that
the Duke of Marlborough gave out of his design on Ghent,
occasioned the French drawing off their cannon, and their
being so secure, that they seemed to have no apprehen-
sions of his true designs, was not yet certainly known : but
the abandoning those lines, on which they had been work-
ing for many weeks, was a surprise to all the world : their
councils seemed to be weak, and the execution of them was
worse : so that they, who were so long the terror, were now
become the scorn of the world.
TBe Elector The main body of their army retired to Valenciennes,
drew off' great detachments were sent to Ghent and Bruges: as
from Bros- soon as the Elector of Bavaria had the news of this un-
looked-for reverse of their affairs, he drew off from Brus-
sels with such precipitation, that he left his heavy cannon
and baggage, with his wounded men, behind him : so this
design, in which three thousand men were lost, came soon
to an end. Those who thought of presages, looked on
our passing the lines on the same day, in which the parlia-
ment of England was opened, as a happy one. Prince Eu-
gene had marched, with the greatest part of the force that
OF QUEEN ANNE. 197
lay before Lisle, (leaving only Avhat was necessary to keep i708.
the town, and to carry on the sap against the citadel,) to have ''^''^
a share in the action that was expected in forcing the lines :
but he came quickly back when he saw there was no need
of him, and that the communication with Brussels was
opened.
The siege of the citadel w as carried on in a slow but The citadel
sure method : and when the besiegers had lodged them- jfj^^^^ *^"
selves in the second counterscarp, and had raised all their
batteries, so that they were ready to attack the place, in a
formidable manner ; Marshal Bouflers thought fit to pre-
vent that, by a capitulation. It was now near the end of
November ; so he had the better terms granted him : for it
was resolved, as late as it was in the year, to reduce
Ghent and Bruges, before this long campaign should be
concluded : he marched out with five thousand men, so that
the siege had cost those within as many lives as it did the
besiegers, which were near eight thousand.
This was a great conquest : the noblest, the richest, and Refleetion»
the strongest town in those provinces, was thus reduced : on^Jt^******^
and the most regular citadel in Europe, fortified and fur-
nished at a vast expense, was taken without firing one
cannon against it. The garrison was obliged to restore to
the inhabitants all that had been carried into the citadel,
and to make good all the damages that had been done
the town, by the demolishing of houses, while they were
preparing themselves for the siege : all the several methods
the French had used to give a diversion, had proved
inefiectual : but that, in which the observers of Providence
rejoiced most, was the signal character of a particular bless-
ing on this siege : it was all the whole time a rainy season,
all Europe over, and in all the neighbouring places ; yet
during the siege of the town, it was dry and fair about it :
and on those days of capitulation, in which time was allow-
ed for the garrison to march into the citadel, it rained ; but
as soon as these were elapsed, so that they were at liberty
to besiege the citadel, fair weather returned, and continued
till it was taken.
From Lisle the army marched to invest Ghent, though Ghent aad
it was late in the year ; for it was not done before Decern- ta^"^' "'
ber. The French boasted much of their strength, and they
had, by some new works, made a shew of designing an
198 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1706. Obstinate resistance. They stood it out, till the trenches
^^^^ were far advanced, and the batteries were finished, so that
the whole train of artillery was mounted : when all was
ready to fire on the town, the Governor, to save both that
and his garrison, thought fit to capitulate : he had an honour-
able capitulation, and a general amnesty was granted to
the town, with a new confirmation of all their privileges.
The burghers did not deserve so good usage ; but it was
thought fit, to try how far gentle treatment could prevail
on them, and overcome their perverseness : and indeed it
may be thought, that they had suffered so much by their
treachery, that they were sufficiently punished for it : Ghent
was delivered to the Duke of Marlborough on the last of
December, N. S. so gloriously was both the year and the
campaign finished at once: for the garrison, that lay at
Bruges, and in the forts about it, withdrew without staying
for a summons. These being evacuated, the army was
sent into winter quarters.
A rery hard It had uot been possible to have kept them in the field
winter. much longer ; for within two or three days after, there was
a great fall of snow, and that was followed by a most vio-
lent frost, which continued the longest of any in the me-
mory of man ; and though there were short intervals of a
few days of thaw, we had four returns of an extreme frost,
the whole lasting about three months. Many died in seve-
ral parts, by the extremity of the cold ; it was scarcely pos-
sible to keep the soldiers alive, even in their quarters : so
that they must have perished, if they had not broke up the
campaign before this hard season. This coming on so quick,
after all that was to be done abroad was effectuated, gave
new occasions to those, who made their remarks on Pro-
vidence, to observe the very great blessings of this con-
juncture, wherein every thing that was designed, was hap-
pily ended just at the critical time, that it was become ne-
cessary to conclude the campaign : and indeed the concur-
rence of those happy events, that had followed us all this
year, from the Pretender's first setting out from Dunkirk, to
the conclusion of it, was so signal, that it made great im-
pressions on many of the chief officers, which some owned
to myself; though they were the persons, from whom I ex-
pected it least.
The campaign in Spain was more equally balanced :
DF QUEEN ANNE. 199
the Duke of Orleans took Tortosa ; Denia was also forced i^os.
to capitnlate, and the garrison were made prisoners of war. sa^^dMUaad
But these losses by land were well made up by the sue- Minorca re-
cesses of our fleet : Sardinia was reduced, after a very
feeble Eind short struggle : the plenty of the island made
the conquest the more considerable at that time, for in
Catalonia they were much straitened for want of provi-
sions, which were now supplied from Sardinia. Towards
the end of the campaign, the fleet, with a thousand land-
men on board, came before Minorca, and in a few days
made themselves masters of that island, and of those forts
that commanded Port Mahon, the only valuable thing in
that island : all was carried after a very faint resistance,
the garrisons shewing either great cowardice, or great incli-
nations to King Charles. By this, our fleet had got a safe
port to lie in and to refit, and to retire into on all occa-
sions ; for till then we had no place nearer than Lisbon :
this was such an advantage to us, as made a great impres-
sion on all the princes and states in Italy.
At this time the Pope began to threaten the Emperor The Pop*
with ecclesiastical censures, and a war, for possessing him- ^^ g^pg^^
self of Commachio, and for taking quarters in the papal with ceu-
territories : he levied troops, and went often to review them, '^^^^ *°^ *
not without the affectation of shewing himself a general, as
if he had been again to draw the sword, as St. Peter did :
he opened Sixtus the Fifth's treasure, and took out of it
five hundred thousand crowns for this service : many were
afraid that this war should have brought the Emperor's af-
fairs into a new entanglement; for the court of France laid
hold of this rupture, and to inflame it, sent Marshal Tesse
to Rome, to encourage the Pope with great assurances of
support. He was also ordered to try, if the Great Duke,
and the republics of Venice and Genoa, could be engaged
in an alliance against the imperialists.
The Emperor bore all the Pope's threats mth great pa- The Dake
tience, till the Duke of Savoy ended the campaign : that Jo^^kE^^ies
Duke, at the first opening of it, marched into Savoy, from and Fenes-
whence it was thought his designs were upon Dauphiny. ^"^ '*•
Villars was sent against him, to defend that frontier;
though he did all he could to decline that command : he
drew all his forces together to cover Dauphiny, and by
these motions, the passage into the Alps was now open :
200 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1708. so the Duke of Savoy secured that, and then marched back
^^""^ to besiege first Exilles, and then Fenestrella, two places
strong by their situation, from whence excursions could
have been made into Piedmont ; so that in case of any mis-
fortune in that Duke's affairs, they would have been very
uneasy neighbours to him : he took them both. The great-
est difficulty in those sieges was from the impvacticable-
ness of the ground, which drew them out into such a length,
that the snow began to fall by the time both were taken.
By this means the Alps were cleared, and Dauphiny was
now open to him : he was also master of the valley of Pra-
gelas, and all things were ready for a greater progress in
another campaign.
The Emperor's troops, that were commanded by him,
were, at the end of the season, ordered to march into the
Pope's territories ; and were joined by some more troops,
drawn out of the Milanese and the Mantuan. The Pope's
troops began the war in a very barbarous manner; for
while they were in a sort of cessation, they surprised a
body of the imperialists, and -v^lthout mercy put them all to
the sword : but as the imperial army advanced, the Papa-
lins, or, as the Italians in derision called them, the Papa-
gallians, fled every where before them, even when they were
three to one. As they came on, the Pope's territories and
places were ail cast open to them : Bologna, the most im-
portant, and the richest of them all, capitulated ; and re-
ceived them without the least resistance. The people of
Rome were uneasy at the Pope's proceedings, and at the
apprehensions of a new sack from a German army : they
shewed this so openly, that tumults there were much dread-
ed, and many cardinals declared openly against this war.
The Emperor sent a minister to Rome, to see if matters
could be accommodated : but the terms proposed seemed
to be of hard digestion, for the Pope was required to ac-
knowledge King Charles, and in every particular to comply
with the Emperor's demands.
The Pope is The Pope was amazed at his ill success, and at those high
obliged to ^ ' f cc •
snbinit to terms ; but there was no remedy left : the ill state of affairs
the Em- jn France was now so visible, that no regard was had to
the great promises which Marshal Tesse was making, nor
was there any hopes of drawing the princes and states of
Italy into an alliance for his defence. In conclusion, the
OF QUEI^N A.NNE. 201
Pope, after he had delayed yielding to the Emperor's de- ^''^s-
mands long enough to give the imperialists time tc eat up '' ^
his country, at last submitted to every thing ; yet he delayed
acknowledging King Charles for some months, though he
then promised to do it; upon which the Emperor drew his
troops out of his territories. The Pope turned over the ^^""^ ac-
manner of acknowledging King Charles to a congregation kZI ^ ^^
of cardinals ; but they had no mind to take the load of this ^I'^rles.
upon themselves, which would draw an exclusion upon them
from France, in every conclave ; they left it to the Pope,
and he affected delays ; so that it was not done till the end
of the following year.
The affairs in Hungary continued in the same ill state in a Hairs in
which they had been for some years : the Emperor did not ^°sa>T-
grant the demands of the diet, that he had called ; nor did
he redress their grievances, and he had not a force strong
enough to reduce the malccontents : so that his council
could not fall on methods, either to satisfy or to subdue
them.
Poland conti)uied still to be a scene of war and misery ; And in Po-
to their other calamities, they had the addition of a plague,
which laid some of their great towns waste. TJie party,
formed against Stanislaus, continued still to oppose him,
though they had no king to head them : tiie Jling of Swe-
den's warlike humour, possessed him to s^ch a (degree, that
he resolved to march into Muscovy. The Czar tried how
fax submissions and intercessions could soften him, but he
was inflexible ; he marched through the Ukrain, but made
no great progress : the whole Muscovite force fell on one
of his generals, that had about him only apart of his army,
?ind gave him a total defeat, most of his horse.being cutoff.
After that, we were for many months without any certain
news from those parts : both sides pretended they had great
advantages ; and as Stanislaus's interests carried him to set
out and magnify the Swedish success, so the party that ap-
posed him, studied as much to raise the credit of the Mus-
covites : so that it was not yet easy to know what to bejieve
further, than that there had been no decisive action through-
out the whole year; nor was there any during the following
winter.
Our affairs at sea were less unfortunate this year, than Affairs at
they had been formerly : the merchants were better served *^*'
VOL. IV. 2d
202 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1708. \yH\i convoys, and we made no considerable losses*. A
.squadron that was sent to the Bay of Mexico, met with the
galleons, and engaged them : if all their captains had done
their duty, they had been all taken : some few fought well.
The admiral of the galleons, which carried a great treasure,
was sunk ; the vice-admiral was taken, and the rear-admiral
run himself ashore near Carthagena, the rest got away. The
enemy lost a great deal by this action, though we did not
gain so much as we might have done, if all our captains had
been brave and diligent. Another squadron carried over
the Queen of Portugal, which was performed with great
magnificence ; she had a quick and easy passage. This
did in some measure compensate to that crown for our fail-
ing them, in not sending over the supplies that we had sti-
pulated ; it was a particular happiness, that the Spaniards
were so weak, as not to be able to take advantage of the
naked and unguarded state, in which the Portuguese were
at this time.
GeoTges I^ ^'^^ ^"^ of Octobcr, Gcorgo, Prince of Denmark, died,
death. ill the fifty-sixth year of his age, after he had been twenty-
five years and some months married to the Queen : he was
asthmatical, which grew on him with his years ; for some
time he was considered as a dying man, but the last year of
his life, he seemed to be recovered to abetter state of health.
The Queen had been, during the whole course of her mar-
riage, an extraordinary tender and aft'ectionate wife ; and in
all his illness, which lasted some years, she would never
leave his bed ; but sat up, sometimes half the night in the
bed by him, with such care and concern, that she was
looked on very deservedly as a pattern in this respect.
And charac rj^jg Princc had shewed himself brave in war, both in
Denmark and in Ireland. His temper was mild and gentle :
he had made a good progress in mathematics. He had
travelled through France, Italy, and Germany, and knew
much more than he could well express ; for he spoke ac-
quired languages ill and ungracefully. He was free from
all vice: he meddled little in business, even after the
Queen's accession to the crown : he was so gained to the
tories, by the act which they carried in his favour, that he
was much in their interest : he was unhappily prevailed
with to take on him the post of high-admiral, of which he
understood little, but was fatally led by those who had
ter.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 203
credit with him, who had not all of them his good qualities, itos.
but had both an ill-temper and bad principles ; his being ^-^<^^
bred to the sea, gained him some credit in those matters.
In the conduct of our affairs, as great errors were com-
mitted, so great misfortunes had followed on them ; all
these were imputed to the Prince's easiness, and to his
favourite's ill management and bad designs : this drew a
very heavy load on the Prince, and made his death to be
the less lamented. The Queen was not only decently, but
deeply aifected with it.
The Earl of Pembroke was now advanced to the post a new mi-
of high-admiral; which he entered on with great unea-"'^"'
siness, and a just apprehension of the difficulty of main-
taining it well in a time of war. He was, at that time,
both lord president of the council, and lord lieutenant of
Ireland. The Earl of Wharton had the government of
Ireland, and the Lord Somers w as made lord president of
the council. The great capacity, and inflexible integrity
of this Lord, w ould have made his promotion to this post
very acceptable to the whigs, at any juncture, but it was
most particularly so at this time ; for it was expected that
propositions for a general peace would be quickly made,
and so they reckoned that the management of that, upon
which not only the safety of the nation, but of all Europe
depended, was in sure hands, when he was set at the head
of the councils, upon whom neither ill practices, nor false
colours, were like to make any impression ; thus the minds
of all those who were truly zealous for the present con-
stitution, w ere much quieted by this promotion ; though
their jealousies had a deep root, and w ere not easily re-
moved.
The parliament was opened in the middle of November, A new par
with great advantage ; for the present ministry w^as now op™ne°d.
wholly such, that it gave an entire content to all who wished
well to our afi'airs : and the great successes abroad silenced
those who were otherwise disposed to find fault and to
complain. The Queen did not think it decent for her to
come to parliament during tliis w hole session ; so it was
managed by a commission representing her person. Sir
Richard Onslow was chosen speaker, without the least op-
position : he was a worthy man, entirely zealous for the
government ; he was very acceptable to the whigs, and the
^^/^
204 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
iro8.^ tories felt that they had so little strength in this parliament,
that they resolved to lie silent, and to wait for such ad-
vanta»]!:e?! as the circumstances of affairs mi^ht give them.
In the House of Commons, the supplies that were de-
nianded were granted very unanimously, not only for main-
taining the force then on foot, but for an augmentation of
ten thousand more : this was thought necessary to press
the war With more force, as the surest way to bring on a
speedy peace. The states agreed to the like augmentation
on their side. The French, according to their usual va-
nity, gaive out that they had great designs in view for the
next campaign: and it was contideutly spread about by
the Jacobites, that a new invasion was designed, both on
Scotland and on Ireland. At the end of the campaign.
Prince Eugene went to the court of Vienna, which obliged
the Duke of Marlborough to stay on the other side till he
returned. Things went on in both houses according to the
directions given at court ; for the court being now joined
with the whigs, they had a clear majority in every thing.
All elections were judged in favour of whigs and courtiers,
but with so much partiality, that those who had formerly
made loud complaints of the injustice of the tories in de-
termining elections, when they were a majority, were not
so iViuch as oiit of countenance when they were reproached
for the saLme thitig. They pretended they were in a state
of wa^T vvJth the tories, so that it was reasonable to retaliate
this to them, on the account of their former proceedings ;
btit this did not satisfy just and upright men, who would
not do to others that which they complained of, when it
was done to them or to their friends. The House of Com-
mons voted a supply of 7,000,000/. for the service of the
ensuing year; the land-tax, and the duty on malt, were
readily agreed to ; but it took some time to tind funds for
the rest, (hat they had voted.
Debates A petition of a new natme was brought before the
tbe"eiecti"oL ^^^rds, with relation to the election of the peers from Scot-
of tiicpe(rs land. There was a return made in due form; but a petition
was laid before the House in the name of four lords, who
pretended that they ought to have been returned. The
Duke of Queensbcrry had been created a Duke of Great
Btitain, by the title of Duke of Dover, yet he thought he
hftd §till a right to Vote as a peer of Scotland : he had likc-
1709.
of Scotland.
OP QUEEN ANNE. 205
wise a proxy, so that two votes depended on this point — ^"'^^•
whether the Scotch peerage did sink into the peerage of
Great Britain. Some lords, who were prisoners in the
castle of Edinburgh on suspicion as favouring the Pre-
tender, had sent for the sheriff of Lothian to the castle, and
had taken the oaths before Mm ; and upon that were reck-
oned to be qualified to vote or make a proxy : now it was
pretended, that the castle of Edinburgh was a constabula-
tory, and was out of the sheriff's jurisdiction; and that,
therefore, he could not legally tender them the oaths.
Some proxies were signed, without subscribing witnesses,
a form necessary by their law" : other exceptions were also
taken from some rules of the law of Scotland, which had
riot been observed. The clerks being also complained of,
they were sent for, and were ordered to bring up with them
afll instruments or documents relating to the election ;
when they came up, and every thing was laid before the
House of Lords, the whole matter was long and well de-
bated.
As to the Duke of Queensberry's voting among the Scotch a Scotch
lords, it was said, that if a peer of Scotland, being made peer created
r ^ ' ~ a peer oi
a peer of Great Britain, did still retain his interest in elect- Great Bri-
ing the sixteen from Scotland, this would create a great I""" ^"'''' ^**
° 7 o have no
inequality among peers ; some having a vote by represen- vote there.
tatiou, as well as in person : the precedent was mischiev-
ous, since by the creating some of the chief families in
Scotland peers of Great Britain, they would be able to
carty the Avhole election of the sixteen as they pleased. It
was objected, that by a clause in the act passed since the
union, the peers of England, who were likewise peers of
Scotland, had a right to vote in the election of Scotland, still
reserved to them, so there seemed to be a parity in this case
"^th that : but it was answered, that a peer of England and
a peer of Scotland held their dignity under two different
crowns, and by different great seals : but Great Britain in-
cluding Scotland as well as England, the Scotch peerage
must now merge in that of Great Britain : besides that, there
were but five who were peers of both kingdoms before the
union ; so that, as it might be reasonable to make pro\dsion
for them, so was it of no great consequence : but if this
precedent were allowed, it might go much further, and
have very ill consequences. Upen a division of the
206 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1709. House, the matter was determined against the Duke of
'^ Queensbeny.
oti.er ex- A great deal Avas said both at the bar by lawyers, and
ceptions •ill! -ixT /'•T-
veiedeier- 1" "le debate m the House, upon the pomt of jurisdiction,
mined. j^nd of the exemption of a coustabulatory : it was said, that
the Sheriffs' Court ought to be, as all courts were, open and
free ; and so could not be held within a castle or prison :
but no express decision had ever been made in this matter.
The prisoners had taken the oaths, which was the chief in-
tent of the law, in the best manner they could ; so that it
seemed not reasonable to cut them off from the main privi-
lege of peerage, that was reserved to them, because they
could not go abroad to the Sheriffs' Court : after a Ibng
debate it was carried, that the oaths were duly tendered to
tiiem. Some other exceptions were proved and admitted,
the returns of some, certifying that they had taken the oaths,
were not sealed, and some had signed these without sub-
scribing witnesses : other exceptions were offered from pro-
visions the law of Scotland had made, with relation to bonds
and other deeds, which had not been observed in making
of proxies : but the House of Lords did not think these were
of that importance as to vacate the proxies on that account.
So, after a full hearing, and a debate that lasted many
days, there was but one of the peers that was returned, who
was foimd not duly elected, and only one of the petitioning
lords was brought into the house ; the Marquis of Annandale
was received, and the Marquis of Lothian was set aside.
A taction The Scotch members in both houses were divided into
srots" ^^^ factions : the Duke of Queensberry had his party still de-
pending on him ; he was in such credit with the Lord Trea-
surer and the Queen, that all the posts in Scotland were
given to persons recommended by him: the chief ministers
at court seemed to have laid it down for a maxim, not to
be departed from, to look carefully into elections in Scot-
land ; that the members returned from thence might be in
an entire dependence on them, and be either whigs or tories,
as they should shift sides. The Duke of Queensberry was
made third secretary of state; he had no foreign province
assigned him, but Scotland was left to his management :
the Dukes of Hamilton, Montrose, and Roxburgh, had set
themselves in an opposition to his power, and had car-
ried many elections against him : the Lord Somers an^
OP OUEEN ANNE. 207
Suliderland supported them, but could not prevail with the ^''o^-
Lord Treasurer to bring them into an equal share of the ad-
ministration ; this had almost occasioned a breach, for the
whigs, though they went on in conjunction with the Lord
Treasurer, yet continued still to be jealous of him.
Another act was brought in and passed in this session An act con-
with relation to Scotland, which gave occasion to great "j'als'^f
and long debates ; what gave rise to it was this — upon the treasons in
attempt made by the Pretender, many of the nobility and ^'^"*'^"'^-
gentry of Scotland, who had all along attended to that in-
terest, were secured ; and after the fleet was got back to
Dunkirk, and tiie danger was over, they were ordered to be
brought up prisoners to London ; when they came, there
was no evidence at all against them, so they were dismiss-
ed, and sent back to Scotland. No exceptions could be
taken to the securing them, while there was danger ; but
since nothing besides presumptions lay against them, the
bringing them up to London at such a charge, and under
such a disgrace, was much censured, as an unreasonable
and an unjust severity ; and was made use of, to give that
nation a further aversion to the union. That whole matter
was managed by the Scotch lords then in the ministry, by
which they both revenged themselves on some of their ene-
mies, and made a shew of zeal for the government ; though
such as did not believe them sincere in these professions,
thought it was done on design to exasperate the Scots the
more, and so to dispose them to wish for another invasion.
The whig ministry in England disowned all these proceed-
ings, and used the Scots prisoners so well, that they went
down much inclined to concur with them: but the Lord
Godolphin fatally adhered to the Scotch ministers, and
supported them, by which the advantage that might have
been made from these severe proceedings was lost. But the
chief occasion given to the act concerning treasons in Scot-
land, was from a trial of some gentlemen of that kingdom,
who had left their houses, when the Pretender was on the
sea, and had gone about armed, and in so secret and sus-
picious a manner that it gave great cause of jealousy ; there
was no clear evidence to convict them, but there were very
strong, if not violent presumptions against them : some forms
in the trial had not been observed, which the criminal court
judged were necessary, and not to be dispensed witli ; but
208 HISTORY OF THE ^EIGN
1709. the Queen's advocate. Sir James Stuart, was of another
'"''^^^ mind : the court thought it was necessary by their laws,
that the names of the witnesses should have been signified
to the prisoners fifteen days before their tiial; but the
Queen's advocate had not complied with this, as to the
chief witnesses ; so the court could not hear their evidence :
he did not upon that move for a delay, so the trial went
on, and the gentlemen were acquitted. Severe expostula-
tions passed between the Queen's advocate and the court :
they complained of one another to the Queen, and both
sides justified their complaints in print. Upon this it ap-
peared, that the laws in Scotland, concerning trials in cases
of treason, were not fixed nor certain: so a bill was brought
into the House of Commons to settle that matter ; but it
was so much opposed by the Scotch members that it was
dropped in the committee : it was taken up and managed
with more zeal by the Lords.
The heads It cousistcd of tluce licads — all crimes, which were high
of the act. treason by the law of England (and these only) were to be
high treason in Scotland ; the manner of proceeding settled
in England was to be observed in Scotland ; and the pains
and forfeitures were to be the same in both nations. The
Scotcli lords opposed every branch of this act; they moved,
that all things that uere high treason by the law of Eng-
land, might be enumerated in the act, for the information
of the Scotch nation ; otherwise they must study the book
of statutes to know when they were safe, and when they
were guilty. To this it was answered, that direction would
be gi^ en to the judges, to publish an abstract of the law of
high treason, which would be a suflicient information to
the people of Scotland in this matter: that nation would
by this means be in a much safer condition than they were
now; for the laws they had, were conceived in such gene-
ral words, that the judges might put such constructions on
them, as should serve the ends of a bad court ; but they
would by this act be restrained in this matter for the future.
iiie f.inns The sccoud head in this bill occasioned a much longer
of proceed- debate : it changed the whole method of proceedings in
iDg m Scot- ' ® y . ,
land. Scotland : the former way there was, the Queen s advocate
signed a citation of the persons, setting forth the special
matter of high treason, of which they were accused ; this
was to be delivered to them, togctlier wilJi the nanicis of
OF QUEEN ANNE.
the witnesses, fifteen days before the trial. When the jury i^og.
was empannelled, no peremptory challenges were allowed ; '^ '^
reasons were to be offered with every challenge, and if the
court admitted them, they were to be proved immediately.
Then the matter of the charge, which is there called the re-
levancy of the libel, was to be argued by lawyers, whether
the matter, suppose it should be proved, did amount to high
treason or not ; this was to be determined by a sentence of
the court, called the interloquitur : and the proof of the fact
was not till then to be made : of that the jury had the cog-
nizance. Antiently the verdict went with the majority, the
number being fifteen ; but by a late act, the verdict was to
be given, upon the agreement of two third parts of the jury:
in the sentence, the law did not limit the judges to a cer-
tain form, but they could aggravate the punishment, or mo-
derate it, according to the circumstances of the case. All
this method was to be set aside : a grand jury was to find
the bill, the judges were only to regulate proceedings, and
to declare what the law was ; and the whole matter of the
indictment was to be left entirely to the jury, ^^ ho were to
be twelve, and all to agree in their verdict.
In one particular, the forms in Scotland were much pre-
ferable to those in England : the depositions of the wit'
nesses were taken indeed by word of mouth, but were ^Tit
out, and after that were signed by the witnesses : they were
sent in to the jury; and these were made a part of tire re-
cord. This was very slow and tedious, but the jury, by
this means, was more certainly possessed of the evidence ;
and the matter was more clearly delivered down to pos-
terity ; whereas, the records in England are very defective,
and give no light to a liistorian that peruses them, ^s I
found when I wrote the History of the Reformation.
The Scotch opposed this alteration of their way of pro*
ceeding : they said, that neither the judges, the advocates,
nor the clerks, would know how to manage a trial of trea-
son : they insisted most on the having the names of the
witnesses to be given to the persons some days before
their trial. It seemed reasonable, that a man should know
who was to be brought to witness against him, that so he
might examine his life, and see what credit ought to be
given to him : on the other hand it was said, this would
open a door to much practice, either upon the witnesses to '
VOL. n . 2 E
209
210
1709.
Of tlie for-
fei lures in
cases of
treason.
HISTORY OF THE REICiN
corrupt them, or in suborning other witnesses to defame
them. To this it was answered, that a .^ilty man knew
what could bcl>rought against him, and without such notice
would take all tiie methods possible to defend himself:
but provision ought to be made for innocent men, whose
chief guilt might be a good estate, upon which a favourite
might have an eye ; and therefore such persons ought to
be taken care of. This was afterwards so much softened,
that it was only desired, that the names of the witnesses,
that had given evidence to the grand jury, should, upon their
finding the bill, be signified to the prisoner five days before
his tiial. Upon a division of the House on this question,
the votes were equal ; so by the rule of the House, that in
such a case the negative prevails, it was lost. Upon the
third head of the bill, the debates grew still warmer : in
Scotland many families were settled by long entails and
perpetuities ; so it was said, that since, by one of the arti-
cles of the union, all private rights were still preserved, no
breach could be made on these settlements. I carried this
farther : I thought it was neither just nor reasonable to set
the children on begging, for their father's faults : the Ro-
mans, during their liberty, never thought of carrying punish-
ments so far: it was an invention, under the tyranny of tlie
emperors, who had a particular revenue called the fisc ; and
all forfeitures were claimed by them, from whence they
were called confiscations : it was never the practice of free
governments : Bologna flourished beyond any town in tlie
Pope's dominions, because they made it an article of their
capitulation with the Pope, that no confiscation should
follow on any crime whatsoever. In Holland, the confi."*-
cation was redeemable by so very small a sum as an hun-
dred guilders. Many instances could be brought of pro-
secutions only to obtain the confiscation: but none of tlie
Lords seconded me in this : it was acknowledged, that this
was just and reasonable, and fit to be passed in good
times ; but since we were now^ exposed to so much danger
from aljroad, it did not seem advisable to abate the severity
of the law ; but clauses were agreed to, by which, upon
marriages, settlements might be made in Scotland, as was
practised in England ; lor no esteite is forfeited for the
crime of him who is only tenant for life. By this act also,
tortures were condemned ; and the Queen was empowered
OF QUEEN ANNE. 2ll
to grant commissions of oyer and terminer, as in England, ^'^^^•
for trying treasons : the Scots insisted on this, that the
justiciary, or the criminal court, being preserved by an arti-
cle of the union, this broke in upon that. It was answered,
the criminal court was still to sit, in the times regulated :
but these commissions were granted upon special occa-
sions. In the intervals between the terms, it might be
necessary, upon some emergency, not to delay trials too
long : but to give some content, it was provided by a
clause, that a judge of the criminal court should be always
one of the quorum in these commissions : so the bill passed
in the House of Lords, notwithstanding the opposition of all
the Scotch lords, Avith whom many of the tories concurred ;
they being disposed to oppose the court in every thing, and
to make treason as little to be dreaded as possible.
The bill met with the same opposition in the House of A"'*''''^-
Commons : yet it passed with two amendments : by one, act.
the names of the witnesses, that had appeared before the
grand jury, were ordered to be sent to the prisoner ten days
before his trial : the other was, that no estate in land was
to be forfeited upon a judgment of high treason: this
came up fully to the motion I had made. Both these
amendments were looked on as such popular things, that it
was not probable that the House of Commons would recede
from them : upon that the whigs in the House of Lords did
not think fit to oppose them, or to lose the bill : so it was
moved to agree to these amendments, with this proviso,
that they should not take place till after the death of the
Pretender. It was said, that since he assumed the title of
King of Great Britain, and had so lately attempted to in-
vade us, it was not reasonable to lessen the punishment
and the dread of treason as long as he lived. Others ob-
jected to this, that there would be still a pretender after
him, since so many persons stood in the lineal descent be-
fore the house of Hanover ; so that this proviso seemed to
be, upon the matter, the rejecting the amendment: but it
was observ^ed, that to pretend to the right of succeeding
was a different thing from assuming the title, and attempt-
ing an invasion. The amendment was received by the
House of Lords with this proviso : those who were against
the whole bill did not agree to it. The House of Commons
consented to the proviso which the Lords had added to
212 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^''09. tlicir amendment, with a farther addition, that it should not
'^^'^ take place till three years after the house of Hanover
should succeed to the crown.
It passed This met with great opposition : it was considered as a
Lous^M. distinguishing character of those who were for or against the
present constitution and the succession ; the Scots still op-
posing it on the account of their formal law s. Both parties
mustered up their sti*ength, and many who had gone into
the country, w^ere brought up on this occasion : so that the
bill, with all the amendments and provisos, was carried by
a small majority; the Lords agreeing to this new amend-
ment. The Scotch members in both houses seemed to
apprehend, that the bill would be very odious in their
country ; so, to maintain their interest at home, they, who
were divided in every thing else, did agree in opposing this
bill.
An act of The court apprehended, from the heat w ith which the de-
grace, bates were managed, and the ditiiculty in carrying the bill
through both houses, that ill-disposed men would endea-
vour to possess people with apprehensions of bad designs
and severities that w ould be set on foot ; so they resolved
to have an act of grace immediately upon it : it w as the
first the Queen had sent, though she had then reigned above
seven years : the ministers, for their ow n sake, took care
that it should be very full ; it was indeed fuller than any
former act of grace, all treasons committed before the sign-
ing the act, which was the 19th of April, were pardoned,
those only excepted that were done upon the sea : by this,
those who had embarked with the Pretender were still at
mercy. This act, according to form, was read once in both
houses, and w ith the usual compliments of thanks, and with
that the session ended.
An cniar<:e- Other thiugs of great importance passed during this ses-
meniofihe giQ^ ^he Housc of Commous voted an enlargement of
the Bank, almost to three millions, upon which the books
w ere opened to receive new subscriptions ; and, to the ad-
miration of all Europe, as well as of ourselves at home,
the whole sum was subscribed in a few hours' time : this
shewed both the wealth of the nation, and the confidence
that all people had in the government. By this subscrip-
tion, and by a further prolongation of the general mort-
gage of tlie revenue, they created good funds for answer-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 21. '^
ing all the money that they liad voted in the beginning of ^'^(>^-
the session. ''-^^w
Our trade was now very high, and was carried on every ^rp^t rici.os
where with advantage, but no where more than at Lisbon : '" ° "S •
for the Portuguese were so happy in their dominions in
America, that they discovered vast quantities of gold in
their mines, and we were assured, that they had brought
home to Portugal the former year about four millions ster-
ling, of which they at that time stood in great need, for
they had a very bad harvest : but gold answers all things
they were supplied from England Avith corn, and we had in
return a large share of their gold.
An act passed in this session that was much desired, and ^" ^(-^^"r a
had been often attempted, but had been laid aside in so luiaiization
many former parliaments, that there was scarce any hopes "' ^ p^"'
left to encourage a new attempt ; it was for naturalizing all
foreign protestants, upon their taking the oaths to the go-
vernment, and their receiving tlie sacrament in any protest-
ant church. Those who were against the act soon per-
ceived, that they could have no strength if they should set
themselves directly to oppose it ; so they studied to limit
strangers in the receiving the sacrament to the way of
the church of England. This probably would not have
hindered many, who were otherwise disposed to come
among us : for the much greater part of the French came
into the way of our church. But it was thought best to
cast the door as wide open as possible, for encouraging of
strangers : and, therefore, since, upon their first coming over,
some might choose the way to which they had been accus-
tomed beyond sea, it seemed the more inviting method to
admit of all who were in any protestant communion : this
was carried in the House of Commons with a great majo-
rity ; but all those who appeared for this large and com-
prehensive way, were reproached for their coldness and in-
diflierence in the concerns of the church : and in that I had
a large share, as I spoke copiously for it when it was
brought up to the Lords : the Bishop of Chester spoke as
zealously against it, for he seemed resolved to distinguish
himself as a zealot for that which was called high church.
The bill passed with very little opposition.
There was all this winter great talk of peace, which the An address
miseries and necessity of France seemed to drive them^£J"^^"
214 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1709, {(y- []y[^ £favc occasion to a motion concerted among the
treaty of wliigs, mid opened by the Lord Hallifax, that an address.
peuce should be made to the Queen, to conclude no peace with
slioulu be iiT
upt^ped. France tdl they should disown the Pretender, and send hira
out of that kingdom, and till the protestant succession
should be universally owned, and that a guarantee should
be settled among the allies for securing it. None durst
venture to oppose this, so it was easily agreed to and sent
down to the House of Commons for their concurrence.
They presently agreed to it, but added to it a matter of
great importance, that the demolishing of Dunkirk should
be likewise insisted on before any peace were concluded :
so both houses carried this address to the Queen, who re-
ceived and answered it very favourably. This was highly
acceptable to the whole nation, and to all our allies. These
were the most considerable transactions of this session of
parliament, which was concluded on the 21st of April.
Theconvo- The couvocatiou was summoned, chosen, and returned
pu^TffTv a ^^ t^® parliament w^as : but it w as too evident tliat the same
prorogation, iU temper that had appeared in former convocations did
still prevail, though not with such a majority : when the day
came in which it was to be opened, a \\Tit was sent from
the Queen to the Archbishop, ordering him to prorogue the
convocation for some months ; and, at the end of these,
there came another writ ordering a further prorogation : so
the convocation was not opened during this session of par-
liament : by this, a present stop was put to the factious tem-
per of those who studied to recommend themselves by em-r
broiling the church.
A faction It did not cure them ; for they continued still, by Kbels
cieru'v of and false stories, to animate their party : and so catching a
ireiaad. thing is this turbulent spirit, when once it prevails among
clergymen, that the same ill temper began to ferment and
spread itself among the clergy of Ireland : none of those
disj)utes had ever been thought of in that church formerly,
as they had no records nor minutes of former convocations.
The faction here in England found out proper iiistruments
to set the same humour on foot during the Earl of Ro-
chester's government, and, as was said, by his directions ;
and it being once set a-going, it went on by reason of the
indolence of the succeeding governors : so the clergy were
making the same bold claim there that had raised such di»-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 215
putes among us ; and upon that, the party here publishetl ^''^'^
those pretensions of theirs with their usual confidence, as
founded on a clear possession and prescription ; and drew
an argument from that to justify and support their own pre-
tensions, though those in Ireland never dreamed of them till
they had the pattern and encouragement from hence. This An in lem-
was received by the party with great triumph ; into such in- our clergy
direct practices do men's ill designs and animosities engage stmkeptnp<
them : but though this whole matter was well detected and
made appear, to their shame who had built so much upon
it ; yet parties are never out of countenance, but when one
artifice fails, they will lay out for another. The secret en-
couragement with which they did most effectually animate
their party, was, that the Queen's heart w as w ith them : and,
that though the war, and the other circumstances of her
affairs, obliged her at present to favour the moderate party,
yet, as soon as a peace brought on a better settlement, they
promised themselves all favour at her hands. It was not
certain that they had then any ground for this, or that she
herself, or any l)y her order, gave them these hopes; but
this is certain, that many things might have been done to
extinguish those hopes w hich were not done ; so that they
seemed to be left to please themselves with those expecta-
tions, w hich still kept life in their party ; and, indeed, it
was but too visible, that the much greater part of the clergy
were in a very ill temper, and under very bad influences ;
enemies to the toleration and soured against the dissenters.
I now" must relate the negotiations that the French set Nec^otia-
on foot for a peace. Soon after the battle of Ramillies, """^ ^"^
peace.
the Elector of Bavaria gave out hopes of a peace, and that
the King of France would come to a treaty of partition ;
that Spain and the AVest Indies should go to King Charles,
if the dominions of Italy w ere given to King Philip, They
hoped that England and the states would agree to this, as
less concerned in Italy ; but they knew the court of Vienna
would never hearken to it, for they valued the dominions in
Italy, with the islands near them, much more than all the rest
of the Spanish monarchy. But at the same time that Louis
the Fourteenth was tempting us w ith the hopes of Spain
and the West Indies, by a letter to the Pope, that King of-
fered the dominions in Italy to King Charles. The parlia-
ment had always declared the ground of the w ar to be, the
21() HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i709. restoring the \vhole Spanish monarchy to the house of Au8-
'^''^ tria, (which indeed the states had never done,) so the Duke
of Marlborough could not hearken to this : he convinced
the states of the treacherous designs of the court of France
in this offer, and it was not entertained.
The court of Vienna was so alarmed at the inclinations
some had expressed towards the entertaining this project,
tliat this was believed to be the secret motive of the treaty
the succeeding winter, for evacuating the Milanese, and of
their persisting so obstinately, the summer after, in their
designs upon Naples ; for by this means they became mas-
ters of both. The French, being now reduced to great ex-
tremities by their constant ill success, and by the miseries
of their people, resolved to try the states again ; and when
the Duke of Marlborough came over to England, Mr.
Rouille was sent to Holland, with general offers of peace,
desiring them to propose what it was they insisted on : and
he offered them as good a barrier for themselves as they
could ask. The states, contrary to their expectation, re-
solved to adhere firmly to their confederates, and to enter
into no separate treaty, but in conjunction with their allies :
so, upon the Duke of Marlborough's return, they, with their
allies, began to prepare preliminaries, to be first agreed to
before a general treaty should be opened : they had been
so well acquainted with the pei-fidious methods of the French
court, when a treaty was once opened, to divide the allies,
and to create jealousies among them, and had felt so sen-
sibly the ill effects of this, both at Nimeguen and Ryswick,
that they resolved to use all necessary precautions for the
future ; so preliminaries were prepared, and the Duke of
Marlborough came over hither, to concert them with the
ministry at home.
In this second absence of his, Mr. de Torcy, the secre-
tary of state for foreign aft'airs, was sent to the Hague, the
better to dispose the states to peace, by the influence of so
great a minister ; no methods were left untried, both with
the states in general, and with every man they spoke with
in particular, to beget in them a full assurance of the King's
sincere intentions for peace: but they knew the artifices of
that court too well to be soon deceived ; so they made no
advances till the Duke of Marlborough came back, who
carried over the Lord Viscount Townshend, to be conjunct
OF Qt'EEN ANNE. 217
plenipotentiary with himself, reckoning the load too great i^og.
to bear it ts holly on himself. The choice was well made ; ^"^'^
for as Lord Townshend had gieat parts, had improved
these by travelling, and was by much the most shining per-
son of all our 5"oung nobility, and had, on many occasions,
distinguished himself veiy eminently ; so he was a man of
great integrity, and of good principles in all respects, free
from all ^^ce, and of an engaging conversation.
The foundation of the whole treaty was, the restoring of TiiepTeHmi-
the whole Spanish monarchy to King Charles, within two a"eed on
months : Torcy said, the time was too short, and that per-
haps it was not in the King of France's power to bring that
about ; for the Spaniards seemed resolved to stick to King
Philip. It was, upon this, insisted on, that the King of
France should be obliged to concur with the allies, to force
it by all proper methods : but this was not farther explained,
for all the allies were well assured, that if it was sincerely
intended by France, there would be no great difficulty in
bringing it about. This, therefore, being laid do^^Tl as the
basis of the treaty, the other preliminaries related to the
restoring all the places in the Netherlands, except Cara-
bray and St. Omer ; the demolishing or restoring of Dun-
kirk ; the restoring of Strasburgh, Brisack, and Hunin-
gen to the empire ; Newfoundland to England ; and Savoy
to that Duke, besides his continuing possessed of all he
then had in his hands ; the acknowledging the King of Prus-
sia's royal dignity ; and the electorate in the house of Bruns-
wick ; the sending the Pretender out of France, and the
owning the succession to the crown of England, as it was
settled by law. As all the great interests were provided
for by these preliminaries ; so all other matters were re-
served to be considered, when the treaty of peace should
be opened : a cessation of all hostilities was to begin within
two months, and to continue till all was concluded by a
complete treaty, and ratified ; pro\^ded the Spanish mo-
narchy was then entirely restored. The French plenipo-
tentiaries seemed to be confounded at these demands. Tor-
cy excepted to the leaving Exilles and Fenestrella in the
Duke of Savoy's hands ; for he said, he had no instructions
relating to them : but in conclusion, they seemed to sub-
mit to them, and Torcy, at parting, desired the ratifications
might be returned with all possible haste, and promised
VOL. IV. 2 F
21B HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^"^^^^ that the King of France's final answer should be sent by
the 4th of June ; but spoke of their affairs as a man in des-
pair: he said, he did not know but he might find King
Philip at Paris before he got thither, and said all that was
possible, to assure them of the sincerity of the King of
France, and to divert them from the thoughts of opening
the campaign ; but, at the same time. King Philip was get-
ting his son, the Prince of Asturias, to be acknowledged by
all the towns and bodies of Spain, as the heir of that mo-
narchy.
Jt' Fvln"4 l^pon this outward appearance of agreeing to their preli-
rcfuses to minarics, all people looked upon the peace to be as good
raiity them, ^^g made ; and ratifications came from all the courts of the
allies, but the King of France refused to agree to them :
he pretended some exceptions to the articles relating to
the Emperor, and the Duke of Savoy ; but insisted chiefly
on that, of not beginning the suspension of arms till the
Spanish monarchy should be all restored : he said, that was
not in liis power to execute ; he ordered his minister after-
wards to yield up all but this last ; and by a third person,
one Pettecum, it was offered to put some more toAvns into
the hands of the allies, to be kept by them till Spain was
restored. It appeared by this, that the French had no
other design in all this negotiation, but to try if they could
beget an ill understanding among the allies, or, by the
seaming great concessions for the security of the states,
provoke the people of Holland against their magistrates, if
they should carry on the war when they seemed to be safe;
and they reckoned, if a suspension of arms could be once
obtained, upon any other terms than the restoring of Spain,
then France would get out of the war, and the allies must
try how they could conquer Spain. France had so perfi-
diously broke all their treaties during this King's reign, that
it was a piece of inexcusable folly to expect any other
from them. In the peace of the Pyrenees, where the inter-
est of France was not so deeply engaged, to preserve Por-
tugal from falling under the yoke of Castille, as it was now
to preserve Spain in the hands of a grandson; after the
King had sworn to give no assistance to Portugal, yet, un-
der the pretence of breaking some bodies, he suffered them
to be entertained by the Portuguese ambassador, and sent
Schombcrg to command that army; pretending he could
^-^.-w/
OF QUEEN ANNE. 219
not hinder one, that was a German by birth, to go and ^ 'ob-
serve where he pleased : under these pretences, he had
broke his faith, where the consideration was not so strong
as in the present case. Thus it was visible, no faith that
King could give, was to be relied on, and that unless Spain
was restored, all would prove a fatal delusion : besides, it
came afterwards to be kno^vTi, that the places in Brabant
and Hainault, commanded by the Elector of Bavaria, would
not have been evacuated by him, imless he had orders for
it from the King of Spain, under whom he governed in
them ; and that was not to be expected : so the easiness
with which the French ministers yielded to the prelimina-
ries, was now understood to be an artifice, to slacken the
zeal of the confederates in advancing the campaign, as the
least effect it would have : but in that their hopes failed
them, for there was no time lost in preparing to take the
field.
I do not mix, with the relation that I have given upon
good authority, the uncertain reports we had of distractions
in the court of France, where it was said, that the Duke of
Burgundy pressed the making a peace, as necessary to pre-
vent the ruin of France, while the Dauphin pressed more
vehemently the continuance of the war, and the supporting
of the King of Spain : it v, as said, that Madame Maintenon,
appeared less at court : Chamillard, who had most of her
favour, was dismissed : but it is not certain, what influence
that had on the public councils ; and the conduct of this
whole negotiation shewed plainly, that there was nothing
designed in it, but to divide, or to deceive the confederates ;
and, if possible, to gain a separate peace for France ; and
then to let the allies conquer Spain as they could. But
the allies kept firm to one another; and the treachery of the
French appeared so visible, even to the people in Holland,
that all the hopes they had of inflaming them against their
magistrates likewise failed. The people in France were
much \vrought on by this pretended indignity offered to
their monarch, to oblige him to force his gTandson to aban-
don Spain ; and even here in England, there wanted not
many, who said it was a cruel hardship put on the French
King, to force him into such an unnatural war : but if he
was guilty of the injustice of putting him in possession of
that kingdom, it was but a reasonable piece of justice
1709.
Tiic war
went on,
220 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
to undo what he himself had done ; and it was so visible that
King Philip was maintained on that throne by the coun-
cils and assistance of France, that no doubt was made, but
that, if the King of France had really designed it, he could
easily have obliged him to relinquish all pretensions to that
crown.
Thus the negotiations came soon to an end, without
producing any ill effect among the allies ; and all the mi-
nisters at the Hague made great acknowledgments to the
pensioner Heinsius, and to the states, for the candour and
firmness they had expressed on that occasion. The mise-
ries of France were represented, from all parts, as ex-
tremely great : the prospect both for corn and wine w as so
low, that they saw no hope nor relief. They sent to all
places for corn to preserve their people; many of the
ships that brought it to them, were taken by our men of
w ar ; but this did not touch the heart of their King, who
seemed to have hardened himself against the sense of the
miseries of his people. Villars was sent to command the
armies in Flanders, of whom the King of France said, that
he was never beaten ; Harcourt w as sent to command on
the Rhine, and the Duke of Berwick in Dauphiny. This
summer passed over without any considerable action in
In Portugal, Spain. There was an engagement on the frontier of Por-
tugal, in which the Portuguese behaved themselves very
ill, and were beaten ; but the Spaniards did not pursue the
advantage they had by this action : for they, apprehending
that our fleet might have a design upon some part of their
southern coast, were forced to draw their troops from the
frontiers of Portugal, to defend their owii coast, though we
gave them no disturbance on that side.
In Spain, fjjg King of France, to carry on the shew of a design
for peace, withdrew his troops out of Spain, but at the
same time took care to encourage the Spanish grandees to
support his grandson : and since it \\ as visible, that either
the Spaniards or the allies were to be deceived by him,
it was much more reasonable to belicA c that the allies, and
not the Spaniards, were to feel the eifects of <his fraudu-
lent way of proceeding. The French general, Besons, who
commanded in Arragon, had indeed orders not to venture
on a battle, for that would have been too gross a thing to
be in any wise palliated ; but he continued all this summer
OF QUEEN ANNE.
commanding their armies. Nothing of any importance
passed on the side of Dauphiny : the Emperor continued
still to refuse complying with the Duke of Savoy's de- pWny,
mands ; so he would not make the campaign in person, and
his troops kept on the defensive. On the other hand, the
French, as they saw they were to be feebly attacked, were
too weak to do any thing more than cover their own coun-
try. Little was expected on the Rhine; the Germans were inGermanr,
so weak, so ill furnished, and so ill paid, that it was not
easy for the court of Vienna to prevail on the Elector
of Brunswick to undertake the command of that army ; yet
he came at last : and upon his coming, the French, w ho
had passed the Rhine, thought it was safest for them to re-
pass that river, and to keep within their lines. The Elector
sent Count Mercy, with a considerable body, to pass the
Rhine near Basil, and on design to break into Franche
Compte ; but a detached body of the French lying in their
way, there followed a very sharp engagement ; two thou-
sand men were reckoned to be killed on each side ; but
though the loss of men was reckoned equal, yet the design
miscarried, and the Germans were forced to repass the
Rhine. The rest of the campaign went over there without
any action.
The chief scene was in Flanders ; where the Duke of ^""^ '"
Marlborough, trusting little to the shews of peace, had
every thing in readiness to open the campaign, as soon as
he saw what might be expected from the court of France.
The army was formed near Lisle, and the French lay near
Doway ; the tiain of artillery w as, by a feint, brought up
the Lys to Courtray ; so it was believed the design was
upon Ypres, and there being no apprehension of any at-
tempt on Tournay, no particular care was taken of it ; but
it was on the sudden invested, and the train was sent back
to Ghent, and brought up the Scheld to Tournay. The
siege was carried on regularly : no disturbance was given Toumay is
to the works by sallies, so the town capitulated within a taken^ *"
month, the garrison being allowed to retire into the citadel,
which was counted one of the strongest in Europe, not
only fortified with the utmost exactness, but all the ground
was wrought into mines ; so that the resistance of the gar-
rison was not so much apprehended, as the mischief they
might do by blowing up their mines. A capitulation was
222 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1709. proposed, for delivering it up on the 5th of September, if
^'^^'^ it should not be relieved sooner, and that all hostilities
should cease till then. This was offered by the garrison,
and agreed to by the Duke of Marlborough ; but the King
of France would not consent to it, unless there were a ge-
neral suspension, by the whole army, of all hostilities ; and
that being rejected, the siege went on. Many men were
lost in it, but the proceeding by sap prevented much mis-
chief; in the end no relief came, and the garrison capitu-
lated in the beginning of September, but could obtain no
better conditions than to be made prisoners of war.
After this siege was over, Mons was invested, and the
troops marched thither as soon as they had levelled their
trenches about Toumay ; but the court of France resolved
to venture a battle, rather than to look on, and see so im-
portant a place taken from them. Bouflers was sent from
court to join with Villars in the execution of this design.
They possessed themselves of a wood, and entrenched
themselves so strongly, that in some places there were
three entrenchments cast up, one within another. The
Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene saw plainly it
was not possible to carry on the siege of Mons, while the
French army lay so near it ; so it was necessary to dis-
lodge them. The attempt was bold, and they saw the exe-
Tiiebaitie of cutiou would be difficult, and cost them many men. This
Biarignies. ^yg^g ^j^g sharpest action in the whole war, and lasted the
longest. The French were posted so advantageously, that
our men were oft repulsed ; and indeed the French main-
tained their ground better, and shewed more courage, than
appeared in the whole course of the war ; yet, in conclu-
sion, they were driven from all their posts, and the action
ended in a complete victory. The number of slain was
almost equal on both sides, about twelve thousand of a
side. We took five hundred officers prisoners, besides
many cannon, standards, and ensigns. Villars was dis-
abled by some wounds he received, so Bouflers made the
retreat in good order. The military men have always
talked of this as the sharpest action in the whole war, not
without reflecting on the generals for beginning so despe-
rate an attack. The French thought it a sort of a victory,
that they had animated their men to fight so well behind
cntrcnchmcnts,^ and to repulse our men so often, and with
OF QUEEN ANNE. 223
SO great loss. They retired to Valenciennes, and secured i"*^^-
themselves by casting up strong lines, while they left our
army to carry on the siege of Mons, without giving them
the least disturbance. As soon as the train of artillery was Mons b«-
1 ■, ■• • • 1 -ii J sieged aacl
brought from Brussels, the siege was carried on with great taken.
vigour, though the season was both cold and rainy. The
outworks were carried with little resistance, and Mons
capitulated about the end of October ; with that the cam-
paign ended, both armies retiring into winter quarters.
The most important thing that relates to Italy, was, that Affj»^" '»
the Pope delayed acknowledging King Charles, by several
pretended difficulties ; his design being to stay and see the
issue of the campaign ; but when he was threatened, to-
wards the end of it, that if it was not done, the imperial
army should come and take up their winter quarters in the
ecclesiastical state, he submitted, and acknowledged him.
He sent also his nephew, Albano, first to Vienna, and then
to Poland ; he furnished him with a magnificent retinue,
and seemed to hope, that by the services he should do to
the papal interests there, he should be pressed to make
him a cardinal, notwithstanding the bull against nepotism.
In Catalonia, Stahremberg, after he received reinibrce- ^""''^^ '"
" Spam.
ments from Italy, advanced towards the Segra, and ha\-ing
for some days amused the enemy, he passed the river :
the Spaniards designed to give him battle; but Besons,
who commanded the French troops, refused to engage :
this provoked the Spaniards so much, that King Philip
thought it was necessary to leave Madrid, and go to the
army: Besons produced his orders from the King of France
to avoid all engagements, with which he seemed much mor-
tified. Stahremberg advanced and took Balaguer, and made
the garrison prisoners of war ; and with that the campaign
on that side was at an end.
This summer brought a catastrophe on the affairs of the Ttie Kb^ of
King of Sweden. He resolved to invade Musco\y, and ^rf!at.
engaged himself so far into the Ukrain, that there was no
possibility of his retreating, or of having reinforcements
brought him : he engaged a great body of Cossacks to
join him, who were easily drawTi to revolt from the Czar :
he met with great misfortunes in the end of the former
year, but nothing could divert him from his designs against
Muscovy : he passed the Nieper, and besieged Pultowa :
224 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1709. the Czar marched to raise the siege, with an army in num-
^^^^ ber much superior to the Swedes ; but the King of Sweden
resolved to venture on a battle, in which he received such
a total defeat, that he lost his camp, his artillery, and bag-
gage. A great part of his army got off; but being closely
pursued by the Muscovites, and having neither bread nor
ammunition, they were all made prisoners of war.
The King The King himself, with a small number about him, passed
Tnrke"^!* thc Nicpcr, and got into the Turkish dominions, and settled
at Bender, a to^vn in Moldavia. Upon this great reverse
of his affairs. King Augustus pretended, that the resig-
nation of the cro\vn of Poland was extorted from him by
force, and that it was not in his power to resign the crown,
by which he was tied to the republic of Poland, \^1thout
their consent ; so he marched into Poland, and Stanislaus
was not able to make any resistance, but continued under
the protection of the Swedes, waiting for another reverse of
fortune. A project was formed to engage the Kings of
Denmark and Prussia, with King Augustus and the Czar,
to attack the Swedes in so many different places, that the
extravagant humour of their King was now like to draw a
heavy storm upon them ; if England and the states, with
the court of Vienna, had not crushed all this, and entered
into a guarantee for preserving the peace of the empire, and
by consequence of the Swedish dominions in Germany.
Dantzic was at this time severely visited with a plague,
which swept away almost one half of their inhabitants,
though few of the better sort died of the infection : this
put their neighbours under great apprehensions; they feared
the spreading of the contagion ; but it pleased God it went
no farther. This sudden, and, as it seemed, total reverse
of all the designs of the King of Sweden, who had been
for many years the terror of all his neighbours, made me
write to Dr. Robinson, who had lived above thirty years in
that court, and is now bishop of Bristol, for a particular
character of that king. I shall set it do^^^l in his own
words : —
Fiischarac- Hc is now in the 28th year of iiis age, tall and slender.
Stoops a little, and in liis walking discovers, though in no
great degree, the effect of breaking his thigh-bone about
eight years ago : he is of a very vigorous and healthy con-
stitution, takes a plcasuie in enduring the greatest fatigues,
ter.
\-^^^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 225
and is little curious about his repose : his chief and al- i709.
most only exercise has been riding, in which he has been
extremely excessive : he usually eats with a good appetite,
especially in the morning, which is the best of his three
meals : he never drinks any thing but small beer, and is not
much concerned whether it be good or bad : he speaks little,
is very thoughtful, and is observed to mind nothing so much
as his own affairs, laying his designs, and contriving the
ways of acting, without communicating them to any, till
they are to be put in execution : he holds few or no coun-
cils of war : and though in civil affairs his ministers have
leave to explain their thoughts, and are heard very patient-
ly ; yet he relies more on his own judgment tlian on theirs,
and frequently falls on such methods as are farthest from
their thoughts : so that both his ministers and generals
have hitherto had the glory of obedience, without either the
praise or blame of having advised prudently or othe^^vise.
The reason of his reservedness in consulting others, may be
thus accounted for : he came, at the age of fifteen, to suc-
ceed in an absolute monarchy, and by the forward zeal ot
tlie states of the kiagdom, was in a few months declared to
be of age : there were those about him that magnified his
understanding as much as his authority, and insinuated that
he neither needed advice, nor could submit his affairs to the
deliberation of others, without some diminution of his own
supreme power. These impressions had not all their effect
till after the war was begun; in the course of which, he sur-
mounted so many impossibilities (as those about him thought
them), that he came to have less value for their judgments,
and more for his own, and at last to think nothing impossi-
ble. So it may be truly said, that, under God, as well all his
glorious successes, as the late fatal reverse of them, have
been owing solely to his own conduct. As to his piety, it
cannot be said but that the outward appearances have highly
recommended it; only it is not very easy to account for the
excess of his revenge against King Augustus, and some
other instances ; but he is not suspected of any bodily in-
dulgences. It is most certain he has all along wished well
to the allies, and not at all to France, which he never in-
tended to serve by any steps he has made. We hear the
Turks use him well, but time must shew what use they will
make of him, and how he will get back into his o\ni king-
YOL.JV. 2g
226 HISTORY OF THE HKIGN
1709. Jqj^^, If ihjs misCortvine does not. quite ruin him, it may
""^■^^ temper his fire, aad then he may become one of the greatest
princes of the age. Thus I leave him and his character.
Afijiirs in rpj^g j^jj^g of Denmark spent a great part of this sum-
mer in a very expensive course of travelling through the
courts of Germany and Italy ; and it was believed he intend-
ed to go to Rome, where great preparations were making
for giving him a splendid reception ; for it was given out
that he intended to change his religion : but whether these
reports were altogether groundless, or whether their being
so commonly believed, was like to produce some disorders
in his own kingdom, is not certainly known ; only thus much
is certain, that he stopped at Florence, and went no further,
but returned home : and, upon the King of Sweden's mis-
fortunes, entered into measures to attack Sweden, with
King Augustus; who had called a diet in Poland, in which
he w^as acknowledged their king, and all things were settled
there according to his wishes. The King of Denmark,
upon his return home, sent an army over the Sound into
Schonen ; but his councils were so weak, and so ill con-
ducted, that he did not send a train of artillery, with other
necessaries, after them. Some places, that were not te-
nable, w ere yielded up by the Swedes ; and by the progress
that he made at first, he seemed to be in a fair way of re-
covering that province : but the Swedes brought an army
together, though far inferior to the Danes in number, and
falling on them, gave them such an entire defeat, that the
King of Denmark was forced to bring back, as well as he
could, the broken remnants of his army, by which an end
was put to that inglorious expedition.
The Swedish army, that was in Poland, having got into
Pomerania, the French studied to engage them to fall into
Saxony, to embroil the afl'airs of Geimany, and by that
means engage the neighbouring princes to recal the troops
that were in the Queen's service, and that of the other allies
in Flanders; but the Queen and the states interposed ef-
fectually in this matter, and the Swedes were so sensible
how much they might need their protection, that they ac-
quiesced in the propositions that were made to them ; so
the peace of the northern parts of the empire Avas secured.
A peace was likewise made up between the Grand Seignior
Rud the Czar. The Kins: of Sweden continued still at Ben-
OF QUEEN ANNE.
der ; the war in Hungary v. ent still on. The court of Vienna
published ample relations of the great successes they had
there ; but an Hungarian assured me, these were given out
to make the malecontents seem an inconsiderable and ruin-
ed party. There were secret negotiations still going on,
but without eflect.
Nothing of importance passed on the sea. The French Oar fleet
put out no fleet, and our convoys were so well ordered, ^^'^ j*^"'
and so happy, that our merchants made no complaints.
Towards the end of the year, the Earl of Pembroke found
the care of the fleet a load too heavy for him to bear, and
that he could not discharge it as it ought to be done ; so he
desired leave to lay it down. It was offered to the Earl of
Orford; but, though he was willing to serve at the head of
a commission, he refused to accept of it singly; so it was
put in commission, in which he m as the first.
I now come to give an account of the session of parlia- A session of
ment, that came on this winter. All the supplies that were P^r'"™^"''
asked for carrying on the war were granted, and put on
good funds; in this there was a general unanimous concur-
rence : but the great business of this session, that took up
most of their time, and that had great effects in conclusion,
related to Dr. Sacheverel : this being one of the most ex-
tiaordinary transactions in my time, I will relate it very
copiously. Dr. Sacheverel was a bold, insolent man, with
a very small measure of religion, virtue, learning, or good
sense, but he resolved to force himself into popularity and
preferment, by the most petulant railings at dissenters and
low churchmen, in several sermons and libels, wrote with-
out either chasteness of style, or liveliness of expression :
all was one unpractised stiain of indecent and scurrilous
language. When he had pursued this method for several
years without effect, he was at last brought up by a popu-
lar election to a church in Southwark, where he began to
make great reflections on the ministry, representing that the
church was in danger, being neglected by those who go-
verned, while they favoured her most inveterate enemies.
At the assizes in Derby (where he preached before the sacbeverrf s
judges,) and on the 5th of November, (preaching at St. sermon.
Paul's, in London,) he gave a full vent to his fury, in the
most virulent declamation that he could contrive, upon
these words of St. Paul, " perils from false brethren :" in
228 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1709. vvhich, after some short reflections upon popery, he let him-
self loose into such indecencies, that both the man and the
sermon were universally condemned : he asserted the doc-
trine of non-resistance in the highest strain possible, and
said, that to charge the Revolution with resistance, was to
cast black and odious imputations on it ; pretending, that
the late King had disowned it, and cited, for the proof of
that, some words in his declaration, by which he vindicated
himself from a design of conquest. He poured out much
scorn and scurrility on the dissenters, and reflected severely
on the toleration ; and said the church was violently at-
tacked by her enemies, and loosely defended by her pre-
tended friends : he animated the people to stand up for the
defence of the church, for which he said he sounded the
trumpet, and desired them to put on the whole armour of God.
The court of aldermen refused to desire him to print his
sermon; but he did print it, pretending it was upon the de-
sire of Garrard, then lord mayor, to whom he dedicated
it, with an inflaming epistle at the head of it. The party
that opposed the ministry did so magnify the sermon, that,
as was generally reckoned, about forty thousand of them
were printed, and dispersed over the nation. The Queen
seemed highly ofl"ended at it, and the ministry looked on it
as an attack made on them, that w as not to be despised.
The Lord Treasurer w as so described, that it was next to
naming him, so a parliamentary impeachment was resolved
on: Eyre, then solicitor-general, and others, thought the
short w ay of burning the sermon, and keeping him in prison
during the session, was the better method ; but the more
solemn w^ay was unhappily chosen.
Many books There had been, ever since the Queen came to the crown.
wrote . ^ •
against ihe an opcu Tcvival of the doctrine of passive obedience and
UuJ^" "* non-resistance, by one Lesley, who was the first man that
began the war in Ireland ; saying, in a speech solemnly
made, that King James, by declaring himself a papist,
could no longer be our king, since he could not be a de-
fender of our faith, nor the head of our church, dignities
so inherent in the crown, that he, who was incapable of
these, could not hold it: a copy of which speech, the pre-
sent Archbishop of Dublin told me he had, under his own
hand. As he animated the people with his speech, so some
actioas follow ed under his conduct, in which several men
OF QUEEN ANNE. 229
were killed ; yet this man changed sides quickly, and be- r709.
came the violentest Jacobite in the nation, and was engaged '^^^^
in many plots, and in writing many books against the Revo-
lution, and the present government. Soon after the Queen
was on the throne, he, or his son as some said, published
a series of weekly papers under the title of The Rehearsal,
jjursuing a thread of arguments in them all, against the law-
fulness of resistance, in any case whatsoever; deriving go-
vernment wholly from God, denying all right in the people,
either to confer or to coerce it : the ministers connived at
this ; with what intention God knows.
Whilst their seditious papers had a free course for many ^^^^
years, and were much spread and magnified ; one Hoadly, Di. Hoad-
a pious and judicious divine, being called to preach before j^ dd"enM^
the Lord Mayor, chose for his text the first verses of the thereof.
thirteenth chapter to the Romans, and fairly explained the
words there, that they were to be understood only against
resisting good governors, upon the Jewish principles ; but,
that those words had no relation to bad and cruel go-
vernors : and he asserted, that it was not only lawful, but a
duty incumbent on all men to resist such; concluding all
with a vindication of the Revolution, and the present go-
vernment. Upon this, a great outcry was raised, as if he
had preached up rebellion ; several books were wrote
against him, and he justified himself, with a visible supe-
riority of argument, to them all ; and did so solidly over-
throw the conceit of one Filmer, now espoused by Lesley
(that government was derived by primogeniture from the
first patriarchs), that for some time he silenced his adver-
saries : but it was an easier thing to keep up a clamour,
than to write a solid answer. Sacheverel did, with great
virulence, reflect on him, and on me, and several other bi-
shops, carrying his venom as far back as to Archbishop
Grindal, whom, for his moderation, he called a prefidious
prelate, and a false son of the church. When it was moved
to impeach him, the Lord Mayor of London, being a mem-
ber of the House of Commons, was examined to this point,
whether the sermon was printed at his desire or order ;
upon his owning it, he would have been expelled the
House ; but he denied he had given any such order, though
Sacheverel affirmed it, and brought witnesses to prove it :
yet the House would not enter upon that examination; but
IIIOIII)
2.30 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1710. it was thought more decent to seem to give credit to their
^"^^^ own member, though indeed few believed him.
sacheveici Souic opposition was made to the motion, for impeach-
ijeached by iug Sachevcrel, but it was carried by a great majority : the
the House proceedings were slow: so those, who intended to inflame
of Com- -^ " ' , ' • 1 J • «i
the city and the nation upon that occasion, had time suin-
cient given them for laying their designs : they gave it out
boldly, and in all places, that a design was formed by the
whigs to pull down the church, and that this prosecution
was only set on foot to try their stiength ; and that, upon
their success in it, they would proceed more openly.
Though this was all falsehood and forgery, yet it was pro-
pagated with so much application and zeal, and the tools
employed in it were so well supplied wdth money, (from
whom was not then known) that it is scarce credible how
generally it was believed.
Some things concurred to put the vulgar in ill humour ;
it was a time of dearth and scarcity, so that the poor w ere
much pinched : the summer before, ten or twelve thousand
poor people of the Palatinate, who were reduced to great
misery, came into England ; they were w^ell received and
supplied, both by the Queen, and by the voluntary charities
of good people : this tilled our own poor with great indig-
nation ; who thought those charities, to which they had a
better right, were thus intercepted by strangers ; and all
who were ill affected, studied to heighten these their resent-
ments. The clergy did generally espouse Sacheverel, as
their champion, who had stood in the breach ; and so they
reckoned his cause was their own. 3Iany sermons were
preached, both in London and in other places, to provoke
the people, in which they succeeded beyond expectation.
Some accidents concurred to delay the proceedings; much
time was spent in preparing the articles of impeachment:
and the answer was, by many shifts, long delayed : it was
bold, witliout either submission or common respect; he
justified every tiling in his sermon, in a very haughty and
assuming style. In conclusion, the Lords ordered the trial
to be at the bar of their House ; but (hose who found, thtU
by gaining more time, the people were still more inflame(i,
moved that the trial might be public in Westminster Hall ;
where the whole House of Commons might be present :
this took so with unthinking people, that it could not be
OF QUEEN ANNE.
withstood, though the effects it would have, were well fore-
seen : the preparing Westminster Hall was a work of some
weeks.
At last, on the 27th of February, the trial begun. Sache- And tried in
verel was lodged in the Temple, and came every day, s^p^HaiJ^
"with great solemnity, in a coach to the Hall ; great crowds
ran about his coach with many shouts, expressing their
concern for him in a very rude and tumultuous manner.
The trial lasted three weeks, in which all other business
was at a stand ; for this took up all men's thoughts : the
managers for the Commons opened the matter very so-
lemnly : their performances were much and justly com-
mended: Jekyll, Eyre, Stanhope, King, but above all Par-
ker, distinguished themselves in a very particular manner:
they did copiously justify both the Revolution, and the
present administration. There was no need of witnesses;
for the sermon being o\Mied by him, all the evidence was
brought from it, by laying his words together, and by shew-
ing his intent and meaning in them, which appeared from
comparing one place with another. AVhen his counsel. Sir
Simon Harcourt, Dodd, Phipps, and two otiiers, came to
plead for him, they very freely acknowledged the lawful-
ness of resistance in extreme cases, and plainly justified
the Revolution, and our deliverance by King William : but
they said, it was not fit, in a sermon, to name such an ex-
ception ; that the duties of morality ought to be delivered
in their full extent, without supposing an extraordinary
case ; and, therefore, Sacheverel had followed precedents
set by our greatest divines, ever since the Reformation,
and ever since the Revolution. Upon this they opened a
great field : they began with the declarations made in King
Henry the Eighth's time ; they insisted next upon the ho-
milies, and from thence instanced, in a large series of bi-
shops and divines, who had preached the duty of sub-
mission and non-resistance, in very full terms, mthout
supposing any exception ; some excluding all exceptions
in as positive a manner as he had done : they explained
the word revolution as belonging to the new^ settlement
upon King James's withdrawing ; though, in the common
acceptation, it was understood of the whole transaction,
from the landing of the Dutch army, till the settlement
made by the convention. So they understanding the Re-
v*«=--.fev
2.32 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^^^'^ volution in that sense, there was, indeed, no resistance
there : if the passage, quoted from the declaration, given
out by the late King, while he was Prince of Orange, did
not come up to that for which he quoted it ; he ought not
to be censured because his quotation did not fully prove
his point. As for his invective against the dissenters and
the toleration, they laboured to turn that off, by saying, he
did not reflect on Avhat was allowed by law, but on the per-
niission of, or the not punishing, many who published im-
pious and blasphemous books ; and a collection was made
of passages in books, full of crude impiety and of bold
opinions. This gave great offence to many, who thought
that this was a solemn publishing of so much impiety to the
nation, by which more mischief w ould be done, than by the
books themselves : for most of them had been neglected,
and knowTi only to a small number of those who en-
couraged them ; and the authors of many of these books
had been prosecuted and punished for them. As to those
parts of the sermon that set out the danger the church was
in, though both houses had, some years ago, voted it a
great olFence to say it was in danger, they said it might
have been in none four years ago, when these votes,
passed, and yet be now in danger: the greatest of all daur
gers was to be apprehended from the Avrath of God for
such impieties. They said, the reflections on the admini-
stration was not meant of those employed immediately by
the Queen, but of men in inferior posts : if his words
seemed capable of a bad sense, they were also capable of
a more innocent one ; and every man was allowed to put
any construction on his words that they could bear. When
the counsel had ended their defence, Sacheverel concluded
it with a speech, which he read with much bold heat ; in
which, with many solemn asseverations, he justified his in-
tentions towards the Queen and her government; he spoke
with respect both of the Revolution and the protestant
succession ; he insisted most on condemning all resistance,
under any pretence whatsoever, without mentioning the ex-
ception of extreme necessity, as his counsel had done : he
said, it was the doctrine of the church in which he was bred
up, and added many pathetical expressions, to move the
audience to compassion. This had a great effect on the
weaker sort, while it possessed those, who knew the man
OF QUEEN ANNE. 233
and his ordinary discourses, ^^ith horror, when they heard i^io.
him affirm so many falsehoods, with such solemn appeals ^^-^^^
to God. It was very plain the speech was made for him
by others ; for the style w as correct, and far different from
his own.
