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BIOCHEMICAL BULLETIN
ISSUED QUARTERLY BY THE
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTINQ COMPANY
LANCASTEK, PA.
BiocHEMiCAL Bulletin
Edited, for the Columbia University Biochemical Association, by the
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE:
iJuly, igiz-June, 1913)
ALFRED P. LOTHROP, Chairman,
PAUL E. HOWE, Secretary, WILLIAM J. GIES, Treasurer,
WALTER H. EDDY, MAX KAHN, EMILY C. SEAMAN,
Oct., 1912-July, 191 3
NELLIS B. FOSTER, ARTHUR KNUDSON, CLAYTON S. SMITH,
July-September, 19 12
F. G. GOODRIDGE, EDGAR G. MILLER, Jr., ETHEL WICKWIRE,
TULA L. HARKEY, H. O. MOSENTHAL, LOUIS E. WISE,
Oct., 1912-July, 1913
JOSEPH S. HEPBURN, JACOB ROSENBLOOM,
JuIy-September, 1912
ALL OK THE StAFF OF THE BlOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF COLUMBIA UnIVERSITY
VOLUME II : Nos. 5-8
1912-1913
WITH EIGHT PORTRAITS, EIGHT PLATES AND TWO ADDITIONAL
ILLUSTRATIONS
LIBRARY
NnvV YORK
NEW YORK
Columbia University Biochemical Association
1913
Entered as second-class matter in the Post Ofiice at Lancaster, Pa.
MEMBERS OF THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
Honorary Members
PROF, R. H. CHITTENDEN, First Director of ihe Columbia University De-
partment of Biological (Physiological) Chemistry; Director of the Shef-
field Scientific School of Yale University
PROF. HUGO KRONECKER, Director of the Physiological Institute, Uni-
versity of Bern, Switserland
PROF. SAMUEL W. LAMBERT, Dean of the Columbia University School of
Mediane
DR. JACQUES LOEB, Member of the Rockef eller Institute for Medical Re-
search; Head of the Department of Experimental Biology
PROF. ALEXANDER SMITH, Head of the Department of Chemistry, Co-
lumbia University
Corresponding Members
PROF. LEON ASHER, University of Bern, Switserland
PROF. FILIPPO BOTTAZZI, University of Naples, Italy
PROF, ROBERT B. GIBSON, University of the Philippines, P. I.
PROF. VLADIMIR S. GULEVIC, University of Moscow, Russia
PROF. W. D. HALLIBURTON, King's College, London
PROF. S. G. HEDIN, University of Upsala, Sweden
PROF. FREDERICO LANDOLPH, University of La Plata, Argentina
PROF. A. B. MACALLUM, University of Toronto, Canada
PROF. D. McCAY, Medical College, Calcutta, India
PROF. C. A. PEKELHARING, University of Utrecht, Holland
PROF. S. P. L. SÖRENSEN, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
Members Resident in New York City
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. — C. Stuart Gager.
College of the City of New York. — Wm. B. Boyd, Louis J. Curtman,
Benj. G. Feinberg, A. J. Gold färb.
Columbia University: Departments. — Anatomy: Alfred J. Brown, H. von
W. Schulte; Bacteriology: James G. Dwyer; Biological Chemistry: Walter H.
Eddy, Nellis B. Foster, William J. Gies, F. G. Goodridge, Tula L. Harkey,
Joseph S. Hepburn, Benjamin Horowitz, Paul E. Howe, Max Kahn, Arthur
Knudson, Alfred P. Lothrop, Edgar G. Miller, Jr., H. O. Mosenthal, Emily C.
Seaman, Chris. Seifert, Ethel Wickwire, Louis E. Wise; Botany: E. R. Alten-
burg, C. A. Darling, Fred D. Fromme; Cancer Research: W. H. Woglom; Chem-
istry: A. M. Buswell, R. P. Calvert, Gustave Egloff, H. L. Fisher, P. W. Punnett,
A. W. Thomas; Clinical Pathology: Edward Cussler, Peter Irving; Diseases of
Children: Herbert B. Wilcox; Gynecology: Wilbur Ward; Mediane: T. Stuart
Hart, I. Ogden Woodruff; Pathology: B. S. Oppenheimer, Alwin M. Pappen-
heimer; Pharmacology: Charles C. Lieb; Physiology: Russell Burton-Opitz,
Donald Gordon, Leander H. Shearer, Wm. K. Terriberry; Surgery: Hugh
Auchincloss, William Darrach, Rolfe Kingsley, Adrian V. S. Lambert, F. T.
Van Buren, Jr. ; Therapeutics: Maximilian Schulman; University Physician:
iv
Members resident in New York (con.)
Wm. H. McCastline; Vanderbilt Clinic: F. Morris Class, Julius W. Weinstein;
Zoology: H. B. Goodrich, John D. Haseman, H. J. Muller, Charles Packard.
Colleges. — Barnard: Helene M. Boas, Ella H. Clark, Ruth S. Finch, Louise
H. Gregory; College of Pharmacy: Charles W. Ballard; Teachers College:
Mary G. McCormick, Mrs. A. P. McGowan, Sadie B. Vanderbilt.
Students. — Graduate: Cora J. Beckwith, Sidney Born, O. C. Bowes, Helen B.
Davis, Mary C. de Garmo, Frank R. Eider, Louis J. Hirschleifer, Mildred A. Hoge,
Shojiro Kubushiro, Victor E. Levine, Darwin O. Lyon, W. A. Perlzweig, Edward
Plaut, Geo. S. Rosenthal, Edward C. Stone, Fred L. Thompson, Jennie A. Walker,
Charles Weisman, C. A. Wells, Isabel Wheeler. — Teachers College: Anna M.
Connelly, Ula M. Dow, Ada M. Field, Helen McClure, Alice H. McKinney,
Elizabeth Rothermel, Mary B. Stark, Helen B. Thompson. — Medical: Louis
Berman, Ernst Boas, David C. Bull, Will H. Chapman, Robert T. Corry, Calvin
B. Coulter, Joseph Felsen, Joseph Goldstone, Julius Gottesman, Leon M. Herbert,
Martin Holzman, Walter F. Hume, Julius Hyman, M. V. Miller, Nathan
Rosenthal, A. V. Salomon, Harry J. Seiflf, Jacob Shulansky, H. J. Spencer,
Henry A. Sussman, Wm. W. Tracey, Grover Tracy.
CoRNELL Univeesity Medical COLLEGE. — Stanley R. Benedict, Ernest D.
Clark, Robert A. Cooke, Jessie A. Moore, Charles R. Stockard, Geo. W.
Vandegrift.
EcLECTic Medical College. — David Alperin.
Harriman Research Laboratory. — Marston L. Hamlin.
Hospitals. — Babies': Morris Stark; Bellevue: Edward C. Brenner, Edward
M. Colie, Jr., Ralph W. Lobenstine; Beth Israel: Charles J. Brim and Alfred A.
Schwartz; City: Henry H. Janeway, Louis Pine; Flower: Henry L. Weil;
Flushing: Eimer W. Baker; General Memorial: Clinton B. Knapp; German: H.
G. Baumgard, Alfred M. Hellman, Melvin G. Herzfeld, Frederick B. Humphries,
Charles H. Sanford, Fred S. Weingarten; Jewish: Abraham Ravich; Lebanon:
Samuel Gitlow, M. J. Gottlieb, William Weinberger; Lutheran: Daniel R. Lucas;
Mt. Sinai: George Baehr, Samuel Bookman, Leo Buerger, Burrill B. Crohn,
Simon S. Friedman, David J. Kaliski, John L. Kantor, Leo Kessel, Reuben Otten-
berg, Harry Wessler; TV. Y.: James C. Greenway, Ralph G. Stillman; N. Y.
Nursery and Child's: Oscar M. Schloss; Presbyterian: Herbert S. Carter, Russell
L. Cecil, Arthur W. Swann; Roosevelt: J. Buren Sidbury; St. Luke's: Norman
E. Ditman, Edward C. Kendali, W. S. Schley, Chas. H. Smith.
Long Island Medical College. — Matthew Steel.
MoNTEFioRE HoME. — Isidor GrecHwald.
Museum of Natural History. — Louis Hussakof, Israel J. Kligler.
N. Y. Aquarium. — Raymond C. Osburn.
N. Y. Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. — Donald B.
Armstrong.
N. Y. Botanical Garden. — Fred J. Seaver.
N. Y. City Department of Education. — Boys" High School: Frank T.
Hughes; Brooklyn Training School: C. A. Mathewson ; Commercial High School:
' W. J. Donvan, B. C. Gruenberg, Edgar F. Van Buskirk; DeWitt Clinton High
School: Frank M. Wheat; Eastern District High School: Gertrude S. Burling-
ham; Girls' High School: Marguerite T. Lee; High School of Commerce:
Harvey B. Clough, Fred W. Hartwell; Jamaica High School: Ella A. Holmes,
Charles H. Vosburgh; Manual Training High School: Anna Everson; Morris
Members resident in New York (con.)
High School: Charles A. Wirth; Newtown High School: Nellie P. Hewins;
Wadleigh High School: Helen Gavin, Elsie A. Kupfer, Helen G. Russell, Helen
S. Watt.
N. Y. City Department of Health. — Charles F. Bolduan, Alfred F. Hess.
N. Y. City Normal College. — Beatrix H. Gross.
N. Y. Eye and Ear Infirmary. — Harold M. Hays.
N. Y. Milk Committee. — Philip Van Ingen.
N. Y. Polyclinic Medical School. — Jesse G. M. Bullowa, Mabel C. Little.
Post Graduate Medical School. — Louis E. Bisch, Arthur F. Chace.
Pratt Institute. — Grace MacLeod.
Rockefeller Institute. — Alfred E. Cohn, George W. Draper, Frederic M.
Hanes, Michael Heidelberger, Gustave M. Meyer.
Russell Sage Institute of Pathology. — Eugene F. DuBois.
TuRCK Institute. — Anton R. Rose.
Vettin School. — Laura I. Mattoon.
E. V. Delphey, 400 West 57th Street, Manhattan; Leopold L. Falke, 5316
Thirteenth Avenue, Brooklyn; Mabel P. Fitzgerald, 416 East 6sth Street, Man-
hattan; Abraham Gross, c/o Arbuckle Sugar Co., Brooklyn; Alfred H. Kropff,
619 Kent Avenue, Brooklyn.
Non-Resident Members
Agnes Scott College (Decatur, Ga.). — Mary C. de Garmo.
Allegheny General Hospital (Pittsburgh). — James P. McKelvy.
Carnegie Institution (Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.). — Ross A. Gortner.
Cornell University (Ithaca). — Jean Broadhurst.
Drake University Medical School (Des Meines, la.). — E. R. Posner.
Forest School (Biltmore, N. C). — Homer D. House.
Iowa University Hospital (Iowa City). — Louis Baumann.
Isolation Hospital (San Francisco, Cal.). — L. D. Mead.
Jefferson Medical College (Phila.). — P. B. Hawk, Edward A. Spitzka.
Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore). — John Howland, W. M. Kraus,
Burton E. Livingston, Edwards A. Park.
Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.). — William H. Welker.
Leland Stanford University (Palo Alto, Cal.). — Hans Zinsser.
MacDonald College (Quebec). — Kathryn Fisher.
Mass. Agricultural College (Amherst). — H. D. Goodale.
New Mexico Agricultural College (State College). — R. F. Hare.
N. J. Agricultural Experiment Station (New Brunswick). — Carl A.
Schwarze, Guy West Wilson.
N. Dakota Agricultural College (Agricultural College). — H. L. White.
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (Wooster). — A. D. Selby.
Princeton University (N. J.). — E. Newton Harvey.
Psychopathic Hospital (Boston). — Herman M. Adler.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, N. Y.). — Fred W. Schwartz.
Rochester A and M Institute. — Elizabeth G. Van Hörne.
Secondary Schools. — Brockport State Normal School (N. Y.) : Ida C. Wads-
worth; Hermon High School (N. Y.) : Sidney Liebovitz; Indiana State Normal
School (Terre Haute): Roscoe R. Hyde; Ingleside School (New Milford,
Conn.) : Mary L. Chase; Knox School (Tarrytown, N. Y.) : Clara G. Miller;
New Bedford Industrial School (Mass.): Constance C. Hart; North Texas
vi
Non-resident members (con.)
State Normal School (Benton) : Blanche E. Shaffer; Passate High School
(N. J.) : Hazel Donham, Helene M. Pope; Rochester High School (N. Y.) :
David F. Renshaw; State Normal School (Truro, N. S.) : Blanche E. Harris.
Texas A and M College (College Station). — M. K. Thornton.
Trinity College (Hartford, Conn.). — Max Morse, R. M. Yergason.
TuLANE University (New Orleans, La.). — Allan C. Eustis.
U. S. Department of Agriculture (Wash.). — Carl L. Aisberg, W. N. Berg,
H. E. Buchbinder, William Salant, Clayton S. Smith.
U. S. Food and Drug Inspection Laboratory (Phila.). — Harold E. Woodward.
U. S. FooD- Research Laboratory (Phila.). — Joseph S. Hepburn.
University of Alabama Medical School (Birmingham). — Richard A. Bliss.
University of California (Berkeley). — William T. Home,
University of Chicago. — Mathilde Koch.
University of Georgia Medical School (Atlanta). — ^William D. Cutter.
University of Illinois (Urbana). — George D, Beal, Isabel Bevier, A. D.
Emmett.
University of Indiana (Bloomington). — Clarence E. May.
University of Kentucky (Louisville). — Mary E. Sweeny.
University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Can.). — A. T. Cameron.
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor). — A. Franklin Shull.
University of Montana (Missoula). — J. E. Kirkwood.
University of Pennsylvania (Phila.). — A. N. Richards.
University of Porto Rico (Las Pietras). — L. A. Robinson.
University of Tennessee (Memphis). — Edwin D. Watkins.
University of Texas (Austin). — Mary E. Gearing, Anna E. Richardson.
University of Toronto (Canada). — Olive G. Patterson. i
University of Utah (Salt Lake City). — H. A. Mattill.
University of Wisconsin (Madison). — ^W. H. Peterson.
Vassar College ( Poughkeepsie, N. Y.). — Winifred J. Robinson.
Washington State College (Pullman). — Josephine T. Berry, Louise
McDanell.
Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). — David D. Whitney.
West Pennsylvania Hospital (Pittsburgh). — J. Bronfen Brenner, Jacob
Rosenbloom.
Williams College (Williamstown, Mass.). — John S. Adriance,
Yale University (New Haven, Conn.). — Lorande Loss Woodruff.
Albert H. Allen, Saranac Lake, N. Y. ; Emma A. Buehler, Newark, N. J. ;
George A. Geiger, West Orange, N. J. ; Edward G. Griffin, Albany, N. Y. ; F. C.
Hinkel, Utica, N. Y.; Cavalier H. Joüet, Roselle, N. J.; A. E. Olpp, West
Hoboken, N. J. ; Adeline H. Rowland, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; William A. Taltavall,
Redlands, Cal. ; David C. Twichell, Saranac Lake, N. Y.
Vll
EDITORS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL BULLETIN
The editorial committee
with the coUaboration of the members and the
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS:
DR. JOHN AUER, Rockef eller Institute for Medical Research
PROF. WILDER D. BANCROFT, Cornell University, Ithaca
DR. WALTER L. GROLL, Elizabeth Steel Magee Hospital, Pittshurgh, Pa.
DR. CHARLES A. DOREMUS, 55 W. 53d St., New York City
DR. ARTHUR W. DOX, Iowa State College Agric. Experiment Station, Arnes
PROF. JOSEPH ERLANGER, Washington Univ. Medical School, St. Louis
DR, LEWIS W. FETZER, U. S. Dep't of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
PROF. MARTIN H. FISGHER, University of Cincinnati
DR. MARY LOUISE FOSTER, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.
PROF. J. E. GREAVES, Utah Agricultural College, Logan
DR. V. J. HARDING, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. R. H. M. HARDISTY, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. J. A. HARRIS, Carnegie Sta. for Exp. Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.
DR. K. A. HASSELBALCH, Einsen Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
PROF. G. O. HIGLEY, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware
DR. VERNON K. KRIEBLE, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
PROF. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
PROF. JOHN A. MANDEL, A''. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hospital Med. College
PROF. ALBERT P. MATHEWS, University of Chicago
PROF. SHINNOSUKE MATSUNAGA, University of Tokyo, Japan
PROF. LAFAYETTE B. MENDEL, Yale University
PROF. VICTOR C. MYERS, N. Y. Post-Graduate Med. School and Hospital
DR. THOMAS B. OSBORNE, Conn. Agric. Experiment Station, New Haven
DR. AMOS W. PETERS, The Training School, Vineland, N. J.
PROF. R. F. RUTTAN, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. E. E. SMITH, 50 East 4ist St., New York City
DR. A. E. SPAAR, City Hospital, Trincomalee, Ceylon
PROF. UMETARÖ SUZUKI, University of Tokyo, Japan
MISS ANNA W. WILLIAMS, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
PROF. E. WINTERSTEIN, Polytechnic Institute, Zürich, Switserland
DR. JULES WOLFF, Pasteur Institute, Paris
vm
OFFICERS
OF THE
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL
ASSOCIATION
1912-1913
HONORARY OFFICERS
Post President (1910-1912) :
Prof. Alfred N. Richards, University of Pennsylvania, Phila.
President:
Prof. Philip B. Hawk, Jefferson Medical College, Phila.
Vice Presidents:
Dr. Herman M. Adler, Psychopathie Hospital, Boston, Mass.
Prof. Allan C. Eustis, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.
Miss Olive G. Patterson, Toronto University, Toronto, Can.
Prof. Winifred J. Robinson, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Prof. Lorande Loss Woodruff, Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.
ACTIVE OFFICERS
President, Dr. Walter H. Eddy.
Vice President, Prof. Stanley R. Benedict.
Secretary, Dr. Alfred P. Lothrop.
Treasurer, Prof. William J. Gies.
Executive Commiftee — Prof. Stanley R. Benedict, Dr. Wal-
ter H. Eddy, Dr. Nellis B. Foster, Prof. William J. Gies, Dr.
Frederic G. Goodridge, Prof. Paul E. Howe and Dr. Alfred
P. Lothrop.
Editorial Committee: See the title page.
ix
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS: VOL. II, Nos. 5-8.
No. 5. September, 19 12.
PAGE
Ernst ScHxn-ZE. Biography and Bibliography (with portrait).
Ernst Winterstein. i
A ReSUME OF THE LiTERATURE ON InOSITE-PhoSPHORIC AciD ("PhYTIN"),
WITH Special Reference to the Relation of that Substance to
Plants. Anton Richard Rose 21
A New Type of Artificial Cell Suitable for Permeability and Other
BioCHEMicAL Studies. E. Ncwtou Hürvey 50
On a New Function of the Catalyzer Called Peroxidase and on the
Biochemical Transformation of Orcin into Orcein. Jules Wolff . ... 53
Studies of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes :
1. Preliminary Observations on the Diffusibility of Lipins and Lipin-
soluble Substances. William J. des SS
2. Dififusibility of Lipins from Ether through Rubber Membranes into
Ether. Jacob Rosenbloom 64
3. Diffusibility of Protein through Rubber Membranes, with a Note on
the Disintegration of Collodion Membranes by Common Ethyl
Ether and Other Solvents. William H. Welker 70
4. The Comparative DiffusibiHty of Various Pigments in Different Sol-
vents. George D. Beal and George A. Geiger 78
The Colloidal Nitrogen in the Urine from a Dog with a Tumor of the
Breast. Max Kahn and Jacob Rosenbloom 87
General Aspects of Fasting. Paul E. Hozue 90
The Physico-chemical Basis for the Contraction of Striated Muscle:
2. Surface Tension. William N. Berg loi
A Study of Some Protein Compounds. Walter H. Eddy iii
Effects of Intraperitoneal Injections of Epinephrin on the Partition
OF Nitrogen in Urine from a Dog.
Jacob Rosenbloom and William Weinberger. 123
The Biochemical Society, England. W. D. Halliburton 128
Proceedings of the Section (II) ON DiETETic Hygiene and Hygienic
Physiology OF the 15TH International Congress on Hygiene and
Demography, with Abstracts of Some of the Papers.
Lafayette B. Mendel, Secretary. 129
Program of the Proceedings of the Section on Biochemistry Including
Pharm acology (viii, d), of the 8th International Congress of
Applied Chemistry. John A. Mandel, Secretary 150
Proceedings of the Sixth Scientific Meeting of the Columbia Univer-
siTY Biochemical Association. Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary 156
Biochemical News, Notes and Comment:
General 188
X
PAGE
Columbia University Biochemical Association 200
Columbia Biochemical Department 201
Editori ALS :
Ernst Schulze 205
Important though Unknown Factors in Nutrition 205
The Coming of Age of the Babcock Test 207
Organotherapy 208
Biochemical Society, England 20g
"Baustein" or " Construction Unit"? 209
" Splitting Products " or Cleavage Products ? 209
A Rare Compliment 210
X-rays 210
No. 6. January, 19 13.
PAGE
Carl L. Alsberg. Biography and Bibliography (with portrait). H.M.A.. 211
A Differential Chemical Study of Glucoses from a Case of Pancreatic
Diabetes. Frederic Landolph 217
The Detection of Aceto-acetic Acid by Sodium Nitroprussid and Ammonia.
V. J. Harding and R. F. Ruttan. 223
Ortho-tolidin as an Indicator for Occult Blood.
R. F. Ruttan and R. H. M. Hardisty. 225
Synthetical Properties of Emulsin. Vernon K. Krieble 227
On the Occurrence of Nicotinic Acid in Rice Bran.
U. Suzuki and S. Matsunaga. 228
A Study of the Influence of Cancer Extracts on the Growth of Lupin
Seedlings. Jacob Rosenhloom 229
The Biochemistry of the Female Genitalia:
3. A Quantitative Study of Certain Enzymes of the Ovary, Uterus, and
Bladder, of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Sheep.
Thuisco A. Erpf-Lefkovics and Jacob Rosenbloom. 233
4. On the Absence of Certain Enzymes from the Human Chorion.
Jacob Rosenbloom. 236
A Department of Biochemical Research at Vineland, New Jersey.
Arnos W. Peters. 238
Biochemistry in New York Twenty Years Ago. E. E. Smith 243
Immunity in Some of its Biochemical Aspects. Charles Frederick Bolduan. 247
A Plan for the Organization of the American Biological Society.
Albert P. Mathews. 261
Organization of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental
BlOLOGY, COMPRISING THE AmERICAN PhYSIOLOGICAL SoCIETY, AmERICAN
Society of Biological Chemists, and American Society for Pharma-
COLOGY and Experimental Therapeutics. John Auer 269
Annual Meetings of the Organizations Comprising the Federation of
American Societies for Experimental Biology :
I. The American Physiological Society.
Joseph Erlanger, Acting Secretary. 271
PAGB
2. The American Society of Biological Chemists.
Alfred N. Richards, Secretary. 275
3. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Thera-
peutics. John Aner, Secretary 27g
Meeting of the American Society of Animal Nutrition (American
Society of Animal Production) . Lewis W. Fetzer 282
Proceedings of the Eighth Scientific Meeting of the Columbia Univer-
siTY BiocHEMicAL ASSOCIATION. Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary ;.. 284
Folio Microbiologica. C. A. Pekelharing 297
BiocHEMiCAL Bibliography AND Index. William J. Gies 298
BiocHEMicAL News, Notes and Comment:
General 307
Columbia University Biochemical Association 321
Columbia Biochemical Department 324
Editorials :
New Plan of Quarterly Issue of the Bulletin 329
Carl L. Aisberg 329
Stock Poisoning Due to Spoiled Silage. Help ! 330
Demand for Biological Chemists in the Hospitals 330
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 331
Electrons 332
No. 7. April, 19 13.
PAGE
Heinrich Ritthausen (Portrait) 334
Appreciation. Thomas B. Osborne 335
Bibliography. Lewis W. Fetzer 339
Dinner to Professor Chittenden: Testimonial by his Pupils. '94S 349
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine: Tenth Anniversary
Meeting and Dinner. Nineteen O. Three 358
Methods for the Electrometric Determination of the Concentration of
Hydrogen Ions in Biological Fluids. K. A. Hasselbalch 367
A Method for the Determination of Tryptophan Derived from Pro-
teins. Jesse A. Sanders and Clarence E. May 373
Physical Chemistry of Muscle Plasma. Filippo Bottazzi 379
Fasting Studies : IL A Note on the Composition of Muscle from Fast-
iNG DoGs. H. C. Biddle and Paul E. Howe 386
SoME Notes on the Form of the Curve of Carbon-dioxide Excretion Re-
suLTiNG from Muscular Work Following Forced Breathing.
G. O. Higley. 390
The Influence of Barometric Pressure on Carbon-dioxide Excretion in
Man. G. O. Higley 393
The Relation of Acapniato Shock, andaConsideration of the Mechan-
iCAL Effects of Artificial Hyper-respiration upon the Circulation.
Henry H. Janeway and Ephraim M. Ewing. 403
Cleavage of Pyromucuric Acid by Mold Enzymes.
Arthur W. Dax and Ray E. Neidig. 407
Analysis of the Ash of the Castor Bean. Marston Lovell Hamlin 410
Notes on the Chemical Nature of the " Tannin Masses " in the Fruit
of the Persimmon. Ernest D. Clark 412
xü
PAGE
HisTON AND iTS Prep ARATION. Walter H. Eddy 419
DiD VON Wittich Antedate Ostwald in the Definition of Enzyme Action ?
William N. Berg. 441
The Biochemical Society, England 446
Scientific Proceedings of the Columbia University Biochemical Asso-
ciation. Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary 452
Biochemical Bibliography and Index. William J. Gies 470
Biochemical News, Notes and Comment:
General 476
Columbia University Biochemical Association 484
Editorials :
Biochemical Society, England 487
The Bleached Flour Decision 487
Occupational Diseases in Chemical Trades 488
The Mathews Plan for an American Biological Society 490
Antigens 508
No. 8. July, 19 13.
PAGE
An Investigation to Determine the Accuracy of a Modified Meigs
Method for the Quantitative Determination of Fat in Milk, with
A Description of an Improved Form of Apparatus. Walter Lewis Croll. 509
The Occurrence of Arsenic in Soils. /. E. Greaves 519
Further Notes on the Relationship between the Weicht of the Sugar
Beet and the Composition of its Juice.
/. Arthur Harris and Ross Atken Gortner. 524
Note on the Relationship between Barometric Pressure and Carbon-
dioxide ExcRETioN IN Man. /. Arthur Harris 530
The Bleached Flour Decision. Ross Aiken Gortner 532
Emil Chr. Hansen Fund. 5". P. L. Sörensen 535
Biological Chemistry in the Philippines. Robert Banks Gibson 536
Doctorates in Biological Chemistry. Conferred by American Univer-
sities, 1912-13. P. H. D 538
Scientific Proceedings of the Columbia University Biochemical Asso-
ciation. Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary 541
Biochemical Bibliography and Index. William J. Gies 559
Biochemical News, Notes and Comment:
General 567
Columbia University Biochemical Association 574
Columbia Biochemical Department 578
Editorials :
Peroxides and Nitrites in Plants 582
Mathews Plan for the Organization of an American Biological Society. 582
Crystals 588
Index: Volume II. (Includes names of authors, and impersonal and per-
sonal subj ects) 589
Title Page for Volume II, with Summary of Contents, List of Illus-
TRATIONS, ETC i-Xvi
. xiii
Alphabetic list of authors named in the foregoing summary
of Contents
(See author index — page 589 — for additional names of authors of
abstracts, quotations, comment, etc.)
Adler, HM, 211
AuER, J, 269, 279
Beal, GD, 78
Berg, WN, ioi, 441
BiDDLE, HC, 386
BOLDUAN, CF, 247
BoTTAzzi, F, 379
Clark, ED, 412
Croll, WL, 509
Dox, AW, 407
Eddy, WH, III, 419
Erlanger, J, 271
Erpf-Lefkovics, TA, 233
EwiNG, EM, 403
Fetzer, LW, 282, 339
Geiger, GA, 78
GiBSON, RB, 536
Gies, WJ, 5s, 298, 349,
358, 470, 559
GoRTNER, RA, 524, 532
Greaves, JE, 519
Halliburton, WD, 128
Hamlin, ml, 410
Harding, VJ, 223
Hardisty, RHM, 225
Harris, JA, 524, 530
Harvey, EN, 50
Hasselbalch, KA, 367
HiGLEY, GO, 390, 393
Howe, PE, 90, 386
Janeway, HH, 403
Kahn, M, 87
Kribble, VK, 227
Landolph, F, 217
LoTHROP, AP, 156, 284,
452, 541
Mandel, JA, 150
Mathews, AP, 261
Matsunaga, S, 228
May, CE, 373
Mendel, LB, 129
Neidig, RE, 407
OsBORNE, TB, 335
Pekelharing, CA, 297
Peters, AW, 238
P. H. D., 538
Richards, AN, 275
Rose, AR, 21
ROSENBLOOM, J, 64, 87,
123, 229, 233, 236
Ruttan, RF, 223, 225
Sanders, JA, 373
Smith, EE, 243
Sörensen, SPL, 535
Suzuki, W, 228
Weinberger, W, 123
Welker, WH, 70
Winterstein, E, i
WOLFF, J, 53
XIV
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Eight portraits, eight plates (inserts), and two
additional illustrations
No. 5- SEPTEMBER, 1912
PAGE
Portrait. Ernst Schulze i
Plate I. Structure of muscle fibrils (Berg) 107
Portrait. Paul E. Howe 201
No. 6. JANUARY, 1913
Portrait. Carl L. Aisberg 211
Plate 2. Receptors of three kinds (Bolduan) 254
No 7. APRIL, 1913
Portrait. Heinrich Ritthausen 335
Portrait. Russell H. Chittenden 349
Engrossed Greetings to Prof. Chittenden by his colleagues of the Governing
Board of th^^effield Scientific School 351
Faces of the gol(^medal presented to Prof. Chittenden by the National Insti-
tute of Social Sciences 353
Portrait (group). Testimonial dinner to Prof. Chittenden by his pupils,
Mar. I, 1913 355
Portrait. Samuel J. Meltzer 359
Portrait (group). Dinner of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine, tenth anniversary, Feb. 19, 1913 363
Plate 3. Apparatus for the electrometic determination of the concentration
of hydrogen ions (Hasselbalch) 371
Plate 4. Curve of carbon-dioxide excretion resulting from muscular work
after forced breathing. (Higley) 390
Plate 5. Influence of barometric pressure on the excretion of carbon-dioxide
(Higley) 396
Plate 6. Micro-Kjeldahl apparatus (Morse) 458
No. 8. JULY, 1913
Plate 7. Apparatus for use with the Meigs method for the determination of
fat in milk (Croll) 517
Plate 8. Relationship between the weight of the sugar beet and the compo-
sition of its juice (Harris and Gortner) 526
XV
Vol. II September, 1912 No. 5
Biochemical Bulletin
Edited, for the Columbia University Biochemical Association, by the
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE:
ALFRED P. LOTHROP, Chöirman,
PAUL E. HOWE, Secretary, WILLIAM J. GIES, Treasurer,
WALTER H. EDDY, EDGAR G. MILLER, JR.,
NELLIS B FOSTER, HERMAN O. MOSENTHAL,
FREDERIC G. GOODRIDGE, JACOB ROSENBLOOM,
TULA L. HARKEY, EMILY C. SEAMAN,
JOSEPH S. HEPBURN, CLAYTON S. SMITH,
ARTHUR KNUDSON, ETHEL WICKWIRE,
all of the Staff of the Biochemical Department of Columbia University.
CONTENTS
PAGB
Ernst Schulze. Biography and Bibliography (with portrait) Ernst Winterstein i
A ReSUME of the LiTERATURE OX InOSITE-PhOSI'HORIC AcID (" PhYTIN "), WITH
Special Reference to the Relation of that Substaxce to Plants.
Anton Richard Rose 21
A New Type of Artificial Cell Suitable für Permeability and other Bio-
chemical Studies. E. Newton Harvey . 50
On a New Function of the Catalyzer Called Peroxidase and on the Bio-
chemical Transformation of Orcin into Orcein. ßiles Wolff. 53
Studies of Diffusion Through Rubber Membranes :
i. Preliminary observations on the diffusibility of lipins and lipin-soluble sub-
stances. Williajn J. Gies 55
2. Diffusibility of lipins from ether through rubber membranes into ether.
Jacob Rosenbloom 64
3. Diffusibility of protein through rubber membranes, with a note onthe dis-
integration of collodion membranes by common ethyl ether and other
solvents. William H. Welker 7°
4. The comparative diffusibility of various pigments in different solvents.
George D. Beal and George A. Geiger 78
The Colloidal Nitrogen in the Urine from a Dog with a Tumor of the
Breast. Max Kahn and Jacob Roseitbloom 87
General Aspects of Fasting. Paul E. Hoive 90
The "Physico-Chemical Basis for the Contraction of Striated Muscle:
2. Surface tension (with plate i). William N. Berg lOi
A Study of some Protein Compounds. Walter H. Eddy iii
Effects of Intraperitoneal Injections of Epinephrin on the Partition of
Nitrogen IN Urine from A Dog. Jacob Rosenbloom and William Weinberger 123
The Biochemical Society, England. W. D. Halliburton 128
PrOCEEDINGS of the SeCTION (II) ON DiETETIC HYGIENE AND HYGIENIC PhYSI-
ology of the 15TH International Congress on Hygiene and Demog-
raphy, with Abstracts of some of the Papers.
Lajayette B. Mendel, Secretary 129
Program of the Proceedings of the Section on Biochemistry Including
Pharmacology (viii, d), of the Sth International Congress of Applied
Chemistry. John A. Mandel, Secretary 150
Proceedings of the Sixth Scientific Meeting of the Columbia University
Biochemical Association. Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary 156
Biochemical News, Notes and Comment 188
Editorials 205
NEW YORK
Columbia University Biochemical Association.
Entered as second-class matter in the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa.
Honorary Members of the Columbia University Biochemical
Association
PROF. R. H. CHITTENDEN, First Director of the Columbia University De-
partment of Biological (Physiological) Chemistry; Director of the Shef-
field Scientific School of Yale University
PROF. SAMUEL \V. LAMBERT, Dean of the Columbia University School of
Medicine
PROF. ALEXANDER SMITH, Head of the Department of Chemistry, Co-
lumbia University
Editors of the Biochemical Bulletin
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
(See names on the outside of this cover)
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL BULLETIN
PROF. LEON ASHER, University of Bern, Switserland
PROF. FILIPPO BOTAZZI, University of Naples, Italy
PROF. W. D. HALLIBURTON, King's College, London
PROF. S. G. HEDIN, University of Upsala, Sweden
PROF. FREDERICO LANDOLPH, University of La Plata, Argentina
PROF. C. A. PEKELHARING, University of Utrecht, Holland
DR. S. P. L. SÖRENSEN, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CONTENTS OF VOLUMES
I AND II
PROF. WILDER D. BANCROFT, Cornell University, Ithaca
DR. CHARLES A. DOREMUS, 55 W. 52d St., New York City
PROF. MARTIN H. FISCHER, University of Cincinnati
DR. MARY LOUISE FOSTER, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.
PROF. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
PROF. JOHN A. MANDEL, A^. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hospital Med. College
PROF. ALBERT P. MATHEWS, University of Chicago
PROF. LAFAYETTE B. MENDEL, Yale University
PROF. VICTOR C. MYERS, N. Y. Post-Graduate Med. School and Hospital
DR. E. E. SMITH, 50 Last 4ist St., New York City
DR. A. E. SPAAR, City Hospital, Trincomalee, Ceylon
MISS ANNA W. WILLIAMS, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
PROF. E. WINTERSTEIN, Polytechnic Institute, Zürich, Switserland
DR. JULES WOLFF, 26 Rue Dutot, Paris
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
DAVID ALPERIN, Eclectic Medical College
EDGAR ALTENBURG, Department of Botany, Columbia University
HUGH AUCHINCLOSS, Department of Surgery, Columbia University
GEORGE BAEHR, Mount Sinai Hospital
ELMER W. BAKER, Flushing Hospital
CHARLES W. BALLARD, College of Pharmacy, Columbia University
HANS G. BAUMGARD, German Hospital Dispensary
CORA J. BECKWITH, Department of Zoology, Columbia University
Associate editors (continued)
STANLEY R. BENEDICT, Cornell University Medical College
LOUIS E. BISCH, Manhattan State Hospital
HELENE M. BOAS, Barnard College, Columbia University
CHARLES F. BOLDUAN, Health Department of New York City
SAMUEL BOOKMAN, Mount Sinai Hospital
SIDNEY BORN, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
WILLIAM BALLANTINE BOYD, College of the City of New York
EDWARD C. BRENNER, Bellevue Hospital
JACOB J. BRONFENBRENNER, Rockefeiler Institute for Medical Research
LEO BUERGER, Mt. Sinai Hospital
JESSE G. M. BULLOWA, New York Polyclinic Medical School
GERTRUDE S. BURLINGHAM, Rastern District High School, Brooklyn
RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ, Department of Physiology, Columbia University
HERBERT S. CARTER, Presbyterian Hospital
RUSSELL L. CECIL, Presbyterian Hospital
ARTHUR F. CHACE, New York Post-Graditate Medical School
ERNEST D. CLARK, Cornell University Medical College
ALFRED E. COHN, Rocke feller Institute for Medical Research
EDWARD M. COLIE, Jr., Bellevue Hospital
BURRILL B. CROHN, Mt. Sinai Hospital
LOUIS J. CURTMAN, College of the City of New York
EDWARD CUSSLER, Department of Clinical Pathology, Columbia University
CHESTER A. DARLING, Department of Botany, Columbia University
WILLIAM DARRACH, Department of Surgery, Columbia University
NORMAN E. DITMAN, St. Luke's Hospital
GEORGE DRAPER, Hospital of the Rockef eller Institute
BENJAMIN G. FEINBERG, College of the City of New York
HARRY L. FISHER, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
SIMON S. FRIEDMAN, Mt. Sinai Hospital
C. STUART GAGER, Brooklyn Botanic Garden
HELEN GAVIN, Wadleigh High School
SAMUEL GITLOW, Lebanon Hospital Dispensary
A. J. GOLDFARB, College of the City of New York
DONALD GORDON, Department of Physiology, Columbia University
MARK I. GOTTLIEB, Fordham University
ISIDOR GREENWALD, Montefiore Home Laboratory
LOUISE HOYT GREGORY, Barnard College, Columbia University
ABRAHAM GROSS, Arbuckle Sugar Co., Brooklyn
BEATRIX H. GROSS, N. Y. City Normal College
BENJAMIN C. GRUENBERG, Brooklyn Commercial High School
MARSTON L. HAMLIN, Harriman Research Laboratory, Roosevelt Hospital
FREDERIC M. HANES, Rockef eller Institute for Medical Research
JOHN D. HASEMAN, Department of Zoology, Columbia University
HAROLD M. HAYS, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
MICHAEL HEIDELBERGER, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
ALFRED M. HELLMAN, German Hospital
MELVIN G. HERZFELD, German Hospital
ALFRED F. HESS, Health Department of New York City
NELLIE P. HEWINS, Newtown High School, L. I.
ELLA A. HOLMES, Jamaica High School, L. I.
Associate editors (continued)
FRANK T. HUGHES, Boys High School, Brooklyn
FREDERICK B. HUMPHRIES, Gertnan Hospital
LOUIS HUSSAKOF, American Museum of Natural History
PETER IRVING, Department of Clinical Pathology, Columbia University
HENRY H. JANEWAY, City Hospital, New York
CAVALIER H. JOÜET, Roselle, N. J.
DAVID J. KALISKI, Mt. Sinai Hospital
JOHN L. KANTOR, Mt. Sinai Hospital
EDWARD C. KENDALL, St. Lukc's Hospital
LEO KESSEL, Mt. Sinai Hospital
ROLFE KINGSLEY, Department of Surgery, Columbia University
ISRAEL J. KLIGLER, American Museum of Natural History
CLINTON B. KNAPP, General Memorial Hospital
ALFRED H. KRÖPFE, Hoffman and Kropff Chemical Co., Brooklyn
ELSIE A. KUPFER, Wadleigh High School
ADRIAN VAN S. LAMBERT, Department of Surgery, Columbia University
MARGUERITE T. LEE, Girls High School, Brooklyn
CHARLES C. LIEB, Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University
MABEL C. LITTLE, New York Polyclinic Hospital
RALPH W. LOBENSTINE, Bellevue Hospital
DANIEL R. LUCAS, St. Joseph's Hospital
CHESTER A. MATHEWSON, Brooklyn Training School for Teachers
LAURA I. MATTOON, Vcttin School, i6o W. 74th Street
WILLIAM H. McCASTLINE, University Physician, Columbia University
MARY G. McCORMICK, Teachers College, Columbia University
MRS. ELLEN BEERS McGOWAN, Teachers College, Columbia University
GUSTAVE M. MEYER, Rockefeiler Institute for Medical Research
JESSIE A. MOORE, Loomis Laboratory, Cornell University Medical College
HERMANN J. MULLER, Cornell University Medical Collegs
B. S. OPPENHEIMER, Department of Pathology, Columbia University
RAYMOND C. OSBURN, New York Aquarium
REUBEN OTTENBERG. Mt. Sinai Hospital
CHARLES PACKARD, Department of Zoology, Columbia University
ALWIN M. PAPPENHEIMER, Department of Pathology, Columbia University
F. W. PUNNETT, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
ABRAHAM RAVICH, Jewish Hospital, Brooklyn
ANTON R. ROSE, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
CHARLES H. SANFORD, German Hospital
WINFIELD S. SCHLEY, St. Luke's Hospital
OSCAR M. SCHLOSS, New York Nursery and Chlld's Hospital
MAX SCHULMAN, Department of Applied Therapeutics, Columbia University
H. VON W. SCHULTE, Department of Anatomy, Columbia University
FRED J. SEAVER, Netv York Botanical Garden
LEANDER H. SHEARER, Department of Physiology, Columbia University
JAMES B. SIDBURY, Roosevelt Hospital
MORRIS STARK, Babies Hospital
MATTHEW STEEL, Long Island Medical College
RALPH G. STILLMAN, Nezv York Hospital
CHARLES R. STOCKARD, CorncU Univcrsilv Medical College
ARTHUR W. SWANN, Presbyterian Hospital
Associate editors (continued)
WM. K. TERRIBERRY, Department of Physiology, Columbia University
F. T. VAN BEUREN, Jr., Department of Surgery, Columbia University
GEORGE W. VANDEGRIFT, Cornell University Medical College
SADIE B. VANDERBILT, Teachers College, Columbia University
CHARLES H. VOSBURGH, Jamaica High School
WILBUR WARD, Department of Gynecology, Columbia University
HELEN S. WATT, Wadleigh High School
WILLIAM WEINBERGER, Lebanon Hospital
FRED S. WEINGARTEN, German Hospital
JULIUS W. WEINSTEIN, Vanderbilt Clinic, Columbia University
HARRY WESSLER, Mt. Sinai Hospital
H. B. WILCOX, Department of Diseases of Children, Columbia University
LOUIS E. WISE, Standard Varnish Works, Staten Island, N. Y.
WILLIAM H. WOGLOM, Dep't. of Cancer Research, Columbia University
I, OGDEN WOODRUFF, Department of Mediane, Columbia University
(Locol members of the Columbia University Biochemical Association)
ASSISTANT EDITORS
HERMAN M. ADLER, Psychopathie Hospital, Bos.ton, Mass.
JOHN S. ADRIANCE, Williams College, Williamstozvn, Mass.
CARL L. ALSBERG, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dep't. of Agriculture
D. B. ARMSTRONG, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston
LOUIS BAUMANN, University Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
GEORGE D. BEAL, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
WILLIAM N. BERG, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Dep't of Agriculture
JOSEPHINE T. BERRY, State College, Pullman, Washington
ISABEL BEVIER, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
A. RICHARD BLISS, Birmingham Medical College, Birmingham, Ala.
JEAN BROADHURST, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
WILLIAM D. CUTTER, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Ga.
A. D. EMMETT, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
ALLAN C. EUSTIS, Tulane University, Nezv Orleans, La.
KATHARINE A. FISHER, MacDonald College, Quebec, Canada
MARY E. GEARING, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
GEORGE A. GEIGER. Marcus Hook, Fa.
H. D. GOODALE, Carnegie Sta'n. for Exp. Evolut'n, Cold Spring Harhor, L. I.
R. A. GORTNER, Carnegie Sta'n for Exp. Evolu'tn, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.
R. F. HARE, New Mex. Coli, of Agric. and Mech. Arts, Agric. College, N. M.
E. NEWTON HARVEY, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.
BLANCHE R. HARRIS, State Normal School, Truro, Nova Scotia
CONSTANCE C. HART, New Bedford Industrial School, New Bedford, Mass.
P. B. HAWK, JeffersoH Medical College, Philadelphia
WILLIAM T. HÖRNE, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.
HOMER D. HOUSE, Forest School, Bilfmore, N. C.
J. E. KIRKWOOD, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont.
MATHILDE KOCH, University of Chicago, Chicago, III.
W. M. KRAUS, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Md.
SIDNEY LIEBOVITZ, Hermon High School, Hermon, N. Y.
BURTON E. LIVINGSTON, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
J. P. McKELVY, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa.
H. A. MATTILL, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
CLARENCE E. MAY, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.
Assistant editors (continued)
L. D. MEAD, Isolation Hospital, San Francisco, Cal.
CLARA G. MILLER, Knox School, Tarrytczvn, N. Y.
MAX W. MORSE, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.
EDWARDS A. PARK, Johns Hopkins Medical School
OLIVE G. PATTERSON, Toronto University, Toronto, Canada
W. H. PETERSON, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
E. R. POSNER, Drake University Medical School, Des Maines, la.
DAVID F. RENSHAW, West High School, Rochester, N. Y.
ALFRED N. RICHARDS, University of Pennsylvania^ Philadelphia
ANNA E. RICHARDSON, University of Texas, Austin
WINIFRED J. ROBINSON, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
WILLIAM SALANT, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture
CARL A. SCHWARZE, N. J. Agricultural Experiment Station, New
Briuiswick
FREDERICK W. SCHWARTZ. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y.
A. D. SELBY, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio
BLANCHE E. SHAFFER, North Texas State Normal School, Benton, Texas
A. FRANKLIN SHULL, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
EDWARD A. SPITZKA, Jcfferson Medical College, Philadelphia
EDWARD C. STONE, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.
MARY E. SWEENY, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.
WILLIAM A. TALTAVALL, Redlands, Cal.
IDA C. WADSWORTH, Brockport State Normal School, Brockport, N. Y.
WILLIAM H. WELKER, Red Hill, Pa.
DAVID D. WHITNEY, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
LORANDE LOSS WOODRUFF, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
HAROLD E. WOODWARD, U. S. Food and Drug Inspection Lahoratory,
Philadelphia
HANS ZINSSER, Leland Stanford University, Palo Alto, Cal.
{Non-resident members of the Columbia University Biochentical Association)
^r^^'i^ ^^>^^^Sz^
BiocHEMiCAL Bulletin
Volume II SEPTEMBER, 191 2 No. 5
IN MEMORIAM
ERNST SCHULZE
Born July 31, 1840 Died June 15, 19 12
The death o£ Ernst Schulze is an irreparable loss to biology.
Wherever the biochemistry of plants is appreciated, Schulze's death
causes profound sorrow. Schulze was one of the founders of our
present exact biochemical investigation. His researches in phyto-
chemistry are classical and they have been charged with funda-
mental ideas that continue to influence research in this great field.
Dr. Ernst Schulze, professor of agricultural chemistry in the
Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule at Zürich, was born July
31, 1840, in the hamlet of Bovenden, near Göttingen. In 1858
Schulze studied chemistry under Wöhler in Göttingen and also spent
a Semester with Bunsen in Heidelberg. In 1861 he was assistant
to Lehman, and subsequently to Geuther, at the Chemical Institute
in Jena. His scientific activity began at the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station in Weende, under the direction of Henneberg. In
1871 Schulze was appointed director of the newly founded Agri-
cultural Experiment Station in Darmstadt. Even while he was at
Weende, his ability had attracted the attention of the Eidgenös-
sischen institution. In June, 1872, he was called to Zürich, where
his activities continued fruit fully for forty years.
Schulze's first important research was published with the collab-
oration of his friend Märcker, in 1870, in the Journal für Land-
zmrtschaft. In this paper it was shown that the principles of pro-
2 Ernst Schuhe [Sept.
tein metabolism, as they were stated by Voit on the basis of experi-
ments on carnivorous animals, applied to the ruminants as well.
In Zürich, Schulze brought his researches in animal physiology to
an end by a thorough investigation of wool-fat. He succeeded in
preparing typical cholesterol in a pure State and in isolating an
isomer, isocholesterol.
Since 1872 Schulze had concerned himself exclusively with phy-
tochemical research ; and forty years of activity in this field f ortified
the conclusion that plants and animals contain the same classes of
substances and that the chemical composition of animals is in many
ways identical with that of plants.
Schulze developed new methods for the quantitative determina-
tion of nitrogenous substances and showed how to separate them in
pure forms from the complex mixtures in plant Juices and extracts.
With his collaborators Schulze made classical discoveries of the fol-
lowing nitrogenous Compounds and, by masterly methods, estab-
lished their Constitution :
Glutamin, an amide of glutamic acid ;
Arginin, guanido-ot-aminovalerianic acid ;
Phenylalanin, yS-phenyl-ct-aminopropionic acid ;
Vernin (identical with the guanosin subsequently obtained by
Levene from nucleic acid) ;
Stachydrin, the dimethylbetain of a-prolin ;
Lupinin, an alkaloid from lupins.
Schulze found the following nitrogenous substances in different
plant materials and studied their role in plant metabolism: amino-
valerianic acid, leucin, isoleucin, prolin, glutamin, asparagin, Phenyl-
alanin, tyrosin, arginin, histidin, lysin, vicin, convicin, xanthin, hy-
poxanthin, guanidin, vernin, allantoin, cholin, betain, trigonellin,
and stachydrin. Schulze was working with the betains during his
last illness but, unfortunately, he was unable to complete this re-
search. Considerable interest was aroused by his discoveiy of the
presence of allantoin in plants.
Schulze was the first to make a successful investigation of phyto-
lecithins ( Phosphatids) and their cleavage products. He found
that the lecithin in many seeds can be extracted only with hoiling
alcohol. For this reason he believed that lecithin exists in such
1912] ■ Ernst Winterstein 3
seeds in some sort of combination with proteins. In this connection
he investigated the plant cholesterols, or phytosterols.
Schulze then began his thorough studies of the carbohydrates
and nitrogen-free reserve materials in plants. A paper entitled:
"Untersuchungen über die stickstofffreien Reservestoffe der Samen
von Lupinus Intens und über die Umwandlung derselben während
des Keimungsprozesses," was given a prize by the Königlichen
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen.
In this connection Schulze studied the constituents of cell mem-
branes in plants. He showed that the walls of various plant-cells
contain carbohydrates which resemble cellulose to a certain extent
but differ from it by dissolving easily in warm dilute Solutions of
acids and alkalis. These cell-wall constituents proved to be xylans,
arabans, galactans, and mannans. They play the part of food
reserves in seeds. Schulze called them " hemi-celluloses." He
showed, further, that ordinary cellulose on hydrolysis yields other
glucoses besides dextrose. Stachys tubers were found to contain
stachyose, a tetrasaccharid. All these researches yielded data and
experience that proved useful to Schulze in his discussions and de-
velopment of analytical methods for phytochemical research.
The role of asparagin and glutamin in the protein metabolism
and synthesis in plants greatly interested Schulze to the end of his
life. Although he was not able fully to explain the process of
protein synthesis, he made fundamental contributions to the subject.
He clarified our knowledge of protein metabolism in seedlings.
What chemist or biologist has not heard of the investigations which
were begun in 1876, and whose results were usually published in Prus-
sian agricultural year books and also in the Zeitschrift für physio-
logische Chemie? Even in his second paper on the subject, in 1878,
Schulze showed the importance of the characteristic composition of
etiolated seedlings and their high asparagin content. He concluded
from his observations that the protein decomposition products do
not persist, in seedlings, in the proportions in which they were
originally produced from protein, hut, that after such protein cleav-
age, these nitro genotis suhstances seem to he changed for the most
part into asparagin.
Schulze prepared a great many plant proteins and studied their
4 Ernst Schulze [Sept
decomposition products. After his pupils, working outside our
Institute, had taken an active part in the study of protein metabolism
in seedlings, and after it had been shown in our laboratory that
protein decomposition in seedlings is an enzymic process, Schulze
came to the following general conclusions regarding the protein
transformations in seedlings: Asparagin is formed in seedHngs at
the expense of proteins and arises from the same material in etio-
lated young green plants, and in young leaves and shoots; arginin
also results in seedlings from direct decomposition of protein.
Perhaps the individual amids arise in the leaf-buds in the propor-
tions of their production from protein by hydrolysis with acid^
and other agcnts outside the organism, but probably with the differ-
ence that, in the leaf-buds, neither aspartic acid nor glutamic acid
is produced, the amids of these amino acids, viz., asparagin and
glutamin, resulting instead. Amino acids, however, do not occur
in plants in such proportions, since they are consumed in the plant
metabolism, some more rapidly, it seems, than others. The accu-
mulation of asparagin in seedlings is caused by the formation of
this amide from other products (amino acids) of the trans formation
of protein. One of the best arguments for this conception is the
Observation, made by Schulze in his experiments and repeatedly em-
phasized in his papers, that in many cases asparagin is produced
abundantly even after the processes of protein decompositions in
the plant have ceased.
An admirable outcome of Schulze's investigations is his great
compilation on the composition of cultivated plants, where he re-
views briefly the methods of research and gives abundant data on
the chemical constituents of these plants.
The later years of Schulze's life were spent in close retirement
because of a serious and long standing eye-disease that prevented
him from appearing in public. He lived, at the end, only for his
science and for his family. His colleagues often wondered how,
with his weak eyes, he was able to do any experimental work what-
ever. It was pathetic to see with what extreme care and patience.
he had to tax himself in order to proceed with his work.
When Schulze celebrated his seventieth birthday, two years ago,
we all hoped that the twilight of his life might be long and happy,
I9I2] Ernst IV int erst ein 5
but in vain, for pitiless death took him from iis. His pupils mourn,
a beloved friend and guide; and science, a distinguished inves-
tigator.^
Ernst Winterstein.
Agriculturchemischen Laboratorium
der Eidgenössischen Technischen
Hochschule, Zürich.
PUBLIICATIONEN VON PROF. DR. E. SCHULZE
I. In den " Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsstationen "
Ueber die Elementarzusammensetzung der tierischen Fette, insbeson-
dere der Fette vom Schaf, vom Rind und vom Schwein. E.
Schulze und A. Reinecke. 9: 97-119 (1867).
Ueber die sensiblen Stickstoff. Einnahmen und Ausgaben des voll-
jährigen Schafes. E. Schulze und M. MÄRCKER. 11:201(1869).
Ueber die Zusammensetzung und die Verdaulichkeit des im Wiesenheu
enthaltenen Fettes. E. Schulze. 15: 81-90 (1872).
Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Nährwerts und der Zusammensetzung der
Rüben. E. Schulze. 15: 170-181 (1872).
Zur Frage über die Verdauung des Heufetts. E. Schulze. 16 :
329-335 (1873)-
Notiz über den Aspargingehalt von Lupinen Keimlingen. E. Schulze
und W. Umlauft. 18: 1-3 (1875).
Ueber die stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile der Futter-Rüben. E.
Schulze und A. Urich. 18: 296-324 (1875).
Notiz betreffend das Vorkommen des Betains in den Futter-Rüben.
E. Schulze und A. Urich. 18: 409 (1875).
Ueber Schwefelsäurebildung in den Keimpflanzen, E. Schulze. 19 :
172-176 (1876).
Einige Bemerkungen über die Sachsse-Kormannsche Methode zur Be-
stimmung des in Amid-Form vorhandenen Stickstoffs. E.
Schulze. 20: 1 17-123 (1877).
Ueber die stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile der Futterrüben. E. Schulze
und A. Urich. 20: 194-245 (1877).
Ueber den Gehalt der Kartoffelknollen an Eiweissstoffen und an
Amiden. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri. 21: 63-92 (1878).
* The foregoing biographical communication was translated from Prof. E.
Winterstein's manuscript, in German, by Dr. Ernest D. Clark. Prof. Winter-
stein's manuscript of the appended bibliography is reproduced verbatim. [Ed.]
6 Ernst Schulze [Sept
Ueber ein neues Glukosid (Bestandteil von Lupinus luteus). E.
Schulze und J. Barbieri. 24: i-ii (1880).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Leucin und Tyrosin in den Kartoffelknol-
len. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri. 24: 167-169 (1880).
Ueber die Bestimmung der Eiweissstoffe und der nicht eiweissartigen
Stickstoffverbindungen in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze. 24: 358-
365 (1880); 25: lyz--^?^ (1880).
Zur Bestimmung der Eiweissstoffe und der nicht eiweissartigen Stick-
stoffverbindungen in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri.
26:213-283 (1881).
Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile der
Kartoffelknollen. E. Schulze und E. Eugster. 27 : 357-373
(1882).
Zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Eiweissstoffe und der nicht eiweiss-
artigen Stickstoffverbindungen in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze. 27 :
449-465 (1882).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Hypoxanthin im Kartoffelsaft. E.
Schulze. 28: 111-115 (1883).
Ueber das Glutamin. E. Schulze und E. Bosshard. 29: 295-307
(1883).
Zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Asparagins, des Glutamins und des
Ammoniaks in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze und E. Bosshard. 29 :
399-412 (1883).
Zur Kenntnis der Methoden, welche zur Bestimmung der Amide in
Pflanzenextrakten verwendbar sind. E. Schulze. 30 : 459-467
(1884).
Ueber einige Bestandteile des Emmentaler Käses. B. Rose und E.
Schulze. 31: 115-137 (1885).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Glutamin in den Zuckerrüben und über das
optische Verhalten desselben. E. Schulze und E. Bosshard.
32: 129-136 (1887).
Untersuchungen über die stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile einiger Rauh-
futterstoffe. E. Schulze, E. Steiger und E. Bosshard. 33:
8^123 (1887).
Ueber die Methoden, welche zur quantitativen Bestimmung der stick-
stoffhaltigen Pflanzenbestandteile verwendbar sind. E. Schulze.
33: 124-145 (1887).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Rohrzucker in unreifen Kartoffelknollen.
E. Schulze und Th. Seliwanow. 34: 403 (1887).
Ueber den Nachweis von Rohrzucker in vegetabilischen Substanzen.
E. Schulze. 34: 408-413 (1887).
I9I2] Ernst Winterstein 7
Ein Beitrag zur Erklärung der Veränderungen, welche die stickstoff-
haltigen Bestandteile eingesäuerter Grünfutterstoffe erleiden. E.
Schulze. 35: 195-208 (1888).
Ueber die Zersetzung von Proteinstoffen in verdunkelten grünen
Pflanzen. E. Schulze und E. Kisser. 36: 1-8 (1889).
Ueber das Vorkommen eines unlöslichen, Schleimsäure gebenden
Kohlenhydrats in Rotklee und Luzerne- Pflanzen. E. Schulze
und E. Steiger. 36: 9-13 (1889).
Untersuchungen über die stickstofffreien Reservestoffe der Samen von
Lupinus luteus und über die Umwandlungen derselben während
des Keimungsprozesses. E. Schulze und E. Steiger. 36 : 391-
476 (1889).
Untersuchungen über die chemische Zusammensetzung einiger Legumi-
nosen-Samen. E. Schulze, E. Steiger und W. Maxwell. 39 :
269 (1891).
Ueber einige Bestandteile der Wurzelknollen von Stachys tuberifera.
A. VON Planta und E. Schulze. 40: 277-298 (1892).
Bestimmung des Stachyose-Gehalts der Wurzelknollen von Stachys
tuberifera. A. von Planta und E. Schulze. 41 : 123-129 ( 1892) .
Zur Kenntnis der in den Leguminosensamen enthaltenen Kohlenhy-
drate. E. Schulze. 41:207-229 (1892).
Ueber den Lecithingehalt einiger vegetabilischer Substanzen. E.
Schulze und S. Frankfurt. 43: 307-318 (1894).
Untersuchungen über die zur Klasse der stickstoffhaltigen organischen
Basen gehörenden Bestandteile einiger landwirtschaftlich benutz-
ter Samen, Oelkuchen und Wurzelknollen, sowie einiger Keim-
pflanzen. E. Schulze in Verbindung mit S. Frankfurt und E.
Winterstein. 46: 23-77 (1896).
Zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile junger grüner Pflanzen
von Vicia sativa. E. Schulze. 46: 383-397 (1896),
Ueber das Vorkommen von Arginin in den Wurzeln und Knollen ein-
iger Pflanzen. E. Schulze. 46: 451-458 (1896).
Ueber die Verbreitung des Glutamins in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze.
48: 33-55 (1897).
Ueber den Lecithingehalt einiger Pflanzensamen und einiger Oelkuchen.
E. Schulze. 4g: 203-214 (1898).
Die Notwendigkeit der Umgestaltung der jetzigen Futter- und Nahr-
ungsmittel-Analyse. E.Schulze. 49:419-441 (1898).
Ueber die Verbreitung des Glutamins in den Pflanzen. {Zweite
Mitteilung.) E.Schulze. 49:442-446(1898).
8 Ernst Schulze [Sept.
Ueber die Bestandteile der Samen von Pinus cemhra (Zierbeikiefer
oder Arve). E. Schulze und N.Rongger. 51:189-204(1899).
Ueber die Rückbildung der Eivveissstoffe aus deren Zerfallsprodukten
in der Pflanze. E. Schulze. 55: 33-44 (1901).
Ueber die Zusammensetzung einiger Koniferen-Samen. E. Schulze.
55:267-307 (1901).
Können Leucin und Tyrosin den Pflanzen als Nährstoffe dienen? E.
Schulze. 56:97-106(1902).
Ein Nachtrag zu der Abhandlung über die Frage ob Leucin und Tyrosin
den Pflanzen als Nährstoffe dienen können. E. Schulze. 56:
293-296 (1902).
Zur Kenntnis der kristallisierten Stachyose. E. Schulze. 56 : 419-
423 (1902).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Hexonbasen in den Knollen der Kartoffel
{Solanum tuberosum) und der Dahlie {Dahlia variabilis). E.
Schulze. 59: 331-343 (1904)-
Ueber Methoden, die zur Darstellung organischer Basen aus Pflanzen-
säften und Pflanzenextrakten verwendbar sind. E. Schulze.
59: 344-354 (1904).
Zur Kenntnis des Glutamins. E. Schulze. 65: 237-246 (1906).
Ueber die Bestandteile der Samen von Pinus cemhra. E. Schulze.
67: 57-104 (1907).
Zur Kenntnis des Glutamins. (Zzveite Mitteilung.) E. Schulze und
Gh. Godet. 67: 313-319 (1907).
Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Samen unserer Kultur-
pflanzen. E.Schulze. 73:35-170(1910).
Zur Kenntnis des Glutamins. (Dritte Mitteilung.) E. Schulze und
G. Trier. 77: 1-12 (1912).
2. In den landwirtschaftlichen Jahrbüchern
Untersuchungen über einige chemische Vorgänge bei der Keimung der
gelben Lupine. E. Schulze, W. Umlauft und A. Urich. 5 :
821-862 (1876).
Die stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile der vegetabilischen Futtermittel und
ihre quantitative Bestimmung. E.Schulze. 6:157-175(1877).
Ueber die Prozesse, durch welche in der Natur freier Stickstoff in
Stickstoffverbindungen übergeführt wird, E. Schulze. 6 : 695-
707 (1877).
Ueber die Zersetzung und Neubildung von Eiweissstoffen in Lupinen-
keimlingen. E.Schulze. 7:411-444(1878).
jgi2] Ernst Winterstein 9
Ueber den Eiweissumsatz im Pflanzenorganismus. E. Schulze. 9:
689-748; 12: 909-920; 14: 713-729; 21: 105-130 (1880-1892).
Untersuchungen über den Emmentaler Käse und über einige andere
schweizerische Käsesorten. E. Benecke und E. Schulze. 16:
317-400 (1887).
Ueber die Bildungsweise des Asparagins und über die Beziehungen der
stickstofffreien Stoffe zum Eiweissumsatz im Pflanzenorganismus.
E. Schulze. 17: 683-711 (1888).
Ueber die stickstofffreien Bestandteile der vegetabilischen Futtermit-
tel. E.Schulze, 21:79-103(1892).
Zur Kenntnis der in den pflanzlichen Zellmembranen enthaltenen
Kohlenhydrate. E. Schulze. 23: 1-26 (1894).
Ueber die Bildungsweise des Asparagins in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze.
30: 287-297 (1901).
Ueber den Abbau und den Aufbau der organischen Stickstoff Verbind-
ungen in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze. 35: 621-666 (1906).
3. Im Journal für Landwirtschaft
Welchen Einfluss haben die Zubereitung des Futters und die Futter-
mischung auf den Nährwert des Futters? Mit welchen Futter-
stoffen sind bei den gegenwärtigen Marktpreisen Futterrationen
mit angemessenem Gehalt an Nährstoffen am billigsten herzu-
stellen. E. Schulze, 17: 33-48 (1869).
Untersuchungen über die sensiblen Stickstoff-Einnahmen und -Aus-
gaben des volljährigen Schafs und die Ausnutzung einiger Futter-
stoffe durch dasselbe. E. Schulze und M. Märcker. 18: 1-39;
19: 202-222, 285-326, 347-362; 20: 46-76 (1870-1872).
Fütterungsversuche mit Schafen, E. Schulze und M. Märcker.
23: 141-174 (1875)-
Ueber die Zusammensetzung einer pechschweissigen Schafwolle und
des daraus gewonnenen Wollfetts. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri.
27: 125-144 (1879).
Ueber die zur Gruppe der stickstofffreien Extraktstoffe gehörenden
Pflanzenbestandteile. E. Schulze. 52: 1-30 (1904).
Ueber die in den landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen enthaltenen, nicht
proteinartigen Stickstoffverbindungen. E. Schulze. 52 : 305-
336 (1904).
Ueber den Nährwert der in den Futtermitteln enthaltenen nichtprote-
inartigen Stickstoffverbindungen. E.Schulze. 54:65-81(1906).
10 Ernst Schicke [Sept.
4. In dem Landwirtschaftlichen Jahrbuch der Schweiz
Ueber die Entstehung der Salpetersäuren Salze im Boden. E. Schulze.
1890 : 109-121 ; 1891 : 82-86.
Ueber die in den Futtermitteln enthaltenen Fettsubstanzen und über
die Bedeutung derselben für die tierische Ernährung. E. Schulze.
1892 : 1-9.
Ueber den Humus und seine Beziehung zum Leben der Pflanze. E.
Schulze. 1901 : 1-13.
Die Nährstoffnormen und die Beurteilung des Nährwertes der Futter-
bestandteile nach ihrer Verbrennungswärme. E. Schulze. 1902 :
1-19.
Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung des Holzes und über einige aus
demselben darstellbaren Produkte. E. Schulze. 1904: i-io.
5. In der Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie
Untersuchungen über die Amidosäuren, welche bei der Zersetzung der
Eiweissstoffe durch Salzsäure und durch Barytwasser entstehen.
E. Schulze, J. Barbieri und E. Bosshard. 9: 63-126, 253-259
(1885).
Zur Kenntnis des Vorkommens von Allantoin, Asparagin, Hypoxanthin
und Guanin in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze und E. Bosshard. 9:
420-444 (1885).
Notiz betreffend die Bildung von Sulfaten in keimenden Erbsen. E.
Schulze. 9: 616 (1885).
Ueber einen neuen stickstoffhaltigen Pflanzenbestandteil. E. Schulze
und E. Bosshard. ig: 80-89 (1886).
Untersuchung über die Amidosäuren, welche bei der Zersetzung der
Eiweissstoffe durch Salzsäure und durch Barytwasser entstehen.
Zzveite Abhandlung. E. Schulze und E. Bosshard. 10:134-145
(1886).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Vernin im Blütenstaub von Corylus avellana
und von Pinus sylvestris. E. Schulze und A, von Planta, ig :
326-330 (1886).
Ueber das Arginin. E. Schulze und E. Steiger, ii : 43-65 (1887).
Zur Kenntnis der beim Eiweisszerfall entstehenden Phenylamidopro-
pionsäure. E. Schulze und E. Nägeli. ii : 201-206 (1887).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Cholin in Keimpflanzen. E. Schulze.
11:365-372 (1887).
Ueber einige stickstoffhaltige Bestandteile der Keimlinge von Soja
hispida. E.Schulze. 12:405-415 (1888).
1912] Ernst Winterstein ii
Ueber den Lecithingehalt der Pflanzensamen. E, Schulze und E.
Steiger. 13:365-384(1889).
Zur Chemie der Pflanzenzellmembran. E. Schulze, E. Steiger und
W. Maxwell. 14: 227-273 (1890).
Bilden sich Cholesterine in Keimpflanzen, welche bei Lichtabschluss
sich entwickeln? E. Schulze. 14: 491-521 (1890).
Ueber die Farbenreaktion des Isocholesterins mit Essigsäureanhydrid
und Schwefelsäure. E. Schulze. 14: 522-523 (1890).
Ueber die basischen Stickstoffverbindungen aus den Samen von Vicia
sativa und Pisum sativum. E. Schulze. 15: 140-160 (1891).
Ueber das Lecithin der Pflanzensamen. E. Schulze und A. Likier-
NiK. 15: 405-414 (1891).
Zur Chemie der pflanzlichen Zellmembranen. (Zweite Abhandlung.)
E. Schulze. 16: 387-438 (1892).
Ueber einige stickstoffhaltige Bestandteile der Keimlinge von Vicia
sativa. E. Schulze. 17: 193-216 (1893).
Ueber die Konstitution des Leucins. E. Schulze und A. Likiernik.
17: 513-535 (1893).
Zur Chemie der pflanzlichen Zellmembranen. (Dritte Abhandlung.)
E. Schulze. 19: 38-69 (1894).
Ueber die Bestimmung des Lecithingehaltes der Pflanzensamen. E.
Schulze. 20:225-232(1895).
Ueber das wechselnde Auftreten einiger krystallinischen Stickstoffver-
bindungen in den Keimpflanzen und über den Nachweis derselben.
E. Schulze. 20: 306-326 (1895).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Glutamin in grünen Pflanzenteilen. E.
Schulze. 20:327-334(1895).
Ueber die Verbreitung des Rohrzuckers in den Pflanzen, über seine
physiologische Rolle und über lösliche Kohlenhydrate, die ihn be-
gleiten. E. Schulze und S. Frankfurt. 20: 511-555; 21: 108
(1895).
Ueber die Zellwandbestandteile der Cotyledonen von Lupinus luteus
und Lupinus angustifolius und über ihr Verhalten während des
Keimungs Vorganges. E. Schulze. 21: 392-411 (1895).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Nitraten in Keimpflanzen. E. Schulze.
22: 82-89 (1896).
Ueber einen phosphorhaltigen Bestandteil der Pflanzensamen. E.
Schulze und E. Winterstein. 22 : 90-94 (1896).
Ueber das wechselnde Auftreten einiger krystallisierbaren Stickstoff-
verbindungen in den Keimpflanzen. (Zzveite Abhandlung.) E.
Schulze. 22:411-434(1896). ^
12 Ernst Schuhe [Sept.
Ueber die beim Umsatz der Proteinstoffe in den Keimpflanzen einiger
Coniferenarten entstehenden Stickstoffverbindungen. E. Schulze.
22:435-448 (1896).
Ueber den Umsatz der Eiweissstoft"e in der lebenden Pflanze. E.
Schulze. 24: 18-114 (1898).
Ueber die Spaltungsprodukte der aus den Coniferensamen darstell-
baren Proteinstoffe. E. Schulze. 24 : 276-284 ; 25 : 360-362
(1898).
Ueber die Bildung von Ornithin bei der Spaltung des Arginins und
über die Konstitution dieser beiden Basen. E. Schulze und E.
Winterstein. 26: 1-14 (1898).
Ueber den Eiweissumsatz und die Bildungsweise des Asparagins und
des Glutamins in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze. 26 : 41 1-426 ( 1899) .
Ueber die Verbreitung des Rohrzuckers in den Pflanzen, über seine
physiologische Rolle und über lösliche Kohlenhydrate, die ihn be-
gleiten. (Zweite Abhandlung.) E.Schulze. 27:267-291(1899).
Nachweis von Histidin und Lysin unter den Spaltungsprodukten der
aus Coniferensamen dargestellten Proteinsubstanzen, E. Schulze
und E. Winterstein. 28: 459-464 (1899).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Histidin und Lysin in Keimpflanzen. E.
Schulze. 28: 465-470 (1899).
Einige Bemerkungen über das Arginin. E. Schulze. 29 : 329-333
(1900).
Ueber den Umsatz der Eiweissstoffe in der lebenden Pflanze. (Zweite
Abhandlung.) E. Schulze. 30: 241-312 (1900).
Ueber die Ausbeute an Hexonbasen, die aus einigen pflanzlichen Ei-
weissstoffen zu erhalten sind. E. Schulze und E. Winterstein.
33: 547-573 (1901)-
Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Arginins und Ornithins. E. Schutlze und
E, Winterstein. 34: 128-147 (1901).
Ueber die Trennung des Phenylalanins von anderen Aminosäuren. E.
Schulze und E. Winterstein. 35: 210-220 (1902).
Beiträge zur Kenntnis einiger aus Pflanzen dargestellten Aminosäuren.
E. Schulze und E. Winterstein. 35: 299-314 (1902).
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Hemicellulosen. E. Schulze und N.
Castoro. 37: 40-53 (1902).
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Zusammensetzung und des Stoffwechsels
der Keimpflanzen. E. Schulze und N. Castoro. 38: 200-258
(1903)-
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Hemicellulosen. E. Schulze und N.
Castoro. 39: 318-328 (1903).
igi2] Ernst Wintersfein 13
Zur Kenntnis der aus Pflanzen darstellbaren Lecithine. (Erste Mit-
teilung.) E. Schulze und E. Winterstein. 40:101-119(1903).
Ein Nachtrag zur Abhandlung über einen phosphorhaltigen Bestand-
teil der Pflanzensamen. E. Schulze und E. Winterstein. 40 :
120-122 (1903).
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der in ungekeimten Pflanzensamen enthaltenen
Stickstoflfverbindungen. E. Schulze und N. Castoro. 41 :
455-473 (1904).
Einige Notizen über das Lupeol. E. Schulze. 41: 474-476 (1904).
Findet man in Pflanzensamen und in Keimpflanzen anorganische Phos-
phate? E. Schulze und N. Castoro. 41: 477-484 (1904),
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Zusammensetzung und des Stoflfwechsels der
Keimpflanzen. (Zzveite Mitteilung.) E. Schulze und N. Cas-
toro. 43: 170-198 (1904).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Ricinin in jungen Keimpflanzen. E.
Schulze und E. Winterstein. 43: 211-221 (1904).
Ueber das Verhalten des Cholesterins gegen das Licht. E. Schulze
und E. Winterstein. 43: 316-319 (1904).
Ueber die aus den Keimpflanzen von Vicia sativa und Lupinus albus
darstellbaren Monoaminosäuren. E. Schulze und E. Winter-
stein. 45: 38-60 (1905).
Ueber das spezifische Drehungsvermögen einiger aus Pflanzen darge-
stellten Tyrosinpräparate. E. Schulze und E. Winterstein.
45:79-83(1905)-
Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Zusammensetzung und des Stoff-
wechsels der Keimpflanzen. E. Schulze. 47: 507-569 (1906).
Ueber den Tyrosingehalt der Keimpflanzen von Lupinus albus. E.
Schulze und N. Castoro. 48: 387-395 (1906).
Bildet sich Homogentisinsäure beim Abbau des Tyrosins in den Keim-
pflanzen? E. Schulze und N. Castoro. 48: 396-411 (1906).
Ueber das Verhalten des Cholesterins gegen das Licht. (Zweite Mit-
teilimg.) E. Schulze und E. Winterstein. 48:546-548(1906).
Ist die bei Luftzutritt eintretende Dunkelfärbung des Rübensaftes
durch einen Tyrosin- und Homogentisinsäuregehalt dieses Saftes
bedingt? E. Schulze. 50: 508-524 (1907).
Ueber den Phosphorgehalt einiger aus Pflanzen dargestellter Lecithin-
präparate. E. Schulze. 52: 54-61 (1907).
Zum Nachweis des Rohrzuckers in Pflanzensamen. E. Schulze.
52:404-411 (1907).
Ueber die zur Darstellung von Lecithin und anderen Phosphatiden
14 Ernst Schulze [Sept.
aus Pflanzensamen verwendbaren Methoden. E. Schulze. 55 :
338-351 (1908).
Einige Bemerkungen zu den Arbeiten über den Nährwert der in den
Pflanzen enthaltenen Amide. E.Schulze. 57:67-73(1908).
Ueber den Calcium- und Magnesiumgehalt einiger Pflanzensamen. E.
Schulze und Ch. Godet. 58: 156-161 (1908).
Ueber das Stachydrin. E. Schulze und G. Trier. 59:233-235(1909).
Ueber die zur Darstellung von Cholin, Betain und Trigonellin aus
Pflanzen verwendbaren Methoden und über die quantitative Be-
stimmung dieser Basen. E.Schulze. 60:155-179(1909).
Untersuchungen über die in den Pflanzensamen enthaltenen Kohlen-
hydrate. E. Schulze und Ch. Godet. 61: 279-350 (1909).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Betain in den Knollen des Topinamburs
(Helianthus tuberosus). E. Schulze. 65: 293-294 (1910).
Studien über die Proteinbildung in reifenden Pflanzensamen. E.
Schulze und E. Winterstein. 65: 431-476 (1910).
Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Vernins. E. Schulze. 66: 128-136
(1910).
Ueber die in den Pflanzen vorkommenden Betaine. E. Schulze und
G. Trier. 67: 46-58 (1910).
Ueber das Stachydrin und über einige neben ihm in den Stachysknollen
und in den Orangenblättern enthaltene Basen. E. Schulze und
G. Trier. 67: 59-96 (1910).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Hemicellulosen in den Samenhülsen von
Pisum sativum und von Phaseolus vulgaris. E. Schulze und U.
Pfenninger. 68: 93-108 (1910).
Erwiderung auf R. Engelands Bemerkungen zu den Abhandlungen
über die pflanzlichen Betaine und das Stachydrin. E. Schulze
und G. Trier. 6g: 326-328 (1910).
Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der in den Pflanzensamen enthaltenen Kohl-
enhydrate. E. Schulze und U. Pfenninger. 69: 366-382(1910).
Ueber die Identität des Vernins und des Guanosins, nebst einigen Be-
merkungen über Vicin und Convicin. E. Schulze und G. Trier.
70: 143-151 (1910)-
Studien über die Proteinbildung in reifenden Pflanzensamen. {Zweite
Mitteilung.) E. Schulze. 71: 31-48 (1911).
Untersuchung über die in den Pflanzen vorkommenden Betaine. "E.
Schulze und U. Pfenninger. 71: 174-185 (1911).
Zur Frage der Identität des aus Melasse dargestellten Guaninpentosids
mit dem Vernin. E. Schulze und G. Trier, 76 : 145-147 (1912).
I9I2] Ernst Winterstein 15
Untersuchungen über die in den Pflanzen vorkommenden Betaine.
(Zzueite Mitteilung.) E. Schulze und G. Trier. 76: 258-290
(1912).
Dasselbe. (Dritte Mitteilung.) E. Schulze und G. Trier. 79:235-
242 (1912).
6. Im Journal für praktische Chemie
Ueber die Zusammensetzung der rohen Schafwolle. M. Märcker und
E. Schulze. 108: 193-207 (1870).
Ueber die Zusammensetzung des Wollfetts. E. Schulze. 7 (n. f.) :
1-16 (1873).
Dasselbe. E. Schulze und A. Urich. 9: 321-339 (1874).
Ueber die Eivveisszersetzung in Kürbiskeimlingen. E. Schulze und
J. Barbieri. 20: 385-418 (1880).
Ueber das Vorkommen von Allantoin und Asparagin in jungen Baum-
blättern. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri, 25: 145-158 (1882).
Zur Kenntnis der Cholesterine. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri. 25:
159-180 (1882).
Ein Nachtrag zu der Abhandlung: "Zur Kenntnis der Cholesterine."
E. Schulze. 25: 458-462 (1882).
Ueber Phenylamidopropionsäure, Amidovaleriansäure und einige andere
stickstoffhaltige Bestandteile der Keimlinge von Lupinns luteus.
E. Schulze und J. Barbieri. 27: 337-362 (1883).
Zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Asparagins und des Glutamins. E.
Schulze. 31:234-246 (1885).
Zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile der Kürbiskeimlinge.
E. Schulze. 32: 433-460 (1886).
7. In den Berichten der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
Über Maltose. E. Schulze. 7: 1047 (1874).
Über die Zusammensetzung des Wollfetts. E.Schulze. 8:570(1875).
Selenoidodiglykolsäure. A. Urich und E. Schulze. 8: yyT, (i875)-
Die stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile der Rüben. E. Schulze und A.
Urich. 9:80 (1876).
Keimung der Lupinensamen. E. Schulze und W. Umlauft. 9:
1314 (1876).
Über die stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile der Runkelrüben (Glutamin).
E. Schulze und A. Urich. ig: 88 (1877).
Über das Vorkommen eines Glutaminsäureamids in den Kürbiskeim-
lingen. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri. ig: 199 (1877).
Eiweisszersetzung in Keimpflanzen. E. Schulze, ii: 520 (1878).
l6 Erfist Schuhe [Sept.
Bildung von schwefelsauren Salzen bei der Eiweisszersetzung in Keim-
pflanzen. E. Schulze, ii: 1234 (1878).
Asparagin und Tyrosin in Kürbiskeimlingen. E. Schulze und J. Bar-
BiERi. 12 : 710 (1879).
Leucin aus Kürbiskeimlingen. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri. 12 : 1233
(1879).
Über ein Glucosid aus Lupinus luteus. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri.
12: 2200 (1879).
Über das spezifische Drehungsvermögen des Isocholesterins. E.
Schulze. 13: 249 (1880).
Über ein neues Glucosid. E. Schulze und J. Barbierl 13:681(1880),
Amidosäuren in Lupinenkeimlingen. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri.
13: 1924 (1880).
Über die Eiweisszersetzung in Kürbiskeimlingen. E. Schulze und J.
Barbieri. 13: 2386 (1880).
Über das Vorkommen von Allantoin im Pflanzenorganismus. E.
Schulze und J. Barbieri. 14: 1602 (1881).
Über das Vorkommen von Phenylamidopropionsäure unter den Zersetz-
ungsprodukten der Eiweissstoffe. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri.
14: 1785 (1881).
Zur Kenntnis des Cholesterins. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri. 15:
953 (1882).
Über das Vorkommen von Allantoin und Asparagin in jungen Baum-
blättern. E. Schulze und J. Barbieri. 15:955(1882).
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteile der Kartoffeln.
E. Schulze und E. Eugster. 15: 1090 (1882).
Über das optische Verhalten einiger Aminosäuren. E. Schulze und
E. Bosshard. 17: 1610 (1884).
Über die Bildung von Phenylamidopropionsäure beim Erhitzen von
Eiweissstoffen mit Salzsäure und Zinnchlorür. E. Schulze und
J. Barbieri. 17: 171 1 (1884).
Über das optische Verhalten einiger Aminosäuren. E. Schulze und
E. Bosshard. 18: 388 (1885).
Über das Vorkommen von Glutamin in den Zuckerrüben und über das
optische Verhalten desselben. E. Schulze und E. Bosshard. 18 :
390 (1885).
Über einen neuen stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteil der Keimlinge von
Lupinus luteus. E.Schulze. 19:1177(1886).
Über Paragalactan. E. Schulze. 20: 290 (1887).
Bilden sich Nitrate im Organismus lebender Pflanzen? E. Schulze.
20: 1500 (1887).
I9I2] Ernst Winterstein 17
Über das Vorkommen von Cholin in Keimpflanzen. E. Schulze. 21 :
21 (1888).
Über das Vorkommen von Rohrzucker in unreifen Kartoffeln. E.
Schulze und Th. Seliwanow. 21 : 299 (1888).
Über den Nachweis von Rohrzucker in vegetabilischen Substanzen. E.
Schulze und Th. Seliwanow. 21 : 299 (1888).
Ein Beitrag zur Veränderung, welche die stickstoffhaltigen Bestand-
teile eingesäuerter Grünfutterstoffe erleiden. E. Schulze. 21 :
668 (1888).
Über das Vorkommen eines unlöslichen Schleimsäure gebenden Kohlen-
hydrats in Rotklee und Luzerne. E. Schulze und E. Steiger.
22:345 (1889).
Über die Zersetzung der Proteinsubstanzen in verdunkelten grünen
Pflanzen. E. Schulze und E. Kisser. 22:350(1889).
Über einige stickstoffhaltige Bestandteile der Keimlinge von Soja his-
pida. E. Schulze. 22: 599 (1889).
Zur Kenntnis der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Pflanzenzellmem-
branen. E. Schulze. 22: 1192 (1889).
Betain und Cholin in den Samen von Vicia sativa. E. Schulze, 22 :
1827 (1889).
Untersuchungen über die stickstofffreien Reservestoffe der Samen von
Lupinus luteus und über die Umwandlung derselben während des
Keimprozesses. E. Schulze und E. Steiger. 23: 405 (1890).
Über ein Krystallisieren des Kohlenhydrats. A. v. Planta und E.
Schulze. 23: 1692 (1890).
Zur Kenntnis der chemischen Zusammensetzung der pflanzlichen Zell-
membran. E.Schulze. 23:2579(1890).
Darstellung von Lecithin aus Pflanzensamen. E. Schulze und A.
LiKiERNiK. 24:71 (1891).
Über den Lecithingehalt der Pflanzensamen. E. Schulze und E.
Steiger. 24: 327 (1891).
Zur Chemie der Pflanzenzellmembran. E. Schulze, E. Steiger und
W. Maxwell. 24: 530 (1891).
Über die Konstitution des Leucins. E. Schulze und A. Likiernik.
24: 669 (1891).
Bilden sich Cholesterine in Keimpflanzen, welche bei Lichtabschluss
sich entwickeln? E. Schulze. 24: 670 (1891).
Über die Farbenreaktion des Isocholesterins mit Essigsäureanhydrid
und Schwefelsäure. E. Schulze. 24: 671 (1891).
Über die Bildung von stickstoffhaltigen Basen beim Eiweisszerfall im
Pflanzenorganismus. E. Schulze. 24: 1098 (1891).
i8 Ernst Schuhe [Sept.
Zur Kenntnis der chemischen Zusammensetzung der pflanzlichen Zell-
membran. E. Schulze. 24: 2277 (1891).
Über die Bildung von Harnstoff bei der Spaltung des Arginins. E.
Schulze und A. Likiernik. 24: 2701 (1891).
Zur Kenntnis des Stachydrins, A. v. Planta und E. Schulze. 24:
2705 (1891).
Über basische Stickstoffverbindungen in den Samen von Vicia sativa
und Pisum sativum. E. Schulze. 25: 84 (1892).
Über das Lecithin der Pflanzensamen. E. Schulze und A. Likiernik,
25:85 (1892).
Zur Chemie der pflanzlichen Zellmembranen. E. Schulze. 25 : 434
(1892).
Über das Vorkommen von Guanidin im Pflanzenorganismus. E.
Schulze. 25:658(1892).
Über einen stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteil der Keimlinge von Vicia sativa,
E. Schulze. 25: 869 (1892).
Zum Nachweis des Guanidins. E. Schulze. 25: 2213 (1892).
Über das Vorkommen von Betain und Cholin in Malzkeimen und in
den Keimen des Weizenkorns. E. Schulze und S. Frankfurt.
26: 2151 (1893).
Über die Verbreitung des Rohrzuckers in Pflanzen. E. Schulze und
S. Frankfurt. 27: 62 (1894).
Über das Vorkommen von Raffinose im Keime des Weizenkorns. E.
Schulze und S. Frankfurt. 27: 64 (1894).
Über krystallisiertes Lävulin. E. Schulze und S. Frankfurt. 27:
65 (1894).
Über das Vorkommen von Trigonellin in den Samen von Pisum sati-
vum und Cannabis sativa. E. Schulze und S. Frankfurt. 27 :
769 (1894).
Über ;8-Lävulin. E. Schulze und S. Frankfurt. 27: 3525 (1894).
Vorkommen von Arginin in Knollen und Wurzeln einiger Pflanzen. E,
Schulze. 29: 352 (1896).
Verbreitung des Glutamins in den Pflanzen. E. Schulze. 29: 1882
(1896).
Stickstoffhaltige Bestandteile der Keimpflanzen von Ricinus communis.
E. Schulze. 30: 2197 (1897).
Über die Spaltungsprodukte des Arginins. E. Schulze und E. Win-
terstein. 30:2879(1897).
Bestandteile des Wollfetts. E. Schulze. 31: 1200 (1898).
Konstitution des Arginins. E. Schulze und E. Winterstein. 32 :
3191 (1899).
I9I2] Ernst Winterstein 19
Über das spezifische Drehungsvermögen des Glutamins. E. Schulze.
39: 2932 (1906).
Die Konstitution des Stachydrins, E. Schulze und G. Trier. 42 :
4654 (1909).
8. In verschiedenen Zeitschriften
Ueber die Elementarzusammensetzung der tierischen Fette, insbeson-
dere der Fette vom Schaf, Rind und Schwein. E. Schulze und
A. Reinecke : Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 142 ; 191-218
(1867).
Untersuchungen über die Respiration des volljährigen Schafes bei
Erhaltungsfutter. W. Henneberg, E. Schulze, M. Märcker
und L. Busse : Zentralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenscliaften,
1870; 353-356; 369-370.
Ueber Stickstoffausscheidung im Harn der Wiederkäuer. E. Schulze
und M. Märcker: Zeitschrift für Biologie, 7; 49-62 (1871).
Ueber die Bestimmung des aus Amiden abspaltbaren Ammoniaks in
Pflanzenextrakten. E. Schulze. Zeitschrift für analytische
Chemie: 21 : 1-26 (1882).
Ueber das Stachydrin. E. Schulze: Archiv der Pharmacie, 231 ; 305
(1893). ^
Zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Kohlenhydrate. E. Schulze:
Chemikerzeitung, 1894; 527.
Ueber die Analyse der Pflanzensamen. E. Schulze: Ibid., 1894;
No. 43-
Ueber die Cellulose. E. Schulze: Ibid., 1895; No. 65.
Inwieweit stimmen der Pflanzenkörper und der Tierkörper an ihrer
chemischen Zusammensetzung überein und inwiefern gleicht der
pflanzliche Stoffwechsel dem tierischen? E. Schulze: Viertel-
jahr sschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich, 1894;
243-
(A) Verbreitung des Glutamins in den Pflanzen. (B) Die in den
Keimpflanzen der Coniferen enthaltenen Stickstoffverbindungen.
E. Schulze. Verhandl. d. Schweiz. Naturf. Gesellsch., Zürich
(1896), 126-127.
Ueber die Zellwandbestandteile der Cotyledonen von Lupinus Intens
und Lupinus angustifolius und über das Verhalten während der
Keimungsvorgänge. E. Schulze : Berichte der Deutschen Bo-
tanischen Gesellschaft, 14; 66-71 (1896). ^
Ueber den Eiweisszerfall und Eiweissbildung in der Pflanze. E.
Schulze : Ibid., 18 ; 36-42 ( 1900) .
20 Ernst Schulze [Sept.
Ueber Tyrosinbildiing in den keimenden Samen von Lupinus albus und
über den Abbau primärer Eiweisszersetzungsprodukte in den
Keimpflanzen. E. Schulze: Ibid., 21; 64-67 (1903).
Ueber die Argininbildung in den Keimpflanzen von Lupinus luteus.
E. Schulze: Ibid., 22 ; 381-384 (1904).
9. Dissertationen
Ueber die Eiweisssubstanz der Kürbissamen und über die Zersetzungs-
produkte, welche während des Keimprozesses aus derselben ent-
stehen. J. Barbieri. 1878.
Zur Kenntnis des Glutamins. Ueber Ammoniakbestimmung in Pflanz-
ensäften und Pflanzenextracten. E. Bosshard. 1880.
Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Samen von Lupinus luteus
und über ein in denselben enthaltenes dextrinartiges Kohlenhy-
drat. E. Steiger. 1886.
Ueber das pflanzliche Lecithin und über einige andere Bestandteile der
Leguminosenchalen. A. Likiernik. 1891.
Zur Kenntnis des pflanzlichen Amyloids und über einige andere Be-
standteile der pflanzlichen Zellmembranen. E. Winterstein.
1892.
Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Samen und etiolierten Keimpflanzen
von Cannabis sativa und Helianthus annuus. S. Frankfurt.
1893.
Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Samen und der etiolierten Keim-
pflanzen von Lupinus angustifolius. Miron Merlis. 1897.
Ueber die Bestandteile der Samen von Picea excelsa und über die
Spaltungsprodukte der aus diesen Samen darstellbaren Protein-
stoffe. N. Rongger. 1898.
Versuche zur quantitativen Bestimmung der bei der Zersetzung der
Eiweisskörper durch Säuren entstehenden Basen. O. Meyer.
1900.
Versuche zur Bestimmung des Gehaltes einiger Pflanzen und Pflanzen-
teile an Zellwandbestandteilen, Hemicellulosen und Cellulosen. A.
Kleiber. 1900.
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Cholesterine und der Methoden, die zu ihrer
Abscheidung aus den Fetten und zu ihrer quantitativen Bestim-
mung verwendbar sind. E. Ritter. 1902.
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der in den Pflanzensamen enthaltenen Kohlen-
hydrate. Ch. Godet. 1909.
Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der pflanzlichen Betaine und ihre Bedeutung.
Das Stachydrin, seine Konstitution und seine Synthese. G. Trier.
1910.
A RESUME OF THE LITERATURE ON INOSITE-
PHOSPHORIC ACID, WITH SPECIAL REFER-
ENCE TO THE RELATION OF THAT
SUBSTANCE TO PLANTS
ANTON RICHARD ROSE
(Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Columbia University, at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New York)
Contents. — Discovery: by the microscopist, 21; by the chemist, 22. Occur-
rence, 2^; preparation, 25; properties, 26; Constitution, 31; terminology and Clas-
sification, 35 ; analytical methods, 37 ; role in plants, 39. Bibliography, 46.
DISCOVERY OF INOSITE-PHOSPHORIC ACID SALTS
BY THE MICROSCOPIST
In 1854 Hartig/ engaged in a microscopic study of the seeds o£
various plants, noted in all his sections small particles similar to the
starch grains of the potato, which at that time were absorbing the
interest of plant physiologists.^ These grains were obviously not
starch, as they did not give the characteristic blue color with iodine
in potassium iodid Solution. They are more commonly present in
seeds than starch, the latter being frequently replaced by fat.
Hartig considered them an essential reserve product designed to
play an important part in the germination of the seed and the
growth of the plant. He first called them " Klebermehl " but
within a year renamed them " aleurone grains " f rom the Greek
aXevpov (wheat fiour), a term still in use. Not only did he consider
them significant for the plants in which they are found but also for
the animals which eat them. The method which he employed for
separating them from the other parts of the seed is the one usually
followed by the investigators who have since worked with these
^ The papers ref erred to in the text and not accompanied by f ootnote ref er-
ences are those which pertain specially to the literature of inosite-phosphoric
acid and are given at the end of this review in the alphabetical order of the
names of the authors.
^The starch grains were minutely studied by Nägeli and his coworkers.
Their work (collected in Die Stärkekörner, 1858) probably afforded the Stimulus
for the efforts which led to the discovery of inosite-phosphoric acid so early.
21
22 Literature on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept.
grains, namely, extraction of the macerated seeds with ether and
removal of the aleuron grains from the cellular debris by Sedimenta-
tion in this medium. They are insoluble in both alcohol and ether,
somewhat soluble in water, and quite soluble in dilute acids.
In the years following Hartig's discovery several other botanists
turned their attention to the aleuron grains and came to conflicting
conclusions as to their nature. Von Holle considered them protein
carriers and referred to them as " Proteinkörner." Both Sachs and
Gris looked upon the particles as fat concentrates. By far the most
important study in this field was the comprehensive work of Pfeffer
in 1872. He differentiated the grains described by Hartig into
three groups : (i) crystals of calcium Oxalate, (2) a protein sub-
stance, and (3) a Compound giving no reactions for protein, fat, or
inorganic salts. This last type was found in all of the one hundred
different seeds which he examined. These particles he described as
having rounded surfaces, assuming spheroidal shapes and fre-
quently twinning, so as to present a convoluted appearance. Enough
of the grains were obtained for a chemical examination, which was
made for him by his colleague Brandon. The solubilities were the
same as those reported by Hartig. Nitrogen could not be detected.
Positive tests were obtained for calcium, magnesium, and phos-
phorus. Organic matter was noted and the Suggestion made that
the substance was a phosphate combined with a carbohydrate.
These phosphorus-bearing spheroidal bodies occurring with or in the
aleuron grains Pfeffer named "Globoid."
DISCOVERY OF INOSITE-PHOSPHORIC ACID BY THE CHEMIST
Palladin, while engaged on a study of the proteins of Sinapis
niger in 1893, observed an unusual phenomenon. After extraction
of the fat-free finely ground seeds with ten per cent. sodium chlorid
Solution and heating the extract, he obtained a voluminous precipi-
tate which partly dissolved on standing. A few trials showed that
he had a substance soluble in cold but insoluble in hot water. By
filtering off the permanent coagulum, reheating the filtrate and
filtering while hot, he obtained a fairly pure product rieh in phos-
phorus, containing calcium and magnesium, but no nitrogen. It
proved non-reducing when tested with Fehling Solution, both before
I9I2] Anton Richard Rose 23
and after hydrolysis with acids. It was soluble in water and aclds,
and precipitated by the alkali earths and the heavy metals.
Subsequently Schulze and Winterstein published a paper con-
firming the observations of Palladin, and also noting that the phos-
phorus was not precipitated by ammonium molybdate. These
authors expressed the opinion that the Compound thus discovered by
chemical procedure is identical with Pfeffer's " globoid." The fol-
lovving year (1897), a more detailed paper was published by the
junior author, in which the identity and properties of the substance
were more fully revealed, and " inosite-phosphoric acid " was sug-
gested as the proper name for the Compound, inasmuch as it yielded
inosite and phosphoric acid on hydrolysis.
The most complete study of this substance has been made by
Posternak; his findings are embodied in eight papers and several
applications for patents. He discarded the name suggested by
Winterstein and proposed a structural formula which does not
include the inosite ring. He gave to the substance the name
"phytin" (from the Greek <f>vT7]v) and under this trade name it is
now placed on the market by a chemical firm in Basel.
OCCURRENCE OF INOSITE-PHOSPHORIC ACID
As already noted, phytin was first thought to be a storage product
in seeds ; and this early Impression has been confirmed by subsequent
investigation, no case having been reported of a seed in which it is
completely lacking. The accompanying table (i) lists the plants
specially mentioned in the literature in connection with the study of
inosite-phosphoric acid.
The relative data in the table are not in close accord, but no true
comparison can as yet be drawn between the species, for most of the
data were obtained at periods when adequate and uniform analytical
methods were unavailable. The figures quoted in the table give an
approximate idea of the quantitative signijficance of this important
Compound, in relation to other forms of phosphorus available for
seedling growth and the phosphorus requirement of man and beast.
Posternak makes the Statement that seeds rieh in fat carry the
largest amount of phosphorus, which is in harmony with the micros-
copist's observations that the aleuron grains are particularly numer-
24
Literatur e on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid
[Sept.
TABLE I
Recorded analytic data on the occurrence of inosite-phosphoric acid
Plant. Total
P
Per Cent.
Spruce fir 0.66
Pea (Pisum sativum).. 0.37
Pea, yellow
Bean, white {Phaseolus
vulgaris) 0.51
Bean, brown
Hemp (Cannabis sativa) 1.46
0.76
Rice (Ory::a sativa)... 0.95
Rice flour
Rice bran 2.22
Rice germ 6.20
Wheat ( Triticum sativa) 0.45
Wheat bran i.ii
i.il
Graham flour
Sesame (Sesamum in-
dicum) 0.77
Corn (Zea mays) 0.29
0.35
Oats (Avena sativa) . . 0.46
Barley (Hordium sati-
vutn) 0.50
0.47
0.54
Barley bran
Sunflower {Helianthus
annuus) 0.83
Rye (Seeale cereale) . .
0.43
Ratio of the
P in phyto-
phosphate
to Total P
Per Cent.
91-5
70.8
19.0
81.6
58.0
91.4
15-0
45-9
69.0
74.1
89.2
29.9
84.0
52.0
29.0
16.3
54.0
48.9
48.0
87.4
Plant.
38.0
36.S
44.0
60.4
86.3
90.3
28.9
Total
P
Per Cent.
Ratio of the
P in phyto-
phosphate
to Total P
Per Cent.
25.0
Rye flour
Rape (Brassica napus
olifera) 0.98 80.0
I-I9 44-5
0.54 38.0
Rape cake 49.5
Soy bean (Soja hispida) 0.57 58.0
Lentil (Lens esculenta) 0.30 82.6
0.30 9.3
Cocoanut (Cocus nuci-
fera) 88.4
695
Cottonseed (Gossipium
herhaceum) 93.6
Pine : Pinus cembra . . . 0.47 14.39
Pinus excelsa ... 0.63 21.6
Castor bean (Ricinus
communis) 0.26 41.6
Millet (Panicum millia-
ceum) 0.77 44-97
Vetch (Vicia faba mi-
nor) 0.47 4.4
Red Clover (Hay) 0.24 70.0
Radish : Root (Rapha-
nus vulgaris) 0.02 15.0
Turnip : Root (Bras-
sica esculenta?) 0.02 15.0
Dahlia : Tuber (Dahlia
variabilis) ..." Spheroids of phjrtin "
Potato : Tuber (Alliuni
cepa ) " Spheroids of phytin "
The analytic results in the above table are those for seeds of the plants,
except in the last five cases. They are compiled from a number of sources.
Among the plants studied for their phyto-phosphate content, in which the rela-
tive amount of this substance is not given, are the following: Beta vulgaris,
Brassica campestris, Cucurbita pepo, Ervum lens, Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius,
L. luteus, Pinus laricio, P. maritima, Sinapis nigra, Solanum tuberosum, and the
tubers of AI Hunt cepa and Dahlia variabilis. In only two materials reported,
namely, rutabaga root and alfalfa hay, could no phyto-phosphate be found. In
several instances the total phosphorus was not reported. Where there is a
close agreement between two or more results, only one figure is given above.
1912] Anton Richard Rose 25
ous in oily seeds. He also remarks that the smaller seeds such as
cereals are the richest in " phytin." This Compound is not entirely
confined to seeds, its presence having also been noted in the potato
near the eye and as characteristic spheroids in the tubers of Allium
and Dahlia. Roots functioning as storage organs, such as those of
the Brassicae, contain small amounts. None was found by Totting-
ham and Hart in the mature stems and leaves of the common
fodder plants, but it occurs in clover leaves and in millet during the
late flovvering period, and also in tender shoots.
PREPARATION OF INOSITE-PHOSPHORIC ACID AND ITS SALTS
To prepare phytin or its closely related Compounds from seeds,
they should be finely ground and, if fat is present in large amounts,
it should be removed by extraction with ether and alcohol. Most
of the preparations reported in the literature have been obtained
from cereals by leaching with 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solu-
tion. Acetic acid has also been used in i per cent. Solution, and
in a few cases acid Solutions of greater concentration have been
employed. To remove the soluble proteins from the extract,
Levene used picric acid; other investigators have coagulated them
by heating and filtration after cooling; but when acidulated water
is used the proteins do not seem to interfere appreciably with the
preparation of pure phytin. The reserve proteins of the seeds are
of the globulin type and are soluble only in the presence of salt in
the extracting agent. Precipitation of inosite-phosphoric acid from
its Solutions can be accomplished by several methods, such as the use
of the acetates of the heavy metals, barium chlorid in ammoniacal
Solution or magnesia mixture. In these cases the precipitated Com-
pound is obviously in a form different from that in which it occurs in
the original material. To obtain the salt more nearly in the form in
which it is found in the seed, it may be precipitated by heating the
Solution to almost boiling and filtering while hot; or better, by
adding four volumes of ninety-five per cent. alcohol. In obtaining
pure preparations of inosite-phosphoric acid or its salts, a number
of reprecipitations are necessary. These have been made alternately
with copper, lead, and barium. Salts of the first two are decom-
posed by suspending in distilled water and bubbling hydrogen sul-
26 Literatlire on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept.
phide through the liquid ; the third is removed by adding dilute sul-
phuric acid. In all cases, the lead or copper salt is the last pre-
cipitated in this manner of purification; and when the product is
carefully washed, and the metal removed by hydrogen sulphide, the
filtrate from the lead or copper sulphide is evaporated at a low tem-
perature, leaving the inosite-phosphoric acid.^
The various salts which have been studied were made from this
acid. In obtaining the acid for the preparation of pure Compounds,
the greatest difficulty lies in removing the last traces of magnesium.
Rising overcame this difficulty by taking up the syrupy acid with
absolute alcohol, and adding ether until droplets of the acid formed.
He then filtered off the acid magnesium inosite-phosphate and again
evaporated. The commonest impurity in phytin is inorganic ortho-
phosphate which, however, is easily removed. Starkenstein uses the
calcium salts of the mixed acids and washes with glacial acetic acid,
which dissolves the inorganic part but not the organic phosphorus
Compound. Forbes precipitates with magnesia mixture, removes
the excess of this reagent by washing with ammonia water, washing
again with alcohol, and extracting with 95 per cent. alcohol con-
taining 0.2 per cent. mineral acid, which also dissolves all the in-
organic phosphorus and none of the " phytin." Attempts to prepare
these salts synthetically will be referred to in a later section.
PROPERTIES OF INOSITE-PHOSPHORIC ACID AND ITS SALTS
The substance widely known as "phytin," and described in the
middle of the last Century by the microscopists as " spheroid bodies,"
frequently assumes the globular shape when forced out of Solution,
In most cases, the precipitate comes down as a flocculent amorphous
mass. Inosite-phosphoric acid has not as yet been obtained in crys-
talline form. At room temperature, it is a syrup of light straw
color, which becomes very viscid on cooling to — 20° C, and darkens
on heating to 100° C. Vorbrodt found that this coloration could
not be prevented by replacing the air with an inert gas during the
heating, and from this concludes that the change is not due to
oxidation. If the heat is allowed to reach 125° C, an insoluble dark
char is produced (cf. Posternak). Inosite-phosphoric acid may
'For details of the method of preparing the acid see Hart and Patten
(page48).
1912] Anton Richard Rose ^y
form neutral salts, acid salts, double salts, or acid double salts. The
acid, neutralized with alkali and evaporated to dryness, gives a
brownish horny mass; but if an alkali earth is also present, double
salts are formed, which crystallize in fine needles with eight mole-
cules of water. The magnesium salts crystallize in small and uni-
form spherules, while the copper salts form large and irregulär
spherules. Twin forms are frequently produced in the copper pre-
cipitates, resembling the globoids of which drawings appear in
Pfeffer's paper. These spheroid masses may be Clusters of needles
of approximately equal lengths, as is suggested by the regularly
pitted surfaces sometimes seen, and the term spherocrystal can
accordingly be applied to them. The copper Compounds are green ;
the others, as far as reported, are white. Occasionally a faint
pinkish cast has been noticed in pure preparations.
The acid is miscible in all proportions with water. It is soluble
in alcohol but not in the other common lipoid solvents. Ether added
to an alcoholic Solution precipitates the acid in droplets. According
to Posternak, the acid-alkali and acid-magnesium salts are soluble
in alcohol and water. The double salts are soluble in water, forming
opalescent Solutions from which they are precipitated by chlorid and
acetate of potassium, redissolving if these are added in excess. The
decrease in solubility of the salts of inosite-phosphoric acid is in the
following Order : alkali, alkali earth and heavy metal. The magne-
sium Compounds are more soluble than the calcium salts and the
latter more soluble than those of barium or Strontium. The same
Order of solubility also holds for acid salts, double salts and normal
salts. These phytophosphates are more soluble in cold than in hot
water, and heating frequently precipitates them, even in the presence
of dilute acetic acid. This precipitation is largely influenced by
other Compounds in Solution, halogens and sulphates inhibiting, and
phosphates facilitating the reaction. Posternak noted that the
precipitates thus formed by heating were not always completely dis-
solved on cooling; also that the phytophosphates not readily soluble
in cold water were changed to more soluble forms by dissolving in
dilute acid and precipitating with alcohol. Dilute mineral acids are
solvents for all of these Compounds. Acetic acid does not dissolve
the salts of inosite-phosphoric acid with the heavy metals, barium.
28 Literature on Inosite-PJwsphoric Acid [Sept.
calcium and Strontium ; but the magnesium and alkali salts, and the
double salts, are very soluble in this reagent. Posternak says that
the alkali salts of this acid are solvents for the Compounds with
alkali earths, and that on standing, crystals of double salts form in
these Solutions, tending to arrange themselves in rosettes — a further
Suggestion as to the mode of formation of the characteristic sphero-
crystals mentioned above. Inosite-phosphoric acid Solutions do not
polarize light, and pass through semi-permeable membranes com-
paratively slowly.
All the salts of inosite-phosphoric acid, except the alkali salts and
the acid magnesium salts, are precipitated f rom aqueous Solution by
four volumes of alcohol. The acid and its salts in alcoholic Solu-
tion are precipitated by ether. The addition of neutral Solutions of
silver, lead, copper, cadmium, iron, uranium, Strontium, barium and
calcium precipitates the acid f rom its Solutions ; so also do magnesia
mixture and albumin. According to Posternak, precipitation with
copper is prevented by the presence of fat. The copper salts are
soluble in ammonium hydroxid Solution. Ammonium molybdate in
nitric acid does not cause precipitation in dilute Solutions of inosite
phosphates, but in concentrated Solutions white needles are formed
on long Standing which are insoluble in nitric acid and soluble in
water. Preparations f rom seeds retain persistently small amounts of
magnesium, several reprecipitations being necessary to get a salt
containing a single metal. It is equally difficult to get a preparation
free from the hydrogen ion, and it may be said in general that the
property of forming acid salts and double salts is very characteristic
of inosite-phosphoric acid. The most important contribution to our
knowledge of the nature and properties of its salts has been made
recently by Anderson. From acid purified by means of barium pre-
cipitation and the method described by Hart and Patten, the follow-
ing Compounds have been prepared : tri-barium, penta-barium, penta-
barium di-ammonium, penta-magnesium, penta-magnesium di-am-
monium, tetra-cupric di-calcium, tetra-calcium, penta-calcium, hexa-
cupric, octa-silver, and hepta-silver salts. Most of them are white
amorphous powders, but the tri-barium and tetra-calcium salts can
be reprecipitated in irregulär crystalline form.