During the trial, the multitudes that followed him, all the ^^I^^^^^^^JJ
way as he came, and as he went back, shewed a great con- ti„^]^
cern for him, pressing about him and striving to kiss his
hand : money was thrown among them ; and they w ere
animated to such a pitch of fury, that they went to pull
down some meeting-houses, which w as executed on five of
them, as far as burning all the pews in them. This was
directed by some of better fashion, who followed the mob
in hackney-coaches, and were seen sending messages to
them : the w ord, upon which all shouted, w as " the church
and Sacheverel ;" and such as joined not in the shout were
insulted and knocked down ; — before my ow n door, one ^vith
a spade cleft the skull of another, who would not shout as
they did. There happened to be a meeting-house near me,
out of which they drew^ every thing that was in it, and
burned it before the door of the house. They threatened
to do the like execution on my house ; but the noise of the
riot coming to court, orders were sent to the guards to go
about and disperse the multitudes, and secure the public
peace. As the guards advanced, the people ran away ;
some few were only taken ; these w ere afterwards prose-
cuted ; but the party shew ed a violent concern for them ;
two of them were condemned as guilty of high treason;
small fines were set on the rest; but no execution fol-
lowed ; and, after some months, they w ere pardoned : and,
indeed, this remissness in punishing so great a disorder,
was looked on as the preparing and encouraging men to
new tumults. There was a secret management in this
matter that amazed all people; for though the Queen,
upon an address made to her by the House of Commons,
set out a proclamation, in which this riot was, with severe
words, laid npon papists and non-jurors, who were cer-
tainly the chief promoters of it ; yet the proceedings after-
wards did not answer the threatenings of the proclama-
tion.
When Sacheverel had ended his defence, the managers contlnna-
for the Hou§e of Commons replied, and sliewed very ^^1"^"'^*'^
VOL. IV. 2h
235 HIStORY OF THE REIGN
i^if^' dcntly, that the words of his sermon could not reasonably
''^"^'^ bear any other sense, but that for which they had charged
him : this m as an easy performance, and they managed it
with great Ufe; but the humour of the town was turned
against them, and all the clergy appeared for Sacheverel.
Many of the Queen's chaplains stood about him, encourag-
ing and magnifying him ; and it was given out, that the
Queen herself favoured him ; though, upon my first coming
to towTi, which was after the impeachment was brought up
to the Lords, she said to me, that it was a bad sermon, and
that he deserved well to be punished for it. All her minis-
ters, who were in the House of Commons, were named to
be managers, and they spoke very zealously for public
SirJoim liberty, justifying the Revolution. Holt, the lord chief
Holt's death j^g^jcg gf q^q King's Bench, died durinof the trial : he was
and charac- •> o j 3
ter. very learned in the law, and had, upon great occasions,
shewed an intrepid zeal in asserting its authority : for he
ventured on the indignation of both houses of parliament
by turns, when he thought the law was with him : he was a
man of good judgment and great integrity, and set himself
with great application to the functions of that important
Parker post. Immediately upon his death, Parker was made lord
cidefjus- chief justice : this great promotion seemed an evident de-
tice. monstration of the Queen's approving the prosecution ; for
none of the managers had treated Sacheverel so severely
as he had done ; yet secret whispers were very confidently
set about, that though the Queen's affairs put her on acting
the part of one that was pleased with this scene, yet she
disliked it all, and would take the first occasion to shew it.
Debates in After the trial was ended, the debate was taken up in the
Uie House of jjouse of Lords : it stuck lonof on the first article: none
Lords after i i • • ,- 1
the uiai. j>retended to justify the sermon, or to assert absolute non-
resistance : all who favoured him went upon this that the
duty of obedience ought to be delivered in full and general
words, without putting in exceptions, or supposing odious
cases ; this had been the method of all our divines. Pains
were also taken to shew, that his sermon did not reflect on
the Hevolution : on the other hand, it was said, that since
tJie Revolution had happened so lately, and was made still
tlic subject of much controversy, those absolute expression*
did plainly condemn it. The Revolution was the whole
progress of the turn, from the Prince of Orange's lauding.
w.-*./
OF QUEEN ANNE. 235
till the act of eettlement passed. The act of parliament .^J^^-.
expressed what was meant by the abdication and the va-
cancy of tlie throne ; that it did not only relate to King
James's withdrawing himself, but to his ceasing to govern
according to our constitution and laws, setting up his mere
vrill and pleasure as the measure of his government ; this
was made plainer by another clause in the acts then passed,
which provided, that if any of our princes should be-
come papists, or marry papists, the subjects were, in those
cases, declared to be free from their allegiance. Some
of the bishops spoke in this debate on each side ; Hooper,
Bishop of Bath and Wells, spoke in excuse of Sache-
verel: but Talbot, Bishop of Oxford; Wake, Bishop of
Lincoln ; Trimnel, Bishop of Nor\\ich, and myself, spoke
on the other side. We shewed the falsehood of an opinion
too commonly received, that the church of England had
always condemned resistance, even in the cases of extreme
tyranny. The books of the Maccabees, bound in our Bibles,
and approved by our articles, (as containing examples of
life and instruction of manners, though not as any part of
the canon of the Scripture) contained a full and clear pre-
cedent for resisting and shaking off extreme tyranny : the
Jew s, under that brave family, not only defended themselves
against Antiochus, but formed themselves into a free and
new government. Our homilies were only against wilful
rebellion, such as had been then against our kings, ^vhile
they were governing by law^ : but at that very time. Queen
Elizabeth had assisted, first the Scots, and then the French,
and to the end of her days continued to protect the states,
who not only resisted, but, as the Maccabees had done,
shook off the Spanish yoke, and set up a new fonn of go-
vernment : in all this she was not only justified by the best
writers of that time, such as Jewel and Bilson, but was
approved and supported in it : both her parliaments and
convocations gave her subsidies to carry on those wars.
The same principles were kept up all King James's reign :
in the beginning of King Charles's reign, he protected the
Rochellers, and asked supplies from the parliament, to
enable him to do it effectually; and ordered a fast and
prayers to be made for them. It is true, soon after that
new notions of absolute power, derived from God to kings,
were taken up ; at the first rise given to these by Manw aring.
236 HISfORY OP THE REIGN
1710. theywere condemned by a sentence of the Lords; and though
^"^^"^ he submitted, and retracted his opinion, yet a severe cen-
sure passed upon liim : but during the long discontinuance
of parliaments that followed, thi^ doctrine was more fa-
voured ; it was generally preached up, and many things
were done pursuant to it, which put the nation into the
great convulsions that followed in our civil wars. After
these were over, it was natural to return to the other ex-
treme, as courts naturally favour such doctrines. King
James tiusted too much to it ; yet the very assertors of that
doctrine were the first who pleaded for resistance, \\\\en
they thought they needed it. Here was matter for a long
debate : it was carried by a majority of seventeen, that the
first article was proved. The party that was for Sacheverel,
made no opposition to the votes upon the following arti-
cles ; but contented themselves with protesting against them :
the Lords went down to the Hall, where the question being put
upon the whole impeachment, " guilty or not guilty," fifty-
two voted liim not guilty, and sixty-nine voted him guilty.
He is ccn- rpjjg j^gxj- (jebate was, w^at censure ouoht to pass upon
sured very i
seutiy. him : and here a strange turn appeared ; some seemed to
apprehend the eftects of a popular fury, if the censure was
severe ; to otiiers it was said, that the Queen desired it
might be mild ; so it was proposed to suspend him from
preaching for one year ; others w ere for six years ; but by
a vote it was fixed to three years. It was next moA^ed, that
he should be incapable of all preferment for those three
years ; upon that, the house w as divided — fifty -nine were
for the vote, and sixty were against it ; so that being laid
aside, the sermon was ordered to be burnt, in the presence
of the Lord Mayor, and the Sheriffs of London, and this
was done ; only the Lord Mayor, being a member of the
House of Commons, did not think he w as bound to be pre-
sent. The Lords also voted, that the decrees of the Univer-
sity of Oxford, passed in 1G83, in which the absolute au-
thority of princes, and the unalterableness of the hereditary
right of succeeding to the croAvn, were asserted in a very
high strain, should be burnt with Sacheverel's sermon : the
House of Commons likewise ordered the impious collec-
tion of blasphemous expressions, that Sacheverel had
printed as his justification, to be also burnt.
• When this mild judgiiicnt wus given, those, who had sup-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 237
ported him during the trial, expressed an inconceivlable i7io.
gladness, as if they had got a victory; bonfires, illumina- ^"^"^
tions, and other marks of joy appeared, not only in London,
but over the whole kingdom.
This had yet greater eft'ects : addresses were set on foot. Addresses
from all the parts of the nation, in which the absolute power ^a^°^ueBt
of our princes was asserted, and all resistance was con-
demned, under the designation of antimonarchial and re-
publican principles ; the Queen's hereditary right was ac-
knowledged, and yet a zeal for the protestant succession
was likewise jiretended, to make those addresses pass the
more easily with unthinking multitudes : most of these con-
eluded, with an intimation of their hopes, that the Queen
would dissolve the present parliament, giving assurances,
that in a new election, they would choose none, but such
as should be faithful to the crown, and zealous for the
church : these were at first more coldly received ; for the
Queen either made no answer at all, or made them in very
general words. Addresses were brought up on the other
hand, magnifying the conduct of the parliament, and ex-
pressing a zeal for maintaining the Revolution and the pro-
testant succession.
In the l)eginning of April, the parliament was prorogued ; The Quoen*
and the Queen, in her speech thereupon, expressed her con- *^^
cern, that there was cause given for that, which had taken
up so much of their time, wishing that all her people would
be quiet, and mind their own business ; adding, that in all
times there was too much occasion given to complain of
impiety, but that she would continue that zeal, which she
had hitherto expressed, for religion, and for the church :
this seemed to look a difi'erent way from the whispers that
had been set about. Soon after that, she made a step that
revived them again : the Duke of Shrewsbury had gone out
of England in the end of the former reign, flunking, as he
gave out, that a wanner climate was necessary for his
health : he staid several years at Rome, where he became
acquainted with a Roman lady ; and she, upon liis leaving
Rome to return to England, went after him to Augsburgh,
where she overtook him, and declared herself a protestant;
upon which he married her there, and came with her back
to England, in the year 1706. Upon his return, the whigs
lived in civilities with him ; but they thought his leaving
238 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1710. England, and his living so long out of it, while we were ia
T^^ so much danger at home, and his strange marriage, gave
sbrewsbuiy just causc of suspicion. The Duke of Marlborough, and
dambm"^ the Lord Godolpiiin, lived still in friendships with him, and
lain. studied to overcome the jealousies that the whigs had of
him ; for they generally believed, that he had advised the
late King to the change he made in his ministry, towards
the end of his reign. He seemed not to be concerned at
tlie distance in which he was kept from business, but in the
late trial, he left the whigs in every vote ; and a few days
after the parliament was prorogued, the Queen, without
communicating the matter to any of her ministers, took the
chamberlain's white staff from the Marquis of Kent, (whom,
in recompense for that, she advanced to be a duke) and
gave it to the Duke of Shrewsbury. This gave a great
alarm ; for it was upon that concluded, that a total change
of the ministry would quickly follow ; the change of prin-
ciples, that he had discovered in the trial, was imputed to
a secret management betA^een him and Hailey, with the
new favourite. The Queen's inclination to her, and her
alienation from the Dutchess of Marlborough, did increase,
and broke out in many little things, not worth naming:
upon that, the Dutchess retired from the court, and ap-
peared no more at it. The Duke of Shrewsbury gave the
ministers very positive assurances, that his principles were
the same they had been during the last reign, and were in
no respect altered : upon which, he desired to enter into
confidences with them ; but there was now too much ground
given for suspicion.
The Queen During this Adnter, I was encouraged by the Queen to
<o*with^eat speak more freely to her of her affairs than I had ever
freedom, ventured to do formerly: I told her what reports were
secretly spread of her through the nation, as if she fa-
voured the design of bringing the Pretender to succeed to
the crown, upon a bargain that she should hold it during
her life. I was sure these reports were spread about by
persons who were in the confidence of those that were be-
lieved to know her mind ; I was well assured that the Jaco-
bites of Scotland had, upon her coming to the crown, sent
up one Ogilby, of Boyne, who was in great esteem among
them, to propose the bargain to her; he, when he went
back, gave the party full assurances that she accepted of
^-►y-W
OP QUEEN ANNE. 239
!t t this I had from some of the lords of Scotland, who i7io.
were then in the secret with the professed Jacobites. The
Earl of Cromarty made a speech in parliament, as was
formerly mentioned, contradicting this, and alluding to the
distinction of the Calvinists, made between the secret and
the revealed will of God ; he assured them, the Queen had
110 secret will contrary to that which she declared : yet at
the same time his brother gave the party assurances to the
contiary. I told the Queen all this ; and said, if she was
capable of making such a bargain for herself, by which
her people were to be delivered up and sacrificed after her
death, as it would darken all the glory of her reign, so it
must set all her people to consider of the most proper ways
of securing themselves, by bringing over the protestant suo-
cessors ; in which, I told her plaiidy, I would concur, if
she did not take effectual means to extinguish those jea-
lousies. I told her, her ministers had served her with that
fidelity, and such success, that her making a change among
them would amaze all the world. The glory of Queen
Elizabeth's reign arose from the firmness of her counsels,
and the continuance of her ministers, as the three last
reigns, in which the ministry was often changed, had suf-
fered extremely by it. I also shewed her, that if she suf-
fered the Pretender's party to prepare the nation for his
succeeding her, she ought not to imagine, that when they
thought they had fixed that matter, they would stay for the
natural end of her life; but that they would find ways to
shorten it : nor did I think it was to be doubted, but that,
in 1708, when the Pretender was upon the sea, they had
laid some assassinates here ; who, upon the news of his
landing, would have tried to dispatch her. It was certain,
that their interest led them to it, as it was known that their
principles did allow of it : this, with a great deal more to
the same purpose, I laid before the Queen ; she heard me
patiently ; she was for the most part silent : yet, by what
she said, she seemed desirous to make me think she agreed
to what I laid before her ; but I found afterwards it had no
62*601 upon her : yet I had great quiet in my own mind,
since I had, \\ith an honest freedom, made the best use I
could of the access I had to her.
The Duke of Marlborough went beyond sea in Feb-
ruary, to prepare all matters for an early campai^, de-
240 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1710. sibling to open it in April, which was done. The French
^"^^''^ liad wrought so long upon their lines, that it was thought
they would have taken as much care in maintaininp^ them;
but upon the advance of our army they abandoned them;
and though they seemed resolved to make a stand upon
the scarp, yet they ran from that likewise ; and this opened
Doway be- the way all on to Doway : so that was invested. The gar-
»^e and jjgQjj ^.^g eight thousaud strong, well furnished with every
thing necessary to make a brave defence : the besieged
sallied out often, sometimes with advantage, but much
oftener with loss : it was the middle of May before the
French could bring their army together. It appeared, that
they resolved to stand upon the defensive, though they had
brought up together a vast army of tw o hundred battalions,
and three hundred squadrons : they lay before Arras, and
advanced to the plains of Lens ; Villars commanded, and
made such speeches to his army, that it w as generally be-
lieved, he w ould ventme on a battle rather than look on
and see Doway lost. The Duke of Marlborough and
Prince Eugene posted their army so advantageously, both
to cover the siege, and to receive the enemy, that he durst
not attack them ; but after he had looked on a few days,
in which the two armies were not above a league distant,
he drew off; so the siege going on, and no relief appear-
ing, both Doway and the Fort Escarp capitulated on the
14th of June.
Tbe History I havc uow Completed my first design in ^vTiting, W'hich
the peace. " ^^^^^ ^'^ S^^^ ^ liistory of our affairs for fifty years, from the
29th of May, 1660: so if I confined myself to that, I
should here give over ; but the w ar seeming now to be
near an end, and the peace, in which it must end, being
that which will probably give a new settlement to all Eu-
rope, as well as to our afi'airs, I resolve to carry on this
work to the conclusion of the war : and therefore I begin
with the progress of the negotiations for peace, which
seemed now to be prosecuted with warmth.
Negotia- All the foiiner winter an intercourse of letters was kept
peace. ^ "P betvvecn Pettecum and Torcy, to try if an expedient
could be found to soften that article, for the reduction of
Spain to the obedience of King Charles ; which was the
thirty-seventh article of the preliminaries : it still was kept
in agitation upon the foot of offering three towns to he
N.*N-^
OP QUEEN ANNE. 2,41
put into the hands of the allies, to be restored by them when 3 7io.
the affairs of Spain should be settled ; otherwise to be
still retained by them : the meaning of which was no other,
than that France was willing to lose three more towns, in
case King Philip sliould keep Spain and the West Indies ;
the places, therefore, ought to have borne some equality to
that for which they were to be given in pawn ; but the
answers the French made to every proposition, shewed
they meant nothing but to amuse and distract the allies.
The first demand the allies made, was of the places in
Spain, then in the hands of the Ring of France ; for the
delivering up these, might have l)een a good step to the
reduction of the whole ; but this was flatly refused : and,
that the King of France might put it out of his power to
treat about it, he ordered his tioops to be drawn out of all
the strong places in Spain, and soon after out of that king-
dom, pretending he was thereby evacuating it ; though the
French forces were kept still in the neighbomiiood : so a
shew was made of leaving Spain to defend itself ; and
upon that. King Philip prevailed on the Spaniards to make
great efforts beyond what was ever expected of them ; this
was done by the French King to deceive both the allies
and his own subjects, who were calling loudly for a peace:
and it like^vise eased him of a great part of the charge that
Spain had put him to : but while his troops were called
out of that kingdom, as many deserted, by a visible con-*
nivauce, as made up several battalions ; and all the Wal-
loon regiments, as being subjects of Spain, were sent thi-
ther : so that King Philip was not weakened by the recall-
ing the French troops ; and by this means the places in
Spain could not be any more demanded. The next, as
most important towards the reduction of Spain, was the
demand that Bayonue and Perpignan might be put into the
hands of the allies, with Thionville on the side of the em-
pire. By the two former, all communication between
France and Spain would be cut ofl", and the allies would be
enabled to send forces thither, >^ith less expense and
trouble ; but it was said, these were the keys of France
which the King could not part with; so it remained to
treat of to\\Tis on the frontier of the Netherlands ; and even
there they excepted Doway, AiTas, and Cambray ; so that
all their offers appeared illusory ; and the intercourse by
voj^, IV. 2 I
^«*^^*^
242 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1710. letters was lor some time let fall ; but in the end of the
former year, Torcy wrote to Pettecum, to desire either that
passes might be granted to some ministers to come to Hol-
land, to go on with the negotiation, or that Pettcciun might
be suflfered to go to Paris, to see if an expedient could be
found : and the states consented to the last. In the mean-
while. King Philip published a manifesto, protesting against
all that should be transacted at the Hague to his prejudice;
declaring his resolution to adhere to his faithful Spaniards :
he also named plenipotentiaries, to go in his name to the
treaty, who gave the states notice of their powers and in-
structions ; and, in a letter to the Duke of JNIarlborough,
they gave intimations how grateful King Philip would be
to him, if by his means, these his desires might be complied
with ; as the like insinuations had been often made by the
French agents : but no notice was taken of this message
from King Philip, nor was any answer given to it. Pette-
cum, after some days' stay at Paris, came back without the
pretence of oflering any expedient, but brought a paper
that seemed to set aside the preliminaries : yet it set forth,
that the King was willing to treat on the foundation of the
concessions made in them to the allies ; and that the exe-
cution of all the articles should begin after the ratification.
This destroyed all that had been hitherto done ; and the dis-,
tinction the King had formerly made between the spirit and
the letter of the partition treaty, shewed how little he was
to be relied on : so the states resolved to insist both on the
preliminaries and on the execution of them, before a gene-
ral treaty should be opened. By this message, all thoughts
of a treaty were at a full stand. In the beginning of Feb-
ruary, another project was sent, which was an amplification
of that brought by Pettecum ; only the restoring the two
Electors was insisted on as a preliminary, as also the re-
storing the Upper Palatinate to the Elector of Bavaiia ; but
the allies still insisted on the former preliminaries. The
court of France, seeing that the states were not to be
wrought on, to go ofi' from the preliminaries, sent another
message to them, that the King agreed to all the prelimina-
ries, except the thirty- seventh ; and if they would consent
that his ministers should come and confer with them upon
that article, he did not doubt, but what should be proposed
from him, would be to their satisfaction. This seemed to
OF QUEEN ANNE. 243
give some hopes, so the states resolved to send the pass- i^io.
ports ; but they foresaw the ill eftects of suffering the French ^'""^'^^
ministers to come into their country, who, by their agents,
were every where stirring up the people against the go-
vernment, as if they were prolonging the war without ne-
cessity ; so they appointed Gertruydenburgh to be the place
to which the French ministers were to come, to treat with
the deputies they should send to meet tliem.
The ministers sent by France, were the Marquis d'Ux- Conferences
elles and the Abbot de Polignac ; and those from the states jen^j^^rghf"
were Buys and Vanderdussen : the conferences began in
March. Tlie French proposed, that the dominions in Italy,
with the islands, should be given to one of the competitors
for the Spanish monarcliy, without naming which ; but it
was understood that they meant King Philip : the deputies
did not absolutely reject this ; but shewed that the Empe-
ror would never consent to parting with Naples, nor giving
the French such footing in Italy : the French seemed to be
sensible of this : the first conference ended upon the return
of the courier, whom they sent to Versailles. They moved
for another conference ; and upon several propositions,
there were several conferences renewed. The King of
France desisted from the demand of Naples, but insisted
on that of the places on the coast of Tuscany : at last they
desisted from that too, and insisted only on Sicily and Sar-
dinia : so now the partition seemed as it were settled :
upon which, the deputies of the states pressed the ministers
of France to give them solid assurances of King Philip's
quitting Spain and the A\'est Indies ; to this (upon adver-
tisement given to the court of France) they answered, that
the King would enter into measures with them to force it.
Many difficulties were started about the troops to be em-
ployed, what their number should be, and who should com-
mand them ; all which shewed the execution would prove
impracticable. Then they talked of a sum of money, to be
paid annually during the war; and here new difficulties
arose, both in settling the sum, and in securing the payment:
they otfered the bankers of Paris ; but these must all break,
whensoever the King had a mind they should : so it plainly
appeared, all was intended only to divide the allies, by this
offer of a partition, to which the states consented ; and at
which, the French hoped the house of Austria would have
1710.
244 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
been provoked against them. The French asked an assur-
ance of tlie deputies, that no other articles should be in-
sisted on, but those in the preliminaries : this the deputies
positively refused ; for they had, by one of the prelimina-
ries, reserved a power to all the allies to make farther de-
mands when a general treaty should be opened ; they said,
they themselves would demand no more, but they could
not limit the rest from their just demands. This was an-
other artifice to provoke the empire and the Duke of Sa-
voy, as if the states intended to force them to accept of
such a peace as they should prescribe : in another confer-
ence, the states rejected the offer of a sum of money for
carrying on the war in Spain, and therefore demanded that
the French would explain themselves upon the subject of
evacuating Spain and the AVest Indies, in favour of King
Charles, before they could declare their intentions with re-
lation to the partition ; and added, that all further confer-
ences would be to no purpose till that was done.
All came to The Freucli were now resolved to break oif the negotia-
sian.""'^ " tio^ 5 ^"d so they were pleased to call this demand of the
states a formal rupture of the treaty ; and upon the return
of an express that they sent to Versailles, they wrote a
a long letter to the pensioner, in the form of a manifesto ;
and so returned back to France in the end of July. This
is the account that both our ministers here and the states
have published of that afi'air : the French have published
nothing ; for they would not oaati to the Spaniards that
they ever entered upon any treaty for a partition of their
monarchy, much less for evacuating Spain. Whether
France did ever design any thing by all this negotiation,
but to quiet their own people, and to amuse and divide the
allies, is yet to us a secret ; but if they ever intended a
peace, the reason of their going otf from it, must have been
the account they then had of our distractions in England,
which might make them conclude that we could not be in a
condition to carry on the war.
A cii!ui-e of Tlie Queen's intentions to make a change in her ministry
the ministry , , . t i
ill jiiigiand. "ow began to break out : ni June she dismissed the Earl
of Sunderland from being secretary of state, without pre-
tending any malversation in him, and gave the seals to the
Lord Dartmouth. This gave the alarm both at home and
abroad ; but the Queen to lessen that, said to her subjects
OF QUEEN ANNE. 245
here, in particular to the governors of the Bank of Eng- i''^^-
land, and wrote to her ministers abroad, that they should
assure her allies that she would make no other changes ;
and said this herself to the minister whom the states had
here : all these concurred to express their joy in this reso-
lution, and joined to it their advice that she would not dis-
solve the parliament. This was represented by those who
had never been versed in the negotiations of princes in an
alliance, as a bold intruding into the Queen's councils ;
though nothing is more common than for princes to offer
mutual advices in such cases. Two months after the change
of the secretary of state, the Queen dismissed the Earl of
Godolphin from being lord treasurer, and put the Treasury
in commission : Lord Powlet was the first in form, but Mr.
Harley was the person with whom the secret was lodged ;
and it was visible he was the chief minister : and now it
appeared that a total change of the ministry, and the dis-
solution of the parlianient, were resolved on.
In the meanwhile, Sacheverel, being presented to a be- Sacheverei's
uefice in North AYales, went down to take possession of wXs!' ^
it; as he passed through the counties, both going and
coming, he was received and followed by such numbers,
and entertained with such magnificence, that our princes in
tlieir progresses have not been more run after than he was :
great fury and violence appeared on many occasions,
though care was taken to give his followers no sort of pro-
vocation ; he was looked on as the champion of the church ;
and he shewed as much insolence on that occasion as his
party did folly. No notice was taken by the government
of all tliese riots; they were rather favoured and encour-
raged than checked ; all this was like a prelude to a greater
scene that was to be acted at court. The Queen came in
October to council, and called for a proclamation dissolv-
ing the parliament, which Harcourt (now made attorney-
general, in the room of Montague, who had quitted that
post,) had prepared : when it was read, the Lord Chancel-
lor offered to speak ; but the Queen rose up, and would
admit of no debate, and ordered the writs for a new parlia-
ment to be prepared. At that time she dismissed the Lord
Somers, and in his room made the Earl of Rochester lord
president of the council : she sent to the Duke of Devon-
shire for the lord steward's staff, and gave it to the Duke of
246 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1710. Buckingham ; Mr. Boylo was dismissed from being secre-
^"^■^ tary of state, and Mr. St. John had the seals ; the Earl of
Derby was removed from being chancellor of the dutchy of
Lancaster, and was succeeded by the Lord Berkeley. The
Lord Chancellor came, upon all these removes, and deli-
vered up the great seal ; the Queen did not look for this,
and was surprised at it ; and, not knowing how to dispose
of it, she, with an unusual earnestness, pressed him to keep
it one day longer ; and the day following, she, having con-
sidered the matter with her favourites, Mrs. Masham and
Mr. Harlej^ received it very readily; and it was soon
given to Sir Simon Harcourt. The Eail of Wharton deli-
vered up his commission of lord lieutenant of Ireland ; and
tliat was given to the Duke of Ormond : and the Earl of
Orford, with some of the commissioners of the Admiralty,
withdrew from that board, in whose room others were put.
So sudden and so entire a change of the ministry is scarce
to be found in our history, especially where men of great
abilities had served, both with zeal and success ; insomuch,
that the administration of all affairs, at home and abroad,
in their hands, was not only without exception, but had
raised the admiration of all Europe. All this rose purely
from the great credit of the new favourites, and the Queen's
personal distaste to the old ones. The Queen was much
delighted with all these changes, and seemed to think she
was freed from the chains the old ministry held her in ; she
spoke of it to several persons as a captivity she had been
long under. The Duke of Somerset had very much alie-
nated the Queen from the old ministry, and had no small
share in their disgrace ; but he was so displeased with the
dissolution of the parliament, and the new model of the
ministry, that though he continued some time master of the
horse, he refused to sit any more in council, and complain-
ed openly of the artifices that had been used to make him
instrumental to other people's designs, Avhich he did among
others to myself.
Tiie eiec- Thc next, and indeed the greatest care of the new mi-
tionsof par- jjigtry ^yj^g ^j^g manaoinijf the elections to parliament. L^n-
liamenlmen. . f^ ^ i
heard-of methods were used to secure them ; in London,
and in all the parts of England, but more remarkably in tlie
great cities, there was a vast concourse of rude multitudes
brought 4«gether, who behaved themselves in so boisterous
OP QUEEN ANNE. 247
a manner, that it was not safe, and in many places not pes- ^'^^■
fiible, for those who had a right to vote, to come and give their
votes for a whig ; open violence was used in several parts : this
was so general through the whole kingdom, all at the same
time, that it was visible the thing had been for some time
concerted, and the proper methods and tools had been pre-
pared for it. The clergy had a great share in this ; for be-
sides a course for some months of inflaming sermons, they
went about from house to house, pressing their people to
shew, on this great occasion, their zeal for the church, and
now or never to save it : they also told them in what ill
hands the Queen had been kept, as in captivity, and that it
was a charitj, as well as their duty, to free her from the
power the late ministry exercised over her.
AVhile the poll was taken in London, a new commission
for the lieutenancy of the city was sent in, by which a great
change was made ; tories were put in, and whigs were left
out ; in a word, the practice and violence used now in elec-
tions went far beyond any thing that I had ever known in
England ; and, by such means, above three parts in four
of the members returned to parliament, may at any time be
packed : and, if free elections are necessary to the being
of a parliament, there was great reason to doubt if this was
a true representative duly elected.
The Bank was the body to which the government of late A sinking of
had recourse, and was always readily furnished by it ; but
their credit was now so sunk that they could not do as
they had done formerly ; actions, that some months before
were at 130, sunk now so low as to 95, and did not rise
above 101 or 102 all the following winter. The new minis-
ters gave it out, that they would act moderately at home,
and steadily abroad, maintain our alliances, and carry on
the war. But before I enter on the session of parliament, I
will give account of aftairs abroad.
King Philip went to xVnagon to his army, and gave it AOuirs in
out that he was resolved to put all to the decision of a ^^'
battle with King Charles, who was likewise come to head
his army ; they lay so near one another, that King Philip
cannonaded the camp of his enemies, but his men were
beat off with loss, and drew away to a greater distance :
however, before the end of July, there was an action of
great importance near Almauaja : the main body of King
248 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1710. Philip's horse designed to cut off a part of King Charleses
^"''^ foot that was separated from the cavahy, commanded by
Stanhope : he drew his whole body together ; and though
he was much inferior in number, yet he sent to King Charles
for orders to engage the enemy. It was not without some
difficulty, and after some reiterated pressing instances, that
he got leave to fall on.
^le battle As the two bodics were advancing one against another,
of Mmanara. gtanhopc rode at the head of his body, and the Spanish ge-
neral advanced at the head of his troops : the two generals
began the action ; in which, very happily for Stanhope, he
killed the Spaniard ; and his men, animated with the ex-
ample and success of their general, fell on and broke the
Spanish horse so entirely, that King Philip lost the best
part of his cavalry in that action : upon which he retired
towards Saragossa ; but was closely followed by King
Charles : and on the 20th of August, they came to a total
engagement, which ended in an entire defeat; and by this
means Arragon was again in King Charles's hands. King
Philip got off ^\dth a very small body to Madrid. But he
soon left it, and retired, with all the tribunals following him,
to Valladolid, and sent his Queen and son to Victoria-
Some of his troops got off in small bodies, and these were
in a little time brought together, to the number of about
ten thousand men ; the troops, that they had on the frontier
of Portugal, were brought to join them, with which they
soon made up the face of an army.
5;™s King Charles made all the haste he could to Madrid, but
Charles at
Madrid. found none of the grandees there ; and it appeared, that
the Castilians were finnly united to King Philip, and re-
solved to adhere to him at all hazards. The King of
France now shewed he was resolved to maintain his grand-
son, since, if he had ever intended to do it, it was now very
easy to oblige him to evacuate Spain. On the contrary, he
sent the Duke of Vendome to command the army there;
and he ordered some troops to march into Catalonia, to
force King Charles to come back, and secure that princi-
pality. King Charles continued till the beginning of De-
cember in Castille. In all that time, no care was taken by
the allies, to supply or support him : we were so engaged in
our party matters at home, that we seemed to take no
thought of tliiugs abroad, and without us nothing could be
\
OF QUEEN ANNE. 249
done. The court of Vienna was so apprehensive of the ^^^"'
danger from a war, like to break out, between the Grand
Seignior and the Czar, that they would not diminish their
army in Hungary. After King Charles left his army, Stah-
remberg seemed resolved to take his winter quarters in
Castille, and made a shew of fortifying Toledo ; but for
want of provision, and chiefly for fear that his retreat to
Arragon might be cut off, he resolved to march back to the
Ebro; King Philip marched after him. Stahremberg' left
Stanhope some hours' march behind him, and he took up
his quarters in an unfortified village, called Brihuega ; but
finding King Philip was near him, he sent his aide-de-camp
to let Stahremberg know his danger, and to desire his as-
sistance. Stahremberg might have come in time to have
saved him, but he moved so slowly, that it was conjectured
he envied the glory Stanhope had got, and was not sorry to
see it eclipsed ; and therefore made not that haste he might
and ought to have done.
Stanhope and his men cast up entrenchments, £ind defend- The battle
ed these very bravely, as long as their powder lasted ; but l^^J * *"
in conclusion, they were forced to surrender themselves
prisoners of war : some hours after that, Stahremberg came
up, and though the enemy were more than double his num-
ber, yet he attacked them with such success, that he defeat-
ed them quite, killed seven thousand of their men, took
their cannon and baggage, and staid a whole day in the
field of battle. The enemy drew back ; but Stahremberg
had suffered so much in the action, that he was not in a
condition to pursue them, nor could he carry off their can-
non for want of horses ; but he nailed them up, and by slow
marches got to Saragossa, the enemy not thinking it conve-
nient to give him any disturbance. As he did not judge it
safe to stay long in Arragon, so in the beginning of January
he marched into Catalonia; but his army had suffered so
much, both in the last action at Villa Viciosa, and in the
march, that he was not in a condition to venture on raising
the siege of Gironne, which was then carried on by the
Duke of Noailles ; and no relief coming, the garrison, after
a brave defence, was forced to capitulate ; and by this
means Catalonia was open to the enemy on all sides.
The Spanish grandees seemed to be in some apprehen- Tie dis-
sions of their bekig given up by the French ; and there =^^''^ "' ^^^
VOL. IV. 2 K
250
1710.
Duke of Me-
dina Cell.
Bcthane,
Aire, and
St. \'enant
are taken.
Aft'airs in
IIh; north.
Tlie new
parliament
opened.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
was a suspicion of some caballfng among them : upon
which the Duke of Medina Celi, King Philip's chief minis-
ter, was sent a close prisoner to the Castle of Segovia, and
was kept there veiy strictly, none being admitted to speak
to him : he was not brought to any examination, but after
he had been for some months in prison, being often re-
moved from one place to another, it was at last given out,
that he died in prison, not without the suspicion of ill
practices. Nothing passed on the side of Piedmont^- the
Duke of Savoy complaining still of the imperial court, ari^
upon that refusing to act vigorously.
After Doway was taken, our army sat down before Be-
thune ; and that siege held them a month, at the end of
which the garrison capitulated ; and our army sat down at
one and the same time before Ayre and St. Venant, to se-
cure the head of the Lys. St. Venant was taken in a few
weeks ; but the marshy ground about Aire, made that a
slower work : so that the siege continued there about two
months before the garrison capitulated. This campaign,
though not of such lustre as the former, because no battle
was fought, yet was by military men looked on as a very
extiaordinary one in this respect, that our men were about
an hundred and fifty days in open trenches ; which was
said to be a thing without example. During these sieges,
the French army posted themselves in sure camps ; but did
not stir out of them ; and it was not possible to engage them
into any action. Nothing considerable passed on the Rhine,
they being equally unable to enter upon action on botli
sides.
The Czar carried on the war in Livonia \Arith such suc-
cess, that he took both Riga and Revel ; and to add to
the miseries of Sweden, a great plague swept away many
of their people. Sweden itself was left exposed to the
Danes and the Czar ; but their dominions in Germay were
secured by the guarantee of the allies : yet, though the go-
vernment of Sweden did accept of this provisionally, till
the King's pleasure should be known, it was not without dif-
ficulty that he was prevailed on to give way to it.
I come now to give an account of the session of parlia-
ment, which was opened the 25th of November : the Queen,
in her speech, took no notice of the successes of this camr
p£»,ign, as she had always done in her former speeches; and
OF QUEEN ANNE. 251
instead of promising to maintain the toleration, she said i^io.
she would maintain the indulgence granted by law to scni- ^^-^^
pulous consciences : this change of phrase into Sacheve-
rel's language was much observed. The Lords made an
address of an odd composition to her, which shewed it was
not drawn by those who had penned their former addresses :
instead of promising that they would do all that was possi-
ble, they only promised to do all that was reasonable, -
which seemed to import a limitation, as if they had appre-
hended that unreasonable things might be asked of them ;
and the conclusion was in a very cold strain of rhetoric ;
they ended with saying, " they had no more to add." The
Commons were more hearty in their address ; and in the
end of it, they reflected on some late practices against the
church and state. Bromley was chosen speaker without
any opposition ; there were few whigs returned, against
whom petitions were not ofl'ered ; there were in all about
an hundred; and by the first steps, the majority made it
appear, that they intended to clear the House of all who
were suspected to be whigs. They passed the bill for
four shillings in the pound, before the short recess at
Christmas.
During that time, the news came of the ill success in i7ii,
Spain ; and this giving a handle to examine into that part The conduct
of our conduct, the Queen was advised to lay hold on it ; l-ens^wJ by
so, without staying till she heard from her own ministers the Lords.
or her allies, as was usual, she laid the mutter before the
parliament, as the public news brought it from Paris;
which was afterwards found to be false in many particu-
lars ; and told them what orders she had given upon it, of
which she hoped they would approve. This was a mean
expression from the sovereign, not used in former mes-
sages ; and seemed to be below the dignity of the crown.
She ordered some regiments to be carried over to Spain,
and named the Earl of Peterborough to go to the court of
Vienna, to press them to join in the most etfectual mea-
sures for supporting King Charles there. The Lords, in
their answer to this message, promised that they would exa-
mine into the conduct of the wa? in Spain, to see if there
had been any mismanagement in any part of it ; and they
entered immediately into that inquiry. They began it with
an address to the Queen, to delay the dispatch of the Earl
•;
<?*PfN^*^
252 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
I; Jl^^\ of Peterborough, till the House might receive from him
such informations of the aflfairs of Spain, as he could give
them. This was readily granted, and he gave the House
a long recital of the affairs of Spain, loading the Earl of
Gallway with all the miscarriages in that war. And in
particular he said, that in a council of war in Valencia, in
the middle of January 17CG-7, the Earl of Gallway had
pressed the pushing an offensive war for that year; and
that the Lord Tyrawly and Stanhope had concurred with
him in that : whereas he himself was for lying on a defen-
sive war for that year in Spain : he said, this resolution
was carried by those three, against the King of Spain's own
mind ; and he imputed all the misfortunes that followed in
Spain to this resolution so taken. Stanhope had given an
account of the debates in that council to the Queen ; and
the Earl of Simderland, in answer to his letter, had wrote
by the Queen's order, that she approved of their pressing
for an offensive war; and they were ordered to persist
in that. The Earl of Sunderland said, in that letter, that
the Queen took notice, that they three (meaning the Earl of
Gallway, Lord Tyrawly, and Stanhope) were the only per-
sons that were for acting offensively ; and that little regard
was to be had to the Earl of Peterborough's opposition.
Upon the strength of this letter, the Earl of Peterborough
affirmed, that the whole council of war was against an of-
fensive war : he laid the blame, not only of the battle of
Almanza, and all that followed in Spain upon those reso-
lutions, but likewise the miscarriage of the design on Tou-
lon ; for he told them of a great design he had concerted
with the Duke of Savoy, and of the use that might have
been made of some of the troops in Spain, if a defensive
war had been agreed to there. The Earl of Gallway and
the Lord Tyrawly were sent for; and they were asked
an account of that council at Valencia: they said, there
were many councils held there about that time ; and that
both the Portuguese ambassador and general, and the en-
voy of the states, agreed with them in their opinions for an
offensive war ; and they named some Spaniards that were
of the same mind : they also said, that all along, even to
the battle of Almanza, in all their resolutions, the majority
of the council of war voted for every thing that was done,
and that they wore directed to persist in their opinions, by
OF QUEEN ANNE. 253
letters wrote to them, in the Queen's name, by the secreta- i^*^-
ries of state : that as to the words, in the Earl of Sunder- ^^
land's letter, that spoke of them, as the only persons that
were of that opinion ; these were understood by them,
as belonging only to the Queen's subjects, and that they
related more immediately to the Earl of Peterborough,
who opposed that resolution, but not to the rest of the
council of war ; for the majority of them was of their
mind.
The Earl of Gallway gave in two papers ; the one re-
lated to his o\\Ti conduct in Spain ; the other was an an-
swer to the relation given in writing by the Earl of Peter-
borough. The House of Lords was so disposed, that the
majority believed every thing that was said by the Earl of
Peterborough ; and it was carried, that his account was ho-
nourable, faithful, and just ; and that all the misfortunes in
Spain were the efl'ect and consequence of those resolutions
taken in the middle of January.
From this censure on the Earl of Gallway, the debate
was carried to that, which was chiefly aimed at, to put a
censure on the ministry here. So it was moved, that an
address should be made to the Queen, to free those who
were under an oath of secrecy from that tie, that a full
account might be laid before the House of all their con-
sultations : the Queen granted this readily ; and came to
the House, which was understood to be on design to favour
that which was aimed at. Upon this the Duke of Marl-
borough, the Earls of Godolphin and Sunderland, and the
Lord Cowper shewed, that, considering the force sent over
to Spain under the Lord Rivers, they thought an offensive
war was advisable ; that the expense of that war was so
great, and the prospect was so promising, that they could
not but think an offensive war necessary ; and that to advise
a defensive one, would have made them liable to a just
censure, as designing to protract the war. The design on
Toulon was no way intermixed with the affairs of Spain ;
the Earl of Peterborough fancied he was in that secret, and
had indeed proposed the bringing over some troops from
Spain on that design, and had offered a scheme to the Duke
of Savoy, in which that was mentioned, and had sent that
over to England. But though the Duke of Savoy suffered
that Lord to amuse himself \vith his o>vn project, which he
254 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1711- had concerted for the attempt on Toulon; that Duke had
^^^^ declared he would not undertake it, if it was not managed
with the utmost secrecy, which was sacredly kept, and
communicated only to those to whom it must be trusted
for the execution of it. No troops from Spain were to be
employed in that service, nor did it miscarry for want of
men. The lords farther said, they gave their opinions in
council according to the best of their judgments ; their in-
tentions were very sincere for the service of the Queen,
and to bring the war to a speedy conclusion. Yet a vote
passed, that they were to blame for advising an offensive
war in Spain, upon which the loss of the battle of Almanza
followed ; and that this occasioned the miscarrying of the
design upon Toulon.
Feflectioiis Here was a new and strange precedent, of censuring a
resolution taken in council ; and of desiring the Queen to
order all, that had passed in council, to be laid before the
House : in all the hot debates in King Charles the First's
reign, in which many resolutions taken in council were
justly censurable, yet the passing any censure on them was
never attempted by men, who were no way partial in
iavour of the prerogative : but they understood well wbat
our constitution was in that point : a resolution in council
was only the sovereign's act, who, upon hearing his coun-
sellors deliver their opinions, forms his own resolution : a
counsellor may indeed he liable to censure for what he
may say at that board ; but the resolution taken there has
been hitherto treated with a silent respect : but by this pre-
cedent, it will be hereafter subject to a parliamentary in-
quiry. The Queen was so desirous to have a ccnslu-e fixed
on her former ministry, that she did not enough consider
the wound given to the prerogative, by the way in which it
was done.
After this was over, another inquiry was madejinto the
force we had in Spain at the time of the battle of Al-
manza ; and it was found not to exceed fourteen thousand
men, (hough the parliament had voted twenty-nine thou-s
sand for the war in Spain. This seemed to be a crying
thing; tragical declamations were made upon it; but in
truth that vote had passed here only in the January before
the battle of Almanza, which was fought on the 14th of
April. Now it was not possible to levy and transport men
OF QUEEN ANNE. 255
in »o short a time : it was made appear, that all the money i^ii.
given by the parliament for that service was issued out ""^^^^
and applied to it, and that extraordinary diligence was used
both in forvvarding the levies and in their tiansportation :
they were sent from Ireland, the passage from thence being
both safest and quickest. All this, and a great deal more
to the same purpose, was said : but it signiiied nothing ; for
when resolutions are taken up beforehand, the debating
concerning them is only a piece of form, used to come at
the question with some decency : and there was so little of
that observed at this time, that the Duke of Buckingham
said in plain words, that they had the majority, and would
make use of it, as he had observed done by others, when
they had it on their side. So, though no examination hewi
been made, but into that single point of the numbers ait
Almanza, they came to a general vote, that' the late ministry
had been negligent in the management of the war in Spain ,
to the great prejudice of the nation ; and they then ordered
all their proceedings and votes to be put in an address,
and laid before the Queen: and though they had made
no inquiry into the expense of that war, nor into the
application of the money given by the parliament for it,
yet in their address they mentioned the great profusion of
money in that service. This they thought would touch the
nation very sensibly ; and they hoped the thing would be
easily believed on tireir word. Protests were made against
every vote, in the whole progress of this matter : some of
these carried such reflections on the votes of the House,
that they were expunged.
I never saw any thing carried on, in the House of Lords, a strange
so little to their honour as this was ; some, who voted with iTeedincr''"
the rest, seemed asbamed of it : they said, somewhat was
to be done to justify the Queen's change of the ministry;
and every thing elsewhere had been so well conducted, as
to be above all censure : so the misfortune of Almanza,
being a visible thing, they resolved to lay the load there.
The management of the public treasure was exact and un-
exceptionable : so that the single misfortune of the whole
war was to be magnified : some were more easily dra\\n to
concur in these votes, because, by the act of grace, all
tiiose who had been concerned in the administration were
covered from prosecution and puuisliment ; so this was re-
256 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1711. presented to some, as a compliment that would be very
^^^^ acceptable to the Queen, and by which no person could be
hurt. They loaded singly the Earl of Gallway with the
loss of the battle of Almanza, though it was resolved on
in a council of war, and he had behaved himself in it \vith
all the bravery and conduct that could be expected from a
great general, and had made a good retreat, and secured
Catalonia with inexpressible diligence. They also censured
him for not insisting on the point of honour, in the pre-
cedence to be given to the English troops, as soon as the
Portuguese army entered into Spain : but, by our treaty
with that crown, the army was to be commanded by a Par-
tuguese general; so it was not in his power to change the
order of the army: if he had made the least struggle
about it, the Portuguese, who were not easily prevailed on
to enter into Spain, would have gladly enough laid hold of
any occasion, which such a dispute would have given them,
and have turned back upon it : and so by his insisting on
such a punctilio, the whole design would have been lost.
We had likewise, in our tieaty with them, yielded expressly
the point of the flag in those seas, for which alone, on other
occasions, we have engaged in wars ; so he had no reason
to contest a lesser point : yet a censure was likemse laid
on this. And this w^as the conclusion of the inquiries
made by the House of Lords this session.
Some abuses Harlcy, in the House of Commons, led them to inquire
tim House of i'^to some abuses in the victualling the navy; they had
Commons, been puplicly practised for many years, some have said
ever since the Restoration : the abuse was visible, but con-
nived at, that several expenses might be answered that
way. Some have said, that the captains' tables were kept
out of the gain made in it. Yet a member of the House,
who was a whig, was complained of for this, and expelled
the House ; and a prosecution w^as ordered against him :
but the abuse goes on still, as avowedly as ever ; here was a
shew of zeal, and a seeming discovery of fraudulent prac-
tices, by which the nation was deceived.
SiippKes The money did not come into the Treasury so readily as
ji.c war. formerly, neither upon the act of four shillings in the pound,
nor on the duty laid on malt. So, to raise a quick sup-
ply, there were two bills passed, for raising three millions
and a half by two lotteries, the first of 1,500,000/. and the
()
OF QUEEN ANNE. 257
second of two millions, to be paid back in thirty-two years ; i7ii,
and for a fund to answer this, duties were laid on hops, ^^^^
candles, leather, cards and dice, and on the postage on let-
ters. In one branch of this, the House of Commons
seemed to break in upon a rule that had hitherto passed for
a sacred one. When the duty upon leather was first pro-
posed, it was rejected by a majority, and so, by their usual
orders, it was not to be offered again during that session :
but after a little practice upon some members, the same
duty was proposed, with this variation, that skins and tanned
hides should be so charged: this was leather in ano-
ther name. The lotteries were soon filled up ; so, by this
means, money came into the Treasury ; and indeed this me-
thod has never yet failed of raising a speedy supply. There
was no more asked, though, in the beginning of this session,
the House had voted a million more than these bills amount-
ed to ; which made some conclude there was a secret nego-
tiation and prospect of a peace.
As the Duke of Marlborough was involved in the gene- The Duke of
ral censure passed on the former ministry, so he had not the ^^u^h°tiii
usual compliment of thanks for the successes of the former comraanded
campaign : when that was moved in the House of Lords,
it was opposed with such eagerness by the Duke of Ar-
gyle and others, that it was let fall : for this the Duke of
Marlborough was prepared by the Queen ; who, upon his
coming over, told him that he was not to expect the thanks
of the two houses, as had been formerly : she added, that
she expected he should live well with her ministers, but
did not think fit to say any thing of the reasons she had for
making those changes in her ministry. Yet he shewed no
resentments for all the ill usage he met with ; and, having
been much pressed by the states and our other allies to
continue in the command of the army, he told me, upon that
account he resolved to be patient, and to submit to every
thing, in order to the carrying on the war ; and finding the
Queen's prepossession against his Dutchess was not to be
overcome, he carried a surrender of all her places to the
Queen : she was groom of the stole, had the robes, and the
privy purse ; in all which, she had served with great eco-
nomy and fidelity to the Queen, and justice to those who
dealt with the cro^ii. The Dutchess of Somerset had the
VOL. IV. 2 L
our aiinies.
208 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^^^*- two first of these employments, and Mrs. Masham had the
last.
^°!"''\f °f The House of Commons found the encouragement given
vour shew- the Palatiucs was so displeasing to the people, that they
e<i the Paia- ordered a committee to examine into that matter. The truth
of this story was, that in the year 1708, about fifty Pala-
tines, who were Lutherans, and were ruined, came over to
England : these were so eflfectually recommended to Prince
George's chaplains, that the Queen allowed them a shilling
a day, and took care to have them transported to the plan-
tations: they, ravished with this good reception, wrote
over such an account of it, as occasioned a general dispo-
sition among all the poor of that country to come over, in
search of better fortunes ; and some of our merchants, who
w^ere concerned in the plantations, and knew the advan-
tage of bringing over great numbers to people those desert
countiies, encouraged them with the promises of lands and
settlements there. This being printed, and spread through
those parts, they came to Holland in great bodies : the ana-
baptists there were particularly helpful to them, both in
subsisting those in Holland, and in transporting them
to England. Upon their coming over, the Queen re-
lieved them at first, and great charities were sent to sup-
port them : all the tories declared against the good recep-
tion that was given them, as much as the whigs approved
of it. It happened at a bad season, for bread was then sold
at double the ordinary price ; so the poor complained, that
such charities went to support strangers, when they needed
them so much. The time of our fleet's sailing to the plan-
tations was likewise at a great distance. The Palatines
expected to be all kept together in a colony, and became
very uneasy, when they saw that could not be compassed ;
some of them were both inactive and mutinous, and this
heightened the outcry against them : some papists mixed
among them, and came over with them ; but they were pre-
sently sent back. Great numbers were sent to Ireland;
but most of them to the plantations in North America,
where it is believed their industry will quickly turn to a
good account. The design was now formed to load the
late administration all that was possible ; so it was pre-
tended, that in all that affair there was a design against
the church, and to increase the numbers and strength of
OF QUEEN ANNE. 259
ihe dissenters. It has indeed passed for an established i7ii.
maxim, in all ages, and in all governments, that the draw- ^^-^^
ing of numbers of people to any nation, did increase its in-
trinsic strength ; which is only to be measured by the mul-
titude of the people, that inhabit and cultivate it : yet the
House of Commons came to a sudden vote, that those who
had encouraged and brought over the Palatines, were ene-
mies to the nation : and because a letter, wrote by the Earl
of Sunderland, in the Queen's name, to the Council of Trade,
was laid before them, by which they were ordered to con-
sider of the best methods of disposing of them, it was moved,
to lay the load of that matter on him, in some severe votes :
yet this was put off for that time ; and afterwards by seve-
ral adjournments delayed, till at last it was let fall.
But while the heat raised by this inquiry was kept up, the a biu to re-
Commons passed a bill to repeal the act for a general natu- ^g^^i^gj^^"
ralizatiou of all protestants, which had passed two years be- laiization
fore ; pretending that it gave encouragement to the Palatines [hi^Loni]'"^
to come over, though none of them had made use of that
act, in order to their naturalization. This was sent up to
the Lords ; and the Lord Guernsey, and some others, enter-
tained them with tragical declamations on the subject;
yet, upon the first reading of the bill, it was rejected. A
bill, that was formerly often attempted, for disabling mem-
bers of the House of Commons to hold places, had the
same fate.
Another bill, for qualifying members, by having 600Z. a A bin qnaii-
year for a knight of the shire, and 300/. a year for a burgess, bS"b^
succeeded better : the design of this was to exclude cour- chosen,
tiers, military men, and merchants, from sitting in the House p***^*^
of Commons, in hopes that this being settled, the land in-
terest would be the prevailing consideration in all their
consultations. They did not extend these qualifications
to Scotland ; it being pretended that estates there being
generally small, it w ould not be easy to find men so qua-
lified capable to serve. This was thought to strike at an
essential part of our constitution, touching the freedom of
elections : and it had been, as often as it was attempted,
opposed by the ministry, though it had a fair appearance
of securing liberty, when all was lodged with men of estates:
yet our gentry was become so ignorant, and so corrupt,
that many apprehended the ill effects of this ; and that the
260 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1711. interest of trade, which indeed supports that of the land,
^^^^■^ would neither be understood nor regarded. But the new
ministers resolved to be popular with those who promoted
it, so it passed, and was much magnified, as a main part
of our security lor the future.
An act for Another bill passed, not much to the honour of those
^e!^'' who promoted it, for the importation of the French wine :
the interest of the nation lay against this so visibly, that
nothing but the delicate palates of those who loved that
liquor, could have carried such a motion through the two
houses. But though the bill passed, it was like to have no
eflfect : for it was provided, that the wine should be im-
ported in neutral vessels ; and the King of France had for-
bid it to be exported in any vessels but his own : it seems
he reckoned that our desire of drinking his wine, would
carry us to take it on such terms as he should prescribe.
In the House of Commons there appeared a new combi-
nation of tories, of the highest form, who thought the court
was yet in some management with the whigs, and did not
come up to their height, which they imputed to Mr. Harley ;
so they began to form themselves in opposition to him, and
expressed their jealousy of him on several occasions.
An attempt sometimcs publicly. But an odd accident, that had almost
by^cM^d ^^^^ fatal, proved happy to him ; it fell out on the 8th of
March, the day of the Queen's accession to the crown : one
Guiscard, who was an abbot in France, had for some enor-
mous crimes made his escape out of that kingdom ; he
printed a formal story of a design he was laying to raise a
general insurrection in the southern parts of France (in
conjunction with those who were then up in the Cevennes)
for recovering their antient liberties, as well as for restoring
the edicts in favour of the Huguenots : and he seemed
very zealous for public liberty. He insinuated himself so
into the Duke of Savoy, that he recommended him to our
court, as a man capable of doing great service : he seemed
forward to undertake any thing that he might be put on ;
he had a pension assigned him for some years, but it did
not answer his expense ; so when he was out of hope of
getting it increased, he wrote to one at the court of France
to offer his service there ; and it was thought, he had a de-
sign against the Queen's person ; for he had tried, by all
the ways that he could contrive, to be admitted to speak
OP QUEEN ANNE. 201
with her in private, which he had attempted tliat very mom- im.
ing: but his letter being opened at the post-honse, and ^-^r^
brought to the cabinet council, a messenger was sent from
the council to seize on him. He found him walking in St.
James's Park ; and, having disarmed him, carried him to
the Lords, who were then sitting : as he waited without,
before he was called in, he took up a penknife, which lay
among pens in a standish ; when he was questioned upon
his letter, he desired to speak in private with secretary St.
John, who refused it; and he being placed out of his reach,
whereas Harley sat near him, he struck him in the breast
with the penknife again and again, till it broke ; and in-
deed wounded him as much as could be done with so small
a tool. The other counsellors drew their swords, and
stabbed Guiscard in several places ; and their attendants
being called in, they dragged him out. Harley's wound
was presently searched ; it appeared to be a slight one,
yet he was long in the surgeon's hands : some imputed this
to an ill habit of body ; others thought it was an artifice to
make it seem more dangerous than indeed it was. Guis-
card's wounds were deeper and not easily managed ; for at
first he was sullen, and seemed resolved to die ; yet, after a
day, he submitted himself to the surgeons : but did not
complain of a wound in his back till it gangrened, and of
that he died. It was not known what particulars were in
his letter, for various reports went of it ; nor was it known
what he confessed.
This accident was of great use to Harley ; for the party
formed against him, was ashamed to push a man who was
thus assassinated by one that was studying to recommend
himself to the court of France, and who was believed to
have formed a design against the Queen's person. Her
health was at this time much shaken. She had three fits
of an ague ; the last was a severe one : but the progress of
the disease was stopped by the bark.
The tories continued still to pursue the memory of King ^ ^^esign
William ; they complained of the grants made by him, iffngVii-
though these were far short of those that had been made li^'" »
by King Charles the Second ; but that they might distin- cities™"
guish between those whom they intended to favour, and
others against whom they were set, they brought in a bill,
empowering some persons to examine all the grants made
262 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1711. by him, and to report both the vahie of them and the con-
siderations upon which they were made : this was the me-
thod that had succeeded with them before, with relation to
Ireland ; so the bringing in this bill was looked on as a
sure step for carrying the resumption of all the grants that
they had a mind to make void. When it was brought up
to the Lords, the design appeared to be an unjust malice
against the memory of our deliverer, and against those who
had served him best ; so upon the first reading of the bill
it was rejected.
Inquiries Their malice turned next against the Earl of Godolphin :
•ooDts.^ ' they found that the supplies given by parliament were not
all returned, and the accounts of many millions \\ere not
yet passed in the Exchequer ; so they passed a vote that
the accounts of thirty-five millions yet stood out. This
was a vast sum ; but, to make it up, some accounts in King
Charles's time were thrown into the heap ; the Lord Rane-
lagh's accounts of the former reign were the greatest part ;
and it appeared, that in no time accounts were so regularly
brought up, as in the Queen's reign. Mr. Bridges' ac-
counts of fourteen or fifteen millions, were the great item,
of which not above half a million was passed : but there
were accounts of above eleven millions brought in, though
not passed in form, through the great caution and exact-
ness of the Duke of Newcastle, at whose office they were
to pass : and he was very slow, and would allow nothing-
without hearing counsel on every article. The truth is,
the methods of passing accounts were so sure, that they
were very slow ; and it was not possible for the proper
officers to find time and leisure to pass the accounts that
were already in their hands. Upon this, though the Earl
of Godolphin had managed the Treasury with an uncor-
ruptness, fidelity, and diligence, that were so imexception-
able, that it was not possible to fix any censure on his ad-
ministration ; yet, because many accounts stood out, they
passed some angry votes on that : but since nothing had
appeared, in all the examination they had made, that re-
flected on him, or on any of the whigs, they would not con-
sent to the motion that was made for printing that report ;
for by that it would have appeared who had served well,
and who had served ill.
When this session drew near an end, some were con-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 263
cemed fo find that a body chosen so much by the zeal and i7ii.
influence of the clergy, should have done nothing for the '^■'^
good of the church ; so it being apparent, that in the suburbs
of London there were about two hundred thousand people
more than could possibly worship God in the churches built
there, upon a message to them from the Queen (to which
the rise was given by an address to her from the convoca-
tion), they voted that fifty more churches should be built ;
and laid the charge of it upon that part of the duty on
coals, that had been reserved for building of St. Paul's,
which was now finished.
In the beginning of April, the Dauphin and the Emperor The Dao-
both died of the small-pox ; the first on the 3d, the se- p'^/'f •'^^th,
aod the Em-
cond on the Gth of the month : time will shew what influ- peror's,
ence the one or the other will have on public affairs. The
electors were all resolved to choose King Charles Emperor.
A little before the Emperor's death, two great affairs were
fuUy settled ; the differences between that court and the
Duke of Savoy were composed to the Duke's satisfaction :
the other was of more importance ; offers of amnesty and
concessions were sent to the malecontents in Hungary,
with which they were so well satisfied, that a full peace was
like to follow on it : and lest the news of the Emperors
death should be any stop to that settlement, it was kept up
from them, till a body often thousand came in and deliver-
ed up their arms, with the fort of Cassaw, and took an oath
of obedience to King Charles, which was the first notice
they had of Joseph's death.
The effects of this will probably go farther than barely War breai-
to the quieting of Hungary ; for the King of Sweden, the ^^^ °°lhe^"
Crim Tartar, and the agents of France, had so animated the Turk and tte
Turks against the Muscovites, that though the Sultan had '^^
no mind to engage in a new war, till the affairs of that em-
pire should be put in a better state, yet he was so appre-
hensive of the Janizaries, that, much against his own incli-
nations, he was brought to declare war against the CzEir :
but both the Czar and he seemed inclined to accept the
mediation that was offered by England and by the states ;
to which very probably the Turks may the more easily be
brought, when they see no hope of any advantage to be
made from the distractions in Hungary.
It 4id not yet appear what would be undertaken on either
264 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1711. side in Spain : King Philip had not yet opened the cam-
"'^^^'^ paign ; but it was given out, that great preparations were
made for a siege : on the other hand. King Charles had
great reinforcements sent him ; so that his force was
reckoned not inferior to King Philip's : nor was it yet
known, what resolutions he had taken, since he received
the news of the Emperor's death.
The campaign was now opened on both sides in the Ne-
therlands, though later than was intended : the season con-
tinued long so rainy, that all the ways in those parts were
impracticable : nothing was yet attempted on either side ;
both armies lay near one another ; and both were so well
posted, that no attack was yet made : and this was the pre-
sent state of aflfairs abroad, at the end of May. At home,
Mr. Harley was created Earl of Oxford, and then made
lord high treasurer, and had now the supreme favour : the
session of parliament was not yet at an end. There had
been a great project carried on for a trade into the South
Sea ; and a fund was projected, for paying the interest of
nine millions, that were in arrear for our marine affairs.
The eonvo- From our temporal concerns, 1 turn to ifive an account
cation met. ■••
of those which related to the church. The convocation of
the province of Canterbury was opened the 25th of Novem-
ber, the same day in which the parliament met : and Atter-
bury was chosen prolocutor. Soon after, the Queen sent
a license to the convocation, empowering them to enter
upon such consultations, as the present state of the church
required, and particularly to consider of such matters as
she should lay before them; limiting them to a quorum,
that the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London,
or the Bishop of Bath and Wells should be present, and
agree to their resolutions. With this license, there was a
letter directed to the Archbishop, in which the convocation
was ordered to lay before the Queen an account of the late
excessive growth of infidelity and heresy among us ; and to
consider how to redress abuses in excommunications ; how
rural deans might be made more effectual; how terriers
might be made and preserved more exactly ; and how the
abuses in licenses for marriage might be corrected.
Exceptions In this wholc matter, neither the Archbishop nor any of
•enuhem"*^ the bishops wcrc so much as consulted with ; and some
things in the license were new : the Archbishop was not
OF QUEEN ANNE. 265
named the president of the convocation, as usual in former ^'^^^•
licenses ; and in these, the Archbishop's presence and con- "'^''^
sent alone was made necessary, except in case of sickness,
and then the Archbishop had named some bishops to pre-
side, as his commissaries : and, in that case, the convoca-
tion was limited to his commissaries, which still lodged
the presidentship and tiie negative with the Archbishop :
this was according to the primitive pattern, to limit the
clergy of a province to do nothing, without the consent of
the metropolitan ; but it was a thing new and unheard of,
to limit the convocation to any of their own body, who had
no deputation from the Archbishop. So a report of this
being made, by a committee that was appointed to search
records, it was laid before the Queen : aud she sent us a
message to let us know, that she did not intend that tliose
whom she had named to be of the quorum, should either
preside or have a negative upon our deliberations, though
the contrary was plainly insinuated in the license. The
Archbishop was so ill of the gout, that after our first iheet-
ings he could come no more to us : so was the Bishop of
London : upon which, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, see-
ing how invidiously he was distinguished from his brethren,
in which he had not been consulted, pretended ill-health ;
and we were at a stand, till a new license was sent us, in
which the Bishops of Winchester, Bristol, and St. David's Anewn,
'^ cense.
were added to be of the quorum. The two last were newly
consecrated, and had been in no functions in the church
before : so the Queen not only passed over all the bishops
made in King William's reign, but a great many of those
named by herself, and set the two last in a distinction above
all their brethren. All this was directed by Atterbury, ^vho
had the confidence of the chief minister ; and because the
other bishops had maintained a good correspondence with
the former ministry, it was thought fit to put marks of the
Queen's distrust upon them, that it might appear with whom
her royal favour and trust was lodged. «-
The convocation entered on the consideration of the mat- ^ represerv-
ters referred to them by the Queen: and a committee was for the
appointed, to draw a representation of the present state of Q^^^^"-
the church, and of religion among us : but after some heads
were agreed on, Atterbury procured that the drawing of this
VOL. IV. 2 M
2GG HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1711. niight be left to him; and he drew up a most virulent de-
'^ " tianiation, defaming all the administration from the time of
the Revolution : into this he brought many impious princi-
ples and practices, that had been little heard of or known,
but were now to be published, if this should be laid before
the Queen. The lower house agreed to his draught ; but
the bishops laid it aside, and ordered another representa-
tion to be drawn, in more general and more modest terms.
It was not settled which of these draughts should be made
use of, or whether any representation at all should be made
to the Queen ; for it was known, that the design in asking
one was only to have an aspersion cast, both on the former
ministry and on the former reign. Several provisions were
prepared, with relation to the other particulars in the
Queen's letter : but none of these were agreed to by both
houses.
wiiiston An incident happened, that diverted their thoughts to
l^Ya'iUsm. another matter : Mr. Whiston, the professor of mathema-
tics in Cambridge, a learned man, of a sober and exem-
plary life, but much set on hunting for paradoxes, fell on
the reviving the Arian heresy, though he pretended to differ
from Arius in several particulars : yet, upon the main, he
was partly ApoUinarist, partly Arian ; for he thought the
nmis or word was all the soul that acted in our Saviour's
body. He found his notions favoured by the apostolical
constitutions ; so he reckoned them a part, and the chief
part of tlie canon of the Scriptures. For these tenets he
was censured at Cambridge, and expelled the University :
upon that, he wrote a vindication of himself and his doc-
trine, and dedicated it to the convocation, promising a
larger work on these subjects. The uncontested way of
proceeding in such a case was, that the bishop of the
diocese in which he lived, should cite him into his court
in order to his conviction or censure, from whose sentence
an appeal lay to the Archbishops and from him to the
crown : or the Arclibishop might proceed in the first in-
stance in a court of audience : but we saw no clear prece-
dents of any proceedings in convocation, where the juris-
diction was contested : a reference made by the high com-
mission to the convocation, where the party submitted to
do penance, beuig the only precedent that appeared iii his-
tory; and even of this wc had no record : so that it not
OF QUEEN ANNE. 267.
being thought a clear warrant for our proceedings, we were ^^n.
at a stand. The act that settled the course of appeals in ^^"^
King Henry the Eighth's time, made no mention of sen-
tences in convocation ; and yet, by the act in the first of
Queen Elizabeth, that defined what should be judged he-
resy, that judgment was declared to be iu the crown : by
all this, which the Archbishop laid before the bishops in a
letter that he vrrote to them on this occasion, it seemed
doubtful whether the convocation could, in the first in-
stance, proceed against a man for heresy ; and their pro-
ceedings, if they were not warranted by law, might involve
them in a premunire. So the upper house, in an address,
prayed the Queen to ask the opinion of the judges, and
such others as she thought fit, concerning these doubts,
that they might know how the law stood in this matter.
Eidit of the iud^es, with the attorney and solicitor- The difter-
, .... , ,,..,.. J ent opinions
general, gave their opimon, that we had a jurisdiction, and of the
miffht proceed in such a case ; but brought no express law i^^§.^* <;"""
^ r ' iij ceriiin£j tbe
nor precedent to support their opinion ; they only observed, power of the
that the law books spoke of the convocation, as having '".""^"'■a-
jurisdiction; and they did not see that it was ever taken
from them : they were also of opinion, that an appeal lay
from the sentence of convocation to the cro^n ; but they
reserved to themselves a power to change their mind, in
case, upon an argument that might be made for a prohibi-
tion, they should see cause for it. Four of the judges were
positively of a contrary opinion, and maintained it from
the statutes made at the Reformation. The Queen, having
received these difterent opinions, sent them to the Arch-
bishop, to be laid before the two houses of convocation ;
and, without taking any notice of the diversity between
them, she ^\T()te that, there being now no doubt to be made
of our jurisdiction, she did expect that we should proceed
in the matter before us. In this it was visible, tkat those
who advised the Queen to \sTite that letter, considered more
their own humours than her honour. Yet two great doubts
still remained, even supposing we had a jurisdiction: the
first was, of whom the court was to be composed; whether
only of the bishops, or what share the lower house had in
this judiciary authority : the other was, by what delegates,
in case of an appeal, our sentence was to be examined :
were no bishops to be iu the court of delegates? or was the
26R HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1^11- sentence of the Archbishop, and his twenty-one suflragan
^^^^^ bishops, with the clerg^y of the province, to be judged by
the Archbishop of York and his three suffragan bishops 1
These difficulties appearing to be so great, the bishops re-
solved to begin with that in which they had, by the Queen's
license, an indisputable authority ; which was to examine
and censure the book, and to see if his doctrine was not
contrary to the Scriptures, and the first four general coun-
cils, which is the measure set by law to judge heresy.
Whiston's -jhey drew out some propositions from his book, which
condemned. Seemed plainly to be the revivmg oi Arianism, and censured
them as such. These they sent down to the lower house,
who, though they excepted to one proposition, yet cen-
sured the rest in the same manner. This the Archbishop
(being then disabled by the gout) sent by one of the bi-
shops to the Queen for her assent, who promised to con-
sider of it : but to end the matter at once, at their next
meeting in winter, no answer being come from the Queen,
two bishops w ere sent to ask it ; but she could not tell what
was become of the paper which the Archbishop had sent
her ; so a new extract of the censure was again sent to
her: but she has not yet thought fit to send any answer to it.
So Whiston's affair sleeps, though he has published a large
work in four volumes in octavo, justifying his doctiine, and
maintaining the canonicalness of the apostolical constitu-
tions, preferring their authority not only to the epistles, but
even to the gospels. In this last I do not find he has made
any proselytes, though he has set himself much to support
that paradox.
The lower house would not enter into the consideration
of the representation sent down to them by the bishops ;
so none was agreed on to be presented to the Queen : but
both were printed, and severe reflections were made, in
several tracts, on that which was drawn by the lower house,
or rather by Atterbury. The bishops went through all the
matters recommended to them by the Queen; and drew
up a scheme of regulations on them all : but neither were
these agreed to by the lower house ; for their spirits were
so exasperated, that nothing sent by the bishops could be
agreeable to them. At last the session of parliament and
the convocation came to an end.
The last thing settled by the parliament was, tlie creating
OF QUEEN ANNE. 269
a new fund for a trade in the South Sea: there was a ^eat ii^ii.
debt upon the mrvj, occasioned partly by the deficiency An^t^tlb^
of the funds appointed for the service at sea, but chiefly by the South
the necessity of applying such supplies as were given, ^* ^^^ ^'
without appropriating clauses, to the service abroad ;
where it was impossible to carry it on by credit, Avithout
ready money ; so it was judged necessary to let the debt of
the navy run on upon credit : this had risen up to several
millions ; and the discount on the navy bills ran high. All
this was thro^\^l into one stock ; and a fund was formed
for pajdng the interest at six per cent.