Pure preparations have been made and analyzed by several other
investigators. The results of their work are given in Table 2.
I9I2]
Anton Richard Rose
29
TABLE 2
Analytic data pertaining to inosite-phosphoric acid
(Compüed from results reported in the literature of the subject)
Name of
Author
Anderson.
Contardi.
Hart, Patten.
Hart.
Tottingham.
Horner.
Levene.
Elements
Carbon Hydro-
gen
Phosphorus
Barium
Magne-
sium
Calcium
Other
Metals
Ratios'
C=6
P=x
P=6
M'=x
(Prepared from the purified commercial product.)^
6.42
4-59
10.56
10.76
1-44
1-15
3-21
3.22
37-21
48.87
46.99
14-13
42-9
13-03
22.46
17.66
14.69
16.87
13.46
14.07
21.29
26.37
26.16
19.07
20.62
21.75
22.53
16.88
11.94
13-02
(Synthesized by means of inosite and ortho-phosphoric acid.)
6.42(K)
33-54(Cu)
55-98(Ag)
52.43(Ag)
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
14.24
14-23
9.16
9.60
(
12.62
8.17
3-45
3-61
1.64
1.68
24.09
24.31
16.34
16.05
35-57
34-48
4
4
4
4
(Synthesized by means of inosite and pyro-phosphoric acid.)
3-24
1.58
(acid)
26.51
16-55
(
26.08
21.08
35-90
(Prepared from rice bran.)
9.0
13-8
10.89
10.63
17-30
3-00
3-40
3-63
28.10
12.50
15.60
21.40
(Preparations from wheat bran.)
25-98
56.2
23.2
8.9
13-5
22.1 (Cu)
16.38
26.08
5-8
I-13
2.6 (K)
6
2
(Similar preparations.)
(The commercial preparation.)-
20.32 1 I 1.45 I 11-96 I
9-84
5.66
17.90
7-70
1.47
3-57
23-00
13-93
13-16
11-95
(Preparations from hemp.)
44-50
40.14
5-5
6
1-5
2
6
10
12
12
12
10
8
IG
12
6
4
(Synthesized by means of inosite and ortho-phosphoric acid.)
12
12
12
12
63
- 1 7
8.5
4
9-5
^ The empirical formulas have been calculated from the analytic results, and
the relations between the carbon and phosphorus, and the phosphorus and base
(M'), are given in these two columns. The carbon and the phosphorus are, in
each case, assumed to be six atoms per molecule.
^ Placed on the market by the Gesellschaft für Chemische Industrie in Basel.
^ A 0.2 per cent. HCl extract of wheat bran several times reprecipitated from
weakly acid Solution by alcohol.
* The first substance; obtained by extracting with sodium chlorid Solution
and, after removing protein with picric acid, precipitating with copper and
removing the copper.
30
Literature on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid
[Sept.
TABLE 2 (coniinued)
Name of
Author
Elements
Carbon
Hydro-
gen
Phosphorus
Barium
Magne-
Calcium
Other
Metals
Ratiosl
C=6
P=x
P=6
M'=x
Posternak.
Rising.
Suzuki,
Yoshimura,
Takaishi.
Vorbrodt.
Winterstein.
Winterstein,
Schulze.
(A large number of preparations were raade in which several kinds of
seeds were used.)
9-97
4-79
7-25
7-44
6.51
26.08
25.89
12.70
19-42
19-73
6
6
6
6
3-70
I.OO
1-34
1.49
50-45
8.41
i9.02(Na)
5-37 1 1-03 I
(Preparations from barley bran.)
13-08 I I I l52.6s(Ag)|
(Preparations from rice bran.)
1.21
I 23.48 I
I S-81 I 17-48 I
(Preparations from corn.)
15.18 I42.62 I I
(Preparations from black mustard.)
18.42 I I 7-8 I I
9.65 I 2.83 I 15-20 I
I
I 5-5
I -
I 3.7
II
4
12
I 7
1 6 I 10.6
8
6.5
— ?*
The alkali salts are hygroscopic, but the others do not change in
weight under ordinary conditions. Posternak assigns to the double
alkali salts of the alkali earths eight molecules of water. The
barium salt prepared by Vorbrodt lost 9.33 per cent. of its weight in
the presence of phosphorus pentoxid, but regained it when exposed
to a moist atmosphere. At 110° C, 11.5 per cent. was lost. Ander-
son reports for his tri-barium salt five molecules of water, for his
tetra-calcium salt twelve, and for his penta-magnesium salt twenty-
four.
Inosite-phosphoric acid is easily decomposed by heating with
strong acids in sealed tubes but does not spontaneously break down
into its cleavage p'roducts. Mendel and Underhill kept a Solution
of the acid for many months and found at the end of the time no
apparent change. Posternak states that heating phytin in alkaline
Solution to 100° C. causes no decomposition, but Winterstein found
that if a twenty per cent. Solution of alkali were used (sodium
hydroxid) and the temperature raised to 230° C, cleavage occurred.
Contardi states that cleavage does not occur when these salts are
* Extracted with sodium chlorid Solution, precipitated by heating, and fil-
tered hot.
I9I2] 'Anton Richard Rose 31
heated in water to 200° C. under pressure. According tc Giacosa it
is more readily hydrolyzed than lecithin. From the fact tbat the
products of hydrolysis are inosite and phosphate, Winterstein came
to the conclusion that the Compound is inosite-phosphoric acid.
CONSTITUTION OF INOSITE-PHOSPHORIC ACID
Posternak, who has done more work on this substance than any
other one investigator, did not agree with Winterstein in the con-
clusion set forth above. From his analyses he first constructed the
following formula:
HC(OH)OP .(OH)
(X) I
HC(OH)0
P^ (OH)
but, as benzoyl chlorid gave no positive test for the hydroxyl group,
a second formula was proposed (anhydro-oxymethylene-diphos-
phoric acid) :
CH,-0-P('
/ ^(OH),
(«) o:
\ /^
\cHj-o— ?<;■
%(0H),
He was of the opinion that inosite is synthesized from the products
of hydrolysis when the "phytin" is heated under pressure with
mineral acids. A number of chemists have expressed doubt concern-
ing the probability of such a formation of inosite, either from this
organic group or any part of it that might result from the action of
the acid thereon. In 1907 Suzuki and his co-workers obtained
inosite from "phytin" by the action of an enzyme, from which they
concluded that inosite is an integral part of the "phytin" molecule
and constructed the following formula to represent their view :
32
Litcrature on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid
[Sept.
HO-^P— O— Q
Ho/
H
-C— 0-P'
/^
-OH
\0H
(3)
P_0— CH HC— 0— Pf
HO
O^
=0
v\0H
sOH
hq//
;P— O— c-
h
-C— O— P=
h
=0
\\0H
HO/ \0H
M. W., 660; C = 10.91%; P = 28.18%.
Neuberg came to similar conclusions the following year when he
obtained inosite and furfurol on mixing " phytin " with phosphoric
acid and distilling under reduced pressure, and also showed that
furfurol can be obtained from inosite. He proposed the following
f ormula :
H
-c-
(4)
HO.
H0\ H
HO>P-0-(;
HO^.
HO-7P— O— CH HC— O
HO/
H
/OH
O— ^<0H
/OH
-P.^OH
\0H
t
-CH
HO— P\ /P— OH
HO/ ^0^ \0H
M. W., 714;C = 10.085% ; P = 26.05%.
Levene, working with a preparation from hempseed, was led to
believe that the "phytin" of this grain contained in its molecule
phosphate, inosite and a carbohydrate of the pentose group. His
work was criticized by Neuberg, who claimed that there were
impurities in the preparation. In view of the known intimate asso-
ciation of the phytin with protein and carbohydrate in the aleuron
grain, and the possible occurrence of a chemical combination of
both phyto-phosphate and carbohydrate with protein, it is conceiv-
able that Levene had a product holding pentose as an integral part
igi2] 'Anton Riclmrd Rose 33
and not as an impurity, though in view of all the available evidence
Neuberg's criticism seems at the present time somewhat justifiable.
Starkenstein also refused to accept the simple formula proposed
by Posternak and offers the f ollowing :
HO-^P— OH.HO— C-C— OH.HO— P^OH
^\ j i /^
HO— P— OH. HO— C C— OH.HO— P^H
o/ 11 \)
(5) HO— C— C— OH
HO OH
0=P P=(
/\/\
OH O OH
M. W., 714 ; C = 10.985^ ; P = 26.05
He argues that the phosphoric acid is in the pyro-form^ from the
fact that its silver salt is the same color as silver pyro-phosphate,
and that its behavior when titrated with Standard uranium acetate
Solution is also like that of pyro-phosphoric acid. That it is not
combined in the usual form of an ester but held loosely in a complex
"addition form," he maintains from the fact that an increase of
inosite and inorganic phosphate resulted from heating some of the
calcium salt for an hour at ioo° C. These arguments are not alto-
gether convincing. Anderson has prepared a silver salt of the ortho-
tetra-phosphoric acid ester with inosite and reports it as being white
like the pyro-phosphoric acid salt.
In the quantitative titration of pyrophosphoric acid with a uran-
ium acetate Solution, standardized by ortho-phosphate and using fer-
rocyanide as indicator, only one half of the phosphorus value is
obtained. Starkenstein explains this phenomenon by the assump-
tion that one half of the more reactive ions of the phosphoric acid
have been removed in the dehydration. Now if two phosphoric-
acid groups had formed esters with one polyalcohol, analogous con-
ditions would have resulted as far as the ions are concerned, and
bivalent ions would be expected to connect the two phosphoric acid
* That phosphorus occurs in plants in the pyro form may seem stränge to
many, but this is not the first time that such an occurrence has been suggested.
In 1892 Hardin (5". C. Exp. Sta. Bull., N. S., No. 8) reported his finding both
pyro- and meta- phosphate in cottonseed meal, when he sought, in this feeding
material, a substance toxic to cattle.
34 Literature on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept.
radicles. This may be illustrated by these two graphic represen-
tations :
.HO: OH^^^* \ /OH«-^
\ / 0=:P OH
0=P— OH ^ -f— ua.
The idea of this type of reaction for ortho and pyro-forms
is in harmony with the fact that when inosite-phosphoric acid is
precipitated in acid Solutions by divalent metals, the tri-metal salt is
the more readily formed. The activity of the hydrogen ions is
relatively greater in the inosite-phosphoric acid than the sum total
of the ions of the ortho-forms would be, probably due to the influ-
ence of increased negative electric charges in the many phosphorus
atoms held in one molecule, so that, altho six having been eliminated
in the assumed ester formation, the very reactive ions are eight
in number. The last column in Table 2 is interesting in this con-
nection. Finally, the Statement that the inosite-phosphoric acid
is decomposed by dry heat has been shown to be erroneous by both
Anderson and the writer.
That phytin is a salt of inosite-phosphoric acid seems to be con-
clusively demonstrated by the synthetic work of Contardi, whose
preparations from rice bran gave analyses identical with a synthetic
preparation obtained by heating anhydrous inosite with ortho-
phosphoric acid (sp. g. 1.7). Other workers have attempted to
substantiate this result, but so far without success. Carre could
obtain only a mixture of the two chemicals ; Anderson was able to
produce tetra-ortho and di-pyro-phosphoric acid esters.
It does not follow that these preparations of inosite-phosphoric
acid are identical in form with the organic phosphorus Compound
occurring in plants. The writer calls attention elsewhere to a differ-
ence of behavior between the phytophosphate in seeds and in prepa-
rations.^ Certain data, not as yet published, as well as differences
in the products described in the literature, fall in with those
suspicions.^
What inosite-phosphoric acid is, in terms of a definite chemical
'Rose: Technical Bulletin 20 of the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station.
' Cf . Preparations analyzed by Patten and Hart, Winterstein and Schulze,
and Levene, in table 2, p. 29.
I9I2] Anton Richard Rose 35
structure, is an open question. It is probably an ester of phosphoric
acid with inosite, in which six phosphoric acid groups are united
with each inosite molecule. This ratio, Cß : Pg, is indicated for the
vast majority of the pure preparations analyzed; exceptions are the
preparations by Levene, Vorbrodt and Rising (Table 2), these
authors giving the ratio Cq : P5.5. Anderson has pointed out that
bis and Rising's silver salts are probably identical, Rising's analysis
being equally well adapted to the formula C6Hi7027P6Ag7. It
seems probable that the molecular weight when accurately deter-
mined will be reported as 714 or will differ from this by the molec-
ular weight of three molecules of water, The molecule seems to
contain twelve hydrogen atoms readily separated in ionization, six of
which are exceedingly reactive ; the remaining hydrogen atoms
gradually diminish in reactivity by twos, the last four being slow
to enter into an exchange with bases. The most readily formed
salts are therefore those corresponding to an octavalent acid and the
other common ones are in six and tenvalent combinations.
TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
The investigations of which this paper is a brief review have
brought to the biological chemist and plant physiologist a type of
phosphorus Compound from the plant world which is relatively
new and probably of prime importance. The phosphorus which
occurs in acid and water extracts was formerly considered inor-
ganic phosphate, and awakened no especial interest, and the mention
of organic phosphorus immediately brought to mind nucleoproteins
and lecithins. In the organic laboratories combinations of phos-
phorus with various organic radicals have been made and recently-
prepared phosphoric acid esters'^ resemble " phytin " in some respects,
and so may be considered of special concern to the biological
chemist, as possibly bearing on problems in his field. A cleavage
product of inosinic acid, c?-arabinose phosphoric acid,^ is significant
as showing that carbohydrate esters are not confined to those pro-
duced by the synthetic Operations of the laboratory. Even more
'v. Lebedew: Biochem. Zeit., 1909, 20, 114; Neuberg and his coworkers :
Ber., 43, 2060; Biochem. Zeit., 23, 515; 26, 115 and 529; 36, 5; Langheld, Ber., 44,
2076.
'Levene and Jacobs, Ber., 191 1, 44, 746.
36 Literatur e on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept.
striking are Iwanow's experiments® in which, when yeast was
allowed to ferment sugar in the presence of sodium phosphate, there
was noted a disappearance of the inorganic phosphorus, amounting
to f rom eighty to ninety-three per cent. ; and in the liquors there was
foiind an organic phosphorus Compound optically active and giving
reactions for aldehydes and ketones. Biochemical syntheses of this
class have also been successfully made by other investigators.^*' Of
special interest are the inosite esters with ortho- and pyrophos-
phoric acid prepared by Anderson. Mention may also be made of the
spherocrystals discovered by Hansen" in the parenchyma cells of
the Euphorbia caput medusae, which he describes as amorphous
masses of calcium and magnesium phosphate, but which Belzug^^
later has shown to be salts of a new organic acid, phosphomalic acid.
We may reasonably expect that additional phosphorus-bearing sub-
stances of this kind will be discovered in nature by the phyto-
chemist for which a rational System of nomenclature will be required.
Rising, in his paper on inosite-phosphoric acid, refers to soluble
phosphorus Compounds obtained from grains, which he promises to
discuss in later contributions. These substances he considers closely
related to "phytin," and proposes classifying them as a single group
with the generic name " phyto-phosphoric acid." This term we may
profitably adopt to indicate the acid radicals of those organic phos-
phorus Compounds which may be found in the water and dilute acid
extracts of plant materials. In this group will be included the gly-
cerophosphates, phosphomalates, such hexose and pentose phos-
phates as may be discovered in plants, and the phytin-like substances.
The term " phytin " as used at present seems to designate that
substance which is extracted from seeds by leaching with dilute
acids, reacting positively in the tests for calcium, magnesium, and,
after hydrolysis, for phosphoric acid and inosite. The multiplica-
tion of trade names for definite chemical Compounds is not desirable.
There are many students and other workers who must of necessity
'Iwanow: Zeit, für physiol. Chein., 1107, 50, 281-288.
"Young and Hardin : Biochem. Zeit., 191 1, 32, 173-188; Proc. Chem. Soc,
21, 23, 24; Proc. Roy. Soc., London, 77, 80, 81, 82; Euler and Ohlsen: Biochem.
Zeit., 191 1, 37, 313.
" Hansen : Arbeit, des bot. Inst., Würzburg, 1888, 92-122.
"Beizug: Jour. de bot., 1893, 7, 211-229.
I9I2] Anton Richard Rose 37
carry in memory more names of organic Compounds than they can
reasonably be expected to define in terms of chemical formulae, if
the common names do not in themselves off er suggestions of chem-
ical structure. Unsystematic naming is contrary to the modern
spirit of chemical nomenclature. Winterstein's " inosite-phosphoric
acid" has priority over Posternak's "phytin" and the further ad-
vantage of being a chemically descriptive term. The preference
of several authors for this latter designation is evidenced by the
fact that the name phytin is not adhered to or is given in parenthesis
after the name " inosite-phosphoric acid." In this particular case
the probability of confusion is very miich increased by the fact that
the term " phytine " is already applied to Chlorophyll preparations
whose chemical composition we cannot hope to know for some time
and for convenience must perforce carry a non-chemically descrip-
tive appellation. The word " phytin " seems to have all the Psycho-
logie requirements of a really good trade name and the substance
which it designates in the market is widely advertised in the Euro-
pean medical Journals for its therapeutic properties, which are more
than likely of questionable character, and the term will undoubtedly
persist.
It can be readily conceived that this may not be the only inosite-
phosphoric acid in plants and we should look for other combinations
in which the phosphorus may be in the ortho or pyro form — even
the meta phosphate — and be present as the hexa, tetra, di, or mono
phosphoric acid. Various incidents have suggested to the writer
that some of these forms occur in preparations from seeds when
certain treatment other than those described above is used.
ANALYTICAL METHODS^
The quantitative estimation of phytin phosphorus has been
effected only by determining the difference between the total soluble
phosphorus and the inorganic phosphorus. Phytin research in
animal and plant metabolism is therefore very largely dependent
upon the accuracy of the determination of inorganic phosphorus.
" The analytical methods are here treated very briefly, for their development
is as yet imperfect and the literature conflicting. Many papers have not been
mentioned and the reader is referred for these to the bibliography on page
46. A more complete Statement with experimental data will be published later.
38 Literature on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept
The term soluble phosphorus above and elsewhere means of course
the phosphorus Compounds which dissolve in cold acidulated water ;
the amount is obtained by evaporating the extract and destroying
the organic matter with sulphuric and nitric acids according to the
method of Neumann,^^ after which the phosphorus is determined
by the usual ammonium molybdate and magnesia mixture method
as described by Sonnenschein and later modified by Woy. As ex-
tracting agents both acetic acid and hydrochloric acid have been
used.
The first method to approximate an accurate determination of
inorganic phosphorus in the presence of soluble organic phosphorus
was that used by Hart and Andrews in 1903. Their extracting
agent was 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution, a solvent which
has since been used by most investigators. Hart and Andrews
noted that ammonium molybdate did not precipitate the phytin
phosphorus, and used this fact to devise a method for separating
the two kinds of phosphorus combination in Solution. They
had some apprehension lest the strong acid in the usual molybdate
Solutions would hydrolyze some of the organic phosphorus Com-
pounds and thus yield high results for the inorganic portion. They
determined the minimum amount of nitric acid necessary to give a
rapid, complete, and crystalline Separation of the yellow precipitate
(2 c.c. of nitric acid, specific gravity 1.2, in each 250 c.c. of Solu-
tion) and added to the liquid of this acidity neutral ammonium
molybdate Solution.
Vorbrodt, in his excellent monograph on " phytin," developed a
method which is based on a triple precipitation of the inorganic
phosphorus, first precipitating in general by means of magnesia
mixture and dissolving the precipitate in the least amount of
nitric acid. This is diluted to 50 c.c, heated to 100° C, and treated
with an equal volume of ammonium molybdate Solution. The
yellow precipitate is dissolved in ammonia water, 25 c.c. of 5 per
cent. barium chlorid are added,^^ and the precipitate after being
washed and dried is weighed; or the phosphorus may be precipi-
tated with magnesia mixture and weighed as magnesium pyro-
phosphate.
"Neumann: Zeit, für physiol. Chetn., 1902, 37, 115.
"Riegler: Zeit. Anal. Chem., 1902, 41, 675.
1912] 'Anton Richard Rose 39
Stutzer in Germany and Forbes in this country, working inde-
pendently, introduced a new idea in the determination of inorganic
phosphorus, namely, the use of acid alcohol. Forbes and bis asso-
ciates make an acidulated water extract and precipitate with mag-
nesia mixture; the precipitate is then washed successively with
ammonia water and alcohol, and the inorganic phosphorus separated
f rom the phytins by digesting in cold 95 per cent. alcohol containing
0.2 per cent. of nitric acid. This alcoholic Solution is finally filtered,
the filtrate evaporated, and phosphorus determined in the residue
in the usual way.
Starkenstein has studied in some detail the application of titra-
tion methods to this problem, and his results point to the possibility
of determining quantitatively these different forms of phosphorus
in the same Solution. He found that titration of a Solution con-
taining ortho-phosphate, pyro-phosphate and inosite-phosphate with
uranyl acetate standardized by ortho-phosphate, using cochineal as
an indicator, gave in each case true values for total phosphorus;
that with ferrocyanide as an indicator, the total phosphorus was
equivalent to all of the phosphorus as ortho-phosphate, one half of
that as pyro-phosphate and inosite-phosphate, the glycero-phosphate
not entering into the reaction at all. Anderson notes that pyro-
phosphoric acid can be converted into the ortho form by heating
with dilute acids, while the inosite-phosphoric acid is not affected
by this treatment. With these facts in mind a Volumetrie process
may readily be devised.
THE ROLE OF INOSITE-PHOSPHORIC ACID AND ITS
SALTS IN PLANTS
The literature on phosphorus metabolism in animals has become
voluminous, but the botanists have published comparatively little on
the changes of these Compounds and their probable significance in a
plant's life history. That cell functioning is impossible in the
absence of phosphorus is again emphasized in the recent work of
Frouin,^^ which shows its absolute necessity in the growth of
micro-organisms. The study of the role of phytin in plant life in-
volves an investigation of the changes and distribution of all the
^'Frouin: Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 1910, 68, 801-803.
40 Literature on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept.
pliosphorus Compounds and of inosite in the several stages of plant
development. Since the methods of differentiating between the
various combinations of phosphorus in plant substances are becom-
ing highly perfected, we may expect rapid developments in our
knowledge of their functions in plant processes. The universal
presence of phytin in propagating and growing parts must be highly
significant. This constant occurrence led Starkenstein to assume
that "phytin" plays a specific role in the mechanism of growth of
both plants and animals. If this be so, its biochemical reactions
must be closely linked with carbohydrate and protein formation,
and its occurrence with these substances in the aleuron grain must
be more than a mere coincidence.
In this connection it may be well to review briefly the literature
regarding the aleuron grains. The best summary was found in
Vines's text book of plant physiology (1886) but this is too brief
to be satisfactory. From Pfeffer's comprehensive description, it
appears that these grains form in the vacuoles during the ripening
and desiccation of the seed; that the forms assumed are globular,
which are less distorted and attain a larger size in the more fatty
seeds. They consist morphologically of three parts: the large pro-
tein particle, Pfeffer's globoid, and a membrane. Crystals of cal-
cium Oxalate are sometimes present. Weyl^'^ isolated the grains from
the " Paranuss " employing the method of all the previous inves-
tigators, and made an extensive study of their proteins. This was
in the days of the vegetable vitellins (globulins), and the chief protein
of the aleuron grain having been shown to belong to this group,
Weyl thought that the membrane was a modified form of the same
protein, an albuminate. Three or four years later, Vines^^ under-
took a study of these proteins and from his observations on mate-
rial from a large variety of seeds, grouped them into five classes:
vegetable peptone (water soluble), vegetable myosin, crystalloid,
vit ellin (all three soluble in sodium chlorid Solution), albuminate
(soluble in sodium carbonate Solution). These are described as
plastic proteins, in part transported to the cells of the seed from
other portions of the plant. According to Posternak, these pro-
^ Weyl : Zeit, für physiol. Chem., 1S77, i, 84-96.
"Vines: Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 28, 218; 30, 387; 31, 59, 62; see also
Lundtke : Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 1890, 21, 62.
I9I2] Anton Richard Rose 41
teins constitute from fifty to seventy-five per cent. of the aleuron
grain. It is doubtful whether they are simple proteins; more likely
they contain both phosphorus and bases in their molecules. Besides
protein, Posternak found carbohydrates which were not free, but
combined with some other substances of the grain; also ash, to the
extent of twenty-five to fifty per cent. The following analytic
data were recorded :
Per Cent. Per Cent.
Phosphorus O.11-3.83 Magnesium 0.28-1.27
Sulphur 0.64-0.81 Calcium 0.11-0.37
Silicon 0.01-0.36 Iron 0.03-0.09
Potassium 2.29-2.71 Manganese Trace
These results were obtained from aleuron grains of sunflower,
white lupin, hemp, and red fir. The author calls attention to the
interesting fact that all the elements essential to plant growth are
present in these bodies. These results are notable when com-
pared with Bernardini's analyses of rice embryo: P2O5, 0.95; SO3
(not given); SiOs, 0.25; K2O, 1.691; MgO, 1.389; CaO, 0.279;
FesOg, 0.06; Mn, trace; NagO, trace. One would like to know
whether the Silicon in these two substances is present in organic
combination.
The globoid or "phytin" is a calcium-magnesium salt of
inosite-phosphoric acid. Phyto-phosphate is also combined in the
protein granules, possibly in the form of the potassium salt, as
Posternak believed, inasmuch as he could not separate the potassium
salt from the globulin, although it is soluble in alcohol and globulin
is not soluble in this liquor. He concluded that it is chemically
attached to the protein. In germination, the aleuron grains swell
up, forming a granulär viscid mass; both globoid and crystalloid
go into Solution, enzymatic action sets in, and both phytin and pro-
tein are hydrolyzed.
The presence of an enzyme having the power to decompose phy-
tin into inosite and an inorganic phosphate was first demonstrated
by Suzuki and his associates in the bran of rice. It has also been
found by Vorbrodt in other small grain, including wheat, rye, and
barley ; likewise in larger seeds, as vetch and lentils. An extract of
the kemel of indian corn gave no evidence of the presence of a phy-
tase, but it was shown to develop during the germination of the
grain.
42 Literatlire on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept.
In the earlier analyses of seeds, the inorganic phosphorus was not
given a very prominent place and was usually reported as that por-
tion obtained by subtracting the sum of the protein and lecithin phos-
phorus from the total phosphorus; but as this dement began to re-
ceive special attention its direct determination was attempted, and
consequently the amount of inorganic phosphorus reported was
lessened. Thus Umikoff^^ estimates the inorganic portion as fully
half of the total phosphorus, but the more recent workers report
it in very small percentages. With the germination of the seed,
the inorganic phosphorus gradually increases at the expense of the
organic form. This was at first attributed to the breaking up of the
phosphorus-bearing proteins and lecithins. Tammann,^'' one of the
earliest investigators to make direct determinations of inorganic
phosphorus in seeds and their sprouts, found during germination
an increase of this form which, in terms of P2O5, was from 0.324
per Cent, to 0.443 P^^ cent. in a period of only twelve days. Ac-
cording to the work of Prianischnikow^^ and Merlis,^^ lecithin de-
creased one half during fifteen days' germination of Vicia sativa
and Lupinus angustifolius. Iwanow found that the inorganic phos-
phorus increased from a very small amount to 93.7 per cent. of the
total phosphorus in germinating seeds of Vicia faba. He held
that lecithin is the most stable of the organic forms and is altered
very little. Phytin, owing to the presence of phytase, is practically
all changed by this process.
Vorbrodt has shown that the phosphorus Compounds, especially
inosite-phosphoric acid, are particularly abundant in the germ.
When the seed begins to sprout, this supply is increased by trans-
portation of phosphorus from other parts of the grain, as is indi-
cated by Zalesky's^^ Observation that in the sprouts of Lupinus
angustifolius the total phosphorus increased in twenty-five days
from 0.302 gram to 0.514 gram; the inorganic phosphorus doubled
in amount, while the protein and lecithin phosphorus remained prac-
"Umikoff: Russian Dissertation, 1895. (Cited by Zalesky: Ber. bot. Ges.,
1902, 20, 426-433.)
^Tammann: Zeit, für physiol. Chem., 1885, 9, 416-418.
" Prianischnikow, 1895. (Cited by Zalesky. See footnote 19.)
^'Merlis: Landw. Vers. Stat., 1897, 18. (Cited by Zalesky. See footnote 19.)
^Zalesky: Ber. bot. Ges., 1902, 20, 426-433.
I9I2] Anton Richard Rose 43
tically unchanged. Bernardini found that the phytin decreased also
in the germination of wheat, but the lecithins increased.
In the early stages of plant development subsequent to germina-
tion, inorganic exceeds organic phosphorus. Staniszkis could find
no trace of inosite-phosphoric acid in millet during this period. The
phosphorus is now drawn f rom the soil and its increase in the plant
is proportional to the increase in dry matter. The organic forms of
phosphorus are synthesized from this supply, according to Stan-
iszkis, very slowly until the heads are formed. Hart and Totting-
ham found no phytin phosphorus in the dried forage plants.
Balicka-Iwanowska, working with barley, found the phosphorus
Compounds at the end of the fourth week present in the same pro-
portion as that in the seed ; thereafter there was a constant decrease
in the inorganic phosphorus. In the seventh week the protein phos-
phorus had doubled and the inosite-phosphoric acid had increased to
seven times the amount present in the fourth week. As the barley
seeds began to form, in the ninth week, the increase of organic
phosphorus occurred mostly through the synthesis of nucleoproteins.
The small increase which Staniszkis reports was more in the form of
lecithins and protein phosphorus Compounds than of inosite-phos-
phoric acid. At the period of flowering, the lecithins reach their
maximum, which may be, according to Stoklasa, 71.6 per cent. of
the total phosphorus. During the formation of millet seed, the syn-
thesis of phytin goes on energetically at the expense of both inor-
ganic and protein phosphorus. In the barley, Balika-Iwanowska
found an increase of inosite-phosphoric acid and also one of nucleo-
protein which was even greater than that of the phytophosphate. In
the ripening of the seeds of millet the formation of inosite phos-
phates and nucleoprotein ran parallel, but in barley the inosite phos-
phate increased at the expense of some of the protein phosphorus.
As the panicle grew and matured in both of these plants, there was
a transportation of both the phosphorus and the protein to this part
of the plant.
The mobilisation of phosphorus and changes in its form in
Vicia faha and other plants were also studied by Iwanow. The
most interesting part of his contribution is the relation between
sunlight and changes in the form of phosphorus. The plants which
remained in a dark room contained more inorganic phosphorus than
44 Literature on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept.
those which had snnlight. Opaque shields on the leaves produced
the same results in the protected part of the leaf, hence the change
of inorganic into organic phosphorus may be attributed in part if not
altogether to photosynthesis. Stoklasa and his pupils^'* consider
phosphorus an integral part of Chlorophyll, existing in a form which
does not give the HPO4 ion. Schimper^^ in his rather comprehen-
sive study of the assimilation of the ash constituents in plants also
noted the decrease of the inorganic phosphorus through the action
of light. Posternak, attempting to account for the formation of
"phytin," which he then thought to be anhydro-oxymethylene-di-
phosphoric acid, assumed that it was formed simultaneously with
the reduction of carbon dioxide by a direct combination of the orod-
ucts of the photo-chemical action and inorganic phosphates, an
hypothesis suggested by Schimper's experiments. If Posternak's
assumption is true, even in part, phosphorus may play a very signi-
ficant röle in carbohydrate anabolism. Several authors have ex-
pressed doubt about this explanation of "phytin" synthesis, advanc-
ing the argument that inosite-phosphoric acid is not found in the
early stages of growth, and when formed later is not uniformly
produced, as would be expected if it were due entirely to the action
of the chloroplasts. There is still the possibility that it is so syn-
thesized and instantly broken down in the formation of other Com-
pounds.
Soave could find no inosite in dormant seeds unless they were
first boiled in strong acid, but after they began to sprout its pres-
ence could be easily demonstrated until the reserve material of the
cotyledons was almost exhausted. It was also present in unripe
seeds, indicating that the inosite-phosphoric acid is formed in the
seed by the combination of the inorganic phosphorus, abundantly
present at this stage, with the inosite. The occurrence of inosite in
the unripe seed and the green parts of the mature plant, and the later
disappearance of this substance as inosite-phosphoric-acid -forms,
indicate that phytin is probably produced by the reversible action
of an intracellular phytase, and that Posternak's explanation is in-
correct.
Rising suggests that inosite-phosphoric acid may be an interme-
** Stoklasa, Brdlika and Ernest : Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges., 1910, 27, i,
"Schimper: Flora, 1890, 23, 207-261; Bot. Zeifg., 1888, 46, 81.
igi2] 'Anton Richard Rose 45
diary product in the formation and destruction of the lecithins, and
in this way may play an exceedingly important part in the life cf the
plant. The possible relation between the two Compounds is shown
in the following graphic representation :
HjOjPOHC— CHOPO3H, — CHOPOjHj
HjOgPOHg (JHOPOjH, ^ CHOPOjH,
HjOjPOHC— CHOPOjHj — CHOPO,H,
2
The most striking Suggestion as to the functions of inosite-phos-
phoric acid is contributed by Starkenstein, who thinks that the
inosite is in itself inert and incidental and functions only in its com-
bination with phosphorus. He has demonstrated that, in the body,
inosite yields lactic acid, an interesting fact in view of its possible
significance in carbohydrate formation. He assigns to inosite-
phosphoric acid, as its special function, some part in the process of
growth, basing his view on his experiments with animals. In har-
mony with this view is the distribution of phosphorus in the seed,
the greater part being localized in the germ; according to Bernardini
over eighty per cent. of the total phosphorus in the rice germ is in
the form of inosite-phosphoric acid. It is interesting to note in this
connection the Observation of Iwanow that there is a tendency to
concentration of phosphorus in the parts of the plant where growth
is most active, and also that when the phosphorus supply of the Sub-
strate is insufficient, the phosphorus of the other parts of the plant
is rapidly transported to the growing shoots. As previously stated
the phosphorus of the seed is in the form of the calcium-magnesium
Salt of inosite-phosphoric acid, but, according to Posternak, the
phosphorus, in transportation, is in the potassium salt of this acid.
Phyto-phosphoric acids, whether they are inosite esters or other
Compounds, undoubtedly play very significant roles in all higher
plants, but as their specific functions have not as yet been ascertained,
even the chemical structures being as yet uncertain, nearly all State-
ments on the subject must be pure conjectures. The chief sug-
gestions from experimental work are that these acids are concerned
in the process of photo-synthesis or in the changes of the photo-syn-
thetic products, for example, the formation of carbohydrates and
fats; that it is an intermediary step in the synthesis of phospho-pro-
teins and lipoids; and that it acts as a specific Controlling factor in
4^ Literature on Inusite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept.
growth. The varioiis functions as thus outlined are probably over-
estimated, but those who have worked in this field seem to be
strongly of the opinion that inosite-phosphoric acid is more than
a reserve material. It is attracting considerable attention and as the
necessary analytical methods are perfected, we may expect to
see, in increasing number, valuable contributions that will eluci-
date in detail the part which this interesting Compound plays in
nature.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INOSITE-PHOSPHORIC ACID ("PHYTIN")
Anderson. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. ; A''. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech.
Bull, ig, 21, 1912; /. Biol. Chem., 1912, 11, 471-487; 12, 97-113, and 447-464.
Important contribution on the salts of inosite-phosphoric acid, also impor-
tant synthetic work.
Aso and Yoshida. Imp. Univ., Tokio; /. Coli. Agr., Imp. Univ., Tokio, 1909, i,
153-168. Compares the value of " phytin " with other forms of phosphorus
as a fertilizing material.
Balika-Iwanowska. Agr. Chem. Inst., Krakow; Ras. Akad. Univ., 1906, 2° ser,
6, B, 24. (From Maly's Jahrsb., 1907, 36, 741.) Gives the influence of the
HPO4 ion on plant growth; also the changes in form and distribution of
phosphorus at the various stages of development of barley plants.
Bernardini. Chemica Agr. Scuola, Portici ; Atti. Acc. Lincei, 1912, 21, 1°, 283-289.
Bernardini and Morelli. Atti. Acc. Lincei, 1912, 21, 1°, 357-362.
Boorsma. Batavia ; Von Bemmelen Festschrift, 210-213 ; (see Chem. Centr., 19H
(I), 296). Preparation and properties of the inosite-phosphoric acid from
rice bran.
Carte. Bull. soc. chim., 1901, (4), 9, 195-199. (From Chem. Zentr., 1911 (I),
1196.) Repeats the work of Contardi and reports negative results.
Collison. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Wooster, O. ; /. Biol. Chem., 1912, 12, 65-73;
/. Ind. and Eng. Chem., 1912, 4, 606-608. Modified method of determining
inorganic phosphorus in the presence of phyto-phosphates. Cf. Forbes.
Contardi. Lab. di chim. org. della Reale Scuola Agr., Milan; Atti. Acc. Lincei,
1909, 5 ser., 18 (1° sem.), 64-67; 1910, 5 ser., 19 (1° sem.), 823-827. Prepa-
ration of inosite-phosphoric acid from rice bran, analyses of the pure prepa-
ration, synthesis of phytin by heating inosite with phosphoric acid. Syn-
thetic product gave same analytic data as the preparation from rice bran.
Important papers.
Cook. U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C; Bur. of Chem., U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bull. 123, 1909. Feeding experiments on rabbits.
Dox and Golden. la. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ames, la. ; /. Biol. Chem., 191 1, 10, 183-
186. Demonstration of the presence of phytase in certain common fungi.
Donath. Wien. klin. Woch., 191 1, 24, 1192-1197. Therapeutic.
Fingerling and Hecking. Versuchsstation, Hohenhain; Biochem. Zeit., 1912,
37. 452. Contains a note on Stutzer's method.
Forbes, Lehmann, Collison and Whittier. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Wooster,
1912] Anton Richard Rose 47
Ohio; Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull., 215, 1910. Gives a good method for the
determination of inorganic phosphorus. See Collison.
Fürst. Centr. Kinderheilk., 1904, 409. Therapeutic.
Giacosa. Giorn. della Real. Accad. di med. di Torina, 1905, 68, 369-374; 1907,
70, 290-295. (From Maly's Jahrsb., 1906, 35, 124 ; 1908, 37, 473 ; also Biochem.
Centr., 6, 573.) Pharmacological study on man.
Gilbert and Posternak. L'Oeuvre Medico-chirurgical, 1903, No, 36. (From
Maly's Jahrsb., 1904, 34, 729. Therapeutic.
Gilbert and Lippmann. La Presse Medicale, 1904, Aug. 2y and Sept. 10. Phar-
macological studies on rabbit and guinea pig.
Hardin. S. C. Exp. Sta., Fort Hill, S. C. ; 5". C Exper. Sta. Bull., n. s. 8, 1892.
Pyrophosphoric acid in cottonseed meal; probably associated with phytin.
Cf. Crawford, /. Pharm, and Exp. Ther., 1910, i, 519.
Hart, McCoUum and Humphrey. Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta., Madison, Wis. ; Wis.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Research Bull., 5, 1909; Am. J. Physiol., 1909, 23, 86-102; 24,
246-277. Feeding experiment with the cow. Cf. Jordan.
Hart and Andrews. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. ; A''. F. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Bull., 238, 1903; Am. Chem. Jour., 1903, 30, 470-486. Gives the first
approximately reliable method of determining inorganic phosphorus in the
presence of phytin and other organic forms of phosphorus.
Hart and Tottingham. Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis.; /. Biol. Chem., 1909, 6,
431-444. Determination of the amounts of phytin in certain feeding stuffs.
Hartig. Braunschweig; Bot. Ztg., 1855, 13, 881-882; 1856, 14, 257-355. Micro-
scopic study of seeds; discovery of the substance later known as phytin.
See also "Lehrbuch der Anatomie und Physiologie der Pflanzen," 1891, 48.
Horner. Pathol. Inst., Univ. of Berlin ; Biochem. Zeit., 1906, 2, 428-434. Phar-
macological studies on dog and rabbit.
Iljin. Russ. Wratsch., 1906, No. 13, from Maly's Jahrsb., 1907, 36, 54. Com-
pares the properties of phytin, lecithin and nucleoprotein.
Iwanoff. Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 1901, 36, 355-379; /. Exp. Agr. (Russian), 1902, i
(cited by Zaleski) ; Ber. bot. Gesell., 1902, 20, 366-372; Zeit, physiol. Chem.,
1907, 50, 281-288. Studies on the changes of the forms of phosphorus in
germinating vetch seeds and in the growing plant. Production of phyto-
phosphates by yeast-fermentation of sugar in the presence of di-sodium
phosphate.
Jegorow. Landw. Inst. Petrowskoje-Rasumowskoje, Moskow; Biochem. Zeit.,
igi2, 42, 432-439. Study on stability of inosite-phosphoric acid and disput-
ing the existence of phytase.
Jordan, Hart and Patten. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. ; N. Y. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull, i, 1903; Am. J. Physiol., 1906, 16, 268-313. Feeding
experiments with the milk cow. Cf. Hart.
Korolev. Moscow. Izv. Moscov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst., 1910, 16, 1-98. (From
Chemical Abstracts, 191 1, 1962.) Studies on organic phosphorus in the soil.
LeClerc and Cook. U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. ; /. Biol. Chem., 1906,
2, 203-217. Feeding experiments on rabbits.
Levene. Rockefeller Inst., N. Y. ; Biochem. Zeit., 1909, 16, 399-405- Studies
of phytin preparations made from hemp. Obtained a Compound consisting
of three groups : inosite, pentosan and phosphate.
Maestro. Lo Spermentale, 1904, 59, 456-458. (From Maly's Jahrsb., 1905, 35,
91.) Pharmacologic.
48 Literature on Inosite-Phosphoric Acid [Sept.
McCoUum and Hart. Univ. of Wis.. Madison, Wis. ; /. Biol. Chem., 1908, 4,
497-500. Showing the presence of phytase in animal tissues.
Mendel and Underhill. Yale University; Am. J. PhysioL, 1906, 17, 75-88. In-
fluence of phytin on bacteria; pharmacological studies on dog and rabbit.
Nagaoka. Imp. Univ., Tokio; Bull. Coli. Agr., Tokio, 1906, 6, No. 3. Value of
inosite-phosphoric acid and other phosphorus Compounds in plant waste
products as fertilizers, as compared with animal wastes, showing that the
latter are the more efficient.
Neuberg. Pathol. Inst., Univ. of Berlin; Biochem. Zeit., 1908, 9, 557-560; 1909,
16, 405-410. Analyses of several preparations of phytin. Concludes that
the substance is inosite-phosphoric acid and does not contain a carbohy-
drate group.
Novi. Pharm. Lab. Bologna; Mem.r. accad. sei. Bologna, igii,^,s^r. 6. (From
Zentr. Biochem. u. Biophys., 1911,11,871.) Influence of phytin and glycero-
phosphates on muscle reaction.
Palladin. Zürich Polytechnicum ; Zeit. Biol., 1894, 31, 191-203. Discovery of
inosite-phosphoric acid by chemical procedure.
Patten and Hart. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. ; A''. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bull., 250, 1904; Am. Chem. Jour., 1904, 31, 564-672. An important contri-
bution on the properties and composition of inosite-phosphoric acid.
Peters. Allg. med. Centralzeitg., 1908, No. 9. (From Centr. Nervenheilk. u.
Psychiatrie, 1908, 31, 1081.) Therapeutic.
Pfeffer. Marburg; Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 1872, 8, 429-574. Comprehensive study of
aleuron grains, identification of "globoid," and approximation of its chem-
ical nature.
Polacci. Royal Bot. Inst., Univ. of Pavia; Malphigia, 1894, 8, 361-379. Study
of phosphorus in the aleuron grain.
Posternak. Zürich Polytechnicum; Pasteur Inst.; Basel; Compt. Rend., 1905,
140, 322-324; 1903, 137, 202-203; 2>37-2>29; 439-441; Bul. soc. chim., 1904, 33»
116; Rev. Gen. Bot., 1900, 12, 5-24; 65-73; Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 1903, 55,
1190-1192. German Patents, Kl. 12, Nos. 155798, 159749, 160470, 164298;
Münch. med. Woch., 1907, p. 827. The first and most comprehensive study
of the physical and chemical properties of phytin, giving methods of prepa-
ration, results of analyses of pure products, and speculations on the Consti-
tution and biological function of this product.
Rising. St. Albonvorstadt, Basel; Svensk Kern. Tidskrift, 191 1, 22, 143-150.
Study of organic phosphorus Compounds in food materials ; the name phyto-
phosphoric acid is suggested, methods are given for analysis of the various
forms of phosphorus, and analyses are reported for a preparation of the
silver salt of inosite-phosphoric acid.
Rogosinski. Anz. Akad. Wiss., Krakow, 1910, 260-310. (From Chem. Centr.,
1910 (II), 1549; Chem. Abstr., 1911, 5, 1476.) Feeding experiment with
the dog.
Rose. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. ; N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull.,
20, 1912. Feeding experiment with the milk cow; Dept. Biol. Chem., Colum-
bia Univ., N. Y., BiocHEMiCAL Bulletin, 1912, i, 428-438. Influence of
phytin on the growth of lupin seedlings.
Sechert. These de Paris, 1904. (From Maly's Jahrsb., 1904, 34, 729.) Therapeutic.
Schulze and Castoro. Zürich Polytechnikum; Zeit, physiol. Chem., 1904, 41,
I9I2] Anton Richard Rose 49
477-484. Presents a method of analysis, and data on content of inosJte-
phosphoric acid in various seeds.
Schulze and Winterstein. Zürich Polytechnikum; Zeit, physiol. Chem., 1903,
40, 120-122. Phytin prepared and analyses of it made.
Scofne. Pharm. Inst., Turin; dorn, della Real. Acc. di med. dt Torino, 190S,
56, 630. (From Biochem. Zentr., 1905.) Fate of inosite-phosphoric acid in
the animal organism and paths of elimination.
Soave. Sias, spernt. agrar. Ital., 1906, 39, 413-427, 434-438. (From Chem. Zentr.,
1906, 1726.) Ann. R. Accad. di Agr. di Torino, 1906, 49, p. i et seq. (From
Centr. Physiol., 1906, 772.) Shows the relation between inosite and phytin
in seeds.
Staniskis. Jagel Univ., Krakow ; Ans. Akad. Wiss., Krakow, 1909, 95-123. (From
Chem. Zentr., 1909 (II), 114.) Determination of the distribution of the
forms of phosphorus in millet at various stages of development.
Starkenstein. Pharm. Inst., Univ. of Prague; Zeit. exp. Path. u. Therapie,
1908, 5, 378-389; Biochem. Zeit., 1910, 30, 56-98; 191 1, 32, 234-265. A study
of inosite and its relation to animal and plant life; the relation between
inosite and inosite-phosphoric acid — chemical, biochemical and biological ;
the nature and Constitution of phytin; its significance in animal and plant
growth ; toxicity ; reaction to common indicators ; and estimation by Volu-
metrie methods. A noteworthy contribution.
Streffer. Zentr. ges. Therapie, 1908, 25, 135. Therapeutic.
Stutzer. Biochem. Zeit., 1908, 7, 471-487. Methods of analysis.
Suzuki, Yoshimura and Takaishi. Imp. Univ., Tokio; Bull. Coli. Agri., Tokio,
1907, 7, 495-502, 503-512. Preparation of inosite-phosphoric acid from rice
bran; discovery of phytase; Suggestion of a new formula, containing the
inosite nucleus.
Tsuda. Imp. Univ., Tokio; /. Coli. Agri., Tokio, 1909, i, 167-168. Study of the
forms of phosphorus in vegetable wastes.
Tyshnjenko. Therap. klin. militarmed. Akad., St. Petersburg; Dissertation
(Russian), 1909, p. 117. (From Maly's Jahrsh., 1909, 39, 589.) Feeding
experiments on man.
Vorbrodt. Univ. Krakow; Bull, de l'Acad. des Sei. de Cracovie, 1910, ser. A,
414-511. A study of the general reactions of phytin; comparison of methods
of analysis, and Suggestion of a desirable modification; the phytin content
of a number of seeds reported; comparative study of phytases; ultimate
composition of phytin and a proposed empirical formula. An excellent
paper.
Weismann. Therap. Monatshefte, 1908, 22, 470. Therapeutic.
Windisch. Jahrb. Vers. u. Lehrs. f. Brauerei, Berlin, 1907, 10, 56-58. (See
also Wochschr. Brauw., 1906, 23, 516; Chemical Abstracts, 1907, i, 81.)
Showing that the inosite-phosphoric acid of barley does not pass into beer
but disappears in the malting process.
Winterstein. Zürich Polytechnikum ; Ber., 1897, 30, 2299-2302. The first inten-
tional preparation of phytin; analyses of the material; cleavage products;
introduction of the name inosite-phosphoric acid. Zeit, physiol. Chem., 1908,
58, 118-121. Discusses the Constitution of phytin.
A NEW TYPE OF ARTIFICIAL CELL SUITABLE FOR
PERMEABILITY AND OTHER BIOCHEMICAL
STUDIES
E. NEWTON HARVEY
(Physiological Lahoratory, Princeton University)
Research on the permeability of membranes has been largely
confined to a study of the properties of what may be termed macro-
scopic membranes; composed of parchment, collodion, rubber, or
silk impregnated with various substances. The best example of
membranes of a type and size comparable to the surface film of cells
and yet available for permeabiHty studies are the precipitation
membranes of Traube, investigated by Waiden, Tamann, and
Meerburg.
Protein membranes of exceeding fineness are formed at the
surface of various non-miscible fluids shaken with protein Solutions,
such as the surface film of oil globules in protein-oil emulsions, or
the films formed on Chloroform or benzol when shaken with albu-
men Solutions.^ Such membranes are useless for permeability
studies so long as they Surround fluids that do not mix with water.
However, it is an easy matter to replace the fluid within the mem-
brane by a watery Solution, provided the former fluid is readily
volatile and slightly soluble in water. Chloroform conforms to
these conditions. When Chloroform is shaken with egg albumen
Solutions, the globules, in the course of 10-15 minutes, shrink in
size and their membranes become crumpled, due to the passage of
Chloroform from water to air and from globule to water. Lecithin,
if previously dissolved in the Chloroform, will take up water as the
Chloroform passes out. In the course of one to two hours, in an
open vessel, all the Chloroform disappears and we obtain, instead
of a Chloroform Solution of lecithin, a water Solution of lecithin
enclosed in a fine protein membrane, the whole of a size comparable
with cell sizes. The diameter of the droplets may be varied at will
^ Robertson : Journal of Biological Chemistry, 4, p. i, 1908.
50
igi2] E. Newton Harvey 5^
according to the degree of shaking. The role of the lecithin is to
hold the water as the water replaces the Chloroform. The protein
membrane is impermeable to lecithin.
These artificial lecithin cells are stable, persisting until destroyed
by bacteria. In many ways — in shape, in general appearance and in
consistency — they resemble, to a very remarkable degree, sea-tirchin
or star-fish eggs. Some of their properties have been described in
Science (n. s.), V'ol. 36, p. 564, 1912.
The point I wish to emphasize here, however, is not that we
can prepare artificial cells closely resembling real cells, but that a
Solution of lecithin may be obtained within a protein membrane,
the whole of known composition and of a size comparable with cell
sizes. Much can be inferred concerning the living cell from a
knowledge of the properties of such artificial cells where compo-
sition is definitely known.
As Chloroform is exchanged for water, some of the lecithin
separates in the form of granules, most of which agglutinate in a
dense clump. The cell as a whole, but more particularly these
granules, take up neutral red from dilute Solution, becoming red
in color. (Chloroform alone takes up only the yellow base of neu-
tral red. When lecithin is dissolved in Chloroform it unites with
the yellow base, forming a red salt.)
If the permeability for alkalies of such red-stained cells is
studied, a marked difference from that of living cells is noted.
Both ammonium hydroxid and sodium hydroxid in w/2000 con-
centration enter rapidly and at the same rate. It will be remem-
bered that all living cells are very easily permeable to ammonium
hydroxid, but very slightly so to sodium hydroxid.^ The surface
membrane of living cells is evidently of quite different composition
from the protein film which condenses on Chloroform droplets.
Living cells behave toward alkalies as though they were sur-
rounded by a layer of a fat solvent, as postulated by Overton.
Lipoid-soluble alkalies (ammonium hydroxid) penetrate readily,
lipoid-insoluble alkalies (sodium hydroxid) do not. The lipoid
solubility of ammonium hydroxid can be readily demonstrated by
means of a benzol-lecithin Solution shaken with egg albumen solu-
^ Harvey, E. N. : Journal of Experiniental Zoology, 10, p. 507, 1911 and
BiocHEMicAL Bulletin, i, p. 227, 1911.
52 New Type of Artificial Cell [Sept.
tion. The same type of protein-film is formed on these globules
but they differ from chloroform-lecithin globules in that the benzol
is not replaced by water. If the benzol-lecithin globule is stained in
neutral red Solution and placed in 7?/iooo ammonium hydroxid
Solution, the color change from red to yellow takes place almost
instantly. But it is only after 15-20 minutes that sodium hydroxid
in relatively high (;i/io) concentrations can enter. Ammonium
hydroxid is readily soluble in the benzol droplet, while sodium
hydroxid is not; and in this fact lies the explanation of the differ-
ence in penetrability. When stained in neutral red Solution, prac-
tically all living cells behave as though they were protected from
alkali by a benzol-lecithin surface layer.
It is a simple matter to introduce various substances into these
cells by dissolving or suspending the material in the chloroform-
lecithin Solution before it is shaken with the protein Solution.
Thus, oil may be dissolved by Chloroform and will separate in the
cell in several large droplets much like those in a Nereis egg. Or
cholesterol, starch grains and finely divided protein particles can be
likewise included ; or substances to be used as indicators in study-
ing the permeability of the protein film.
Such cells, regarded as complex Systems of biological sub-
stances, offer exceptional advantages for interpreting phenomena
observed in living cells under special conditions; for example, dur-
ing the passage of an electric current. Movements and disintegra-
tions take place which I have as yet only partially investigated. In
the near future I intend to describe these phenomena and shall give
more complete data upon the permeability of the film which sur-
rounds the cells.
ON A NEW FUNCTION OF THE CATALYZER CALLED
" PEROXIDASE " AND ON THE BIOCHEMICAL
TRANSFORMATION OF ORCIN TO ORCEIN^
JULES WOLFF
In a recent publication I have described the influence which
peroxidase exerts on certain phenols in the presence of various salts
and alkalies.^ When dissolved in a weak sodium carbonate Solu-
tion freely exposed to the air, orcin, for example, fixes from four
to five times more oxygen in the presence of peroxidase than in its
absence. In this note I wish to call attention to the fact that perox-
idase has other powers than the fixation of atmospheric oxygen.
In determining the combined influence of ammonia and perox-
idase upon aqueous Solutions of orcin, I have studied conditions
which favor the transformation of orcin^ into orcein, the beautiful
coloring matter which is one of the principal constituents of com-
mercial orseille.
My observations are interesting from many points of view.
They show that (i) if a 2 per cent. Solution of orcin is exposed
to the air in a thin layer and subjected to the influence of different
proportions of ammonia, orcein is not formed even after a month
under such conditions, but, instead, there is produced a substance
which imparts a brownish-red color to the liquid. (2) If, how-
ever, a portion of the same Solution is put in a narrow tube, so that
the reaction takes place in a deeper layer, and the surface of con-
tact with air is limited (other conditions being equal), one observes
a very slow but regulär formation of orcein. (3) If (everything
eise being equal) one repeats the first experiment (i), but adds to
the ammoniacal Solution of orcin a suitable quantity of peroxidase,
orcein fails to appear, just as in the first experiment. (4) If, how-
* Translated from the author's manuscript, in French, by Dr. J. J. Bronfen-
brenner. [Ed.]
''Wolff: Comptes rendus, 1912, clv, p. 618.
'Orcin has been the subject of interesting work by Robiquet, Dumas, Liebig,
and Laurent and Gerhardt.
53
54 A New Function of " Peroxidase"
ever (all other conditions being eqiial), one repeats the second ex-
periment (2), but adds to the ammoniacal Solution of orcin a siiitable
amount of peroxidase, the transformation into orcein takcs place
very rapidly and is quite advanced in four or five days^ Compar-
ing the coloration intensities of products 2 and 4, one sees that in
five days 4 contains more than twice as mtich orcein as 2. This
gain is due to the action of the peroxidase. By boiling the perox-
idase Solution for f rom 5 to 6 minutes, before adding it to the ammo-
niacal Solution of orcin in experiment 4, there is no acceleration in
the formation of orcein, evidently because the peroxidase, as the
active agent in the transformation, is thus destroyed.
In Order to determine the rate of oxidation in the different ex-
periments, I measured the volumes of absorbed oxygen. In experi-
ment 2, eight to nine times more oxygen was absorbed than in i,
in the course of 48 hours. In experiments 3 and 4 there was a
similar difference but, because of the presence of peroxidase, the
proportions of absorbed oxygen were larger.
Without discussing the nature of the combined action of am-
monia, oxygen, and peroxidase upon orcin, we may conclude that
in dilute Solutions of orcin, slozv oxidation by ammonia is the pri-
mary condition for the formation of orcein. If, however, to this
condition is added the accelerating influence of peroxidase, the
action is directed toward formation of coloring matter rather than
toward increased absorption of oxygen. These facts may possibly
be helpful in the commercial preparation of orseille.
Paris, France.
* My first and third experiments could easily be performed in flasks with flat
bottoms. A small test tube would be satisfactory for experiments 2 and 4.
The proportions of materials indicated below are well adapted for the purposes
of the experiments :
^ , ( 2 c.c. of 2.8 per Cent. Solution of ) tnm x j -.i
For I and 2 < , , , ^j^ > Diluted with water to 3.5 c.c.
( orcm and 50 mg. of NH3 )
2 c.c. of 2.8 per Cent. Solution of
For 3 and 4 ■{ orcin, 50 mg. of NH3 and \- Diluted with water to 3.5 c.c.
I c.c. of active peroxidase Solution
STUDIES OF DIFFUSION THROUGH RUBBER
MEMBRANES
I. Preliminary observations on the diffusibility of lipins and
lipin-soluble substances
WILLIAM J. GIES
(Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
CONTENTS
I. Introduction c :-
IL On the diffusibility of biological substances through rubber cg
III. A demonstration of osmotic pressure exerted by fat 50
IV. A demonstration of the diffusion of pigments from fat through rubber
into fat 60
V. Comparative dialysis experiments, with demonstrations 61
VI. Experiments on the diffusibility of alkaloids through rubber 62
I. INTRODUCTION
When I proposed to my biochemical associates in Cancer re-
search, in 1909, that we undertake a study of intracellular chem-
istry/ I realized that new analytic methods and unconventional
experimental procedures were prerequisites for material progress in
this as in any other chemical relation. The greatest obstacle in the
path of progress in intracellular chemistry is the evident lability of
the essential intracellular constituents. Our best chemical methods
increase this predicament because each is essentially anti-biological
in character. Biochemical discoördinations are enforced whenever
any of our present chemical processes is efifectively applied to proto-
plasmic material.
In reflecting on the properties and possible coördinations of
intracellular lipins, it seemed probable that such lipins might be
separated from protoplasmic material with the least chemical vio-
* Gies : Studies in cancer and allied subjects, conducted under the auspices of
the George Crocker Special Research Fund; Volume III, Department of Bio-
logical Chemistry, Introduction (in press).
55
56 SUidies of Diffusion through Rubber Membrancs [Sept.
lence, and isolated with the least possible alteration of their qualities,
if they cotild be removed by dialysis.^ When this idea first came to
mind, however, execution of its essential feature appeared to be im-
possible. I believed that the diffusion of a solute depends very
largely on chemical affinity between the separating membrane and
the solvents on both sides of the partition. In that view, it seemed
highly improbable that any of the ordinary membranes, except
possibly collodion, could be of Service in the dialysis of lipins under
any circumstances. Collodion appeared to possess favorable quali-
ties because of its solubility in common lipin solvents and its pos-
sible affinity for the latter under conditions of dialysis.^
Collodion is the only one of the available membranes which,
while soluble in ether-alcohol Solutions, freely permits the passage
of salins, extractives, carbohydrates, and proteins from aqueous
Solutions to water, or to aqueous Solutions, outside, and vice versa,
At first thought this suggested special availability of collodion for
the work in mind. On the other hand lipins could not be expected
to dialyze through collodion in the presence of much water and, as
preliminary dehydration seemed an inevitable necessity for the
dialysis of lipins from cellular matter, the permeability of collodion
membranes to zoater-soluble substances did not appear, after all, to
imply any practical advantages for the diffusion of lipins. I also
recalled the fact that, in some experiments in another relation, we
found that collodion was occasionally rendered defective by ether
when the latter was used as a preservative of aqueous Solutions
undergoing dialysis.^
Continuing actively to consider these matters from one view-
point and then another, I thought of rubber as a possible choice of
membrane. Recalling the well-known fact that rubber swells very
markedly in ether and even in ether vapor, I assumed that the rub-
ber expands in ether under such conditions because ether dissolves
in the rubber or combines with it. This was but the prelude to the
' After preliminary desiccation by treatment with anhydrous sodium sulfate
or other suitable process.
° Collodion is a serviceable membrane for such purposes. See page 70.
* In some experiments which Professor Welker has conducted at my request,
we have found that the disintegrative effect of ether on collodion membranes
may be due to contained alcohol and other impurities. (See page 70.)
igi2] William J. Gies 57
deduction that if ether dissolves in or combines with rubber, ether
would also carry dissolved lipins with it into a rubber membrane;
and if ether were on the opposite side of such a membrane, to work
inwardly under such conditions, ether currents would develop; and
lipins would pass from the Solution o£ higher concentration to that
of the lower, and there accumulate until an equilibrium was estab-
lished.
This conception was so attractive that I proceeded at once to
State it to Dr. Rosenbloom and, with his Cooperation, immediately
tested it. The solid residue from an evaporated ether extract of
egg yolk offered the greatest advantages for a preliminary test.
We accordingly made an ether Solution of such a yellow residue,
transferred the deep yellow Solution to a rubber condom, immersed
and supported the latter in ether in a stoppered bottle, and almost
immediately observed diffusion currents as well as the rapid egress
of lipochrome. Fat and cholesterol were easily detected in the
diffusate.
Assuming that this prompt positive result might be due to defects
in the rubber, we made many tests to satisfy ourselves that the ob-
servations were or were not what they appeared to be. Dr. Rosen-
bloom gave very earnest attention to this phase of the matter for
some time and established the fact that we were dealing, except in
a few cases of obviously imperfect membranes, with true diffusion
phenomena.
The original experimental observations were made on March i,
1910. At that time I was ignorant of similar results of previous
work with rubber membranes, although I recalled rather vaguely the
fact that Kahlenberg had made use of such membranes in another
connection. The references to Kahlenberg's work which are given
in the Chemisches Zentralblatt [1906 (2), pp. 1391 and 1772], the
only ones we could find on this subject at that time, satisfied us that
if we extended these experiments, the observations of a previous
observer would not be repeated.^ A month or two after the work
"The references to which I allude gave the substance of a paper in the
Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 1905, xv
(i), pp. 209-272, entitled: " On the nature of the process of osmosis and osmotic
pressure, with observations concerning dialysis." The results with which our
own could be directly compared were the f ollowing ones : Copper oleate was
$8 Stiidies of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes [Sept.
was inaugiirated we also saw a late reference to the well-known
fact, regarding the swelling of rubber in lipin solvents, on which our
work was based.*^ Ten months later we demonstrated these findings
at a meeting of the American Society of Biological Chemists (see
page 64).
The succeeding sections of this paper present reprinted prelim-
inary reports on various portions of the studies which thus far have
developed from the observations described above. It is my Inten-
tion to discuss in detail each seotion of the work, and additional ex-
periments, at the earliest opportunity, when I hope to dwell more
particularly on the significance of such results for the Student of the
functions of cell membranes, and for the investigator of the co-
ordinations and equilibria in intracellular affairs.
IL ON THE DIFFUSIBILITY OF BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
THROUGH RUBBER'
The writer and his associates have f ound that many ether-soluble
substances of biological origin, such as fat and cholesterol, pass
readily from ether Solutions through rubber membranes into ether
when the mechanical conditions for such diffusions are favorable.
Lecithans appear to be wholly indiffusible.
Many substances which are soluble in fatty oils, Chloroform, al-
cohol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and other solvents of similar powers,
or in mixtures of such solvents, promptly diffuse through rubber
under suitable conditions. Collodion is one of the products which
appears to be indiffusible under such circumstances. When an ordi-
nary ethereal Solution of collodion (containing 24 per cent. of alco-
hol) is dialyzed in a rubber Condom against ether in a closed vessel,
the alcohol rapidly passes to the exterior and the collodion gradually
gelatinizes. Liquid accumulates in the bag under these conditions.
Various inorganic substances diffuse through rubber under the
found to diffuse from benzene through a rubber membrane into benzene; and
camphor diffused from pyridin, alcohol, and toluol through rubber membranes
into the same solvents, respectively. A recent study of Kahlenberg's paper in the
original makes it evident that our results may be explained on the theory of
diffusion which Kahlenberg has done much to render convincing.
'Flack and Hill: Journal of Physiology, 1910, xl, p. xxxiii.
' Gies : Proceedings of the Biological Section of the American Chemical
Society: Science, 1911, xxxiv, p. 223; Biochemical Bulletin, 1911, i, p. 125.
igi2] William J. Gies 59
conditions mentioned above. Ferric sulphocyanate readily passes
from ether Solution through rubber into ether.
The writer inaugurated these studies, with Dr. Rosenbloom's
Cooperation,^ in the hope of devising improvements in the methods.
for the isolation of Hpins. The work is progressing along several
lines, especially with reference to methods of isolation and purifi-
cation, and to osmosis (see page 64).
III. A DEMONSTRATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE EXERTED
BY FAT'
In the first of two demonstrations, a cylindrical rubher bag (Con-
dom), 13^ inches in diameter and 8 inches long, was lowered into an
oiled miislin bag of aboiit the same dimensions. The rubber bag
was then filled to overflowing with olive oil. The rubber bag ex-
panded, as the oil filled it, to the füll length and width of the muslin
sheath. The sheath prevented further extension of the rubber bag
and imparted rigidity to the Osmometer that was ultimately con-
structed. The double bag, füll of oil and with its mouth wide open,
was then raised so as to inclose about an inch of the lower end of
a long glass tube which was firmly supported vertically above the
demonstration table. The glass tube was 5 feet long and its bore
was 4 mm. in diameter. Ligatures were tightly secured around the
neck of the double bag against the immersed lower end of the verti-
cal tube. The bag then hung directly from the end of the tube.
The bag and its sheath were in a tightly distended condition and a
stationary column of oil an inch high in the tube was visible above
the protruding edge of the sheath. The tube and bag were then
lowered into a salt-mouth liter bottle on the table until the bag
almost touched the bottom of the bottle. The height of the bottle
and the length of the bag were nearly equal. The tube was then
marked with a label on the plane of the oil meniscus just above the
neck of the bag, and enough ether was poured into the bottle to pro-
vide Immersion for the bag to the depth of an inch. For a mo-
ment no change in the volume of oil was apparent, and the lateral
^Rosenbloom and Gies: Proceedings of the American Society of Biological
Chemists, 191 1, ii, p. 8; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 191 1, ix, p. xiv.
•Rosenbloom and Gies: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental
Biology and Mediane, 191 1, viii, p. 71.
6o Studies of Diffusion through Rubber Memhranes [Sept.
pressure of the ether was obviously without mechanical effect. But
in a miniite or two downward diffusion currents were visible along
the surface of the bag and oil rose rapidly in the tube.
After the initial effects of the ether had been shown, the bottle
was filled with ether containing Sudan III, and a 5-foot vertical
extension of the same bore was added to the upright glass tube.
In a moment the upward movement of the liquid was markedly
accelerated.
The demonstration was started at about 9 p. m. At 10 p. m.
the osmotic pressure had carried the column of oily fluid to the top
of the lo-foot tube, and liquid continued to run rapidly from the
Upper orifice until the apparatus was dismantled after the adjourn-
ment of the meeting, at about 11.30 p. m.
During the progress of the demonstration, Sudan III diffused
rapidly from the exterior, through the rubber, to the very top of the
rising column of fluid, before any of the liquid passed out of the
Upper opening. Oil diffused rapidly through the rubber into the
ether.
The second demonstration was essentially the same in principle
and technic as the first. Instead of a lo-foot upright tube, however,
the authors substituted an L tube with an inside diameter of 6 mm.
The vertical extension of the tube was 17 inches, the horizontal ex-
tension was only 3 inches. The latter extension was drawn out to
a narrow bore in an inclined plane, to facilitate direct delivery of
any liquid that might pass through that end of the tube.
When partial immersion of the bag first occurred there was no
visible response, but, in a minute or two, oil began to rise in the
tube. The bag was then completely covered with ether. The up-
ward movement proceeded rapidly ; and in about an hour nearly 200
c.c. of liquid passed through the upper orifice into a graduated cylin-
der which was supported underneath the outlet to catch the overflow.
IV. A DEMONSTRATION OF THE DIFFUSION OF PIGMENTS
FROM FAT THROUGH RUBBER INTO FAT»"
The writer has found that many fat-soluble pigments, such as
Sudan III and Scarlet R, diffuse readily from solid and liquid fats
" Gies : Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Mediane,
191 1, viii, p. 73.
1912]
William J. Gies
6i
through rubber into various solid and liquid media, among them
both solid fat and oil. Thus, when Sudan III is dissolved in melted
lard, the red liquid poured into a rubber bag, the bag supported in
melted lard in a bottle, and the apparatus promptly immersed in ice
water — the fatty matter will congeal before any sign of pigmentary
diffusion occurs but, in a few hours, a reddish tinge will develop
outside of the bag, and on each successive day for several weeks
further extension of the pigmented matter may be witnes'sed, until
the whole of the external lard is deeply suffused with red. This
process takes place quite rapidly when the lard and apparatus are
kept in a thermostat at 40° C.
The demonstrations were intended to exhibit a few instances of
such pigmentary diffusions as occur speedily enough at room tem-
No.
Contents of the Rubber Bag
Nature of the
Liquid in which
the Bag was
Suspended
Oil
Pigment
I
2
3
4
S
Olive oil
Cocoanut oil
Lard oil
Paraffin oil
Olive oil
Scarlet R
Scarlet R
Sudan III
Sudan III
Sudan III
Olive oil
Cocoanut oil
Lard oil
.Paraffin oil
Ether
Visible diffusion of the pigment oc-
curred promptly
Visible diffusion of the pigment oc-
curred promptly
Visible diffusion of the pigment oc-
curred promptly
Visible diffusion of the pigment oc-
curred promptly
Visible diffusion of the pigment oc-
curred almost immediately
perature to yield positive results within an hour. The accompany-
ing summary indicates briefly the precise nature and results of the
demonstrations (including two control tests — 4 and 5), which were
made with thin rubber bags in ordinary glass bottles.
The bags were securely supported in the bottles, and the mix-
tures were shaken occasionally during the demonstration. The
bags were found, after the adjournment of the meeting, to be with-
out defects.
V. COMPARATIVE DIALYSIS EXPERIMENTS, WITH
DEMONSTRATIONS"
When dry bags of rubber, gold-beater's skin, parchment, and
collodion, each containing olive oil and Sudan III, are separately
" Goodridge and Gies : Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology
and Mediane, 191 1, viii, p. 74.
62 Studies of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes [Sept.
immersed in olive oil, and the remaining conditions of the environ-
ment are uniform, diffusion of the pigment promptly occurs through
rubber, but does not take place at all through any of the other three
membranes. When the bags are lifted from the oil, washed ex-
ternally with ether, and then immersed in ether,^^ the pigment
quickly passes through the rubber, but diffuses very slowly if at all
through the remaining membranes.
Successive immersions of nioist impermeable membranes (gold-
beater's skin and parchment) in alcohol and ether, for different
periods of time, fail to render the treated membranes more perme-
able to Sudan III than before.
The authors demonstrated the general facts in this connection
pertaining to rubber and gold-beater's skin.
VI. EXPERIMENTS ON THE DIFFUSIBILITY OF ALKALOIDS
THROUGH RUBBER^"
Various ether-soluble substances, when dissolved in ether and
placed in rubber bags immersed in ether, readily pass through the
rubber membranes thus imposed (I-V). We have found that
various alkaloids and some related substances readily diffuse
through rubber under such conditions.
Our experiments were conducted as follows : A moderate quan-
tity of the pure ether-soluble substance was mixed with 15 to 25 c.c.
of ether.^^ This mixture was poured through a funnel into a new
air-tight rubber condom in such a way as to preclude the possibility
of overflow upon the external surface. The bag was then immersed
in about 50 c.c. of ether in a narrow salt-mouth bottle 7 inches high.
With the bag suspended at füll extension in this position, its mouth
was about an inch above the opening in the bottle. The protrud-
"In experiments which the senior author has been conducting with Prof.
Welker's Cooperation, it has been found that collodion bags are disintegrated by
ether containing more than about 1.5 per cent. of alcohol. Pure ether does not
dissolve or in any way disorganize collodion membranes. A collodion bag con-
taining pure ether may be immersed for a week or more in pure ether without
undergoing any appreciable deterioration. (See page 70.)
^ Sidbury and Gies : Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology
and Medicine, 191 1, viii, p. 104.
" Substances which did not dissolve readily were triturated with ether in a
mortar.
igi2] William J. Gies 63
ing Condom was supported in the neck of the bottle by a tightly
fitting cork Stopper, which also served to keep the bag closed. After
a diffusion period of convenient length (sometimes 2 to 5 days)/^
the Condom was cautiously removed from the bottle, the ether diffus-
ate was poured into a porcelain dish, and the ether completely re-
moved by evaporation on a steam bath. At least one appropriate
test was then applied to the residue.^^
Meanwhile, the ether Solution in the Condom was removed. A
large volume of water was then poured into the suspended bag,
which, during its distention by the water, was carefully examined
for signs of leakage. In a few instances defective membranes tem-
porarily rendered the outcome doubtful. All results with such bags
were ignored, of course. Each of the tests, even after reliable pos-
itive responses, was repeated at least once with a nezv rubber bag.
The substances named below (the complete list of those already
tested in this connection) are readily diffusible under the conditions
of these experiments : —
A. Apomorphin, atropin, brucin, caffein, Cocain, codein, col-
chicin, coniin, morphin, narcein, narcotin, nicotin, physostigmin,
quinin, strychnin, veratrin.
B. Acetanilid, antipyrin, phenacetin, picric acid, picrotoxin,
pyramidon, salicylic acid.
Experiments with other solvents, and with additional substances
of alkaloidal type, will be added to this series.
" Some of the alkaloids pass through rubber almost immediately under the
conditions of these experiments.
*' In the experiments with nicotin, the " tobacco odor " of the concentrated
liquids was very pronounced.
STUDIES OF DIFFUSION THROUGH RUBBER
MEMBRANES
2. Diffusibility of lipins from ether through rubber membranes
into ether
JACOB ROSENBLOOM
(Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
I. INTRODUCTION
Many experiments, in completion of the diffusion work I have
been doing in collaboration with Dr. Gies/ have been performed to
determine the diffusibihty or non-diffusibihty of hpins and similar
substances (page 57). Such data must obviously be obtained in
detail, if any attempt to devise methods for the isolation and purifi-
cation of hpins by dialysis through rubber can be successful.
I present here briefly the essential resuks of the work aheady
completed in this connection.
II. DIFFUSION EXPERIMENTS
Methods. In the experiments described below, ordinary rubber
Condoms were used as diffusion membranes.^ Various kinds of
"sheet rubber," known as "pure Mexican plantation rubber," and
fumed with carbon-disulfid, were found to be good membranes for
this kind of work, but besides allowing fats, fatty acids, soaps, cho-
lesterol and hpochrome to diffuse through it, this sheet rubber also
permits the passage of lecithans under the conditions to be described,
although the lecithans pass through the sheet rubber very slowly
compared with other lipins such as fat and cholesterol. Condoms
^ Rosenbloom and Gies : Proceedings of the American Society of Biological
Chemists, 191 1, ii, p. 8; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 191 1, ix, p. xiv.
° Bef ore the Condoms were used for this purpose, they were placed in f resh
portions of ether daily for several days, to free them from the powder adherent
to them. This is especially important when one proposes to test the dialysates
for phosphorus, since the adherent powder has been found to contain phosphorus.
64
I9I2] Jacoh Rosenbloom 65
do not permit the diffuslon of lecithans under the conditions of the
tests to be described, and they were preferred for this work for that
reason. The cause of the observed difference in permeability is
unknown to us, but will soon be made the subject of special inquiry.
The substances to be tested in the diffusion experiments were dis-
solved in 100 to 200 c.c. of ether (anhydrous and distilled over
sodium), the concentrations of the Solutions varying from 0.5 to
5 per cent, The Solution or Suspension was carefully poured
through a funnel into a new air-tight rubber condom in such a way
as to preclude the possibility of overflow upon the external surface.
The bag was then immersed in from 100 to 200 c.c. of pure ether in
a wide-mouthed bottle of convenient size, and suspended loosely by
a thin cord held securely between the stopper and neck of the
tightly stoppered bottle. The bottle was kept well stoppered
throughout the whole of each test to prevent egress of ether and
ingress of dust and other extraneous matter.
1. Ether extract of egg yolk. Within five minutes after ether
extract of egg yolk is subjected to the diffusion treatment described
above, the lipochrome appears in the dialysate, diffusion currents
being visible about the same time. The following substances can be
detected in the dialysate after short periods of dialysis: fat, fatty
acid, cholesterol, and lipochrome. The lecithans do not pass
through the Condoms, even during prolonged periods of dialysis.
We tested for lecithans in the dialysate by analyzing the evapora-
tion residue for phosphorus by the fusion and Neumann methods.
and by seeking an " acetone precipitate " in the concentrated ether
Solution after the addition of electrolyte (sodium chlorid). Some-
times a positive phosphorus test was obtained from a dialysate
which did not yield an " acetone precipitate." In such cases, it was
found that this result was due to the presence of glycerophosphoric
acid in the dialysate. If to a Solution of lecithans, which, after
dialysis in a condom, does not yield a phosphorus Compound to the
dialysate, one adds some glycerophosphoric acid, and then dialyzes
this Solution through the same rubber condom, glycerophosphoric
acid appears in the diffusate.
2. Ether extract of brain. The dialysate from ether extracts
of brain contained fat, fatty acid, and cholesterol. Lecithans failed
to dialyze.
66 Studies of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes [Sept.
3. Ether extract of heart muscle (ox). Fat, fatty acid, lipo-
chrome, and cholesterol were detected in the dialysate from ether
extracts of the heart muscle of oxen. Lecithans did not diffuse.
4. Ether extract of kidney and liver (dog). Fat, fatty acid,
lipochrome, and cholesterol appeared in the diffusates from ether
extracts of dog kidneys and livers. Lecithans did not dialyze.
5. Ether extract of blood (dog). Fat, fatty acid, lipochrome,
and cholesterol occurred in the dialysates from ether extracts of dog
blood. No lecithans dialyzed.
6. Ether extract of carrots. The coloring matter dialyzed
very rapidly from ether extracts of carrots. A small amount of fat
was also present in the dialysate.
7. Ether extract of Xanthoma (skin). The yellow coloring
matter dialyzed very quickly from an ether extract of xanthomatous
skin, but it faded in twelve hours.
8. Ether extract of cerumen. Cholesterol, fat, and fatty acid
were present in the dialysates from ether extracts of cerumen.
Neither the coloring matter nor the lecithans diffused.
g. Ether extract of yeast. The dialysates from ether extracts
of yeast exhibited a peculiar opalescence, even at the end of six
weeks' dialysis. A small amount of fat dialyzed, but lecithans did
not diffuse.
10. Ether Solutions of individual substances er special prod-
ucts. The following substances or special products, when subjected
to diffusion by the method described above, were found to be
diffusible :
Acetic acid Ethyl butyrate Palmitic acid
Acetone Formic acid Potassium palmitate*
Beta-hydroxy-butyric acid GlyceroP Potassium stearate*
Butter (fresh and rancid) Lactic acid Propionic acid
Butyric acid Lead oleate Sodium palmitate*
Cholesterol-acetate Mutton tallow Sodium stearate*
' When ether-alcohol Solutions of glj'cerol are dialyzed against ether-alcohol,
and alcohol Solutions of glycerol are dialyzed against ether, the dialysates contain
glycerol.
* Treated with water, then with alcohol to the point of precipitation, then
with ether until a precipitate was produced. The filtrate was dialyzed against
water, alcohol, and ether in identical proportions.
912] Jacob Rosenhloom 6y
Cholesterol-benzoate Oleic acid Stearic acid
Cholesterol (from brain, Olive oil Sudan III
egg yolk, and gall-stones) Olive oil stained with Urochrome'
Ethyl acetate Sudan III Valerianic acid
In some special experiments we found^ that cholesterol benzoate,
cholesterol stearate, cholesterol oleate and cholesterol palmitate,
when dissolved in ether, readily diffuse through rubber into ether.
Cholesterol stearate with a molecular weight of 652.61 diffuses,
whereas the various lecithans, with molecular weights considered
to be 770 to 785, do not. If we assume that the diffusion of a sub-
stance depends on the size of its molecules, the above facts
strengthen Hiestand's conclusion that the molecular weight of ^gg-
yolk lecithin is 1446, which figure he obtained by a molecular weight
determination,
II. Indiffusible substances. The following substances, when
subjected to diffusion by the method described above, were found to
be indiffusible.'^
Sodium chlorid Lecithans from yeast
Lecithans from brain Lecithans from wheat embryo
Lecithans from egg yolk Kephalin from brain
Lecithans from heart muscle Cuorin from heart muscle
Lecithans from pig testicle Compound of lecithin with platinic chlorid
Lecithans from liver and kidney
Koch^ has lately described the preparation of various Compounds
with lecithans, but it is uncertain whether these Compounds are
colloidal adsorptions, mechanical mixtures, or true chemical Com-
pounds. It seemed of interest to study the behavior of these sub-
stances in ether Solution, when subjected to dialysis in rubber bags
suspended in ether.
The preparations used in these experiments were made accord-
' Ether-alcohol Solution (equal amounts) dialyzed against ether-alcohol.
' Boas and Rosenbloom : Proceedings of the Society for Experimental
Biology and Medicine, 191 1, viii, p. 132.
''We have found that lecithans prepared by the Zuelzer, Bergeil, or Roaf
and Edie method, when dialyzed, always yield traces of cholesterol to the
dialysate; and often fat.
* Koch and collaborators : Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeiitics, 1910, xii, 239-269.
68 Studies of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes [Sept.
ing to the method described by Koch. For the dialysis tests the
Solutions of the lecithan Compounds were evaporated to dryness at
38° and the residues triturated with ether. The extracts were fil-
tered, and the filtrates placed inside of rubber bags and dialyzed
against ether for thirty-seven days. The dialysates were tested
weekly to see if the substance combined with the lecithan had
diffused.
Compounds of lecithin with glucose, lactic acid, strychnin, digi-
tonin, salicin, urea, creatin, Creatinin, and caffein were prepared.
It was found that the glucose and lactic acid dialyzed completely,
the strychnin, digitonin, and salicin dialyzed partially, while urea,
creatin, Creatinin, and caffein did not dialyze at all.^
It was thought that some of the various substances which did not
diffuse might do so in the presence of a considerable amount of dif-
fusible material, but on dialyzing various mixtures of the above-
named indiffusible substances with varying amounts (up to 15
grams), of neutral fat, fatty acid, cholesterol, or olive oil, no diffu-
sion of lecithan occurred.
When Solutions of lecithans are subjected to dialysis by the
method described above, they take up a great deal of ether, and the
volume of liquid in the bag is greatly increased. We have demon-
strated that lipins exert strong osmotic pressure. ( See page 59. )
We have also placed ether Solutions of lecithans with cholesterol
and fat in closed rubber bags suspended in Soxhlet extractors.
Soxhlet extraction in the usual way failed to remove lecithan from
the bag under these conditions. These findings favor the develop-
ment of a method for the thorough removal of impurities from
lecithan Solutions.
It is perhaps superfluous to add that the results already mentioned
may be obtained by placing the Solution to be tested outside the
rubber bag and allowing dialysis to take place into pure ether con-
tained in the bag.
III. SUMMARY OF GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
I. Most lipins, chief among them, fat, fatty acid, soaps, cho-
lesterol, cholesterol-esters, lipochrome, and various other ether-sol-
• Boas and Rosenbloom : Loc. cit.
I9I2] Jacob Rosenhloom 69
üble substances, diffuse from ether Solution through rubber
membranes into ether,
2. Sodium Chlorid, lecithans prepared from various sources,
kephalin, cuorin, and the Compound of platinum with lecithin, do not
diffuse under such conditions.
3. One or more of the diffusible substances in these experiments
may be dialyzed from Solutions containing them, together with one
or more of the indiffusible ones, without inducing any of the latter
to pass through the membrane.
STUDIES OF DIFFUSION THROUGH RUBBER
MEMBRANES
3. Diffusibility of protein through rubber membranes, with a
note on the disintegration o£ coUodion membranes
by common ethyl ether and other solvents
WILLIAM H. WELKER
(Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
l. INTRODUCTION
In the course of our studies of proteins, under the auspices of the
George Crocker Special Research Fund, we obtained a protein
product which is soluble in a mixture of equal parts of absolute
alcohol and absolute ether, and which responds to the biuret, xantho-
proteic, Millon and Hopkins-Cole tests. The material was prepared
by the following method : 25 grams of Witte peptone were dissolved
in 500 c.c. of 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution. The liquid
was evaporated to a thick syrup on a water bath. This syrup was
thoroughly extracted with absolute alcohol and the resultant yellow
liquid filtered. The filtrate was treated with an equal volume of
absolute ether, which produced a white flocculent precipitate. After
the Sedimentation of the precipitate, the supernatant liquid was de-
canted and filtered. When five volumes of absolute ether were
added to this filtrate, a white flocculent precipitate was produced.
This product was isolated by filtration, washed with absolute ether,
and exposed to the air in a thin layer on a watch glass, where it
solidified as yellowish and somewhat hygroscopic granulär material,
which could easily be pulverized. The product dissolved promptly
in absolute alcohol. From concentrated alcoholic Solution the prod-
uct may be precipitated by the addition of an equal volume of abso-
lute ether. Whether the product is peptone or a much simpler Poly-
peptid has not yet been determined.
Dr. Gies and his collaborators have lately given much attention to
70
1912]
William H. Welker
71
the diffusibility of lipins and other substances throtigh rubber mem-
branes. The solubility of the above mentioned product in alcohol-
ether Solution led Dr. Gies to propose a study of the comparative
diffusibility of the protein through membranes of rubber, parchment
and collodion. Such an investigation was accordingly conducted
by the diffusion process described on page 55. The data in the
accompanying tables indicate the conditions and the results of the
tests in this connection.^
IL COMPARATIVE DIFFUSION EXPERIMENTS
Experiments with rubber membranes. The results of the
tests in the first four series show collectively [Table i (1-15)] that
biuret-reacting matter appeared in the diffusates; that the rubber
itself did not yield such substance; and that the occurrence of biuret-
TABLE I
Results of experiments with rubber membranes
A. Data showing the dißusibility of biuret-reacting material
First Series. With Rubber Condoms.
Results of
Results of the
Duration of
Liquid outside
the biuret
test for leaks at
Exp. No.
the experi-
Contents of the bag
of the bag
test in the
the end of the
ment, days
diffusate
experiment
I
4
r 30 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 10 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+ + +
Small hole in
the bag
2
4
f 20 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 20 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+ +
No leak
3
4
f 10 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
l 30 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+
No leak
Second Series. With Rubber Condoms.
4
5
/ 30 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 10 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+ + +
Small hole
very high up
in the bag
5
5
f 20 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 20 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+ +
No leak
6
5
f 10 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 30 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+
No leak
* In the tables, " ether-alc. sol." indicates the protein Solution as it was made
available by the above mentioned process before final precipitation with five
volumes of ether. Such precipitation was efifected only when the solid was
desired for special reasons. See the data pertaining to the eighth series of tests,
Table i.
72 Studies of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes [Sept.
TABLE I (continued)
Third Series. With Rubber Condoms.
Exp. No.
Duration of
the experi-
ment, days
Contents of the bag
Liquid outside
of the bag
Results of
the biuret
test in the
difTusate
Results of the
test for leaks at
the end of the
experiment
7
S
/ 30 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
1 lo c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+ + +
No leak
8
5
f 20 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 20 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+ +
No leak
9
5
f lo c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 30 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+
No leak
lO«
5
Abs. ether ("control")
Abs. ether
—
No leak
II»
5
Abs. ether ("control")
Abs. ether
—
FouRTH Series. With Bags of Sheet Rubber.*
12
30
/ 60 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 20 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+ + +
No leak
13
30
f 40 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
1 40 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+ +
No leak
14
30
/ 20 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
L 60 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
—
No leak
IS
30
Abs. ether ("control")
Abs. ether
—
No leak
B. Data showing that the diffusible biuret-reacting material ii-15)
was true protein
Fifth Series. With Rubber Condoms.
Duration of
the experi-
ment, days
Contents of the bag
Liquid outside
of the bag
Results of the tests for
protein in the diffusate
Results of
the test for
Exp.
No.
Biuret
Hop-
kins-
Cole
Xan-
thopro-
teic
leaks at the
end of the
experiment
16
17
3
3
/ 30 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 10 c.c. abs. ether
30 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
Abs. ether
Abs. ether
+
+
+
+
+
+
No leak
No leak
SixTH Series. With Bags of Sheet Rubber.*
18
3
/ 60 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 20 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+
+
+
No leak
19
3
r 60 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 20 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
+
+
+
No leak
Seventh Series. With Rubber Condoms.
20
31
3
3
40 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
40 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
Abs. ether
Abs. ether
+
+
+
+
+
+
No leak
No leak
•This control experiment (10) was carried out in duplicate, with negative
results in each case.
*In this experiment (11) a new, clean, empty condom, with the bottom
removed, was suspended in absolute ether, for " control " purposes.
* " Pure Mexican plantation rubber."
I9I2]
William H. Welker
73
TABLE I (continued)
C. Data showing the eßect of water on the diffusion phenomena (.r-21)
EiGHTH Series. With Rubber Condoms.'
Exp. No.
Duration of
the experi-
ment, days
Contents of the bag
Liquid outside of
the bag
Results of
the biurei
test in the
diffusate
Results of the
test for leaks at
the end of the
experiment
3 C.C. abs. alc. sol.
6 c.c. abs. alc.
22
5
'
9 c.c. abs. ether
6 c.c. H2O
3 c.c. abs. alc.
3 c.c. abs. alc. sol.
18 c.c. abs.
ether
. 1.2 c.c. H2O
9 c.c. abs. alc.
•"
No leak
23
5
21 c.c. abs. ether
I c.c. H2O
6 c.c. abs alc.
21 c.c. abs.
ether
I c.c. HsO
—
No leak
24
5
\
r 3 c.c. abs. alc. sol.
l 3 c.c. abs. ether
Equal volumes
of abs. ether
+
No leak
and abs. al-
cohol
D. Data showing the effect of fat on the diffusion phenomena {1-24)
NiNTH Series. With Rubber Condoms.
25
10
Olive oil and Witte Pep-
tone (solid)
Olive oil
_e
26
10
Olive oil, Witte peptone
(solid) and H20^
Olive oil
^"
Tenth Series. With Rubber Condoms.
27
28
30
30
Olive oil and Witte pep-
tone (solid)
Olive oil, Witte peptone
and HjO^
Olive oil
Olive oil
Eleventh Series. With Rubber Condoms.
29
10
f Ether-alc. sol.
iLard
Abs. ether
_
30
10
f Ether-alc. sol.
"iLard
Abs. ether
—
Twelfth Series, With Rubber Condoms.
31
1
/ Ether-alc. sol.
LLard
Abs. ether
+
No leak
32
I
/ Ether-alc. sol.
iLard
Abs. ether
+
No leak
Thirteenth Series. With Rubber Condoms.
33
2
f 30 C.C. ether-alc. sol.
ILard
30 c.c. abs. ether
+
No leak
34
3
/ 30 C.C. ether-alc. sol.
ILard
30 c.c. abs. ether
+
No leak
'For this series of tests, we used 0.2 gram of the protein material dissolved
in 10 c.c. of absolute alcohol.
• On the water-soluble extract of the oil.
^ Water sufficient to make a paste of the Witte peptone was used. The paste
was triturated into the oil.
74 SUidies of Diffusion throngh Rubber Membranes [Sept.
reacting material in the diffusate was not due to perforations of the
bags. The diffusion of biuret-reacting material was always greatest
in degree through the bags containing the largest proportion of
protein.
The results of tests 1-15 show that biuret-reacting material dif-
fiised through the rubber membranes under the conditions imposed.
In Order to determine more definitely, however, whether protein dif-
fused through the rubber, we repeated the essential features of tests
1-15, but applied additional tests to the diffusates [Table i (16-
21)].
The results of tests 16-21 (Table i) confirm the findings of tests
1-15, and also show definitely that the dififusible biuret-reacting ma-
terial was triie protein.
The data of tests 1-2 1 suggest that osmosis depends upon affin-
ities between the membrane, and the solvent or solute, or both. We
made a direct test of this mattter in a preliminary way by adding
water to the solvent and thus disturbing its affinities with the mem-
brane without decreasing the solubility of the solute. The findings
are given in the summary pertaining to the eighth series (Table i ).
The results of tests 22-24 show that water exerted a disturbing
osmotic influence and that diffusion of the protein was entirely pre-
vented by the water. We extended these experiments to determina-
tions of the influence of associated, readily diffusible lipins, in the
presence or absence of water. The results are given in tests 25-34.
In the tenth series the oil in the diffusates was emulsified with
a little soap Solution and then repeatedly extracted with ether until
all the fat was removed. The water containing the soap, and the
aqueous extract of the oil, were evaporated to dryness and the
biuret test applied to a concentrated Solution of the residue.
Experiments with parchment-paper bags. The foregoing re-
sults with rubber membranes naturally increased our desire to make
comparative observations with bags of parchment and collodion.
The results of the tests with parchment are given in tests 35-42,
Table 2. That osmosis depends upon accord between the solvent
and the membrane is obvious from these results also, for the protein
substance, which is readily diffusible through parchment from
aqueous Solution, does not dialyze through such a membrane from
an alcohol-ether Solution.
I9I2]
William H. Welker
n
TABLE 2
Results of experiments with bags of parchment paper
FOURTEENTH SeRIES.
Duration of the
Results of the
Exp. No.
experiment,
Contents of the bag
Liquid outside of
biuret lest in
days
the bag
the diffusate
35
I
f 10 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 30 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
36
2
/ 3 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 3 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
—
FiFTEENTH SERIES.«
37
10
/ 30 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 10 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
^
38
10
f 20 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
1 20 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
—
39
IG
f 10 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 30 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
—
SiXTEENTH SERIES.»
40
10
f 30 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 10 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
_
41
10
f 20 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 20 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
-"
42
10
/ 10 c.c. ether-alc. sol.
\ 30 c.c. abs. ether
Abs. ether
—
III. ON THE UTILITY OF COLLODION.BAGS IN EXPERIMENTS OF
THE KIND DESCRIBED IN THE FOREGOING SECTIONS
Experiments like those in the sixteenth series (Table 2) were
attempted with bags made of collodion, but in each case the bags
were perforated and in part dissolved, by the Contents, before the
experiment could be fairly started.
Several years ago, Dr. Gies observed, in some dialysis experi-
ments with collodion membranes, that ethyl ether could be kept on
the aqueous Contents of collodion bags, for preservative purposes in
such tests, without inducing distintegration of the bags. In repeti-
tions of the experiments a year or two later, however, it was found
that ether under such circumstances often caused deterioration of
*The results in this series, while apparently negative in each case, were
somewhat doubtful owing to the fact that the paper contained some soluble
material, which rendered the biuret test more or less uncertain. See the results
of the tests in the sixteenth series.
*The parchment paper was washed free from soluble matter before the
beginning of the tests.
76 Studies of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes [Sept.
the membrane, but that occasionally it did not. The reason for such
variations in the action of the ether could not be conveniently ascer-
tained at the time.
The prompt Perforation of the collodion bags in our several
attempts, as stated above, to determine the diffusibihty through col-
lodion of the alcohol-ether soluble protein, recalled Dr. Gies' pre-
vious experiences and led him to suspect that the alcohol, in the Solu-
tions employed by us, was responsible for the observed destructive
effects on the collodion membrane in these experiments. He be-
lieved, also, that the previous variations in the action of ether on
collodion in dialysis experiments, as already related, were due to
differences in the degrees of purity of the ether employed. At Dr.
Gies' request, therefore, I made direct tests of the solvent action of
ether containing alcohol, and various other substances related in one
way or another to alcohol and ether.
Collodion bags were made, in test tubes, from U. S. P. col-
lodion.^*^ It was found that such bags were not perforated by abso-
lute ether when it was poured into them 10 minutes after their re-
moval from the tubes, i. e., after fairly complete evaporation of the
residual alcohol. The time required for the evaporation of the
residual alcohol is dependent on the prevailing temperature. At low
temperatures the alcohol disappears from the collodion membrane
very slowly. Common ether (Merck's 0.720 sp. gr.), however,
when poured into such bags, passed through them almost immedi-
ately, with general Solution of the collodion, even after 2 hours of
preliminary exposure of the bag outside the mould. In the first
tests of the effects of alcohol it was found that absolute ether con-
taining 1.5 per Cent, or more of added absolute alcohol promptly
penetrated the bags.
In a series of more careful tests of absolute ether containing
various percentages of added absolute alcohol, it was found that the
bags were penetrated promptly by ether containing more than 1,25
per Cent, of alcohol, but that the mixture containing 1.25 per cent.
of alcohol acted more slowly. Ether containing less than 1.25 ^r
cent. of alcohol exhibited no destructive action.
Qualitative tests showed that acetone, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate,
methyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid attack and penetrate collodion
"An ether Solution containing alcohol.
igi2] William H. Welker 77
bags^^ immediately, toluol slowly, whereas formic acid, formalde-
hyde (40 per cent.), Chloroform, petroleum ether, carbon tetra-
chlorid, carbon bisulfid and paraffin oil were without distinguishable
solvent action, even after long periods of contact. Acetone (5 per
cent.) in absolute ether attacks collodion bags slowly, while a 10 per
cent. Solution acts rapidly. Acetaldehyde (4 per cent.) in absolute
ether attacks the bags slowly, but a 5 per cent. Solution acts rapidly.
Methyl alcohol (3 per cent.) in absolute ether dissolves the bags, but
a 2 per cent. Solution does not. Glacial acetic acid (2 per cent.) in
absolute ether attacks the bags slowly, a 3 per cent. Solution acts
rapidly but a i per cent. Solution appears to be inert. Five per
cent. Solutions of Chloroform, toluol, petroleum ether, carbon tetra-
chlorid, carbon bisulfid, benzol, ethyl acetate, and paraffin oil,
in absolute ether, were without visible effect on collodion bags.
Five per cent. Solutions of formic acid (sp. gr. 1.2) and formalde-
hyde (40 per cent.), in absolute ether, immediately attacked and
penetrated collodion bags.
Further work along these lines is in progress.
My cordial thanks are due Dr. Gies for his kind direction and
assistance in these experiments.
"Bags practically free from residual alcohol were used.
STUDIES OF DIFFUSION THROUGH RUBBER
MEMBRANES
4. The comparative diffusibility of various pigments in
different solvents
GEORGE D. BEAL and GEORGE A. GEIGER
{Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New York)
I. INTRODUCTION
Dr. Gies and his associates have shown that many biological
substances diffuse through rubber under suitable conditions (page
55). Inorganic as well as organic substances exhibit this capacity
and various colloids share it with crystalloids. Lipochrome and
ferric sulfocyanate are among the colored substances which, in the
early experiments, were found to be diffusible from ether Solution
through rubber membranes into ether.
At Dr. Gies' Suggestion we undertook a similar study of the
diffusibility of common pigments, especially " food colors." Fol-
lowing his advice we also sought data which might be of service in
devising methods for the purification of pigments, and for their
Separation and detection under various circumstances.
Our diffusion tests were conducted by the following general
method: A moderate quantity of the pigment was mixed with 15-
25 c.c. of the solvent. The Solution, or Suspension, was carefully
poured into a rubber Condom in such a way as to preclude the pos-
sibility of overflow upon the external surface. The bag was then
immersed in about 50 c.c. of solvent in a narrow salt-mouth bottle 7
inches high. With the bag suspended at füll extension in this Posi-
tion, its mouth was about an inch above the opening in the bottle.
The protruding condom was supported in the neck of the bottle by
a tightly fitting cork stopper, which served to keep both the bag and
the bottle closed. The diffusion periods varied from a few minutes
\o a week or more, according to the obvious requirements in each
case for a definite conclusion regarding diffusibility.
78
I9I2]
George D. Beul and George A.. Geiger
79
Most of the original tests were made with new Condoms. Many
tests were repeated with Condoms which had previously been em-
ployed by us in pigment-diffusion experiments but which, prior to
being used again, had been thoroughly washed with portions of the
solvent to which they were soon to be subjected in the new diffusion
tests. Defects in the rubber could easily be detected. All doubtful
results were ignored. Numerous repetitions prevented erroneous
deductions.
In the accompanying summary we present an outline of the
various tests and the main results of each. For the sake of con-
venience we use in the summary the following abbreviations :
D, diffusion; Di, pigment appears in the diffusate within lo minutes;
D2, pigment does not diffuse within 10 minutes, but appears in the
diffusate within 30 minutes; D3, pigment does not diffuse within 30
minutes, but appears in the diffusate within i hour; D4, pigment does
not diffuse within i hour, but appears in the diffusate before the lapse
of 2 hours ; D5, pigment cannot be seen in the diffusate before the third
hour of diffusion, but appears before the fourth hour; D6, pigment
cannot be seen in the diffusate before the sixth hour of diffusion, but
appears before the eighth hour; D7, pigment cannot be seen in the
diffusate before the tenth hour of diffusion, but appears before the
twelfth hour; D8, pigment appears in diffusate in about 24 hours;
O, no visible diffusion at any time within a week.
IL SUMMARY OF DIFFUSION DATA
Inside
Outside solvent
Result
Solvent
Pigment
Remarks
I Ether. . .
Sudan III
Ether
Ether + alco-
hol (25%).
Ether + alco-
hol (50%).
Ether -f alco-
hol (75%).
Alcohol
(100%)...
Chloroform . .
Di
Di
Di
Di
Di
Di
D very rapid.
2 Ether. . .
Sudan III
3 Ether . . .
4 Ether. . .
5 Ether. . .
6 Ether . . .
Sudan III
D rapid though slower than i.
Sudan III
D slower than 2.
Sudan III
D slower than 3.
Sudan III
Ether was withdrawn, leaving a
concentrated Solution of
Sudan III. Currents very
distinct. CoUection of color
near top very marked.
Color zone on top. No diffusion
currents downward.
8o Studios of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes [Sept.
II. SUMMARY OF DIFFUSION DATA {continued)
Inside
Solvent
7 Ether.
8 Ether . . .
9 Ether. . .
10 Ether . . .
11 Alcohol. .
12 Chloro-
form . . .
13 Alcohol . .
14 Ethyl
acetate . .
15 Acetone..
16 Gl. acetic
acid ....
17 Ether. . .
18 Ether. . .
19 Ethyl
acetate . .
30 Acetone..
21 Alcohol. .
27 Ether. . .
23 Ether. . .
24 Ether . . .
25 Ether.
Pigment
26 Ether . .
27 Ether. .
28 Ether. .
29 Ether. .
30 Ether . .
31 Ether. .
32 Ether. .
33 Ether. .
34 Ether . .
35 Ether. .
36 Ethyl
acetate .
37 Ethyl
acetate .
Sudan III
Sudan III
Sudan III
Sudan III
Sudan III
Sudan III
Sudan III
Sudan III
Sudan III
Sudan III
Picric acid
Hematoxylin
Methyl violet
Methyl violet
Methyl violet
Methyl violet
Magenta
Naphthol yellow . . .
Methyl violet and
Sudan III
Outside solvent
Methyl alco-
hol
Acetone .
Petroleum
ether. . . .
Gl. acetic acid
Ether
Chloroform .
Alcohol . . . .
Ethyl acetate
Acetone ....
Gl. acetic acid
Ether
Ether
Ethyl acetate
Acetone .
Alcohol .
Ether. . .
Ether. . .
Ether...
Resnlt
Ether.
Chlorophyll Ether.
Annatto
Alcannin
Metanil yellow. .
Martius yellow. .
Scarlet R
Malachite green.
Brazil wood . . . .
Chrysoldin
Turmeric
'Ether.
Ether.
Ether.
Ether.
Ether.
Ether.
Ether.
Ether.
Ether.
Annatto .
Chlorophyl .
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acetate
Di
Di
Di
Di
Di
Di
Di
Di
Di
Di
Di
D3
DS
D6
O
D5
Ds
O
Di
Di
Di
Di
O
Di
Di
D2
Di
D2
Di
D2
Di
Remarks
Ether was withdrawn, leaving
layer of dye inside.
Ether withdrawn. Solution of
pigment in bag concentrated.
Moderate diffusion.
Diffusion slow.
Rapid diffusion.
Diffusion slow.
Slow diffusion.
Moderate diffusion.
Slow diffusion.
Rubber yellow; color not re-
moved by ether.
Denser Solution in bag than
outside. (See 36.)
Rapid diffusion of the Sudan
III. Ether changed three
times in 2 hours after which
practically all Sudan III had
been removed, leaving the
methyl violet in the bag.
Vary slight diffusion.
Very slight diffusion.
Very rapid diffusion.
Rapid diffusion.
Very rapid diffusion.
Bag colored green.
Slow diffusion.
Very slow diffusion.
Rapid diffusion.
Pigment Solution inside concen-
trated.«
Pigment Solution inside concen-
trated.
• " Fat-soluble " chlorophyl was used in all the chlorophyl tests.
* In these cases (36-44) the solvent diffused more rapidly than the solute.
1912]
II.
George D. Beal and George A. Geiger
SUMMARY OF DIFFUSION DATA (continued)
8i
Inside
Outside solvent
Result
T< ATVl 0 f l^e
Solvent
Pigment
JxCularKa
38 Ethyl
acetate . .
Alcannin
Ethyl acetate
Di
Pigment Solution inside concen-
trated.
39 Ethyl
acetate . .
Martius yellow ....
Ethyl acetate
Di
Pigment Solution inside concen-
trated.
40 Ethyl
acetate . .
Scarlet R
Ethyl acetate
Di
Pigment Solution inside concen-
trated.
41 Ethyl
acetate . .
Brazil wood
Ethyl acetate
Di
Pigment Solution inside concen-
trated.
42 Ethyl
acetate . .
Chrysoidin
Ethyl acetate
D3
Pigment Solution inside concen-
trated.
43 Ethyl
acetate . .
Turmeric
Ethyl acetate
D3
Pigment Solution inside concen-
^-'O
trated.
44 Ethyl
acetate. .
Metanil yellow
Ethyl acetate
D3
Pigment Solution inside concen-
trated.
45 Ethyl
acetate . .
Malachite green. . . .
Ethyl acetate
D6
46 Ethyl
acetate . .
Naphthol yellow . . .
Ethyl acetate
0
47 Ethyl
acetate . .
Sudan I
Ethyl acetate
Di
Rapid diffusion.
48 Ethyl
acetate . .
Sudan G
Ethyl acetate
Di
Moderate diffusion.
49 Ethyl
acetate . .
Rhodamin
Ethyl acetate
D in about 2 days.
50 Ethyl
acetate . .
Fast red A
Ethyl acetate
D3
Diffusion very slight in each of
51 Ethyl
tests 50-56 inclusive.
acetate . .
Rose bengal
Ethyl acetate
D2
52 Ethyl
acetate. .
Erythrosin
Ethyl acetate
D2
53 Ethyl
acetate . .
Methylene violet . . .
Ethyl acetate
D5
54 Ethyl
acetate. .
Phloxin red
Ethyl acetate
D3
55 Ethyl
acetate . .
Auramine
Ethyl acetate
D5
56 Ethyl
acetate . .
Orange G
Ethyl acetate
D in about 5 hours.
57 Methyl
alcohol. .
Gold orange
Methyl
alcohol ....
D8
Color of diffusate very slight
i week later.
58 Methyl
alcohol. .
Naphthol yellow . . .
Methyl
alcohol. . . .
No appearance of color in 8 hours.
59 Meth
alcohol. .
Carmosin B
Methyl
alcohol ....
D8
Color of diffusate very slight
i week later.
82 Studics of Diffusion through Ruhher Memhranes [Sept
II. SUMMARY OF DIFFUSION DATA (continued)
Inside
Solvent
60 Methyl
alcohol .
61 Methyl
alcohol .
62 Methyl
alcohol .
63 Methyl
alcohol .
64 Amyl
alcohol .
65 Amyl
alcohol .
66 Amyl
alcohol .
67 Amyl
alcohol .
68 Amyl
alcohol . .
69 Amyl
alcohol. .
70 Amyl
alcohol. .
71 Amyl
alcohol. .
72 Amyl
alcohol . ,
73 Amyl
alcohol. ,
74 Amyl
alcohol . .
75 Amyl
alcohol. ,
76 Amyl
alcohol . ,
77 Acetone.
78 Acetone.
79 Acetone.
80 Acetone.
81 Acetone.
82 Acetone.
83 Acetone.
84 Acetone.
85 Acetone.
86 Acetone.
87 Acetone.
88 Acetone.
89 Acetone.
Pigment
Ponceau, G. A..
Ponceau, 2 R. .
Naphthol red S.
Curcumin S . . .
Fast red A .
Safranin . . .
Eosin A.
Phloxin .
Rose bengal .
Rhodamin . .
Erythrosin . .
Chrysoldin
Sudan I . . .
Sudan G. . .
Sudan III.
Alcannin. .
Chlorophyl .
Alcannin . . ,
Auramine. .
Barwood . . ,
Chlorophyl .
Chrysoldin .
Fast red A .
Methylene violet. .
Malachite green. . .
Martins yellow. . . .
Metanil yellow. . . .
Naphthol yellow S.
Picric acid
Rhodamin
Outside solvent
Result
Methyl
alcohol. . . .