The flatterers of the new ministers made gi-eat use of Renections
.111
this to magnify them, and to asperse the old ministry : but J^nisi"
a full report of that matter was soon after published, by wij
which it appeared, that the public money had been managed
with the utmost fidelity and frugality ; and it was made
evident, that when there was not money enough to answer
all the expense of the war, it was necessary to apply it to
that which pressed most, and where the service could not
be carried on by credit : so this debt was contracted by
an inevitable necessity ; and all reasonable persons were
fully satisfied Avith this account of the matter. The Earl of
Godolphin's unblemished integrity was such, that no im-
putation of any sort could be fastened on him ; so, to keep
up a clamour, they reflected on the expense he had run the
nation into, upon the early successes in the year 1706 ;
which were very justly acknowledged, and cleared in the
succeeding session, as was formerly told : but that was
now revived ; and it was said to be an invasion of the great
right of the Commons in giving supplies, to enter on de-
signs, and to engage the nation in an expense, not provided
for by parliament. This was aggravated, with many tragi-
cal expressions, as a subversion of the constitution ; so
>vith this, and that of the thirty-five millions, of which the
accounts were not yet passed, and some other particulars,
they made an inflaming address to the Queen at the end of
the sessions. And this was artificially spread through the
nation, by which weaker minds were so possessed, that it
was not easy to undeceive them, even by the fullest and
clearest evidences ; the nation seemed still infatuated be-
yorwi (he power of conviction. With this the session ended,
and all considering persons had a very melancholy pros-
270 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1711- pect, when they saw what might be apprehended from the
'"'^^"'^ two sessions that were yet to come of the same parlia-
ment.
Affairs in I now tum to affairs abroad. The business of Spain
^'*'""" had been so much pressed from the throne, and so much
insisted on, all this session, and the Commons had given
1,500,000?. for that service, (a sum far beyond all that had
been granted in any preceding session,) so that it was ex-
pected matters would have been carried there in another
manner than formerly. The Duke of Argyle was sent to
command the Queen's troops there, and he seemed full of
heat : but all our hopes failed. The Duke of Vendome's
army was in so ill a condition, that if Stahremberg had
been supported, he promised himself great advantages : it
does not yet appear what made this to fail ; for the parlia-
ment had not yet taken this into examination. It is certain
the Duke of Argyle did nothing ; neither he nor his troops
were once named during the whole campaign ; he %\Tote
over very heavy complaints that he was not supported, by
the failing of the remittances that he expected ; but what
ground there was for that does not yet appear : for, though
he afterwards came over, he was very silent, and seemed in
a good understanding with the ministers. Stahremberg
drew out his forces ; and the two armies lay for some time
looking on one another without coming to any action :
Vendome ordered a siege to be laid to two small places,
but without success. That of Cardona was persisted in
obstinately till near the end of December, and then Stah-
remberg sent some bodies to raise the siege, who succeed-
ed so well in their attempt, that they killed two thousand
of the besiegers, and forced their camp ; so that they not
only raised the siege, but made themselves masters of the
enemy's artillery, ammunition, and baggage ; and the Duke
of Vendome's army was so diminished, that if Stahrem-
berg had received the assistance whicli he expected from
England, he would have pierced far into Spain. But we
did nothing, after all the zeal we had expressed for retriev-
ing matters on that side.
Theeiectiou The Empcror's death, as it presently opened to King
of King Charles the succession to the hereditary dominions ; so a
be emperor, disposition appeared unanimously, among all the electors,
to choose him Emperor : yet he staid in Barcelona till Sep'
v^vW
OF QUEEN ANNE. 271
tember ; and then, leaving his Queen behind, to support i^ii.
his afiairs in Spain, he sailed over to Italy : he staid some
weeks at Milan, where the Duke of Savoy came to him ;
and we were told, that all matters in debate were adjusted
between them. We hoped this campaign would have pro-
duced somewhat in those parts of advantage to the com-
mon cause, upon the agreement made before the Emperor
Joseph's death. And Mr. St. John, when he moved in the
House of Commons for the subsidies to the Duke of Sa-
voy, said, all our hopes of success this year lay in that
quarter ; for in Flanders we could do nothmg. The Duke
came into Savoy, and it was given out that he was resolved
to press forward ; but, upon what views it was not then
known, he stopped his course ; and after a short campaign,
repassed the mountains.
The election of the emperor came on at Frankfort, where
some electors came in person, others sent their deputies ;
some weeks were spent in preparing the capitulations;
great applications were made to them, to receive deputies
from the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne ; but they were
rejected, for they were under the ban of the empire ; nor
were they pleased with the interposition of the Pope's
nuncio, who gave them much trouble in that matter ; but
they persisted in refusing to admit them. Frankfort lay so
near the frontier of the empire, that it was apprehended the
French might have made an attempt that way : for they
drew some detachments from their army in Flanders to in-
crease their forces on the Rhine. This obliged Prince Eu-
gene, after he, in conjunction with the Duke of Marlbo-
rough, had opened the campaign in Flanders, to draw off a
detachment from thence and march with it towards the
Rhine ; and there he commanded the imperial army ; and
came in good time to secure the electors at Frankfort;
who, being now safe from the fear of any insult, went on
slowly in all that they thought fit to propose previous to an
ekction : and concluded unanimously to choose Charles,
who was now declared emperor, by the name of Charles
the Sixth: he went from Milan to Inspruck, and from
thence to Frankfort, where he was crowned mth the usual
solemnity'. Thus that matter was happily ended, and no-
action happened on the Rhine all this campaign.
The Duke of Marlborough's army was not only weak-
272 HISTORY OF THE REIGN*
1711. ened by the detachment that Prince Eugene carried to the
TheCuk'e Rhine, but by the calling over five thousand men of the
of Maribo- f^est bodics of his army for an expedition designed by sea ;
roajci^pabb- ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Frcncli were superior to him in number: they
French i^y behind lines, that were looked on as so strong, that the
forcing them was thought an impracticable thing ; and it
was said that Villars had wTote to the French King, that
he had put a 7ie phis ultra to the Duke of Marlborough :
but, contrary to all expectation, he did so amuse Villars
with feint motions, that at last, to the surprise of all Europe,
he passed the lines near Bouchain, without the loss of a
man.
This raised his character beyond all that he had done
formerly ; the design was so well laid, and was so happily
executed, that in all men's opinions, it passed for a mas-
terpiece of military skill ; the honour of it falling entirely
on the Duke of Marlborough, no other person having any
share, except in the execution. When our army was now
so happily got within the French lines, the Dutch deputies
proposed the attacking the French, and venturing a battle,
since this surprise had put them in no small disorder. The
Duke of Marlborough differed from them ; he thought there
might be too much danger in that attempt ; the army was
much fatigued with so long a march, in which their cavalry
had been eight-and-forty hours on horseback, alighting only
twice, about an hour at a time, to feed their horses ; for
they marched eleven leagues in one day : the French were
fresh ; and our army was in no condition to enter upon
action, till some time was allowed for refreshment : and the
Duke of Marlborough thought that, in case of a misfortune,
their being within the French lines might be fatal.
He besieged He proposed the besieging Bouchain ; which he thought
Bouchain. might oblige the French to endeavour to raise the siege,
and that might give occasion to their fighting on more equal
terms, or it would bring both a disreputation and a dis-
heartening on their army, if a place of such importance
should be taken in their sight: both the Dutch deputies
and the general officers thought the design was too bold,
yet they submitted to him in the matter : it seemed imprac-
ticable to take a place situated in a morass, well fortified,
with a good garrison in it, in the sight of a superior army ;
for the French lay within a mile of them : there was also
OF QUEEN ANNE. 273
gi-eat danger from the excursions that the ganisons of Va- i''!!-
lenciennes and Conde might make to cut off their provi- ^^'^^
sions, which were to come to tliem from Tournay. All
about the Duke studied to divert him from so dangerous an
undertaking ; since a misfortune in his conduct would have
furnished his enemies with the advantages that they waited
for. He was sensible of all this, yet he had laid the scheme
so well, that he resolved to venture on it. The French tried
to throw more men into the place by a narrow causeway
through the morass, but he took his measures so well that he
was guarded against every thing. He saw what the event of
the siege might be, so he bestiiTcd himself with unusual ap-
plication; and was more fatigued in the course of this siege
than he had been at any time during the whole war. He
carried on the trenches, and by his ])atteries and bombs the
place was soon laid in ruins. Villars seemed to be very
busy, but to no purpose ; yet, seeing he could not raise the
siege, he tried to surprise Doway ; but they discovered the
design, and forced the body that was sent thither to retreat
in all haste. After twenty days, from the opening the
trenches, the garrison of Bouchain capitulated; and could And took it.
have no better terms than to be made prisoners of war. As
this was reckoned the most extraordinary thing in the whole
history of the war, so the honour of it was acknowledged
to belong wholly to the Duke of Marlborough ; as the blame
of a miscarriage in it must have fallen singly on him. Vil-
lars's conduct on this occasion was much censured ; but it
was approved by the King of France : and with this the
campaign ended in those parts.
No action happened at sea, for the French had no fleet 4" ^'^P^^i-
crat. An expedition was designed by sea for taking Quebec to"caDada?
and Placentia ; and for that end, five thousand men were
brought from Flanders ; Hill, who was brother to the fa-
vourite, had the command. There was a strong squadron of
men of war ordered to secure the transport fleet ; they were
furnished from hence with provisions, only for three months ;
but they designed to take in a second supply at Xew Eng-
land, A commissioner of the victualling then told me, he
could not guess what made them be sent out so ill fur-
nished ; for they had stores, lying on their hands, for a full
supply. They sailed soon after the end of the session, and
had a quick passage to New England, but were forced to
VOL. IV. 2 N
274 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i'"'^- stay many weeks on that coast, before they could be sup-
plied with provisions. They sailed near the end of August,
into the river of Canada, which was thirty miles broad, but
they were ill served with pilots ; and at that season, storms
were ordinary in those parts : one of these broke upon
them, by which several ships were overset, and about two
thousand five hundred men were lost. Thus the design
It miscar- of Qucbcc miscarricd, and their provisions were too scanty
"^ * to venture an attempt on Phicentia ; so they returned home
unprosperous.
This w as a great mortification to the new ministry ; it
being their first undertaking, ill projected, and worse exe-
cuted, in every step of it : it was the more liable to censure,
because at the very time that the old ministry were charged
with entering on designs that had not been laid before the
parliament, and for which no supplies had been given, they
projected this, even while a session was yet going on, with-
out communicating it to the parliament ; whereas, what the
former ministry had done this way, was upon emergents
and successes, after the end of the session : but this matter
has not yet been brought under a parliamentary examina-
tion, so the discoveries that may be made if that happens,
must be referred to their proper place. This was the state
of our affairs during this campaign ; the merchants com-
plained of great losses made at sea, by the ill management
of convoys and cruizers.
Affairs ill 'j'jjg ^y^iY between the Turk and the Czar came to a quick
end : the Czar advanced with his army so far into Molda-
via, that he w as cut off from his provisions ; an engagement
followed, in which, both sides pretended they had the ad-
vantage. It is certain, the Czar found he was reduced to
great extremities ; for he proposed, in order to a peace, to
sunender Azuph, with some other places, and demanded that
the King of Sweden might be sent home to his own country.
The Grand Vizier w as glad to arrive at so speedy a con-
clusion of the war ; and, notwithstanding the great opposi-
tion made by the King of Sweden, he concluded a peace
with the Muscovite, not without suspicion of his being cor-
rupted by money to it. The King of Sweden, being highly
offended at this, charged the Grand Vizier for neglecting
tlic great advantages he had over the Czar, since he and his
whole army were at mercy ; and he prevailed so far at the
OF QUEEN ANNE.
Porte, that upon it the Grand Vizier was deposed, and there
was an appearance of a war ready to break out the next
year; for the Czar delayed the rendering Azuph, and the
other places agreed to be delivered up ; pretending that the
King of Sweden was not sent home, according to agreement.
Yet, to prevent a new wcir, all the places were at length de-
livered up : what eftect this may have, must be left to fiir-
ther time.
Towards the end of the year, the Danes and Saxons broke And in
in by concert upon Pomerania, resolving to besiege Stral- ""'"^"'*'
sund ; but every thing necessary for a siege came so slowly
from Denmark, that no progress was made, though the
troops lay near the place for some months ; and in that time
the Swedes landed a considerable body of men in the isle
of Rugen : at last the besiegers, being in want of every
thing, were forced to raise the siege, and to retire from that
neiglibourhood, in the beginning of January. They sat
down next before Wismar, but that attempt likewise mis-
carried, which rendered the conduct of the King of Den-
mark very contemptible ; who thus obstinately carried on
a war, at a time that a plague swept away a third part
of the people of Copenhagen, with as little conduct as suc-
cess. Having thus given a short view of affairs abroad,
I come next to give the best account I can, of a secret Hariey
and important transaction at home : the ministers now ^i,\nd
found how hard it was to restore credit, and by conse- lo"' trea-
quence to carry on the war ; Mr Hariey 's wound, gave the *"
Queen the occasion which she seemed to be waiting for,
upon his recovery she had created him an Earl, by a double
title, of Oxford and Mortimer. Preambles to patents of
honour, usually carry in them a short account of the dignity
of the family, and of the services of the person advanced ;
but his preamble was very pompous, and set him out in the
most extravagant characters that flatterers could invent; in
particular it said, that he had redeemed the nation from rob-
bery, had restored credit, and had rendered the public great
service in a course of many years : all this was set out in
too fulsome rhetoric, and being prepared by his owti direc-
tion, pleased him so much, that whereas all other patents
had been only read in the House of Lords, this was printed.
He was at the same time made lord treasurer, and became
the chief, if not sole minister, for every thing was directed
276 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1711. by him. It soon appeared that his strength lay in manag-
""^"^ ing parties, and in engaging weak people by rewards and
promises, to depend upon him; but that he neither tho-
ronghly understood the business of the Treasury, nor the
conduct of foreign alfairs. But he trusted to his interest in
the Queen and in the favourite.
Negotia- He saw the load that tl)e carrying on the war must bring
lions for a , . , i i ^ ^ '-i
peace with upou him ; SO hc rcsolvcd to strike up a peace as soon as
France. ^vas possiblc. The Earl of Jersey had some correspon-
dence in Paris and at St. Germains, so he trusted the con-
duct of the negotiation to him. The Duke of Newcastle,
who was lord privy seal, died of an apoplexy, in July,
being the richest subject that.had been in England, for some
ages ; he had an estate of above 40,000/. a year, and was
much set on increasing it. Upon his death, it was resolved,
to give the Earl of Jersey the privy-seal, but he died sud-
denly the very day in which it was to be given him ; upon
tliat, it was conferred on Robinson, Bishop of Bristol, who
was designed to be the plenipotentiary in the treaty that was
projected. One Prior, who had been Jersey's secretary, upon
his death, was employed to prosecute that, which the other
did not live to finish. Prior had been taken a boy out of a
tavern, by the Earl of Dorset, who accidentally found him
reading Horace, and he, being very generous, gave him an
education in literature ; he was sent to the court of France
in September, to try on what terms we might expect a peace :
his journey was carried on secretly ; but upon his return,
he was stopped at Dover ; and a packet that he brought,
was kept, till an order came from court to set him free : and
by this accident the secret broke out. Soon after that, one
Mesnager was sent over from France with preliminaries ;
but very different from those that had been concerted at the
Hague, two years before.
Preiimina- By thcsc the King of France offered to acknowledge the
by France! Q^ccn, and the succession to the crown, according to the
present settlement; and that he would bona fide enter into
such measures, that the crowns of Fiance and Spain should
never belong to the same person : that he would settle a
safe and proper barrier to all the allies : that he would
raze Dunkirk, provided an equivalent should be given for
destroying the Ibrtifications he had made there at so great
an expense : and that he would procure, both to England
OF QUEEN ANNE. 277
and to the states, the re-establishing of their commerce. I'^ii-
The court was then at Windsor : these propositions were ''^'^
so well entertained at our court, that a copy of them was
ordered to be given to Count Gallas, the Emperor's mi-
nister : he treated these oflfers \vith much scorn, and printed
the prelimiaaries in one of our newspapers; soon after
that he was ordered to come no more to court, but to make
haste out of England.
The proceeding was severe and unusual ; for the com- count Gai-
mon method, when a provocation was given by a public '** ^^"t.
minister, was to complain of him to his master, and to de- dis^re.
sire him to be recalled. It was not then known upon what
this was grounded ; that which was surmised was, that his
secretary, Gaultier, who was a priest, betrayed him ; and
discovered his secret conespondence, and the advertise-
ments he sent the Emperor, to give him ill impressions of
our court ; for which treachery he was rewarded with an
abbey in France ; but of this I have no certain information.
When our court was resolved on this project, they ^^^^ °^
knew the Lord Townshend so well, that they could not seLt ambas-
depend on his serving tlieir ends ; so he was both recalled ^^'^°^ *»
and disgraced : and the Lord Raby was brought from the
court of Prussia, and advanced to be Earl of Strafford,
and sent ambassador to Holland. It was not then known
how far our court carried the negotiations with France ; it
was not certain, whether they only accepted of these pre-
liminaries, as a foundation for a treaty to be opened upon
them ; or if any private promise or treaty was signed : this
last was very positively given out, both in France and
Spain. The very treating, ^\dthout the concurrence of our
allies, was certainly an open violation of our alliances,
which had expressly provided against any such negotiation.
Many mercenary pens were set on work to justify our Manyiibcis
proceedings, and to defame our allies, more particularly aff^g" '' *''^
the Dutch ; this was done with much art, but with no re-
gard to truth, in a pamphlet, entitled The Conduct of the
Allies, and of the late Ministry ; to which very full answers
were written, detecting the thread of falsehood that ran
through that work. It was now said, England was so ex-
hausted, that it was impossible to carry on the war : and
when King Charles was chosen Emperor, it was also saidj
he would be too great and too dangerous to all his neigh-
171-1.
278 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
bonis, if Spain were joined to the Emperor, and to the
hereditary dominions. It was also zealously, though most
falsely, infused into the minds of the people, that our
allies, most particularly the Dutch, had imposed on us,
and failed us on many occasions. The Jacobites did, with
the greater joy, entertain this prospect of peace, because
the Dauphin had, in a visit to St. Germains, congratulated
that court upon it ; which made them conclude, that it ^vas
to have a happy effect, with relation to the Pretender's
affairs.
Earl Rivers Our court denied this; and sent the Earl of Rivers to
ovel*°b^r* Hanover, to assure the Elector, that the Queen would take
succeeded especial care to have the succession to the crown secured
•*"*• to his family, by the treaty that was to be opened. This
made little impression on that Elector ; for he saw clearly,
that if Spain and the West Indies were left to King Philip,
the French would soon become the superior power to all
the rest of Europe ; that France would keep Spain in sub-
jection, and by the wealth they would fetch from the Indies,
they would give law to all about them, and set what king
they pleased on the throne of England. Earl Rivers staid
a few days there, and brought an answer from the Elector
in Avriting ; yet the Elector apprehended, not without rea-
son, that it might be stifled ; therefore he ordered his mi-
nister to give a full memorial, to the same purpose, of
which our court took no notice: but the memorial was
translated and printed here, to the great satisfaction of all
those who were afraid of the ill designs that might be hid,
under the pretence of the treaty then proposed.
The Earl of Strafford pressed the states to comply with
the Queen's desire of opening a treaty : they answered very
slowly, being desirous to see how the parliament was in-
clined ; but the parliament was prorogued from the 13th to
the 29th of November, and from that to the 7th of De-
cember. It was also reported in Holland, that the Earl
of Strafford, seeing the states slow in granting the pass-
ports, and upon that apprehending these delays flowed
from their expecting to see how the parliament of England
approved of these steps, told them plainly, that till they
agreed to a treaty, and granted the passports, the session
should not be opened : so they granted them, and left the
time and place of treaty to the Queen's determination.
The !.(alcs
are forced
to open a
treaty.
OF QUEEN ANNE.
She named Utrecht as the place of congress, and the first
of January, O.S. for opening it; and wrote a circular
letter to all the allies, inviting them to send plenipoten-
tiaries to that place. The Emperor set himself vehemently
to oppose the progress of this matter ; he sent Prince
Eugene to dissuade the states from agreeing to it, and of-
fered a new scheme of the war, that should be easier to the
allies, and lie heavier on himself: but the passports were
now sent to the court of France; that court demanded
passports likewise for the plenipotentiaries of King Philip,
and of the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne. This was
offered by our court to the states; they refused it: but
whether our ministers then agreed to it or not, I cannot tell.
Before the opening the session, pains were taken on Endeavours
many persons to persuade them to agree to the measures "onrt before
the court were in: the Duke of Marlborough, upon his they opened
coming over, spoke very plainly to the Queen against the ulen?" '^
steps that were already made ; but he found her so pos-
sessed, that what he said made no impression, so he de-
sired to be excused from coming to council, since he must
oppose every step that was made in that affair. Among
others, the Queen spoke to myself; she said^ she hoped
bishops would not be against peace : I said, a good peace
was what we prayed daily for, but the preliminaries offered
by France, gave no hopes of such an one ; and the trusting
to the King of France's faith, after all that had passed,
would seem a strange thing. She said, we were not to re-
gard the preliminaries ; we should have a peace upon such
a bottom, that we should not at all rely on the King of
France's word ; but we ought to suspend our opinion, till
she acquamted us with the whole matter. I asked leave to
speak my mind plainly ; which she granted : I said, any
treaty by which Spain and the West Indies were left to King
Philip, must, in a little while, deliver up all Europe into the
hands of France ; and, if any such peace should be made,
she was betrayed, and we were all ruined ; in less than three
years time, she vrould be murdered, and the fires would be
agam raised in Smithfield : I pursued this long, till I saw
she grew uneasy ; so I withdrew.
On the 7th of December, she opened the parliament : in liie Queen's
her speech, she said, notwithstanding the arts of those who the^V
delighted in war, the time and place were appointed for howe».
•280 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^^^^- Ireating a general peace ; her allies, especially the states,
had, by their ready concuiTence, expressed an entire confi-
dence in her ; and she promised to do her utmiist to procure
reasonable satisfaction to them all. Slie demanded of the
House of Commons, the necessary supplies for carr3ring on
the war ; and hoped that none would envy her the glory of
ending it by a just and honourable peace ; she in particular
recommended unanimity, that our enemies might not think
us a divided people, which might prevent that good peace,
of which she had such reasonable hopes, and so near a view.
Reflections The spccch gave occasion to many reflections ; " the arts
**° **' of those who delighted in war" seemed to be levelled at the
Dvke of Marlborough, and the preliminaries concerted at
the Hague ; her saying that the allies reposed an entire con-
fidence in her, amazed all those who knew, that neither the
Emperor nor the empire had agreed to the congress, but
were opposing it with great vehemence ; and that even the
states were far from being cordial or easy in the steps that
they had made.
Earl of Not- After the speech, a motion was made in the House of
jnoveTthat I^ords, to make an address of thanks to the Queen for her
no peace spccch ; upou this, the Earl of Nottingham did very copi-
^fe unless ously sct forth tlic ucccssity of having Spain and the AVest
Spain and Indies out of the hands of a prince of the house of Bour-
the West
Indies were bou ; he movcd that, with their address of thanks, they
taken from should ofFcr that as their advice to the Queen : he set forth
Bourbon, the miscry that all Europe, but England most particularly,
must be under, if the West Indies came into a French
management ; and that King Philip's possessing them was,
upon the matter, the putting them into the hands of France.
This was much opposed by the ministers ; they moved the
referring that matter to another occasion, in which it might
be fully debated ; but said, it was not fit to clog the address
with it. Some officious courtiers said, that since peace
and war belonged, as prerogatives, to the cro\\Ti, it was not
proper to ofl'er any advice in those matters, till it was
asked : but this was rejected with indignation, since it was
a constant practice in all sessions of parliament, to offer
advices ; no prerogative could be above advice ; this was
the end specified in the writ, by which a parliament was
summoned ; nor was the motion for a delay received. The
eyes of all Europe were upou the present session ; and this
6
OF QUEEN AKNE. 281
was a post night: so it was fit they should come to a pre- ^'ii*
Sent resolution, in a matter of such importance. The ques- Ag^^e^Tto
tion was put, whether this advice should be part of the ad- ^y ^^^
dress; and the previous question being first put, it was
carried by one voice to put it ; and the main question was
catried by three voices : so this point was gained, though
by a small majority. The same motion was made in the
House of Commons, but was rejected by a great majority :
yet in other respects their address was well couched : for
they said, they hoped for a just, honourable, and lasting
peace, to her Majesty and to all her allies.
When the address of the Lords was reported to the
House, by the committee appointed to prepare it, the court
tried to get the whole matter to be contested over again,
pretending that the debate was not now, upon the matter,
debated the day l>€fore, but only whether they should
agree to the draught prepared by the committee : but that
part of it, which contained the advice, was conceived in
the very words, in which the vote had passed : and it was
a standing rule, that what was once voted, could never
again could be brought into question during that session:
this was so sacred a rule, that many of those who voted with
the court the day before, expressed their indignation against
it, as subverting the very constitution of parliaments, if
things might be thus voted and unvoted again, from day to
day : yet even upon this a division was called for, but the
majority appearing so evidently against the motion, it was
yielded, without counting the House.
When the address was presented to the Queen, her Tiie Qaeen'«
answer was, she was sorry that any should think she ^'^^'*
would not do her utmost to hinder Spain and the West
Indies from remaining in the hands of a prince of the
house of Bourbon : and the Lords returned her thanks for
this gracious answer ; for they understood, by the doing her
utmost, was meant the continuing the war. The court was
much troubled to see the House of Lords so backward ;
and both sides studied to fortify themselves, by bringing up
their friends, or by getting their proxies.
The next motion was made by the Earl of Nottingham, A bill
for leave to bring in a bill against occasional conformity : occrsLaal
he told those with whom he now joined, that he was but conforiaitj.
one man come over to them, unless he could carry a bill to
VOL. IV. 2 0
282
1711.
Passed
without op-
position.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
that eflbct ; but, if they would give way to that, he hoped
he should be able to bring many to concur with them in
other things. They yielded this the more easily, because
tliey knew that the court had oflfered, to the high men in the
House of Commons, to carry any bill that they should
desire in that matter : the Earl of Nottingham promised to
draw it with all possible temper. It was thus prepared:
that all persons in places of profit and trust, and all the
common-council-men in corporations, who should be at any
meeting for divine worship, (where there were above ten
persons more than the family,) in which the common-
prayer was not used, or where the Queen and the Princess
Sophia were not prayed for, should, upon conviction, for-
feit their place of trust or profit, the witnesses making oath
within ten days, and the prosecution being within three
months after the offence ; and such persons were to continue
incapable of any employment, till they should depose, that
for a whole year together they had been at no conventicle.
The bill did also enact, that the toleration should remain
inviolable, in all time to come; and that if any person
should be brought into trouble, for not having observed the
rules that were prescribed by the act that first granted the
toleration, all such prosecution should cease, upon their
taking the oath prescril)ed by that act: and a teacher,
licensed in any one county, was by the bill qualified to
serve in any licensed meeting in any part of England ; and,
by another clause, all who were concerned in the practice
of the law in Scotland were required to take the abjuration
in the month of June next.
No opposition was made to this in the House of Lords ;
so it passed in three days ; and it had the same fate in the
House of Commons ; only they added a penalty on the
ofiender of 40?. which was to be given to the informer :
and so it was offered to the royal assent, with the bill
for four shillings in the pound. Great reflections were
made on the fate of this bill, which had been formerly so
much contested, and was so often rejected by the Lords,
and now went through both houses in so silent a manner,
without the least opposition. Some of the dissenters com-
plained much that they were thus forsaken by tlieir friends,
to wliom they had trusted ; and tlic court had agents among
tiicm, to iiiHamc their resentments, since they were sacri-
OF QUEEN ANNE. ^83
ficed by those on whom they depended. All the excuse i^^i-
that the whigs made for their easiness in this matter, was, ^^'^*^
that they gave way to it^ to try how far the yielding it might
go toward quieting the fears of those who seemed to think
the church was still in danger, till that act passed; and
thereby to engage these to concur with them in those im-
portant matters that might come before them. It must be
left to time to shew what good effect this act may have on
the church, or what bad ones it may have on dissenters.
The next point that occasioned a great debate in the ^nke Ha-
House of Lords, which was espoused by the court ^^■ith ™nt°e^a-^**
great zeal, was a patent creating Duke Hamilton a duke in mined.
England : lawyers were heard for the patent ; the Queen's
prerogative in conferring honours was clear ; all the sub-
jects of the united kingdom had likewise a capacity of re-
ceiving honours; the commons of Scotland had it unques-
tionably, and it seemed a strange assertion that the peers
of that nation should be the only persons incapable of re-
ceiving honour. By the act of union, the peers of Scot-
land were, by virtue of that treaty, to have a representation
of sixteen for their whole body ; these words, by virtue of
that treaty, seemed to intimate, that by creation or suc-
cession they might be made capable. And, in the debate
that followed in the House, the Scotch lords, who had been
of the treaty, affirmed that these words were put in on that
design ; and, upon this, they appealed to the English lords :
this was denied by none of them. It was also urged, that
the House of Lords had already judged the matter, when
they not only received the Duke of Queensberry, upon his
being created Duke of Dover, but had so far affinned his
being a peer of Great Britain, that, upon that account, they
had denied him the right of voting in the election of the
sixteen peers of Scotland. But in opposition to all this it
was said, that the prerogative could not operate when it
was barred by an act of parliament ; the act of union had
made all the peers of Scotland peers of Great Britain, as
to all intents, except the voting in the House of Lords, or
sitting in judgment on a peer ; and as to their voting, that
was vested in their representatives, by whom they voted :
the Queen might give them what titles she pleased ; but this
incapacity of voting, otherwise than by these sixteen, being
settled by law, the prerogative was by that limited as to
284 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1711- them : they had indeed admitted the Duke of Queensbeny
**'^^*^ to sit among them, as Duke of Dover, but that matter was
never brought into debate ; so it was only passed over in
silence : and he was mentioned in their books, upon the oc-
casion of his voting in the choice of the sixteen peers of
Scotland, in terms that were far from determining this ; for
it was there said, that he, claiming to be Duke of Dover,
could not vote as a Scotch peer. The Scotch lords insist-
ed in arguing for the patent, with great vehemence, not
without intimations of the dismal effects that might follow,
if it should go in the negative. The court put their whole
strength to support the patent : this heightened the zeal of
those who opposed it ; for they apprehended, that consi-
dering the dignity and the antiquity of the Scotch peers,
and the poverty of the greater part of them, the court
would always have recourse to this, as a sure expedient to
have a constant majority in the House of Lords. There
was no limitation indeed on the prerogative, as to the cre-
ation of new peers, yet these were generally men of estates
who could not be kept in a constant dependance, as some
of the Scotch lords might be.
Judged The Queen heard all the debate, which lasted some
against Lim. jjo^jg . j^ conclusion, when it came to the final vote, fifty-
two voted for the patent, and fifty-seven against it. The
Queen and the ministers seemed to be much concerned at
this, and the Scotch were enraged at it : they met together,
and signed a representation to the Queen, complaining of
it as a breach of the union, and a mark of disgrace put on
the whole of the peers of Scotland, adding solemn pro-
mises of maintaining her prerogative, either in an united or
separated state. This made the ministers resolve on
another method to let the peers, and indeed the whole
world see, that they would have that House kept in a con-
stant dependance on the court, by creating such a number
of peers at once, as should give them an unquestionable
majority. On the 22d of December, the bill for four shil-
lings in the pound was ready for the royal assent ; yet the
House of Commons adjourned to the 14th of January,
which was a long recess in so critical a time.
Thf Lords* A motion was made in the House of Lords, by the Duke
address Uiat ^f Dcvonshirc, for leave to bring in a bill, to give the
our allies ' o J !->
might be Priuce Electoral of Hanover, as Duke of Cambridge, the
OF QUE2N ANNE.
precedence of all peers ; this was granted, and so was ]ike
to meet with no opposition. The Earl of Nottingham
moved next, that before their recess, they should make an along with
address to the Queen, desiring her to order her plenipoten- ^* "' *''•
tiaries to concert, with the ministers of the allies, the
grounds upon which they were to proceed in their treaties,
and to agree on a mutual guarantee to secure them to us, as
well as to all Europe, and in particular to secure the pro-
testant succession to England. All the opposition that the
court made to this was, to shew it was needless, for it was
already ordered : and the Lord Treasurer said, the Lords
might, in order to their satisfaction, send to examine their
instructions. To this it was answered, that the offering
«uch an address would fortify the plenipotentiaries in
executing their instructions. The court moved, that these
words might be put in the address, " if the Queen had not
ordered it;" so, this being agreed to, the thing passed;
and the Lords adjourned to the 2d of January.
But a new scene was ready to be opened in the House Discovene*
of Commons ; the commissioners for examining the pub- preta^Ki^.
lie accounts made some discoveries, upon which they
intended to proceed at their next meeting. Waljiole,
who had been secretary of war, and appeared with great
firmness in the defence of the late ministry, was first
aimed at ; a bill had been remitted to him of 500/. by
those who had contracted to forage the troops that lay
in Scotland; this made way to a matter of more im-
portance: a Jew, concerned in the contract for furnish-
ing bread to the anny in Flanders, made a present yearly
to the Duke of Marlborough of between 5 and 6000/.
The general of the states had the like present, as a per-
quisite to support his dignity, and to enable him to
procure intelligence. The Queen ordered 10,000A a year
more to the Duke of Marlborough, for the same service.
The late King had also agreed, that two and a half per
cent, should be deducted out of the pay of the foreign
troops, which amounted to 15,000/. This the Queen, had by
a warrant, appointed the Duke of Marlborough to receive
on the same account.
He heard his enemies had discovered the present made The Dnke
him by the Jew, while he was beyond sea ; so he wrote to °<,agh*aimed
them, and o^viied the whole matter to be true, apd added, at.
2a(> HISTORY OF THE TIEIGN
1711, that he had applied these sums to the procuring good intel-
""^^^ li^'ence, to which, next to the blessinj^ of God and the bra-
very of the troops, their constant successes were chiefly
owing. This did not satisfy the commissioners ; but, though
no complaints were brought from tlie army of their not being
constantly supplied with good bread, yet they saw here
was matter to raise a clamour, which they chiefly aimed at;
so this was reported to the House of Commons before their
recess.
Heisinmed A few days after this the Queen wrote him a letter, com-
empiov- plaining of the ill treatment she received from him, and dis-
"»^'''- charged him of all his employments : this was thought very
extraordinary, after such long and eminent services : such
accidents, when they happen, shew the instability of all hu^
man things : this was indeed so little expected, that those
who looked for precedents could find none, since the dis-
grace of Belisarius in Justinian's time : the only thing pre-
tended to excuse it was, his being considered as the head
of those who opposed the peace, on which the court seemed
to set their hearts.
Twelve new But they, finding the majority of the House of Lords
peers ma e. ^^^^j^j j^^^ jj^ brought to favouT their designs, resolved to
make an experiment that none of our princes had ven-
tured on in former times : a resolution was taken up very
suddenly of making tw elve peers all at once ; three of these
were called up by wTit, being eldest sons of peers, and
nine more were created by patent. Sir Miles Wharton, to
whom it was offered, refused it : he thought it looked like
the serving a turn ; and that, whereas peers were wont to
be made for services they had done, he would be made for
services to be done by him ; so he excused himself, and the
favourite's husband, Mr. Masham, was put in his room.
And whereas, formerly, Jefferies had the vanity to be made
a peer, while he was chief justice, which had not been
practised for some ages ; yet the precedent set by him was
followed, and Trevor, chief justice of the Common Pleas,
was now advanced to be a peer. This was looked upon
as an inidoubted part of the prerogative ; so there was no
ground in law to oppose the receiving the new lords into
the House: nor was it possible to raise, in the antient
peers, a sense of the indignity that was now put upon their
House j since the court did by this opeuly declare, that
OF QUEEN ANNE. 287
they were to be kept in absolute submission and obe- 1712.
dience. v^s-o
When the 2d of January came, they were all Intro- The Qaeen's
duced into the House of Lords without any opposition ; n,e'£frds1o
and when that was over, the Lord Keeper delivered a adjoum.dis-
message from the Queen, commanding them to adjourn J^etii''"*
forth>vith to the 14th ; for by that time her Majesty would
lay matters of great importance before the two houses.
Upon this a great debate arose : it was said, that the Queen
could not send a message to any one house to adjourn,
when the like message was not sent to both houses: the
pleasure of the prince, in convening, dissolving, prorogu-
ing, or ordering the adjournment of parliaments, was always
directed to both houses; but never to any one house,
without the same intimation was made at the same time to
the other. The consequence of this, if allowed, might be
the ordering one house to adjourn, while the other was left
to sit still ; and this might end in a total disjointing of the
constitution : the vote was carried for adjourning by the
weight of the twelve new peers. It is true, the odds in the
books is thirteen; but that was, because one of the peers,
who had a proxy, without reflecting on it, went away when
the proxies were called for.
At this time Prince Eugene was sent by the Emperor to Prince Eu-
England, to try if it was possible to engage our court to go f ^e„"i''' d
on with the war ; offering a new scheme, by wliich he took
a much larger share of it on himself than the late Emperor
would bear. That Prince's character was so justly high,
that all people for some weeks pressed about the places
where he was to be seen, to look on him. I had the honour to
be admitted at several times, to much discourse with him :
his character is so universally known, that I will say no-
thing of him, but from what appeared to myself. He has
a most unaffected modesty, and does scarcely bear the ac-
knowledgments that all the world pay him: he descends
to an easy equality with those with whom he converses;
and seems to assume nothing to himself, while he reasons
with others : he was treated with great respect by both par-
ties ; but he put a distiugiiished respect on the Duke of
Marlborough, with whom he passed most of his time. The
Queen used him civilly, but not with the distinction that
288
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
^^2. yyas due to his high merit : nor did he gain much ground
with the ministers,
to boih When the 14th of January came, the houses were ordered
Louses. jq adjourn to the 18th, and then a message was sent to both
houses ; the Queen told them, the congress v/as opened, and
that she would set a day for ending it, as well as she had
done for opening it. She had ordered her plenipotentiaries
to agree with the ministers of her allies, according to all
her treaties with them, to obtain reasonable satisfaction to
their demands; in particular concerning Spain and the
West Indies ; by which the false reports of ill-designing
men, who, for evil ends, had reported that a separate peace
was treated, would appear, for there was never the least
colour given for this. She also promised, that the articles
of the treaty should be laid before the houses, before any
thing should be concluded. Upon this, the House of Lords
agreed to an address, thanking her Majesty for communi-
cating this to them, and for the promises she had made
them, repeating the words in which they were made : it was
moved to add the words, " confonn to her alliance ; " but it
was said, the Queen assured them of that, so the repeating
of these words seemed to intimate a distrust ; and that was
not carried. But, because there seemed to be an ambiguity
in the mention made of Spain and the West Indies, the
House expressed in what sense they understood them, by
adding these words, " which were of the greatest importance
to the safety and commerce of these nations." The Com-
mons made an address to the same purpose, in which they
only named Spain and the West Indies.
A bill giving The Lord Treasiu-er prevented the Duke of Devonshire,
to^*ho "^ ^^^^^ ^^^ prepared a bill for giving precedence to the Duke
of Hanover, of Cambridge ; for he ofiered a bill, giving precedence to
the whole electoral family, as the children and nephews of
the crown ; and it was intimated, that bills relating to ho-
nours and precedence ought to come from the crown : the
Duke of Devonshire would make no dispute on this head ;
if tlie thing passed, he acquiesced in the manner of passing
it, only he thought it lay within the authority of tlie House.
On this occasion the court seemed, even to an atVectation,
to shew a particular zeal in promoting this bill ; for it
passed through both houses in two days, it being read
OF QUEEN ANNE. 289
thrice in a day in them both. For all this haste, the court ^''^^
did not seem to design any such bill till it was proposed '^^
by others, out of whose hands they thought fit to take it.
There were two other articles in the Queen's message ; by
the one, she desired their advice and assistance, to quiet
the uneasiness that the peers of Scotland were under, by
the judgment lately given; by the other, she complained of
the license of the press, and desired some restraint might
be put upon it. The Lords entered upon the consideration Debates
of that part of the Queen's message, that related to the ^^""1^3
peers of Scotland ; and it took up almost a whole week, peers.
The court proposed, that an expedient might be found, that
the peers of Scotland should not sit among them by elec-
tion, but by descent, in case the rest of the peers of that
nation should consent to it : a debate followed concerning
the articles of the union, which of them were fundamental
and not alterable ; it was said, that by the union, no private
right could be taken away, but by the consent of the per-
sons concerned ; therefore no alteration could be made in
the right of the peers of Scotland, unless they consented to
it. It was afterwards debated, whether an alteration might
be made with this condition, in case they should consent to
it ; or whether the first rise to any such alteration ought not
to be given by a previous desire. This was not so subject
to an ill management : the court studied to have a subse-
quent consent received as sufficient ; but a previous desire
was insisted on, as visibly fairer and juster.
The House of Commons, after the recess, entered on the Waipoies
observations of the commissioners for taking the public censure.
accounts ; and began with Walpole, whom they resolved to
put out of the way of disturbing them in the house. The
thing laid to his charge stood thus ; — after he, as secretary of
war, had contracted with some for forage to the horse that
lay in Scotland, he, finding that tlie two persons who con-
tracted for it made some gain by it, named a friend of his
own as a third person, that he might have a share in the
gain ; but the other two had no mind to let him in to know
the secret of their management, so they ofi'ered him 500/,
for his share ; he accepted of it, and the money was re-
mitted : but they, not knowing his address, directed their
bill to W'^alpole, who endorsed it, and the person con-
cerned received the money : this was found out, and Wal-
voL. IV. 2p
290 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1712. pole was charged v^ith it as a bribe, that he had taken for
his o\vn use, for making the contract. Both the persons
that remitted the money, and he who received it, w ere ex-
amined, and aflirmed that Walpole was neither directly nor
indirectly concerned in the matter ; but the House insisted
upon his having endorsed the bill, and not only voted this
a corruption, but sent him to the Tower, and expelled him
the House.
The censure The uext attack was on the Duke of Marlborough : the
DdteVf"^ money received from the Jew was said to be a fraud ; and
Maribo- that deducted out of the pay of the foreign troops, was said
ro^ugh. ^Q |jg public money, and to be accounted for : the debate
held long ; it appeared that, during the former war. King
William had 50,000/, a-year for contingencies; it was often
reckoned to have cost much more. The contingency, was
that service which could be brought to no certain head,
and was chiefly for procuring intelligence : the Duke of
Marlborough had only 10,000/. for the contingencies ; and
that, and all the other items joined together, amounted but
to 30,000/. a sum much inferior to what had been formerly
given ; and yet, with this moderate expense, he had pro-
cured so good intelligence, that he was never surprised,
and no party he sent out was ever intercepted or cut oflf.
By means of this intelligence all his designs were so well
concerted, that he succeeded in every one of them, and, by
many instances, the exactness of his intelligence was fully
demonstrated. It was proved, both by witnesses, and by
formal attestations from Holland, that ever since the year
1672, the Jews had made the like present to the general of
the states' army ; and it was understood as a perquisite
belonging to that command : no bargain was made with the
Jews for the English troops, that made by the states being
applied to them ; so that it appeared, that the making such
a present to the general was customary ; but that was de-
nied ; and they voted the taking that present to be illegal :
and, though he had the Queen's warrant to receive the six-
pence in the pound, or two and a half per cent, deducted
from the pay of the foreign troops, yet that was voted to be
unwarrantable, and that it ought to be accounted for. Tlie
court espoused this with such zeal, and paid so well for it,
that it was carried by a great majority : upon this, many
virulent writers (whether set on to it, or officiously studying
OF QUEEN ANNE. 291
to merit by it, did not appear) threw out, in many defama- ^^i^;
tory libels, a great deal of their malice against the Duke of Many libers
Marlborough : they compared him to Catiline, to Crassus, ^^g^'^^t •'""•
and to Anthony ; and studied to represent him as a robber
of the nation, and as a public enemy. This gave an indig-
nation to all who had a sense of gratitude, or a regard to
justice. In one of these scurrilous papers, ^VTote on design
to raise the rabble against him, one of the periods began
thus : " he was, perhaps, once fortunate." I took occasion
to let Prince Eugene see the spite of these writers, and
mentioned this passage ; upon which he made this pleasant
reflection, " that it was the greatest commendation could
be given him, since he was always successful ; so this
implied, that in one single instance he might be fortunate,
but that all his other successes were owing to his conduct."
I upon that said, that single instance must be then his es-
caping out of the hands of the party that took him, when he
was sailing down the Maese in the boat. But their ill
will rested not in defamation ; the Queen was prevailed
on to send an order to the attorney-general to prosecute
him for the 15,000/. that was deducted yearly out of the
pay of the foreign troops, which he had received by her
own warrant ; but what this will end in, must be left to
time.
The Duke of Ormond was now declared general, and
had the iirst regiment of guards ; and the Earl of Rivers
was made master of the ordinance.
Secret inquiries were made, in order to the laying more "'* '"»"-
load on the Duke of Marlborough, and to see whether posts pea.ed evi-
in the army, or in the guards were sold by him ; but nothing
could be found : he had sutTered a practice to go on, that
had been begun in the late King's time, of letting officers
sell their commissions ; but he had never taken any part of
the price to himself: few thought that he had been so clear
in that matter ; for it was the only thing, in which his ene-
mies were confident, that some discoveries would have been
made to his prejudice ; so that the endeavours used, to
search into those matters, producing nothing, raised the re-
putation of his incorrupt administration, more than all his
well-wishers could have expected. Thus happy does
sometimes the malice of an enemy prove ! In this whole
transaction we suav a new scene of ingratitude, acted in u
29^ HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1712. most imprudent manner; when the man, to whom the fUl-
'"^•'^ tion owed more, than it had ever done, in any age, to any
subject, or perhaps to any person whatsoever, was for
some months pursued with so much malice : he bore it with
silence and patience, with an exterior that seemed always
calm and cheerful ; and, though he prepared a full vindica-
tion of himself, yet he delayed publishing it, till the nation
should return to its senses, and be capable of examining
these matters, in a more impartial manner.
TueSeotch The Scotcli lords, seeing no redress to their complaint,
in "ood"' seemed resolved to come no more to sit in the House of
hopes. Peers ; but the court was sensible, that their strength in
that House consisted chiefly in them, and in the new peers :
so pains were taken, and secret forcible arguments were
used to them, which proved so eflectual, that after a few
days' absence, they came back ; and continued, during thfe
session, to sit in the House. They gave it out, that an ex-
pedient would be found, that would be to the satisfaction of
the peers of Scotland ; but nothing of that appearing, it
was concluded that the satisfaction was private, and per-
sonal. The great arrear, into which all the regular pay-
ments, both of the household and of salaries and pensions
was left to run, made it to be generally believed, that the
income for the civil list, though it exceeded the establish-
ment very far, was applied to other payments, which the
ministers durst not o^vn. And though secret practice on
members had been a great while too common, yet it was
believed, that it was at this time managed with an extra-
ordinary profusion.
Those, who were suspected to have very bad designs,
applied themselves with great industry to drive on such
bills, as they hoped would give the presbyterians in Scot-
land such alarms, as might dispose them to remonstrate,
that the union was broken. They passed not all at once ;
but I shall lay them together, because one and the same
design was pursued in them all.
A toieraiioi) A tolcration was proposed for the episcopal clergy, who
lili. litiirf,'" would use the liturgy of the church of England ; this seemed
in Scoiiand. so reasonable, that no opposition was made to it: one
clause put in it, occasioned great complaints ; the magis-
trates, who by the laws were obliged to execute the sen-
tences of the judicatories of their kirk, were by this act
OF QUEEN ANNE. 293
required to execute none of them. It was reasonable to i^^i^.
require them to execute no sentences that might be passed ^^''^
on any, for doing what was tolerated by this act ; but the
carrying this to a general clause, took away the civil sanc-
tion, which in most places is looked on as the chief, if not
the only strength of church power. Those who were to
be thus tolerated, were required, by a day limited in the
act, to take the oath of abjuration ; it was well known, that
few, if any of them, would take that oath ; so to cover them
from it, a clause was put in this act, requiring all the pres-
byterian ministers to take it; since it seemed reasonable, ^^^^^^ethc
that those of the legal establishment should be required to presbvte-
take that, which was now to be imposed on those, who ""'"'' *^^"''
were only to be tolerated. It was well understood, that
there were words in the oath of abjuration, to which the
presbyterians excepted. In the act of succession, one of
the conditions on which the successor was to be received,
was, his being of the communion of the church of England ;
and by the oath of abjuration, the succession was sworn to,
as limited by that act : the word " limitation" imported only
the entail of the crown ; but it was suggested that the par-
ticle " as" related to all the conditions in that act. This was
spread among so many of that persuasion, that it was be-
lieved a great party among them would refuse to take it ;
so a small alteration was made by the House of Lords, of
these words, "as was limited," into words of the same sense,
'^' which was limited ;" but those who intended to excuse the
episcopal party, who they knew were in the Pretender's in-
terests, from taking the oath, were for keeping in those
words, which the presbyterians scrupled. The Commons
accordingly disagreed to the amendment made by the Lords ;
and they receding from it, the bill passed, as it had been
sent up from the Commons. Another act passed for dis-
continuing the courts of judicature, during some days at
Christmas, though the observing of holidays was contra-
ry to their principles ; this was intended only to irritate
them.
After that, an act was brought in, for the restoring of Pat. o^ages
patronages ; these had been taken a^vuy by an act in King "^"'"^
William's reign; it was set up by the presbyterians, from
their first beginning, as a principle, that parishes had, from
warrants in scripture, a right to choose their ministers ; so
294 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1^12. tiiat they had always looked on the right of patronage, as
^"^^^^ an invasion made on that : it was therefore urged, that
since, by the act of union, presbytery, with all its rights and
privileges, was unalterably secured ; and since their kirk-
session was a branch of their constitution, the taking from
them the right of choosing their ministers was contrary to
that act : yet the bill passed through both houses, a small
opposition being only made in either. By these steps the
presbyterians were alarmed, when they saw the success of
. every motion that was made, on design to weaken and un-
dermine their establishment.
The barrier Another matter, of a more public nature, was at this
treatj. ^ ,
time set on foot ; both houses of parliament had in the
year 1709, agreed in an address to the Queen, that the pro-
testant succession might be secured by a guarantee, in the
treaty of peace ; and this was s'ettled at the Hague, to be
one of the preliminaries : but when an end was put to the
conferences atGertruydenburgh, the Lord Townshend was
ordered to set on foot a treaty with the states to that effect.
They entertained it readily ; but at the same time they pro-
posed, that England should enter into a guarantee with them,
to maintain their barrier ; which consisted of some places
they were to garrison, the sovereignty of which was still
in the crown of Spain; and of other places, which had not
belonged to that crown, at the death of King Charles the
Second, but liad been taken in the progress of the war :
for by theii' agreements with us, they bore the charge of
the sieges, and so the places taken were to belong to them :
these were chiefly Lisle, Tournay, Meuin, and Doway;
and were to be kept still by them. But as for those places,
which, from the time of the treaty of the Pyrenees, belong-
ed to the Spaniards ; they had been so ill looked after, by
tlie Spanish Governors of Flanders, who were more set on
enriching themselves, and keeping a magnificent court at
Brussels, than on preserving the country; that neither were
the fortifications kept in due repair, nor the magazines fur-
nished, not the soldiers paid : so that whensoever a war
broke out, the French made themselves very easily masters
of places so ill kept. The states liad therefore proposed,
during tliis war, that the sovereignty of those places shoiiM
continue still to belong to tlie crown of Spain ; but they
should keep giirrisous in the strongest and the most ex.-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 295
posed, in particular those that lay on the Lys and the ^''i^.
Scheld ; and for the maintaining this, they asked 100,000Z. ^^-^^
a-year from those provinces ; by which means they would
be kept better and cheaper than ever they had been, while
they were in the hands of the Spaniards : they also asked
a free passage for all the stores, that they should send to
those places. This seemed to be so reasonable, that since
the interest of England, as well as of the states, required
that this frontier should be carefully maintained, the minis-
try were ready to hearken to it : it was objected, that in
case of a war between England and the states, the trade
of those provinces would be wholly in the hands of the
Dutch ; but this had been settled in the great truce, which,
by the mediation of France and England, was made be-
tween the Spaniads and .the states : there was a provisional
order therein made, for the freedom of trade in those pro-
vinces ; and that was turned to a perpetual one, by the
peace of Munster. King Charles of Spain had agreed to
the main of the barrier ; some places on the Scheld were
not necessary for a frontier, but the states insisted on them,
as necessary to maintain a communication with the fron-
tier : the King of Prussia excepted likewise to some places
in the Spanish Guelder. The Lord Townshend thought,
that these were such inconsiderable objections, that though
his instructions did not come up to every particular, yet he
signed the treaty, known by the name of the Barrier Treaty :
by it the States bound themselves to maintain the Queen's
title to her dominions and the protestant succession, with
their whole force : and England was reciprocally bound to
assist them in maintaining this barrier.
The mercenary writers, that were hired to defend the it ^^^^s com
peace then projected with France, attacked this treaty with ^ ^'°^
great virulence, and by arguments that gave just suspi-
cions of black designs. They said it was a disgrace to
this nation to engage any other state to secure the succes-
sion among us, which perhaps we might see cause to alter;
whereas by this treats'^, the states had an authority given
them to interpose in our counsels. It was also said, that
if the states were put in possession of all those strong
towns, they might shut us out from any share of trade in
them, and might erect our manufactures in provinces very
capable of them ; but it was answered, that this could not
296
1712.
And con-
demned to
the House
of Lords.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
be done as long ^s this treaty continued in force, unless
the sovereign of the country should join with them against
us. Some objected to the settlement made at Munstcr^ as
a transaction when we were in such confusion at home
that we had no minister there ; but that treaty had only
rendered the truce, and the provisional settlement made
before by the mediation of England, perpetual ; and we
had since acquiesced in that settlement for above sixty
years. By examining into the particulars of the treaty, it
appeared, that in some inconsiderable matters, the Lord
Townshend had gone beyond the letter of his instructions,
in which he had so fully satisfied the ministry, that though
upon his first signing it, some exceptions had been taken,
yet these were passed over, and the treaty was ratified in
form.
But the present ministry bad other views : they designed
to set the Queen at liberty from her engagements by these
alliances, and to disengage her from treaties. The House
of Commons went now very hastily into several resolutions,
that were very injurious to the states : they pretended, they
had failed in the performance of all agieements, with rela-
tion to the service, both at sea and land ; and the troops,
that were to have been furnished in Portugal and Savoy, as
well as the subsidies due to those princes. They fell next
on the barrier treaty ; they gave it out, that the old minis-
try designed to bring over an army from Holland, whenso-
ever they should, for other ends, pretend that the protestant
succession was in danger ; and it was said, there was no
need of any foreign assistance to maintain it. In the dcr
bate, it was insisted on, that it could be maintained safely
no other way ; it was not to be doubted, but the King of
France would assist the Pretender ; England was not in-
clined to keep up a standing army, in time of peace, to re-
sist him ; so that we could not be so safe any other way,
as by having the states engaged, to send over their army, if
it should be necessary. But reason is a feeble thing, to
bear down resolutions already taken; so the House of Com-
mons voted the treaty disliojiourablc, and injurious to Eng-
land ; and Uiat the Lord Townshend had gone beyond his
instructions in signing it : and thai he and all, who had ad-
vised and ratified that treaty, were public enemies lo the
These votes were carried by a great majority,
6
kingdom
OF QUEEN ANNE. 297
and were looked on as strange preludes to a peace. When ^'^^-•
the states heard, what exceptions were taken to the barrier
treaty, they >\Tote a very respectful letter to the Queen, in
in which they offered to explain or mollify any part of it,
that was wrong understood ; but the managers of the House
of Commons got all their votes to be digested, into a well-
composed, inflaming representation, which was laid before
the Queen ; by it, all the allies, but most particularly the
states, were charged for having failed in many particulars,
contrary to their engagements : they also laid before the
Queen the votes they had made, with relation to the barrier
treaty ; and that they might name a great sum, that would
make a deep impression on the nation (which was ready to
receive all things implicitly from them) they said England
had been, during the war, overcharged 19,000,000Z. beyond
what they ought to have paid ; all which was qast on the
old ministry.
The states, in answer to all this, drew^ up a large memo- Tbe states
•T-i.l t-1 ■ JUSllfv
rial, m which every particular in the representation was ex- themselves.
amined, and fully answ ered : they sent it over to their en-
voy, who presented it to the Queen; but no notice was
taken of it — the end was already served ; and the entering
into a discussion about it, could have no other effect, but to
confound those who drew it. Tlie tw o first heads of the
states' memorial, that related to the service at sea and in
Flanders, were printed here, and contained a full answer
to all that was charged on them as to those matters, to the
ample conviction of all who examined the particulars. The
House of Commons saw the effect this w as like to have ; so
they voted it a false, malicious, scandalous, and injurious
paper, and that the printing it w as a breach of privilege :
and to stop the printing the other heads, they put the printer
in prison ; this was a confutation, to which no reply could
be made : yet it seemed to be a confession, that their re-
presentation could not be justified, when the answer to it
was so carefully stifled. The House of Commons went
next to repeal the naturalization act, in which they met
with no opposition.
The self-denying bill was brought into the House of Cora- Tiie self-de-
mons ; and, as was ordinary, it passed easily there : the ^^^"^ "
scandal of corruption was how higher than ever ; for it was
believed, men w ere not only bribed for a whole session, but
VOL. IV. 2 Q
298 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i"i'-* had new biihcs for particular votes. The twelve new
peers beiiii;- brouiiht into the Hoiujc of Lords, had irritated
-so many there, that for two days, by all the judgments that
could be made of the House, the bill was likely to have
passed that House ; but upon some prevailing arguments,
secretly and dextcrouslj applied to sonielords,an alteration
was made in it, by which it was lost: for whereas the bill,
as it stood, w as to take place after the determination of the
present parliament, this was altered, so as that it should
take place after the demise of the Queen ; so it was no
more thought on.
The House of Commons voted 2,000,000/. to be raised by
a lottery ; for which a fund was created that might pay both
principal and interest in thirty- two years.
The treaty I look uext to Utrcclit, whcrc the treaty was opened : the
opened? Emperor and the empire sent their ministers very late and
unwillingly thither; but they submitted to the necessity of
their aft'airs ; yet with this condition, that the French pro-
posals (for so the propositions that were formerly called
preliminaries, came to be named) should be no ground to
proceed on ; and that a new treaty should be entered on,
%vithout any regard to them. It was also agreed, to save
the loss of time in settling the ceremonial, that the plenipo-
tentiaries should assume no character of dignity, till all
matters were adjusted, and made ready for signing. The
1st of January was the day named for opening the con-
gress'; but they waited some time for the allies : in the be-
ginning of February, O.S., the French made their proposals
in a very high strain.
Tiie French They promised, that at the signing of the treaty, they
proposals. -^Quid own the Queen and the succession to the crown, as
she should direct ; Spain and the West Indies were to re-
main with King Philip ; the dominions in Italy, with the
Islands, except Sicily, were to go to the Emperor ; and the
Spanish Xetherlands to the Elector of Bavaria : the trade
was to be regulated, as it was before the war ; some places
in Canada were to be restored to England, with the freedom
of fishery in Newfoundland ; but Placentia was to remain
with the French : Dunkirk was offered to be demolished ;
but Lisle and Toumay were to be given for it : tlie states
were to have tiieir demands for the Ijarrier ; and the frontier
between France, the Empire, and Italy, was to be tlic same
OF QUEEN ANNE. 299
that it was before the war ; by which Landau, Fenestrella, i''^^-
and Exilles, were to be restored to France. These demands ''^
were as extra vag;ant, as any that France could have made,
in the most prosperous state of their aftairs : this filled the
allies with indignation, and heightened the jealousy they
had of a secret understanding between the courts of Eng-
land and France.
But a great change happened in the aftairs of France at The death of
this very time, that their plenipotentiaries were making Dau.?hi'us.
these demands at Utrecht. The Dauphiness was taken
suddenly ill of a surfeit, as it was given out, and died in
three days ; and within three or four days after that, the
Dauphin himself died; and in a few days after him his
eldest son, about five or six years old, died likewise ; and
his second son, then about three years old, was thought to
be in a dying condition. These deaths coming so quick
one after another, struck that court. The King himself
was for some days ill, but he soon recovered. Such re-
peated strokes were looked on with amazement. Poison
was suspected, as is usual upon all such occasions ; and
the Duke of Orleans was generally charged with it. He
was believed to have dealt much in chymistry, and was an
ambitious prince. While he was in Spain, at the head of
King Philip's army, he formed a project to set him aside,
and to make himself King of Spain ; in which, as the Lord
Townshend told me, he went so far, that he tried to engage
Mr. Stanhope to press the Queen and the states to assist
him, promising to break with France, and to marry King
Charles's dowager : this came to be discovered ; he was
upon that called out of Spain ; and it was thought, that the
only thing that saved him was the King's kindness to his
natural daughter whom he had married. The King not
only passed it over, but soon after he obliged the Duke of
Berry to marry his daughter. Such care had that old King
taken to corrupt the blood of France with the mixture of
his spurious issue. King Philip was not at all pleased
with tlie alliance ; but wTole to his elder brother, expos-
tulating for his not opposing the marriage more vigorously,
with which he professed himself so displeased, that he could
not be brought to congratulate upon it. This letter was
sent from Madrid to Paris ; but was intercepted and sent
300 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
I'^i"- to Barcelona, and from thence to the Hague: Dr. Hare
^"'^''^ told me he read the original letter.
TLeciiarac- The Dukc of Biirgundy, when he became dauphin, up-
piiinf ^^' on his father's death, had been let into the understand-
ing the secrets of government ; and as was given out, he
had on many occasions expressed a deep sense of the mi-
series of the people with great sentiments of justice. He
had likewise, in some disputes that Cardinal de Noailles
had with the Jesuits, espoused his interests, and protected
him. It was also believed, that he retained a great affec-
tion to the Archbishop of Cambray, whose fable of Tele-
machus carried in it the noblest maxims possible, for the
conduct of a wise and good prince, and set forth that
station in shining characters, but which were the reverse of
Louis the Fourteenth's whole life and reign. These things
gave the French a just sense of the loss they had in his
death, and the apprehensions of a minority, after such a
reign, struck them with a great consternation. These deaths,
in so critical a time, seemed to portend, that all the vast
scheme which the King of France had formed with so
much perfidy and bloodshed, was in a fair way to be soon
blasted : but I will go no further in so dark a prospect.
An indigna- ^he Frcuch propositious raised, among the true English,
tion, when a just indignation; more particularly their putting off the
pro^oTis'^ owning the Queen, till the treaty came to be signed. The
came over, Lord Treasurer, to soften this, said, he saw a letter, in
^thTo'^ases. which the King of France acknowledged her Queen ; this
was a confession that there was a private correspondence
between them ; yet the doing it, by a letter, was no legal
act. In excuse of this, it was said, that the late King was
not owned by the French, till the treaty of Ryswick came
to be signed ; but there was a mediator in that treaty,
with whom our plenipotentiaries only negotiated ; whereas
there was no mediator at Utrecht ; so that the Queen was
now, without any interposition, treating with a princ<?,
who did not own her right to the crown. The propositions
made by the French were treated here with the greatest
scorn ; nor did the ministers pretend to say any thmg in
excuse for them : and an address was made to the Queen,
expressing a just indignation at such a proceeding, promis-
ing her all assistance in carrying on the war, till she should
arrive at a just and honomable peace.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 301
The allies did offer their demands next, which ran as ^^i^.
high another way. The Emperor asked the whole Spanish ^^ ^^
monarchy: England asked the restoring Newfomidland, mandsoftlie
and the demolishing Dunkirk : the states asked their whole ^"'"•
barrier; and every ally asked satisfaction to all the other
allies, as well as to himself. England and the states de-
clared, that they demanded Spain and the West Indies for
the Emperor ; so the high pattern set by the French in
their demands, w as to the full imitated by the allies. The
French set a day for offering their answ er ; but when the
day came, instead of offering an answer in writing, they
proposed to enter mto verbal conferences upon the de-
mands made on both sides : this had indeed been prac-
tised in treaties w here mediators interposed ; but that was
not done till the main points were secretly agreed to.
The allies rejected this proposition, and demanded spe-
cific answers in wTiting ; so, till the beginning of May,
the treaty went on in a very languid manner, in many fruit-
less meetings, the French always saying they had yet re-
ceived no other orders ; so that the negotiation there was
at a full stand.
The preparations for the campaign were carried on by ^^^p"^',,,^
the Emperor and the states with all possible vigour. Prince campaign.
Eugene staid three months in England, in a fruitless nego-
tiation with our court, and was sent back >vith general and
ambiguous promises. The states gave him the supreme
command of their army, and assured him that, in the
execution of the project that was concerted among them,
he should be put under no restraint by their deputies or
generals, and that no cessation of arms should be ordered
till all was settled by a general peace. The Duke of Or-
mond followed him in April, well satisfied both with his
instructions and his appointments ; for he had the same
allowances that had been lately voted criminal in the Duke
of Marlborough.
At this time the Pretender was taken ill of the small-pox: The Pre-
he recovered of them ; but his sister, who was taken with [^"/igdV''*'
the same disease, died of it. She was, by all that knew
her, admired as a most extraordinary person in all re-
spects ; insomuch, that a very great character was spread
of her by those who talked but indifferently of the Pre-
tender himself: thus he lost a great strength which she pro-
302
1712.
Proceed-
ings in con-
vocation.
C-ensure on
Winston's
hook, not
oontirmed
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
cured to him, from all who saw or conversed with her. I
turn next to give an account of the convocation.
There was a doubt suggested, whether the Queen's li-
cense did still subsist, after a prorogation by a royal writ :
the Attorney-General gave his opinion, that it was still in
force; upon which the bishops went on with the resolution,
in which the former session had ended, and sent back to
the lower house a paper which had been sent to them from
that house in the former session, with such amendments as
they thought proper: but then Atterbury started a new
notion, that as, in a session of parliament, a prorogation
put an end to all matters not tinished, so that they were to
begin all a-new ; the same rule was to be applied to con-
vocations in pursuance of his favourite notion, that the
proceedings in parliament were likewise to be observed
amongst them. The bishops did not agree to this ; for,
upon searching their books, they found a course of pre-
cedents to the contrary : and the schedule, by which the
Archbishop prorogued them, when the royal writ was sent
him, did, in express words, continue all things in the state
in which they were then, to their next meeting. Yet this
did not satisfy Atterbury and his party ; so the lower house
ordered him to lay the matter before the Attorney-General
for his opinion ; he did that very partially, for he did not
shew him the paper sent down by the bishops; he only
gave him a very defective abstract of it, whereupon the
Attornoy- General gave him such an answer as he desired ;
by which it was very plain, that he was not rightly in-
formed about it. The bishops resolved to adhere to the
method of former convocations, and not to begin matters
afresh that had been formerly near finished ; by this means
they were at a full stop, so that they could not determine
those points which had been recommended to them by the
Queen : but they entered upon new ones ; there was then a
bill, in tlie house of parliament, for building fifty new
churches in and about London and Westminster ; so an
office, for consecrating churches and churchyards, was
prepared : and probably this will be all the fruit that the
church will reap from this convocation.
The censure that was passed on Whiston's book, in tlie
former session, had been laid before the Queen in due
iorui for her approbation: but at the opening of thig scs-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 803
sion in December, the bishops finding that no return was . i7i2.
come from the throne in that matter, sent tvvo of their num- . "T"^*^
by the
ber to receive her jVIajesty's pleasure in it. The Arch- Queeu.
bishop being so ill of the gout, that he came not among us
all that winter. The Queen had put the censure, that we
had sent her, into the hands of some of her ministers, but
could not remember to whom she gave it ; so a new ex-
tract of it was sent to her ; and she said she would send
her pleasure upon it very speedily; but none came during
the session, so all further proceedings against him were
stopped, since the Queen did not confirm the step that we
had made : this was not unacceptable to some of us, and
to myself in particular. I was gone into my diocese when
that censure was passed ; and I have ever thought, that the
true interest of the Christian religion was best consulted,
when nice disputing about mysteries was laid aside and
forgotten.
There appeared, at this time, an inclination in many of 4° "?'^^'"*"
, -, J, t'on "• some
the clergy, to a nearer approach towards the church of of tiie clergy
Rome. Hicks, an ill-tempered man, who was now at the to"^''<^* P**-
head of the Jacobite party, had in several books promoted
a notion, that there was a proper sacrifice made in the
eucharist, and had, on many occasions, studied to lessen
our aversion to popery. The supremacy of the crown in
ecclesiastical matters, and the method in which the Refor-
mation was carried, was openly condemned. One Brett
had preached a sermon in several of the pulpits of Lon-
don, which he afterwards printed, in which he pressed the
necessity of priestly absolution, in a strain beyond what
was pretended to even in the church of Rome. He said
no repentance could serve without it, and affirmed that
the priest was vested with the same power of pardoning
that our Saviour himself had. A motion was made in the
lower house of convocation to censure this ; but it was so
ill supported, that it was let fall. Another conceit was
taken up of the invalidity of lay baptism, on which several
books have been writ ; nor was the dispute a trifling one ;
since by this notion, the teachers among the dissenters
passing for laymen, this went to the re-baptizing them and
their congregations.
Dodwell gave the rise to this conceit ; he was a very Dodweiis
learned man, and led a strict life; he seemed to hunt°*^'"°*'
"^.^
304 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1^^'- after paradoxes iii all his Avritiiigs, and broached not a few ;
he thought none could be saved, but those who, by the sa-
craments, had a federal right to it ; and that these were the
seals of the covenant : so that he left all, who died without
the sacraments, to the uncovcnanted mercies of God ; and
to this he added, that none had a right to give the sacra-
ments, but those who were commissioned to it ; and these
were the apostles, and after them bishops and priests or-
dained by them : it followed upon this, that sacraments ad-
ministered by others were of no value. He pursued these
notions so far, that he asserted that the souls of men were
naturally mortal, but that the immortalizing virtue was con-
veyed by baptism, given by persons episcopally ordained.
And yet, after all this, which carried the episcopal function
so high, he did not lay the original of that government on
any instruction or warrant in the scripture ; but thought it
was set up in the beginning of the second century, after th^
apostles were all dead. He \wote very doubtfully of the
time, in which the canon of the New Testament was set-
tled ; he thought it was not before the second century, and
Hiat an extraordinary inspiration was continued in' the
churches to that very time, to which he ascribed the origi-
nal of episcopacy. This strange and precarious system
was in great credit among us ; and the necessity of the sa-
crament, and the invalidity of ecclesiastical functions, when
performed by persons, who were not episcopally ordained,
were entertained by many \\dth great applause : this made
the dissenters pass for no Christians, and put all thoughts
of reconciling them to us far out of view : and several little
books were spread about the nation to prove the necessity
of re-baptizing them, and that they w ere in a state of dam-
nation till that was done; but few were, by these argu-
ments, prevailed upon to be re-baptized : this struck even
at the baptism by midwives in the church of Rome ; which
was practised and connived at here in England, till it was
objected in the conference, held at Hampton Court, soon
after King James the First's accession to the crown, and
baptism was not till then limited to persons in orders :
nothing of this kind was so much as mentioned in the year
1660, when a great part of the nation had been baptized by
dissenters : but it was now promoted with much heat.
The bishops thouglit it uecessaiy to put a stop to this
OF QUEEN ANNE. 305
new and extravagant doctrine ; so a declaration was agreed. ^^^2.
to, first against the irregularity of all baptism by persons ^j^^ ^^^^ ^
who were not in holy orders, but that yet, according to the designed to
practice of the primitive church, and the constant usage of J^"^|^^®™^®
the church of England, no baptism (in or with water, in the disscnurs.
name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost) ought to be
reiterated. The Archbishop of York at first agreed to this ;
so it was resolved to publish it, in the name of all the bi-
shops of England ; but he was prevailed on to change his
mind ; and refused to sign it, pretending that this would
encourage irregular baptism : so the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, with most of the bishops of his province, resolved to ^""^®.,
offer it to the convocation. It was agreed to in the upper nol agree to
house, the Bishop of Rochester only dissenting : but when ^'•
it was sent to the lower house, they would not so much as
take it into consideration, but laid it aside, thinking that it
would encourage those who struck at the dignity of the
priesthood. This was all that passed in convocation.
The supplies demanded were given, in all about six mil- Great sup-
lions ; there were two lotteries of 1,800,000/. a piece, besides ^ "^^ ^'^*^
the four shillings in the pound, and the malt bill. A motion
was made for a clause, to be put in one of the lottery bills,
for a commission to inquire into the value and consideration
of all the grants made by King William. The ministers ap-
prehended the difficulty of carrying a money bill, with a
tack to it, through the House of Lords ; so they prevailed
to get it separated from the money bill, and sent up in a,
particular one ; and undertook to carry it. When it came
up to the House of Lords, a great party was made against
it ; those who continued to pay a respect to the memory of
King William, thought it was a very unbecoming return to
him, who had delivered the nation from slavery and popery,
to cast so particular an indignity on his grants : the bill
made all its steps through the House of Lords to the last,
with a small majority of one or two. The Earl of Notting-
ham was absent the first two days, but came to the House
on the last; he said, he always thought those grants were
too large, and very unseasonably made, but he thought
there ought to be an equal way of proceeding in that mat-
ter ; they ought either to resume them all, or to bring all
concerned in them to an equal composition : he therefore
could not approve of this bill, which, by a Yery clear consc-
voL. IV. 2r
306 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
I'' 12. quence, would put it in the power of a fellow-subject to re-
^"^^^"^ sume or to cover grants at his pleasure ; and so it would
put the persons, concerned in the grants, into too great a
dependance on him. At the last reading of the bill, seventy-
eight, in person or by proxy, were for the bill, and as many
were against it : the votes being equal, by the rule of the
House, the negativ e carried it : so, for that time, the bill
was lost.
During the session, reports were often given out, that all
things were agreed, and that the treaty was as good as
finished : but new stories were set on foot, and pretended
delays, to put off the expectation of peace : however, in
the end of May, we were surprised with letters from the
camp, which told us, that the army of the allies being joined,
was twenty-five thousand men stronger than the French ;
an advantage that they never had before during the whole
course of the war : that Prince Eugene therefore propos-
ed, that they should march towards the head of the Scheld,
where the French army lay, and, upon their advancing, the
French would be obliged cither to venture on action or to
retire ; and in that case Cambray w ould be left open to the
allies to sit down before it. The council of war agreed to
Tiie Duke this ; but, to their great surprise, the Duke of Ormond
oforiuond shcwcd ordcrs not to act oflensively against the French ;
to act offen- he Seemed to be very uneasy with these orders, but said
8i?eijr ijg must obey them. This w as much resented by tlie whole
army, and by the ministers of the allies at the Hague and at
Utrecht : and it struck us here in England with amazement.
Motions -were made upon it in both houses of parlia-
ment; for it seemed we were neither to have peace nor
war: so it was proposed, that an address should be made
to the Queen, that she would set the Duke of Ormond at
liberty to act in concurrence with the other generals, and
carry on the war so as to obtain a good peace. Those who
opposed this, asked what proofs they had of what was said
concerning the Duke of Ormond's orders ; they had only
private letters, which were not produced : so it was said
there was not ground enough to found an address upon,
which ought not to be made on bare reports. The minis-
ters would neither confess nor deny the matter, pretending
the oa<h of secrecy ; yet they aflirmcd the Duke of Or-
mond was at liberty to cover a siege.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 307
That which prevailed in both houses to hinder the ad- i''i2.
dress was, that the ministers in both did affirm that the a ^i^^^e
peace was agreed on, and would be laid before th^m in pea<=e dis-
three or four days : it was upon that suggested that this "hehorl
must be a separate peace, since the allies knew nothing of T'^^surer.
it. The Lord Treasurer said, a separate peace was so
base, so knavish, and so villanous a thing, that every one
who served the Queen knew they must answer it witli their
heads to the nation ; but it would appear to be a safe and
a glorious peace, much more to the honour and interest
of the nation, than the preliminaries that were agreed to
three years before : he also affirmed that the allies knew
of it, and were satisfied with it ; so the motion fell, and
all were in great expectation to see what a few days would
produce. In order to this, it was proposed to examine
into all the proceedings at the Hague, and at Gertruyden-
burgh, in the years 1709 and 1710 : this was set on by a
representation made by the Earl of Strafford, for he affirm-
ed, in the House of Lords, that those matters had not been
fairly represented : he said he had his information from one
of the to o who had been employed in those conferences :
by this it was plain he meant Buys. Lord Townshend had
informed the House, that those who had treated with the
French at Gertruydenburgh did, at their return, give an ac-
count of their negotiation to the ministers of the allies, in
the pensioner's presence, before they reported it to the
states themselves : but upon this, the Earl of Strafford said,
they had been first secretly with the pensioner, who direct-
ed them both what to say, and what to suppress. Upon
this, the House made an address to the Queen, desiring her
to lay before them all that passed at that time, and in that
negotiation ; but nothing followed upon this, for it was said
to be designed only to amuse the House.
Surprises came at this time quick one after another. At The Qneen,
Utrecht, on the 2d of June, N. S., the plenipotentiaries of ^^JJ'^f^'"
the states expostulated Asith the Bishop of Bristol, upon Bristol, said
tlie orders sent to the Duke of Ormond : he answered, he fr'^ee from all
knew nothing of them ; but said he had received a letter, her treaties
two days before, from the Queen, in which she complained ^j^tes. ^
that, notwitlistanding all the advances she had made, to
engage the states to enter with her upon a plan of peace,
they had not answered her as they ought, and as she hoped
308
1712.
The Qneen
laid before
the parlia-
ment tlie
plan of the
peace.
Addresses
of both
houses npon
it.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
they would have done : therefore she did now think herself
at liberty to enter into separate measures, to obtain a
peace for her own convenience. The plenipotentiaries
said, this was contrary to all tiieir alliances and treaties ;
they thought that, by the deference they had shewed her
on all occasions, they had merited much better usage from
her ; they knew nothing of any advances made to them on
a plan of peace. The Bishop replied, that, considering the
conduct of the states, the Queen thought herself disengaged
from all alliances and engagements with them : the Bishop
did not in express words name the barrier treaty; but he
did not except it : so they reckoned it was included in the
general words he had used. This did not agree with what
the Lord Treasurer had said in the House of Lords : and
when the states' Envoy complained to him of these decla-
rations made them by the Bishop, all the answer he made
was, that he was certainly in a very bad humour when he
talked at that rate.
On the 5th of June, the Queen came to the parliament,
and told them on what terms a peace might be had. King
Philip was to renounce the succession to the crown of
France if it should devolve on him ; and this was to execute
itself, by putting the next to him into the succession : Sicily
was to be separated from Spain, though it was not yet
settled who should have it. The protestant succession
wa^ to be secured, and he who had pretended to the
crown, was no more to be supported. Dunkirk was to be
demolished, and Newfomidland to be delivered to England.
Gibraltar and Port Mahon were to remain in our hands :
we were also to have the assiento, a word importing tlie
furnishing the Spanish West Indies with slaves from Africa.
The Dutch were to have their barrier, except two or three
places ; and due regard would be had to all our allies.
Both houses agreed to make addresses of thanks to the
Queen for communicating this plan to them, desiring her to
finish it : an addition to these last words, " in conjunction
with her allies," was moved in both houses, that so there
might be a guarantee settled for the maintaining the terms
of the treaty ; but it was rejected by a great majority in
both houses. It was said, in opposition to it, that it would
subj^ect the Queen and the whole treaty to the pleasure of
the allies, who might prove backward and intractable : and
OF QUEEN ANNE. 309
since England had borne the greatest share of the burthen ^'^12.
of the war, it was reasonable that the Queen should be the ''"^^^^
arbiter of the peace. On the other hand it was said, that
if the allies did not enter into a guarantee, we must depend
on the faith of the French, and be at their mercy ; and so
have nothing to trust to, but the promises of a court noted,
in a course of many years, for a train of perfidy. But many
had formed an obstinate resolution to get out of the war
on any terms : so nothing that was offered, that seemed to
obstruct the arriving speedily at that end, was heard with
patience ; and no regard was had to the faith of treaties :
yet both houses observed one caution, not to express their
being satisfied with the plan of the peace, though it was
covertly insinuated. Mention was also made of our treaties
with our allies, and of the protestant succession : the Lords,
who had all along protested against the steps that the
court had taken, entered the reasons of their protesting
against the negative put on adding the words, " in conjunc-
tion with her allies," and on the former vote, concerning the
orders sent to the Duke of Orraond : these carried in them
such just and severe reflections on the ministry, as running
the nation into an open breach of all public trust, and put-
ting every thing into the hands of the French, that, by the
strength of the majority, they were expunged: yet they
were printed, and copies of them were sent over the nation ;
but nothing could break through that insensibility which
had stupified the people. A new set of addresses ran
about full of gross flattery, magnifying the present conduct,
with severe reflections on the former ministry, which some
carried back to King William's reign : some of these ad-
dresses mentioned the protestant succession, and the house
of Hanover, with zeal ; others did it more coldly ; and
some made no mention at all of it. And it was universally
believed, that no addresses were so acceptable to the mi-
nisters as those of the last sort.
About the middle of June, the session of parliament Tiie pnd nf
came to an end : the Queen, in her speech, said, she was of narUa- "
glad to find they approved of her scheme of peace, though Jnent.
that was in none of the addresses ; many who intended to
merit by their officious zeal, had indeed magnified it in both
houses, but it was not in either of their addresses. The
Earl of Stiafford was again sent over to induce tlie states
310
1712.
HISTORY OF THE REIGfN
to accept the offers that the French were making, and to
consent to a cessation of arms.
Prince Eugene ordered Qiiesnoy to be besieged ; and he,
in conjunction with the Duke of Orraond, covered the
army.
Quesnoy
taken.
The Duke
of OriiK lul
proclaims a. . ii-j 11
cessation of sicgc ; l)ut whcu the placc was so straitened, that it could
arms, aiii jjqj. ]iq\([ Q^t abovc two or three days, the Duke of Ormond
Eugene's seut Priiicc Eugcnc w ord, that he had orders to proclaim a
cessation of arms for two months. Prince Eugene disa-
greeing to this, he signified his orders to all the German
troops that were in the Queen's pay : but the states and
the Emperor had foreseen that this might happen, and had
negotiated so effectually with the princes, to whom these
troops belonged, that they had sent orders to their generals
to continue with Prince Eugene, and to obey his command.
This they represented to the Duke of Ormond, and h^
upon that told them, they should neither have bread nor
pay, nor their arrears, if they refused to obey his orders :
this last seemed unjust, since they had served hitherto ac-
cording to agreement ; so that their arrears could not be*
detained with any colour of justice. Quesnoy capitulated,
and the garrison w ere made prisoners of w ar. It was said,
that the court of France had promised to put Dunkirk in
the Queen's hands, as a sure j)ledge of performing all that
that they had stipulated, in order to a general peace : this
w^as executed in the beginning of July, and a body of
our troops, with a squadron of ships, were sent to take
possession of the place. The Duke of Ormond made a
second attempt on the generals of the German troops, to
see if they w ould agree to the cessation of arms ; but they
excused themselves upon the orders they had received from
their masters : so he proclaimed the cessation at the head of
the English troops, upon which he separated himself from
Prince Eugene's army, and retired to Ghent and Bruges,
possessing himself of them. The fortified places, near the
frontier, had orders to let the officers pass through, but not
to suffer the troops to possess themselves of them. The
withdrawing the English forces in this manner from the
confederate army was censured, not only as a manifest
breach of faith and of treaties, but as treacherous in the
highest and basest degree. The Duke of Ormond had
given the states such assurances of his going along with
them through the whole campaign, that he was let into the
OF QUEEN ANNE. 311
secrets of all their counsels, which, by that confidence, were i"^^-
all known to the French: and, if the auxiliary German ""^
troops had not been prepared to disobey his orders, it was
believed he, in conjunction with the French array, would
have forced the states to come into new measures. But
that was happily prevented. Yet all this conduct of our
general was applauded at home as gTcat, just, and wise;
and our people were led to think it a kind of triumph, upon
Dunkirk's being put into our hands, not considering that
we had more truly put ourselves into the hands of the
French, by this open breach of faith ; after which, the con-
federates could no longer trust or depend onus. Nor was
this only the act of the court and ministry, but it became
the act of the nation, which, by a general voice, did not
only approve of it, but applaud it.
Prince Eugene's next attempt was upon Landrecy, in LandtecT
which it seemed probable that he would succeed ; but this ^^^''s*^**-
prospect, and indeed the whole campaign, had a fatal re-
verse. There was a body of eight or ten thousand men
posted at Denain, on the Scheld, commanded by the Earl
of Albemarle, to secure the conveying bread and amminii-
tion to the army, and to the siege. Villars made a motion
as if he designed to give Prince Eugene battle ; but after
a feint that way, he turned quick upon this body, that lay
on both sides of the river, w ith only one bridge of pon-
toons: the rest had been sent to the siege of Landrecy,
and there was not a supply of more brought. That bridge, ^ ^^^^^ ,^^^
with the weight that was on it, broke; so the bodies could at Denain
not be joined. But military men assured me, that if it had ^ver^^'on
not been for that misfortune, Villars's attempt might have the cau.-
turned fatally on himself, and to the ruin of his w hole army. '^■*'^""
But in conclusion, he gave them a total defeat, and so
made himself master of those posts which they w ere to de-
fend. This opeoed a new scene ; it not only forced the
raising the siege of Landrecy, but gave Villars an occasion
to sieze on Marchiennes, and some other places, where he
found great stores of artillery and ammunition, and fur-
nished him likewise with an opportunity of sitting down
before Dow ay. What errors w ere committed, either in the
counsels or orders, or in the execution of them, and at
whose door these ought to be laid, is far above my under-
standing in military matters ; but be that as it will, this
312
1712.
Distractions
at the
Hague.
The reimti-
ciatirm of
tlie succes-
sions in
Spain and
France.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN
misfortune served not a little to raise the Duke of Marlbo-
rough's character, under whose command no such thing had
ever happened. The effects of this disgrace were great ;
Doway was taken, after a long and brave defence ; Prince
Eugene tried to raise the siege, but did not succeed in it.
Indeed, the states would not put things to so great a ven-
ture, after such a loss ; the garrison were made prisoners of
war. Quesnoy was next besieged ; the great artillery that
had been employed in the siege were left in the place : the
garrison improved that advantage; so that the taking it
cost the enemy very dear.
These losses created a great distraction in the counsels
at the Hague ; many were inclined to accept of a cessa-
tion; the Emperor and the princes of the empire made
great ofi'ers to the states, to persuade them to continue the
war ; at the same time, the French grew very insolent on
their successes, and took occasion, from a quarrel between
the footmen of one of the Dutch plenipotentiaries and one
of theirs, to demand an extravagant reparation ; which the
Dutch not complying with, a full stop was put to all
proceedings at Utrecht for some months. Our court took
some pains to remove that obstruction; but the Frencb
King's pride being now again in exaltation, he was intract-
able. St. John, being made Viscomit Bolingbroke, was
sent over with secret instructions to the court of France,
where, as it was believed, the peace was fully concluded :
but all that was published upon his return was a new ces-
sation of arms, both by sea and land, for four months
longer. Duke Hamilton was named to go ambassador
to France, and Lord Lexington to Spain. The Earl of
Strafford continued to press the states to come into the
Queen's measures, which it was said he managed with
great imperiousness. The states resolved to offer their
plan to the Queen, in which they pressed the restoring
Strasburgh to the empire, to have Valenciennes demolish-
ed, and Conde added to their barrier, and that the old ta-
riff for trade should be again restored.
The Lord Lexington went first to Spain, where the
cortes were summoned, in which that King did solemnly
renounce, for himself and his heirs, the right of succession
to the crown of France, and limited the succession to the
crown of Spain, after his own posterity, to the house of
OF QUEEN ANNE. 313
Savoy. The lite renunciation \vas made some months after 1^12.
that, by the princes of France to the crown of Spain ; and ^^''^
Philip was declared incapable of succeeding to the crown
of France. It was something strange to see so much
weight laid on these renunciations, since the King of
France had so often, and so solemnly declared (upon his
claiming, in the right of his Queen, the Spanish Xether-
lands, when the renunciation made by his Queen before the
marriage, pursuant to the treaty of the Pyrenees, of all
rights of succession to her father's dominions, was object-
ed to him) that no renunciation, which was but a ci\il act,
could destroy the rights of blood, founded on the laws of
nature : but this was now forgot, or very little considered.
At this time the Order of the Garter had nine vacant stalls,
so six knights were at one time promoted, the Dukes of
Beaufort, Hamilton, and Kent, and the Earls of Oxford,
Powlet, and Strafford. The Duke of Hamilton's being ap-
pointed to go to the court of France, gave melancholy spe-
culations to those who thought him much in the Pretender's
interest; he was considered, not only in Scotland, but here
in England, as the head of his party : but a dismal acci-
dent put an end to his life, a i'ew days before he intended
to have set out on his embassy.
He and the Lord Mohun were engaged in some suits of^^^'^otHaf
law ; and a violent hatred was kindled between them : so Lord "iThaa
that, upon a very high provocation, the Lord Mohun sent b"^''' killed
him a challenge, which he tried to decline ; but, both being '" ^ *'*^*" * *
hunied by those false points of honour, they fatally went
out to Hyde Park, in the middle of November, and fought
with so violent an animosity, that neglecting the rules of
art, they seemed to run on one another, as if they tried who
should kill first ; in which they were both so unhappily
successful, that the Lord Mohun was killed outiight, and
Duke Hamilton died in a few minutes after. I will add no
character of him : I am sorry I cannot say so much good
of him as I could wish, and I had too much kindness for
him to say any evil without necessity. Nor shall I make
any reflections on the deplorable effect of those unchristian
and barbarous maxims, which have prevailed so univer-
sally, that there is little hope left of seeing them rooted out
of the minds of men ; the false notions of honour and cou-?
VOL. IV. 2 s
314 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1712. i-agc bein^ too strong to be weighed down by pnident or
relii^ioiis considerations.
The Dake The Duke of Shrewsbury was, upon Duke Hamilton's
of Shrews- death, named for the embassy to France, and went over
France, and iu the end of December : the same yacht that carried him
Duke de (q Calais, brought over the Duke de Aumont, the French
caine to ambassador, who was a good-natured and generous man,
England. Qf pyofase expcusc, th^o^v^ng handfuls of money often out
of his coach, as he went about the streets: he was not
thought a man of business, and seemed to employ himself
chiefly, in maintaining the dignity of his character, and
making himself acceptable to the nation. I turn next to
foreign affairs.
The aiTaus The War in Poraerania went on but slowly, though the
IB the north. (;^2ar and the Kings of Denmark and Poland joined their
forces ; upon which it was thought, the interest of Sweden
must have sunk in those parts : but the feebleness of one
or other of those princes lost them great advantages.
Steinbock, the Swedish general, seeing the Danes were se-
parated from their allies, made a quick march toward them ;
and though the Saxons had joined them before he came up,
yet he attacked them. The action was hot, and lasted some
hours ; but it ended in a complete victory on the Swedish
side. At the same time the Swedes were animated by re-
ports from Constantinople, which gave them hopes of the
war between the Turks and the Czar being like to break
out again, which the King of Sweden continued to solicit,
and in which he had all the assistance that the French
could give him.
The Empc- This gave the Emperor great apprehensions that disor-
fZ Uiedr ^^^^ ^^ Hungary might follow upon it, which would defeat
with France, the mcasuTes he had taken to settle matters in that king-
dom ; so that being safe on that side, he might turn his whole
force against France, and by that means, encourage the
states to continue the war. Those in Holland, who pressed
the accepting the offers that France made them, represented
that as a thing not possible to be supported : the promises
of the Emperor and the princes of the empire had so often
failed them, that they said, they could not be relied on ; and
the distractions in the north, made them apprehend that
fliose princes might be obliged to recal their troops, which
were in the aervice of the states.
OF QUEEN ANNE. 315
Th€ Earl of Strafford was sent back to the Hague with ^''i^-
the French plan, which came to be called the Queen's plan : '"^'^
but to dra\v^ them in the more, he was ordered to enter upon ^ier treaty
a new barrier treaty with them, by which the former was to ^vUb tUe
•^ i . ii states.
be set aside : by it, the states w^ere td mamtam the succes-
sion to the crowTi, when required to it by the Queen, but
not otherwise. This gave still new occasions for jealousy ;
for whereas, by the former treaty, they were strictly bound
to maintain the succession, so that they were obliged to op-
pose any attempts they saw made against it ; they were by
this treaty obliged to stay till they were sent to; and if
our ministers should come to entertain ill designs that way,
they would take care no notice should be given to the states.
The barrier for the Dutch came far short of the former ; the
states wrote another letter to the Queen, desiring her to in-
terpose, for restoring Strashurgh to the empire, for adding
Conde to their barrier, and for settling the commerce on the
foot of the antient tariff; as also for obtaining more rea-
sonable terms for the Emperor : but things were so fixed
between the court of France and ours, that there was no
room for intercession.
The Earl of Godolphin died of the stone in September : The death of
he was the man of the clearest head, the calmest tem.per, codorpiiin.
and the most incoiTUpt of all the ministers of state I have HiscUarac-
ever known. After having been thirty years in the Trea- "'
suvy, and during nine of those, lord treasurer, as he was
never once suspected of corruption, or of sullering his ser-
vants to grow rich under him, so in ail that time his estate
was net increased by him to the value of 4000/, He served
the Queen with such a particular affection and zeal, that
he studied to possess all people with great personal esteem
for her ; and she herself seemed to be so sensible of this
for many years, that if courts were not different from all
other places in the world, it might have been thought, that
his wise management at home, and the Duke of Marlbo-
rough's glorious conduct abroad, would have fixed them in
their posts ; above the little practices of an artful favourite,
and the cunning of a man, who has not hitherto shewed any
token of a great genius, and is only eminent in the arts of
deluding those that hearken to him.
Upon the Earl of Godolphin's death, the Duke of Marl- J^j^f ^**'
borough resolved to go and live beyond sea; he executed rongh went
to Hre he-
316 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
iT^is. it in the end of November ; and his Dutchess followed hira
in the beginning of February. This was variously cen-
youd s (Ta! sured ; — some pretended it was the giving up and abandon-
ing the concerns of his country; and they represented it as
the effect of fear, with too anxious a care to secure him-
self: others were glad he was safe out of ill hands; where-
by, if we should fall into the convulsions of a civil w ar, he
would be able to assist the Elector of Hanover, as being
so entirely beloved and contided in by all our military men ;
"whereas, if he had staid in England, it was not to be doubt-
ed, but, upon the least shadow of suspicion, he would have
been immediately secured ; whereas now he would be at
liberty, being beyond sea, to act as there might be occa-
sion for it.
• There were two suits begun against him ; the one was
for the two and a half per cent., that the foreign princes
•^vere content should be deducted for contingencies, of which
an account was formerly given : the other was, for arrears
due to the builders of Blenheim House. The Queen had
given orders for building it with great magnificence ; all the
bargains with the workmen were made in her name, and by
authority from her ; and in the preambles of the acts of par-
liament, that confirmed the grant of Woodstock to him and
his heirs, it was said the Queen built the house for him :
yet now, that the tradesmen were let run into an arrear of
80,000/., the Queen refused to pay any more ; and set them
upon suing the Duke of Marlborough for it, though he had
never contracted with any of them : upon his going beyond
sea, both those suits were staid, which gave occasion to
people to imagine, that the ministry, being disturbed to see
so much public respect put on a man, whom they had used
so ill, had set these prosecutions on foot, only to render
his stay in England uneasy to him.
We possess Qur army continued this winter about Ghent and Bru-
a very pre- gcs; and w^c kept a sort ot garrison ni Dunkirk: but that
carious yy^s SO ill Supplied with artillery and ammunition, that it
was visible they were not in a condition to keep the place
any longer than the French wero willing to let them stay in
it. And during that time, they were neither allowed to have
a place to worship God, nor to bury their dead in, though
by a mortality that raged there, some thousands died. Our
ministers continued still to press the states and the Empe-
OF QUEEN ANNE. 317
ror to come into the Queen's measures; the Emperor, on i7i2.
some occasions, talked in a very positive strain, as if he ^^'^^'"^
Teas resolved to put all to hazard, rather than submit to
such hard conditions ; but the apprehensions of a war in
the neighbourhood of Hungary, and the low state of his
treasure, forced him to come down from that height, and
engage the states to pi ocure better terms for him : the de-
mand of Strasburgh was rejected by the French, with so
positive an air, that our court did not move in it more ;
nor did it appear that we obtained any one condition of the
French, but what was ofl'ered in their own project.
In conclusion, the states were forced to yield in every The barrier
particular ; and then our ministers, to give some seeming ^\^^^y
content to the nation, and to bring the states into some con-
fidence with them, ordered the new barrier treaty to be
signed ; and it was given out by their creatures, that the
French were highly offended at their signing this ; making
it previous to a general peace, and a sort of guarantee for
it. Thus, after all the declamations that were made on the
first barrier treaty, the ministers came into a new one, which
though not so secure as the former, yet was liable to all the
objections that were made against that. The French, as
we were assured, in the progress of the treaty, used all that
course of chicane, for which they have been so long fa-
mous ; and, after all the steps our court had made to get
them a treaty of their own projecting, we were not at last
able to gain any one point upon them : they seemed to
reckon, that now we had put ourselves in their hands, and
that they might use us as they pleased.
A proclamation was set out in the end of November, 3713,
giving notice that the session of parliament Avould be Seven pro-
opened on the 13th of January : but though the proroguing parJiament.
the parliament, after such a proclamation, was without a
precedent, yet we were put off by seven prorogations, some
for a fortnight, and some for three weeks : it was said, we
were daily expecting a sudden conclusion of the treaty ;
and till all was finished, the ministers could not know
what aids were to be demanded. What occasioned all
these delays is yet a secret to me ; so I can write nothing
of it. Many expresses were sent to Vienna, and the re-
tains to those could not come quick. The demands for re-
storing the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne, together with
Affairs of
Sweden,
318 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1713. a compensation for their losses, were insisted on. The
^ Emperor could not do the former of these without the diet,
by whose authority they were put under the imperial ban:
but neither the Emperor nor diet could answer the other
demand, it rose so high.
While we were at home uneasy at the many proroga-
tions and delays, the news from beyond sea opened a new
scene. The Swedes broke into Holstein, but were so
closely followed by the Danes and Muscovites, that their
retieat by land was cut off, and the Danish ships shut them
from the Baltic Sea: they made great waste in the King of
Denmark's share of Holstein, and burnt Altena, a great
and rich village, within a mile of Hamburgh, which being
an open place, in no sort fortified, the binning it was
thought contrary to the laws of war.
The King of xhc King of Prussia died in February : he was, in his
death. o^^^™ persoii, a virtuous man, and full oi zeal m the matters
of religion ; he raised above two hundred new churches in
his dominions ; he was weak, and much in the power of
his ministers and flatterers ; but was so apt to hearken to
whispers, tliat he changed twice the whole set of his mi-
nistry : his assuming the title of a king, and his affecting
an extraordinary magnificence in his court, brought a great
charge on himself, and on all about him, which made him
a severe master to his subjects, and set him on many pre-
tensions, chiefly those relating to the Prince of Frizeland,
which were not thought well grounded. He was suc-
ceeded in his dignity by his son, who had hitherto ap-
peared to affect a roughness of behaviour, and seemed
fond of his grenadiers, not only beyond all other military
men, but beyond all men whatsoever: he seemed to have a
warlike inclination ; but what he ^^111 prove, now that he is
on the throne, must be left to time.
■Uhe King of The appcaranccs of a new war between the Turks and
orififortunes. ^^^ Czar varied so often, that it was doubtful in what it
might end : the King of Sw eden used all possible means to
engage the Turk in it; but he threw himself, by his in-
tractable obstinacy, into great dangers: the party at the
Porte that opposed the war, studied to get rid of that King,
and of his importunities. Orders were sent him to march
back into his kingdom ; and they undertook to procure
him a safe passage to it ; but he treated the person that
OF QUEEN ANNE. 319
was sent with this message, with great insolence, and for- i7i3.
tified himself, as well as he could, with the Swedes that ^"^^"''^
were about him, and resolved to defend himself. A force,
much superior to his, was brought against him ; but he
maintained himself so resolutely in his house, that some
hundreds of those who attacked him were killed : the Turks
upon that set fire to the house, whereupon he was forced to
surrender, and was put under a, guard; and most of his
Swedes were sold for slaves : he was carried to a house
near Adrianople, but not suflcred to come to court : only
the Sultan disowned the violence used to his person. In the
meanwhile, the Czar shipped an army from Petersburgh,
that landed in Finland: the Swedes were not able to stand
before him; every place, as he advanced, submitted to
him ; and he was now master of Abo, the capital of Fin-
land, and of that whole province. Steinbock, with his
army, maintained himself in Tonningen as long as their
provision lasted : but, all supplies being carefully stopped,
he was forced at last to deliver up himself and his army
prisoners of war; and these were the best troops the
Swedes had, so that Sweden was struck with a general
consternation : to this distracted state has that furious
prince abandoned his own kingdom. And there I must
leave it, to return to our own affairs.
After a long expectation, we at last knew, that, on the T^* treaties
13th of March, the treaty of peace between England, the°ses'sion
France, and the states was signed : upon this, the parlia- "f Parlia-
ment was opened on the 9th of April. The Queen, in her ^t° °^*°
speech, told the two houses, that she had now concluded a
peace, and had obtained a further security for the protest-
ant succession, and that she was in an entire union with the
house of Hanover ; she asked of the Commons the neces-
sary supplies, and recommended to both houses the culti-
vating the arts of peace, with a reflection upon faction.
Upon this speech, a debate arose in the House of Lords,
concerning some words that were moved to be put in the
address (which, of course, was to be made to the Queen),
applauding the conditions of the peace, and the security for
the protestant succession : this was opposed, since we did
not yet know what the conditions of the peace were, nor
what that security was ; all that appeared was, that the
Pretender was gone out of Fruuce into the Barrois, a part
320 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1713. of Lon-aine, lor whicli that Duke did homage to the crown
^'"'''^ of France. An address of coiigiatulation was agreed to,
but without any approbation of the peace. The House of
Commons observed the same caution in their address.
But, upon this, a new set of addresses ran through the na-
tion, in the usual strains of flattery and false eloquence.
The parliament sat above a month, before the articles of
peace, and of a treaty of commerce, made at the same time,
were laid before them. It was given out, that till the rati-
fications were exchanged, it was not proper to publish
them ; but when that was done, they were communicated
to both houses, and printed.
Tiie sub- By the treaty of peace, the French King was bound to
tLe"treaties S^^'^ neither harbour nor assistance to the Pretender, but
of peace and acknowledged the Queen's title and the protestant succes-
sion, as it was settled by several acts of parliament : Dun-
kirk was to be razed in a time limited, within five months
after the ratifications ; but that was not to be begun till an
equivalent for it was put in the hands of France. New-
foundland, Hudson's Bay, and St. Christopher's, were to
be given to England; but Cape Breton was left to the
French, with a liberty to dry their fish on Newfoundland :
this was tlie main substance of the articles of peace. The
treaty of commerce settled a free trade, according to the
tariff in the year 1664, excepting some commodities, that
were subjected to a new tariff, in the year 1699, which was
so high, that it amounted to a prohibition : all the produc-
tions of France were to come into England under no other
duties, but those that w ere laid on the same productions
from other countries ; and when this was settled, then com-
missaries were to be sent to London, to agree and adjust
all matters relating to trade : the treaty of commerce with
Spain was not yet finished. As for the allies, Portugal and
Savoy were satisfied ; the Emperor was to have the dutchy
ot Milan, the kingdom of Naples, and the Spanish Nether
lands: Sicily was to be given to the Duke of Savoy, with
the title of king : and Sardinia with the same title, was to
be given to the Elector of Bavaria, in lieu of his losses :
the states were to deliver up Lisle, and the little places
about it : and, besides the places of which they were already
possessed, they were to have Namur, Charleroy, Luxem-
burgh;, Ypres, and Newport : the King of Prussia w as to
"^r^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 321
have the Upper Guelder, in lieu of Orange, and the other ^"^3.
estates, which the tamily had in Franche Comte : this was
all that I think necessary to insert here, with relation to onr
treaty : the Emperor was to have time to the 1st of June,
to declare his accepting- of it. It did not appear what equi-
valent the King- of France was to have for Dunkirk ; no
mention was made of it in the treaty ; so the House of Com-
mons made an address to the Queen, desiring to know what
that equivalent was. Some weeks passed before they had
an answer; at last the Queen, by a message, said, the French
King had that equivalent already in his own hands ; but we
were still in the dark as to that, no further explanation
being made of it. As to Newfoundland, it was thought that
the French settling at Cape Breton, instead of Placentia,
would be of great advantage to them with relation to the
fishery, which is the only thing that makes settlements in
those parts of any value. Tlie English have always pre-
tended, that the tirst discovery of Xewfo midland being made
in Henry the Seventh's time, the right to it w as in the crown
of England. The French had leave given them, in King
Charles the First's time, to fish there, paying tribute, as an
acknowledgment of that license : it is true, they canied this
much further, during the civil wars ; and this grew to a
much greater height in the reign of King Charles the Se-
cond: but in King William's time, an act of parliament
passed, asserting the right of the crown to Newfoundland,
laying open the trade thither, to all the subjects of Great
Britain, with a positive and constant exclusion of all aliens
and foreigners. These were the reflections on the treaty
of peace; but there were more important objections made
to the treaty of commerce. During King Charles the Se-
cond's reign, our trade with France was often and loudly
complained of, as very prejudicial to the nation ; there w as
a commission appointed in the year 1674, to adjust the con-
ditions of our commerce with that nation, and then it ap-
peared, in a scheme that was prepared by very able mer-
chants, that we lost every year a million of money by our
trade thither. This was then so well received, that the
scheme was entered into the journals of both houses of par-
liament, and into the books of the Custom House : but the
court, at that time, favoured the interests of France so much,
preferably to their ovm, that the trade went still on till the
\'OL. IV. 2 T
v-%-w;
322 HISTOliY 01 THE REIGN
^713- year 1C78, when the parliament laid, upon all French coiu-
motlities, such a duty as amounted to a prohibition, and
was to last for three years, and to the end of the next ses-^
sion of parliament: at the end of the three years, Kmg
Charles called no more parliaments ; and that act w as re-
pealed in King James's parliament : hut, during the w hole
last war, high duties w ere laid on all the productions and
manufactures of France ; w hich, by this treaty, Avere to be
no higher charged, than the same productions from other
countries. It w as said, that if we had been as often beat
by the French, as they had been by us, this would have
been thought a very hard treaty ; and if the articles of our
commerce had been settled, before the Duke of Ormond
was ordered to separate his troops from the confederates,
the French could not have pretended to draw us into such
terms, as they had insisted on since that time, because we
put ourselves into their power. We were engaged by our
treaty with Portugal, that their wines should be charged a
third part lower than the French wines ; but if the duties
■were, according to this treaty of commerce, to be made
equal, then considering the difference of freight, which is
more than double from Portugal, the French wines would
be much cheaper; and the nation generally liking them
better, by this means we should not only Ineak our trea-
ties with Portugal, but if we did not take olf their wines,
we must lose their trade, which was at present the most ad-
vantageous, that we drove any where ; for besides a great
vent of our manufactures, we brought over yearly great re-
turns of gold from thence ; 4, 5, and 6(10,000/. a year. We
had brought the silk manufacture here to so great perfec-
tion, that about three hmidred thousand people were main-
tained by it. For carrying this on, we brought great quan-
tities of silk from Italy and Turkey, by which people in
those countries came to take oil' as great quantities of our
manufactures : so that our demand for silk had opened
good markets for our w oollen goods abroad ; which must
fail if our manufacture of silk at home should be lost :
which, if once we gave a free vent for silk stulfs from
France among us, must soon be the case ; since the cheap-
ness of provisions, and of labour in France, would enable
the French to undersell us, even at our own markets. Our
linen and paper manufacturers would likewise be ruined by
OF QUEEN ANNE. gag
a free importation of the same goods from France. These 1713.
things came to be so generally well understood, that even '^^/^
while flattering addresses were coming to court from all the
parts of the islands, petitions came from the towns and
counties concerned in trade, setting forth the prejudice
they apprehended from this treaty of commerce. The mi-
nisters used all possible arts to bear this clamour dowTi ;
they called it faction, and decried it with a boldness that
would have surprised any but those who had observed the
methods they had taken for many years, to vent the foulest
calumnies, and the falsest misrepresentations possible ;
but the matter came to be so universally apprehended, that
it could not be disguised.
The House of Commons gave an aid of two shillings in Aid giren
the pound, though the ministers hoped to have carried it ^^ *''*^ ^^"^
higher ; but the members durst not venture on that, since a
new election was soon to follow the conclusion of the ses-
sion. Tliey went next to renew the duty on malt for another
year ; and here a debate arose that was kept up some days in
both houses of parliament, whether it should be laid on the
whole island ; it was carried in the affirmative, of which The Scots
the Scots complained heavily, as a burden that their coun- oppose their
J 1 • 1 bein^ charge
try could not bear : and whereas it was said, that those ed with the
duties ought to be laid equally on all the subjects of the^^^°"
united kingdom, the Scots insisted on an article of the
union, by which it was stipulated, that no duty should be
laid on the malt in Scotland during the war, which ought
to be observed religiously. They said, it was evident, the
war with Spain was not yet ended ; no peace with that
crown was yet proclaimed, nor so much as signed : and,
though it was as good as made, and ^^ as every day ex-
pected, yet it was a maxim in the construction of all laws,
that odious matters ought to be strictly understood ; whereas
matters of favour were to be more liberally interpreted.
It was farther said on the Scotch side, that this duty was,
by the very words of the act, to be applied to deficiencies
during the war ; so tliis act was, upon the matter, making
Scotland pay that duty during the war, from which the
articles of the union did by express w ords exempt them.
A great number of the English were convinced of the
equity of these groimds that the Scots went on ; but the
majority was on the other side : so when the bill had pass-
324 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1713. cd tlirough the House of Commons, all the Scots of both
^'^^^^ houses met together, and agreed to move for an act dissolv-
fo'^Lave'the "^o ^hc uniou. They went first to the Queen, and told her
union dis- how grlcvous and indeed intolerable this duty would be to
*° ' ® ■ their comitry, so that they were under a necessity to try
how the union might be broken. The Queen seemed uneasy
at the motion ; she studied to divert them from it, and as-
sured them that her officers should have orders to make it
easy to them. Tliis was understood to imply that the duty
should not be levied; but they kiu^w this could not be
depended on ; so the motion w as made in the House of
Lords, and most of the lords of that nation spoke to it :
they set forth all the hardships that they lay under since
the union ; they had no more a council in Scotland ; their
peers at present were the only persons in the whole island,
that were judged incapable of peerage by descent ; their
laws were altered in matters of the highest importance,
particularly in matters of treason ; and now an imposition
was to be laid on their malt, which must prove an into-
lerable burden to the poor of that country, and force them
to drink water: upon all these reasons they moved for
liberty to bring in a bill to dissolve the union, in which
they would give full security for maintaining the Queen's
prerogative, and for securing the protestant succession.
This was opposed with much zeal by the ministers, but
was supported by others ; who, though they did not intend
to give up the union, yet thought it reasonable to give a
hearing to this motion, that they might see how far the
protestant succession could be secured, in case it should
be entertained ; but the majority were for rejecting the mo-
tion. When the malt bill was brought up to the Lords,
there was such an opposition made to it, tliat fifty-six.
voted against it ; but sixty-lour v,ere for it, and so it
passed.
A bill for The matter of the greatest consequence in this session,
the trebly of was a bill for settling the commerce with France accord-
commerce ing to the treaty, and for taking off the prohibitions and
effectuah"*^^ high duties that were laid on the productions of France.
The traders in the city of London, and those in all the
other parts of England were alarmed with the great preju-
dice this would bring on the whole nation. The Turkey
Company, those tliat traded to Portugal and Italy, and all
OF QUEEN ANNE. 325
who were concerned in the woollen and silk manufactures 1713.
appeared before both houses, and set forth the great mis- v^r%/
chief that a commerce with France, on the foot of the
treaty, would bring upon the nation ; while none appeared
on the other side to answer their arguments, or to set forth
the advantage of such a commerce. It was manifest that
none of the trading bodies had been consulted in it; and
the commissioners for trade and plantations had made very
material observations on the first project, which was sent
to them for their opinion : and afterwards, when this pre-
sent project was formed, it was also transmitted to that
board by the Queen's order, and they were required to
make their remarks on it : but Arthur Moor, who had risen
up from being a footman, mthout any education, to be a
great dealer in trade, and was the person of that board in
whom the Lord Treasurer confided most, moved, that they
might first read it every one a part, and then debate it;
and he desired to have the first perusal ; so he took it away
and never brought it back to them ; but gave it to the Lord
Bolingbroke, who carried it to Paris, and there it was set-
tled. The bill was very feebly maintained by those who
argued for it; yet the majority went with the bill till the
last day ; and then the opposition to it was so strong, that
the ministers seemed inclined to let it fall ; but it was not
then known whether this was only a feint, or whether
the instances of the French ambassador, and the engage-
ments that our ministers were under to that court, prevailed
for carrying it on. It was brought to the last step ; and
then a great many of those, who had hitherto gone along
^vith the court, broke from them in this matter, and be-
stirred themselves so efiectually, that when it came to the
last division, one hundred and eighty-five were for the bill,
and one hundred and ninety-four were against it: by so
small a majority was a bill of such great importance lost.
But the House of Commons, to soften the ill constructions
that might be made of their rejecting this bill, made an ad-
dress to the Queen, in which they thanked her for the peace
she had concluded, and for the foundation laid for settling
our commerce ; and prayed her to name commissaries to
regulate and finish that matter.
To this the Queen sent an answer of a singular compo-
sition. She said she was glad to see they were so well
320
1713
A speech I
prepared
when the
approbation
of the peace
should be
moved in
the House
of Lords.
HISTORY OP THE REIGN
pleased with the treaty ol* peace and commerce that she
had made, and assured them that she would use her best
endeavours to see all the advantages that she had stipu-
lated for her subjects, performed. This was surprising,
since the House of Commons had sufficiently shewed how
little they were pleased with the treaty of commerce, by
their rejecting the bill that was oflered to confirm it ; and
this was insinuated in their address itself: but it was plea-
santly said, that the Queen answered them according to
what ought to have been in their address, and not accord-
ing to what was in it ; besides it was observable, that her
promise to maintain what was already stipulated, did not
at all answer the prayer of their address. This was all that
passed in this session of parliament with relation to the
peace. It was once apprehended that the ministers would
have moved for an act, or at least for an address approving
the peace ; and upon that I prepared a speech, which I
intended to make on the subject. It was the only speech
that I ever prepared beforehand ; but since that matter
was never brought into the House, I had no occasion to
make it ; yet I think proper to insert it here, that I may
deliver down my thoughts of this great transaction to pos-
terity.
*'My Lords. — This matter now before you, as it is of the
greatest importance, so it may be seen in very different
lights ; I will not meddle >vith the political view of it ; I
leave that to persons who can judge and speak of it much
better than I can. I will only offer to you what appears to
me, when I consider it, with relation to the rules of morality
and religion ; in this I am sure 1 act within my proper
sphere. Some things stick so with me, that I could ha^ e
no quiet in my conscience, nor think I had answered the
duty of my function if I did not make use of the freedom
of speech, that our constitution and the privileges of this
House allow me : I am the more encouraged to do this,
because the bringing those of our order into public coun-
cils, in which we have now such a share, was originally
intended for this very end, that we should ofFer such con-
siderations, as arise from the rules of our holy religion, in
all matters that may come before us. In the opening my
sense of things, I may be forced to use some words that
may perhaps appear severe : I caiiuot help it, if the nature
OF QUEEN ANNE. 327
of these affairs is such, that I cannot speak plainly of them i^is
in a softer strain. I intend not to reflect on any person ; '^
and I am sure I have such a profound respect for the
Queen, that no part of what I may say can be understood
to reflect on her in any sort; her intentions are, no doubt,
as she declares them to be, all for the jrood and happiness
of her people ; but it is not to be supposed that she can
read long treaties, or carry the articles of them in her me-
mory : so if things have been either concealed from her, or
misrepresented to her, she can do no wrong ; and, if any
such thing has been done, we know on whom our consti-
tution lays the blame.
" Tlie treaties that were made some years ago with our
allies are in print ; both the grand alliance, and some sub-
sequent ones : we see many things in these that are not
provided for by this peace ; it was, in particular, stipu-
lated, that no peace should be treated, much less conclud-
ed, Avithout the consent of the allies. But, before I make
any observations on this, I must desire you will consider
how sacred a thing the public faith, that is engaged in
treaties and alliances, should be esteemed.
'* I hope I need not tell you, that even heathen nations
valued themselves upon their fidelity in a punctual observ-
ing of all their treaties, and with how much infamy they
branded the violation of them : if we consider that which
revealed religion teaches us to know, that man was made
after the image of God, the God of all truth, as we know
who is the father of lies ; God hates the deceitful man, in
whose mouth there is no faithfulness. In that less perfect
religion of the Jews, when the Gibeonites had, by a frau-
dulent proceeding, drawn Joshua and the Israelites into a
league ^\^th them, it was sacredly observed ; and the viola-
tion of it, some ages after, was severely punished. And,
when the last of the kings of Judah shook off the fidelity,
to which he had bound himself to the king of Babylon, the
prophet thereupon said with indignation, shall he break
the oath of God and prosper ? The swearing deceitfully
is one of the worst characters ; and he who swears to his
own hurt, and changes not, is among the best. It is a
maxim of the wisest of kings, that the throne is established
by righteousness. Treaties are of the nature of oaths ; and
when an oath is asked to confirm a treaty, it is never de-
328 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1713. nicd. The best account that I can give of the disuse of
'^^'^ addiiif? that sacred seal to treaties is this :
" The popes had for some ages possessed themselves of
a pnuer, to which they had often recourse, of dissohing
the laith of treaties, and the obligation of oaths : the fa-
mous, but fatal story of Ladislaus, king of Hungary, break-
ing his faith to Amurath, the Turk, by virtue of a papal dis-
pensation, is well known. One of the last public acts of
this sort was, when Pope Clement the Seventh absolved
Francis the First, from the treaty made and sworn to at
Madrid, while he was a prisoner there : the severe revenge
that Charles the Fifth took of this, in the sack of Rome,
and in keepmg that Pope for some months a prisoner, has
made popes more cautious since that time than they were
formerly : this also drew such heavy but just reproaches
on the papacy, from the reformers, that some stop seems
now to be put to such a barefaced protection of perjury.
But the late King told me, that he understood from the
German protestant princes, that they believed the con-
fessors of popish princes had faculties from Rome for doing
this as effectually, though more secretly : he added, that
they knew it went for a maxim among popish princes, that
their word and faith bound them as they were men and
members of society ; but that their oaths, being acts of re-
ligion, were subject to the direction of their confessors ;
and that they, apprehending this, did, in all their treaties
with the princes of that religion depend upon their honour,
but never asked the confirmation of an oath, which had
been the practice of former ages. The protestants of
France thought they had gained an additional security for
observing the edict of Nantes, when the swearing to observe
it was made a part of the coronation oath. But, it is pro-
bable, this very thing undermined and ruined it.
" Grotius, Puffendorf, and others who have wrote of the
law of nations, lay this down for a rule, that the nature of
a treaty, and the tie that arises out of it, is not altered by
the having or not having an oath ; the oath serves only to
Pernicies^ heighten the obligation. They do also agree in this, that
confederacies do not bind states to carry on a war to their
utter ruin ; but that princes and states are bound to use
their utmost efforts in maintaining them : and it is agreed
by all who have treated of these matters, that the common
SummusCo
^-N-^
OF QUEEN ANNE. 329
^nemy, by offering to any one confederate all his preten- ^^^^^\
sions, cannot justify his departing from the confederacy ;
because it was entered into \\ith that ^iew, that all the pre-
tensions upon which the confederacy was made, should be
insisted on or departed from by common consent.
" It is true, that in confederacies where allies are bound
to the perfonnance of several articles, as to their quotas
or shares, if any one fails in the part he was bound to, the
other confederates have a right to demand a reparation for
his non-performance : but even in that case, allies are to
act as friends, by making allowances for what could not
be helped ; and not as enemies, by taking advantages on de-
sign to disengage them from their allies. It is certain,
allies forfeit their right to the alliance if they do not per-
form their part; but the failure must be evident, and an ex-
postulation must be first made : and if, upon satisfaction
demanded, it is not given, then a protestation should be
made of such non-perfor)uance ; and the rest of the confe-
derates are at liberty, as to him who fails on his part: these
are reckoned among the customs and laws of nations ; and
since nothing of this kind has been done, I cannot see how
it can be made out that the tie of the confederacy, and
by consequence, that the public faith has not been first
broken on our side.
" My Lords. — I cannot reconcile the carrying on a treaty
T\-ith tlie French, without tlie knowledge and concurrence
of the other confederate states and princes, and the con-
cluding it, without the consent of the Emperor, tlie princi-
pal confederate, not to mention the visible uneasiness that
has appeared in the others who seem to have been forced
to consent by declarations, if not by threatenings, from
hence : I say, I cannot reconcile this with the articles of
the grand alliance, and the other later treaties that are in
print. This seems to come within the charge of the prophet
against those who deal treacherously with those \\ ho had
not dealt treacherously with them ; upon which, the threat-
ening that follows may be justly apprehended. It will have
a strange sound among all Christians, but more particularly
among the reformed, when it is reported that the plenipo-
tentiary of the head of the reformed princes, said openly to
the other plenipotentiaries, that the Queen held herself free
from all her treaties and alliances : if this be set for a pre-
VOL. IV. 2 u
v-^^^
330 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
i^i-'- cedent, here is a short way of dispensing with the public
faith ; and if tliis was spoken by one of our prelates, I am
afraid it will leave a heavy reproach on our church ; and,
to speak freely, I am afraid it will draw a much heavier
curse after it. My Lords, there is a God in heaven, who
will judge all the world, without respect of persons ; no-
thing can prosper without his blessing : he can blast all
the counsels of men, when laid in fraud and deceit, how
cunningly soever they may be either contrived or disguis-
ed: and I must tliink that a peace made, in opposition
to the express words of so many treaties, wHl prove a curse
instead of a blessing to us. God is provoked by such pro-
ceedings to pour heavy judgments on us, for the violation
of a faith so often given which is so openly broken ; by
this our nation is dishonoured, and our church disgraced ;
and I dread to think what the consequence of those things
is like to prove. I would not have expressed myself in
such a manner, if I liad not thought tliat I was bound to it
by the duty that I owe to Almighty God, by my zeal for
the Queen, and the church, and by my love to my country.
Upon so great an occasion, I think my post in the church
and in this House lays me under the strictest obligations to
discharge my conscience, and to speak plainly without fear
(» flattery, let the effect of it, as to myself, be what it will :
I shall have the more quiet in my own mind, both living
and dying, for havmg done that which seemed to me an in-
dispensable duty.
" I hope this House will not bring upon themselves and
the nation, the blame and guilt of approving that which
seems to be much more justly censurable : the reproach
that may belong to this treaty, and the judgments of God
that may follow on it, are now what a few only are con-
cerned in. A national approbation is a thing of another n^
ture, the public breach of faith, in the attack that was made
on the Smyrna fleet, forty years ago, brought a great load
of infamy on those who advised and directed it ; but they
were more modest than to ask a public approbation of so
opprobrious a fact : it lay on a few ; and the nation was
not drawn in to a share in the guilt of that w hich was then
universally detested, though it was passed over in silence.
It seems enough, if not too much, to be silent on such an
occasion : — I can carry my compliances no further."
OF QUEEN ANNE. .3.31
I now go on with the account of what was farther done ^^ij.
in this session : the House of Commons was, as to all other a d^i^
things, except the matter of commerce, so entirely in the °* '""""^y
hands of the ministers, that they ventured on a new de- S debtl!''
mand, of a very extraordinary nature, which was made in
as extraordinary a manner. The civil list, which was es-
timated at G00,000/. a-year, and was given for the ordinary
support of the government, did far exceed it : and this was
no evident, that during the three first years of the Queen's
reign, 100,000/. was every year applied to the Avar; 200,000/^
was laid out in building of Blenheim House, and the enter-
taining the Palatines had cost the Queen 100,000/. : so that
here was apparently a large overplus beyond what was ne-
cessary towards the support of the government. Yet these
extraordinary expenses had put the ordinary payments into
such an arrear, that at ]Midsummer, 1710, the Queen owed
510,000/, ; but upon a new account, this was brought to be
80,000/. less; and at that time there was an arrear of
190,000/. due to the civil list; these two sums together
amounting to 270,000/., the debt that remained was but
240,000/. Yet now, in the end of the session, when, upon
the rejecting the bill of commerce, most of the members were
gone into the countr}% so that there were not one hundred
and eighty of them left, a message was sent to the House of
Commons, desiring a power to mortgage a branch of the civil
list, for thirty-two years, in order to raise upon it 500,000/.
This was thought a demand of very bad consequence. Reasons
since the granting it to one prince would be a precedent to "S'*"^"^ ''•
grant the like to all future princes: and as the account
of the debt was deceitfully stated, so it was known, that
the funds set off for the civil list would increase consider-
ably in times of peace : so an opposition was made to
it, with a great superiority in point of argument, but there
was a great majority for it ; and all people concluded, that
the true end of getting so much money into the hands of
the court, was to furnish their creatures sufficiently, for
carrying their elections.
The Lords were sensible that the method of procuring Bu« Jf w^i*
this supply was contrary to their privileges, since all public ^''"' *"
supplies were either asked from the tlu-one, or by a mes-
sage which was sent to both houses at the same time : this
practice was inquired into by the Lords ; no precedents
332 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1^*3. came up to it, but some came so near it, that nothing could
^"'^^'^ be made of the objection. But the ministers apprehending
that an o})position would be made to the bill, if it came up
alone, got it consolidated with another of 1,200,000/. that
was before them. And the weight of these two joined to-
gether, made them both pass in the House of Lords, with-
out opposition.
Aidressof While this was in agitation, the Earl of Wharton set
to get Uie forth, in the House of Lords, the danger the nation was in
Pretender j^y ^^^f. Pretender's being settled in Lorraine : so he moved,
from Lor- that an address should be made to the Queen, desiring her,
rame. ^^ ygg jjgj. jjjQst pressing instances with the Duke of Lor-
raine to remove him, and w ith all princes that were in amity
or correspondence with her, not to receive the Pretender,
nor to suffer him to continue in their dominions. This was
opposed by none, but the Lord iVorth, .so it was carried to
the Queen. The day after the Lords had voted this. Stan-
hope made a motion to the same purpose in the House of
Commons, and it was agreed to, nemine contradicente.
The Queen, in her ans\\ er to the address of the Lords,
said, she would repeat the instances, she had already used,
to get that person removed, according to their desire in
the address : this seemed to import, that she had already
pressed the Duke of Lorraine on that subject, though the
ministers, in the House of Lords, acknowledged that they
knew of no applications made to the Duke of Lorraine, and
thought the words of the ansAver related only to the in-
stances she had used, to get the Pretender to be sent out
of France : but the natural signification of the words seem-
ing to relate to the Duke of Lorraine, the Lords made a se-
cond address, in which they said, they were surprised to
find that those instances had not their full effect, notwith-
standing the Kings of Prance and Spain had shcAved their
compliance with her desire on that occasion. All the an-
swer brought to this was, that the Queen received it gra-
ciously. She answered the Commons more plainly, and
promised to use her endeavours to get him removed. It
was generally believed that the Duke of Lorraine did not
consent to receive him, till he sent one over, to know the
Queen's pleasure upon it, and that he was very readily in-
formed of that.
In the end of May, Spratt, bishop of Rochester, died ;
OF QUEEN ANNE. 333
bis parts were very bright in his youth, and gave great ^'^'^^■
hopes ; but these were blasted by a lazy, libertine course of ^*^
life, to which his temper and good nature carried him, with- of some bi-
out considering the duties, or even the decencies of his pro- ^•'"P*-
fession: he was justly esteemed a great master of our lan-
guage, and one of our correctest writers. Atterbury suc-
ceeded him in that see, and in the deanery of Westminster :
thus was he promoted, and rewarded for all the flame, that
he had raised in our church. Compton, bishop of London,
died in the beginning of July, in the eighty-tirst year of his
age ; he was a generous and good-natured man, but easy
and weak, and much in the power of others : he was suc-
ceeded by Robinson, bishop of Bristol. On the 18th of
July, the Queen came to the House of Lords, to pass the
bills, and to put an end to the session : she made a speech
to her parliament, in which, after she had thanked them for
the service they had done the public, and for the supplies
that the Commons had given, she said, she hoped the affair
of commerce would be so well understood at their next
meeting, that the advantageous conditions she had obtain-
ed from France, would be made ellectual for the benefit of
our trade. She enlarged on the praises of the present par-
liament ; she said, at their first meeting they had eased the
subjects of more than nine millions, without any further
charge on them, not to mention the advantage, which the
way of doing it might bring to the nation, and now they had
enabled her likewise to pay her debts : they had supported
the war, and strengthened her hands, in obtaining a peace :
she told them, at her first coming to the crown, she found a
war prepared for her ; and that she had now made her many
victories useful, by a safe and honourable peace. She pro-
mised herself, that with their concurrence, it would be last-
ing: she desired they would make her subjects sensible
what they gained by the peace, and endeavour to dissipate
all the groundless jealousies, which had been too industri-
ously fomented ; that so our di\isions might not endanger
the advantages she had obtained for her kingdoms : there
were some (very few she hoped) that would never be satis-
fied viith any government; she hoped they would exert them-
selves to obviate the malice of the ill-minded, and to unde-
ceive the deluded : she recommended to them the adher-
ing to the constitution in church and state ; such persons
^-^/-^
334 HISTORY OF THE REIGN
1713. had the best title to her favour; she had no other aim, but
their advantage, and the securing our religion and liberty ;
she hoped to meet a parliament next winter, that should act
upon the same principles, and with the same prudence and
vigour, to support the liberties of Europe abroad, and to
reduce the spirit of faction at home. Few speeches from
the throne have in my time been more severely reflected on,
than this was: it seemed strange that the Queen, who did not
pretend to understand matters of trade, should pass such a
censure on both houses, for their not understanding the af-
fair of commerce ; since at the bar of both houses, and in
the debates within them upon it, the interest of the nation
did appear so visibly to be contrary to the treaty of com-
merce, that it looked like a contempt put on them to repre-
sent it as advantageous to us, and to rank all those who had
opposed it among the ill-minded, or at least among the de-
luded. Nor did it escape censure, that she should affirm,
that the nation was by them eased of the load of nine mil-
lions, without any further charge, since the nation must
bear the constant charge of interest at six per cent., till the
capital should be paid off. The sharpness with which she
expressed herself w as singular, and not very well suited to
her dignity or her sex : nor was it well understood, what
could be meant by her saying that she found a war pre-
pared for her at her coming to the crowTi ; since she her-
self began it, upon the addresses of both houses. It was
also observed, that there w^as not, in all her speech, one
word of the Pretender, or of the protestant succession; but
that, which made the greatest impression on the whole na-
tion was, that this speech discovered plainly, that the court
was resolved to have the bill of commerce pass in the next
session : all people concluded, the ministers were under
engagements to the court of France to get it settled ; and
this was taken to be the sense of the Queen's words con-
cerning the making the peace lasting ; w hat effect this may
have on the next elections, which are quickly to follow,
must be left to time.
I am now come to the end of the war, and of this parlia-
ment, both at once : it was fit they should bear some pro-
portion to one another ; for, as this was the worst parlia-
ment I ever saw, so no assembly, but one composed as this
wa:?, could have sat quiet under such a peace : but I am now
\^/-*Jf
OF QUEEN ANNE. 335
afrived at ray full period, and so shall close this work : I tTi^^is.^
had a noble prospect before me, in a course of many years,
of bringini; it to a glorious conclusion ; now the scene is so
fatally altered, that I can scarce restrain myself from giving
vent to a just indignation, in severe complaints : but an his-
torian must tell things truly as they are, and leave the de-
scanting on them to others ; so I here conclude this History
of above three-and-fifty years.
I pray God it may be read with the same candour and
sincerity, with which I have written it, and with such a de-
gree of attention as may help those who read it to form just
reflections, and sound principles of religion and virtue, of
duty to our princes, and of love to our country, with a sin-
cere and incorruptible zeal to preserve our religion, and to
maintain our liberty and property.
CONCLUSION.
I HAVE now set out the state of affairs for above half a
century, with all the care and attention that I was capable
of: I have inquired into all matters among us, and have
observed them, during the course of my life, with a parti-
cular application and impartiality. But my intention, in
\vriting, was not so much to tell a fine tale to the world,
and to amuse them with a discovery of many secrets and
of intrigues of state, to blast the memory of some, and to
exalt others ; to disgrace one party, and to recommend
another ; my chief design was better formed, and deeper
laid : — it was to give such a discovery of errors in govern-
ment, and of the excesses and follies of parties, as may
make the next age wiser, by what I may tell them of the
last. And, I may presume, that the observations I have
made, and the account that I have given, will gain me so
much credit, that I may speak with a plain freedom to all
sorts of persons : this not being to be published till after I
am dead, when enrj, jealousy, or hatred, will be buried
with me in my grave, I may hope, that what I am now to
offer to succeeding ages, may be better heard, and less
censured, than any thing I could offer to the present : so
that this is a sort of testament, or dying speech, which I
leave behind me, to be read and considered when I can
speak no more. I do most earnestly beg of God to direct
me in it, and to give it such an effect on the minds of those
who read it, that I may do more good when dead, than I
could ever hope to do while I was alive.
^F3r zeai for My thoughts havc run most, and dwelt longest, on the
orRiiTa^id. concerns of the church and religion; therefore I begin with
them, I have always had a true zeal for the church of
England ; I have lived in its communion with great joy,
and have pursued its true interests with an unfeigned af-
fection : yet, I must say, there are many things in it that
have been very uneasy to me.
'nie Joe* The requiring subscriptions to the thirty-nine articles, is
tnae. ^ great imposition : I believe them all myself: but as those
CONCLUSION. 337
Tibout original sin and predestination, might be expressed
inore unexceptionably, so I think it is a better way to let
such matters continue to be still the standard of doctrine,
"with some few corrections, and to censure those who teach
any contrary tenets ; than to oblige all that serve in the
church to subscribe them : the greater part subscribe with-
out ever examining them ; and others do it, because they
must do it, though they can hardly satisfy their consciences
about some things in them. Churches and societies are
much better secured by laws, than by subscriptions : it is
a more reasonable, as well a more easy method of govern-
ment.
Our worship is the perfectest composition of devotion The wor-
that we find in any church, antient or modem : yet the * *^'
corrections that were agreed to by a deputation of bishops
and divines, in the year 1689, would make the whole frame
of our liturgy still more perfect, as well as more unexcep-
tionable ; and will, 1 hope, at some time or other, be better
entertained than they were then. I am persuaded they are
such as would bring in the much greater part of the dis-
senters to the communion of the church, and are in them-
selves desirable, though there were not a dissenter in the
nation.
As for the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, it has been the ^nJ disci-
burden of my life, to see how it was administered : our
courts are managed under the rules of the canon law, dila-
tory and expensive ; and as their constitution is bad, so
the business in them is small ; and, therefore, all possible
contrivances are used, to make the most of those causes
that come before them : so that they are universally
dreaded and hated. God grant that a time may come, in
which that noble design, so near being perfected in King
Edward the Sixth's days, of the reformatio legum ecclesi-
asticarum, may be revievA ed and established : that so ma-
trimonial and testamentary causes, which are of a mixed
nature, may be left, a little better regulated, to the lay
hands of chancellors and other officers ; but that the whole
correction of the manners of the laity, and the inspection
into the lives and labours of the clergy, may be brought
again into the hands of spiritual men, and be put into a
better method. It would be well if, after the poor clergy
are relieved by the tenths and first fruits, a fund were
VOL. IV. 2 X
338 CONCLUSION.
formed, of 20 or 30/. a-year, for the rural deans ; and th«f,
they, with at least tliree of the clergy of the deanery, named
by the bishop, examined into the manners both of clergy
and laity; and after the methods of private admonition
had been tried, according to our Saviour's rule, but v\dth-
out effect, that the matter should be laid before the bishop ;
who, after his admonitions were also ineffectual, might
proceed to censures, to a suspension from the sacrament,
and to a full excommunication, as the case should require.
This would bring our church, indeed, into a primitive form,
in which at present the clergy have less authority, and are
under more contempt, than in any church that I have yet
seen ; for, though in the church of Rome the public au-
thority is in general managed according to the method
continued among us, yet it was, in many particulars, cor-
rected by the council of Trent ; whereas we, by that un-
happy proviso in the act, authorizing the thirty-two com-
missioners to reform our courts, are fatally tied down to
all that was in use in the twenty-fifth year of King Henry
the Eighth. Besides, in that church the clergy have, by
auricular confession, but too great an authority over the
people : I am far from thinking that to be a lawful, or even
a desirable thing : but since that is not to be thought of,
we are in a woeful condition, in which the clergy are, as it
were, shut out from any share of the main parts of the care
of souls.
My zeal The waut of a true, well-regulated discipline, is a great
^^liou! defect, owned to be so in the preface to the Office of Com-
mination ; and, while we continue in tliis condition, we are
certainly in an imperfect state. But this did never ap-
pear to me to be a just ground of separation ; which I
could never think lawful, unless the terms of communion
among us were unlawful, and did oblige a man to sins
that seems to me the only justifiable cause of separation —
of leaving the established church, and of setting up a dis-
tinct or opposite communion. Nothing under this seems
to be a just ground of rending the body of Christ, or of dis-
turbing the order of the world, and tiie peace of mankind,
thereby drawing on that train of ill consequences, that
must and do follow upon such a disjointing the society of
Christians ; by which they become alienated from one
another, and, in the sequel, grow to hate aud to devour
CONCLUSION. 339
each other, and by which they are in danger of being con-
sumed one of another.
I do wish, and will pray for it as long as I live, that An.i tender-
I16S8 to SCrQ"
some regard may be had to those scruples, with which the puiou^ con-
dissenters are entangled ; and, though I think they are not sciences.
all well gTounded, yet, for peace sake, I wish some things
may be taken away, and that other things may be softened
and explained : many of these things were retained at the
Reformation, to draw the people more entirely into it;
who are apt to judge, especially in times of ignorance, by
outward appearances, more tlian by the real value of
things ; so the preserving an exterior, that looked some-
what like what they had been formerly accustomed to,
without doubt had a great eflect, at first, on many persons,
who, without that, could not have been easily brought over
to adhere to that w ork ; and this was a just and lawful
consideration. But it is now at an end ; none now are
brought over from popery by this means; there is not,
therefore, such a necessity for continuing them still, as
there w as for keeping them up at first. I confess it is not
advisable, without good reason for it, to make great
changes in things that are visible and sensible ; yet, upon
just grounds, some may be made without any danger. No
inconvenience could follow on leaving out the cross in
baptism, or on laying aside surplices, and regulating ca-
thedrals ; especially as to that indecent way of singing
prayers, and of laymen's reading the litany : all bow ings
to the altar have at least an ill appearance, and are of no
use : the excluding parents from being the sponsors in
baptism, and requiring them to procure others, is ex-
tremely inconvenient, and makes that to be a mockery,
rather than a soleum sponsion, in too many. Other tilings
may be so explained, that no just exceptions could lie to.
them.
Thus 1 wish the terms of communion were made larger
and easier ; but since all is now bound on us by a law,
that cannot be repealed but in parliament, there must be a
gieat change in the minds, both of the princes and peo-
ple, before that can be brought about : therefore the dis-
senters ought to consider w ell, what they can do for peace,
without sinning against God. The toleration does not at
all justify their separation ; it only takes away the force of
340 CONCLUSION.
penal laws afrainst them : therefore, as lying in commofi
discourse is still a sin, though no statute punishes it ; and
ingratitude is a base thing-, though there is no law against
it; so separating from a national body and from the public
worship, is centaiuly an ill thing-, unless some sin be com-
mitted there, in which we think ourselves involved, by Join-
ing with that body, and in that worship : so that the tolera-
tion is only a freedom from punislunent, and does not alter
the nature of the thing.
My zeal J ^^^ ^^^ ^j^- g ffom auv dislikc of toleration ; I think it
against per- . •' .
secution. IS a light duc to all men: their thoughts are not in their
own power ; they must think of things, as they appear to
them ; their consciences are God's ; he only knows them,
and he only can change them. And, as the authority of
parents over their children is antecedent to society, and no
law that takes it away can be binding, so men are bound,
antecedently to all society, to follow what appears to them
to be the will of God ; and, if men would act honestly, the
rule of doing to all others what we would have others do
to us, would soon determine this matter; since every
honest man must own, that he would think himself hardly
dealt with, if he were ill used for his opinions, and ior per-
forming such parts of worship, as he thought himself indis-
pensably obliged to. Indeed the church of Rome has some
colour for her cruelty, since she pretends to be infallible.
But these practices are absurdly unreasonable among those,
who own that they may be mistaken, and so may be perse-
cuting the innocent and the orthodox. Persecution, if it
were lav»ful at all, ought to be extreme, and go, as it does
in the church of Rome, to extirpation ; for the bad treat-
ment of those who are suffered still to live in a society, is
the crektin<r so many malecontents, who at some time or
other may make those, who treat them ill, feel their revenge :
and the principle of persecution, if true, is that, to Avhich
all have a right, when they have a power to put it in prac-
tice : since they, being persuaded that they are in the right,
from that must believe they may lawfully exert against
others that severity, under which they groaned long them-
selves. This will be aggravated in them by the voice of
revenge, which is too apt to be well heard by human nature,
chiefly when it comes with the mask and appearance of
zeal. I add not here any political considerations, from the
CONCLUSION. 341
apparent interest of nations, Avhich must dispose them to
encourage the increase of their people, to advance indus-
try, and to become a sancluary to all, who are oppressed :
but thougli this is visible and is confessed by all, yet I
am now considering this matter only as it is righteous, just,
and merciful, in the principle ; for if it were not so well
supported in those respects, other motives w ould only be
a temptation to princes and states to be governed by inte-
rest, more than by their duty.
Having thus given my thoughts in general, with relation Mvthoagiifs
to the constitution of our church and the communion with '"""ceming
the clcriiY*
it, I shall proceed, in the next place, to that which is spe-
cial with relation to the clergy. I have said a great deal on
this head, in my book of the Pastoral Care, which of all
the tracts I ever wrote, is that in which I rejoice the most:
and, though it has brought much anger on me from those,
who will not submit to the plan there laid down, yet it has
done much good during my own life, and I hope it will do
yet more good, after I am dead : this is a subject I have
thought much upon, and so I will here add some things, to
what will be found in that book.
No man ought to think of this profession, unless he feels An inward
within himself a love to religion, with a zeal for it, and an vocatisn.
internal true piety ; w hich is chiefly kept up by secret
prayer, and by reading of the Scriptures : as long as these
things are a man's burden, they are infallible indications,
that he has no inward vocation, nor motion of the Holy
Ghost to undertake it. The capital error in men's preparing
themselves for that function is, that they study books more
than themselves, and that they read divinity more in other
books, than in the Scriptures : days of prayer, meditation,
and fasting, at least once a quarter in the Ember week, in
which they may read over and over again both offices of
ordination, and get by heart those passages in the Epistles
to Timothy and Titus, that relate to this function, w ould
form their minds to a right sense of it, and be an effectual
mean to prepare them duly for it.
Ask yourselves often, (for thus I address myself to you,
as if I were still alive) would you follow that course of
life, if there were no settled establishment belonging to it,
and if you were to preach under the cross, and in danger
of persecution ? For till you arrive at that, you are yet
.'542 COTICLUSION.
carnal, and come into the priesthood for a piece of bread.
^Stiidy to keep alive in yoi a flame of exalted devotion; be
talking; often to yourselves, and communing with your own
hearts ; digest all that you read carefully, that you may re-
member it so well, as not to be at a loss when any point of
divinity is talked of: a little study well digested, in a good
serious mind, will go a great way, and v»rill lay in materials
for your whole live : above all things, raise within yourself
a zeal for doing good, and for gaining souls ; indeed I have
lamented, during my whole life, that I saw so little true
zeal among our clergy : I saw much of it in the clergy of
the church of Rome, though it is both ill-directed and ill-
conducted: I saw much zeal likewise throughout the foreign
churches : the dissenters have a great deal among them ;
but I must own, that the main body of our clergy has
always appeared dead and lifeless to me ; and instead of
animating one another, they seem rather to lay one another
asleep, AVithout a visible alteration in this, you will fall
imder an universal contempt, and lose both the credit and
the fruits of your ministry.
The function When you are in orders, be ever ready to perform all
*^ 't. the parts of your function ; be not anxious about a settle-
ment; study to distinguish yourself in your studies, la-
bours, exemplary deportment, and a just sweetness of tem-
per, managed w ith gravity and discretion ; and as for what
concerns yourselves, depend on the providence of God;
for be will in due time raise up friends and benefactors to
you. I do affirm this, upon the observation of my whole
life, that 1 never knew any one, who conducted himself by
these rules, but he was brought into good posts, or at least
into an easy state of subsistence.
Do not affect to run into new opinions, nor to heat your-
selves in disputes, about matters of small importance:
begin with settling in your minds the foundations of your
faith ; and be full of this, and ready at it, that you may
know how to deal with unbelievers ; for that is the spread-
ing corruption of this age : there are few atheists, but many
infidels, who are indeed very little better than the atheists.
In this argument, you ought to take pains to have all well
digested, and clearly laid in your thoughts, that you may
manage the controversy gently, without any asperity of
w ords, but with a strength of reason : in disputing, do not
CONCLUSION". 343
t>ffer to answer any argument, of which you never heard
before, and know nothing concerning it ; that will both ex-
pose you, and the cause you maintain ; and, if you feel
yourself gTown too warm at any time, break off and per-
sist no longer in the dispute ; for you may by that grow to
an indecent heat, by which you may ^\Tong the cause, which
you endeavour to defend. In the matter of mysteries be
very cautious ; for the simplicity in which those sublime
truths are delivered in the Scriptures, ought to be well stu-
died and adhered to : only one part of the argument should
be insisted on, I mean, the shortness and defectiveness of
our faculties ; which being well considered, will afford a
great variety of noble speculations, that are obvious and
easily apprehended, to restrain the wanton sallies of some
petulant men.