Methyl
alcohol. . . .
Methyl
alcohol. . . .
Methyl
alcohol. . . .
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Acetone. . .
Acetone. . .
Acetone . . .
Acetone . . .
Acetone . . .
Acetone. . .
Acetone . . .
Acetone. . .
Acetone . . .
Acetone . . .
Acetone. . .
Acetone. . .
Acetone. . .
O
O
O
O
D7
D7
O
O
D7
D8
D3
D2
D2
D2
D3
D3
Di
Di
Di
D3
D5
D4
D4
D5
D3
D8
O
Dl
D7
Remaxks
Color of diffusate very slight
I week later.
D in about 3 days. Color of
diffusate very shght i week
later.
Color of diffusate very slight
I week later.
Very rapid diffusion.
Color of diffusate not very
strong I week later.
I9I2]
George D. Beal and George A. Geiger
83
II
SUMMARY OF DIFFUSION DATA {continued)
Inside
Outside solvent
^Result
Remarks
Solvent
Pigment
90 Acetone..
Sudan I
Acetone
Acetone
Acetone
Acetone
Dl
Di
0
D8
91 Acetone..
Sudan G
92 Acetone..
Fustic
93 Acetone..
Rose bengal
Color of dif?usate very slight
i week later.
94 Acetone . .
Phloxin
Acetone .
D4
Color of diffusate very slight
I week later.
A ^^^ V.. W^^ 4 Jk^h^ • • ■ • a
95 Acetone..
Eosin W. gelblich . . .
Acetone
D7
Color of diffusate very slight
I week later.
96 Acetone..
97 Acetone..
Eosin A
Acetone
Acetone
0
D4
Cape aloes
98 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Sudan G
Gl. acetic acid
Di
Slow diffusion.
99 Gl. acetic
fc..^**.^ TT *.A**Ä 1.4V^ A^..r AA #
acid ....
Sudan III
Gl. acetic acid
Dl
Rapid diffusion.
100 Gl. acetic
acid. . . .
Sudan I
Gl. acetic acid
Di
Slow diffusion.
loi Gl. acetic
acid. . . .
Alcannin
Gl. acetic acid
D3
102 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Chlorophyl
Gl. acetic acid
D6
103 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Rose bengal
Gl. acetic acid
DB
104 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Phloxin
Gl. acetic acid
D in about 2 days.
105 Gl. acetic
acid. . . .
Malachite green. . . .
Gl. acetic acid
0
106 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Methyl violet
Gl. acetic acid
D8
107 Gl. acetic
acid. . . .
Scarlet R
Gl. acetic acid
D2
108 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Methylene violet . . .
Gl. acetic acid
D in about 10 days.
109 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Martius yellow
Gl. acetic acid
D8
iio Gl. acetic
acid ....
Biebrich Scarlet. . . .
Gl. acetic acid
D8
III Gl. acetic
acid. . . .
Erythrosin
Gl. acetic acid
D in about 4 days.
112 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Oranee G
Gl. acetic acid
0
113 Gl. acetic
^.—1' ^ v***^^ ^- ^-* ••••»• •«• ■
^t^H« * ■ fc*^-v* W^V^ ^.l>VrA^.J
acid. . . .
Tropeolin OO
Gl. acetic acid
Very slight color after 2 days,
which did not increase after
Standing about four days.
114 Gl. acetic
acid. . . .
Aurainine
Gl. acetic acid
0
115 Gl. acetic
acid. .
Rhodamin
Gl. acetic acid
D8
116 Gl. acetic
^^.AA V.' X.A%4* AA * A^ ■«•■*«*«■
acid ....
Eosin A. gelblich . . .
Gl. acetic acid
D8
117 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Chrysoidin
Gl. acetic acid
D in about s days.
118 Gl. acetic
acid ....
Eosin W
Gl. acetic acid
D in about 4 days, which did
not increase during the suc-
M rf\J\^i**-* »■• •••••■•••
ceeding 3 days.
84 Stndics of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes [Sept.
II. SUMMARY OF DIFFUSION DATA (continued)
Inside
Solvent
119 Gl. acetic
acid. . . .
120 Gl. acetic
acid ....
acetic
acetic
acetic
121 Gl. acetic
acid
122 Gl
acid . .
123 Gl
acid.
124 Gl
acid. . . .
125 Gl. acetic
acid ....
126 Alcohol. .
127 Alcohol. .
128 Alcohol. .
129 Alcohol. .
130 Alcohol. .
131 Alcohol. .
132 Alcohol. .
133 Alcohol. .
134 Alcohol. .
135 Alcohol. .
136 Alcohol. .
137 Alcohol. .
138 Alcohol. .
139 Alcohol. .
140 Alcohol. .
141 Alcohol. .
142 Alcohol. .
143 Alcohol. .
144 Alcohol. .
145 Alcohol. .
146 Alcohol. .
147 Alcohol. .
148 Alcohol..
149 Alcohol. .
150 Alcohol. .
151 Alcohol. .
152 Alcohol. .
153 Alcohol. .
154 Alcohol. .
15s Alcohol. .
Pigment
Fast Red A
Safranin
Turmeric
Metanil yellow
Barwood
Annatto
Picric acid
Auramine
ChrysoTdin. .._.....
Eosin A
Eosin W '
Fast Red
Methyl violet
Methylene violet. . .
Malachite green. . . .
Martins yellow
Metanil yellow
Rose bengal
Rhodamin
Sudan G
Sudan I
Bismarck brown . . .
Benzopurpurin
Tropeolin OO
Phloxin
Safranin
Naphthol yellow . . .
Alcannin
Chlorophyl
Barwood
Fustic
Turmeric
Cape aloes
Curcumin S
Naphthol green. . . .
Orange G
Carmosin B
Outside solvent
Gl. acetic acid
Gl. acetic acid
Gl. acetic acid
Gl. acetic acid
Gl. acetic acid
Gl. acetic acid
Gl. acetic acid
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Result
D3
O
D7
O
D7
D7
O
D7
D8
D7
DB
D7
D7
O
O
D2
D2
O
O
D7
O
DS
D7
O
O
O
O
O
Remarks
D in about 4 days, which did
not increase during the suc-
ceeding 3 days.
D in about 2 days.
D in about 6 days.
D in about 3 days.
Color of diffusate very slight
I week later.
Color of diffusate very slight
I week later.
Color of diffusate very slight
I week later.
Color of diffusate very slight
I week later.
D in about 3 days.
D in about 5 days. Slight
I week later.
Color of diffusate very slight
I week later.
D in about 2 days.
D in about 2 days.
I week later.
D in about 2 days.
I week later.
Very slight
Very slight
I9I2] George D. Beal and George A. Geiger 85
III. ATTEMPTS TO SEPARATE PIGMENTS BY DIALYSIS
The outcome of Test 25 encouraged us to ascertain whether
two dissimilar pigments like scarlet R and malachite green might be
wholly separated from each other by dialysis thru rubber in a suit-
able solvent, e. g., ethyl acetate (see tests 40 and 45). A mixture
of the two pigments dissolved in ethyl acetate was accordingly sub-
jected to the usual mechanical treatment, but the diffusate was re-
peatedly replaced with fresh solvent. The results are indicated in
the f ollowing summary :
Continuous differential diffusion of scarlet R and malachite green.
March 28 — ist diffusate ii-i p.m. Bright red.
March 28 — 2nd diffusate 4 p.m. Bright red.
March 28 — 3rd diffusate 11 p.m. Deep red.
March 29 — 4ith diffusate 12.30 a.m. Deep purplish red.
March 29 — 5th diffusate i a.m. Light purplish red.
March 29 — 6th diffusate 10.45 ^■^- Deep red with decidedly
bluish tinge.
March 29 — 7th diffusate 12.30 p.m. Light blue.
March 29 — 8th diffusate 9.15 p.m. Blue green.
March 30 — 9th diffusate 11.50 a.m. Blue green.
March 31 — loth diffusate 9.15 a.m. Blue green.
April I — iith diffusate i p.m. Blue green.
April 2 — I2th diffusate 11.50 p.m. Light green.
April 3 — I3th diffusate 11.50 p.m. Light green.
Altho scarlet R and malachite green showed widely different
rates of diffusion when they were treated separately, the results
detailed above made it evident that it would be difficult if not im-
possible to obtain all the scarlet R from mixtures like the one em-
ployed without removing some of the malachite green with the red
pigment.
By subjecting Solutions of scarlet R and malachite green of simi-
lar concentrations independently to diffusion in the usual way, we
duplicated the blue and green effects with malachite green and the
red effects with scarlet R, but the purplish colorations could not he
ohtained under such circumstances. That these purplish effects
were due to early diffusion of the malachite green with scarlet
R, and that the red pigment facilitated the passage of the green one,
are clearly indicated by the results.
86 Studies of Diffusion through Rubber Membranes [Sept
Repeated removals of the diffusate in the independent scarlet R
experiment, and replacements with fresh solvent for a period of
about a weck, led to the Separation from the original pigment-
product of all its red diffusible matter. The bag, at that stage of
the treatment, contained considerable brownish-red, indifTusible
material, which evidently was not scarlet R. This result, and simi-
lar observations with other pigments, emphasized Dr. Gies' opinion
that it might be possible to purify pigment preparations in this way
and that their value as coloration agents, for histological staining
especially, might thus be considerably enhanced.
It will be noted that those pigments which diffused most rapidly
were the so-called " fat colors," i. e., those soluble in, or staining,
the common fats and oils. Again, with these pigments the dif-
fusion is the most rapid, and therefore the most satisfactory, when
the solvents are those which, in the State of vapor, soften rubber.
It will thus be seen that apparently the membrane, as well as the
solvent, exert selective action. This is true to a far greater extent
in experiments of this kind than in the ordinary dialyses in aqueous
media.
When we arrived at this point in these experiments, to which
we could give but a few hours weekly, our period of residence at
Columbia University was about to close and, after completing some
repetitions of previous observations in this connection, we were
obliged to discontinue the work. It is Dr. Gies' intention to pro-
ceed along lines suggested by the results already obtained in this
preliminary investigation.
THE COLLOIDAL NITROGEN IN THE URINE FROM
A DOG WITH A TUMOR OF THE BREAST
MAX KAHN AND JACOB ROSENBLOOM
(Biochetnical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New York)
In 1892 Töpfer^ found that the urine of patients suffering from
Cancer contained a very large amount of "extractive substance."
This " extractive substance " was calculated by first determining the
total nitrogen, and then subtracting from this amount the sum of the
nitrogen values for the urea, uric acid, and ammonia contained in
the same urine. Bondzynski and Gottlieb,^ five years later, reported
that the nitrogen in oxyproteic acid was 2 to 3 per cent, of the total
urinary nitrogen. Salkowski,^ and Hess and Saxl,* using different
procedures in their researches, came to the conclusion that the oxy-
proteic acid or the alcohol-precipitable substances are increased in
the urine of human beings suffering from Carcinoma.
Salkowski and Kojo,^ in a preliminary communication, recently
suggested several methods for the determination of colloidal nitro-
gen in the urine. A year later Kojo published the results of a com-
parative study of the various procedures suggested in this connec-
tion.^ Einhorn, Kahn and Rosenbloom^ studied the zinc sulfate-
precipitable, colloidal, nitrogenous material from the urine of nor-
mal subjects as well as from the urine of carcinomatous patients,
and came to the conclusion that the amount of colloidal nitrogen
was invariably increased in subjects with carcinomatous growths.
* Töpfer: Wiener klin. Wochenschrift, 1892, v, p. 49.
'Bondzynski and Gottlieb: Zentralbl. f. d. med. Wissenschaften, 1897, xxxv,
P- 577-
* Salkowski : Berliner klin. Woch., 1910, xlvii, p. 1746.
*Hess and Saxl: Beiträge zur Carcinomforschung, 1910, Part II.
'Salkowski and Kojo: Berl. klin. Woch., 1910, xlvii, p. 2297.
'Kojo: Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 191 1, Ixxiii, p. 416.
^Einhorn, Kahn and Rosenbloom: Amer. Journ. of Gastro-enterology, 1911,
i, p. 2; and Archiv f. Verdauungs-Krankheiten, 191 1, xvii, p. 557.
87
88 Colloidal Nitrogen in Urinc from a Dog [Sept.
The writers lately embraced an opportunity to study the colloidal
nitrogen Output in the urine of a dog with a large tumor.
The dog upon which this study was made had a hard calcified
growth about the size of an orange in one of the breasts. The
tumor involved the nipple and the breast tissue for some distance
around the nipple. Several metastatic deposits were present along
the "breast lines." Microscopic examination of sections of the
original growth and of the metastatic infiltrations, according to
several pathologists who examined them, indicated that the tumor
was a chondroma which had undergone carcinomatous degenera-
tion. Other pathologists, on the contrary, believed the growth to
be of a benign nature, with the histological structure of a chon-
droma.
For the determination of colloidal nitrogen the alcoholic pre-
cipitation method of Salkowski was used, with modifications, as
follows :^
The total nitrogen was determlned in 5 c.c. of the urine by the
Kjeldahl process. Two portions of 100 c.c. each of the urine were
evaporated in a porcelain dish over a gently steaming water bath tili
they were of the consistency of thin syrup. The residues were then
taken up in 100 c.c. of alcohol (98.5 per cent.) and thoroughly
stirred. The alcoholic extracts were then filtered through ashless
filter papers, and the precipitates washed with alcohol.
We determined the effect of dialysis upon this alcohol-precip-
itable, so-called "colloidal," nitrogenous material. Most colloidal
substances fail to dialyze through the very best grade of parchment
paper. Only that fraction of the alcoholic precipitate which would
remain indiffusible under suitable conditions of dialysis could be
called "colloidal," at the present stage of our knowledge of the
subject. Accordingly, the two precipitates on the ashless filter
paper were treated as follows :
The precipitate on one filter paper, together with the filter, was
placed in a Kjeldahl flask, digested with sulfuric acid, and the
nitrogen determined in the usual way. The second precipitate and
*Before subjection to analysis the urine was first tested for protein, which,
if found, was removed by means of heat coagulation aided by the addition of a
few drops of dilute acetic acid Solution.
I9I2]
Max Kahn and Jacob Rosenbloom
89
filter paper were placed with water in a bag of the finest grade of
parchment paper and dialyzed for forty-eight hours. The liquid in
the bag was then analyzed quantitatively for nitrogen.
The appended summaries present the results obtained for urine
from the dog with the breast tumor and also for urine f rom several
normal dogs.
In the Salkowski method for the determination of " colloidal "
nitrogen (as the results in the summary show), diffusible nitrog-
enous substance is precipitated as "colloidal" nitrogen. It has
not yet been shown that such diffusible nitrogenous matter in the
colloidal precipitate is true colloidal material.
A. Data pertaining
to the urine of normal dogs
ßpecimen
No.
Total Nitrogen
in 100 c.c. of
Urine
Colloidal Nitro-
gen in 100 o.e.
of Urine
Percentage of
Total Nitrogen
as Colloidal
Nitrogen
Indiffusible
Colloidal
Nitrogen
Percentage of Total
Nitrogen as Indif-
fusible Colloidal
Nitrogen
I
2
3
4
Grams
2.304s
3-2051
0.8590
1.6436
Gram
0.0437
0.0314
0.0172
0.0214
1.85
0.98
2.00
1.28
Gram
0.02775
0.01634
0.01202
0.01841
1.2
O.S
1.4
i.l
B. Date pertaining to the urine of the dog with a tumor of the breast
Sa.
4.0088
0-3392
8.40
0.0939
2.3
5 b.
6.3034
0-3897
6.10
0.2293
3.6
SC.
4-4591
0.3210
7.10
0.0767
1-7
5d.
3.6862
0.3294
8.10
0.0817
2.2
Se.
3-1414
0.0958
3-04
0.0867
2.7
5 f.
3.9642
0.3566
8.90
0.1175
2.8
5 g-
2.5139
0.4617
13.10
0.1342
3.6
The results demonstrate that the " colloidal " nitrogen, both
before and after dialysis, was greater in amount in the urine of the
dog with the tumor than that in the urines from normal dogs.
It is desirable to study the effect of dialysis upon the " colloidal "
nitrogenous substances in the urine of Cancer patients.
GENERAL ASPECTS OF FASTING^
PAUL E. HOWE
(Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.)
Fasting (starvation or inanition) is a State in which the dietary
elements are withheld, either wholly or in part, so that the organism
is compelled to draw upon its own resources to maintain its exist-
ence. In discussing this subject it is my purpose to make a rather
general survey of the changes which take place as the result of fast-
ing; to show briefly how such results have been used to elucidate
other scientific problems; and, also, to touch upon the therapeutic
value of fasting, with relation to man.
A distinction is made between physiological and experimental
fasting. The first form is illustrated by the hibernation of mam-
malia (hedge hog and bear), and cold blooded animals (frog), by
the normal condition of the salmon during the spawning season and
by the period of metamorphosis of the insects, these being natural
phenomena for which the organism has made suitable preparation.
In experimental fasting the animal is forced to live without sus-
tenance, of one kind or another. Under this last State we may con-
sider pathological fasting as a special case in which the organism is
forced to fast as a result of impairment of some organ or of a gen-
eral diseased condition. These forms of inanition present certain
differences as evidenced in the effect upon the organism; yet it is
quite probable that they are chiefly phylogenetic and we can conceive
that any of the animals which do not experience these periodical
physiological fasts might do so under the proper adverse circum-
stances.
In our discussion we will consider only the phenomena which
take place as the result of experimental fasting. Here, too, we must
distinguish between a number of forms of fast; such as the com-
^ A lecture delivered at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York,
May I, 1912, under the auspices of the Columbia University Biochemical Asso-
ciation.
90
I9I2] Paul E. Howe 91
plete fast in which there is total abstinence from both food and
water; a modification of this, in which the subject is permitted to
take water "ad libitum" or caused to ingest a uniform quantity
from day to day ; and the incomplete fast, in which one or more of
the food principles or chemical elements contained therein is with-
held, such as a diet lacking in protein, fat, carbohydrate, water, salt
or certain amino acids.
There is not a marked distinction between complete fasting
and fasting with water taken "ad libitum," for under the latter con-
ditions the quantity of water taken decreases as the fast progresses
until finally there is a natural abstinence from water. Some hold
that the desire for water returns just before death. The ingestion
of water causes a lengthening of the life of the animal and the
severity of the fast is lessened. If at any time the quantity of water
given is increased there will be for a time an increase in the metab-
olism (14). This condition also holds for the well nourished
animal (8), i. e., under all conditions when the water ingestion of
the animal is sufficiently increased the general metabolic processes
of the organism are stimulated.
The length of a fast which would result in death depends upon
the size, the species, the age, the nutritive condition, the external
surroundings (e. g., temperature, humidity, etc.) and the intrinsic
rate of metabolism. In general, we may say that the smaller the
subject the shorter will be the time it can live without food; but this
does not hold in all cases, for certain of the lower animals can fast
much longer than the higher forms, e. g., the Salamander, which is
about 3-4 inches long, has been fasted for more than 125 days (19).
Adult organisms can fast longer than the young of the same species.
Thus, a young pup can fast but a few days, while a füll grown dog
will fast from 20 to 60 days. Of the fasts on man and other warm
blooded mammals, the longest on record is one of 117 days (15).
This experiment was conducted in our laboratory, a Scotch collie
dog being the subject. Subsequent to this long fasting interval the
dog was fed, and it returned to its normal condition.
A comparison of the results obtained by various investigators
shows that death does not ensue until there is a loss of between 40-
50 per Cent, of the original body weight. The real cause of death
92 General Aspects of Fasting [Sept.
from fasting has not been determined. The probable reason is the
failure of some organ or life process (27) and not the depletion of
all possible nutritive material. From our experiments (10) it
would appear that a certain definite minimal proportion of nitrogen-
holding substance must be present in the body for life to exist.
Fasts have been reported upon men covering periods of from
2-50 days, upon dogs as long as 117 days and Salamanders for 125
days. In each of the extreme cases, the subjects were subsequently
fed and they returned to normal. The influenae of repeated fasting
upon the resistance of the animal to subsequent fasts is a phenome-
non which appears to be intimately associated with hibernation. As
has been shown by Russian investigators (20), and more recently in
our laboratory (10), repeated fasting decreases the rate of metab-
olism in each succeeding fast. A French investigator (21) has
shown that repeated fasting, in which the subjects were alternately
fasted and fed during equal periods of about a week each, resulted
in the ultimate death of the animals. From the experimental data
Et band it seems that where the animal is permitted to recover
completely from a fast before it is subjected to another, there will
be an increased resistance to the ravages of the succeeding fast.
The number of men who have made a study of the changes
which take place as the result of fasting is so great that it is difficult
to name those who have made the most important contributions
upon this subject without doing an injustice to others. The inves-
tigations of Cathcart (4) in England and of Benedict (2) in this
country, upon men, are the most extensive that have been con-
ducted with the more refined methods of analysis which we possess
today. The names of Succi, Cetti and Breithaupt stand out in the
literature as the subjects of important experimental fasts.
What changes take place in an organism as the result of a fast?
Outwardly the subject becomes emaciated, his body weight de-
creases, he becomes weak and apathetic and, should the fast proceed
long enough, he would probably die in a State of coma. In man it
has been demonstrated that the brain retains its activities unimpaired
during a fast and that hunger is evident only at the beginning of the
ordeal. These facts are substantiated in the populär writings upon
fasting and also by an experiment made by us (11) in which the
I9I2] Paul E. Howe 93
subject prepared for the preliminary examination for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy during a seven-day fast.
The fasting State is indicated in the body by certain changes;
such as a general decrease in the body metaboHsm, represented by
variations in the nitrogen excretion and the respiratory exchange, a
decrease in the fat and glycogen Stores, a decrease in the volume of
muscle and in the size and weight of certain organs. The tempera-
ture remains normal, for a time at least, but shows a tendency to
decrease toward the end of the fast.
The decrease in the general metaboHsm is well Illustrated by the
data obtained from the respiration calorimeter experiments. It has
been shown by the earlier investigators and more recently by Bene-
dict (2) that, in a well fed man, the quantities of protein and fat
which were utiHzed, and the energy change (calories) per day,
decreased very gradually and tended toward a constant minimum.
In addition to the excreted carbon dioxide, Benedict determined the
amount of oxygen consumed. From these data it was shown that
the glycogen consumption, which is most rapid on the first day,
decreases as the fast progresses. It is probable that the glycogen
Store is never depleted and that even in fasting there is a resynthesis
of glycogen from the protein material present in the body.
Decreased metaboHsm in fasting is also shown by the quantities
of nitrogen-containing substances eliminated in the excreta. We are
particularly concerned with the losses of nitrogen, for it is the
protein material which is the most fundamental nutritive substance
and which the body strives to protect. In fasting, the nitrogen-
containing substances in the urine or feces arise from the tissues and
hence the total nitrogen excretion is a measure of the quantity of
muscular or organ tissue catabolized. The excretion of total nitro-
gen in the urine decreases rapidly at the beginning of the fast and
soon reaches a minimum, which is maintained for some time. This
minimum of nitrogen excretion, representing a minimum protein
disintegration, is Held to represent the " maintenance " metaboHsm
of the individual, i. e., that amount of protein substance which if
supplied, with sufficient fats or carbohydrates, in the form of food
would sustain life. This minimum has variously been shown to be
greater or less than the metaboHsm as represented by fasting ex-
periments.
94 General Aspects of Fasting [Sept
The muscular disintegration is influenced by the factors already
mentioned; the nutritive condition and the experience of previous
fasts, or repeated fasting. The diet just before the fast influences
the nitrogen excretion for a number of days. This has been demon-
strated in the classical experiments of Voit (26), in which he fed
varying amounts of meat and bread to a dog and showed that, when
fasted the rate of nitrogen excretion varied, but that in each case
the animal came to the same level of catabolism on about the seventh
day of fasting.
The fat available in the body exerts a marked efTect upon the
protein metabolism and the Hfe of an animal. So long as there is
sufficient fat in the organism to supply the energy requirements,
the protein metabolism will remain at a minimum. When, how-
ever, the fat deposits are depleted, the body is forced to use protein
to furnish the necessary energy. The result is a more rapid protein
consumption and an earlier death. This increased protein con-
sumption, is, of course, accompanied by an increased nitrogen excre-
tion, which has been designated as the " premortal rise." The feed-
ing of carbohydrate or fat sufficient to supply the energy require-
ment of the body would prevent this increased consumption of pro-
tein and thus lengthen the life.
Repeated fasting will also modify the rate of metabolism. This
point is well illustrated by the results obtained on a subject in a
repeated fast (10), in which there was a rapid and increasing con-
sumption of the protein reserves of the body during the first fast,
but a more gradual and uniform consumption during the second
fast. The total body weight and nitrogen losses were practically
identical in the two fasts and the data f rom the intermediate feeding
period would indicate that an increased fat störe was not the cause
of the more gradual utilization of the body resources.
A study of the differential distribution of the nitrogen in the
urine serves to bring out certain points with regard to the protein
metabolism of fasting animals. The percentage of total nitrogen
occurring as urea-nitrogen decreases in man and is accompanied by
an increased ammonia-nitrogen excretion. This has been explained
as due to the condition of acidosis, which may result, at least in
part, from the accelerated utilization of the fat deposits and the
decreased oxidative powers of the animal.
I9I2] Paul E. Howe 95
In the case of dogs there is a difference o£ opinion as to the
relation between the urea-nitrogen and the total nitrogen. Schön-
dorf (22) and others hold that the percentage of urea-nitrogen
decreases, while in all of our experiments it has remained nearly
constant, which fact, coupled with the failure to find marked quan-
tities of organic acids in the urine, would show that dogs are better
able to utilize their body Stores. This may be due to the fact that
the dog is naturally a "high-protein" animal.
The daily Creatinine excretion, which is a constant for any indi-
vidual under normal conditions of feeding and is generally believed
to be a function of the muscular metabolism, decreases gradually
as the fast progresses and in correspondence with the decreasing
amounit of protoplasm.
Creatine, which does not occur in normal urines, or is found
only in cases associated with muscular disintegration, appears dur-
ing fasting and ordinarily becomes a constant constituent. It has
recently been shown that the feeding of carbohydrate causes the
excretion of creatine to stop (5, 17) ; while ingested fats may even
cause an increase in the excretion of this form of nitrogen. In
one of our dog experiments (15) there was a disappearance of
urinary creatine from the iQth to the 59th fasting days. This phe-
nomenon might be explained on the above basis. It is improbable,
however, that the body could synthesize sufficient glycogen at this
stage of the fast to cause the disappearance of the creatine. The
real explanation is therefore not apparent.
In connection with the repeated fast, previously mentioned, it is
interesting to note that the excretions of creatine as well as of total
nitrogen were practically the same during each of the two fasts,
notwithstanding the fact that the second fast was twice as long as
the first. • This would indicate an intimate relation between the
total-nitrogen excretion and the quantity of creatine excreted.
When the data representing the creatine and Creatinine excretions
of a fasting animal are examined, it is seen that there is generally a
progressive increase in the creatine Output and an accompanying
decrease in the Creatinine elimination, until the output of creatine
exceeds that of the Creatinine. In other words, when expressed
graphically, the curve representing the course of the creatine excre-
96 General Aspects of Fasting [Sept.
tion crosses that representing the Creatinine Output. This phenome-
non has been termed by us the "creatine crossing" and is believed
to be very significant. It occurs with great uniformity a few days
previous to the decrease in the total nitrogen excretion that precedes
the pre-mortal rise of excreted nitrogen. By means of the " creatine
crossing" the length of the subsequent Hfe tenure of the animal
may be quite closely estimated.
Certain pathological constituents, other than creatine, may ap-
pear in the urine as the result of fasting, such as acetone, diacetic
acid, lactic acid, bile pigments, albumin, etc.
The processes in the large intestine during fasting have received
but httle attention. Various authorities contend that it is difficult
to make a Separation (2, 18) of fasting feces. Müller (19a) has
shown that indican, which is now considered as an index of intes-
tinal putrefaction, disappeared upon the third day of fasting. We
have been able to make an undoubted Separation of fasting feces
and have found indican present during the whole of a seven day
fast on man {22,), Fasting feces are distinct from those of the
normal individual in that they are of a peculiar brown color and are
pasty in consistency. The percentage of nitrogen present is higher
than in normal feces. The bacterial content of feces has received
but little attention and only recently have results upon the bacterial
content of fasting feces been determined. The results indicate a
lovver percentage content of bacteria (3).
There is not an equal wasting of all of the organs and tissues
of the body, those organs most necessary for the maintenance of
life show only a slight decrease in size and weight, while others are
reduced to but a fraction of their original proportions. Thus the
heart, lungs, and nervous System exhibit but little change while the
muscles and fatty tissues exhibit a marked reduction of both volume
and weight. The organs of regeneration are also resistant to the
ravages of a fast. This fact is of especial significance for it demon-
strates the tendency of nature to preserve the species.
A histological examination of the tissues and organs of fasting
animals shows a decrease in the volume of the cells as a whole and
of the nuclei. MorguHs (19) has shown that the decrease in the
volume of the cells of the Salamander is greater than that of the
igi2] Paul E. Howe 97
nuclei and further that the nuclei become elongated. In the case of
the liver, the cell walls finally begin to disappear and the small
masses of pigment to clump together. Such a condition does not
necessarily result in death, for Salamanders of the same size have
been caused to fast for even a longer time than those whose tissues
demonstrated these changes ; and, af ter feeding, it was f ound that
the cell walls again appeared and the liver returned to a normal
condition.
We will not take up the question of the localization of the
degenerative changes, i. e., as to whether they occur in an organ as
a whole or in localized portions. It is an interesting fact, however,
that even when the organism is undergoing the degenerative effects
of a fast, there are still evidences of mitotic division of the nuclei.
What changes take place which enable one organ to waste away
while another retains its normal condition? The explanation most
generally accepted is that of the nourishment of the more vital
Organs by transference of the nutritive material from the less im-
portant tissues. Thus the less resistant tissues gradually give up
their stores of fat and protein to the blood stream which in turn
furnishes them to the actively functioning organs.
This idea has received further proof from the researches of
Hottes.^ This botanist (9) worked with beans and has shown that
upon removing the cotyledons, and thus the food supply, from seed-
lings, the meristematic tissue which would normally go to produce
lateral roots is transferred to the tip of the root (meristem) and
there used for growth ; and that at the end of from three to f our
weeks all the cells in the Upper part of the root have lost the major
portion of their protoplasm and the only actively functioning cells
are those at the tip. Hottes has also shown that the decrease in
size of the root is due rather to a reduction in the number of the
cells than to a mere decrease in size. This is in Opposition to the
findings of certain zoölogists who hold that the reduction in the
weight and volume of the organs is due more to reduction in size
than in number, altho they admit a small decrease in the number of
contained cells.
'I am indebted to Professor Hottes of the University of Illinois for this
Information which was taken from some of his unpublished work.
98 General Aspects of Fasting [Sept
The blood of fasting subjects which are ingesting water shows
in general a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes,
and of the percentage of hemoglobin. The differential distribution
of leucocytes varies with the species. In the dog (12) there is a
decrease in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and a
corresponding increase in the small lymphocytes. The changes in
the other forms of cells are but nominal.
Fasting studies have been of great importance in the study of
the minimum of food necessary to maintain life and upon which
to base the calculation of dietary Standards. Such studies have also
been utilized in the explanation of phenomena occurring in patho-
logical States and of metabolism in general.
Underhill and Rand (25) have explained certain anomalies in
the urinary changes which occur in pernicious vomiting of preg-
nancy from their knowledge of fasting metabolism.
Two agriculturalists have recently made use of the results of
fasting studies to elucidate problems of importance to both the
scientist and the farmer. McCollum (16), fed a nitrogen-free diet
to pigs and studied the efficiency of individual grains as feeding
stuffs, as well as the nature of the repair processes in protein metab-
olism. He shows that the difference in the nutritive values of the
wheat, oat and corn kerneis is not so great as would be expected
from the difference in the chemical composition; and further, that
the repair processes of the cell are of a different character from
those of growth, and that the cellular catabolism and repair do not
involve the destruction and resynthesis of entire protein molecules.
This last Statement is not in entire accord with the most widely
accepted theories of metabolism. Certain zoölogists have also
shown that the changes of regeneration are unlike those which occur
in growth.
Dietrich^ shows (7) that fasting so reduces the plane of metab-
olism that the quantity of food which was insufficient for main-
tenance before fasting was afterward sufficient, not only for main-
tenance, but to produce a positive nitrogen balance ; in other words,
the animals were more efficient machines after fasting.
'I wish to thank Professor Dietrich of the University of Illinois for per-
mission to refer to his unpublished data.
I9I2] Paul E. Howe 99
Aron (i), in his studies upon nutrition and growth, subjected
dogs to incomplete fasts. The results showed that a growing
animal, receiving only enough food to provide for little or no in-
crease in weight, " is in a condition of severe starvation." Under
such conditions the skeleton grows at the expense of the flesh, the
Organs retain their weight and the brain reaches its normal size.
The fat and protein of the muscles are largely used up, altho this
loss of material is balanced by gain of water and by the growth of
the skeleton.
The biologists have made use of the fasting subject in the study
of the Problems of degeneration, of regeneration, and of growth,
The work of Morgulis and of Hottes already considered was of this
nature.
The therapeutic value of fasting is realized in the preliminary
treatment of some digestive disorders and in the partial fasts of
obesity eures. These latter eures consist in supplying only the
protein requirements of the body and thus forcing the individual to
utilize the surplus fat deposits to make good the energy require-
ments.
The increasing populär literature upon fasting and the tendency
to fast on the part of certain people, especially the pronounced
physical culturists, and their general good health, would seem to
indicate that there are some beneficial results to be obtained from
fasting. The various books upon fasting, of which the superficial,
yet interesting book of some six hundred pages by Carrington (6)
upon " Vitality, Fasting and Nutrition " is the most complete, lend
strength to the idea that fasting as a therapeutic measure is impor-
tant. The chief contention of this fasting cult is that by depriving
the body of food the digestive organs are given a chance to recu-
perate and the body is enabled to rid itself more effectively of the
waste products and toxic substances.
Fasting for short and widely-separated periods may be a bene-
ficial procedure in some individuals. This conclusion is supported
by the observed effects on dogs, which acquire increased resistance
from repeated fasting. This view is strengthened, also, by the
foregoing data pertaining to pigs as well as by Seeland's (24)
results on pigeons and chickens, which show that repeated fasts.
loo General Aspects of Fasting [Sept.
for periods of f rom one to two days, were foUowed by better growth
and greater strength.
It is probable, then, that fasting under proper conditions may be
advantageous. Long fasts, however, seem to be devoid of benefit
and may endanger health.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Aron. The Philippine Journal of Science, 6, i, 1911,
2. Benedict. Carnegie Publications, 77, 1907.
3. Blatherwick, Sherwin and Hawk. Proc. Amer. Soc. of Biological Chem-
ists, 2, 42, 191 1.
4. Cathcart. Biochemische Zeitschrift, 6, 109, 1907.
5. Cathcart. Journal of Physiology, 39, 311, 1909.
6. Carrington. Vitality, Fasting and Nutrition. Rebman Co., N. Y. 1908.
7. Dietrich. Unpublished data. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.
8. FowLER and Hawk. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 12, 388, 1910.
9. HoTTEs. Publication of the Carnegie Institution. (In press.)
IG. HowE AND Hawk. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 33, 215, 1911.
11. HowE AND Hawk. Proc. Amer. Soc. of Biological Chemists, 2, 65, 191 1.
12. HowE AND Hawk. American Journal of Physiology, 30, 174, 1912.
13. HowE, Mattill and Hawk. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 33,
568, 191 1.
14. Howe, Mattill and Hawk. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 10, 417, 1911.
15. Howe, Mattill and Hawk. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 11, 103, 1912.
16. McCoLLUM. American Journal of Physiology, 29, 215, 191 1.
17. Mendel and Rose. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 10, 213, 191 1.
18. Mendel and Fine. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 11, 5, 1912.
19. MoRGULis. Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, 32, 169, 1911.
20. Quoted by Pashutin. Pathological Physiology, 1902.
21. Richet. Comptes rendus de la Societe de Biologie, 61, 546, 1906.
22. Schöndorf. Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie, 117, 257, 1907.
23. Sherwin and Hawk. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 11, 169, 1912.
24. V. Seeland. Biologisches Centralblatt, 7, 145, 1887.
25. Underhill and Rand. Archives of Internal Medicine, 5, 61, 1910.
26. Voit. Zeitschrift für Biologie, 2, 307, 1866.
27. Voit, E. Zeitschrift für Biologie, 41, 188, 1901.
THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASIS OF STRIATED
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONi
2. Surface tension
WILLIAM N. BERG
(WITH PLATE l)
If the physico-chemical basis of muscle contraction is ever to be
understood or explained, it is almost certain that it will be brought
about thru speculation and experiment of a quantitative, rather
than of a qualitative nature. The mere Statement that muscle con-
traction is caused by surface tension, or thru osmotic action, etc.,
unless accompanied by quantitative data of an experimental or
theoretical nature, can add little toward the Solution of the problem
of the transformation of energy by muscle. It is, perhaps, regret-
able that so many of the " theories of muscle contraction " which
have appeared in the recent literature belong to the qualitative class.
Occasionally someone attempts to treat the subject quantitatively.
From this point of view the works of Bernstein,^ and of Zuntz^
are particularly meritorious, even if the problem has not yet been
solved by them.
Among the latest qualitative contributions to the theory of
muscle contraction, is that of Strietman and Fischer.^ They studied
the contraction and relaxation of catgut strings immersed in various
Solutions. By attaching the strings to the usual arrangement of
iever and recording drum, they found that when a catgut string is
immersed in water or physiological salt Solution, even for some
time, no changes in length take place (p. 66). But if the string be
immersed in Solutions of hydrochloric or lactic acids (w/8o to
^ Berg, W. N. : Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, 535.
^ Bernstein, J. : Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 1901, 85, 271-312.
^Zuntz, N. : Die Kraftleistung des Tierkörpers. Festrede; Berlin, 1908.
* Strietman, W. H., and Fischer, M. H. : Ztschr. f. Chemie und Industrie der
Kolloide, 19 12, 10, 65-77.
lOI
I02 Physico-Chemical Basis of Striatcd Musclc Contraction [Sept
n/20) it contracts. On replacing the acid Solution by water, the
string relaxes. The relaxation is faster, however, when the acid
is replaced, not by water, but by a Solution of some salt such as
sodium bicarbonate, which can neutralize the acid. From their
diagrams it would seem that a minute or more may be required for
a Single contraction or relaxation, depending upon the strength of
the acid, etc., etc.
These observations are, no doubt, interesting in themselves.
But before connecting them with muscle contraction, might it not
be well to consider whether the conditions under which a catgut
string can contract and relax are at all similar to those existing in
muscle ?
Strietman and Fischer State that because lactic acid is formed
in a working muscle and because a catgut string will contract when
immersed in a lactic acid Solution and will relax when the acid is
removed, therefore, in the working muscle, the contraction is
brought about by the formation of lactic acid. They quote several
other investigators who have stated their belief in the same idea of
the connection between lactic acid formation and contractility with-
out, however, making any of the simple calculations that would
naturally suggest themselves.
Their theory is open to the following objections: (i) It is not
likely that there is any free lactic acid in the working muscle, it is
probably neutralized at once by the phosphates present in lymph.
At least this would be inferred from the work of Henderson^ who
showed that the mixture of phosphates and other substances in blood
and various tissue fluids was such as to enable them to maintain
an absolute neutrality in spite of the formation of even considerable
quantities of acid or of alkali. This point was not overlooked by
Zuntz (p. 20, 1. c.) when calculating the amount of energy made
available by the transformation of dextrose into lactic acid. The
heat of neutralization of the lactic acid by sodium, as well as the
heat required to separate the sodium from its presumable combina-
tion with protein, are given due consideration by Zuntz, who cal-
culated that the heat liberated in the formation of lactic acid from
dextrose is equivalent to 3.4 per cent. of the heat of combustion of
dextrose.
* Henderson, L. J. : Ergebnisse d. Physiologie, 1909, 8, 254-325.
I9I2] William N. Berg 103
A repetition of the experiments of Strietman and Fischer, in
which catgut strings would be immersed in Solutions comparable
with lymph containing lactic acid (not exceeding the maximal
amount possible if all of the muscle glycogen were changed at once
to lactic acid), would probably give results more decisive than those
in which free acids were used.
(2) And even if free lactic acid existed in muscle, or if com-
bined lactic acid could induce proteins to swell, one such Observa-
tion is only one of very many that are needed for a rational theory
of muscle contraction. The Statement that lactic acid swells protein
adds very little to our knowledge of the mechanism in muscle by
which the potential energy of the food is transformed into the
kinetic energy of the moving muscle and its load.
It is to be regretted that the work of Brod^ on the swelling of
fibrin in acid Solutions has received practically no attention in the
recent literature. The paper can be profitably studied by those con-
templating studies on protein swelling. A brief resume of Brod's
results is given by Berg."^
A good example of a quantitative theory of muscle contraction
is the calculation of Bernstein^ on the possible changes in the sur-
face energy resident on the muscle fibrils. The method of making
the calculations is, perhaps, unnecessarily complicated and, in one or
two instances, the mathematical equations are of doubtful correct-
ness. Bernstein finds that in order that a muscle may lift an ordi-
nary load, the surface tension between fibril and sarkoplasm must
have an improbably great magnitude. He nevertheless concludes
that the principle, that energy is transformed in muscle thru changes
in surface energy, is correct.
There are several reasons why, to the Student at least, a proper
understanding of some of the recent applications of physical chem-
istry to biology should be so difficult, if not altogether impossible.
First: The indefiniteness of certain Statements that the writer has
' Brod : Beiträge zu der Lehre von der Eiweissverdauung. Dissertation,
Würzburg, 1892.
"Berg, W. N. : Amer. Jour. Physiol., 1909, 23, 427. Brod's method has
recently been used by Tracy and Gies, Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, 468.
* Bernstein, J. : Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol, 1901, 85, 271-312.
104 Physico-Chcniical Basis of Striated Muscle Contraction [Sept.
frequently seen in the literature. This is an example taken from
Freundlich's Kapillarchemie, p. 4:
Stirface energy = surface tension X area of surface.
A similar Statement is made by Michaelis,^ and others. Nothing
further was stated that would enable the reader to use such a
formula in making calculations were it desired. Expressing the
surface tension in dynes per centimeter and the area of the surface
in cm.2, what is the surface energy? The answer is very simple
after one has taken the time to look the matter up. After a formula
such as the above, a numerical example ought to be given, so that
it means more than so many words to the average reader. Suppose
it is desired to calculate the amount of energy required to form a
water-surface (in contact with air) of i sq. cm. area? Or, what is
the same thing, how much energy is liberated or is available for
external work when the above water-surface diminishes by i sq.
cm.? According to Michaelis (1. c, p. 14), this will require (or
liberate) 70 ergs or 7 X lo"'^ kilogram-meters. The method of using
the formula to obtain this result, simple as it is, was not given by
Michaelis, altho at least one example of the use of a formula is
desirable because it will enable the reader to make many other cal-
culations.
Following is a numerical example of the kind mentioned above.
How much energy is required to form a water-surface (against
air) of I sq. cm.? In the formula it is assumed that the surface
tension remains constant during the change in area :
surface energy required ^surface tension X increase in area,
or
surface energy liberated = surface tension X decrease in area,
(ergs) = (dynes per cm.) X (cm.^).
Since the surface tension of water-air is about 70 dynes per
cm., it is evident that-^^ X i cm.2^70 ergs = the amount
cm.
of energy required. The erg is a unit of work (or energy) and is
the work done when a mass is moved i cm. by a force of i dyne.
' Michaelis : Dynamik der Oberflächen, p. 13. Dresden, 1909.
I9I2] William N. Berg 105
The element of time does not enter into the definition of the erg.
The vvork done (ergs) is equal to the product of the force (dynes)
times the distance (cm.) thru which the force acts. Of course,
other Units may be used. The surface tension may be expressed in
grams per cm., and the area in Square cm. The work then is ex-
pressed in gram cm. But on account of the unfortunate use of the
Word ' gram ' to designate a certain mass or quantity of matter and
also to designate a force, it is better, for the present, to use the erg
and the dyne, and later to convert ergs into kilogram-meters, or
any other of the customary units for expressing muscular work.
It is, of course, absolutely necessary that the terms used in such
calculations be consistent. Here is the second reason why some
so-called appHcations of physical chemistry to biology are not easily
followed. An equation will sometimes be given that is not correct
in its dimensions. To State that 2 sq. cm. = 2 cubic cm. is obviously
incorrect. Such an inconsistency is to be found in one of Bern-
stein's^" equations : 'Wir werden daher in dem Falle des isometri-
schen Tetanus, in welchem alle chemische Energie als Wärme er-
scheint, dp — ar = c. Wp setzen können, wenn Wp die in einer Zeit-
einheit erzeugte Wärmemenge, c eine Constante und «p und oLt die
Oberflächenspannung im Tetanus und in der Ruhe bedeuten. Da
wir nun oben (S. 296) gesehen haben, dass ctr gegen CLp verhältniss-
mässig sehr klein ist, so können wir annähernd ap=:c. Wp an-
nehmen. '
Here are two equations in which surface tension is equated with
work (or heat). It makes no difference what units are used, on one
side there is a force (surface tension expressible in dynes per cm.)
and on the other a quantity of energy or work (ergs, or dynes X
cm.). The constant above referred to is probably meant to be
the mechanical equivalent of heat.
These equations are interesting for another reason. It is true
that in isometric tetanus, a muscle does work in the physio-
logical sense of the word. But not in the physical sense. In
physics (or mechanics) work is defined as a product of force
times distance thru which the force has acted. If either factor
is zero, the product, work, is zero. The columns that support
^^ Bernstein, J. : Loc. cii., p. 307.
io6 Physico-Chemical Basis of Striatcd Muscle Contraction [Sept.
a biiilding do no work in the physical sense, n'or would a man
who took the place of one of them; altho physiologically he would
do a great deal of work. In this case the distance thru which the
force acts (the weight supported or the upward thrust of the man's
Shoulders) is zero and hence the work is zero. The above equa-
tions of Bernstein could be made consistent if there were two
factors on the left-hand side; one, the surface tension or change in
surface tension (expressed in dynes per cm.), the other, the area or
change in area (expressed in cm.^). The product (ergs) could be
calculated to calories (gram-degrees C.) by dividing by 4.2 X 10''^,
since i small calorie (gram-degree C.) is equivalent to 4.2 X 10'^
ergs. It is difficult to see what the other factor (omitted by Bern-
stein) can be. In an isometric tetanus the muscle does not change
its length. In what way can an internal diminution in area take
place? If the contractu units — whatever their shape may be — do
not change in length, how do their areas diminish? This difficulty
does not arise in the case of the ordinary (isotonic) contraction.
Here one can assume a decrease in the areas of contact between
contractil unit and sarkoplasm caused by an increase in the surface
tension between the same surfaces. The product of these two
quantities, according to the theory, should be an amount of work
sufficient to account for the external work done and perhaps also
for the heat liberated at the same time.
We have stated before that Bernstein's calculations on the
magnitude of the surface energy changes in muscle are probably
unnecessarily complex, involving, as they do, several pages of cal-
culus. The same result is obtained in the following calculations, in
which two simple quantities are calculated and then compared :
(i) the amount of energy liberated in a working muscle thru in-
crease of surface tension times diminution of area of contractil
Units; and (2) the external work done in lifting a weight a known
distance.
Assume that in i c.c. of muscle a right section contains (as
Zuntz assumes, 1. c, p. 24) 62 million rods, and that there are 800
such layers, making a total of very nearly 5 X 10^^ rods in i c.c. of
muscle. Assume the general structure of muscle to be that de-
scribed by Hürthle (see diagram), and that the muscle rod is the
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igi2] William N. Berg 107
CONTRACTIL UNIT (Hürthle, p. 157). From the dimensions 011 the
accompanying diagram, it is evident that the lateral area of a rod
diminishes from 4.8 /a^ when relaxed, to 2.8 /^^ when contracted.
(We omit the simple geometrical calculation.) The base areas are
increased, but the energy apparently required for this work will for
the present be disregarded — it is an additional load on a probably
overloaded theory. Since the total area of the relaxed rod (5.2 /a^)
is greater than that of the contracted rod (3.8 fi^), it follows that
there is an increase in the surface tension immediately preceding
the contraction, according to the requirements of the theory. To
calculate the energy liberated as being equivalent to the diminution
in area times the surface tension of water is probably incorrect, for
without an increase in surface tension there seems to be no reason
why the rods should contract against the external resistance — the
downward pull of the weight lifted. The rod contracts presum-
ably, because in the relaxed State the surface tension on the rod
surface is low. How low can it be ? It may be as low, perhaps, as 23
dynes/cm. if we assume the rod to be covered with a layer of pure
acetic acid, and that the acid has the same surface tension in con-
tact with the water that it has when in contact with air. Other fatty
acids also give low values for the surface tension of their Solutions,
and they have still lower surface tensions in the pure State. Pres-
ently, the surface tension is raised, presumably by the removal of
the fatty acid or other agent causing low surface tension, by instan-
taneous combustion, let us say. How high can the surface tension
be raised? It might be raised" to 85 dynes/cm. if we imagine the
rod now to be covered with a layer of saturated sodium chlorid Solu-
tion. The surface tensions of aqueous Solutions of salts cannot be
raised^^ very muchbeyond that of pure water, which varies between
y2 to y6 dynes/cm. (at 18° C), according to the method of measure-
ment. The upper limit for any Solution that possibly could exist in
the muscle might be assumed, then, to be the value for saturated
sodium chlorid Solution, or any other concentrated salt Solution that
might probably occur in living muscle. Of course, the existence of
the films of pure acetic acid and of strong salt Solution over the
" Freundlich, H. : Kapillarchemie, p. 27 and 62. Leipzig, 1909.
*^ Heyd Weiler, A. : Ann. Physik., 1910, 33, 145-185.
io8 Physico-Chemical Basis of Striatcd Musclc C ontraction [Sept.
muscle rods is purely hypothetical. The surface tension theory
requires that changes in surface energy take place, and from what
follows it is apparent that these changes must be great — greater, in
fact, than the probable actual change on the rod surface. For it
seems hardly possible that such great changes in concentration and
in surface tension could take place. The values for the surface
tensions of pure acetic acid and concentrated salt Solution have been
taken from the literature ; whether such limiting values are ever
reached in living muscle is, for the present, purely hypothetical.
If it be assumed that, during the chemical changes taking place
in a working muscle, the inorganic ions in the rod-surface film
rapidly change their concentrations, the film might be regarded as
an electrical double layer or Helmholtz double layer. Without a
doubt, changes in surface tension would result from the changes in
ion concentration. The more ions in one of these layers covering
a rod, the more they repel one another and the lower is the surface
tension, and vice-versa. But as has been pointed out before,^^ it is
not certain that such a double layer really exists between living
particles and their surrounding medium. And even if there were
such a layer, the total change in surface tension in such a layer is
hardly significant for the present purpose. The small Variation in
surface tension when the Variation is caused only by ions was prob-
ably overlooked by Robertson^"* and others who advocated a capil-
lary electric theory of muscle contraction. It is really a special
case of surface tension in which the variations in surface tension
are caused by the mutual repulsion of the ions in each of the layers.
But insofar as small amounts of certain organic substances, such
as fatty acids, can affect (depress) the surface tension of water
very much more than even improbably large amounts of inorganic
salts, the surface tension theory is given the benefit of the greatest
possibilities by assuming the changes in concentration from pure
acetic acid (23 dynes/cm.) to saturated sodium chlorid Solution
(85 dynes/cm.). This is as large a difference as can be assumed
from the experimental data on the surface tensions of Solutions.
"Berg, W. N. : New York Med. Journal, 1907, July 20 and 27; and Ion,
1910, 2, 161-188.
"Robertson, T. Brailsford: Trans. Royal Soc. South Australia, 1905, 29;
and Quarterly Jottr. Exper. PhysioL, 1909, 2, 303-316.
I9I2] William N. Berg 109
If in I c.c. of muscle there are 5 X lo^*' rods, the lateral area of
each of which diminishes from 4.8 /a^ to 2.8 /^^ when the muscle con-
tracts, the total reduction in area is 5 X 10^" X 2 /x,2__io^i fx^ =
lO'^ cm. 2 (i ju. = 0.001 mm.). The calculations will be simplified
if it be assumed that the increase in surface tension is instantaneous,
giving the contracting muscle the largest surface tension during the
entire contraction phase. Then since
surface energy liberated = diminution in area X surface tension,
(e.,s) (c..^) {^)
the energy liberated is 1000 X 85 ergs. Let it be assumed that all of
this is transformed into external work — lifting a weight — and that
the resultant heat arises from the activity of a different mechanism ;
in short, that the muscle is an engine having an efficiency of 100
per Cent. How great a weight will this i c.c. of muscle lift? Since
there are 800 layers of rods, and each layer shortens by 3 /-i during the
contraction (see Plate i herewith), the muscle shortens by 2400 /a
or 2.4 mm., lifting a mass of W grams 2.4 mm. The energy (ergs)
expended in lifting a mass of W grams thru the distance D (cm.)
is PF X ■C' X 981 ergs, since gravity = 98i dynes. Therefore the
8s,ooo
85,000 ergs will hft ^^3^ = 361 grams.
According to Zuntz (1. c, p. 23) i gram of muscle substance
can do 0.002 kilogram-meter of work in one contraction under
favorable conditions. If this muscle shortened 0.24 cm. as the
above muscle did, it would lift a trifle more than 800 grams. Bern-
stein^^ mentions 600 grams at least, as the pull of i cm.^ of frog
muscle in an isometric contraction. Insofar as i cm.^ of many
kinds of muscle can support without lengthening (but not lift)
several kilograms — about 6 kilograms for human, and probably
more for certain types of insect muscle — the above figure of 361
grams, as the weight a muscle could lift, is small, especially when it
is borne in mind that it is an improbable maximum.
The foregoing discussion may be summarized as f oUows :
I. Too often there is a general lack of definiteness in the mathe-
" Bernstein, J. : Arch. f. d. ges. PhysioL, 1905, 109, 326.
HO Physico-Chemical Basis of Striated Muscle Contraction [Sept.
matical treatment of a biological problem. Formulae are stated
vvith no information as to their use or application to the problem
under disciission.
2. Bernstein's calculations on the surface energy changes in
working muscle are criticized. A much simpler method of calcula-
tion is used with a result similar to Bernstein's, namely, the energy
expended by a working muscle is much greater than the probable
changes in surface energy can furnish, Of course, future investi-
gations may bring to light sources of surface energy within muscle
as yet unknown.
Washington, D. C.
A STUDY OF SOME PROTEIN COMPOUNDS
WALTER H. EDDY
(Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
Contents. (A) Morphin mucoid, 112; (B) strychnin mucoid, 114; (C) conin
mucoid, 115; (D) piperidin mucoid, 115 ; (E) anilin mucoid, 115; (F) morphin
nucleoprotein, 115; (G) morphin caseinogen, 116, strychnin caseinogen, 116,
calcium caseinogen, 116; (H) strychnin ovo-mucoid, 117; (I) histon mucoid,
118; (J) histon nucleoprotein, 121; (K) histon ovo-mucoid, 121.
I. INTRODUCTION
When I began Ph.D. work in this laboratory, six years ago,
Dr. Gies was actively engaged in studies of the properties of various
protein Compounds which he had prepared as early as 1904.^ He
inaugurated that work from the Standpoint of his interest in the
chemical composition of protoplasm, and the nature of the struc-
tural and dynamic relationships of cell constituents and products.
He believed that the knowledge gained from studies of artificial
protein Compounds would pave the way for successful inquiry into
the nature of the protein correlations in the cells — relationships of
the most fundamental biological character. At his Suggestion, and
in furtherance of this object, I have conducted the experiments de-
scribed in this paper.^
The general plan of the research was: (A) The production of
protein salts by combining organic hases, such as strychnin, mor-
phin, conin, piperidin, etc., with acid-reacting proteins, such as
tendo-mucoid, ovo-mucoid, yeast nucleoprotein, etc.; and {B) the
production of protein salts by combining hasic proteins, such as
^Gies: Proc. See. Path. and Physiol., Amer. Med. Assn., 1906, p. 121.
''The detailed results of this work have been described in the writer's
dissertation, On the synthesis of some protein salts, Columbia University, 1909
(pp. 61). A preliminary report was published by Eddy and Gies in the Pro-
ceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1907, iv, pp.
I4S-6.
III
112 Some Protein Compounds [Sept.
histons and protamins, with the acid-reacting proteins eiiumerated
above.
In developing the latter part of this plan certain anomalies arose
in connection with the preparation of thymus histon, which led to
a collateral investigation of histons. The results of the latter
studies will be embodied in a future paper. (See page 169.)
IL EXPERIMENTAL
I. Salts of various proteins with organic bases. 'Ä. Mor-
phin MUCOiD. Purification of the materials. The first step in the
preparation of a typical product was the removal of free alkali f rom
the base — and free acid from the protein. Chemically pure, pul-
verized, morphin was washed with distilled water until the wash-
ings were entirely neutral to litmus. Tendo-mucoid was prepared
after the manner of Cutter and Gies^ but dehydration with alcohol
and ether was omitted. The dry scales w^ere soaked in distilled
water until they softened. The protein was then washed with dis-
tilled water until the washings were entirely neutral to litmus.
Union of base and protein. The base and the protein were then
triturated together in a mortar, a very little water being added to
ensure an intimate mixture. A mechanical excess of the base was
used in every case. Evidence of chemical action was seen in the
peculiarly viscid, smeary character of the mixture. Mucoid and
w-ater give a thick, milky mixture, but it is not viscid or smeary.
The mixture w^as finally treated with sufficient water in excess to
dissolve the product. The viscid liquid was filtered through a wet,
fluted, hardened, filter paper, but the first portions of iiltrate were
returned to the paper until a clear opalescent liquid appeared. This
filtrate was neutral to litmus.
Purification of the product. The filtrate, preserved with tol-
uene, was subjected to continuous dialysis in a parchment bag, im-
mersed in frequently renewed distilled water, until the dialysate,
even when concentrated to a very small volume at 40° C, gave no
test for the base (morphin). The contents of the bag were then
evaporated to dryness at 40° C, toluene being used and frequently
renewed during the process. The resultant dry produot was then
' Cutter and Gies : Amer. Journ. PhysioL, 1902, vi, pp. 155-6.
I9I2] Walter H. Eddy . 113
pulverized in a mortar and extracted three times with a large excess
of ether for the removal of traces of admixed free base (morphin).
Isolation of the product. The powder was next dissolved in a
small amount of water and this Solution poured into a mixture of
Yz ether and Yz alcohol. A copious precipitate resulted. The pre-
cipitate was gelatinous and dissolved easily in water. After dissolv-
ing the precipitate in water and filtering the Solution, the filtrate
was precipitated with alcohol-ether. This process was repeated sev-
eral times. The final product was dehydrated in the usual manner
with alcohol and ether.
Special difficulties in the preparation of morphin mucoid. The
first Solutions of the Compound filtered very slowly. It was found
that this was due to excess of mucoid. When a large excess of
morphin was used there was less insoluble mucoid residue and filtra-
tion became correspondingly more rapid.
Precipitation of the purified product with alcohol became in-
creasingly difficult with the increasing purity of the product. Am-
monium Sulfate, in excess, precipitated the product from its aqueous
Solution, but long dialysis was required to remove the salt.
The purified product failed to respond to the iodic acid test for
morphin^ This fact was carefully investigated. The results
showed that the failure was not due to the quality of the iodic acid
used nor to interference with the test by the mucoid. In the puri-
fication of the product there seemed to be continuous loss of mor-
phin. This was presumably due to hydrolytic dissociation.
Evidence of the compound-naturc of the product. The product
was water-soluble, demonstrating that it was neither mucoid nor
morphin, nor a mechanical mixture of the two. The aqueous Solu-
tion of the product frothed strongly on shaking and gave a good
biuret test, indicating its protein character. Addition of a few
drops of 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution yielded a flocculent
precipitate of mucoid.
Conclusions regarding morphin mucoid. Morphin and mucoid
*For the detection of morphin, the iodic acid test was applied as follows:
I c.c. of the Solution to be tested was added to an equal volume of dilute
sulfuric acid Solution. To this was added a few c.c. of iodic acid Solution and
finally a little Chloroform. After vigorous shaking, the presence or absence of a
violet coloration served to indicate the presence or absence of morphin.
114 Some Protein Compounds [Sept.
react to form a water-soliible protein Compound which, in aqneous
Solution, yields mucoid on treatment with 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric
acid. The morphin enters into combination in a proportion so small
as to be incapable of responding to the iodic test, or is united in
such a way as to fail to respond to the test.
B. Strychnin mucoid. In view of the extreme delicacy of
the dichromate test for strychnin, this base was selected for the
second series of preparations. Care was taken to insure purity of
the original materials as in the preparation of the morphin-mucoid
products.
Preparation. The method of preparation was identical with
that for morphin mucoid (page 112) except in the following details:
The final water-solution of the product was again evaporated to dry-
ness at 40° C. and the dry matter, after pulverization, was extracted
with Chloroform. Twenty-six voluminous washings were neces-
sary to free the powder from admixed strychnin and to obtain a
strychnin-free washing. In view of the insolubility of strychnin
in water and its ready solubility in ether this result seemed difficult
to explain on any other basis than partial dissociation by the
Chloroform.
Evidence of chemical combination. The protein character of
the Compound was established by the following results : The water-
solution gave a strong biuret test; was precipitable by Saturation
with ammonium sulfate or magnesium sulfate; gave a flocculent
precipitate with 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid and 4 per cent. acetic
acid Solutions ; and f rothed strongly on shaking. The aqueous Solu-
tion of the product was neutral to litmus.
The presence of strychnin was shown by the intense bitter taste
and by strong "dichromate tests." Filtrates from precipitates
formed by addition of 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution
yielded, in every case, strong "di-chromate tests " for strychnin.
Four physiological tests were also made to establish the presence
of the strychnin. The results and methods follow :
The lethal dose of strychnin sulfate is about 2.5 mg. per kilo of
weight for frogs and 7.6 mg. per kilo of weight for dogs. Vol-
umes of aqueous Solution of strychnin mucoid (0.575 ^S- P^^* ^■^•)
containing quantities equal to the lethal dose of strychnin sulfate
were injected subcutaneously in frogs and dogs.
I9I2] Walter H. Eddy ' 115
In the first of two experiments on frogs, the initial dose failed
to produce any strychnin effects. An effect followed the second
injection of an equal dose, but it required three doses to produce
Opisthotonus. Recovery was complete. In the second frog, each
of two doses injected successively produced Opisthotonus. The
frog recovered.
For the first dog a double dose was required to produce hyperes-
thesia and tetanus. The results with the second dog duplicated
those with the first.
In all these physiological tests the strychnin appeared to be
liberated slowly in the animal, the effects Coming on gradually and
extending over a period of 3-5 hours, with complete recovery.
Concliisions regarding strychnin mucoid. The results seemed to
leave no doubt regarding the compound-nature of this product.
Whether it is a true salt or an adsorption Compound can not be de-
cided from the available data, but its neutrality, its water-solubility,
and its power to yield both strychnin and mucoid, strongly suggest
the production of a salt by a process directly comparable to the
neutralization of base by acid.
The physiological tests show that the Compound evidently con-
tains a much smaller proportion of strychnin than that in the com-
mon Sulfate. The quantitative examinations have not yet been
completed.
C. Conin mucoid. Conin combines with mucoid very rapidly
and yields a Solution which filters easily. The product, af ter purifica-
tion by dialysis and alcohol precipitation, is water-soluble and biuret-
reacting. As in the case of morphin mucoid, however, it was im-
possible to demonstrate the presence of the alkaloid. All tests
were negative with the potassio-mercuric iodid and phospho-tung-
stic acid reagents.
D. PiPERiDiN MUCOID. The purified piperidin product gave the
protein tests and also a test for piperidin with platinic chlorid.
E. Anilin mucoid(?). A water-soluble product of mucoid
and anilin was obtained but the anilin disappeared early in the puri-
fication process.
F. Morphin nucleoprotein. Two attempts were made to
produce a Compound of morphin with yeast nucleoprotein. The
ii6 Sonic Protein Compounds [Sept.
method of preparation was similar to that described on page 112.
Neither attempt was successful in establishing the presence of mor-
phin in the final product. A water-soluble protein of different char-
acter from the nucleoprotein resulted in each case.
G. Morphin caseinogen, strychnin caseinogen, and cal-
cium CASEiNOGEN. Studies were made of the effects of morphin,
strychnin and calcium hydroxid on caseinogen. In each case water-
soluble, biuret-reacting products were obtained. Rigorous purifi-
cation was not attempted.
Salts of ovomucoid. Neumeister^ investigated a glucoprotein
in eggs which he named " pseudopeptone." This Compound was
studied by Salkowski,^ Mörner/ and Eichholz,^ and called by them
" ovo-mucoid." As a " cell-protein," this substance seemed to offer
good material for our experiments. A pure product was prepared
by Mörner's''' well-known process.
Preparation of ovo-mucoid. (From eggs.) With increasing
purity, precipitation with alcohol became correspondingly difficult.
Alcohol-ether did not remove this difficulty but the addition of a
few drops of sodium chlorid Solution brought about precipitation in
every case. The final water-solution was freed from chlorid by
dialysis in a parchment bag in the presence of toluene. The Solu-
tion, which then was acid to litmus, was evaporated to dryness at
40° C, yielding yellow flakes which were ground to a white powder.
Properties of the ovo-mucoid product. This ovo-mucoid was
readily soluble in water and gave a good biuret test. The water-
solution frothed on shaking, but was not viscid. Phosphotungstic
acid, 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid, 4 per cent. acetic acid and
tannic acid Solutions precipitated the aqueous Solution, which was
acid to litmus.
(From shad roe.) The roe was ground in a mortar with sand
and this mixture poured into boiling, slightly acidulated, water.
The remaining Steps were identical with those for the preparation of
ovo-mucoid from eggs and the product responded to the same tests.
These two products were used in the following studies.
' Neumeister : Zeitschrift für Biologie, 1890, xxvii, p. 331,
'Salkowski: Centralhlatt f. d. med. Wissensch., 1893, xxxi, pp. 513 and 706.
^ Mörner : Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 1893, xviii, p. 525.
' Eichholz : Journ. Physiol., 1898, xxiii, p. 163.
igi2] Walter H. Eddy 117
H. Strychnin ovo-mucoid (egg). The method of prepara-
tion followed the lines of the morphin-mucoid process (page 112)
with the following abbreviation : After dialysis the Solution was at
once precipitated with absolute alcohol. No other methods of puri-
fication were used.
The filtrate f rom the original mixture of ovo-mucoid and strych-
nin was turbid and acid to litmus, but became neutral on standing,
in the presence of toluene. On dialysis, and consequent dilution
with water, the Solution clarified. The dialysate on the other band
became turbid but failed to give a protein or strychnin test,
When the dialyzed liquid was treated with absolute alcohol, in
excess, a mixed, cheesy and gelatinous precipitate was produced.
The alcoholic filtrate from this precipitate was acid and gave a
strychnin test, suggesting dissociation. The precipitate dissolved
readily in water and the Solution was then filtered. It was nozv acid
in reaction and gave no strychnin test. Precipitated again with
alcohol, the solid product failed to give the strychnin test, was acid
and resembled in every way the original ovo-mucoid.
A portion of this precipitate was dissolved in water and the So-
lution evaporated to dryness at 40° C. A new trituration with
strychnin was made with this product. The results were the same
as with the first preparation, viz., a turbin Solution that cleared on
dilution with water by dialysis and gave in this condition both
strychnin and protein tests. Alcohol again dissociated it into
strychnin and ovo-mucoid (?).
From the above results it was deemed desirable to make a care-
ful study of the reactions of the product and a second preparation
was conducted for this purpose. The turbid filtrate obtained from
the initial mixture of strychnin and ovo-mucoid was found to be
actually amphoteric to litmus, though acid to Phenolphthalein. Its
alkalinity to litmus was not increased by retriturating it with strych-
nin. Dilution with water resulted again in a clear Solution, giving
both strychnin and protein tests. On standing for a considerable time
in a parchment bag, in the presence of toluene, the amphoteric reac-
tion gradually disappeared and the Solution became distinctly acid to
litmus. It also finally yielded a precipitate in the bag and lost its
power to respond to the strychnin test. The turbid dialysate grad-
ii8 Sonic Protein Compounds [Sept.
ually acquired protein material, but the frequent renewals of water
and large voliime made it impossible to determine the presence of
strychnin. Apparently complete dissociation resulted, but neither
the character of the dissociation products nor the manner in which
the strychnin separated was determined.
Strychnin ovo-niucoid (roe). The results with ovo-mucoid
from shad roe were identical with those in the case of tgg ovo-mu-
coid except that the disappearance of the strychnin on dialysis was
much slower. It was ten days before the contents of the bag failed
to give the strychnin test. Concentration of the dialysates in this
case before applying the strychnin test failed to make its detection
possible.
Evidence of the Compound natnre of the ovo-mucoid products.
The clear amphoteric Solution, with its response to strychnin and
protein tests, indicates a chemical combination, especially in view
of the water-insolubility of strychnin. The dissociability in alcohol
of the shad roe product, and the results of dialysis, indicate that it
is more stable than the strychnin product with &gg ovo-mucoid.
Again the question of whether we are here dealing with a true
chemical Compound or with an adsorption product remains open for
further investigation.
2. Protein-protein Compounds. The foregoing experiments
were preliminary to attempts to bring about combinations between
acid-reacting and basic-reacting proteins, such as protamins and
histons.
/. HiSTON MucoiD. Preparation of histon hydrochlorid. His-
ton was prepared by the method of Huiskamp.^ Thymus glands
from freshly killed calves were freed from fat with a knife and
minced in a meat chopper. The hash was then placed in a large
bottle and extracted in an ordinary ice box for 24-48 hours with
distilled water. About 300 c.c. of water were used with each 100
grams of thymus. The extract was filtered through wet fluted filter
papers. Nucleohiston was precipitated from the filtrate with 5 c.c.
of IG per Cent, calcium chlorid Solution per 100 c.c. of extract. The
precipitate was then filtered off and redissolved in water to which a
little ammonia had . been added. This Solution was filtered and
reprecipitated with calcium chlorid Solution in the usual way. The
* Huiskamp : Zeitscjir. f. physiol. Chemie, 1901, xxxii, p. 145.
igi2] Walter H. Eddy 119
precipitate was then extracted with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric
acid for the production of the hydrochlorid. This extract of histon
hydrochlorid was finally dialyzed in a parchment bag against dis-
tilled water until neutral to litmus. This Solution of histon hydro-
chlorid was used for the preparation described below.
Preparation of potassium mucoid. Acid-free mucoid was dis-
solved in 0.3 per cent. potassium hydroxid Solution and the liquid
filtered. The filtrate was then dialyzed in a parchment bag against
distilled water (in the presence of toluene) until neutral to litmus.
The product in this neutral Solution was presumably potassium
mucoid.
Preparation of histon mucoid. Histon hydrochlorid Solution
was added drop by drop to the potassium mucoid Solution. A pre-
cipitate formed immediately, and sedimented quickly beneath the
clear supernatant liquid. Excess of the histon hydrochlorid Solu-
tion dissolved the precipitate. The product was then filtered off
and washed with water until the washings no longer gave precipi-
tates with ten per cent. ammonium hydroxid or 0.2 per cent. hydro-
chloric acid Solution.
Evidence of the Compound nature of the histon mucoid product.
A portion of the precipitate was triturated with 0.05 per cent. so-
dium carbonate Solution. A colloidal Solution was obtained. Its
filtrate gave a heavy precipitate with 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric
acid Solution and a distinct precipitate with ammonium hydroxid
Solution.
These results did not determine whether the sodium carbonate
merely dissolved the histon mucoid, or dissociated it into a histon So-
lution and a sodium mucoid Solution. To ascertain these points
the following tests were made :
(a) A portion of the sodium carbonate Solution was poured into
95 per cent. alcohol. It failed to precipitate at once or on Standing.
(b) A portion of the sodium carbonate Solution was poured into
95 per cent. alcohol, to which one drop of 10 per cent. sodium
chlorid Solution had been added. A precipitate appeared on
Standing.
(c) Alcohol-ether failed to precipitate the Solution but with the
addition of a drop of salt Solution a precipitate appeared.
120 Some Protein Compounds [Sept.
{d) The precipitates obtained in {h) and (c) failed, in this first
set of tests, to dissolve in water and the washings gave no hydro-
chloric acid or ammonia precipitate. The precipitates dissolved in
0.05 per Cent, sodium carbonate Solution and the filtrates gave both
the ammonia and hydrochloric acid tests.
{e) Histon hydrochlorid Solution was not precipitated by alcohol
even when sodium chlorid was present. Alcohol also failed to pre-
cipitate potassium mucoid Solution but did so in the presence of a
trace of sodium chlorid.
These results Warrant the inference that the sodium carbonate
acted as a solvent rather than as a dissociant. They also indicate
that precipitation by alcohol in the presence of salt served to dif-
ferentiate the histon mucoid from the histon hydrochlorid, and that
our product was a Compound and not a mixture.
A Solution of histon hydrochlorid was tested with an excess of
alcohol in the absence of salt. A similar Solution of potassium
mucoid was made. When these two clear Solutions were mixed a
precipitate of histon mucoid formed at once. This histon mucoid
was then dissolved in 0.05 per cent. sodium carbonate Solution and
the filtered Solution precipitated with alcohol in the presence of a
little salt. This precipitate, unlike that above (d), dissolved readily
in zvater. The water-solution gave both the ammonia precipitate
and the hydrochloric acid precipitate. This and similar results indi-
cated the formation of a soluble histon mucoid Compound.
Finally a new histon mucoid product w^as made by the original
method. This product was washed free from excesses of both his-
ton hydrochlorid and potassium mucoid, as before, and then treated
as f ollows :
A portion was macerated in a mortar with o.i per cent. hydro-
chloric acid Solution and a second portion in another mortar with
0.1 per cent. potassium hydroxid Solution. These liquids were fil-
tered. The acid filtrate gave a precipitate with ammonia but not
with hydrochloric acid. The alkali filtrate gave a heavy precipitate
with hydrochloric acid but none with ammonia.
These results suggest that mixtures of (a) histon hydrochlorid
and potassium mucoid Solutions yield a precipitate of histon
mucoid; (&) pure histon mucoid and o.i per cent. hydrochloric acid
I9I2] Walter H. Eddy 121
Solutions yield histon hydrochlorid and insoluble mucoid; (c) pure
histon mucoid and o.i per cent. potassium hydroxid Solutions yield a
potassium mucoid histon complex.
The failure to get a histon precipitate with ammonia in the
potassium hydroxid extract may have been due to the small amount
of resultant histon mucoid or to the formation of an insoluble form
o£ histon, such as ammonia produces. Whatever the explanation of
this failure, there seemed to be no doubt of the power of histon
to combine with mucoid to form a Compound different in proper-
ties from either histon hydrochlorid or potassium mucoid.
/. Histon nucleoprotein (yeast). Neutral potassium nu-
cleoprotein (obtained by dissolving yeast nucleoprotein in o.i per
cent. potassium hydroxid Solution and dialyzing free from hydroxyl
ions) combines with histon hydrochlorid in the same way as potas-
sium mucoid (page 119). Much more of the Solution of histon
is necessary for the production of the salt. The product was similar
to histon mucoid in being insoluble in water; in dissolving readily in
0.05 per cent. sodium carbonate Solution but incompletely in 0.5
per cent. sodium carbonate Solution ; and in forming, with sodium
carbonate, a water-soluble sodium-histon nucleoprotein complex.
K. Histon ovo-mucoid. Preparation. The ovo-mucoid {tgg)
was purified to such a degree as to be practically soluble in salt-free
alcohol (page 116). A similarly pure Solution of histon hydro-
chlorid was used.
When the water Solutions of these two substances were com-
bined, a precipitate formed slowly. A slight excess of the histon
Solution dissolved the precipitate. The precipitate dissolved to a
turbid Solution in 0.05 per cent. sodium carbonate Solution. This
turbid fluid was filtered and divided into two portions. One por-
tion was poured into 95 per cent. alcohol to which 3 drops of 10
per cent. sodium chlorid Solution had been added. The other por-
tion was saturated with ammonium sulfate. Both portions gave
heavy precipitates, which were soluble in water; the Solutions were
precipitated in part by ammonia. When purification of the ammo-
nium sulfate precipitate by dialysis was attempted, the Compound
broke down. The "alcohol precipitate" was hydrolyzed with
hydrochloric acid. The resultant liquid, neutralized with potassium
122 Some Protein Compounds [Sept.
hydroxid, rediiced the Fehling-Benedict reagent. This result, with
the precipitation by ammonia, seemed to show the presence of both
glucoprotein and histon in the precipitate.
When alcohol Solutions of ovo-mucoid and histon hydrochlorid
were poured together, a precipitate formed at once that gave both
the ammonia test and the reduction test. The latter process is the
simplest and quiekest method of obtaining this product.
The results of these researches have shown that the methods for
the preparation of histon, as outlined in the literature, are in serious
need of revision. In fact, the results suggest that so-called histon
is a protein salt rather than a simple protein. In a future paper will
be presented the findings in regard to histon preparation.
EFFECTS OF INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF
EPINEPHRIN ON THE PARTITION OF NITRO-
GEN IN URINE FROM A DOG
JACOB ROSENBLOOM and WILLIAM WEINBERGER
(Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
I. INTRODUCTION
The action of epinephrin on nitrogenous metabolism has been
the object of investigation by several authors. The experimental
results of Kraus and Hirsch/ and Quest,^ indicate that intravenous
or subcutaneous injections of epinephrin exert very Httle influenae
on the nitrogenous metaboHsm of healthy dogs, the insignificant
increase of eliminated nitrogen being caused both by the glycosuria
and (after subcutaneous injections) by skin necrosis. Fasting ani-
mals seem to be differently affected. Falta and Rudinger,^ and
Underhill and Closson* were able to show an accelerating influ-
enae, on protein metaboHsm, of subcutaneous and intravenous injec-
tions of epinephrin.
Underhill and Closson have shown that the subcutaneous injec-
tion of " adrenalin chlorid " Solutions into dogs is not attended by
any significant change in the proportions of the urea-, ammonia- and
creatinin-nitrogen of the urine, in partial disagreement with Paton,^
who also found that, although on a sufficient diet, the catabolism of
proteins is not interfered with, there is a markedly increased produc-
tion of ammonia.
In all the above mentioned experiments the epinephrin was in-
jected into veins or into subcutaneous tissues. The intraperi-
toneal way has not been utilized by previous observers in this con-
^ Kraus and Hirsch. Cited by Kraus and Friedenthal : Berl. klin. Woch.,
1908, xlv, p. 1709.
^Quest: Zeit. f. exp. Path., 1908, v, p. 43.
' Falta and Rudinger : Central, f. klin. Med., 1908, Ixvi, p. i.
* Underhill and Closson : Anier. Journ. Physiol., 1906, xvii, p. 42.
' Paten : English Journ. of Physiol., 1903, xxix, p. 286 ; 1904, xxxii, p. 59.
123
124 Epinephrin Effects on Metabolism [Sept.
nection, althongh it is possible that this mode of administering
epinephrin has a different effect on nitrogenous metabolism, as is the
case in carbohydrate metabolism (Löwi).®
IL DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTS
This investigation consisted of two metabolism experiments.
One animal was used for both experiments. An intermediate pe-
riod served to allow the animal to recuperate from the effects of the
first experiment before the second one was begun. The metabolism
work was conducted by the general methods in use in this labo-
ratory.'^
We determined the nitrogen content in the several ingredients
of the food. Urinary nitrogen, in the leading forms, was deter-
mined as f ollows : ammonia, each day ; total, urea, creatin and Crea-
tinin (as Creatinin), every third day; purins, at the end of each
period. The urine was preserved with thymol. Total nitrogen was
determined by the Kjeldahl process ; ammonia and Creatinin by the
Polin methods f iirea^ by Benedict's method ;^^ purin nitrogen by a
combination of the Arnstein" and Salkowski^^ methods.
The authors used two specimens of the colorless "adrenalin
Chlorid" (i:i,ooo) of Parke, Davis and Co. They were pur-
chased in the open market. Each was tested for its pressor action
at the conclusion of the corresponding injection experiments and
was then found to be practically as active as ever. Varying
amounts and concentrations of "adrenalin chlorid" were injected
into the peritoneal cavity ; in the first experiment the concentration
was 1 : 10,000 — in the second, i : i,ooo. In one injection period of
*Löwi: Von Noorden's Metabolism and practica! medicine, 1907, iii, p. 1181.
' Mead and Gies : Anier. Journ. Physiol., 1901, v, p. 106 ; also Gies and collab-
orators: Biochemical Researches, 1903, i, Reprint No. 21; Gies: Amer. Journ. of
Physiol., 1905, xiv, p. 403; Gies: Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 1901, v, p. 235; also
Gies and collaborators : Biochemical Researches, 1903, i, Reprint No. i ; Gies :
Proc. Amer. Physiol. Soc, Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 1904, x, p. 22; Hawk and
Gies: Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 1904, xi, p. 177.
* Polin : Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 190S, xiii, p. 45.
" No glycosuria occurred. Examinations were made repeatedly.
^^ Benedict : Journ. of Biol. Chem., 1910, viii, p. 405.
" Arnstein : Zeit. f. physiol. Chem., 1897, xxiii, p. 417.
" Salkowski : Salkowski's Manual of physiol. chem. and path., 1904; Arch. d.
ges. Physiol., 1897-98, Ixix, p. 268.
I9I2]
Jacoh Rosenhloom and William Weinherger
125
eighteen days, a total of 62 c.c. o£ i : 10,000 Solution was given
intraperitoneally ; in another injection period of six days, a total of
29 c.c. of 1 : 1000 Solution was administered. The accompanying
tables contain the metabolic data obtained in this study.
TABLE I. FIRST METABOLISM EXPERIMENT (jUNE I2-JULY l8, I9I2)
A. Daily Records
I. Fore Period. Normal Condition
Number of the day
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Body weight (kilos)
6.3
270
1,017
6.33
210
1.025
6.3
270
1,020
6.3
190
1,024
6.31
192
1,024
6.3
212
1,021
6.28
275
1,020
6.27
240
1,018
6.3
188
1,021
6.33
Urine, volume (c.c.)
170
1,026
TJrine. so. er
II. Dosage Period. Intraperitoneal Injections
Number of the day
Body weight (kilos) . ,
Urine, volume (c.c.) . ,
Urine, sp.gr ,
Adrenalin Solution (i
10,000) c.c.
6.34
135
1,027
S
6.27
157
1,031
5
6.28
80
1,042
5
6.26
100
1,040
5
6.35
165
1.030
8
6.25
224
1,020
6.33
160
1.030
5
8
6.26
245
1,020
6.31
180
I,02S
5
Number of the day
Body weight (kilos) . .
Urine, volume (c.c.) . .
Urine, sp. gr
Adrenalin Solution (i
10,000) c.c.
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
6.26
6.33
6.41
6.40
6.42
6.37
6.35
6.34
200
105
153
175
255
230
205
270
1.023
1.037
1.025
1,023
1,019
1,017
1,020
1,020
2
3
3
—
4
—
4
4
18
6.43
167
1,023
4
III. After Period. Normal Conditions
Number of the day
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Body weight (kilos)
Urine, volume (c.c.)
Urine. so. sx
6.34
135
1,027
6.40
145
1,020
6.44
200
1,022
6.40
245
1,020
6.44
220
1,018
6.41
185
1,022
6.40
214
1,019
6.46
214
1,020
B. Analytical Totais and Daily Averages of Urinary Data for Each Period
0
3
>
- 4)
IS
Nitrogen
UreaN
Ammonia N
Creatin and
Creatinin N
Purin N
Period
2S
H So
Daily
average,
grams
2 S
E-i dt
Daily
average,
grams
H bo
Daily
average,
grams
Total,
grams
Daily
average,
gram
15 H
Daily
average,
gram
Fore
(10 days).
Dosage
(18 days).
After
(18 days).
2,217
3.206
1.558
221
178
195
41-594
74.225
33-077
4-159
4.123
4-134
36.85
63-58
28.63
3.685
3-532
3.578
I.5II
2.945
I-I95
0.1511
0.1636
0.1493
1.046
I.714
I.IOI
0.1046
0.0952
0.1376
0.067
0.147
0.081
0.0067
0.0081
O.OIOI
126
Epinephrin Effects on Metaholism
[Sept,
TABLE 2. SECOND METABOLISM EXPERIMENT (jULY 2I-AUGUST 9,. I912)
A. Daily Records
I. Fore Period. Normal Conditions
Number of the day
Body weight (kilos)
Urine, volume (c.c.)
Urine, sp.gr
6.52
190
1,020
6.53
190
1,023
6.53
230
1,019
6.54
200
1,020
6.57
193
1,021
IL Dosage Period. Intraperitoneal Injections
Number of the day
I
2
3
4
5
6
Body weight (kilos) . . .
Urine, volume (c.c). . .
Urine. so. er
6.54
ISO
1.028
4
6.69
134
1,028
5
6.68
215
1,019
5
6.63
275
1,018
5
6.70
185
1,020
5
6.71
240
1,016
Adrenalin Solution
(i : 1,000) c.c
5
III. After Period. Normal Conditions
Number of the day
Body weight (kilos)
Urine, volume (c.c.)
Urine, sp.gr
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6.68
245
1,019
6.72
232
1,018
6.72
230
1,018
6.76
200
1,019
6.78
202
1,017
6.77
240
1,018
6.78
200
1,019
6.83
223
1,017
6.80
23s
1,019
B. Analytical Totais and Daily Averages of Urinary Data for Each Period
0
E 0
3
"o
>
>>
0 >
> "
Nitrogen
UreaN
Ammonia N
Creatin and
Creatinin N
Purin N
Period
— B E
— «
2 E
0 rt
r: n E
ü E
V
:= t« E
S E
0 «
H So
CS
0 u
cd >" f^
Fore (5 days) . . .
Dosage (6 days)
After (9 days) . .
1,003
1,199
2,007
201
199
223
20.997
24.678
34-937
4.199
4-II3
3.882
18.22
21.46
29-39
3-643
3-5766
3.266
0.767
0.967
1.499
0.1533
0.1611
0.1664
0.671
0.7314
1.266
0.1342
O.I2I9
0.1407
0.039
0.039
0.059
0.0076
0.006s
0.0066
TABLE 3. PARTITION OF THE URINARY NITROGEN
Period
I. Fore period
Injection period ....
Post injection period
II. Fore period
Injection period ....
Post injection period
Urea N,
per Cent.
88.5
85-7
86.5
86.7
87.0
84.2
Ammonia
N,
per Cent.
3-64
3-75
3-61
3-65
3-92
4.29
Creatin and
Creatinin N,
per Cent.
2.51
2.50
3-33
3-20
3-73
3-62
Purin N,
per Cent.
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.19
0.16
0.17
Undeter-
mined N,
per Cent.
5-19
7.86
6.32
6.26
5-19
7.72
I9I2] Jacob Rosenhloom and William Weinherger 127
III. CONCLUSIONS
The results of these experiments show conclusively that intra-
peritoneal injections of "adrenalin chlorid" Solutions were without
appreciable effect on the proportions of nitrogen (in the forms of
Urea, ammonia, creatin and Creatinin, purins, and undetermined sub-
stances) in the urine of a healthy dog.
/THE BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY, ENGLAND
In a previous note, which appeared in the Biochemical Bul-
letin (i: 484), it was stated that the recently founded Bio-
chemical Club would probably develop into a society with a Journal
of its own.
This is now an accomplished fact, and the Biochemical Society
of England has been launched into being. It has been instituted
for the purpose of facilitating intercourse between those biologists
and chemists who are interested in problems common to both, such
as the chemical questions connected with agriculture, brewing, animal
and vegetable physiology and pathology, etc. Meetings are held at
different centers throughout the country for the communication of
papers and demonstrations.
The Honorary Secretary is Dr. R. H. A. Flimmer, University
College, London, W. C, from whom further Information can be
obtained.
The Bio-Chemical Journal, which has hitherto been under the
editorship of Professor Moore, F.R.S., of Liverpool, will in the fu-
ture be conducted by the Biochemical Society, and will be issued by
the Cambridge University Press, Fetter Lane, London, E. C.
The editors are Professor W. M. Bayliss, F.R.S., University
College, London, W. C, and Professor A. Harden, F.R.S., Lister
Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London, S. W. The first issue of the
Journal under these editors is expected in January next. The price
is £1.1.0 ($5) per volume.
One f€els sure that our American confreres will heartily support
the new enterprise.
W. D. Halliburton
King's College, London.
128
MEETINGS OF THE SECTION (II) ON DIETETIC
HYGIENE AND HYGIENIC PHYSIOLOGY OF
THE FIFTEENTH INTERNATIONAL
CONGRESS ON HYGIENE AND
DEMOGRAPHY, WITH AB-
STRACTS OF SOME
OF THE PAPERS
Proceedings reported by THE Secretary,
LAFAYETTE B. MENDEL
The meeting o£ the Congress was noteworthy for the unusual
opportunity which it afforded to American men of science to meet
some of their foreign colleagues, particularly those from the Con-
tinent, in a personal way. It can scarcely be said that the proceed-
ings of the Section on Dietetic Hygiene and Hygienic Physiology
were unique in any way; nor could they be expected to attract the
Chief interest where so many important disciplines and conflicting
or overlapping scientific fields were involved. The Symposium on
the specific dynamic action of foodstuffs deserves special comment,
however, both on account of the new views which were forcefully
presented there for the first time, and the preeminent part played
by all of the referees in the development of this field of study.
I. OFFICIAL LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS
OF THE SECTION
Honorary Presidents : Dr. Max Rubner, Professor of Phys-
iology and Director of the Physiological Institute, Berlin, Germany ;
Dr. Artur Schattenfroh, Professor of Hygiene in the Univer-
sity of Vienna, Austria ; Dr. Axel Holst, Professor of Hygiene,
University of Christiania, Norway ; Dr. A. B. Macallum, Profes-
sor of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
President: Dr. Russell H. Chittenden, Professor of Phys-
iological Chemistry, Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University,
New Haven, Conn.
129
130 Biochcmical Proceedings, Hygienic Congrcss [Sept.
Vice-presidents : Dr. Graham Lusk, Professor of Physiology,
Cornell University Medical College, New York City; Dr. David L.
Edsall, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Mass.
II. OFFICIAL PROGRAMM
All the meetings of the section were held on Sept. 23 to Sept. 27,
inclusive, in Washington, D. C, at the new National Museum,
Room 376.
1. Monday afternoon, September 23. The physiological
SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME SUBSTANCES USED IN THE PRESERVATION OF
FOOD : Dr. John H. Long, professor of chemistry, Northwestern Uni-
versity Medical School, Chicago, 111. (page 132) ; Dr. Artur Schat-
tenfroh, professor of hygiene in the University of Vienna, Austria.
2. Tuesday morning, September 24. The specific dynamic
ACTiON OF FOODSTUFFS : Dr. Max Ruhner, professor of physiology
and director of the Physiological Institute, Berlin, Germany. {A)
The work of digestion and specific dynamic action : Dr. N. Zuntz,
Direktor des tierphysiologischen Laboratoriums der landwirtschaft-
lichen Hochschule, Berlin, Germany {presented by Prof. F. G. Bene-
dict).— (5) The influence of the Ingestion of food upon metabolism:
Dr. Francis G. Benedict, director of the Nütrition Laboratory of
the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Boston, Mass. (page 134).
— (C) The influence of foodstuffs and their cleavage products upon
heat production : Dr. Graham Lusk, professor of physiology, Cornell
University Medical College, New York City (page 135).
3. Tuesday afternoon, September 24. Nutrition and
GROWTH. (A) An anatomical analysis of growth : Dr. Henry H.
Donaldson, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy, Philadelphia, Pa. —
(B) Nutrition of the embryo: Dr. John R. Murlin, assistant pro-
fessor of physiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York
City. — (C) The nutrition and growth of bone: Dr. Francis H. Mc-
Crudden, chemist at the Hospital of the Rockefeiler Institute for
Medical Research, New York City (page 137). — {D) The role of
proteins in growth : Dr. Lofayette B. Mendel, professor of physi-
ological chemistry, Shefiield Scientific School of Yale University,
New Haven, Conn. (page 138). — (E) The influence of the quantity
* Abstracts of the papers appear on the pages indicated by the numerals in
parenthesis.
I9I2] Lafayette B. Mendel 131
and quality of food upon the growing organism : Dr. Hans Aron,
director of the scientific laboratory of the University Children's
Clinic, Breslau, Germany {presented by Prof. Lafayette B. Men-
del).— (F) Direct calorimetry of infants, with a comparison of the
results obtained by this and other methods: Dr. John Howland,
Professor of pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
(page 139).
4. Wednesday morning, September 25. The röle of in-
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN THE NUTRITION OF MAN. {A) The antag-
onistic action of salts : Dr. Jacques Loeb, head of the department of
experimental biology, Rocke feller Institute for Medical Research,
New York City. — (B) The distribution of soluble salts in living
cells and the forces Controlling it: Dr. Archibald B. Macalliim, pro-
fessor of biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada (page 140).
— (C) The röle which common salt and water assume in the nutri-
tion of man : Dr. Hermann Strauss, professor of clinical medicine,
University of Berlin, Germany (page 141).
5. Thursday morning, September 26. Practical dietetics,
{A) Cost and nutritive value of f oods : Dr. C. F. Langworthy, ex-
pert in charge of nutrition investigations, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C. — {B) The influence of the prepara-
tion of food on its nutritive value : Dr. Max Riibner, professor of
physiology and director of the Physiological Institute, Berlin,
Germany. — (C) The choice of foods, with regard to disease: Dr.
Carl von Noorden, professor of internal medicine and director of
the First Medical Clinic, Vienna, Austria (page 143). — {D) Diet
in relation to disease, chiefly in relation to some forms of partial un-
derfeeding (beriberi and scurvy) : Dr. Axel Holst, professor of hy-
giene, University of Christiania, Norway. — {E) Diet and metabo-
lism in fever : Dr. Warren Coleman, Cornell University Medical
College, New York City (page 145).
6. Thursday afternoon, September 26. Ventilation in its
HYGiENic ASPECTS, {A) Organic matter in the expired air: Dr.
Milton J. Rosenmi, professor of preventive medicine, Harvard Med-
ical School, Boston, Mass. — (B) A consideration of the unknown fac-
tors in the ill-effects of bad Ventilation: Dr. Yandell Henderson,
professor of physiology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Conn.
(page 146). — (C) The hygienic physiology of work in compressed
132 Biochcmical Proceedings, Hygienic Congress [Sept.
air: Dr. J. J. R. Macleod, professor of physiology, Western Re-
serve Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio (page 147).
7. Friday morning, September 27. The hygienic physiol-
ogy OF EXERCISE. {A) The influence of exercise on the nervous
System : Dr. Leon Asher, a. o. professor of physiology, Bern, Swit-
zerland {presented by Prof. L. B. Mendel). — {B) The influence of
exercise on the heart : Dr. R. Taif McKenzie, director of physical
education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. — (C)
Certain aspects of the influence of muscular exercise upon the respi-
ratory System : Dr. Theodore Hough, professor of physiology, Uni-
versity of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. (page 148). — {D) Physical
training in the United States Naval Service: Dr. J. A. Murphy,
surgeon, U. S. N., U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md.
Additional papers. The prevention of arteriosclerosis and
heart disease in otherwise healthy individuals past middle life: Dr.
Louis F. Bishop, New York City, — Tuberculosis and metabolism:
Dr. Diesing, chief physician, Recreation and Convalescent Home,
Gross-Hansdorf, Hamburg, Germany. — On the nature and impor-
tance of the diet as the most important factor of causal therapy in
severe diseases of the stomach and intestines, in nervous and mental
diseases, and in disorders of the circulation and of the metabolism :
Dr. W. Plönies, Hanover, Germany. — Public baths: Dr. Simon
Baruch, president, American Association for Promoting Hygiene
and Public Baths, New York City. — The significance of hydrother-
apy for hygiene, therapeutics and medical Instruction: Prof. Dr.
L. Brieger, Hydrotherapeutische Universitäts-Anstalt, Berlin, Ger-
many.— The importance of the nutritive salts for healthy and sick
people : Dr. R. Peters, Hanover, Germany.
III. ABSTRACTS OF SOME OF THE PAPERS =
The physiological significance of some substances used in the
preservation of food
JOHN H. long
This paper dealt with the action on the human organism of a
number of substances employed as food preservatives, or otherwise,
in the preparation of food.
* Reprinted f rom the official pamphlet containing " abstracts of papers to be
read at the congress," Sept. 23-28, 1912 (pp. 11-28).
igi2] Lafayette B. Mendel 133
Something of the history of food preservatives was recited, and
it was shown that a considerable number of substances are added to
food largely because of their preservative properties, rather than
because of flavors they may impart. Some of the so-called " na-
tural " preservatives come under this head. Modern conditions of
living and modern scientific advances have called for the introduc-
tion of more efficient substances, the so-called " chemical " or " arti-
ficial " preservatives. Many of these substances have been con-
demned, and perhaps properly, but frequently the condemnation is
solely on the ground of their origin. This basis of condemnation
has no justification in fact, as all preservatives are as truly chem-
ical as are those of recent introduction made by industrial processes.
The active principles in cloves, cinnamon, allspice, etc., are true
chemical Compounds, and in their action on the body and final dis-
position are much like benzoic acid, now made largely by laboratory
processes.
A number of important investigations on the physiological action
of sodium benzoate have been carried out in the last few years, and
the results of these were discussed. The effects of large and small
amounts of benzoic acid are known, and it has been clearly shown
that the use of the small quantities employed in the ordinary pro-
tection of the condimental foods is quite unobjectionable. Such
small amounts are normally disposed of in the human body without
ill effects.
The use of copper salts in coloring vegetables was next discussed.
There is an enormous literature on the subject, especially from
France and Germany, where copper has long been used in the can-
ning Industries. Several commissions have pronounced in favor of
permitting the use of copper salts, although others have opposed it.
But all authorities have come to agree that the toxicity of these
salts is much less than was at one time assumed. This toxicity
depends somewhat on the combinations in which the salts are in-
gested. The effects of copper as used in young peas or string beans
are far less marked than are those of its inorganic salts. It is, there-
fore, not quite justifiable to draw conclusions as to the behavior of
copper from experiments with copper sulfate alone. If only very
young and fresh vegetables, with plenty of chlorophyl, were treated
134 Biochemical Proccedings, Hygienic Congress [Sept.
with copper, and if the amount were strictly limited, there might be
but little fault foiind. But with older vegetables the combination
is far less stable and the effects approach those of the inorganic
salts. The amounts of copper taken up by the liver and other
Organs from inorganic salts may be considerable, and such absorp-
tion cannot be held free from danger. The use of these salts serves
no real good purpose and should be condemned.
The paper touched also on the employment of sulphurous oxide
and sulphites in certain food Industries.
The influence of the ingestion of food upon metabolism
FRANCIS G. BENEDICT
Three interpretations of the increase in metabolism following
the ingestion of food are current : first, the theory in which the
mechanical work of the digestive processes plays the most prom-
inent röle; second, the less sharply defined theory in which the con-
ception of the development of free heat unavailable to the cells is the
dominant note, and, finally, the opinion expressed by Friedrich
Müller, that there is absorbed out of the food certain substances
w'hich are carried by the blood to the cells and there stimulate the
cells to a greater metabolic activity. The evidence used for the
evaluation of these views in this paper is based almost exclusively
upon experiments made upon men in our laboratory.
It was found that although the ingestion of sodium sulfate
produced a powerful peristalsis, no measurable increase in the me-
tabolism as measured by the oxygen consumption was noticed.
Similarly, the ingestion of large amounts of agar-agar produced
very voluminous, bulky stools, but did not increase metabolism
measurably. As subsidiary evidence, in unpublished experiments
on dogs with deficient pancreatic secretion, it was found that al-
though the decreased assimilation of protein and fat resulted in
large, bulky, fatty stools, there was not an increase in the carbon
dioxide production. The evidence points strongly to the fact that
the ingestion of meat by depancreatized dogs, accompanied as it is
with large, voluminous, bulky stools, results in absolutely a smaller
increase in metabolism than is experienced with the ingestion of
meat by normal dogs.
I9I2] Lafayette B. Mendel 135
Both of these pieces of evidence, therefore, can be taken as
strongly contrary to the work of digestion as an explanation of any
considerable proportion of the increased metabolism generally noted
after the ingestion of food.
Experiments both on dogs and on men show that foUowing the
ingestion of food there is an increased muscle tonus as indicated by
the pulse rate, and frequently by the respiration rate, showing that
the animal is living on a higher metaboHc plane than formerly.
The increased heat is thus a product of cell action, and the question
as to its economic value acquires a new significance. A man asleep,
with lowest heat production, is of little value to the world ; awake,
with no external muscular activity, he has increased internal activity
and is capable of intellectnal life.
The ingestion of protein alone stimulates metabolism with the
possibility of some differences in the kinds of protein. Carbohy-
drates show rapid effects, not so great as protein, and different car-
bohydrates give different results. The metabolism 12 hours after
the last meal of a carbohydrate-free, fat-rich diet, with moderate
amounts of protein, is much greater than the metabolism under sim-
ilar time-conditions after a mixed diet with the same amount of
protein. Diabetics with varying degrees of intensity of the disease
show marked differences in the total metabolism 12 hours after the
last meal. A high acidosis is coincident with a high metabolism.
A carbohydrate-free, fat-rich diet, eaten by a normal individual,
is accompanied by the presence of an acidosis and an increased
metabolism. The evidence suggests that coincidental with what
is commonly termed a " State of acidosis " there is present in the
blood a substance or substances, probably of an acid nature, that
stimulate the cells to a greater metabolism.
ö'
The influenae of foodstuffs and their cleavage products upon
heat production
GRAHAM LUSK
If meat in large quantity be given to a dog, the heat production
rises in the second hour almost to its maximum, reaches its maxi-
mum in the third hour and continues at this level through the tenth
13Ö Biochemical Proceedings, Hygienic Congress [Sept.
hour when it beglns to fall. In one instance the heat production
during a morning hour was 22.3 calories, and after the ingestion of
1,200 grams of meat it had risen in the second hour to 36 calories,
reaching 40 calories in the third hour at which level it remained
through the tenth hour, after which it gradually feil to 25 calories
in the twenty-first hour. During the second hour the nitrogen elim-
ination was one third the maximal nitrogen Output as evenly main-
tained between the third and tenth hours. The second hour also
showed that the calculated non-protein respiratory quotient ranged
between 90 and 99, which indicated that that part of the metabolism
which was not due to protein, as calculated from urinary nitrogen,
originated largely from carbohydrate. During the later hours, the
increased heat production is proportional to the nitrogen in the urine.
During a period of 15 hours, protein carbon was retained in the or-
ganism and when the oxygen absorption as computed on the basis
of such retention in the form of dextrose is compared with the
actual oxygen absorption, the two agree within 0.9 per cent.,
whereas computed on the basis of carbon retained as fat, there is a
discrepancy of 10 per cent. between the calculated and actual value.
Administration of 50 grams of dextrose in 150 c.c. of water to a
dog causes a rise of heat production from 16.2 to 20 calories, at
which level it is maintained during the second, third and fourth
hours, falling nearly to the basal level in the fifth hour. The skin
temperature rises to a greater extent than the rectal temperature.
The absorption from the intestine is completed in the fourth hour.
The urine is scanty until the fourth hour when 100 c.c. are suddenly
eliminated. The sugar content of the blood in per cent. rises in
the first hour but becomes normal after that. After the first hour
the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood falls but returns to nor-
mal subsequent to the fourth hour. Hence, after sugar ingestion,
osmotic phenomena cause an increased volume of blood. When the
absorption is complete, the glycogenic function removes the dex-
trose from the blood, and the blood returns to its normal composi-
tion through the elimination of water by the kidney. Water alone
or a Solution of salt or of urea have no effect on the metabolism,
hence the increase in metabolism is probably due to the increased
number of molecules of dextrose carried to the cells and not to
I9I2] Lafayette B. Mendel 137
changes due to osmosis. Liebig's extract of beef is without influ-
ence on the metabolism. Fifty grams of olive oil cause a consider-
able increase in heat production. GlycocoU causes a very great in-
crease in heat production, alanin also acts powerfully, leucin and ty-
rosin less so and glutamic acid not at all.
It is concluded that the heat production may be increased by
increasing the quantity of sugar and fat reaching the cells, or it may
be increased through the direct Stimulation of the cells by amino-
acids, notably glycocoll and alanin.
Nutrition and bone growth
FRANCIS H. MCCRUDDEN
The question of the nature of bone metabolism in health and
disease is one that until recently can hardly be said to have been
attacked experimentally. The pathologists, with one or two excep-
tions, have generally considered bone as a dead tissue not undergo-
ing metabolism, once it is laid down. This opinion has, of course,
colored their views regarding the nature of the process in various
bone diseases. In osteomalacia, for example, a disease in which
there is a decrease in the mineral content of the bone, it has been
supposed that the process is due to the action of an acid which dis-
solves out the mineral constituents.
Numerous investigations, chemical, histological and clinical, dur-
ing the last few years have shown that these views regarding the
nature of the process in osteomalacia and the nature of normal bone
metabolism cannot be correct. Bone, like the other tissues, under-
goes metabolism throughout life. Old bone is continuously being
resorbed and new bone laid down. If the new bone laid down is
not qualitatively of the right composition, the result may be rickets,
osteomalacia, osteoporosis, or Osteitis deformans, depending on the
age of the patient and other factors. The bones act as a störe of
lime salts to be called on in time of need just as the subcutaneous
tissue acts as a störe of fat and the liver as a störe of glycogen; and
a flux of calcium from the bones started by a growing fetus, a
hardening callus, metastatic bone formation, etc., may, under cer-
tain circumstances, lead to decalcification enough to result in osteo-
138 Biochemical Proceedings, Hygienic Congress [Sept.
malacia and similar conditions. An important factor is the degree
to which overproduction takes place, a factor involved also in im-
munity and, in fact, in all tissue repair.
Other disturbances which may be said to involve quantitative dis-
turbance in bone growth, — the rate of growth, — rather than dis-
turbances in the qualitative character of the bone produced, are the
various types of dwarfism. In some of these the failure to grow
seems to depend on an absence of the " growing tendency " on the
part of the bones; in others, some disturbance in the supply of
lime salts available for bone growth seems to be at fault.
The role of proteins in growth
LAFAYETTE B. MENDEL
Some of the views held in the past regarding the interrelation of
the food supply and growth are no longer tenable. Growth has
often been associated in a causal way with the relative abundance of
protein in diet. The parallelism between the protein content of the
milk of various species and rate of growth may, in the familiär cases
be an example of correlation rather than of causation. Recent in-
vestigations have shown that the assumed association of growth
with high protein intake is not confirmed by the evidence at band.
Growth is a function of the cells. This inherent capacity ap-
parently cannot be exaggerated by feeding ; but growth can be held
in abeyance by various conditions. These include inadequacy of the
food supply in respect to both quantity and quality of the nutrients.
Attention must be directed to the chemical as well as the energetic
aspects of the problems involved. In the past physiologists have
largely disregarded the relative values of the individual members of
different groups of food substances in nutrition, owing to an igno-
rance of the chemical characteristics of the individuals.
In considering the uses of protein in the organism, the distinc-
tion between the requirement for maintenance and that for growth
must be clearly kept in mind. The development of a successful
method of investigation by Osborne and Mendel has made it easy to
approach some of the problems experimentally. The method was
explained in detail. Normal rate of growth has been induced in
I9I2] Lafayette B. Mendel i39
rats with dietaries containing various Single purified proteins. But
not all proteins suffice to promote growth under otherwise favorable
conditions. Some suffice for maintenance without growth, whereby
a prolonged period of stunting, or suppression of growth, can be in-
duced ; still other proteins are alone insufficient for the maintenance
requirement.
The capacity to grow is not lost even after comparatively long
periods of dwarfing and a subsequent normal unimpaired rate of
growth may be attained with a suitable protein dietary. Aside
from the apparent nutritive inequalities of the different proteins,
other incidental findings, such as the synthetic features in growth,
and diverse questions raised thereby, present a multitude of view-
points which may serve to direct further research in this field.
Direct calorimetry of infants, with a comparison of the results
obtained by this and other methods
JOHN HOWLAND
A discussion of the various methods for determining the ex-
change of energy in infants with their advantages and disadvantages
and their limitations. The results of direct calorimetry obtained
with four children by means of a modified Atwater-Rosa-Benedict
calorimeter. The carbon dioxide excretion, oxygen consumption
and heat production of two essentially normal children. The effect
of the Ingestion of food, and especially of an excess of protein. The
effect of eighteen hours' fasting. The heat production and respira-
tory exchange of two extremely emaciated children.
Difficulty of comparing results with those obtained by other
methods on account of the different conditions under which the
experiments have been conducted, the different Information that has
been supplied and also on account of the unsatis facto ry formulas for
determining the surface areas of infants, which give errors of 20
per Cent, and more. A new, more accurate and simple formula for
determining this.
140 Biochcmical Proceedings, Hygienic Congress [Sept.
The distribution of soluble salts in living cells and the force^
Controlling it
ARCHIBALD B, MACALLUM
1. The distribution of salts in living matter is held to be due to
the forces that make the distribution of salts uniform in an ordinary
Solution. These forces are the same as those which determine the
distribution of the molecules of a gas in an enclosed space. Conse-
quently, in a living cell the salts are supposed to be uniformly dis-
tributed throughout the fluid of the cytoplasm, that is, the osmotic
force, or the pressure exercised by the molecules and ions through-
out the fluid, is due to this uniform distribution of the solute
throughout the System. The quantity of a soluble salt present in
living matter is, therefore, a measure of the osmotic pressure therein
and hence exchange between the salts within and those without
would, in all cases, if the cell membrane were permeable, develop
so as to ad just the pressure equally within and without the cells.
2. This conception leaves wholly out of account the action of
surface tension. Every particle of the colloid of which living mat-
ter is composed presents to the fluid in which it is suspended an In-
terface where the surface tension of the fluid is lower than such
a fluid has at its free surface. In consequence the Gibbs-Thomson
principle comes into Operation and there results a condensation of
the molecules and ions of the solutes on the Interfaces of all par-
ticles. As the united interfacial surfaces must, in relation to the
total volume of the Solution or fluid, present a very great area, a
very large proportion of each of the solutes must be so Condensed,
and the general concentration is, accordingly, greatly reduced or
brought to the vanishing point. This would reduce the osmotic
pressure due to such solutes to a very low value or even to nil.