Study to understand well the controversies of the church
of Rome, chiefly those concerning infallibility and transub-
stantiation ; for, in managing those, their missionaries have
a particular address. Learn to view popery in a true light,
as a conspiracy to exalt the power of the clergy, even by
subjecting the most sacred truths of religion, to contrivances
for raising their authority % and by offering to the world ano-
ther method of being saved, besides that prescribed in the
gospel. Popery is a mass of impostures, supported by
men, who manage them with gieat advantages, and impose
them Tvith inexpressible severities, on those who dare call
any thing in question, that they dictate to them. I see a
spirit rising among us, too like that of the church of Rome,
of advancing the clergy beyond their due authority, to an
unjust pitch : this ratlier heightens jealousies and preju-
dices against us, than advances our real authority ; and it
will fortify the designs of profane infidels, who desire no-
thing more than to see the public ministry of the church
first disgraced, and then abolished. The carrying any thing
too far, does commonly lead men into the other extreme :
we are the dispensers of the word and sacraments; and
the more faithful and diligent we are in this, the world will
pay so much the more respect and submission to us : and
our maintaining an argument for more power than we now
have, will be of no effect, unless the world sees that we
make a good use of the authority that is already in our
iiauds. It is with the clergy, as with princes, the only way
•344 CONCLUSION.
to keep their prerogative from being uneasy to their sub-
jects, and from being disputed, is to manage it wholly for
their good and advantage, then all will be for it when they
tind it is for them ; this will prevail more eftectnally than
all the arguments of lawyers, with all the precedents of
fonuer times ; therefore let the clergy live and labour well,
and they will feel that as much authority will follow that,
as they will know how to manage well. And to speak
plainly, Dodwell's extravagant notions, which have been
too much drunk in by the clergy in my time, have weak-
ened the power of the church, and soured men's minds
more against it, than all the books wrote, or attempts made
against it could ever have done ; and indeed the secret
poison of those principles has given too many of the clergy
a bias towards popery, with an aversion to the Reforma-
tion, which has brouglit them under much contempt. This
is not to be recovered, but by their living and labouring as
they ought to do, without an eager maintaining of argu-
ments for their authority, which will never succeed till they
live better and labour more. When I say live better, I
mean not only to live without scandal, which I have found
the greatest part of them do, but to lead exemplary lives ;
to be eminent in humility, meekness, sobriety, contempt
of the W'Orld, and unfeigned love of the brethren; ab-
stracted from the vain conversation of the world, retired,
and at home; fasting often, joining prayer and meditation
with it ; without which, fasting may do well w ith relation
to the body, but will signify little with relation to the mind.
If, to such a course of life, clergymen would add a little
more labour, not only performing public offices, and
preaching to the edification of the people, but watching
, over them, instructing them, exhorting, reproving, and
comfmting them, as occasion is given, from house to house,
making their calling the business of their whole life ; they
would soon fmd their own minds grow to be in a better
temper, and their people would shew more esteem and re-
gard for them, and a blessing from God would attend upon
their labours. I say it with great regret, 1 have observed
tlie clergy, in all the places through which I have travelled.
Papists, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Dissenters; but of them
all, our clergy is much the most remiss in their labours in
private, and the least severe in their lives. Do not think
CONCLUSION. 345
I say this to expose you, or to defame this church ; those
censures have passed on me for my freedom during my life,
God knows how unjustly, my designs being all to awaken
the clerg}', and by that means to preserve the church ; for
which. He who know s all things, knows how much and how
long I have been mourning in secret, and fasting and pray-
ing before him. And let me say this freely to you, now
that I am out of the reach of envy and censure, unless a
better spirit possesses the clergy, arguments and (which is
more) laws and authority will not prove strong enough to
preserve the church ; especially if the nation observes a pro-
gress in that bias, which makes many so favourable to
popery, and so severe towards the dissenters : this w ill re-
commend them the more to pity and favour, and will draw
a general odium upon you, that may end in your ruin, or in
a persecution ; for w hich the clergy of this age seem to be
very little prepared. God grant those of the next may be
more so !
Oh my brethren ! (for I speak to you as if I were among
you,) think what manner of persons you ought to be, in all
holy conversation and godliness, that so you may sliine as
lights in the w orld : think of the account you must give for
those immortal souls committed to your care, which were
redeemed by the blood of Christ, who has sent you in his
name, to persuade them to be reconciled to God, and at last
to present them to him faultless \vith exceeding joy ; he
sees and observes your labours, and will recompense them
gloriously in that great day.
I leave all these things on your consciences, and pray
earnestly that God may give his blessing to this posthu-
mous labour of mine, that our church may be so built up by
your labours, that it may continue to be long the joy of the
whole earth, in the perfection of its beauty, and may be a
pattern, as well as give protection, to all the churches of
God.
I now turn to my brethren and successors in the epis- My a<i>ice»
copal order. You are they in whose hands the govern- <" \^^
ment ol the church is put ; m some respects it is believed
to be wholly in you, though I know^, and have often felt it,
that your power is so limited, that you can do little : ex-
emptions, a scandalous remnant of popery, take a great
part of your diocese out of your hands. This I have often
VOL. IV. 2 Y
346 CONCLUSION.
wondered at^ (hat some who plead that the government of
tiie church is settled by divine authority in the bishops,
can yet, by the virtue of papal bulls, confirmed by an un-
happy clause in an act of parliament, exercise episcopal
jurisdiction ; which is plainly to act by virtue of the secular
power, in opposition to that, which, according to their prin-
ciples, is settled by a divine appointment. Archdeacons'
visitations were an invention of the latter ages ; in which
the bishops, neglecting their duty, cast a great part of their
care upon them. Now their visitations are only for form
and for fees ; and they are a charge on the clergy ; so,
when this matter is well looked into, I hope archdeacons,
with many other burdens that lay heavy on the clergy,
shall be taken away. All the various instruments, upon
which heavT^ ^^^^ must be raised, were the infamous con-
trivances of the canonists, and can never be maintained
when well exammed. I say nothing to you of your lives,
I hope you are, and shall ever be, shining lights ; I wish the
pomp of living, and the keeping high tables, could be quite
taken away : it is a great charge, and no very decent one ;
a great devourer of time ; it lets in much promiscuous
company, and much vain discourse upon you : even civi-
lity may carry you too far in a freedom and familiarity
that will make you look too like the rest of the world. I
hope this is a burden to you : it was indeed one of the gieat-
est burdens of my life to see so much time lost, to hear so
much idle talk, and to be living in a luxurious waste of
that which might have been much better bestowed. I had
not strength enough to break through that which custom
has imposed on those provided with plentiful bishoprics :
I pray God to help you to find a decent way of laying this
down !
The wives and children of bishops ought to be exem-
plary in their apparel, and in their whole deportment ; re-
membering, that no part of the bishop's honours belongs to
them. The wife of a bishop ought to visit the widow and
the fatherless, and, by a grave authority, instruct and ad-
monish, as well as oblige and favour, the wives of the rest
of the clergj-.
The children of bishops ought to be well instructed, and
managed with all gravity ; bishops ought not to press them
beyond their inclinations to take orders ; for this looks as
CONCLUSION. 347
if they would thrust them, how unlit or unwilling soever,
into such preferments as thej'^ can give or procure for them :
on the contrary, though their chihlren should desire to go into
orders, they ought not to sufi^r it, imless they see in them
a good mind and sincere intentions, with the other neces-
sary qualifications ; in which they cannot be deceived, un-
less they have a mind to deceive themselves : it is a be-
traying of their trust, and the worst sort of simony, to pro-
vide children with great dignities and benefices, only as an
estate to be given them, without a due regard to their capa-
cities or tempers. Ordinations are the only parts of the
episcopal function on which the law has laid no restraint;
so this ought to he hea^^ on your thoughts.
Ordination weeks were always dreadful things to me,
when I remembered those words, " Lay hands suddenly on
no man, be not partaker of other men's sins : keep thyself
pure." It is true, those who came to me were generally
well prepared as to their studies, and they brought testi-
monials and titles, which is all that in our present consti-
tution can be demanded. I never put over the examining
them to my chaplains ; I did that always myself, and exa-
mined them chiefly on the proofs of revealed religion, and
the terais of salvation, and the new covenant through
Christ ; for those are the fundamentals ; but my princi-
pal care was to awaken their consciences, to make them
consider whether they had a motion of the Holy Ghost
calling them to the function, and to make them apprehend
what belonged both to a spiritual life and to the pastoral
care. On these subjects 1 spoke much and often to every
one of them apart, and sometimes to them all together,
besides the public examination of them with my chapter.
This was all that 1 could do ; but, alas ! how defective An expe^l-
is this ! and it is too w ell known how easy the clergy are T"* ordi^
in signing testimonials. That which I here propose is, tions.
that every man who intends to be ordained should be re-
quired to come and acquaint the bishop with it a year
before; that so he may then talk to his conscience, and
give him good directions, both as to his studies and the
course of his life and devotions ; and that he may recom-
mend him to the care and inspection of the best clergpnen
that he knows in the neighbourhood where he lives ; that
SO be may have from him, by some other conveyance thgya
348 CONCLUSION.
Ihc person concerned, such an account of him as he may
rely on : this is all that can be proposed till our univer-
sities are put in a better method, or till seminaries can he
raised for maintaining a number of persons to be duly pre-
pared for holy orders.
The .lutie^ j^s to the labours of a bishop, they ought to think them-
o a IS loj), ggi^gg obliged to preach as much as their health and age
can admit of; this the form of ordaining bishops sets
before them, together with the sense of the church in all
ages; the complaint of the best men in the worst ages,
shews how much the sloth and laziness of bishops will be
cried out on, and how acceptable the labours of preaching
bishops have always been ; the people run to hear them,
and hearken to their sermons with more than ordinary at-
tention ; you will find great comfort in your labours this
way, and will see the fruits of them. The discreet conduct
of your clergy is to be your chief care ; keep not at too
great a distance, and yet let them not grow too familiar: a
bishop's discourse should be well-seasoned, turned chiefly
to good subjects, instruction in the matters of religion, and
the pastoral care ; and the more diverting ones ought to be
matters of learning, criticism, or history. It is in the power
of a bishop to let no man despise him.
A grave but sweet deportment and a holy conversation
will command a general respect ; and as for some hot and
froward spirits, the less they are meddled with, they will be
the less able to do mischief; they delight in opposition,
which they think will make them the more considerable. I
have had much experience this way, nothing mortifies them
so much as neglect : the more abstracted bishops live, from
the world, from courts, from cabals, and from parties, they
will have the more quiet within themselves ; their thoughts
will be free and less entangled, and they will in conclusion
be the more respected by all, especially if an integrity and
a just freedom appear among them in the House of Lords,
where they will be much observed ; and judgments will be
made of them there, that will follow them home to their
dioceses.
Ti.eir ab- Nothing will alienate the nation more from them, than
from coiuis tlicir bccomiug tools to a court, and giving up the liberties
and in- of their country, and advancing arbitrary dcsig-ns ; nothing
will work more ettcctually ou the dissenters, than a course
CONCLUSION. 349
of moderation towards them : this will disarm their pas-
sions, and when that is done, they may be better dealt
with in point of reason ; all care ought to be taken to stifle
new controversies in their birth, to check new opinions
and vain curiosities.
Upon the whole matter, bishops ought to consider, that
the honour given them, and ftie revenues belonging to
them, are such rewards for former services, and such en-
couragements to go on to more labour and diligence, as
ought to be improved, as so many helps and advantages
for carrying on the work of the gospel, and their heavenly
Father's business. They ought to " meditate on these
tilings, and be wholly in them ; so that their profiting may
appear to all." They ought " to preach in season, and out of
season, to exhort, admonish, and rebuke with all authority."
But if they abandon themselves to sloth and idleness ; if
they neglect their proper function, and follow a secular, a
vain, a covetous, or a luxurious course of life ; if they,
not content with educating their children well, and with
such a competency as may set them afloat in the worldj,
think of building up their own houses, and raising up great
estates, they will put the world on many unacceptable in-
quiries : Wherefore is this waste made ? Why are these re-
venues continued to men who make such an ill use of them ?
and why is an order kept up that does the church so little
good, and gives it so much scandal ? The violences of
Archbishop Laud, and his promoting arbitrary pov.'er,
ruined himself and the church both. A return of the like
practices will bring with it the like dreadful consequences :
tlie labours and the learning, the moderation and good lives
of tlie bishops of this age have changed the nation much,
•with relation to them, and have possessed them of a gene-
ral esteem ; some fiery spirits only excepted, who hate and
revile them for that which is their true glory. I hope ano-
ther age may carry this yet much further, that so they may
be universally looked on, as the true and tender-hearted
fathers of the church.
The affinity of the matter leads me, before I enter on Concerning
another scene, to say somewhat concerning the patronage P^^°"*'
of benefices, which have a care of souls belonging to them.
It is a noble dignity in a family ; it was highly esteemed in
the times of popery, because the patron was to be named
350 CONCLUSION.
in all the masses said in liis church. There is a more real
value in it in our constitution, since the patron has the
nomination of him to \\hom the care of" souls is to be
committed; which must take place, unless some just and
legal exception can be made by the bishop : even that is
not ea^y to be maintained in the courts of law, where the
bishop will soon be nui into so great an expense, that I am
afraid many, rather than venture on that, receive umvorthy
men into the service of the church, who are in the sequel
reproaches to it ; and this is often the case of the richest
and best endowed benefices.
Some sell the next advowson, which I know is said to be
legal, though the incumbent lies at the point of death;
others do not stick to by and sell benefices, when open
and vacant, though this is declared to be simony by law :
parents often buy them for their children, and reckon that
is their portion : in that case, it is true, there is no perjury
in taking the oath, for the person presented is no party to
the bargain : often ecclesiastics themselves buy the next ad-
vowson, and lodge it with trustees for their own advantage.
AYhere nothing of all this traffic intervenes, patrons be-
stow benefices on their children or friends, without consi-
dering either their abilities or merit ; favour or kindred be-
ing the only thing that weighs with them. When all this is
laid together, how great a part of the benefices of England
are disposed of, if not simoniacally, yet at least unworthily,
without regard to so sacred a tmst, as the care of souls ?
Certainly patrons who, without due care and inquiry^ put
souls into bad hands, have much to answer for.
I will not say that a patron is bound always to bestow
his church on the best man he can find ; that may put him
on anxieties, out of which it will not be easy to extricate
himself; nor will it be always possible to balance the dif-
ferent excellencies of men, who may have various talents,
that lie several Avays, and all of them may be useful, some
more, some less : but in this I am positive, that no patron
answers the obligation of that trust, unless he is well per-
suaded, that the clerk he presents is a truly good man, has
a competent measure of knowledge, zeal, and discretion, so
suited to the people for whom he names him, that he has
reason to believe he will be a faithful pastor and a prudent
guide Jto them.
CONCLUSION. 351
Patrons ought to take this on their conscience, to manage
it with great caution, and in the tear of God, and not to
enter into that filthy merchandise of the souls of men,
which is too common : it is like to be a moth in their
estates, and may bring a ©urse on their families, as well as
on their persons.
I do not enter into the scandalous practices of non-resi- Non-resi-
dence and pluralities, which are sheltered by so many co- p[u,^ai;t"e8.
lours of law among us ; whereas the church of Some, from
whence we had those and many other abuses, has freed
herself from this, under which we still labour, to our great
and just reproach. This is so shameful a profanation of
holy things, that it ought to be treated with detestation and
horror. Do such men think on the vows they made on their
ordination ; on the rules in the Scriptures, or on the nature
of their function, or that it is a care of souls ? How long,
how long shall this be the peculiar disgrace of our church,
which, for ought I know, is the only church in the world
that tolerates it ? I must add, that I do not reckon the hold-
ing poor li\ings that lie contiguous a plurality, where both
are looked after, and both afford only a competent main-
tenance.
I have now gone through the most important things that Concerning
occur to my thoughts with relation to the clergy. I turn \^^l pgopfe.
next to such observations, reflections, and advices, as
relate to the laity : I begin with the body of the people.
The commonalty of this nation are much the happiest, and
live the easiest and the most plentifully of any that ever I
saw ; they are very sagacious and skilful in managing all
their concerns ; but at the same time it is not to be con-
ceived how ignorant they are in the matters of religion.
The dissenters have a much larger share of knowledge
among them, than is among those who come to our
churches. This is the more to be wondered at, consider-
ing the plainness in which matters of religion are wrote in
this age, and the many small books concerning these that
have been published of late years, which go at easy rates,
and of which many thousands are every year sent about
by charitable societies in London, to be freely given to
such as will but take them, and read them : so that this
ignorance seems to be obstinate and incurable.
Upon this subject, all that I can propose lies in two ad-
352 CONCLUSION.
vices to the clergy : the one is, that they*catechise tlie youth
much at church, not only asking the questions and hearing
the ansAvcrs, but joining to that the explaining the terms in
other words, and by turning to the Bible for such passages
as prove or enlarge on (hem. The doing this constantly,
would infuse into the next age a higher measure of know-
l.edge than the present is likely to be blessed with. Long ser-
mons, in which points of divinity or morality are regularly
handled, are above the capacity of the people ; short and
plain ones, upon a large portion of scripture, would be
better hearkened to, and have a much better eflfect ; they
would make the hearers understand and love the Scriptures
more. Preachers ought to dwell often, in their sermons,
on those sins that their hearers must needs know themselves
guilty of, if they are so ; such as swearing, lying, cheating,
drunkenness, lewd deportment, breach of promise, love of
the world, anger, envy, malice, pride, and luxury. Short
discourses upon these, and often repeated, in many glances
and reflections on them, setting forth the real evil of thpm,
with the ill consequences that follow, not only to others,
but to the persons themselves, are the best means that can
be thought of, for reforming them ; and these will have an
effect on some, if not on many. But above all, and in or-
der to all the rest, they ought to be called on, upon all oc-
casions, to reflect on their ways, to consider how they live,
to pray in secret to God, confessing their sins to him,
begging pardon and mercy for what is past, and his Holy
Spirit to assist, strengthen, and direct them for the time to
come, forming sincere resolutions to mend their ways, with
relation to every particular sin, that they find they may have
fallen into. If the clergy will faithfully do their duty in
this method, and join to it earnest prayers for their people,
they may hope through the blessing of God to succeed
better in their labours. The people ought to be often put
in mind of the true end of the rest on the Lord's-day, which
is chiefly to give them time and opportunity for meditations
and reflections on themselves, on what they have said or
done, and on what has befallen them the former week ; and
to consider what may be before them in the week they are
entering on. Ministers ought to visit their people, not only
when they are sick unto death, but when Ihcy are in an ill
stale of health, or when they aio under aliliction. These
CONCLUSION. 353
f»re the times in which their spirits are tender, and they will
best bear with a due freedom, which ought to be managed
in the discreetest and most affectionate manner : and a cler-
gyman ought not to be a respecter of persons, and neglect
the meanest of his cure ; they' have as immortal souls as the
greatest, and for which Christ has paid the same ransom.
From the commonalty I turn to the gentry; they are, Of the gen-
for the most part, the worst instructed, and the least know- ^'^^'
ing of any of their rank I ever went amongst. The Scotch,
though less able to bear flie expense of a learned educa-
tion, are much more knowing : the reason of which is this ;
the Scotch, even of indifferent fortunes, send private tutors
with their children, both to schools and colleges ; these
look after the young gentlemen, mornings and evenings,
and read over with them what they have learned, and so
make them perfecter in it : they generally go abroad a year
or two, and see tlie world ; this obliges them to behave
themselves well : — whereas a gentleman here is often both
ill taught and ill bred; this makes him haughty and inso-
lent. The gentry are not early acquainted with the prin-
ciples of religion ; so that, after they have forgot their ca-
tecliism, they acquire no more new knowledge, but what
they learn in plays and romances : they grow soon to find
it a modish thmg, that looks like wit and spirit, to laugh at
religion and virtue ; and so become crude and unpolished
infidels. If they have taken a wrong tincture at the uni-
versity, that too often disposes them to hate and despise
aU those who separate from the church, though they can
give no better reason, than the papists have for hating he-
retics— because they forsake the church. In those seats of
education, instead of being formed to love their coimtry
and constitution, the laws and liberties of it, they are rather
disposed to love arbitrary government, and to become
slaves to absolute monarchy: a change of interest, provo-
cation, or some other consideration, may set them right
again as to the public ; but they have no inward principle
of love to their country, and of public liberty : so that they
are easily brought to like slavery, if they may be the tools
for managing it.
This is a dismal representation of things ; I have seen Tiie danget
the nation thrice on the brink of ruin by men thus tainted. ° yj*'y^
Aftetthe Restoration, all were running fast into slavery ; had berty.
VOL. IV. 2 z
354 CONCLUSION.
King Charles the Second been attentive to those bad de-
signs (which he pursued afterwards with more caution)
upon his tirst return, slavery and absolute power might
then have been settled into a law, with a revenue able to
maintain it ; he played away that game without thought,
and he had then honest ministers, who would not serve
him in it : after all that he did, during the course of his
reign, it was scarce credible that the same temper should
have returned in his time, yet he recovered it in the last
four years of his reign ; and the gentry of England were as
active and zealous to throw up all their liberties, as their
ancestors ever had been to preserve them. This continued
above half-a-year in his brother's reign, and he depended
so much upon it, that he thought it could never go out of
his hands : but he, or rather his priests, had the skill and
dexterity to play this game likewise away, and lose it a se-
cond time ; so that, at the Revolution, all seemed to come
again into their wits. But men who have no principles,
cannot be steady ; now the greater part of the capital gen-
try seem to return again to a love of tyranny, provided
they may be the under tyrants themselves ; and they seem
to be even uneasy with a court, when it will not be as much
a court as they would have it. This is a folly of so sin-
gular a nature, that really it wants a name ; it is natural
for poor men, who have little to lose, and much to hope for,
to become the instruments of slavery ; but it is an extra-
vagance, peculiar to our age, to see rich men grow as it
were in love with slavery and arbitrary power. The root
of all this is, that our gentry are not betimes possessed
with a true measure of solid knowledge and sound reli-
gion, with a love to their country, a hatred of tyranny,
and a zeal for liberty. Plutarch's Lives, with the Greek
and Roman history, ought to be early put in their hands,
tliey ought to be well acquainted with all history, more
particularly that of our own natior;; which they should
not read in abridgments, but in the fullest and most co-
pious collectors of it, that they may see to the bottom
what is our constitution, and what are our laws ; what are
the methods bad princes have taken to enslave us, and by
"what conduct we have been preserved : gentlemen ought to
observe these things, and to entertain one another often
upon these subjects, to raise in themselves, and to spread
CONCLUSION. 355
around Ihem to all others, a noble ardonr for law and
liberty. They ought to understand popery \vell, to \-iew it
in its politics, as well as in its religious corruptions, that
they may observe and guard against their secretest prac-
tices; particularly that main one that prevails so fatally
among us, of making us despise the foreign churches, and
hate the dissenters at home. The whole body of protest-
ants, if united, might be an equal match to the church of
Rome ; it is much superior to them in wealth and in force,
if it were animated with the zeal which the monastic orders,
but chiefly the Jesuits, spread through their whole commu-
nion; whereas the reformed are cold and unconcerned, as
well as disjointed in matters that relate to religion. The
chief maxim by which men, who have a true zeal for their
religion and their country, ought to govern themselves, is,
to live within the extent of their estates, to be above luxury
and vanity, and all expenses that waste their fortunes :
luxury must drive them to court favour, to depend on mi-
nisters, and to aspire after places and pensions ; and as the
seeking after these does often complete the ruin of broken
families, so in many they prove only a reprieve, and not a
recovery ; Avhereas he, who is contented with his fortune,
and measures his way of living by it, has another root with-
in him, out of which every noble and generous thought
will naturally spring. Public liberty has no sure founda- ^
tion but in virtue, in parsimony, and moderation ; where
these fail, liberty may be preserved by accidents and cir-
cumstances of affairs, but it has no bottom to rest securely
on. A knowing and virtuous gentleman, who understands
his religion and loves it, who practises the true rules of
virtue, without affectation and moroseness; who knows
enough of law to keep his neighbours in order, and to give
them good advice ; who keeps meetings for his county,
and restrains vice and disorder at them ; who lives hos-
pitably, frugally, and charitably ; Avho respects and encou-
rages good clergymen, and worships God, both in his fa-
mily and at church ; who educates his children well, who
treats his servants gently, and deals equitably with his
tenants and all others, with whom he has any concerns ;
such a man shines, and is a public blessing to all that see
him, or come near him. Some such instances are yet left
among us ; but, alas ! there are not many of them. Can
S50 CONCLUSION.
-there be any thing more barbarous, or rather treacherous,
than for gentlemen to think it is one of the honours of their
houses, that none must go out of them sober ; it is but a
little more infamous to poison them : and yet this passes
as a character of a noble housekeeper, who entertains his
friends kindly. Idleness and ignorance are the ruin of the
greatest part, who, if they are not fit for better things,,
should descend to any thing rather than suffer themselves
to sink into sloth ; that will carry them to the excesses of
hunting, gaming, and drinking, which may ruin both soul,
body, and estate. If a man, by an ill-managed or a neg-
lected education, is so turned that every sort of study or
reading is a burden ; then he ought to try if he has a genius
to any mechanism that may be an entertainment to him ;
tlie managing a garden is a noble, and may be made a use-
ful amusement ; the taking some part of his estate into his
ovm hands, if he looks carefully to it, will both employ
his time well, and may turn to a good account : in a word,
some employments may be better than others ; but there is
no employment so bad as the having none at all: the mind
will contract a rust, and an unfitness for every good thing ;
and a man must either fill up his time w ith good or at least
innocent business, or it will run to the worst sort of waste,
to sin and vice.
Errors in J havc oftcu thought it a great error to waste young gen-
tlemen's years so long in learning Latin, by so tedious a
grammar ; I know those who are bred to the professions in
literature, must have the Latin correctly, and for that, the
rules of grammar are necessary ; but these are not at all
requisite to those, who need only so much Latin as tho-
roughly to understand and delight in the Roman authors
and poets. But suppose a youth had, either for want of
memory or of application, an incurable aversion to Latin,
his education is not for that to be despaired of ; there is
much noble knowledge to be had in the English and French
languages : geography, history, chiefly that of our own
. country, the knowledge of nature, and the more practical
parts of the mathematics, (if he has not a genius for the de-
monstrative,) may make a gentleman very knowing, though
he has not a w ord of Latin ; there is a fineness of thought,
and a nobleness of expression indeed in the Latin authajs,
that will make them the entertainment of a man's whole life.
CONCLUSION. 357
.if he once understands and reads them with delight : bnt
if this cannot be attained to, I would not have it reckon-
ed that the education of an ill Latin scholar is to be
given over. A competent measure of the knowledge of
the law is a good foundation for distinguishing a gentle-
man ; but I am in doubt whether his being for some time
in the inns of court will contribute much to this, if he is
not a studious person : those who think they are there only
to pass away so many of their years, commonly run to-
gether, and live both idly and viciously. I should ima-
gine it a much better way, though it is not much practised,
to get a learned young lawjer, who has not got into much
business, to come and pass away a long vacation or two
with a gentleman, to carry him through such an introduc-
tion to the study of the law, as may give him a full view
of it, and good directions how to prosecute his study in it.
A competent skill in this makes a man very useful in his
country, both in conducting his own afiairs, and in giving
good advice to those about him ; it will enable him to be a
good justice of peace, and to settle matters by arbitration
so as to prevent law-suits : and, which ought to be the top
of an English gentleman's ambition, to be an able parlia-
ment man ; to which no gentleman ought to pretend, unless
he has a true zeal for his country, with an inflexible inte-
grity and resolution to pursue what appears to him just
and right, and for the good of the public. Tlie parliament
is the fountain of law, and the fence of liberty ; and no
sort of instruction is so necessary for a gentleman, as that
which may qualify him to appear there with ligure and. re-
putation.
Gentlemen, in their marriages, ought to consider a great And in mar-
many things more than fortune ; though, generally speak- '^'^°^'''
ing, that is the only thing sought for : a good understand-
ing, good principles, and a good temper, with a liberal
education, and acceptable person, are the first things to be
considered ; and certainly fortune ought to come after all
these. Those bargains now in fashion make often unhal-
lowed marriages, in which, besides the greater evils, more
fortune is often wasted than is brought, with a vain, a fool-
ish, an indiscreet, and a hated wife. The first thought in
choosing a wife ought to be, to find a help meet for the
ma : in a married state, the mutual study of both ought
358 CONCLUSION.
to be, to help and please one another ; this is the founda-
tion of all domestic happiness ; as to stay at home, and to
love home, is the greatest help to industry, order, and the
good government of a family. I have dwelt the longer on
this article, because on the forming the gentry well, the
good government of the nation, both in and out of parlia-
ment, does so much depend,
oftradeand ^g for the men of trade and business, they are generally
speaking, the best body in the nation — generous, sober,
and charitable ; so that, while the people in the country
are so immersed in their atfairs that the sense of religion
cannot reach them, there is a better spirit stirring in our
cities ; more knowledge, more zeal, and more charitj% with
a great deal more of devotion. There may be too much of
vanity, with too pompous an exterior, mixed with these in
the capital city ; but, upon the whole, they are the best we
have. Want of exercise is a great prejudice to their health,
and a corrupter of their minds, by raising vapours and
melancholy, that tills many with dark thoughts, rendering
religion, which affords the truest joy, a burden to them,
and making them even a burden to themselves ; this fur-
nishes prejudices against religion to those who are but too
much disposed to seek for them. Tlie too constant inter-
course of visits in town, is a vast consumption of time,
and gives much occasion to talk, which is, at best, idle, if
not worse : this certainly wants regulation, and is the effect
ef idleness and vanity,
fwtiie r|^jjQ stage is the great corrupter of the town ; and the
bad people of the town have been the chief corrupters of
the stage, who run most after those plays that defile the
stage and the audience : poets will seek to please, as
actors will look for such pieces as draw the most specta-
tors : they pretend, their design is to discourage vice ; but
they do, really, recommend it in the most effectual manner.
It is a shame to our nation and religion, to see the stage so
reformed in France, and so polluted still in England. Mo-
liere for comedy, and Racine for tragedy, are great pat-
terns : fev/ can, and as few will, study to copy after them.
But, till another scene appears, certainly our plays are the
greatest debauchers of the nation. Gaming is a waste of
time, that rises out of idleness, and is kept up by covet-
ousneiss : those who can think, read, or write to any pur-
CONCLUSION. 1i69
pose, and those who understand what conversation and
friendsliip are, will not want such a help to wear out the
day; so that, upon the whole matter, sloth and ignorance,
bad education, and ill company, hyg. the chief sources ot
all our vice and disorders.
The ill methods ol' schools and colleges, give the chief of edn-
rise to the irregularities of the gentry ; as the breeding oth "r^*x-
young women to vanity, dressing, and a false appearance
of wit and behaviour, without proper work, or a due mea-
sure of knowledge, and a serious sense of religion, is the
source of the corruption of tiiat sex. Something like
monasteries, without vows, would be a glorious design,
and might be so set on foot, as to be the honour of a Queen
on the throne ; but I will pursue this no further.
My next address is to the nobility' ; most cf what I have of tbeao-
proposed to our gentry does, in a more eminent manner, "^^'
belong to them : the higher their condition is raised above
other gentlemen, so much the more eminent ought they to
be in knowledge and virtue. The share they have in judi-
cature, in the House of Lords, should oblige them to ac-
quaint themselves with the rules and principles of lav.;
though an unbiassed integrity, neither moved by friendship
nor party, with a true understanding, will, for the most
part, direct them in their judgment, since few cases occur
where the point of law is dark or doubtful.
Every person of a high rank, whose estate can bear it, or tiieW
ought to have two persons to manage his education; — the ^ ^^'"'^
one a governor to form his mind ; to give him true notions;
to represent religion and virtue in a proper light to him ; to
give him a view of geograply, not baiely describing the
maps, but adding to it the natural history of every country,
its productions, arts, and trade, with the religion and go-
vernment of the country, and a general idea of the history
of the world, and of the various revolutions tliat have hap-
pened in it : such a view will open a young person's mind ;
it must be often gone over, to fix it well. The antient
government in Greece, but much more that of Home, must
be minutely delivered, that the difference between a just
and a vicious government may be well apprehended. The
fall of the Roman greatness, under the emperors, by reason
of the absolute power that let vice in upon them, which
corrupted not only their courts, but their armies, ought to
300 CONCLUSION;
be fully opened. Then the Gothic i^overnmcnt, and the
feudal law, should be clearly explained, to open the
orig^inal of our own constitution. In all this, the chief care
of a wise and g^ood former of youth ought to be, to possess
a young mind with noble principles of justice, liberty, and
virtue, as the true basis of government ; and with an aver-
sion to violence and arbitrary power, servile flattery, fac-
tion, and luxury, from which the corruption and ruin of all
governments have arisen.
To this governor (qualified for all this to be sought out
and hired at any rate) I would join a master for languages
and other things, in which this young lord is to be instruct-
ed ; who ought to be put under the direction and eye of the
governor, that his time may not be lost in trifles ; that no-
thing of pedantry or of affectation may be infused into a
young mind, which is to be prepared for great things. A
simplicity of style, with a true and grave pronunciation,
ought to be well looked to ; and this young nobleman ought
to be accustomed, as he grows up, to speak his thoughts,
on the sudden, with a due force and weight, both of words
and voice. I have often wondered to see parents, who are
to leave vast estates, and who stick at no expense in other
things, yet be so frugal and narrow in the education of their
children. They owe to their country a greater care in prc-
jjaring the eldest, to make that figure in it, to which he is
born ; and they owe to their j^ounger children, w ho are not
to be so plentifully provided, such a liberal education as
may fit them to answer the dignity of their birth, and pre-
pare them for employments, by which they may in time give
a further strength and addition to their family. I have been
amazed to see how profuse some are in procuring good
dancing, fencing, and riding masters for their children, and
setting them out in fine clothes ; and how sparing they are
in that, w hich is the chief and most important thing, and
which in time may become the most useful, -both to them-
selves and to their country. I look on the education of the
youth as the foundation of all that can be proposed for bet-
tering the next age : it ought to be one of the chief cares of
all governments, though there is nothing more universally
neglected. How do some of our peers shine, merely by their
virtue and knowledge ; and what a contemptible figure do
others make, with all their high titles and.great estates.?
CONCLUSION. 361
Noblemen begin to neglect the having chaplains in their Of their
houses, and I do not much wonder at it, w hen I reflect on the *^ *^ **°*'
behaviour of too many of these ; light and idle, vain and in-
solent, impertinent and pedantic : by this want, however,
the worship of God, and the instruction of servants, is quite
neglected : but, if a little more care were taken to choose
well, a lord might make good use of a chaplain, not only
for those ends which I have mentioned, but for the read-
ing such books as the lord desires to be well informed
about, but has not leisure to peruse himself. These he
may read by his chaplain, and receive an account of them
from him, and see what are the principal things to be learnt
from them, for which he may find leisure, though not for the
whole book : by this means he may keep his chaplain well
employed, and may increase his own stock of knowledge,
and be w ell furnished w ith relation to all new books and
new questions that are started. The family of a nobleman,
well chosen and well ordered, might look like a little court
in his country : for though it is a happiness to the nation,
that the great number of idle and useless retainers that were
aljout noblemen antiently is much reduced ; yet still they
must entertain many servants, to be either nuisances where
they live, or to set a pattern to others. Tlie greater men
are, they ought to be the more modest and aflfable, and
more easy of access, that so they may, by the best sort of
poimlarity, render themselves acceptable to their country ;
they ought more particularly, to protect the oppressed, to
mortify insolence and injustice, and to enter into the true
grievances of their country ; that they may represent these
where it may be proper ; and shew at least a tender care of
those who ought to be protected by them, if they cannot
eiiectiially procure a redress of their grievances. A con-
tinued pursuit of such methods, with an exemplary deport-
ment, would soon restore the nobility to their antient lustre,
from which they seem very sensible how much they are
fallen, though they do not take the proper methods to re-
cover it. Have we not seen, in our time, four or five lords,
by their knowledge, good judgment, and integrity, raise the
House of Peers to a pitch of reputation and credit that
seemed once beyond the expectation or belief of those who
now see it ? A progress in this method will give them such,
authority in the nation, that they will be able not only to
VOL. IV. 3 A
362 CONCLUSION.
support their own dignity, but even to support the throne
and the church. If so small a number has raised peerage
to such a regard, that the people, contrary to all former
precedents, have considered them more than their owti re-
presentatives ; what might not be expected from a greater
number pursuing the same methods? These would become
a^ain that which their title imports, the peers of the crown
as well as of the kingdom, of which that noble right of
putting on their coronets at the coronation is a clear proof.
Great titles, separated from the great estates and the in-
terest their ancestors had in their countries, must sink, if
not supported with somewhat of more value, great merit,
and a sublime virtue.
Concerning After I havc offered what I think of the greatest import-
tbe two ^j^pg |.^j ^.jjg several ranks of men in the nation, I go next to
houses of J X
parliament, consider that august body in which they are all united ; I
mean the parliament. As long as elections are set to sale,
so long we are under a disease in our vitals, that, if it be
tiot remedied in time, must ruin us at last, and end in a
change of government ; and what that may be, God only
knows.
Of elections. All laws that can be made will prove ineffectual to cure
so great an evil, till there comes to be a change and refor-
ination of morals in the nation ; we see former laws are
evaded, and so will all the laws tiiat can be made, till the
candidates and electors both become men of another tem-
per and other principles, than appear now among them :
the expense of elections ruins families ; and these families
will come in time to expect a full reparation from the
crown; or they will take their revenges on it, if that hope
fails them : the commons will grow insolent upon it, and
look on the gentry as in their dependance ; during the war,
and while the heat of parties ferments so much, it is not
6asy to find a proper remedy for this. When the war is
over, one expedient in the power of the crown is, to de-
clare that elections to parliament shall be annual : but if
the same heat and rivalry of parties should still continue,
that would ruin families but so mucli the sooner.
The most promising expedient, next to a general refor-
mation, which may seem too remote and too hopeless a
prospect, is to try how this great division of the nation into
whig and tory may be lessened, if not quite removed:
CONCLUSION. 363
great numbers on both sides are drawn to take up many
groundless jealousies one of another, with which men of
honest minds are possessed.
There are many of the tories that, without doubt, look Of the par-
towards St. Germains and France; but this is not true of ^^ J^J^ ^
the balk of their party. Many infidels, who hate all reli-
gion and all churches alike (being only against the church
of England because it is in possession), do join with the
whigs and the dissenters, and appear for them ; from thence
the ill-disposed tories possess many of those who are bet-
ter minded, with an opinion, that the whigs favour the dis-
senters, only to ruin and destroy religion ; and great mul-
titudes of unthinking and ignorant men are drawn into this
snare. The principles of the whigs lead them to be for the
Revolution, and for every tiling that has been done to sup-
port and esta lish that ; and therefore, those who, in their
hearts, hate the Revolution, fortify and promote their de-
signs, by keeping up a jealousy of all that body, which
alone can and must support it. The whigs are indeed fa-
voured by the dissenters, because they see their principles
are for toleration, in which, it is visible, that the dissenters
acquiesce, without pursuing any design, contrary to the es-
tablished church, into which the far greater number of them
might be brought, if but a very few concessions were made
them. On the other hand, the whigs, seeing the leaders of
the tories drive on ill designs so visibly, (endeavouring to
weaken the government, to disjoint the alliance, and to put
an untimely end to the war, thereby serving the interests of
France and of the Pretender) and that they are followed in
this by the body of the tories, who promote their elections,
and adhere to them in all divisions in the two houses of par-
liament, and are imited in one party with them, from thence
conclude, that they are all equally concerned, and alike
guilty ; and thus they are jealous of them all. This aver-
sion is daily growing, and will certainly continue as long
as the war lasts; when that is ended, it may possibly abate :
but so great a disease will not be cured, till a prince of
spirit and authority, managed with temper and discretion,
undertakes the cure. We see oaths and subscriptions make
no discrimination, since the abjuration, though penned as
fully as words can go, has been taken by some, who seem
resolved to swallow down every thing in order to the throw-
364 CONCLUSION.
ing up all at once, if they should come to have a clear ma-
jority in parliament, and durst lay aside the mask.
In the parliament of 1701, called the impeaching par-
liament, and in the first parliament called by the Queen,
there was a majority of tories; yet it appeared, the men of
ill designs durst not venture to discover themselves to their
party and to the nation ; so they proceeded with caution.
They designed in 1701 to have had the Duke of Anjou
acknowledged, in order to have disgraced the late King,
and his faithfullest ministers ; that so the princes abroad,
who could do nothing without assistance from England,
despairing of that, might be forced to submit to the offers
France made them. In the first year of the Queen's reign,
they durst make no visible steps that way neither; but they
tried to raise the heat against the dissenters, to make
a breach on the toleration, and to give that body of men
such a jealousy of the government, as should quite dis-
hearten them, who were always the readiest to lend money
to the public, without which the w^ar could not be carried
on vigorously. By this it may appear, that many of the
tories have not those views and designs, that, perhaps, some
of their leaders may be justly charged with. Now a wise
and an active prince may find methods to undeceive those
■who are thus fatally imposed on, and led blindfold into the
serving the ill designs of others^ especially if he will
propose it, as a sure way to his favour, for all whom he
employs, to procure a better understanding and frequent
meetings among the men of good lives and soft tempers in
both parties, who, by e, mutual conversation, will so open
themselves to one another, that jealousies may by this
means be easily removed. I can carry this no further at
present ; men of good intentions will easily find out pro-
per methods to bring about this worthy design of healing a
breach, that has rent the nation from top to bottom. The
parties are now so stated and kept up, not only by the elec-
tions of parliament-men, that return every third year, but
even by the yearly elections of mayors and corporation-
men, that they know their strength ; and in every corner of
the nation, the two parties stand, as it were, listed against
one another. This may come, in some critical time or
other, at the death of a prince, or on an invasion, to have
terrible efiects ; as at present it creates, among the best of
CONCLUSION. 365
each side, a coldness and a jealousy, and a great deal of
hatred and virulence among the much greater part.
There are two things of a very public nature that de- V^^ cprrec,
., ^ T , , . . tiou ot our
serve the care ot a parliament : the one must begm m laws.
House of Lords, and the other in the House of Commons.
The law of England is the greatest grievance of the nation,
very expensive and dilator^' : there is no end of suits,
especially when they are brought into Chancery. It is a
matter of deep study, to be exact in the law ; great advan-
tages are taken upon inconsiderable errors ; and there are
loud complaints of that, which seems to be the chief secu-
rity of propert}^ — I mean juries, which are said to be much
practised upon. If a happy peace gives us quiet, to look
to our own affairs, there cannot be a worthier design under-
taken, than to reduce the law into method, to digest it into
a body, and to regulate the Chancery, so as to cut off the
tediousness of suits, and, in a word, to compile one entire
system of our laws. The work cannot be undertaken, much
less finished, but by so great an authority, as at least an
address from the House of Lords to the Queen. Nothing,
after the war is happily ended, can raise the glory of her
reign more, than to see so noble a design set on foot in her
time : this would make her name sacred to posterity, which
would sensibly feel all the taxes they have raised fully re-
paid them, if the law were made shorter, clearer, more cer-
tain, and of less expense.
The other matter, that must take its rise in the House of Provisions
Commons, is about the poor, and should be much laid to °"^ ^P^*"^*
heart. It may be thought a strange motion from a bishop,
to wish that the act, for charging every parish to maintain
their own poor, were well reviewed, if not quite taken
away: this seems to encourage idle and lazy people in
their sloth, when they know they must be maintained : I
know no other place in the world where such a law was
ever made. Scotland is much the poorest part of the
island ; yet the poor there are maintained by the voluntary
charities of the people : Holland is the perfectest pattern
for putting charity in a good method ; the poor work as
much as they can, they are humble and industrious, they
never ask any charity, and yet they are well relieved. When
de poor see that their supply must in a great measure de-
pend on their behaviour and on their industry, as far as it
366 CONCLUSION.
can go, it will both make Ihem better in themselves, and
move others to supply thcin more liberally ; and when
men's offerings are free (and yet are called for every time
they go to clmrch or to sacrament), this will oblige those
who distribute them to be exact and impartial in it; since
tlicir ill conduct might make the givers trust them with their
charity no more, but distribute it themselves. If a spirit
of true piety and charity should ever prevail in this nation,
those, whose condition raises them above the drudgery of
servile labour, might employ some years of their life in this
labour of Jove, and relieve one another in their turn, and so
distribute among them this noble part of government. All
this must begin in the House of Commons ; and I leave it
to the consideration of the wise and worthy members of
that body, to turn their thoughts to this, as soon as by a
happy peace we are delivered from the cares of the war,
and are at leisure to think of our own affairs at home.
or shorter Ouc thiug morc I presume to suggest, which is, that we
t^IrHMieiu, '^^y have fewer and shorter sessions of parliament ; the
staying long in to^vn, both v/astes estates and coiTupts the
morals of members; theii beginning so late in the day to
enter upon business, is one great occasion of long sessions ;
they are seldom met till about twelve o'clock ; and, except
on a day in which some great points are to be discussed,
upon which the paities divide, they grow disposed to rise
after tvvo or three hours' sitting. The authority of the prince
must be interposed to make them return to the old hours of
eight and nine ; and if, from that time, they sat till two, a
great deal of business might be dispatched in a short ses-
sion. It is also to be hoped, that, when the war is ended,
parliaments will not give the necessary supplies from year
to year, as in the time of war, but w ill settle methods for
paying the public debt, and for the support of the govern-
ment, for two if not for three years. The ill eftects of an
annual meeting of parliament are so visible and so great,
that I hope nothing but invincible necessity will ever keep
us under the continuance of so great an inconvenience. I
speak of this with the more concern, because this is not
only a great charge on bishops, heavy on the richer, and
intolerable to the poorer bishoprics ; but, chiefly, because
it calls them away from tlieir dioceses, and from minding
their ,propor work, and fills their heads too much ^ ith se-
CONCLUSION. 367
cular thoughts, and obliges them to mix too much with
secular company; from ^hich the more abstracted they
are, as their minds will be purer and freer, so they A\ill be
able to follow their own business with less distraction, in a
more constant attendance on the ministry of the word and
prayer, to which, in imitation of the apostles, they ought
to give themselves continually.
I have now gone over what seemed to me most practica-
ble, as well as most important, for all ranks of men seve-
rally in the nation, as well as for that great union of them
all, in tlie representative of the whole in parliament : I
liave not gone into wild notions of an imaginary reforma-
tion, more to be wished than hoped for ; but have only
touched on such ill practices, and bad dispositions, as,vvitli
a little care and good government, may be in some measure
redressed and corrected. And now, having by all these, as
by so many steps, risen up to the throne, I will end this
address to the nation, v.ith an humble representation to
those who are to sit on it.
I have had the honour to be admitted to much free con- An adJres*
Tersation with tive of our sovereigns; King Charles the '".""^^'^
«^ ' =* princes.
Second, King James the Second, King William the Third,
Queen 3Iary, and Queen Anne. King Charles's behaviour
was a thing never enough to be commended ; he was a per-
fectly well-bred man, easy of access, free in his discourse,
and sweet in his whole deportment; this was managed
with great art, and it covered bad designs ; it was of such
use to him, that it may teach all succeeding princes, of
what advantage an easiness of access and an obliging be-
haviour may be : this preserved him : it often disarmed
those resentments which his ill conduct in every thing,
both public and private, possessed all thinking people
with very early, and all sorts of people at last : and yet
none could go to him, but they were in a great measure
softened before they left him : it looked like a charm, that
could hardly be resisted : yet there was no good nature un-
der that, nor was there any truth in him. King James had
great application to business, though without a right un-
derstanding ; that application gave him a reputation, till he
took care to throw it oil': if he had not come after King
Charles, he w^ould have passed for a prince of a sweet tem-
per, and easy of access. King William was the reverse of
368 CONCLUSION,
all this ; he was scarce accessible, and was always cold
and silent ; he minded allairs abroad so mucli, and was so
set on the war, that he scarce thought of his government at
home : this raised a general disgust, which was improved
by men of ill designs, so that it perplexed all his affairs,
and he could scarce support himself at home, whilst he was
tlie admiration of all abroad. Queen Mary was affable,
cheerful, and lively, spoke much, and yet under great re-
serves, minded business, and came to understand it well ;
she kept close to rules, chiefly to those set her by tlie King,
and she charmed all that came near her. Queen Anne is
easy of access, and hears every thing very gently ; but
opens herself to so few, and is so cold and general in her
answers, that people soon find that the chief applica-
tion is to be made to her ministers and favourites, who in
their turns have an entire credit and full power with her ;
she has laid down the splendour of a court too much, and
eats privately; so that, except on Sundays, and a few
hours, twice or thrice a-week at night in the drawing room,
she appears so little, that her court is as it were aban-
doned. Out of all these princes' conduct, and from their
successes in their affairs, it is evident what ought to be the
measures of a wise and good prince, who would govern
the nation happily and gloriously.
The first, the most essential, and most indispensable rule
for a king is, to study the interest of the nation, to be ever
in it, and to be always pursuing it : this will lay in for him
such a degree of confidence, that he will be ever safe with
his people, when they feel they are safe in him. No part
of our story shews this more visibly than Queen Eliza-
beth's reign, in which the tiue interest of the nation was
constantly pursued ; and this was so well understood by
all, that every thing else was forgiven her and her ministers
both. Sir Simon Dewe's journal shews a treatment of par-
liaments that could not have been borne at any other time,
or under any other administration. This was the constant
support of King William's reign, and continues to sup-
port the present reign, as it will support all who adhere
steadily to it.
A prince that would command the affections and purses
of this nation, must not study to stretch his prerogative, or
be uneasy under the restraints of law ; as soon as this hu-
CONCLUSION. 369
mour shews itself, lie must expect that a jealousy of him,
unci an uneasy opposition to him, ^\ill follow through the
whole course of his reio:n ; whereas, if he governs w ell,
parliaments will trust him, as much as a wise prince would
desire to be trusted, and will supply him in every war
that is necessary, either for their own preservation, or the
preservation of those allies with whom mutual interests
and leagues unite him : but though, soon after the Restora-
tion, a slavish parliament supported King Charles in the
Dutch war, j^et the nation must be strangely changed, be-
fore any thing of that sort can happen again.
One of the most detestable and the foolishest maxims,
with relation to our government, is to keep up parties and
a rivalry among them, to shift and change ministers, and
to go from one party to another, as they can be brought in
their turns to offer the prince more money, or to give him
more authority ; this w ill, in conclusion, render him odious
and contemptible to all parties ; who, growing accustomed
to his fickleness, will never trust him, but rather study to
secure themselves by depressing him ; of which, the reign
of Henry the Third of France is a signal instance. We
saw what effects this had on King Charles's reign; and
King William felt what an ill step he had made near the
end of his reign, in pursuing this maxim. Nothing creates
to a prince such a confidence, as a constant and clear firm-
ness and steadiness of government, with an unblemished
integrity in all his professions ; and nothing will create a
more universal dependance on him, than when it is visible
he studies to allay the heats of parties, and to reconcile
them to one another ; — this w ill demonstrate that he loves
his people, and that he has no ill designs of his own.
A prince, who would be well served, ought to seek out
among his subjects the best and most capable of the youth,
and see to their good education at home and abroad ; he
should send them to travel, and order his ministers abroad
to keep such for some time about them, and to send them
from court to court, to learn their language, and ol^serve
their tempers ; if but twelve such w ere constantly kept on
an allowance of 250/. a-year, the whole expense of this
would rise but to 3000/. a-year; by this inconsiderable
charge, a prince might have a constant nurseiy for a w ise
and able ministiy ; but those ought to be well chosen, lior^
VOL. IV. 3 b
CONCLVSION.
ought to pretend to the nomination ; it ought to rise from
the motion of the honestest and most disinterested of all
his ministers to the prince in secret. As great a care
ought to be had in the nominations of the cliaplains of his
ministers abroad, that there may be a breed of worthy
clergymen, who have large thoughts and great notions,
from a more enlarged view of mankind and of the world.
If a prince Avould have all that serve him grateful and true
to him, he must study to find out who are the properest
and Avorthiest men, capable of employments, and prevent
their applications, and surprise them with bestowing good
posts unsought, and raising them higher as they serve
well. When it is known that a prince has made it his
maxim to follow this method in distributing his favours,
he will cut off applications for them ; which will otherwise
create a great uneasiness to him, and have this certain ill-
effect, that where there are many pretenders, one must
have the preference to all the rest, so that many are mor-
tified for being rejected, and are full of envy at him who
has obtained the favour, and therefore will detract from
him as much as possible. This has no where worse effects
than among the clerg)", in the disposal of the dignities of
the church ; and therefore Queen Mary resolved to break
those aspirings, which resolution she carried on effectually
for some years, A constant pursuing that maxim would
have a great effect on the nation.
Frequent progresses round the nation, so divided, that
once in seven, eight, or ten years, the chief places of it
might be gone through, would recommend a prince wonr
derfully to tlie people ; especially if he were gentle and
aft'able, and would so manage his progress, that it should
not be a charge to any, by refusing to accept of entertain-
ments from any person whatsoever ; for the accepting these
onlj'^ from such as could easily bear the charge of it, would
be an affronting of others, who being of equal rank, though
not of equal estates, would likewise desire to treat the
prince. So to make a progress every where acceptable,
and no where chargeable, the sure method would be, ac-
cording to the established rule of the household, for the
prince to carry the travelling wardrobe with him, and to
take such houses in tlie way as are most convenient for
him ; but to (entertain himself and his court there, and
CONCLUSION. 371
Iiave a variety of tables for such as may come to at-
tend on him. On this Queen Mary had set her heart, if she
had lived to see peace in her days : by this mepais a prince
may see and be seen by his people ; he may know some
men that deserve to be distinguished, of whom otherwise
he would never have heard ; and he may learn aTid redress
the grievances of his people, preventing all parliamentary
complaints, except for such matters as cannot be cured
but by a remedy in parliament. Methods like these w ould
make a prince become the idol of his people.
It is certain, that their affections must follow a prince,
who would consider government and the royal dignity as
his calling, and would be daily employed in it,, studying the
good and happiness of his people, pursuing the properest
ways for promoting it, without either delivering himself up
to the sloth of luxury and vain magnificence, or affecting
the barbarity of war and conquest; which render those,
who make the world a scene of blood and rapine, indeed
the butchers of mankind. If these words seem not decent
enough, I will make no other apology, but that I use them,
because I cannot find w orse ; for as they are the worst of
men, so they deserve the worst of language. Can it be
thought that princes are raised to the highest pitch of glory
and w ealth, on design to corrupt their minds w ith pride and
contempt of the rest of mankind, as if they were made only
to be the instruments of their extravagances, or the sub-
jects of their passions and humours ? Xo ! they are exalted
for the good of their fellow-creatures, in order to raise them
to the truest sublimity, to become as like divinity as a
mortal creature is capable of being. None will grudge them
their great treasures and authority, when they see it is all
employed to make their people happy. None will envy
their greatness, when they see it accompanied with a suita-
ble greatness of soul ; whereas, a magnified and flattered
pageant will soon fall under universal contempt and hatred.
There is not any one thing more certain and more evident,
than that princes arc made for the people, and not the
people for them; and perhaps there is no nation under
heaven, that is more entirely possessed with this notion of
princes, than the English nation is in this age ; so that they
will soon be uneasy to a prince, who does not govern him-
self by this maxim, and in time grow very unkind to him.
372 CONCLUSION.
Groat care oiio;ht to be taken in the nomination of judges
and bishops. I join these ((\!;elher, for law and religion,
justice and piety, are the support of nations, and give
strength and security to governments : judges must be re-
commended by those in the high posts of the law; but a
prince may, by his own taste and upon know ledge, choose
his bishops. They ought to be men eminent for piety, learn-
ing, discretion, and zeal ; not broken with age, which will
quickly render them incapable of serving the church to any
good purpose ; a person fit to be a bishop at sixty, was fit
at forty; and had then spirit and activity, with a strength
both of body and mind. The vast expense they are at, in
entering on their bishoprics, ought to be regulated, no
bishoprics can be, in any good degree, served under 1,000/.
a-year at least. The judges ought to be plentifully pro-
vided for, that they may be under no temptation, to supply
themselves by indirect ways. One part of a prince's care,
to be recommended to judges i)i their circuits, is to know
w!iat persons are, as it w ere, hid in the nation, that are fit
for employments, and deserve to be encouraged; of such,
they ought to give an account to the lord chancellor, who
ought to lay it before the throne. No crime ought to be
pardoned, till the judge, who gave sentence, is heard, to
give an account of the evidence, w ith the circumstances of
the fact, as it appeared on the trial ; no regard ought to be
had to stories that are told, to move compassion ; for in
these, little regard is had to truth : and an easiness in par-
doning, is, in some sort, an encouraging of crimes, and a
giving license to commit them.
But to run out no longer into particulars, the great and
comprehensive rule of all is, that a king should consider
himself as exalted by Almighty God into that high dignity,
as into a capacity of doing much good, and of being a
great blessing to mankind, and in some sort a god on
earth; and, therefore, as he expects, that his ministers
should study to advance his service, his interests, and his
glory, and that, so much the more, as he raises them to
higher posts of favour and honour, so he, whom God has
raised to the greatest exaltation this world is capable of,
should apply himself wholly to cares becoming his rank
and station ; to be in himself a pattern of virtue and true
religion, to promote justice, to relieve and revenge the op-
CONCLUSION. 373
pressed, and to seek out men of viitue and piety, and
bring them into such degrees of contidence as they may be
capable of; to encourage a due and a generous freedom
in their advices ; to be ready to see his own ciTors, that he,
may correct them ; and to entertain every thing that is sug-
gested to him for the good of his people, and for the bene-
fit of mankind ; and to uiake a difi^rence between those
who court his favour for their o^^^l ends, who study to tlatter,
and by that, to please him, often to his own ruin, and those
who have gieat views and nolile aims, who set him on to
pursue designs worthy of him, without mean or partial
regards to any ends or interests of their own. It is not
enough for a prince, not to encourage vice or impiety by
his own ill practices; it ought to appear that these are
odious to him, and that they give him horror. A decla-
ration of this kind, solemnly made and steadily pursued,
would soon bring on at least an exterior reformation, which
would have a great efi'ect on the body of the nation, and on
the rising generation, though it were but hypocritically put
on at first. Such a prince would be perhaps too great a
blessing to a wicked world : Queen Mary seemed to have
the seeds of all this in her ; but the world was not worthy
of her, and so God took her from it.
I will conclude this whole address to posterity with that An exhorta-
which is the most important of all other things, and which |o°be°ome
alone w ill carry every thing else along with it, which is to truly reii-
recommend, in the most solemn and serious manner, the ^'°"""
study and practice of religion to all sorts of men, as that
which is l)oth the light of the world, and the salt of the
earth. Nothing does so open our faculties, and compose
and direct the whole man, as an inward sense of God, of
his authority over us ; of the laws he has set us ; of his eye
ever upon us; of his hearing our prayers, assisting our en-
deavours, watching over our concerns, and of his being to
judge and to reward or pimisli us in another state accord-
ing to what we do in this. Nothing will give a man such
a detestation of sin, and such a sense of the goodness of
God, and of our obligations to holiness, as a right under-
standing, and a firm belief of the Christian religion. No-
thing can give a man so calm a peace Avithin, and such a
firm security against all fears and dangers without, as the
belief of a kind and wise Providence, and of a future
374 CONCLUSION.
state. An integrity of heart gives a man a courage and a
confidence that cannot be shaken : a man is sure that, by
living according to the rules of religion, he becomes the
wisest, the best and happiest creature that he is capable of
being : honest industry, the employing his time well, and a
constant sobriety, an undefiled purity and chastity, with a
quiet serenity, are the best preservers of life and health : so
that, take a man as a single individual, religion is his guard,
his perfection, his beauty, and his glory : this will make him
the light of the world, shining brightly, and enlightening
many round about him.
Then take a man as a piece of mankind, as a citizen of
the world, or of any particular state, religion is indeed then
the salt of the earth ; for it makes every man to be, to all
the rest of the world, whatsoever any one can, with reason,
wish or desire him to be. He is true, just, honest and faith-
ful in the whole commerce of life, doing to all others, that
which he would have others do to him : he is a lover of
mankind, and of his country: he may, and ought to love
some more than others; but he has an extent of love to all,
of pity and compassion, not only to the poorest, but to the
worst ; for the worse any are, they are the more to be pitied.
He has a complacency and delight in all that are truly,
though but defectively good, and a respect and veneration
for all that are eminently so : he mourns for the sins, and
rejoices in the virtues of all that are round about him : in
every relation of life, religion makes him answer all his ob-
ligations : it will make princes just and good, faithful to
their promises, and lovers of their people : it will inspire
subjects with respect, submission, obedience and zeal for
their prince: it will sanctify wedlock to be a state of Christ-
ian friendship, and mutual assistance : it will give parents
the truest love to their children, with a proper care of Oieir
education: it will command the returns of gratitude and
obedience from children : it will teach masters to be gentle
and careful of their servants, and servants to be faithful,
zealous, and diligent in their master's concerns: it will
make friends tender and true to one another; it A\ill make
them generous, faithful, and disinterested : it will make men
live in their neighbourhood as members of one coimnon
body, promoting first the general good of the whole, and
then the good of every particular, as far as a man's sphere
CONCLUSION. 375
can go : it will make judges and magistrates just and pa-
tient, hating covetousness, and maintaining peace and or-
der, wthout respect of persons : it will make people live
in so inoffensive a manner, that it will be easy to maintain
justice, whilst men are not disposed to give disturbance to
those about them. This will make bishops and pastors
faithful to their trust, tender to their people, and watchful
over them ; and it will beget in the people an esteem for
their persons, and their functions.
Thus religion, if truly received, and sincerely adhered
to, would prove the greatest of all blessings to a nation :
but by religion, I understand somewhat more than the re-
ceiving some doctrines, though ever so true ; or the profess-
ing them, and engaging to support them, not without zeal
and eagerness. What signify the best doctrines, if men do
not live suitably to them ; if tliey have not a due influence
upon their thoughts, their principles, and their lives ? Men
of bad lives, with sound opinions, are self-condemned, and
lie under a highly aggravated guilt ; nor vnll the heat of a
party, arising out of interest, and managed with fury and
violence, compensate for the ill lives of such false pretend-
ers to zeal ; while they are a disgrace to that, which they
profess and seem so hot for. By religion I do not mean
an outward compliance with form and customs, in going to
church, to prayers, to sermons, and to sacraments ; with an
external shew of devotion, or, which is more, with some in-
ward forced good thoughts, in which many may satisfy
themselves, wliile this has no visible effect on their lives,
nor any inward force to subdue and rectify their appetites,
passions, and secret designs. Those customary perform-
ances, how good and useful soever, when well understood
and rightly directed, are of little value, when men rest on
them, and think that, because they do them, tliey have
therefore acquitted themselves of their duty, though they
continue still proud, covetous, full of deceit, en\^, and ma-
lice : even secret prayers, the most effectual of all other
means, is designed for a higher end, which is to possess our
minds with such a constant and present sense of di\ine
truths, as may make these live in us, and govern us ; and
may draw down such assistances as may exalt and sanctify
our natures.
So that by religion I mean, such a sense of divine trutli
376 CONCLUSION.
as enters into a man, and becomes a spring' of a new na-
ture within him ; reforming his thoughts and designs, pu-
rifying his heart, and sanctifying him, and governing his
whole deportment, his words as well as his actions ; con-
vincing him that it is not enough not to be scandalously
vicious, or to be innocent in his conversation, but that he
must be entirely, uniformly, and constantly pure and vir-
tuous, animating him with a zeal to be still better and bet-
ter, more eminently good and exemplary, using prayers and
all outward devotions, as solemn acts testifying what he is
inwardly and at heart, and as methods instituted by God, to
be still advancing in the use of them further and further
into a more refined and spiritual sense of divine matters.
This is true religion, which is the perfection of human na-
ture, and the joy and delight of every one that feels it
active and strong within him : it is true, this is not arrived
at all at once ; and it will have an unhappy allay, hanging
long even about a good man : but as those ill mixtures are
the perpetual grief of his soul, so it is his chief care to
watch over and to mortify them ; he will be in a continual
progress, still gaining ground upon himself : and, as he at-
tains to a good degree of purity, he will find a noble flame
of life and joy growing upon him. Of this I write with the
more concern and emotion, because I have felt this the
true and indeed tlie only joy, which runs through a man's
heart and life : it is that w hich has been for many years my
greatest support; I rejoice daily in it; I feel from it the
earnest of that supreme joy which I pant and long fpr ; I
am sure there is nothing else can afi'ord any true or com-
plete happiness. I have, considering my sphere, seen a
a great deal of all that is most shining and tempting in this
\vorld : — the pleasures of sense I did soon nauseate ; in-
trigues of state, and the conduct of affairs, have something
in them that is more specious ; and I was, for some years,
deeply immersed in these, but still with hopes of reforming
the world, and of making mankind w iser and better : but I
have found that which is crooked cannot be made straight.
I acquainted myself with know ledge and learning, and that
in a great variety, and with more compass than depth : but
tliough wisdom excelleth folly, as much as light does dark-
ness ; yet, as it is a sore travail, so it is so very defective^
that what is wanting to couiplele it, cannot be numbeFC<l.
CONCLUSION. 377
1 have seen that two were better than one, and that a three-
fold cord is not easily loosed, and have therefore culti-
vated friendship with much zeal and a disinterested ten-
derness ; but I have found this w as also vanity and vexa-
tion of spirit, though it be of the best and noblest sort. So
that, upon great and long experience, I could enlarge on
the preacher's text, Vajiity of vanities, and all is vanity ;
but I must also conclude with him ; fear God, and keep
his commandments, for this is the all of man, the whole
both of his duty and of his happiness. I do therefore end
all in the words of David, of the truth of which, upon
great experience and a long observation, I am so fully as-
sured, that I leave these as my last words to posterity : —
" Come ye children, hearken unto me ; I will teach you
the fear of the Lord ; what man is he that desireth life, and
loveth many days, that he may see good? keep thy tongue
from evil, and thy lips from speaking guile ; depart from
evil, and do good, seek peace and pursue it. The eyes of
the Lord are upon the righteous, and his ears are open to
their cry ; but the face of the Lord is against them that do
evil, to cut off the remembrance of them from the earth. The
righteous cry, and the Lord heareth and deliveretli them
out of all their troubles. The Lord is nigh unto them that
are of a broken heart, and saveth such as be of a contrite
spirit."
N. B. This was written in June, 1 708, when the author thought
himself near the end of the History.
VOL. IV. 3 c
CHRONOLOGICAL
DISTINCT ACCOUNT
or THE
WORKS
OF THE
RIGHT RE\^:RE^^) and le.\rned
DR. GILBERT BURNET,
LATE LORD BISHOP OF SALISBURY, &c.
/
A chronological and particular Account of the Works
of the Right Reverend and Learned Dr. Gilbert
Burnet, late Lord Bishop of Salisbury, connected and
disposed under proper Heads, interspersed ivith some
Critical and Historical Observations. By R. F.
N. E. — ^Those which have this mark * prefixed, are not inchided in the
collection annexed to the History of his Life.
I. SERMONS.
*1. Subjection for Conscience Sake Asserted; at Coveiit-
Garden, 6th Decern. 1674, on Rom. xiii. 5. 1675. 4to.
*2 The Royal Martyr Lamented, at the Savoy, 30th Jan. 167|.
2 Sam. i. 12. 1675. 4to.
These two Sermons were reprinted in 1710, 8vo.
3. Before the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, at St. Mary-le-Bow,
2d Sept. 1680, the Fast Day for the Fire of London. Amos iv.
11, 12. 1680. 4to.
4. Before the House of Commons, at St. Margaret's, West-
minster, 22d December, 1680, the Fast Day. Rev. iii. 2, 3.
1681. 4to.
5. Before the Court of Aldermen, at St. Lawrence-Jewry, 30th
Jan. 178^. Zech. viii. 19. 1681. 4to.
6. An Exhortation to Peace and Union ; before the Lord Mayor,
Aldermen, &c. at St. Lawrence-Jewry, 29th Sep. 1681, the Day
of electing the Lord Mayor. Matt. xii. 25. 1681. 4to.
7. At the Funeral of Mr. James Houblon, at St. Mary Wool-
noth, 2ath June, 1682. Psalm xxwii. 37. 1G82. 4to.
8. * At the Chapel of the Rolls, 5th Nov. 1684. Psalm xxii. 21.
1684. 4to.
''The author hath acquainted his readers in the preface, that, on
account of this sermon, he had been unjustly censured as a person
disaftected to his Majesty's government; and it soon appeared, that
the court was very highly offended at him ; for, by an order from
the Right Houourable Francis North, Lord Guilford, lord keeper of
the great seal, directed to Sir Harbottle Grimston, knt. master of
the rolls, in the next month, he was forbid preaching any more at
the Rolls Chapel. Soon after he left the kingdom, from just appre-
hensions of danger from his enemies, that he might enjoy a place of
safe retreat in foreign countries, where he continued till the happy
Revolution, 1688. — See the Life of the Author, p, xxiv. General
Dictiouary, vol. iii. p. 706. Biographia Britannica, vol. ii. p. 1038.
382 AN ACCOUNT OF THE
1). Before the Prince of Orange, at St. James's, 23d Dec. 1088.
Psalm cxviii. 23. ](>89. 4to.
10. Before the House of Commons, 31st Jan. 168&, the Day
of Thanksgiving for the Deliverance of this Kingdom from Popery
and Arbitrary Power, by his Highness the Prince of Orange's
means. Psalm cxliv. 15. 1089. 4to.
11. At the Coronation of King William and Queen Mary, at
Westminster-Abbey, i:ih April, 1089. 2 Sam. xxiii. 3, 4.
1689. 4to.
12. Before the House of Peers, at Westminster-Abbey, 5th Nov.
1689. Micah vi. 5. 1089. 4to.
13. An Exhortation to Peace and Unity, at St. Lawrence-Jewry,
26th Nov. 1689. Acts vii. 10. 1689. 4to.
14. Before the King and Queen, at W'hitehall, on Christmas-
day, 1689. 1 Tim. iii. 16. 1089. 4to.
15. Before the Court of Aldermen, at St. Mary-le-Bow, on the
Fast Day, 12th March, lOf;-;. Luke xix. 41, 42. 1690. 4to.
10. Before the Queen, at Whitehall, on the Fast Day, 10th July,
1090. Psalm Ixxxv. 8. 1090. 4to.
17. Before the King and Queen, at Whitehall, on the Day of
Thanksgiving, 19th Oct. 1090. Psalm cxliv. 10, li. 1090. 4to.
18. At the Funeral of the Right Honourable Anne, Lady Dowager
Brook, at Breamor, 191h Feb. 109?. Prov. xxxi. 30, 31. 1091. 4to.
19. Before the King and Queen, at Whitehall, on the Fast Day,
29th April, 1091. Psalm xii. 1. 1091. 4to.
20. Before the King and Queen, at Whitehall^ on the Day of
Thanksgiving, 201h Nov. 1691. Prov. xx. 28. 1691. 4to.
21. At the Funeral of the Honourable Robert Boyle, Esq. at
St. Martin's in the Fields, 7th Jan. 109-\. Eccles. ii. 20. 1092. 4to.
22. Before the Queen, at Whitehall, the third Sunday in Lent,
11th March, 109|. 1 Cor. i. 20. 1694. 4to.
23. Before the Queen, at Whitehall, 29th May, 1094. Psalm
cv. .5. 1094. 4to.
24. At the Funeral of the Most Rev. Dr. John Tillotson, late
Archbishop of Canterbury, at St. Lawrence-Jewry, 30th Nov.
1694. 2Tim. iv. 7. 1091. 4to.
25. Before the King, at St, James's, the first Sunday in Lent, 10th
Feb. 1094. 2 Cor. vi. 1. 1095. 4to.
20. Before the King, at Whitehall, on Christmas-day, 1090.
Gal. iv. 4. 1090. 4tc.
27. Before the King, at Whitehall, the third Sunday in Lent,
7th March, 109^. Ephes. v. 1. 1097. 4to.
WORKS OF BISHOP BURNET. 383
28. Before the King, at Whitehall, 2d December, 1697, the
Day of Thanksgiving for the Peace, 2 Chron. ix. 8. 1G97. 4to,
" 29. Of Charity to the Household of Faith; before the Lord
Mayor, Aldermen, Sec. at St. Bride's, on Easter Monday, 25th
April, 1G98. Gal. vi. 10. 1698. 4to.
30. Charitable Reproof; before the Societies for Reformation of
Manners, at St. Mary-le-Bow, 2jth March, 1700. Prov. xwii. 5, 6.
1700. 4to.
31. At St. James's Church, upon reading the Brief for the per.
secuted Exiles of the Principality of Orange, Jan. 170-|. I Cor.
xii. 26, 27. 1704. 4to.
32. •'Before the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts, at St. Mary-le-Bow, 18th Feb. 170|. Malachi i. 11.
1704. 4to.
* 33. At Salisbury, at the Triennial Visitation, Oct. 1704. Phil,
ii. 1,2. 1704. 4to.
* 34. At St. James's, 10th March, 170|, the fifth Sunday in
Lent. PsaJm xlix. 20. 1706. 4to.
* 35. Before the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, &c. at St. Sepulchre's,
on Easter Monday, 25th March, 1706. Matth. xxiv. 12. 4to.
* 36. On the Day of Thanksgiving, 27th June, 1706. Dent. iv.
6, 7, 8. .8vo.
* 37. Before the Queen, and the two Houses of Parliament,
at St. Paul's, 31st Dec. 1706, the Day of Thanksgiving, for the
wonderful Successes of that Year. Psalm Ixxii. 4. 1706. 8vo.
*38. At Sahsbury, 29th May, 1710. Matth. xxii. 21. 1710.
8vo.
*39 r At Salisbury, 5th Nov. 1710, and 7th Nov.^
and < 1710, the Day of Thanksgiving. Psalm (l710. 8vo.
*40.C.cxliv. 15. 3
*41. Before the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, &c. at St. Bride's, on
Easter Monday, 2d April, 1711. Psalm cxxii. 6, 7, 8, 9. 1711.
4to.
* 42. Before the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, &c. at St, Bride's, on
Easter Monday, 29,th March, 1714. Daniel iv. 27. 1714. 8vo.
*43. At Sahsbury, at the Triennial Visitation, 1714. Acts xx.
28. 4to.
* 44. Before the King at St. James's, 31st Oct. 1714. Psalm
ii. 10, 11. 8vo.
" The sermons from number 3 to number 32 inclusive, are in the
collection of tracts and discourses, written and published in the
years 1677 — 1704, iu three volumes 4to. collected in 1704.
384 AN ACCOUNT OF THE
45. Before the King and Queen, at Hampton Court, on the
first Fast Day, 5th June, 1689. <= 2 Chron. xv. 2.
4G. '' Prepared by Queen Mary's order for the Day of Thanks-
giving, 27th Oct. 1G92, for the Victory at Sea, near La Hogue.
£xod. iv. 13.
47, Before Queen Anne upon her Accession to the Throne,
at St. James's, 15th March, 170^, the fourth Sunday in Lent.
Isaiah xlix. 23.
48. * Against Popery, at St. Clements, near the end of King
Charles the Second's Reign. Ephes. i. 3.
49 ") Before the Lord William Russel, in Newgate, 20th July»
and >1G83, the day before he suffered. Rev. xiv. 13. Psalm
60. 3xxiii. 4.
51. Upon Death, in the Cathedral Church at Salisbury, on Oc-
casion of the Death of the Reverend Mr. Edward Young, Dean of
Salisbury, who died 7th Aug. 1705. Eccles. xii. 7.
52. Upon (he Love of God. Matth. xxii. 35, 36, 37, 38.
53. Upon the Love of our Neighbour. Matth. xxii. 39, 40.
54. Against Perjury. Levit. xix 12.
55. Of the Nature of Oaths, and against profane Swearing*
James v. 12.
56. Upon Keeping Holy the Sabbath-day. Exod. xx. 8, 9, 10,
11.
57. Against Adultery and Uncleanness. Heb. xiii. 4.
58. Against Drunkenness, Ephes. v. IB.
•^In the year 1713, the Bishop published, in 8vo. a volume, en-
titled "Some Sermons preached on several Occasions, and an Essay
towards a new Book of Homilies, in Seven Sermons, prepared at
the desire of Archbishop Tillotson, and some other bishops." See
number 4-5 — 58. The preface to these sermons, containeth a la-
boured and most judicious defence of the Revolution; in which,
the lawfulness and necessity of that important transaction are fully
justified against tlie reproaches and misrepresentations of the non-
jurors, and others, who are disattected to the present happy Con-
stitution.
''The reasons why this sermon was not preached at the time for
which it was prepared, the reader may find distinctly represented
in the life of Archbishop Tillotson, by the Reverend Dr. Birch,
p. 305.
"" Soon after this sermon was preached, the resentment of the
court against our author was so great, that he was discharged from
his lecture at St, Clements, by virtue of the King's mandate, to
the Reverend Dr, Gregory Hascard, rector of that parish. See
the Life of the Author, p. xxiv. Biographia Britannica, vol. ii.
J). 1038.
WORKS OF BISHOP BURNET. 385
TI. DISCOURSES AND TRACTS IN DIVINITY.
* 1. On the Importance of substantial Piety and vital Religion ;
a preface to a book entitled " The Life of God in the Soul of
Man ; or, the Nature and Excellency of the Christian Religion."
By Henry Scougal, M. A. sometime Professor of Divinity in the
University of Aberdeen. 1G88. 8vo.
2. Instructions for the Archdeacons of the Diocese of Salis-
bury, to be delivered by them to the Clergy in their Easter Visita-
tions ; together with a Letter from their Diocesan, dated 22nd
April, IGOO. 1690. 4to.
* 3. A short Directory, containing Proper Rules how to prepare
Young Persons for Confirmation. 1690. 4to.
4, ^ A Discourse concerning the Pastoral Care. 1692. 4to.
and 8vo.
5. Four Discourses delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of
Sahsbury, conceruing, I. The Truth of the Christian Religion.
II. TheDivinity and Death of Christ. III. The InfaHibility and
Authority of the Church. IV. The Obligations to continue in the
Communion of the Church; with a large Prefatory Epistle to the
Clergy of the said Diocese.?
* 6. '' A Letter to the Reverend Dr. John Williams, in defence of
the " Discourse concerning the Divinity and Death of Christ."
1695. 4to.
* 7. • Animadversions upon a late Book, written by Mr. Hill,
' A third edition of this serious and excellent Discourse was
printed in November, 1712, in 8vo. ; to which were added a new
preface, representing the true state of the church and clergy of
England at that juncture, when the nation was inflamed and divided
by the artful intrigues and clamours of the high church incen-
diaries ; and a tenth chapter concerning presentations to benefices,
and simony.
^ This prefatory address, dated 8th December, 1693, exhibited
a distinct account of the design of each discourse, and abundantly
confuteth the objections which had been alleged against the Revo-
lution.
'■ This letter is dated 2d February, 1694-5, and designed as a
replv to the objections of an unitarian writer, contained in " Some
Considerations on the Explications of the Doctrine of the Trinity,"
published 1694, in 4to. and is annexed to Dr. Williams's Vindica-
tion of Archbishop Tillotson and Bishop Stillingfleet, against the
remarks of the said writer.
• " The Viqdication of the Primitive Fathers," &c. written by the
VOL. IV, 3 D
386 AN ACCOUNT OF THE
falsely called " A Vindication of the Primitive Fathers against the
Imputations of Gilbert, Lord Bishop of Saruni." 1695. 4to.
8. ^ Reflections upon a Pamphlet, entitled, " Some Discourses
upon Dr. Burnet and Dr. Tillotson, occasioned by the late Funeral
Sermon of the former upon the latter." 1696. 8vo.
9. ' An Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church
of England. 1699. Folio.
The fifth edition of this work was published in 17-10, in a large
9vo.
10. Remarks on the Examination of the Second Article of our
Church. 1702. 4to.
* 11. A Charge given at the Triennial Visitation of tiie Dioeese
of Salisbury, in October, 1704, prefixed to a Sermon preached at
the same Visitation. See Sermons, No. 3.3. 1704. 4to.
12. An Exposition of the Church Catechism, for the Use of the
Diocese of Salisbury. 1710. 8vo.
* 13. A Charge given at the Triennial Visitation of the Diocese
of Salisbury, 1714 ; published together with a Sermon preached at
the same Visitation. See Sermons, No. 43. 1714. 4to.
Reverend Mr. Samuel Hill, Archdeacon of Wells, and Rector of
Kilmington, in the county of Somerset, was principally designed
against some explications of the fathers relating to the doctrine of
the Trinity, which the Bishop had remarked upon in his second
*' Discourse on the Divinity and Death of Christ."
^ These discourses are said to be written by Dr. George Hickes,
a virulent adversary to the Archbishop and our Bishop, whose
" Reflections," as Dr. Birch observeth, contain a strong and clear
answer to them. — Life of Archbishop Tillotson, p. .34.5.
' This learned, judicious, and instructive performance, the result
of great abilities and indefatigable industry, was drawn up in the
year 1694, and sent to Archbishop Tillotson, who revised and
altered it in several places, and expressed his astonishment to see
so vast a work begun and finished in less than a year ; and declared
the great pleasure and satisfaction with which he read it over. — See
Dr. Birch's Life of Archbishop Tillotson, p. 342.
This work was afterwards perused and approved by Archbi-
shops Tenison and Sharp, Bishops Stillingfleet, Patrick, Lloyd,
Hall, and Williams; the last of these strongly recommended the
considering them only as articles of peace, in which men were
bound to acquiesce without contradiction ; not as articles of faith,
which they were obliged to believe. — Life of Bishop Burnet, p. 74.
The Reverend Dr. Jonathan Edwards, principal of Jesus Col-
lege in Oxford, having published " An Examination of the Exposi-
tion of the Second Article," 1702, 4to. the Bishop soon replied
to the exceptions of that writer in a small tract, entitled " Re-
marks," &c.
WORKS OF BISHOt> BURNET. 387
III. TRACTS AGAINST POPERY.
1. The Mystery of Iniquity Unveiled: in a Discourse, wherein
is held forth the Opposition of the Doctrine, Worship, and Practices
of the Roman Church, to the Nature, Designs, and Characters of
the Christian Faith.™ 1673. 12mo.
* 2. Rome's Glory, or a Collection of divers Miracles wrought
by Popish Saints, collected out of their own Authors, with a Pre-
fatory Discourse, declaring the impossibility and folly of such vain
impostures. 1673. 8vo.
3. An Account given by J. Ken, a Jesuit, of the Truth of Reli-
gion examined. 1674. 8vo.
* 4. A Rational Method for proving the Truth of the Christian
Religion, as it is professed in the Church of England, in answer
to " A Rational Compendious Way to convince without dispute all
Persons whatsoever dissenting from the true Religion ; by J. Ken."
1675. 8vo.
5. A Relation of a Conference held about Religion at London,
3d April, 1676 ; by Edward Stillingfleet, D. D. and Gilbert Bur-
net, with some Gentlemen of the Church of Rome, (Mr. Edmund
Coleman, a Jesuit, Secretary to the Dutchess of York, and others.)
At the end of the " Relation of the Conference," are added two
Discourses : I. To shew how unreasonable it is to ask for express
words of Scripture, in proving all Articles of Faith. II. To shew
by what means the Doctrines of the Real Presence and Transub-
stantiation were ijitroduced into the Church. 1676. 8vo.
This piece was reprinted in 1687. 4to.
6. A Vindication of the Ordinations of the Church of England ;
in which it is demonstrated, that all the essentials of Ordination,
according to the practice of the Primitive and Greek Churches are
still retained in our Church; in Answer to a Paper written by one
of the Church of Rome, to prove the nullity of our Orders, and
given to a Person of Quality. [Sir Philip Terwhit's lady, at whose
house the Conference about Religion was held, 3d April, 1676.]
1677- 8vo.
The second edition of the " Vindication of the Ordinations,"
&:c. was published, 1688. 4to.
7. A Letter written upon the Discovery of the late Plot. 1678.
4to.
8. The Unreasonableness and Impiety of Popery, in a Second
Letter written upon the Discovery of the late Plot. 1678. 4to.
"" A second edition of this tract appeared in 1688, in 4to., in
which the first part of the title, viz. " The Mystery of Iniquity Un-
veiled," was omitted.
388 AN ACCOUNT OF THE
9. A Decree made at Rome, 2d March, 1G70, condemning sonic
0])inions of the Jesuits and other Casuists. 1679. 4to.
* 10. The Infallibility of the Romish Church examined and
confuted. IfiSO. 4 to.
* II. The Policy of Rome, as delivered by Cardinal Palavicini
in his History of the Council of Trent, with a Preface by G.
Burnet, D.D. 1681. 8vo.
12. The Letter written by the last Assembly-General of the
Clergy of France to the Protestants, inviting them to returu to their
Communion, together with the Methods proposed by them for
their Conviction, translated and examined. 1083. 8vo.
13. A Letter containing Remarks on the two " PapeYs, written by
his late Majesty, King Charles the Second, concerning Religion.
This Letter was written 1685, but not published till 1688. 4to.
14. An Inquiry into the Reasons for abrogating the Test im-
posed on all Members of Parliament, offered by Dr. Samuel Parker,
Bishop of Oxford. 1688. 4to.
15. A Second Part of the Inquiry into the Reasons offered by
Dr. Samuel Parker, Bishop of Oxford, for abrogating the Test;
or, an Answer to his Plea for Transubstantiation, and for acquitting
the Church of Rome of Idolatry. 1688. 4to.
16. A Continuation of the Second Part of the Inquiry into the
Reasons ofiered by Dr. Samuel : Parker, Bishop of Oxford, for
abrogating the Test relating to the Idolatry of the Church of Rome.
1688. 4to.
The two last-mentioned pieces, viz. numbers 15 and 16 were
some few months after published in one tract, with this title:
" A Discourse concerning Transubstantiation and Idolatry; being
an Answer to the Bishop of Oxford's Plea relating to tlwse two
Points." 1688. 4to.
17 and 18. ° Reflections on " the Relation of the English Re-
formation, and the Theses relating to it," lately printed at Oxford,
by Obadiah Walker, Master of University College, in two Parts.
Amsterdam, 1688. London, 1689. 4to.
« These papers were published by King James 11. soon after
the death of his royal brother. He declared that he found them
in the closet of the deceased King, and written with his own hand ;
they relate to the " unity and authority of the catholic church,
and the reformation of the church of England."
° In these reflections, &c. not only the general grounds of the
reformation of the church of England are considered, but the
matters of fact relating to that importiuit aft'air are briefly and ju-
diciously set forth and illustrated.
WORKS OF 5ISHOP BURNET. 389
IV. TRACTS, POLEMICAL, POLITICAL, AND
MISCELLANEOUS.
1. A Modest and Free Conference between a Conformist and
Nonconformist, in seven Dialogues. Glasgow, 1669. 12mo.
2. A Vindication of the Authority, Constitution, and Laws of
the Church and State of Scotland, in Four Conferences, wherein
the Answer to the Dialogues betwixt the Conformist and the Non-
conformist is examined. Glasgow, 1673. 12mo.
A new edition of this piece was published 1724. 8vo.
3. Observations on the first and second of the Canons com-
monly ascribed to the Holy Apostles; wherein an Account of the
Primitive Constitution and Government of Churches is contained.
Drawn from antieut and acknowledged writings. Glasgow, 1673.
12mo.
• 4. p A Resolution of two important Cases of Conscience.
Question the first : Is a Woman's Barrenness a just ground for
Divorce, or for Polygamy 1 Question the second : Is Polygamy,
in any case, lawful under the Gospel? Both which Cases the
Author resolved in the affirmative.
* 5. A modest Survey of a Discourse, entitled: " The Naked
Truth; or, the True State of the Primitive Church, by an Humble
Moderator" (Dr. Herbert Crofts, Bishop of Hereford.) 1676. 4to.
6. A Translation of Sir Thomas More's Utopia, with a Pre-
face concerning Translations. 1683. 8vo.
7. Reasons against the Repealing the Acts of Parliament con-
cerning the Test: humbly offered to the Consideration of the
Members of both Houses, at their next Meeting, on the 28th of
April, 1687. 1687. 4to.
8. Some Reflections on his Majesty's Proclamation of the 12th
of February, 168f, for a Toleration in Scotland ; together with
the said Proclamation. 1687. 4to.
p These papers are published in the Appendix to the Memoirs,
&c. of John Macky, Esq. p. 25, &c. The occasion of his writing
these pieces, about the year 1671, at the requestof John Maitland,
Earl of Lauderdale, the King's high commissioner to the parlia-
ment of Scotland, afterwards created Duke of Lauderdale and Earl
of Guilford, our author himself hath informed us in his " Reflec-
tions on Dr. Hickes's Discourses," &x;. p. 76, ^c. He adds, that
in a letter to the Earl, he retracted tiie whole paper, and answered
all the material things in it.
390 AN ACCOUNT OF THE
9. A Letter containing some Reflections on his Majesty's Decla-
ration for Liberty of Conscience, dated April 4, 1687. 4to.
10. An Answer to Mr. Henry Payne's Letter concerning his
Majesty's Declaration of Indulgence, written to the Author of a
Letter to a Dissenter. 1687. 4to.
11. An Answer to a Paper printed with allowance, entitled,
" A new Test of the Church of England's Loyalty." 1687. 4to.
12. The Earl of Melfort's Letter to the Presbyterian Ministers
in Scotland, written in his Majesty's Name upon their Address :
together with some Remarks upon it. 1687. 4to.
13. Reflections on a Pamphlet, entitled, " Parliaraentura Pa-
cificuni," (written by John Northleigh, M. D.) licensed by the Earl
of Sunderland, and printed in London, in March, 1688. 4to.
14. An Apology for the Church of England, with Relation to
tlie Spirit of Persecution for which she is accused. 1688. 4to.
15. Some Extracts out of Mr. James Stewart's Letters, from
12th July to 19th November, 1687, which were communicated to
Mynheer Fagel, the States' Pensioner of the Province of Holland ;
together with some References to Mr. Stewart's printed letter.
1688. 4to.
16. An edict in the Roman Law, (de inspiciendo ventre, custo-
diendoque partu), concerning the visiting a Woman with Child, and
the looking after w hat may be born of her ; with Observations from
Aristophanes and Cicero, relating to the like cases. 1688. 4to.
17. An Inquiry into the Measures of Submission to the Su-
preme Authority, and of the Grounds upon which it may be law-
ful or necessary for Subjects to defend their Religion, Lives, and
Liberties. 1688. 4to.
18. A Review of the Reflections on the Prince of Orange's
Declaration ; printed at Exeter, in November, 1688. 4to.
19. The Citation of Gilbert Burnet, D. D. to answer in Scotland,
on 27th June, Old Style, 1687, for High Treason ; together with
his Answer, and three Letters written by him upon that Subject to
the Right Honourable the Earl of Midletoun, hi's Majesty's Secre-
tary of State. 1688. 4to.
20. Dr. Burnet's Vindication of Himself from the Calumnies
with which he is aspersed in a Pamphlet, entitled '' ParHamentuni
Pacificum" (written by John Northleigh, M. D.), licensed by the
Earl of Sunderland, and printed in London, March, 1688. 4to.
21. An Inquiry into the present State of Affairs; and, in par-
ticular, whether we owe Allegiance to the King in these Circum-
stances? And, whether we are bound to treat with him, and call
him back again, or not ? Published by authority. 1688. 4to.
WORKS OF BISHOP BURNET. 301
52. Reflections on a Paper, entitled " His Majesty's Reasons
for withdrawing himself from Rochester. Published by authority.
1688. 4to.
23. •» A Pastoral Letter, written by Gilbert, Lord Bishop of Sa-
rum, to the Clergy of his Diocese, concerning the Oaths of Allegi.
ance and Supremacy to King William and Queen Mary ; dated
15th May, 1G88. 4to.
24. A Speech in the House of Lords, December, 1703, upon
the Bill entitled, " An Act for preventing Occasional Conformity."
1703. 4to.
*2.3. A Speech in the House of Lords, IGth March, 17^§, upon
the first Article of the Impeachment of Dr. Henry Sacheverel.
1710. 8vo.
* 26. Four Letters between Gilbert, Loid Bishop of Salisbury,
and Mr. Henry Dodwell, on occasion of Mr. Dodwell's Resolution
to leave the Nonjurors and return to the Communion of the
Church of England. 1713. 8vo.
V. HISTORY AND HISTORICAL TRACTS.
1. Memoirs of James and William, Dukes of Hamilton. 1676.
Folio.
2. "^ The History of the Reformation of the Church of En^and ;
9 This Pastoral Letter having, in pages 19, 20, 21, touched upon
the right of conquest, gave such offence to some persons in both
houses of parliament, that it was ordered to be burned by the
hands of the common executioner, in 1693. — See Bishop Kennet's
Complete History of England, vol. iii. p. 587.
""Upon the publication of the first volume of this most excellent
work, the author obtained a distinguishing mark of honour, never
before or since paid to any writer : he had the thanks of both
houses of parliament, with a desire that he would prosecute the
undertaking, and complete that valuable work. Accordingly, in
less than two years after, he printed the second volume, which met
w ith the same general approbation as the first ; and such was his
readiness in composing, that he wrote the historical part in the
compass of six weeks, after all his materials were laid in order. —
See the Life of the Author, p. xvi.
The character given of this useful history, by some celebrated
writers, deserveth a place in this account of his works. Dr.
WiUiam Nicholson, Bishop of Carlisle, afterwards Archbishop of
Cashel, in Ireland, iu his English Historical Library, p. 119, ob-
302 AN ACCOUNT OF THE
in three volumes, folio. The first volume was published 1679 ;
the second in 1681 ; and the third in 1714.
3. ^An Abridgment of the History of the Reformation. 1682.
In support of the facts contained in the History of the Re-
formation, the Author published,
* 4. Reflections on Mr. Varilla's History of the Revolutions that
have happened in Europe in Matters of Religion, and more par-
ticularly in his Ninth Book that relates to England. Amsterdam,
1686. 12mo.
serveth, that the author " hath given a punctual account of all
the affairs of the Reibrmation, from its beginning, in the reign of
Henry the Eighth, to its final establishment under Queen Eliza-
beth, 1559. That the whole is penned in a masculine style, such
as becomes an historian, and is the property of this author in all
his writings. The collection of records, which he gives at the end
of each volume, are good vouchers of the truth of what he de-
livers in the body of the history, and are much more perfect than
could reasonably be expected, after the pains taken, in Queen
Mary's days, to suppress every thing that carried marks of re-
formation upon it."
Another writer says, that these volumes " are pieces as profita-
ble as inimitable ; and, for their sincerity, impartiality, and the
authentic proof of their authority, are justly valued by all the
learned men of the reformed nations of Europe, as likewise they
are envied (not contemned) by the men of letters who are enemies
to the Reformation. In these books his name will shine while
names of men remain, and as long as learning is in the world,
or the world stands for men to learn ; this champion of the Re-
formation will be read as the most authentic writer, to inform pos-
terity of the manner, method, and nature of that great transaction
in these kingdoms, which overthrew the Romish hierarchy, de-
posed the tyranny of popery in God's church, introducing gra-
dually the truth and purity of doctrine and worship, which is now
enjoyed by us all." — See Dr. Charles Owen's Funeral Sermon,
preached upon the occasion of the Death of the late Bishop of
Sarura, p. 28, 29.
*ln this work the author tells us, he had wholly waved every
thing that belonged to the records, and the proof of what he re-
lates, or to the confutation of the falsehoods that run through the
popish historians ; all which may be found in the history at large.
To the edition, in two volumes 12mo. published 1719, there was
added another volume of that size, containing an abridgment of
the third volume, foho, by Gilbert Burnet, M. A. the Bishop's
second son ; a clergyman of great worth, and distinguished emi-
nence for his uncommon sagacity and solid judgment ; whose
Answer to Mr. William Law's Second Letter to the Bishop of
Bangor, is allowed to be among the best pieces in that controversy.
See Mr. Hearue's Account of the Bangoriau Controversy, p. 22.
WORKS OF BISHOP BURNET. 393
* 5. A Defence of the Reflections on the Ninth Book of the first
Volume of Mr. Varilla's History of Heresies ; being a Reply to his
Answer. Amsterdam, 1687- ]2mo.
* C. A Continuation of Reflections on Mr. Varilla's History of
Heresies ; particularly on that which relates to English Aff'airs, in
his third and fourth tomes. Amsterdam, 1687. l2mo.
7. A Relation of the barbarous and bloody Massacre of about
an hundred thousand Protestants, begun at Paris, and carried on
over all France by the Papists, in the year 1572. Collected out of
Mezeray, Thuanus, and other approved Authors. 1G78. 4to.
* 8. The Last Words of Dr. Lewis du Moulin ; or, his Retrac-
tion of all the Personal Reflections he had made on the Divines of
the Church of England. 1G80. 4to.
9. Some Passages of the Life and Death of the Pvight Hon. John
Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, who died 26th July, 1680, written by
his Lordship's direction on his death-bed. 1680. 8vo.
10. The Conversion and PersecSition of Eve Cohan, now called
EHzabeth Verboon ; a Person of Quality of the Jewish Religion.
1680. 4to.
* 11. An Account of the Confessions of Lieutenant John Sterne,
and George Borosky, executed for the Murder of Thomas Thynn,
Esq. 10th March, 1681. i682. Folio.
12. News from France: in a Letter, giving a Relation of the
Present State of the Difference between the French King and the
Court of Rome; to which is added, the Pope's Brief to the As-
sembly of the Clergy, and the Protestation made by them in Latin,
together with an English Translation of them. 1682. 4to.
13. The History of the Rights of Princes, in the disposing of
Ecclesiastical Benefices and Church Lands; relating chiefly to the
Pretensions of the Crown of France to the Regale, and late Con-
tests with the Court of Rome. To which is added, a Collection of
Letters wxitten upon that Occasion : and of some other remarkable
papers put in an Appendix. 1682. Bi'O.
14. An Answer to the " Animadversions on the History of the
Rights of Princes," &c. 1682. 4to.
15. The Life and Death of Sir Matthew Hale, Knt. sometime
Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. 1682. 8vo.
There was a second edition of this tract published in 12mo.
1682. To which were annexed, " Additional Notes on the Life
and Death of Sir Matthew Hale," written by Richard Baxter, at
the request of Edward Stephens, Esq. the publisher of his Con-
templations, and his familiar friend.
16. The Life of Dr. William Bedel, Bishop of Kilmore, in Ire-
VOL. IV. 3 E
394 AN ACCOUNT OF THE
land ; together with tlie Copies of certain Letters which passed he-
f^vcen Spain and England in matters of Religion, concerning the
general motives to the Roman obedience, between Mr. James Wads-
worth, a late Pensioner of the Holy Inquisition in Seville, and
the said William Bedel, then Minister of the Gosjjel in Suffolk.
1685. 8vo.
17. Three Letters in Defence of some Passages in the History
6f the Reformation, in answer to the Reflections of the Rev.
Mr. Simon Lowth, Vicar of Cosmus Blene, in his book of the
subject of Church Power. 1685. 4to.
18. ' A Letter written to Dr. Burnet, giving some account of
Cardinal Pole's secret powers ; from which it appears that it was
never intended to confirm the alienation that was made of the
Abbey Lands. To which are added, two Breves that Cardinal
Pole brought over, and some other of his Letters that were never
before printed. 1685. 4to.
19. » Travels through France, Italy, Germany, and Swisserland ;
describing their Rehgion, Learning, Government, Customs, Na-
tural History, Trade, &c. written in Letters to the Honourable
Robert Boyle, Esq. To which is added, an Appendix, containing
' The Letter relating to Cardinal Pole, hath been ascribed to Sir
"William Coventry, Knt. youngest son to Thomas Coventry, Lord
Coventi'y, lord keeper of the great seal in the reign of King
Charles tlie First. Of this worthy gentleman the following narra-
tive may be acceptable to the reader. He was appointed secretary
to the Duke of York soon after the Restoration, and also secretary
to the Admiralty, and elected burgess for Great Yarmouth, in Nor-
folk, in the parliament which met in INIay, 1661. He was created
doctor of the civil law at Oxford, 1663 ; sworn of the privy coun-
cil, and received the honour of knighthood, 26th June, 1665; made
one of the commissioners of the Treasury, 24th May, 1667. — See
Wood's Athenfe Oxon. vol. ii. p. 601. Edit. 1692.
He was, as Bishop Burnet relates, " a man of great notions and
eminent virtues; the best speaker in the House of Commons, and
capable of bearing the chief ministry, as it was once thought he was
very neurit, and deserved it more than all the rest did." — See Col-
lins's Peerage of England, vol. ii. part ii. 8vo. 1735.
" There have been several editions of this curious and entertain-
ing narrative, the last of which was printed 1750, 12rao. It vastly
surpasseth every thing in its kind extant, in the style, sentiments,
matter, and method. The fine spirit which shineth through it is
admirable. It is likely that he exerted himself in an extraordinary
manner in the composition, having chosen a person of so eminent a
character for his patron. His observations upon the corruptions
and impostures of popery must afford peculiar pleasure to every
genuine and consistent protestant.
WORKS OF BISHOP BURNET. 595
Remarks on Swisserland and Italy, by a Person of Quality. 1687.
121110.
20. A Relation of the Death of the Primitive Persecutors.
Translated from the Latin of Lactantius, With a large preface
concerning Persecution, in which the Principles, the Spirit, and
Practice of it are freely censured and condemned. Amsterdam,
1687. 8vo,
The second edition was pubhshed in London, 1713. 8vo.
21. A Letter to Mr. Thevenot, containing a censure of Mr. Le
Grand's History of King Henry the Eighth's Divorce. To which is
added, a Censure of Mr. de Meaux's (John Benigne Bossuet, late
Bishop of Condom) History of the Variations of the Protestant
Churches ; together with some further Reflections on Mr. Le
Grand. 1689. 4to.
22. A Letter to Dr. William Lloyd, Lord Bishop of Coventty
and Litchfield, concerning a Book lately published, called "A Spe-
cimen of some Errors and Defects in the History of the Refort
mation of the Church of England." By Anthony Harmer. r'
1693. 4to.
23. An Essay on the Memory of Queen Mary. London, 1695.
8vo. Edinburgh, 1695. 12mo.
24. Reflections on a book, entitled " the Rights, Powers, and
Privileges of an English Convocation jstated and vindicated," by
Francis Atterbury, M. A.; afterwards Bishop of Rochester and
Dean of Westminster. 1700. 4to.
25. ^ The History of His Own Time, in two volumes folio. The
first pubhshed 1723, the second in 1734. > To which was added,
" The name of Anthony Harmer was a fictitious and delusive
name, assumed in order to conceal the true author, who was Mr.
Henry Wharton, chaplain to Archbishop Bancroft.
■* The author of a paper in Hibernicus's Letters, &c. written by
several eminent hand^ in Dublin, styles this " an incomparable his-
tory, which, for its noble impartiality and sincerity, never was equal-
led but by Polybius and Philip de Coniines : a history which hath
received the best testimony of its worth from the mouth of its ene-
mies, by giving equal essence to the bigoted and interested of all par-
ties, sects, and denominations amongst us. A history which doth
honour to the language it is writ in, and will for ever make the
name of Burnet sacred and venerable to all who prefer an empire
of reason and laws to that of blind passion and unbridled will and
pleasure." — See Hibernicus's Letters, vol. i. numb, xxiii.
y The conclusion of this history, which is addressed to men of
all orders and degrees, hath been published in small 12nio. that it
nt&y circulate into the hands of numbers of persons whom the his-
396 AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORKS, &C.
the Life of the Author by his Son, Thomas Burnet, Esq. ; since
one of the Justices of the Court of Common Pleas ; who also pub-
lished a Defence of this History, in Reply to the Objections of the
Right Honourable George Granville, Lord Lansdown, contained in
a pamphlet, entitled " A Letter to the Author of the Reflections,
Historical and Political."
The Bishop left finished, and prepared for the press, a book
entitled " Essays and Meditations on Morality and Religion ;"
with directions in his last Will that it should be printed ; but I
cannot find that this order was ever executed,
12th March, 1753. R. F.
lory itself might never reach. It is, as the Bishop himself observe th,
" a sort of testament or dying speech, which," saith he, " I leave
behind me to be read and considered when I can speak no more."
The alarming, important truths contained in it, are expressed in
such a propriety and energy of style, and so solemnly laid home to
the consciences of men, that they are admirably calculated and
adapted to awaken in the rising generation a strong and lively
geuse of religion, virtue, and public spirit.
POSTSCRIPT.
Since the foregoing papers were sent to the press, the Reverend
Mr. Sampson Letsome hath published an useful performance, en-
titled, " The Preacher's Assistant, in two parts."
In reviewing the account of Bishop Burnet's Sermons, contain-
ed in " this work," it appeareth that Mr. Letsome hath ascribed
to him two funeral sermons : 1. On Ephes. v. 16. — 1678. 4to.
2. On 2 Tim. i. 6.— 1689. 4to. But I apprehend there is some
mistake in this ascription. It is certain that neither of these ser-
mons is included in the collection of sermons and discourses, writ-
ten and printed in the years 1677-^1704, published by the Bishop's
direction in 1704, in three volumes 4to. And I am the more con-
firmed in this sentiment, by observing that Mr. Letsome hath not
referred to any library as containing the said sermons, nor produced
any other authentic evidence in support of his ascribing them to
the Bishop.
The like mistake may be observed in another work of the same
nature with Mr. Letsome's, entitled, " An Index to the Sermons
published since the Restoration, in two parts ;" the first printed iu
1734, the second in 1738 ; since reprinted together in one volume,
with considerable additions and improvements, 1751.
N. B. In drawing up the preceding account of the numerous
writings of the late eminent and worthy prelate, the greatest dili-
gence and application have been exerted in order to procure such
authentic intelligence as might render it complete and accurate.
But amidst a great variety of small tracts written and printed se-
parately, at very different times, and at a period very distant from
the present, it is not improbable but that some of those lesser
pieces may have escaped the observation of the compiler. The
discovery and correction of any errors or defects of this kind, com-
municated to Mr. Millar, in the Strand, will be gratefully acknow-
ledged as a particular favour.
26th March, 1753.
398 INSCRIPTION.
In St. James's cliurch, Clerkenwell, is a fair marble mo-
nument, erected to the memory of Bishop Burnet. The
pediment, which is circular, is supported by pilasters of the
composite order, on the extremities of which are urns, and
INSCRIPTION.
H. S. E.
GILBERTUS BURNET, S. T. P.
Episcopus Salisburiensis,
Et nobilissimi Ordinis a Periscelide Cancellaeius
Natns Edinburgi, 18 die Septembris Anno Domini MDCXLIII.
Parentibas Roberto Burnet, Domino de Cremont,
Ex antiquissima domo de Leyes, et Rachele Johnston,
Sorore Domini de Waristoun.
ABKRDONi.je Literls instructas Saltoni curae animarnm invigilavit,
Inde Juvenis adhuc Sacro-Sancta Theologiie Professor in
Academia Glasgoensi electus est.
Postqnam in Angliam tiaosiit rem sacram per aliquot
Annos Tempio Rotulorum Londini administrarit, donee
nimis acriter (ut iis qui reruni turn potiebantur visum est)
Ecclesiaj Romanre malas artes insectalus, ab officio submotus est.
E patria, temporum iniquilate profugus, Eiropam peragravit.
Et deinceps cum Principe Auriaco reversus, primus omnium
a Rege Gulielmo et Regina Maria Praesul designatas,
et in summum tandem fiduciaitestimoniam ab eodem
Principe Duci Glocestriensi Praeceptor dictus est.
Tyrannldi et Saperstitloni semper infensum scripta eruditissima
Demonstrart, nee non Libertatis Patrise Tcraeque Religionis
streunum semperque indefessnm Propugnatorem. Qaarum
utriusque conservandae spem nnam jam alongo tempore in
lllustrissima Domo Brunsvicensi coUocarat. Postquam
autem Dei Procidentia singular! Regem Georgium
Sceptro Britanno potitum conspexerat ; brevi jam
Annorum et felicitatis satar e vivis excessit.
DnxItUxorem Domlnam Margaritam Kennedy Comi^is
Cassili;E filiam, dein Mariam Scot Hag.e Comitis, qua; el
Septera liberos peperit, quorum adhuc in vivis sunt
Gulielmus, Gilbertus, Maria, Elizabetha, et Thomas.
Postremo Uxorem duxil viduam Eiizabetham Berkeley
qua duos liberos suscepit, fato pra?maturo non mnlto post extinctos.
Amplissimam pecuniam in panperibns alendis, et in sumptibus sed
ad utilitatem publicam spectantibus, vivus continno erogavit, moriens
Duo millia Aureorum Aberdom.t. Saltonoque ad Juventutem pauperioreio
iuslituendam Testamento legavit.
Obiil 17 Die Martii, Anno Domini MDCCXIV-XV. ^Elatis LXXII.
INSCRIPTION. 399
in the centre are the arms of the see of Salisbury and Bur-
net impaled in a shield ; on the frieze are cut in relievo
several books and rolls ; amongst which is one entitled,
Hist. Reform, and on the tablet underneath is this
Here lies interred
GILBERT BURNET, Doctor in Divinity,
Bishop of Salisbury,
and Chancellor of the most noble Order of the Garter.
Born at Edinburgh, the 18lh of September A. D. MDCXLIU.
His parents were Robert Burnet, Laird of Cremost,
descended from the most antient family of Leyes, and Rachel Johnston,
Sister to the Lord of Waristoux.
Having studied at Aberdeen, he entered on the rure of sonls atSALTOX,
And though as yet a young man, he was chosen Divinity Professor
in the University of Glasgow.
From hence he passed into England, where he performed the duties
Of the ministerial office for several years in the Rolls chapel ift London,
Till for inveighing too sharply, (in the opinion of those who were then at the head of affairs.
Against the impious frauds of the Church of Rome,
He was suspended from his office, and being forced to fly his country,
By the iniquity of the limes, he made a tour through Europe,
And afterwards returning with the Prince of Orange, he was
the first Bishop nominated by King William and Queen Mary ;
and which was the highest mark of confidence, was, at length, by the same Prince,
made Preceptor to the Duke of Gloucester.
His most learned Writings demonstrate that he was a declared Enemy
to Tyranny and Superstition ; and that he was always
a stronauns indefatigable Advocate for the Liberty of his Country and the tnie Religion :
For the preservation of each of which he had for a long time before
placed his only hopes in the most illustrious Family of Brunswick :
And after, by the special Providence of God, he had seen King George
in the possession of the British sceptre, he soon departed this life,
having attained the summit of his wishes with regard to length of days and earthly happiness.
He married first the Lady Margaret Kennedy, daughter
of the Earl of Cassilis, and afterwards Mary Scot of the Hague,
who bore him seven children, of whom
William, Gilbert, Mary, Elizabeth, and Thomas, are still living.
Lastly, he married Elizabeth Berkeley, a widow.
By whom he had two children, which were snatched away in their infancy.
WWIe he lived, he was continually bestowing considerable sums of money
in relieving the Poor, and in other expenses conducing to the public Benefit ;
And, at his death, he left a legacy of two thousand ponnds
for the instruction of poor cliildren and young persons at Aberdeen and Salton.
He died the 17th of March, A. D. MDCCXIV-XV., jp the seventy-second
Year of his Age.
INDEX.
The Roman Nvmbers direct to the Volume i the Figures to the Page of the Volume.
A.
Abercohn, Earl of, i. 37.
Aberdeen, Earl of, ii. 138. breaks with
Queensberry, 199. loses the chancel-
lor's place, 201.
Abingdon, Earl of, goes to the Prince of
Orange, ii. 428. iii. 345.
Act of Uniformity, i. 202, 203, 205, 212.
fining in Scotland, i. 237.
Admiralty, their conduct censured, iii.
125, 126,127, 137,216. iv. 14, 15, 16,
75. See Sea Affairs.
Aghrem, battle of, iii. 87.
Aylesbury, Earl of, sent to King James in
1696, iii. 87. in a plot of invasion, 190.
Aylesbury, Town of, the right of electing
members is tried at common law, iv. 29,
30. disputed in the Queen's Bench if
triable, 30. judged not, and writ of
error brought in the House of Lords, ib.
they reverse the judgment, 31, 32.
other actions brought on the same cause,
79, 80. the Commons imprison the
plaintiiFs, 79. prisoners brought up by
habeas corpus to Queen's Bench and
remanded, 79, 80. writ of error there-
upon, ib. Commons address the Queen
not to grant it, ib. Lords counter-ad-
dress, 81 , 82.
AiloflFe, ii. 252, 253. executed, 255.
Aird, i. 327.
Albanochosen Pope Clement Xf., iii. 278.
See Pope.
Albano, his nephew, iv. 223.
Albemarle, Earl of, in favour with King
Waiiam, iii. 248, 267, 334, 335, 338.
his loss at Denain, iv. 311, 312.
Albert, Duke, i. 9.
Albeville, Marquis de, his character, ii.
334. Kiug James's envoy to the states,
335, 337. his memorial about Ban-
tam, 356, 357. he discovers King
James's designs too soon, 363, 402.
Aldrich, Dr. ii. 296.
Almanara, battle of, iv. 247, 248.
ALnanza, battle of, iv. 156, 157.
Almirante of Castille, ir. 6, 7.
Ambrun, siege of, iii. 110.
Amsterdam, errors of, i. 369. their love
for the Duke of Marlborough, iv. 88.
Ancram, Earl of, i. 17, 402.
Anglesey, Earl of, manages the English
interest in Ireland, i. 194, 250. votes
agamst Lord Stafford, ii. 106, 189. op-
poses Monmouth's attainder, 261.
Anjou, Duke of, offered to Spain, iii. 135;
declared King of Spain in 1700, 278,
279, 284. ONvned by the states, 534.
and by King William, 296. See Philip,
King of Spain.
Amiandale, Earl of, in a plot, iii. 68, 69.
discovers it to Queen Mary, iv. 21.
opposes the union, 140. is zealous for
the Protestant succession, 101, 206.
Anne, Queen. See Queen Anne.
Annesley, Mr. i. 92. made Earl of An-
glesey, 104. See Anglesey, Earl of.
Anspach, Princess of, iv. 161.
Antrun, Earl of, i. 37, 40, 41.
Arco, iv. 49.
Argyle, Earl of, i. 25, 26. heads the
Whiggamore insurrection, 44. refuses
King Charles the First's offer, 60. sub-
mits to Monk, 61. one of the Scotch
commissioners, 64. charged as acces-
sary to the King's murder, and sent to
the Tower, 114. his attainder, 132.
tries to escape, 134. his execution and
speech there, 136.
Argyle, Earl of, his son, (see Lord Lorn,)
against violentproceedings,i.234. raises
1500 men, 260, 273, 334. ii. 22. the
Duke of York tries to gain him, 127.
his answer, ib. offers to explain the
test act, 131, 134. is imprisoned, 135.
condemned, 136. but escapes, 137.
cabals with Monmouth, 155, 157, 203.
and invades Scotland, 249,251, 252. is
defeated, taken, and executed, 252, 253.
Argyle, Earl of, sent to tender the crown
of Scotland in 1689, iii. 26, 68, 69.
made a Duke, 321.
Argyle, Duke of, his son, commissioner of
parliament, iv. 75, 101. his instruc-
tions debated, 101, 257. is sent to
command in Spain, 270.
402
INDEX.
Arlington, Earl of, i. 106, 295, 339.
kuight of the garter, 313, 362. in the
interests of France, 365,377,385, 389.
loses tlie Duke of York, 392, 404. at-
tacked by the Commons, 408. lord
chamberlain, 408, 410. sent to Hol-
land to the Prince of Orange, 422, 424.
ii. 213.
Armagh, Primate of, ii. 276.
Armstrong, Sir Thomas, with the Duke of
Monmouth, ii. 153, 164. seized at
Lcyden, sent over, and executed, 195-
198.
Army, Scotch, defeated by Cromwell, at-
tempts to raise a new army in Scotland,
i. 57. a body of Highlanders stand for
tJie King, 61. their cliief officers, 62,
63. send over messages to the King,
63. are dispersed, 64. the English
army how managed at the Restoration,
93. disbanded, 177, 178. army on
free quarters in the west of Scotland, ii.
SO. the army at Hounslow Heath, 328.
King James's army desert to the Prince
of Orange, 428. parties engaged at Dor-
setshire and at Reading, 436, 437.
Army, standmg, odious to English ears,
iii*. 93, 228, 244. reasons for and
against one, 228. reduced to 7000
men, and ho^v modelled, 244, 290, 291.
Aniot, Rachael, i. 15.
AiTagon, kingdom of, declares for King
Charles III. iv. 126. reduced by the
Duke of Orleans, 1.57, 247, 249.
Arran, Lord, ii. 93, 121, 251, 383.
Arundel, Lord, i. 444. ii. ji, 106.
Asgill, iii. 274.
Ashby, ii. 78. iii. 103.
Ashley Cowper, i. 92. See Shaftesbury,
Earl of.
Ashton, seized with Lord Preston, iii. 76.
executed, 77. his paper to the Sheriff,
ib.
Atlilone, the siege of, iii. 86.
Athlone, Earl of, (see Ginkle,) iii. 244,
264, 332, 356, 357. his conduct in
Flemders extolled, 357, 358, 359.
Athol, JMarquis of, i. 273, 334, 378, 380,
421, 451. sends Highlanders in the
west to live on free quarters, ii. 20, 21,
22,38.
Alhol, Marquis of, iv. 19, 20, 21. made
a duke, 36, 68. opposes the union,
140.
Atterbury, Dr. ii. 296. iii. 276, 310, 311,
iv. 264, 268, j02, 303. is made Bishop
of Rochester, 333.
Aubigny, Lord, in the secret of King
Charles the Second's religion, i. 79.
marries him to Queen Catherine, 192.
seconds the motion for a general folcra-
tioji, 214, 218. ii. 236.
Augustus, King of Poland, iii. 217, 220.
(Sec Elector ofSa.'Cony.) his conduct
in Poland, 216. his alliances against
Sweden, 255. his designs on Poland,
256. the war tliere, 269, 270, 283, 354 ,
3,55,362. he is deposed,iv. 13, 14, 16.
Stanislaus chosen, and crowned in his
room, 64, 98, 99. he defeats a body
of Swedes, 99. resigns the throne, 154.
the war continues, 201. he resumes the
crow n on the King of Sweden's defeat,
224.
Aumont.Duke de, ambassador fromFrance,
iv. 314.
Austria, Charles, Archduke of, iii. 257.
a treaty with Portugal in his favour.
See Charles IIL King of Spain.
Auverquerque, General, his eminent ser-
vice in Flanders, iii. 85, 335. iv. 47.
Azuph taken by the Muscovites, iii. 196.
B.
Baden, Lewis, Prince of, beats the Turks,
iii. 90, 91. comes to England, 138, 141,
besieges Landau, 356. and takes it,
360. repulses Villars at StoUhoffen, iv, 1,
3, 5, 49. takes Landau a second time,
53. disappoints the Duke of Marlbo-
rough after measures concerted, 86.
his death, 153.
Baillie cited before the council in Scotland
and fined, i. 451. ii. 38. confers with
Monmouth's party at Loudon, 156.
seized, and examined before the King,
164. imprisoned and cruelly used,
165, 166, 186. further proceedings
against him, 203, 204. his execution,
205, 206.
Balmerinoch, Lord, his trial, i. 20-23.
condemned, but pardoned, 23, 24.
Bamfield, Colonel, ii. 238-
Bank of England, when erected, iii. 137.
its good consequences, ib. enlarged in
1709. iv. 212. against a change of
ministry in 1710, 245.
Bank, Land, iii. 1&8. failed totally, 193,
194.
Bantry Bay, sea-fight there, iii. 22.
Bara,"iv. 181.
Barbesieux, son to Louvois, iii. 105.
Barcelona, besieged by the French, iii. 142.
siege raised by the English fleet, ih.
taken by the French, 215. taken by
King Charles in 1705, iv. 96. besieged
by the French, 121. King Charles de-
fends it in person, 124. the English
fleet raises the siege, 125.
Bareith, Marquis of, iii. 109. iv. 153.
Bargeny, Lord, ii. 129.
Barillon, ii. 11, 224, 283, 402.
Barlow, Bishop, ii. 41.
Barnevclt, i. 10, 11. executed, 353.
Bates, Dr. i. 288. iv. 165.
Batli, Earl of, ii. 227. his practices on
Cornish elections, 245. offers to join
(he Prince, of Orange, 425. makes
Plymouth declare for him, -131.
INDEX.
403
Bavaria, Elector of, i. 10. Spanish Flan-
ders put into his hands, iii. 93. his son
proposed as successor to the Spanish
monarchy, 247, 291. he is gained by
Prance, 319, 355, 360. distresses the
empire, 360. iv. 1-4, 11, 12, 48. his
ti-oops routed at Schellenberg, 49, 50.
he is beaten at Hocksted,51, 52. loses
all his territories, 52. his conduct in
Flanders, 86, 87. his share at the bat-
tle of Ramiliies, 128, 131. commands
on the Rhine, 195. his attempt on
Brussels, 196. is restored to his do-
minions, 317", 318.
Baxter, Mr. manager at the Savoy con-
ference, i. 199. lie refuses the bishopric
of Hereford, 204. at a treaty for com-
prehension, 288. returns the pension
sent him from the court, 344.
Bayly, i. 34.
Beachy, in Sussex, a sea-fight near it, iii.
57, 58.
Beaufort, Duke of, ii. 210. iv. 313.
Beaumont, Colonel, refuses Irish recruits,
ii. 401.
Beddingfield, ii. 29.
Bedlow, his evidence in the popish plot,
ii. 36, 54, 55, 57, 58, 76, 77, 79, 101.
Belcarras, Earl of, i. 61, 63.
Belhaven, Lord, i. 18.
Bellarmine, Cardinal, i. 4.
Bellasis, Lord, ii. 34, 35, 37.
Bellasis, Lady, her contract with the Duke
of York, i'. 393.
Bellafonds, Marshal, i. 339. his charac-
ter, ii. 182.
Bennett, secretary of state, i. 106. See
Arlington, Earl of.
Benthink, envoy from the states to Bran-
denburgh, ii. 389. his secrecy in his
expedition to England, 417, 437. made
Earl of Portland, iii. 5.
Berkley, Charles, made Earl of Falmouth,
i. 107. his character, ib.
Berkley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, i.
297,^388. ii. 238.
Berkley, Lord, iv. 246.
Berkley, Sir Geoi-ge, iii. 182. has King
James's commission to altack the Prince
of Orange in his winter quarters, ib. 185.
escapes, ib.
Berksliire, Earl of, i. 163.
Berry, Duke of, iv. 299.
Berry, ii. 52. executed, 54, 55.
Berwick, Duke of, his character, ii. 381.
iii. 182, 183, 184. iv. 37, 41, 58, 121,
122.125,156.
Bethel, SheritT, ii. 93.
Beveridge, Dr. iii. 349. is made Bishop
of St." Asaph, iv. 78, 143.
Beuniug, Van, ii. 92.
Bezons, Marshal, iv. 220, 223, 224.
Bierly, iv. 28.
Binks, iii. 348.
Birch, Colonel, his character, i. 435, 436,
u. 49.
Bishops, Englibh, their conduct at the Re-
volution, iii. 6, 7. they engage in a
correspondence with St. Germains, 76,
77. their sees are filled up, 83. the
character of the new bishops, ib. 130,
139. divided as to the point of the
Duke of Norfolk's divorce, 140, 310-
313, 315.
Bishops, Scotch, their errors, i. 6, 24.
men sought out to be bishops, 144, 145.
are consecrated, 152. come to Scot-
land, 156. are introduced to the par-
liament, 157. prejudices against them,
173, 241. their severity to prl-oners,
263, 264. are against a comprehen-
sion, 305. are otfended at the act of
supremacy, 317, 318. their conduct at
the Revolution, iii. 25. is the cause of
abolishing episcopacy, ib.
Blackelow, i. 215.
Blackball, Dr. Bishop of Exeter, iv. 170,
171.
Blair, his character, i. 34.
Blair, of Virginia, iii. 132.
Blake, Admiral, i. 86.
Blakewood, his trial, ii. 140, 141.
Blandford, Bishop, attends the Dutchess of
York in her last sickness, i. 345.
Blarignies, battle of, iii. 224.
Blenheim, or Hocksted, battle of, iv. 51,
52, 53.
Bohemia, affairs there, i. 9.
Bolingbroke, Viscount, sent to France, iv.
312,325.
Bolton, Duke of, iii. 37. attacks the Mar-
quis of Hallifax in parliament, ib. his
death and character, 249.
Bonantinc, Bishop, i. 24.
Booth, Sir George, i. 70.
Boots, a torture used in Scotland, i. 263.
Borel, his answer to King Charles II. i.
87, 362, 363.
Borghese, Prince, ii. 284.
Boucher, in a plot, iv. 37-41.
Boucour, Mr. ii. 390.
Bouflers, i\Iarshal, iii. 166. his defence
of Naraur, ib. 168, 169. his negotia-
tion with Lord Portland concerning
King James, 222. commands in Flan-
ders, 357, 358. his conduct in 1703 cen-
sured, iv. 3. his defence of Lisle, 197.
his retreat after the battle of Mons,
222.
Boullion, Duke of, i. 9.
Bourdalou, Bather, his character, ii. J84.
Bowles, Sir John, iii. 299.
Box refuses to be sheriff, ii. 145.
Boyle, Earl of Cork, i. 350. his account
how the Spanish annada was delayed, ib.
Boyle, Mv. Robert, of the Royal Society,
i. 213.
Boyle, I\Ir. secretary of state, iv. 220. is
dismissed, 299.
Boyne, the battle of, iii. 55.
Breadalbane, Earl of, sends 1700 High-
landers into die west of Scotland to Uve
404
INDEX.
, on free quarter, ii. 20. his conduct in 43r>. questions the legality of proroga-
the affair of Glencoe, iii. 97, 173. tions, ii. 1. sent to the Tower, 2.
Braddou, fined for talking of Lord Essex's Buckingham, (Sheffield) Duke of, (sec
j_. :: ion- <oo Normandy) iii. 345. is made privy
murder, ii. 187, 188.
Bradshaw, the regicide, i. 48.
Brandenburgh, Elector of, i. 11,371, 382,
410. his death and character, ii. 377,
378, 379.
Brandenburgh, Elector of, takes Keiser-
wert and Bonne, iii. 30. joins the
Dutch in Flanders, 59, 219, 254, 269.
is Knig of Prussia. See Prussia.
Brandon, Lord, ii. 267.
Brayer, Father, ii. 183.
Brereton, Lord, chairman of the commillee
at Brook-house, i. 298.
Brett, Dr. iv. 303.
Bridgman, lord keeper, i. 251, 281. for
a comprehension, 288. and union with
Scotland, 312. refuses to seal a decla-
ration for toleration, and is dismissed,
343.
Brihucga, the loss there, iv. 249.
Bristol, Earl of, his character,!. 108. con-
sults with the papists for a general to-
leration, 214, 216. a prediction of his,
217. he attacks the Earl of Clarendon,
ib. ii. 107, 236, 429.
Broderick, Sir Allen, i. 79, 215.
Bromley, Mr. stands for speaker, and loses
it, iv. 103, 171. is chosen speaker in
1710, 251.
Brounker, Lord, of the Royal Society, i.
' 213.
Brounker, i. 243.
Brown, Lady, i. 443.
Brace, his secret management for King
James I. i. 5, 6.
Bruce, Bishop of Dunkeld, turned out for
speaking against the repeal of the penal
laws, ii. 304.
Bruce, a puritan, i. 15.
Bruce, Sir Alexander, iii. 353.
Brunswick, iii. 270. See Hanover.
Brussels, bombarded, iii. 167.
Buckingham, Duke of, i. 14, 17, 18, 49.
Buckingham, Duke of, in favour with
King Charles II. i. 54. his character,
ib. 107, 108. promotes Wilkins to the
see of Chester, 282. presses the King
to own a marriage with Monmouth's
mother, 290. proposes to steal away
the Queen, 292. brings Davjes and
(iwynn to the King,i6. his friends, 296.
nioves for dissolving the pari!anieut,312.
i> for an union '.vith Scotland, ib. and
an alliance with France, SS5, 339, 361,
365. hinders Ossory's design on Hel-
voetsluys, 374. sends over a French
mistress to the King, 377. generally
hated, 385. offers to take out of both
houses those that opposed the King's
declaration, 383, 402. is attacked by
the Commons, 408. loses the King's
. faTour, ib. opposes the test act, 430,
seal to Queen Anne, ib. iv. 175. and
lord steward of the household, 145,
246, 2.55.
Bull, Dr. made Bishop of St.David's, iv.78.
Burgundy, Duke of, iii. 195. marries the
Duke of Savoy's daughter, ib. 280.
heads the French army in Flanders, 356,
357. takes Brisack, iv. 4. commands
in Flanders in 1708, 192, 195. quar-
rels with the Duke of Vendome, 263.
is Dauphin by his father's death, ib. See
Dauphin.
Burnet, made Archbishop of Glasgow, i.
229. his character, ib. severe to pri-
soners, 263, 264. proposes a special
council at Glasgow, 267, 268, 271, 275,
310, 311. against the indulgence, 316.
resigns liis archbishopric, 320. is re-
stored to it, 418. his death, ii. 208.
Eumet, Gilbert, (tlie author) lays some
grievances of the clergy before the
bishops, i. 241. gets some moderate
presbyterians into the vacant churches,
3 J 3. chosen divinity professor at Glas-
gow, S20. is at a conference with the
presbyterians, 329-332. writes Memoirs
of the twoDukesof Hamilton, 332,333.
reconciles the Dukes of Hamilton and
Lauderdale, 334. proposes a further
indulgence, ib. refuses a bishopric,
335. refuses it with the promise of the
first vacant archbishopric, 379. obtains
a further indulgence, 381. his remon-
strances to Duke Lauderdale, 396. has
many marks of the King's favour, 397,
398. attacks the Duke of York about
his religion, 398, 399. introduces Dr.
Stilliiigfleet to him, 400, 401. the
Duke's private discourse, 404. Lau-
derdale persecutes him, ib. he is dis-
graced at court, 415-417. examined by
the House of Commons, 425. is made
chaplain at the Rolls, 426. his con-
ference with Coleman, 444. undertakes
to write the History of the Reforma<-
tion, 445, what passed between him,
Tonge, and Oates, ii. 31, 33, 34. his
opinion of the v/itnesEes, 38, 39. his
private interviews with the King, 43-
45. his thoughts on the exclusion, 70.
his expedient of a prince regent, 109,
110. he lives retired, 113. his letter
to the King about his course of life, 121.
his reception afterwards, ib. 122. his
good olfices to the Earl of Argyle, 135-
137. examined in council concernmg
Lord Russel's speech, 178, 179. goes
over to France, 1 81. his character of
some eminent men there, 182-184. de-
poses against Lord Howard's credit, 188.
turned out of all his preterments, 2l6f
INDEX.
403
^es out of England, 348- resides at
Paris, 277. his account of the perse-
cution in France, 277-282. well re-
ceired at Rome, 282. Cardinal How-
ard's freedom with him, S84. the cru-
elty he saw in Orange, 285. his obser-
vation on the reformed churches, 310,
^11. is invited by the Prince and Prin-
cess of Orange, 311. discovers a con-
spiracy against the Prince, 312. his
character of the Prince and Princess,
313, 314. much emplojed and trusted
by them, 314. puts the Princess on
declaring what share the Prince may ex-
pect in the government, 316. forbid
their court in appearance at King James's
instance, 334. is more trusted, ii. draws
Dyckvelt's private instructions when
sent ambassador to England, 335, 353.
5s prosecuted in Scotland for high trea-
son, 354. naturalized at the Hague,
555. Albeville demands him to be de-
livered up or banished, 3.57, 358. the
states' answer, 358. other designs on
his life, 359. acquaints the house of
Hanover with the Prince of Orange's
design, and intimates the probability of
an entail on that family, 390. goes
with the Prince of Orange as his chap-
lain, 411. what passed between the
Prince and him at landing, 426. draws
up an association at Exeter, 430. his
conference with the Marquis of Hallifax
concerning King James, 432, 437. pro-
tects the papists and Jacobites at Lon-
don from insults, 441. opposes Ben-
think in behalf of the Princess of
Orange, 459. declares her sentiments,
462. is made Bishop of Salisbury, iii.
8. opposes the imposing the oaths on
the clergy, 10. for the toleration, ib.
for -leaving the comprehension to the
convocation, 11. by King AVilliam's
order moves the naming the Dutchess of
Hanover in the succession, 16. enters
into a correspondence with her, 17. en-
deavours to preserve episcopacy in Scot-
land, 24, 27, 28. Lord Melville ex-
cludes him from meddling in Scotch
affairs, 28. his share in the scheme
for a comprehension, 33, 34. King
William's free discourse to him about
the civil list, 38. Montgomery's plot
discovered to him, 41. his reply to
King William when the civil list was
granted only for years, 47. dissuades
the Duke of Shrewsbury from resign-
ing, 49. King William's discourse to
him before he went to Ireland, 50, 51.
he is reflected upon bj- both parties, 131.
is for erecting the Bank of England,
137. his friendship with Archbishop
Tillotson, 148, 149. attends Queen
Mary in her last sickness, 151, 152.
speaks for the bill of attainder against
Sir John Fenwlclc, 212. does Imn pri-
vate services, ib. 213. is made pre-
ceptor to the Duke of Gloucester against
his will, 233. his character of the Czar
of Muscovy, and conversation with him,
244, 245. he publishes an Exposition
of the Thirty-nine Articles, 252. amo-
tion to remove him from the Duke of
Gloucester rejected in the House of
Commons by a great majority, 262,
his conduct in that prince's education,
271, 272. the lower house of convo-
cation censure his Exposition, 314, 315.
but refuse to point out their objections,
315. he attends King William in his
Idst sickness, 334, 33.?. his character
of that prince, 335-338. he opposes a
clause in the bill for Prince George of
Denmark, 376. his zeal against the
occasional bill, 374, iv. S6. his scheme
for augmenting the poorlivings in Eng-
land takes effect, 33, 34. he argues
for the union, 143, 144. his reflections
on it, 147,148. he proposes that for-
feitures in treason shall not affect the
posterity, 210. argues against Sache-
verel, 234, 235. speaks freely to the
Queen, 238. reasons for continuing
his History beyond its first intended
period, 240, 241. his justification of
the old ministry, 269. he speaks freelj
to the Queen against the peace, 279,280.
his seiitiments as to censuring Whiston's
tenets in convocation, 303. a .speech
prepared by him in case the ministry
had moved for an approbation of the
peace, 326-330.
Burton, i. 288, ii. 120.
Buys, plenipotentiary at Gertruydenberg,
iv. 243, 307.
Bjng, Sir George, sent after Fotirbin to
Scotland, iv. 185, 186. prevents the
Pretender's landing there, chases the
French fleet, and takes their Vice-Ad-
miral, 185.
Cadiz, the expedition thither, iii. 364, S65.
Calaray, Edmund, refuses a bishopric, i.
204. ii.73.
Calemburgh, Admiral, saves the Dutch
fleet nearBeachy by a stratagem, iii. 58.
Calonitz, Cardinal, iv. 4.
Callieres, iii. 198.
Camaret, a design upon it miscarries, iii.
143, 144.
Cambray,Archbishopof, iii. 238, 239,249,
250.
Caropbell,fatherandsonimprisoned,ii.257
Canada, an expedition thither unsuccess-
ful, iv. 273, 274.
Cant, i. 34.
Capel, Sir Henrv, ii.93. vote* for the ex-
clusion, 94.
406
INDEX.
Cape], Lord, sent one of the lords justices Charles Lewis, Elector Palatine, his mo-
to Ireland, iii. 131. is made lord lieu- tives of choosing a religion, i. 11.
tenant, 17b. his dispute with Porter, Charles V. Emperor, subdues the Smal-
the lord chancellor there, ib.
Caprara, iii. 92.
Carafta, iii. 92.
Cardenas, Don Alonzo de, endeavours to
engage Cromwell in the Spanish interest,
i. 76, 77.
Cargill executed, ii. 126. obstinacy of his
followers, ib.
caldick league, i. 346.
Charles VL (see Charles IIL King of
Spain) chosen emperor, and crowned at
Frankfort, iv. ii71, 279. sends Prince
Eugene to England, 287. resolves to
carry on the war with France, 312,314,
317, 318. will not come into the treaty
of Utrecht, 319, 3'20.
Carlisle, Earl of, i. 68, 417. iii. 212, 347. Charles IE King of Spain, iii. 135. hearty
Carlton, Sir Dudley, his advice to King
James I. to beware of priests, i. 8.
Carmarthen, Marquis of, (see Danby,)
made president of the council, iii. 4.
sets the whigs upon attacking the Mar-
quis of Hallifax, it. is himself attacked,
discovers a negotiation with King
against France, 136. is attacked in Ca-
talonia, and relieved by the English
fleet, 142, 143. his sickness, 196, 228,
233, 247. a treaty for the partition of
his succession, 247. his death, and pre-
tended will, 277. the Duke of Anjou
declared his successor, 278.
James, ib. is attacked for a present said CharlesIII. King of Spain, owned by Eng-
to have been made him by the East In-
dia Company, 160, 161. impeached for
it, 161,162. he is made Duke of Leeds,
171. See Leeds.
Carmarthen, Marquis of, his son, com-
mands a squadron, iii. 171.
Caron, i. 215.
Carstairs, his letters taken, i. 380. a per-
secutor of conventicles, 450, 4.51. his
practices against Lauderdale and Staley,
ii. 38, 45. dies in horror, ih.
Cartwrightmade Bishop ofCliester.ii. 320.
Carril, a divine withRichardCromwell,i.89.
Casal surrendered to be demolished, iii.
170.
Cassilis, Earl of, i. 20. sent to the Hague
to treat with King Charles II. 53. de-
sires to explain the oath of supremacy,
158. quits his employments, 159. mo%'es
in parliament against the King's marry-
ing a papist, 192, 252.
Cassilis, Earl of, his son, against the act
to punish conventicles, i. 326.
Castille, Ahniranteof, iv. 92,
Catalonia, a rising there, iv. 93.
Catinat, Marshal, iii. 123, 316, 336.
Cavendish, Lord, i. 392. his character,
436. desists from going to council, ii.
93. offers to 'uanage Lord Russel's
escape, 177. See Devonshire.
Cecil, Secretary, his private correspond-
ence with King James, i. 4.
Cellier, INIrs. gets Dangei-field out of pri-
son, ii. 87.
Centurv, the eighteenth, how opened, iii.
280-284.
Cevennes, the insurrection there, iii. 363.
iv. 12, 13. is quieted at last, 61, 62.
Chaise, Father la, his character, ii. 184.
(,'ijaraberlain, Dr. ii. 384.
Chamillard, iv. 195. he is dismissed, 219.
Charity-schools, their rise here, iii. 239,
349.
land, iii. 280. comes over hither, 281,
282. goes to Lisbon, 282. thence to
Catalonia, iv. 93. is for besieging Bar-
celona, 94. his letters to Queen Anne
and Lord Godolphin, 96. Valentia and
Catalonia declare for him, 120. stays
at Barcelona when besieged by the
French, 121,124. dela.ys going to Ma-
drid, 126. Arragon declares for \i\m,ib.
and Carthagena, 127. takes Alicant,i6.
Earl Rivers sent withforces to him, 131.
his affairs take an unhappy turn, 154,
160, 161. seven thousand iroperiaiists
senthim from Italy, 161. he marries the
Princess of Wolfembuttel, 162. com-
plains of the Earl of Peterborough, 176.
the conduct in Spain censured, ib. sup-
plies sent from Italy toSpahiby SirJohu
Leak, 189, 190. the campaign in 1709,
220. the battle of Almauara, 247. he
goes to Madrid, 248. the battle of Villa
Viciosa, 249. he isneglected by bis al-
lies, and his affairs go amiss, ib. 250.
be succeeds to the Austrian dominions,
263. quiets the troubles in Hungary, ib.
leaves his Queen in Spain, and goes to
Italy, 270, 271. thence into Germany,
271. is chosen emperor, i(). SeeCliarles
VI. Emperor.
Charles I. of England, at first a friend to
puritans, i. 17. dislikes his father's fa-
miliar behaviour, ib. crowned in Scot-
land, 18, 19. erects a new bishopric at
Edinburgh, 20. feebleness of the go-
vernment, 25. complaints of popery, ib.
ill state of the King's affairs, 28. good
advice given, but not followed, 38, 39.
his slowness ruins the treaty in the Isle
of Wight, 45, 46. the secret of the de-
sign of erecting the Netherlands into a
republic ill kept by him, 50. who were
chiefly concerned in his death, 48. his
death turned the nation, 51.
Charles, of Grats, a patron of the Jesuits, Charles II. his son, proclaimed king by the
i. 9. Scots, i. 53. they send commissioners
INDEX.
407
to him at the Hague, .55. he goes to
Scotland, and is ill used, 56, 59. his
declaration condemning himself and his
father, 59. attempts to escape, but pre-
vented, ib. 60. is crowned, and takes
the covenant, ib. comes into England,
and is pursued by Cromwell, iV). 61. a
body in the Highlands stand firm, ib.
their little army routed, 65. the King
and his brother dismissed from France,
78. he changed his religion there, i6. 79.
goes to the congiess at the Pyrenees, 92.
matters in England tending to his resto-
ration, he goes to Breda, ib. he is called
liome without terras, 96, 97. the nation
runs into vice, 99. the King's character,
ib. 100. the state of his court, 101-108.
the chief of the Scots, 108-113. a gene-
ral pardon in Scotland advised, 113. and
to demolish Cromwell's forts, 115. and
for settling the church, 116, 117. the
King conitrras presbytery, 118. a coun-
cil for Scotch affairs at Whitehall, 119.
the committee of estates meet, 121, 122.
a parliament called, 123. the King dis-
approves of the rescissory act, 129. is
indifferent as to restoring episcopacy,
1-13. angry at the incapacitating act,
166. gives himself up to pleasure, 181.
maintains the indemnity, 182. his mar-
riage, 183. sells Dunkirk, 190, 191.
the ceremony of his marriage, 192. Ire-
land settled, 193. his declaration for
toleration, 214. discontinues the eccle-
siastical commission in Scotland, 237.
augments the forces there, ib. 238. re-
solves on the Dutch war, 242. the vic-
tory over them not followed, ib. 243.
the English iieet saved by Prince Ru-
pert, 254. a rebellion in the west of
Scotland, 260, 261. is defeated, and the
prisoners severely used, 261-265. the
Scotch council changed, and moderation
shewn, 266. the Scotch army disbanded,
270. the King tries to regain the affec-
tions of his people, 277. rides through
the city while the Dutch were in the ri-
ver, 278, 279. grows weary of Lord
Clarendon, 281. seems to favour a com-
prehension, 282. enters into the triple
alliance, 283. offended at many of the
bishops, 288. will not own a marriage
ivith the Duke of Monmouth's mother,
290. sets on Lord Roos's divorce, 292.
■will not send the Queen away by sur-
prise, 293. goes to the House of Lords
and solicits votes, 303. orders an in-
dulgence in Scotland, 3l3. dislikes the
act against conventicles, 326. shuts up
tlie Exchequer, 342. suspends the pe-
nal laws by his declaration, 343. an at-
tempt on the Dutch Smyrna fleet, 342.
complains to Sheldon of the sermons
against popery, 344. create* his mis-
tress Dutchess of Portsmouth, 376,
377. jealousies of him, 384. divi-
sions at court, 385. and in council,
389. cancels his own declaration sus-
pending the penal laws, 391. sends ple-
nipotentiaries to Cologne, 394, 395. .
calls a parliament in Scotland, 404. me-
diates a peace between France and Hol-
land, 411. he prorogues the parliament
in England, ib. and in Scotland, 412.
deals roughly with the Scotch lawyers
in apjjeals, 414. marries his niece, I^dy
Mary, to the Prince of Orange, ii. li.
his easiness in signing papers, 19. re-
fuses to see the Scotch lords who come
up with complaints of Lauderdale, 21,
22. suffers the Duke of Monmouth to
intercede for them, 22. his going to
Newmarket when the popish plot broke
out is censured, 31. refuses his assent
to the militia act, 43. his sense of the
plot, ib. 44. his message to the Com-
mons against Montague, 46. the par-
liamentprorogued,49. a reward offered
for further discoveries of the plot, 57.
a new parliament called, 60. he refmses
Seymour for speaker, 61. disowns his
marriage with tlie Duke of Momnouth's
mother, ib. changes his council, 64, 65.
debates in council about dissolving the
parliament, 81. sends Monmouth to sup-
press the rebellion in Scotland, 84.
when ill, sends for the Duke of York, 86.
jealousies of him, 88, 92, 93. sends
the Duke of York to Scotland, 93. ask^
a supply for Tangier, 96. svunmons a
parliament at Oxford, 109. likes the
scheme of a prince regent in lieu of the
exclusion, 110. by his declaration com-
plains of the three last parliaments, 113,
114. charters of corporations surren-
dered, 142. changesin the ministry, and
divisions, 146. the Rye-house plot, 161,
162. a proclamation thereupon, 163.
his concern for the Duke of Monmouth,
165. sends to the Common-Council of
London to deliver up their charter, 185.
caUing a parliament proposed, but re-
jected, ib. 186. he pardons the Duke
of Monmouth, 191. forbids him the
court, 193. a passage between him and
the Prince of Orange, ib. he deter-
mines that hifsbandsin Scotland shall be
fined for their wives going to conventi-
cles, 200. abandons Tangier, 212. a
strange practice in a trial of blood, 219.
and in the maiTiage of the Earl of Clan-
carty's son, 220- employs papists in
Ireland, and tries to model the army
there, 220, 221. suspicions of his de-
claring himself a papist, 222. a new
scheme of government concerted at Lady
Portsmouth's, 224. the King's fondness
to her, 225. his sickness, ib. takes the
sacrament in tlie popish way, 226, 227..
his death, 229. a remarkable story re-
408
INDEX.
fating to it, 230. his character, 230, 231 .
au attempt to resume his grants, iii. 244'.
iv. 261, Se-i.
Charlton, ii. 244.
Charnock is sent over to King James, iii.
163. engages in the assassination plot,
182, 188, 189. is executed, and does
not acquit King James of it, 189, 190.