3. The degree to which concentration on surfaces or on In-
terfaces obtains depends on the degree of diminution of the tension
of the fluid at an Interface, but it also depends on the nature of the
solute, for the concentration in case of certain salts greatly exceeds
the value demanded by the Gibbs equation, while in other salts the
ascertained value approximates the theoretical value.
4. Such surface condensation of the salts of living matter can.
I9I2] Lafayette B. Mendel 141
in a number of cases, be demonstrated microchemically. In the case
of potassium salts this Is especially feasible. They are in this way
found Condensed in interfaces inside of living cells, and also on sur-
faces in tissues, i. e., on the external surfaces of nerve cells, of renal,
pancreatic and salivary tubules, and thereby relations are established
which determine the processes of excretion and secretion of these
salts. In such cases the potassium salts in the tissue fluids elsewhere
than at the surfaces or interfaces are scarcely detectible microchem-
ically.
5. Surface tension is, therefore, an all-important factor in de-
termining the distribution of salts in living matter.
The role which common salt and water assume in the nutrition
of man
HERMANN STRAUSS
Common salt plays an important part as a regulator of the
osmotic processes in the human organism, whereby the latter with
greatest tenacity holds fast the percentage concentration of its fluids.
Man can get along on relatively small quantities ( jE^ gm. ) of " salt
required by the tissues." But the majority of civilized men con-
sume much greater quantities of common salt, and the principal
quantity taken in food plays the part of a " seasoning salt." There-
fore, the reduction, in the diet, of common salt has its limits, since dis-
turbances may ensue f rom too great a reduction. Where the supply
is too abundant, the excess is excreted. As a result of reduction of
ingested common salt, a diminution in the secretion of gastric juice
has been noted in dogs. In diseases of the stomach in men, it has
been proposed, in the case of lack of hydrochloric acid in the gastric
juice, to introduce copious quantities of common salt ; in the case of
increase in the secretion of gastric juice, to decrease the quantity
of common salt in the food. But, in practice, with such a proce-
dure, it has been possible to obtain only inconstant results.
I myself have pointed out, that an excretory insufficiency of the
renal function may be traced to a retention of common salt.
Through the retention of water, this condition favors the develop-
ment of dropsy, since the principal amount of the retained salt finds
142 Biochemical Proceedings, Hygienic Congress [Sept.
lodgement in the organism in the form of a " seroretention," while
only a small part is deposited in the form of a " historetention." In
consideration of these established opinions, for a decade, I have
recommended a limitation of the supply of salt in the food, and a
medicinal Stimulation of salt-elimination, in the prevention and
treatment of hydronephrosis.
The Situation, with regard to uncomplicated diseases of the heart
(as well as incipient compensation disturbances in subjects of heart
disease) is different from that in cases of parenchymatous nephritis.
Also, in inflammatory discharges, and in ascites resulting from cir-
rhosis of the liver, the circumstances are otherwise. In these con-
ditions, the results of a deprivation of chlorin are very inconstant.
For alimentation in diabetes insipidus, there have been established
certain correct requirements similar to those laid down for parenchy-
matous nephritics with an inclination toward dropsy. The signifi-
cance of a limitation of salt as a means of lessening the thirst, in
all cases in which there is a question of a decrease of fluid in the
aliment, is now more highly appreciated than formerly.
The question of dry retention of chlorin is now not wholly clear.
At present, exact investigations as to the salt-content of the skin are
lacking. Also, the relation of salt-retention to the development of
uremia has not yet been fully explained. I should be inclined at
this time to State only that, ccoteris parihus, uremia occurs more
readily in the nephritic organism which is poor in water, than in
one where water is abundant, and I may also State that, in the vom-
ited matter of uremics, an extraordinary quantity of common salt
is found.
Through recent researches, a marked relationship between bro-
min and chlorin has also been brought to light. Bromid poisoning
may be success fully treated by means of an abundant supply of
common salt.
In complete deprivation of salt, and, likewise, in thorough lim-
itation of fluids, an increase in the disintegration of protein may be
noted. On the other band, an increase in the combustion of fat
cannot be shown. As a rule, salt-equilibrium is restored in 24-48
hours. On the contrary, following a previously sharp decrease in
the supply of salt, it requires several days for the restoration of salt-
1912] Lafayette B. Mendel 143
equilibrium ; and, in extreme retention of salt, increased elimination
may be checked for many days.
It cannot be denied that many healthy persons consume too great
quantities of common salt. Moderate amounts are not injurious.
A certain quantity of salt, as seasoning, is permissible for civilized
individuals accustomed to substances which stimulate the sense of
taste.
The choice of foods, with regard to disease
CARL VON NOORDEN
The discussion pertained to the lessons dietetlc therapy holds for
US in its connection with various diseases and disease groups, and
to the foods that are serviceable or a hindrance to the attainment of
the end desired. Only the major groups of food substances, such
as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, spices and salts were considered.
1. Obesity. Principle : Decrease in the caloric value of the food.
This is best attained through a decrease or total exclusion of the
supply of fat. Carbohydrates, where relatively plentiful in the diet,
should be barred out. In anti-fat treatments, the amount of con-
tained protein should, where possible, amount to not less than 100
grams. The supply of water must be curtailed only if the obesity is
accompanied by disturbances of the circulation.
2. Forced alimentation. Principle : Increase of the caloric sup-
ply over the diet for maintenance. Theoretically, it is all the same,
whether the center of gravity rests upon a large supply of carbohy-
drates or fat. In reality, 250 gm. of carbohydrate is seldom ex-
ceeded, because most carbohydrate foods possess a very great vol-
ume. The supply of protein may not ordinarily be increased be-
yond 100-120 gm. By means of these, approximately 1,300 calo-
ries, no satisfactory alimentative results may be obtained. The
practical results depend always upon the increase in the supply of fat.
In most cases, the latter may be increased to 250 or 300 gm. daily,
and then increases in weight of about 2 kilos per week may be
gained.
3. Gout and uric acid diatheses. Principle : Decrease in animal
foods; eventually total exclusion of the same. It is useful, in the
144 Biochemical Proceedings, Hygienic Congress [Sept.
case of every gouty patient, to undertake a separate "test of tolera-
tion," and, from the result of this test, to establish the patient's diet
4. Diabetes mellitus. Principle : Avoidance of such foods as in-
cite the organ of sugar-production, the liver cells, to increased for-
mation of sugar. Every undue Stimulation of the sugar-forming
organ has, as its result, not only an immediate lavish production of
sugar, but also increases f or the f uture its morbid excitability ; while
systematic care of the organ renders its recovery possible. There-
fore, decrease, and, under some circumstances, total exclusion of the
carbohydrates. Moreover, decrease of protein substances. It is
essential, in every case of diabetes, to exactly determine under what
dietetic regime and manner of living the least amount of superfluous
sugar is formed. That order of diet is best under which the patient
continues free from superfluous sugar.
5. Feverish diseases and morbus Basedowii. Principle: In both
these diseased conditions there occurs an abnormal increase in caloric
production. Simultaneously ensues a heightened sensibility in re-
lation to the specific dynamic influence of proteins. In order to
limit as far as possible the caloric production and the loss in weight,
practical empiricism and theory likewise call for a scanty protein
supply, while weight is gained by an ample provision of carbohy-
drates.
6. Diseases of the digestive organs. Principle : A food supply
which is sufficiently nourishing, while imposing as little tax as pos-
sible upon the diseased organs. A discussion of the injurious effect
of certain combinations of foods. Report upon enterotoxic neuritis.
Attack by means of protracted pure milk diet.
7. Kidney diseases. Principle : As much rest as possible for the
kidneys. The amount of the intake of those nutrient media whose
products of metabolism leave the body through the kidneys,
should be reduced. The proteins conie first in this regard. But
this limitation should not be carried too far, since patients with
chronic kidney diseases become anemic and weak if strict curtail-
ment of the proteins is too long continued. Many spices irritate
the kidneys, and indulgence therein must be limited ; the same is the
case with regard to alcohol. Common salt and water severely tax
the kidneys.
I9I2] Lafayette B. Mendel i45
Final words : Warning against schematic employment of dietary
precepts. An effort must be made, on the one band, to hold fast to
the basic rules of nutrition-therapy, but, on the other, to duly take
into account the individuality of the patient.
Diet and metabolism in fever
WARREN COLEMAN
Empiricism has been a signal failure as a basis for the fever diet.
Through studies of metabolism the Solution of this problem appears
to be at band. With diets containing large amounts of carbohy-
drate it is possible to bring typhoid fever patients into nitrogen
equilibrium, or nearly so. The apparently excessive quantities of
food required for the purpose are almost completely absorbed.
The heat-production in typhoid fever, as determined by indirect
calorimetry, averages about 35 calories per kilogram at absolute
rest. Diets furnishing only sufficient energy to cover the heat-pro-
duction do not Protect the body against nitrogen or weight loss.
The explanation of this discrepancy has not yet been found.
Respiratory quotients in typhoid fever below 0.65 to 0.70 appear
to be due to errors of technique. The lowest quotient we obtained
in the fasting state, during the febrile period, was 0.70. During
the same period, patients on a füll diet gave quotients varying from
0.75 to 0.95 at short intervals after food. The quotient rises dur-
ing the later stages of the fever and reaches i.o to 1.15 early in con-
valescence. During a relapse, a quotient of 1.04 was obtained while
the patient had a temperature of 102° F. (37.7° C).
The oxygen consumption during the febrile stage varies between
4 and 6 c.c. per kilogram a minute. Compared with the amount
used in the fasting stage, the oxygen consumption is not greatly
increased by the quantity of food administered.
The body burns carbohydrate by preference during fever as long
as it is available. As indicated by a falling quotient, from 100 to
120 grams of lactose is, for the most part, consumed, or deposited in
the glycogen depöts, after 4 to 5 hours. The optimum amount of
carbohydrate in the fever must be determined for each patient in-
dividually, but is always large. The optimum amounts of fat and
protein have not yet been determined.
146 Biochcmical Proceedings, Hygienic Congress [Sept.
A consideration of the unknown factors in the ill-effects of bad
Ventilation
YANDELL HENDERSON
The facts regarding Ventilation present an extraordinary contra-
diction. Fresh air, sunlight and dry cool climates exert a decidedly
beneficial effect upon health. Ill-ventilated dwellings decrease
vitality. In some persons under certain conditions even a few min-
utes in a crowded room may produce acute ill-effects. As to how
these effects are produced physiology has up to the present time
afforded no satisfactory explanation. The evidence is almost en-
tirely negative. The ill-effects of bad Ventilation can not be due
to lack of oxygen. It is probable that they are not due in any con-
siderable degree to excess of CO2. The idea that they are due to
some poisonous substance contained in the expired air has in recent
years been regarded as untenable. Recently this conception has been
revived in a novel form by the brilliant work of Rosenau. Even
Rosenau's investigations do not appear, however, to afford the Solu-
tion of this problem. The recent investigation of Hill in England
and of Flügge and his pupils in Germany makes it highly probable
that the effects of fresh or vitiated air are brought about not by a
direct action upon the lungs but indirectly through the skin. It
appears probable that the temperature and moisture of the air sur-
rounding the body are the essential Clements.
According to the explanation to be suggested in this paper the
condition of the skin exerts a potent influence upon the lungs. This
may be in part a vaso-motor reflex acting upon the pulmonary circu-
lation. More probably it is a chemical or hormone influence upon
certain pulmonary processes. The evidence accumulated during
recent years indicates that the lungs are not mere passive organs
through which gases diffuse as through non-living membranes.
The investigations of Bohr, of Haidane and his co-workers and of
the recent Pikes Peak expedition all tend to indicate that the lungs
are the seat of vital activities of great importance to health. Thus
under certain conditions the lungs secrete oxygen into the blood, and
it appears that considerable oxidation may take place in the blood
during its passage through the pulmonary vessels. The evidence
I9I2] Lafayette B. Mendel 147
available, although still far from complete, suggests that these pul-
monary activities are indirectly but powerfiilly influenced through
conditions affecting the skin, and that it is in this manner that Venti-
lation influences health.
The hygienic physiology of work in compressed air
J. J. R. MACLEOD
Although it is now a well-established fact that the Symptoms of
Caisson disease and diver's palsy are due to the sudden liberation o£
bubbles of nitrogen in the blood and tissue fluids, on account of too
sudden decompression, there are several peculiarities regarding the
conditions which influence the safety of decompression about which
there is still a certain degree of uncertainty. This is the case more
particularly with regard to : ( i ) Whether the decompression should
be uniform or in stages; (2) how long it should take in proportion
to the time of the shift and the pressure employed; (3) the degree
to which the breathing of oxygen increases the safety of decompres-
sion. Although, as insisted on by Haidane and others, it is no
doubt the case that " the absolute air pressure can always be reduced
to half the absolute pressure at which the tissues are saturated
without risk " yet, in practice, it has not been found that the method
is in any way superior to that of gradual decompression.
The time that should be taken in decompression depends on the
length of the shift in the caisson, because the Saturation of the re-
moter parts of the body with nitrogen continues for a long time
after this has been attained in the blood and the more accessible tis-
sues. Tables indicating what time should be allowed have been
prepared by Haidane and by Japp.
The advantages of breathing oxygen are not only that it accel-
erates the diffusion of nitrogen out of the lungs and, therefore, out
of the blood; but, if Symptoms have already appeared, it supplies
enough oxygen to keep life going when the circulation is danger-
ously obstructed by nitrogen bubbles. In using oxygen at higher
pressures, its toxic action must however be kept in mind.
Recompression, either by placing the caisson worker in a pres-
sure Chamber or by having the diver descend again to a certain depth
148 Biochemical Proceedings, Hygienic Congress [Sept.
whenever the first Symptoms appear, is by far the most efficient treat-
ment, as both experiment and the experience of engineers testify.
On account of the heat and the high relative humidity of com-
pressed air, the worker in a caisson is under conditions which tend to
lower his efficiency. Not only this, but his appetite is likely to suf-
fer and his general condition after some time to deteriorate so that
he becomes liable to infections if not to caisson disease itself. The
Caissons should therefore be well ventilated and the wet bulb ther-
mometer kept as low as possible. Means for doing this were dis-
ciissed. In the choice of men for caisson work attention should be
paid to age, body weight and f atness and while engaged in the work
the men should be kept in good training.
Certain aspects of the influenae of muscular exercise upon the
respiratory System
THEODORE HOUGH
Muscular activity increases the respiratory exchange from three-
to tenfold, thus making demands on the System comparable only
with those of the more severe forms of dyspnea. In meeting the
respiratory needs of the tissues there are secondary effects of hy-
gienic importance, such as the increased aspiration of the thora'x
upon the return of venous blood to the heart and also upon the flow
of lymph in the larger lymphatics ; this increased lymph flow is feit
in the interstitial Spaces of every organ in the body, thus favorably
influencing the environment of every cell.
The introduction with more vigorous exercise of physiological
strain makes it important to inquire into the exact condition of the
organism revealed by the accompanying respiratory phenomena.
Of the conditions known to increase the work of the respiratory
Center Geppert and Zuntz have excluded, as exciting causes of the in-
creased breathing movements of muscular activity, afferent Impulses
from the working muscles and deficiency of oxygen in the arterial
blood; their work also shows a decrease of the total {i. c, free and
combined) carbon dioxid of the arterial blood; it does not establish
a diminished tension of this gas in the respiratory center, and it is
possible (Haidane) that there may be increased tension of this gas in
igi2] Lafayette B. Mendel I49
the Center along with a fall of the total amount in the blood. No
direct determinations of the condition of the blood in this respect
have been made.
Determinations of the alveolar tensions of oxygen and carbon
dioxid during and at varying periods after muscular activity show
that with increasing intensity of work there is first a rise of CO2
tension, then a fall to and below normal. In the latter case the CO2
tension sinks still further after the cessation of the exercise and
may remain subnormal for over half an hour or even an hour.
Review of the evidence as a whole leads to the conclusion that
during more vigorous exercise the main cause of the increase of
breathing movements is some catabolite (other than CO2) of the
working muscle. During moderate exercise the increase of CO2
tension of the blood is probably an adequate explanation ; the respi-
ratory condition of the organism would thus differ not only in
degree but also in kind with moderate and with more vigorous
exercise.
Theory that the distress which is relieved by " second wind " is
due to excessive CO2 tension not well established by the evidence at
band, but worthy of further study. Bearing upon this question is
the effect of previous Inhalation of oxygen in lessening the distress
of maximal effort.
Should not the measurement of respiratory power in physical
examination be extended so as to include not only the anatomic
features of ehest expansion and vital capacity, but also the ability of
the respiratory System to meet successfully the conditions of the
more vigorous forms of muscular activity?
Yale University,
New Haven, Conn.
MEETINGS OF THE SECTION ON BIOCHEM-
ISTRY, INCLUDING PHARMACOLOGY (VIII, D),
OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CON-
GRESS OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
Proceedings reported by THE Secretary,
JOHN A. MANDEL
I. LIST OF OFFICERS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL SECTION
President, John J. Abel; Vice President, William J. Gies; Secre-
tary, John A. Mandel; Executive Committee: Reid Hunt, Thomas
B. Osborne and the officers.
IL SECTIONAL PROGRAM^
The meetings of the Section were held on September 6 to Sep-
tember 12, inclusive, at Columbia University, in Room 301 of
Havemeyer Hall. The morning sessions were opened at 10 o'clock
and the afternoon sessions at i o'clock.
Friday morning, September 6. In the chair: The Vice
President. Julius Stoklasa: Ueber die photochemische Synthese
der Kohlenhydrate unter Einwirkung der ultravioletten Strahlen. —
L. Marchlezvski: The present State of our knowledge of the relation-
ship of the chemistry of the blood coloring matter and Chlorophyll. —
L. Marchlezvski and C. A. Jacobson: On the quality of Chlorophyll
and the variable ratio of the two constituents, and on methods for
determining this ratio. — *Guido M. Piccinini: II manganese del
punto di vista delle funzioni enzimatiche. — ^ Jules Wolff: Sur la re-
sistance de la Peroxydase ä l'ammoniaque et sur son activation par
contact avec l'alcali. — *Jides Wolff: Sur une nouvelle fonction du
catalyseur dit " Peroxydase" et sur le transformation biochemique
de l'orcine en orceine (page 53). — Walter Jones: Some new phases
*The asterisks indicate the papers which were actually presented. Some of
the titles were received after the official program had been printed and are
included here informally. Abstracts of most of the papers were published in
Volume 19 of the preliminary report of the proceedings of the Congress.
150
1912] ■ John A. Mandel 151
of the nuclein fermentation. — Carl Voegtlin: Further studies in
biologic oxidations. — "^Walter R. Bloor: Fatty acid esters of
glucose. — C. C. Guthrie: A comparative study of the action of Solu-
tions on the preservation of the vitality of tissues. — *R. Delaimay
and O. Bailly: Les pepsines fluides etude du sediment qui se produit
dans certaines d'entre elles. — William J. Gies: Modified collodion
membranes, with demonstrations.
Saturday morning, September 7. In the chair: Prof.
Mauthner, of Vienna. ^Gabriel Bertrand and F. Medigreceanu:
Sur la presence normale du manganese chez les animaux. — *M, Lin-
det: Sur les elements mineraux de la caseine du lait. — *P. Malvezin:
La question de l'acide sulfureux dans les vins blancs. — *Z. Mimu-
roto: Ueber das Vorkommen von Adenin und Asparaginsäure in
Maulbeerblättern. — U. Suzuki and 5". Matsunaga: Ueber das Vor-
kommen von Nikotinsäure (m-Pyridinkarbonsäure) in der Reis-
kleie.— Zozo Sakaguchi: Ueber den Fettgehalt des normalen und
pathologischen Harns. — W. N. Berg: Effect of sodium chlorid and
cold storage upon the activities of proteolytic enzymes. — *Thonias
B. Aldrich: The iodine content of the small, the medium and the
large thyroid glands of beef, sheep and hogs. — *Lezvis W. Fetzer:
The chemical changes taking place in milk under pathological con-
ditions. — *Ma.Y Kahn: A study of the chemistry of renal calculi,
Monday morning, September 9. In the chair : The Pres-
ident. *M. Nicloux: Moyen de caracteriser de petites quantites
d'alcool methylique dans le sang et dans les tissus. — Zennoshin
Hatta: Zur Kritik der Zuckerbestimmungsmethode nach Ivar Bang.
— Munemichi Taniura: Zur Prüfung der Kumagawa-Sutoschen Fett-
bestimmungsmethode in Bezug auf die Oxydation der fettsäuren
und unverseif baren Substanzen im Verlaufe des Verfahrens. — Yuji
Sueyoski: Eine neue approximative Eiweissbestimmungsmethode bei
Albuminurie. — "^ Franz Herles: Schnelles Verfahren zur Bestim-
mung der Harnsäure im Harn. — W. Worth Haie and Atherton
Seidell: The comparative estimation of epinephrin in suprarenal
glands and in its Solutions, physiologically and by color tests. —
Lyman B. Stookey: The Cammidge reaction. — ^Herbert H. Bunzel:
Oxidase determinations. — /. P. Atkinson: On the Separation of cer-
tain alkaloids from nerve tissue. — *W. H. Schidtz and Atherton
152 Biochcmical Procccdings, Chemical Congrcss [Sept.
Scidcll: The determination of thymol in dog feces. — "^Shiro Tashiro:
A new apparatus for the detection and estimation of exceedingly
minute quantities of carbon dioxide in biological materials. — "^Shiro
Tashiro: Carbon dioxide production in the nerve fibre during an
excitation. Its apphcation for detection of life in protoplasm. —
*F. Klein: Die selenige Säure — ihr Verhalten gegen Eiweiss und
tierische Haut. — ^Gabriel Bertrand and H. Agulhon: Sur la presence
normale du bore chez les animaux.
Monday afternoon, September 9. In the chair : The Pres-
ident. "^ Felix Ehrlich: Ueber einige chemische Reaktionen der
Mikroorganismen und ihre Bedeutung für chemische und biologische
Probleme. — ^Gilbert T. Morgan and E. Ashley Cooper: The influ-
ence of the chemical Constitution of certain organic hydroxyl and
aminic derivatives on their germicidal power. — Takaoki Sasaki:
Ueber den Abbau einiger Polypeptide durch Bakterien. II. Unter-
suchungen mit nicht verflüssigenden Bakterien. — Naganiichi Shi-
bata: Zur Frage der Fettzersetzung durch einige Saprophyten. —
*A. Trillat: Influence des impuretes gazeuses de l'air sur la vitalite
des microbes. — *M. Javillier: Influence exercee par le zinc sur Vas-
pergilliis niger au point de vue de l'utilisative par la plante. — *Car/
L. Aisberg and O. F. Black: Biochemical and toxicological studies
upon Penicillium stolonifernm.
Tuesday morning, September 10. In the chair : The Pres-
ident. *M. Mane: Relations de la plante avec les Clements fertili-
sants; loi du minimum et loi des rapports physiologiques. — *M.
Gerber: Etüde comparee des pressures des Vamanite phalloide et de
Vamadoiivier. — *i?. Dubois: Sur l'atmolyse et sur l'atmolyseur. —
*/?. Dubois: Recherches sur les vacuolides de la purpurase. — *i?.
Dubois: La biophotogenese reduite a une action zymasique. —
Oszvald Schreiner: The physiological röle of organic constituents in
plant metabolism. — *C F. Langworthy : The study of problems of
vegetable physiology by means of the respiration calorimeter;
a progress report. — ^Hozvard S. Reed: The enzyme activities in-
volved in certain plant diseases. — ^Ernest D. Clark: Origin and sig-
nificance of starch. — William J. Gies: Studies of diffusion, with
demonstrations.
Tuesday afternoon, September 10. In the chair.- The
jgi2] John A. Mandel 153
President. *P. Carles: Les phosphates et le son de froment dans
ralimentation animale. — *P. Carles: Entretien du tissu dentaire par
une alimentation appropriee. — Minoru Maeda: Versuche über die
Ausnutzung von " Konnyak " (einer japanischen Speise). — *PanlE.
Hozve and Philip B. Hawk: The utilization of various protein
foods by man after repeated fasting. — *L. F. F oster and Philip B.
Hawk: A study of the utilization of ingested food when undermas-
ticated ("bolted") and overmasticated ("fletcherized"). — S. P.
Beebe: The influence of the thyroid on the excretion of ammonia. —
^Andrew Hunter and Maurice H. Givens: Purin metaboHsm in the
monkey. — William Salant and /. B. Rieger: The influence of alcohol
on protein metabolism. — Jacob Rosenbloom: Chemical and pharma-
cological studies of human duodenal contents.
Wednesday morning, September 11. In the chair: The
President. *M, Sauton: Nutrition minerale du bacille tubercu-
leux. — * Walter J. Dilling: Charts of spectra representing visible
and invisible bands of various hemoglobin derivatives, with explana-
tory booklet. — *G. O. Higley: Some notes on the form of the curve
of carbon dioxide excretion resulting from muscular work follow-
ing forced breathing. — *G. 0. Higley: The influence of barometric
pressure on the carbon dioxide excretion in man. — *Joseph L. Miller
and Dean D. I.ezvis: Physiological action of the various anatomical
components of the hypophysis. — Isaac Levin: Immunity and specific
therapy in experimental Cancer. — Lafayette B. Mendel: The physio-
logical behavior of lipoid-soluble dyes. — *5. B. Crohn: Experiences
with duodenal and stool ferments in health and disease. — Hertnan
M. Adler: Experimental production of lesions resembling pellagra.
— William J. des: Studies of edema, with demonstrations.
Wednesday afternoon, September 11. In the chair: The
President. George W. Crile: Neuro-cytological changes resulting
from the administration of certain drugs. — *G. A. Menge: Some
new Compounds of the cholin type. — Reid Hunt: Physiological
action of some new Compounds of the cholin type. — Arthur S. Loev-
enhart: Further observations on the action of oxidizing substances.
— W. H. Schultz: Pharmacological action of proteins and some of
their derivatives. — */^. H. Schultz and Atherton Seidell: Subcu-
taneous absorption of thymol from oils.
154 Biochemical Proceedings, Chemical Congress [Sept.
Thursday morning, September 12. In the chair: The
President. */. M. Fortesciie-Brickdale: The arylarsonates : their
pharmacology considered from the experimental and practical stand-
points. — *//. A. D. Jowett, V. F. L. Pyman and V. F. G. P. Remfry:
The relation between chemical Constitution and physiological action,
as exempHfied by the glyoxahnes, isoquinolines and acid amides. —
Walther Straub: Pharmakologische Bedeutung der Zellmembranen.
— Charles Baskerville: Inhalation anesthetics. — "^Thomas B. Al-
drich: On feeding young white rats the anterior and posterior parts
of the pituitary gland. — /. A. E. Eyster: The relation of calcium to
the inhibitory mechanism of the heart. — Clyde Brooks: On the
action of alcohol on the circulation.
Thursday afternoon, September 12. In the chair: The
President. Giovanni Bufalini: Reazioni caratteristiche del veleno
del rospo (Bufo vulgaris.) — Giovanni Bufalini: Meccanismo dell'
azione narcotici del chloridrine. — *E. Fonrneau and V. K. Ochslin:
Chlorure de l'acide dichloroarsinobenzoique ; ethers des acides benz-
arsineux et benzarsinique. — *C R. Marshall: The pharmacological
action of brom-strychnins. — *C R. Marshall: The influence of hy-
droxyl and carboxyl groups on the pharmacological action of nitric
esters. — Isaac Adler: Studies on chronic adrenalin, lead and nicotin
intoxications. — *Ivo Novi: II calcio e il magnesio del cervello in varie
condizioni fiziologiche e farmacologiche. — *L. Launoy: Action de
quelques amines, en particulier du chlorure et de l'hydrate de tetra-
methylammonium sur la secretion pancreatique. — *R. Delaunay and
O. Bailly: Examen critique des conditions d'essai des pancreatines
medicinales.
III. ATTENDANCE
Among the many in attendance at one or more sectional meet-
ings, the Secretary noted the presence of the colleagues named
below : John J. Abel, T. B. Aldrich, C. L. Aisberg, J. P. Atkinson,
W. N. Berg, G. Bertrand (Paris), Samuel Bookman, Harold C.
Bradley, H. H. Bunzel, Ernest D. Clark, F. C. Cook, F. Ehrlich
(Breslau), Frank R. Eider, B. G. Feinberg, Lewis W. Fetzer, M. S.
Fine, Harry L. Fisher, A. O. Gettler, Wm. J. Gies, A. J. Goldfarb,
R. A. Gortner, Isidor Greenwald, M. L. Hamlin, G. A. Hanford,
1912] John A. Mandel i55
Robert A. Hatcher, Philip B. Hawk, G. O. Higley, B. Horowitz, E.
M. Houghton, Paul E. Howe, Reid Hunt, Max Kahn, F. Klein, P.
A. Kober, W. M. Kraus, P. A. Levene, Isaac Levin, Alfred P. Loth-
rop, Wm. G. Lyle, John A. Mandel, Samuel Matthews, T. Mauthner
(Vienna), F. Medigreceanu, G. M. Meyer, Jas. L, Miller, G. T.
Morgan (Dublin), Max Morse, Victor C. Myers, W. A. Pearson,
F. B. Power (London), Howard S. Reed, A. I. Ringer, C. J. Rob-
inson, Anton R. Rose, Jacob Rosenbloom, William Salant, Emily
C. Seaman, Atherton Seidell, B. Setlik (Prague), H. C. Sherman,
Torald Sollman, Matthew Steel, M. X. Sullivan, Shiro Tashiro,
Rodney H. True, H, Vieth (Ludwigshavn), Charles Weisman,
Louis E. Wise.
University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College,
New York City.
SIXTH SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION, AT
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SUR-
GEONS, NEW YORK, JUNE 3, 1912
PrOCEEDINGS RePORTED BY THE Secretary,
ALFRED P. LOTHROP
The sixth scientific session (third "annual" meeting) of the
Columbia University Biochemical Association was held at the Co-
lumbia Medical School on the evening of June 3, 191 2. The execu-
tive proceedings of this session were published on pages 570-573 of
Volume I of the Biochemical Bulletin (June number).
The scientific proceedings consisted of research Communications
by members of the Association. Abstracts of the papers are pre-
sented here (pages 158-187) in two groups: (I) Abstracts of papers
on research by non-resident members^ and (II) abstracts of
papers from the Columbia Biochemical Department and affiliated
laboratories. The appended summary will faciliate reference tp
the abstracts (1-44).
A SUMMARY OF THE NAMES OF THE AUTHORS AND OF THE
TITLES OF THE SUCCEEDING ABSTRACTS
I Allan C. Eustis. On the physio-
WiLLiAM N. Berg. The physico- logical action of some of the amins
Chemical basis of striated-muscle produced by intestinal putrefaction.
contraction. (i) (s)
William N. Berg, with L. A. Rogers, Allan C. Eustis. Solubilities and
C. R. Potteiger and B. J. Davis. action of ^-imidazolylethylamin and
Factors influencing the flavors of the relation to asthma and anaphy-
storage butter. (2) laxis. (6)
Isabel Bevier, for Anna W. Wil- A. J. Goldfarb. On the production of
liams. A study of ropy bread. (3) grafted multiple embryos. (7)
Allan C. Eustis. On the toxicity of Max Morse. Non-toxicity of inor-
guinea pig urine and its relation to ganic colloid Solutions upon protozoa.
anaphylaxis. .(4) (8)
^ Members of the Association who were not officially connected with the
Columbia biochemical department when the research was conducted.
156
I9I2]
Alfred P. Lothrop
157
Max Morse, for L. B. Ripley. Larvae
of Lepidoptera obtained with sul-
furic acid. (9)
Anton Richard Rose. A study of
the metabolism and physiological
effects of certain phosphorus Com-
pounds in milk cows. (10)
II
David Alperin. Contribution to the
knowledge of nucleoprotein metab-
olism, with special reference to uri-
colysis and to the properties of
uricase. (11)
George D. Beal and George A. Geiger.
The comparative diffusibility of vari-
ous pigments in different solvents.
(12)
Stanley R. Benedict. The occur-
rence and estimation of Creatinin in
urine. (13)
Louis E. Bisch. An endeavor to pre-
pare Phrenosin from protagon. (14)
Louis E. Bisch. Mucoid-silver prod-
ucts. (15)
Sidney Born. Protein-copper prod-
ucts. (16)
J. J. Bronfenbrenner and Hideyo
NoGUCHi. A biochemical study of
the phenomena known as comple-
ment Splitting. (17)
Ernest D. Clark. Notes on the
chemical natura of Lloyd's " tannin
mass." (18)
Walter H. Eddy. A study of some
protein Compounds. (19)
Walter H. Eddy. The preparation of
thymus histon. (20)
Frank R. Elder and William J. Gies.
The influence of proteases on the
swelling of collagen and fibrin par-
ticles in alkalin and acid media con-
taining a biological electrolyte.
(21)
William J. Gies. A convenient form
of apparatus for demonstrations of
osmotic pressure exerted by lipins.
(22)
William J. Gies. Some interesting
properties of thymol. (23)
William J. Gies. A convenient
method of preparing starch that
swells rapidly in water. (24)
R. f. Hare. A study of the carbo-
hydrates of the prickly pear and its
fruits. (25)
Henry H. Janeway and William H.
Welker. The relation of acapnia
to shock. (26)
Max Kahn. Biochemical studies of
sulfocyanate. (27)
Max Kahn. The chemical Constitu-
tion of renal calculi. (28)
Max Kahn and Jacob Rosenbloom.
The colloidal nitrogen in urine from
a dog with a tumor of the breast.
(29)
Max Kahn and Frederic G. Good-
ridge. A non-protein, colloidal, ni-
trogenous substance in milk. (30)
John L. Kantor. A biochemical test
for free acid, with a review of the
methods for estimating the various
factors in gastric acidity. (31)
Marguerite T. Lee. A study of modi-
fications of the biuret reagent. (32)
Alfred P. Lothrop. A chemical study
of salivary mucin. (33)
C. A. Mathewson. A study of some
of the more important biochemical
tests. (34)
Jacob Rosenbloom. A quantitative
study of the lipins of bile obtained
from a patient with a biliary fistula.
(35)
Jacob Rosenbloom and William
Weinberger. Effects of intraperi-
toneal injectionsof epinephrin on the
partition of nitrogen in urine from
a dog. (36)
Oscar M. Schloss. A case of allergy
to common foods. (37)
Carl A. Schwarze. The comparative
enzyme content of green and varie-
gated leaves of Tradescantia. (38)
158
Proceedings CGlumhia Biochcmical Association [Sept.
Emily C. SE.^MAN. Biochemical
studies of beryllium sulfate. (39)
Clayton S. Smith. Chemical changes
in fish during long periods of cold
storage (40)
William Weinberger. An attempt to
sharpen the end point in Benedict's
method for the quantitative deter-
mination of sugar in urine. (41)
William H. Welker. Diffusibility of
protein through rubber merhbranes,
with a note on the disintegration of
collodion membranes by common
ethyl ether and other solvents. (42)
Charles Weisman. A further study
of the Bardach test for protein.
(43)
Harold E. Woodward. A study of the
surface tension of dog blood-serum
by the drop-weight method. (44)
I. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS ON RESEARCH BY NON-
RESIDENT MEMBERS^
1. The physico-chemical basis of striated-muscle contrac-
tion. William N. Berg. {Washington, D. C). Part I was
published in the June issue of the Biochemical Bulletin; part
II is presentcd in this issue}
2. Factors influencing the flavors of storage butter. Wil-
liam N. Berg, with L. A. Rogers, C. R. Potteiger, and B, J.
Davis. {Dairy Division Research Laboratories, Bureau of Aninial
Industry, Washington, D. C.) The official government bulletin on
this subject is in press.
3. A study of ropy bread. Isabel Bevier, for Anna W.
Williams. {Research Laboratory, Department of Household Sci-
ence, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.) Published in fidl in the
June issue'^ of the Biochemical Bulletin.
4. On the toxicity of guinea pig urine and its relation to
anaphylaxis. Allan C. Eustis. {Laboratory of Clinical Med-
iane, Department of Nutrition, Tidane University, New Orleans,
La.) The nrine of guinea pigs, fed on Kohlrabi or cabbage, con-
tains a great excess of indican, which readily oxidizes to indigo.
Such urine also contains excess of putrefactive amins. Tests for
/8-imidazolylethylamin, as well as efforts to isolate it, have been
negative. Experiments on fifteen guinea pigs weighing 300 grams
each, with different specimens of guinea pig urine, indicate that 1.5
c.c. constitutes a lethal dose when injected intravenously. In these
^ Members of the Association who were not officially connected with the
Columbia biochemical department when the research was conducted.
^Berg: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, pp. 535-7; ii, pp. loi-io.
* Williams : Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, pp. 529-534.
I9I2] Alfred P. Lothrop i59
animals, the Symptoms were identical with those observed after in-
jections of /8-imidazolylethylamin. There was no delay in coagu-
lation of the blood, but there was marked lowering of blood pres-
sure and lowering of body temperature.
After intravenous injections of filtered giiinea pig iirine into
three dogs, Symptoms resembUng those of anaphylactic shock were
exhibited, but the fall in blood pressure was not constant as it is
after anaphylactic shock, and there was no delay in the coagulation
of the blood. There is evidently some relation between the occur-
rence of putrefactive amins and anaphylactic shock, but the writer's
results do not bear out Pfeiffer's opinion regarding that relation.
5. On the physiological action of some of the amins produced
by intestinal putref action. Allan C. Eustis. (Laboratory of
Clinical Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Tulane University,
New Orleans, La.) Putrescin (tetramethylendiamin) and cada-
verin (pentamethylendiamin), in doses as small as o.i mg., are in-
stantly fatal when injected intravenously into guinea pigs. Non-
fatal doses produce marked lowering of blood pressure, dyspnea
from edem.a of the lungs, salivation and prostration. The pulse is
quickened.
Phenylethylamin is immediately fatal to a guinea pig weighing
300 gm. when 0.05 gram is injected intravenously; 0.03 gram was
fatal in two minutes when injected intravenously into a 300 gram
guinea pig, with immediate prostration and paralysis of the respira-
tory center ; 0.02 gm. produced a distinct chill in a 300 gram guinea
pig, followed by prostration but with ultimate recovery.
ß-imidasolylethylamin, in doses of o.oi gram intravenously,
caused death in three minutes with typical anaphylactic Symptoms,
the animals dying in attacks of forcible inspiratory effort, the heart
continuing to beat after the respiration had ceased.
Parahydroxyethylamin, as well as isoamylamin, produced marked
rise in blood pressure.
6. Solubilities and action of /?-imidazolylethylamin and the
relation to asthma and anaphylaxis. Allan C. Eustis. (Lab-
oratory of Clinical Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Tiüane
University, New Orleans, La.) I. A specimen of chemically pure
)S-imidazolylethylamin, obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Dale
i6o Proccedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept
of the research laboratory of Burroughs, Welcome & Co., was in-
soliible in cold Chloroform, benzene, tolnene, amyl alcohol, but
slightly soluble in xylol, easily soluble in methyl alcohol, and soluble
in cold carbon disulfide and hot amyl alcohol.
Aqneous Solutions were tested with several reagents, to dis-
cover if possible some means of detecting the presence of /?-imida-
zolylethylamin in the tissties or blood, as follows: Bromine water,
no precipitate, no coloration; copper sulfate, negative; potassium
ferrocyanid, negative; Paidy's reagent, cherry red coloration; pic-
ric acid, yellow precipitate insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, xylol
and toluene, but which gave the positive Pauly reaction; phospho-
tungstic acid, gray-blue precipitate, soluble in barium chloride Solu-
tion, and in barium hydroxid Solution, which gave a positive Pauly
reaction; sodiiim nitrite, negative; magnesium sulfate, negative;
niercuric chlorid, negative ; gold chlorid, negative.
Efforts to detect, by microchemical means, the presence of ß-\m\-
dazolylethylamin in the bronchioles of guinea pigs dying from ana-
phylactic shock, were without results.
IL Tests of the physiological action of /J-imidazolylethylamin
were conducted upon rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs by intravenous,
subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections. Intravenous injections
of 0.5 mg. in guinea pigs caused immediate respiratory embarräss-
ment, lowered blood pressure and diminished body heat, the animal
dying in six minutes from suffocation due to complete occlusion of
the bronchioles ; it being impossible to either f orce air into the lungs
or to withdraw air, after the contraction had become complete.
The Symptoms were typical of anaphylactic shock, and the post-
mortem examination revealed the presence of enormous emphysema,
the heart continuing to beat long after respiration had ceased. In
dogs and rabbits there was also a lowering of the blood pressure
and some respiratory embarrassment, but the occlusion of the bron-
chioles was not as complete as in guinea pigs.
Stibctttaneons and intraperitoneal injections were much less
toxic and, in some instances, were entirely negative, suggesting that
the tissues are able to utilize /?-imidazolylethylamin.
The writer has seen many cases of asthma relieved entirely
along dietetic lines by a " low protein " diet, and empirically has
I9I2] 'Alfred P. Lothrop i6i
found that red meats predispose to asthmatic attacks. )8-imidazo-
lylethylamin is produced in the putrefactioii of histidin, and hemo-
globin yields a large percentage of histidin on decomposition. It is
possible, therefore, that /3-imidazolylethylamin causes asthma. Un-
like clinical asthma, however, experimental asthma produced by
iß-imidazolylethylamin is not relieved by injections of epinephrin
("adrenaHn chlorid").
7. On the production of grafted multiple embryos. A. J,
GoLDFARB. (Marine Biological Lahoratory, Woods Hole, Mass.,
and the Department of Natural History, College of the City of
New York.) Grafted multiple embryos were first successfully
produced in considerable numbers by Driesch, with the eggs of
either of two genera of echinoderms, namely, Echiniis and Sphaere-
chinus. Though several investigators have endeavored to repeat
these experiments with American echinoderms they have failed
completely. By slightly modifying the Herbst-Driesch method as
described below, an unusually large number of grafted multiple
embryos and larvae were produced from the eggs of Arbacia punc-
tidata.
After removing the fertilization membranes, the eggs were
placed either directly into a sodium hydroxid Solution, or first
placed in calcium-free sea water, then in an alkaline liquid of the
following composition: 4 to 20 drops of 0.5 per cent. sodium hy-
droxid Solution in 200 c.c. of sea water. This treatment sufficed in
Driesch's experiments with Echinus and Sphaerechinus, giving
rise to about 4 per cent. of agglutinated and fused embryos.
For Arbacia eggs it was necessary to Supplement this treat-
ment by centrifuging the eggs in tubes with very narrow bores, so
that the eggs whose outer surfaces had previously been gelatinized
were compressed against one another. These eggs gave rise to
about 40 per cent. of agglutinated and fused embryos and larvae.
The multiple embryos of Arbacia, so produced, were of the same
general character as those described by Driesch, such as true twins,
incomplete fusions, and complete fusions of the respective embryos.
8. Non-toxicity of inorganic colloid Solutions upon pro-
tozoa. Max Morse. (Boardman Laboratories, Trinity College,
Hartford, Conn.) Colloidal platinum prepared by the Bredig
102 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
method, in which the house current of iio volts was reduced to 70
volts by lamps in parallel and passed through glass-distilled water
by means of platinum electrodes, was used as a medium in which
cultures of Paramecium and other protozoa were permitted to rest.
Drop-ctilture slides were also made of these cultures in hanging
drops of the platinum black. In all cases there was no augmenta-
tion of division-frequence or size of the organism, nor any evi-
dence of toxicity. Attempts with a Solution of mastic in ether and
alcohol, which gave beautiful pictures under the Dunkelf eldtheleuch-
tung of Zeiss, were not clear in their results. The colloidal Solu-
tion was dialyzed for seven days in a fish-bladder, which freed it
from the ether and alcohol, leaving a colloidal mass with excellent
brownian movement. However, there is good reason to believe that
this is not toxic in any way on protozoa. No attempt was made to
" ultra-filter " the colloidal Solutions, in order to study the effects of
small and larger colloidal particles upon protozoa, because of the
apparent indifference of the organisms to the mixed Solution.
9. Larvae of Lepidoptera obtained with sulfuric acid. Max
Morse, für L. B. Ripley. (Boardjnan Laboratories, Trinity Col-
lege, Hartford, Conn.) Larvae were obtained from unfertilized
eggs of the moth, Cecropia, by painting them with Baker's conc.
sulfuric acid (sp. g. 1.84) for from 3 to 6 seconds and immediafely
washing in pure water until entirely free from the acid. They were
then left to dry and to develop. Checks were made by treating one-
half of the batch from a given female with the acid and leaving
the other half untouched. The females had been raised and
isolated, from cocoons. The typical blueing of the developing eggs
could be observed in the early stages of the eggs treated with acid
while the control eggs remained white. The larvae emerged sev-
eral days later in the case of the artificially fertilized eggs than in
those normally fertilized. The percentage of errors was low.
The larvae after emerging from the eggs were fed upon wild
cherry, but thus far they have not been carried to the adult stage.
This is now being tried. Petrunkevitch, Tichomorow and others
have succeeded in obtaining larvae from silk-worm eggs by artificial
means, but Cecropia has thus far failed to yield larvae under arti-
ficial conditions. Short exposure and thorough washing may be the
key to the success obtained in the present case.
I9I2] 'Alfred P. Lothrop 163
10. A study of the metabolism and physiological effects o£
certain phosphorus Compounds in milk cows. Anton Richard
Rose. (New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva,
N. Y.) The phosphorus requirement of a cow, aside from the
milk phosphorus, would seem from the results of this experiment
to be about 26 mg. per kilo of body weight. When the phosphorus
supply is less than this amount, the physiological functions are con-
tinued at the expense of the phosphorus previously stored in the
tissues. Storage takes place when a greater amount than that indi-
cated above is ingested. When the ingested insoluble phosphorus
did not exceed 14 grams per day, there was approximate regularity
in the phosphorus elimination in the feces independent of the In-
gestion, suggesting that all the forms of phosphorus were digested,
with liberation of phosphates; also that the fixed phosphorus of the
feces was entirely due to the cellular matter from the mucosa and
the intestinal flora. The soluble organic phosphorus in the feces
was relatively slight in quantity, even in the periods when " phytin "
was fed in liberal amounts. The calcium phytate added to the
washed-bran ration was not utilized as economically as the " phytin "
of the whole bran, and the "phytin" of the partially washed bran
also gave a lower digestion coefficient.
The addition of "phytin" to the "low phosphorus" ration in-
creased the potassium Output in both feces and urine. The fecal
potassium dropped in quantity when the "phytin" was withheld,
but the urinary potassium did not. The amount of fecal mag-
nesium was constant through the several periods except in the
fourth, when it seems to have been influenced by the increased in-
take of calcium phytate. At the beginning of the experiment the
magnesium in the urine was equal to half that in the feces, but con-
tinually decreased until the mobile magnesium of the body had been
largely eliminated. The calcium in the urine increased remarkably
when the phosphorus intake decreased. In the calcium phytate
period, the calcium increase in the feces was approximately equiva-
lent to the calcium increase in the rations.
In all cases the addition of organic phosphorus to the " low phos-
phorus " ration was followed by a decrease in the milk flow, and the
withdrawal of this phosphorus from the ration was followed by a
164 Proceedings Coliunbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
larger yield of milk. The percentage of fat in the milk fluctuated
regularly with the changing amount of phosphorus ingested. The
response was immediate, but the quantities of milk-fat bear no con-
stant ratio to the amount of phosphorus in the rations. Aside from
those pertaining to the fat, there were practically no changes in the
composition of the milk, not even in the percentage of phosphorus
in the fat-free solid matter.
The moisture relations in the problem seem significant, though
the intake and outgo of water could not be accurately measured in
this experiment. The margin, after allowing for the influence of
temperature, leads one to suspect a large retention of water in the
last two periods.
Up to the sixtieth day there was no outward sign of any physio-
logical disturbance, but about that time the appetite began to wane.
On the seventy-seventh day the milk-flow declined rapidly and
serious trouble developed. A few days later the cow was placed
in a box-stall and fed alfalfa, silage and vvheat bran, which caused
all signs of malnutrition to disappear in the course of a week and
also increased the milk-flow.
IL ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS FROM THE COLUMBIA BIOCHEMICAL
DEPARTMENT AND AFFILIATED LABORATORIES
11. Contribution to the knowledge of nucleoprotein metab-
olism, with special reference to uricolysis and to the properties
of uricase.^ David Alperin. The author studied the relative
efficiency of the Wiener, Rosell, Croftan, Wiener and Wiechowski,
and Galeotti methods for the preparation of uricase, and indicated
the properties of the products. Wiener and Wiechowski have sug-
gested that the subcutaneous or intravenous administration of
uricase preparations is an effective procedure for the eure of gout
and allied diseases. The author concludes that "practical demon-
stration of the efficiency of this method of treatment has not been
made."
12. The comparative diffusibility of various pigments in
different solvents. George D. Beal and George A. Geiger.
(Piiblishcd in füll in this issue of the Biochemical Bulletin.)^
"Alperin: Dissertation, Columbia University, 1912.
'Beal and Geiger: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, pp. ydr-^.
1912] Alfred P. Lothrop 165
13. The occurrence and estimation of Creatinin in urine/
Stanley R. Benedict, l'he work contemplates a thoroiigh inves-
tigation of the question as to whether the Jaffe reaction in urine is
due entirely, as is usually assumed, to the form of Creatinin which
is ordinarily isolated from urine, or whether other substances may
not be partially responsible for the reaction. The results indicate
that there are two (or more) forms of Creatinin in urine, both of
which yield the Jaffe reaction and also a zinc chlorid Compound, but
which differ from each other in certain specific properties. A
change in the ratio between these two forms of Creatinin in the
urine has been observed in certain abnormal conditions. The most
marked change was noted in inanition. There is probably a third
substance contributing to the Creatinin reaction of urine which is
in no wise related to Creatinin, but appears to be a weak acid. The
study is in progress.
14. An endeavor to prepare phrenosin from protagon.^
Louis E. Bisch. Thudichum's method^ of isolating phrenosin has
apparently never been reviewed. It was assumed that this method
could be applied with success directly to protagon. The author was
unable to do so, however. Repetitions of each of the numerous
Steps in the process, with as much as 1450 grams of protagon at
a time (in faithful accord with Thudichum's description), failed
to yield sufficient material with which to complete the directions.
It is possible that losses, which seem to have occurred at all stages of
the process, totally consumed any phrenosin that existed in the orig-
inal protagon. It is Dr. Gies' Intention to study this possibility
further.
15. Mucoid-silver products.^^ Louis E. Bisch. Mo'ist, a-cid-
free tendomucoid, triturated with a moderate amount of moist,
alkali-free silver oxid, yields a brown to black mixture which be-
comes very viscid when a small volume of ammonium hydroxid So-
lution is stirred into it. A mechanical excess of 10 per cent.
ammonium hydroxid Solution converts the viscid mass into a brown
^ Under the auspices of the George Crocker Special Research Fund.
* Bisch : Dissertation (Part I), Columbia University, 1912.
* Thudichum : A treatise on the chemical Constitution of the hrain, 1884, pp.
136-8.
"Bisch: Dissertation (Part II), Columbia University, 1912.
i66 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
to black Solution, from which free alkali and free silver can be
removed by dialysis. The neutral Solution thus prepared appears
to contain argent-ammonium-mucoid, which may be obtained by
precipitation with alcohol or by direct desiccation. The aqueous
Solutions of these products are similar to those of argyrol in many
respects yet appear to keep indefinitely. The purified material is
antiseptic, and retards the growth of plants, but is seemingly non-
irritant to the Cornea or other animal tissues. Fairly large quan-
tities fail to induce toxic effects when injected subcutaneously or
intravenously into dogs. The product in aqueous Solution is decom-
posed by acidification. The purified material yields about i6 per
cent. of ash. The silver content will be given special attention in the
near future.
i6. Protein-copper products. Sidney Born. Concentrated
aqueous Solutions of various indiffusible proteins, when rendered
slightly alkalin with sodium hydroxid Solution and treated with a
moderate quantity of copper sulfate Solution, exhibit the typical
biuret reaction in marked degree, but the excesses of alkali and
copper may be removed by dialysis and, as the process continues
(although no color may appear in the diffusate), the deep "biuret
color" slowly changes until finally a blue or green persists. The
resultant protein-copper product was isolated by precipitation of
such a Solution with alcohol or by its direct desiccation. The Pro-
portion of copper in six products made from edestin, gelatin, and
serum protein ranged from 4.2 to 6.3 per cent. Injected subcuta-
neously into frogs, the edestin and gelatin products (1.3 c.c. of
concentrated aqueous Solution in each case) caused death in three
hours. The properties of the dialyzed Solutions and the products
therefrom will be described in some detail later.
17. A biochemical study of the phenomena known as com-
plement Splitting. J. J. Bronfenbrenner and Hideyo Nogu-
CHi.^^ A. It is generally accepted that complement may be split
into a mid-piece and an end-piece. The mid-piece is thought to be
in the globulin fraction, and the end-piece in the albumin fraction.
11
Bronfenbrenner: Dissertation, Columbia, 1912; Bronfenbrenner and
Noguchi : Journal of Experimental Mediane, 1912, xv, 598-643. Most of the
work was conducted at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
I9I2] 'Alfred P. Lothrop 167
The restoration of complement activity by putting together the albu-
min and globulin fractions does not prove, however, that each
fraction contained a part of the complement, for the albumin
fraction can be reactivated in the absence of the globulin fraction.
Complement-splitting as brought about by hydrochloric acid,
carbon dioxid, and dialysis, is really an inactivation of the whole
complement by certain acids or alkalis, either added in the free
State to the serum, or liberated as a result of the dissociation of
certain electrolytes.
That the whole complement, and not a part only, is present in
the albumin fraction of the serum can be demonstrated by the re-
moval of the inhibitory action of the acid or alkali. This can be
effected by the addition, not only of alkali or acid, but also of any
amphoteric substance. When hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxid, or
dialysis are employed to produce the phenomenon known as com-
plement Splitting, the complement is merely inactivated, not split.
B. Thus far, most investigators have made but little distinction
between the Splitting phenomenon obtained by chemical interference
and that which takes place in the biological phenomenon known as
complement fixation. In this study we have shown that these two
sets of phenomena exhibit certain fundamental differences and that
the so-called complement Splitting by physical conditions leading to
chemical interaction, or directly by chemical means, is not a real
Splitting of the complement, but an inactivation of the active prin-
ciple of complement through an alteration in the reaction of the
medium caused by an excess of either anions or cations. The modi-
fication of the reaction of the medium may cause a more or less
definite combination of the complement with the free ions, but the
latter can readily be removed by an appropriate number of opposite
ions, and render the complement active once more. The fluids that
have hitherto been regarded as containing the end-piece of com-
plement, contain, as a matter of fact, the whole complement tem-
porarily deprived of its activity by certain ions derived either from
the Salt constituents of the serum itself under a modified physical
condition (dialysis against water or dilution with water) or intro-
duced in the form of dissociable electrolytes.
On the other hand, the Splitting of complement in the fixation
i68 Proccedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
reaction seems far more complicated than that caused by the phys-
ical or chemical procedures. The supernatant fluid from the fixa-
tion test differs from all the other end-pieces prepared by chemical
methods in being active upoii persensitized sheep corpuscles only
(not upon human corpuscles). The addition of various mid-pieces,
obtained by different methods, to sensitized sheep corpuscles does
not render the Wassermann supernatant fluid active. It is quite
remarkable that the persensitized sheep corpuscles are, on the other
hand, easily attacked, not only by the supernatant fluids of fixation
tests, but also equally well by the other end-pieces. It is not at all
improbable that in the fixation reaction, where so many factors come
into play, there is a most complicated physical as well as chemical
interaction leading to such an entangled mixture of factors that a
substance carrying one set of ions alone cannot reverse the activity
of complement, and hence the reversion takes place only when cer-
tain electrolytes with both ions are employed. At all events there
seems to be no doubt that the inactivation of complement is far
more complicated in the Wassermann reaction or the Bordet-Gen-
gou phenomenon than in the inactivation by physical or chemical
means. Nevertheless, no one has as yet proved conclusively that
the supernatant fluid of a fixation test necessarily contains the end-
piece of complement.
i8. Notes on the chemical nature of Lloyd's " tannin
mass." Ernest D. Clark. Chemical studies were made upon
"tannin masses" prepared by Lloyd from the fruit of the persim-
mon. The original material dissolved in alkalies to form a purple
jelly-like Solution. In dilute mineral acid Solutions the "masses"
turned bright red in color and no swelling was observed. Upon
hydrolysis with 0.2 per cent. and 2.0 per cent. hydrochloric acid
Solutions, cherry-red colorations were obtained. Such Solutions
contained both tannin and phloroglucin in considerable proportions.
The presence of phenolic substances like vanillin was also indicated.
An insoluble gelatinous substance was removed, by filtration, from
the hydrolyzed acid mixture and seemed to be cellulose or a related
material. Hydrolysis with 0.5 per cent. and 5.0 per cent. sodium
hydroxid Solutions gave thick, dark-colored liquids and large
amounts of insoluble gelatinous residue. Alkaline hydrolysis pro-
igi2] 'Alfred P. Lothrop 169
duced the same kinds of materials as those that resulted from acid
hydrolysis. The "tannin masses" seem to be combinations of
tannin and phloroglucin associated with cellulose-like substances.
With ferric chlorid, phloroglucin gives a dark blue product but not
the blackish precipitate characteristic of the tannin-ferric chlorid
reaction. Theref ore, " iron reagents " do not detect tannin in the
presence of phloroglucin.
19. A study of some protein Compounds. Walter H. Eddy.
(Published in füll in this issue of the Biochemical Bulletin. )^2
20. The preparation of thymus histon. Walter H. Eddy.
As outlined by Bang, the properties of histon may be summarized as
follows : Water-soluble, non-coagulable by heat, precipitated by am-
monia in the presence of salts, precipitated from neutral Solution by
"alkaloidal reagents," produces precipitates of several soluble pro-
teins from their aqueous Solutions.
The current method of preparing thymus histon, as recom-
mended in Standard handbooks such as Abderhalden's and Oppen-
heimer's, may be summarized as follows : Extraction of the minced
glands with water. Precipitation of the water extract by acid or
calcium chlorid, and extraction of this precipitate with 0.8 per cent.
hydrochloric acid Solution. Precipitation of the hydrochloric acid
extract with ammonium hydroxid Solution, either before or after
removing free hydrochloric acid by dialysis. Washing the "am-
monia precipitate " free from ammonia with alcohol and ether.
Kossei, who discovered histon in goose blood, obtained it by
saturating the hydrochloric acid extract with sodium chlorid. He
alone calls attention to the anomaly noted in our experiments, viz.,
that treatment with ammonium hydroxid Solution results invariably
in the precipitation of a substance that is practically insoluble in
water. In a series of many preparations, extending in time over a
period of two years and involving materials obtained from many
calves, we have come to the conclusion that the " ammonia-pre-
cipitation" of a hydrochloric acid Solution of thymus histon results
invariably in a water-insoluble product. Furthermore, our
experiments show that of two fractions of the same hydrochloric
acid Solution, the fraction saturated with sodium chlorid invariably
^^Eddy: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 111-22.
I/o Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
yields a prodtict which (when free from sodium chlorid) is water-
soluble, gives all the qualitative histon tests, and contains less
nitrogen than the "ammonia precipitate" from the other fraction;
the " ammonia precipitate " being water-insohtble and appar-
ently a very different stibstance. Finally, when the " sodium
chlorid precipitate " of histon is dissolved in vvater, and the aqueous
Solution is treated with a few drops of ammonium hydroxid Solu-
tion, a precipitate is produced which is insoluble in water. Quanti-
tative studies now under way show marked differences in the nitro-
gen content of the two products.
The results suggest that " histon " as commonly prepared is an
adsorption product or a salt, rather than a simple protein.
The following method is suggested as a means of obtaining
water-soluble histon from thymus : Mince f resh thymus glands and
extract the hash with distilled water for 24 hours (best in the cold),
Precipitate the aqueous extract with acetic acid Solution and ex-
tract the precipitate with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution
(after Lilienfeld) ; or add sufficient calcium chlorid to the aqueous
extract to make its content of that substance 0.2 per cent. and
extract the precipitate with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution
(after Huiskamp) ; or add sufficient hydrochloric acid to the aqueous
extract to make its content of the acid 0.8 per cent. and let stand
24 hours (after Kossei and Kutscher). Filter off the hydrochloric
acid extract, and either remove the free acid or precipitate the
histon directly by Saturation with sodium chlorid. Remove ad-
mixed sodium chlorid by dialysis. Filter the resultant salt-free
Solution and evaporate it to dryness at 45° C. This material,
ground to a powder, may be heated to 105° C. without loss of
water-solubility.
21. The influenae of proteases on the swelling of Collagen
and fibrin particles in alkalin and acid media containing a bio-
logical electrolyte. Frank R. Elder and William J. Gies.
(Published in full in the June issue of the Biochemical
Bulletin. )^^
22. A convenient form of apparatus for demonstrations of
osmotic pressure exerted by lipins. William J. Gies. The
" Eider and Gies : Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, pp. 540-545.
I9I2] 'Alfred P. Lothrop 171
writer repeated the demonstration described on page 59.^^ Instead,
however, of using a thin rubber bag in a muslin sheath, he employed
a i2-inch section of ordinary bunsen-burner tubing. The rubber
tube had been swollen to its maximum extension by immersion in
ether for about an hour previous to its use. It was then closed at
one end by the Insertion of a short, tightly fitting, section of a thick
glass rod, which was fastened by a ligature. After the swollen
tube had been filled with olive oil and a narrow glass tube about
10 feet in length (in two sections) had been tied into the open end
and held upright, the rubber-oil portion of the vertical tubulär appa-
ratus was completely immersed in ether in a tall, narrow cylinder.
The oil began to rise in the tube almost immediately, and rapidly
proceeded upward until the liquid emerged from the open top.
23. Some interesting properties of thymol. William J.
GiES. During the course of recent experiments on enzymes as pos-
sible factors in the development of edema/^ we had occasion to
study the effect of trypsin on elastin in ammonium hydroxid Solu-
tions containing a biological electrolyte (NaCl). To our surprise
we not only failed to obtain the swelling results which we had pre-
viously observed under similar conditions/^ but the elastin particles
in use gradually became green, ultimately blue. With repeated
shaking, the elastin particles were more deeply colored, and the
supernatant liquid slowly became green; finally, bluish green. The
color of the particles slowly diminished in intensity as the pigment
accumulated in the liquid. Unlike the elastin used in the previous
experiments, this product had been prepared about 10 years before.
The fresh-ligament hash had been put in water and preserved there
with considerable alcoholic thymol Solution; later, had been put in
alcohol; ultimately, had been dried and bottled. The main supply
of the dry elastin smelled strongly of thymol.
Some of the above-mentioned green and blue ammoniacal liquids,
when shaken with ether or toluene, were quickly transformed into
purplish, then reddish mixtures. The ether layer on the quiescent
liquid was bright red — all green and blue had disappeared from the
" Gies : Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 55.
" Eider and Gies : Ibid., 1912, i, p. 540.
*' Tracy and Gies : Ibid., 1912, i, p. 472.
1/2 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
alkalin liquid imderneath, which was colorless. By spontaneous
evaporation, the ether extract yielded a purplish-red oily product,
vvith a pronounced thymol odor.
When a small quantity of thymol (Kahlbaum) was mixed with
lO per Cent, ammonium hydroxid Solution, the liquid became green-
ish in about 2 hours ; then gradually turned blue. Alcohol appeared
to accelerate the transformation. Shaken with ether, the blue was
wholly removed and a beautiful, red, ether-layer obtained. Such
ether extracts yielded, by spontaneous evaporation, a purplish-red
oily product, which dissolved readily in ether, toluene and alcohol,
the Solutions being bright red. In some cases the oily product be-
came crystalline, due apparently to the presence of unchanged thy-
mol ( ?). The red alcoholic Solution was turned deeply bluish by a
drop of n/io sodium hydroxid Solution; the red was restored by a
drop of w/io hydrochloric acid Solution. These transformations
could be elicited repeatedly in the same Solution. The changes were
so sharp that the material may prove to be a valuable indicator for
use in the titration of alcoholic liquids. Concentrated alcoholic Solu-
tions yielded reddish white precipitates when they were diluted with
water — a ready means of isolating the substance. The reddish
white precipitate dissolved promptly in alcohol, ether and toluene,
and formed a red Solution in each case.
An excess of thymol, added to a green or blue ammoniacal Solu-
tion in its original condition, completely changed the green or blue
to red, and wholly dissolved the red material, behaving, in this
respect, like toluene and ether.
These phenomena did not appear to be due to impurities in the
thymol. A general survey of thymol literature has not revealed
the explanation of these results, although certain inferences are sug-
gested by several color reactions of thymol.
The chemical nature of the colored substances derived from
thymol in these preliminary experiments, the possible Utility of the
products — their probable antiseptic, pharmacologic and other rela-
tionships, suggest numerous interesting biochemical inquiries which
will be undertaken in the near future.
24. A convenient method of preparing starch that swells
rapidly in water. William J. Gies. For the purpose of study-
I9I2] ^Alfred P. Lothrop 173
ing the effects of amylases on the power of starch to imbibe water
(prior to hydrolytic cleavage), the writer prepared markedly hydro-
phylic starch in the following way: A very thick starch paste was
speedily prepared by rapidly pouring a thicl<: potato-starch Suspen-
sion through musHn into boiling water while the latter was being
vigorously stirred. The vessel containing the paste was inimersed
in ice water immediately after the last portion of starch Suspension
had been added. By constant stirring of both liquids, and by the
maintenance of a low external temperature, the paste was speedily
cooled,^'^ when it was poured into, and thoroughly stirred in, a large
excess of 95 per cent. alcohol. After the Sedimentation of the prod-
uct, and the decantation of the alcoholic liquid, the snow white ma-
terial was treated with fresh portions of alcohol until its viscidity
disappeared and it became firmly granulär. After several washings
with ether, to remove alcohol, the product was rapidly freed from
ether in a current of air from an electric fan. Although somewhat
hygroscopic, the material formed hard, snow-white masses which
could be granulated easily in an ordinary pulverizer.
Placed in water, the particles swell very rapidly into bloated
glassy forms. " Starch paste " may be made almost instantly from
the product. The powder can easily be freed from its soluble car-
bohydrate impurities by dialysis. The material promises to be of
special Service in many connections. Mr. Nathan Rosenthal has
undertaken a study of the effects of amylases on the swelling of
material of this kind in various anti-hydrophylic media, such as
dilute alcohol.
25. A study of the carbohydrates of the prickly pear and its
fruits. R. F. Hare.^^ The difficulties encountered in the practical
laboratory Separation of the sugars from the mineral matter, muci-
lages, gums and dextrinoid substances have been numerous, and the
Operations time-consuming. Many attempts to obtain the sugars
free and in crystalline form have usually resulted unsuccessfully;
so that it became necessary to make the individual tests not on the
sugar crystals, but on the syrups previously purified as much as pos-
sible by different methods.
" The Operations were conducted rapidly in order to prevent undue hydrol-
ysis. It is probable that satisfactory results can be obtained by pouring the
hot paste directly into alcohol.
"Hare: Dissertation, Columbia University, 191 1.
174 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
The Juice of the ripe fruit contains 1.57 per cent. of pentosans
and only traces of galacfan. After precipitation with lead acetate,
the Juice gave the anihne acetate reaction for pentose, but none for
galactose. The presence of fructose and gliicose in considerable
amounts was quite definitely estabhshed by several reactions char-
acteristic of these sugars.
The dried mucilage of the prickly pear, when separated by pre-
cipitation with alcohol from a two per cent. Solution, contained 15
per cent. of galactan, 31 per cent. of pentosan and 12 per cent. of
ash. The mucilage in the aqueous extracts could not be separated
completely from cell fragments, starch, crystals of calcium Oxalate
and other solid particles that caused opalescence and turbidity. A
dilute Solution containing 1.5 per cent. of solid matter, rendered
fairly clear by repeated filtration through silk, had no effect on
polarized light. This was true of all the Solutions of mucilage ob-
tained in this work, both before and after subjecting them to acid
hydrolysis. Harley^^ reports having found a specific rotation of
+ 38° for Opuntia mucilage, but places little confidence in his own
results, since the reading was made on a very dilute opalescent Solu-
tion and calculated from an observed rotation of + 6 minutes.
Hydrolysis of the mucilage by digestion for several hours with 1,25
per cent. sulfuric acid Solution produced a sugar that had properties
similar to arabinose. When its osazone was formed, oily globules
rose to the surface. The precipitate was darker than glucosazone,
readily soluble in hot water and melted at about 160° C.
A 95 per cent. alcoholic extract of the dried stems, previously
treated with ether, contained a sugar with specific rotations made on
three separate Solutions of — 6.6°, — 8.25°, and — 7.1°. The
osazone produced from this sugar had properties similar to those of
glucosazone. These results indicate the presence of glucose and
fructose^ in this extract.
A 60 per cent. alcoholic extract of the dried stems contained
a suhstance apparently intermediate in character hetween mucilage
and sugars. It did not reduce Fehling Solution before hydrolysis,
but was very readily hydrolyzed by dilute acid Solutions. Alcohol
stronger than 60 per cent. reprecipitated this material as a flocculent
" Harley : Journal de Pharmacie, iii, pp. 6-193.
I9I2] 'Alfred P. Lothrop 17 S
mass, quite different in appearance and properties from the precipi-
tate of the mucilage obtained with alcohol. The precipitate was
readily soluble in water, but its Solution was not mucilaginous.
When hydrolyzed, it gave a plus rotation to polarized Hght.
The coloring matter can be concentrated and made into a mar-
ketable product, of value for coloring certain foods, by first remov-
ing mucilages and gums with alcohol, and precipitating the pigment
from the filtrate with acetone. The pigment is evidently a gluco-
side. When separated from the juice with alcohol and acetone, and
then precipitated with lead acetate, the coloring matter liberated by
sulfuric acid gave a glucose-like sugar on hydrolysis. The lead salt
produced by precipitating the purified pigment with lead acetate con-
tains 61.42 per cent. of lead.
26. The relation of acapnia to shock.^*^ Henry H. Janeway
AND William H. Welker. Henderson has published a number
of papers on the relation of acapnia to shock. He maintains that a
diminution of the normal amount of carbon dioxide in the blood to
a sufficient degree, and maintained for a sufficient length of time,
produces an irreparable disturbance of the normal balance of osmotic
forces between the blood and the cytoplasm of the body cells, and that
this disturbance leads to tissue asphyxia, acidosis, and fatal oligemia,
accompanied by Symptoms indistinguishable from shock. He be-
lieves that the essential cause of shock is acapnia. He supports this
theory, not only by very thorough work on the relation of acapnia
to shock from several different Standpoints, but also by furnishing
control experiments, as it were, in which shock is prevented by con-
servation of the animal's störe of carbon dioxide and also by suc-
cessful treatment of animals, already in a condition of shock, with
injections of Ringer Solution containing carbon dioxide. Whether
this theory fails to stand in whole or in part, its originator deserves
the greatest credit for calling attention to the possibility that härm
may arise from neglect to conserve the body 's störe of carbon di-
oxide, the important functions of which, in the body, have long
oxide, the important functions of which, in the organism, have long
been appreciated by physiologists. This theory has been of the
greatest interest to one of us because of the relation of acapnia to
^ Some of the work was done in the Surgical Research Laboratory of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons.
176 Procccdings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
artificial respiration, and to the production of shock in connection
with intrathoracic surgery. It has prompted us to investigate the
degree of acapnia and the associated shock produced by excessive
artificial respiration.
We soon found that the diminution of carbon dioxide in the
blood in ordinary intrathoracic insufflation was neghgible. On the
other hand, it has been quite an easy matter for us to reduce the
amount of carbon dioxide in the blood to from one-third to one-half
the normal amount by forced rapid inflation and deflation of the
lungs. The artificial respiration was performed 45 to 90 times a
minute and was continued for periods varying from 30 minutes to
3 hours. These experiments have differed from those of Hender-
son in that the animals were allowed to recover. The trachea was
not divided but respiration was performed by inserting a large,
rather tightly fitting, tube through the larynx into the uninjured
respiratory tract. The blood pressures in our experiments were
not accurately measured, the animals being left as nearly normal as
possible after the Operations. The degree of shock was estimated
entirely from the condition of the animals after the Operation and
the manner in which they recovered from it. Judged in this manner
there was nothing about these animals to indicate a serious degree
of shock or any greater disturbance than could be accounted for. by
three other factors to which we desire to call attention in connection
with these experiments and which, unless guarded against, can alone
cause considerable depression and even death.
( I ) In all experiments in which excessive artificial respiration
is employed there is a great reduction in the animal's body heat.
The temperature can easily fall to 85° F. (2) There is a very
evident possibility (which we believe to be a fact) that the rapid and
complete filling of the lungs exercises a definite interference with the
return of the blood to the heart. The fall of the blood pressure, as
estimated with the finger, and the rapidity of the heart's actioncoin-
cide closely with the pressures used to inflate the lungs; indeed, a
scarcely perceptible pulse may be immediately improved by slightly
lowering the latter pressures. (3) The duration of the apnea fol-
lowing these experiments depends as much upon the amount of mor-
phin and ether administered as upon any other factor. We do not
I9I2] 'Alfred P. Lothrop i77
believe that it is possible to produce death by apnea, caused in turn
by acapnia, without the assistance of the toxic effects of morphin
and ether. The toxic effects of these drugs must be included as
factors contributing to the shock,
This report deals with only one of the phases of the relation of
acapnia to shock, namely the relation of acapnia, produced by ex-
cessive artificial respiration, to shock ; and as it is only a preliminary
report, it is not intended as an answer to Henderson's contention.
Its purpose is mainly to record two general f acts : (A) That we
have reduced the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood to nearly
40 per Cent, of the normal amount, and have maintained this reduc-
tion for a period of 3 hours, without producing Symptoms of shock;
and (B) that there are other factors than depletion of the störe of
carbon dioxid, which, unless properly guarded against, can in them-
selves cause the death of the animal under experimentation.
27. Biochemical studies of sulfocyanate.^^ Max Kahn.
A. The ferric chlorid colorimetric test for sulfocyanate in saliva
is inexact and unreliable. A negative result by the Bunting suction
method is no evidence of the absence of sulfocyanate but a positive
result is suggestive of the presence of a comparatively large amount.
The pink color spontaneously disappears from the ethereal layer
in positive tests by the Bunting suction method. Various medicinal
substances, and also certain Compounds that result from biological
transformations of proteins and carbohydrates, if excreted in the
saliva, give a very marked red coloration in the ferric chlorid test,
similar to that produced by sulfocyanate.
B. Sulfocyanate occurs in the saliva and salivary glands of man,
in the salivary glands of oxen, but apparently not in the salivary
glands of dogs. It occurs in the blood, but the spieen, the pancreas,
the thymus, the thyroid and the testicles of dogs do not contain it.
The liver seems to be the gland in the body that contains most
sulfocyanate, which is also present in bile and in the small intestines.
The stomach contents of dogs on an ordinary diet were free from
sulfocyanate. When, however, sodium sulfid was given, the gastric
mixture contained sulfocyanate.
'^Kahn: Dissertation, Columbia University, 1912. Conducted under the
auspices of the Dental Society of the State of New York.
lyS Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
C. Siilfocyanate is excreted in the urine and feces. Its elimina-
tion in the urine is not dependent upon the amount in the saliva.
Althoiigh dog saliva is apparently always free from sulfocyanate,
dog urine invariably contains it. The ingestion of amino acids
(alanin) and of nitriles (acetonitrile) increases the amount of sul-
focyanate in the body, as well as in the excreta. Sulfocyanate seems
to be produced in the body from protein. Results with a fasting
dog harmonize with this conclusion. The ingestion of sulfur, so-
dium Sulfid, thioacetic acid, thiourea and taurin did not increase the
Output of sulfocyanate.
D. Potassium sulfocyanate is toxic to both plants and animals.
Its toxicity is so marked that indiscriminate dispensation of the sub-
stance to people is dangerous. The growth of molds is enhanced
by potassium sulfocyanate. Yeast fermentation is not affected or
is stimulated by moderate proportions of potassium sulfocyanate.
Biological proportions of potassium sulfocyanate have no inhibiting
influence on the growth of bacteria. The souring of milk is inhib-
ited by large proportions of sulfocyanate.
28. The chemical Constitution of renal calculi. Max Kahn.
Sixteen stones of nephric origin were analysed according to the
method of Mackarell, Moore and Thomas. ^^ Most of the stones
were composed mainly of salts of calcium. All of the stones -con-
tained uric acid or urates in varying amounts, but no stone was
wholly composed of urates. The shape, color and consistency of a
stone are not criteria of its chemical composition. Three gouty
tophi were examined by the murexid test for urates. A negative
response was obtained in each case, showing that not all gouty
deposits are composed of uric acid salts.
29. The colloidal nitrogen in urine from a dog with a tumor
of the breast. Max Kahn and Jacob Rosenbloom. (Published
in füll in this issue of the Biochemical Bulletin ).2^
30. A non-protein, colloidal, nitrogenous substance in milk.
Max Kahn and Frederic G. Goodridge. Since the figure ob-
tained for " total " nitrogen in milk exceeds the sum of the values
for the known nitrogenous constituents, unknown nitrogenous sub-
^ Mackarell, Moore and Thomas : Bio-Chemical Journal, 1910, iv, p. 179.
^ Kahn and Rosenbloom : Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 87.
1912] "Alfred P. Lothrop 179
stance must be present. The urines of man and dog contain col-
loidal nitrogenous material.^* It was thought probable that such
material is present in all the secretions.
After a careful process, including the removal of protein without
hydrolysis, substance was obtained f rom milk which is white, amor-
phoiis, odorless and tasteless; insoluble in the lipin solvents, but
forms in water an opalescent Solution which falls to flocculate on
boiling. This material does not respond to any of the protein
"color tests." It contained about 5.3 per cent. nitrogen; also car-
bon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, but no loosely combined am-
monia radicals.
31. A biochemical test for free acid, with a review of the
methods for estimating the various factors in gastric acidity.^^
John L. Kantor. The author presented details along the lines of
our original publication on this subject.^^ The test is a microscopic
one and depends upon the immediate expansion of moist collagen
fibrils when they are immersed in aqueous Solutions containing free
organic or mineral acids of the kinds that ordinarily appear in gas-
tric Contents. " Combined " acid^^ and acid salts fail to induce such
effects. The test may be satisfactorily conducted with a drop of
liquid and a single collagen fibril.
Comparative observations indicate that for free mineral acid
(HCl) the collagen-fibril test is equal in delicacy to the Töpfer and
Günzberg tests, but that for free organic acid (lactic), or for mix-
tures of free mineral and organic acids, it is more delicate than the
latter tests. Comparative studies of common factors of interfer-
ence with the several tests indicate that the collagen-fibril test ex-
hibits the greater delicacy. The color of the Solution under exam-
ination had no effect on the test. Further details from the clinical
Standpoint, and an abstract of the historical discussion, will be pub-
lished at an early date.
32. A study of modifications of the biuret reagent. Mar-
GUERiTE T. Lee. This investigation was made in the endeavor to
^ Kahn and Rosenbloom : Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 87.
^ Kantor : Dissertation, Columbia University, 1912.
^ Kantor and Gies : Proceedings of the American Society of Biological
Chemists, 1911, ii, p. 20; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1911, ix, p. xxvi.
" Goodridge and Gies : Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology
and Mediane, 1911, viii, p. 107.
i8o Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
discover, if possible, a more effective alkali for the biuret reagent
than the Standard sodium hydroxid — or a combination of alkalies
that might be better.
Fairly strong Solutions o£ the following alkalies, when substi-
tuted for sodium hydroxid in the biuret reagent,^^ yield Solutions that
give the biuret test when they are added to dilute Solutions of
Witte peptone : potassium hydroxid, ammonium hydroxid, calcium
hydroxid, sodium carbonate, conin, piperidin, ethylene di-amin, tri-
methyl amin, piperazin, and tetra-ethyl ammonium hydroxid.
Sodium hydroxid, potassium hydroxid, ammonium hydroxid, tri-
methyl amin, and tetra-ethyl ammonium hydroxid are excellent as
alkalies in the biuret reagent. Tri-methyl amin appears to be more
effective than sodium hydroxid. Tetra-ethyl ammonium hydroxid
is seemingly as effective as sodium hydroxid when the reagent is
fresh, but the efficiency of the Solution decreases on standing.
Piperazin and tetra-ethyl ammonium hydroxid give most satisfac-
tory tests when an excess of copper is present. There is apparently
an Optimum amount of copper (sulfate) for each alkali. The study
is in progress.
33. A chemical study of salivary mucin. Alfred P. Loth-
ROP, Salivary mucin from the submaxillary glands of oxen.was
prepared by the Hammarsten-Levene method. It is a white powder,
insoluble in water, acid in reaction and readily soluble in dilute
alkalin Solutions.
The sodium salt can be prepared by dissolving mucin in nine
parts of 0.5 per cent. sodium bicarbonate Solution plus one part of
0.5 per cent. sodium carbonate Solution. The thick Solution is then
dialysed until it no longer reacts alkalin to phenolthalein but is still
alkalin to litmus. (Prolonged dialysis completely hydrolyses the
salt and precipitates the mucin. ) The dialysed Solution may be pre-
cipitated by the addition of about six volumes of alcohol, although
electrolyte (NaCl) must be present for complete flocculation. The
product, washed with alcohol and ether, dries to a fine powder.
^ Gies : Proceedings of the American Society of Biological Chemists, 1910,
i. P- ^7Z'> Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1910, vii, p. Ix. Also, Kantor and
Gies : Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, p. 264.
I9I2] ^Alfred P. Lothrop i8i
The Salt, having an ash content of 2.7-3.3 per cent., is completely
soluble in water. A 0.2 per cent. Solution is very much like a rela-
tively thick natural saliva. The Solution is faintly alkalin to litmus,
gives all the usual protein tests, including the Molisch test for the
carbohydrate group, and is precipitated in stringy masses by acetic
acid.
Quantitative determinations of nitrogen and ash in mucin prep-
aration III and its sodium salt gave the f ollowing typical results :
Ask
Nitrogen
Per Cent.
Found
Per Cent.
Calculated
(Ash Free) Per Cent.
Preparation III
Sodium Salt III
0.28
3.27
12.49
12.20
12.53
12.61
The potassium salt was prepared in the same manner, Fre-
quent reprecipitations by alcohol render the salts decreasingly solu-
ble in water.
These products have been made preparatory to experiments on
the possible relation of salivary mucin to dental caries, in contin-
uance of our studies under the auspices of the Section on Stoma-
tology and Research, of the First District Dental Society, State of
New York.
34. A study of some of the more important biochemical
tests.^^ C. A. Mathewson. Representative substances from the
following groups were studied in their influence on the tests named
below: neutral inorganic salts, neutral organic Compounds, acids,
acid salts, bases, basic salts, biological mixtures and miscellaneous
materials. Over seventy-five substances or products were used in
each case. It was found that the ten tests under examination could
be arranged in the following sequence according to the percentage
of factors causing interference with them: Sudan III, o; xantho-
proteic, 4; Hopkins-Cole, 4; Seliwanoff, 5; MoHsch, 6.5; iodine,
(for starch) 6.5 ; Fehling-Benedict, 10; biuret, 13; Millon, 22; Bar-
foed, 60.
The acid salts were the most potent interfering substances, the
neutral organic Compounds the least potent. Of the salts, ferric
chlorid was the most active agent of interference. An extension of
the study is in progress.
''Mathewson: Dissertation, Columbia University, 1912.
i82 Procccdings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
35. A quantitative study of the lipins o£ bile obtained from a
patient with a biliary fistula. Jacob Rosenbloom. Through
the kindness of Dr. William Weinberger, of the Lebanon Hospital,
there was placed at my disposal 3180 c.c. of human bile obtained
from a patient with a biliary fistula. The fluid had the appearance
of typical human bile. Its specific gravity was 1.020. The follow-
ing data were obtained in a quantitative lipin analysis, the results
being expressed in parts per thousand: Water, 970.2; total solids,
29.8; cholesterol, 2.61; lecithans, 6.42; fat, 6.85; fatty acids, 1.2;
soaps, 2.6. Total lipins, 19.68 (1.97 per cent.).
36. Effects of intraperitoneal injections of epinephrin on the
partition of nitrogen in urine from a dog. Jacob Rosenbloom
AND William Weinberger. (Published in füll in this issue of the
Biochemical Bulletin. )^^
37. A case of allergy to common foods.^^ Oscar M.
ScHLOSs. In a boy now 8 years old marked urticarial lesions were
caused by the Ingestion of eggs, almonds and oatmeal. The idiosyn-
crasy to egg was not congenital but was acquired at some time be-
tween the ages of 10 days and 14 months. Symptoms due to the
ingestion of oats appeared some time after the child had first eaten
oatmeal when he was 22 months old. As far as can be ascertained,
the idiosyncrasy to almonds was manifested the first time this food
was eaten.
It was found that cutaneous inoculation of these and certaln
related food substances produced an urticarial wheal at the site of
inoculation. The cutaneous reaction was produced only by the
protein constituents of eggs, almonds and oats. Different proteins
from the same source varied in activity, some being incapable of
causing a reaction. Some of the active proteins caused Urticaria by
mere contact with the unbroken skin. It was possible passively to
sensitize guinea-pigs to ovo-mucoid (one of the active proteins from
eggs) by intraperitoneal injections of the patient's blood-serum.
By feeding ovo-mucoid, in gradually increasing doses, the patient
became immune to egg. At the same time immunity to oatmeal
and an apparently decreased susceptibility to almonds occurred.
^"Rosenbloom and Weinberger: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 123.
^ Schloss : American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1912, iii, p. 341.
I9I2] 'Alfred P. Lothrop 183
38. The comparative enzyme content of green and varie-
gated leaves of Tradescantia.^^ Carl A. Schwarze. The re-
sults of the experiments made to determine the relative enzyme con-
tent of green and variegated leaves of Tradescantia show that there
is a marked difference between Juices expressed from them. Etio-
lated leaves are yellow in their rudimentary stage ; that is, an entirely
yellow leaf presents this condition when first formed. The etio-
lated leaves are free from chloroplasts and therefore possess no
starch. The juice extracted from yellow leaves gives a negative
Fehling test; that from green portions, a positive test. When yel-
low leaves are ground in a mortar, and the juice is expressed
through cheese cloth, a dark brown liquid results. Green leaves
similarly treated yield a dark green liquid. Alcoholic extracts of
crushed green and yellow leaves, when filtered, assume a brown
color. The filtrate from yellow leaves is at first pink but the liquid
gradually assumes a brown color. The filtrate from the green
leaves comes through brown immediately. The juice of yellow and
green leaves, when filtered, gives in both cases a brown filtrate, that
from the yellow leaves being a reddish brown, When unfiltered
green juice desiccates, a glossy dark green residue is deposited,
at the periphery of which a few needle-shaped crystals are seen.
The juice from the yellow leaves, upon desiccation, deposits a
brown crystallin mass, the long crystals of which make a figure
which resembles a polyaster seen in plant cells. Extracts in alcohol
(80 per Cent.) deposit the greatest amount of crystals. The crys-
tals from yellow leaves are darker than those from green leaves.
Such reagents as guaiac and trikresol show the presence of
oxidase and peroxidase in yellow and green Juices. The yellow
juice seems to be richer in oxidase and peroxidase. When green
juice was heated to 72° C, and tested the following day, oxidase
proved to be present, that temperature having failed to destroy it.
(Subjecting green juice to high temperatures results in the produc-
tion of a flocculent precipitate, which Sediments promptly under a
clear supernatant liquid.)
Juice from yellow leaves was injected into the nodes and inter-
** Conducted in the Botanical Laboratory under Dr. Gies' guidance.
184 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
nodes of healthy green Tradescantia stems. No discoloration or
yellowing of the injected stem coiild be detected.
39. Biochemical studies of beryllium sulfate.^^ Emily C.
Seaman. The experiments vvith beryllium sulfate have shown very
conclusively that the substance has a marked effect on biochemical
processes. When administered with the food it produced in dogs
decided nutritive disturbances, which manifested themselves in loss
of body weight, total inorganic matter, nitrogen, sulfur and phos-
phorus. When large doses were administered per os the substance
caused vomiting before a sufficient amount was absorbed to pro-
duce any other obvious toxic Symptoms.
When the calculated lethal dose was administered by a single
siihcutaneous injection, the substance produced edema and necrosis
of the tissue extending over a large area. No other decided Symp-
toms were produced by this method.
Very gradual intravenous injections of the salt produced decided
toxic effect. The action of the heart became irregulär — unusually
rapid and very weak: the respiration also became irregulär and
shallow. During the course of the injection, there was decided
tremor but this disappeared soon after the Operation. As a direct
effect of the injection the temperature increased, sometimes to
105° F., but about 24 hours before the death of the animal the tem-
perature began to decrease and steadily feil. After intravenous
injections there was increased elimination of urine followed by re-
tention. The feces became diarrheal and bloody. Vomiting began
about the time the dog refused food or water.
Beryllium sulfate had a decided inhibitory effect on the action of
ptyalin, pepsin, and trypsin. It also retarded the action of sucrase
but not to so great an extent. Solutions of the salt (i per cent. or
less) did not precipitate proteins from neutral or acid Solutions.
Below the concentration of M/512 Solution, beryllium sulfate did
not inhibit the growth of lupin or timothy seedlings, but more con-
centrated Solutions prevented growth. When present in propor-
tions less than 0.5 per cent., beryllium sulfate had very little, if any,
bactericidal action.
40. Chemical changes in fish during long periods of cold
storage. Clayton S. Smith. Fresh fish were delivered directly
^Seaman: Dissertation, Columbia University, 1912.
1912] 'Alfred P. Lothrop 185
frort! the boat. Specimens of the same catch were immediately
placed in storage and delivered to us, at intervals, in a frozen State,
when they were thawed under uniform conditions and promptly
subjected to analysis.
Comparative data were obtained regarding moisture, organic
matter, inorganic matter, and total solids; ammonia nitrogen, solu-
ble nitrogen, insoluble nitrogen, coagulable nitrogen, non-coagulable
nitrogen and total nitrogen; "proteose" nitrogen, both before and
af ter autolysis ; f at content and f atty-acid number ; and the reducing
power of the aqueous protein- free extract, as determined by the
Benedict method.
The flesh of fish which had been refrigerated not less than four
months and not more than six months was unaltered in composition.
After a period of nine months in cold storage there was a sHght,
almost imperceptihle, increase in the content of ammonia nitrogen,
but no other change was noted. The work is in progress.
41. An attempt to sharpen the end point in Benedict's
method for the quantitative determination of sugar in urine.
William Weinberger. In Benedict's modification of FehHng's
sugar titration method "instead of the reduced copper being pre-
cipitated as the red sub-oxid, which of its own color obscures the
end point of the reaction, the copper is precipitated as cuprous sulfo-
cyanate, a snow white Compound, which is rather an aid than a hin-
drance to accurate Observation of the disappearance of the last trace
of blue color," However, in applying Benedict's method to urine
of low sugar content (below 0.5 per cent., as it frequently occurs in
cases of glycosuria), one is Struck by the fact that the blue color of
the mixture does not persist until the reaction is ended, for the
Contents of the porcelain dish assume a dirty brownish-green hue
that gradually merges into brown. This renders the correct estima-
tion of the end point very difficult if not impossible.
Clarifying the urine by the addition of lead acetate previous to
the titration might overcome the difficulty, but this procedure would
require additional manipulations and calculations ; and there is also
the danger of a chemical change in the copper Solution. None of
these objections apply to the simple method proposed by the author.
It consists in the addition, just before heating, of approximately 10
i86 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Sept.
grams (two heaping teaspoonsful) of powdered calcium carbonate
to the Contents of the porcelain dish (25 c.c. of Benedict's Solution,
5-10 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate, and a small amount of
powdered pumice). The titration is then made in the usual manner.
The snow white calcium carbonate, insoluble and suspended in
the alkalin Solution, appears to act like the copper sulfocyanate in
that it efTectively obliterates all colors except the blue color of the
copper Solution. The end point obtained is sharp, the blue color
being visible up to the addition of the last two drops of urine that
are necessary for complete reduction. A sufficient amount of cal-
cium carbonate (10 grams) must be added, otherwise the precipitate
will be gray and the end point less distinct. In order to prevent
sudden ebullition of the concentrated Solution, it is advisable to
dilute the latter with a little distilled water, Experiments have
shown that the addition of the calcium carbonate does not introduce
any noticeable error.
The author demonstrated these facts.
42. Diffusibility of protein through rubber membranes, with
a note on the disintegration of collodion membranes by common
ethyl ether and other solvents. William H. Welker. {Puh-
lished in füll in this issue of the Biochemical Bulletin, )2*
43. A further study of the Bardach test for protein.
Charles Weisman. {Piihlished in fiill in the June issue of the
Biochemical Bulletin ).2^
44. A study of the surface tension of dog blood-serum by
the drop-weight method.^^ Harold E, Woodward. These ex-
periments, about twenty in number, were planned to answer the
question whether ordinary variations in the blood supply and nutri-
tive condition of an individual affect the surface tension of the
blood.^'^ Serum could be handled better than blood and serum from
** Welker: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 70.
** Weisman : Ibid., 1912, i, p. 538.
^The animals were fed and controlled, and the blood was withdrawn and
the serum coUected, by Dr. Gies and Mr. Chris Seifert. The drop-weights were
made by the author in the laboratory of physical chemistry under the direction
of Prof. J. L. R. Morgan.
^ These experiments were a logical preliminary to the work described else-
where: Woodward, Dissertation, Columbia University, 1912.
I9I2] 'Alfred P. Lothrop 1S7
clotted blood was more satisfactory than serum obtained by centri-
fuging defibrinated blood.
The normal surface tension of dog serum (five dogs), from the
blood of animals on the usual diet in metabolism experiments in this
laboratory, is about 45.5 dynes per centimeter. A daily hemorrhage
of 3 per Cent, or more of the body weight, on two successive days,
was without material effect on the surface tension. ^^ Small addi-
tions of salt to the food raised, whereas additions of sugar lowered,
somewhat the surface tension. The Ingestion of extra quantities of
meat, several hours before blood was withdrawn, caused a decrease
of about 1.5 per cent. in the surface tension. Fasting (1-2 days)
raised the surface tension about i per cent. Copious water drink-
ing (2 hours before withdrawal of blood) and the administration
of magnesium sulfate, with resultant marked diarrhea (a short time
prior to removal of blood from another dog), were without appre-
ciable effect on the surface tension of the serum. These results
suggest that the nutritive State of a given individual must be defi-
nitely established before accurate conclusions can be drawn regard-
ing the significance of data for surface tension of the subject's
blood (or serum).
[The December issue of the Biochemical Bulletin will pre-
sent abstracts of the scientific Communications at the meeting of the
Biochemical Association to be held on December 6, at the Columbia
Medical School.]
Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University,
College of Physicians and Surgeons,
New York.
'^When the second bleeding occurred in much less than 24 hours after the
first, the surface tension was above normal.
BIOCHEMICAL NEWS, NOTES AND COMMENT
Contents. I. General: Necrology, i88; in memoriam, i88; anniversary
celebrations, 189; honors, 190; retirements, resignations and appointments, 190;
prizes, grants, endowments and funds, 193; meetings of congresses and societies,
194; buildings and general equipment, 195 ; acts of congress, 196; miscellaneous,
197. IL Columbia University Biochemical Association: General notes, 200; pro-
ceedings, 201 ; biochemical department, 201.
I. General
Necrology. Dr. W. W. Daniels, emeritus professor of chemis-
try at the University of Wisconsin. — Thomas Doliber, president of
Mellin's Food Co., and one of the best known manufacturing drug-
gists in America. — Dr. Morris Loeb, professor of chemistry at New
York University and president of the Chemists' Club. — Dr. Her-
mann Munk, formerly professor of physiology at the veterinary Col-
lege in Berlin. — Dr. E. A. Holmström, Sweden's foremost pharma-
cist. — Dr. Edmund von Neusser, professor of internal medicine at
Vienna. — Prof. Melville Amasa Scovell, director of the Kentucky
Agricultural Experiment Station and dean of the College of Agri-
culture of the Kentucky State University. — Dr. Henry Adam
Weber, professor of agricultural chemistry, Ohio State University.
— Dr. Thomas Winter, professor of agriculture in University Col-
lege of North Wales, Bangor.
In memoriam. Lord Lister. A memorial to Lord Lister will
be established at University College Hospital. It was in 1843 that
Joseph Lister entered the College as an arts Student and graduated
bachelor of arts in 1847. He then became a Student of medicine
and entered the hospital to complete his studies. A special commit-
tee has been formed under the presidency of the Duke of Bedford,
President of the hospital. The exact nature of the tribute will be
largely decided by the amount of the subscriptions received, but it
has been suggested that either a bust or a tablet should be placed in
both the hospital and the College. It is understood that the memo-
rial will be entirely local in character, and only those who have been
188
I9I2] General 189
in some way connected with University College or the hospital are
being asked to subscribe.
The presidents of the Royal Society and the Royal College of
Surgeons some weeks ago took the necessary steps for the forma-
tion of a large and representative committee for the purpose of es-
tablishing a memorial to the late Lord Lister. A meeting of the
committee, which was largely attended, was held on July 22 at the
rooms of the Royal Society, under the chairmanship of Sir Archi-
bald Geikie. The following were appointed an executive commit-
tee to recommend to a future meeting of the general committee a
scheme for the memorial to Lord Lister and to organize an appeal
for subscriptions : The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chan-
cellor, Lords Iveagh, Rayleigh, Rothschild and Alverstone, the dean
of Westminster, the Lord Mayor, the Lord Provosts of Edinburgh
and Glasgow, the Master of the Rolls, Mr. Lewis Harcourt, M.P.,
Sir T. Barlow, Sir W. W. Cheyne, Sir R. J. Godlee, Sir H. Morris,
Sir A. Geikie, Sir D. MacAlister, the Hon. Sir C. Parsons, Sir W.
Turner, Sir J. Wolfe-Barry, Sir J. R. Bradford, Sir A. P. Gould,
Sir A. Kempe, the Hon. W. F. D. Smith, Mr. F. M. Fry and Mr.
Edmund Owen. Lord Rothschild and Sir W. W. Cheyne were
appointed treasurers and Sir J. R. Bradford was appointed secretary
of the Lister Memorial Committee.
Dr. Paul C. Freer. The Bureau of Science of the Philippine
Government has adopted resolutions in memory of Dr. Paul C.
Freer, director of scientific work in the bureau, who died last April.
The resolutions express the sense of his associates that " the Bureau
of Science has suffered a very great loss and that the cause of sci-
ence in the Philippine Islands has been deprived of one of its most
zealous and conscientious advocates."
Anniversary celebrations. June 30: Professor Gad, formerly
director of the Physiological Institute at Graz, a pupil of Du Bois-
Reymond, celebrated his seventieth birthday. — July i: Prof. Carl
Binz, formerly director of the Pharmacological Institute at Bonn,
celebrated his eightieth birthday. — August ß: Professor Bernstein,
formerly director of the Institute of Physiology at Halle, celebrated
the fiftieth anniversary of his doctorate. — September 14: Prof. W.
190 Biocltemical News, Notes and Comment [Sept.
O. von Leube, the distinguished clinician, celebrated his seventieth
birthday. Professor Leubc has been living at Stuttgart since last
year, when he resigned his directorship of the Würzburg medical
clinic.
Honors. 'Awards of prizes. Dr. Alexis Carrel has been
awarded the Nobel prine in medicine, in recognition of his achieve-
ments in the suture of blood-vessels and the transplantation of
Organs. — The Vienna Academy of Sciences has conferred its Liehen
prise for 191 2 on Dr. Oswald Richter for his work on the food of
algse.
Honorary degree. The University of St. Andrews, Dundee,
Scotland, has conferred the degree of LL.D. on Dr. S. J. Meltzer.
Foreign associates. Sir William Ramsay and J. Reverdin have
recently been elected foreign associates of the Paris Academie de
Medecine.
Retirements, resignations and appointments. Retirements.
Col. Martin V. Calvin, for the past six years director of the Georgia
Agricultural Experiment Station. — Prof. H. J. Wheeler, former act-
ing-president of the Rhode Island State College, at Kingston, R. I.,
and, during the past eleven years, director of the government agri-
cultural experiment Station at that Institution.
Leave of ahsence. Dr. W. P. Bradley, professor of chemistry at
Wesleyan University, has been granted leave of absence for the year
1912-13, to organize a department of research for the United States
Rubber Goods Company. — Dr. A. F. Blakeslee has a year's leave of
absence from the Connecticut Agricultural College. He has a tem-
porary appointment on the staff of the Carnegie Station for Experi-
mental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, L. L, where he will study
lower fungi.
Appointments have lately been announced, as follows '}
Bryn Mawr College: Dr. Don R. Joseph (associate in physiology
and pharmacology at the Rockef eller Institute), associate professor of
physiology.
Carnegie Institution, Boston Nutrition Laboratory: Mr. Joseph C.
Bock (instructor in chemistry at Michigan Agricultural College),
chemist.
^In the appended summary, institutions from which resignations occurred
are named in parenthesis.
I9I2] General 191
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (Mayaguez, P. R.) : Dr.
B. E. Ray (N. C. Experiment Station and College of Agriculture),
Professor of chemistry.
Columbia University: Mr. Ernest L. Scott (University of Kansas),
instructor in physiology; Dr. Otto von Huffman (Cincinnati Hospital
and Ohio Miami Medical College), instructor in clinical pathology.
Commission for the study and prevention of malaria in the South :
Dr. William S. Thayer, member.
English Government Laboratory, London : Mr. E. Grant Hooper,
deputy-government chemist (promoted), vice Mr. H. W. Davis, retired.
Hamburg Botanical Institute: Dr. Hans Winkler (associate Pro-
fessor of botany at Tübingen), director.
Harvard University: Dr. Geo. R. Lyman (assistant professor of
botany in Dartmouth College) will take the work of Professor Roland
Thaxter during a sabbatical leave of absence.
Institute for experimental research on Cancer, established by the
Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the promotion of science: Prof. A. von
Wassermann, director.
Margaret Morrison School for Women of the Carnegie Institute
(Pittsburgh) : Miss Mary D. MacKenzie (professor of biology at
Western College, Oxford, Ohio), head of the department of biology.
McGill University (Montreal) : Prof. Francis E. Lloyd (professor
of botany in the Alabama Polytechnic Institute and plant physiologist
to the Alabama Experiment Station), MacDonald professor of botany;
Dr. F. R. Miller, lecturer in physiology.
Medico-Chirurgical College (Philadelphia) : Dr. H. Lowenherg,
assistant professor of infantile dietetics and also pediatrist to Mount
Sinai Hospital, succeeding the late Dr. Edwin Rosenthal.
Municli medical clinics : Prof. Friedrich Müller, instead of retain-
ing the second clinic, has taken the first, left vacant by the death of
Professor Bauer; Prof. E. v. Romberg (Tübingen) succeeds Professor
Müller.
N. Y. State Food Laboratory (Ithaca) : Mr. /. T. Ciisick (assistant
in nutrition investigations, N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station),
analyst.
N. Y. State School of Agriculture (Alfred University at Alfred) :
Prof. W. J. Wright (Pennsylvania State College), director.
N. C. Agricultural Experiment Station (West Raleigh) : Dr. Joseph
F. Brewster, chemist.
Ohio State University: Dr. W. G. Stover (Oklahoma Agricultural
Experiment Station), assistant professor of botany.
192 Biochemical Nezvs, Notes and Comment [Sept.
Ontario Agricultural College : Mr. R. E. Stone, lecturer in the botan-
ical department.
Pennsylvania Chestnut-Tree Blight Commission: Dr. F. D. Heald
(professor of botany in the University of Texas), pathologist; Miss
Caroline Rumbold (Missouri Botanical Garden), physiologist in charge
of tree medication ; Mr. Joseph Shrawder, chemist.
Reed College (Portland, Oregon) : Dr. Harry Beal Torrey (asso-
ciate professor of zoology in the University of California), professor
of biology.
Skin and Cancer Hospital of Maryland : Mr. /. M. Codd, chemist.
State University of Oregon Medical College (Portland) : John M.
Co;mo//y, Ph.D., M.D. (Harvard Medical School), professor of physio-
logical chemistry.
U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry : Dr. Frederick J. Birchard (as-
sistant in chemistry at the Rockefeiler Institute), research chemist in
the Dairy Division.
U. S. Bureau of Mines (Pittsburgh) : Dr. /. K. Phelps (U. S. Bu-
reau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C), chemist.
U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry : Dr. R. Kent Beattie (professor of
botany in the State College of Washington), expert in the office of
forest pathology; Dr. Neil E. Stevens (assistant pathologist in Kansas
Experiment Station), forest pathologist.
University College, Reading: Dr. vS". M. T. Auld (lecturer in the
chemical department of the Southeastern Agricultural College atWye),
professor of agricultural chemistry; Mr. John Goding (Midland Agri-
cultural College), research chemist in dairy ing.
University of Bonn: Professor Johannes Fitting (director of the
State Botanical Institute at Hamburg), successor of Professor Stras-
burger.
University of Illinois: Dr. /. Howard Beard, instructor in physi-
ology (promotion).
University of Maryland : Dr. Jsaac M. Macks, pathologist.
University of Minnesota : Dr. Robert B. Gihson, assistant professor
of physiological chemistry (promotion) ; Dr. Rodney M. West, assist-
ant professor of agricultural chemistry (promotion).
University of South Dakota : Mr. Herbert Otto Lussky (assistant
in physiology at the University of Chicago), director of the department
of physiology in the College of arts and sciences and the College of
medicine.
University of Vienna: Prof. Wilhelm Türk, temporary successor
to Prof. E. von Neusser in the medical school (page 188).
I9I2] General 193
Washburn College : Dr. Edith M. Twtss, head of the department of
botany ; Mr. James P. Poole, instructor in botany.
Washington State College (Pullman) : Dr.IraD. Cardiff (professor
of botany in Washburn College), professor of plant physiology.
Prizes, grants, endowments and funds. Prizes. The Col-
lege of Physicians, Philadelphia, announces that the next award of
the Alvarenga prise, amounting to about $180, will be made July 14,
191 3. Essays may be devoted to any subject in medicine but must
not have been published, and shonld be received by May i, 1913, by
the secretary of the College, Dr. Thomas R. Neilson, 1937 Chestnut
Street, who will furnish particulars, on request. — Madame Dieula-
foy, widow of the late clinician, has given to the Academy of Medi-
cine, of Paris, in memory of her husband, the sum necessary to
found the Dieulafoy prise of $400, which will be awarded every
two years to the author of the best work on the subject of internal
pathology. — The Riberi prise, amounting to $4,000, will be awarded
by the University of Turin, after the close of the year 1916, for the
work which is adjudged to have most advanced the science of
medicine.
Grants. Grants for research, at the recent meeting of the Brit-
ish Association: Mr. A. D. Hall, plant enzymes, £30; Prof. E. A.
Schäfer, the ductless glands, £40; Prof. E. H. Starling, oxy-hemo-
globin, £15 ; Prof. F. Gotch, mammalian heart, £20; Sir W. Ramsay,
for the International Commission on Physical and Chemical Con-
stants, £40.
Endowments and funds. The London School of Tropical Med-
icine is making an appeal for $500,000 to provide for the equipment
and more efficient conduct of its work. — The late Dr. J. E. Robinson,
first governor of Kansas, bequeathed $100,000 to the University of
Kansas. The gift will be used for the medical school. — Mr. James
B. Brady, of New York, has given the sum of $220,000 to the Johns
Hopkins Hospital, for the establishment of a ward for the treatment
of diseases of the kidney. — The late Mr. Allan Octavian Hume, well
known as an ornithologist and botanist, lately bequeathed about
£14,000 to the South London Botanical Institute, to which in 1907
he gave £10,000. — Under the will of the late Augustus W. Open-
hym, Columbia University will receive a third of a trust fund of
194 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [Sept.
$275,000 for the endowment of research into the cause, prevention
and eure of Cancer. Mr. Openhym's will stipulates that if at any
time further investigation of Cancer is not required, the income of
the fund may be used for research in any brauch of medicine or sur-
gery. The endowment under Mr. Openhym's will is to be known
as the Openhym Research Fund, and the terms of the gift are sub-
stantially the same as those of the Crocker Research Fund, which
amounts to $1,440,777.13.
Meetings of congresses and societies. The Fifteenth Inter-
national Congress on Hygiene and Demography was officially opened
in the Continental Memorial Hall on September 23 and continued
until September 27. President Taft delivered an address at the
opening exercises. The delegates numbered about 3,000, represent-
ing 33 foreign governments, every American State and territory,
over 300 American cities, and leading Colleges and universities and
many scientific, medical and social institutions throughout the world.
The congress was divided into eleven sections and four general ses-
sions were held. President Taft was honorary president, Dr.
Henry P. Walcott, of Massachusetts, was president, and Dr. John S.
Fulton, of Maryland, was secretary-general, of the congress. A
füll account of the proceedings is given in the Journal of the Amer-
ican Medical Association, beginning at page 1207 (September 28).
The proceedings of the biochemical section — " dietetic hygiene ; hy-
gienic physiology" — are reported at page 129 of this issue of the
Biochemical Bulletin.
The Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemis'try was
officially opened at Continental Memorial Hall, in Washington, on
September 4, and continued in New York from September 6-13, in-
clusive, where the work was centralized at Columbia University and
the College of the City of New York. About 2,500 members were
in attendance. Dr. Edward W. Morely was honorary president,
Prof. William H. Nichols was president, and Dr. Bernhard G.
Hesse was secretary, of the congress. The scientific work of the
congress was organized in twenty-four sections. Among the gen-
eral addresses was one by Prof. Gabriel Bertrand on " The part
played by infinitely small quantities of chemicals in biological
chemistry."
igi2] General i95
Professor W. H. Perkin delivered a lecture on " The polymeriza-
tion of butadiene and isoprene," before the Sections on Organic
Chemistry and India Rubber. Prof. Perkin outlined bis original
method of making synthetic rubber,^ and then described the follow-
ing new method : Take ethyl alcohol, which may be easily oxidized
to acetaldehyde. This is Condensed by means of potassium carbon-
ate to aldol and the aldol can be quantitatively converted into butyl-
idine gycol. All the yields of these reactions are practically quan-
titative. The butylidine glycol is then converted into a chlorid and
passed over soda-lime, when practically the same product is pro-
duced as the isoprene from isoamyl chlorid and, when treated with
sodium, gives even better rubber than isoprene. Professor Perkin
exhibited samples of what he called the first synthetic rubber ever
made (the product of Tilden).
A general review of the proceedings of the Congress will appear
in the October issue of the Journal of Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry (pages 706-719). The proceedings of the biochemical
section are reported at page 150 of this issue of the Biochemical
Bulletin.