Charter of London, argumentsin the King's
Bench concerning its forfeiture, ii. 148,
149. the judgment given, 150.
Charteris, Mr. his character, i. ^39, 240,
276, 318. refuses a bishopric, 327. ii.
134. attends on the Earl of Argyie at
hil execution, 253.
Child, Sir Josiah, his death and charac-
ter, iii. 249.
Chimney-money discharged in England
at the Revolution, iii. 14. is established
in Scotland soon after, 71.
Chursh, the, a party watchword, iv. 100.
Churchil, Lord, sent ambassador to France,
ii. 243. hischaracter, 398, 399. goes
to the Prince of Orange at Axminster,
429. See Marlborough, Earl of.
Churchil, Lady, her character, ii. 398, 399.
accompanies the Princess of Denmark
to Northampton, 429. See Marlbo-
rough, Countess of.
Civil list, granted but for a year, iii. 13,
41, 42. for five years, 46. for life, 230.
a debt upon it paid by a mortgage of
part of the revenue, iv. 331, 332.
Claget, Dr. ii. 73, 296.
Clancarty, Countess of, recommends her
son's education to Dr. Fell, ii. 220. he
is taken from thence, ib.
Clarendon, Earl of, for rejecting Lord An-
trim's petition, i. 41. hischaracter, 101.
disgusts the cavaliers, 105. persuades
the King to observe the indemnity, ll'S.
is for keeping garrisons in the Scotch
forts, 115. proposes a Scotch council at
Whitehall, 119. prevents an attack on
Duke Lauderdale, 132. zealous for re-
storing episcopacy in Scotland, 143, 163,
170. against the incapacitating act, 167.
tries to support Midletoun, ib. his mo-
deration, 175. his good advice in dis-
banding the old army, 177, 178. and
in maintaining the indemnity, 182. re-
fuses a present of 10,000/. 184. visits
none of the King's mistresses, 193.
makes good judges, ih. advises the de-
claration as to ecclesiastical affairs, 196,
197, 205, 213. tries to divide the pa-
pists, 215-217. not consulted as to the
Dutch war, 221. disgraced, 277, 281.
his integrity, 283. impeached by the
Commons, 284. goes beyoiui sea at the
King's desire, 285. banished by act of
parliament, t5 286.
Clarendon, Earl of, his son, his character,
i. 286, 287. the Commons' address
against hinx as favouring papists, ii. 97,
121. made lieutenant 01 Ireland, 276,.
304. recalled, 30.5. reflects on King
James, and joins the Prince of Orange,
43!.;. sent to treat with the lords sent
by K. .Tames, ih. 439. reconciles himself
to the Jacobites, 446. for a prince re-
gent, 450. he opposes the government,
iii. 31, 32. corresponds with King
James, 76. is pardoned, but confined
to his house in the countrj', 78.
Clarendon, Countessof,!. 256. ii. 382,385.
Clarges, i. 91. his character, 106.
Claypole, married Cromwell's daughter, i.
19.
Clayton, ii. 111.
Clement, Prince, chosen coadjutor to Co-
logne, ii. 393, 404, 408.
Clergy, English, a great heat against them,
ii. 72. their controversy with the church
of Rome, 295. by whom managed, 296.
invite the Prince of Orange to defend
them, 326. welcome him here, 441.
an ill humour spreads amongst them at
the Revolution, iii. 12. they take the
oaths with too many reservations, .30.
instrumental to corrupt the people, 32.
act contrary to their oaths, 112. oppose
Archbishop Tillotson, 130. divisions
among them, 237, 238, 274, 276. irre-
concileable to dissenters, 276. raise a
cry of the church in danger, 349. iv. 26,
34, 45, 46, 110, 111. their ill humour
increases, 215. they espouse Sacheve-
rel, 229, 230, 234. many incline to
popery, 302-304.
Clergj', Scotch, pleased with Dalziel's cru-
elty in the west, i. 265. their behaviour
blamed, 275. are ill used by the pres-
by terians, 276. move for a national sy-
nod, 413. insulted by the presbyterians
at the Revolution, 440. are in the in-
terests of King James, iii. 25. which
occasions the abolishing episcopacy in
Scotland, ih. 173, 174-
Cleveland, Dutchess of, i. 101, 293, 294.
Clifford, his character, i. 250, 280, '295.
made lord treasurer, 343. one of the
Cabal, ih. 385. his zeal for popery, ib.
in the House of Lords and cabinet-
council, 388, 389. is disgraced, 390,
391, 397. ii. 234.
Cochran, ii. 165, 249, 252, 254.
Cohorn, a great engineer, iii. 169, 356.
iv. 2.
Coin, its ill state, iii. 154. consultations
to prevent clipping, 162. LordSomers's
expedient, 163. the coin rectified, 177.
cost the nation two millions, 193.
Colchester, Lord, ii. 427.
Coleman, hischaracter, i. 412, 413. In-
trigues, 442, 443. Conference with Dr.
Burnet and others, 444. accused by
Gates, ii. 30. his letters confirm the
popish plot, 31, 31, 35. his trial, 4-.
and execution, 43.
INDEX.
400
Coiiedg^, his trial and condemnation, ii.
118, 119.
Cologne, Elector of, puts his country into
the hands of the French, i. 3o9, 361.
his death and character, ii. 390, 391.
the state of Cologne at his death, ib. his
successor's conduct, iii.l36j319. iv.317.
Colt. Sir William, iii. 105.
Colvil, i. 173.
Comiiiittee of Council sent round to the
west of Scotland, i. 321, 31^2.
ConipreheHsioH attempted at the Restora-
tion without success, i. 201. attempted
in vain at the Revolution, iii. 33-35.
happy it did not succeed, 36, 37.
Compton, Dr. made Bishop of London, i.
440. attends King Charles in his last
sickness, ii. 226. is against repealing
the test, 287. refuses to suspend Dr.
Sharp, 297. brought before the eccle-
siastical commission, 299. suspended
by them, 300. meets at the Lord Shrews-
bury's, 339. for the Prince of Orange,
397. conveys the Princess of Denmark
to Northampton, 429. gives in a list of
tories for the lieatena-iicy' of London,
iii. 44, 315. his death, iv. 333.
Con, ii. 46.
Conde, Prince of, makes the Spaniards
court Cromwell, i. 76. his character of
the French King and ministry, 372.
admiresthe Prince of Orange, 422. ii. 6.
his character, 182.
Conduct of the Allies, a noted pamphlet,
iv. 277.
Coniers, ii. 27, 29.
Conspirators met at West's chambers, ii.
158. rendezvous on Turiiham Green, iii.
185. some escape, the rest are seized,
ib.
Conti, Prince of, ii. 6. iii. 2J7. a candi-
date for the crown of Poland, ib. 218.
his descent there, 219.
Convention of Estates turned into a parlia-
ment, i. 95, 182. iii. 5.
Convocation alter the Common Prayer, i.
203, 205. give the King four subsidies,
218. reject the scheme for a compre-
hension, iii. 36. prorogued for ten
years, ib. 238, 275, 276. meet in 1700,
310-312. their proceedings, ib. dis-
putes between the twohouses, 312, 313.
the lower house censure books, 313-315.
dissolved by King William's death, 348,
583. the two houses renew their dis-
putes, 383, 384. the ministry interpose
in vain, ib. the lower house vote epis-
copacy of divhie right, 383-385. meet
in 1704, iv. 46. and in 1705, 84, 85.
farther disputes between the two houses,
117, 118. the Queen's letter to them,
119. are prorogued, i6. insist that they
cannot be prorogued sitting the parlia-
ment, 151, 152. the prolocutor's contu-
macyand submission, 162. prorogued.
214. meet in 1710, 2G4. their license
excepted against, ib. 265. a new li-
cense, i^- the representationof the lower
house, 266, 267. another of the upper
house, 267. the opinion of the judges
as to their jurisdiction, ib. 268. the
upper house censure Winston's doctrine,
268. lower house concur, ib. carried
to the Queen, ib. their proceedings in
1712, 302. their censure on Whiston
not confirmed by the Queen, 268, 303.
tire bishops condemn the re-baptizing
dissenters, 303, 304. the lower house
do not concur in this, ib.
Cook, Sir William, i. 7.
Cook, the regicide, i. 48.
Cook, a presbyterian minister, i. 327.
Cook's opinion of treason in Lord Rus-
sel's case, ii. 171.
Cook sent to the Tower, ii. 289.
Cook, Sir Thomas, governor of the India.
Company, iii. 160. examined as to
170,000/. said to be given for secret ser-
vice, 161, 162. sent to the Tower, 161 .
Cook tried for being in the plot of inva-
siwi in 1696, iii. 19S, 193. condemned
and banished, 193.
Copenhagen besieged, iii. 269, 270. a
plagtie there, iv. 275.
Combury, i. 281. his regiment joins the
Prince of Orange, ii. 428.
Cornish chosen sheriff, his character, ii,
93. executed, 272.
Corruption, how universal, iii. 273.
Coscns, Bishop, i. 292.
Cotton, Sir John, i. 445. iv. 117.
Covenanters, their leaders' characters, i.
26. disputes among them, 65-68.
Coventry, Sir William, the Duke of Yorks'
secretary, i. 187. his character, 296.
made secretary of state, 341, 416, 436.
against a land army, ii. 12. an odd
expression of his, 13. another ex-
plained, 49.
Coventry, Sir John, reflects on the King's
amours, i. 300. has his nose slit, 301.
those who did it banished, ib.
Court of session, in Scotland, i. 414.
Cowper, jMr. made lord keeper, iv. 100.
refuses the usual new-year's gifts, 115,
119. is made a peer, and lord chan-
cellor, 153. resigns the seals, 246.
Craig, Dr. i. 14.
Cranbourn executed for the assassination
plot, iii. 192.
Crawford, Earl of, i. 40. his character,
110, 120. opposes the rescissory act,
128. declares against episcopacy, 143,
161, 165. at the head of the presby-
terians, iii. 32.
Credit, public, very great, iii. 111. sinks
upon the change of the ministry, iv. 247 .
Cromarty, Earl of, iv. 67. See Tarbet.
Cromwell, Oliver, argues with the Scotch
for the King's death, i. 43. enters
3g
4 Id
INDEX;
Scotland, 45. dissembles when charged
with putting force upon the parliament,
46. marches into Scotland, 56. de-
feats the Scots at Dunbar, ib. Edin-
burgh capitulates, 57. he displaces the
governor of Aberdeen, 61. builds three
forts irt Scotland, 6.5. deputies sent to
him from the general assembly, 67.
withstanding the King's parilou, 62. a
bill of attainder against him, 63, 64,
is sent to the Tower, 71. is bailed with
the popish lords, 210. joins for imdt-
ing over the Prince of Orange, 339,397,
399, 428, 458, 460, 461. made Mar-
quis of Carmarthen, iii. 4. See Car-
marthen.
his maxims, 68. his arts in gaining par- Dangertield, his meal-tub plot, ii. 87, 88.
ties, 71. debates for making him king, convicted of perjury, and whipped, 258.
73, 74. he refuses the crown, 75. his death, ib.
seizes money from the Spaniards, 76. Dantzic, a plague there, iv. 224.
inquires into the state of the protestants Darby, Earl of, iv. 246.
iu France, 77. espouses the French Darien, the Scots settle there, iii. 239.
interest in opposition to Spain, 73. his pursue it at avast expense, 240. driven
designs in the West Indies, 79. his zeal
for the protestants abroad, 82. some
curious passages in his life, 83, 84. his
public spirit, 85. the whole world
stood in awe of him, 87. his death, 88.
Cromwell, Richard, his son, declared pro-
tector, i. 88. resigns, 89.
Cudworth, Dr. his character, i. 207, 208.
ii. 73.
Culpeper, Lord, ii. 436, 459.
Cumberland, Dr. made bishop of Peter-
borough, iii. 83.
Cunningham, Sir John, i. 265. ii. 81.
Cutts, Lord, iii. 186.
Gear, see Muscovy.
D.
i)ada, nuntio to King James, ii. 331.
Dalrymple, president of the session in
away by the Spaniards, 258, 259. voted
in parliament a national affair, 259,260.
great disorders on it, ib. it is a great in-
ducement to the union, iv. 147, 148.
Dartmouth, Lord, sent to demolish Tan-
gier,ii. 212. commands the fleet against
the Prince of Orange, 400. is forced
into Portsmouth, 426.
Dartmouth, Lord, made secretary of state,
iv. 244.
D'Avaux, ii. 363, 400. iii. 198, 297.
Dauphin of France, commands in Flanders,
in 1694, iii. 141, 258. for accepting the
Kingof Spain's will, 278, 279. for own-
ing the Pretender King of England, 324.
his death, iv. 263.
Dauphin, his son, iv. 299. his death and
character, ib. See Burgundy.
Dauphiny, campaigns there, iii. 110, 122,
170. iv. 221.
Scotland, i. 413. ii. 131. much trusted Daws^ Sir William, made bishop of Ches-
by King William, iii. 26. made Lord ter, iv. 171.
De Guiche, Count, his intrigues, i. 337.
De Groot, i. 342.
Delaraere, Lord, tried, and acquitted, ii.
Stair, 28
Dalrymple, Sir John, his son, a commis-
sioner to tender the crown to KiugWil-
liam and Queen Mary, iii. 2. made
conjunct secretary of state with Lord
Melville, 82, 89. is dismissed, 173. iv.
136. See Stair.
Dalziel, General, i. 237. defeats the re-
bels at Pentland Hill, 261. his cruel-
ties in the west of Scotland, 264.
290, 291. raises a regiment for tlie
Prince of Orange, 428, 439. made Earl
of Warrington, iii. 4. See Wamngton.
Delaval, in the Admiralty, iii. 103, 114.
Denbigh, Earl of, i. 29.
Denmark, King of, i. 340. his death, iii.
254.
Danby, Earl of, patron of the church Denmark, King of, his son, his alliance
party, i. 417. is attacked in the House
of Commons, 421. his discourse with
Mons. Courtin, 439-442. ii. 3. tries to
bring the King off from tlie French in-
terest, 8. proposes the Ladj- Mary's
marriage with the Prince of Orange, 9.
supports Lauderdale, 22. gets the King
to ask an additional revenue of 500,000^
for life, 24. is universally hated, ?7(. 27,
28. his letters to Montague concerning
a pension to King Charles from France,
45, 46. impeached, 47. the Lords will
not commit him, 48. treats with the
country party for a new parliament, .'iO.
quits the Treasury, 60. prevails on the
King to send away the Duko of York,
ib, is prosecuted by the Commons not-
against Sweden, iii. 254. makes peace
by King William's mediation, 270. hi-s
troops join the confederates atRamillies,
iv. 128. goes to Italy, 226. attacks
the Swedes, and is dcfceiled in Schonen,
ib. besiegesStralsundand Wismarwith-
out success, 275. the Danes are beat
by Stcinbock, 314.
Denmark, George, Prince of, marries the
Princess Anne, ii. 180, 381, 399, 429.
a settlement on him of 100,000/. a-ycar
if he sur\ivethe Queen, iii. 37-1, 375.
he is made lord high admiral, with a
council, and generalissimo of all the
forces, 315. iv. 9. he sends a fleet into
the Mediterranean, 14, 15. jealous of
having too little power, 170. answers
INDEX.
411
the comi>l£unts of the Admiralty, 174.
his death and character, '202.
Denmark, Anne, Princess of, sent to Bath,
ii. 382. retires to Northampton at the
Revolution. 429,460,461, 462. her re-
venue settled by parliament, iii. 100.
creates a niisunderstanding with King
and Queen, ib. 101. made up at the
death of Queen Mary, ife. 164. her son's
education, 233. her behaviour at his
death, 272. she succeeds to the crown,
340. See Queen Anne.
De Ruyter, surprises our fleet at Solbay,
i. 361.
Desborough,i. 74.
D'E.strees, Cardinal, it. 283.
D'Estrees, Marshal, iii. 102.
Des Vardes, his disgrace, i. 338.
Devonshire, Earl of, (see Cavendish) is at
Lord Shrewsbury's, ii. 398. joins in in-
viting the Prince of Orange, ib. 399,
428. made lord steward of the household,
iii. 5. is a duke, 193, 347. iv. 43, 171.
is tiuned out, 245. moves for a bill of
precedence for the Duke of Cambridge,
288.
De Witt, John, his character, i. 244, 24.5.
Amsterdam weary of him, 246. worsts
the English at sea, 254. his errors, 356,
362. his tragical death, 363, 364.
De Witt, Comeliu^s, tortured, i. 364.
Dickson, i. 34.
Digby, Sir Everard, his letters, i. 7, 8.
Dissenters, courted by King James, ii.
326. their debates and resolutions, 327,
328. divisions among them, iii. 238, 274.
Divorce, the bishops divided about it, iii.
139, 140.
Dodd, one of Sacheverel's council, iv. 231.
Dodwell, broaches strange notions, iv. 303,
304.
Dolben^ Archbishop of York, ii. 208, 299.
Dorset, Earl of, his character, i. 294, 339.
made lord chamberlain, iii. 5. gives
Prior an education, iv. 276.
Dorset, Lady, ii. 429.
Doughty, Dr. ii. 460.
Douglas, Earl of Angus, 5. 16.
Douglas, a minister, i. S3.
Douglas, Marquis of, ii. 141.
Downing, ambassador to Holland, i. 220.
Druralauerick, Lord, joins the Prince of
Orange, ii. 429.
Drummond invites King Charles II. to
Scotland, i. 64, 237, 267. is imprisoHcd,
420.
Dry den, a character of his plays, i. 300.
Dui)lin declares for King William, iii. 57.
Duft'us, Lord, i. 162.
Dugdale, his evidence in the popish plot,
ii. 51, 55, 59, 76, 101, 104, 105, 118,
119.
Du Mont, engaged to assassinate King
William, iii."l05.
Dunbarton, Earl of, ii. 39.
Duncomb, i. 131. iii. 295.
Dundee, Earl of, heads the episcopal party
in Scotland, ii. 444. goes to Scotland to
raise rebellion, iii. 24. raises the High-
lands, 29. routs the King's forces, 30.
is killed in the action, ib.
Dunfermline, Earl of, i. 26.
Dunfreis, Earl of, i. 22, 236.
Dunkirk, sold to the French, i. 190. deli-
vered to the English to be demolished,
iv. 316, 317, 320.
Dunmore, discovers Balmerinoch's peti-
tion, i. 21.
Dutch, the, worsted at sea by the Duke
of York, i. 242, 243. engage the English
with advantage, 254. bum the ships at
Chatham, 269. their Smyrna fleet at-
tempted, 342. surprise the English in
Solbay, 360. reduced to great extremi-
ties, 361, 373, 374. are hated by the
English, iii. 94, 180, 242. love King
William, 94, 242. their good conduct
in their quarters, 94. they ow n the Duke
ofAnjou King of Spain, 284. demand as»
sistance fromEngland and obtainit,290,
291 , 297. love the Duke of Marlborough,
iv. 88, 89. prohibit trade with France,
iii. 370. iv. 2, 3, 226. divisions amongst
them, 2, 3. consent to the congrPi« af
Utrecht, 278, 279. their irst Darrifer-
treaty, 294, 295. condemned by parlia-
ment, 295, 296j 297. reflected on in the
Commons' address, 297, 298. their me-
morial tlieireupon, 297. the Queen dis-
engages herself from the alliances with
them, 307, 308, 309. their memorial
printed, 297. their plan of peace, 316.
they sign the treaty at Utrecht, 317,
318, 319- their second barrier-treaty,
315, .316.
Dyckvcit, ambassador to England, i. 362.
his character, S66, 376. ii. 269. sent
again with instructions to manage all
sorts of people in England, 334-339,
417.
Dysert, Countess of, i. 273, 311, 322.
E.
Earl, Bishop of Salisbury, i. 249.
Earl, General, iv. 193.
Earthquake in England in 1692, iii. 111.
East India Contpany, their secret presents,
iii. 1 59. a new company erected, 231,
232, 243. the two companies join, 327.
Eckeren, battle of, iv. 2, 3.
Elliot, taken with Lord Preston, iii. 76,77.
Elphinstone, i. 4. See Balmerinoch.
Ely, bishop of, ii. 436. his letters to St.
Germains, iii. 76.
Episcopacy, prejudices against it, i. 173.
abolished in Scotland, iii. 25, 70. voted
by the lower house of convocation to be
of divine right, 384, 385. an act secur-
ing it at the union, iv. 143, 144i is to-
lerated m Scotland, 292.
412
INDEX.
Equivalent (o Scotland, iv. 137. bow be-
stowed, 145.
Essex, Earl of, i. 40, 42, 279. his charac-
ter, 446. ambassador in Denmark, ib.
made Lieutenant of Ireland, 447, 448.
ii.36. at the head of the Treasury, 63.
proposes limitations on the Duke of
York, 65. is against the exclusion, 66.
and the bishops' right of voting, 71, 80,
86. quits the Treasury, 88. for the exclu-
sion, 95, 99, 107, 116. 122, 152, 153,
154, 156, 168. sent to the Tower, ib.
liis death there, 169. the suspicions
about it, 187.
Essex, Countess of, i. 13. ii. 169.
Esterhasi, Cardinal, iv. 4.
Evens, or Evers, ii. 51, 52.
Evei-ard, ii. 115.
Eugene, Prince of Savoy, his rise, iii. 225.
beats the Turks near Belgrade, ib. com-
mands in Italy, 291. his conduct suc-
cessful, 316, 317. his attempt on Cre-
mona, ih. 361. beats the French at Lu-
zara, 362, 363. iv. 2- president of the
council of war at Vienna, 5. joins the
Duke of Marlborough in Bavaria, 51.
his share in the battle of Blenheim, ib 52,
54. beats the Duke of Yendome in Italy,
122. his march to relieve Turin, 132,
133. beats the French and raises the
siege, 133, 134. his share in the victoi'v
at Oudeuarde, 191. takes Lisle, 192,
196, 197, 204. his share in the battle
of JMons, 221, 223. secures the peace
of the empire in 1711, 271, 'J72. comes
to England, 287. his character, ib. 291.
commands in Flanders, 301, 306. takes
Quesnoy, 310. besieges Landrecy, but
forced to raise the siege by a loss at De-
uain, 311.
Eyre, solicitor-general, his opinion as to
prosecuting Dr. Sacheverel, iv. 229. is
a manager at the trial, 231.
Fagel, pensioner, his character, i. 366. ii.
31'>.liis letter to Steward, 360,414. his
friendship with Dalrymple, iii. 26.
Fagel, General, iv. 92.
Fairfax, Sir Thomas, i. 27, 48, 91.
Fairfax, Dr. i. 91.
Fdirfoul, bishop of Glasgow, i. 145, 154.
Falconbrldge, Earl of, 1^89, 417.
F^almouth, Earl of, i. 243.
Farmer refused to be chosen President of
Magdalen College, ii. 324.
Fatio, ii. 312.
F"'aur of the Sorbonne, ii. 183.
Fell, bishop of Oxford, ii. 220, 319.
I'enwick, the Jesuit, tried, ii.50, 58, 75.
Fenwiek, Sir John, his account of an as-
sassination designed in 1695, iii. 163. is
in a plot of invasion, 190. taken, 193.
iis pretended discoveries, ib. 201, 202.
prevails on Goodman to go be\ tmd sra,
ib. is attainted by bill, 202, 209. prac-
tices as to his discoveries, (7). 210, 211,
212. his execution, 212, 213.
Ferdinand, King of Bohemia, i. 9.
Ferguson, at West's chambers, ii. 158, 159,
194. cabals in Holland witli the Duke
of Monmouth, 251, 262, 263. in a plot
against King William, iii. 40, 69. aird
against Queen Anne, iv. 36, 37, 43.
Feversham, Earl of, ii. 227. commands,
against Monmouth, 264. sent with a
message from him to the Priuce of Orange,
437, 438.
Feuillade, Duke de, besieges Turin, iv.
132.133,135.
Filmer's patriarchal scheme, ii. 189. iv.
229.
Finch, iii. 329. made a peer, 382.
Fire of London, i. 254-258.
Firmin, Thomas, iii. 234, 235.
Fisher discovers the assassination plot, iii.
182.
Fitton, chancellor of Ireland, ii. 305.
Fitzharris, ii. 111,112. his trial, 115-118.
Flanders, see Netherlands.
Fleetwood, i. 74.
Flerus, battle of, saves England, iii. 57.
Fletcher, attorney-general, i. 112, 123.
Fletcher, Aiidrew, if. 250, 251, 263.
Florence, Great Duke of, owns King Wil-
liam, iii. 143, 356. iv. 64.
Foley, ]\Ir. opposes the court, iii. 120.
chosen speaker, 159. chosen a second
time, 177. for a land bank, 188.
Forbes, bishop of Edinburgh, i. 20.
Fountain, for making Cromwell king, i. 72.
Fouquet, i. 184.
Fourbin, Cardinal, ii. 180.
Fourbin, Admii-al, sent to Scotland, iv.
185, 187.
Fowler, Dr. ii. 73. made bishop of Glou-
cester, iii. 83.
Frampton, bishop of Gloucester, deprived,
iii. 6, 83.
Francis, Father, refused his degrees at Cam-
bridge, ii. 322,323.
Frazier, sent from St. Germains to Scot-
land, iv. 18, 19. his discovery to the
Duke of Queensberry, 19, 20, 35-40.
Frederic, Elector Palatine, marries King
James I. 's daughter, i. 9. chosen King of
Bohemia, ib. is defeated aud flies to
Holland, 11.
Frederic II. declares for tlie Hehretiao
confession, i. 11.
Freeman, Mr. a leading tory, iii. 173.
French, the, their King's pretensions to
Flanders, i. 282. his success in Holland,
359-361. loves flattery, 372. takes
!Macstriclit and Yalencictnies, 395. ii. 4.
and Boucliain, 5. declines a battle, ih,
is angry at the Prince of Orange's mar-
riage, 12. takes Ghent and Ypres, 14.
seizes on Luxeiuburgh, 181. his disputes
INDEX.
413
•with the Pope, 214, 392. warns Kingj
James of the Prince of Orange s designs,
400. offers him troops, 40 Land threatens
the states in case of an invasion, 402.
prohibits Dutch manufactures, 404. his
manifesto of war against the Emperor,
404, 405, 406. and against the Pope,
407. England proclaims war against
bim, iii. 13- the joy in France upon re-
port that King William was killed at the
Boyne,55,.56. the French gain the battle
of Flerus, 57. beat the confederates at
sea, 58, 59. alarm the English coast, 60.
gain the battle of Steenkirk and Namur,
106, 107, 110. gain the battle of Lan-
den, 124. take Charleroi, 125. take some
of the English and Dutch Smyrna fleet,
127, 128. otTer the Duke of*Anjou to
Spain, lo5, 144. they try to get a peace,
l!<i5, 14o. break their cartel, but forced
to obsen-e it, 167, 169, 181-18.5. new-
attempts by them for a peace, 197, 198,
215, 220," 221, 222. they couchule
a treaty at Ryswick. 222, 223. they
treat for a partition of the Spanish mo-
narchy, 247, 248, 256, 257, 258. break
their treaty upon the King of .Spain's
death, <27^, 279, 280. corrupt a party in
parliament, 285, 286. negotiate with the
states, i;87, 288, 298. own the Pre-
tender King of England, 324, 325. join
the Elector of Bavaria, iv. 2, 3. beat the
Germans and take Augsburgh and Lan-
dau, 5. discover the Duke of Savoy's
designs, 11. seize on his troops in their
service, tb. are beat at Blenheim, 51,
52. their credit low, 84, 149, 189. their
preparation in 1706, 123, 124. forced
to raise the siege of Barcelona, 124. beat
at Ramillies, 128. lose many towns,
129, 131. evacuate Italy, 148,"l49. try
for peace,155. their success at Stollhoffen,
157. sink many capital ships at Toulon,
160. their descent in Scotland unsuc-
cessful, 184-188. surprise Ghent and
Bruges, 190. beat at Oudenarde, 191.
and at Leflingen, 194, 195. lose Lisle,
197, 198. negotiate for peace, 215, 216.
their King will not ratify the preliminaries
agreed on, 218, 219. further negotia-
tions, 240-243. send ministers to Ger-
truydenberg, 243, 244. nothing con-
cluded, 244, 248. their preliminaries
in 1711, 276. their proposals at Utrecht,
298. they beat the Earl of Albemarle at
Denain, 311, 312. take Marchiennes,
Qnesnoy, andDoway,312. their princes
of the blood renounce all right to the
crown of Spjin, and King Philip to the
crown of France, 312, 3l3, 315. they
deliver up Dunkirk to be demolished,
310,316. their treaty with England and
the states, 319, 320. their treaty of com-
merse with England, 321, 522, 323.
they send the Pretender away to Lor-
laint, 319.
Friend, in the plut of invasion, iii. 190.
absolved at Tyburn, ib. 191.
Frost, sent by Saville with a forgery to
Scotland, i'26.
Frost, a hard one, iv. 198.
Furstemburg, Prince of. Dean of Cologne,
seized, i. 395. made cardinal, ib. pre-
tends to be coadjutor of Cologne, ib. the
French King espouses \am,ib.
G.
Gaoe, informs Cromwell about tlie West
Indies, i. 79.
Gallas, Count, the emperor's ambassador, i v.
277.
Gallway, Earl of, (see Rouvigny) sent to
Savoy, iii. 195, 196. general in Portu-
gal, iv. 58. loses his arm at Badajos, 97,
98. takes Alcantara, 121, li!2. marches
into Spain, X'i'i. takes Ciudad Rode-
rigo, 125. loses the battle of Alraanza,
157,160,161. returns to Portugal, 171,
176. his conduct censured by the House
of Lords, 252-256.
Garrard, Sir Samuel, iv, 228, 229.
Garroway, i 391.
Gauden, Bishop, author of Eikon Basi-
like, i. 53.
Gaultier, Abbot, iv. 277.
Gaunt, Mrs. her execution, ii. 270.
Gee, ii. 296.
Genoa bombarded, ii. 211, 212. their sub-
mission to France, iii. 144.
George, Piince. See Denmark.
Germany, campaigns there, iii. 30, 108,
122, 141, 167, 170, 355, 360. iv. 1, 2,
49-54, 86, 129, 158, 163, 195, 221,
250, 271.
Gertruydenberg, conferences there, iv.
243, 244, 306.
Gibraltar taken by Sir George Rook, iv.
57. besieged by the French, 60. the siege
raised by Leak, 85.
Gibson, Colonel, deputy-governor of Exe-
ter, ii. 430.
Gilmore, i. 125. is president of tlie session,
135.
Ginkle, General, iii. 73, 81. takes Athlone,
87. gains the battle of Aghrem, and re-
duces Ireland, ib. 88, 89. made Earl of
Athlone, 90. See Athlone.
Girald, ii. 54.
Glaseow, Dean of, sent to King William
from the episcopal party in Scotland,
iii. 21.
Glencairn, Earl of, i. 61, 64,98, 112. made
Chancellor of Scotland, 118, 122, 171.
opposes Sharp's violence, 228.
Glencoe, massacre there, iii. 97. inquired
into by the parliament, 172, 173, 179.
Gloucester, Duke of, his character, i. 188.
Gloucester, Duke of, put in a method of
education, iii. 233. his deatli and cha-
racter, 271 , 272.
Glyn, for making Cromwell king, i. 73.
414
INDEX.
Godden, ii. .52, 53, 54.
Gorffrey, Sir Edniondbury, his character,
ii. 3^. is murdered and his body found,
33, 34, 35. his murderers dbcovered,
51-54.
Godolphin, Sir William, ii. 34.
Godolpiiiii, Mr. iu the Treasurj', ii. 63. his
character, 91. for the exclusion, 93. se-
cretary of state, 211. is in the scheme
laid at the Dutchess of Portsmouth's,
224. one of the Queen's household, 241.
sent by King James to the Prince of
Orange, 432. again in the Treasury, iii.
4. made lord treasurer by Queen Anne,
344. iv. 7, 34, 69, 70. declares for the
vlrigs, 100, 170, 207. raises the public
credit, 114, 115. his zeal for the union,
148. prevails to have Mr. Harley dis-
missed, 179, 180. is himself turned out,
245. and attacked by the new ministry,
262, 269, 270. his death, 315-
Goodenough, ii. 158, 160, 161, 194, 272.
Goodman, evidence as to the plot of inva-
sion, iii. 192, 193,202.
Goodwin, John, a fifth-monarchy man, i.
71, 179.
Goodwin, Thomas, an expression of his in
prayer, i. 89.
Gordon, i. 16,23.
Gordon, Duke of. Governor of Edinburgh
Castle, ii. 443. maintains it for King
James, iii. 23.
Gould, Judge, iv. .30.
Govan executed, i. 138. a Jesuit, his trial,
ii. 51, 75, 76.
Gower, Lucon, Mr. iii. 345. made a peer,
382.
GovNTce's conspiracy, a circumstance omit-
ted by all the historians, i. 15, 16.
Grafton, Duke of, joins the Prince of
Orange, ii. 429. killed at the siege of
Cork, iii. 66.
Graham, ii. 120. iii. 76, 78.
Grandvall undertakes to kill Kuig William,
iii. 104. is executed, and confesses it,
105.
Granvill, BIr. iii. 345. made a peer, 382.
Green, ii. 52, 53.
Greenvill, made Earl of Bath, i. 106. See
Bath.
Gregg, his correspondence with France, iv.
179. is condemned and executed, 180,
181, 182.
Grey, Lord, his trick in passing the habeas
corpus act, ii. 97, 98. meets Monmouth
at Shepherd's, 153. escapes out of the
Tower, 165, 166. meets Monmouth in
Holland, 250, 251. his ill conduct, i'62.
is pardoned, 267.
Greydon, Admiral, commands a squadron
ill the West Indies, iv. 15, 16. attempts
Placentia uns\iccessfully, 15, 27.
Grimstone, Sir Harbottie, presses the treaty
in the Isle of Wight, i. 45. charges
Cromwell with force on the ])arlianicnt,
46, <J2. is chosen speaker, 175. made
master of the rolls, i//. 426. his oharac-
ter, ib. 427. Ids wife's, 428. his death, ii.
216.
Grotius, i. 353.
Grove, Dr. made Bishop of Chichester, iii.
83.
Gueldermalsen, iii. 359.
Guilford, Lord, iii. 300.
Guise, house of, try to embroil England, i.
2,3.
Guiscard, his attempt on Mr. Harley, iv.
261. wounded m council, ii. dies of his
wounds, ib.
Gunning, Bishop, a manager at the Savoy
conference, i. 200. ii. 41, 208, 209.
Gunpowder plot, i. 7.
Gustavus, Adolphus, i. 350.
Guthry's remonstrance to King Char^ss I.
i. 121, 122. his speech and execution,
138.
Guthry, an incendiary, i. 259, 263.
Gwmn, Mrs. ii. 228.
H.
Habeas Corpus act carried by a trick, ii.
97, 93. the ministry indemnified for
breaking it in time of danger, iii. 73, 113.
Hackston, his execution, ii. 125, 126.
Hadingtoun, Earl of, a promoter of the
union, iv. 139.
Hague, i. 20, 22. a congress of princes
there, iii. 79. negotiations there forpeace,
iv. 215,216,218,219.
Hales, a banker, his trial, ii. 218.
Hale, Sir Matthew , moves for limitations
on restoring the King, i. 95. for a cora-
preheniion, 288. his opinion as to trea-
son in Lord Russel's case, ii. 171.
Hale, Sir Edward, his trial on the test act,
ii. 291. follows King James beyond sea,
435.
Halewyn, i. 50, 352. his character, 567,
377, 419.
Hall, Dr. made bishop of Oxford, ii. 371.
Hall, Dr. made bishop of Bristol, iii. 83.
Hallifax, Marquis of, his character, i. 298.
opposes the test, 430. dismissed from
council, 448. ii. 2, 36, 39. is again in
council, 64. against the exclusion, but
for limitations, 65, 80, 81, 88, 89, 94,
95. Commons' address against him, 97.
his expedient, 99. is for Lord Staftbrd,
106, 110. his saying about addresses,
115, 122, 135. opposes Lord Roches-
ter, 146. his services forgot, 147, 148,
179. brings Monmouth into favour, 191.
his jest on Rochester, 211, 221, 222.
his jest on a Siani missionary, 223, 224.
complains of razurcs in the Treasury
books, 225. moves in council to examine
•who have taken the test, 274. dismissed
275. argues for the test, 287. meets at
Lord Slirewsbury's, 339, 397. sent bj
King James to tlie Prince of Orange,
432, 439, 447, 459, 461. made privy
INDEX.
415
seal, iii. 4. is attacked in the House of
Lords, and quits the court, 37. heads
the opposition, 116. his death, 165.
Hallifax, Lord, (see Montague) iii. 282.
is impeached by the Commons, 289,
293, '290, 302. his answer, 303. ac-
quitted by the Lords, 310, 347. his
project for a public library, iv. 3.5, 117.
argues for the union, 144, 175, 214.
Halloway's conspiracy, ii. 158. and exe-
cution, 194.
Halloway, Judge, ii. 374.
Halton, Lord, i. 334. ii. 14, 17. charged
with perjury, 129.
Hamburgh, sedition there quelled, iv. 167.
^'- Hamden, his character, ii. 155, 157. sent
to the Tower, 168. his trial, 194, 195,
249, 268. advises a clause in King Wil-
liam's speech, iii. 8.
Hamilton, Duke of, i. 28. his secret powers,
35, 36. in favour with Charles IL 54,
bb.
Hamilton, Duke of, his character, i. Ill,
128. against restoring episcopacy, 143,
144, 169. president of the convention,
266, 273, 319, 332, 333, 334, 378, 404,
405, 406, 413, 420, 451. complains of
the Highlanders quartered in the west,
ii. 21, 22, 46, 81, 127. for -the succes-
sion in the Duke of York, 128, 303.
■with others of the Scotch nobilitj' ad-
dresses the Prince of Orange, 444. is
president of the convention iu 1689, iii.
22, 25. is commissioner of parliament,
26, 27, 28. refuses it in 1690, 68. is
commissioner in 1693, 133. his death
and character, 164, 165.
Hamilton, Duke of, his son, iii. 353. iv.
41, 68, 139, 140. opposes the Duke of
Queensberry, 206. made Duke of Bran-
don, 283. refused to be admitted by
the House of Lords, 284. appointed
ambassador to France, 313, 314. killed
by Lord iMohun in a duel, ib.
Hamilton, Dutchess of, i. 308, 329. ii.
422. iv. 138.
Hamilton heads the rebels at Bothwell
Bridge, ii. 83.
Hamilton, General, sent to treat with Tyr-
connel, ii. 447, 448. King William's
humanity to him at the Boyne, iii. 65.
Hamilton, bishop of Galloway, i. 145,
146.
Hamilton, made bishop of Dunkeld, ii.
304.
Hammond, Henry, his character, i. 196.
Hanmer, Sir Thomas, iv. 171.
Hanover, Duke of, ii. 390. quits the French
interest, iii. 91 , 92. made an elector, 254.
Hanover, (Dutchess of) Electress of, pro-
posed to be named in the succession,
iii. 16. is named, 272, 298, 299,300. a
further security for their succession, 376.
designs to invite her over, iv. 78. de-
bated hi parUameut, 104, 105. a regency
in case of absence, 106, 108, 109. her
succession guaranteed, 294, 295, 296,
315.
Hanover, Elector of, her son, has the
garter sent him, iii. 300. surprises the
Dukes of Wolfembuttel and Save Gotha,
354, 355. commands the army on the
Rhine, iv, 163. 195, 211, 221. his mi-
nister's memorial against the treaty with
France, 278, 279.
Hanover, Electoral Prince of, marries the
Princess of Anspach, iv. 161. has pre-
cedence in the House of Lords bv act
of parliament, 285.
Harbord, Sir Charles, his character, i. 433.
Harbord, Mr. iii. 109.
Harcourt, Marshal de, iv. 220.
Harcourt, ii. 51. his trial, 75, 79.
Harcourt, Sir Simon, iii, 345. draws the
act of union very artfully, iv. 144. ad-
heres to Mr. Harlcy, 171. lays down
with him, 180. council for Sacheverel,
231. made attorney-general, 245. and
lord keeper, 246.
Haidv, Captain, iii. S67.
ns.rt. Dr. iv. 300.
Harlay, president of the parliament of
Paris, ii. 182. iii. 222.
Harley, Mr. opposes the court, iii. i20,
188, is chosen speaker, 283, 298. is
chosen again, ib. 321, 368. iv. 48. i*
made secretary of state, ih. 146. sets up
independent of Lord Godolphin, 169-
174, 176, 178. lays down his employ-
ment, 179, 180. his spies ill chosen,
181. contrives a change of ministry,
238, 239, 245. promotes inquiries into
abuses, 246, 247. isstabbed by Guiscard,
260, 261. is made Earl of O.xlord aud
Mortimer, 264. See Oxford.
Haro, i. 92. iii. 365.
Harrington, i. 71. for choosing parliaments
by ballot, 90.
Harris sent by King James to assist in the
assassination, iii. 183.
HaiTison, the regicide, executed, i. 178,
179.
Harvey, his answer to the King, i. 429.
Hascard, Dr. ii. 214.
Haversliam, Lord, his saying at a confer-
ence, iii. 307. it raises great contests,
308, 315. iv. 104, 175.
Hawkins, ii. 118.
Hay, i. 21.
Hedges, Sir Charles, iii. 329. secretary of
state, 344.
Heinsius, pensioner, iv. 220, 307.
Hemmings, apothecary', his story of the
Prince of Wales's death, ii. 384.
Hcnly, Mr. his story of King Charles's
death, ii. 230.
Henry, Prince, believed to be poisoned,
i. 7.
Herbert, Sir Edward, chief justice, ii. 291-
gOGS the western circuit, 295. made an
416
INDEX.
ecclesiastical commissioner, 298. a judge
in the seven bishops' trial, '374:.
Herbert, Admiral, against repealing the
test, ii. 293. goes over to Holland, o')r>.
is lieutenant-general of the Dutch fleet,
409, 410, 413, 415, 417, 423. made
Earl of Torrington, iii. 5. See Tor-
rington.
Hervall, de, his account of the Duke of
Savoy, iv. 10.
Hervey, Mr. made a baron, iii. 382.
Hesse, Landgrave of, ii. 389. iii. 109, 121,
254. iv. 54.
Hesse, a prince of, iii. 215, 269. iv. 5. go-
vernor of Gibraltar, 57. his brave de-
fence of it, 60. goes with King Charles
to Catalonia, 92. killed in attacking
Fort Montjoy, 95.
Hesst, a prince of, defeated by Count
Medavi, iv. 135.
Hewes, ii. 124.
Heyliu, i. 52.
Hicks, Dr. ii. 18. iv. 303.
Hide, Chancellor, i. 64, 79, 95, 96, 98.
See Clarendon.
High Church, the distinction between it
and Low Church, when begun, iii. 275,
276, 385.
Hill, ii. 53, 54.
Hill, General, his expedition to Canada,
iv. 273.
Hoadley, Mr. his character and writings,
iv. 229.
Hobbes, i. 103. his Leviathan, 207.
Holland, Sir John, iv. 34.
Holland, disorders there, i. 10, 11. See
Dutch.
Holies, Lord, his advice how to save Lord
Stratford, i. 31. and end the civil w,ir,
39, 40, 45. his character, 105. and con-
duct in France, 230. opposes the test,
430. ii. 1, 39. agiiinstthe bishops' votes
in treason, 71.
Holmes attacks the Dutch Smyraa Fleet,
i. 342.
Holmes conTsponds with Argyle, ii. 202.
Holstein, Duke of, iii. 254, 269, 270, 363.
Holt, Sir John, made chief justice of the
King s Bench, iii. 5, 2t'.8. his beliaviour
in the atfair of Aylesbury, iv. 30, 80,
152. his death and character, 234.
Home's trial, ii. 139, 140.
Hone's execution, ii. 175.
Hooper, Dr. ii. 296. iii. 312. is made a
bishop, and opposes the union, iv. 143.
Hope, Sir Thomas, i. 20.
Horneck, Dr. iii. 349.
Hough, Dr. chose president of Magdalen
College, ii. 324. turned out by the ec-
clesiastical conunission, 325. is made
bishop of Oxford, iii. 84.
Howard, of Escrick, Lord, i. 28.
Howard, Lord, i. 419. ii, 35, 117. brings
Monmouth and Sidney acquainted, 155,
159, 162, 166, 167. his confession and
examination, il>. 168. evidence agajnst
Lord Russal, 170,171. against Sidney,
172. and Haradcn, 188, 189, 190,
194.
Howard, Cardinal, ii. 283.
Howe, Mr. John, iii. 365,370, 374,379.
Howell, i. 256.
Hubert confesses setting fire to London, i.
2.55.
Huddle^on gives King Charles H. the sa-
cramtnt, ii. 227.
Hume, Sir Patrick, corresponds with Ar-
gyle, ii. 249.
Humieres, ii. 180.
Hungary, wars there with the Turks, iii.
9ll 103, 109, 145, 172, 196, i^26. a
peace, 226. the Hungarians revolt, 319.
iv. 4, 62. an accommodation treated
without success, 63. campaigns there,
98, 122, 153, 201, 227. all matters ao
commodated, 27 4.
Huntingdon, Earl of, iii. 300. his bravery,
358.
Huntley, Marquis of, kills the earl of Mur-
ray, i. 16, 17, 37.
Hutchinson, i. 308, 314. refuses Leigh-
touu's terms for a comprehension, 323,
325, 329, 331, 332.
Hutfon, Dr. physician to King William,
gives two remarkable instances of hi:»
equality of temper, iii. 65.
Huy taken by King William, iii. 141.
James I., King, his minority, i. 1. incline*
secretly to France, 2. the kirk dis-
gusted' at his fickleness in religion, 4.
his misconduct, 5. sets up episcopacy
in Scotland, ib. afraid of the Jesuits, 8.
will not acknowledge the Elector Pala-
tine King of Bohemia, 9. parts with
the Dutch cautionary towns, 12. di-
minishes the power of the crown, ib.
his death and character, 14.
James IL, King, (see York,) begins his
reign with great advantage, ii. 237. his
education, 238. learned war under Tu-
renne, ib. is proclaimed with great
shouts, 239. addresses from 0.\ford and
London, 240. customs and excise levied
without law, 241, 242. goes openly to
mass, 242. his course of life, 243.
summons a parliament, 245. his coro-
nation, 218. his success against iMon-
mouth and ArgUe, -68. cruelties of
soldiers and of Jetferies in the west, ib.
269. the nation turned by them, 273.
disputes about the test, ib. the King's
declaration against the test act, 275.
theConnnons" address for observing the
act, 288. somemembors closetted, others
disgraced for their voting, 289. the
judges consulted as to the King's di.s-
pcnsiug power, 291. the lest neglected.
INDEX.
417
993. ail ecolesiastkai commission, 898.
he sends tlie Earl of Murray to hold a
parliament in Scotland, 302. the par-
liament will not take ofF the test there,
303. and is dissolved, 304. the King
makes Mrs.Sidley Countess of Dorches-
ter, 305-303. attempts to bring pa-
pists into the two universities, 321-324.
the president and fellows of Magdalen
college turned out, 325, 326. the King
courts the dissenters, 326, 327. his
army encamps on Ilounslow Heath, 328.
sends an ambassador to Rome, 329, 330.
and Albeville envoy to Holland, 334.
the King's designs disclosed by the Je-
suits at Liege, 338. by his proclama-
tion in Scotland he claims absolute pow-
er, 339, 340. his declaration for tole-
ration in England, 341. addresses of
the dissenters, ib. the parliament dis-
in Scotland iu his favour, 19. forced to
raise the siege of Londonderry and Li-
niskillin, 20. some whigs in his interest,
31, 32. his conduct in Ireland, bl, 52,
55. his behaviour at the Boyne, 55.
leaveslreland, 56, 57. sliglif ed inFrance,
66, 67. his partisans in Scotland dis-
persed, 67. plots there in his favour
discovered, 69, 70. he intends a de-
scent on England, 101. in a plot against
King William, 104. the abjuration of
him not carried, 113. Midletoun's pro-
position to him, 135. his declaration,
ib. Charnock and the Earl of Aylesbury
sent to him, 163. he grants a commis-
sion to attack King William's person,
182, 183. is ready to invade England,
ib. 185. Berkeley, who had his commis-
sion,escapes, 186, 187. his death, and
character, 225, 240, 323, 324.
solved, 343. the pope's nuncio re- Jane, Dr. ii. 307.
ceived, ib. the King's progress, 344. JefFeries, Sir George, ii. 97, 172. made
chief justice, 185, 188, 189, 196, 198,
210, 217, 218, 219. his cruelty in the
west, 269. made a baron, ib. and lord
chancellor, 287, 298, 323. sent to the
Tower, 435.
a raanawer in
clianges the magistrates over England,
345. questions put about elections, 346.
his letter to the Princess of Orange
about religion, 348-350. her answer,
350-353. Steward in favour, 360. F.
Petre a privy-coimsellor, 362. the Jetferies, Lord, iii. 300.
King demands his regiments in the Jekyll, Sir Joseph, iv. 34.
states' service, 364. a new declaration Sacheverel's trial, 231.
for toleration, 365. the clergy refuse to Jenkins, Sir Lionel, plenipotentiary at Co-
read it, 368. the bishops' petition against logne, i. 394. and at Nimcguen, Ii. 25,
it, 369, 370. are sent to the Tower, 46. made secrt-tary of state, 94. his.
372. are tried in Westminster Hall, ib. violence as lo the city of London, 144>
373. great joy at their acquittal, 374. 145. dismissed, 210.
the clergy cited, 375. the Queen gives Jennison, his evidence in the popish plot,
out she is with child, 379, 380. an ac- il. 56.
count of the birth of that child, 384-387. Jermyn, earl of St. Albans, i. 41.
a fleet set out, 387. the court alarmed, Jersey, Earl of, ill. 267, 288, 239,347. iv.
400. Lord Dartmouth commands the 276. employed in treating with France,
fleet, ib. Irish recruits refused by the ib. his death, ib.
oflicers of the army, 401. the French Ingoldsby, i. 91.
troops refused, 402. the Earl of Sun- Innisklllln, siege of, ill. 21.
derland prevents the seizing suspected Johnstone, il. 397, 399. iil. 95, 102, 173,
persons, 419, 420. proofs of the birth 179. iv. 65, 71.
of the Prince of Wales, 421-423. the Johnstone, Sir Patrick, iv. 141.
fleet for ;d back into Portsmouth, 426. Jones, i. 4-15. ii. 65,94, 105, 107, 110,
the King comes to Salisbury, 427. 112, 114.
many forsake him, 428. the Princess Jones, bishop of St. Asaph, Hi. 251.
of Denmark does, 429. he returns to Joseph, King of the Romans, takes Lan-
London, 431. sends for the lords there, dau, Iii. 360. iv. 54. succeeds Leopold,
and by their advice sends to treat with
the Prince of Orange, 432. strange
counsel of the priests, 433. the King
goes away in disguise, ib. taken, and
brought to Feversham, 434, 435. ad-
vices given as to his person, 437,
his father, as emperor, 90. his separate
treaty for evacuating Italy, 1 53. is the
cause of disappointing the design upon
Toulon, 156,157,159. Naples reduced
to his obedience, 162, 163. his death,
263.
brought to Whitehall, 438. sent under Ireland, the war there after the Revolu
a Dutch guard to Rochester, 440. his
Queen presses him to come to France,
443. he flies thither, j/>. a party form-
ing for him in England, III. 14. his great
seal found In the Thames, 17, 18. his
conduct at the French court ruins his
affairs, t6. 19. goesto Ireland, ib. cabals
tlon. 111. 19, 20, 51-54. wasted by the
rapparees and soldiers, 66, 73. reduced
by GLnkle, 86-89. a parliament there,
95. another In 1695, 175. trustees of
theforfeited estates there, 321, 322,328.
whig and tory prevail tliei^e.iv. 21. the
papists' estates split by act of parliament.
418
INDEX.
23,24. the protestants divided, 21, Lambert, General, i. 90, S>1, 92. accused
by Gates, ii. 35.
Landau taken by the Germans, iii. 360.
retaken by the French, iv. 5. taken by
the imperialists again, 53, 54.
Landen, battle of, iii. 123.
lO'i. and the clergy there, 214
Ireland, his trial, ii. 50, 56, 58.
Ircton, the author of KingCharles the First's
death, i. 63, 51.
Irish massacre, i. 42.
Ironside, Dr. made bishop of Hereford, Langham, Sir James, i. 298.
iii. 83. Langhomc, i. 256. ii. 34, 35
Isabella, Archdutchcss, i. 10, 50. and death, 77.
Italy, campaigns there, iii. 92, 110, 123, Langston, Colonel, ii. 428.
170, 194. iv. 2, 4, 91, 122. evacuated Lanier, iii. 64.
by the French, 153.
Judges, a bill to make their salaries for
life, iii. 95.
Justices, lords, during King 'William's ab-
sence, iii. 165.
Juxon made archbishop of Canterbury, i.
195.
his trial
K.
Keeling draws the act of uniformity, i. 203.
Keeling, his depositions, ii. 160, 176.
Keiserwert, siege of, iii. 30, 356, 357.
Keilb, George, leaves the quakers, iii. 274,
275.
Keith in a plot, iv. 35, 36, 33, 41, 42.
Ken, Bishop, his character, ii. 209. at-
tends King Charles on his death-bed,
228. and the Duke of Monmouth at his
execution, 265. persuades tire clergy
to take the oaths, iii. 6, 7. but does not
take them himself, ib.
Kennet, Dr. iii. 310.
Kent, Earl of, made lord chamberlain, iv.
47. made a duke, 238. has the gar-
ter, 313.
Keppel made earl of Albemarle, iii. 248.
Ker, i. 280.
Keys in the assassination plot, iii. 188, 189.
Kid sent against pirates in the East Indies,
iii. 261. turns pirate, 262. taken and
hanged, 293, 294.
Killigrew in the Admiralty, iii. 114.
KiUock, i. 37. _ "
Kincardin, Earl of, his character, i. 111.
against episcopacy, 144. and Sharp's
violence, 233, 234, 276, 307, 324, 421.
turned out of the council, 451. ii. 45,
129.
King, a physician, ii. 225.
King, Dr. archbishop of Dublin, iv. 228.
King in the assassination plot, iii. 188, 189.
King, Sir Peter, a manager in Sacheverel's
trial, iv. 231.
Kirk, ii. 268, 269. iii. 20.
La Rue discovers the assassination plot,
iii. 182.
Lavardin, Count, enters Rome in a hostile
manner, ii. 322.
Lauderdale, Earl of, i. 22, 24, 29, 36, 38,
49,54,55. his character, 108. persuades
an indemnity, 113. and destroying
Cromwell's forts, 115. for presbytery,
116. made secretary of state, 118.
against a Scotch council at Whitehall,
120, 129, 142, 143, 155, 161 . is in the
incapacitating list, 165. accuses Mi-
dletoun, 221, 222, 223, 227,229, 235,
236, 238, 268, 271-275, 291, 296, 307,
311, 316. his speech to parliament, i6.
passes the act of supremacy, 318, 321,
322, 325, 326. screens papists, 334,
340. marries Lady Dysert, 342. is
made a duke, and has the garter, 343.
his insolence, 379. angry at the pres-
byterians, ib. 380, 382. his violent
counsel, 389, 396. a party against him,
405,406. puts off the session, 407. an
address to remove him, 412. is recon-
ciled to Argyle, 413. made Earl of
Guilford, 418, 421, 445, 449. ii. 7.
his violent administration, 14-17, 19, 20,
22-24, 38, 39, 45. the charge against
him, 81. heard in council, 83, 84.
draws the indemnity after the rebellion
at BothwcU Bridge, 86. votes against
Lord Stafford, 106, 125, 129.
Lauderdale, Dutchess of, i. 379, 404-406.
Lausun commands the French troops sent
to Ireland, iii. 19. his ill conduct there,
63, 66.
Leak, or Lake, Sir John, iv. 60. raises
the siege of Gibraltar, 85, 121, and
of Barcelona, 125.
Learmouth surprises Turner, i. 259.
Lee, Sir Thomas, i. 391. his character,
437.
Lcc, ii. 176.
Leeds, Duke of, iii. 171. acquitted of his
impeachment, 309.
Kirkton, a conventicle preacher, i. 450, 451. Lcefdale disappoints an intended assassin-
Knightly views the ground for attacking ationof King William, iii. 105.
King AVilliam, iii. 182. condemned Le Fevre, Dr. ii. 229.
and pardoned, 192.
L.
Lake, bishop of Chichester, absents from
parliament, iii. 6. is deprived, 83,
Leg, ii. 160.
Leganes, IMarquis of, iv. 92.
Leicester, Earl of, i. 352.
Leighton, Bishop, his character, 5. 146,
147, 149-152. his moderation, 153,156,
159, 237. proposes a coDiprehensiou,
INDEX.
419
276, 305, 308, 313, 318. made arch- Londonderry, siege of, raised^ iii. 20,
bishop of Glasgow, 320. his scheme of 21.
accommodation with the presbyterians, Lonsdale, Viscount, iii. 289.
S23. his conferences with them, 324
32o. angry at the act against conven-
ticles, 327. his further conferences with
the presbyterians, 329, 330, 332, 335,
379. resigns his archbishopric, 381. his
death, ii. 206-208.
Lenox, Duke of, i. 2, 17.
Leopold, the Emperor, loses Belgrade, iii
Lorn, Lord>i. 60, 61, 114. solicits in be-
half of his father, 134. his letter inter-
cepted, 162. it hastens his father's
execution, 163, 165. made earl of Ar-
gyle, 228. See Argyle.
Lorrain, Cardinal, i. 347.
Lothian, Earl of, i. 17, 52, 53.
Lothian, Marquis of, iv. 205.
71. beats the Turks, 90, 91. a great Louvois, dragoons the protestants, ii. 280,
victory over them near Belgrade, 225, 312,400. is secretly an enemy to King
226. makesthepeaceof Carlowitz, 226. James, iii. 19, 104, 105.
secretly consents to the pardtion treaty-, Lowdun, Earl of, i. 26, 29, 44, 135.
2.57, 258, 287, 288. begins the war with Lower, Dr. ii. 229.
France in Italy, 291, 316-319. refuses Lowick is in the assassination plot, iii. 192.
to own the Pretender, 324, 325. iv. 2. Ludlow, i. 47.
is in great distress, 3, 4, 48. the Duke Lumley, Lord, ii. 265, 397, 399, 428.
of Marlborough saves the empire, 48. Lunenburgh, Duke of, ii. 389. iii. 269.
the Emperor continues tlie war in Hun- Lunt, iii. 156. some tried on his evidence,
gary, 62. his death, and character, 89, 157.
Luxembiirgh, Duke of, marches into Hol-
land, i. 374. ii. 6, 7. eains the battle of
90,
Lesley, i. 57.
Lesley, author of The Rehearsal, iv. 228,
229.
L'Estrange, Sir Roger, ii. 72.
Levingston defeats the Highlanders, iii. 67.
his share in the massacre at Glencoe, 98,
99, 179.
Lexington, Lord, sent ambassador toSpain, Maccail dies in the torture, i. 264,
iv. 312. Maccarty, Colonel, ii. 221, 222.
Leyboum, a bishop, sent from Rome, ii. Maccloud, i. 54, 138
FJerus, iii. 57, 106. of Steenkirk, 107,
108. and of Landen, 123, 124. his
death, 166.
M.
S63.
Liclitenstein, Prince of, a favourite of King
Charles of Spain, iv. 97, 120, 126.
Liege, the factions there, iii. 141.
Limerick, siege of, raised, iii. 63, 65. ca-
pitulates, 65, 66.
Lindsay sent from King James to Scot-
land, iii. 19. iv. 37.
Linlithgow, Earl of, ii. 83.
Lisle, Lord, ii. 271. his lady's character, IMacom, ii. 301.
and execution, ib. 272. Macquair, i. 126.
Littleton, Su: Thomas, i. 257, 280, 295. Magna Charta, an original in the author's
his character, 257, 258, 436,437. ii. 27, hands, i. 32. ii. 452.
43, 63, 109, 112. Maintenon, Madame de,iii. 105, 121, 239,
Macclean, Sir John, his account of a plot,
iv. 35-43.
Macclesfield, Earl of, ii. 416. iii. 300.
Macdonalds, from Ireland, i. 37, 39. of
Glencoe, iii. 97.
Mackay commands in Scotland, iii. 29.
his services in Ireland, 86, 90. killed
at Steenkirk, 107, 108.
Mackenzie, ii. 81.
Liturgy in Scotland, how prepared, i. 24.
Lloyd, Dr. his character, i. 210. his ac-
count of the fire of London, 256, 257.
ii. 27, 34, 39, 54, 55, 102. is bishop of
Worcester, iii. 321, 385, 386, 466.
Lloyd, bishop of Norwich, absents from
parliament, iii. 6. is deprived, 83, 201.
Lob advises sendin
Tower, ii. 370.
278, 279. iv. 134, 135, 219.
JManchester, Lord, i. 92. made lord cham-
berlain, 105. is for moderation, 212,
293.
Manchester, Earl of, ambassador in France ,
iii. 277. leaves tliat court, 324, 325.
Mansel, Colonel, ii. 88.
the bishops to the Mansel, Sir Thomas, iv. 47,180.
Mansfield, Count, iii. 362. iv. 5.
Lockhart, Sir George, stands it against the 3Ianton,Dr. i. 344.
King's order, i. 414. council for Mit- Mantua, Duke of, iii. 291, 316, 317.
cheri,ii.l6. againstLauderdale,81,126. Manwaring, Dr. iv. 235
Lockhart, Sir James, i. 169.
Lockhart,CromwelI"sambassadorinFrance,
i. 82, 93, 252. sent to France by King
Charles II. 340, 437-439.
London, the lieutenancy intorj- hands, iii.
44, 45. iv. 247.
JMarchmont, Earl of, promotes the union,
iv. 139.
Marlborough, Earl of, (see Churchill,)
takes Cork and Kinsale, iii. 66, 94. is
dismissed, 99, 101. sent to the Tower
on a forged accusation, 112, 115. go-
420
INDEX.
venior to the Duke of Gloucester, 233,
289. sent to Holland on Queen Anne's
accession, 341. made captain general,
34i, 345, 347, 357. takes \'cnlo, Ru-
remond, Stevenswaert, and Liege, 358,
359. escapes from a French party, .359,
heloved in Holland, 360. made a duke,
ib. has thanks from both houses of par-
liament, ib. iv. 1. takes Bonne, Iluy,
Limburgh, Guelder, and all the Cou-
dras, 2, 3. his secrecy in conducting
his designs, 46, 48. routs the Bavari-
ans at Schellenberg, 49, 50. joins Prince
Eugene, .50. the victory at Blenheun,
51, 52. is made a prince of the em-
pire, ib. 53. his negotiations at several
courts, 55, 71. disappointed by the
Prince of Baden, 86, 87. breaks through
the French lines, 88. calms the divi-
sions in Holland, ih. 89. goes to seve-
ral courts, 90, 112. his victory at Ra-
millies, 128. reduces all Flanders and
Brabant, 129. takes Ostend, Menin,
Dendcrmond, and Aeth, 130, 157, 167.
removes JMr. Harley, 179, 180, 188.
his victory atOudenarde, 191. six thou-
sand of his men beat twenty thousand
French, 192-195. forces the French
lines,196. Lisle taken, 197. and Ghent
and Bruges, ib. he is plenipotentiary
for treating with France, 216, 217, 221.
takes Toumay, 221. his victory at Bla-
rignies, 222, 223. takes Mons, 223,
238, 240. takes Doway and Fort Es-
carp, 240. rejects King Philip's offers,
242. takes Bethune, Aire, and St. Ve-
nant, 250. has not the usual thanks of
parliament, 257. carries tlie Queen a
surrender of his lady's places, ib. 258.
passes the French lines, 272. and takes
Bouchain, 273. retires from council,
279, 280. turned out of all his em-
ployments, 286. his present from the
Jew voted illegal, 290. and the two
and a half per cent, from the foreign
troops, ib. 291. libels against hmi, ib.
Prince Eugene's saying as to one of
these, ib. suits against him, 316. his
innocence apparent, 291,292, 316. on
Lord Godolphin's death he goes abroad,
315.
Marlborough, Countess of, and afterw ards
Dutchess, (see Churchill,) is forbid the
court, iii. 100. is reflected on for fa-
vouring the whigs, iv. 103. her au-
thority quoted, 105. her interest at
court declines, 170. is again in favour,
180. she leaves the court, 238. and
sends a surrender of her places, 257, 316.
Marsin, Marshal, iv. 49-52, 130.
Martin, i. 71, 179.
INIary, Queen. See Queen Mary.
Masquerades at court, i. 292.
Massam, Mrs. made privy-purse, iv. 258.
Massey, dean of Christ Church, ii. 321.
Matthias retiL'ns the crown of Bohemia,
i. 9.
Maurice, Elector of Saxony, i. 347.
Maximilian against persecution, i. 9.
INIaxwell, an incendiary, i. 259.
May, Mr. ii. 82, 224. '
Maynard, Serjeant, i. 72. ii. 47, 260. his
repartee to King William, 441, 442.
made one of the commissioners of the
great seal, iii. 3.
Mayne, Duke de, iii. 167.
Mazarin, Cardinal, i. 77, 82, 92, 183.
Meaux, Bishop of, ii. 277. iii. 238,239.
Medavi, Count, iv. 135.
Medina, Duke of, iii. 318. sent prisoner
to Segovia, iv. 250.
Melfott, Earl of, ii. 257, 274, 419. iii. 29.
iv. 37.
Melvil, Lord, ii. 249. secretary of state
for Scotland, iii. 26. zealous for presby-
tery, 27, 31, 39. holds a parliament as
commissioner, 68. gives up the supre-
macy, and the rights of patronage, ib.
advisesan indemnity, 69. has Dalrymple
joined to him in the secretary's post, 82.
is removed, 95.
Merci, Count, iv. 221.
Meres, ii. 61.
Mesnager brings preliminaries from France,
iv. 276.
Methuen, Lord, i. 16.
Methuen, jMr. his negotiations in Portugal,
iii. 320, 355, 366. concludes a treaty
there, iv. 6, 7, 55,56.
Mew, bishop of Winchester, ii. 209.
Middlesex, Earl of, iii. 307.
Midletoun, i. 64.
Midletoun, Earl of, i. 112, 114,118. com-
missioner and general in Scotland, 118,
123. passes the rescissory act, 129. in-
veterate againstArgyle,l35. and Guthry,
138, 139. disputes with the Earl of
Crawford, ib. for episcopacy, 142, 143,
156. for fines in the indemnity, 162.
passes the incapacitating act, 165-170.
accused by Lauderdale, 221, 222. and
turned out, 223, 224.
Midletoun, Earl of, his son, secretary of
state for Scotland, ii. 211. his advice to
Paterson, 303, 306, 439, 440. goes over
to King James with a wise proposal, iii.
135, 324. iv. 37.
Militia, a bill to take it out of the crown,
iii. 17, 228.
Millinglon, Dr. ii. 229, 382.
Milton, his famous poem, i. 180.
JMinas, Marquis das, iv. 163.
INIiaorca taken by the British fleet, iv. 199.
Mirandola, I'rincess of, iii. 317.
Mitcliell, his trial for tlie attempt on
Sharp, ii. 14, 17.
Modcna, Dutchess of, ii. 381.
Modena, Duke of, iii. 317. iv. 4.
Mohun, Lord, killed in a duel with Duke
Hamilton, iv. 313.
INDEX.
421
Moiik, General, left to reduce Scotland,
i. 61. desired to declare for the parlia-
ment, 90. breaks open the gates of
London, 93. declares for the secluded
members, ib. moves to restore the King
without terms, 95, 96. made duke of
Albemarle, and has the garter, 105.
he sends Argyle's letters to Scotland,
136, 183, 190, 222. is admiral against
the Dutch, 254.
Monkton, Mr. a bold saying of his, iii.
285.
Monmouth, Duke of, i. 291, 395. ii. 43,
44, 64. sent to suppress the rebellion at
Bothwell Bridge, 84, 85. his clemency,
85. sent beyond sea, 86. returns and is
disgraced, 90. pushes on the exclusion,
100. meets Lord Russel at Shepherd's,
153-155. Ueats with the Scotch, 155, 156,
163. escapes, 165, 167, 176. is pardoned,
192. and again disgraced, ib. 193, 195.
meets the King at Lady Portsmouth's,
224. dismissed from Holland, 244, 247-
250. forced to an unripe invasion, 250,
251. lands at Lyme, 261. attainted by
parliament, 262. defeated and taken,
264, 265. executed, ib. dies calmly, 267.
Monmouth, Earl of, (see Mordaunt,)made
first commissioner of the Treasury-, iii. 4.
40. turned out, 45, 306.
Mons taken by the French, iii. 80, 81.
taken by the English, iv. 223.
Montague, Admiral, comes in to King
Charles, i. 94. made earl of Sandwich,
and has the garter, 105, 243. blows up
his own ship at Solbay, 361.
Montague, Lord, ambassador at Paris, i.
377, 440. ii. 11,25, 46,48, 64, 94,
100, 101. is an earl, 277.
Montague, Mr. chancellor of the Exche-
quer, iii. 119, 241. made Lord Hallifax,
282. See Hallifax.
Montague, Sir James, attorney-general, iv.
245.
Montausier, Duke of, ii. 182.
Monterey, ii. 6.
Montespan, Madame, sent to a nunnery,
i. 424.
Montgomery, Colonel, L 60.
Montgomery, Sir James, his services to
King William, iii. 25. sent with the ten-
der of the crown of Scotland, ib. dis-
gusted, 26. enters into a plot, 38, 39,
40. discovers it, but will not name his
accomplices, 69.
Montgomery, Lord, iii. 190.
Montjoy Fort taken, iv. 95, 124.
Montrevel, Marshal, his cruelty in the
Cevennes, iv. 12, 13.
Montrose, Earl of, his brave undertaking,
i. 36, 37, 38. is routed and his papers
taken, 40. his offers to the King, 54.
his constancy at hi> execution, ib. 59.
Montrose, Marquis of, his son, i. 136.
Montrose, Marquis of, his son, for the
union, iv. 150. made a duko, ib. op-
poses the Duke of Queensberry, 206.
Moor, Sir John, lord mayor, appoints
North sheriff, ii. 143, 144, 145.
Moor, Arthur, iv. 325.
Mordaunt, Lord, ii. 287, 395, 416. See
Monmouth.
More, Dr. Henry, 5. 207. ii. 73.
More, Dr. ii. 73. bishop of Norwich, iii.
73. and of Ely, iv, 171.
Morel, of Berne, liis account of a plot
against King William, iii. 105, 106.
Morland, i. 71, 82.
Morley, i. 95, 188. made bishop of Wor-
cester, 196 and of Winchester, 203.
his account of the Dutchess of York's
religion, 345, 346. liis death and cha-
racter, ii. 209.
Morrice, Secretary, his character, i. 106.
Moulin, Du, i. 419, 424.
Mulgrave, Earl of, ii. 306. iii. 115, 116.
See Normanby.
Murray, Earl of, i. 16, 23. ii. 302.
Murray, Sir Robert, his character, i. 62,
143, 165. president of the Iloyal So-
ciety, 213, 268, 273, 275, 2a8, 291,
313, 317, 319, 326, 333, 334, 406.
JMurray, William, i. 62, 63, 272.
Muscovy, Czar of, dangerous to the Ttirks,
iii. 196. his travels, 218, 219. comes to
England, 219. his character, 244, 245.
plots in Muscovy call him home, 246.
his wars with Sweden, 256, 283, 362.
iv. 64, 154. defeats them at Pultowa,
223, 224. makes peace with the Turks,
226. takes all Livonia, 250. war breaks
out between him and the Turks, 249,
263. he is in great straits, 274, 275.
reduces Finland, 319.
Blusgrave, Sir Christopher, iii. 119, 120.
iv. 34, 82, 83.
N.
Nairn, Mr. his character, i. 238, 239, 318,
327. refuses a bishopric, 335.
Namur, taken by the French, iii, 106. re-
taken by King William, 168.
Naples, kingdom of, iv. 158. reduced, 162.
Nassau, a prince of, iii. 356. iv. 5.
Needham, Dr. ii. 229.
Neltharp, ii. 271.
Netherlands, Spanish, in a scheme for a
republic, i. 50. put into the Elector of Ba-
varia's hand, iii. 92, 93. the campaigns
there, before the peace of Ryswick, 30,
57, 59, 84, 121, 140, 166, 193, 214.
in the hands of France on the King of
Spain's death, 284. campaigns there
before the treaty of Utrecht, 356, 357,
358. iv. 1, 2, 3, 48,88, 128, 158, 167,
190, 198, 221, 264.
Neufchatel, its succession adjudged to the
King of Prussia, iv. 164.
Nevill, i. 71, 90.
Newburgh, Earl of, i. 162.
422
INDEX.
Newcastle, Duke of, privy-seal, iv. 962.
his caution in passing public accounts,
ib. his death, 276.
Nicolas, Secretary, his character, i. 106.
Nicholson, Sir Thomas, i. 59-
Nisbitt, Sir John, i. 311.
Nithesdale, Earl of, i.l8.
Noaillcs, Duke de, iv. 249.
Norfolk, Duke of, his repartee to K. James,
ii. 306. the aftair of his divorce, iii. 139,
140.
Norfolk, Dutchess of, iii. 139, 140, 211.
Normanby, Marquis of, (see Mulgrave)
heads the lories, iii. 300, 345. made
Duke of Buckingham, ib. See Bucking-
ham.
Norris, Lord, ii. 97.
North, Chief Justice, ii. 102, 119. made
Lord Guilford, 148, 215. his character,
287.
N<5rth, sheriff of London, ii. 144, 145.
Northampton, Marquis of, ii. 139.
Northey, Sir Edward, iii. 314. iv. 326.
Northumberland, Earl of, i. 41, 186. ii.
238,
Nottingham, Earl of, ii. 22, 62, 71. high
steward at Lord Stafford's trial, 103, 106,
110.
Nottingham, Earl of, his son, attacks Lord
Guilford, ii. 287. meets at Lord Shrews-
bury's, 339, 397. sent by King James
to treat with the Prince of Orange, 432,
442. for a prince regent, 450, 451.
made secretary of state, iii. 3. against
declaring the acts of the convention
valid, but for enacting them, 45. brings
in many tories, 95. disputes with Ad-
mural Russel, 103,111,114. isdismissed,
136, 143, 158, 333. made secretary of
state by Queen Anne, 344, 383. iv. 7,
38, 40, 41,42. resigns his employment,
47. opposes the union, 143. is against
Spain and the West Indies remaining in
the house of Bourbon, 280, 281. cames
the occasional bill, 281, 282. for ad-
dressing the Queen to treat in concert
with her allies, 285- opposes an inquiry
into King William's grants, 305, 306.
O.
Gates, Titus, his fust discovery of the
popish plot, ii. 28. at the council, 29-32.
his new discovery to the House of Com-
mons, 34, 42, 43, 55, 56, 75-80,
101, 103, 104, 124, 166. imprisoned,
210. com-ictcd of perjury, and cruelly
whipped, 257, 258.
Oaths, debates concerning them, iii. 9, 10,
47, 48, 113.
Obrian, i. 301.
Ogili)v, of Boyne,his commission to Queen
Anne, iv. 238.
Onslow, Sir Richard, speaker of the House
of Commons, iv. 203.
Opdam, i. 242.
Orange, William I. Prince of, frees the
seven provinces from Spain, and forms
their republic, i. 351.
Orange, IMaurice, Prince of, embroils Hol-
land with the Arminian controversy, i.
10. his quarrel with Barnevelt, 352, 353.
Orange, Henry Frederick, Prince of, com-
municates a secret to England, i. 50.
his wise government, 354.
Orange, William II. Prince of, i. 354. liis
death, 355.
Orange, William Henry, Prince of, his
birth, i. 355. made general, 358. his
character of De Witt, ib. comes to Eng-
land, 304. made stadtholder, 364. his
answer to the Duke of Buckingham, 366,
368. animates the states to a war, 370,
372, 382. made hereditary sftadtholder,
410, 419. his conduct at the battle of
Seneff, 421, 422, 423. offers the French
battle, ii. 5, 6. comes to England, and
marries Lady Mary, 10, 11. against the
peace at Nimeguen, 25. beats Luxem-
burgh, 26. projects an alliance, 91, 95.
his conferences ^vith King Charles, 193,
213. dismisses the Duke of Monmouth,
244. keeps fair with King James, 247.
invites Dr. Burnet to the Hague, 311,
312, 313, 314, 316, 321. his an-
swer to D'Albeville's propositions, 337.
his friends meet at the Earl of Shrews-
bury's to concert measures, 339. Fagel's
answers to Steward's letters, 363-36.5.
his answer to Russel, 377. congratu-
lates on the birth of the pretended Prince
of Wales, 386. communicates his in-
tended expedition to the Elector of
Brandenburgh, 389. Cologne affords a
pretence for arming, 390, 392-394. the
states fit out a fleet, 395. what English
engaged, 392-399. affairs in Germany
favour the design, 404, 406. the Dutch
fleet at sea, 409. the Prince's declara-
tion, 410, 411, 413-416. it is amended,
417, 418. the fleet forced back, 419,
423,424. they return to sea, 424. land
at Torbay, 425. the Prince's behaviour,
426. proceeds to Exeter, 427. many
desert to him, 428,429. an association,
430. he is invited to Oxford, 431. his
answer to King James, sent by the
lords, 432. the privy-council invite him
to London, 436. learns that King James
was fled, 437. at Windsor, that he was
returned to Whitehall, 438. sends him
a message to remove, 439, 440. comes
to London, 441. calls a convention of
estates, 442. the Scotch declare for him,
443, 444. Tyrconnel amuses him, 445-
447. the convention meets, 449. their
debates, 450-454. about the word ab-
dicate, 456. a motion for examining
the birtli of the pretended Prince of
Wales, 457. rejected, ib. other mo-
tions, 459. the Prince's behaviour all
INDEX.
423
this while, 460, 461. it is carried to
pyt tlie Prince and Princess jointly on
the throne, 462. protests in the House
of Lords, 463. the oaths altered, 464.
the notion of a king de facto and a king
dejure, 466. See William III.
Orange, Princess of, her letters to King
James, ii. 550-353. arrives in England,
466. See Queen Marv II.
Orford, Earl of, (seeRussel) iii. 216, 241,
262, 293. is impeached by the Com-
mons, 293, 295, 301. his answer, ib. 305.
acquitted by the Lords, 309, 380. his
accounts justified, iv. 27, 173, 175. is
at the head of the Admiralty, 227. is
dismissed, 246.
Orkney, Earl of, iv. 21, 52.
Orleans, Dutchess of, comes to England,
i. 336-338, 401, 402.
Orleans, Duke of, ii. 6. iv. 10.
Orleans, Duke of, his son, commands in
Italy, iv. 130, 133-135. commands in
Spain, reduces Arragon and Valencia,
156. takes Lerida, 160. andTortosa,189.
his scheme to set aside King Philip, 299.
Ormond, Duke of, i. 41, 42. his charac-
ter, 143, 297. ii. 31, 276, 429.
Ormond, Duke of, his son, iii. 335, 344.
his expedition to Cadiz and Vigo, 363-
367. made lieutenant of Ireland, 377.
iv. 21-24. again made lieutenant of
Ireland, 246. and captain-general, 291.
has the same appointments that were
voted criminal in the Duke of Marlbo-
rough, 301. concerts the campaign, 306,
310. proclaims a cessation, and leaves
the coirfederates, 309, 310. possesses
Ghent and Bruges, 310.
Orrery, Earl of, i. 68, 74, 76, 194, 296.
Osbofn, i. 280, 296, 391.
Ossory, Lord, i. 373, 424.
Ostervald, iv. 165.
Ottoboni.Pope Alexander VIII. his death,
iii. 79.
Overbury, Sir Thomas, i. 13.
Overall, Bishop, his book, iii. 235.
Owen, Dr. i. 89.
Oxford, Earl of, ii. 433.
O.xford and Mortimer, Earl of, (see Har-
ley,) iv. 264, 285, 300. disowns a se-
parate peace, 307. has the garter, 313.
Oxford, university of, invite the Prmce of
Orange, ii. 431. sign the association,
436. iv. 45, 46.
Paget, Lord, ambassador at Constantino-
ple, iii. 109.
Painevine quits his post, iii. 375. his exe-
cution, 376.
Palatine, Elector, iii. 223, 224, 355. iv. 63.
Palatines, ten thousand come to England,
iv. 230. the inviting them over voted
a crime, ib. 358, 359.
Palmer, Earl of Castlemaiu, seat to Rome,
ii. 329.
Papists, gome of their books censured, i.
208. gently treated at the Revolution,
iii. 12, 13. divisions among them, 238,
252, 253. an act giving away their
estates, 253. another act against them
dropped, ib.
Parker, Dr. i. 289, 290. made bishop of
Oxford, ii. 320, 321. is made presi-
dent of Magdalen College, 325. his
death, 370.
Parker, Sir Thomas, shines at Sacheve-
rel's trial, iv. 231. made chief Justice
in Holt's room, 234.
Parker in a design to assassinate King
William, iii. 105, 190.
Parliament, English, their treaty with
Charles I. i. 45. dispute with the army,
90. the secluded members return, 93.
a convention called, 95. recal the King,
96. the indemnity, 182. the act of
uniformity, 202, 218. two millions and
a half granted to the Dutch war, 242.
meet at Oxford, 249. the act called the
Five-mile Act, 250. the act for re-
building London, 290. the committee
at Brook-House, 297, 298. some mem-
bers corrupted, 299. the Coventry act,
501. a new test act, 387. the King's
declaration for toleration debated in the
House of Lords, 388. the Commons
oppose the Duke of York's marriage,
403. prorogued, 404. resolve to force
a peace with Holland, 409. examine
Dr. Burnet, 325, 426. attack Danby,
428. debates about the test, 430. and
between the two houses, 432. a new
session, 433. characters of some lead-
ing men, 434-437. a long interval of
parliament, 437. a dissolution projected,
442. a prorogation disputed, ii. 1. the
movers of that sent to the Tower, 2.
a large sum for building ships, 3. they
press a war with France, 7. a new ses-
sion, 12, 13. the Commons' address
agauist the ministers, 24. a test against
popery, 41, 42. a militia bUl, 43. Dan-
bj' impeached of high treason, 47. the
Lords will not commit him, 48. the par-
liament dissolved, 50. a new parlia-
ment, 60. prosecutes Danby notwith-
standing the King's pardon, 62. de-
bates concerning the exclusion, 65-70.
the parliamentdissolved, 70. the ques-
tion of bishops voting in trials for trea-
son, 73, 74. a new parliament, 93. the
bill of exclusion passed by the Commons,
rejected by the Lords, 95, 98. votes of
association to revenge the King's death,
98. limitations on the Duke of York
rejected, 99. the Lord Stafford's trial,
101-105. he is condemned, 106. and
executed, 107. motions in favour of
nonconformists, 108, 109. a new par-
424
INDEX.
linniont at Oxford, 109, 111. go upon
the exclusion, and dissolved, IIS!, 186.
King Juines II. his parliament, 245-247,
258. grant the civil list for life, 258.
a bill to make words treason, 260. act
of attainder of the Duke of Blonraouth,
261. a new session, 285, 286. the
Commons' address for observing the test,
288. the parliament prorogued, 289.
and dissolved, 343. aconveution called,
442, 449. debates there, 449-460. de-
clare the Prince cind Princess of Orange
king and queen, and pass a claim of
rights, 462, 463. offer them the crown,
464. the convention turned into a par-
liament, iii. 6, 6. an act for taking the
oaths, 9. act for toleration, 10. sup-
plies given against France, 13. civil
list for a year, ib. chLmuey money is
discharged, 14. 60O,OO0L given to' the
states, 15. an indemnity dropped, 16.
the bill of rights, ib.17. 100,000/. given
to Duke Schomberg, 21. supplies for
reducing Ireland, 41. civil list again
for a year, ib. a corporation act passed
both houses, refused the royal assent, 43,
44. anew parliament, 44. an act de-
claring and making the acts of the con-
vention valid, 45. members corrupted,
46. civil list for five years, ib. debates
about an abjuration of King James
dropped by the King's desire, 47, 48.
supplies on remote funds, 47. a new
session, 71. grant four millions, 72.
name commissioners of public accounts,
ib, act of attahider of the rebels in Ire-
land, 73. an act vesting lord high ad-
miral's power in commissioners of Ad-
miralty, 74. the Princess of Denmark's
revenue made 50,000/. a-^ear, 100.
the ministry indemnified for breaking
the habeas corpus act, 72, 113. ab-
juration of King James rejected, 113.
supplies on remote funds, 114. a com-
mittee of both houses during the recess
proposed, 115, 116. a self-denying bill
passed the House of Commons, rejected
by the Lords, 116. the triennial act
passed both houses, refused the royal
assent, 116-118. a new session grant
the supplies, 137. examine the con-
duct of the Admiralty, ib. a new ses-
sion, 146. grant five millions, and pass
the act for triennial parliaments, i7>. 147.
both houses' address on Queen Mary's
death, 154. and attend her funeral, ib.
a bill for trials of treason passed tiie
Commons lost in the House of Lords,
155-158. attempts against the Bank,
158. Trevor expelled, 159. inquiries
into bribes given by the East India
Company, ib. 160. an act against Sir
Thomas Cook and oUiors, 160, 161. a
new parliament, 176. rectify the coin
by rccoining all in milled uuouey, 177.
the act for trials of (reason, 17(>. and
for regulating elections, ih. complain of
the Scotch act for an Indian trade, ib.
a motion to appoint a council of trade
in parliament, 179. the assassination
and invasion plotlaidbeforeboth houses,
186. their association signed all over
England, 187. a Land Hank erected,
but failed, 188. a new session, 199.
provide for ten millions deficiencies, and
grant five millions for the year, ib. 200.
a bill of attainder against Sir John Fen-
wick, 200-209. practices as to his dis-
coveries examined, 210-212. a new
session, 228. reduce the army to ten
thousand men, 229. grant the civil list
for life, 230. establish a new East In-
dia Company, i6. 231. a new parlia-
ment, 241. reduce the army to seven
thousand men, all natives, 242. inquire
into grants of forfeited estates in Ire-
land, 243. appoint commissioners to
inquire, 244. a severe act against pa-
pists, 253. Lord Somers attacked in
the House of Commons, 261, 264. ac-
quitted by a great majority, 262, 264.
a motion to remove Dr. Burnet from the
Duke of Gloucester lost by a great ma-
jority, 262. report of the commissioners
of inquiry into the grants in Ireland, ib.
263. the grants are set aside, and trus-
tees appointed for selling the estates
and determining claims, 263-266. de-
bates concerning the Bishop of St. Da-
vid's, 276, 277. a new parliament, 280.
a French party there, 285. the Com-
mons' address, 286. partiality in judg-
ing elections, ib. 287. provide for thirty
thousand seamen, 286. debates in the
House of Lords about the partition
treaty, 287-289. the Lords' address,
289. a second address, 291. the Com-
mons' addresses, 290. vote ten thou-
sand men and twenty men of war to
assist the Dutch, 291. debates in the
House of Commons about the partition
treaty, 292. they impeach some lords
concerned in it, 293. contrary addresses
of the two houses, 295, 296. the act
of succession passed, 298, 299. an act
limiting the privilege of parliament, 300,
301. proceedings in the impeachments,
301-303. the Kentish petition, 304. the
petitioners imprisoned, ib. disputes be-
tween the two houses about the im-
peachments, 305-308. the Commons
not appearing, the impeached lords
are acquitted, 308-310. a new parlia-
ment, 325. for a war, 326, 327. at-
taint the pretended Prince of Wales,
327, 328. an act for abjuring him, 3?8-
334. addresses of both houses to Queen
Anne, 340, 341. commissioners for pub-
lic accounts, 342, 343. the union pro-
posed, 3i6. the report of designs to
INDEX.
425
jet aside tlie Quovuvoted false, 3i7, 348.
a new parliament, 368, 369. partiality
in judging elections, 369, 370. sup-
plies for the war, 370. a bill against
occasional conformity passed by the
Commons, 371-373. lost by an altera-
tion of the fines in the House of Lords,
373, 374. an act settling 100,000i. a-
year on Prince George, 374, 375. a
further act to establish the succession,
376. Rook's conduct examined and
justified. 377. inquiry into Lord Ra-
nelagh's accounts, .378. the Commons'
address charging frauds, 379, 380. an-
swered by the Lords, 380, 381. <i new
session, iv. 24. the occasional bill passed
the Commons, rejected by the Lords,
25, 26. supplies for the war, 27. Lord
Orford's accounts are justified by the
Lords, ib. 28. commissioners of pub-
lic accounts not continued, 28, 29. the
atFair of Aylesbury creates a dispute be-
tween the two houses, 29-31. an act
for augmentation of poor livings, 34, 35.
the Lords examine into Macclean's plot,
37-43. the Commons' address, 38. the
Lords' counter-address, 39, 43. their
opinion concerning the plot, 43, 44. an
act for raising recruits, 44. the Lords'
address about justices of peace, 45. a
new session ; supplie* for the war, 71.
the tack of the occasional bill to a mo-
ney bill lost, 73. an act declaring the
Scots aliens, 74, 75. the occasional bill
thrown out by the Lords, 76. the Com-
mons imprisoned the Aylesbury men,
79, 80. they are remanded by the
Queen's Bench, on their habeas corpus,
80. sue a writ of error iu the House of
Lords, ib. Commons address the Queen
not to grant it, ib. counter-address of
the Lords, 81, 82. several bills not
passed, 83, 84. a new parliament, 102.
great partiality in judging elections,
103, 104. debates about bringing over
the next successor, 104, 105. a bill for
a regency, 106-109. some offices ex-
cluded the House of Commons, 109.
both bouses' address concerning the
danger of the churcli, 110-112. repeal
the act declaring the Scots aliens, 113.
act for amendment of the law, 115. a
new session ; agree to the articles of
union with Scotland, 142-144. the act
of union, 144, 147. supplies for the
war, 149. the parliament revived by
proclamation, 150, 172. the Lords in-
quir." iuto the conduct of the Admiralty,
172, l7o. their address upon it, 175.
they inquire into the conduct iu Spain,
176. an act to encourage captors of
prizes, 177, 178. the Lords inquire in-
to the correspondence with France, 180,
181. their address, 182. the privy-
council in Scotland taken awa}-, ih. the
parliament support the Queen upon the
Scotch invasion, 187. a new parlia-
ment, 203. great partiality in judging
elections, 204. a Scotch peer made a
British peer cannot vote for tlie sixteen,
205. an act making treasons and the
trial of them the same in Scotland as
here, 207-210. an act of grace, 212.
the Bank fund enlarged, ib. 213. a
new session ; supplies for the war, 227.
Dr. Sacheverel impeached, 230-234.
debates in the House of Lords, 234-
237. found guilty, but gently punished,
237. the parliament dissolved, 246,
247. a new parliament, 250. supplies
for the war, 251. the Lords inquire into
the conduct in Spain, 251-253. cen-
sure the old ministry for it, 254, 256.
the Commons expel a member forfrauds,
256, 257. vote the persons who invited
over the Palatines public enemies, 258,
259. their repeal of the naturalization
act rejected by the Lords, 259. an act
for qualifying members, ib. another for
importing French \yine, 260. a design
against King William's grants miscar-
ries, 261. the Connnons vote thirty-
five millions to be unaccounted for, 262.
an act for fifty new churches, 263. and
for a Sou'ih Sea Company, 264, 269.
the Commons' address, 269. a new ses-
sion, 279. the Lords' address against
leaving Spain and the \Vest Indies to
the house of Bourbon, 280, 281. the
Commons' address, 281. the occasional
bill passed without opposition, 281, 282.
Duke of Hamilton's patent as Duke of
Brandon, determined to give him no seat
in the House of Lords, 283, 284. an
act of precedence to ail the house of
Hanover, 284, 285, 289. the Lords'
address to treat in concert with our al-
lies, 284, 285. twelve new peers, 286.
addresses on the peace, 288. an expe-
dient to quiet the Scots, 289. Mr. Wal-
pole's case and censure, ib. 290. the
Duke of Marlborough attacked, and
some hard votes against him, 290, 291.
episcopacy tolerated in Scotland, the
presbyterians to take the abjuration
there, 292, 293. an act restoring pa-
tronages there, 294. the Commons vote
the advisers of the barrier treaty public
enemies, 296. and that England had
been overcharged nineteen millions in
the war, 297. they punish the printer
of the States' Memorial, ib. the self-
denying bill lost in the House of Lords,
298, 306. an inquiry into the confer-
ences at Gertruydenberg dropped, 307.
protests of the Lords expunged, ib. 308,
309. seven prorogations, 317. anew
session, 319. addresses on the peace,
320. supplies, the malt tax is ex-
tended to Scotland, 323. a motion to
426
INDEX.
dissolve ihe union, 35)4. a bill to ren-
der tlie treaty of commerce witli France
eft"ect\ial, SSii. thrown out by a small
majority, 326. an act for mortgaging
part of the civil list to pay a debt on it
of 500,000L 331. both houses' ad-
dress toremove the Pretender from Loi'-
raine, 332.
Parliament, Scotch, declare the preroga-
tive in 1633, i. 19, 20. pass an in-
demnity, 57. meet after the Res^tora-
tion, 123-12;). grant 40,000/. addi-
tional revenue for life to King Charles,
125. the act rescinding all acts of par-
liament since 1633, 127, 128. an act
for keeping the 29th of May, 131, 132.
a new session; episcopacy restored,1.56.
the oath of supremacy, 158-160. the
covenant abjured, 160. the unheard-of
severity against Lord Lorn, 163. a
committee for setting fines, 164. the in-
capacitating act, 165. rights of patron-
age restored, 168. presbyterian mi-
nisters turned out, ib. 169-173. and of
the new ones, 174. a new session ;
Warristoun executed, 225. an act
against conventicles, 226. and regulat-
ing a national synod, lb. customs left
to the King, 227. an act otfering an
army to march where the King should
command, ih. the parliament dissolved,
228. a new one, 316, 317. an act for
the supremacy, another for the militia,
317, 318. severe acts against conventi-
cles, 326. a new session, 377. ano-
ther session, 404. complaints of Lau-
derdale, 405, 406. the parliament pro-
rogued, 412.' a convention of estates
give money, ii. 23, 81. the Duke of
York goes' to Scotland, 126, 127. an
act against popery, 127, 128. some ac-
cusations of perjury suppressed, 128,
129. a new test, 130-132. the pro-
testant religion how defined, .l32. the
parliament dissolved, ib. many turned
out for refusing the test, 133, 134. a
new parliament in King James the Se-
cond's reign, 255. grant ail that is
asked, 256. they will not take off the
penal laws, 303. are dissolved, 301.
a convention meet after the Revolution,
iii. 23. Duke Hamilton chosen presi-
dent, they pass a sentence of forfeiture
on King James, ih. 24. declare King
William and Queen Mary King and
Queen of Scotland, il>. in their claim
ofriglits insert the abolishing episcopacy,
25. a petition of grievances to be ten-
dered with the crown, ih. 26. the con-
vention turned into a parliament, 26.
some high demands, they arc prorogued,
28. an act taking away the supremacy,
and the rightof patronages, 68. presby-
tery established, chimney-money grant-
ed, an oath renouncing King James, 71.
u reconciling session held by Duke Ha-
milton, 133. they empower the King
to protect the episcopal clergy, 133, 173,
174. the exaiuination of Ncvil Payne
dropped, 134. the Marquis of Twee-
dale commissioner, 172. they examine
into the affair of Glencoe, 173. an act
for a new company trading to the East
and West Indies, 174. the project of
Darien, (7;. 17.5. it is voted a national
concern, 259. the Duke of Queens-
berry commissioner, ib. many angry
votes about Darien, ih. 260, 350-3.5.3.
anew parliament in 1703, iv. 17. the
Duke of Queensberry commissioner, ih.
made treason to attempt an alteration
in the church government, ib. 18. de-
bates about the succession, ib. 24. an
act for a commerce with France, 19, 21.
they give no supply, 20. the settlement
in 1641, offered them to enact the suc-
cession, 66. the Marquis of Tweedale
commissioner, ib. refuse the succession
till after an union with England, 67.
their successor to be different, 68. the
act for that purpose tacked to a money
bill, 67-69. passed by the Queen, 69.
the Duke of Argyle commissioner, 75,
101. an act for a treaty of union, 101.
the articles debated in parliament, 138-
140. and agreed to, 142-144.
Parma, Prince of, i. 347.
Parma, Duke of, iii. 317.
Paterson, Bishop.i. 324, 327. ii. 133,303,
304.
Paterson, projector of the expedition to
Darien, iii. 174.
Patrick, Bishop, his character, i. 209, 210.
ii. 73, 296, 308. he is made bishop of
Ely, iii. 83. his death, iv. 171.
Payne, Nevil, agent for King James, iii.
38. is engaged in a plot, 40. resists
a double torture in Scotland, 69. his
examination In parliament is dropped,
134.
Pearson, Bishop, his death and character,
ii. 319.
Pemberton, ii. 115, 172, 185.
Pembroke, Earl of, ii. 436. liis charac-
ter, iii. 220. first plenipotentiary at Rys-
wick, 223, 289. made lord high ad-
miral, .344. iv. 11. lord lieutenant of
Ireland, and president of the council,
203. again made lord high admiral, ib.
resigns that post, but refuses a pension,
227.
Pen, i. 243. ii. 271, 272, 317, 318, 360.
iii. 76.
Peudergiass, his di.scovery of the assassina-
tion plot, iii. 182, 183, 186.
Pcpys, ii. 235.
I'ercy, Lord, i. 108.
Perkins, Sir William, knows of the assas-
sination plot, iii. 190. is in that of an
invasion,i6. 191. absolved atTyburn, 192
INDEX.
427
Perth, Lord, n. 31, 22, 137. made clian-
celbr of Scotland, 201. cruel in tor-
turing, 202, 203, 206, 255. turns pa-
pist, 274. has a chapel for mass, 301.
is imprisoned, 443.
Peterborough, Lord, ii. 210, 225.
Peterborough, Earl of, (seelMonmouth and
Mordaunt,) commands in Spain, iv. 92,
93, 95, 96, 120, 124, 176. sent am-
bassador to Vienna, 252, 253. his con-
duct in Spain approved by the House of
Lords, 253-255.
Peters, Hugh, i. 178.
Petre made a lieutenant-general, ii. 34.
Peter, Father, ii. 294, 330. a privy-coun-
sellor, 362, 36d, 372.
Pettecum, iv. 240-242.
Philip IL King of Spain, i. 347.
Philip V. King of Spain, (see Anjou,) set-
tled on that throne, iii. 278, 279. mar-
ries the Duke of Savoy's daughter, s;97.
goes over to Italy, 318, 320," 324, 361.
his campaign there, ih. 362. his cam-
paign against Portugal, iv. 58, 59. he
quits Madrid, 125. returns thither, 126.
reduces Valencia and Arragon, 156- his
son acknowledged by the cortes, 218.
the French troops leave him, 241. he
protests against the treaty at the Hague,
242. loses the battle of Almanara, 248.
renounces his right of succession to the
crown of France, 312.
Phipps, Sir Constantine, council for Sa-
cheverel, iv. 231.
Piedmont, campaigns there, iii. 110, 123,
170. iv. 61, 91, 122, 130, 132-134.
Pierce, Mrs. ii. 422.
Pierpoint, i. 45, 298.
Pignatelli, Popelnnocent XIL iii. 80, 194.
Pilkington severely fined, ii. 151, 152.
Pique, his character, ii. 183
Plague of London, i. 242.
Plot, the popish, ii. 27-29, 31-38, 40-45.
reilections on it, 59, 60.
Plot, Montgomery's, iii. 38-41, 69.
Plot, assassmation, iii. 61, 104, 105, 163,
182-193.
Plot, protestant, ii. 118.
Plunket, an Irish bishop, tried and exe-
cuted, ii. 116.
Plymouth garrison declare for the Prince
of Orange, ii. 431.
Plymouth, Earl of, iii. 300.
Pointy, French admiral, iv. 85.
Poland. See Augustus, Sobieski, Stanis-
laus.
Polignac, Abbe, iv. 243.
Poll^xfen, ii. 71. counsel for tlie city
charter, 149.
Pompone, i. 341, 439.
Pontchartrain, iii. 279.
Pool, Mat. i. 344.
Pope Innocent, his character, ii. 331. his
disputes with France, 332. succeeded
by Alexander VIII. anenemy to France,
iii. 79 succeeded by Innocent XII. 80,
194. and he by Clement XL 278. who
is in the French interest, ib. 290, 291,
316, 317, 324, 356. iv. 64. threatens
the emperor, and arms, 199. is forced
to submit, 20u. and own King Charles
of Spain, 223.
Popoli, Duke de, iv. 95.
Porter, chancellor of Ireland, ii. 276. iii.
176.
Porter in the assassination plot, iii. 182,
183, 186. many tried and convicted on
his evidence, 188-192. he discovers
practices on him, 202.
Portland, Earl of, (see Benthink,) made
groom of the stole, iii. 5, 38-40. the
assassination plot discovered to him,
182, 212. his private negotiation with
Bouflers, 222. ambassador in France,
248. resigns his place of groom of the
stole, ib. 249, 260. negotiates the par-
tition treaties, 248, 238, 289, 292. is
impeached, but not prosecuted, 293,
302, 309, 333, 335, 338.
Portocarrero, Cardinal, iii. 278.
Portsmouth, Dutchess of,i. 376, 377,424,
440. ii. 41 . for the exclusion, 99. why,
100, 146,147,173, 211. a new scheme
concerted at her lodgings, 224. at-
tends the King in his last illness, 226.
her account of his death, 230.
Portugal, Peter, King of, enters into the
French alliance, iii. 320. is neutral in
the war, 355, 356. enters into the
grand alliance, his treaty with England,
iv. 7, 8. campaigns on his frontier, 57,
58, 121, 122. his death, 157.
Portugal, John V. King of, firm to his fa
ther's treaties, iv. 157. marries the
Emperor's sister, 161, 162. great riches
from America, 213, 322. campaigns on
his frontier, 189, 221, 248, 249. agrees
to the treaty of Utrecht, 319.
Powel, Judge, his opinion in the trial of
the seven bishops, ii. 374. and in the
aifair of Aylesbury, iv. 30.
Powis, Lord, ii. 34, 35.
Powis, Comitess of, ii. 87, 382.
Powis made solicitor-general and attor-
ney-general, ii. 291, 373.
Powle, i. 436. ii. 27, 91.
Powlet, Earl of, iv. 246, 313.
Prance discovers Godfrey's murder, ii. 52-
55.
Presbyterians, English, against King
Charles's murder, i. 48. an union with
them proposed at the Restoration, 196,
197, 344. and a comprehension at the
Revolution, iii. 33-35. does not suc-
ceed, 36, 37. divisions among them,
274.
Presbyterians, Scotch, discontented, i. 126,
130, 131, 157, 158. refuse the oath of
supremacy, 160. silenced, 168. their
character,' 171, 172. their discipline, t6.
428
INDEX.
173. an accoiuiiiodatioii witli tlieni
treated, 305-307, 310,311. rejected by
them, 327, 328. conferences thereon,
328-33^;. the fury of Uie Cargillites
and Caineronians, ii. 1'25, l!26. the
presbyterians insolent to the episcopal
clergy, 444. their fury at the Revolu-
tion, iii. 31, 32, 70. alienated from
King William, 96. reconciled to him,
133. are provoked again, 134. me-
thods taken in 17 12 to incense them, iv.
293, 294.
Presbytery new modelled in Scotland, i.
32. their leaders, 33, 34. their gene-
ral assembly oppose the parliament, 43,
44'. they raise the Whiggamore insur-
rection, 4-1. divisions among them, 58,
65, 66. presbyteries prohibited, 154,
155. presbytery established in Scot-
land, iii. 24-26, 70, 71. iv. 17. made
imalterable at the union, 140, 141.
Preston, Dr. i. 17.
Preston, Lord, i. SS6. ii. 259. made se-
cretary of state, 4i;0. seized going over
to France, iii. 76. tried, condemned,
and pardoned, 77, 78.
Pretender, the, owned by France, iii. 324.
by the Pope, Savoy, and Spain, ib. is
attainted, SicT. an oath abjuring him,
328-330, 332. a plot in Scotland for
him, iv. 41-43. his expediti<m from
Dunkirk thither, 185-187. his cam-
paign in Flanders, 189. called first the
Pretender in the Queen's speech, 188.
his sister's death and character, 301. he
removes to Bar le Due, 332. addresses
to remove him thence, ih.
Primrose, i. 18, 25, 119. clerk-register,
119, 123. draws the prerogative acts,
125, 126. and the rescissory act, 128,
132. ii. 16-18.
Princess Royal, her death, i. 189.
Princess Anne. See Denmark.
Prince George. See Denmark.
Prior, Matthew, iv. 276, 277.
Protestant religion, its first crisis, i. 346.
second crisis, ib. third crisis, 347, 348,
349. fourth crisis, 350. fifth crisis,
259, 277.
Prussia, King of, (see Brandenburgh,) iii.
355, 356. judged Prince of Neufcha-
tel, iv. 164. France owns his regal title,
217. his death and character, 318.
Puritans, i. 15.
Pyrenees, treaty of the, how observed b^-
France, iv. 218.
Q.
Quakers' behaviour on prosecutions, i. 302,
303. divisions among them, iii. 274,
275.
Queen Anne, (see Denmark,) proclaimed,
iii. 340. her speech to the council, ib,
and to parliament, ib. pursues King
William's alliances, 341. her ministry,
343-345. the Princess Sophia prayed
for,343,346. proclaims war with France,
346. false reports of designs to set her
aside, 329, 347, 318. takes the Scotch
coronation oath, 350, 351. her arms
successful, 367. creates five new peers,
382. her reception of King Charles of
Spain, iv. 9. a plot against her disco-
vered, 1 9, 20. she revives the order of
the thistle, 20. jealousies of her minis-
try, 24. she grants the first-fruits and
tenths to the poor clergj', 32-35. Mac-
clean's discoveries of the plot, 35, 36,
40, 41. she passes the Scotch act for
a different successor than that of Eng-
land, 69. her reasons, 70. comes to hear
the debates in the House of Lords, 76.
changes the Scotch ministrj-, 101. public
credit high, 114. assists Savoy, 122. ap-
points commissioners to treat of an union
with Scotland, 150. her private favour to
Harley, 170. some promotions in the
church, ib. 177, 178. turns Harley out
unwillingly, 180. calls the pretended
Prince of Wales The Pretender, 188.
her tender care of Prince George, 202.
she takes in more whigs, 203. appoints
plenipotentiaries to treat of peace, 218-
220. books wrote against her title, 228.
secretly favours Dr. Sacheverel, 234,
2S6. her speech at the end of that ses-
sion, 237. negotiations for peace, 240-
243. changes her ministry, 244, 245.
dissolves the parliament, 245. her
speecli, 246-255. send Earl Rivers to
Hanover, 278. her speech, 279. creates
Duke Hamilton duke of Brandon, 283.
turns out the Duke of Marlborough, 286.
makes twelve new peers, ih. her message
to the Lords to adjourn, disputed, but
obeyed, 287. her message about the
peace, 288. orders the Duke of Marl-
borough to be sued for money received
by her warrant, 291. does not confirm
the convocation's censure of Whiston,
303. orders the Duke of Ormond not
to act offensively, 306. lays the plan
of peace before both houses, 308, 309.
Dunkirk put into her hand to be demo-
lished, 310, 311. is possessed in a pre-
carious manner, 316. she ratifies the
treaties of peace and commerce, 319.
her answer to the Commons' address,
326. a debt of 500,000/. on the civil
list paid off, 331. her speech, 333, 334.
reflections upon it, ib. 335.
Queen Catherine, of Charles IL i. 290,
291. iv. 60.
Queen Christina, of Sweden, her character
of popes, ii. 333. iii. 221.
Queen Elizabeth, i. 14, 352.
Queen Mary, wife of King James IL went
to Bath, ii. 380. the mysterious manage-
ment of her supposed child-birth, 381-
INDEX.
420
385. went to France, 43j. engaged King
James to follow her,t6.her correspondence
in England, iii. 76, 77. her bold reparfee
to the King of France, '^'25. is attainted
by bill, o'J8.
Queen Mary II. joint sovereign with K.
William III. (see Orange ) iii. 1 . made
so of Scotland, 16, ^5. the administra-
tion in her during the King's absence, 47.
her tenderness for King James, 51, 61,
65!. her government, .)3, 54. her coun-
cil, 53. her behaviour in time of danger,
60. a misunderstanding with the Prin-
cess of Denmark, 100, 101. her care of
the morals of the people. 111. her ma-
nagement of church affairs, 15;9-131. her
good conduct, 147,148. her illness, 150.
her death and character, 152, 153. a re-
conciling message passed between her
and her sister, 164.
Queen Mother of France, i. 30, 279.
Queen of Poland's intrigues, ii. 213.
Queen of Scots, i. 348.
Queensberry, Earl of, ii. 199, 200. made a
marquis and duke,t'55. his scheme, 256.
gets the better of the Earl of Perth, 274.
is disgraced and in danger, 275, 301, 303.
his death and character, iii. 164, 165.
Queensberry, Duke of, his son, iii. 259.
has the garter, 321, 322. iv. 17. he dis-
covers a plot, 19-21. is dismissed, but
screened b}- an artifice, 36,70. again em-
ployed, lOl. fearful of the union, 141.
luade duke of Dover, 205, 206, 283.
is secretary of state, 206.
Quota, settled between England and Hol-
land, iii. 81.
R.
Radnor, Earl of, ii. 211.
Ragotski, Prince, iv. 4, 63, 153.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, i. 15, 14.
Raraillies, battle of, iv. 128.
Ranelagh.Earl of, i. 296, 448. iii. 379. iv.28.
Rapparees plunder Ireland, iii. 67, 73.
Ratcliff, ii. 34.
Ratcliff, Dr. iii. 151.
Reading, tries to discredit the evidences
of the popish plot, ii. 57, 58.
Rebellion, in the west of Scotland, i. 260.
and at Bothwell Bridge, ii. 83.
Reformation of manners, societies for it,
iii. 349, 350.
Regicides, i. 178.
Reinschild, iv. 98.
Reinolds, made bishop of Norwich, i. S04.
Retz, Cardinal, i. 79, 215.
Rheims, archbishop of, his character, ii. 182.
Rich, Sheriff, ii. 145.
Richelieu, Cardinal, i. 49.
Richmond, Duke of, i. 162,166,280,340.
Ritondella taken by the Duke of Ormond,
iii. 367.
Rivers, Earl of, sent to Spain, iv. 15i.
ambassador to Hanover, 278. made
master of the ordnance, 291.
Roberts, Mrs. one of King Charles's mis-
tresses, L. 294. ii. 121.
Robinson, Dr. envoy in Sweden, iv. 224.
character of that king, //). 225. made
bishop of Bristol, privy-seal, and pleni-
potentiary to Utrecht, 276. declares the
Queen disengaged from her alliances,
308. made bishop of London, 3.33.
Rochelle, the siege of, i. 49.
Rochester, Earl of, his character, i. 287.
in the Treasury-, ii. 63, 91, 97, 132.
charged with bribery, 146, 147. is pre-
sident of the council, 211. and lieute-
nant of Ireland, 220. made lord trea-
surer, 240. and one of the ecclesiastical
conunission, 299. his conference about
religion, 307, 308. loses the white staff,
308. for a prince regent, 450. recon-
ciled to the King and Queen by Dr.
Burnet's means, iii. 128, 129. opposes
the court, 138, 154, 187. made lieute-
nant of Ireland, 281, 282. loses ground
with the King, 310,321. goes over to Ire-
land, his conduct there, 322. continued
in that post by Queen Anne, 343, 346,
348, 349, 353. resigns it, 377. iv. 22,
27. proposes bringing over the Princess
Sophia, 78. opposes the regency bill,
108. and the union, 143, 175. is
made president of the council, 214.
Rodolph, Emperor, i. 9.
Rohan, Duke de, i. 49.
Rook, Sir George, his success atLaHogue,
iii. 103. convoys the Smyrna fleet, and
escapes with some of them, 126-128.
commands a squadron at Cadiz, 181.
commands another sent to the Baltic,
269. commands a squadron to Cadiz,
363, 365. takes and destrojs the gal-
leons at Vigo, 366, 367. his conduct
approved by parUauient, 377. iv. 14, 55,
56. takes Gibraltar, 57. fights the Count
Thoulouse, 58, 59.
Rookwood executed for the assassination
plot, iii. 192.
Roos, Lord, his divorce, i. 292. iii. 140.
Rosewell, his trial, ii. 217.
Ross, Dr. archbishop of Glasgow, i. 316.
ii. 208, 303.
Rothes, Earl of, opposes the prerogative
act, i. 19, 20, 23. is gained by King
Charles, 29. his character, 110. presi-
dent of the council in Scotland, 118,
119, 129. dissolves the synod at Fife,
130-132. is king's commissioner, 225,
232. his conduct, 233. severe to the
prisoners, 264. made lord chancellor,
269, 270, 324. ii. 14, 17, 18.
Rothes, Earl of, instrumental to the union,
iv. 139.
Roucj', Marquis de, i. 79.
Rouille, president, sent to negotiate at the
Hague, iv. 216.
4»0
INDEX.
Rouvigay, i. 409-411,439. ii. 86, 182, 254,
243, 279.
Rouvigny, his son, made earl of Gallway,
iii. 90. See Gallway.
Ro« se, his execution, ii. 176.
Roxburgh, Earl of, for the union, iv. 139.
made a duke, 150. opposes the Duke
of Queensberry, 206.
Royal Society, i.'213. iv. 117.
Rumbold, ii.'lo9, 161, 194, 254.
Rumney, Earl of, (see Sidney,) iii. 5.
is sent lord lieutenant to Ireland, 131.
is recalled, (7;. 261.
Rumsey, ii. 153, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163,
169, 170, 175, 188, 194, 196, 272.
Rupert, Prince, saves the English fleet, i.
254, 393.
Russel, Lord, his character, i. 436. ii. 91.
moves the exclusion, 94, 107, 122. meets
the Duke of Monmouth at Shepherd's,
152, 153. imprisoned, 156, 163. his
behaviour, 166. examined by a com-
mittee of council, ib. 168. his trial, 170.
and condemnation, 173. his prepara-
tion for death, 174. his execution and
dying speech, 177, 178.
Russel, Admiral, meets at Lord Shrews-
bury's, ii. 339. goes to the Hague, 377.
his character, 396, 416, 417. iii. 57.
commands the fleet, 85, 101. obtains
a great victory at La Hogue, 103. is
turned out, 113, 114. again at the head
of the fleet, 136. sent into the Medi-
terranean, 142. winters at Cadiz, ib.
returns to the Mediterranean, 170, 171,
181. disappoints the invasion in 1696,
185. is made earl of Orford, 216. See
Orford.
Russel, Mr., Lord Russel's brother, ii. 427.
Rutherford, i 34.
Ryswick, treaty of, iii. 220-224.
S.
Sacheverel, Dr. his two famous sermons,
iv. 227. he is impeached for them, and
grows popular upon it, 230. tried in
Westminster Hall, 231. his defence, i&.
232, 233. his trial occasions riots, 233.
he is condemned by the Lords, but
gently punished, 236. his progress into
Wales, 245.
Saint Amour, his character, ii. 183.
St. Germain, i. 443.
St. John, i. 72.
St. John, iv. 171. secretary of war, lays
down with Harley, 1 80. made secretary
of state, 246, 271. and Viscount Boling-
broke, 312. See Bolingbroke.
St. Mary's plundered by the English, iii.
365.
St. Ruth, Marshal, commands for King
James in Ireland, iii. 86, 87. is killed
at the battle of Aghrem, 87.
Sancroft, Dr. i. 203. made archbishop of
Canterbury ,441. attends King ChwlesII,
on his death-bed, ii. 226. is one of the
ecclesiastical commission , 298, 32 1. joins
in the petition of the seven bishops, 368.
met with the privy-counsellors that in-
vited the Prince of Orange, 436, 441.
absents from the convention, 449. and
from parliament, iii. 6. his conduct, 8.
his death and character, 149, 150.
Sanders, ii. 148. chief justice, 150. his
judgment of the city charter, ib. 210.
Sands^ i. 301.
Sardinia taken by the English fleet, iv.
199.
Sarsfield cuts ofl" a convoy to K. William,
iii. 64. a memorable saying of his in
honour of the King, 89.
Savil, Lord, his forgery, i. 26.
Savoy, Duke of, in the alliance against
France, iii. 71, 110. in a secret treaty
with France, 142, 170, 194. Reasons
that induced him, ib. iv. 10. joins to
drive the Germans out of Italy , iii. 195,
222. a scheme for giving him the
Spanish succession, 248. marries a
daughter to the Duke of Burgundy, 196.
another to King Philip of Spain, 318,
324, 361. comes into the alliance against
France, iv. 10, 11. his danger and
distress, 12, 13, 52, 58. loses almost
all his country, 61, 91. the Queen as-
sists him, 122. he, with Prince Eugene,
raises the siege of Turin, 134. besieges
Toulon, 1.58, 159. raises the siege, 159.
recovers all Savoy, 190. takes Exilles
and Fenestrella, 199, 221, 271. agrees
to the treaty of Utrecht, 319.
Savoy conference, i. 198-201.
Sawyer, attomev-general, ii. 148, 150,
152, 373.
Saxe Gotha, Duke of, ii. 320, 354.
Saxony, Duke of, i. 10.
Saxony, Elector of, iii. 108. chose King
of Poland, 217, 218. See Augustus.
Scarborough, Dr. ii. 381, 382.
Schomberg, Count, his discourse with King
Charles II. i. 189, 190. sent to command
the English, 384. weary of that post,
393. made a marshal of France, ii. 5.
182. quits the French and Portuguese
service, 409. is in that of Prussia, 413,
425. made a duke in England, with a
present of 100,000L from parliament,
iii. 21. goes to Ireland, ib. is killed in
the battle of the Boyne, 55, 56, 218.
Schomberg, Duke, his son, commands in
Savoy, iii. 92. and in Portugal, iv. 58.
Scio, island of, taken by the Venetians,
but abandoned, iii. 145.
Scot, Dr. ii. 73.
Scotland, its state under Cromwell, i. 65.
a rebellion designed there, 380, 381. a
rising in favour of K. James II. iii. 24,
27, 29. another defeated by Leving-
ston, 67. changes in the ministry there,
INDEX.
431
139, 133. the project of Darien, 179,
180, 197, !239. miscarrying, raises great
discontents, 259. a plot there in favour
of the pretended Prince of Wales, iv.
19, 20, 35-38. the union how treated
there, 1-23, 124, 136-139, 141. the
customs there mismanaged, 146. a privy-
council kept up, 150, 168, 169, 182.
taken away by parliament, 182, 183.
an invasion from France miscarries, 184-
186. the Scotch members are divided,
206. treason and trials of it made the
same there as in England, 209, 210.
the Scotch peers retire from the House
of Lords, 292. but are prevailed with
to return, ib. move to dissolve the
union, 324,
Scots, the, enter England, i. 27. treat with
K. Charles II. 53. settle at Darien,
and pursue it at a vast expense, iii. 239,
240. driven from it by the Spaniards,
258, 259.
Scougal, bishop of Aberdeen, his character,
i. 241.
Scroggs, chief justice, ii. 55, 56.
Seafield, Earl of, iv. 20, 139.
Seaton, Lord Balmerinoch, i. 4.
Sea, squadrons at, iii. 22, 30, 54, 57-59,
85, 102, 103, 125-128, 142, 143, 170,
171, 197, 215, 216, 363-367. iv. 8, 9,
14-17, 55, 58, 97, 124, 127, 157-160,
168, 171,172,199,201,227, 273,274.
Seymour, i. 280, 429. his character, ib.
the King refuses him for speaker, ii. 61.
is impeached, 97, 110, 259. joins the
Prince of Orange, and proposes an as-
sociation, 430. is governor of Exeter,
ib. comes into the ministry, iii. 95.
opposes the court, 119, 160,'l87, 286,
381. made comptroller by Queen Anne,
345. is made a peer, 382. is dismissed,
iv. 47.
Seignelay, iii. 18, 104.
Sempie, "i. 259.
Serjeant, i, 215. ii. 78.
Shaftesbury, Earl of, his character, i. 103,
296, 339. advises the shutting up the
Exchequer, 342. made lord chancellor,
343, 386. opposes the King's declara-
tion, 387, 392, 403-405. for resistance,
430, 431, 435,442. ii. 1. sent to the
Tower, 2. discharged upon submission,
36, 39, 43, 64, 65. made president of
the council, 66. against the bishops'
votes in cases of treason, 71. for the
exclusion, 81, 89, 90, 94, 95, 107, 108,
116. sent to the Tower, 120. acquitted
by the grand jury, 122, 124. leaves
England, 145, 152, 1.53, 158, 159, 167.
Sharp, sent as agent by the resolutioners.i.
68. betrays their interest, 98, 118, l'z6,
127, 130, 131, 142. made archbishop
of St. Andrews, 145, 146. nominates
all the bishops except Leightoun, 145,
146; 151, 152. by proclamation hinders
themeeting'ofpresbyteries,l54,155,170.
his behaviour to Lauderdale, 222, 223.
his violence, 229-232. accuses Lau-
derdale, 235, 236. retracts it, 236, 237.
for excommunicating Burnet, 241. se-
vere to the prisoners, 261-263. turned
out from being president of the conven-
tion, ii66. returns to council, 271, 274,
275. attempt to murder him, 309, 310,
317, 324, 325, 335, 379. he discovers
who it was, ii. 14, 15. is afterwards mur-
dered, 82,83.
Sharp, Dr. John, ii. 73. preaches against
popery, 297. made archbishop of York,
iii. 83.
Sheldon, Dr. i. 53,144, 151. archbishop
of Canterbury, 195. at the Savoy con-
ference, 198, 203. the strictness of the
act of uniformity imputed to him, 204,
212, 232. for the five-mile act, 250, 270,
275, 281, 344, 345. his death, 441.
Shening, General, iii. 108.
Shepherd, ii. 171, 196.
Sheredon, ii. 98.
Shert6fs of London, disputes about their
election, ii. 92, 144.
Sherlock, Dr. ii. 73, 296. leaves the Ja-
cobites, and made dean of St. Paul's,
iii. 78, 234-236.
Short, Dr. poisoned for talking of K.
Chades's death, ii. 229.
Shovel made commissioner of the Admiral-
ty, iii. 114. is sent to the Mediterra-
nean, iv. 15, 27, 56, 59. besieges Tou-
lon by sea, 157. cast away upon the
rocks of Scilly, 168.
Shrewsbury, Earl of, meetings at his
house in favour of the Prince of Orange,
ii. 339. his character, 396. goes over
to Holland, 399, 416, 430, 432, 439,
461. is made secretary of state, iii. 2,
16. resigns, 49, 115. again made se-
cretary, 136, 150. practices against
him, 210, 211, 212. made lord cham-
berlain to Queen Anne, iv. 237, 238.
sent ambassador to France, 314.
Sicih', an earthquake there, iii. 111.
Sidney, Mr. in high favour with the Prince
of Orange, ii. 288. his character, 397,
398, 412, 416. secretary of state, lieu-
tenant of Ireland, and master of the
ordnance, iii. 5. made Lord Sidney,
and afterwards Earl of Rumney, ib. See
Rumney.
Sidserfe, bishop of Galloway, translated to
Orkney, i. 145.
Simpson, a spy, iii. 39, 40. in a plot, 41.
Shelton, envoy at the Hague, ii. 243, 261.
and at Paris, 333. ^ is sent to the Tower,
403.
Smyrna fleet attacked by the French, iii.
126, 127, 1'28.
Smith, Sir Jeremj% seizes Spanish money
in a Dutch ship, i. 76-
Smith, a priest, ii. 56, 57, 103, 118.
433
INDEX.
Smith, Aarun, sent to Scotland, ti. 155,
168.
Smith, a spy, his letters, iii. 210,211, 212.
Smith, Mr. his character, is chosen speaker,
iv. 102, 103.
Sobieski, King of Poland, raises the siege
of Vienna, ii. 213. beats the Turks,
iii. 145. his death, 217.
Sobieski, his son, seized by a party at
Breslau, iv. 13, 14.
Socinianism, its great progress, iii. 234-
237.
Soissons, Madame de, i. 33? , 338.
Solmes, Count, ii. 440. iii. 107, 124.
Somers, Mr. answers King Charles's de-
claration, ii. 114, 123. solicitor-gene-
ral, iii. 46- made attorney -general, and
soon after lord keeper, 118. his e.\]H:-
dient against clipping, 16L'. his ac-
count of Charnock, 189. his adminis-
tration applauded, 241. attacked in
the House of Commons on Kid's affair,
and cleared by a great majority, 261,
262, 264. is dismissed, and his charac-
ter, t66, 267. designs against him,
288, 289, 292, 293. is heard at the
bar of the House of Commons, 293, 294,
295. is impeached, 295, 302, 306.
and acquitted by the House of Lords,
308, 309. iv. 34, 44. his act for the
amendment of the law, 1 15. a princi-
pal manager in the union, 137, 144,
175. made president of the council,
203, 204. is dismissed, 245.
Somerset, Earl of, i. 7, 13, 14.
Somerset, Duke of, i. 53.
Somerset, Duke of, iii. 347. iv. 9, 43, 180,
246.
Somerset, Dutchess of, groom of the stole,
iv. 257.
Sophia, Princess. See Hanover.
South, Dr. writes against Sherlock, iii. ^36.
Southampton, Earl of, hisaccomit of Uikon
Basilike, i. 52, 53. angry at calling
home the King without conditions, 93.
102, 103. against a standing army,
177. visits not the King's mistresses,
193. moderate in church matters, 196.
249, 250. his death, 278.
Southesk, Earl of, jealous of the Duke of
York, i. 'J53.
South Sea company erected, iv. £69.
Southwell, Sir Robert, his authority quoted,
i. 183. ii!. 61.
Spanheini, Uaron, liis character, ii. 184.
his account of the French councils on
the King of Spain's death, iii. 278.
Spanish armada, how diverted for a year,
j. 349.
Spanish Nellu'rlands. See Netherlands.
Spain. See Charles II. Charles III. Phi-
^ lip V.
Spcnce put to the torture, ii. 203.
Spotswood, his History censured, i. 3, 21,
26.
Spraggo, i. 343.
Spratt, bishop of Rochester, ii. 298. iii,
315. his death iv. 33'i!,
Squadroni carry the union in Scotland, iv.
139, 145.
Stafford, Lord, ii. 51, 58. his trial, 101,
102. condemned, 106. he sends for
Dr. Burnet, i'l. 107. his execution,
107, 108.
Stair, Earl of, a great manager for the
union, iv. 136, 139, 142.
Staley, his trial, ii. 38.
Stanhope, envoy in Holland, iii. 287.
Stanhope, general, his son at tlie siege of
Barcelona, iv. 95, 96. procures relief to
Spain, 120, 178. a manager at Dr.
Sacheverel's trial, 227. gains the bat-
de of Almanara, 248. taken atBrihuega,
249, 252, 299, 332.
Stanislaus chosen in the room of Augustus
king of Poland, and crowned, iv. 64,
98. Augustus resigns in his favoiu,
• 154. but obliges him to quit the king-
dom, 224.
Stahremberg, Count, his march in Italy, iv.
12. joins the Duke of Savoy, ib. com-
mands in Spain, 177, 223. defeats
king Philip, 248, 249. delays reliev-
ing Stanhope, ib. 270. routs the Duke
of Vendome, ib.
States General. See Dutch.
Stearn, archbishop of York, i. 201. ii.
208.
Steenbock, a Swedish general, iv. 226,
314, 318.
Steeukirk, batde of, iii. 107.
Steward, Dr. his notion about the sacra-
ment, i. 180.
Steward sent to Queen Elizabeth, i. 3 18.
Steward, a lawjer, his letters to Fagel, ii.
360, 361.
Steward, Sir James, iv. 208.
Stillingfleet, Dr. his character, i. 209,344.
ii. 75, 296. Queen Mary inclined to
make him archbishop, iii. 150.
Stoupe, Brigadier, i. 68, 77, 80-83, 374.
ii. 282, 283.
Strafford, Earl of, i. 28. given up by the
King, 31. his death raised his character,
51. iii. 206.
Strafford, Earl of, sent ambassador to Hol-
land, iv. 277, 278, 307, 312, 315. has
the garter, 315-317.
Stralsund, the siege of, iv. 275.
Sti-ickland, Admiral, ii. 387.
Sunderland, Earl of, plenipotentiary at
Cologne i. 394. ambassador in France,
ii. 25. secretary of state, 63, 64. at
first opposes the exclusion, 67, 91. in
confidence with the Prince of Orange,
91. declares for the exclusion, 94. and
against a prince regent, 110. is again
secretary of state, 146, 147, 220, 221,
224, 241. made president of the coun-
cil, 275. advises moderate measure.".
INDEX.
433
388. turns papist, ib. 389. advises the
rejecting a French army, 401. is turned
out, 419, 420. in high credit with King
William, iii. 119, 136, 177. for a council
of trade named by parliament, 180. and
for aland bauk, 188. for a large stand-
ing force, 229, retires from business, ib.
iv, 35.
Sunderland, Earl of, his son, for the union,
iv. 144. made secretary of state, 180,
207, 244. is dismissed, 252, 259.
Sunderland, Countess of, ii. 384, 421.
Sweden, King of, i. 87. his death, iii. 220.
Sweden, King of, his son, mediator at Rjs-
•wick, iii. 222. liis coronation, ib. a
formidable alliance against him, 255.
the English iieet protects him, and
forces Denmark to a peace, 268-270.
he OTercomes the kings of Denmark and
Poland, and the Czar, in one campaign,
283, 284. his war in Poland, 317, 319,
355. beats King Augustus and takes
Cracow, 362, 363. iv. 14. procures
Stanislaus to be chosen king of Poland,
63, 64. drives Augustus into Saxony,
64, 65. his successes in Poland, 98.
marches into Saxony, 136. forces Au-
gustus to resign his crown, 154. his cha-
racter, 155. makes the Emperor restore
the churches in Silesia, 166, 467. is
defeated at Pultowa, and flies to Turkey,
223, 224. his character by Bishop
Robinson, 224, 225. his troops beat
the Danes, 226. a plague in Sweden,
230. he procures a war between the
the Turk and Czar, 263. tries to break
the peace made between them, 274,
314. defends himself at Bender against
an army, 318, 319. is at last forced to
surrender, 319.
Swinton, i. 115, 138.
Swiss cantons, iv. 164.
TafF, an evidence in trials of treason, iii.
156, 157.
Talbot, Sir Gilbert, envoy in Denmark, i.
246, 247.
Talbot, Richard, i. 194, 247. opposes the
Duke of Ormond, 2P6, 297. is made
earl of Tyrconnell, 296, 297. See
Tyrconnell.
Talbot, Dr. bishop of Oxford, iv. 144.
speaks against Sacheverel, 235.
Talmash, General, iii. 86. killed atCama-
ret, 143, 144.
Tallard, Marshal, iii. 356. iv. 5, 52. taken
at Blenheim, 52.
Tarbot, Lord, JVIidletoun's favourite, i.
162, 164, 165, 167, 163. is made earl of
Cromarty, iv. 20. See Cromarty.
Tasborough, ii. 59.
Tekel, Count, ii. 180.
Temple, Sir William, i. 283. ambassador
to Holland, 423. his character, ib. iv. 8.
plenipotentian,' at Nimeguen, 24, 446.
proposes treating with Tyrconnell, 448,
449.
Tennison, Dr. his character, i. 210. ii. 73,
235, 266, 296. made archbiibop of Can-
terbury, iii. 150-152.
Terras, Earl of, ii. 203.
Tenvhit, SirPhilip,i. 444.
Tesse, Marshal, ii. 285- iv. 60, 85, 125,
153.
Thomas, bishop of Worcester, iii. 6. de-
prived, 83.
Throgmorton and his lady turn papists, i.
443.
Thurlo, i. 70, 83, 84.
Tiddiman beat by the Dutch at Berghen,
i. 248.
Tillotson, Dr. i. 85, 89, his character, 209,
255, 345. ii. 70, 177, 296. made arch-
bishop of Canterbury, iii. 82, 83, 129,
130. his death and character, 148, 149,
234.
Tyrconnell, Earl of, made lieutenant of
Ireland, ii. 304, 305, 439, 446, 447. iiL
18,61, 67.
Tyrol, the boors there repel the Duke of
Vendome, iv. 3, 4.
Titus, Colonel, i. 7, 45, 391.
Toland, iii. 313.
Tonge, Dr. his account of the popish plot,
ii. 27, 28, 31. his death, 124, 125.
Torcy, Marquis de,iv. 216, 217, 240, 241,
342.
Tories taken in bv King William, iii. 44,
45,268, 281. 'and by Queen Anne,
.343-345. iv. 244, 245.
Torrington, Earl of, (see Herbert) is fu'st
commissioner of the Admiralty, iii. 5.
fights the French at Bantry Bay, 22, 54.
and near Beachy, 57, 58. sent to the
Tower, 58. tried by a court martial,
and acquitted, 74, 75.
Toulon, design on it, iv. 153. miscarries,
157, 159, 252-2.54.
Toulouse, Count de, engages Rook, iv.
58, 59.
Tourville, a French admiral, iii. 103, 128.
Townsheud, Lord, iv. 144. plenipotentiary
at the Hague, his character, 217. re-
called, 277. censured by the House of
Commons for the banier treaty, 295,
296, 299.
Traquair, Earl of, i. 21, 23-25.
Treaty of barrier with the Dutch, the first,
iv. 294. the second, 315-317.
ofcommerce with France, 319-326.
of comprehension, i. 289,290. iii,
33-37.
. — . — ■ of union with Scotland, iv. 123,
136-138,147-149.
• of partition, the first, iii. 247, J48,
256-258, 271, 287-293, 296, 297.
3k
434
INDEX.
Treaty at CarlowUf, iii. 286.
. at Cologne, i. 394, 395.
at Nimeguen, ii. 26.
at Ryswick, iii. 220-224.
at Utrecht, iv. 278, 279, 298,301,
316-319.
Treby argues for the city charter, ii. Ill,
148-150.
Trelawny, General, ii. 398.
Trelawny, bishop of Winchester, iv. 165.
Trenchard, ii. 164, 167. secretary of state,
iii. 119.
Treville, Count de, i. 338. ii. 183.
Trevor, Sir John, master of the rolls, first
commissioner of the great seal and
speaker, iii. 46. is expelled the House
of Commons, 159.
Trevor, chief justice, iv. 30. made a peer,
286.
Trial of Ashton, iii. 76.
of Berry, Green, and Hill, ii. 53, 54.
of Charuock, iii. 188.
of Friend, iii. 190.
of Hone, ii. l39, 140.
of the Jesuits, ii. 50, 76.
■ of Keys, iii. 188, 189.
of King, iii. 188, 189.
in Lancashire, iii. 155-158.
of Perkins, iii. 190-192.
of Lord Preston, iii. 77, 78.
Trimnell, Dr. made bishop of Norwich,
iv. 144, 235.
Trumball, Sir William, ii. 403. iii. 110,
211.
Turbervil deposes against Lord Stafford, ii.
102, 104. discovers a plot at Oxford,
118. his death, 124.
Turenne, Marshal, i. 371, 395. his cha-
racter of the Duke of York, ii. 238.
Turin, siege of, iv. 132. raised, 134,
135.
Turks, their wars, iii. 71, 145, 146, 172,
173, 196, 225, 226. make peace with
the Emperor, 226, 227, 362. iv. 4. and
with the Czar, 226, 263, 274, 275.
Turner, the Jesuit, ii. 75.
Turner, Sir James, i. 234, 259, 274.
Turner made bishop of Ely, ii. 209, 247,
248. attends the Duke of Monmouth
at execution, 265. absents from parlia-
ment, iii. 6. corresponds to St. Ger-
mains, 76, 77. is deprived, 83.
Turner, Sir William, i. 298.
Tumham Green, a lane near, designed for
the assassination, iii. 184.
Tweedalc, Earl of, his character, i. 110.
against Guthry's execution, 138. im-
prisoned, 141 , 234, 268. made an English
privy-counsellor, 274, ib. 275, 276, 308,
312,313, 323, 324. made a marquis
and chancellor, iii. 95. and king's com-
missioner, 172. is dismissed, 179. made
queen's conmiissioner, iv. 65. promotes
the union, 139.
Tjrawley, Lord, iv. 252.
V.
Valentia declares for King Charles, iv, 120,
reduced, 157.
Valiere, Rlademoiselle, her intrigue, i.
337, 338.
Valiere, Dutchess of, ii. 183.
Valiere, a spy, iv. 181.
Vanbeuning, his character, i. 368, 369.
Vanderdussen, plenipotentiary at Gertmy-
denberg, iv. 243.
Vandyke, the painter, i. 16.
Van Ghent, Dutch admiral, sent to the
Frith, i. 268, 269.
Van Hulst, ii. 417.
Vane, Sir Henry, i. 45, 46, 65. his cha-
racter and execution, 180,181.
Vauban, a great engineer, iii. 169.
Vaudemont, Prince of, covers the siege of
Namur, iii. 166, 167, 316.
Vaughan, chief justice, i. 250. his charac-
ter, 437.
Velasco, iv. 95.
Vendome, Duke de, iii. 21 5, 318, 361,362.
iv.4, 5, 11, 61,91,122, 129,157,194,
195, 248, 270, 271.
Venetians, the, own K. William, iii. 143.
their wars with the Turks, 145, 194.
neutral in the French war, 291, al7,
356. iv. 63.
Venner, his fury, i. 176,
Vernon, secretary of state. Si. 289, 292,
293.
Veterani, General, killed by the Tu^ksJ
iii. 172.
Vienna, besieged by the Turks, ii. 180.
raised, 213.
Vigo, the expedition there, iii. 366, 367.
Villa Hermosa, ii. 6.
Villa Viciosa, battle of, iv. 249.
Villars, Marshal, iii. 360. iv. 1, 2, 61, 87,
129, 157, 163, 164, 220, 222, 240, 272,
311,312.
Villeroi, Marshal, iii. 166-168, 316-318.
iv. 3, 51, 53, 128.
Virginia, a college founded there, iii. 132.
Ulm, iii. 360. iv. 52.
Uxelles, Marquis de, plenipotentiary at
Gertraydenberg, iv. 243.
W.
Wade, ii. 250.
Wake, Dr. ii. 296. made bishop of lin*-
coin, his character, iv. 78, 235.
Wakeman, ii. 34. his trial, 78-80.
Walcot, ii. 159, 161. his trial and ese-
cution, 175, 176.
Waldeck, Prince of, his character, i. 566.
iii. 30. loses the battle of Flerus, 57,
59. saves Brussels, 84.
Walgrave, ii. 385.
Walker, ii. 296.
Wallace, i. 259.
Waller, i. 201. ii. 436.
INDEX.
436
Walpole, IT. 285, 289. 290.
Walsh, his character, i. '^Ifi, C17, 259.
Walsingham, his instructions to Wigmore,
i. 3. .gets intelligence of the Spanish
armada's design, 348.
"Ward, Sir Peter.^ii. 131, 152.
AVarristoun, i. 26, 37, 115, 138. his exe-
cution, 219, 225.
Warner, Bishop, magna charta in his
bands, i. 32.
Warrington, Earl of, chancellor of the Ex-
chequer, iii. 4, 45.
Warwick, Sir Philip, i. 102, 103.
Watson, bishop of St. David's, deprived
for simony, iii. 250, 251.
Webb. General, his success at Wynan-
dale, iv. 193, 194.
Wentworth, Lady, ii. 250, 266, 422.
West,ii. 159-162', 167, 175, 176, 188, 194.
Weston, ii. 98.
A\ eymouth. Viscount, ii. 436. iii. 345.
Wharton, Lord, i. 28. ii. 1, 427. iii. 290,
347. iv. 82, 105f 144. lieutenant of
Ireland, 203. dismissed, 246, 332.
Wharton, Sir Miles, refuses a peerage, iv.
286-
Whichcot, Dr. i. 206.
Whiggamore inroad, i. 44.
Whigs turned out, iii. 44, 45, 50. taken
in^ll8, 119. lose their credit, 231, 368.
turned out, 281. taken in, iv. 100, 203,
turned out, 244, 245.
Whiston, Mr. iv. 266-269, 303.
\\Tiitby, Dr. ii. 296. iii. 83.
White, bishop of Peterborough, absents
from parliament, iii. 6. deprived, 83.
attends Sir John Fenwick, 214.
Whitehread, his trial, ii. 50, 51, 75,76.
Wliltford, Bishop, i. 24.
Whitford, his son, ii. 302.
Whitlock, i. 38.
Wlcquefort, i. 419.
Widdriugton, Lord, i. 448-
Wildman, i. 71. ii. 162, 244, 416, 417,
423,458.
Wilkins, Dr. i. 68, 85. his character, 207.
bishop of Chester, 282, 289, 292, 303.
Wilkinson, ii. 120.
William III. joint sovereign with Queen
Mary, (see Orange,) iii. 1. his favour
to Benthink and Sidney, 5. his first
ministrj^ (6. his speech, 7, 13. grows
jealous of the whigs, 14, 15. proposes
uaming the Dutchess of Hanover in the
succession, 17. joint sovereign of Scot-
land, 24-26. his ministry there, 26.
the whigs jealous of him, 38. refuses
his assent to the corporation act, 43, 44.
takes in tories, 44, 50. the administra-
tion in the Queen in his absence, 5W-52.
his discourse to Dr. Burnet, 50, 51, 61,
62. wounded by a cannon-ball, .55.
gains the battle of the Boyue, 55, 56,
60. a design to assassinate him, 61-63.
besieges Limerick, and forced to raise
the siege, 63, 65. his equal <emp«ef,
65, 66. goes to a congress of princes
at the Hague, 78, 79. changes his mi-
nistry in Scotland, 81. fills the vacant
sees, 82-84. Ireland reduced, 89. he
supports Savoy, 79, 92. fond of the
Dutch, 94. careless in signing papers,
98. his breach with the Princess of
Denmark, 99, 100. loses Namur, and
the battle of Steenkiik, 106, 107, 111.
refuses his assent to the triennial bill,
118. takes in whigs, 119, 136. grows
unpopular, 120-1S2. loses the battle of
Landen, 124. leaves church affairs to
the Queen, 129. founds the William
and Mary college in Virginia, 132,140.
sends a fleet to protect Spain, 142, 143.
another to bombard the French coast,
144. his grief for Queen Mary's death,
152, 153. a design to assassinate him,
163. reconciled to the Princess of Den-
mark, 164. appoints lords justices, ib.
165. takes Namur, 168-171. a con-
spiracy to assassinate him and invade
England, 181 , 182. the conspirators
seized, 184, 185. the invasion broke,
135, 194, 212, 214. sends a squadron
to the West Indies, 215. concludes a
peace at Ryswick, 220-223, 227, 228.
keeps three thousand men more than
were provided for by parliament, 232.
silences disputes about the Trinity^ 236,
237. is opposed with bitterness, 242-
244. the army reduced to seven thou-
sand, how modelled, 244. his partition
treaty, 247, 248, 256-258. loses the
people's affections, 266, 273. takes in
tories, 266, 267,281. makes a peace be-
tween Denmark and Sweden, 269, 270.
his conduct on the King of Spain's
death, 281-283. it is very mysterious,
286, 287, 296. owns the Duke of An-
jou King of Spain, 296. is reserved to
his ministers, 310, 315. recals his am-
bassador in France, 324. his noble and
wise speech, 326. his fall from a horse,
333. his sickness, ib. 334. his death,
335. passes the abjuration act in the
last hours of his life, 334. his charac-
ter, 335-339- attempts against his grants,
iv. 261, 305, 306.
Williams, Bishop, i. 51.
Williams, Dr. ii. 73, 296.
W^iliiams, Sir William, ii. 210, 373.
Williamson, Sir Joseph, plenipotentiary at
Cologne, i. 394, 418, 419.
WilUamson seized going over to King
James, iii. 41.
Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, i. 294-296.
Willis, Sir Ricliard, gives Cromwell intel-
lisence, i. 70.
Willis, Dr. i. 254.
Windebank, Dr. ii. 383.
Winnington, ii. 46, 63, 94.
Will em berg, Duke cf, iv. 128.
436
INDEX.
Wisharf, bishop of Edinburgh, i. 156.
Wisniar, siege of, raised, iv. 275.
Withcrly, Dr. ii. 38'J.
"Withms"! ii. 97, 190.
Wolfcnibultei, Duke of, iii. 269,320,354,
355. his daughter marries King Charles
of Spain, iv. 162.
Worcester, Marquis of, ii. 97.
Worthington, Dr. his character, i. 208.
Wratislaw, Count, iv. 48.
Wright, 'Chief Justice, ii. 374.
Wright, Sir Nathan, lord keeper, iii. 268.
iv. 45. dismissed, 100.
Wyclie, Sir Cyril, one of the lords justices
in Ireland, iii. 131.
Wyld, Judge, ii. 58.
Wynne, iii. 19.
sions, 392, 393. addresses Lady Be^
lasis, marries the Princess of JModena,
394. the Commons vote against that
marriage, 404, 424, 442. ii. 29. sent
beyond sea, 61. his exclusion endea^
voured, 65, 66. he is sent for home, 86.
goes to Scotland, 89. with leave to
come to England, 91. his behaviour ia
Scotland, 125, 127-129, 137-139. he
governs all affaire, English and Scotch,
201. attends the King in his last ill-
ness, and introduces Huddleston to his
apartment, 226-2^8. See James II.
York, Hide, Dutchess of, i. 188, 345, 346.
York, Modena, Dutchess of, i. 411. See
Queen Mary.
York, Duke of, i. 78, 79. marries Cla-
rendon's daughter, 185. why he turned
papist, 186, 187. commands the fleet,
242. his amours, 253, 301, 339, 373,
374, 390. lays down all his commis-
Zabor, Count, sent to theKingof Sweden»
iv. 165.
Zeiher, iv. 63.
Zeil, Duke of, iii. 79, 241, 2.54,270,354.
Zouch, i. 422.
Zulestein, i. 304. ii. 386, 387, 437.
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