The eighty-second annual meeting of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, which opened at Dundee on Septem-
ber 4, had a registration of 2,504 members, which is considerably
larger than the average. At the opening session the President,
Prof. E. A. Schäfer, delivered a notable address on the "Nature,
origin and maintenance of life," which has been published in Nature
(90: 7-19) and Science (36: 289-312). It was announced that
Dr. J. K. Caird, of Dundee, had given £10,000 to the funds of the
association. A general account of each sectional meeting will ap-
pear in Science (36 : 446-452).
The Royal Society recently celebrated its 25oth anniversary.
The I4th meeting of the Australasian Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science will be held in Melbourne in January, 19 13.
Buildings and general equipment. The work of the Herriman
Dispensary of the Brooklyn Hospital was inaugurated on July 17.
The dispensary will be open daily. It is a two and one-half story
* Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, p. 566.
196 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [Sept.
brick and marble structure and was given by Mr. William H. Herri-
man in memory of his wife. Mr. Herriman donated $100,000 for
this purpose, $25,000 of which will be used as an endowment fund.
— Messrs. Jacob H. Schiff, Sei. R. Guggenheim, Ferdinand Sulz-
berger and Samuel Sach have each given $50,000 to a fund for the
construction of a private hospital for persons suffering f rom chronic
diseases, to be built by the Montefiore Home, in the Bronx, New
York City. — The Medical Faculty of the University of Utah is re-
questing the Regents of the University to ask the Legislature for a
special appropriation of $25,000 for the medical school. It is not
generally known that the State of Utah is doing better by its Uni-
versity, proportionately, than any other State, in that this Institution
receives 28 per cent. of the state's income in taxes. The State of
Utah contains about 400,000 inhabitants.
Acts of Congress. Public Health Service. The following is
the text of the act of congress concerning the Public Health Ser-
vice : Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled. That the
Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States
shall hereafter be known and designated as the Public Health Serv-
ice, and all laws pertaining to the Public Health and Marine-Hos-
pital Service of the United States shall hereafter apply to the Public
Health Service, and all regulations now in force, made in accord-
ance with law for the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service
of the United States, shall apply to and remain in force as regula-
tions of and for the Public Health Service until changed or rescinded.
The Public Health Service may study and investigate the diseases
of men and conditions influencing the propagation and spread
thereof, including sanitation and sewage and the pollution either
directly or indirectly of the navigable streams and lakes of the
United States, and it may from time to time issue Information in
the form of publications for the use of the public.
'Amendment to the food and drug act. Congress, before ad-
journment, passed an amendment to the food and drug act which
the President has signed, making it illegal " if its package or label
shall bear or contain any Statement, design, or device regarding the
curative or therapeutic effects of such article, or any of the ingredi-
I9I2] General 197
ents or substances contained therein, which is false and fraudulent."
It will be remembered that the act of 1906 declared that a drug is
misbranded "the package or label of which shall bear any Statement
. . . which shall be false or misleading in any particular . . . " ; but
the supreme court, by a majority of five to three, decided that this
did not refer to false Statements regarding the curative effect of a
drug.
Miscellaneous items. Proposed State medical service in Eng-
land. During the recent meeting of the British Medical Associa-
tion at Liverpool, a State Medical Service Association was formed
under the inspiration of Dr. B. Moore, professor of biochemistry at
the University of Liverpool. Prof. Moore lately produced a book
entitled " The dawn of the health age," in order to demonstrate the
necessity for entirely remodeling the present System of medical prac-
tice in the interests of the whole Community. The object of the
new association is to advocate a State medical service on the follow-
ing basis : (i) the whole profession to be organized on the lines of
the other State Services now in existence; (2) entry to the profes-
sion to be by one state examination; (3) each member of the serv-
ice to be paid an adequate salary, increasing gradually according
to the length of service and position in the service, and to be entitled
to a Pension after a specified number of years or in case of perma-
nent disablement; (4) members of the public to have, as far as
possible, free choice of physicians, but no physician to be called on
to have charge of more than a specified number of patients; (5) one
of the primary objects of the State service to be to unite preventive
and curative medicine ; all hospitals to be nationalized and used for
the purpose of consultative, operative and therapeutic work at the
request of and in conjunction with the patient's own physician; (6)
the Services of the state physicians to be open to €very one, rieh
or poor; (7) the state medical service to be administered by a
board of health under a minister of public health with cabinet rank,
assisted by expert medical advisers. This movement was started
before the insurance act was passed and is quite independent of the
present impasse. It is intended that the work of the association
shall form a brauch of sociologic science, and membership will
be open to all prominent sociologists, whether lay or medical.
198 Biochemical News, Notes and Comnient [Sept.
(London correspondent, Journal of the American Medical Associa-
tion, 19 12, lix, p. 663 : August 10).
Detection of formaldehyde in foods. In view of the introduc-
tion of a mixture of nitrite and formaldehyde with the object of
masking the reactions of the latter when used as a food preserva-
tive, the following experiments may be of interest. A sample of
f resh mixture was divided into four portions and treated as follovvs :
(i) A small amount of commercial formaldehyde Solution was
added; (2) small amounts of formaldehyde and sodium nitrite were
added; (3) a small amount of sodium nitrite was added; (4) no
addition was made. Portions of each of these were tested with
Rimini's test (Phenylhydrazin hydrochlorid, sodium nitroprussid
and sodium hydroxid). Prompt reactions for formaldehyde were
obtained in i and 2; negative results in 3 and 4. Other portions
of the samples were tested with the well-known test for nitrite (sul-
fanilic acid and alphanaphthylamin) . The responses of 2 and 3
were prompt and distinct. No color was produced in i and 4. The
original mixtures were allowed to stand 24 hours at room tempera-
ture and the tests repeated with the same results as obtained at first.
It seems easy, therefore, to unmask nitrite and formaldehyde in the
presence of each other. Henry Leffmann. {Journal of Industriell
and Engineering Chemistry, 1912, iv, p. 626: August.)
Joiirnalistic. With the September number Prof. A. R. Cushny,
of University College, London, becomes Joint editor with Prof.
John J. Abel, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, of the Jour-
nal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. At the same
time, Sir T. Lauder Brunton, of London, Professors J. T. Cash, of
Aberdeen, W. E. Dixon, of Cambridge, J. A. Gunn, of Oxford, Sir
Thomas R. Fräser, of Edinburgh, J. N. Langley, of Cambridge,
C. R. Marshall, of the University of St. Andrews, R. Stockman, of
Glasgow, F. Ransom, of London and Dr. H. H. Dale, of London,
join the board of associate editors. By this arrangement the ablest
representatives of phannacology in Great Britain unite with the
American and Canadian colleagues in the conduct of the Journal and
the publishers feel confident that it will henceforth serve as the
medium of publication for the best pharmacological researches of the
I9I2] General 1 99
english-speaking countries. (Publisher's announcement, Septem-
ber number, vol. iv, no. i.)
Visiting agriadturalists. Mr. Paul Korchoof, agricultural ex-
pert, department of the Russian ministry of agriculture, and Mr.
Vaseelie Yurieff, assistant director, Kharkow Central Agricultural
Experiment Station, have been visiting the agricultural Colleges and
stations in this country. — Dr. E. B. Copeland, dean of the College of
Agriculture, Los Bafios, P. I., who has been visiting the United
States, recently returned to the Philippines.
Parsons in Washington. Dr. Charles L. Parsons, secretary of the
American Chemical Society, moved from Durham, N. H., to Wash-
ington on September i. The headquarters of the American Chem-
ical Society may now be addressed, Box 505, Washington, D. C,
Remsen to remain at Hopkins. Owing to the difficulty of find-
ing a suitable occupant for the post, Dr. Ira Remsen will remain at
the head of Johns Hopkins University for the ensuing session, or
part of it at least.
Petroleum production in the United States, in 191 1, surpassed its
own record (made in 1910) by an increase of nearly 11,000,000
barreis. In 1910 the Output was 209,557,248 barreis. The total
production of the world also surpassed all previous records, amount-
ing to over 345,000,000 barreis.
Johns Hopkins limits enrolment. The dean of Johns Hopkins
Medical School announces that it has become necessary to limit the
number of students owing to the restricted space and facilities in the
various laboratories. The present enrolment is 355, the largest in
the history of the school, and fifty other students were refused ad-
mission prior to the beginning of the session.
Standard rations for nutrition experiments. A Conference was
held at the Graduate School of Agriculture, Lansing, Mich., on
July 24, to discuss the formulation of Standard rations for experi-
mental work in determining the comparative value of feed stuffs.
Mr. B. H. Rawl, chief of the dairy division, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, President H. J. Waters, of Kansas Agricultural Col-
lege, Prof. C. H. Eckles, of Missouri Experiment Station, and other
leading workers in this field were present and led the discussion.
200 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [Sept.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
I. General notes
Miscellaneous items. Dr. Carl L. Alsherg was one of the dis-
tinguished non-resident scientists to participate, by invitation, in a
series of lectures, during the late summer at Fordham University
Medical College, in New York, on nervous and mental diseases. —
The following members of the Association conducted investigations
at Woods Hole, Mass., during the summer: Cora J. Beckwith, H.
B. Goodrich, Louise H. Gregory, Charles Packard, Alwin W. Pap-
penheimer, Henry J. Spencer, Charles R. Stockard, Isabel Wheeler,
and L. L. Woodruff. — Dr. 'A. Richard Bliss is editor-in-chief of
TheMask, the official national organ of the Kappa Psi Fraternity. —
Prof. R. Burton-Opitz is now in Europe, where he is spending a
half-year leave of absence.
Officers of societies. Section (V) on Control of Infectious
Diseases of the I5th International Congress on Hygiene and Demog-
raphy (page 194) : Dr. Charles F. Boldiian, secretary. — New York
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital : Dr. Arthur F. Chace,
secretary (reelected). — Section (IV) on Organic Chemistry of the
8th International Congress of Applied Chemistry (page 194) Dr.
Harry L. Bisher, secretary. — N. Y. Entomological Society: Prof.
Raymond C. Oshiirn, president. — American Association for the
Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality: Dr. Philip Van Ingen,
secretary.
Appointments. Jefferson Medical College (Philadelphia) : Dr.
Philip B. Hawk (professor of physiological chemistry, University
of Illinois), professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology. —
Rockefeiler Institute for Medical Research: Dr. Michael Heidel-
berger (recently returned from Zürich), fellow in chemistry. —
Johns Hopkins University: Dr. John Howland (professor of
pediatrics in Washington University, St. Louis), director of the
Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children, professor of pediatrics,
and physician in charge of the pediatric department of Johns
Hopkins Hospital. — ^Cornell University Medical College, Loomis
Laboratory : Miss Jessie A. Moore (assistant at the Rockefeiler Insti-
tute for Medical Research), chemical assistant. — N. J. Agricultural
Experiment Station: Mr. Carl A. Schwarze, assistant plant pathol-
^,
Ol*jJJ_
"X-^Wv^n^,
1912] Columbia University Biochemical Association 201
ogist. — Long Island Medical College: Dr. Matthew Steel (assist-
ant Professor of physiological chemistry, University of Missouri), as-
sistant professor of physiological chemistry and pharmacology. — At
a recent annual meeting of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, in
London, Dr. William H. Woglom was appointed first assistant in
New York, a position maintained under the auspices of the Crocker
Fund for the investigation of Cancer. Dr. Woglom has returned
from London, where he had been pursuing a course of study under
Dr. Bashford, director of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund.
2. Proceedings of the Association.
Abstracts of the scientific proceedings of the third annual meet-
ing (June) are pubHshed on pages 156-187 of this issue.
3. Columbia Biochemical Department.
The new Assistant Professor, Dr. Paul E. Howe, B.S., A.M.,
PhD.^ Memorandum which was presented to the Faculty
OF Medicine with Dr. Howe's nomination to the Assistant
PROFESSORSHIP IN BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY.
Paul Edward Howe was born in Chicago, Illinois, on July 29,
1885. His early education was received in the public schools of
Chicago, Champaign and Urbana, Illinois (1890-1901). He at-
tended the Urbana High School (1899-1901) and spent a year
(i90i-'02) in the Preparatory School of the University of Illinois.
At the end of a four-year course at the University of Illinois he
received the degree of B.S. in Chemistry in 1906.
Since 1906 he has been a graduate Student and officer at the Uni-
versity of Illinois, passing by promotion through the grades of
Scholar in chemistry in the graduate school (i9o6-'o7), assistant
chemist in the laboratory of physiological chemistry (1907-08),
assistant in physiological chemistry (1908-10), and instructor in
physiological chemistry (i9io-'i2).
In 1907 he received the degree of M.A. ; in 1910, the degree of
Ph.D. His major subject for the Ph.D. degree was physiological
chemistry, with Professor P. B. Hawk; his minor subjects were
physical chemistry, physiology and histology.
* Biochemical Bulletin: 1911-12, i, pp. 136, 570, 573 and 574.
202 Biochcmical N'czvs, Notes and Comment [Sept.
Dr. Howe is a member of the American Society of Biological
Chemists, American Chemical Society, American Society of Animal
Nutrition, American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Illinois Academy of Science, Sigma Xi, Phi Lambda Upsilon, and
the Gamma Alpha Graduate Scientific Fraternity.
Dr. Howe's publications. 1907. The electrolytic corrosion of
brasses (with A. T. Lincoln and David Klein) ; Journal of Physical
Chemistry, 11, 501.
1908. Comparative tests of Spiro's and Folin's methods for the
determination of ammonia and urea (with P. B. Hawk) ; Proceedings
of the American Society of Biological Chemists, i, 104; Journal of
Biological Chemistry, 4, p. x.
1909. Comparative tests of Spiro's and Folin's methods for the
determination of ammonia and urea (with P. B. Hawk) ; Journal of
Biological Chemistry, 5, 477. — On the preservation of feces (with T. A.
Rutherford and P. B. Hawk) ; Proceedings of the American Society
of Biological Chemists, i, 196; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 6,
p. xlix,
1910. On the preservation of feces (with T.A. Rutherford and P.
B. Hawk) ; Journal of the American Chemical Society, 32, 1683. — A
study in repeated fasting (with P. B. Hawk) ; Proceedings of the
American Society of Biological Chemists, i, 259; Journal of Biological
Chemistry, 7, p. xlvi. — Fasting studies on men and dogs (with H. A.
Mattill and P. B. Hawk) ; Proceedings of the American Society of
Biological Chemists, i, 260; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 7, p. xlvii.
— Nitrogen partition in repeated fasting; Dissertation (pp. 42), pre-
sented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy (University of Illinois).
191 1. On the differential leucocyte count during prolonged fasting
(with P. B. Hawk) ; Proceedings of the American Society of Biological
Chemists, 2, 15; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 9, p. xxi. — Fasting
studies : I. Nitrogen partition and physiological resistance as influenced
by repeated fasting (with P. B. Hawk) ; Journal of the American
Chemical Society, 33, 215. — Fasting studies: III. Nitrogen partition of
two men through two seven-day fasts following the prolonged Ingestion
of a low-protein diet : Supplemented by comparative data from the sub-
sequent feeding period (with H. A. Mattill and P. B. Hawk) ; Journal
of the American Chemical Society, 33, 568. — Fasting studies: V
(Studies on water drinking: XI). Influenae of an excessive water
Ingestion of a dog after a prolonged fast (with H. A. Mattill and P. B.
Hawk) ; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 10, 417.
I9I2] Columbia University Biochemical Association 203
1912. A metaboHsm study on a fasting man (with P. B. Hawk) ;
Proceedings of the American Society of Biological Cheniists, 2, 65 ;
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 11, p. xxxi. — Hydrogen-ion concen-
tration of fecal extracts (with P. B. Hawk) ; Proceedings of the
American Society of Biological Chemists, 2, 66; Journal of Biolog-
ical Chemistry, 11, p. xxxii. — Studies on water drinking: XIII (Fast-
ing studies: VIII). Hydrogen-ion concentration in feces ; Journal of
Biological Chemistry, 11, 129. — A comparison of the data from two
fasts each exceeding one hundred days in length and upon the same
subject (with P. B. Hawk) ; Proceedings of the American Physiological
Society, American Journal of Physiology, 29, p. xiv. — On the differ-
ential leucocyte count during prolonged fasting (with P, B. Hawk) ;
American Journal of Physiology, 30, 174. — Fasting studies: VI. Dis-
tribution of nitrogen during a fast of 117 days (with H. A. Mattill
and P. B. Hawk) ; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 11, 103. — The gen-
eral aspects of fasting: Address before the Columbia University Bio-
chemical Association, May i, 1912; Biochemical Bulletin, 2, 90. —
The distribution of urinary nitrogen as influenced by the Ingestion of
moderate and copious quantities of distilled water at meal time (with
D. W. Wilson and P. B. Hawk) ; (in press) Journal of the American
Chemical Society, 34, Proceedings, p. ^^i- — Addendum. The utiliza-
tion of individual proteins by man as influenced by repeated fasting
(with P. B. Hawk) ; Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress
of Applied Chemistry (preliminary edition), 19, 145. (William J. Gies,
Secretary of the Faculty of Medicine. )
Resignations and appointments. The following changes in
the staff for the year 1912-13 were officially authorized prior to
October i, IQ12: Dr. Paul E. Howe, assistant professor, vice Prof.
Wm. H. Welker, resigned; Dr. Clayton S. Smith, instructor (pro-
moted), vice Dr. Ernest D. Clark, appointed instructor in chemistry
at the Cornell University Medical College; Dr. Frederic G. Good-
ridge, assistant, vice Reuben Ottenberg, resigned ; Messrs. E. G. Mil-
ler, Jr., and Arthur Knudson, assistants, vice Dr. C. S. Smith (pro-
moted) and Mr. A. R. Rose, resigned; and Misses Ethel Wickwire
and Tula L. Harkey, assistants (at Teachers College), vice Mr. E.
G. Miller, Jr. (promoted) and Miss Blanche Harris, resigned.
Summer session. Courses. Professor Gies kept the labora-
tory open daily throughout the summer and conducted courses
(July 5-August 15) in nutrition at the College of Physicians and
204 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [Sept.
Surgeons with Dr. C. S. Smith's assistance, and at Teachers' Col-
lege with the aid of Dr. Emily C. Seaman and Miss B. E. Shaffer.
Investigators. The workers named below conducted research,
in the biochemical laboratory at the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, during all or part of the summer vacation : Louis Berman,
R. J. Cook, Edward Cussler, F. R. Eider, N. B. Foster, Wm. J.
Gies, Samuel Gitlow, Isidor Greenwald, W. M. Kraus, Alfred P.
Lothrop, H. A. Mattill, H. O. Mosenthal, Jacob Rosenbloom, Emily
C. Seaman, C. S. Smith, William Weinberger, Charles Weisman,
Wm. H. Welker, Harry Wessler.
Miscellaneous notes. Professor Gies was vice president of the
Section on Biochemistry including Pharmacology of the 8th Inter-
national Congress of Applied Chemistry (page 150). — Dr. H. 0.
Mosenthal recently returned from Tübingen, where he had been
working in the medical clinic under the direction of Prof. E. von
Romberg. — Dr. Jacob Rosenbloom has resigned the affiliated Posi-
tion of assistant pathologist at the German Hospital. — Mr. A. R.
Rose has lately completed the requirements for the Ph.D. degree and
will be publicly examined in October. He has begun a special study
of amylase with Prof. H. C. Sherman. — Mr. Joseph Hepburn- has
begun work as " university fellow " in biological chemistry.
EDITORIALS
Ernst Schulze was one of the great pioneers in biological chem-
istry. He worked in an inspired way along the zone between the
old zoöchemistry and the ancient phytochemistry, and achieved the
distinction of removing the barriers between
rnst c uze these two fields and uniting them in one great
open biochemical territory. He brought Hght and understanding
into large domains where darkness and doubt prevailed. His ex-
ample in industry, patience, perseverance, devotion, enthusiasm, abil-
ity and productiveness has been an inspiration to biochemical work-
ers the world over. Schulze's classical achievements and Service
will be forever linked with the history of fundamental developments
in a great formative scientific era. His name and Service will be
justly remembered, as his memory will be venerated, for very many
generations.
As the methods of chemical analysis become more delicate and
refined there appears ever increasing evidence that the maintenance
of health and nutrition depends not alone on the caloric values of
T . ^ ^1. u food-stuffs and the relativ^e proportions of nitro-
Important though ^ .
unknown factors in gen and carbon in the diet, but quite as much on
nutrition other factors which we are beginning fully to
appreciate. Scurvy has long been one of the indications that there
are certain unappreciated factors in a normal diet, and the antiscor-
butic action of vegetables and vegetable Juices is strong emphasis on
this point. The researches of Hart, McCollum, Steenbock and
Humphrey/ on cattle, and of Osborne and Mendel,^ on rats, are
among the many recent studies that reveal the importance of such
unknown though influential factors in their broad bearing.
The disease beriberi is a concrete example of the disturbance of
such subtle influences. For a considerable time physicians in the
^ Hart, McCollum, Steenbock and Humphrey : University of Wisconsin
Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin, No. 17 (June, 1911).
* Osborne and Mendel: Carnegie Institution, Puhlication 156.
205
2o6 Important Factors in Nutrition [Sept.
Orient have believed that certain foods were responsible for this
form of Polyneuritis. Miura believed the noxious agent to be
contained in a certain fish, which is much eaten raw ; but more re-
cently the blame has fallen on rice. It has been asserted that in the
prisons of Java, beriberi occurs in one out of every forty prisoners
when shelled rice is eaten; in one out of ten thousand, if the un-
shelled grain is used. The classical studies of Schaumann were sug-
gested by observations of this kind. Schaumann believed that since
polished rice is poor in phosphorus, beriberi is due to a deficiency of
certain organic phosphorus Compounds. This hypothesis had some
Support in the fact that materials which relieve the pain of neuritis,
such as bran, are rieh in phosphorus, but the later investigations of
Wieland^ cast doubt on the accuracy of these deductions, since it
could not be shown that the total body-phosphorus was much in-
fluenced by feeding mice on polished rice. In this connection the
researches of Fingerling,^ and of McCollum and Halpin,^ are sug-
gestive, for they have shown a synthesis of organic phosphorus Com-
pounds from inorganic phosphates.
The latest contributions to the study of beriberi were made by
Chamberlain and Vedder,^ by whom it has been shown that extracts
of rice-bran are effective as therapeutic agents and that these ex-
tracts contain mere traces of phosphorus. The active substance in
the bran has not yet been identified, but the interesting feature dis-
closed by the present evidence as to the etiology of kakki is that a
food stuff may contain an ingredient which is essential in order to
prevent injury to the tissues by other components of such food ma-
terial. Rice grain is harmless when eaten with the pericarp but,
if the latter is removed by " polishing," a malady ensues which may
be cured by extracts made from the pericarp. These facts present
a new face to the idea of " balanced rations " and also remind us
of the broad biological significance of Loeb's "balanced Solutions."
N. B. F.
' Wieland : Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1912,
Ixix, p. 293.
* Fingerling: Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1912, xxxviii, p. 448; xxxix, p. 239.
"McCollum and Halpin : Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1912, xi (Pro-
ceedings of the American Society of Biological Chemists, p. xiii).
* Chamberlain and Vedder: Philippine Journal of Science, 1912, vi, p. 251.
1912] Editoriais 207
In a circular with this title, Director Russell of the Wisconsin
A'gricultural Experiment Station^ has recently given an interesting
summary of the perfection of the Babcock quantitative test for milk-
rru ~- t ^ fat and the influence which it has exerted on
The Coming 01 age
of the dairy science and practice throughout the world.
Babcock test Milk and its numerous products play so impor-
tant a röle in the economy of the home and in the dietary of the sick
that the significance of Professor Babcock's contribution cannot re-
main unnoticed in the annals of the medical world. The simple,
yet highly accurate Babcock method of estimating the fat content
of milk and cream finds daily application not only in dozens of
analytic laboratories, but likewise in hundreds of creameries, in milk
establishments, and even in the office of the busy practitioner of
medicine, where a few inexpensive devices enable him to gauge the
richness of a breast-milk or a modified milk mixture with facility.
Every pediatrist appreciates what the Babcock test means for the
exigencies of practice and successful feeding. Today, twenty-two
years after the introduction of this procedure which, as Ex-Gover-
nor Hoard remarked, has made dairymen more honest than the
Bible because it has removed all opportunity for them to profit by
any deceit, it is interesting to note that no change has been made in
the essential features of the test during all this period. The tech-
nic of the Operation remains the same as when the details were pub-
lished by Dr. Babcock in 1890. The Stimulus which it has given
to scientific dairying, to the standardization and improvement of our
milk-supplies, to the possibilities of rational infant-feeding, and to
what these in turn involve in the direction of the public health, is
scarcely appreciated by the medical profession. Director Russell
has written that the Babcock test frees the dairy farmer from the
fetters of past traditions, and removes him from the category of
"mossbacks." The influences here referred to have in fact been
even more far-reaching.
An additional feature deserves mention: No patent was taken
out on either the method or the apparatus required to carry out the
Babcock test. There zuas no copyrighting of a name — no commer-
' University of Wisconsin Agriculitiral Experiment Station, Circular of
Information, No. 2^, 1912.
2o8 Babcock Test [Sept.
cialism. In accord with a code of ethics now more generally recog-
nized than at any time, the discoverer, becaiise of his connection with
the State experiment Station, gave his invention freely to the world.
We may gladly join in acknowledging our Obligation to the man
whom the grate ful State of Wisconsin has presented a medal in
recognition of " his iinselfish dedication of these inventions to the
public Service." (Editorial : Journal of the American Medical As-
sociation, 191 2, lix, p, 544.)
The discovery and investigation of the specific secretions of the
so-called ductless glands and of other organs make one of the most
interesting chapters in physiology. Much has been learned con-
cerning these secretions and their röle in the
rgano- er py j^^Q^jy These extracts, theoretically, should be of
great value in the treatment of diseases in which a certain gland or
glands are deficient or entirely lacking in function. But actual ex-
perience has been disappointing as a rule, for two reasons : ( i ) The
diagnosis of insufficiency of secretion on the part of a certain gland
or Organ is usually most difficult; (2) and even when a correct
diagnosis is made, it is rarely possible to administer the gland sub-
stances in such a way as to develop their specific activity.
A notable exception to this experience is the successful use of
thyroid extract in thyroid insufficiency or myxedema. Suprarenal
substance has also proved highly use ful as a circulatory stimulant
and hemostatic, but not for the treatment of Addison's disease. It
can safely be said that the administration of gland substance from
the thymus, hypophysis, ovaries, pancreas, testicles, etc., for dis-
eases of these organs, has hitherto met with failure. Only härm
can come from their promiscuous use before careful experimentation
fully determines their value.
A wholesome skepticism concerning the efficiency of preparations
of the digestive enzymes is likewise commended. After years of
usage many of our best clinical observers believe that pepsin, " pan-
creatin " and the amylases are of little or no value. The use of se-
cretin more recently has been similarly disappointing. The con-
tinued routine use of these preparations is due chiefly to the claims
of manufacturers.
I9I2] Editorids 209
We congratulate our English confreres on the successful con-
summation of their plans for the formation of a biochemical society
and the publication of a biochemical Journal^ under their associated
Biochemical So- control. In this coimtry we have long derived
ciety, England great benefit from the meetings and activity of
the American Society of Biological Chemists and are confident our
English colleagues will have a similar experience. We felicitate the
biochemical profession at large on this further evidence of the rapid
growth in usefulness, and the prominent place of Service, of biochem-
ical art and science. The Bio-Chemical Journal has been highly
esteemed in America, and we wish it long life and distinguished
Service under its new management. " Science is essentially mutual-
istic and the success of one Organization is the gratification of all —
the triumphs and discoveries of one are shared with the many,
and the feeling of pride in the progress of the one may he shared.
zvithout loss by sister organizations. As the discovery made in one
brauch of science may be the necessary foundation for the Solution
of some problem in another, so the contribution from one society
may be the stepping stone to advancement in another. It is all hail
then, greetings and felicitation — and Godspeed in the accomplish-
ments of your future destiny."
The name of the writer of this note might suggest a strong par-
tiality on his part for the incorporation into biochemical discussions,
in English, of such words as " Baustein." He believes, neverthe-
" Baustein " or ^^^^' ^^^^ English phrases of equal f orce thoug'h
" construction Unit** of more abstract significance, such as "construc-
tion Unit" for "Baustein," are more acceptable, especially to stu-
dents receiving their introduction, in English, to the subject of pro-
tein synthesis and similar processes.
The foregoing remarks recall the common use, in English, of
" Splitting product " or " split product " as equivalents for " Spal-
tungsprodukt," when the substance referred to is neither " Splitting
Splitting productsor "^^ "split," but has resulted from cleavage.
cleavage products Why not term such substances "cleavage prod-
ucts" in conformity with good usage in analogous relationships ?
"Halliburton: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912; ii, p. 128.
2IO X-Rays fSept.
We received recently, with very great pleasure, a foreign money
Order for twelve dollars instead of tzvelve Shillings in payment of
Volume I of the Biochemical Bulletin. In view of the fact that
this overpayment did not excite a desire to dis-
A rare complimen ^^ontinue the subscription, we have proceeded
with more enthusiasm than ever with our editorial work, in the hope
that future volumes of the Bulletin may be much more deserving
of such a compliment.
The doing that makes commerce is born of the thinking that
makes scholars. — Ruskin.
Perhaps the most valuable result of all education is the ability
_. _ to make yourself do the thing you have to do,
when it ought to be done, whether you like it or
not. — Huxley.
The fabric of medical progress — indeed, of all progress — is
woven from legitimate dreams to a greater extent than the " practi-
cal" man is wont to realize or willing to admit. Editorial: Journal
of the American Medical Association, 1912, lix, p. 1195.
Who is it that, when years are gone by, we remember with the
purest gratitude and pleasure? Not the learned or clever. But
those who have had the force of character to prefer the future to the
present, the good of others to their own pleasure. — Stanley.
A fig for yesterday's convictions ! They were the cocksure
beliefs of children lost in the dark. This is another day, and we've
grown overnight. Do you plead the dignity of fixed opinion? It
is enough for us to say : " We believed it when we affirmed it ; we
have learned and changed our minds." — Ana Phylactic.
The successful man, whether in business, in the professions and
trades, or in politics, enjoys the game for its own sake. He is not
a conscript in life's battles, but a volunteer, The way interests him
as much as the goal. Not only the result, but the exercise of powers
necessary to achieve it, gives him satisfaction. — AI I. Phatic.
Speaking mentalwise, overfed conceit equals the blind staggers.
The easiest kind of intoxication is that which feeds upon the poisons
distilled by a self-caressing imagination. Open the floodgates of
self-approval and soon you won't know whether you are making
good or not, for you won't be able to present an intelligent compari-
son of your own achievements with those of others. — Jaun Dice.
BOOKS RECEIVED
The BiocHEMicAL Bulletin will promptly acknowledge, under this heading,
the receipt of all publications that may be presented to it. From time to time,
selections will be made for review on pages of the volume to be appropriately
indicated here. Reviews will be matter-of-fact Statements of the nature and
Contents of the publications under consideration, and will be intended solely to
guide possihle purchasers. The wishes or expectations of publishers or donors
of volumes will be disregarded, when they are incompatible with our convictions
regarding the interests of our colleagues. The size of the printed pages, in
inches, is indicated in the appended notices.
Practical physiological chemistry. A book designed for use in courses in
practica! physiological chemistry in schools of medicine and of science. By
Philip B. Hawk, professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology in the
Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. Fourth edition, revised and en-
larged. Pp. 475 — 4J^X8; $2.50 net. P. Blakiston's Sons & Co.. Philadelphia,
1912.
The protein element in nutrition. (One of the International Medical Mono-
graphs.) By Major D. McCay, professor of physiology, Medical College, Cal-
cutta. Pp. 216 — 4X7, with 8 füll page portraits of human subjects; $2.00 net.
Longmans, Green and Co., New York; Edward Arnold, London, 1912.
Oxidations and reductions in the animal body. (One of the Monographs
on Bio chemistry.) By H, D. Dakin, The Herter Laboratory, New York. Pp.
135 — 41^X8; $1.40 net. Longmans, Green and Co., 1912.
Researches on cellulose. III (1905-1910). By C. F. Gross and E. J. Bevan.
Pp. 173 — 3><X6; $2.50 net. Longmans, Green and Co., 1912.
An introduction to the study of the protozoa, with special reference to
the parasitic forms. By E. A. Minchin, professor of protozoology in the Univer-
sity of London. Pp. 517 — 4 X 75^ ; $6.00 net. Longmans, Green and Co., New
York; Edward Arnold, London, 1912.
Studies from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Reprints:
Volume XV ; 1912. (48 reprints).
CoUected reprints o£ papers. By Graham Lusk. (Researches, III; 1907-
'11 — II reprints).
Studies from the Department of Physiology, Cornell University Medical
College, 1911-1912. (11 reprints).
Studies from the Departments of Pathology, Bacteriology, Experimental
Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Cornell University Medical
College, 191 1. (12 reprints).
Les produits biologiques medicinaux. By P. Byla and R. Delaunay. Pp.
466 — 3}iX6yi. Societe d'editions scientifiques et medicales, F. Gittler, Directeur,
Paris, 1912.
E. Merck's Jahresbericht über Neuerungen auf den Gebieten der
Pharmakotherapie und Pharmazie: 25 Jahrgang (1911). E. Merck, Chemi-
sche Fabrik, Darmstadt, 1912. Pp. 531 — 4X7, with a general index of volumes
1-25.
Optica! Instruments: Adam Hilger, Ltd. 75 a, Camden Road, London,
igi2. (Catalogue).
OFFICERS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1912-1913*
OFFICIAL REGISTER, SEPT. 30, 1912
William J. Gies: Professor and Chairman of the Staff; Consulting chemist,
New York Botanical Garden; Pathological chemist, Bellevue Hospital ; Mem-
ber of the Faculties of N. Y. Teachers College and N. Y. College of
Pharmacy. [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1893 and M.S., 1896; Ph.B., Yale
University, 1894; Ph.D., 1897. Instructor, i89&-'02; adjunct professor, 1902-
'05; Professor, 1905-.]
Paul E. Howe: Assistant Professor, 1912-. [B.S., University of Illinois, 1906,
A.M., 1907 and Ph.D., 1910.]
Nellis B. Foster: Associate; Associate Physician, New York Hospital ; Chemist,
St. Luke's Hospital. [B.S., Amherst College, 1898; M.D., Johns Hopkins
University, 1902. Instructor, i9o6-'o8; associate, 1908-.]
Walter H. Eddy: Associate and Secretary of the Staff. [B.S., Amherst Col-
lege, 1898; A.M., Columbia, 1908 and Ph.D., 1909. Assistant, i9o8-'io;
associate, 1910-.]
Jacob Rosenbloom : Associate; Pathological chemist, German Hospital. [B.S.,
University of Pittsburg, 1905; M.D. and Ph.D., Columbia, 1909. Assistant,
i909-'io; associate, 1910-.]
Alfred P. Lothrop: Associate and Departmental Registrar. [A.B., Oberlin,
1906 and A.M., 1907; Ph.D., Columbia, 1909. Assistant, i9o8-'o9; instructor,
i909-'i2; associate, 1912-.]
Herman O. Mosenthal: Instructor; Assistant Attending Physician, Presby-
terian Hospital; Assistant Physician, Vanderbilt Clinic; Instructor- in medi-
cine. [A.B., Columbia, 1899 and M.D., 1903. Assistant, igoS-'og; instructor,
1909-.]
Emily C. Seaman: Instructor. [B.S., Adelphi College, 1899; A.M., Columbia,
1905 and Ph.D., 1912. Tutor, 190g-' 10; instructor, 1910-.]
Clayton S. Smith: Instructor. [B.S., Rutgers College, 1910 and M.S., 1912.
Assistant, i9io-'i2; instructor, 1912-.]
Edg.\r G. Miller, Jr. : Assistant, 191 1- [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1911.]
Frederic G. Goodridge: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Harvard University, 1897;
M.D., Columbia, 1901.]
Arthur Knudson : Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., University of Missouri, 1912.]
Ethel Wickwire : Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Tri-State College, 1909.]
TuLA L. Harkey: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Colorado College, 1909.]
Christian Seifert: Laboratory assistant, 1898-.
Stella Waldeck : Recorder, 1908-.
Blanche E. Shaffer: Laboratory assistant, summer session, 1912.
Joseph S. Hepburn: University fellow, 1912-13. [A.B., Central High School,
Philadelphia, 1903 and A.M., 1908; B. S., University of Pennsylvania, 1907
and M.S., 1907.]
*The work of the department was inaugurated in October, 1898, by Prof.
R. H. Chittenden (lecturer and director), Dr. William J. Gies (instructor),
Messrs. Alfred N. Richards and Allan C. Eustis (assistants), and Christian
Seifert (laboratory assistant).
COURSES OFFERED BY THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. 1911-1912
Courses 51 (log), 105 and 215 are given during the first half-year only.
Course loi is given during the first half-year and is repeated (102) during the
second half-year. Courses 104 and iio (52) are given only during the second
half year. All other courses are conducted throughout the entire academic year.
All courses not otherwise specified are given at the College of Physicians and
Surgeons.
(Abbreviations : C, Conference; D, demonstration ; L, lecture; hw, labora-
tory work; R, recitation.)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
51 (109) Elementary ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Introductory to courses loi, 102
and IIO (52). (Required of first year students of medicine.) L, i hr. D, i hr.
R, 2 hr., each section (2). Lw, 6 hr. each section (2). Profs. Gies and Howe,
Drs. Smith and Goodridge, and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
NUTRITION (PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY)
101-102. General physiological chemistry. A course in the eletnents of
normal nutrition. (Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.) L, 2 hr. R. i
hr., each section (2). Lw, 5 hr., each section (2). Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and
Misses Wickwire and Harkey. (This course is designated "Chemistry 51" and
"Household Arts Education 125" in the Teachers College Announcement.)
This course is designated " 5" — H. A. 25 " in the Teachers College Division
of the Summer School Announcement. The course was given last summer by
Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and Miss Shaffer.
104. General pathological chemistry. Lectures on nutrition in disease.
(Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.) L, i hr. Prof. Gies. (This
course is designated "Chemistry 52" in the Teachers College Announcement.)
iio (52). General physiological chemistry. A course in the elements of
normal nutrition. (Required of first year students of medicine.) L, 2 hr. R. i
hr., each section (2). Lw, 6 hr., each section (2). Profs. Gies and Howe,
Dr. Smith, and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
This course is designated " S — 104" in the Medical Division of the Summer
School Announcement. It was given last summer by Prof. Gies and Dr. Smith.
209-210. Chemistry of nutrition. (School of Pharmacy. Required of
candidates for the Degree of Doctor of Pharmacy.) L, i hr. Prof. Gies.
211-212. General biological chemistry. Specially adapted to the needs
of secondary school teachers of biology. L, i hr. Lw, 4 hr, Dr. Eddy,
213-214. Advanced physiological chemistry, including methods of re-
SEARCH in nutrition. (Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.) L, i hr.
Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Gies and Dr. Seaman. (This course is designated " House-
hold Arts Education 127" in the Teachers College Announcement.)
215. General biological chemistry. A course in the elements of normal
nutrition. L, i hr. Lw, 7 hr. Prof. Gies, Dr. Lothrop and Messrs. Miller and
Knudson.
217-218. BiOCHEMICAL methods of RESEARCH, INCLUDING CLINICAL METHODS
AND URiNARY ANALYsis IN GENERAL. L, I hr. Lw, 7 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe,
Dr. Lothrop, and Messrs. Miller and Hepburn.
219-220. Nutrition in health. A laboratory course in advanced physio-
logical chemistry. L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe, Dr. Lothrop and
Mr. Miller.
Courses in Nutrition (continued)
221-222, Nutrition in Disease. A laboratory course in advanced patholog-
ical chemistry. L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 lir. Prof. Gies.
223-224. Nutrition in Disease. L, i hr. Profs. Gics and Howe, and Drs.
Fostcr, Moscnthal and Goodridge.
225-226. Advanced physiological and pathological chemistry, including
ALL PHASEs OF NUTRITION. Research. C, I hr. (individual students). Lw, 16 hr.
Profs. Gies and Howe, and Dr. Lothrop.
TOXICOLOGY
231-232. Effects and detection of poisons, including food preservatives
AND adulterants. Lw, 6 hr. Prof. Gies and Mr. Miller.
BOTANY
235-236. Chemical PHYSiOLOGY OF PLANTS. (New York Botanical Garden.)
L, I hr. Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Gies.
BACTERIOLOGY
241-242. Chemistry of microorganisms : fermentations, putrefactions
AND tue behavior of enzymes. An introduction to sanitary chemistry. L, i hr.
Lw, 7 hr. Prof. Gies.
SANITATION
105. Sanitary chemistry. (Teachers College, School of Practica! Arts).
L, i hr. Lw, 3 hr. Dr. Seaman and Miss Harkey. (This course is designated
" Chemistry 57 " and " Household Arts Education 129 " in the Teachers College
Announcement.)
BIOCHEMICAL SEMINAR
301-302. Biochemical Seminar, i hr. Prof. Gies.
RESEARCH IN BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Bloch emical research may be conducted, by advanced workers, independently
or under guidance, in any of the departmcntal laboratories.
LABORATORIES FOR ADVANCED WORK IN BIOCHEMISTRY
The laboratories in which the advanced work of the biochemical department
is conducted are situated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Teachers
College, New York Botanical Garden and Bellevue Hospital. Each laboratory
is well equipped for research in nutrition and all other phases of biological
chemistry.
BIOCHEMICAL LIBRARY
Prof. Gies' library occupies a room adjoining the main biochemical labora-
tory at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and is accessible, by appoint-
ment, to all past and prosent workers in the Department.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
The Biochemical Association holds scientific meetings regularly on the first
Fridays in December, February and April, and on the first Monday in June.
These meetings are open to all students in the University.
SUMMER SCHOOL COURSES
Summer Session courses are mentioned in the foregoing rcferences to
Courses 101-102 and 110 (52). Prof. Gies will have charge of both courses next
Summer. He will also conduct a special kcture course in nutrition. The labora-
tories will be open for research throughout the summer.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Professional Assistance Offered to Biological Chemists
The Columbia University Biochemical Association will be glad to
cooperate confidentially with all who desire the Services of biological
chemists and with all who seek positions in biological chemistry.
Address inquiries to William J. Gies, 437 West 5Qth St., New York.
Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Biochemical Society.
The seventh annual meeting of the American Society of Biological
Chemists will be held in the buildings of the Medical Department of the
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, on Monday, Tuesday
and Wednesday, December 30, 31, 1912, and January i, 1913. The
American Physiological Society and the American Society for Pharma-
cologv' and Experimental Therapeutics meet in Cleveland at the same
time, and Joint sessions will be held. The headquarters of the three
societies will be at the Hotel Colonial. For particulars, address the
Secretary, Prof. Alfred N. Richards, Department of Pharmacology,
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
THE BIOCHEMICAL BULLETIN
The BiocHEMiCAL Bulletin is a quarterly biochemical review.
It publishes results of original investigations in biological chemistry
and presents miscellaneous items of personal and professional in-
terest to chemical biologists.
Biological chemists everywhere are cordially invited to forward
contributions of any character whatever that will increase the v^lue
and add to the interest of the Bulletin. Original contributions
to research, preliminary reports of investigations, abstracts of
papers, addresses, reviews, descriptions of new methods and appa-
ratus, practical suggestions to teachers, biographical notes, histori-
cal summaries, bibliographies; quotations, newS items, personalia,
views on current events in chemical biolog}^ efc./are solicited.'
The Bulletin will present as much biochemical substance öf as
great variety and value, in,as Uttle space and for as little.money, as
possible. Contributors afe accordingly reqiiested to keep their
papers within the bounds of 15 printed pages and, if possible, to
restrict them to^ lo^pages or less. Recrystaljize.all^the produots,
reject the " mother liquors " and send the Biochemtcal Bulletin
" preparations of tested piirity"!
Each volume of the Biochemical Bulletin will contäin about
600 pages, The price of Volume I is $6.00. Sirigle numbers may
be purchased from a diminishing reserve supply at the following
prices: No. i, $1.50; No. 2, $2.50; No. 3, $2.00; No. 4, $1.50.
The reserve supply of copies of each number of Volume II df the
Biochemical Bulletin will be closely restricted to the if}äicated
desires of subscribers and the estimated needs of future members of
the Association. Subscriptions for Volume II are accordingly so-
licited at the following rates, payahle in advance:
Before October i, 1912: domestic, $2.75; foreign, $3.00.
Between October i and December i : $3.00; foreign, $3.25.
Between Dec. i, 1912, and March i, 1913 : $3.50; foreign, $3.75.
Between March i and June i, 1913: $4.25; foreign, $4.50.
After June i, 1913 : $6.00 — to be sold only to subscribers.
Subscriptions may be renewed at any time'on original terms.
Remittances, manuscripts and correspondence should be addressed
to the Biochemical Bulletin, 437 West 59th St., New York City.
Vol. II January, 1913 No. 6
Biochemical Bulletin
Edited, for the Columbia University Biochemical Association, by the
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE:
ALFRED P. LOTHROP, Chairman,
PAUL E. HOWE, Secretary, WILLIAM J. GIES, Treasurer,
WALTER H. EDDY, JOSEPH S. HEPBURN, H. O. MOSENTHAL,
NELLIS B. FOSTER, MAX KAHN, EMILY C. SEAMAN,
F. G. GOODRIDGE, ARTHUR KNUDSON, ETHEL WICKWIRE,
TULA L. HARKEY, EDGAR G. MILLER, JR., LOUIS E. WISE,
all of the Staff of the Biochemical Department of Columbia University.
CONTENTS
PAGB
Carl L. Alsberg. Biography and bibliography (with portrait). H. M. A 211
A Differential Chemical Study of Glucoses from a Case of Pancreatic
Diabetes. Frederic Landolph 217
The Detection of Aceto-acetic Acid by Sodiu.m Nitroprussid and Ammonia.
V. J. Harding and R. F. Ritt tan. 223
Ortho-tolidin AS an Indicator for Occult Blood.
R. F. Ruttan and R. H. M. Hardisty. 225
Synthetical Properties of Emulsin. Vernon K. Krieble 227
On the Occurrence of Nicotinic Acid in Rice Bran . U. Suztcki and S. Matsunaga 228
A Study of the Influence of Cancer Extracts on the Groavth of Lupin
Seedlings. Jacob Rosenbloom 229
The Biochemistry of the Female Genitalia :
3. A quantitative study of certain enzymes of the ovary, utenis, and bladder,
of pregnant and non-pregnant sheep.
Thuisco A. Erpf-Lefkovics and Jacob Rosenbloom 233
4. On the absence of certain enzymes from the human chorion.
Jacob Rosenbloom 236
A Department of Biochemical Research at Vineland, New Jersey.
Arnos W. Peters 238
Biochemistry in New YorkTwenty Years Ago. E. E. Smith 243
Immunity IN SOME OF ITS BIOCHEMICAL AsPECTS. C/iarles Frederick Bolduan 247
A Plan for the Organization of the American Biological Society.
Albert P. Mathews 261
Organization of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental
BiOLOGY, comprising THE American Phvsiological Society, American So-
ciety of Biological Chemists, and American Society for Pharmacology
and Experimental Therapeutics. John Auer. 269
Annual Meetings of the Organizations comprisikgthe Federation of Ameri-
can Societies for Experimental Biology:
i. The American Physiological Society. Joseph Erlanger, Acting Secretary 271
2. The American Society of Biological Chemists. Alfred A\ Richards, Secretary 275
3. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
John Auer, Secretary 279
Meeting of the American Society of Animal Nutrition (American Society of
Animal Production). Lewis IV. Fetser 282
Proceedings of the Eighth Scientific Meeting of the Columbia'University
Biochemical Association. Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary 284
Folio Microbiologica. C. A. Pekelharing 297
Biochemical Bibliography and Index. William J. des 298
Biochemical News, Notes and Comment ; 307
Editorials 329
NEW YORK
Columbia University Biochemical Association.
Entered as second-clasB matter in the Post Office at Lancaster, Fa.
Honorary Members of the Columbia Biochemical Association
PROF. R. H. CHITTENDEN, First Director of the Columbia University De-
partment of Biological (Physiological) Chemistry; Director of the Shef-
field Scientific School of Yale University
PROF. SAMUEL W. LAMBERT, Dean of the Columbia University School of
Medicine
DR. JACQUES LOEB, Memher of the Rockefeiler Institute for Medical Re-
search; Head of the Department of Experimental Diology
PROF. ALEXANDER SMITH, Head of the Department of Chemistry, Co-
lumbia University
Corresponding Members
PROF. LEON ASHER, University of Bern. Siuitserland
PROF. FILIPPO BOTTAZZI, University of Naples, Italy
PROF. VLADIMIR S. GULEVIC, University of Moscow, Rtissia '
PROF. W. D. HALLIBURTON, King's College, London
PROF. S. G. HEDIN, University of Upsala, Sweden
PROF. FREDERICO LANDOLPH, University of La Plata, Argentina
PROF. A. B. MACALLUM, University of Toronto, Canada
PROF. C. A. PEKELHARING, University of Utrecht, Holland
PROF. S. P. L. SÖRENSEN, Carlsberg Laboratory, C'openhagcn, Denmark
k
Editors of the Biochemical Bulletin
The editorial committee
The honorary members
The corresponding members
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS
DR. JOHN AUER, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
PROF. WILDER D. BANCROFT, Cornell University, Ithaca
DR. CHARLES A. DOREMUS, 55 W. 52d St., New York City
PROF. JOSEPH ERLANGER, Washington Univ. Medical School, St. Louis
DR. LEWIS W. FETZER, U. S. Dep't of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
PROF. MARTIN H. FISCHER, University of Cincinnati
DR. MARY LOUISE FOSTER, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.
DR. V. J. HARDING, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. R. H. M. HARDISTY, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. VERNON K. KRIEBLE, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
PROF. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
PROF. JOHN A. MANDEL, A^. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hospital Med. College
PROF. ALBERT P. MATHEWS, University of Chicago
PROF. SHINNOSUKE MATSUNAGA, University of Tokyo, Japan
PROF. LAFAYETTE B. MENDEL, Yale University
PROF. VICTOR C. MYERS, N. Y. Post-Graduate Med. School and Hospital
DR. AMOS W. PETERS, The Training School, Vineland, N. J.
PROF. R. F. RUTTAN, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. E. E. SMITH, 50 East 4ist St., New York City
DR. A. E. SPAAR,_Cjfy Hospital, Trincomalee, Ceylon
PROF. UMETARO SUZUKI, University of Tokyo, Japan
MISS ANNA W. WILLIAMS, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
PROF. E. WINTERSTEIN, Polytechnic Institute, Zürich, Switserland
DR. JULES WOLFF, 26 Rue Dutot. Paris
'■■^
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
DAVID ALPERIN, Eclectic Medical College
EDGAR ALTENBURG, Department of Botany, Columbia University
HUGH AUCHINCLOSS, Department of Surgery, Columbia University
GEORGE BAEHR, Mount Sinai Hospital
ELMER W. BAKER, Flushing Hospital
CHARLES W. BALLARD, College of Pharmacy, Columbia University
HANS G. BAUMGARD, German Hospital Dispensary
CORA J. BECKWITH, Department of Zoology, Columbia University
STANLEY R. BENEDICT, Cornell University Medical College
LOUIS E. BISCH, N. Y. P osi-Graduate Medical School and Hospital
HELENE M. BOAS, Barnard College, Columbia University
CHARLES F. BOLDUAN, Health Department of New York City
SAMUEL BOOKMAN, Mount Sinai Hospital
SIDNEY BORN, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
WILLIAM BALLANTINE BOYD, College of the City of New York
EDWARD- C BRENNER, Bellevue Hospital
JACOB J. BRONFENBRENNER, Rockef eller Institute for Medical Research
ALFRED J. BROWN, Department of Anatomy, Columbia University
LEO BUERGER, Mt. Sinai Hospital
JESSE G. M. BULLOWA, New York Polyclinic Medical School
GERTRUDE S. BURLINGHAM, Eastern District High School, Brooklyn
RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ, Department of Physiology, Columbia University
A. M. BUSWELL, Department of Chemistry,' Columbia University
R. F. CALVERT, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
HERBERT S. CARTER, Presbyterian Hospital
RUSSELL L. CECIL, Presbyterian Hospital
ARTHUR F. CHACE, New York Post-Graduate Medical School
ELLA H. CLARK, Barnard College, Columbia University
ERNEST D. CLARK, Cornell University Medical College
F. MORRIS CLASS, Vanderbilt Clinic, Columbia University
HARVEY B. CLOUGH, High School of Commerce
ALFRED E, COHN, Rockef eller Institute for Medical Research
EDWARD M. COLIE, Jr., Bellevue Hospital
BURRILL B. CROHN, Mt. Sinai Hospital
LOUIS J. CURTMAN, College of the City of New York
EDWARD CUSSLER, Department of Clinical Pathology, Columbia University
CHESTER A. DARLING, Department of Botany, Columbia University
WILLIAM DARR ACH, Department of Surgery, Columbia University
NORMAN E. DITMAN, St. Luke's Hospital
WALTER J. DONVAN, Commercial High School, Brooklyn
GEORGE DRAPER, Hospital of the Rockef eller Institute
JAMES G. DWYER, Department of Bacteriology, Columbia University
GUSTAVE EGLOFF, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
FRANK R. ELDER, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
LEOPOLD L. FALKE, 5316 Thirteenth Ave'., Brooklyn
BENJAMIN G. FEINBERG, College of the City of New York
RUTH S. FINCH, Barnard College, Columbia University
HARRY L. FISHER, Department of Chemistrv, Columbia Univer.Hty
SIMON S. FRIEDMAN, Mt. Sinai Hospital
C. STUART GAGER, Brooklyn Botanic Garden
HELEN GAVIN, Wadleigh High School
SAMUEL GITLOW, Lebanon Hospital Dispensary
A. J. GOLDFARB, College of the City of New York
DONALD GORDON, Department of Physiology, Columbia University
MARK J. GOTTLIEB, Lebanon Hospital
Associate editors (continued)
ISIDOR GREENWALD, Montefiore Home Laboratory
JAMES C. GREEN WA Y, New York Hospital
LOUISE HOYT GREGORY, Barnard College, Columbia Uiiiversity
ABRAHAM GROSS, Arbuckle Sugar Co., Brooklyn
BEATRIX H. GROSS, N. Y. City Normal College
BENJAMIN C. GRUENBERG, Brooklyn Commercial High School
MARSTON L. HAMLIN, Harriman Research Laboratory, Roosevelt Hospital
FREDERIC M. HANES, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
FRED W. HARTWELL, High School of Commerce
JOHN D. HASEMAN, Department of Zoology, Columbia University
HAROLD M. HAYS, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
MICHAEL HEIDELBERGER, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
ALFRED M. HELLMAN, German Hospital
MELVIN G. HERZFELD, German Hospital
ALFRED F. HESS, Health Department of New York City
NELLIE P. HEWINS, Newtown High School, L. I.
ELLA A. HOLMES, Jamaica High School, L. I.
FRANK T. HUGHES, Boys High School, Brooklyn
FREDERICK B. HUMPHRIES, German Hospital
LOUIS HUSSAKOF, American Museum of Natural History
PETER IRVING, Department of Clinical Pathology, Columbia University
HENRY H. JANEWAY, City Hospital, Nezv York
DAVID J. KALISKI, Mt. Sinai ^Hospital
JOHN L. KANTOR, Mt. Sinai Hospital
EDWARD C. KENDALL, St. Luke's Hospital
LEO KESSEL, Mt. Sinai Hospital
ROLFE KINGSLEY, Department of Surgery, Columbia University
ISRAEL J. KLIGLER, American Museum of Natural History
CLINTON B. KNAPP, General Memorial Hospital
ALFRED H. KRÖPFE, Hoffman and Kropff Chemical Co., Brooklyn
ELSIE A. KUPFER, Wadleigh High School
ADRIAN VAN S. LAMBERT, Department of Surgery, Columbia University
MARGUERITE T. LEE, Girls High School, Brooklyn
CHARLES C. LIEB, Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University
MABEL C. LITTLE, New York Polyclinic Hospital
RALPH W. LOBENSTINE, Bellevue Hospital
DANIEL R. LUCAS, St. Joseph's Hospital
CHESTER A. MATHEWSON, Brooklyn Training School for Teachers
LAURA I. MATTOON, Vettin School, i6o W. 74th Street
WILLIAM H. McCASTLINE, University Physician, Columbia University
MARY G. McCORMICK, Teachers College, Columbia University
MRS. ELLEN BEERS McGOWAN, Teachers College, Columbia University
GUSTAVE M. MEYER, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
JESSIE A. MOORE, Loomis Laboratory, Cornell University Medical College
HERMANN J. MULLER, Cornell University Medical College
B. S. OPPENHEIMER, Department of Pathology, Columbia University
RAYMOND C. OSBURN, New York Aquarium
REUBEN OTTENBERG, Mt. Sinai Hospital
CHARLES PACKARD, Department of Zoology, Columbia University
ALWIN M. PAPPENHEIMER, Department of Pathology, Columbia University
LOUIS PI NE. City Hospital. Blackwell's Island
P. W. PUNNETT, Dep't of Chemistry, N. Y. Univ. and Bell. Hosp. Med. Coli.
Associate editors (continued)
ABRAHAM RAVICH, Jewish Hospital, Brooklyn
ANTON R. ROSE, Tiirck Institute, 428 Lafayette Street
HELEN G. RUSSELL, IVadleigh High School
CHARLES H. SANFORD, German Hospital
WINFIELD S. SCHLEY, St. Luke's Hospital
OSCAR M. SCHLOSS, New York Nursery and Child's Hospital
MAX SCHULMAN, Department of Applied Therapeutics, Columbia University
H. VON W. SCHULTE, Department of Anatomy, Columbia University
FRED J. SEAVER, New York Botanical Garden
LEANDER H. SHEARER, Department of Physiology, Columbia University
JAMES B. SIDBURY, Roosevelt Hospital
CHARLES HENDEE SMITH, St. Luke's Hospital
MORRIS STARK, Babies Hospital
MATTHEW STEEL, Long Island Medical College
RALPH G. STILLMAN, New York Hospital
CHARLES R. STOCKARD, Cornell University Medical College
EDWARD C. STONE, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
ARTHUR W. SWANN, Presbyterian Hospital
WM. K. TERRIBERRY, Department of Physiology, Columbia University
A. W. THOMAS, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University
F. T. VAN BEUREN, Jr., Department of Surgery, Columbia University
GEORGE W. VANDEGRIFT, Cornell University Medical College
SADIE B. VANDERBILT, Teachers College, Columbia University
PHILIP VAN INGEN, Medical Director, N. Y. Milk Committee
CHARLES H. VOSBURGH, Jamaica High School
WILBUR WARD, Department of Gynecology, Columbia University
HELEN S. WATT, Wadleigh High School
WILLIAM WEINBERGER, Lebanon Hospital
FRED S. WEINGARTEN, German Hospital
JULIUS W. WEINSTEIN, Vanderbilt Clinic, Columbia University
HARRY WESSLER, Mt. Sinai Hospital
H. B. WILCOX, Department of Diseases of Children, Columbia University
WILLIAM H. WOGLOM, Dep't of Cancer Research, Columbia University
I. OGDEN WOODRUFF, Department of Mediane, Columbia University
(Local members of the Columbia University Biochemical Association)
ASSISTANT EDITORS
HERMAN M. ADLER, Psychopathie Hospital, Boston, Mass.
JOHN S. ADRIANCE, Williams College. Williamstoivn, Mass.
CARL L. ALSBERG, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dep't of Agricultnre
D. B. ARMSTRONG, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston
LOUIS BAUMANN, University Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
GEORGE D. BEAL, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
WILLIAM N. BERG, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Dep't of Agriculture
JOSEPHINE T. BERRY, State College, Pullman, Washington
ISABEL BEVIER, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
A. RICHARD BLISS, Birmingham Medical College, Birmingham, Ala.
JEAN BROADHURST, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
MARY L. CHASE, Ingleside School, New Milford, Conn.
WILLIAM D. CUTTER, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Ca.
HAZEL DONHAM, High School, Passaic, N. J.
A. D. EMMETT, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
ALLAN C. EUSTIS, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.
Assistant editors (continued)
KATHARINE A. FISHER, MacDonald College, Quebec, Canada
MARY E. GEARING, üniversity of Texas, Austin, Texas
GEORGE A. GEIGER. Marcus Hook, Pa.
H. D. GOODALE, Mass. Agrictiltural College, Amhcrst, Mass.
R. A. GORTNER, Carnegie Sta'n for Exp. Evolu'tn, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.
R. F. HARE, New Mex. Coli, of Agric. and Mech. Arts, Agric. College, N. M.
BLANCHE R. HARRIS, State Normal School, Trtiro, Nova Scotia
CONSTANCE C. HART, Nezv Bedford Indnstrial School, Nexv Bedford, Mass.
E. NEWTON HARVEY, Princeton Üniversity, Princeton, N. J.
P. B. HAWK, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia
WILLIAM T. HÖRNE, Üniversity of California. Berkeley. Cal.
HOMER D. HOUSE, Forest School, Biltmore, N. C.
ROSCOE R. HYDE, State Normal School, Indiana
CA VALIER H. JOÜET, Roselle, N. J.
J. E. KIRKWOOD, üniversity of Montana, Missoula, Mont.
MATHILDE KOCH, Üniversity of Chicago, Chicago, III.
W. M. KRAUS, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Md.
SIDNEY LIEBOVITZ, Hermon High School, Hermon, N. Y.
BURTON E. LIVINGSTON, Johns Hopkins üniversity. Baltimore. Md.
LOUISE McDANELL, State College, Pnllman, IVash.
J. P. McKELVY, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh. Pa.
H. A. MATTILL, üniversity of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
CLÄREN CE E. MAY, Indiana üniversity, Bloomington, Ind.
L. D. MEAD, Isolation Hospital. San Francisco, Cal.
CLARA G. MILLER, Knox School, Tarrytown, N. Y.
MAX W. MORSE, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.
EDWARDS A. PARK, Johns Hopkins Medical School
OLIVE G. PATTERSON, Toronto üniversity, Toronto. Canada
W. H. PETERSON. üniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
HELENE M. POPE, High School, Passaic, N. J.
E. R. POSNER, Brake üniversity Medical School, Des Maines, la.
DAVID F. RENSHAW, M'est High School, Kochester, N. Y.
ALFRED N. RICHARDS, üniversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
ANNA E. RICHARDSON, üniversity of Texas, Austin
L. A. ROBINSON, üniversity of Porto Rico, Las Pietras
WINIFRED J. ROBINSON, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
JACOB ROSENBLOOM, üniversity of Pittsburgh
WILLIAM SALANT, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture
CARL A. SCHWARZE, A^. /. Agric. Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.
FREDERICK W. SCHWARTZ, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y.
A. D. SELBY, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio
BLANCHE E. SHAFFER, North Te.vas State Normal School, Benton, Te.ras
A. FRANKLIN SHULL, üniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
CLAYTON S. SMITH, Bureau of Chemistry, ü. S. Department of Agriculture
EDWARD A. SPITZKA, Jefferson Medical College. Philadelphia
MARY E. SWEENY, üniversity of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.
WILLIAM A. TALTAVALL, Redlands, Cal.
DAVID C. TWICHELL, Saranac Lake, N. Y.
IDA C. WADSWORTH, Brockport State Normal School, Brockport, N. Y.
EDWIN D. WATKINS, Medical School, üniv. of Tenn., Memphis, Tenn.
WILLIAM H. WELKER, Red Hill, Pa.
DAVID D. WHITNEY, Wesleyan üniversity, Middletown, Conn.
LORANDE LOSS WOODRUFF, Yale üniversity, New Haven, Conn.
HAROLD E. WOODWARD, ü. S. Food and Drug Inspection Lab'y, Philadelphia
R. M. YERGASON, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.
HANS ZINSSER, Leland Stanford üniversity, Palo AUo, Cal.
(Non-resident members of the Columbia üniversity Biochemical Association^
CjOaL
U. %^^
BiocHEMiCAL Bulletin
Volume II JANUARY, 1913 No. 6
CARL L. ALSBERG
Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture
Carl Lucas Aisberg was born April 2, 1877, in New York City,
son of Bertha (Baruch) and Meinhard Aisberg. From early child-
hood Aisberg evinced an interest in natural science, especially
biology. This was partly due to traiining and environment, and
partly to a natural inclination.
His father, a chemist of distinction and one of the first to manu-
facture organic dye stuffs in this country, was graduated (Ph.D.)
from the University of Jena, and trained under Wöhler (Uni-
versity of Göttingen), Bunsen (University of Marburg), and
Geuther (University of Jena). He was assistant to Professor
Geuther ät Jena and Privatdozent in chemistry at that University.
About 1865 he became assistant to Prof. Chandler in the School of
Mines at Columbia College. Later he was chemist to the New
York City Board of Health under Prof. Chandler. Subsequently
he was occupied in chemical manufacture and chemical engineering.
He died in 1897. He was one of the founders and first Secretary
of the New York Chemical Society, from which the American
Chemical Society developed. He had given up the academic career,
in which he had unusual prospects, in order to support his wife and
parents. But the spirit of research continued to influence the
father, and he never ceased to have an active interest in the purely
scientific side of chemistry This point of view was maintained in
spite of a very active and rapidly growing business, and at a time
r when research in theoretical science did not receive the recognition
o in this country that later was conceded to it. It had an effect in
211
Q;:
■er:
212 Carl L. Aisberg [Jan.
molding the growing mind of his son, which never could have been
obtained otherwise.
With a true appreciation, however, of the values o£ a liberal
education, this scientific interest was not allowed to exert a narrow-
ing effect.^ It was not until Aisberg entered the College of Physi-
cians and Snrgeons of Columbia University, however, that he
allowed himself to devote his entire time to scientific work He
graduated with the degree of M.D. in 1900, and received at the
same time the degree of A.M. for special research in physiology.^
During the summers and vacations of the Medical School, Aisberg
devoted his time to research in physiology with Professor F. S. Lee,
and in biological chemistry with Dr. P. A. Levene, now of the
Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research, then associate in chem-
istry at the Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospitals.
In July, 1900, after graduating from the Columbia Medical
School, Aisberg went to Strassburg, Germany, for post-graduate
w^ork, where he studied pharmacology under Schmiedeberg, physio-
logical chemistry under Hofmeister, and clinical medicine under
Naunyn. Here he also was associated with E. S. Faust, then
Privatdozent at the Pharmacological Institute, now professor of
pharmacology at Würzburg; also with Wolfgang Heubner, and
others. During the succeeding two years his time was devoted
almost exclusively to biological chemistry, notably pharmacology,
but he continued his interest in clinical and general biological
matters, for the study of which there were unusually good oppor-
tunities at the University of Strassburg. During this time he con-
ducted special investigations into the structure and biological signifi-
^ C. L. Aisberg was prepared for College by tutors and at the Mt. Morris
Latin School, entering Columbia College in 1892. He received the degree of
A.B. in 1896.
^The Department of Physiological Chemistry in the Columbia Medical
School was founded in 1898-99, during Alsberg's third year there. At that
time only one course in physiological chemistry was offered and that was
required of " second year men " in medicine. Alsberg's early interest in physio-
logical chemistry was shown by the fact that, while a " third year man " in good
Standing at the Medical School, he took, as an elective, the newly established
course in that subject for second year men — something no other third year
medical Student attempted, then or since. The records show that in spite of this
heavy addition to his regulär work, Aisberg stood among the very highest in
physiological chemistry and in the entire medical course. [Ed.]
I9I3] H. M. A. 213
cance of the nucleic acids. He went to Berlin in 1901 where he
spent a year in chemistry with Emil Fischer and in plant physiology
with Kny. One vacation was spent at Frankfurt a/M with Ehrlich,
Weigert, Edinger and C. von Noorden, in studies especially of the
side-chain theory and other conceptions of immunity ; another vaca-
tion was devoted to clinical medicine with Kuttner, Piorkowski and
others.
In the fall of 1902 Aisberg returned to this country, to accept
the Position of assistant in physiological chemistry at the Harvard
Aiedical School. In 1905 he was advanced to instructor in bio-
logical chemistry and put in charge of the Organization of the
Department of Biological Chemistry at the new Harvard Medical
School. From 1906 to 1908 he was in charge there (jointly with
L. J. Henderson) of the teaching and research in biological chem-
istry. From 1907 to 1908 he conducted, in addition, special in-
vestigations for the U. S. Bureau of- Fisheries, at Woods Hole,
Mass.
While at Harvard, Aisberg not only organized and developed an
efficient and unusual department for undergraduate teaching, but
also, as head of the department, put on a firm basis, for the first
time in that institution, a System of graduate instruction and re-
search in biological chemistry.
Alsberg's success as a teacher, both of undergraduates and
graduates, has been appreciated by all who have come in contact
with him. In fact, it has been recognized by miany that his gift in
this direction is so pronounced that they have repeatedly urged him
to devote himself exclusively to teaching. But the strong spirit of
research, coupled with his broad biological interests, would not
permit him to confine himself to teaching, and when, in 1908, the
Position of chemical biologist, in charge of the Poisonous-Plant
Laboratory of the Bureau of Plant Industry in the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, at Washington, was offered to him, he accepted
it with the belief that, by freeing himself from the enticing but
time-consuming occupation of teaching, he might accomplish more
in research. This conclusion has been amply justified by the results
of his investigation of poisonous plants, notably the loco weed, and
the biochemistry of various moulds. In this connection, it may be
214 Carl L. Aisher g [Jan.
recalled that the investigations of spoilt corn by Aisberg and his
co-workers have revolutionized the metbods of testing corn for its
fitness as food.
Aisberg was secretary of the Section on Physiological Chemistry
of the International Congress of Arts and Sciences, St. Louis Ex-
position (1905); also secretary and member of the Council of
the Boston Society of Medical Sciences. He is Chairman of the
Division of Biological Chemistry of the American Chemical Society,
Fellovv of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence, and member of the following societies : American Chemical
Society, American Society of Biological Chemists, American Phys-
iological Society, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,
Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Amer-
ican Pharmaceutical Association, Washington Academy of Science,
American Medical Association, American Association for Cancer
Research, Corporation of the Marine Biological Laboratory at
Wood's Hole, Massachusetts. He is one of the assistant editors of
Chemical Abstracts.
Alsberg's appointment, by President Taft, as chief of the Bureau
of Chemistry to succeed Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, has received the
endorsement of all who know him. With his training and natural
equipments, with his record of achievements in research and in
practical chemistry, and with his professional Standing as a scientist,
it seems assured that the Bureau of Chemistry will continue to
develop along the best and most approved lines of modern chemical
science.
A list of Alsberg's most important papers is appended :
1901. P. A. Levene and C. L. Alsberg: Zur Chemie der Paranuclein-
säure; Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, 31, 543.
1904. C. L. Alsberg: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Nucleinsäure; Archiv
für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 51, 239. —
C. L. Alsberg: The influence of cholic acid upon the excre-
tion of sulphur in the urine; Journal of Medical Research,
13, 105.
1905. C. L. Alsberg and Otto Polin : Protein metabolism in cystin-
uria; American Journal of Physiology, 14, 54.
1906. P. A. Levene and C. L. Alsberg: The cleavage products of
vitellin ; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2, 127.
I9I3] H. M. A. 215
1907. C. L. Alsberg: On the occurrence of oxidative ferments in a
melanotic tumor of the liver; Journal of Medical Research,
16, 117. — R. Fitz, C. L. Alsberg and L. J. Henderson : Con-
cerning the excretion of phosphoric acid during experimental
acidosis in rabbits; American Journal of Physiology, 18,
113. — P. A. Levene and C. L. Alsberg: Über die Hydrolyse
der Proteine mittels verdünnter Schwefelsäure ; Biochemische
Zeitschrift, ^,312.
1908. C. L. Alsberg: Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Guajak-Reaktion;
Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie,
Supplement-Band ("Schmiedeberg-Festschrift"), p. 39. — C.
L, Alsberg and E. D. Clark: On a globulin from the tgg-
yolk of the spiny dog-fish, Squalus acanthias L. ; Journal of
Biological Chemistry, 5, 243. — C. L. Alsberg and E. D. Clark :
The blood clot of Limulus polyphemus ; Ibid., 5, 323.
1909. C. L, Alsberg: Agricultural aspects of the pellagra problem in
the United States; New York Medical Journal, July 10. — C.
*
L. Alsberg: The formation of gluconic acid by the olive-
tubercle organism and the function of oxidation in some micro-
organisms ; Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biol-
ogy and Medicine, 6, 83. — C. L. Alsberg: The globulins of
the egg-yolk of Selachians ; Proceedings of the American
Society of Biological Chemists, i, 160, and Journal of Biolog-
ical Chemistry, 6, p. xiii. — C. L, Alsberg and C. Hedblom :
Soluble chitin; Proceedings of the American Society of Bio-
logical Chemists, i, 192, and Journal of Biological Chemistry,
6, p. xlv. — C. L. Alsberg and C. A. Hedblom : Soluble chitin
from Limulus polyphemus and its peculiar osmotic behavior ;
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 6, 483.
1910. C. L. Alsberg: Recent work in biological chemistry; Journal of
the American Chemical Society, 32, 704. — O. F, Black and
C. L. Alsberg: The determination of the deterioration of
maize with incidental reference to pellagra. Bulletin ipp,
Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
— C. L. Alsberg: Note on the use of chitin in dialysis; Pro-
ceedings of the American Society of Biological Chemists, i,
225, and Journal of Biological Chemistry, 7, p. xii. — C. L.
Alsberg and E. D. Clark : The hemocyanin of Limulus poly-
phemus; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 8, i.
191 1. C. L. Alsberg: The toxic action of Amianthium muscaetoxicum;
2i6 Carl L. Alsberg [Jan.
Proceedings of the Society for Pharmacology and Experi-
mental Therapeutics, Journal of Pharmacology and Experi-
mental Therapeutics, 3, 473. — C. L. Alsberg: Mechanisms of
cell activity ; Science, 34 (n. s.), 97. — C. L. Alsberg and O. F.
Black : Biological and toxicological studies upon Penicillium
puberulum, Bainier; Proceedings of the Society for Experi-
mental Biology and Mediane, 9, 6, and Proceedings of the
American Chemical Society, Biochemical Bulletin, i, 103.
— C. L. Alsberg: The formation of (i-gluconic acid by Bac-
terium savastoni, Smith; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 9,
I. — C. L. Alsberg: Proceedings of the meeting of the section
of biological chemistry of the American Chemical Society
(Chairman's report) ; Biochemical Bulletin, i, 94. — O. F.
Black and C. L. Alsberg: Observations on the deterioration
of maize; Ibid., i, 130.
1912. C. L. Alsberg and O. F. Black: Studies on barium feeding;
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine, 9, 37. — C. L. Alsberg and O. F. Black ; Laboratory
studies on the relation of barium to the loco-weed disease.
Bulletin 246, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agri-
culture. — C. L. Alsberg and O. F. Black: Biochemical and
toxicological studies on Penicillium stoloniferum, Thom ; Pro-
ceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Applied
Chemistry, 19, 15.
H. M. A.
A DIFFERENTIAL CHEMICAL STUDY OF GLUCOSES
FROM A CASE OF PANCREATIC DIABETES^
FREDERIC LANDOLPH
(Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of the University of La Plata, and the
National Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina)
My new chemical method for the differential or f ractional study
of carbohydrates has been successfully applied to the study of the
lactoses of milk,^ and also of the glucoses in the urine of the last
period of cachexia in a case of diabetes.^ I have lately applied
this method to the sugar in the urine of Louis Dufaut, a hospital
patient for a year in ward IV of the National Hospital of Buenos
Aires, where he was under the immediate treatment of my illustrious
teacher and friend, Dr. Abel Ayerza.'*
For nearly three years I have been engaged in the laborious task
of endeavoring to fractionate the glucoses^ in the urines of this
patient, as I have already fractionated the lactoses of milk. I frac-
tionated the products of condensation (or perhaps alsoof decomposi-
tion) of glucoses in urine that yielded a residue, after evaporation,
of 83.76 grams per thousand parts of urine, a polaristrobometric
deviation of 54° 06' per thousand, a reduction corresponding to 75
grams of sugar per thousand, and a fermentation representing about
60.8 grams of sugar per thousand, but obtained only a single osa-
^Translated (and in part abstracted) by Dr. Max Kahn from the introduc-
tion to the author's paper, in French, in the Revista de la Universidad de Buenos
Aires, 1912, xvii, pp. 108-221, a copy of which was forwarded by Professor
Landolph for this purpose.
* Landolph, Argentina Medica, July 27 and August 3, 1907, and March 28.
1908.
^ Landolph, Revista de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1906, xi, pp. lOi,
153 and 232.
* The clinical history of this patient was published by the author in the
Revista de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1912, xvii, p. 108.
° Professor Landolph believes that diabetic urine contains a number of
GLUCOSES differing in their fermentability, optical properties, reducing powers
and ability to yield osazones. [Trans.]
217
21 8 Differential Chemical Study of Glucoses [Jan.
Zone with a melting point of 189-190° C, equivalent to 41 grams
of sugar per thousand. After hydrolysis^ of a large quantity of
urinary residue, the values for polariscopic deviation, reduction, and
fermentation were about ten tinits less than the corresponding
figures for non-hydrolyzed urine ; and the quantity of sugar in the
hydrolyzed urine, as represented by osazone, did not equal half
the amount of sugar obtained from the original urine. These dif-
ferences can be explained in several ways ; but since " diabetic
sugar," as I have already demonstrated, is a collection of several
distinct chemical substances, it is highly probable that in such treat-
ment some of these components are so modified that they no longer
form osazones, although they retain their fermentability. It is tnie
that this explatiation does not accord zvith conventional views, but,
nowadays, the phenoniena in chemistry and physics zvhich do not
agree zvith current theories are the ones that shoidd be probed and
investigated in the interest of^ triith.
When a portion of evaporated, syrupy residue from my pa-
tient's urine was allowed to age, there was a marked change in the
residue, due either to the nature of the syrup or to chemical decom-
position in it. This was not surprising in view of the complex
composition of diabetic urine, and the further fact that the original
sugar may undergo a process of slow hydrolysis, or rather conden-
sation, to form higher Compounds like dextrins and analogous sub-
stances, which then yield, with Phenylhydrazin, resinous pseudoösa-
zones having very low melting points, such as I have isolated from
gastric Juices.'^
Discussing, now, some of the details of my analytic data, I find
that in the second treatment^ down to the fourth extraction, the
' Hydrolysis was performed in the following way : 100 c.c. of urine, or
urinary extract, were heated for seven hours on a water bath with 5 c.c. of
hydrochloric acid Solution (strength not stated). The liquid was then evapo-
rated to a volume of 60 c.c.
^ Landolph, Revista de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, October, November
and December, 1910.
* Professor Landolph examined a number of urines from the same patient
by several processes for the determination of the content of sugar. The urines
were evaporated over a water bath to a syrupy consistency and the examina-
tions of the separate urinary residues are called "Treatment" I, II, etc. After
completion of the alcoholic extractions, a portion of each extract was hydrolyzed
1913] Frederic Landolph 219
residue,^ though always quite abundant, decreased from 68.17 grams
per thousand parts of urine in the first to 36.26 grams in the third.
On comparing the figures obtained from the original urine with the
figures for the extracts of its residues, I observed polariscopic devia-
tions which were only one-fourth, one-fifth and one-tenth as great,
respectively, as those for the untreated urine. The disappearance of
the aldehydic function led me to suppose that there was condensa-
tion and not oxidation, since fermentation and reduction tests were
still very marked and showed the presence of half or even more of
the total dry residue. As regards the characteristic osazone, it was
obtained only in small amounts with nearly, but not quite, the same
melting point, i. e., instead of melting at 189-190° C. it melted at
185-186° C. ; whereas the pseudoösazone (with a melting point of
yS~7^° C.), which was resinous and alcohol-soluble, corresponded
to 66.72 grams of sugar per thousand (33.36 grams of polymer-
ized sugar). ,
Hydrolysis produced analogous changes in the urine, but here
the triic osazone, with a melting point of 174-175° C, was repre-
sented by the small quantity of 1.75 grams per thousand of urine
(0.87 gram of glucosej. This, there fore, was different from the
osazone obtained from the non-hydrolyzed material. The pseudo-
ösazone from the hydrolyzed Solution amounted to 44.94 grams of
sugar per thousand, or 22 units less than the pseudoösasone from
the non-hydrolyzed Solution (melting point of 95° C. instead of
75° C). For the fourth, fifth and sixth alcoholic extracts of the
first treatment, analogous figures were obtained.
In the first extract^^ of the second treatment, the degree of the
reduction was maintained for each Observation, while the fermenta-
bility of the non-hydrolyzed Solution became very feeble. Here the
principal osazone was pseiidoösazone (with a melting point of
112° C.) amountingto 38 grams per thousand of urine (17.5 grams
with dilute hydrochloric acid Solution and the " sugar s" in the hydrolyzed and
non-hydrolyzed portions fractionated with basic lead acetate and mercuric
nitrate. [Trans.]
' After the urine was evaporated over a water bath to a syrupy consistency,
the residues were successively extracted with absolute alcohol. These " treat-
ments " are called " extraction " i, 2, etc.
^" After extraction with alcohol, 24.167 grams of extract were dissolved in
500 c.c. of water. This was divided into two parts. The first part was pre-
cipitated with basic lead acetate, the second with mercuric nitrate.
220 Differential Chemical Study of Glucoses [Jan.
of glucose). The tnic osazone, with a melting point o£ 177-
178° C, amounted to only 1.74 grams per thousand of iirine (0.87
gram of glncose). After hydrolysis^^ we obtained in three differ-
ent fractions (12.20, 10.62 and 2.96) a total of 25.78 grams of
osazones per thousand of urine (14.39 gi'ams of glucose). The
melting points were respectively 170°, 177° and 157-159° C. It
is Singular that here no pseudoösazoncs were obtained.
For the second extract^^ of the second treatment, we obtained,
from the non-hydrolyzed Solution, osazone with a melting point
of 95~97° C., amounting to 11 grams per thousand of urine (5.5
grams of sugar). Here too, after hydrolysis, we obtained two
fractions of tnie osazone (melting points of 172-173 and 180-
181° C.) amounting to 19.75 grams per thousand of urine (9.87
grams of sugar) but again no pseudoösazone.
For the third alcoholic extract of the second treatment, we ob-
tained practically no fermentation, and only psctidoösasones. In
the hydrolyzed Solution, however, fermentation was pronounced;
and we obtained a mixture of true osa:^ones (melting points of 180-
190° and 187-188° C.) amounting to 10.06 grams per thousand
of urine (5.03 grams of sugar — 5.40 grams of fermentable sugar).
The pseudoösazone with a melting point of 100° C. and amounting
to 6.83 grams per thousand of urine (3.42 grams of sugar),
corresponded, perhaps, to the difference between 7.42 grams of
sugar per thousand of urine (polariscopic determination) and
5.40 grams per thousand of urine (estimated by fermentation), i. e.,
2.02 grams.
For the fourth alcoholic extract of the second treatment, we
obtained from both the non-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed Solutions,
mixtures of true and pscudoösazones in approximately equal pro-
portions.
In the alcoholic extracts of the third treatment, fermentation in
general was always pronounced, corresponding to an increase in the
amounts of true osazones and pseudoösazones; but, with this
" Hydrolysis was conducted by heating the extract with hydrochloric acid
Solution over a water bath. See footnote 6.
*' The residue remaining after the first alcoholic extract was again ex-
tracted with alcohol, and also treated with mercuric nitrate and basic lead
acetate. See footnotes 8 and 9.
1913] Frederic Landolph 221
anomaly, that in the sixth and seventh extracts (third treatment)
the vveights of the sugars, as represented by the amounts of pseiido-
ösa^ones, were three or four times greater than the weights of the
total dry residues.
As regards the fourth, fifth and sixth treatments/^ we obtained
neither polariscopic deviation, reduction nor fermentation, but we
did obtain pseudoösasones.
We also noticed that for the fifth alcoholic extract of the second
treatment the total dry residue obtained upon hydrolysis was always
greater than the total dry residue of the non-hydrolyzed portion,
evidently due to the absorption of oxygen from the air (which per-
haps also provoked a condensation or resinification of Phenylhy-
drazine).
In Order to obtain an approximately correct idea of the action of
basic lead acetate or mercuric nitrate upon the urinary glucoses, I
treated each of the first and second extracts of the second treatment
with basic lead acetate in one portion and mercuric nitrate in an-
other. The lead sali precipitated nearly all of the optically active
siigar from the non-hydrolyzed Solution, white the mercuric nitrate
did not have any effect in this regard, but both reagents diminished
the quantity of the reducing sugars.
From the first fraction of the second treatment, basic lead
acetate removed all the sugar that yielded pseudoösazones, and left
only the sugar which formed true osazones — the latter in dimin-
ished quantities, at least in the first and second crystallizations.
Treatment with mercuric nitrate yielded only traces of true osasones
but, in the second crystallization, a marked amount of pseudoösa-
zoncs was obtained.
From another portion of the second alcoholic extract of the
second treatment, basic lead acetate again precipitated all the active
sugars, while mercuric nitrate did not affect them. With mercuric
nitrate, only pseudoösazones were obtained.
*' Procedures similar to those previously indicated were adopted in the study
of " treatments " IV, V and VI : The urine was evaporated in each case, the
residue extracted with alcohol several times, and each of the extracts divided
into two portions. One portion was hydrolyzed, the other was not. The
hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed portions were individually treated in different
portions with basic lead acetate and mercuric nitrate. See footnote 8.
222 Differential Chemical Study of Glucoses [Jan.
These observations show that the Isolation and identification of
urinary sugars is a very complicated process. One must work with
large quantities of material in order to be able to differentiate, re-
crystallize and purify all the fractions. I am now engaged in an
extension of this work.
THE DETECTION OF ACETO-ACETIC ACID BY
SODIUM NITROPRUSSID AND AMMONIA^
V. J. HARDING AND R. F. RUTTAN
(Chemical Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Canada)
The use o£ sodium nitroprussid and ammonia, followed by the
addition of an acid insufficient in amount to completely neutralize
the ammonia, was first suggested by Le Nobel as a method of de-
tecting small quantities of acetone. This test is based on the orig-
inal test of Legal but, as the two tests differ in result, it is proposed
to call the test depending on the use of ammonia, the Le Nobel test,
and to reserve the term Legal test exclusively for the action of
sodium nitroprussid and potassium (or sodium) hydroxid followed
by acidification.
The two tests differ in the f ollowing points : ( i ) The Le Nobel
test gives with acetone a much bluer shade of purple and (2) is an
extremely delicate test for aceto-acetic acid.
The usual way, in clinical work, of applying the Le Nobel test is
to first acidify the urine with acetic acid, add a few drops of a dilute
Solution of sodium nitroprussid and then overlay the Solution with
concentrated aqueous ammonium hydroxid Solution. On applying
this test, the authors discovered several anomalies which can be sum-
marized as follows :
(A) Acetone in water and when added to urine, making concen-
trations similar to those occurring in cases of acetonuria, gives the
test very faintly and only after long standing — ^by no means as dis-
tinctly as the natural cases.
(B) If some samples of urine which give a marked response to
the Le Nobel test be distilled with acids, the test given by the dis-
tillate (where the acetone is presumably ten to twenty times more
concentrated than In the original urine) is very much less marked.
* Abstract of paper published in the Bio-Chemical Journal, 1912, vi, p. 445
(Oct).
223
224 Dctcction of Aceto-Acetic Acid [Jan.
If such a urine (B) first be boiled iinder a reflux condenser in
presence of a little acetic, oxalic or sulfuric acid, and the Le Nobel
test aiDplied, the test gives either a negative result or the response
is much diminished in intensity. As these urines contained aceto-
acetic acid, which would be destroyed by heat, it was evident that the
previous presence of this acid in the urine could account for the
anomahes observed. That this was so was estabhshed in the fol-
lowing way.
The urine was acidified with oxalic acid, saturated with sodium
Chlorid and rendered acetone-free by aspiration for an hour with a
current of air, as in the Folin method of estimating acetone. At
the end of that time a determination of free acetone, by the Folin
method, showed that none was present, although the residual urine
responded to the Le Nobel test with undiminished intensity, and
the test became negative when the liquid was boiled for fifteen
minutes under a reflux cond.enser.
Aceto-acetic acid, however, is stated in the literature to give a
faint reddish-brown or orange-red coloration with sodium nitroprus-
sid and ammonia — unchanged by the addition of acid. To deter-
mine this point, asolutionof aceto-acetic acid was madebyhydrolyz-
ing ethyl aceto-acetate with the theoretical quantity of potassium
hydroxid in the cold for twenty-four hours. This hydrolyzed Solu-
tion was found to respond to the Le Nobel test exactly as the urine
of an acidosis patient. The test became negative on boiling the
Solution under a reflux condenser, and was unaff ected by the removal
of the free acetone.
In consequence of these facts the authors have no hesitation in
saying that aceto-acetic acid of itself responds to the Le Nobel test
and that, in the great majority of cases, a positive result when the
Le Nobel test is applied to a urine indicates aceto-acetic acid and
not acetone. On comparing the delicacy of the Le Nobel test for
aceto-acetic acid in urine, with the ferric chlorid test, the authors
found that the former will just detect about one part of aceto-
acetic acid in 30,000 parts of urine, while the latter fails at i part
in 7,000. The limit of detection of aceto-acetic acid in water by
the Le Nobel test is over i part in 80,000.
ORTHO-TOLIDIN AS AN INDICATOR FOR OCCULT
BLOOD
R. F. RUTTAN and R. H. M. HARDISTY
(Chemical Lahoratory, McGill University, Montreal, Canada)
The authors have lately called attention to the advantages of
o-tolidin over benzidin and phenolphthalin as a clinical reagent for
the detection of occult blood.^
The properties and derivatives of o-tolidin,
(4) NH (I) (I) NH, (4)
\c H r H /
(2) CH/ \CH3 (2)
were first described by one of the writers in 1886.2 This substance
was compared with guaiacum, benzidin and phenolphthalin in aque-
ous Solutions of blood and in Solutions containing urine, stomach
Contents, and feces. It was found to be a very delicate reagent for
the detection of blood in aqueous Solution, and to have some impor-
tant advantages over the other clinical reagents when used in the
detection of blood in excretions and secretions. The reagents were
made up as follows: Guaiacum, i in 25 methylated spirits; benzidin
and o-tolidin, in Solutions of similar strength, in glacial acetic acid ;
phenolphthalin, prepared as recommended by Kastle.^
The Solutions to be tested were made up from a o.i per cent.
Solution of cry stalline hemoglobin in water. The hydrogen per-
oxide Solution employed was made up to approximately 3 per cent.
from Merck's perhydrol. In testing, i c.c. of the reagent, i c.c. of
the Solution to be tested and i c.c. of diluted perhydrol were em-
ployed.
In aqueous Solution, as the average of ten tests, it was found
that guaiacum detected blood, i in 50,000 ; benzidin detected blood, i
in 700,000; o-tolidin detected blood, i in 7,000,000; phenolphthalin
detected blood, i in 10,000,000, or even in greater dilutions.
^ Ruttan and Hardisty : Canadian Medical Association Journal, Nov., 1912.
^ Ruttan : Proccedings of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1886.
^ Kastle : Bulletin 51, Hygienic Laboratory, Washington, D. C.
225
226 Ortho-Tolidin as Indicator for Occidt Blood [Jan.
Guaiaciim and benzidin, when positive, gave prompt reactions
but in very dilute Solutions the color faded quickly. o-Tolidin de-
veloped the greenish-blue, or deep blue, more slowly but the color
persisted for some time, even several hours.
The results of the comparative tests are briefly summarized
below.
{i) In urine: Guaiacum and benzidin detected blood, i in 6000;
benzidin was slightly the more sensitive reagent; o-tolidin detected
I in 24,000; phenolphthalin, less than i in 2,000.
(2) In feces: Feces of patients on a meat-free diet for seven
to ten days vvere used and a 2 per cent. emulsion prepared. Guaia-
cum detected blood, i in 10,000; benzidin and o-tolidin, i in 100,-
000, the tolidin reaction being slightly slower but persisting — the
benzidin color fading quickly in very dilute Solutions; phenol-
phthalin gave reactions only when dilutions did not exceed i in
2,000.
(3) In stomach contents: Stomach contents after ordinary test-
meals were employed. One c.c. of stomach contents was added to
the reagent before the diluted blood Solution was introduced.
Guaiacum detected i in 5,000; benzidin and o-tolidin, i in 30,000;
phenolphthalin, even after the acidity of the stomach contents had
been neutralized before applying the Solution, was less delicate than
guaiacum.
Experiments were conducted to determine the keeping properties
of the reagents. Although benzidin and o-tolidin are about equal
in delicacy for blood in feces and stomach contents, the delicacy of
the benzidin reagent diminishes 50 per cent. in 24-36 hours, while
o-tolidin will remain unchanged in delicacy for from three to four
weeks.
o-Tolidin is as sensitive a reagent for occult blood in stomach
contents and feces as benzidin. Its action is less inhibited by urine
than any of the other reagents. Its Solution in acetic acid can be
kept for one month without its delicacy being reduced. After that
its value decreases slowly. Benzidin'* Solutions in acetic acid cannot
be kept twenty-four hours without very serious deterioration in deli-
cacy; some preparations decreasing over 50 per cent.
* Three different products were compared.
SYNTHETICAL PROPERTIES OF EMULSIN
VERNON K. KRIEBLE
(Chemical Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Canada)
In a recent communication^ the writer described an emulsin
which produced Isevo-mandelonitrile when allowed to act for three
and one-half hours on an amygdalin Solution. Those experiments
were conducted during the spring of 1910. Much to our surprise
when the research was continued in October, 1912, it was found
that, under the conditions previously described, the nitrile produced
was dextro active. This seems to explain the fact that the author's
results differed from those of Feist, Rosenthaler, and Auld, who
found dextro-nitrile. Their samples "of emulsin were evidently
much older than the one used by the author for his first determina-
tions.
It seems very probable that there are two synthetic enzymes in
a fresh sample of emulsin, one of which synthesizes dextro-mandelo-
nitrile from benzaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid, while the other
synthesizes a Isevo-nitrile. The one synthesizing the dextro-nitrile
is evidently more stable.
Fresh emulsin was extracted from bitter and from sweet
almonds. It was found that the sample from sweet almonds,
when allowed to act on amygdalin for three and one-half hours,
produced Isevo-nitrile while the one from the bitter almonds was
dextro active.
The detailed experimental results will appear very shortly in
one of the chemical Journals.
^Krieble: Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1912, xxxiv, p. 716.
227
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF NICOTINIC ACID IN
RICE BRAN
U. SUZUKI AND S. MATSUNAGA
(Agricultural College, Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan)
One kilo of fat-free rice bran was extracted with hot alcohol
(80-85 per Cent.). The alcoholic extract was greatly concentrated
by evaporation, diluted with water, and shaken with ether for the
removal of fat, etc. The residual aqueous liquid, after evaporation
of the ether, was treated with sulfuric acid (total, 3 per cent.) and
precipitated with phosphotungstic acid. After barium decomposi-
tion of the precipitate, in the customary manner, about i gram of
nicotinic acid (picrate) was isolated. The free acid, and the copper
as well as the platinic-chlorid double salts, were also prepared and
identified. Analytic data are appended.
A SUMMARY OF THE ANALYTIC PERCENTAGE DATA
Picrate, CeHsNOz • CeHsNaOi
Calculated .
Found . . . .
40.91
40.45
40.68
H
2.27
2.41
2.51
N
15-91
16.50
16.19
Picric acid
65.06
65-50
Cu
Pt
Free acid, CsHsNO-
Calculated
58.54
58.36
4.07
4.32
11.38
11.80
....
Found
....
Copper Salt, (C6H4N02)2Cu
Calculated
9-13
9.06
20.68 1
Found
20.94
Platinum-chlorid
double Salt, (GH=N0.-HCl)2PtCU
Calculated
29.72
Found
30.00
This appears to be the first time that nicotinic acid has been
detected in vegetable matter, although Jahns,^ and Schulze and
Frankfurt^ have found trigonellin (the methyl-betain Compound of
nicotinic acid) in plants, and Schreiner and Shorey^ have identified,
in humus soils, picolin carboxylic acid (a homolog of nicotinic
acid).
'Jahns: Ber. d. deut. ehem. Gesell, 1885, xviii, p. 2518; 1887, xx, p. 2840.
^Schulze and Frankfurt: Ibid., 1894, xxvii, p. 769; Biochemical Bulletin,
1912, ii, p. 18.
'Schreiner and Shorey: Bull. 53, U. S. Dept. of Agric, p. 28 (1909).
228
A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF CANCER
EXTRACTS ON THE GROWTH OF LUPIN
SEEDLINGS^
JACOB ROSENBLOOM
{Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
Introduction. One of the peculiar effects of Cancer is the
resultant cachexia. There have been many efforts to find, in cancer
tissue, a poison that might account for the characteristic cachexia.
It has been claimed that the cachexia is due to pressure by the grow-
ing tumor on the blood vessels and consequent interference with
adjacent circulation, with development öf areas of necrosis, autol-
ysis, and production of hemolytic and toxic substances.
Rülf^ considers that proteases are important factors in the cau-
sation of cancer cachexia. Bard^ found that blood is rapidly hemo-
lyzed in hemorrhagic carcinomatous exudates in serous cavities,
which is not the case in exudates under other conditions. KuHmann*
observed that extracts of Carcinoma contain hemolytic substances
that are active in vivo and in vitro, soluble in alcohol and water, and
toxic for all varieties of corpuscles. Micheli and Donati^ also
found hemolytic substances in eight of sixteen tumors, of which five
hemolyzed all varieties of corpuscles and three acted on some varie-
ties only. They thought the hemolytic substances result f rom autol-
ysis of the tumors, as it is well known that certain hemolytic sub-
stances occur among the products of autolysis of normal tissues.
^This paper presents the results of a preliminary study that was begun, at
Dr. Gies' Suggestion, as a part of the plan of biochemical research described
in Sttidies in cancer and allied subjects, conducted under the auspices of the
George Crocker Special Research Fund, 1912, iii, p. 153 (in press). The plan
includes a study of the effect of cancer extracts on cells of all kinds, including
Cancer cells.
-Rülf: Zeit. f. Krebsforsch., 1906, iv, p. 417.
*Bard: La semaine med., 1901, xxi, p. 201.
*Kullmann: Zeit. f. klin. Med., 1904, liii, p. 293.
" Micheli and Donati : Riforma med., 1903, xix, p. 1037.
229
230 Influence of Cancer Extracts on Lupin Seedlings [Jan.
Müller'' claimed, from the results of a study of nitrogenous metabo-
lism in Cancer patients, that in cachexia of Cancer there is toxogenic
destruction of protoplasm independent of nutrition; i. e., a specific
toxic efifect of cancerous tissue. Müller's results have been con-
firmed by other workers'^ but cumulative research has shown that
the cases with normal protein catabolism exceed in number those
with increased protein catabolism.^
According to the prevailing opinion Cancer cachexia is not spe-
cific, but is the same as the cachexia of other conditions. It has
been impossible to show the occurrence in Cancer tissue of any sub-
stance that would account for the cachexia of this disease.^
In the study described below, we ascertained some of the effects
of extracts of cancer tissue on the growth of lupin seedlings, in the
hope that this procedure for the detection of toxic substances might
yield significant results.
Experimental. Preparation of lupin seedlings. Lupin seeds
were soaked in water overnight. Seeds of the same size were then
selected and planted in wet moss. After three or four days the
seedlings were taken from the moss, the coat of each removed, and
the sprout rinsed with distilled water. The root was carefully
measured on a millimeter scale. The seedlings were then fastened
on glass rods drawn out at one end to form a sharp pointed L and
suspended in perforated cork covers over 400 c.c. Jena beakers, each
containing 200 c.c. of water and 5 c.c. of boiled or unboiled cancer
extract prepared as described below. " Control " seedlings were
suspended in distilled water. The glass rods were so adjusted that
the roots were immersed in the liquid but the cotyledons were not
in contact with it. Four seedlings were suspended in each beaker.
At intervals of 20 hours all the seedling roots were measured.^^
' Müller : Zeit. f. klin. Med., 1889, xvi, p, 496.
'' Char. Annal, 1891, xvi, p. 138; Arch. prov. de Med., 1899, March; Arch. f.
Verdauungskr., 1899, v, p. 540; Riv. ven. d. sei. Med., 1899, xvi, p. 31; Zeit, f
klin. Med., 1897, xxxiii, p. 385.
^ Zeit. f. Krebsforsch., 1904, i, p. 199: Salkowski Festschrift, Berlin, 1904,
P- 75; Fifth Ann. Rep't Cancer Lab., New York State Dep't of Health, 1903-
1904.
' Blumenthal : Salkowski Festschrift, Berlin, 1904.
^"True and Gies : Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 1903, xxx, p. 390;
Rose: Biochemical Bulletin, 191 i, i, p. 428.
I9I3]
Jacob Rosenbloom
231
DATA SHOWING EFFECTS OF EXTRACTS OF CANCEROUS AND NORMAL TISSUES ON THE
GKOWTH OF LUPIN SEEDLINGS
I. Extract of Bone Sarcoma
Rate of growth per plant, in millimeters
Lupin seedlings
Unboiled extract
Boiled extract
ist 20 hr.
zd 20 hr.
ist 20 hr.
2d 20 hr.
A
14
12
20
17
16
5
19
28
22
40
27
8
18
13
15
16
16
6
30
38
24
30
^8
B
C.
£>
Average
Control ( average )
II.
Extract of Fibroma of Uterus
A
8
6
8
6
7
8
12
12
10
8
10.5
10
6
8
8
8
7-5
8
10
B.
10
C.
12
£>
16
Average
12
Control (average)
II
III (0).
Extract of a
Carcinoma of
the Breast
A
18
12
15
15
17
9
7
8
8
8
7
12
12
9
15
12
16
8
B
6
c.
8
D
8
Average
7.S
8
Control (average)
III (b).
Extract of Normal Breast Tissue Near the Cancer^^
A
20
18
24
22
21
8
6
8
6
7
26
17
24
25
23
6
B
8
C
8-
D
7
Average
7.3
III. (c).
Extract 0
f Pectoral M
uscle Removed
at Operation^^
A
14
26
14
24
19.5
7
6
II
8
8
26
18
26
24
23-S
9
9
12
B
C
D
10
Averaee
10
Preparation of Cancer extracts. Fresh cancerous tissue, direct
f rom the operating room, was minced, then triturated with saiid and
water, and the thin mixture frequently shaken for about an hour.
""Control" figures are given in section III (a).
232 Infliicnce of Cancer Extracts on Lupin Seedlings [Jan.
The liquid was strained through gauze, then filtered. Portions of
this filtered extract (boiled or unboiled) were used in the manner
indicated above.
Data pertaining to grozvth. The summary on page 231 pre-
sents the results of this study.
General conclusion. The extracts failed to inhibit growth of
the seedlings. The observed acceleration of growth was probably
due to inorganic salts in the extracts. It is possible, of course, that
deleterious action by Cancer toxins was neutralized or overcome by
the stimulating power of associated nutrient substances. This par-
ticular poinit requires special investigation.
THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE FEMALE GENITALIA^
3. A quantitative study of certain enzymes of the ovary, Uterus,
and bladder, of pregnant and non-pregnant sheep
THUISCO A. ERPF-LEFKOVICS' and JACOB ROSENBLOOM
(Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
Introduction. In this study we used the pregnant and non-
pregnant ovaries and uteri, and also the bladder, in order to com-
pare our genital results with those for an organ with a supposedly
non-dynamic function. We desire to express our thanks to Dr.
Robert T. Frank for his interest, and for his kindness in placing at
our disposal the genital material employed.
Methods. i. Preparation of extracts. {A) Five grams
of finely divided fresh material, washed free from blood and thor-
oughly triturated with sand, were treated with 100 c.c. of water
and allowed to stand for 24 hours, under toluene, with frequent
shakings. At the end of this time the extract was filtered through
muslin, made up to 100 c.c, and aliquot portions used for the en-
zyme tests. {B) Glycerol extracts were made in the same manner.
2. EsTiMATiON OF ENZYMES. In cach casc, a control test was
made with boiled extract. Lipase. A mixture of 10 c.c. of the
extract, 0.5 c.c. of neutral ethyl butyrate and i c.c. of toluene was
placed in a bottle and allowed to digest at 40° C. After 24 hours
n/20 sodium hydroxide Solution was used to determine the acidity,
with Phenolphthalein as the indicator. From this amount was
subtracted the "control" acidity (10 c.c. of extract and i c.c. of
toluene).
Amylase. To 10 c.c. of i per cent. freshly prepared starch
*The first paper in this series (a general review of the subject) has been
accepted for publication in a later issue of the Biochemical Bulletin. The
second paper appeared in the January issue of the Journal of Biological Chetn-
istry, 1913, xiii, p. 511. See also Biochemical Bulletin, 1911, i, p. 115.
^ Mr. Lefkovics died shortly after the completion of this work. See Bio-
chemical Bulletin, 1912, i, p. 573.
233
234
Biochcmistry of the Female Genitalia
[Jan.
paste were added lo c.c. of extract and i c.c. of toluene, and the
mixture allowed to digest at 40° C, until duplicates no longer be-
came blue with iodin Solution. At this point the bottles contain-
ing the digestive mixtures were placed in boiling water to stop the
digestions simultaneously. The contents of each bottle were then
made up to 50 c.c. and run from a burette into boiling Fehling Solu-
tion, acetic acid and potassium ferrocyanid being used to determine
the end point. When the amount of sugar in the digestive mix-
ture was less than that required completely to reduce the copper, a
Standard glucose Solution was employed for that purpose.
Acid- and alkali-proteases. Ten grams of gelatin were dis-
solved in 100 c.c. of warm i per cent. Solution of sodium fluorid col-
ored with methyl violet. This Solution was drawn into glass tubes
I mm. in diameter and the filled tubes quickly placed in cold water
to congeal the gelatin. The tubes were then cut into lengths of
2-3 cm. Ten c.c. of extract were placed in a small bottle closed
with a perforated cork through which the gelatin tubes could be
inserted; i c.c. of toluene was added and the digestions kept at room
temperature for 48 hours. In the estimation of acid-protease (pep-
sin) the mixture was made acid with 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid
Solution and for alkali-protease (trypsin) they were rendered alka-
line with 0.5 per cent. sodium carbonate Solution.
Table showing enzyme values of pregnant and non-pregnant ovary, uterus
and bladder of sheep
A. Non-pregnant condition
Aqueous extract
Glycerol extract
Organ
Lipase,
c.c.
Amy-
lase,
mg.
Acid-
pro-
tease,
mm.
Alkali-
pro-
tease,
mm.
Lipase,
c.c.
Amy-
lase,
mg.
Acid-
pro-
tease,
mm.
Alkali-
pro-
tease,
mm.
Ovary
0.65
305
1-3
5
10
10
2
I
1-5
2
I
0
0.65
1-95
1-35
6
5
IS
6
3
3
0.25
4
0
Uterina mucosa
Bladder mucosa
B. Pregnant condition
Ovary
Uterina mucosa .
Bladder mucosa.
1-3
10
2
7
2.0
7
7
8.35
25-5
I
7
8.3
12
3
i.i
7.5
1-5
0
1-35
6
4
0.5
5
o
The accompanying table presents the results obtained in this
Study. The lipase values are given in terms of the amount of ji/20
1913] Thuisco A. Erpf-Lefkomcs and Jacob Roscnhloom 235
sodium hydroxid Solution necessary to neutralize the acidity devel-
oped by i gram of tissue. The amylase values are given in terms of
the amount of maitose in mg. formed per gram of tissue. The
acid- and alkali-protease values are given in terms of the number of
millimeters of gelatin digested in a tube by i gram of tissue.
The results show that lipase and amylase were most abundant in
both the ovaries and uterine mucosae of pregnant animals. Preg-
nancy had no quantitative effect on the acid-protease (pepsin), but
alkali-protease was increased in both the ovary and uterine mucosa.
The bladder extracts contained lipase, amylase, and acid-protease
(pepsin), but no alkali-protease (trypsin).
THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE FEMALE GENITALIA^
4. On the absence of certain enzymes from the
human chorion^
JACOB ROSENBLOOM
(Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pittshurgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.)
During pregnancy the chorion frondosum unites with the de-
cidua serotina to form the placenta. The enzymes of the placenta^
have often been studied, but I am unable to find any record of a
study of the enzymes of a human chorion. Through the kindness
of Dr. Robert T. Frank, of New York, the vvriter received a fresh
human chorion for such an investigation.
The available chorion, which weighed 10 grams after it had been
washed free from all blood by means of a small amount of water,
was finely minced and two portions, 5 grams each, were taken for
the preparation of extracts, which were made as follows : ( i ) The
material was triturated with sand, 200 c.c. of water added, and
the mixture allowed to stand with frequent shakings for 24 hours
under toluene. At the end of that time, the extract was filtered
through muslin, and the filtrate used in the tests for various en-
zymes. (2) A glycerol extract was made in the same way. In
testing for enzymes, control portions were always taken, which
were boiled before their addition to the Solutions or suspensions of
Substrate.''
The accompanying table presents the data obtained in this study.
The data show that both glycerol and aqueous extracts of a human
* See the first footnote of the preceding paper in this issue of the Biochem-
ICAL Bulletin.
" The analytic work was done in the Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia
University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York.
^ Frank: Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1912, xv, p. 561.
' See the description of methods in the paper preceding this one.
236
I9I3]
Jacob Rosenhloom
237
chorion were free from amylase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, lipase.
peptidase, ereptase, acid-protease and alkali-protease.
Table showing results of ensyme tests in glycerol and aqueous extracts of a
human chorion
Enzyme
Substrate
Glycerol extract
Aqueous extract
Amylase
Sucrase
Starch
Absent
Absent
Sucrose
Absent
Absent
Lactase
Lactose
Absent
Absent
A'Ialtasp
Maltose
Absent
Absent
Lipase
Ethyl butyrate
Glycyltryptophan
Witte Peptone
Absent
Absent
Ppntida'sp
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Acid-protease
Alkali-protease
Gelatin and fibrin^
Gelatin and fibrin^
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
It would seem, from the results of this study, either that the
enzymes of the placenta are formed at a comparatively late period
or that the decidua serotina furnishes the enzymes which subse-
quently appear in the placenta. Possibly the presence of blood in
the placenta accounts for the occurrence of certain enzymes that
have been detected in the placenta.
° Extract rendered acid with 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution.
* Extract rendered alkaline with 0.5 per cent. sodium carbonate Solution.
A DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH AT
VINELAND, NEW JERSEY^
AMOS W. PETERS
To the Training School at Vineland, N. J., belongs the credit for
the first establishment anywhere in the world of a biochemical
laboratory as one means of investigation of the problem of feeble-
mindedness in children. To the writer of this article has fallen the
honor as well as the heavy duty of testing what are the possibilities
of biochemical research in the field of feeble-mindedness. The
large problem which this unfortunate affliction of a considerable
portion of humanity presents to organized society is becoming daily
more evident, as its economic bürden and its social consequences
force themselves on public attention. Research on the problem is a
crying need not simply f rom the humanitarian Standpoint, but also as
an economic necessity. The care and treatment of these cases and
the governmental management of this problem, including its amelior-
ment and prevention, will in the future rest on the basis of data ob-
tained by scientific research. At present we are proceeding on a
very small amount of such data and we are just discovering, after
some preliminary efforts made in the psychological direction, how
extensive and manysided this problem is. What assurance have we
that our present method of dealing with the problem is in rational
accord with the nature and origin of the condition? Our proce-
dures are in the stage of costly empiricism and in the very infancy
of scientific investigation. It is therefore an important step for-
ward when this Institution ventures to add to its present psycho-
logical method of investigation that of the rapidly growing and
fundamental science of biochemistry. The need for this additional
method of attack, and the tendency of expert thought toward it, is
well illustrated by the following quotation from the words of a
leader in the study of problems of psychopathology, Dr. Southard :
^Reprinted from The Training School, 1912, ix, p. 70 (Sep.).
238
1913] Arnos W. Peters 239
The majority of cases of mental diseases are, I am convinced by
special studies, characterized by the occurrence of obvious brain lesions,
i. e., even in the present stage of science they possess a structural pa-
thology. Do they therefore possess no functional pathology? Their
possession of the two aspects is a truism. Should we not study both
aspects ?
Furthermore, suppose we learn that, whereas three quarters of our
cases of mental disease exhibit obvious irrecoverable brain lesions,
another quarter falls to shovv these. Suppose the methods of micro-
scopic research should still fall to show in many cases essential or
irreversible brain lesions, should we not stultify ourselves if we did
not abandon jor the research campaign both that psychopathology
which has taught us the main course of our disease and the neuro-
pathology which has proved usefully negative? Should we not repair
at once to the chemistry of metabolism, the physiology of internal
secretions, and the entire point of view of psychopathology? Dis-
coveries in the latter fields, concrete and pertinent facts, would carry
US back to the tissues and back to the processes of the nervous System,
to neuropathology, structural and functional and to psychopathology,
and enlighten many dark corners therein. He who adheres to the clas-
sical Problems as they He within the teaching divisions of any science is
not apt to change the face of that science.^
It is the method of science to develop the ultimate truth with
its numerous and involved qualifications, which are due to the infi-
nite complexity of natura itself, by means of hypotheses. These
are repeatedly set up and repeatedly confirmed or refuted and re-
placed by others of better construction in view of previous expe-
rience. Whether the hypothesis was exactly correct or not — ulti-
mately tenable or untenable — ^becomes a matter of no practical sig-
nificance. The testing of hypotheses develops facts, and facts, dem-
onstrated and adequately qualified truths, are the precious heritage
of the race f rom previous human endeavor. Now, then, the hypoth-
esis which underlies the use of the biochemical method in this
problem is that which postulates, simply, a relation between patho-
^ Southard, E. E. : " Psychopathology and Neuropathology : The Problems
of Teaching and Research Contrasted," Amer. Jour. of Psychol., 23 : 230-235,
1912. Read by invitation in a Symposium at a meeting of the American Psycho-
logical Association, December 28, 191 1, at the Hospital for the Insane, Wash-
ington, D. C.
240 Biochcmical Research at Vineland, N. J . [Jan.
logical mental action on the one band, and the physical condition
of the brain and body on the other. We will not discuss this propo-
sition — no, this hypothesis — with our readers. It is not worth while.
We only wish gently to call their attention to it and to prevent
them from shying at this subject on theoretical grounds. This,
then, is our generalized hypothesis, and it is clear that finally our
logical efforts will be directed toward the correlation of data, psy-
chological and biological, taken in their widest sense. This part of
our effort will be small, however, compared with the requirement for
painstaking and persistent experimental determination of facts
which are the real values we are seeking. In this connection it
should be noticed that the present literature of chemical biology
contains numerous concrete examples of investigations which have
an evident relation to the problems of psychopathology viewed from
the broad Standpoint of Southard, as above quoted. In future
numbers of the Biochemical Bulletin we shall, from time to
time, present our readers with notes and criticisms on this literature.
It is important that the general aim of this biochemical effort
should not be misunderstood, nor its results misinterpreted. The
primary and only initial object is to contribute toward the elncida-
tion of the conditions of psychopathological action by means of the
biochemical method. The curing of tuberculosis was an entirely
premature and abortive expenditure of effort before the elucidation
of the cause and conditions of that disease. When once these con-
ditions have been adequately determined, valuable applications of
the new knowledge always follow, and sometimes with astonish-
ing results. But now we are only in the beginning of the period of
strenuous seeking after much needed information. We wish also
to emphasize that we regard the biochemical as only one, but after
the psychological the next in importance, of the methods that are
available for determining conditions of abnormal mental action.
We picture our final understanding of these conditions to be a com-
posite and correlated result obtained by different methods, none of
which alone would have ever yielded adequate knowledge.
Now we are asked just what, concretely, is the field of application
of biochemistry to the problems of feeble-mindedness.
This question could be best answered by illustrations from the
1913] Arnos W. Peters 241
literature of investigation along biochemical lines; but, as above
stated, this we shall continue to present in future numbers of this
Bulletin. At present, before we have actually begun oiir own
experimental work, we can give only an outline of the topics we
plan to pursue to such extent as workers and material resources per-
mit. The field is so rieh as to tax the judgment in the selection of
the first attacks, and we are well aware that we are outlining more
than our present resources permit to be done in the near future.
Publicity and hearty Cooperation with other individuals and in-
stitutions is, of course, our policy. In the present article, however,
and at the very beginning of our work, we are describing only the
nature of the work to be done without specific detail regarding par-
ticular problems or methods.
Our primary line of effort to which the others are logically re-
lated is the study of the conditions of metabolism presented by the
feeble minded of this institution. Very few studies of this nature
have been made, and the material for them is here presented under
favorable conditions for investigation. Promiscuous examinations
or experiments will not be made. But at first typical and psycho-
logically well-known and defined cases will be selected. For orien-
tation they will at first be studied in their undisturbed condition
before the experimental factor is introduced. By metabolism we
understand, of course, the sum total of the chemical changes which
a living organism continually performs within its tissues and upon
the substances which it utilizes. The progress of biological science
has made the term practically synonymous with the processes of life
in so far as they are non-psychical. Under this head we intend to
subject the idea of intoxication, whether endogenous (autointoxi-
cation) or exogenous, to a rather thorough testing, especially in its
relation to psychopathological phenomena. Two other related
topics with which we will be compelled to deal in this connection
pertain to the subject of glandulär secretions and that of lipoid or
phosphorus metabolism. It is well known that the method of glan-
dulär feeding is extensively practiced in psychopathological cases
and institutions. It appears that this is usually done in a promiscu-
ous way with but little of the Clements of control experiments
or of adequate therapeutic indications. In our future notes and
242 Biochemical Research at Vineland, N. J. [Jan.
criticisms on the literature, we shall treat this subject more fully.
It seems a pity, f rom both the scientific and the humanitarian stand-
point, that such potentially valuable experiments on human subjects
should pass without an examination of their most important factor
— that of the metaboHsm of the physiologically much afifected
subject.
Our second line of effort will be that of lipoid and brain chem-
istry. It will not be pursued extensively until we have obtained,
from the observations of metabolism and the third line of effort
described below, some indications of the directions in this large and
inherently difficult field that it would be best to pursue. Contrary
to the common Impression, the present literature already shows the
important and practical bearing of this little developed field of chem-
istry on the psychopathological problem.
A third kind of work which in the near future will become
practically inevitable is the study of heredity, growth and develop-
ment from the particitlar angle of view of the psychopathologist.
It is well known how strongly the scientific and the public attention
is now fixed upon the hereditary and congenital (if not hereditary)
factors involved in the conditions of abnormal mental action. With-
out going into detail, we wish to emphasize the fact that the hered-
itary factor in this problem by no means removes it from the field
of biochemical study, nor makes the pathological conditions any less
amenable to elucidation by that method. In fact, the only real hope
for the elucidation of the processes of reproduction and heredity
seems, in the light of experiments already made, to lie in the direc-
tion of an intimate knowledge of the chemistry and physics of the
protoplasmic basis of Hfe.
Biochemical Laboratory, Training School,
Vineland, New Jersey.
BIOCHEMISTRY IN NEW YORK TWENTY
YEARS AGO^
E. E. SMITH
The Status of biochemistry in New York City, in 1891, is well
depicted by an incident that occurred in that year at the library of
the New York Academy of Medicine. The writer had just come to
the city and was seeking, for reference, a copy of Maly's Jahres-
bericht für Thier-Chemie. In reply to an inquiry, he was informed
that such a work was not in the Academy library and would most
likely be found at the Veterinary College. Chemistry was, indeed,
well established at that time in the curriculum of the medical schools
of the city, but it consisted largely of descriptive organic and in-
organic chemistry, and found relatively scant application in physiol-
ogy and pathology.^
To the younger graduates of Yale, the pioneer work of Chitten-
den was known, but it had not been implanted here. It did lead,
however, to the Inspiration of Dr. C. A. Herter, then beginning to
specialize in neurology ; and when he came to realize, as he soon did,
how closely related was this field to the pathology of nutrition and
determined to establish a laboratory for the investigation of this sub-
ject, he naturally turned to Prof. Chittenden for someone with tech-
nical training to undertake this work.
^For previous special contributions to the history of biological chemistry in
New York see the Biochemical Bulletin, 191 i, i, p. 245, and 1912, i, p. 377.
*"To appreciate the significance of all this, it should be remembered that,
with the exception of the work in the pathological laboratories of the Colleges,
the work of the Board of Health, and the work done by Dr. S. J. Meltzer, there
was practically no scientific investigation in medicine worthy of the name in
New York City at that time (when the 'Laboratory of C. A. Herter' was
created). What was true of New York was essentially true of the country at
large. . . . Dr. Herter found the study of the nervous System so abounding in
confusion that he soon turned his attention to chemical problems, especially those
connected with pathological conditions. Among those intimately associated with
him in this work have been E. E. Smith, A. J. Wakeman and, of late, H. D.
Dakin." Lusk: Science, 191 1, xxxiii, p. 846. [Ed.]
243
244 Biochemistry in New York Twcnty Ycars Ago [Jan.
How little Dr. Herter appreciated the equipment that would be
required is indicated by bis Suggestion that the work be conducted in
the art studio of his brother, then absent in Europe. It did not re-
quire many months, however, to reveal to him something of the
technical scope of the field to which he was to devote the two decades
permitted him for the completion of his hfe work, At the outset,
he desired adequate equipment ; and when he returned f rom his sum-
mer rest, in 1891, he was enthusiastically appreciative of the well-
equipped laboratory awaiting him in the basement of his residence.
This, three years later, was transferred to his newly built home
where the entire upper floor, 50 X 100 feet, was devoted to this
special work. It was no unusual, though an unique, experience to
house in his animal room, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, füll grown hogs,
and other animals in an array that would have astounded the unin-
formed passerby in this district of elegant homes.
It was not, however, the equipment that invites attention to
Herter's early work nor was it the display he made of his devotion
to this new field. Both were modest. What has lingered and al-
ways will remain in my memory of twenty years ago is the serious-
ness with which the work was undertaken. In later years, when
his life was so filled with the success and magnitude of his work, it
was to be expected that he would throw all that was in him into it ;
but that he should have devoted himself so largely to it when its
value was uncertain, or at least not demonstrated, indicates the
profound purpose that was leading him to undertake it. Not in-
frequently, when night had come and the day's work was done, we
forgot ourselves in both discussing what we had attempted and
planning what we hoped to do; finally awakening to a realization
that we were neglecting the proper demands of our respective family
circles.
Only a fraction of the work done at that period was ever pub-
lished. The first paper, " Uric acid elimination in health and dis-
ease," was a record of investigations inspired by the extravagant
Claims of the English physician, Haig. We differed with him in
many important conclusions. We did not find that uric acid forma-
tion was always constant and that elimination was determined by the
degree of alkalinity of the blood, but found it to vary with the diet
1913] -E- E. Smith 245
in health and with conditions unknown to us in disease. Moreover,
we did not recognize it as a causative factor in the many diseases to
which this role was assigned by Haig, but rather regarded its in-
creased elimination as a result of the morbid condition. Horbac-
zewsky's work did not come to our attention tili after the publication
of this first paper.
The study of epileptics led to the conclusion that, in some cases
of so-called idiopathic epilepsy, the onset of the seizures was deter-
mined not by a uric acid accumulation, as claimed by Haig, but by
a toxemia of gastro-intestinal origin. Indican, which had received
scant attention from clinicians up to this time, was found to be a
valuable index to the condition; as was also the elimination of phenol
and ethereal sulphates. The occurrence of these products in undue
quantity seemed to bear a direct relation to the onset of the seizures.
As was natural, there followed an elaborate study of the gastro-
intestinal conditions in other diseases, especially those with marked
neurotic manifestations ; and the conclusion was reached that the neu-
rotic exacerbations in many conditions were due to a gastro-intes-
tinal toxemia. An entirely different line of study was the presence
of lead and its distribution in cases of chronic lead poisoning. The
results of these analyses were never published.
Investigations to which was devoted a very great amount of
work and which covered a very wide scope, as well, were the studies
of the causes of uremic intoxication. The many theories which had
been elaborated to explain this condition were each in turn subjected
to investigation, involving extensive animal experimentation as well
as intricate chemical research. The work covered several years and
the results were of very great interest to us, and certainly influenced
Herter's later work, but they were never published.
During this period, there was a striking lack of activity in re-
search in chemical pathology in New York; indeed, this was only
the time of the awakening of general interest in the most active Cen-
ters of medical science. Aside from Herter's work, only a single
paper presented at the Academy of Medicine in that period comes to
my mind ; and that was so glaringly f aulty that one hesitates to con-
sider its sincerity.
Von Noorden's Pathologie des Stoffwechsels, which appeared
246 Biochemistry in New York Twenty Years Ago [Jan.
at this time, was as a beacon light on a dark night. I received my
copy before Dr. Herter's attention was called to the work. He saw
it on my table and, borrowing it, informed me shortly afterwards
that if I really wanted a copy I had better send for another. True
to bis word, I never saw this first copy again and I doubt not that it
rests now in his library well worn with eager study, which it received
at that time. My second copy served a similar purpose in my own
hands.
My personal relation with Dr. Herter was interrupted by the
decision to study medicine. The modest beginnings of his work,
which hardly interested more than a narrow circle of personal
friends and admirers, grew to a proportion that brought him into
national and, indeed, international prominence. A man of unusual
personal charm and sincere purpose, he demonstrated how personal
opportunity could find unselfish application to the benefit of his
fellowmen in the field of applied medical science.
Laboratory, 50 East Forty-first Street,
New York City.
IMMUNITY IN SOME OF ITS BIOCHEMICAL
ASPECTS^
CHARLES FREDERICK BOLDUAN
(Department of Health, New York City)
(WITH PLATE 2)
Contents. — Infection, 247, Immunity: natural, 248; acquired, 248; speci-
ficity, 249; additional defenses, 249; Behring's discovery of antitoxin, 250; bac-
teriolysins, hemolysins (cytolysins), 250; complement and immune body, 251;
agglutinins, 251; Opsonins, 252; precipitins, 252; anti-antibodies, 252. Immunity
from the Standpoint of cell niitrition, 253; Ehrlich's " side chain " theory, 253;
receptors, 254; Weigert's " overproduction " theory, 254; natural immunity, 256;
anaphylaxis, 256; results of enteral and parenteral introduction of protein, 257;
significance of period of incubation, 258, and bearing on intoxication by infection
(endotoxins), 258. Modern chemotherapy according to Ehrlich, 259. Chemical
nature of antibodies, 260.
Infection. One of the most interesting problems to all of us
is that presented by disease, especially by what we call " infectious "
disease. Under this term we mean disease produced by living organ-
isms or their products. Among the organisms producing disease
in man are bacteria, molds, yeasts, and protozoa, and we may con-
veniently speak of these collectively as germs.
The manner in which the various germs produce disease in man,
their mode of entrance into the body, the part of the body attacked
— all these differ considerably with the different germs. Some
like the bacillus of diphtheria and the bacillus of tetanus (lockjaw)
secrete very powerful poisons, and while the germs themselves do
not penetrate deeply into the body tissues, their poison is absorbed
and gives rise to severe Symptoms. In the case of other germs, for
example the tubercle bacillus, the organisms penetrate deeply into
the body tissues and there multiply. In their growth they destroy
the cells in which they lodge and, by their poisons, affect the
entire body.
^ Lecture delivered, by invitation, under the auspices of the Columbia Univer-
sity Biochemical Association, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Novem-
ber 16, 1912.
247
248 Immnnity in Some of its Biochemical Aspects [Jan.
Most germs, for some obscure reason, affect by preference cer-
taiii parts of the body. The typhoid bacillus usually lodges in the
wall of the small intestine; the meningococcus prefers the lining
membranes of the brain and spinal cord; the gonococcus is very
prone to attack the mucons membrane of the genital organs and of
the eye; the pneumococcus affects chiefly the respiratory organs;
the diphtheria bacillus lodges in the throat and nasal passages ; the
malaria parasite lodges only in the red blood cells; and certain
molds affect only the skin.
Immunity. Natural immunity. It is very well known,
however, that certain infectious diseases occur naturally only among
some of the lower animals and do not affect man, while conversely,
others appear to attack only man. Among the latter may be men-
tioned typhoid fever, syphilis, gonorrhea. In speaking of the re-
sistance evidently possessed by certain species we make use of the
term natural immunity. Thus chickens and frogs possess a natural
immunity against tetanus (lockjaw) ; dogs, a natural immunity
against anthrax; goats, a natural immunity against tuberculosis ;
and man, a natural immunity against certain diseases of cattle.
This natural immunity, however, is not always absolute. Chickens,
for example, can be infected with tetanus if their bodies are chilled,
and frogs can be made susceptible to tetanus by keeping them un-
duly warm.
Acquired immunity. Another form of immunity is that ob-
served in individuals who have had one attack of a particular in-
fection; thereafter they are practically safe from a second attack.
These individuals are said to possess an acquired immunity. This
form of immunity is well illustrated in scarlet fever, measles, small-
pox, yellow fever. Often this immunity lasts throughout the life-
time of the individual though there are exceptions.
In studying this form of immunity, Pasteur conceived the idea
of artificially producing an attack of a given infection in order to
Protect the individual against another attack. He realized that it
was necessary, however, to so control matters that the original
attack should run a very mild course and not endanger the life of
the individual. After considerable experimental work, Pasteur
found that this could be accomplished by artificially weakening the
1913] Charles Frederick Boldnan 249
bacteria with which the original attack was produced. Subse-
quently Salmon and Smith, in this country, showed that it was not
necessary to produce even a mild attack of the disease by injecting
living germs, but that the injection of dead germs would produce an
immunity against that particiliar infection.
Specificity of acquired immunity. Acquired immunity, whether
caused by a previous natural attack of the disease, or artificially by
the inoculation of living or dead germs, is always strictly specific;
that is, the protection extends only to the particular disease which
has previously occurred or against germs of the kind previously
injected. An attack of scarlet fever protects only against scarlet
fever but not against measles. Inoculating an individual with ty-
phoid bacilli protects him only against typhoid fever, but not against
dysentery, plague or cholera. This acquired immunity is often
transmitted from mother to offspring, transmission being effected
mainly, according to Famulener, through the Colostrum.
Additional natural defenses against DISEASE. Beforc ex-
amining into the nature of specific acquired immunity, let me call
attention to certain important means by which the body is protected
against infectious diseases in general. Many of these means are
so commonplace that their significance is often overlooked.
The protection afforded by the unbroken skin is undoubtedly one
of the most important means of defense. A similar protection,
though less effective, is afforded by intact and healthy mucous mem-
branes. The acid gastric juice undoubtedly destroys large numbers
of swallowed germs. It has been found that fresh blood serum is
able to kill a considerable number of germs, and this is therefore
another mode of defense. The white blood cells (leucocytes)
appear to be designed especially to destroy invading micröorganisms.
These cells take hold of, or rather engulf, the germs and digest
them. Still another mode of defense is seen in what takes place in
abscesses. When these are examined, it is found that the body has
built a wall of cells around the infected area, thus shutting off the
germs and their poisonous products from the rest of the body.
Finally, mention may be made of the collection of fluid, i. e., of
serum, as perhaps a means designed to dilute irritant poisons (pleu-
risy, Peritonitis).
250 hnmunity in Some of its Biochemicol Aspects [Jan.
The means of protection we have just recited are all general in
their action, that is, not directed specifically against only one partic-
ular infection, Let us now return to a consideration of the specific
acquired immunity already mentioned.
Behring's DISCOVERY OF ANTITOXIN, Most of our knowlcdgc
concerning specific acquired immunity dates from Behring's discov-
ery of the antitoxins of diphtheria and tetanus, in 1890.
Behring found that when an animal is injected with gradually
increasing doses of toxin, e. g., with diphtheria toxin, it is able, after
a time, to withstand doses of the poison sufficient to kill hundreds
of animals not so treated. He found that the blood serum of the
treated animals contained something which neutralized the diph-
theria poison, and rendered it harmless. This something he called
an antitoxin. Investigation showed that the antitoxin was strictly
specific, the antitoxin for diphtheria neutralized only the toxin of
diphtheria, the antitoxin for tetanus, only that of tetanus.
Bacteriolysins and hemolysins (cytolysins). Another
important advance was made in 1894 when Pfeiffer showed that,
just as an animal injected with gradually increasing doses of toxin
produces an antitoxin in its blood, so also, when injected with bac-
teria (cholera bacilli), it produces substances which kill and dissolve
the injected micröorganisms. We have already said that fresh
blood serum is able to kill a considerable number of bacteria, and
that this probably constitutes one of the defenses of the body against
bacterial Invasion. When the animal is injected with gradually in-
creasing amounts of bacteria, however, this destructive power in-
creases very greatly, but only for the particular kind of bacterium
used for injection. In other words, the action is strictly specific.
If an animal is injected with cholera bacilli, the serum will, after a
time, even in very small doses kill enormous numbers of cholera
bacilli ; tested against typhoid bacilli, or on other bacteria, its de-
structive effect is merely that of normal serum from an untreated
animal. When the action of the serum is studied under the micro-
scope, it is seen that the bacteria are actually broken up and dis-
solved. Hence such a serum is spoken of as a " bactcriolysin."
Since the bacteria are also killed by this action, we also use the term
" bactericidal " in speaking of such a serum.
1913] Charles Frederick Bolduan 251
It has been found that this action may be developed against cells
other than bacteria. When red blood cells are used for the injec-
tions, the serum acquires dissolving properties for these ; and here
again the action is strictly specific, so that when blood cells from a
chicken are injected into an animal, the serum of the injected animal
acquires increased solvent powers only for chicken blood cells, not
for blood cells of other animals. Sera directed against blood cells
are usually spoken of as hemolysins. The term cytolysin is used to
embrace all these cell-dissolving sera.
Complement and immune body. Investigation has shown that
the mode of action of these dissolving sera is somewhat complex,
and consists of the Joint action of two substances. It may be re-
called that this dissolving action was observed in fresli serum.
Serum which had stood for several days no longer possessed this
property. The researches of Metchnikoff and Bordet showed that
the füll solvent power could be restored by the addition of a little
fresh serum, even from a normal, untreated animal. Evidently,
then, of the two substances concerned in this dissolving action, one
is quite stable, and the other highly labile. The labile substance,
derived from a normal untreated animal, is spoken of as the com-
plement; it is not specific. The stable substance, present only in
the serum of the treated animal, is called the immune body; it is
highly specific. When an animal is repeatedly injected with grad-
ually increasing doses of bacteria, or other cells, it responds by man-
ufacturing large quantities of this "immune body" directed spe-
cifically against the injected cells. The complement is not increased
in the process.
Agglutinins. When the serum of an animal which has been
repeatedly injected with gradually increasing doses of bacteria is
brought into contact with some of the bacteria, careful Observation
under the microscope reveals a very interesting series of changes.
Thus, if typhoid bacilli are mixed with a specific antityphoid serum
(obtained, let us say, from a rabbit previously injected with typhoid
bacilli), one notices, first, that the motility of the bacilli becomes
markedly diminished. This is followed by the gradual collection
of the bacilli into clumps. At the end of an hour or two, in place
of countless bacteria moving quickly through the field, one sees
252 Iinmiinity in Some of its Biochemical Aspccts [Jan.
merely several groups of absolutely immobile bacilli. If the reac-
tion is feeble, the clumps are small, and one finds comparatively
many isolated and, perhaps, also moving bacteria. This phenome-
non is spoken of as aggliitination, and the substance in the serum
which brings this about is called agglutinin. The clumping thus
broiight about does not kill the bacteria ; moreover, it makes no dif-
ference whether the serum is freshly drawn or has been kept for
some time — it will agglutinate equally well ; and it does not require
the addition of fresh serum as do the bacteriolysins. Like the an-
titoxins and the bacteriolysins, the agglutinins are strictly specific, so
that serum from an animal previously injected with typhoid bacilli
will agglutinate only typhoid bacilli; one from an animal injected
with dysentery bacilli, only such bacilli, etc.
Opsonins. We have already said that the white blood corpus-
cles (leucocytes) take up bacteria and destroy them. Wright, of
England, showed that certain substances in blood serum have the
power of increasing the appetite, as it were, of the leucocytes, and
furthermore, that the amount of these substances can be increased
by properly graduated injections of the appropriate bacteria. These
substances he called Opsonins. They are specific, just as are the
antitoxins, the bacteriolysins, and the agglutinins; that is to say,
when typhoid bacilli are injected into the body, only the Opsonin
for typhoid bacilli is affected; when staphylococci are employed,
only the Opsonin for such organisms is affected, etc.
Precipitins. If, instead of injecting bacteria or other cells, we
inject an animal with Solutions of albuminous material ; for example,
if we inject a rabbit with chicken-egg albumin, we find that the
rabbit serum acquires the power to produce a precipitate when mixed
with chicken-egg albumin. This action, too, is highly specific, so
that if the serum is tested against the albumin from any other animal,
e. g., from a duck tgg, no precipitate will be produced. If a rabbit
is treated with human blood, the rabbit serum will produce a pre-
cipitate when mixed with human blood, but not when mixed with
any other blood. The substance in the treated animal's serum is
spoken of as a precipitin. This test, as you probably know, is used
in criminal cases to determine whether or not certain stains are
those of human blood or otherwise.
1913] Charles Frederick Bolduan 253
Anti-antibodies. But even this list does not exhaust the list
of "antibodies" which it is possible to produce. When enzymes
are injected into an animal, the latter responds by producing anti-
enzymes, and when certain " antibodies " are injected, anti-anti-
bodies are produced.
Immunity regarded from the Standpoint o£ cell nutrition.
The whole subject of infection and immunity, and particularly the
production of the antibodies just discussed, is best appreciated when
regarded from the Standpoint of nutrition; for what, after all, is
this apparent conflict between bacteria and the animal body but
the mutual attempt of each to use the other for food. Let it be
noted that production of the various antibodies takes place only
when the bacteria or other allen cells are introduced parenterally,
i. e., by ways other than the gastrointestinal tract. We may ex-
plain this by saying that when introduced by the gastrointestinal tract
the molecules of the food stufifs (organic) are split up and rebuilt
in such a way that the material requires no further extensive altera-
tion in order to serve as food for the various cells of the body. In
the animal body this breaking down and building up is delegated to
certain specialized cells ; in the primitive organisms, however, we
must believe that each cell was required to break down and build up
its own food. When parenterally situated cells of the higher animal
are thus presented with the unprepared food which the parenteral
introduction brings them, it may be assumed that they behave as
does the primitive cell, and proceed to lay hold of and attempt to
assimilate the injected material. With this introduction, we may
pass at once to a consideration of Ehrlich's "side chain theory,"
which still offers the best explanation for the formation of the
various antibodies. It is essentially a theory of cell nutrition.
Ehrliches "side chain" theory. According to Ehrlich's
conception, every cell is armed with a large number of chemical
groups whose function is to lay hold of nutriment and anchor this
in the cell. These groups he calls receptors or side chains. Only
such substances can serve as nutriment which can thus be bound
chemically to the cell protoplasm. He believes that the receptors are
of at least three different kinds, and speaks of receptors of the " first
Order," "second order" and " third order." These are best de-
scribed with the aid of a diagram such as the accompanying one.
254 Immunity in Some of its Biochemical Aspccts [Jan.
Rcceptors. In view of what has been said it is obvious that
the simplest mechanism by which the cell can lay hold on food par-
ticles is a receptor which merely anchors food, leaving the digestion
entirely to the cell proper. It may be assumed that this type of re-
ceptor suffices for comparatively small food molecules. When a
larger and more complex food molecule presents itself, it may be as-
sumed that a receptor would be reqiiired which not merely anchors
but also acts on the food molecule to make it more readily assimi-
lable. These two types are shown in A and B respectively (Plate 2).
It will be noted that the receptor in B possesses an anchoring group
{h) and an active group (Z) which acts on the food molecule. It
is conceivable that an economy in structure could be effected in B,
if, in place of the active group (Z), there were merely provision for
the anchoring of an enzyme. The active group (Z) could then be
dispensed with and the enzyme called upon only when a food mole-
cule had been anchored by the receptor. Such an arrangement is
shown in C (Plate 2).
Weigert's " over prodtiction " theory. At this point you may
very properly inquire why we assume the existence of receptors of
these types. To explain this, let us go back to the productiön of an-
titoxin in response to injections of toxin. It will be recalled that
the toxin can be neutralized by the antitoxin. Moreover, and this
is the important point, this action is strictly specific, so that, for
example, diphtheria antitoxin neutralizes only diphtheria toxin;
against any other toxin it is absolutely without effect. Since it
can be satisfactorily shown that the antitoxin is not altered toxin,
it is necessary to explain the productiön of antitoxin by the body
cells. We have said above that only such substances can serve as
nutriment for the cell which can be tied chemically to the cell pro-
toplasm. Expressing this in terms of receptors, we would say that
only such substances as possess groups fitting the receptors of the
cell can be anchored to the cell. In thinking of these groups and the
way in which they fit together, we must have stereochemical rela-
tions in mind. Ehrlich cites with approval a simile used by Emil
Fischer, saying that the relation of the two groups must be that of
lock and key. Granted, now, that certain food molecules have been
anchored by fitting cell receptors, what follows? To explain this.
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1913] Charles Frederick Bolduan 255
Ehrlich makes use of an hypothesis advanced by Weigert in con-
nection with regeneration. According to this, physiological func-
tion and structure depend upon an equilibrium of the tissues that is
maintained by virtue of mutual restraint between their component
cells. Destruction of a single integer or group of integers of a
tissue or a cell removes a corresponding amount of restraint at the
point injured, and therefore destroys equilibrium. This permits
of the abnormal exhibition of bioplastic energies on the part of the
remaining uninjured components, which activity may be viewed as a
compensating hyperplasia. When such bioplastic activity is called
into play there is always hypercompensation ; that is, there is always
more plastic material generated than is necessary to compensate for
the loss. Thus far Weigert.
Ehrlich, in line with Weigert's over production theory, points
out that, owing to the combination of toxin with receptors of the
cell, the receptors are practically lost (at least temporarily) to the
cell; that the cell or its fellows now produces new receptors to re-
place this loss ; but that this production always goes so far as to make
a surplus of receptors ; that these receptors are thrown off by the cell,
as unnecessary bailast so to speak, and then circulate in the blood as
antitoxin. The same substance therefore, which, when part of the
cell, combines with the anchoring group of the toxin, enabling this
to act on the cell, when circulating free in the blood combines with
and satisfies this anchoring group of the toxin, and prevents the
poison from combining with and damaging the cells of the organism.
It is obvious that this affords a complete explanation of specificity.
If we now go back to our diagrams (plate 2) we shall see that
all of the antibodies discussed above fit readily into this scheme. So
far as the antitoxins are concerned, these would be merely receptors
of the first order, thrust off from the cell and circulating in the
serum. Agglutinins and precipitins would belong to the second
Order; they have the active group as an integral part of the receptor.
The hemolysins and bacteriolysins would be in the third order;
fresh serum is active because it contains complement, but since
the complement is very labile, the serum after a while contains only
the immune body, i. e., that part of the receptor which anchors the
food molecule on the one band and the ferment substance on the
other.
256 Imniunity in Some of its Biochemical Aspccts [Jan.
Explanat'wn of natural immimity. Ehrlich's views concerning
the necessity for fitting receptors in order that a microörganism may
attack the body cells afford a satisfactory explanation of the im-
munity possessed by certain animals against particular infections.
Thus, it is obvious that the entire absence of receptors fitting a cer-
tain microörganism renders the body immune against infection by
that microörganism. Moreover, the location of the receptors may
be responsible for the relative immunity of an animal under natural
conditions and its susceptibility when these conditions are changed.
Thus, if receptors for a particular poison are present both in a vital
tissue, like the brain, and in an indifferent tissue, like the muscles,
it is clear that while an intracerebral injection of the poison might
prove fatal, an intramuscular one might be almost without effect.
Anaphylaxis. Most of you are probably familiär with the
work of Vaughan and Wheeler concerning the cleavage products of
proteins, and recall that some of their products were highly poison-
ous. Certain observations of the past few years indicate that, in the
parenteral digestion of proteins, similar cleavage products are pro-
duced. Historically this aspect of immunity may be said to date
from 1906, from the studies undertaken by Ehrlich's pupil, Otto,
and from experiments made about the same time in the U. S. Hy-
gienic Laboratory by Rosenau and Anderson. In the course of the
standardization of diphtheria antitoxin, it had been noted that
guinea pigs, which had previously been injected with toxin-antitoxin
mixtures, were often killed by a subsequent injection of horse
serum. When the subject was studied it was found that, when
an animal is injected with an allen protein, there develops after a
time a specific hypersusceptibility for this protein. After a definite
interval, if the animal is given a second injection of the same pro-
tein, violent Symptoms occur, which may end fatally. The reac-
tion is specific, so that animals sensitized, for example, to horse
serum, manifest little or no hypersusceptibility to other sera. It is
possible, however, to sensitize an animal to several proteins simul-
taneously. The sensitizing dose may be very small — even as little
as one-millionth of a cubic centimeter of horse serum has sufficed
to render a guinea-pig sensitive. A varying length of time must
elapse after the sensitizing injection before the animal becomes fully
1913] Charles Frederick Bolduan 257
sensitive. In guinea-pigs treated with small doses of horse serum,
from 12 to 14 days suffice; with large doses, the time required is
longer, and may extend over weeks or even months. In any case,
in Order to produce severe Symptoms, it is important that the second
injection be large, say 5 to 10 c.c. in a guinea-pig. This phenom-
enon, spoken of as anaphylaxis, has come to occupy an important
place in the theory of infection and immunity. What is the ex-
planation of the phenomenon?
Enteral and parenteral introdiictions of protein contrasted. We
know that the subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous intro-
duction of alien protein is followed by the formation of antibodies ;
at the same time it can readily be shown that no antibodies develop
after the oral introduction of milk, eggs, or even of raw meat. In
other words there is a marked contrast in the behavior of the body
toward enteral and parenteral introductions of protein. In the
former the protein is acted on by specialized cells, which, through
their pepsin, trypsin and enterokinase, and erepsin, break down the
protein molecule so that it loses its species identity. After this,
absorption takes place, and with it there is a synthesis or rearrange-
ment of the molecule whereby it is built up into protein specific to
the body. Under normal conditions it is impossible to produce
antibodies by feeding alien protein, though precipitins have been
produced by overfeeding animals with large amounts of alien pro-
tein. When protein is introduced parenterally it gives rise to the
formation of specific antibodies. In the case of the sensitized ani-
mals described above, the first injection causes the production of
specific antibodies, among them specific cytolysins acting on the alien
protein molecule. When the second injection comes, the alien pro-
tein is at once laid hold of by this antibody, protein cleavage results,
and with it the liberation of poisonous cleavage products. These
cleavage products cause the severe Symptoms and even death that
characterize anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs. That similar Symptoms do
not arise in the enteral digestion of protein would then be explained
by saying that, in the specialized digestive apparatus, provision has
been made either for preventing the formation of such poisonous
cleavage products or for neutralizing them (conjugations?) before
they can cause injury.
2S8 Imnmnity in Some of its Biochemical Aspects [Jan.
Significance of the pcriod of inciibation in anaphylaxis. An in-
teresting result of these studies on anaphylaxis is the light they shed
on the significance of the period of incubation, and also on the poi-
sonous Symptoms produced by bacteria f rom which no very poisonous
siibstance can be extracted. Taking up first the latter point : It has
been held that the various pathogenic bacteria, like the diphtheria
and tetanus bacilli, either secrete toxins or, at least, contain such
toxins bound np in their protoplasm. In the latter case, it was
believed that these endotoxins, as they were termed, were set free
during the destruction of bacteria in the body. From his studies
on anaphylaxis, Friedberger concludes that it is entirely unneces-
sary to assume the existence of specific endotoxins in bacteria to
account for the various Symptoms seen in bacterial infections. By
repeatedly injecting sensitized animals with minute doses of sheep or
horse serum, he found it possible to produce all manner of fever
curves at will, merely by varying the size of the dose and the inter-
val between the injections. From this he concludes that the diver-
sity of clinical Symptoms of various infectious diseases can readily
be explained, even on the assumption of but a single poison. He
speaks of this as anaphylatoxin, and regards it as a cleavage product
of protein of whatever origin introduced parenterally. Just as in
enteral digestion, uniform cleavage products are formed from most
diverse proteins, so, he believes, that in the parenteral protein de-
composition leading to the formation of anaphylatoxin, a certain
poison is uniformly produced. Whether or not, in addition to
anaphylatoxin, there are other specific poisons for the various in-
fectious diseases is immaterial; their existence (except in certain
diseases) has not been proved, and the assumption of their existence
is unnecessary. According to Friedberger, the assumption of a
common anaphylatoxin is only apparently in contradiction to the
well known law of specificity of infectious diseases. In the infec-
tious diseases it is not the poison which is specific, but only the mode
of its production. The production of anaphylatoxin requires the
action of antibodies; the mere Solution or disintegration of bacteria
by other means does not suffice. In other words, a particular
cleavage of the protein molecule is necessary.
Bearing of the period of incubation on intoxication by bacterial
1913] Charles Frederick Boldiian 259
infection in general. With this conception of the effects of paren-
teral protein cleavage, it is a simple matter to explain the significance
of the period of incubation. For those of you who are not medical
students, I will say that every infectious disease manifests itself only
in a certain period of time after infection has taken place. More-
over, this interval is fairly constant. Thus, after a person has con-
tracted typhoid fever, some ten to fifteen days elapse before Symp-
toms develop. In measles, the incubation is regularly fifteen to
eighteen days; in scarlet fever, regularly from three to five days,
etc. Formerly this period was explained as the time necessary for
the development of germs in sufficient number to produce Symptoms.
This explanation was unsatisfactory, because, in artificial in-
fections, no matter how large the dose, it was never possible
to shorten the incubation period below a certain minimum, and
this minimum could not be explained. If, however, we regard in-
fecting bacteria as protein introduced parenterally, we shall have no
difficulty in explaining the incubation period as the time necessary
for the body to develop antibodies which shall act on the bacteria
and produce poisonous cleavage products. Even if we do not accept
Friedberger's assumption of but a single anaphylatoxin, the same
explanation holds for the liberation of endotoxins. In this connec-
tion, I ought to say that bacteria invading the body through the in-
testinal tract, e. g., the typhoid bacilli, may still be regarded as intro-
duced parenterally, because they pass the intestinal barrier and gain
access to the other tissues of the body.
Modern chemotherapy according to Ehrlich. Before leaving
the subject of infection and immunity, I should like to say a few
words about the chemistry of the cell in relation to chemotherapy.
I have already pointed out that Ehrlich holds that the action of a
chemical substance on a given cell denotes the existence of definite
chemical affinities between the substance and the cell. Applying
this conception to the germicidal action of chemicals, he maintains
that the latter must have a certain chemical affinity for the parasites
in Order to kill them. Substances having such affinities he terms
parasitotropic. It is clear, however, that substances which can de-
stroy parasites will also be poisonous for the animal body, i. e., they
will have chemical affinity for the tissues of the host. They are
200 Immunity in So ine of iis Biochemical As pect s [Jan.
therefore also Organotropie. In the employment of chemical sub-
stances to combat infectious diseases, it follows that success can only
be attained if the affinity of the chemical substances for the infecting
parasite bears certain relations to their affinity for the infected body.
Ehrlich's studies in this direction have, therefore, aimed to find
poisonous substances whose parasitotropic affinity should be great
in comparison to their Organotropie affinity. In his studies on Syph-
ilis, he tested a very large number of substances, many of them com-
binations of arsenic. As each substance was tested it received a
serial laboratory number, and finally, in " 606," a substance was
found which fitted the requirements to a high degree. This sub-
stance, salvarsan, has produced really marvelous results in the treat-
ment of syphilis. This line of work appears very promising.
Chemical natura of antibodies. A closing word concerning
the chemical nature of antibodies. Most of the studies have been
made on diphtheria antitoxin, and although little is known concern-
ing the Constitution of this substance, it seems proable that it is
protein in character. Certain it is that the antitoxin is associated
with the globulins of the serum, and highly concentrated Solutions
of antitoxin have been prepared, by Gibson, by precipitating and then
redissolving these globulins. Moreover, as Atkinson showed, the
globulins increase markedly in the serum of immunized horses as
the antitoxic strength of the serum increases.
The influence which the development of the field of immunity
has had on biochemistry has been tremendous, for it has contributed
not only new view points, but also entirely novel methods. Much
has been learned about substances which no one had ever yet seen
and which we know only through their action. That all this has
been achieved is due mostly to one master mind, Paul Ehrlich. May
he long continue to lead us !
A PLAN FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF THE AMER-
ICAN BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY^
ALBERT P. MATHEWS
The present condition of the biological interests of the country
may be called chaotic. There is no general Organization and little
Cooperation between various subdivisions of the science; there are
a multitude of small societies and a large number of Journals, few
with any permanent support. This condition renders the science as
a whole less effective in the Community than it ought to be, and is
expensive both of time and money. The time has come to effect
some kind of Cooperation of all biologists to secure the advantages
which come f rom Cooperation. These advantages could be obtained
by the formation of a general society, to be called the American
Biological Society, along the lines of the American Chemical
Society. (This Society might act as the Biological Section of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science.)
Objects of the society: (i) To unite the biological interests of
the country for purposes of education; mutual support; increased
Cooperation, defense and encouragement of scientific investigation;
and to increase the influence of biological knowledge in the country;
(2) to Start and support a Biological Abstract Journal; (3) to pro-
vide for the permanent support of the biological Journals of the
country and to provide for new ones as necessity arises ; (4) to
^ This plan was proposed by Professor Mathews in 1908, in multigraphed
circular form, to the members of the American Physiological Society. The plan
was formally laid before the Council of the Physiological Society in December,
1908, in the hope that the Physiological Society would endorse the essential fea-
tures of the Suggestion. The author was appointed a committee of one to
agitate the matter. Nothing further was done, however. Theunsuccessful eflfort
in December, 191 1, to bring about an Organization of a greater American Physio-
logical Society, and the recent formation of the Federation of American Societies
for Experimental Biology, give new interest to Professor Mathews' plan, which
is published here in its original form, at our reqiiest, and with the permission of
the author. See pages 269 and 271 of this issue of the Biochemical Bulletin.
[Ed.]
261
202 Organization of the American Biological Society [Jan.
diminish the cost, to the members of the society, of dues to societies
and siibscriptions for these Journals.
Details of Organization. Membership. All members of the
present biological societies should be eligible for membership with-
out further action and should become members on payment of the
dues. Such societies are those of Anatomy, Physiology, Zoology,
Botany, Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology when organized,
Psychology, Biochemistry, Bacteriology, and so on. All persons
sufficiently interested in the progress of biology to pay the dues
of the society should be eligible for membership.
LocAL SECTiONS. The Constitution should provide for the for-
mation of local sections in different cities, a certain per cent. of the
dues of the members of such a local section to be repaid to the
section for local expenses.
Affiliation of present societies. The present societies
should ultimately organize as sections of the Biological Society,
thus saving extra dues. Membership in these sections might be
determined by the sections themselves.
Dues. Dues should be sufficient to provide that each member
should receive the Biological Abstract Journal, and some or all of
the other biological Journals. How this may be arranged is shown
beyond (page 265 ) . The cost of the Journals should be much lower
to the members of the society than to Outsiders.
Explanation of the proposed plan. The plan presented in
the foregoing Statements is virtually that adopted with such great
success by the chemists of the country. A few years ago the chem-
ists were in the position of the biologists today. There were sev-
eral small societies; there was nominally a general Organization
dragging out an unprofitable existence. There were several Jour-
nals badly supported. The American Chemical Society was orga-
nized and ultimately the smaller societies became convinced of the
advantage of Cooperation. Now, most of them have become sec-
tions of the general society. The growth of this society has been
very rapid ; and it has grown in vigor as well as in size. Two years
ago^ the society started a chemical abstract Journal and it is not too
much to say that this has done more for the chemical interests
*The reader is reminded that this was written in 1908. [Ed.]
1913] Albert P. Mathews 263
of the country than any other step taken. Chemical Abstracts has
welded the various divisions of the science together, and so great
has its value proved to be, that the membership in the society has
almost doubled since it was started.^ The society publishes three
Journals, Chemical Abstracts (the abstract Journal), the Journal of
the American Chemical Society, and the Journal of Industrial
Chemistry, which are distributed to all members of the society for
the dues, $10 a year. Chemical Abstracts appears every two weeks ;
the other two are monthly Journals.
Relation of the society to the naturalists. Two possibilities
are open to us in forming the Biological Society: we could make
use of the American Society of Naturalists, reorganize that and
change it into a new society with new aims; or we might Start a
new society, leaving the " Naturalists " to f ulfill some other usef ul
function (such as that adopted in their recent reorganization). The
name of the " Naturalists " is badly chosen for a general biological
society, such as that proposed; and, since its partial resuscitation
along its old lines might weaken our efforts (if the two societies
should Cover in any way the same field), it appears wiser to me to
organize a new society, and to allow the " Naturalists " to have its
aim changed to the one sketched in the plan of reorganization.
Discussion of the objects of the proposed biological society.
The importance of a biological abstract journal. ( i ) The
objects in paragraph i, page 261, are so desirable as not to need dis-
cussion. (2) The desirability of starting a Biological Abstract
Journal, in English, has long been apparent. Funds alone have been
lacking in the past to accomplish this object. The Organization of
this society would make it possible to issue such a Journal. This
would do more to unify and stimiilate biology than any move we
could make. (3) How the ends sought in objects 2, 3, and 4 (page
261) could be attained, will now be shown.
List of the present biological Journals and their esti-
MATED cosT AND PRiCE OF SUBSCRIPTION.^ The figures submittcd
in this list are approximate only and are based on estimates supplied
by various firms and individuals. The subscription list is a rough
* The reader is reminded that this was written in 1908. [Ed.]
264 Organization of the American Biological Society [Jan.
estimate only. The cost is estimated on an edition of 500 copies.
Estimated cost of Journals, containing tables and cuts, and
printed on good paper with press work included; edition of 500
copies: 12-point (a good sized body type) $1.40 a page; lo-point
(used for reviews) $1.80 a page; 8-point (bibliography) $2.11 a
page; 8-point (tables) $3.40 a page.
Blank pages, and pages made up wholly of figures, $0.90. For
half-tones, in the text, there is an extra charge of $1.00 each for
makeready. For process-plates on coated paper: single plates,
$4.00 ; double plates, $8.00.
An additional 1,000 copies would increase the cost only for
inserts, the press work and the paper, and may be estimated at about
$500 or $600 a year, on a Journal of say 1,000 pages. The cost
of a Journal is thus seen to be almost wholly the cost of putting it on
the press, or the cost of its first 500 copies.
Name of Journal. Subscription price per year Estimated
on basis of present issues.- cost of 500
copies.
American Journal of Physiology $15 $7,000
American Journal of Anatomy 5 3,000
Journal of Comparative Neurology 4 2,000
Journal of Morphology 9 3,000
Journal of Infectious Diseases 5 3,000
Journal of Experimental Medicine 5 2,500
Journal of Medical Research 8 4,000
Biological Bulletin 6 2,500
Journal of Biological Chemistry 8 3^500
Journal of Experimental Zoology 5 2,500
Anatomical Record 3 2,000
PsychologicalReview{hu.\\etmand'mdQx) 5 3,000
Botanical Gazette 7 4,000
Total number, 13 $85 $42,000
Biological Abstract Journal 4,000
American Journal of Psychology 5 2,000
There are several other Journals which might be added to this
list and there are a few Journals on the list which might be taken
' The reader is reminded that this was written in 1908. [Ed.]
1913] Albert P. Mathews ^ 265
care of by special Institutes.^ It is obvious, however, that the biol-
ogists have before them the problem of putting on a permanent foun-
dation Journals costing about $50,000 a year. This can best be done
by making each Journal seif supporting, and this is only possible by
increasing the number of subscribers.
HOW TG INCREASE THE NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS FOR THE JOUR-
NALS. At present it costs, let us say, $28 a year to subscribe for the
Journal of Physiology, the Journal of Biologkai Chemistry, and the
Journal of Infectious Diseases. Each of these Journals probably
has on the average a paid subscription list of something under 400.^
Membership in the corresponding societies costs, in addition, about
$2 a year for each society, or a total yearly expense of $34.
Now, if we could make a society of 2,000 members and charge
each member $25 a year for all dues or, to be more liberal, let us say
$30 a year, the society would have an annual income of $60,000 ; and
for this sum, it could publish and supply to its members not three
but thirteen Journals without further cost. Moreover, each of these
Journals would have a large circulation, beneficial alike to the man
who published in it and to the Journal itself. Furthermore, the
amount of the individual society expenses would be greatly re-
duced since, by proper Organization, one or two paid secretaries
would look after notices of meetings; bills for postage, announce-
ments, programs, etc., would be less; and a saving would be effected
all along the line, with a great gain in efficiency.
The income of the Journals would also be augmented beyond
the dues by the constant sale of back numbers, the sale of extra re-
prints and, in some cases, by legitimate advertising. Moreover,
by keeping the present prices in effect for all non-members, nearly
everyone would hasten to join the society ; thus increasing our num-
bers and increasing the number of those among whom the expense
would be divided, and making it possible, from time to time, to Start
new special Journals with little increase in expense to the members.
Furthermore, by maintaining the present prices to libraries and for-
eign subscribers, a considerable sum would be added to the treasury,
For example, the present cost of these Journals to subscribers is $83
a year. If there were a hundred subscribers at this price, it would
add $8,300 to our income. Of course the total may easily be less
* The reader is reminded that this was written in 1908. [Ed.]
266 Organisation of the American Biological Society [Jan.
than this, but it will certainly amount to half that sum, since there
must be fifty libraries subscribing at the old rate.
How to get the necessary 2000 members. As a nucleus of
the Society all members of the biological societies would probably
join. There are 1,500 names in Cattell's American Men of Science
vvho would be eligible and upon whose support we might confidently
count. In addition probably 300 have joined the ranks of biology
since that publication was issued or whose names were omitted
through oversight. Let us say, at a liberal estimate, 1,800 all told.
There probably could be found in addition 500 intelligent and public
spirited physicians, and others sufficiently interested in biology, to
join such a society with such great advantages in the matter of Jour-
nals. These figures are maximum figures but they suffice to show
that we could count on perhaps a thousand members at the start;
and there is no doubt that the numbers would increase rapidly, just
as they have done in the Chemical Society. We might also soon
Start a Journal of Biological Industries, or in other ways increase
Cooperation between the practical applications of biology and the
science itself.
Other arguments might be presented, but these suffice to show
the great advantages of Cooperation and to make it evident that, in
this way, we could attain these desirable objects: increase the in-
fluence of biology, increase Cooperation; knit the science together,
strengthen its practical applications; start a Biological Abstract
Journal; provide for the support, and enlarge the usefulness, of
our present Journals, and provide for new ones as the need arises;
and diminish the cost, to each one of us, of subscriptions and dues.
We should also accomplish more than this, for, by such an Organ-
ization, we should be providing for the future, and organizing with
the object of attaining certain well defined ideals. Whatever Organ-
ization is attempted at this time should have in view the practical
attainment of these ideals and should not be a mere repetition of
what we have, with no definite plan and without foresight.
In view of the foregoing facts I move the adoption of the fol-
lowing: That the American Physiological Society expresses its ap-
proval of the objects sought in the plan presented for the forma-
tion of the American Biological Society; and it recommends.
1913] Albert P. Mathews 267
further, that the Society transmit to the other societies copies of this
plan with the request that the plan be presented to the members of
the societies; that each society appoint one delegate to meet mem-
bers appointed by the other societies to act as a committee of Or-
ganization of the American Biological Society; and that such
committee shall carefully examine into the feasibility of such an
Organization and, if possible, draft a Constitution and report to the
societies at their next annual meeting.
Suggestions for carrying out, practically, the Journal part of
the plan. ( i ) It will possibly be f ound that $30 or $20 a year is
more than the majority of the Society feel able or willing to pay.
Arrangements could be made whereby at a somewhat larger relative
cost such members could subscribe to two, three, or half a dozen of
the Journals as they desired. Arrangements could be made with the
Journals whereby copies would be sent to the members of the Society
at a reduced price, if a certain number of subscribers was received
in this way. For example, the Society might offer the Biological
Abstract Journal, and any two others, for $10 a year ; the Biological
Abstract Journal, and five others, for $20 a year; and the whole
number, say, for $30 a year. In this way there would always be
an incentive for the members, who could not at the Start pay the
füll sum, to increase their subscriptions and thereby enable everyone
to get his subscription at a reduced cost. It would not, however, be
possible on this basis to give so much to the members as if all
subscribed to all the Journals, but still a great reduction of cost could
be obtained. The object aimed at should be to increase as rapidly
as possible the numbers of those taking the whole number of
Journals.
(2) The relation of the Society to the management of the Jour-
nals would, of course, have to be worked out gradually. Several
courses are open to the society. One is to leave the Journals as they
are under their present control and for the Society to make such
arrangements with the Journals as would be most advantageous to
the members. This is the club-rate principle, the society buying so
many copies at a reduced rate to distribute to its members. This.
arrangement might do as a temporary makeshift, to get started, but
would probably be unsatisfactory in the long run, since it would not
be permanent enough.
268 Organization of the American Biological Society [Jan.
The Society might take over the financial responsibihty of such
Journals as the Council of the Society deemed best; beginning, for
example, with one or two with the largest circulation, adding the
Biological Abstract Journal, and Publishing the three for $io or
$12 a year, and distributing them to all its members. Then, as the
Journals wished and the Council and the Society decided, one after
another of the other Journals could be added until the whole list was
included. This scheme would be feasible if we had a thousand
members at the start. In any such arrangement the editorial boards
of the Journals would retain entire charge of the editorial manage-
ment, so that the independence of the Journals would be secured.
(3) If such an arrangement could be made with the Wistar In-
stitute of Anatomy, it might become the Publishing house for the
Society, taking over the financial responsibihty for additional Jour-
nals, as the Institute has already done for several, and thus greatly
extending the usefulness of the Institute. In this way the Society
would aid the Institute in getting the Journals on a firm basis by
uniting in its support the biological interests of the country. At
the Start this plan might involve an increased outlay by the Wistar
Institute, but, in the long run, the dues of the Society should suffice
to maintain the Journals. This plan would aid the Wistar Institute
in doing the work it has undertaken.
(4) Provision could be made for the starting of new Journals
at any time, or for the support by the Society of those established by
Outsiders.
University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois.
ORGANIZATION OF THE FEDERATION OF AMER-
ICAN SOCIETIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY^
Comprising the American Physiological Society, the American
Society of Biological Chemists, and the American Society
for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
JOHN AUER
Among the most enjoyable features of the recent meetings at
Cleveland (pages 271, 275, and 279) were the subscription dinners
and smokers, held on the evenings of December 30 and 31, at the
Colonial Hotel. These informal dinners were attended by the
pharmacologists, physiologists and biochemists, and a pleasant
flavoring of naturalists, zoologists and anatomists.
At the last of these dinners perhaps the most important develop-
ment of the Cleveland sessions, so far as the pharmacological,
physiological and biochemical societies are concerned, took place.
At this dinner, delegates f rom the three societies, empowered to act,
met in Conference on the formation of an alliance which should more
closely knit together the three societies zvhile yet jealoiisly preserving
the individtiality of each compotient Organisation. The delegates
f rom the Physiological Society were Drs. Meltzer, Lee and Cannon ;
from the Biochemical Society, Drs. Lusk and Wells ;2 from the
Pharmacological Society, Drs. Sollmann, Loevenhart and Auer.
Dr. Meltzer was elected temporary chairman and Dr. Cannon
temporary secretary. The outcome of the proceedings of this Con-
ference committee can best be shown by a transcript of its minutes.
The f ollowing motions were voted unanimously :
That a Federation of the three societies be hereby established.
^ This account was presented, originally, as a part of Dr. Auer's report of the
proceedings of the Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,
page 279. [Ed.]
^Dr, Gies, the third delegate from the Biochemical Society (page 278), was
unable to attend the Cleveland meetings because of the illness of his eldest son.
269
270 Fcderation of American Biological Societics [Jan.
That the presidents and the secretaries of the constituent societies
form the executive committee of the Federation.
That the chairmanship of the executive committee be held in turn
by the presidents of the constituent societies who shall succeed one
another annually in the order of seniority of the constituent societies
(Physiological, Biochemical, Pharmacological).
That the secretary of the society whose president is chairman
shall be the secretary of the executive committee.
That the secretaries of the three societies shall consult in pre-
paring the programs of the annual meeting, and that, so far as prac-
ticable, and with the authors' consent, papers be so distributed as to
be read to the society in which they properly belong.
That the programs of the three societies be published by the
secretary of the Federation under one cover and that the expense
of publication be shared pro rata by the societies according to the
number of members.
That the official title of the new Organization be the "Federa-
tion of American Societies for Experimental Biology : Comprising
the American Physiological Society, the American Society of Bio-
logical Chemists, and the American Society for Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics."
That a common meeting place of the Federation with the socie-
ties of Anatomists, Zoologists and Naturalists is desirable but not
mandatory.
That, in the name of the Federation, the International Physio-
logical Congress be invited to meet in the United States in 191 6.
That the present Conference committee delegate all its powers to
the executive committee of the Federation.
The first meeting of the new Federation will be held in Decem-
ber, 191 3, in Philadelphia.
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research,
New York City.
ANNUAL MEETINGS OF THE ORGANIZATIONS COM-
PRISING THE FEDERATION OF AMERICAN
SOCIETIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL
BIOLOGYi
Proceedings reported by THE Secretaries,
JOSEPH ERLANGER, A. N. RICHARDS, and JOHN AUER
I. THE AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Joseph Erlanger^
The Society held its twenty-fifth annual meeting in the Medical
Building of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, Decem-
ber 29, 1912 to January i, 1913. Sixty-nine members were in at-
tendance. Two executive sessions and six scientific sessions were
held, two of the latter being Joint sessions, one each with the Amer-
ican Society of Biological Chemists and Section K of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science. The Joint session
with the American Society of Biological Chemists was opened with
exercises in memory of the late Waldemar Koch. After the mem-
bers of the Society had arisen as a token of respect to the memory
of Doctor Koch, Prof. A. P. Mathews delivered a memorial address.
Papers and demonstrations. The titles of the papers and
demonstrations, fifty-two in all, which were read and discussed, with
the names of the authors, are appended :
S. Simpson: The rate of growth in the dog. — G. N. Stezvart:
Further observations on the blood-flow in man. — /. A. E. Eyster
and W. J. Meek: Experiments on the sinus region of the mammalian
heart. — G. C. Robinson (by invitation) and /. Aner: Cardiac
anaphylaxis as shown by the string galvanometer. — W. T. Porter:
The functional relations of cells in nerve centers. — R. S. Lillie:
Correlation between the anti-stimulating action and the anti-cyto-
^ See report on the recent Organization of the Federation, page 269.
''Acting Secretary, vice Dr. A. J. Carlson, unavoidably absent.
271
2/2 Anmial Meetings of Federated Socicties [Jan.
lytic action of anesthetics. — E. B. Meigs: Studies inthe general phys-
iology of smooth muscle. — W. P. Lombard: The tickle sense. — O.
FoUn, W. B. Cannon, and W. Denis (by invitation) : A new colori-
metric method for the determination of epinephrin. — /. Aiier and
5. /. Meltser: The splanchnic as a depressor nerve. — F. R. Miller:
The saHvary secretion centers in the medulla. — M. Dresbach (by
invitation); A bloodless method of recording blood pressure in
animals. — W. T. Porter: A new electrica! clock. — S. P. Beebe: A
new form of apparatus for artificial respiration. — A. D. Hirsch-
felder: Some new apparatus. — R. S. Hoslins: Relation of fatigue
metabolites to epinephrin efficiency. — D. R. Hooker: Perfusion of
the respiratory center in f rogs ; the influence of calcium and potas-
sium on the respiratory rhythm. — A. Hunter: The nitrogen excretion
of normal and of thyroidectomized sheep. — A. L. Tatum (by in-
vitation) : Studies in experimental cretinism with suggestions as to
a biological test for thyroid secretion. — R. Gesell (by invitation) :
The relation of pulse pressure to renal secretion. — C. Brooks and
A. B. Lnckhardt: The arterial blood pressure during vomiting. —
T. Sollmann and /. D. Pilcher (by invitation) : The effects of aortic
compression on the circulation. — E. G. Grey (by invitation) and A.
D. Hirschfelder: Clinical observations upon the carbon dioxide per-
centage of alveolar air. — C. W. Greene and W. Y. Skaer (by invi-
tation) : On the fat contents of the mammalian gastric glands in re-
lation to the stages of digestion. — 5". Toshiro (by invitation).- The
chemical change in nervous tissue during excitation. — /. F. Zucker
(by invitation) : The pressor property of shed blood. — H. Cushing,
L. H. Weed (by invitation) and C. Jacobsen: Further studies on
the role of the pituitary gland in carbohydrate metabolism, with
special reference to the autonomic control of the posterior lobe secre-
tion.— S. A. Matthews and D. D. Lewis (by invitation) : The pars
intermedia; its place in Diabetes insipidus. — Lydia M. Degner (by
invitation) and A. E. Livingston (by invitation) : Effects ofthyroid-
ectomy and castration, respectively, on the pituitary in the rabbit.
— P. W. Cobb and L. R. Geisler (by invitation) : The influence on
foveal vision of the brightness of surroundings. — D. E. Jackson:
Some observations on the peripheral action of certain drugs. — G. L.
Kite (by invitation) : The relative permeability of the surface and
1913] Joseph Erlanger 273
the interior portions of the cytoplasm of animal and plant cells. —
— J. D. Pilcher (by invitation) : The excretion of nitrogen subse*
quent to ligation of successive branches of the renal arteries. — W. E.
Biirge: The uniform rate of destruction of ptyalin and pepsin by the
electric current. — G. H. Whipple: Hematogenous jaundice and its
relation to the liver. — 5". /. Meltzer: Is the pulsation of the anterior
lymph hearts responsible for the action of some drugs in cardiec-
tomized frogs? — H. McGnigan: The Synergie action of morphin
and strychnin.
Joint programs. With Section K (Physiology and Experi-
mental Medicine) of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science : page 277 ; with the American Society of Biological
Chemists : page 275.
The following ten papers were read by title: — C. D. Snyder:
The influence of temperature on the mammalian heart. — A. J.
Carlson: Some observations on the physiology of the empty stom-
ach and esophagus in man and dog. — H. C. Bradley: The problem
of enzyme synthesis. — G. W. Crile: The relation between the phys-
ical State of the brain cells and brain functions ; experimental and
elinical. — F. Henderson and C. T. Flynn (by invitation) : Oligemia
in acute disease. — H. McGuigan: The secondary depression by
epinephrin; the rate of destruction of the pressor and the hypergly-
cemic actions of epinephrin. — W. B. Wherry (by invitation) : On
the transformation of amoebae into flagellates and vice versa. — P.
E. Howe (by invitation) and P. B. Hazvk: The influence of fasting
on the creatine content of muscle. — C. D. Snyder: A study of the
electromyograms. — A. J. Carlson: The correlation of the physiolog-
ical States of the thyroid of the fetus and of the mother.
New members: G. C. Robinson, Rockefeiler Institute for Med-
ical Research. — /. D. Pilcher, P. J. Hanzlik, R. S. Pearce, Western
Reserve Medical School. — E. C. Schneider, Colorado College. — A.
H. Ryan, University of Pittsburgh. — M. Dresbach, Cornell Uni-
versity. — G. Bachmann, Atlanta, Ga. — H. G. Barbour, Yale Medical
School. — W. DeB. MacNider, University of North Carolina. — A
R. Moore, University of California. — H. B. Williams, Columbia
University — V. H. K. Moorhonse, Washington University.
The federation. At this meeting considerable progress was
274 Anmial Meetings of Federated Societies [Jan.
made toward the formation of a close federation of the American
Physiological Society, the American Society of Biological Chem-
ists and the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics. The Society expressed its desire to enter into such a
federation, and a committee was appointed to confer with similar
committees of the sister societies with a view to bringing about such
a federation. The committee was granted power to make the ar-
rangements for the next annual meeting. This committee was also
directed to confer with a similar committee of the American Society
of Naturalists to consider the advisability of establishing closer rela-
tions with that society (page 278).
Future programs. With regard to the measures of remedying
the threatening congestion of programs that were referred to the
Council at the last annual meeting, it was decided that should the
federation of the three societies be accomplished (page 269), the
secretaries of the federated societies be empowered to attempt the
equalization of the programs of the three societies by placing papers
on the program of the society to which its subject is most closely
related. It was also decided to place at the end of the program
papers presented by non-members, and, in the event of congestion
of the program, to read these by title.
Officers-elect. The following officers were elected for the year
1913:
President — S. J. Meltzer; Secretary — A. J. Carlson; Treas-
URER — Joseph Erlanger.
Additional memeers of the COUNCIL — W. B. Camion and
F. S. Lee.
Editorial committee on the publication of the American
Journal of Physiology for 1913 — W. T. Porter, A. J. Carlson,
Joseph Erlanger, W. H. Howell, F. S. Lee, Graham Lusk, S. J.
Meltser. (Appointed by the president.)
Local entertainment. The local Committee on Enterta%iment,
following the plan that was first tried last year at Baltimore by
the members and friends of the Society, again agreed to dispense
with all private entertainment, and to Substitute for it informal
subscription dinners followed by smokers each evening while the
Society was in session. These functions were open to all members
1913] Alfred N. Richards 275
and guests of the Societies of the Experimental Biological Sciences.
It was again demonstrated that this method of entertainment, by
bringing all of the members together under conditions permitting
informal discussion and exchange of ideas, adds greatly to the
pleasure and value of the meeting.
Abstracts of the papers. The abstracts of the papers will be
published in the February number of the "American Journal of
Physiology.
Washington University Medical School,
IL THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTS
Alfred N. Richards
The sessions of the seventh annual meeting of the American
Society of Biological Chemists were held in the medical buildings
of Western Reserv^e University, Cleveland, Ohio, December 30,
1912-January I, 191 3. The scientific programs, which were of ex-
ceptional interest, are appended.
First Session. December 30, 9 a. m. Presiding officer:
President A. B. Macallum.
A. B. Macallum: Presidential address, on The energy of muscu-
lar contraction; thermodynamic or chemodynamic ? — M. H. Givens
and A. H. Hunt er: The excretion of pure catabolites in sundry types
of mammalia. — O. Polin and W. Denis: The occurrence of uric acid
in blood. — L. J. Henderson and W. W. Palmer: Studies of the ex-
cretion of acid. — A. E. Taylor and A. I. Ringer: On the utilization
of ammonia nitrogen in the protein metabolism. — W. McK. Mar-
riott: The determination of acetone substances in blood and tissues
by micro methods. — *jF/. McGuigan and F. C. Becht: The com-
pression of the lung by inert gases. — /. Rosenhloom: A new method
for drying tissues and fluids. — W. N. Berg: Surface tension in
muscle contraction.
Second session. December 31, g.oo a. m. Joint Session
wiTH THE American Physiological Society. Presiding offi-
CERS : President A. B. Macallum and President S. J. Meltzer.
* Read by title.
276 Anmial Meetings of Federated Societies [Jan.
A. P. Mathews: Memorial address on Waldemar Koch. — L.
Loeb: The infliience of pregnancy on the cydic changes in the
Uterus. — G. Ltisk: Metabolism of a dwarf. — H. S. Gasser (by in-
vitation) and A. S. Loevcnhart: The mechanism of Stimulation by
oxygen want. — T. B. Osborne and L. B. Mendel: Feeding experi-
ments relating to the nutritive value of the proteins of maize. —
A. I. Ringer: The fate of fatty acids in diabetic organisms. — A. B.
Macallum and W. R. Campbell: On the secretion of pure acid by
the kidney (with demonstration). — D. Marine: Hypertrophy and
hyperplasia of the parathyroid in birds. — G. H. Whipple: Intestinal
obstruction; study of a toxic substance present in the intestinal
mucosa. — E. V. McCollum: The influence of the plane of protein
intake on nitrogenous retention in the pig.
Third session. December 31, 2.00 p. m. Presiding offi-
cer: President A. B. Macallum.
*W. Salant and /. B. Rieger: Further observations on the influ-
ence of cafTein on creatin and Creatinin metabolism. — *//. H. Bunuel:
Quantitative oxidase measurements. — *H. S. Reed: The regulating
function of amylase in the fungus, Glomerella. — A. P. Mathews:
A new method of determining valence based on molecular cohesion.
— H. G. Wells: The entrance of chemical substances into diseased
tissues. — H. C. Bradley: The problem of enzyme synthesis. — R. T.
Woody att (by invitation) : Certain 3-carbon atom complexes in
metabolism. — *£. G. Hastings and E. B. Hart: The presence of a
lactic acid producing enzyme in Bact. lactici acidi. — E. V. Mc-
Collum and Marguerite Davis: The influence of the composition
and amount of the mineral content of the ration on growth. — H. C.
Bradley: Connective tissues of Limulus. — S. Tashiro (by invita-
tion) : A new method for the detection of minute amounts of carbon
dioxid. — *L. H. Davis and A. D. Emmett: A study of the chemical
changes in meats during the process of drying by the vacuum
method. — *H. T. Leo and P. E. Howe: Muscle creatin; dialysis of
creatin f rom dog muscle. — *N. Stadtmüller, M. Kahn and /. Rosen-
bloom: Studies on sulfur metabolism; the urinary sulfur partition in
various diseases. — *£. V. McCollum and H. Steenbock: The meta-
bolic end-products of the lipoid nitrogen of tgg yolk.
* Read by title.
1913] Alfred N. Richards 277
Fourth Session. January i, 2.30 p. m. Joint Session with
Section K of THE American Association for the Advance-
MENT OF Science, and the American Physiological Society.
Presiding officer : Professor J. J. R. Macleod.
Symposium. Some recent applications of physical chemistry
in biology — {A) A. B. Macallum: Surface tension; {B) L. J. Hen-
derson: The control of neutrality in the animal body; (C) A. S.
Loevenhart: The physical chemistry of enzyme action.
Memorial addresses. In the presidential address at the open-
ing of the first Session, President Macallum made extended refer-
ence to the life, character, and achievements of the late Waldemar
Koch, a charter member of the Society. At the opening of the Joint
Session with the American Physiological Society, Prof. A. P.
Mathews delivered a memorial address on Professor Koch.
New members: Louis Baumann, University Hospital, Iowa
City; F, J. Birchard, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Samuel
Bookman, Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York; E. D. Clark, Cornell
University Medical College; H. J. Corper, University of Chicago;
A. A. Epstein, Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York; M. S. Eine, N. Y.
Post Graduate Medical School; Isidor Greenwald, Montefiore
Home, New York ; W. H. Howell, Johns Hopkins Medical School ;
N. W. Janney, The Herter Laboratory, New York; /. S. Kleiner,
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research ; P. A. Kober, Roosevelt
Hospital, New York; E. C. Koch, University of Chicago; Leo
Kristeller, Berlin, Germany ; E. B. La Borge, Rockefeller Institute
for Medical Research; A. P. Lothrop, Columbia University; W.
DeB. MacNider, University of North Carolina; A. L Ringer, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania; W. C. Rose, University of Pennsylvania;
E. C. Schneider, Colorado College ; Harry Steenbock, University of
Wisconsin; R. T. Woodyatt, University of Chicago.
Officers-elect. The following officers were elected for the year
1913:
President — A. B. Macallum; Vice-president — Graham Lusk;
Secretary — Philip A. Shaffer; Treasurer — Donald D. Van Slyke.
Additional members of the COUNCIL — H. P. Armsby, Lafa-
yette B. Mendel, H. Gideon Wells.
Nominating committee — Carl L. Aisberg, H. D. Dakin, P. B.
2/8 Annual Meetings of Federated Societies [Jan.
Hau'k, Reid Hunt, Walter Jones, T. B. Oshorne, A. N. Richards,
H. C. Shernian, F. P. Underhill.
Special committees. President Macallum appointed William
J. Gies, Graham Lusk and H. Gideon Wells a committee to confer
with similar committees from the American Physiological Society
and the American Pharmacological Society concerning the forma-
tion of a federation of the three societies having for its object "the
establishment of a stable connection between the three societies, for
the purpose of fixing the time and place of the annual meetings,
the arranging of Joint sessions whenever possible, and in general
to establish, officially, closer scientific and social affiliations between
the sister societies, while retaining their individual independence."
This committee was further empowered to act upon such matters
connected with the proposed federation as should require decision
before the next annual meeting of the Society, and was also author-
ized to confer with representatives of the American Society of
Naturalists concerning closer affiliation with that Society (p. 274).
The Committee appointed at the sixth annual meeting to prepare
a report concerning the nomenclature of the lipoids reported prog-
ress. Professor Leathes, a former member of the committee, was
appointed chairman to succeed the late Professor Koch, Dr. E. K.
Dunham was appointed to the vacancy created by Professor Koch's
death, and Dr. P. A. Levene to the vacancy created by Dr. Jacques
Loeb's resignation. The members of the reconstructed committee
are J. B. Leathes, chairman, H. D. Dakin, E. K. Dunham, WiUiam
J. Gies and P, A. Levene.
Vote of thanks. A unanimous vote of thanks was extended by
the Society to Professors Macleod, Sollmann, Stewart and Pearce,
and to the members of the "Local Committee," for the hospitality
which the Society enjoyed.
Attendance. The following members were present at one or
more of the sessions : J. J. Abel, Samuel Amberg, S. P. Beebe, W.
N. Berg, W. R. Bloor, H. C. Bradley, H. J. Corper, Otto Polin,
W. E. Garrey, H. D. Haskins, Shinkishi Hatai, R. A. Hatcher, P.
B. Hawk, L. J. Henderson, A. H. Hunter, J. B. Leathes, A. S.
Loevenhart, Graham Lusk, A. B. Macallum, J. J. R. Macleod,
W. DeB. MacNider, W. McK. Marriott, A. P. Mathews, H. A.
1913] John Aller 279
Mattill, E. V. McCollum, F. H. McCrudden, L. B. Mendel, V. C.
Myers, H. S. Raper, A. N. Richards, A. I. Ringer, E. W. Rock-
wood, Jacob Rosenbloom, L. G. Rowntree, Torald Sollmann, H. C.
Wells, R. T. Woodyatt.
Abstracts of the papers. Abstracts of the papers will be pub-
lished in the March number of the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
University of Pennsylvania.
III. THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERI-
MENTAL THERAPEUTICS.
John Auer
The fourth annual meeting of the Society was held in the Med-
ical Building of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, on
December 30 and 31, 1912. The scientific programs are appended:
First Session. December 30, 9.00 a. m. — *W. Salant: The
influence of temperature on the toxicity of caffein. — *fF. Salant:
Further observations on the influence of cafTein on the circulation.
— S. P. Beebe and Eleanor Van Alstyne: The effect of high protein
diet on the growth of transplantable tumors of the white rat. — L. B.
Mendel and R. L. Kahn: The physiological action of some methyl
purins. — /. A. E. Eyster and W. J. Meek: The action of certain
drugs on the electrocardiogram. — P. J. Handik (by invitation) :
The intestinal absorption of alcohol. — P. J. Handik (by invitation) :
The "toxic dose" of salicylates according to clinical statistics. —
W. H. Brown and A. S. Loevenhart: The effect of hematin upon the
circulation and respiration. — W. DeB. MacNider: The effect of
anesthetics on the Output of urine in uranium nephritis. — G. B.
Roth: The physiological assay of aconitin.
Second session. December 30, 2.00 p. m. L. G. Rozvntree
and R. Fitz: Renal function in experimental passive congestion. —
R. Fits and L. G. Rowntree: The effect of temporary occlusion of
renal circulation on renal function. — W. W. Ford: Observations on
three poisonous fungi not previously described. — /. D. Pilcher: The
protective action of lipoids against hemolysis. — H. G. Barboiir (by
invitation) : The action of histamin upon surviving arteries. — G. W.
* Read by title.
28o Annual Meetings of Federated Societies [Jan.
Crile and /. B. Austin: Nitrous oxide sleep compared with normal
sleep; brain cell studies. — W. T. Porter and /. H. Pratt: The action
of diphtheria toxin on the vasomotor centre. — H. Nogttchi and
/. Bronfenbrenner: The effects of certain disinfectants and therapeu-
tic preparations upon the cultivated spirochetes. — F. M. Surface
(by invitation) : The effect of surplus cow serum on complement
fixation with infectious abortion. — */. Adler and C. L. Aisberg:
Studies lipon the long continued administration of adrenalin and
nicotin. — *C L. Aisberg: The hemolytic power of various plants.
Third session. December 31, 9.00 a. m. — *F. H ender son:
Demonstration of a carbonator for quantitative carbon-dioxide
therapy. — P. Lcivis: Further observations on the relations of vital
stains to the tubercle. — T. S. Githens and 6". /. Meltser: On the
course of the toxic effects of ether and Chloroform under intra-
tracheal insufflation. — T. S. Githens: On the influence of decerebra-
tion upon morphin tetanus in frogs. — /, 5*. Kleiner (by invitation) :
On the effect of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chlorid upon the
convulsions produced by heroin and strychnin. — /. Aiier and 5. /.
Meltzer: The influence of pituitrin upon the depressor action of the
vagus nerve in cats. — B. T. Terry: The influence of heat upön the
toxicity for trypanosomes of blood containing transformed atoxyl.
— B. T. Terry: Variations in the toxicity of transformed atoxyl for
trypanosomes, caused by altering the number of organisms.
Officers-elect. The following officers were elected for 1913 :
President — Torald Sollmann; Secretary — JohnAuer; Treas-
URER — A. S. Loevenhart.
New members of the Council — /. 7. Abel and Wm. DeB.
MacNider.
Membership committee — C. W. Edmunds was reelected to
serve three years, and the place made vacant by Dr. Sollmann's elec-
tion to the presidency was filled by the election of Reid Hunt.
New members. Among the candidates for membership under
investigation by the Membership Committee, the following were
favorably reported to the Council, recommended for election, and
elected by the Society : H. G. Barboiir, Yale University ; Clyde
Brooks, University of Pittsburgh ; Gary Eggleston, Cornell Uni-
* Read by title.
1913] John Auer 281
versity Medical College; P. J. Hanslik, Western Reserve Univer-
sity; D. E. Jackson, Washington University; /. 5'. Kleiner, Rocke-
feiler Institute for Medical Research; O. H. Plant, University of
Pennsylvania; A. H. Ryan, University of Pittsburgh; F. P. Under-
hill, Yale University.
Attendance. The following members were present at one or
more sessions of this meeting: J. J. Abel, Samuel Amberg, John
Auer, S. P. Beebe, E. D. Brown, G. W. Crile, J. A. E. Eyster,
W. W. Ford, T. S. Githens, C. W. Greene, Worth Haie, R. A.
Hatcher, V. E. Henderson, A. W. Hewlett, A. D. Hirschfelder,
D. R. Hooker, D. R. Joseph, P. A. Lewis, A. S. Loevenhart, W.
DeB. MacNider, S. J. Meltzer, L. B. Mendel, J. D. Pilcher, J. H.
Pratt, A. N. Richards, G. B. Roth, L. G. Rowntree, Torald Soll-
mann, G. N. Stewart, B. R. Terry.
Vote of thanks. At the last meeting the Society passed a vote
of thanks to the Western Reserve University for the hospitality ex-
tended and to the " Local Committee," Drs. Macleod, Sollmann and
Pearce, for their thorough arrangement of all the details which
made the Cleveland meeting so pleasant.
Abstracts of the papers. Abstracts of the papers will be pub-
lished in the March number of the Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeiitics.
[The report on the Organization of the Federation of Amer-
ican SociETiES FOR ExPERiMENTAL BiOLOGY, which appears on
pages 269-70, was taken bodily from Dr. Auer's account of the pro-
ceedings of the Pharmacological Society. (Ed.)]
Rockefeiler Institute for Medical Research.
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
ANIMAL NUTRITION
(American Society o£ Animal Production)
PROCEEDINGS REPORTED BY
LEWIS W. FETZER
The annual meeting of the American Society o£ Animal Nutri-
tion was held at Chicago, 111., on November 30, 191 2. The ad-
dress of the President, H. J. Waters, of the Kansas State Agricul-
tural College, at Manhattan, Kansas, dealt with a report on a
" Study of the effects of different proteins and ash constituents on
the growth of pigs."
Professor E. W. Morse, of the Office of Experiment Stations,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, read a paper entitled " Sugges-
tions concerning the planning and reporting of feeding trials," in
which he pointed out some needed improvements in planning feed-
ing tests so that the results obtained could be interpreted by modern
biometrical and Statistical methods, and that the work as a whole
could be so systematized and coördinated that the results of each
investigation could be compared with those obtained by others. At
present the work in this direction is so uncorrelated that a compila-
tion of results on any uniform basis is out of the question.
The Standing committee on methods of reporting results of
feeding experiments made a special report, which contained recom-
mendations urging uniform methods of reporting data obtained in
such experiments. The recommendations include a summary of the
opinions expressed by a large nuniber of investigators in response
to questions previously propounded to members of the Society. The
recommendations were adopted.
It was voted to enlarge the scope of the work of this society, to
include all animal husbandry interests — problems connected with
the breeding, judging and management of live stock. This is to be
in addition to investigations in regard to nutritive value of feeds
282
1913] Lewis W. Fetzer 283
and other problems pertaining to animal nutrition. The name of
the Society was accordingly changed to "The American Society
of Animal Production."
The officers elected for the coming year are as f ollows : Pres-
ident, C. F. Ciirtiss (Iowa State Agricultural College) ; Vice Pres-
ident^ E. B. Forhes (Ohio State Agricultural Experiment Station) ;
Secretary-Treasurer, D. H. Otis (University of Wisconsin) ;
CoMMiTTEE ON Experimentation, H. J. Wüters (Kansas State
Agricultural College) and E. B. Forhes (Ohio State Agricultural
Experiment Station).
A meeting of the Society will be held at the time of the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition, at San Francisco in 19 15.
Office of Experiment Stations,
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
EIGHTH SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION AT
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SUR-
GEONS, NEW YORK, DEC. 6, 1912*
Proceedings reported by THE Secretary,
ALFRED P. LOTHROP
The eighth scientific scssion of the Columbia University Bio-
chemical Association was held at the Columbia Medical School, at
4 p. m., on December 6, 1912.^ Abstracts of the papers are pre-
sented here (pages 285-96) in two groups : (I) Abstracts of papers
on research by non-resident members^ and (II) abstracts of papers
from the Columbia Biochemical Department and affiliated labora-
tories. The appended summary f acilitates ref erence to the abstracts
(45-62).^
A SUMMARY OF THE NAMES OF THE AUTHORS AND OF THE
TITLES OF THE SUCCEEDING ABSTRACTS
Allan C. Eustis. Biochemical rea-
sons why free purgation is necessary
in combating acidosis of diabetes ;
results of clinico-chemical observa-
tions. (45)
A. J. GoLDFARB. Studies on the effects
of salinity changes upon regenera-
tion. (46)
I. Greenwald. The procedure of
Salomon and Saxl as a diagnostic
test for Carcinoma. (47)
J. Arthur Harris and Ross Aiken
GoRTNER. On the relationship be-
tvreen the weight of the sugar beet
and the composition of its juice.
(48)
Paul E. Howe (with H. C. Biddle),
Fasting Studies. XL Note on the
composition of the muscle of fast-
ing dogs. (49)
Max Morse. The role of phagocytes
in the involuting tail of amphibian
larvae. (50)
* Scientific meetings are held regularly on the first Fridays of December,
February and April, and on the first Monday in June.
^ Proceedings of the sixth meeting were published in the last number of the
Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 156. Proceedings of the seyenth meeting are
published on page 322 of this issue.
* Members of the Association who were not officially connected with the
Columbia Biochemical Department when the research was conducted.
'For abstracts 1-44 see Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 156.
284
I9I3]
Alfred P. Lothrop
285
Max Morse. Laboratory hints. (51)
Jacob Rosenbloom. The diflfusion o£
iodo-eosin from ether through rub-
ber into ether. (52)
Jacob Rosenbloom. The absence of
certain enzymes from the human
chorion, (53)
II
Walter H. Eddy. The preparation of
histon from flounder sperm. (54)
Thuisco A. Erpf-Lefkovics and
Jacob Rosenbloom. A quantitative
study of certain enzymes of the
ovary, Uterus and bladder, of preg-
nant and non-pregnant sheep. (55)
Nellis B. Foster. Pathological devia-
tions in the chemistry of uremic
blood. (56)
Nellis B. Foster. Effect of phlor-
hizin on a dog with Eck fistula.
(57)
Frederic G. Goodridge and Nellis B.
Foster. The relation of uricolysis
to sub-oxidation. (58)
William J. Gies. A demonstration
of some of the tinctorial properties
of pigments produced from thymol
by ammonium hydroxid. (59)
B. Horowitz. Experiments on pig-
ments produced from thymol by the
action of ammonia. (60)
W. M. Kraus. Influence of uranium
nephritis on the excretion of Crea-
tinin, uric acid and chlorids, and the
effect of Creatinin injections during
uranium nephritis. (61)
Charles Weisman. On the question
of protein in expired air. (62)
I. ABSTRACTS of PAPERS on RESEARCH BY
NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS*
45. Biochemical reasons why free purgation is necessary in
combating acidosis of diabetes; results of clinico-chemical ob-
servations. Allan C. Eustis. (Laboratory of Clinical Medicine,
Medical Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.) Ob-
servations were made upon twelve patients in the von Noorden
clinic in Vienna and lipon four patients in the private practice of
the writer during the past year. Tests for indican were made by
Salkowski's method, the same amount of urine being used for each
test, and the grade of the color imparted by the indigo was recorded
+, ++, + + +J etc. The ammonia determinations were made
according to Folin's method. In each case there was a marked
degree of acetonuria, also a large percentage of ammonia nitrogen
in the urine, and a high indican index.
According to the experiments of Dale, when />-hydroxyphenyl
* Members of the Association who were not officially connected with the
Columbia Biochemical Department when the research was conducted.
286 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Jan.
ethylamin is perfused through the liver, it yields phenyl acetic acid.
As the amin is a product of intestinal putrefaction of tyrosin, and
assuming that some such cleavage takes place with other aromatic
amins of intestinal putrefaction, their formation should be markedly
hindered by free purgation, with consequent reduction of acidemia.
In the cases observed there was a drop in the proportions of am-
monia, acetone, and indican when free purgation was instituted in
conjunction with a low protein diet.
In two cases of fatal acidemia it was impossible to obtain free
purgation owing to intestinal paresis, while in those cases in which
free purgation was obtained, prompt relief from acidemia was noted.
46. Studies on the eff ects of salinity changes upon regenera-
tion. A. J. GoLDFARB. (Marine Biological Laboratory of the
Carnegie Institution^ Dry Tortugas, Florida, and the Biological
Laboratories of the College of the City of New York.) This in-
vestigation was made with the idea of ascertaining to what extent
changes in density of sea water afifected an organism, Cassiopea
xamanacha, normally subject to relatively great changes in density
of the sea. It was furthermore intended to compare the results, on
one band, with those upon the hydroid, Endendriuin, which lives in
more dilute and more static densities, and on the other, with the
classic results of Loeb on the Tubidaria of Messina. Much care
was devoted to reducing the number of variable factors, or in ren-
dering them uniform, or eliminating them altogether, such as, varia-
tions in respiration due to varying volume, surface and depth of
the Solutions, variations due to differences in size of the medusas, to
level of amputation, to cyclical variations in density, to limited num-
bers (323 arms were used), etc.
The results are not easily summarized. Normal and super-
normal regeneration occurred in normal sea water and in sea water
diluted from 5 to 15 per cent. In the gradient series, regeneration
was at first gradually, then more rapidly, reduced until a 50 per cent.
Solution was reached, in which regeneration was inhibited altogether.
The medusae however lived in this and in the 45 per cent. solutions.
The other half of the curve was strikingly different, in that re-
generation feil off very rapidly, ceasing completely in 125 or 133
per cent. solutions. The whole curve was strikingly different in
character from the one described by Loeb.
I9I3]
Alfred P. Lothrop
287
It is particularly noteworthy that the curve for the Eudendrium
is intermediate in character between Tuhnlaria and Cassiopea. It
seems altogether certain that Loeb's curve can no longer serve as a
type, expressive of the behavior of organisms under varying condi-
tions of density of the sea water, and it is doubtful whether the
phenomenon can be expressed in a simple curve based on two vari-
able factors. It appears also probable that the relatively high con-
centration in which Cassiopea normally lives may be associated with
the high Optimum density for regeneration in this animal. It is also
probable that the minimal effects of increasing dilution may be an
adaptive response to the extreme dilutions to which Cassiopea is
normally subject.
47. The procedure of Salomon and Saxl as a diagnostic test
for Carcinoma. I. Green wald. (Chemical Laborafory of the
Monte fiore Home, New York City.) The procedure of Salomon
and Saxl,^ proposed as a test for Carcinoma, was tried in a number
of urines. All were positive. The precipitates obtained were
filtered off, ignited, and weighed, with the results shown in the
appended summary. Total sulfur Was also determined. There was
no apparent relation between the amount of sulfur precipitated by
the Salomon-Saxl procedure, either absolute or relative to the total
sulfur, and the presence or absence of Carcinoma.
Number of
urines
Number of
cases
Sulfur precipitated in the test :
Types of cases
As BaS04
average, mg.
Relation to total
sulfur, per Cent.
Normal
8
5
9
2
6
5
8
2
9-5
7.2
6.6
7-7
I.2I
Pathological
I-5S
1.23
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
48. On the relationship between the weight of the sugar
beet and the composition of its juice. J. Arthur Harris and
Ross AiKEN Gortner, {Carnegie Institution of Washington, Sta-
tion for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, L. /.) Al-
though the literature pertaining to work on the sugar beet is very
voluminous, but little attention has been paid to the relationships
"Salomon and Saxl: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 191 1, xxiv, p. 449;
Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 1912, xxxviii, p. 53.
288 Procccd'mgs Columbia Biochemical Association [Jan.
that may exist between the weight of the root of the beet and the
chemical composition of its juice. We have compiled such data
from varions federal and State bulletins, and have examined them
by calculating the intensity of such relationships on the — i to + i
Scale of the coefficient of correlation. We have also written the
regression equations showing the absolute change in solids, sugar, or
purity, associated with a unit change in the weight of the beet.°
We find that composition and purity are very closely correlated
with the weight of the beet; as the weight increases, total solids,
purity and sucrose fall rapidly. The following is a representative
summary showing the rate of fall on the relative scale of — i to + i
of the coefficient of correlation, and the rate on an absolute scale by
the second term of the regression equation, where w= weight,
j=rz sucrose, /) = purity and ;f = total solids.
Data pertaining to 475 Beets''
rwt = — 0.497 — 0.023 ^ = 20.1 19 — 0.096 w
rws = — 0.576 ± 0.021 s = 17.644 — o. 122 w
rwp = — 0.474 ± 0.024 p = 88.516 — 0.273 w
Inasmuch as our results show the necessity of taking into account
the weight of the individual beets in all studies on composition, and
because of the bearing of our data on the beet sugar industry, we
shall publish them in füll in the Journal of Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry (1913, v, p. 192).
49. Fasting studies. XI. Note on the composition of the
muscle of fasting dogs. Paul E. Howe (with H. C. Biddle).
(Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, University of Illinois.)
To be published in füll in the April number of the Biochemical
Bulletin.
50. The role of phagocytes in the involuting tail of amphib-
ian larvae. Max Morse. (Boardman Laboratories, Trinity Col-
lege, Hartford, Conn.) Barfurth, Metchnikoff, Mercier, and
others have sought, in the phagocytes, the principal factor in the
absorption of tissues. This has been held in question mainly by
Looss, who believes that a chemical dissolution is at the basis of the
'Harris: American Naturalist, 1910, xliv, p. 693.
* Nevada Data. Wilson: Bull. 32, Nev. Agri. Exper. Sta., 1896.
1913]
Alfred P. Lothrop
289
process and that this has no primary relation to the activity of the
phagocytes.
It is conceivable that if phagocytosis is the principal factor, the
blood-counts (differential and with the hemacytometer) would show
both an increase in the total number of leucocytes and a difference
between numbers of polymorphonuclear forms, in the bloods of a
larva in which the process of metamorphosis has not begun and of
a transforming individual. On account of the great difficulty in
identifying the various forms of leucocytes in hemacytometer
preparations, this method of counting was not adopted, but the
counts were made upon smears, stained with Wright's stain. Three
sets of individnals were used: (i) Larvse in which the appendages
had not appeared «and hence no absorption of the tail had begun;
(2) individuals in which the process of absorption had progressed
to some extent and (3) those in which the absorption had been com-
pleted for a number of months, i. e., adult frogs. Twenty-eight
specimens were used and the percentage results are as f ollows :
Polymorph
9.8
8.6
18.3
Basoph
Eosinoph
6.5
7.0
0.4
T,arge M
Small M
Individuais absorbing the tail
Non-absorbing
Adults
4.2
4.7
6.2
36.1
20.6
13.2
42.4
S9.0
61.2
The polymorphonuclear type runs slightly more numerous in
the individuals undergoing metamorphosis than in individuals before
the process has begun, but they are found in much larger quantities
in adults than in either of the other two groups. As Friedsohn and
Neumann have shown, however, it is impossible to distinguish young
polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the blood of amphibian larvse f rom
young erythrocytes and other forms of leucocytes, since all of the
corpuscles originate from cells similar in appearance in all cases.
Hence, the number of large nucleated forms doubtless includes
young polymorphonuclear leucocytes; and if this were so, it would
be expected that the number of the large ones would be smaller in
adults, which is the case as seen in the above column of values for
large mononuclear leucocytes. For these reasons, it is doubtful if
there is any decided difference in the number of polymorphonuclear
leucocytes in any stage of frog development; and therefore it is
290 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Jan.
doubtful whether these bodies play an important röle in the absorp-
tion of the tail of the tadpole.
With reg-ard to the basophiles and eosinophiles, it will be seen
that they occur in smaller numbers in individuals undergoing meta-
morphosis than in young tadpoles and, so far as the basophiles are
concerned, they are fewer in number in larvse than in adults. The
reverse is the case with the eosinophiles, being found in small num-
bers in the adult. The small mononuclear leucocytes occur in
smaller numbers in the "absorbing" animals than in either of the
other types. They are regarded by the investigators mentioned
above as the young, indifferent, forms of the several types of
leucocytes and probably, also, of the erythrocytes, but since they
occur in larger numbers in the blood of the adult, this view is not
borne out by the results of the present investigation.
It may be concluded, then, from this set of data, that leucocytes
do not play an important role in protein and other transfer in the
involuting tadpole tail nor do they initiate the process.
51. Laboratory hints. Max Morse. {Boardman Labora^
tories, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.)
An ULTRA-FILTER. Colloids may be filtered to advantage by
coating the surface of an alundum filter-disc, placed in a Buchner
funnel, with a thin collodion Solution and applying the funnel to a
pump, or the house vacuum. The first drainage through the filter
will be coarse, the finer suspensions Alling up the interstices of the
filter disc; afterwards, fine particles filter.
A CONVENIENT HOT-WATER BOTTLE HOLDER. Sclcct 3. FloreUCC
flask with a neck whose sides are as nearly parallel as possible for a
distance and wrap half a yard of quarter-inch twine around the neck,
spirally ; then wrap electrician's tape or surgeon's tape around the
whole, again spirally, thus keeping the twine from unwinding. The
heat does not soften the rubber of the tape sufficiently to cause it to
leave the twine. If in place of the twine, small round leather belt-
ing be used, the apparatus is perfectly satisfactory for all time.
The belting may be obtained in any sewing-machine shop or in a
belting supply house at small cost.
52. The diffUsion of iodo-eosin from ether through rubber
into ether. Jacob Rosenbloom. (Laboratory of Biological
1913] Alfred P. Lothrop 291
Chemistry of the University of Pittsburgh.) Boas and P have
shown that various cholesterol esters diffuse from ether Solution
through rubber into ether; cholesterol-stearate, for example, with a
molecular weight of 652.51, diffuses very readily. Recently I found
that the acid form of iodo-eosin diffuses very quickly under similar
conditions. This substance, with a molecular weight of 836, has
the composition indicated by the appended structural formula :
co<^ • >c< >0
53. The absence of certain enzymes from the human
chorion. Jacob Rosenbloom. (Laboratory of Biological Chem-
istry of the University of Pittsburgh.) Published in füll in this
issue of the Biochemical Bulletin, page 236. See also abstract
55-
IL ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS FROM THE COLUMBIA BIOCHEMICAL
DEPARTMENT AND AFFILIATED LABORATORIES
54. The preparation of histon from flounder sperm. Walter
H. Eddy. Testes, obtained from cold storage flounders and pre-
served in alcohol, were ground and extracted with 0.8 per cent.
hydrochloric acid Solution. The histon was obtained from the acid
extract after the manner of Kossei and Kutscher, and purified by
washing with water, re-dissolving in 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid
Solution and reprecipitating with ammonia, several times. Like
ammonia-precipitated thymus histon, this histon was insoluble in
water and the hydrochloric acid Solution, after dialysis to neutrality,
gave all the characteristic histon tests. The "ammonia precipi-
tate," washed with water, alcohol and ether, and dried to constant
weight at 105° C, contained 18.08 per cent. of nitrogen (one
determination only, because of lack of pure material). Like that
of thymus histon, the hydrochloric acid extraCt of the histon from
flounder testes yielded, when saturated with sodium chlorid, a pre-
cipitate which was soluble in water. Such a Solution gave the char-
acteristic ammonia and alkaloidal tests, but was not precipitated
* Rosenbloom : Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 67 ; Boas and Rosen-
bloom: Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 1911, viii, p. 132.
292 Proceedings Columbia Biochcmical Association [Jan.
by cold nitric acid Solution. Histon from fresh testes is in course
of prqjaration for comparisons with the product from cold storage
material. We lare also investigating the presence of histon in
flounder roe.
55. A quantitative study of certain enzymes of the övary,
Uterus, and bladder, of pregnant and non-pregnant sheep.
Thuisco A. Erpf-Lefkovics and Jacob Rosenbloom. Published
in füll in this issue of the Biochemical Bulletin, page 233. See
abstract 53.
56. Pathological deviations in the chemistry of uremic
blood.^ Nellis B. Foster. In general it was found that there is
a considerable increase in the amount of non-protein nitrogen in the
blood in severe cases of nephritis. However this is not an invariable
rule, as very severe cases sometimes show an approximately normal
figure; and a high non-protein nitrogen value has been noted in
other diseases, such as valvulär heart cases and pneumonia. The
results must be interpreted in the light of the whole clinical picture.
When the total non-protein nitrogen is i gram or over, per liter,
the prognosis is probably to be regarded as extremely grave. The
percentage of non-protein nitrogen that occurs as urea is extremely
variable, and seems to bear no constant relation to the total non-
protein nitrogen. The data are so lacking in concordance that it
must be left to further investigation, now in progress, to disclose in
uremic blood chemical substances which either qualitatively or
quantitatively present a constant divergence from normal.
57. Effect of phlorhizin on a dog with Eck fistula. Nellis
B, Foster. It has been stated by Rosenfeld that the administration
of phlorhizin to dogs with Eck fistula does not induce glucosuria.
Such a result would have so much bearing upon our ideas of the
mode of action of phlorhizin that the matter required further study.
One gram of phlorhizin in olive oil emulsion was given to a dog with
an Eck fistula. Glucose was found in the urine, in considerable
quantity, for nine days subsequent to the phlorhizin administration.
58. The relation of uricolysis to suboxidation.^*' Frederic
G. Goodridge and Nellis B. Foster. In order to investigate the
'Foster: Archives of Internal Mediane, 1912, x, p. 414.
^* Goodridge and Foster : Ibid., 1912, x, p. 585.
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 293
subject of diminished oxidation in its relation to uric acid excretion,
we &tudied cases of poisoning by illuminating gas (people) and by
potassium Cyanide (dogs). The results show that retardations of
the oxidizing processes, either by deprivation of oxygen (gas) or
by interference with cellular functions ( Cyanide), were not followed
by increased excretion of uric acid. It appears improbable, there-
fiore, that uric acid destruction in the body is a simple oxidizing
process.
59. A demonstration of some of the tinctorial properties of
pigments produced from thymol by ammonium hydroxid.
William J. Gies. The phenomena described in a previous com-
munication on this subject^^ were demonstrated, as an introduction
to the succeeding communication by Mr. Horowitz. Ammonium
hydroxid produces from thymol a blue^ pigment (or mixture of
pigments?). Ether extracts the blue material from the alkalin
liquid, but in ether Solution the pigment is red. After evaporation
of the ether from such an extraot, a purplish oily product remains.
This residue yields a purplish Solution in alcohol, which becomes
hliie when it is rendered slightly alkalin. Filter paper, soaked in
such a blue, alkalin, alcoholic Solution, and then dried at room tem-
perature, assumes a bright red color as the alcohol disappears.
Treated with alcohol, such red filter paper, particularly if slightly
moist, becomes bright green. Interesting probabilities suggested by
these results, and the possible relationship of these color phenomena
to the pigments in the Monardas^^ and other plants, will be in-
vestigated.
60. Experiments on pigments produced from thymol by the
action of ammonia. Benjamin Horowitz. Professor Gies has
found that thymol, in contact with ammonia, develops a blue color.^^
Under his direotion I have been making a study of this phe-
nomenon.
The question early arose as to whether ammonia and thymol
alone are sufficient for the formation of the pigment. Certain ob-
"Gies: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 171.
"Wakeman: Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, No. 448; Science
series, 191 1, iv, p. 81.
"Gies: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 171, See also the preceding
abstract, above.
294 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [Jan.
servations by Liebermann^"* (whose work on colored Compounds
produced from phenols has been of great importa'nce ) , as well as
the many uses o£ oxidizing agents in the production of phenol pig-
ments, suggested that 'atmospheric oxygen takes an active part in the
process. This supposition was confirmed. A current of hydrogen
passed throiigh an aqneous ammonia-thymol mixture inhibited the
f ormation of pigment. Nascent hydrogen ( f ormed by the addition of
Zn dust or sodium amalgam) acted similarly. On the other band,
the addition of a few drops of hydrogen peroxid greatly accelerated
the production of pigment by oxidation. A rise has been noticed
in an aqueous ammonia-thymol mixture inverted over water, in-
d'icating the absorption of oxygen.
The addition of Zn dust to the blue Solution in an open vessel
caused the color to disappear, except near the surface, where blue
always remained, showing the influence of atmospheric oxygen.
Ether was added to ascertain whether the reduced substance could
be extracted by it and whether the chromogen thus removed by ether
would yield pigment in the presence of oxygen. The bottle was
now tightly stoppered and allowed to stand. Within 24 hours the
red ether layer (the blue pigment yields a red Solution in ether) had
become colorless. On releasing the stopper the ether Solution be~
came colored again. This was repeated many times with different
samples but always with the same result. Attempts have since been
made to isolate the reduced product by evaporating the ether Solu-
tion in a current of hydrogen, but so f ar without success. The work
is in progress.
61. Influence of uranium nephritis on the excretion of
Creatinin, uric acid and chlorids, and the effect of Creatinin in-
jections during uranium nephritis. W. M. Kraus. In acute
uranium nephritis in dogs, Creatinin was excreted in decreased
amounts ; uric acid, in increased amounts. In subacute uranium
nephritis, Creatinin was eliminated in decreased amounts ; uric acid
and dhlorids, in increased amounts (2 weeks). Creatinin, injected
in normal dogs, appears to be excreted " in toto." Creatinin, in-
jected during acute uranium nephritis, is not wholly eliminated.
Such an injection causes decreased Output of endogenous Creatinin,
"Liebermann: Ber. d. d. Chem. Gesell., 1874, vii, p. 247; 1875, viii, p. 1649.
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 295
also uric acid, chlorids and wäter ; and death may ensue. Creatinin,
injected during subacute uranium nephritis, is excrelted "in toto"
and apparently does not affect the excretion of endogenous cre-
aitinin, uric acid, chlorids or water.
Two of the animals with acute nephritis died after injection of
Creatinin, in marked contrast with the apparent lack of effect of
Creatinin injections in th^ dogs with subacute nephritis. In acute
nephritis, where Creatinin (endogenous and injec'ted) and all the
other substances named above were excreted in decreased amounts,
there was apparently a partial arrest of renal function. In the
subacute nephritis this did not occur. In acute nephritis there is
probably not only insufficient intact tubulär epithdium to carry the
additional bürden, viz., the injected Creatinin, buit this additional
bürden aggravates the preexisting condition. In subacute nephritis,
on the other hand, regeneration occurs, thus increasing the func-
tional possibilities of the kidney, so that injected Creatinin can be
excreted " in toto."
Fever increases Creatinin excretion. It is also known that cer-
tain infeotions, e. g., diphtheria, cholera, pneumonia and colon in-
fections, cause tubulär nephritides. If, instead of adding hyper-
creatininemia to a nephritis which is predominatingly tubulär (as
described for the above experiments with uranium nephritis), there
should be hypercreatininemia follozved by tubulär nephritis, it is
probable that a similar reaction would result, namely, a uremia-like
toxemia, ending perhaps in death.
Creatinin has been taken only as an example of urinary sub-
stances normally excreted by the kidney tubules. It seems probable
that other normal substances, which are increased in fever and ex-
creted by the tubules, would act in a similar way, i. e., to overtax an
already overfunctioning kidney in a condition aggravated by a
tubulär nephritis. This Suggestion as to the production of uremia
dioes not concern the substances directly causing rt, merely the
mechanism of their retention.
62. On the question of protein in expired air. Charles
Weisman. Rosenau and Amoss^^ recently pu'blished a paper in
which they stated that expired air contains volatile prcytein. Their
"Rosenau and Amoss: Journal of Medical Research, 191 1, xxv, p. 35.
296 Procccdings Columbia Biochemical Association [Jan.
conclusions were dependent 011 anaphylactic phenomena that ap-
peared to be obtained with condensations from expired air. At Dr.
Gies' Suggestion I am repeating their experiments with a view of
applying the findings to problems in Ventilation and disease. Six
repetitions of the experiments by Rosenau and Amoss have been
made thus far, with negative results in each instance.
We believe that Rosenau and Amoss failed to conduct adequate
control experiments, both on the toxic effects of blood serum and
on their anaphylactic tests. Their choice of sites (heart, brain)
for the injeotions is open to criticism. Injeotions into the heart
may produce lesions of the heart or lungs as well as pericardial in-
jury and hemorrhage; and, after injury to the bündle of Hiss,
resu'ltant Symptoms like the Stokes-Adams Syndrome, with oon-
sequent difficulty of respiration, may simulate anaphylactic effects.
Besides, in such injections, there is no assurance that the entire
amount of injected fluid goes into the heart. As for injections into
the brain, Rosenau and Amoss themselves say : " When the second
injection was placed under the dura, through the optic foramen, the
results were sometimes clouded by the appearance of Symptoms
which were interpreted to be the result of central Irritation." In
cur work, the second injection was made intravenously (externa!
jugular vein) .
The conclusion by Rosenau and Amoss, that expired air contains
protein ( " volatile " ) , appears to be unwarranted. The experiments
are in progress with the Cooperation of Drs. J. Bronfenbrenner and
S. Gitlow.
[The proceedings of the February and April meetings of the
Biochemical Association will be published in the April number of
the Biochemical Bulletin.]
Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University,
College of Physicians and Surgeons,
New York.
FOLIA MICROBIOLOGICA
Perhaps it will be of some interest for readers of the Biochem-
ICAL Bulletin to learn that the recently founded Nederlandsche
Vereeniging voor Microbiologie publishes a quarterly Journal enti-
tled Folia Microbiologica. The editors are : Professors Beijerinck
(Delft), Klein (Groningen), Poels (Rotterdam), and Sleeswijk
(Delft). The subscription price of Folia Microbiologica is Five
Dollars ($5.00) a year. The first volume is now complete and con-
tains the following papers :
Numbers i and 2 : Beijerinck, Mutation bei Mikroben ; Klein,
Ueber die biologische Analyse des Kaseinantiserums ; Jacobsen, Die
Kulturbedingungen von Hcematococciis pluvialis.
Number 3 : Söhngen, Ueber fettspaltende Mikroben und deren
Einfluss auf Mölkereiprodukte und Margarine; Ross Van Lennep,
L'influence des substances fixes sur l'anaerobiose dans les milieux
de culture liquides ; Fresemann Victor, Ueber die proteolytische und
antiproteolytische, resp. antitryptische, Wirkung des menschlichen
Blutserums; Reeser, Complement fixation of different sera prepared
at the State Serum Institute, Rotterdam ; Boeseken und Waterman,
Ueber die Wirkung der Borsäure und einiger anderen Verbindungen
auf die Entwickelung von Penicillium glaucum und Aspergillus
niger.
Number 4: Eijkman, Untersuchungen über die Reaktionsge-
schwindigkeit der Mikroorganismen; Beijerinck, Die durch Bakte-
rien aus Rohrzucker erzeugten schleimigen Wandstoffe; VanCalcar,
Ueber die Kenntnis des anaphylaktischen Zustandes des tierischen
und menschlichen Organismus; Waterman, Beitrag zur Kenntnis
der Kohlenstoffnahrung von Aspergillus niger; Jacobsen, Die Oxy-
dation von elementarem Schwefel durch Bakterien.
The editorial introductory notice concludes with these words:
" If foreign authors should wish the fruits of their researches to
appear in our columns, they would be most heartily welcomed.
The Latin title of our Journal indicates that this new publication
has not sprung from chauvinism. We entertain very earnest con-
victions on the ' internationalism of science.'"
C. A. Pekelharing
University of Utrecht,
Holland.
BIOCHEMICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX
WILLIAM J. Gl ES
(Biochemical Lahoratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York.)
Biochemical literature is becoming so abundant and comprehen-
sive, and so detailed and miscellaneous, that earnest efforts to assimi-
late a considerable part of it are apt to induce severe attacks of indi-
gestion. Ways and means for rapid and accurate sifting and
Classification of subjects, experimental data, conclusions, and theo-
ries, gain importance witli the increase of activity, and the growth
of interest, in biochemistry. Appropriate year books, reviews, Zen-
tralblätter, and especially the Department of Biological Chemistry
in Chemical Ahstracts, acquire cumnlative usefulness as biochemical
research develops in quantity, variety and extent.
The writer finds it very desirable to maintain a running, quar-
terly, card index of the titles of the papers in the leading biochemical
Journals. This index is particularly valuable during the intervals
between the publication of indices of volumes of abstracts and re-
views. In the belief that it may be helpful to others, a copy of a
portion of the index is presented below. Sections of the bibliog-
raphy and index will be printed regularly in the Biochemical Bul-
letin, if the writer's opinion on its probable general Utility proves
to be correct.
In the appended bibliography, titles are shortened in a free and
easy manner, redundant words are ignored, common words are ab-
breviated, surnames of collaborators are connected by hyphens, and
punctuation marks are omitted, for the sake of condensation. Vol-
ume numerals are given in Roman, and the Arabic numerals imme-
diately following them, or placed at the beginning of sections, desig-
nate respective issues of the volume ; numerals separated by a slanted
line indicate month and day of issue. The numeral at the end of
each item is that of the initial page of the corresponding paper.
The numeral at the beginning of each item indicates sequence in the
298
1913] William J. Gies 299
bibliography. The latter numerals are used in the index of subjects
at the end (page 305). Abbreviations of words in the index are
similar to those in the bibliography. The System of notation in the
index, although a space-saving device, makes it easy to refer to any
title in the bibliography, The index is a compass not an encyclo-
pedia; its purpose is achieved if it acts as a convenient guide to the
sources of information — if it helps the reader speedily to locate and
follow the main currents through the literature.
Biochemical bibliography and index: 1912; fourth quarter (Sept.-
Dec.) ; Journals : Biochemische Zeitschrift, Zeitschrift für physiolo-
gische Chemie, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Bio-Chemical Journal,
Biochemical Bulletin.
Biochem. Zeit. XLIV: 1-2; 9/6. — iHäri Einfl intraven Bluttransf a
Gaswechs,!. — 2Häri-Pesthy Hat Temp d Nähr Einfl a Gaswechs ?,6. —
^Rudö-Cserna Wirk intraperiton Blutinfus a Gaswechs,40. — 4Häri Einfl
Kohlenhyd a Energieums,66 ; 5Wirk intraperiton Blutinfus a Energie-
verbr,84. — GAlexand^r-Revess Einfl optisch Reiz a Gaswechs Ge-
hirns,95. — ^Alexander Blutgaswechs Gehirns, 127. — SOrnstein Parenter
Ernähr,i40. 3-4;9/9. — gQuagliariello Änd H'-konz währ Hitzekoag
Prot,i57; loH'-konz Blut bei Temp'erhöh nach Wärmestich,i62. —
iiRohonyi Veränd H'-konz b Pepsinwirk u Saurebind'vermög hydrol
Spalt'prod Eiweis,i65. — i2Glaser Entwick'arbeit im Fundulusei,i8o. —
iT^Berczeller Lipolyt Wirk Organextr,i85 ; i4Bestim Fet u Lipoid d
Blutes u üb Lipol,i93. — i^Verzär Arb Pankr u Einfl a Verbren Kohl-
enhyd,20i. — i6Beläk Wirk Phloriz a Gaswechs u Nierenarb,2i3. —
lyTangl Respir'app für Schwein, Schaf ,235 ; iSMinim Erhalt'arbeit
Schwein i Hunger,252. — igWeiser Ca, Mg, P, N-Umsatz wachs
Schwein,279. — 2oZunt2 Versuchsergebn v Chauveau Mind'wert d
Fet Kohl'hyd gegenüb als Energiespend b Musk'arb,290. — 2iSiegfried-
Zimmermann Bericht, 292. 5-6;9/2o. — 22Pribram Diastas,293. —
2^Loeb-Beutner Verletz'strom,303. — 2^alladin Eiweissabbau u At-
mung Pflanz,3i8. — 2^Forssmann-Hintze Heterol Toxiz Antiser,336. —
26Kopacze'wski Einfl Antisept a Wirk Maltase,349. — 2yTschernoruski
Wirk V Nucleinsäu u nucl'spalt Ferm im tier Organis,353. — 28Fasal
Colorim Meth quant Tryptophanbest u üb Tryptophangeh Horngebild u
Eiweisskör,392. — 2gBierry Verdau Inulin, 402; 3oSaccharos spaltend
Ferm,4i5; 3iRafiinos u Gentianos spalt Ferm,426; 32Stachyos u Man-
ninotrios spalt Ferm,446. — ;^^Ohta Hitzebeständ Tryps u Peps,472;
34Verh Äpfelsäu im Tierkör,48i. — ^^N euherg-Schewket Polarim
Bestim Glucosamingeh v Ovomucoid u Pseudomucin,49i ; 36Veränd
300 Biochemical Bibliography and Index [Jan.
Arzneimit i Licht,495 ; 37Nachw gepaar Glucuronsäu i Harn, 502. —
2ßAltschul " Agfa "-Lecith, 505. (Pages, 508.)
XLV:i-2;9/25. — ^gEmbden-Krans Milchsä'bild durchström Leber,
I. — 4oSchmits Verh Glycerin künst Durchbl Leber, 18. — 41 Oppen-
heimer Milchsä'bild durchström Leber,30. — 42Embden-Kalberlah-Engel
Milchsä'bild Muskelpresss,45. — 4^Kondo Milchs'bild Muskelpresss,63.
—44Kraske Milchs'bild B\ut,8i. —4SKondo Milchs'bild Blut,88.— 46^;
Noorden Milchs'bild Blut,94. — 4yEmbden-Baldes-Schmits Milchs'bild a
Traubenz i Tierkör, 108. — 480ppenheitner Einwirk verdün NaOH a
Glyc'ald u Dioxyaceton,i34. — 4gMasiida Auftret aldehydart Subst b
Leberdurchblut u üb Acetessigsäu'bild aus Äthylalk, 140. — ^oEmbden-
Baldes Umwandl Acetaldeh i Äthylalk tier Organism, 157. 3-4;9/30.
— ^lOhta Acetessigsä'bild aus Dicarbonsä mit 4C-Atom,i67. — ^2Emb-
den-Schmita-Baldes Glycer'bild Tierkör, 174. — ^T^Embden-Oppenheimer
Abbau Brenztraub'säu i Tierkör, 186. — $4Höber Verteil Blutzuck auf
Körperch u Plasm,207. — ^^Langer Heroinaussch u -gewöhn,22i ; 56
Alkaloidaussch nach Magen unt Einfl i Mag gebracht Salz,239. —
$yPescheck Einwirk NH4-salz u essig Salz a N-wechs Fleischfr,244. —
^SCytronberg Cholest'ase Blutkör,28i. — sgDavidsohn Magenlipase,284.
— 6oEisenberg Formaldehydhämoly,303. — GiMaidorti Blutgiftanäm,
328. — 62Allemann Bedeut H' Milchgerin,346. 5-6;io/i2. — 6^Endler
Durchtr Salz durch Protoplas,359. — 64N othmannZuckerhandl Wirk
Narkot a Plasmaström,4i2. — 6$Tschermak Adaptat Ferm'bild Ver-
dau'kan,4S2. — 66Bickel-Tsividis Einfl Digital'kör Kurv d Elekt'kar-
diogr,462. — GyFreudenberg Fettstoffwechs,467. — 6SPreti Katal Einwirk
Blei a Harnsä'bild u Harnsä'zersetz, 488. (Pages, 502.)
XLVI:i-2;io/23. — 6gPorges Resp Quot Säurevergift, i. — yoBre-
dig-Fiske Katal bewirk asym Synth,7. — yiChristiansen Frei u geb HCl
i Mag'inh,24; y2lbid., 50; yT,Ibid., 71; y4lbid.,S2. — y^Müller Einfl Be-
handl Milch a Labfähigk,94. — y6Würts Verteil P-säure Harn u Kot,
103. — yyTschernorutzky Wirk NaaCOg auf Alkaloidsalz u Farbst,ii2.
— ySLöb Verbal Stärk unt Einfl stillen Entlad,i2i ; 79Pankr'diast,i25.
— SoMichaelis-Davidoff Elektrom Bestim Blutalk,i3i. — SiKammann
Pollentox,i5i. — 82Rohland Adsorp Tone,i70. 3-4;ii/9. — S^Galeotti
Aussch H2O bei Atmung, 173. — 84Gramenitzki Blut- u Hamzuck b
Adren'inf,i86. — ^^Siegfried-Zimmermann Entst Phenol a />-Kresol i
Hund,2io. — 86Rosenthal Einfl Osmiumsäu a Receptor'app Erythrocy,
225. — 8yOhta Bedeut Proteol f spezif Hämol, 247. — 88 Fränkel Lipoid,
253. — 8gChristiansen Mett Meth u Acid'opt Peps'wirk,257, — goLöb-
Gutmann Glykoly,288. — giHaas Schick Glyoxylsäu i Tierkör,296. —
1913] William J. Gies 301
g2Rona Schicks tierabgeb Eiweisskör i Darm,307. 5;ii/i4. — g^Bat-
telli-Stern Oxyd />-Phenylendiam i Tiergevveb,3i7; g4lbid.jT,4T,. —
g^Mohr-Heimann Norm u Eklamp Placent,367. — g6Rohland Ad-
sorp Tone,374. — gySchuls Kieselsä'gehalt Schilddr,376. — gSvFenyvessy
Natur u künst Komplem verhalt sich in " Regenerat " ident,393. —
ggBattelli-Stern Nomenkl Polyphenoloxydas,395. 6;ii/25. — lOoDox-
Neidig Spalt a- u ^-Methylglucosid dur Asp niger,2g7. — lOiHassel-
balch Neutral'reg u Reizbark Atemzent i Wirk a COa-span Blut,403. —
i02Winterstein App Mikroblutgasanal u Mikrorespirom,440. — lO^Pig-
hini Chem Nerv'syst,450. — lO^Freund-Kaminer Bezieh zw Tumorzel u
Blutser,47o. — lo^Lehedew Mechan alkohol Gär,483. — io6L6pezSuärez
HCI-bild Magen,490. — loyBang Erwid,5oo. — loSEissler Physostigmin,
502. (Pages, 504.)
XLVII:i ;ii/30. — logPalitzsch-Walbum H"-konz b trypt Gelat'ver-
flüs.i. — I loKlausner Klausner Serumreak,36. — 1 1 iMichaelis-David-
sohn Abhäng spezif Fäll'reak von H*konz,59. — ii2Beutner Physikal
Nat bioelek Potent'dif, y^. 2;i2/g. — ii^Johannessohn Einfl org Sau
a Hefegär,97. — ii4Loeb Verh Eissigsäu b künst Durchblut Leber,ii8;
ii5Permeab u antag Elek'lytwirk (neu Meth),i27. — iißHirata Diast
Kraft Mundspeich,i67. — iiyZaleski-Marx Carboxylas höh Pflanz, 184.
— iiSStoklasa-Sebor-Zdobnicky Photochem Synth Kohlenhydr,i86.
3-4;i2/i2. — iigBerrär Chem u quant Bestim Leim, 189. — i2oScaffidi
Purinstoffwechs,2i5. — i2iChristiansen Mechan Peps'verdau,226. — 122
Michaelis Isoelekt Punkt,250. — i22,Michaelis-P eckst ein Ibid., Casein,
260. — 124W olfgang-Faleki: Physikal Zustandsänd Kolloid,269. — 125
Starkenstein Ferm'wirk u Beeinfl d Neut'salz,3oo. — i26Grafe-Vouk
Inulinstoffwechs Cichorium intyb L. (Zichorie), 320. — 127a/ Klercker
Pentos d Guanylsäu,33i. — i28Loezvy-Gerhartz Aussch HoO b Atmung,
343. 5;i2/i8. — i2gBickel-Pawlo'W Pharm Wirk /J-Oxyphen'äth'am,
345. — i^oReale C-wechs; Labil u stab C d Harn,355. — i^iSsobolew
Milchs'bild b antisep Organautol,367. — 12,2V ernon Abhäng Oxydase-
wirk V Lip'd,374. — i^^Pollini Katal Wirk Eisensalz Leberautol,396. —
i^4Neuberg-Kerb Zuckerfrei Hefegär,405 ; 135 Ibid,4i^. 6;i2/3i. —
iTjSMoldovan Wirk Chinins,42i. — i^yMichaelis-Rona Umlag Glucos b
alkal Reakt; Theor Katal,447. — i^SSasaki Abbau Polypept dur nicht
verflüss Bakt,462; I39lbid dur verflüss Bakt,472. — i4oSignorelli Ver-
hältn zwisch Amin-N u Ges-N Harn unt versch Beding,482. (Pages,
508.)
Zeit. f. physiol. Chem. LXXX:5;8/28. — i4iOsborne-Mendel-
Ferry Wachst bei Fütter'vers m isol Nahr'subst,307. — i42Rogosinski
302 Biochcmical Bibliography and Index [Jan.
Methylier Clupein,37i. — i^T^Pringsheim Ferm Abbau Hemicellulos ;
Trisacch Zwisch'prod d Hydrol Mannan,376. 6;io/2. — i^Wacker
Cholesterin u Begleitsubst i Depotfet b Carcin,383. — i^^Trier Um
Am'äth'alk (Colamin) i Cholin,409. — i46Letsche Einwirk Hydrox'am
Blut färb (Methäm),4i2. — I4y Mörner Ovomucoid u Zucker Weiss d
Vogelei,430. (Pages, 473).
LXXXI: i-2;io/io. — i4SAbderJialdcn-Fodor Aus Glykok, d-Alan
u /-Leuc darst struk'isom Tripept,i. — 14(^80 hui ze-Trier Verbreit Cholin,
53. — i^oEider-Palm Zusam u Bild Enzym; Entwick Hefe in Nahrlös,
59. — i^ilnonye Entst Kreatin, 71; i52Xan'prot'reak,8o. — is^Grabow-
ski-Marchlewski Blutfarbst, 86. — 154 Abderhalden Feststel Schwan-
gersch,90. — i^^Dorner Beeinfl alkoh Gärung d Zell u Zellpresss,99. —
i^6Buglia-Costantino Muskelch; Formol titr Ges'am'-N d glat, querges
u Herzm, 109; I57lbid, d N Ext'kt'st,i20; I581bid, frei, Formol titr
Amin-N,i30; i59Chem Embry; Formol titr Ges'-am'-N d embry Mus-
kel, 143 ; 160 Ibid, frei Am'-N Musk d Ochsenembr,i55. — i6iCostan-
tino Muskelch; S d glat, querges u Herzm, sow Myoprot d Säuget,i63.
— i62Usui Bind Thymol rot Blutz,i75. — i6^Sieber H2O2 als hydrol
Prinzip, 185. — i64Rohland Tongeruch,200. — i6^Warbiirg Bestim kl i
HoO-gelös C02-Meng,202. — 166J olles Nachw Glukuronsä diabet
Harn, 203; i67Nachw Album Harn, 205. — i68Grafe Bericht,2o6.
3;io/22. — i6gAbderhalden-Weil Nerv'syst Aminosä; Am'sä periph
Nerv u Leitungsb Rück'mark (weis Subst),207. — lyoAbderhalden-
Weil Die b Isolier Monoam'sä m Hilf Est'meth entsteh Verlust ; infrei-
heitsetz Est m Bleihydr,226. — lyiAbderhalden-Hanslian Verh a-Pyr-
rolid'carb'sä im Organis,228. — iy2Abderhalden-Weil Dreh'gsvermög
Blutpias u -ser versch Tierart versch Alt u Geschl,233. — lyT^Laquer-
Brünecke Einfl Gasen (O) Tryp- u Pep'verdau,239. — iy4Siegfried-
Schutt Absch Am'sä mit Hilf Carbaminoreak,26o. — ly^Kossel-Gazv-
rilow Frei Amidogr d Prot,274. — iy6Grafe Antw Bemerk v W. Völtz
üb N-reten u N-gleichgew b Füt NH4-salz,28o. — lyy London Aus An-
lass Mit'g Folin-Lyman, Prot metab standp bl'd a tis anal; absorp f
stom,283. 4; 10/30. — lySAbderhalden-Kashizuado Kern Thymus u
Anaphylax'vers mit Kernsubst (Nuc'prot, Nuc'n, Nuc'nsä),285. — 179
Abderhaldeti-Kautssch Fäulnisvers rf-Glutam'sä; y^Am'but'sä,294. —
— iSoAbderhalden Isol Glycyl-phen'alan a Chym d Dünnd; Stud mit
Hilf versch Abbaustuf Prot u synth darges Polypep,3i5. — iSiAbder-
halden-Hirsch Füt'vers Gelatin, NH^-salz, vollst abgebau Fleisch u
aus all bekan Am'sä besteh Gemisch,323. — iS2Pfeiffer-Modelski Verh
Am'sä u Polypep geg Neut'salz,329. — iSsPekelharing Anorg Salze auf
1913] William J. Gies 3^3
Wirk Pankreaslip,355. 5-6 ;i 1/5. — i^^London-Ritvosch-Mepissow-
Stassow-Dagaew- Masijezvski- Gabrilowitsch- Krym- H olmberg - Wide-
mann-Gillels-Solowjew Norm u path Verdau (Hund), 369. — iSsHen-
riques-Gjaldhcsk Plasteinbildung,439. — i86Abderhalden-ValettePetti-
bone Einfl physik Zust Prot a Raschh ihr Abbau dur Ferm; Bedeut
Verdau Prot dur Pep-HCl für weit Abbau dur Tryp,458. — iSyAbder-
halden-Lampe Schicks von in Magendarmk eingeführ Am'sä, Am'sä'-
gemis, Pepton u Protein,473. (Pages, 507.)
LXXXII:i-2;ii/i2. — i88Abderhalden-Hirsch Synth Fähigk tier
Zell; Verwert versch N-quel im Organis,i. — iSgAbderhalden-Lampe
Ibid,2i. — igoFischer-MeyerBets Porphyrinbildung,96. — igiAbderhal-
den AnaphylaXjioQ. — ig2Küster Methylier Hämin,ii3. — ig^Abderhal-
den-Wurm Pyrrol'carb'sä u aus ihr Aufgeb Polypep,i6o; I94a-Am'but'-
rsä u Derivjiö/. — ig^Arnold Hämatoporphyr'urie b Abdom'typhus,i72.
3-4 ',11/25. — ig6Hedin Reak zw Enzym u and Subst,i75. — igyJahn-
sonBlohm Einwirk kol'd Subst auf Hem d Enzymwirk, 178. — igSRinger-
Schmutzer Quad'ur,209. — iggKylin Färbst d Fucoid,22i. — 20oJegoroff
Verh Schim'p (A niger, P crustac) z Phytin,23i. — 20iWiener Zusam's
art u ven Blut,243. — 202Fischer-Krollpfeiffer Einwirk Phthalsä'anhyd
a Pyrrolderiv,266. — 20^Arnold Darst Hämatoporphyr a CO-Blut,273. —
204Fanser Einwirk HCl-gas Diastas,276. — 20^Jansen Konstit Cholsä
verm Bromier,326. — 2o6Jansen Cholsä'resor Hundedarm,342. — 207
Bürker Nomenkl Blutfarbs'deriv,346. 5;ii/3o. — 2oSGrafe N-reten
b Füt NH^-salz (Schwein), 347. — 2ogPanser Einwirk HCl Invertas,
:^'//'. — 2ioFischer-Röse Garfarbst,39i. — 2iiMariconda Funkt Verh
Darmsegm nach lang Period funkt Untätigk,4o6. — 2i2Marchlewski
Bemerk, Blutfarbst,4i3. — 2iT,Sieber Bericht,4i4. 6;i2/24. — 214L0M-
don-Dobroivolskaja Pfortaderbl ; fistel,4i5. — 2i^Starkenstein-H enze
Nachw Glykog Meeresmol'k (spez b Cephal u Aplys),4i7. — 2i6Kasch-
izvabara Einfl J Autol,425. — 2ijBuglia-Costantino Muskelch; Ext'kt'st
u frei Formol titr Am'-N d Musk,439. — 2i8Küster Bilirub u Hämin,
463. — 2igRinger-Trigt Einfl Reakt auf Ptyarwirk,484. — 22oPincus-
sohn Abw; Erwid an Gräfe, 502. (Pages, 502.)
Jour. Biol. Chem. XII:3;9. — 221 Koch Meth guanid urin p'thy'dect
anim,3i3. — 222Williams Anim calorim ; sm resp cal,3i7. — 223 Williams-
Riche-Lusk Ibid., met dog aft ing meat larg quant,349. — 22äfLevene-
Jacobs Guan'hexosid i hydrol thym-nucl ac,377; 225Cerebron ac,38i ;
226Cerebrosid of brain,389. — 22yVanSlyke-Meyer Am'ac-N bl'd; prot
assim,399. — 228Levene-Jacobs Struc thym-nucl ac,4ii; 229Guanyl
ac,42i. — 22,oJacobs Prep glucosid, 427; 23iRemov phos'tung ac fr aq
304 Biochemical Bibliography and Index [Jan.
501,429. — 232 Ringer Prot metab i exp diabet,43i. — 2T^;^Anderson Org
P- ac compd wh bran,447. — 2^4Kendall-Farmer Bact metab,465 ; 235
Ibid,46g. — 2T,60sborne-Mendel-Ferry Gliad i nutr,473. — 22i7Ringer
Chem gluconeogen ; quant conv propion ac i glucos,5ii. (Pages, 522.)
XIII:i;io. — 2^SKober-Siigiura Cu compl'x am ac, peptd a peptn,i.
— 229UnderhiIl Mech phlorh diabet,i5. — 24oLusk Anim calorim; metab
aft inges dextr a fat, incl behav H2O, urea, NaCl,27. — 24iFisher-
Wishart Ibid, absorp dextr a eff on comps brd,49. — 242Kendall-
Farmer Bact metab,63. — 24^Mendel-Daniels Behav fat-sol dye a st-fat
in anim org,7i. — 244Menge New compd cholin type; acyl deriv a-
meth'ch, ")8-homoch" (/?-meth'ch), y-homoch, 97. 2;ii.—24sWhite-
Thomas Tryp proteol Cynoscion regal,iii. — 246Epstein-Bookman
Form glyc'ol i body,ii7. — 24yHart-Humphrey-Mornson Comp effic f
growth total-N fr alfalfa hay a corn,i33. — 248Lusk-Riche Anim
calorim; infl ing am'ac metab,i55 ; 249lbid, infl mix food-st metab,i85.
— 2^oM cCollum-Steenbock Creatin metab grow pig,209. — 2$iMcCol-
lum-H aipin-Drescher Synth lecith i hen a charac of lec produced,2i9. —
2S2Denis Metab cold-bl anim; urin fish,225. — 2^T,Osborne-Mendel
Mainten w isol prot,233. — 2^4Levene-Birchard Kyrin f ract part'l hydrol
prot,277. 3;i2. — 2^^Keyes-Gillespie Gas metab bact; prod ferm
dextr Bcoli, Btyphosis, Bzvelchii,2gi ; 256Ibid, absor O by grow cult
Bcoli, B'welchii,2,oS- — 2^7 Anderson Org P- ac cot seed meal,3ii. — 258
Robertson Bld relat'ship i compos serum prot; compar ser hors, rabb,
rat, ox, norm a fast,325. — 2^gRettger-Neivell Putrefac, proteus gr,34i.
— 26oLewis Behav hydant deriv in metab ; hydan a ethyl hydan,347. —
26iDakin Racemiz prot a deriv resul fr tautom ch'ge,357. — 262Folin-
Macallum Colorim deter uric ac in ur,363. — 26'T,Hunter-Givens Metab
endog a exog purin (monk),37i. — 264F olin-Lyman Absorp fr stom;
repl London,389. (Pages, 391.)
Bio-Chem. Journ. Vl:4\io.—26'^MacLean Phos'tid kidn,333; 266
Purif phos'tid, 355. — 26yCooper Relat phenol a w-cresol to prot (mech
o disinfec),362. — 268Bostock Distr N in autol, spec ref deaminiz,388. —
26gCoppin Efif purin deriv a org compd grow a cell-div plant,4i6. —
2'joMelvin Glycol i brd,422. — 2'jiHarris-Creighton Reduc FeClg surv
organ,429. — 2y2WatkynThomas Act opium alkaloid,433. — 2y:^Harding-
Ruttan Detec aceto-acet ac b sod nit'prus a NH40H,445. — 2y4Smed-
ley Fat ac butter,45i. (Pages, 129.)
Biochem. Bull. II:5;9. — 2'jsWinterstein E Schulze,i. — 2y6Rose
Lit inos-P- acid (phyt),2i.— 277i/arW3' Artif cell,5o.— 278^^0/^ New
igi3] William J. Gies 3^5
func peroxidas, trans orcin i orcein,53. — 27gGies Diff thr rub'r ; lipin
and lipin-sol subst,55. — 2SoRosenbloom Ibid,64. — 2SiWelker Ibid, Diff
prot; disin'gr col'dion membr b ethtr, 70.— 282Beal-Geiger Ibid, pigm,
7S.—2SsKahn-Rosenbloom Col'd-N ur, dog tumor hr'st,8,7.—284Howe
Fast,go.—2SsBerg Contr str musc; surf tens,ioi.— 286£;(/rf3; Prot
compd,iii. — 28yRosenbloom-Weinberger Eff intrap inj epineph partit
N uT,i2:^.—288Hallibtirton Bioch Soc, Eng,i28.—28gMendel Proc See
(2) Diet hyg a hyg phys'l, 15 Int Con Hyg a Demog,i29. — 2goMandel
Proc See Bioch ine Phar'col (8d) 8 Int Con Appl Ch,i50.—29iLothrop
Proc Col Un Bioch As'n, 156. (Pages, 210.)
Subject index of the foregoing bibliography/ Absorpi 77,206-41-64;
acetaldehso; acetat57; acet-acii4; acet-acet-ac49,5 1,273; acidi 1,89,1 13; acidosög;
acyl-deriv244 ; adaptat65; adsorp82,96; agei72; "agfa"-lecith38 ; (i-alani48; alb'in
167; alcoh49,50,fermi05-55; aldeh49; alfa-hay247; al-tract65,i87; alkali8o,i37;
alkard56,77,272 ; am-aci69-70-<^-8i-^-7,238-48; a-am'butyr-aci 79-94; am'eth'alc
145; am-grpi7S; am-Ni40-56-5-9-6o,2i7-27; ammon57,273,saltsi77-8i,2o8; amylas
79,116; anaphyli78-9i ; anem6i ; antag-actiis; antisep26; antiser25; Aplysiid2i5;
appi7,i02; A-nigerioo,2oo; assim92,227; asym-synth7o ; autoli3i-i,2i6-68. Bact
i38-9,2S5-6,metah234-5-42,coli,typhos,welch2S5-6; bil-pig2io; bilirub2i8; Bioch-
Soc-Eng288; blood3,5,7,io-4,39,40-/-'^-5-<5-9,S4,84,ioi-i4-72-7,20i-j-7-i2-4-27-4i-
58-7o,alk8o,corp58,i62,gasi02,serio4,transfi; brain6,7,226 ; breast283; brom20S;
butter274. Cai9; calorim222-j-40-7-^-9 ; carbam-reaci74; carbohydr4, 15,20,1 18;
CO203; CO2I01-65; C-metabi3o; carbox'asii7; carcini44; cardiogr66; caseini23;
catal68,70, 133-7; celliS5-88-9,277,div269; Cephalop2i5; cerebron-ac22S ; cerebrosid
226; cholest'as58 ; cholest'oli44; chol-ac2os-ö ; cholin 145-9,244; chymi8o; clay82,
96, 164; clupeini42; coag9; colamini45; cordion28l ; colloidi24-97,N283 ; Col-Un-
Bioch-As29i; complem98; CU238; correci68,2i3; corn-gr247; corp54; cot-seed-
m'l257; creatini5i,metab25o; cresol, m267,^85 ; cult-medi5o; Cynoscton-regal245.
Deamin268; developi2; dextr(gluc) ; diabet 1 66,232-^ ; di-acet-ac49,5i,273 ; diastas
22,79,204; di-carb-ac5i ; diffus63,279-8o-J-2 ; digest29,i2i-73-84-<5; digital66; di-
oxyacet48; disinfec267; drug36; dye243. Eclamp95; eggi2,whi47; electr23,78,8o,
1 12-22-5; e'lytli5; embry 159-60; energ4,5,20; enzym30-7-2,65,99, 125-43-50-96-7;
epid-tis28; epineph84,287 ; erythrocy86; ether28o-i; ethy-hydanto26o ; excr55-<5,
83,128; extr'tivi57,2i7. Fast258-84; fati4,20,i44,24O-j,metab67,sol-dy243; fat-ac
274; feces76; fermi 13-34-5,255; FeCls27i ; fish252; fistula2i4; food2,8,i4i,249;
formald6o, 156-5-9-60,21 7; Fucoidesi99; fungiioo,200. Gas io2-73,metabi, 2,3,6,7,
16,255-0 ; gelati09-i9-8i ; gentianos3i ; gliad236; gluconeogen237 ; glucosam35;
glucos47,54,84, 137,237-40-1-55; glucosid23o; glucuron-ac37,i66; d-glutam-aci79;
glycer40,52; glyc-ald48; gly'col 148,246; glycog2i5; glycolys90,270 ; glyc-phen'alan
180; glyoxyl-ac9i ; growi4i,247-5o-<5-69; guanid22i ; guan-hexos224 ; guanyl-ac
127,229. H*9,io-7,62,io9-ii ; hay247; HCl7i-^-5-^,io6,204-9; heart 66,156-7-5-61 ;
"heat-punc"io; hem'porph 195,203; hemicelluli43; hemin 192,2 18; hemogli46-53,
207-12; hemol6o,87; heroin55 ; homochol244; hungeriS; hydanto26o; H2O2163;
hyd roll 1,1 37-43-63,254; hy'ox'ami46. Inj-curr23 ; inos-P-ac276 ; Int-Con,(8)-App
' See explanation on page 298.
3o6 Biochemiccd Bibliography and Index [Jan.
Ch290;(i5)-Hyg-a-Dem289; intest92,i8o,2o6-ii ; inul29,metabi26; invert209; I216;
ironi33. Kerat28; kidn 16,265; Klausnr-reaciio; kyrin254. Lact-ac39,4i-^-j-^-5-
6-7,131; Iead68,hydri70; lecith38,25i ; /-leucini48; light36; lipassg, 183; lipin 14,27g-
80; lipoid 14-88, 132; Iipoli3-^; livr39,40-/-9,l 14-33. Mgig; mainten 18,253; tnal-
ac34; maltas26; manani43; maninotn32; meati8i,223; metabi,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,i5-ö-5,
24,57,67, i2o-<5-30-76-7,223-32-^-5-4(>--?-S-9-50-2-5-6-6o-5 ; methemogl 146 ; method
28,80,115-9-54-65-0-7-70-^,205-30-62-6-73; meth'ation 142-92; meth'chol244 ; meth-
glucioo; meth-guan22i ; Mett-methSg; mlk75,coag62 ; morsk2i5; muscl42-5, 156-7-
5-^>-6o-i,2i7-85,contr20,285 ; myoproti6i. Ni9,i40-57,227-47-6S-83-7,foodi88-9,
met57, 176,208; narcot64; nerv- sy 3103-69; neut-regioi ; nomencl99,207 ; nucleas27;
nucl-ac27, 178,224-^; nucleini78; nuc-proti78; nutri8,i4i-5o-8i-5-9,208-36-53-5.
Op'm-alk272; optic6,i72; orcin(ein)278; osm-ac86; ovomuc35,i47; oxidasi32;
oxidat93-<^; 0173,256; /'-oxyphen'eth'ami29. Pancri5,dias79,lipi83; p'thy'dect22i ;
parenter-f eed6,8 ; Pen-crustac200; pentosi27; peps 11,33,89,121-73-86; peptid238;
Pepton 187,238; pernieabii5; peroxid278; phenol85,267 ; ph'endiam93-4 ; phloriziö,
diabet239; phosphatid265-6 ; P-ac76,233-57 ; P19; phos'tung-ac23i ; pho'ch-syniiS;
phtal-ac-anhy202 ; physostigioS; phytin200-76 ; pigment77, 199,210-82; placent95;
plant24,i 17,269; plasma54; plasteini85; polemicio7-76-7,220-64 ; porn-tox8i ; poly-
pep 138-9-80-^-93; polyphen'oxidas99; port-brd2l4,fist2i4; porphyri9o; potent'l
112; p'p't'niii; pregnani54; propion-ac237 ; protein9,ii,28,92,i75-8o-6-7,253-<^-5-
6i-7-8i,assim227,compd286,metab24,i77,232; proteol87,24S ; proteus gr 259; pro-
toprm63,streani64 ; pseudomuc35; ptyalin2i9; purini20-57,263-9;putrefaci79,259;
pyrol202; pyrorcarb-aci7i-93; pyr-tart-acS3. Quad'urigS; quini36. Racemizat
261; receptor86; rafinos3i ; reduc27i ; regen98; renin75; respi7,24,83,i02-28,calor
222,centrioi.quot69; rub'r279,8o-/-<?. Salivii6; salts56,63, 125-82-5; Schulze275;
secretös; Sec,Bioch-Pharm'l(8d)290,Diet-hyg,hyg-phys'l289; serumiio,258,prot
258; sexi72; sil-ac97; sod-carb77,NaCl240,NaOH48,Na-nit'prus273; sp-crdi69;
stachyos32; st'ch78; stomach56-9,io6-77,264,cont7i-<?-j-^; sucras,sucros3o; sugar
i47,s-free-fermi34-5; S161; surf-ten285; surv-org27i ; synth7o,i8o-5-9,25i. Tau-
tomch'ge26i ; temp2,io,33; thymusi78,nucl-ac224-8; thymoli62; thyroid97; tissue
93-4> 1 77. extr 13 ; toxic25 ; toxin8i ; toleranceSS; tranfusi ; tripepti48; trisac'ari43 ;
tryps33,i09-73-86,proteol245; tryptoph28; tumor283,celli04; typhusi95. Urea24o;
uric-ac68,i98,262 ; urin37,76,84,i30-4O-66-7-95,22i-52-62-83-7. Water83, 128,240;
■wheat-bran233. Xanthoproteic-reaci52. Yeasti34-5-S0,fermentaii3.
BIOCHEMICAL NEWS, NOTES AND COMMENT
Contents. I. General: Necrology, 307; in memoriam, 307; honors, 308; re-
tirements, resignations, declinations and appointments, 310; lectures, 312; endow-
ments, funds and buildings, 313; societies, associations, etc., 314; officers-elect of
biological organizations, 315 ; miscellaneous items, 316. II. Columbia University
Biochemical Association: i. General notes, 321; 2. Proceedings of the Associa-
tion, 322; 3. Columbia Biochemical Department, 324.
I. GENERAL
Necrology. David Axenfeld, professor of physiology at
Perugia. — Carl Bins, professor of pharmacology at Bonn. — Edzvard
Curtis, emeritus professor of materia medica and therapeutics at
Columbia University. — Elie de Cyon, some time professor of physi-
ology at the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, lately of Paris.
— Wilhelm Ebstein, professor of internal medicine at Göttingen. —
Humphrey O. Jones, proiQssor of chemistry at Cambridge. — Oszvald
Kohts, professor emeritus of diseases of children at Strassburg. —
Ewen Mcintyre, for many years president of the N, Y. College of
Pharmacy. — /. W. Mallett, professor emeritus of chemistry at the
University of Virginia. — Hermann Miink, professor emeritus of
physiology at the veterinary College in Berlin. — Clarence V. Murphy,
bacteriologist and medical chemist at the Mass. State Sanatorium,
Rutland. — Aime Pagnoul, formerly director of the Agricultural
Station at Pas-de-Calais. — Heinrich RittJmusen, professor emeritus
of agricultural chemistry at Königsberg. — Preston B. Rose, for-
merly assistant professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology,
and lecturer on renal diseases, at the University of Michigan. — O.
T. Williams, lecturer on pharmacology and demonstrator of bio-
chemistry at the University of Liverpool.
In memoriam. Lord Lister. The Lister memorials com-
prise a " Lister International Memorial Fund," f rom which will be
drawn from time to time a Lister international award for the most
notable contribution to surgery in any part of the world, and which
will also Support fellowships and studentships in surgical research;
a monument in London; a memorial tablet in Westminster Abbey;
307
3o8 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [Jan.
a monument in Glasgow; and the preservation of the ward in the
old building which is now being torn down to make way for a new
building of the Royal Infirmary. This ward will be arranged as it
was in Lister's time, furnished with contemporary articles and pro-
vided with exhibits showing the work that Lister did, and with
articles of a personal nature associated with the man in his work.
Contributions may be made to any of the memorials, and may be
sent to Dr. W. W. Keen, 1729 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.
Each contributor is asked to designate the particular memorial to
which he wishes his contribution to be applied (p. 189),
Paul C. Freer. The July issue of the Philippine Journal of
Science was a memorial to the late Dr. Paul C. Freer, director of
the Bureau of Science of the Philippine Islands, dean of the College
of Medicine and professor of chemistry at the University of the
Philippines, founder and editor of the Philippine Journal of Science
(p. 189).
Honors. Nobel prizes were presented by the King of Sweden
at a bancjuet in Stockholm, on December 10. Those to whom
awards had been made were present, including Dr. Alexis Carrel,
of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (p. 190). — The
Nobel prize for chemistry has been divided between Professors
Grignard, of Nancy, and Sabattier, of Toulouse. — Professor Sabat-
tier has given his portion of the Nobel prize in chemistry to the
building fund of the Toulouse Institute of Chemistry. — A reception
was given in honor of Dr. Alexis Carrel, at New York University,
on November 16, when President Taft, the French ambassador, and
others, delivered congratulatory addresses and Dr. Carrel responded.
Order of merit. Dr. Paul Ehrlich, of Frankfort, and Dr.
Emil Warburg, president of the "Reichsanstalt" at Charlottenberg,
have been made members of the Bavarian-Maximilian Order, which
is the highest Bavarian decoration for scientific Services.
Corresponding member. Prof. F. E. Lloyd, of McGill Uni-
versity, has been elected a corresponding member of the Centro de
Sciencias, Letras, e Artes, Campinas, S. Paulo, Brazil, in recogni-
tion of his work on the desert rubber plant, guayule.
Honorary member. At its meeting on December 3 the Acad-
1913] General 309
emy of Medicine, of Paris, elected Professor Delezenne of the
Pasteur Institute an honorary member of the section on anatomy
and physiology.
Anniversary celebrations. On October 22 Prof. A. Kossei,
of Heidelberg, celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of his pro-
fessorship. — The twenty-fifth anniversary of Prof. Charles Richefs
appointment to the chair of physiology in the Faculty of Medicine,
of Paris, was celebrated on December 22. Professor Chauveau
presided at the celebration and presented Dr. Riebet with a Fest-
schrift to which three score scholars had contributed from different
countries, among them being Pavloff, Kossei, Verworn, Sherring-
ton, Chauveau and Bouchard. After the presentation, addresses of
congratulation were made by Professors Landouzy, Dastre, Gley,
Langlois, and others.
CoMPLiMENTARY DINNERS. Dr. Jacques Loeb was the guest of
honor at the second annual dinner of the Columbia University Bio-
chemical Association, at the Chemists' Club, N. Y., Nov. 6 (p. 322).
— Prof. R. H. C hütenden will be the guest of his many pupils and
friends at a dinner at Delmonico's, N. Y., on March i.
AwARDs OF MEDALs. By the Royal Society: The Davy medal
to Prof. Otto Wallach, of Göttingen, for his researches on the chem-
istry of the essential oils and the cycloölefines; the Buchanan medal,
to Col. Wm. C. Gorgas, of the U. S. Army, chief sanitary officer of
the Panama Canal zone. — By the Prussian government: The gold
medal for science to Dr. Walther Nernst, professor of chemistry at
Berlin. — By the Swedish Medical Society: The Retsius medal to Dr.
J. N. Langley, professor of physiology at Cambridge, for his work
on the nervous System.
Prizes. The Gedge pri::e of Cambridge University has been
awarded to Mr. A. V. Hill, of Trinity College, for his essay on the
heat production of amphibian muscle and of cold-blooded animals.
— Prize for work on diabetes: The medical society of Carlsbad has
offered $1,000 for the best work or works on "Treatment of dia-
betes mellitus, with special reference to balneotherapy." Competi-
tion is open to physicians of all countries, and any language may
be used. All Communications should be addressed to the Vereini-
gung Karlsbäder Aertze, Carlsbad, Austria. The jury consists of
3IO Biochcmical News, Notes and Comment [Jan.
Professors von Jaksch of Prague, Lüthje of Kiel, Ortner of Vienna,
Schmidt of Innsbruck, and Dr. Ganz. Essays must be received by
Dec. 31, 1913.
Retirements, resignations, declinations, appointments. Re-
TiREMENTS : Dr. Frana Pf äff , professor of pharmacology and thera-
peutics, Harvard Medical School. — Captain R. W. Silvester, for
tvventy years president of Maryland Agricultural College. (He has
been made president emeritus and librarian of the Institution.) — Dr.
G. R. Kraus, professor of botany at Würzburg.
Declinations. Prof. 'Andrezv Boss, in charge of the depart-
ment of farm management of the department of agriculture, Uni-
versity of Minnesota, has declined an offer of the position of director
of the new government demonstration farms and trial gardens, at
Mandan, N. D. — Prof. E. M. Freem<in, chief of the division of
plant pathology and assistant dean and secretary of the faculty of
the College of agriculture, University of Minnesota, has declined an
offer of the position of chief pathologist of the Kew Botanical Gar-
dens. The position carries a salary of $4,700.
Appointments have lately been announced, as follows ■}
Alabama Polytechnic Institute: Dr. Joseph S. Caldwell (University
of Chicago), professor of botany.
Albany Medical College: Dr. Ralph E. Myers (Harvard Medical
School), instructor in pharmacology.
Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine (Townsville) : Dr, Young
(Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine), biochemist.
British army medical advisory board : Dr. Leonard Hill, civilian
physiologist.
Cambridge University: Dr. W. B. Hardy, university lecturer in
physiology.
Carnegie Institution, Nutrition Laboratory: Dr. Sergius Morgulis
(Sheldon fellow, Harvard University, 1911-12, recently investigator
in the laboratory of Professor Zuntz, Berlin), associate in animal
metabolism.
College of Physicians and Surgeons (Baltimore) : Dr. Bartgis
McGlone, associate in physiology and embryology.
Cornell College of Agriculture: Mr. M. J. Prucha, assistant pro-
fessor of plant physiology (promotion).
^ In this summary of appointments, institutions f rom which resignations
occurred are named in parenthesis. See also pages 321 and 324.
1913] General 3 ^ '
Georgetown University: Dr. L. W. Fetzer (U. S. Department of
Agriculture), associate professor of pathological chemistry.
Guy's Hospital Medical School: Dr. S. Martin Lowry, lecturer on
chemistry.
Harvard University: Dr. R. P. Strong (director of the Government
Biological Laboratory at Manila, professor of tropical medicine in the
Philippine Medical School), head of the newly established department
of tropical medicine.
Industrial: Dr. H. J. Wheeler (Agricultural Experiment Station,
Rhode Island State College), manager of the agricultural service
bureau of the American Agricultural Chemical Company (Boston and
New York). ■
Johns Hopkins Medical School : Dr. B. B. Turner, assistant in phar-
macology.
Maryland Agricultural College: Prof. T. H. Spence (vice-presi-
dent), acting president.
Montefiore Home (New York City) : Dr. H. D. Dakin, Consulting
chemist; Dr. Nelson W. Janney, chemist; Dr. Isaac Levin (Columbia
University), director of the department of Cancer research.
N. Y. College of Pharmacy : Dr. George C. Diekman, associate dean.
N. Y. University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College: Dr. A. O.
Gettler, associate professor of chemistry (promotion).
Oxford University: Dr. W. H. Perkin (University of Manchester),
Waynflete professor of organic chemistry.
Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station : Dr. Btirt L. Hart-
well (Rhode Island State College), director, vice Dr. H. J. Wheeler,
resigned.
St. Louis University: Dr. P. M. Carrington (U. S. Marine Hospital
Service), professor of hygiene.
Siam : Mr. W. B. Freeman, of Denver, director of the public System
of Irrigation and drainage.
State University of Kentucky: Dr. Joseph H. Kastle, director of
the Agricultural Experiment Station and dean of the College of
Agriculture.
U. S. Dep't of Agriculture: Dr. Carl L. Aisberg (Bureau of Plant
Industry), chief of the Bureau of Chemistry (pages 211 and 329). — Dr.
L. A. Clinton (Conn. Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs), direc-
tor of farm-management investigations for the North Atlantic states.
— Dr. W. D. Bigelow, member of the board of food and drug inspec-
tion, vice Dr. R. E. DooHttle, resigned.
312 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment ■ [Jan.
U. S. Bureau of Mines : Dr. Reid Hunt, member of the commission
on the Hygiene and danger conditions in mines.
University of California: Dr. /. IV. Gilmore (College of Hawaii),
head of the department of agronomy, College of Agriculture. — Dr.
H. J. Webher (Cornell College of Agriculture), director of the Citrus
Experiment Station and dean of the Graduate School of Tropica!
Agriculture.
University of Chicago: Appointments necessitated by the death of
Prof. Waldemar Koch^ — Dr. Fred C. Koch, instructor in physiological
chemistry; Dr. Shiro Tashiro, assistant in physiological chemistry;
Miss Mathilde Koch, research assistant in physiological chemistry;
Dr. G. L. Kite, assistant in pharmacology. (Associate professor S. A.
Matthews is conducting the course in pharmacology.)
University of Illinois: Dr. C. W. Allee (University of Chicago),
instructor in plant physiology.
University of Kansas : Dr. F. P. Chillengworth, assistant professor
of physiology. — Dr. C. A. Shull (University of Chicago), assistant pro-
fessor of plant physiology.
Yale University: Dr. F. P. Underhill, professor of pathological
chemistry in the Medical School.
Lectures. Middleton Goldsmith lectures of the N. Y.
Pathological Society. Dr. E. F. Bashford, director of the Im-
perial Cancer Research Fund of England, delivered two lectures on
"Cancer" at the N. Y. Academy of Medicine, on the evenings of
October 2 and 4.
Lectures by visiting members of the 15TH International
Congress on Hygiene and Demograph y (p. 129). Prof. Max
Riibner, Berlin: (N. Y. Academy of Medicine), Wesley M. Car-
penter lecture, Oct. 3, The life of a cell; Harvey lecture, Oct. 5,
Modern steam sterilization ; (N. Y. University and Bellevue Hos-
pital Medical College), Herter lectures (5), Energy problems in
nutrition, Oct. 7-1 1. — Prof. Carl von Noorden, Vienna: (N. Y.
Post-Graduate Medical School), lectures on New aspects of the
pathologic treatment of diabetes, and Diagnosis and treatment of
nephritis, October 29-31; (Johns Hopkins Hospital), The princi-
ples of treatment of diabetes mellitus, Nov. 2; (St. Louis Medical
Society), Treatment of acetonuria, Sept. 30. — Prof. Hermann
^Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, pp. Z72 and 522.
1913] General 3 1 3
Straiiss, Berlin: (N. Y. Post-Graduate Medical School), Gastric
secretion from the therapeutic point of view, Oct. 14, and The
method and purpose of dechlorination in nephritis, Oct. 15.
HuxLEY LECTURE. Dr. Simon Flexner delivered, at Charing
Gross Hospital Medical College, on October 31, a Huxley lecture on
Recent advances in science in relation to practical medicine.
MiscELLANEOUS ITEMS. Prof. M. T. Bogcrt, President of the
Society of Ghemical Industry, lectured before the McGill Chemical
Society, Montreal, Dec. 16, on The Classification of carbon Com-
pounds, and in the evening addressed the Montreal members of the
Society of Chemical Industry at a banquet at Coopers Limited. On
the following day he addressed the Toronto members of the society
at a banquet at the Engineers' Club, Toronto, on A closer Coopera-
tion between the universities and chemical Industries.
At McGill University the annual university lecture for the cur-
rent year was delivered, Oct. 8, by Prof. F. E. Lloyd, on The arti-
ficial ripening of bitter fruits.
Prof. /. /. R. MacLeod recently delivered, at the University of
London, eight lectures on Carbohydrate metabolism.
Endowments, funds and buildings. Funds and endow-
MENTS. The executors of the estate of George Crocker have filed
their final accounting with the courts which shows that Columbia
University has received from the estate $1,566,635 for the cancer
research fund (p. 194). — Mr. AustenChamberlain has received £48,-
000 tovvards the £100,000 which he is raising for the London School
of Tropical Medicine. — Mr. George F. Baker, president of the First
National Bank of New York, has given a large sum, reported to be
$2,000,000, to effect an alliance between the New York Hospital
and the Cornell University Medical College. — Dr. John C. Hem-
meter, University of Maryland, made, at the celebration of academic
day, November 12, a gift of $10,000 as a beginning on the endow-
ment of the chair for experimental physiology. — An annual fund
of $15,000, to Support research in medicine at the University of
Toronto, has been subscribed for five years by a few Citizens of
Toronto.
Buildings and equipment. The cornerstone of the new dis-
pensary building of the College of Medicine of Syracuse University
314 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [Jan.
was laid on December 14. — A bronze bust of Dr. E. W. Hilgard,
emeritus professor at the University of California, was recently
unveiled in the foyer of the new agricultural hall when the building
was dedicated. The occasion was also marked by the formal inves-
titure of Prof. Thomas F. Hunt as dean of the department of agri-
culture. — Mr. Andrew Carnegie has offered to the University of
Paris the last $20,000 necessary for equipping the new Institute of
Chemistry in course of erection in the Rue Pierre Curie.
Societies, associations, etc. American Association for the
Advancement of Science. A füll account of the proceedings has
been published in Science, issue of Jan. 10, p. 41.
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biol-
OGY. Proceedings are published in this volume, p. 271.
RusH Society. This society, established through the initiative
of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, was
organized November 21. Its objects are similar to those of the
Harvey Society (New York), namely, the diffusion, by lectures, of
knowledge conceming recent advances in the medical and the gen-
eral biological sciences, and public hygiene. The officers are : Richard
M. Pearce, president; Alfred Stengel, vice-president ; William Pep-
per, secretary-treasurer, and A. E. Taylor, A. C. Abbott and H. H.
Donaldson, councilors.
SiXTH International Congress for General and Medical
Electrology and Radiology. This congress, held in Prague
during the first week of November, was attended by 760 members.
About 130 papers were read. An interesting account of the pro-
ceedings was published in the Journal of the American Medical
Associatio7i, Dec. 14, p. 2169,
New Hospital Association. Delegates from twenty-nine
hospital dispensaries met recently at the N. Y. Academy of Medicine
and organized an association to be known as the Associated Out-
Patienf Clinics of the City of Nezu York. The association aims to
coördinate the work of existing dispensaries and out-patient clinics,
to eliminate unworthy applicants for treatment, and to promote
proper Standards of treatment, economy and efficiency in dispensary
management.
1913] General 3 1 5
New Orleans Academy of Science. The newly reorganized
New Orleans Academy of Science held its first regulär meeting on
November 12. As now organized it consists of sixteen sections
with a chairman for each section, among them Biology and Physiol-
ogy, Gustav Mann, chairman.
The N. Y. Gastro-Enterological Society was founded, De-
cember 3, largely through the efforts of Dr. G. R. Lockwood. The
object of the society, as the name implies, relates to the study and
discussion of gastro-intestinal diseases. At the meeting for Organ-
ization, Dr. Max Einhorn was elected president, Dr. G. R. Lock-
wood, vice President and Dr. Harold Barclay, secretary-treasurer,
for 19 12-13. The officers constitute the Council. The charter
members are Drs. Harold Barclay, George E. Brewer, H. S. Carter,
Max Einhorn, Ellsworth Eliot, Wm. J. Gies, W. Van V. Hayes,
Lucius W. Hotchkiss, Ludwig Käst, Edward Leaming, G. R. Lock-
wood, Wm. G. Lyle, Charles Peck, A. R. Stern. The society will
meet at the homes of members, on the second Mondays of January,
March, May and November. Harold Barclay, Secretary (68
West 56th Street, New York).
Officers-elect of biological organizations. American So-
ciety OF Biological Chemists (p. 275).
American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics (p. 279).
American Physiological Society (p. 271).
American Association for the Advancement of Science :
President, E. B. Wilson.
Society of American Bacteriologists : President, C.-E. A.
Winslow ; vice-president, Chas. E. Marshall ; secretary-treasurer, A.
Parker Hitchens; Council, W. J. MacNeal, L. F. Rettger, D. H.
Bergey, H. A. Harding; delegate to Council of American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, S. E. Prescott.
American Society of Naturalists : President, Ross G. Har-
rison ; vice-president, E. M. East ; secretary, B. M. Davis ; treasiirer,
J. Arthur Harris; additional members of the executive committee,
A. P. Mathews and A. L. Treadwell.
American Phytopathological Society: President, F. C.
3i6 Biochcmical News, Notes and Comment • [Jan.
Stewart; vicc-prcsident, Haven Metcalf ; secretary-treasurer, C. L,
Shear; coimcilor, W. J. Morse.
BoTANicAL Society of America: President, D. H. Campbell;
vice-president, M. A. Howe; treasiirer, Arthur Hollick; secretary,
George T. Moore; coiincilors, G. F. Atkinson, R. A. Harper and
William Trelease.
American Society of Zoologists : President, Henry B. Ward.
— Eastern Branch: President, Raymond Pearl; vice-president, Alex-
ander Petrimkevitch ; secretary-treasurer, Caswell Grave ; additional
memhers of the executive conimittee, C. E. McClung, R. G. Harri-
son (elected, 1910), and H. E. Jordan (elected, 191 1). — Central
Branch: The present officers continue until the next meeting of this
branch (Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, p. 494).
Society of Chemical Industry : President, Marston T. Bogert.
Miscellaneous items. Medallion of van't Hoff. The
Dutch sculptor, Pier Pander (Rome), has executed a bronze medal-
lion of van't Hoff. Any one desiringto purchase a copy of it should
address Prof. Ernst Cohen, van't Hoff Laboratorium, University,
Utrecht, Holland. If 100 copies are sold, the price will be 6.50
Marks (5.50 Marks if 200 copies are sold). The medallion has
been executed after a portrait relief in marble by Pier Pander.
Citrus Experiment Station. The University of California
has for several years maintained four separate sub-stations in south-
ern California. These will be united into an enlarged research Sta-
tion which will probably be located at Riverside. While this Station
will be designated the Citrus Experiment Station, after the domi-
nant industry of southem California, the work will relate to all
crops grown in that region. The coupling of the Graduate School
of Tropical Agriculture with the Station for Agricultural Research
will make it unique among our agricultural experiment stations.
Coroner's CONSULTANTS. Coroner Peter M. Hoffman, of Cook
County, 111., has named Drs. John H. Long, Walter S. Haines, Lud-
vig Hektoen and John A. Wesener, and Chief Justice Harry Olsen
of the Municipal Court, as his Consulting staff. With the aid of this
staff of Consultants, and the establishment of a chemical laboratory,
the coroner hopes to reduce the number of fatalities from poison-
1913] General 3 ' 7
ing which annually swell the list of deaths, registered as " suspici-
ous," that require investigätion by the coroner. The salary of the
chemist in charge of the laboratory will be $2,500 per annum; there
will be one assistant. Applications may be sent to the Coroner,
Room 500, County Building, Chicago, 111.
The Harriman Research Laboratory, which operates a
building on the grounds of Roosevelt Hospital (N. Y.), has been
incorporated. It was established in 1910 and is maintained by Mrs.
E. H. Harriman for the study of chemical problems connected with
disease.
International bureau of foodstuffs. Delegates from the
various governments represented at the international congress for
the investigätion of methods of analysis have established, in Paris,
a permanent international bureau of analyses of foodstuffs.
New JOURNAL of science. The Publishing house of Julius
Springer, Berlin, announces the publication, beginning January 3,
1913, of a new weekly Journal, Die Naturwissenschaften, which,
according to the announcement, " für den deutschen Wissenschafts-
betrieb ungefähr das leisten soll, was die 'Nature' für den englischen
und die 'Science' für den amerikanischen leisten." Each number
will contain about 24 pages; the subscription price is 24 Marks.
The Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau,, edited by Prof. W. Sklarek
and published by Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, which for twenty-
seven years has maintained high scientific Standards, will be merged
in the new Journal.
" Pawlow." I note with interest Professor Halsted's protest^
against the spelling of Lobachevski's name with a "w," a sort of
scientific Wellerism which Teutonic influence has foisted upon the
English language. Is it too much to hope that some day we may
find American physiologists referring to Pavloff instead of to Paw-
low, or is it true that in such mixed crosses, as the heredity experts
would say, German pedantry is prepotent over common sense? /.
F. Abbott (Science, 1912, xxxvi, p. 595).
Artificial milk produced from soya beans. An artificial
milk manufactured from soya beans, which is said to contain "all the
' Halsted : Science, 1912, xxxv, p. 736. \
3i8 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment ' [Jan.
Clements" of the best milk and can be used for the same purposes,
was recently shown to a gathering of scientists in London. The
artificial milk is said to be more digestible than ordinary milk and
its Cream more nourishing. It can be used for all cooking purposes
and good cheese can be made from it, but it will not yield butter.
As it is germ-free it will keep longer than milk. The discovery is
the work of three Germans who spent three years in perfecting it.
The process of manufacture is simple and always produces the same
result. The "milk" is not touched by band or exposed to atmos-
pheric influence until it is poured into bottles for delivery. The
"milk " can be sold at 6 cents a quart, which is 2 cents cheaper than
the cost of London milk, and the cheese at 6 cents a pound {Journ.
Amer. Med. Assn., 1912, lix, p. 1637).
BiocHEMisTRY IN ENGLAND. During the past year a move-
ment toward the Organization and closer social affiliation of those
biologists and chemists who are interested in the investigation of
Problems common to the two branches of science has resulted in the
formation of the Biochemical Club of England. . . . The move-
ment cannot fail to lead to meetings which will be stimulating and
füll of interest, if one may judge by the success which has attended
the similar Organization, the American Society of Biological Chem-
ists, since its Organization six years ago. Chemical points of view
are rapidly gaining a preeminent position in the biological and
medical sciences. The closer association and Cooperation of investi-
gators in medicine with scientists who are attacking allied problems
in other fields, such as agriculture, plant physiology and pathology,
microbiology in its industrial applications, etc., is certain to afford
advantages of mutual value. In the United States, compared with
Germany for example, there has always been less tendency for the
Student of chemistry in medicine to hold aloof from the biochemist
proper. Theconsideration of medical problems from a more strictly
biological point of view is a timely attitude, and the new English
Organization with its broad affiliations is a commendable one {Edi-
torial: Journ. Amer. Med. Assn., 1912, lix, p. 1803).
Inventor of GELATIN CAPSULES. It has bccu incorrcctly as-
sumed that the apothecary Gross von Figely, of Vienna, in 1865,
introduced gelatin as a vehicle for medicines. The Londoti Journal
1913] General 3 ^ 9
of Arts (August, 1848, page 42) contains an article which shows
that the real inventor of gelatin capsules was James Murdoch, of
London. In England he was granted a patent in May, 1848, enti-
tled "An invention for preserving medicines, etc., in solid, liquid,
or powdered form, protected from the air." The description fol-
lows. "The capsule consists of two parts, which fit together; one
part forms a case to receive the substance to be preserved, and the
other forms the cover, which fits tightly over the case; by simply
moistening the edges, the capsule can be closed airtight. The most
suitable form is a cylinder with hemispherical ends. They are made
as follows: "Polished metallic rods, of the form and size of the
case and cover, are dipped by pairs in a Solution of gelatin, which
is drawn off from the rods after drying. In order to facilitate the
loosening of the capsules, the rod may be slightly smeared with oil
or fat. Each rod must have an opening from end to end, to allow
the air to escape after dipping in the gelatin. In addition to animal
jellies, starch paste and other mucilaginous liquids can be used. For
medicinal substances Iceland moss is best." F. M. Feldhaus (Chem-
iker Zeitung, No. 74, 1912),
The prevention of senility. Dr. Metchnikoff recently ad-
dressed a letter to a leading Hungarian daily paper in which he pub-
lished the results of his latest investigations. His scientific discov-
eries, he says, have been so exaggerated in lay papers that he has
resolved henceforth to write direct to the public. After mentioning
his early theory that the length of lifeamonganimals variesinversely
with the length of the large intestine, and his later theory that sen-
ility is the consequence of the effects of toxins (chiefly phenols)
produced by the intestinal bacteria, Metchnikoff refers to experi-
ments in which he actually succeeded in producing, in apes, senile
degeneration by giving them for some time small doses of />-cresol.
These were the fundamental investigations which led to the Solution
of the question as to how the action of the intestinal bacteria might
be checked or diminished. The lactic acid bacillus has proved to
be the best for this purpose. An obstacle to the work of the lactic
acid bacilli has been their need of sugar, which does not reach the
rectum in a usable form. Dr. Metchnikoff and Dr. Wollman, his
pupil, have overcome this difficulty by cultivating bacteria that pro-
320 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment ■ [Jan.
duce sugar from starch. It is now possible to supply a diet capable
of supporting the bacillus that limits the action of the intestinal
flora. Of course, concludes Metchnikoff, the struggle against senility
is not concluded. Whether these discoveries will actually tend
toward the lengthening of human life is a question of the future,
but it cannot be denied that a beginning has been made, and we have
reason to hope that from these investigations mankind may derive
practical benefit (Journ. Amer. Med. Assn., 1912, lix, p. 815).
Electrons. Abstract of an address before the American Philo-
sophical Society at Philadelphia, Nov. i, by Sir William Ramsay.
The actual existence of electrons in motion has been conclusively
demonstrated ; the mass of an electron is not far from one iSßoth of
that of an atom of hydrogen; and as the mass of an atom of hydro-
gen is now known with fair accuracy, that of an electron is nearly
0.8X10'^'^ gram. Electrons in motion are negative electricity;
they constitute a form of matter, which, at present, has more claim
to the term "elementary" than have most of the " Clements." In-
deed, metals must be regarded as Compound substances, of which
one component consists of one or more electrons; these electrons
are, as a rule, not very firmly attached, as is evident from the gener-
ally easy oxidation of most metals. Non-metals are also composed
partly of electrons, not so easily detached. The " combination of
Clements with each other" consists in the shifting of one or more
electrons from the more metallic to the less metallic dement; no
doubt it will some day be possible to give " structural formulae " to
the Clements, showing the relationship in position, or in directed mo-
tion, between the true Clements and their attached electrons. The
word " electricity" has a dual meaning; it may mean first, an assem-
bly of electrons, stationary or in motion; or second, waves in the
ether, produced by the stopping or starting of electrons in motion.
The motion of electrons constitutes one factor of electrical en-
ergy; wave-motion in the ether can be used as a means of gene-
erating electrical energy, by employing the waves in making elec-
trons move. Progress in man's command of natural forces has
been made by learning how to direct and control the motion of
masses — in other words, by acquiring a knowledge of mechanics;
progress in the future will consist in acquiring the power to control
1913] Columbia Biochemical Association 321
and direct the motions o£ electrons. This has already been largely
achieved by electric contrivances : it is, however, only by the use of
concrete ideas regarding the "material" used, viz., electricity, that
the progress of invention and discovery can be hastened {Science,
191 2, xxxvi, p. 684).
IL COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
I. General notes
Marriages. On October 2, Miss Rowena Farmer and Dr.
Oscar M. Schloss. — On October 15, Miss Ethel P. Willcox and Dr.
Harold E. Woodward.
Appointments. Columbia University : Dr. Russell L. Cecil,
Proudfit fellow in medicine; Dr. Wm. H. Woglom, assistant pro-
fessor engaged in cancer research (page 201). — Cornell University
Medical College : Dr. Stanley R. Benedict, professor of chemistry
(promotion). — Johns Hopkins Medical School: Dr. Edwards A.
Park (Columbia University), assistant professor of pediatrics. —
Massachusetts Agricultural College: Dr. H. D. Goodale (Carnegie
Institution, Station for Experimental Evolution), research biologist.
department of poultry husbandry. — Turck Research Laboratory
(New York) : Dr. Anton R. Rose (Columbia University), chemist.
— University of Texas (Austin) : Mary E. Gearing (Public
Schools, Houston, Tex.), professor of domestic science; Anna E.
Richardson (Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Ga.), assistant pro-
fessor of domestic science. — U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Bureau of Chemistry: Carl L. Aisberg, chief chemist (p. 211) ; H.
E. Buchbinder, assistant chemist. (P. 324.)
New members and ofEcers-elect of societies. American So-
ciety of Biological Chemists : Members, Louis Baumann, Samuel
Bookman, Ernest D. Clark, Isidor Greenwald, Alfred P. Lothrop;
Nominating Committee, Carl L. Aisberg, P. B. Hawk and Alfred
N. Richards; Lipoid nomenclature committee, Wm. J. Gies; Com-
mittee on the Organization of a federation of biological societies,
Wm. J. Gies (p. 277) . — American Society of Naturalists : E. Newton
Harvey. — American Society of Zoologists : E. Newton Harvey. —
Phi Lambda Upsilon: National president, A. D. Emmett; national
secretary, H. L. Fisher; registrar, George D. Beal. — Society for
322 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment . [Jan.
Clinical Serology and Hematology (New York) : Secretary, D. J.
Kaliski. — Nu Sigma Nu Alumni Association (New York) : Execu-
tive Committee, Wm. K. Terriberry; Nominating Committee, Ralph
G. Stillman.
2. Proceedings of the Association
Second annual dinner. The second annual dinner of the As-
sociation (and the first meeting of the Association for the academic
year I9i2-'i3) was held at the Chemists' Club, 52 East 4ist Street,
on Wednesday evening, November 6.^ About 125 members and
their guests were present, the attendance being so large, in fact, that
the main dining room of the Club was filled to capacity and it was
necessary to use a room on the floor above for the accommodation
of about 20 members.
The dinner was given in honor of Dr. Jacques Loeb, of the
Rockefeiler Institute for Medical Research. AdeHghtfulhalf hour's
infomial social gathering preceded the banquet. The president, Dr.
Walter H. Eddy, was the toastmaster and appropriately introduced
the Speakers of the evening. Prof. Lafayette B. Mendel, of Yale
University, spoke briefly on the characteristics of scientific men.
Prof. Marston T. Bogert, of Columbia University, President of the
Society of Chemical Industry, brought to the Association, and its
guest of honor, the greetings of that Society. Profs. C.-E. A. Wins-
low, of the College of the City of New York, and Graham Lusk,
of the Cornell University Medical College, also spoke informally
and in a very entertaining way. The main address was delivered
by Dr. Loeb, who gave a very interesting and instructive account of
the results of some of his recent work on the permeability of cells.
Prof. Max Morse, of Trinity College, proposed that Dr. Loeb
be elected an honorary member of the Association. The motion was
seconded by Dr. E. Newton Harvey, of Princeton University, and
unanimously carried by a rising vote.
The names of those present and the groupings at the tables are
indicated on pages 323 and 324.
* An account of the first annual dinner, in honor of Prof. R. H. Chittenden,
was published in the Biochemical Bulletin, 191 i, i, pp. 334-339.
I9I3]
Columbia Biochemical Association
323
*Charles Baskerville
*Marston T. Bogert
Walter H. Eddy
*Jacques Loeb
*Graham Lusk
*S. J. Meltzer
*Lafayette B. Mendel
*C-E. A. Winslow
Ella Hazel Clark
Helen Gavin
*Marie L. Minor
Helen G. Russell
Emily C. Seaman
Mary B. Stark
Helen S. Watt
*Mary D. Womack
J. J. Bronfenbrenner
tJ. G. M. Bullowa
A. J. Goldfarb
Benjamin Horowitz
Louis Hussakof
fMax Kahn
fWilliam Weinberger
Charles Weisman
*Ch'lotte G. Bultman
Mary C. de Garmo
*tMary B. Kirkbride
Jessie A. Moore
*Fairfax T. Proudfit
*Mird D. Schlesinger
Tula Lake Harkey
*Israel S. Kleiner
Alfred P. Lothrop
Anton R, Rose
*Mary D. S. Rose
* Guest.
* James Ewing
*Cyrus W. Field
Nellis B. Foster
F. G. Goodridge
*P. A. Levene
♦William H. Park
*E. E. Smith
fAlexander Smith
*Karl Vogel
*John Auer
C. Stuart Gager
*Walter A. Jacobs
*F. H. McCrudden
H. O. Mosenthal
*Edgar W. Olive
*D. D. Van Slyke
*Jerome Alexander
*tJ. P- Atkinson
*Edwin J. Banzhaf
Charles F. Bolduan
fWm. B. Boyd
fF. T. Van Beuren
Harry Wessler
tH. B. Wilcox
B. C. Gruenberg
Max Morse
Raymond C. Osburn
*Louisa Bruckman
*Harriet C. Jacobson
Marguerite T. Lee
Helen McClure
Arthur Knudson
♦fAlbert Plaut
Edward Plaut
*Eugene Unna
*E. H. Bartley
♦Walter A. Bastedo
*tS. P. Beebe
♦Charles A. Doremus
♦Henry C. Sherman
Matthew Steel
♦Frederick H. Sykes
♦H. T. Vulte
Ula M. Dow
Ada M. Field
Ruth S. Finch
♦Edith C. Keefer
♦Ethel MacMillan
♦Alice E. Skinner
♦Wilhelmina Spohr
Helen B. Thompson
♦Ronald M. Ferry
T. Stuart Hart
Paul E. Howe
♦Ewing H. Rand
Anna M. Connelly
♦Mathilda L. Mayer
Elizabeth Rothermel
Ethel W. Wickwire
Harvey B. Clough
Samuel Gitlow
Fred W. Hartwell
C. A. Mathewson
Donald Gordon
John L. Kantor
Daniel R. Lucas
Ralph G. Stillman
t Detained or obliged to leave before the conclusion of the dinner.
324
Biochcmical Ncivs, Notes and Comment'
[Jan.
*Orabel Chilton
♦Helen Ide Gray
Alice H. McKinney
*Bessie G. Pond
S. R. Benedict
R. A. Cooke
*M. S. Fine
*V. C. Myers
*tM. I. Falk
*R. G. Reese
fWm. W. Tracey
G. W. Vandegrift
Will H. Chapman
*Fred'k H. Morrison
*Harold E. Smith
Ernst Boas
Ernest D. Clark
Harry L. Fisher
Ross A. Gortner
Isidor Greenwald
E. Newton Harvey
Michael Heidelberger
*John J. Kenny
J. Buren Sidbury
Louis E. Wise
William J. Gies
Joseph S. Hepburn
Walter F. Hume
Walter M. Kraus
S. Kubushiro
E. G. Miller, Jr.
P. W. Punnett
*T. B. Reed
Grover Tracy
Proceedings of the eighth scientific meeting. The second
meeting of the Association for the academic year 1912-13 was held
at the Columbia Medical School, on Friday, Dec. 6, at 4.15 p. m.,
instead of the regulär weekly departmental seminar. At Dr. Gies'
Suggestion the Association began, with this meeting, a series of
quarterly sessions for the presentation of the results of research
by its members. As presiding officer at the seminars, Dr. Gies out-
lined the plan and purpose of these scientific sessions and formally
turned over the meeting to the Association. President Eddy then
took the chair. The scientific program and abstracts of the papers
are given on page 284.
The remaining meetings of this series, for the year I9i2-'i3,
will be held on February 7, April 4 and June 2. Abstracts of the
Communications will be published in the succeeding issues of the
BiocHEMicAL Bulletin,
Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary.
3. Columbia Biochemical Department
Resignations and appointments. Stapf. The following
further changes in the stafT, for the year I9i2-'i3, \vere officially
authorized during the quarter ending Dec. 31 : Dr. Jacob Rosen-
hloom, associate, resigned to accept the assistant professorship of
* Guest.
t Detained or obliged to leave before the conclusion of the dinner.
1913] Columbia Biochemical Association 325
biochemistry at the University of Pittsburgh. — Dr. Herman O.
Mosenthal, instructor, appointed associate, vice Dr. Rosenbloom re-
signed. — Dr. Max Kahn appointed instructor, vice Dr. Mosenthal
promoted. — Dr. Clayton S. Smith, instructor, resigned to accept an
assistantship in pharmacology in the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington. — Dr. Louis E. Wise ap-
pointed instructor, vice Dr. Smith resigned (page 203).
The retirement of Drs. Rosenbloom and Smith from the depart-
ment as noted above, after active and very successful terms of Serv-
ice, occasioned deep regret among their associates at Columbia,
whose hearty good wishes attend them in their new fields of use-
fulness. ( See bibliography, below. )
Students. Arbuckle Sugar Co. (Brooklyn) : Abraham Gross,
research chemist. — Harriman Research Laboratory (Roosevelt Hos-
pital, N. Y.) : Marston L. Hamlin, research assistant. — Industrial
School (New Bedford, Mass.) : Constanze C. Hart (Teachers Col-
lege), assistant. — State Normal School (Truro, N. S.) : Blanche R.
Harris (Teachers College), assistant. — Texas (North) State Nor-
mal School: Blanche E. Shuffer (Teachers College), professor of
home economics. — N. Y. University and Bellevue Hospital Medical
College: Percy W. Punnett, assistant in chemistry. — ^University of
Kentucky: Mary E. Sweeny, head of extension department. — Uni-
versity of Porto Rico; L. A. Robinson, professor of psychology. —
Washington State College (Pullman) : Louise McDanell, instructor
in domestic science. — West High School (Rochester, N. Y.) : David
F. Renshaw, instructor in chemistry.
Dr. Rosenbloom's career. Jacob Rosenbloom was born in
Braddock, Pa., on Feb. 25, 1884. His early education was received
in the public schools and high school of North Braddock, Pa. At
the end of a four-year course at the University of Pittsburgh he
received the degree of B.S. in chemistry, in 1905. From 1905 to
1909 he was a Student here at the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, receiving the degrees of M.D. and Ph.D. in 1909. His ma-
jor subject for the Ph.D. degree was biological chemistry, with
Professor Gies.
Dr. Rosenbloom was assistant in this department for the year
1909-19 10; associate (also assistant pathologist to the German
326 BiocJicmical News, Notes and Commcnt [Jan.
Hospital, N. Y.), during 1910-12. The summer of 1912 was spent
at Johns Hopkins University in clinical medicine. Last October he
received and accepted appointment as assistant professor of bio-
chemistry in the University of Pittsburgh.
Dr. Rosenbloom is a Fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, a member of the American Society of Bio-
logical Chemists, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,
American Chemical Society, Chemists' Club of New York, Sigma
Xi, International Psychoanalytic Association, and the Society for
Biological Research of the University of Pittsburgh. He married,
in June, 191 1, Miss Merla Cohen of Baltimore, Md.
Dr. Rosenbloom's publications. 1905. A colorimetric method
for the determination of tungsten; Thesis for the degree of B.S., Univ.
of Pittsburgh.
1907. Some azolitmin Compounds of mucoids, nucleoproteins and
other proteins, with exhibition of products (with Wm. J. Gies) ;
Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chem., i, p. 48; Jour. Biol. Chem., iii, p. xxxix.
1909. A contribution to the study of the nature and origin of the
Bence Jones protein, with bibliography ; Dissertation, Columbia Uni-
versity. Pp. 64.
19 IG. On the effects and fate of injected connective tissue mucoid
(with Wm. J. Gies) ; Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chem., i, p. 271 ; Jour.
Biol. Chem., vii, p. Iviii. — Is the Bence Jones protein produced from
osseoalbumoid ? ; Ibid., p. 227 and p. xiv. — A study of the duodenal
Contents in man (with M. Einhorn) ; Arch. Internal Med., vi, p. 666;
Int. Beitr. z. Path. 11. Ther. d. Ernähr. Stoffw. u. Verd'krank., ii, p.
184.
191 1. A histological and chemical study of the fatty matter of
normal and cryptorchid testes (with F. M. Hanes) ; Jour. Exp. Med.,
xiii, p. 355. — A study of the nitrogen metabolism in three cases of
duodenal alimentation (with M. Einhorn) ; Amer. Jour. Med. Sei.,
cxlii, p. 7 ; Int. Beitr. z. Path. u. Ther. d. Ernähr. Stoffw. u. Verd'krank.,
iii, p. 5. — ^A new process for the purification of lipins, with demon-
strations (with Wm. J. Gies) ; Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chem., ii, p. 8;
Jour. Biol. Chem., ix, p. xiv. — A demonstration of the osmotic pressure
exerted by fat (with Wm. J. Gies) ; Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med.,
viii, p. 71. — The effects of intraperitoneal injections of epinephrin on
the partition of nitrogen in the urine of dogs (with W. Weinberger) ;
Ibid., p. 131. — Experiments on the diffusibility of cholesterol esters and
1913] Columbia Biochemical Association 327
of lecithan Compounds (with E. Boas) ; Ibid., p. 132. — The importance
of the colloidal nitrogen in the urine in the diagnosis of Cancer (with
M. Einhorn and M. Kahn) ; Anier. Jour. of Gastro-Enter., i, p. 12;
Arch. f. Verdauungskrank., xvii, p. 557. — On the lipins of the heart
muscle of the ox; Science, xxxiv, p. 221 ; Biochem, Bull., i, p. 114. —
The effect of pregnancy on the Upins of the ovary and corpus luteum
of the cow; Ibid., p. 222 and p. 115. — ^A proposed chemical Classifica-
tion of lipins, with a note on the intimate relation between cholesterols
and bile salts (with Wm. J. Gies) ; Ibid., p. 51. — Intracellular lipins;
Ibid., p. 75. — A review of the history of Bence Jones protein and mul-
tiple myeloma; Ibid., p. 161. — The older theories of edema; Ibid..
P- 275-
1912. Osseoalbumoid as a possible precursor of Bence Jones pro-
tein; Arch. Internal Med., ix, p. 236. — Spontaneously precipitated
Bence Jones protein in urine; Ibid., p. 255. — The glycyltryptophan
and tryptophan tests for Cancer of the stomach (with C. H. San-
ford) ; Ibid., p. 445. — A note on the distribution of chlorate in a woman
fatally poisoned by potassium chlorate; Biochem. Bull., i, p. 483. —
A study of the diffusibility of lipins from ether through rubber mem-
branes into ether ; Ibid., ii, p. 64. — The colloidal nitrogen in urine from
a dog with a tumor of the breast (with M. Kahn) ; Ibid., p. 87. — Effects
of intraperitoneal injections of epinephrin on the partition of nitrogen
in urine from a dog (with W. Weinberger) ; Ibid., p. 123. — A quanti-
tative study of the lipins of bile obtained from a patient with a biliary
fistula; Ibid., p. 182. — A disturbing factor in Lieben's and in Gunning's
test for acetone in urine ; Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., lix, p. 445. — A report
of some new chemical analyses of urinary calculi, with indications for
treatment (with M. Kahn) ; Ibid., lix, p. 2252. — The diffusion of iodo-
eosin from ether through rubber into ether ; Proc. See. Exp. Biol. and
Med., X, p. 48.
[Dr. Rosenbloom's papers in this issiie (pp. 22g, 2^^, 2^6, and 2<)Q)
were submitted for publication in December 1912.]
Awards of degrees at Columbia. -Mr. Anton R. Rose re-
cently passed a public examination for the Ph.D. degree, thus com-
pleting the requirements for that degree in biological chemistry.
His dissertation is entitled Biochemical studies of phyto-phosphates.
— Miss Clara W. Hasslock and D. F. Renshaw completed on Oct. 10
the requirements for the degree of A.M.
Miscellaneous items. Professor Gies delivered a lecture in
328 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [Jaa
the autumn series at the New York Botanical Garden, October 26,
on The chemical production of albuminous substances in plants.
On October 7 he addressed the Section on Research of the First
District Dental Society of the State of New York, at the Academy
of Medicine, on Recent developments in the study of dental caries.
Dr. Lothrop followed with a paper on the work he has been doing
in this connection on salivary mucin.^ — Professor Gies was one of
the Organizers of the New York Gastro-Enterological Society
(P- 315)- He is Secretary of a Committee of Twenty-five, of Prof.
R. H. Chittenden's pupils, in charge of a dinner to be given at Del-
monico's on March i in honor of Professor Chittenden, and of a
fund to be given to Yale in the name of Professor Chittenden.
•Gies: Journal of the Allied (Dental) Societies, 1912, vii, pp. 397 and 478;
Lothrop : Ibid., p. 410.
EDITORIALS
A year's experience in the conduct of the Biochemical Bulle-
tin has induced us to change our plan of quarterly issue. The
manuscript of future numbers will be sent to the printer on the first
New plan of ^^Y ^^ ^^^^^ natural quarter; the months of issue
quarterly issue of will be January, April, July and October; and
the Bulletin ^^g contents of each issue will pertain to the quar-
ter preceding the month of issue. Volume II will close with the
July number.
We congratulate President Taft and the country on the appoint-
ment of Dr. Carl L. Aisberg, in succession to Dr. Harvey W. Wiley,
as Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry. Dr. Alsberg's training in
chemistry, in general biology and in medicine has
been unusually broad and deep. His chemical
knowledge, his sanitary comprehension, his scientific wisdom, and
his zeal as an investigator, have had exceptional fruitage through-
out his entire professional career. Admired as a gentleman by all
who know him and respected by his colleagues everywhere as a sci-
entist of eminent capacity, Dr. Aisberg is also universally esteemed
for his habitual fidelity to duty, his moral integrity and his high
professional purpose. We look forward with great confidence to
a career for Dr. Aisberg which will be distinguished by a patriotism,
a zeal in public Service, a personal courage, a common sense, a sci-
entific exactness, an aggressiveness in the detection of violations of
law, an executive capacity, that will be the delight of all his biochem-
ical colleagues and the pride of his countrymen — and in this faith
we tender him our felicitation and support.
As we are about to close this issue of the Bulletin, we learn
that the following testimonial (as proposed by Prof. Graham Lusk),
which was sent a few days ago (Jan. 21) to about 275 of Dr.
Alsberg's fellow workers in the American Physiological Society and
329
330 Biological Che mists in Hospitals [Jan.
the American Society of Biological Chemists, has already been
signed by nearly all of them :
To Dr. Carl L. Aisberg: We who, like yourself, are active workers
in the field of experimental biological science, congratulate the country
and yourself on your appointment as Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry
in the Department of Agriculture. We wish to express our confidence
in your ability and integrity. We desire for you a successful admin-
istration which shall promote the public welfare, shall jealously guard
the public health, and shall uphold the dignity of the science which
you represent.
We are greatly indebted to Dr. Adler for the biographical and
bibliographical facts, pertaining to Dr. Aisberg, on pages 211-216
of this issue.
During the past winter a number of cases of stock poisoning
due, apparently, to the feeding of spoiled or moldy silage, were
brought to our attention. At that time we were unable to give the
Stock poisoning niatter due consideration. During the present
due to spoiled si- winter, however, we shall be in a position to make
läge. Help! some preliminary studies to ascertain the cause
of toxicity in silage. Our work would be greatly facilitated if
those readers of the Biochemical Bulletin who know of such
cases of stock poisoning would bring this matter to the attention of
the owners so that samples of the silage might be forwarded to the
Chemical Section of the Iowa State College. The samples should
be accompanied by füll particulars regarding the apparent cause of
spoilage and the Symptoms exhibited by the animals to which the
silage was fed. Arthur W. Dox.
Until recently the pathological work in our larger hospitals has
been done by attending physicians. The growth of this special field,
however, has made it impossible for any one to keep abreast with
Demand for bio- ^^ ^"^ ^^ anything eise. The progress of medical
logical chemists in science constantly tends toward what is most re-
the hospitals fined and subtle. As the microscope revealed
new fields of research, so chemistry has opened previously unim-
1913] Editoriais 33 '
agined paths for investigation. The directors of Hospitals are alive
to this fact, as is shown by the increasing demand for biological
chemists to cooperate with pathologists in the investigation of dis-
ease. Up to now relatively few men have been adequately trained
to be hospital chemists. What is required of them, and what will
be demanded of them more and more, is not the making of routine
analyses at the Suggestion of some attending physician, who in all
probability has but a vague idea of what he wants; but rather that,
unguided, they shall be able to discern in any disease process a defi-
nite problem for investigation, and shall be competent to establish
the conditions and conduct the details of suitable experimental re-
search thereon. In order to do this with any degree of success, a
hospital chemist must, in addition to his knowledge of biological
chemistry, have a fairly good understanding of general pathology
and bacteriology. It is not necessary that he be a physician, since
technical familiarity with the clinical aspects of disease will not be
reqnired of him.
In the next decade, if not sooner, there will be a great demand
for this type of highly trained biological chemist. The beginning
of this demand is seen now in the growing number of biological
chemists attached to the main hospitals of our larger cities. These
chemists are on the same footing with the pathologists and the bac-
teriologists. Although at present their remuneration is not what it
should be, this will be remedied as soon as their value to hospitals
is clearly shown. This field of work should be particularly attrac-
tive to those who do not care for an academic career but who are
devoted to biochemical research and averse to commercial chemistry.
In the fall of 191 1, when it was seriously proposed to merge the
American Society of Biological Chemists into the American Physio-
logical Society, we were among the many who objected to the plan
Federation of °^ ^^^ ground that such a merger would be detri-
American Societies mental to biological chemistry as a science and
for Experimental as a profession — sufficient reason for dissenters,
10 ogy ^^^^ •£ ^ mej-ger were ordered, to maintain the
existence of an independent American Biochemical Society.^ In
^Editorial: Biochemical Bulletin, 1911, i, p. 364.
332 Electrons [Jan.
presenting these objections informally to our colleagues \ve empha-
sized, however, the desirability of more intimate affiliation between
the leading biological societies, in harmony zvith the policy of the
American Society of Biological Chemists front its estahlishment,
and suggested the Organization of a " federation" of independent
societies for the attainment of that purpose and other mutually
advantageous objects. There was much discussion but no decision.
The Organization of the Biochemical Society of England, mean-
while, with all that its existence implies,^ gave added weight to the
objections that were raised against the assimilation of the Amer-
ican Society of Biological Chemists by the American Physiological
Society.
During the past year the " federation " idea has won its way into
unanimous acceptance, as is indicated by the account in this issue of
the Organization of the Federation of American Societies for Ex-
perimental Biology (page 269). The Federation is, in effect, an
embryonic American Biological Society, the independent societies
being its working divisions. The plan of federation has not weak-
ened the independence or impaired the autonomy of any of the con-
stituent societies.
We heartily commend to the attention of all our readers the
Mathews plan for the Organization of the American Biological So-
ciety, which is published in füll in this issue (page 261 ). We believe
that the logical development of the Federation would secure all the
many desirable results at which Professor Mathews' excellent and
far-reaching plan is aimed, including the establishment and success-
ful conduct of a Biological Abstract Journal. We hope to present
the views of some of our colleagues on this and related subjects in
our July issue.
The knowledge of nature as it is — not as we imagine it to be —
constitutes true science. — Paracelsus.
„ Liability to error is the price we pay for forward
Electrons -^ o- , • i.
movement. — o idgwick.
The secret of all who make discoveries is to look upon nothing
as impossible. — von Liehig.
^Halliburton: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, p. 484; ii, p. 128; 1913, ii (this
issue), p. 318.
BOOKS RECEIVED
The BiocHEMicAL Bulletin will promptly acknowledge, under this heading,
the receipt of all publications that may be presented to it. From time to time,
selections will be made for review on pages of the volume to be appropriately
indicated here. Reviews will be matter-of-fact Statements of the nature and
Contents of the publications under consideration, and will be intended solely to
guide possible ptirchasers. The wishes or expectations of publishers or donors
of volumes will be disregarded, when they are incompatible with our convictions
regarding the interests of our colleagues. The sises of the printed pages are
indicated, in inches, in the appended notices.
Glycosuria and allied conditions. By P. J. Cainmidge. Pp. 467 — 4 X 6.;4 ;
$4.50 net. Longmans, Green & Co.. New York; Edward Arnold, London, 1913.
The chemical Constitution of the proteins: Part II, Synthesis, etc. 26. ed.
(One of the Monographs on Biochemistry.) By R. H. A. Plimmer, Univ. reader
and ass't prof. of physiological ehem., University Coli., London. Pp. 107 — 4^ X
7l/i ; $1.20 net. Longmans, Green & Co., 1913.
Microscopy and the microscopical examination of drugs. By Chas. E.
Gabel, microscopical food and drug analyst, Iowa State Dairy and Food Commis-
sion. Pp. 116 — 4X6H', $1.00. Kenyon Co., Des Moines, la., 1911.
Collected papers: Laboratory of physiological chemistry, Sheffield Sci-
entific School, Yale University. 1911-1912. (35 reprints.)
Medical and surgical report of Bellevue and Allied Hospitals in the City
of New York. By Van Home Norrie, John A. Hartwell, A. Alexander Smith
and Charles E. Nammack. Vol. iv, 1909-1910. (55 reprints.)
Report of the laboratories of the University of BufFalo, medical depart-
ment; including the third Harrington lecture (Hektoen). No. 4. 1912. (8
reprints.)
Contributions from the physiological laboratory of the Medico-Chirurgi-
cal College, Phila. By Isaac Ott and John C. Scott. Part xix of Ott's con-
tributions to physiology, 1912. (13 reprints.)
Report of the Pellagra Commission of the State of Illinois. Pp. 250 — 4]4
X 7. Nov., 1911.
Practical physiological chemistry. A book designed for use in courses in
practical physiological chemistry in schools of medicinc and of science. By
Philip B. Hawk, professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology in the
JeflFerson Medical College of Philadelphia. Fourth edition, revised and en-
larged. Pp. 475—45^X8; $2.50 net. P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., Philadelphia,
1912.
The protein dement in nutrition. (One of the International Medical Mono-
graphs.) By Major D. McCay, professor of physiology, Medical College, Cal-
cutta. Pp. 216 — 4X7. with 8 füll page portraits of human subjects; $2.00 net.
Longmans, Green and Co., New York; Edward Arnold, London, 1912.
Oxidations and reductions in the animal body. (One of the Monographs
on Biochemistry.) By H. D. Dakin, The Herter Laboratory, New York. Pp.
135 — 4)/^X8; $1.40 net. Longmans, Green and Co., 1912.
Researches on cellulose. III (1905-1910). By C. F. Gross and E. J. Bevan.
Pp- U3 — 3/^X6; $2.50 net. Longmans, Green and Co., 1912.
An introduction to the study of the protozoa, with special reference to
the parasitic forms. By E. A. Minchin. professor of protozoology in the Univer-
sity of London. Pp. Si/— 4X7l^; $600 net. Longmans, Green and Co., New
York; Edward Arnold, London, 1912.
OFFICERS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1912-1913*
OFFICIAL REGISTER, DEC. 31, 1912
William J. Gies: Professor and Chairman of the Stoff; Consulting chemisl,
New York Botanical Garden; Pathological chemist, Bellevue Hospital; Mem-
bcr of the Faculties of N. Y. Teachers College and N. Y. College of
Pharmacy. [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1893 and M.S., 1896; Ph.B., Yale
University, 1894 and Ph.D., 1897. Instructor, i898-'o2; adjunct professor,
1902-05; Professor, 1905-.]
Paul E. Howe: Assistant Professor. [B.S., University of Illinois, 1906; A.M.,
1907 and Ph.D., 1910. Assistant professor, 1912-.]
Nellis B. Foster: Associate; Associate Physician, New York Hospital ; Chemist,
St. Luke's Hospital. [B.S., Amherst College, 1898; M.D., Johns Hopkins
University, 1902. Instructor, i9o6-'o8; associate, 1908-.]
Walter H. Eddy : Associate and Secretary of the Staff. [B.S., Amherst Col-
lege, 1898; A.M., Columbia, 1908 and Ph.D., 1909. Assistant, i9o8-'io;
associate, 1910-.]
Alfred P. Lothrop: Associate and Departmental Registrar. [A.B., Oberlin,
1906 and A.M., 1907 ; Ph.D., Columbia, 1909. Assistant, i9o8-'o9 ; instructor,
i909-'i2; associate, 1912-.]
Herman O. Mosenthal : Associate; Assistant Attending Physician, Presbyterian
Hospital; Assistant Physician, Vanderbilt Clinic; Instructor in medicine.
[A.B., Columbia, 1899 and M.D., 1903. Assistant, i9o8-'09 ; instructor, i909-'i2 ;
associate, 1912-.]
Emily C. Seaman: Instructor. [B.S., Adelphi College, 1899; A.M., Columbia,
1905 and Ph.D., 1912. Tutor, i90(>-'io; instructor, 1910-.]
Max Kahn: Instructor. Director of the chemical and physiological laboratories
of Beth Israel Hospital. [M.D., Cornell University Medical College, 1910;
A.M., Columbia, 191 1 and Ph.D.. 1912. Instructor, 1912-.]
Louis E. Wise: Instructor. [A.B., Columbia, 1907 and Ph.D., 191 1. Instructor,
1912-.]
Edgar G. Miller, Jr. : Assistant, 1911-. [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1911.]
Frederic G. Goodridge: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Harvard University, 1897;
M.D., Columbia, 1901.]
Arthur Knudson: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., University of Missouri, 1912.]
Ethel Wickwire: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Tri-State College, 1909.]
Tula L. Harkey: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Colorado College, 1909.]
Benjamin Horowitz: Assistant, 1913-. [B.S., Columbia, 1911 and A.M., 1912.]
Christian Seifert: Laboratory assistant, 1898-.
Stella Waldeck : Recorder, 1908-.
Blanche E. Shaffer: Laboratory assistant. summer Session, 1912.
Joseph S. Hepburn : University fellow, 1912-13. [A.B., Central High School,
Philadelphia, 1903 and A.M., 1908; B. S., University of Pennsylvania, 1907
and M.S., 1907.]
*The work of the department was inaugurated in October, 1898, by Prof.
R. H. Chittenden (lecturer and director), Dr. William J. Gies (instructor),
Messrs. Alfred N. Richards and Allan C. Eustis (assistants), and Christian
Seifert (laboratory assistant).
COURSES OFFERED BY THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. 1911-1913
Courses 51, 105 and 215 are given during the first half-year only. Course
loi is given during the first half-year and is repeated (102) during the second
half-year. Courses 104 and iio (52) are given only during the second half
year. All other courses are conducted throughout the entirc academic year.
All courses not otherwise specified are given at the College of Physicians and
Surgeons.
(Abbreviations: C, Conference; D, demonstration ; L, lecture; Lw, labora-
tory work; R, recitation.)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
51. Elkmentary ORGANIC CHKMisTRY. Introductory to courses loi, 102 and
HO (52). {Required of first year siudents of medicine.) L, i hr. D, i hr.
R, 2 hr., each section (2). Lw. 6 hr. each section (2). Profs. Gies and Howe,
Drs. Wise and Goodridge, and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
NUTRITION (PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY)
101-102. General physiological chemistry. A course in the eletnents of
normal nutrition. (Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.) L, 2 hr. R. l
hr., each section (2). Lw, 5 hr., each section (2). Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and
Misses VVickwire and Harkey. (This course is designated "Chemistry 51" and
"Household Arts Education 125" in the Teachers College Announcement.)
This course is designated "Chemistry s 51 " in the Teachers College Division
of the Summer School Announcement. The course was given last summer by
Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and Miss Shaffer.
104. General patholooical chemistry. Lectures on nutrition in disease.
(Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.) L, i hr. Prof. Gies. (This
course is designated "Chemistry 52" in the Teachers College Announcement.)
HO (52). General physiological chemistry. A course in the Clements of
normal nutrition. (Required of first year students of medicine.) L, 2 hr. R. i
hr.. each section (2). Lw, 6 hr., each section (2). Profs. Gies and Howe.
Dr. Wise, and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
This course is designated "S — 104" in the Medical Division of the Summer
School Announcement. It was given last summer by Prof. Gies and Dr. Smith.
209-210. Chemistry of nutrition. (School of Pharmacy. Required of
candidates for the Degree of Doctor of Pharmacy.") L, 1 hr. Prof. Gies.
211-212. General biological chemistry. Specially adopted to the needs
of secondary school teachers of biology. L, i hr. Lw, 4 hr. Dr. Eddy.
213-214. Advanced physiological chemistry, including methods of re-
SEARCH IN nutrition. (Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.) L, i hr.
Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Howe, Dr. Seaman and Mr. Horowitz. (This course is desig-
nated " Household Arts Education 127" in the Teachers College Announcement.)
215. General biological chemistry. A course in the eletnents of normal
nutrition. L, i hr. Lw, 7 hr. Prof. Gies, Dr. Lothrop and Messrs. Miller and
Knudson.
217-218. BlOCHEMICAL methods OF RESEARCH, INCLUDING CLINICAL METHODS
AND URiNARY ANALYsis IN GENERAL. L, I hr. Lw, 7 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe,
Dr. Lothrop, and Messrs. Miller and Hepburn.
219-220. Nutrition in health. A laboratory course in advanced physio-
logical chemistry. L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe, and Dr. Lothrop.
Courses in Nutrition (continued)
221-222. Nutrition in Disease. A lahoratory course in advanced patholog-
ical chemistry. L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 hr. Prof. Gies.
223-224. Nutrition in Disease. L, i hr. Profs. Gies and Howe, and Drs.
Foster, Mosenthal, Kahn and Goodridgc.
225-226. Advanced physiological and patholocical chemistry, including
ALL PHASES OF NUTRITION. Research. C, I hr. (individual students). Lw, 16 hr.
Profs. Gies and Howe, and Dr. Lothrop.
fm^COLOGY
231-232. Effects and detection oi«*poi.sons, including food preservatives
and adulterants. Lw, 6 hr. Prof. Gies and Mr. Miller.
BOTANY
235-236. Chemical piiYsiOLOGY of PLANTS. (New York Botanical Garden.)
L, 1 hr. Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Gies.
BACTERIOLOGY
241-242. Chemistry of microorganisms: fermentations. putrefactions
AND THE behavior of enzymes. An introducHon io sauitary chemistry. L, i hr.
Lw, 7 hr. Prof. Gies.
SANITATION
105. Sanitary chemistry. (Teachers College, School of Practical Arts).
L. I hr. Lw, 3 hr. Dr. Seaman and Miss Harkey. (This course is designated
" Chemistry 57 " and " Household Arts Education 129 " in the Teachers College
Announcement. )
BIOCHEMICAL SEMINAR
301-302. Biochemical Seminar, i hr. Prof. Gies.
RESEARCH IN BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Biochemical research may be conducted, by advanced workers, independently
or under guidancc, in any of the departmcntal laboratories.
LABORATORIES FOR ADVANCED WORK IN BIOCHEMISTRY
The laboratories in which the advanced work of the biochemical department
is conducted are situated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Teachers
College, New York Botanical Garden and Bellevue Hospital. Fach lahoratory
is well equipped for research in nutrition and all other phases of biological
chemistry.
BIOCHEMICAL LIBRARY
Prof. Gies* library occupies a room adjoining the main biochemical lahora-
tory at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and is accessible, by appoint-
ment, to all past and present workers in the Department.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
The Biochemical Association holds scientific meetings regularly on tiie first
Fridays in December, February and April, and on the first Monday in June.
These meetings are open to all students in the University.
SUMMER SCHOOL COURSES
Summer Session courses are mentioned in the foregoing references to
Courses 101-102 and iio (52). Prof. Gies will have charge of both courses next
Summer. He will also conduct a special lecture course in nutrition. The labora-
tories will be open for research throughout the summer.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Professional Assistance Offered to Biological Chemists
The Columbia University Biochemical Association will be glad to
cooperate confidentially with all who desire the Services of biological
chemists and with all who seek positions in biological chemistry.
Address inquiries to William J. Gies, 457 West sgth St., New York.
Joumalistic
New JOURNAL. Physiological Researches. To appear at irregulär
intervals. Edited by Burton E. Livingston, Manager, Johns Hopkins
University ; jDamV/ T. MacDoiigal, Carnegie Institution of Washington ;
Herbert M. Richards, Columbia University. " The recent rapid advance
of physiological science has been accompanied by a realization of the
Community of interest and uniformity of method which characterize the
physiology of plants and of animals, and it has seemed highly desirable
that the general physiological field thus indicated should possess an
Organ of publication in which its more comprehensive and technical
papers might appear. This need is emphasized by the fact that pres-
ent facilities for publication in physiology are generally taxed beyond
their capacity and papers are consequently subject to long delays in
appearance. It has therefore been decided to inaugurate a new series
of scientific papers which will embrace contributions towards the
advance of fundamental physiological knowledge."
" The plan of publication of the new series, for which the title of
Physiological Researches has been adopted, is one in which practical
ownership is vested in the contributors. It is hoped that the project
will receive the interest and support of biologists of all classes. (Each
volume will contain about 450 pages; each number will contain but a
Single contribution ; and the numbers will be issued irregularly). Pub-
lication of the first contribution ma)'^ be expected in a short time. Sub-
scriptions will be received by the volume, the price being $5.00 per
volume, payable in advance. Subscriptions to volume I, which are
received prior to the date of publication of the first research, may be
made at the reduced price of S4.00. At the date of the appearance of
the first research the price will automatically become the regulär one.
Remittances should be made payable to Physiological Researches, and
all correspondence should be addressed to Physiological Researches,
Station N, Baltimore, Maryland, U. S. A." (Editors' announcement.)
Reduced subscription price of the Journal of Biological
Chemistry, The directors of the Journal of Biological Chemistry have
announced that "beginning with the February issue of 1913 (Vol. 14,
No. i) the subscription price of the Journal to domestic subscribers
will be reduced f rom $4.00 to $3.00 per volume ; to foreign subscribers,
$3.25. Any one engaged in biochemical work who subscribes for the
Journal at this rate (beginning with Vol. 14) may secure Volumes 1-13
for $20.00, plus cost of transportation. The price at which a complete
set has hitherto been sold is $50.00. Subscribers for the Journal who
wish to complete their files may secure early volumes for $1.50 each,
plus cost of transportation. Address : Alfred N. Richards, Secretary,
University of Pennsylvania.
Meetings of Societies and Congresses
A-MERicAN Chemical Society: Annual meeting (47th) at Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin, March 25-28. Charles L. Parsons, Secretary, Box
505, Washington, D. C. At the last meeting of the Society the Council
authorized the formation of a Div^ision of Biological Chemistry. At
that meeting the details of Organization of the Division were entrusted
to a committee. The committee will report in Milwaukee, the final
Organization of the Division will be perfected, and officers will be
elected.
Tenth International Congress of Agriculture: Ghent, Bel-
gium, June 8-13. Secretary-general, Dr. P. de Vuyst, 22 Avenue des
Germaines, Brüssels. American committee: Dr. L. O. Howard, mem-
ber of the International Commission on Agriculture and chief of the
Bureau of Entomolog>'; and Dr. A. C. True, director, Mr. John Ham-
ilton, specialist in farmers' institutes, Dr. C. F. Langworthy, chief of
nutrition investigations and Dr. J. I. Schulte, assistant agriculturist, of
the Office of Experiment Stations.
American Medical Association, Annual meeting: Minneapolis,
Minn., Jiine 17-20. General secretary, Geo. H. Simmons, 535 Dear-
born Ave., Chicago.
General meeting of the International Association of Botan-
iSTs: Copenhagen, June 23. Secretary-general, J. P. Lotsy, Haarlem,
Holland.
Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine: London,
Aug. 6-12. General secretary, Dr. W. P. Herringham, 13 Hinde St.,
London, W.
FouRTH International Congress on School Hygiene: Buflfalo,
N. Y., Aug. 25-7,0. Secretary-general, Prof. Thomas A. Storey, Col-
lege of the City of New York.
NiNTH International Physiological Congress: Groningen, Hol-
land, Sept. 2-6. American Secretary, Prof. W. T. Porter, Harvard
Medical School.
Third International Congress of Refrigeration : Washington,
D. C, Sept. if) (opening meeting) ; Chicago, Sept. 17-23 (business
and scientific meetings). Secretary-general, Mr. J. F. Nickerson, 431
So. Dearborn St., Chicago.
The Biochemical Bulletin
The Biochemical Bulletin is a quarterly biochemical review.
It publishes results of original investigations in biological chemistry
and presents miscellaneous items of personal and professional in-
terest to chemical biologists. Original contributions to research,
preliminary reports of investigations, abstracts of papers, addresses.
reviews, descriptions of new methods and apparatus, practical sug-
gestions to teachers, biographical notes, historical summaries,
bibliographies, quotations, news items, proceedings of societies,
personalia, views on current events in chemical biology, etc., are
solicited.
Suhscription priccs. Vol. I : $6.00 (No, i, $1.50 ; No. 2, $2.50 ;
No. 3, v$2.oo; No. 4, $1.50). Vol. II: $2.75 (domestic) ; $3.00
(foreign) ; $6.00 aftcr July i, igi^ (No. 5, $1.25 ; No. 6, $1.00).
Remittances, manuscripts and correspondence should be addressed
to the Biochemical Bulletin, 437 West 59th St., New York City.
Vol. II April, 1913 No. 7
Biochemical Bulletin
Edited, for the Columbia University Biochemical Association, by the
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE:
ALFRED P. LOTHROP, Chairman,
PAUL E. HOWE, Secretary, WILLIAM J. GIES, Treasurer,
WALTER H. EDDY, JOSEPH S. HEPBURN, H. O. MOSENTHAL.
NELLIS B. FOSTER, MAX KAHN, EMILY C. SEAMAN,
F. G. GOODRIDGE, ARTHUR KNUDSON, ETHEL WICKWIRE,
TULA L. HARKEY, EDGAR G. MILLER, JR., LOUIS E. WISE,
all of the Staff of the Biochemical Department of Columbia University.
CONTENTS
Heinrich Ritthausen (Portrait) 334
Appreciation. Thomas B. Osborne ; 335
BiBLiOGRAPHY. Lewis IV. Fetzer. 339
Dinner To Professor Chittenden : Testimonial by his pupils, '94S. 349
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine : Tenth anniversary meeting
and dinner. Nineteen O. Three 358
Methods for the Electrometric Determination of the Concentration of
Hydrogen IONS IN BiOLOGiCAL FLUIDS. K. A. Hasselbalch 367
A Method for the Determination of Tryptophan derived from Protein.
Jesse A. Sanders and Clarence E. May 373
Physical Chemistry of Muscle Plasma. Filippo Bottazzi '. 379
Fasting Studies : h. A Note on the Composition of Muscle from Fasting Dogs.
H. C. Biddle and Paul E. Howe 386
Some Notes on the Form of the Curve of Carbon-dioxide Excretion Result-
iNG FROM Muscular Work Following Forced Breathing. G. O. Higley... 390
The Influence of Barometric Pressure on Carbon-Dioxide Excretion in Man.
G. O. Higley 393
The Relation of Acapnia to Shock, and a Consideration of the Mechanical
Effects of Artificial Hyper-Respiration upon the Circulation.
Henry H. Janeway and Ephraim M. Ewing 403
Cleavage of Pyromucuric Acid by Mold Enzymes.
Arthur W. Dox and Ray E. Neidig. 407
Analysis of the Ash of the Castor Bean. Marston Lovell Hamlin 410
Notes on the Chemical« Nature of the " Tannin Masses " in the Fruit of
the Persimmon. Ernest D. Clark 412
HiSTON AND ITS Preparation. Walter H. Eddy 419
Did von Wittich Antedate Ostwald in the Definition of Enzyme Action ?
William N. Berg 441
The Biochemical Society, England 446
Scientific Proceedings of the Columbia University Biochemical Association.
Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary 452
Biochemical Bibliography and Index. William J. Gies 470
Biochemical News, Notes and Comment 476
Editorials : Including numerous quotations from letters on the Mathews plan for
the Organization of an American Biological Society 487
NEW YORK
Columbia University Biochemical Association.
Entered as second-claas matter in the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa.
MEMBERS OF THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
Honorary Members
PROF. R. H. CHITTENDEN, First Director of the Columbia University De-
partment of Biological (Physiological) Chemistry; Director of the Shef'
field Scientific School of Yale University
PROF. HUGO KRONECKER, Director of the Physiological Institute, Uni-
versity of Bern, Switserland
PROF. SAMUEL W. LAMBERT, Dean of the Columbia University School of
Mediane
DR. JACQUES LOEB, Member of the Rockef eller Institute for Medical Re-
search; Head of the Department of Ex perimental Biology
PROF. ALEXANDER SMITH, Head of the Department of Chemistry, Co-
lumbia University
Corresponding Members
PROF. LEON ASHER, University of Bern, Switserland
PROF. FILIPPO BOTTAZZI, University of Naples, Italy
PROF. VLADIMIR S. GULEVIC, University of Moscow, Russia
PROF. W. D. HALLIBURTON, King's College, London
PROF. S. G. HEDIN, University of Upsala, Sweden
PROF. FREDERICO LANDOLPH, University of La Plata, Argentina
PROF. A. B. MACALLUM, University of Toronto, Canada
PROF. C. A. PEKELHARING, University of Utrecht, Holland
PROF. S. P. L. SÖRENSEN, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
Members Resident in New York City
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, — C. Stuart Gager.
College of the City of New York. — ^Wm. B. Boyd, Louis J. Curtman,
Benj. G. Feinberg, A. J. Goldfarb.
Columbia University: Departments. — Anatomy: Alfred J. Brown, H. von
W. Schulte; Bacteriology: James G. Dwyer; Biological Chemistry: Walter H.
Eddy, Nellis B. Foster, William J. Gies, F. G. Goodridge, Tula L. Harkey,
Joseph S. Hepbum, Benjamin Horowitz, Paul E. Howe, Max Kahn, Arthur
Knudson, Alfred P. Lothrop, Edgar G. Miller, Jr., H, O. Mosenthal, Emily C.
Seaman, Chris Seifert, Ethel Wickwire, Louis E. Wise; Botany: E. R. Alten-
burg, C. A. Darling; Cancer Research: William H. Woglom; Chemistry: A. M.
Buswell, R. P. Calvert, Gustave Egloff, Harry L. Fisher, Percy W. Punnett,
A. W. Thomas; Clinical Pathology: Edward Cussler, Peter Irving; Diseases of
Children: Herbert B. Wilcox; Gynecology: Wilbur Ward; Mediane: T. Stuart
Hart, I. Ogden Woodruff; Pathology: B. S. Oppenheimer, Alwin M. Pappen-
heimer; Pharmacology: Charles C. Lieb; Physiology: Russell Burton-Opitz,
Donald Gordon, Leander H. Shearer, Wm. K. Terriberry; Surgery: Hugh
Auchincloss, William Darrach, Rolfe Kingsley, Adrian V. S. Lambert, F. T.
Members resident in New York (con.)
Van Buren, Jr. ; Therapeutics: Maximilian Schulman; University Physician:
Wm, H. McCastline; Vanderhilt Clinic: F. Morris Class, Julius W. Weinstein;
Zoology: John D. Haseman, H, J. Muller, Charles Packard.
Colleges. — Barnard: Helene M, Boas, Ella H. Clark, Ruth S. Finch, Louise
H. Gregory; College of Pharmacy: Charles W. Ballard; Teachers College:
Mary G. McCormick, Mrs. A. P. McGowan, Sadie B. Vanderhilt.
Students. — Graduate: Cora J. Beckwith, Sidney Born, O. C. Bowes, Helen
B. Davis, Mary C. de Garmo, Frank R. Eider, Louis J. Hirschleifer, Shojiro
Kubushiro, Victor E. Levine, Darwin O. Lyon, W. A. Perlzweig, Edward Plaut,
Geo. S. Rosenthal, Edward C. Stone, Jennie A. Walker, Charles Weisman, C. A.
Wells, Isabel Wheeler. — Teachers College: Anna M. Connelly, Ula M. Dow,
Ada M. Field, Helen McClure, Alice H. McKinney, Elizabeth Rothermel, Mary
B. Stark, Helen B. Thompson. — Medical: Louis Berman, Ernst Boas, David C.
Bull, Will H. Chapman, Robert T. Corry, Calvin B. Coulter, Joseph Felsen,
Joseph Goldstone, Julius Gottesman, Leon M. Herbert, Martin Holzman, Walter
F. Hume, Julius Hyman, M. V. Miller, Nathan Rosenthal, A. V. Salomon, Harry
J. Seiff, Jacob Shulansky, H. J. Spencer, Henry A. Sussman, Wm. W. Tracey,
Grover Tracy.
CoRNELL University Medical College. — Stanley R. Benedict, Ernest D.
Clark, Robert A. Cooke, Jessie A. Moore, Charles R. Stockard, Geo. W.
Vandegrift.
EcLECTic Medical College. — David Alperin.
Harriman Research Laboratory. — Marston L. Hamlin.
Hospitals. — Babies': Morris Stark; Bellevue: Edward C. Brenner, Edward
M. CoHe, Jr., Ralph W. Lobenstine; City: Henry H. Janeway, Louis Pine; Flush-
ing: Eimer W. Baker; General Memorial: Clinton B. Knapp; German: H. G.
Baumgard, Alfred M. Hellman, Melvin G. Herzfeld, Frederick B. Humph'cies,
Charles H. Sanford, Fred S. Weingarten; Jewish: Abraham Ravich ; Lebanon:
Samuel Gitlow, M. J. Gottlieb, William Weinberger; Lutheran: Daniel R. Lucas;
Mt. Sinai: George Baehr, Samuel Bookman, Leo Buerger, Burrill B. Crohn,
Simon S. Friedman, David J. Kaliski, John L. Kantor, Leo Kessel, Reuben Otten-
berg, Harry Wessler; N. Y.: James C. Greenway, Ralph G. Stillman; N. Y.
Nursery and Child's: Oscar M. Schloss; Presbyterian: Herbert S. Carter, Russell
L. Cecil, Arthur W. Swann; Roosevelt: J. Buren Sidbury; St. Ltike's: Norman
E. Ditman, Edward C. Kendall, W. S. Schley, Chas. H. Smith.
Long Island Medical College. — Matthew Steel.
Montefiore Home. — Isidor Greenwald.
Museum of Natural History. — Louis Hussakof, Israel J. Kligler.
N. Y. Aquarium. — Raymond C. Osburn.
N. Y. Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. — Donald B.
Armstrong.
N. Y. Botanical Garden. — Fred J. Seaver.
N. Y. City Department of Education. — Boys' High School: Frank T.
Hughes; Brooklyn Training School: ehester A. Mathewson; Commercial High
School: Walter J. Donvan, Benj. C. Gruenberg; DeWitt Clinton High School:
Frank M. Wheat; Rastern District High School: Gertrude S. Burlingham;
Girls' High School: Marguerite T. Lee; High School of Commerce: Harvey B.
Clough, Fred W. Hartwell; Jamaica High School: Ella A. Holmes, Charles H.
Vosburgh; Manual Training High School: Anna Everson; Morris High School:
Members resident in New York (con.)
Charles A. Wirth; Ncwtozvii High School: Nellic P. Hewins; Wadleigh High
School: Helen Gavin, Elsie A. Kupfer, Helen G. Russell, Helen S. Watt.
N. Y. City Department of Health. — Charles F. Bolduan, Alfred F. Hess.
N. Y. City Normal College. — Beatrix H. Gross.
N. Y. Eye and Ear Infirmary. — Harold M. Hays.
N. Y. Milk Committee. — Philip Van Ingen.
N. Y. PoLYCLiNic Medical School. — Jesse G. M. Bullowa, Mabel C. Little.
Post Graduate Medical School. — Louis E. Bisch, Arthur F. Chace.
Pratt Institute. — Grace MacLeod.
RocKEFELLER INSTITUTE. — Jacob Bronfcnbrcnner, Alfred E. Cohn, George
\V. Draper, Frederic M. Hanes, Michael Heidelberger, Gustave M. Meyer.
Russell Sage Institute of Pathology. — Eugene F. DuBois.
TuRCK Institute. — Anton R. Rose.
Vettin School. — Laura l. Mattoon.
Leopold L. Falke, 5316 Thirteenth Avenue, Brooklyn ; Mahel P. Fitzgerald,
416 East 65th Street, Manhattan; Abraham Gross, c/o Arbuckle Sugar Co.,
Brooklyn; Alfred H. Kropff, 619 Kent Avenue, Brooklyn.
Non-Resident Members
Allegheny General Hospital (Pittsburgh). — James P. McKelvy.
Carnegie Institution (Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.). — Ross A. Gortner.
Cornell University (Ithaca). — Jean Broadhurst.
Drake University Medical School (Des Moines, la.). — E. R. Posner.
Forest School (Biltmore, N. C). — Homer D. House.
Iowa University Hospital (Iowa City). — Louis Baumann.
Isolation Hospital (San Francisco, Cal.). — L. D. Mead.
Jefferson Medical College (Phila.). — P. B. Hawk, Edward A. Spitzka.
Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore). — John Howland, W. M. Kraus,
Burton E. Livingston, Edwards A. Park.
Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.). — William H. Welker.
Leland Stanford University (Palo Alto, Cal.). — Hans Zinsser.
MacDonald College (Quebec). — Kathryn Fisher.
Mass. Agricultural College (Amherst). — H. D. Goodale.
New Mexico Agricultural College (State College). — R. F. Hare.
N. J. Agricultural Experiment Station (New Brunswick). — Carl A.
Schwarze.
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (Wooster). — A. D. Selby.
Princeton University (N. J.). — E. Newton Harvey.
Psychopathic Hospital (Boston). — Herman M. Adler.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, N. Y.). — Fred W. Schwartz.
Secondary Schools. — Brock Port State Normal School (N. Y.) : Ida C. Wads-
worth; Hermoit High School (N. Y.) : Sidney Liebovitz; Indiana State Normal
School (Terre Haute): Roscoe R. Hyde; Ingleside School (New Milford,
Conn.) : Mary L. Chase; Knox School (Tarrytown, N. Y.) : Clara G. Miller;
New Bedford Indiistrial School (Mass.): Constance C. Hart; North Texas
State Normal School (Benton) : Blanche E. Shaffer; Passaic High School
(N. J.) : Hazel Donham, Helene M. Pope; Rochester High School (N. Y.) :
David F. Renshaw; State Normal School (Truro, N. S.) : Blanche E. Harris.
Non-resident members (con.)
Trinity College (Hartford, Conn.). — Max Morse, R. M. Yergason.
TuLANE University (Ncw Orleans, La.). — Allan C. Eustis.
U. S. Department of Agriculture. — Carl L. Alsbcrg, W. N. Berg, H. E.
Buchbinder, William Salant, Clayton S. Smith.
U. S. Food and Drug Inspection Laboratory (Phila.). — Harold E. Wood-
ward.
University of Alabama Medical School (Birmingham). — Richard A. Bliss.
University of California (Berkeley). — William T. Hörne.
University of Chicago. — Mathilde Koch.
University of Georgia Medical School (Atlanta). — William D. Cutter.
University of Illinois (Urbana). — George D. Beal, Isabel Bevicr, A. D.
Emmett.
University of Indiana (Bloomington). — Clarence E. May.
University of Kentucky (Louisville). — Mary E. Swecny.
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor). — A. Franklin Shull.
University of Montana (Missoula). — J. E. Kirkwood.
University of Pennsylvania (Phila.). — A. N. Richards.
University of Porto Rico (Las Pietras). — L. A. Robinson.
University of Tennessee (Memphis). — Edwin D. Watkins.
University of Texas (Austin). — Mary E. Gearing, Anna E. Richardson.
University of Toronto (Canada). — Olive G. Pattcrson,
University of Utah (Salt Lake City). — H. A. Mattill.
University of Wisconsin (Aladison). — W. H. Petersen.
Vassar College (Poughkeepsie, N. Y.). — Winifred J. Robinson.
Washington State College (PuUman). — ^Joscphine T. Berry, Louise
McDanell.
Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). — David D. Whitney.
West Penn Hospital (Pittsburgh). — Jacob Rosenboom.
Williams College (Williamstown, Mass.). — John S. Adriance.
Yale University (New Haven, Conn.). — Lorande Loss Woodruff.
Albert H. Allen, Saranac Lake, N. Y. ; Emma A. Buehler, Newark, N. J.;
George A. Geiger, West Orange, N. J.; Edward G. Griffin, Albany, N. Y. ; F. C.
Hinkel, Utica, N. Y.; Cavalier H. Joüet, Roselle, N. J.; A. E. Olpt>, West
Hoboken, N. J.; Adeline H. Rowland, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; William A. Taltavall,
Redlands, Cal. ; David C. Twichell, Saranac Lake, N. Y.
EDITORS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL BULLETIN
The editorial committee
with the collaboration of the members and the
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS:
DR. JOHN AUER, Rockefeiler Institute for Medical Research
PROF. WILDER D. BANCROFT, Cornell University,- Ithaca
DR. CHARLES A. DOREMUS, 55 W. 53d St., New York City
DR. ARTHUR W. DOX, Iowa State College Agric. Experiment Station, Arnes
PROF. JOSEPH ERLANGER, Washington Univ. Medical School, St. Louis
DR. LEWIS W. FETZER, U. S. Dep't of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
PROF. MARTIN H. FISCHER, University of Cincinnati
DR. MARY LOUISE FOSTER, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.
DR. V. J. HARDING, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. R. H. M. HARDISTY, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. K. A. HASSELBALCH, Finsen Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
PROF. G. O. HIGLEY, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware
DR. VERNON K. KRIEBLE, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
PROF. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
PROF. JOHN A. MANDEL, A^. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hospital Med. College
PROF. ALBERT P. MATHEWS, University of Chicago
PROF. SHINNOSUKE MATSUNAGA, University of Tokyo, Japan
PROF. LAFAYETTE B. MENDEL, Yale University
PROF. VICTOR C. MYERS, N. Y. Post-Graduate Med. School and Hospital
DR. THOMAS B. OSBORNE, Conn. Agric. Experiment Station, New Haven
DR. AMOS W. PETERS, The Training School, Vineland, N. J.
PROF. R. F. RUTTAN, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. E. E. SMITH, 50 East 4ist St., New York City
DR. A. E. SPAAR, City Hospital, Trincomalee, Ceylon
PROF. UMETARÖ SUZUKI, University of Tokyo, Japan
MISS ANNA W. WILLIAMS, University of Illinois, Urbana, lll.
PROF. E. WINTERSTEIN, Polytechnic Institute, Zürich, Switzerland
DR. JULES WOLFF, 26 Rue Dutot, Paris
HEINRICH RITTHAUSEN.
BiocHEMiCAL Bulletin
Volume II APRIL, 191 3 No. 7
IN MEMORIAM
HEINRICH RITTHAUSEN
Born January 13, 1826 Died October 16, 1912
Bv the death of Heinrich Ritthansen in Berlin, on October 16,
1912, at the age of eighty-six, a long life spent in biochemical
research was terminated. Beginning as a Student under Liebig, and
inspired by this great teacher, he niade agricnltural chemistry bis
life profession. His first work was as assistant to Professor Erd-
mann at Leipzig. From 1854 to 1856 he was director of the scien-
tific department of the experiment Station at Moeckern. He theo
became director of the Station at Saaran in Schlesien. In 1858 he
was appointed professor of chemistry and physics in the Royal
Agricnltural Academy at ^^"aldau ; in 1867, professor of chemistry
and director of the experiment Station at Poppeisdorf; and in 1873,
professor of chemistry at Königsberg, where he remained until
1899. when his active career was concluded by advancing years.
The latter part of his life was spent in Berlin.
At the present time, when the development of agricnltural sci-
ence has made piain the value of the agricnltural experiment Station
not only to the f armer jjut to the entire Community, the life of one
who commenced his career in the first established institution of this
kind is of special interest.
A\'hen Ritthausen began his work, the brilliant writings and
lectures of Liebig had directed the attention of the whole world to
the importance of applying the discoveries of science to the practice
't -1 -
3,3^ ^Ic'mricli l\inh(nisrn lApril
of ai;ricu]lui"c. As i»nly ihe nidinicMils of a kiiowlcdge of llie
cliemical and ])hysical ])r()l)lenis of ihe i^rowlh and niaintenance of
plants and animals liad l)een ac(|nire(l, it seemed a sim])le matter to
instrucl ihe farnier in proper melhods to l)e eniployed in raising liis
crops and stock. No dou1)t remained in the minds of the early
scientists \\\\t) promoted this propaganda that ihe practical retiirns
of their efforts wonld soon l)e reahzed.
Planis were to l)e fed with carbonic acid, nitrogen, and inorganic
salts, and ihe proper (jnaniity of each essential dement of plant
food was to l)e determined l)}- chemical analysis of the tissnes and
ash of the plant, the fertilizer snpplied and the soil in w hich it grew.
Animals were supposed to be composed of substances directly or
indirecll}" assimilated from their foods. Their heat and mechanical
energy was snpplied by the carljohydrates and fats ; the all)nmin,
fibrin. casein and gelatin ])resent in their Ijlood, mnscle, milk, etc.,
\vas fnrnished !)}■ identical proteins contained in the \arions vege-
table ])r()dncts \\\{h wliich they were fed. Here again chemical
analysis was to fnrnish the gnide to proper practice, which shonld
replace crude and wastefnl methods fonnded in ignorance of the
real factors involved.
I.ittle did the enthusiasts who established the first agricultural
experiment Station realize what was before them nor what dis-
coxeries in e\'ery Ijranch of l)ii)logical science their efforts were to
lead to. Little did they dream of enzymes and liydrolyses, of
toxins and antitoxins and specificity of li\-ing tissues, of optical
isomers and tantomeric componnds, of nncleic acids and pyrimidines,
of amino-acids and Polypeptides, of colloids and surface tension,
nor of mnltitndes of other discoveries ^vhic]^ have followed chiefly
from the inspiration which Liebig imparted to those who worked
Avitli liim.
All tliese disco\-eries had to ])e made l^efore the practical jjrob-
lems of agricnltnre conld be satisfactorily dealt with by the scientist ;
and it is evident that Ritthausen was one of tlie first to realize this,
for we find him, after a short experience in attempting an immediate
application of chemistry to the feeding of cattle, tnrning bis atten-
tion to a carefnl study of the protein constituents of their vegetable
foods.
1913I Thomas B. Osbonie 337
His earliest paper on this subject, which appeared in the Jonnial
für praktische Chemie in 1862, described the proteins of wheat ;
and for five successive years he pnblished papers on this same sub-
ject. In the conrse of this work he isolated glutaminic acid from
the products of hydrolysis of the gluten proteins, a discovery which
ranks among the more important made by biochemists. He then
extended his investigations to seeds of importance for nutrition,
hardlv a year passing when he did not contribute two or more papers
on the resnlts of his work.
In 1872 he pnl)hshed a review of his earher work nnder the
title Die Eiz^'cisskörpcr der Getreidearten. HiUseufrüeJiteii und
Oelsamen. This was the first attempt made to furnish an account
of wliat had been learned respecting the properties of proteins of
vegetable origin. Akhongh this work contained nmch of vahie to
animal physiologists, and was suggestive in man\- ways in con-
nection with the problems then claiming their attention, few of them
appear to have read it with the care that it deserved. Authors of
text-books on physiological chemistry, for many years after, dis-
covered in it nothing more than the fact that Ritthausen employed
dikite alkahne Solutions in isolating his preparations, and con-
sec[uently dismissed his results with the Statement that all his
products were altered in their preparation and so deser\'ed little
consideration on the part of physiologists. Although such a criti-
cism did not apply to the proteins soluble in strong alcohol which
Ritthausen had described, and which after fifty years have l)ecome
of much importance in the study of problems of nutrition. these
remained for man\- years unknown to nearly every [)hysiological
chemist. After the pulilication of this review, Ritthausen con-
tinued his work until it included most of the seeds used for feeding
men and animals.
When Hoppe-Seyler and \\'e}l introduced neutral saline S(j1u-
tions as solvents for many of the proteins of animal and vegetable
origin, Ritthausen's results were regarded with increasing disfavor
by physiological chemists. Undiscouraged by the unfair treatment
accorded him, Ritthausen re-examined ])y the aid of salt solutions
nearly all of the seeds which lie had previously studied, and also
showed that most of his earlier preparations were still soluble in
33^ llc'uiricli RittJuuiscii [April
neutral sah snliuiun and were nnaltered in elcnienlar\- cumposition.
Linie attention was, howex-er. paid \n this later work, although bis
pa])ers were filled witli int'orniatiun that has proxed morc helpful
in de\"el()i)ing" nur present knowledge of the ehemistrv uf proteins
in general than has mosl of that ftn'nished l)\' bis critics.
Aniong the many proteins which he acenralely described were
several that could easily be obtained in well-formed crystals, a fact
which. at that tinie. was of great importance in i)rotein chemistry.
Thns. in 1881, he described a crystalline protein of the hemp-seed
and the method for its preparation, which is essentially that now in
nse. For more than twenty years this protein remained almost
unknown although in recent years, under the name of edestin, it
has been employed in hundreds of i)hysiological experiments in con-
nection with a great variety of problems in protein chemistry. As
a result of bis later w^rk he proved that wide difTerences exist
between different food proteins; and he was the first to direct at-
tention to this fact, and to discuss its probable bearing on their
relative value in nutrition.
Ritthausen's studies were not confined solely to the \-egetable
proteins, as is evident from bis extensive bibliography which ap-
pears at page 339. He made man}- im-estigations of other con-
stituents of seeds. obtaining \icin and convicin from vetch seeds,
and discovered in the cotton-seed " melitose " now known as
raffinose.
If we are to judge Ritthausen's work fairly we must remember
that it was begun under the influence of Liebig's erroneous assump-
tion that only a few forms of protein existed ; that at that time
organic chemistr}- was in its infanc}-; that few methods were known
by which jjroteins could be isolated from the tissues containing them,
or by which the different proteins could be separated from one
another and be purified : that the only means for preventing the
changes caused by bacteria and enzymes were low temperatures ;
and that the facilities for conducting such investigations were very
limited. "Ko the writer, who has had a long experience in this same
field. under the vastly more favorable conditions pre\'ailing a gen-
eration later, it is astonishing that Ritthausen accomplished so much,
and that the data he secured were in the main so accurate. What-
1913] Lewis W. Fcfccr 339
ever may have been the sh(jrtcomings of Ritthaiisen's work, the
fact remains that he made a niost valuable contribiition to biological
chemistry : and that instead of criticism, he deserves our gratitude
and admiration for his patience and perseverance in one of the
most difficult fields of investigation.
Thomas B. Osborne,
Connecticut Agricultiiral Experiment Station,
N'ew Haz'cn.
PUI5LICATI(JXS OF PROFESSOR HEINRICH RITTHAUSEX
I. Journal für praktische Chemie
Ueber die Aschenbestandtheile einiger Lycopodiumarten : Lvc. coiii-
planatum, Lyc. Chaiiicrcyparissiis, Lyc. clavatuiii. sowie über die
Säure von Lyc. coinplaiiatum : 1851, 53, 413.
Xeue Analysen der Aschen einiger Lycopodiumarten: 1853, 58, 133.
Ueber die Einwirkung des Sahniaks auf Kupfer; 1853. 59, 369.
Zersetzung des Sahniaks durch Zink; 1853, 60, 473.
Ueber einige Kohlenwasserstoffe des leichten Steinkohlentheeröls ;
1854. 61. 74.
Chemische L'ntersuchung der Runkelrübe; 1855, 65, i.
Chemische Zusammensetzung des rothen und schwedischen Klees (Tr//.
pratcusc und Trif. hyhriduni ) in verschiedenen \'egetations-
Perioden ; 1855, 65, 8.
A'eränderungen des Heus von Rothklee durch Auswaschung von Regen :
1855, 65, 13.
Ueber den Einfluss der Düngung mit Asche und Gyps auf die chemische
Zusammensetzung des Klees; 1855, 65, 15.
Destillations-Rückstände von der Spiritus-Fabrikation aus Kartoffeln
(Schlempe) ; 1855. 66, 289.
Rückstände von der Spiritus-Fabrikation aus Getreide; 1855, 66, 308.
Rückstände, welche bei der Bierproduktion gewonnen werden (mit H.
Scheven) ; 1855. 66, 311.
Analysen der Asche von Gerstenmalz, Trebern und Malzkeimen; 1855,
66, 315.
Ueber die Bestandtheile des Weizenklebers ; 1862, 85, 193.
Ueber die Zusammensetzung des Pflanzenleims und das \^erhalten des-
selben zu \\ asser ; 1862, 86, 257.
340 Heinrich Rillhaiiscii [April
Ueber die Ziisanunensetzung des Pflanzenleims, 1863, 88. 141.
Reactionen des l'flanzenleinis : 1863. 88. 142.
Zur Darstellung des Pflanzenleinis ; 1803. 88, 145.
Cholesterin im Fett des Weizens; 1863, 88. 145.
Trimethylamin aus Weizenbrand; 1863, 88, I-17.
L'eber die P>estandtheile des Weizenklebers; 1864, 91, 296.
L'ntersncliungen ueber einige liestandtbeile des Roggensamens ; 1866,
99. 439-
Ueber die Cilutaminsiiure ; 186O, 99, 454.
Ueber die Bestandtheile des Weizenklebers ; 1866, 99, 462.
Ueber einige Bestandtheile des Roggensamens : In Weingeist lösliches
Gummi; Cholesterin und Palmitinsäure im Fette des Roggens;
Buttersäuregährung des Roggenmehls; 1867, 102, 321.
Dolomitreicher Mergel; 1867, 102, 369.
Lithionhaltiger Mergel und Boden in Ostpreussen ; 1867, 102, 371.
Bildung von Mvianit im Grunde einer Düngergrube; 1867, 102, 373.
Blasenstein (eines Ochsen) von Kieselerde; i8C>7, 102, 374.
Soda als sogenannter Mauersalpeter; 1867, 102, ;i,j=^.
Portland-Cement von Powunden ; 1867, 102, ^/().
Ueber das Pflanzen-Casein oder Legumin ; 1867, 103, 65, 193, 273.
Ueber die Zersetzungsprodukte des Legumins und des Prote'inkörpers
der Lupinen und Mandeln beim Kochen mit Schwefelsäure; 1868,
103. 233-
Ueber die (dutansäure, das Zersetzungsprodukt der ( llutaminsäure
durch salpetrige Säure; 1868, 103, 239.
Asparaginsäure und (Glutaminsäure, Zersetzungsprodukte des Legu-
mins beim Kochen mit Schwefelsäure; 1869, 106, 445.
Prote'instofife des Maissamens; 1869. 106. 471.
Asparaginsäure und Glutaminsäure, Zersetzungsprodukte des Legu-
mins und Conglutins beim Kochen mit Schwefelsäure; 1869, 107,
218.
Ueber die Säuren der Samen der gelben Lui)inen ; 1870, 2 ( n. f.), 339.
Lieber das A'orkommen von Amygdalin und eine neue dem Asparagin
ähnliche Substanz in Wickensamen (mit L^. Kreussler ) ; 1870, 2
Ol. f.). 333-
Leucin aus Pflanzenproteinstoffen (mit l". Kreussler) ; 187 r, 3 (n. f.),
307.
Lieber die \^erbreitung der Asparaginsäure und Glutaminsäure unter
den Zersetzungsprodukten der Proteinstoffe (mit R. Pott) ; 187 1,
3 (n. f-)- 3U-
1913] Lc7\.'is JJ\ Fctzer 341
A'erbindungen der Prote'instoffe mit Kupferoxyd ( Legumins, Con-
glutins. GlutenL.-seins) ; 1872, 5 (n. f.), 215.
Ueber das Drehungsvermögen von Glutan- und Aepfelsäure ; 1872, 5
(n. f.), 354-
Untersuchungen über A'erbindungen der Eiweisskörper mit Kupfer-
oxyd (mit F. Weger); 1873, 7 ( n. f.), 361.
Notiz ueber die asparaginähnhche Substanz im Wickensamen; 1873, 7
(n- f-). 374-
Ueber die Bestimmung des Stickstoffs der Eiweisskörper mittelst Na-
tronkalk ; 1874, 8 (n. f.), IG.
Neue Methode zur Analyse der ^vlilcli und ein vom Milchzucker ver-
schiedenes Kohlehydrat in der Kuhmilch; 1877. 15 (n. f.), 329.
Nachtrag hierzu; 1877, 16 (n. f. ), 22)7-
Krystallinische Eiweisskörper aus verschiedenen Oelsamen ; 1881. 23
(n. f.). 481.
Ueber \'icin und eine zweite stickstoft'reiche Substanz der Wickensa-
men. Convicin : 1881, 24 (n. f.), 202.
Ueber die Einwirkung von Salzlösungen auf Conglutin und Legumin ;
1881, 24 (n. f.), 221.
Ueber die Eiweisskörper von Oelsamen; 1881, 24 (n. f.), 257.
Ueber die A'erbreitung der ^lyronsäure in den Samen von Brassica
iiapiis und ra[^a; 1881, 24 (n. f.), 2/2,.
Zusammensetzung der Eiweisskörper der Hanfsamen und des krystal-
lisirten Eiweisses auf Hanf- und Ricinussamen ; 1882, 25 ( n. f.),
130.
Ueber die Zusammensetzung des Krystallisirten Eiweisses aus Kürbis-
samen; 1882. 25 (n. f.), 137.
Ueber das A'erh alten des chromsäuren Bleis bei A'erb rennungen und
zu Sauerstoff; 1882. 25 (n. f.), 141-
lieber das A'erhalten des Conglutins aus Lupinensamen zu Salzlösun-
gen; 1882. 26 (n. f.), 422.
Ueber die Eiweisskörper der Pfirsichkerne und der Pressrückstände
von Sesamsamen; 1882, 26 (n. f.), 440.
Ueber das A'erhalten des Legumins zu Salzlösungen; 1882, 26 (n. f.),
504-
Ueber ^lelitose aus Baumwollensamen; 1884, 29 (n. f.), 351.
A'orkommen von Citronensäure in verschiedenen Leguminosensamen ;
1884. 29 (n. f.), 357.
\'orkommen von \'icin in Saubohnen (U/cfa /aöa) ; 1884,29 (n. f.), 359.
Lieber die Löslichkeit von Pflanzenproteinkörpern in salzsäurehaltigem
Wasser; 1884, 29 ( n. f.), 360.
342 Heinrich J\illliaiiscii [April
Ueber Zusainiiicnsct/.uni^- der mittelst Salzlösung (laryestellten luweiss-
körper der Saubohnen { ricia falhi) und weissen iUjhnen { I'hasc-
olus), 1S84. 29 (n. f. ), 448.
Ueber Betain aus Pressrückstiinden der lUiuniwollsanicn (mit Prcnss) ;
1884. 30 (n. f.), 32.
L'eber die Fdweisskörper des Weizenklebers oder Glutens ; 1890. 59
(n. f.).474-
Löslichkeit von Eiweisskörpern in Glycerin ; 189g, 59 ( n. f.), 479.
Ueber die Zusammensetzung des Vicins ; 1899, 5g (n. f.), 480.
Ueber Divicin ; 1899, 59 (n. f.), 482.
Zusammensetzung des Convicins aus Wicken- und Saubohnensamen ;
1899, 59 (n. f.), 487-
2. Berichte der Versuchs-Station zu Möckern^
Untersuchungen des Grünfutters von dem amerikanischen Zahnmais
und dem österreichischen Mais (mit E. Wolff ) : 1854, 3, i.
A'ergleichende Untersuchung des schwedischen und des gewöhnlichen
rothen Klees (mit E. Wolff) ; 1854, 3, 11.
Chemische Untersuchung von Gras, Heu und Grummet ( mit E. Wolff) ;
1854. 3. 18. ^ .
Chemische Untersuchung der Runkelrübe: (a) Einfluss des Blattens
auf die Zusammensetzung; (b) Einfluss der Grösse auf die Zu-
sammensetzung: (c) Einfluss der A'arietät auf die Zusammenset-
zung (mit E. Wolff") : 1854, 3, 22.
Beobachtungen über die ~\Iilchproduktion bei dem Uebergang von der
Winterfütterung zu der Grünfütterung (mit J. G. Bahr und E.
Wolff ) : 1854, 3, 38.
Ueber den Einfluss des im Dampf gekochten Futters auf die Alilch-
produktion (mit J. G. Bahr) : 1855. 4, i.
Ueber den Einfluss der Zuckerrüben auf Milchproduktion (mit J. G.
' Bahr) : 1855. 4, 13.
Düngungsversuche mit Knochenmehl, guanisirtem Knochenmehl, Blut-
dünger, und Guano (mit J. G. Bahr und W. Knop) : 1855, 4, 15.
\'ersuche mit Ueberdüngung von Chilsalpeter, Kochsalz und Guano bei
Weizen und Roggen (von J. G. Bahr, mitgetheilt von H. Ritt-
hausen) : 1855, 4- 22.
^ Compiled from Nobbe's Quellenverzeichniss der hauptsächlichsten in den
Jahren 1852 liis 1877 von den Versuchs-Stationen veröffentlichten wissenschaft-
lichen Arbeiten, in Ilntii'ickhi)tg 11. TJüitigkcit d. laiuln'irtscliaftlichcii l'crsuchs-
Sfafioiicii. etc.. 1877, pp. 284-435 (Berlin).
1913] Lewis W. Fctzcr 343
Düngung des Roggens mit Peruanischem Guano, Chilsalpeter, gebrann-
tem, reinen Knochenmehl und Polenz'schen Guano (von J. G.
Bahr, mitgetheilt von H. Ritthausen) ; 1855, 4, 29.
N'ersuche mit verschiedenen Sorten Guano und Knochenmehl, Raps-
kuchenmehl und Stallmist zu Weizen und Kartoffeln (von J. G.
Bahr, mitgetheilt von H. Ritthausen) ; 1855, 4. 31.
Einfluss der Düngung des Klee's mit Asche und Gyps ; 1855, 4, 41.
l'ntersuchungen des schwedischen und rothen Klees; 1855, 4, 65.
\"eränderungen des Heus von Rothklee durch Auswaschung von Regen ;
1855. 4. 72>-
Vergleichende Untersuchung der \\'intergerste, Annat- und Probstei-
ger ste : 1855,4, 76.
Ueber den Einfluss der Lupinen auf die ^lilchproduktion, ein Fütter-
ungsversuch (mit J. G. Bahr) ; 1856, 5, i.
Ueber die Zusammensetzung und den Nahrungswerth einiger in der
Landwirtschaft als Futtermittel angewendeter Fabrikationsrück-
stände (Kartoffelschlempe, Malz, Presshefe, Getreideschlempe) ;
1856, 5, 15.
Ueber einige Eigenschaften von Kulturpflanzen, die in gleicher Vege-
tationszeit einen verschiedenen (irad der Entwickelung zeigen (mit
H. Scheven) : 1856, 5, 67.
Entwicklung und Thätigkeit der land- und forstwirthschaftlichen Ver-
suchs-Stationen in den ersten 25 Jahren ihres Bestehens ; Fest-
schrift zur Feier des 25 jährigen Jubiläums der A'ersuchs-Station
Möckern ; 1877, p. 56. (A statement, made by Professor Ritt-
hausen at the request of Prof. G. Kühn, in regard to work con-
ducted by or under him while Director of the Experiment Station
at Möckern.)
3. Jahresberichte der Versuchs-Station Ida Marienhütte (bei
Saarau) nach Breslau, gegründet A. D. 1857
(Aus den Mittheilungen des landwirtschaftlichen Centralvereins für
Schlesien )-
Zusammensetzung" der Kuhmilch ; i, 59.
Lieber Dünger-Fabrikation; i, 60.
Analysen des Bodens der Ida-Marienhütte (mit P. Bretschneider) ;
I, 82.
" Compiled f rom Nobbe's agricultural bibliography, 1877. See footnote.
page 342. The numerals for the years of publicatinn are not given in Nobbe's
bihlioQrapli>-.
344 II einrieb RiithiUiscn I April
\'ersuclio über SaiiieiKlungung ; i. 85.
\'ersiiche mit Ueberdüngung des Roggens ; i, 95.
Düngungsversiicbe bei Rüben (Beta ) ; i. 104.
Untersuchung von in gleicher A'egetationszeit, ungleich entwickelten
Kulturpflanzen; i. 134.
Untersuchung eines Torfes und seiner Asche; i, 145.
Bestimmung der Asche in \'egetabilien ; i. 147.
Bestimmung der Phosphorsäure; i, 148.
Bestimmung der Kieselsäure in Pflanzenaschen; i. 149.
Analysen des Bodens der Ida-Marienhütte (mit P. Bretschneider ) ;
2. 36.
Untersuchung von Zuckerrüben; 2, 66.
Untersuchung von Zuckerrüben ; 4. 59.
Analysen des Bodens der Ida-Marienhütte (mit P. Bretschneider) ; 6.
100.
4. Sächsiches Amts- und Amzeigeblatt
^'ersuche über den Xahrungswerth der Kartofl:'elschlempe in A'ergleich
zu Kartofi'eln und ]\Ialz, und süsser Maische, bei gleichen Mengen
Rohmaterial (Kartoffeln und Malz) : Fütterungsversuche mit
Kühen ( mit J. G. Bahr) ; 1856, p. 87.
Fütterungsversuclie mit Kühen ueber den Einfluss von geschrotenem
und gekochtem Getreide auf Milchproduktion (mit J. (i. Bahr) ;
1856, p. 96.
Ueber die Zusammensetzung einiger Wurzelgewächse (Rüben, Kohl-
rüben und Strunkkraut) und den Einfluss der Grösse und Schwere,
sowie starker Düngung auf die Zusammensetzung derselben; 1857,
\'ersuch über die A'erdaulichkeit der Holzfaser des Futters beim Rind
(mit H. Scheven) ; 1858, p. 58.
5. Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs-Stationen
Orittheilungen aus dem Agriculturchemischen Eaboratorium der Fni-
versität Königsberg i. Pr.)
Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss einer an Stickstoff' und Phosphor-
säure reichen Düngung auf die Zusammensetzung der Pflanze und
der Samen von Sommerweizen (mit R. Pott) ; 1873. 16, 384.
Ueber die Einwirkung freier Phosphorsäure auf kohlensauren Kalk ;
1877, 20. 401.
I'eber den Fettgehalt der käuflichen K]eber]irä]:)arate ; 1877, 20. 408.
iyi3] Lci^'is IV. Fct::cr 345
Analysen einiger Futtermittel: 1877, 20. 409.
Ueber den angeblichen (Jehalt des Roggensamens an Stearinsäure;
1877, 20. 412.
Berichtigung zu der Mittheilung von ]\I. von Sivera : Ueber den Stick-
stoffgehalt des Torfbodens; 1880. 25. 169.
l'eber Zerstörung von Fett durch Schimmelpilze Unit H. Baumann) ;
1896, 47, 389-
Ueber die Berechnung der Proteinstoft'e in den Wanzensamen aus dem
gefimdenen Gehalte an Stickstoff; 1896. 47, 391.
6. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
Ueber Mein: Ijestandtheil der Samen von l'icia sativa : 1876, 9, 301.
^^'assergehalt und Reaktion des Alloxantins : 1896, 29. 892.
Ueber Alloxantin als Spaltungsprodukt des Convicins aus Saubohnen
(Ficia faba minor ) und Wicken (Jlcia satkv) : 189C). 29, 894.
Ueber Galactit aus den Samen der gelben Lupine: 1896. 29. 896.
Reaktionen des Alloxantins aus Convicin der Saubohnen und Wicken ;
1896, 29, 2106.
Mein ein Glycosid ; 1896, 29. 2108.
Ueber Leucinimid. ein Spaltungsprodukt der Eiweisskörper beim
Kochen mit Säuren; 1896, 29, 2109.
7. Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie (Pf^üger)
Die Eiweisskörper der Ptlanzensamen : 1877, ^S- -^V-
Ueber den Stickstoffgehalt der Pflanzen-Eiweisskörper nach den ^leth-
oden von Dumas und Will-\'arrentrapp (mit H. Settegast) ; 1878,
16, 293.
Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Proteinsubstanz der Bertholletia-
(Para-) Nüsse; 1878, 16. 301.
Ueber den Stickstoft'gehalt der Pflanzen-Eiweisskörper nach den ]\Ieth-
oden von Dumas und WlU-Varrentrapp : 1878. 18, 236.
Ueber die Eiweisskörper der Ricinussamen. der Proteinkörper, sowie
der Krystalloide dieser Samen; 1879. 19. 15.
Ueber die Eiweisskörper verschiedener Oelsamen ; 1880, 21, 81.
8. Chemiker-Zeitung
In Weingeist lösliches (iummi aus Roggen: Secalin : 1897, 21. 717.
Zur Darstellung der Alkaloide der gelben Lupinen (Lup. Intens) ; 1897,
21, 718.
340 llciurich Ritlluuiscu [April
9. Book
Die lü\vcisski"ir])er ^\Q\■ ( ictreideartcn, I liilscii fniclite und (MsaiiK'n :
Beiträge zur i'hysiologie der Samen der Kullurgewäehse. der
Nahrungs- und Futtermittel; pages 252. Jionn (Max Cohen und
Sohn), 1872.
10. Miscellaneous publications
Versuciie über Düngung von Rüben: Chemische .Ickeyniami, 1858, p.
130; abs. in Jahresber. Ayr. Cheiii.. 1858, i, 226.
Die Aschen einiger Futterpflanzen; M ift/ieiliiiu/en aus Jf'aldaii, 1859,
p. 91 ; abs. in Jahresber. Jgr. Cheiii.. 1850. 2. 84.
"Mug," ein Dungmittel; JJ'ocJieiiblatt der Annalcii der Laiid-ccirfseliaff,
1861, p. 8; abs. in Jaliresber. Ayr. Chciii., 1861, 4, 195.
Das A'erhalten der freien Ph^sphorsäure der Superphosphate ; Laiid-
7cirtsch. Zeitung für das iiordöstlich.e Deutselüand, 1875, 11; abs.
in Jahresber. Agr. Chein., 1875, ^^> 5^-
Verlust an DüngstofTen im PJoden einer Düngerstätte (mit Ritsch-
mann ) ; . Igrieulfureh. Ceiifralbl., 1876, p. 35; abs. in Jaliresber.
Agr. Chein.. 1876, ig, 40.
Ueber Proteinkörner, Krystalloide und krystallisirtes Ei weiss. Schriften
der Physikalisch-Ökonouiisclieu Gesellschaft .::u Königsberg ; 1881,
22, 15.
Lewis W. Fetzer.
Office nf E.vpcriincnf Statioits,
U. S. Drparliiicnt of Agricultitre,
und Ccorgcfon'ii t^iii'c'ersify,
Jl'ashingtoii. D. C.
DINNER TO PROFESSOR CHITTENDEN
Testimonial by his pupils
In December, 191 1, a nnml^er of the former pupils of Prof.
Russell H. Chittenden, at a Conference in P)altimore. concluded " that
the time had arrived when it would be appropriate to provide some
formal expression of the esteem in which Professor Chittenden is
held by those who appreciate his contributions to physiological chem-
istry and education." Drs. S. W. Lambert, F. S. Meara, Holmes
C. Jackson, S. P. Beebe, and William J. Gies were requested to
serve as a provisional committee of five, to consider the matter
further and to proceed with Organization and execution of plans,
"if some step in this direction seemed appropriate, after further
consideration."
The pro\-isional committee of five decided to organize Professor
Chittenden's pupils for the purpose indicated, and invited twenty
additional former pupils of Professor Chittenden's to serve with
them as a Committee of Twenty Five, as follows : John A. Hartwell,
chainiiaii, T. S. Arbuthnot, S. P. Beebe, Joseph A. Blake, Harvey
Cushing, H. H. Donaldson, Isadore Dyer, P. B. Hawk, Theodore
C. Janeway, Elliott P. Joslin, J. H. ^[. Knox, Samuel W. Lambert,
P. A. Levene, Frank S. ]Meara, Lafayette B. Mendel, Charles Norris,
Thomas B. Osborne, Alfred N. Richards, E. AV. Rockwood, W. T.
Sedgwick, W. Gilman Thompson, H. Gideon Wells, E. B. Wilson,
Holmes C. Jackson, trcasiircr, and William J. Gies, sccrctary. The
Committee of Twenty-Five rec[uested Drs. Hartwell, Beebe, Jane-
way, Jackson, and Gies to serve as a subcommittee for the execu-
tion of the committee's plans.
The general committee has invited Professor Chittenden's pupils
to coöperate in raising a Russell H. Cli'ittcndcn Fund, to be pre-
sented to the Yale corporation without any other condition than that
it be used for the advancement of the work of the department of
physiological chemistry in the Sheffield Scientific School.
The committee also authorized the secretary to invite Professor
349
350 Dinner lo Professor Chili enden [April
Chittenden to be the gnest of bis pupils at a dinner in Xew York on
^larcli T. In tlic formal imitation, the secrttar\- w n itc to Professor
Chittenden. in part. as follows :
The above-named Committee of Twenty Five has instructed nie to
invite you to be the gnest of your many pupils and friends at a dinner
in yonr bonor in Xew York City on Alarcb i, 1913. It is onr desire
not only to bave the pleasure of yonr Company but also to extend to
you onr personal and professional greetings. anfl to evidence onr friend-
ship and respect.
The dinner in bonor of Professor Chittenden was held at Del-
monico's. on Satnrday evening, March i, and proved to be a delight-
fnl event in evcrv particnlar. Althongh man}- who expected to be
present were unable to attend, and sent letters of regret, about
seventy-fi\-e pnpils and a dozen in\-ite(l friends comprised the en-
thusiastic Company tbat made the dinner a cordial testimonial of
affection and esteem for Professor Chittenden.
Among those who were unable to accept invitations to be present
at the dinner. and to speak afterwards. were President Hadley, of
Yale, and Prof. William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University.
In a letter expressing regret for bis unavoidable absence, President
Hadle}' wrote. in part. as follows :
When }ou are having the Chittenden dinner, I shall be three thou-
sand miles away. But I do not want to let the occasion go by without
a word of greeting. ( )ur universities are on the lookout for men who
are either discoverers or teachers or Organizers. In Chittenden Yale
has a man who is all three.
Professor \\'elcb sent a teleoram in which he said :
-fc>'
Deeply regret unavoidable absence from banquet. Affectionate
greetings and heartiest congratulations to Chittenden — the man and
friend, the great teacher, investigator, administrator — who has ren-
dered inestimable service to science, Yale, and countr}-. ^fay many
vears of health and vigorous work be bis.
Seated at the Speakers' table were Professors Harvey Cushing,
Henrv H. Donaldson, lohn A. Hartwell. Russell H. Chittenden.
THE MEMBERS OF THE GOVERNING BOARD
Oh THF
SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL
OF YALE UNIVERSITY
EXTENÜ CONGRATÜI.ATIUNS TO THEIR CüLLEAG.UE
THE DIRECTOR OF THE (GOVERNING BOARD
PROFESSOR
RUSSELL HENRY CHITTENDEN
PH. D..SC.D.,LL.D.
ON THE OCCASION OF THE TESTIMONIAL DINNER
GIVEN IN HIS HONOR BY HIS PUPILS
AND FRIENDS ON
MARCH FIRST NINETEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTEEN
IN NEW YORK CITY
THE EVENT WHICH HAS CALl.F.D KORTH THIS PERSONAL MANIFESTATION OF ESTEEM AFFORDS
AN Ol'PÜRTUNlTY TO THK MHMKERS OF THE (»VKRNING BOARD TO GIVE FORMAL EXPRES-
SION TO THEIR HIGH ESTIMATK OF l'ROFESStDR CHITTHNDF.NS CONTRIBUJI'JNS TO SCIENCE AND
EDUCATION AND THEIR GRATIFICATION AT THE FAVORABLE RECOGNITION WHICH HAS BEEN
ACCORDEDTO HIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICES IN THE PROMOTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
THE SUCCESS VVITH WHICH PROFESSOR CHITTENDEN HAS FURNISHED INSPIRATION FOR THE
LIFE WORK Ol" 0THER5 IS WORTHY OF COMMFNDATION: HIS ENERGY RECALLS THE VVORDS
OF ANOTHER EMINENT STUDENT OF NUTRITION :
•■THE GRFATFST J<;Y OF THOSE WHr> ARE STF.EPED IN WORK AND WHO HAVE
SUCCEEDED IN FINDINi:. NEW TRUTHS AND IN UNDERST ANDING THE RELATION
OF THINGS TO FACH OTHER. LIES IN WORK ITSELF.'
TO THE (iRATITÜDR AND REGARD OF PROFESSOR CHITTENDEN^S PUPILS HIS COLLEACUES OF
THE GOVERNING BOARD NOW DESIRE TO ADD THE CORDIAL ASSW^ANCE OF THEIR BEST
WISHES AND THEIR PERSONAL GRFJETINGS.
•■ «.f»
Cera*ti.
Greetings to Professor Chittenden by bis CoUeagues of tbe Governing Board
of tbe Sbeffield Scientific Scbool
I9I3]
'94 S
OD
3
Frank S. Meara, Graham Lusk, William T. Sedgwick. William T.
Porter and Elliott P. Joslin.
At the conckision of the clinner, the chairman of the committee,
Dr. Hartwell, extended tu Professor Chittenden the affectionate
greetings of his pupils and friends, and informed him of the estab-
lishment of the Russell H. Chittenden Fund for the Adzrinceinent
of Pli\siologieal Cheniistry in the Sheffield Seientific Sehool. Dr.
Faces of the golcl medal presented to Professor Chittenden by the National
Institute of Social Sciences
Hartwell stated that the amount of the fnnd and the time of its
presentation to the Yale corporation will he annonnced at an early
date. Dr. Hartwell conclnded his remarks by introducing the toast-
master, Dr. Meara. who officiated in the graceful and inimitable
manner in which he is accustomed to preside on such occasions.
Informal after-dinner addresses were then made by Drs. Cushing,
Donaldson, Joslin, Levene, Lusk and Sedgwick, to which Professor
Chittenden responded.
The Speakers who preceded Professor Chittenden paid eloquent
tribute to the personality, influence, ser\-ice, and achievements which
have made Professor Chittenden the Dean of American biological
chemists. Professor Chittenden replied earnestly and wilh deep
feeline to the cordial tribute which had been conveved in the senti-
ments of the Speakers, in the abundant evidence of warm approval
with which each address was received, and in the evident heartiness
of his own reception.
354 Dinner lo l'rofrssor Cliillriulrii [\\)r\\
Immedialcly aficr ilic conclusion of Professor C "liiUeiidcirs ad-
dress, ilie loaslniaster announcc'd iliat ilie National InsiiUite of Social
Sciences liad xoted a t^'old nicdal lo Professor Chillenden in reco^s^-
nition of tlie distinciion lic lias aitained in original investigation in
llic lield of plnsiological cbemistrv. Dr. H. Holljrook Curtis, sec-
rclar}- oi ilie Inslitnte. made the presentation. The faces of Ihe
niedal are shown on page 353-.
Prof. Lafayette B. Mendel followed Dr. Cnrtis witli a presenta-
tion of engrossed congratulatory resolutions A\liich had Ijeen adopted
])}• Professor Chittenden's associates in the Governing Board of the
Sheffield Scientific School. (See page 351. )
The accompanying group portrait \\as made jnst after seats
had been taken at the tables. The names of all in attendance, ar-
ranged in taljle groiips, are appended :^
Speakers' table
Harvey Cushing Russell H. Chittenden William T. Sedgwick
H. H. Donaldson Frank S. Meara William T. Porter
John A. Hart well Graham Lusk Elliott P. Joslin
Table i. Lafayette B. Mendel, S. J. Meltzer, Jacques Loeb,
Yandell Henderson, Simon Flexner, P. A. Levene, Frederic S. Lee.
Table 2. Henry Hun, William Browning, H. H. Curtis,
Henry Ling Taylor, W. M. Kenna, Harry Saltzstein, Frank C.
Gephart, H. G. Barbour.
Table 3. John Rogers, Wm. L. Culbert, R. H. Wylie, William
Armstrong, Joseph A. Blake, W. L. Griswold, G. Wyckofif
Cummins.
Table 4. Theodore C. Janeway, J. H. M. Knox, S. P. Good-
hart. Chas. H. Studio, George S. C. Badger, Joseph S. Wheelwright,
N. R. Norton, Joseph H. Pratt.
Table 5. Charles Norris, A. N. Richards, E. K. Dunham,
John A. Mandel, H. D. Dakin, George B. Wallace, W^illiam J. Gies,
Holmes C. Jackson, William C. Lusk.
^ The men at tables 1 1 and 12, when the photograph was taken, subsequently
reassembled at tables 9, 10 and 2. One or two additi(3nal rearrangements account
for the disagreement between the indications of the portrait and the table lists.
I9I3] '94 S 357
Table 6. S. P. Beebe, G. A. Hanford, A. L. Dean, Frank P.
Underhill, Benjamin White, Oswald T. Avery, Leo F. Rettger, S.
R. Benedict.
Table 7. Isadore Dyer, Wm. C. Wurtemberg, Robert Taylor
W'heeler, Donald Guthrie, Henry H. Janeway, A. W. Elting,
Charles L. Scudder.
Table 8. Lewis F. Frissell, Seth M. Milliken, Robert P. Wad-
hams, William P. Healy, Norman E. Ditman, W. W. Herrick, M.
Heminway Merriman, Cyrus W. Field.
Table 9. Frank C. Yeomans, Alfred Jerome Brown, J. L.
Bendell, Isaac F. Harris, Stanley D. Beard, Frank E. Haie, E.
JMonroe Bailey, Otto G. Hüpfel.
Table 10. Israel S. Kleiner, Lewis H. \\'eed, Orville H.
Schell, Simon B. Kleiner, Morris S. Eine, Victor C. ]\Iyers, Warren
W. Hilditch, Henry C. Courten.
Adjournment occurred at a very late hour, bnt many tarried to
discuss informally the happy events of the evening and to talk over
" old times" in Chittenden's laboratory.
'94 s.
-Vc^z^' York City.
SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND
MEDICINE
Tenth anniversary meeting and dinner
The tenth anniversary of the estal)Hshment of the Society for
Experimental Biology and Aledicine was celebrated in Xew York
on the iQth of February. The fifty sccond regulär scientific meet-
ing was held, at 4 p. m.. at the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
in the lecture room adjoining the main biochemical laboratory.
After the conclnsion of the scientific meeting. at about 7 ]). m., the
members adjonrned to the Hofbräu Honse (39th Street and Broad-
way), where, in a body, they feasted on a beefsteak dinner prepared
nnder the auspices of a committee of which Prof. Graham Lusk
was chairman.
The scientific session was the most interesting and important
in the history of the society. The nature of the proceedings is
shown by the appended copy of the official program :
G. X . Calkiiis: Further light on the conjugation of paramecium. —
JJ\ H. Maincaring and J. Bronfcnhrciuier: On lysis of tubercle bacilli
(II) ; '^'On chemotherapeutics of tuberculosis. — U\S. Halstead: Hyper-
trophy of the thyroid ; Partial occlusion of the aorta by bands of living
tissue. — G. H. A. Cloivcs: Hay fever, with demonstration. — *J. /.
Ringer: Further studies on the fate of fatty acids in the diabetic organ-
isni. — R. M. Pcarcc and P. F. Williams: Experience with Abderhalden's
test for pregnancy. — L. L. JJ'oodruff: The kernplasma relation during
the life of a pedigreed race of O.vyfliricha f alias. — Richard JJ'cil: A
new factor in anaphylaxis. — E. E. Biiffcrficld: The reaction between
oxygen and hemoglobin. — *F. S. Lee and S. Everinglmin: The myo-
neural junction in fatigue. — F. H. Pike: A demonstration of the effects
of electrical Stimulation of the labyrinth of the ear. — E. L. Scott: The
relation of pancreatic extract to the sugar of the blood. — A. F. Hess:
The pancreatic lipase of infants in acute intestinal disturbances. — JV.
H. Park, L. ]]'. Fainiilcucr and E. J. Banzhaf: Influence of protein
concentration on absorption of antibodies in sul)cutaneous injections. —
* On the ofificial program, but not abstracted in the Proc. Soc. Ex[>. Bio!,
aiid Med.. 1913. x. pp. 65-122.
;8
J3'
c^
Portrait of the Foundcr ot the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Reproduced from \'olume II ( 1904-05 ) of the Society's Proceedings
1913] / Ninetccn O. Tlircc 361
G. C. Robinson: The inflnence of the vagits nerves 011 tlie faradized
auricles in the dog heart. — B. S. Oppenheimer and H. B. Williams: Pro-
longed complete heart block with freqiient changes in the idio-ventricu-
lar complexes. — C. J. Wiggers and E. F. DnBois: Methods for the pro-
duction of temporary valvulär lesions.— .^. /. Gold färb: The influence
of the central nervons System on regeneration ; The effect of salinity
lipon regeneration. — B. T. Terry: Variations in the amount of trans-
formed atoxyl (trypanotoxyl) produced by varying the strength of
atoxyl inciibated with blood. — IV. J. MacNeal and A. F. Chace: Some
observations on bacteria of the dnodenum. — A. F. Colin: The effects
of morphin on the mechanism of the dog heart after removal of one
vagus nerve. — T. S. Githens: The influence of temperature on the mini-
mal dose of strychnin and the onset of tetanus in the frog. — '■'/. E.
McWhorter and F. Prime (by invitation') : Cinematographic demon-
stration of the growth of tissues. — '''F. S. Lee: Cinematographic dem-
onstration of the beating heart. — "7?. Bnrton-Opitz: Demonstration of
the vasomotor nerves of the liver. — *//. B. IVilliams: Demonstration
of the electrovagogram. — Wm. de B. MacNider: The difl^erence in the
efifect of Grehant's anesthetic and of morphin-ether on the total output
and composition of the urine in normal dogs. — Sntherland Simpson:
The rate of growth in the dog. — Andrew Hnnter: The influence of ex-
perimental cretinism upon nitrogenous metabolism in the sheep. — De-
Witt Stettcn and Jacob Rosenblooni: ]\Ietabolism studies in a case of
hypopituitarism, with infantilism of the Lorain t}pe. — /. P. Atkinson
and C. B. Fitspatrick: On the presence of pressor substances in experi-
mental immunity. — G. H. A. Clowcs, Francis C. Goldsborongh and F.
West: On a complement-deviation reaction exhibited in pregnancy. —
G. H. A. Clozces and Francis C. Goldsborongh: On the antitryptic reac-
tion exhibited in pregnancy.
Prior to adjournment an election of officers for 191 3-' 14 oc-
curred, with the following results : President, Janics Ezcing (re-
elected ) ; vice president, Cyrns U\ Ficld; secretary, Hohnes C.
Jackson; treasurer, Charles Morris (reelected). The new members
elected were Russell L. Cecil, Gary Eggleston, K. George Falk,
Davenport Hooker, Paul E. Howe and Charles J. West.
The dinner was a very enjoyable event. The accompanying
group Portrait shows the condition of the party at midnight. All
* On the official program, but not abstracted in the Proc. Soc. E.vp. Bio!, and
Med., J')i3, X. pp. 65-122.
?62
Society fov Exf^criiucuhil Hioloj/y aiuf Mcdiclnc
April
iliose at tlic rcadcr's cxnxnic Icfl aiid ri^lii wlio did not gel inlo the
piclurc wcrc under ihe table wlieii ihe jjluHograpli was taken.''
The ])resi(lent, Prof. James r^wing-, ably and entenainingh- eon-
cliKied llie afler-dinner proceedings. Infonnal speeclies were made.
at the call of the President, l)y the distinguished fonnder, Dr. S. J.
iMeltzer. also \)\ 1 )rs. (iraham T.usk. I'"rederic S. Lee. G. H. A.
Clowes. Jac(|ues Loeb. William II. Park and William J. Gies.
The Speakers felicitated Dr. Meltzer on the happiness of the idea
that led Ihm to found the societ}' ; they also complimented him on
the societ}''s past ser\ice. and on its rigor and effectiveness at the
tenth anniversary of its birth. There was a strong note of con-
gratulation of the society itself on the prospect of steady growth
in efficiency and nsefnlness.
The names of the members present at the meeting or at the
dinner, or both, are appended :
J. P. Atkinson
John Auer
T. H. Austin
F. W. Bancroft
S. P. r.eebe
Jacob üronfenbrenner
E. E. Butterfield
G. X. Calkins
G. H. A. Clowes
A. E. Cohn
Riifus I. Cole
J. W. Draper
E. F. Du Rois
E. K. Dunham
A. B. Eisenbrey
C. A. Eisberg
Haven Emerson
James Ewing
L. W. Famulener
Cyrus W. Field
C. B. Fitzpatrick
Simon Flexner
N. B. Foster
W^illiam J. Gies
T. S. Githens
A. J. Goldfarb
W. S. Halstead
Isaac F. Harris
Alfred F. Hess
Paul E. Howe
H. C. Jackson
Walter A. Jacobs
H. H. Janeway
Don R. Joseph
Ludwig Käst
L S. Kleiner
R. A. Lambert
Frederic S. Lee
P. A. Levene
Isaac Levin
Charles C. Lieb
Jacques Loeb
\\\ F. Longcope
(iraham I,usk
W. G. MacCallum
W. T. AFacXeal
F. H. ^IcCrudden
A. R. Mandel
John A. ^Mandel
W. H. Manwaring
S. T. ^leltzer
G. '^r. Meyer
H. O. :\Iosenthal
John R. Ahndin
j. B. ALn-phy
A". C. Apvers
Hideyo Xoguchi
Charles Xorris
B. S. Oppenheimer
A. M. Pappenheimer
William H. Park
R. ^L Pearce
F. H. Pike
A. L Ringer
G. C. Robinson
Pevton Rons
E.'L. Scott
( r. G. Scott
H. D. Senior
M. Sittenfeld
Edna Steinhardt
H. A. Stewart
^ Drs. Auer, Bancroft, Dunham, Eisenbrey, Field, Hess, Jackson, Mandel
brothers, Norris, Oppenheimer, Park, Pearce. Senior, Swift, Wadsworth, Wal-
lace, Wood. Anticipating the fate of the Michigan editor in the Roosevelt water-
wagon case, we wish to add that \ve do not l3elie^"e this situatiiMi implics any-
thing more than the facts themselves indicate.
c\
. — I
3
o
CO
I9I3]
Nineteen 0. Three
365
H. F. Swift
B. T. Terry
D. D. Van Slyke
A. B. Wadsworth
George B. Wallace
Richard Weil
C. J. West
C. J. Wiggers
Anna W. Williams
H. B. Williams
Francis C. Wood
The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine has been an
important influence in the development o£ biological and medical
science, particularly in New York. It has stimulated aspiration,
quickened activity, increased productivity, afforded a congenial and
ready means of expression, and opened a suitable Channel for com-
munication, during a period of awakening in the biological and
medical sciences in New York. It continues in this röle as an in-
fluential factor in the advancement of science in this country.
The growth of the society is indicated by the appended tabula-
tion of its total membership at the end of each successive academic
year since its foundation in 1903 :
Year
Total
Increase
Year
Total
Increase
Year ; Total Increase
1903
1904
1905
1906
19
55
87
119
36
32
32
1907
1908
1909
1910
140
162
185
205
21
22
23
20
1911
1912
1913:
(Feb. 19)
222
239
255
17
17
16
Biological chemists may be interested in the following Statistical
summary relating to the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine :
Of the seven men at the Conference in Prof. Graham Lusk's
home preliminary to Organization, on January 19, 1903, four were
biological chemists.
The society was formally organized at a meeting in the bio-
chemical laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y., on Feb. 25, 1903.
Two of the three authors of the Constitution, and two of the first
five officers, were biological chemists.
The folloAving members of the American Society of Biological
Chemists are members of the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine :
J. J. Abel, J. G. Adami, H. M. Adler, C. L. Aisberg, J. P. Atkinson,
E. J. Banzhaf, S. P. Beebe, F. G. Benedict, S. R. Benedict, W. N. Berg,
366 Society for Experimental Biology and Mediane [April
F. J. Birchard, Russell Burton-Opitz, R. H, Chittenden, A. C. Craw-
ford, H. D. Dakin, E. K. Dunham, C. W. Field, Otto Folin, N. B.
Foster, C. Stuart Gager, R. B. Gibson, William J. Gies, Shinkishi Hatai,
R. A. Hatcher, P. B. Hawk, Paul E. Howe, W. H. Howell, Reid Hunt,
Andrew Hunter, H. C. Jackson, W. A. Jacobs, Walter Jones, J. H.
Kastle, I. S. Kleiner, Oskar Klotz, J. B. Leathes, P. A. Levene, Jacques
Loeb, A. S. Loevenhart, Graham Lusk, A. B. Macallum, J. J. R. Mac-
leod, W. deB. MacNider, J. A. Mandel, F. H. McCrudden, L. B.
Mendel, G. M. Meyer, J. R. Murlin, V. C. Myers, F. G. Novy, T. B.
Osborne, Franz Pfaff, A. N. Richards, A. I. Ringer, T. B. Robertson,
Jacob Rosenbloom, William Salant, P. A. Shaffer, H. C. Sherman,
Torald Sollmann, L. B. Stookey, A. E. Taylor, F. P. Underhill, D. D.
Van Slyke, G. B. Wallace, H. G. Wells, C. G. L. Wolf.
Of the 775 Communications to the Society for Experimental
Biology and Medicine at its first fifty-two meetings, 430 — more
than half — were largely er entirely biochemical in character.
NiNETEEN O. ThREE
New York City
METHODS FOR THE ELECTROMETRIC DETERMI-
NATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF HYDRO-
GEN IONS IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
K. A. HASSELBALCH
(Finsen Institute j Copenhagen, Denmark)
(WITH PL ATE 3)
The great importance of the reaction of the medium in many
biological processes has long been appreciated and has led to a series
of more or less successful endeavors to measure its degree. It is
only within the most recent years, hovvever, that the methods of
measurement have been so far perfected as to enable us to say that
the "true reaction" of biological fluids can now be measured with
sufficient accuracy for most purposes.
This is due, in the first instance, to the insight into the nature
of the question which has been derived from the electrolytic dis-
sociation theory : the " true reaction " of a liquid is not determined
by its concentration of free acid or alkali, but by its concentration
of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions — or, practically speaking, by the
concentration of hydrogen ions alone, for the product of the two
is a constant. Since the dissociation of acid or base in a liquid, and
thereby also its hydrogen-ion concentration, is in many respects
dependent on the nature of the dissolved substances, the true reac-
tion of the liquid cannot be determined by merely measuring the
quantity of alkali or acid that must be added to a certain quantity
of the liquid in order to effect a particular change of color in the
indicator used. As is now known, such a titration shows only that,
at the moment, a certain hydrogen-ion concentration, to which the
indicator reacts, has been reached, the original hydrogen-ion con-
centration of the liquid remaining unknown.
Thus, the determination of the true reaction of a liquid requires
some procedure by which the concentration of the hydrogen ion is
367
3(38 Hydro gen Ions in Biological Fluids [April
not altered. Only two methods of the latter kind are in practical
employment, namely, the colorimetric and the electrometric.
The colorimetric method is based on the above-mentioned fact,
that a series of indicators shows certain color nuances with known
hydrogen-ion concentrations, which miist be determined electro-
metrically, so that the electrometric determination of the hydro-
gen-ion concentration miist at any rate be considered as the funda-
mental method. The colorimetric method has been indicated by
Friedenthal and Salm ;^ its field has been considerably widened and
its trustworthiness assured by the thorough investigations and im-
provements of S. P. L. Sörensen and his collaborators. I shall not
discuss the technical details of the method but merely refer to Sören-
sen's latest smnmary of his work.^
We owe the electrometric method orginally to Nernst.^ It was
first applied to biological fluids by Bugarsky and Liebermann, ^ and
by Höber.^ It is based on the fact that a hydrogen-saturated metal
electrode in a hydrogen-saturated liquid gives rise to a difference of
Potential between the electrode and the liquid, which is dependent
on the hydrogen-ion concentration according to known laws. The
determination of this difference of potential thus makes it possible
to determine the hydrogen-ion concentration of the liquid.
The experimental method generally employed to measure the
difference of potential between the hydrogen-saturated electrode
and the hydrogen-saturated liquid has been so often described in its
main features, most recently by Sörensen*^ in the above-cited work,
that it needs no attention here. The present paper deals with the
difficulty of obtaining the condition presupposed by the method,
vis., Saturation of the electrode and liquid zvith hydrogen, without
any alteration in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the liquid.
Biological fluids, as is well known, usually contain volatile acids
(or bases) which determine, in great part, their hydrogen-ion con-
centration, so that the normal electrometric method, by which liquid
and electrode are saturated with a current of hydrogen bubbled
^ Friedenthal and Salm: Zeitschr. f. Elektroch., lo, 1904; 12, 1906; 13, 1907.
^Sörensen: Ergebnisse der Physiologie, 12, 1912.
^ Nernst : Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie, 4, 1889.
* Bugarsky and Liebermann : Pflüger's Arch., 72, 1898.
° Höber: Pflüger's Arch., 81, 1900.
' Sörensen : Loc. cit.
I9I3] K. A. Hasselbaich 369
through the fluid, cannot be used. Let us take an extreme case and
see what even a slight carbonic-acid tension — according to ordinary
ideas — may mean for the hydrogen-ion concentration o£ a liquid.
Sea-water and the surrounding atmosphere have the same carbonic
acid tension — ca. 0.04/100X760 = 0.3 mm. On driving all the
carbonic acid f rom the sea-water we should cause the hydrogen-ion
concentration to sink from ca. lo"^ to ca. lO"^ or, using Sörensen's
terminology/ the hydrogen-ion exponent, pn-, would rise from 8
to 9. If, therefore, in this case we saturated the liquid and elec-
trode with a current of hydrogen, quite an erroneous result would be
obtained.
A similar error, though less in amount, would also arise if we
had recourse to the auxiliary method applied in such cases at the
beginning of this Century, namely, if the hydrogen-saturated elec-
trode remained in contact with the liquid and we waited until the
Potential became constant, i. e., until equilibrium had been attained
in the diffusion between the liquid and the hydrogen atmosphere.
For instance, a sample of sea-water (kept in a bottle for nearly a
year), whose p-a: was in reality 7.55, showed /'h- = 7.74 on using
this method. The error may be reduced if, with Michaelis,^ we take
a small quantity of hydrogen and let the electrode only just touch
the surface of the liquid. But the most satisfactory method of
proceeding seems to me the f ollowing :^
A current of pure hydrogen, saturated with moisture, is led
through the vessel containing the electrode until the latter has be-
come saturated with hydrogen. The experimental liquid, which is
stored in such a way that it retains its natural tension of volatile
acid (or base), is now led into the vessel in such a quantity that
the electrode reaches more or less deeply into the fluid (see below)
and the vessel is then closed. By shaking the vessel, the establish-
ment of diffusion equilibrium between liquid and hydrogen, and
attainment of constancy in the measured potential, are accelerated.
This constancy, however, has been obtained by the loss of part of
the volatile acid (or base) from the liquid to the hydrogen and
^Sörensen: Bloch. Zeitschr., 21, 1909.
^Michaelis: Ibid., 18, 1909; 46, 1912.
'Hasselbaich: Ibid., 30, p. Z17, 1910; 38, p. 77, iQiS; 49, P- 45o, 1913-
370 Hydrogen Ions in Biological Fluids [April
would, therefore, indicate a too alkaline (or too acid) reaction of
the fluid. The liquid is now renewed without changing the gas-
mixture around the electrode, and shaking is repeated. It is easily
Seen that electromotive constancy may now be obtained without
any, or at least without any appreciable, alteration of the tension of
the volatile acid (or base), i. e., without alteration of the original
hydrogen-ion concentration of the liquid.
This procedure may be repeated, if necessary, until the renewal
of liquid no longer causes any alteration in the measured potential.
For blood, urine, and probably the majority of biological fluids, a
Single renewal is sufficient. Sea-water and similar Solutions, which
are poor in "reaction regulators "^^ (Henderson^'^), are eo ipso far
more susceptible to the change in carbonic-acid tension resulting
from the method of measurement and would require three to four
or, according to circumstances, even a larger number of renewals
of the liquid before constancy is reached. In such cases it is easier,
and more correct, to extrapolate graphically from the first three
measurements (i. e., after two renewals of the liquid) in order to
get the final value.
The procedure described here permits one inconsiderable error,
for which a correction may be made, if necessary. When diffusion
equilibrium between the hydrogen and the liquid has been obtained,
none of the components are, strictly speaking, any longer saturated
with moist hydrogen at the existing barometric pressure but at a
somewhat lower pressure. The potential changes, however, in ac-
cord with the logarithm of the hydrogen pressure, so that, e. g., a
fall in the hydrogen pressure from 760 to 700 (and a greater fall is
practically inconceivable) would drop the measured potential to a
value ca. i milli-volt too low. An error like this lies very near the
limit of error of the whole method but may be eliminated, as already
mentioned, by analysis of the hydrogen mixture and by calculation.
Solutions which are poor in "reaction regulators," but whose
hydrogen-ion concentration (owing to the volatile acid or base they
contain) must necessarily be measured in the above-mentioned way
(if it cannot be measured colorimetrically), have been found to
'" Compounds which, by their presence, diminish the effect on the hydrogen-
ion concentration of changes in the Proportion of acid or base.
" Henderson : Ergebnisse der Physiologie, 8, 1909.
1913] K. A. Hasselbaich 371
present the difficulty that the potential changes in an unaccountable
nianner when the liquid in the electrode vessel is at rest. For this
reason I have proposed, as a normal method in measuring biological
fluids, that the shaking should be mechanical and permanent, even
during the reading of the electrometer. The electrode vessel is seen
in Plate 3, Fig. i. The arrows indicate the direction and extent
o£ the movement. While the shaking takes place, the electrode is
constantly immersed in the liquid.
It is easily seen that this electrode vessel, by another arrange-
ment of the T-tube, may also be used in measurements which permit
hydrogen to be led through the liquid. This property of the vessel
may be of use, e. g., in efforts to control the correctness of the
electrode by measurement of " Standard Solutions " of a known
hydrogen-ion concentration.
Fig. 2 (Plate 3) shows an electrode vessel used by me for
small quantities of fluid, especially in determinations of the hydro-
gen-ion concentration in 2-3 c.c. of human blood to which some
hirudin is added. The blood may be taken f rom the lobe of the ear ;
it is saturated in a glass syringe by rotation with about 20 c.c. of
the alveolar air of the individual. The electrode, F, is saturated
with a current of hydrogen flowing in the direction A— > B -» D -^ E.
D is a groove in the inner part of a ground glass stopper lubricated
with Vaseline and, during the flow of the hydrogen, it is turned so
as to be opposite the hole E in the outer wall of the apparatus. The
Saturation with hydrogen being completed, D is turned, as shown
in Fig. 2 (Plate 3), and the cock B, which must be quite free
from Vaseline, is turned around so that the first portion of the
liquid from the syringe passes through A and down into the rubber
tube C. The electrical connection between the liquid in the elec-
trode vessel and the Solution of potassium chlorid (Fig. i, Plate 3)
takes place along this route. When cock B is then turned as shown
in the figure (Fig. 2, Plate 3), and cock H (which is carefully
lubricated) is opened, the liquid rises in the electrode vessel as high
as the side-tube ; H is now closed, B turned around, and the syringe
disconnected. The shaking of the apparatus and the reading of the
electrometer may now be started,
When we are dealing with blood or other fluids containing dis-
372 Hydrogen Ions in Biological Fluids [April
sociable oxygen Compounds, electromotive constancy is not attained
until the moment when the layer of liquid into which the electrode
projects is completely reduced. In such cases it may be useful, by
saving time, to apply the Suggestion of Michaelis,^^ namely, to let
the electrode just touch the surface of the liquid.
I am of the opinion that by following the lines indicated above,
we shall be able to measure the hydrogen-ion concentration of bio-
logical fluids in many cases where it has hitherto been considered
impossible, or where we have had to be satisfied with rough approxi-
mations. There are undoubtedly numerous questions in biology
and pathology which these improvements in method may help to
solve.
" Michaelis : Loc. cit.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
TRYPTOPHAN DERIVED FROM
PROTEIN
JESSE A. SANDERS and CLARENCE E. MAY
(Chetnical Laboratories of Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.)
Introduction. Tryptophan is a protein cleavage prodiict that
is never obtained abundantly. So far as we know the tryptophan
yield has been determined quantitatively in the case of but two
proteins, namely casein^ and wheat ghadin.^ Only traces of tryp-
tophan can be obtained from other proteins; and some proteins,
especially gelatin, fail to yield it, if the indications of the usual test
with glyoxyhc acid and sulfuric acid are rehable.
Although tryptophan cannot be abundantly obtained from pro-
teins, considerable importance is attached to it because it is produced
in the tryptic digestion of protein and, in putrefaction, yields indol.
The quantity of indican in urine indicates, in a general way, the
extent of intestinal putrefaction. One usually accepts that con-
clusion without considering the details of the tryptophan trans-
formation, which involves the necessary presence of tryptophan
precursors in the original protein molecules ; the degree of digestion
of the particular proteins that yield tryptophan; the conversion of
tryptophan into indol rather than skatol ; followed by the absorption
of indol, its oxidation to indoxyl, its esterification and its excre-
tion in the urine in the form of the potassium ethereal sulfate.
Owing to the evanescent nature of tryptophan, its Isolation from
tryptic digestion mixtures has been the subject of many investiga-
tions. Although Hopkins and Cole, Abderhalden, and others, have
^Abderhalden: Zeit. f. physiol Chem., 190S, xHv, p. 23; Abderhalden and
Samuely: Ibid., p. 276. (100 gm. of gliadin yield about i.o gm. of tryptophan;
100 gm. of casein yield 1.5 gm. of tryptophan.)
^ Osborne and Clapp : Amer. Jour. Physiol., 1906, xvii, p. 231; Osborne and
Guest : Jour. of Biol. Chem., igii, ix, p. 426. (Hydrolysis of gliadin; revised
gliadin-tryptophan figures.)
373
374 Determination of Tryptophan [April
used the mercury stilfate-sulfiiric acid method^ in work on casein,
this treatment has always been reported as giving figures somewhat
lower than actual valnes. Tryptophan diminishes in quantity after
a time, and may disappear, during the progress of tryptic digestion.
In this laboratory we have found that the mercury sulfate-sulfuric
acid method of Hopkins and Cole does not completely precipitate
the tryptophan present in the digestion mixture. After precipitating
the tryptophan-mercury-sulfate product from a casein digestion
mixture, fikering, neutrahzing with calcium hydroxide and remov-
ing the calcium sulfate and insoluble calcium salts, we obtained a
filtrate that gave a characteristic tryptophan test with glyoxylic and
sulfuric acids. Obviously the Hopkins-Cole method did not com-
pletely precipitate tryptophan. Because of the smallness of the
amounts of tryptophan usually derived from proteins, this method is
necessarily dependent on the use of relatively large quantities of
protein. The tedious nature of the methods for the purification of
large amounts of proteins led us to endeavor to devise an accurate
process involving the use of small amounts of protein. *
The Solution of the problem seemed to depend on perfecting a
method for the quantitative determination of small amounts of
indol. We desired to use i^-napthoquinone mono-sodium sulfonate,
such as Herter* employed in his work on indol, but could not find
it on the market. We prepared a substance that reacted with indol,
giving a deep violet colored Solution such as Herter obtained, but the
substance formed by the combination of indol with our supposed
;8-napthoquinone mono-sodium sulfonate was not soluble in Chloro-
form. Herter used Chloroform to extract the indol-containing Com-
pound. Further use of our reagent was abandoned. It is probable
that we had an isomer of Herter's reagent differing mainly from his
in its reaction with Chloroform. We prepared our reagent by
cautiously oxidizing " Eikonogen," the Photographie developer, by
means of concentrated nitric acid. The oxidation was quite satis-
factory but the_ substance obtained was evidently an isomer, bearing
the sulfonic acid radical on a benzene nucleus other than the one
holding the quinone linkages.
* Hopkins and Cole: Jour. of PhysioL, 1901-2, xxvii, p. 418; Ibid.j 1903,
xxix, p. 451. (Mercury sulfate-sulfuric acid method; Isolation of tryptophan.)
* Herter and Foster: Jour. of Bio!. Chent., 1905-6, i, p. 257; Ibid., 1906-7, ii,
p. 267. (ß-napthoquinone reaction with indol.)
1913] Jesse A, Sanders and Clarence E. May 375
General method. We studied the production of indol in the
tryptic digestion of casein, the tryptophan yield from which is known
approximately. We used small amounts (i. 0-1.75 gm.) of casein,
digesting them with strong pancreatin Solutions free from trypto-
phan, as determined by negative response to the glyoxylic-sulfuric
acid test. The digestive periods differed in length. At the end
of each, the mixture was neutralized, reinforced with neutral salts,
and then made alkaline to one of several degrees of alkalinity.
After sterilization in an autoclave, the mixtures were inoculated
with mixed fecal bacteria from the stools of an individual on a
mixed diet. No bacteria were isolated for purposes of Identifica-
tion. The organisms were allowed to develop in the digestion
mixtures at 37° C. for periods of different length. The reaction
mixtures, after neutralizing and making them alkaline with a known
amount of alkali, were distilled with steam until about 700 c.c. of
distillate had been obtained. The distillate was diluted to 1,000 c.c.
and an aliquot portion was treated with 0.2 per cent. sodium nitrite
and conc. sulfuric acid solutions. A control Solution containing
0.25 per cent. of indol (Kahlbaum) was treated in the same manner.
Each nitroso-indol Solution was then allowed to stand until the
maximum color developed.^ We used the Wolf colorimeter for
the tinctorial comparisons, and found that even with the small
amounts of indol obtained (see figures later) an error of 3 per cent.
was very easily detected by difference in the intensity of the resulting
colorations.
We experienced some difficulty, at first, in mixing definite
amounts of the indol Solution with the nitrite and sulfuric acid Solu-
tions, and water, which would give uniform shade and intensity of
color. Later we obtained very constant results by taking an aliquot
portion of the indol Solution, adding the nitrite Solution and enough
water to fill the cylinder of the apparatus almost to the 100 mark,
then adding the conc. sulfuric acid Solution and sufficient water to
fill to the mark. On mixing uniformly, a very faint though distinct
' Moraczewski : Zeit. f. physiol. Chem., 1908, Iv, pp. 42-47; Chem. Ahstr.,
1908, ii, p. 2578. (Colorimetric determination of indol in feces. The abstract
of the original article contains an error that should be corrected: the sodium
nitrite Solution has a concentration of 0.2 per cent. instead of 2.0 per cent.
See also, Levene and Rouiller : Jour. of Biol. Chem., 1906-7, ii, p. 481. A
bromine-tryptophan colorimetric method for the determination of tryptophan.)
37^ Determination of Tryptophan [April
color developed which reached its maximum intensity in about
half an hour.
Details of the experiments. About 500 c.c. of skimmed milk
were diluted in a precipitation jar with five volumes of water. The
casein was precipitated by the addition of 12.5 c.c. of 10 per cent.
acetic acid Solution. The casein was repeatedly washed with water
by decantation and then dissolved in Standard sodium hydroxid Solu-
tion (enough to dissolve the casein without leaving a large excess of
alkali). The liquid required about 150 c.c. of n/2 sodium hydroxid
Solution to produce a permanent alkalinity, using azolitmin paper as
indicator. After dilution to a definite volume and filtration, two
nitrogen determinations were made by the Kjeldahl method. It was
found that each 100 c.c. of the Solution contained 0.8755 ö"^- o^
casein. Of the remaining Solution 500 c.c, were neutralized with
phenolthalein as the indicator and treated with 0.4 gm. of sodium
carbonate for each 100 c.c. volume of the neutral liquid. Then
25 c.c. of a saturated pancreatin (commercial) Solution and xylene,
as a preservative, were added. Incubation was continued at 2)7° C.
for 24 hours, when an equal portion of the pancreatin Solution was
added; a third portion was added at the end of 48 hours. The
incubation was then continued for forty-four days. Steam was
passed through the alkaline Solution to remove the xylene. The
digestion was apparently complete ; common tests for tryptophan
indicated its presence. The mixture was neutralized and reinforced
with neutral salts, such as Hopkins and Cole used in their work — 5
gm. Rochelle salt, 0.2 gm. ammonium phosphate and o.i gm.
magnesium sulfate, per liter. No gelatin was added. The total
volume was now made up to one liter and divided into four equal
portions. Each portion contained cleavage products corresponding
to 1.0944 gm. of casein.
Portion A was sterilized in an autoclave and inoculated with a
24 hour slant agar growth of intestinal bacteria.^ Portion B was
• The method of inoculation was as follows : The bacteria were grown first
in ordinary broth inoculated from feces. After 24 hours, agar slants were made
in the usual way. When these were 24 hours old, the organisms were detached
by means of sterile water and a sterile wire, and the liquid containing them was
poured directly into the flask to be inoculated. In order to establish a definite
degree of alkalinity, the digestion mixtures, after steam distillation, were
I9I3] Jcsse A. Sanders and Clarence E. May 377
treated with sodium carbonate (0.4 gm. per 100 c.c), sterilized and
inoculated with some o£ the same 24 hour growth of bacteria.
Portion C was made alkaline with sodium carbonate to 0.8 per cent. ;
portion jD to i.o per cent. Both were inoculated as in A and B.
After four days of incubation, the four flasks were reinoculated
with fresh 24 hour cuhures of the bacteria and again incubated.
After eight days' incubation, flask A was removed from the oven.
Active indol-producing bacteria were present in the mixture. The
original putrefaction mixture, neutral to litmus and giving a faint
odor of indol, was made alkaline with sodium carbonate (to 0.4 per
cent.). With steam distillation, all the indol passed into the first
300 c.c. of distillate.
Determination of indol. A Standard indol Solution was made
by dissolving 0.25 gm. of the pure substance in a liter of water.
Twenty-five c.c. of the original distillate from flask A, diluted to
about 90 c.c, were treated with 10 drops of a 0.2 per cent. sodium
nitrite Solution, and six drops of conc. sulfuric acid Solution, diluted
to 100 c.c, and mixed uniformly. The liquid was allowed to stand
until the maximum rose-red color of the nitroso-indol developed,
when it showed the same intensity of color as that produced by 1.3
c.c. of the Standard indol Solution diluted in the same manner to
100 c.c The total distillate contained 3.9 mg. of indol. In flask
B, incubation was continued for nine days after the second inocula-
tion. At the end of that time, indol-producing bacteria were still
active. The reaction-mixture being distinctly alkaline, no alkali was
added prior to steam distillation. All the indol appeared in the
first 650 c.c of distillate, which was diluted to 700 c.c. and thor-
oughly mixed. Of this Solution 50 c.c. contained as much indol as
1.2 c.c. of the Standard Solution. The total indol content of flask
B was 4.2 mg. Flask C was incubated twenty-six days. The
mixture smelled strongly of indol and was alkaline in reaction. No
additional alkali was added. A distillate of 1000 c.c. was obtained,
each 50 c.c. of which contained as much indol as 2.05 c.c. of the
Standard indol Solution. The total content of indol in this putre-
faction mixture was 10.25 mg. Flask D was incubated twenty-five
titrated with n/io hydrochloric acid Solution and then neutralized quantitatively.
The required weight of sodium carbonate was then added to the neutral Solu-
tion to give the desired alkalinity.
378
Determination of Tryptophan
[April
days. It contained indol and was alkaline in reaction. Of i liter
of distillate obtained by steam distillation, each 50 c.c. contained the
quantity of indol present in 2.0 c.c. of the Standard Solution, in-
dicating that the indol in the putrefactive mixture amounted to lo.o
mg. A summary of the analytic data is appended.
Flask
Casein, gm.
Digestion, days
Bacterial action, days
Indol, mg.
A
B
C
D
1.0944
1.0944
1.0944
1.0944
44
44
44
44
8
13
26
25
3-9
4.2
10.25
10.00
The yield of indol could be derived from 1.7872 gm. of trypto-
phan in the case of sample C and from 1.7436 gm. of tryptophan in
the case of sample D. The weight of casein corresponding to the
amount of indol found must have yielded the calculated weight of
tryptophan. This being the case, 100 gm. of casein yield either
1-593 g"^- of tryptophan (C) or 1.633 g"^- of tryptophan {D), as
the minimum amounts.
Hopkins and Cole claim that intestinal bacteria form small
amounts of indol-acetic acid and other indol-containing substances,
but we have not found these in our putrefactive mixtures, although
they may have been formed in very small amounts, f or which reason
we give the two results as indicating the minimum amounts of indol-
yielding radicals in casein. Our results are as high as those ob-
tained by other investigators. It is likely, of course, that the
method will be improved by the further study we hope to give it,
especially in its application to other common proteins. The present
paper presents only preliminary results.
The method, as outlined, is slow but it promises to be a satis-
factory process for the determination of one of the cleavage
products of protein material that hitherto has been difficult to de-
termine quantitatively.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF MUSCLE PLASMA^
FILIPPO BOTTAZZI
(Physiological Institute, University of Naples, Italy)
My experiments have been made on striated muscles of oxen,
dogs, Scyüium stellare and Dentex vulgaris, and on piain muscles
{M. retractor penis) of oxen. In the case of the dogs, the muscles
were removed after flushing the blood vessels with 0.9 per cent.
Solution of sodium chlorid (sometimes cooled to 4-5° C). In
nearly all cases the muscles were preserved in dry vessels at low
temperatures. They were freed from fatty and connective tissues,
then minced, thoroughly pounded with quartz sand and infusorial
earth, and plasma obtained in a Buchner press, generally at a
maximum pressure of about 350 atmospheres. In some experi-
ments the irritability of the animal (Scyllium) was abolished by
gradually cooling it to about — 2° C, so that on cutting off the
body musculature no contraction ensued. The muscle plasma
(about 600-800 c.c.) was collected in dry vessels, centrifuged for
an hour and preserved in a refrigerator.
The plasma of striated mammalian muscle was always deep red
in color and rather turbid; that of fish muscle was less colored.
The plasma of piain muscle was always opalescent and almost color-
less. The microscopic examination, made with powerful apochro-
matic objectives, revealed no trace of morphologic Clements or
granules in the centrifuged plasma, which always appeared to be
perfectly homogeneous. But ultramicroscopic examination revealed
the presence of innumerable very small and highly brilliant granules,
mixed with a relatively small number of coarse particles, which have
nothing to do with the granules, being composed of fat, glycogen
and nuclear or sarcoplasmic f ragments. The existence of the ultra-
^ Presented at the eighty-first meeting of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, in Dundee, September, 1912. In these researches I
was aided by my assistant Dr. G. Quagliariello.
379
380 PJiysical Chemistry of Muscle Plasma [April
microscopic granules was never observed before; this is the most
important result of my investigations.
The number or concentration of the granules in the original
plasma is so great that the iiltramicroscopic field appears almost
uniformly luminous — the individual granules cannot be distinctly
Seen. But when the plasma is diluted with Ringer Solution, the
granules are separated, and then appear as distinct brilliant cor-
puscles endowed with lively Brownian movements on a darkish
homogeneous background. They are not precipitation-particles of
a dissolved muscle protein, because they do not disappear under the
action of dilute alkali. Precipitation of such protein might be
caused by lactic acid produced in the muscles, but in that case the
particles would be dissolved by alkali — we do not know of any acid-
precipitated proteins that are not resoluble in alkalies. No ordinary
reagent causes the granules to disappear at a low temperature.
Moreover, acid increascs the number of particles, by precipitating a
special dissolved muscle protein.
The granules are present in almost equal number in plasmas ex-
pressed from muscles which have been cooled to a low degree and
which, therefore, are non-irritant, t. e., from muscles in which acid
production is greatly diminished. The concentration of the granules
is greater in the plasma of striated muscle than in that of piain
muscle.
Normal muscle plasma is, then, a Suspension of ultramicroscopic
granules in a liquid zvhich, besides containing mineral salts and ex-
tractives, certainly holds protein in a state of true Solution. Ac-
cordingly, the plasma, f reed from the granules, is an optically homo-
geneous fluid, but on adding to it a weak acid Solution, or on
heating it at 55° C, additional particles appear — true precipitation-
particles of a dissolved muscle protein, which may be termed myo-
protein, while we may give the name myosin to the protein of which
the plasma granules are made. The existence of other muscle pro-
teins in the muscle plasma has not been proved.
The observed plasma granules are apparently a degradation or
cleavage product of material in the myofibrils, piain or striated, and
preexist in all muscle plasma. Their preexistence is not only easily
conceivable, but we are also obliged to assume it, when we reflect
1913] Filippo Bottassi 381
that both materlals — fibrillar and sarcoplasmic — exist in muscle
fibres in two distinct phases, which of course must also remain
distinct in the plasma. The fibrillar phase being represented in the
plasma in the form of granules, these are probably constituent ele-
ments of the fibrils, in harmony with the views of Heidenhain.
The granulär material tends to flocculate spontaneously ; but
spontaneous agglutination and Sedimentation of the granules occurs
very slowly, because of their smallness and the high viscosity of the
Suspension fluid. Dilution with water, or with neutral, faintly acid
or alkaline Solutions, dialysis, or heating to about 30° C, accelerates
the process; but it also occurs, in from about 12 to 24 hours, as I
have Said, when all accelerating action of physical or chemical
agents is excluded. This aggregation, followed by precipitation, of
the granulär material is essentially the so-called "spontaneous
coagidation" of muscle plasma or extract; it is therefore neither an
enzymic-coagulation nor a heat-coagulation of dissolved protein. I
have never observed phenomena like those described by Kühne — of
nearly instantaneous clotting of cold muscle plasma when raised to
room temperature.
Precipitation of the granules is greatly accelerated by heating
muscle plasma to between 38° and 54° C, when, after a few
minutes, a heavy precipitate is produced, from which there separates
a clear yellowish-red fluid, muscle serum. This phenomenon, which
many authors Interpret as one of heat coagulation of a dissolved
protein, is, on the contrary, the effect of rapid aggregation and pre-
cipitation of the suspended granules. When their concentration is
very great, massive clotting of the plasma occurs.
The precipitate which appears during the first 24-48 hours of
dialysis of plasma is composed of the granulär material, and is not
formed from a dissolved protein. Sometimes the plasma trans-
forms itself into something like a blood coagulum.
Heat-coagulation of dissolved myoprotein is a continuous
process, which does not appear to be complete even at 80° C. As
we cannot deny that it begins at a temperature as low as 50° C,
we are bound to admit that the precipitate of granules, formed at
54°-55° C, probably also contains a little myoprotein. In Opposi-
tion to von Fürth and others, I have observed that the (dissolved)
382
Physical Chemistry of Muscle Plasma
[April
myoprotein is totally precipitated by strong and prolonged dialysis.
As this precipitation process is also a continuous one, I do not
deny that it begins during the first 24-48 hours; therefore the pre-
cipitate of granules which forms early during dialysis may also
contain a little myoprotein.
A trace of dissolved protein can always be found in plasma
wiiich has been dialyzed continuously for several months. It is
probably serumalbumin, which cannot be wholly eliminated.
Muscle pigments (hemoglobin, MacMunn's myohematin) are
partly removed from the plasma by the agglutinated granules — ad-
sorbed by them, and are also precipitated in some degree with myo-
protein by prolonged dialysis.
The granules and myoprotein, freed from electrolytes by suffi-
ciently long dialysis, move toward the anode, when put under the
influence of a strong electric current; they carry electronegative
charges.
For muscle plasma I have determined the quantity of plasma as
per Cent, of fresh muscle, the total solid and total protein contents
and ash yield, the specific gravi ty, lowering of the freezing point,
electric conductivity, viscosity, surface tension and chemical reac-
tion. Tables 1-3 contain the results of these determinations.
TABLE I
General data pertaining to muscle and muscle plasma
Plasma
No.
Muscle
Plasma
Muscle
Weight,
kg.
Pressure,
atm.
Weight,
gm.
Per Cent, of muscle
Scyllium: Striated
Ox: Striated
Dentex: Striated
Ox: Piain
Dog: Striated
Ox: Piain
7
8
9
5
II
12
1.067
0.938
0.894
I.184
0.829
I.190
350
350
50
350
350
50-350
666
592
217
580
339
562
62
63
24
50
40
47
The plasma varied in quantity from 40 to 63 per cent. (volume),
for pressures which never exceeded 350 atmospheres. The dry
residue from piain muscle plasma was less than that from striated
muscle plasma. The total protein content was relatively low — less
than that of blood serum. Muscle plasmas are very rieh in their
I9I3]
Filippo Bottazzi
383
TABLE 2
Percentage data for water, total solid and total protein contents, and ash yield,
of muscle plasma
A. Piain muscle
Muscle plasma
Water
Total solids
Total protein
Ash
Organic solids
mious protein
3:Ox
4: Ox
5:Ox
6:Ox
12: Mixed —
Fraction a
Fraction b
Fraction c
93-14
97-57
93.808
94.126
93-27
92.76
93-60
93-99
6.86
6-43
6.192
5-874
6.73
7-24
6.40
6.01
3-63
3-37
3-iS
2.75
3-37
4-13
2.90
2.67
1.32
1-30
I.148
1-37
1.30
I.91
1.76
1.894
1-754
2.06
B. Striated muscle
2: Ox
91.086
8.914
4-53
1-739
2.64s
8
Ox
92.57
7-43
3.65
0.85
2.93
9
Dentex
83-90
16.10
4.10
1.82
3-i8
7
Scyllium
Scyllium
90.36
9-64
3-04
3-36
1.80
4.80
loa: Scyllium
2.38
1 1 : Dog
87-37
12.63
3.85
1.50
7.28
TABLE 3
Data pertaining to physico-chemical properties of muscle plasma
A. Piain muscle
6
Lower-
Surface
Muscle
Specific
ing of
the
Electric
conduc-
Viscos-
tension
at25°
Chem-
ical
Remarks regarding
¥n
gravity
freezing
tivity
ity
(P 25°)
reaction
the plasma
CS
point
(A)
(K180)
(Ch-io7)
3
Ox
1.026
Normal, fresh
4
Ox
1.024
0.806°
—
—
—
—
Normal, fresh
5
Ox
1-023
0.761°
—
4-13
73-15
7.44
Normal, fresh
6
Ox
I.02I
0.730°
0.0144
3-04
76.76
6.18
Normal, fresh
12
Mixed
1.024
0.804°
—
4-48
73-34
7.30
Fraction a
1.026
0.812°
—
5-98
69-34
—
Expressed at 50 atm.
Fraction b
1.025
0.812°
—
3-68
74.67
—
Expressed at 200 atm.
Fraction c
1.023
0.810°
—
2.96
76.27
—
Expressed at 350 atm.
Striated muscle
7
Scyllium
1.027
2.455°
0.0147
1-59
II. I
Muscles were not cooled
8
Ox
1.027
0.868°
0.0107
1.75
78.19
31.4
Normal conditions
9
Dentex
1.049
1.196°
0.0120
2.82
76.22
12.S
From muscles of cooled
animal
10
Scyllium
Scyllium:
Frac. loa
1.024
1.024
2.337°
2.494°
0.0149
0.0150
3.71
1.71
72.9
73.1
S.65I
6.50 j
From three Scyllia (cooled
to from -2° to -3° C.)
II
Dog
1.039
1.088°
—
2.24
68.90
10.6
Three hours after expres-
Dog (i)
1.037
1.016°
—
—
70.00
35.0
Data obtained the fol-
lowing day
384 Physical Chemistry of Miiscle Plasma [April
yield of ash and content of organic non-protein substances. Gen-
erally, the dry residue and the protein contents are inversely pro-
portional to the pressure at which the plasma is expressed. Since
the specific gravity (1,021-1,027, as a rule) is quite near that of
blood serum, I believe the salts and extractives, lipoids, glycogen,
etc., help to accoimt for it.
The osmotic pressure is always very high (A =0.730-1.088°
C. for mammals; A =2.337-2.494° C. ior Scyllium; A = 1.196°
C. for Dcntex), higher than that of the blood.
The reaction is always acid (Ch- 10'^ = 5.65-12.5 ; but there are
also higher values : ChIO^=3I-4 f- e.). Acidity is lower in
plasma of piain muscle and of cooled striated muscle, higher in
the plasma of striated mammalian muscle. As a rule, the hydrogen-
ion concentration increases with time; but as this augmentation is
rather feeble, I believe, with Fletcher, that the maximum production
of acid substances occurs in muscles soon after their Separation from
the body.
The high osmotic pressure of muscle plasma is probably due
mainly to the substances that determine the acid reaction.
The low electric conductivity (Kjso = 0.0107-0.0144 for mam-
mals; 0.0147-0.0150 for Scyllium; 0.0120 for Dentex) and high
viscosity (p25o= 1.59-2.82 ; 3.04-5.98 for piain mammalian muscle)
of the plasmas are explained by their corpuscular composition. But
the very high viscosity of the plasma of piain muscle is probably
caused by some particular protein derived from the connective
tissue.
Zw
The surface tension (100-^=68.90-78.19) is generally higher
than that of the blood serum.
My results are, for the most part, in Opposition to those obtained
by previous authors. But the new interpretation of phenomena
like those of spontaneous coagulation and heat coagulation, etc.,
was suggested to me mainly by the granulär Constitution of muscle
plasma. As I stated above, this is the most important result of my
investigations, a result which hereafter must be recognized by all
who study problems pertaining to the chemistry and physical chem-
istry of the Contents of the muscle fiber.
1913] Filippo Bottazzi 3^5
I have endeavored to corroborate my hypothesis, that the
granules are disintegrated fibrillar material, by trying to stain the
granules with some pigment which would selectively color the muscle
fibrils ; and also by attempting to show that the granules possessed
double refractive power. My attempts have been unsuccessful,
however, although this was not unexpected, because of the ultra-
microscopic dimensions of the granules.
FASTING STUDIES
II. A note on the composition of muscle from fasting dogs^
H. C. BIDDLE AND PAUL E. HOWE
(Laboratory of Physiological Cheniistry, University of Illinois,
Urhana, Illinois)
The variations in the composition of the different forms of
muscle in the normal individual have received considerable atten-
tion. A comparison of the nitrogen and moisture contents of heart
and striated muscle reveals a lower percentage of nitrogen and a
higher percentage of moisture in the heart muscle than in the skeletal
muscle. The proportions of these and other constituents in the
fasting muscle have not been studied extensively. The changes
which occur in the composition of muscle during fasting are
significant for the Solution of general problems relating to the
effects of fasting.
In a study of the influence of fasting upon the creatine content
of dog muscle, determinations were made of the proportions of
nitrogen, moisture, fat and creatine in normal and fasting muscle ;
and also of the nitrogen and creatine in heart muscle. In these
preliminary experiments particular attention was paid to the per-
centages of nitrogen and creatine : an attempt was made to show the
relation between the nitrogen and creatine contents of muscle, so
that the ratio of creatine-nitrogen to total nitrogen might be used as
an index of the changes due to pathological conditions. This factor
should be more significant than the percentage of creatine in fresh
muscle, and as accurate as that for the creatine content in muscle
on a fat- and moisture-free basis. These results, as well as the
variations in the creatine content of muscle, will be discussed in a
later paper.^
^ Presented before the Columbia University Biochemical Association,
December 6, 1912; Biochemical Bulletin, 1913, ii, p. 288.
^Howe and Hawk: Presented before the recent annual meeting of the
American Physiological Society, but not abstracted in the proceedings.
386
1913] H. C. Biddle and Paul E. Howe 387
The procedure employed in determining some variations due to
fasting was as follows : muscles (M. sentit endinosus and M. hiceps
femoris) of normal animals were analyzed for moisture, fat, phos-
phorus and creatine ; and, in one case, the heart was analyzed for
nitrogen and creatine.
Muscles of the same kind were removed aseptically from normal
dogs under ether anesthesia^ and analyzed for nitrogen and creatine.
After a prolonged fast the corresponding muscles of the opposite
legs of the "operated" dogs, as well as the remaining muscles on
the same side, were analyzed for total nitrogen and creatine, and
in two cases for moisture and fat. With such a procedure the
changes which resulted from fasting were studied on the same
individual, also in fasted animals as compared with different normal
controls. The "operated" dogs recovered readily and the wounds
healed rapidly even when the fast was begun immediately after the
Operation.
The analytical methods employed were as follows: Total
nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl process ; moisture by dry-
ing in a vacuum over sulfuric acid at room temperature ; fat by the
ether-extraction process, and creatine by the Folin procedure as
modified for meat by Emmett and Grindley.* The creatine was
extracted according to the methods of Grindley and Woods^ and
of Mellanby.^
The table on page 388 contains the more significant data.
A consideration of this data shows an increase in the percentage
of moisture, and a decrease in the percentages of nitrogen and crea-
tine, in the striated muscle as a result of fasting. From the data
on a Single normal heart and a single fasting heart there appears
to have been a decrease in the nitrogen and an increase in the
creatine content of the fasting heart. We also note that the
changes which take place in the same fasting individual, as con-
trasted with the fasting changes when compared with different con-
trol animals, are approximately the same.
'We wish to thank Dr. O. O. Stanley, of the University of Illinois, and
Dr. C. T. Moss, of the Michael Reese Hospital, of Chicago, Illinois, for their
aid in the removal of the muscles.
* Emmett and Grindley: Jour. of Biol. Chem., igoy, iii, p. 491.
^ Grindley and Woods : Ibid., igoö-'o;, ü, p. 309.
' Mellanby : Jour. of PhysioL, 1908, xxxvi, p. 453.
388 Fasting Studies [April
Data pertainlng to the composition of muscle front fasting dogs
Dog
Kind of muscle
Moisture,
per Cent.
Nitrogen,
per Cent.
Fat, per cent.
Creatine,
per Cent.
E.
D.
Normal leg
Normal leg
Normal heart
Normal leg
Fasting leg
Fasting heart'
Fasting legi»
Normal leg
Fasting leg"
73-4
73-4
3-42
3-51
2-95
3-34
2.82
2.6s
2.95
3-99
3.6l
2.4^
2.28
0.56
0.31
0.33
B.
0.23
81.2
0-34
0.31
C.
A.
81.8
0.49
0.19
0-39
The increase in the moisture content of fasting muscle may be
associated, in part, with the decrease in the fat content; in normal
animals there is a decrease in the percentage of moisture associated
with an increase in the fat content of muscle.^^ The increase in
the moisture content of fasting muscle may also be due to changes
in the colloidal State or the molecular condition of the cellular con-
stituents. This increase in moisture is more significant when we
consider that there is apparently a greater decrease in the cytoplasm
than in the nuclei of the cells as a result of a fast;^^ the nucleus
and the connective tissue, the substances which would then pre-
dominate, normally contain less water than the cytoplasm. The
increase in the moisture content of fasting muscle has been noted
by other investigators.
The lower absolute nitrogen content of fasting muscle, when
considered on the basis of fresh muscle, becomes an increased rela-
tive nitrogen content, when the values for nitrogen are calculated
^Content of phosphorus = o.i6 per cent.
'Content of phosphorus = 0.21 per cent.
'A sixty-four day fast which resulted in
original weight. The animal received 320 c.c.
^'A twenty-one day fast.
" A fifteen day fast, which resulted in a loss of 38 per cent. of the original
weight. The animal did not receive water.
" This f act, together with certain other deductions, has been corroborated
by data in a personal communication from Professor P. F. Trowbridge of the
University of Missouri.
"Morgulis: Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, 1911, xxxii,
p. 169.
a loss of 62 per cent.
of water daily.
of the
1913] H. C. Biddle and Paul E. Howe 389
on a moistiire- and fat-free basis. An alteratlon in the direction of
increased nitrogen content is more in harmony with the changes
that actually take place in the muscle. The relatively greater de-
crease in the volume of the cytoplasm than of the nucleus, and the
apparent relative increase in the connective tissue, are modifications
in the direction of a higher nitrogen content of the muscle. The
proteins which predominate in the connective tissue and in the nuclei
of muscle contain higher percentages of nitrogen than do the pro-
teins which make up the major portion of the cytoplasm of the
cells.
In addition to changes in the chemical nature of fasting muscle,
certain physical modifications arise: normal muscle is firm to the
touch and, when hashed, may be readily handled without sticking to
the fingers ; fasting muscle, on the other hand, is soft to the touch
and, when hashed, adheres tenaciously to the fingers.
While the lowered percentage of nitrogen in the fresh skeletal
muscle, as a result of fasting, may be due to diminutions in the
Contents of moisture and fat, the difference in the composition of
heart and skeletal muscle cannot be explained in this way. If the
nitrogen content of normal striated and heart muscle be calculated to
the moisture- and fat-free basis, there still remains a greater per-
centage of nitrogen in the striated muscle. That there are differ-
ences in the relative proportions of the soluble protein and the
stroma in heart, and in striated and smooth muscle, has been shown
by Saxl,^'* who finds that seven-eighthsof the skeletal muscle consists
of soluble proteins while but one-third of the heart muscle is of this
nature.
A careful differential study of the proteins of fasting muscle
should throw some light upon the nature of the disintegrative
processes which take place in the tissues as a result of fasting.
Such a study is contemplated.
" Saxl : Beiträge s. ehem. Physiol. u. PathoL, 1907, ix, p. i.
SOME NOTES ON THE FORM OF THE CURVE OF
CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCRETION RESULTING
FROM MUSCULAR WORK FOLLOWING
FORCED BREATHING^
G. O. HIGLEY
(Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio)
(WITH PLATE 4)
In an earlier research^ an attempt was made to determine how
soon after the beginning of work an increase in the production of
carbon dioxide begins to show itself in the expired air. This time
(the latent period) was at first found to vary from three to fourteen
seconds. Now, clearly, such periods are not long enough to cor-
respond with the time required for the carbon dioxide formed in the
muscles at the first muscular contraction to reach the outside air.
It must first diffuse into the blood from the tissues where it is
formed, then traverse the venous half of the systemic circulation,
the right side of the heart, and the arterial half of the pulmonary
circulation, and finally diffuse into the air of the alveoli before any
of it can appear in the breath. From the conclusions of Stewart
and others it appeared that from fifteen to twenty seconds is the
least possible time required for the blood to traverse this distance,
to say nothing of the diffusion time. It was finally found that
the sudden increase in the rate of excretion of carbon dioxide, after
the beginning of work, was due primarily to a better Ventilation of
the lungs, while the continuation of the increase was due to the
Ventilation of the blood and tissues as well. A recognition of this
fact led to the following modification of the method for the de-
termination of the latent period of carbon dioxide excretion :
^ This paper was accepted for publication by the officers of Section VIII,
d. Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, and was read before
the Section at a stated meeting on September 11, 1912; Biochemical Bulletin,
1912, ii, p. 153.
^Higley and Bowen: American Journal of Physiology, 1904, xii, p. 311.
390
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1913] G- O. Higley 391
After the " normal " rate o£ excretion at rest had been de-
termined, the subject began forced breathing at a predetermined
rate, continuing this for a minute or so until the curve of carbon
dioxide excretion had apparently assumed its permanent direction.
At this point, at a signal from the experimenter, the subject began
to drive the bicycle as in the preceding experiments. The effect was
marked, the new rate of excretion being sharply defined from the
normal rate preceding it. The further increase in the rate of excre-
tion, after the beginning of work, was now not so prompt in its
appearance, and came on more gradually, reaching its maximum
after a minute or so, depending on the work.
In these experiments the latent period of increase due to work
was from seventeen to twenty-two seconds. It is evident that as
the latent period will vary with the rapidity of the circulation, the
rapidity of diffusion, and the rate of work, a more definite figure
was not to be expected.
Shortly after the publication of these results by Bowen and the
writer, a communication was received from Prof. N. Zuntz, calling
attention to the gradual character of the change in rate of excretion
of carbon dioxide after the beginning of work (as already men-
tioned) and kindly suggesting a modification of the method of
carrying out the latent-period experiments. According to Prof.
Zuntz, if the forced breathing were continued for five minutes
instead of one minute, as already stated, the blood and tissues
would become thoroughly ventilated; the direction of the curve of
carbon dioxide would become parallel to that before forced breath-
ing began ; and, furthermore, with the beginning of work, the carbon
dioxide curve, after the latent period of twenty seconds, would
change much more sharply than it did in the published record. The
writer accordingly made a series of experiments in which the forced
breathing was continued for from five to seven minutes before
bicycle work has begun.
The results of one of these experiments are seen in Plate 4 in
which A is the Pneumograph record, Pqrs the carbon dioxide curve,
T the Chronograph record, and M the bicycle record. The line
Pq'q^'r, as in the previous paper,^ represents the rate of excretion
* Higley and Bowen : Loc. cit.
392 Curve of Carbon-dioxide Excretion [April
before the beginning of forced breathing; the line Pqq'q"r (broken
by the arresting of the beam and the addition of foiir gram weights)
represents the curve of carbon dioxide during forced breathing; r
is the Position on the curve of the carbon-dioxide-writing lever at
the instant when work was begun ; and s is the point where the curve
changes as a residt of the zvork.
This research was conducted on two subjects. It was found
very difficult to maintain respiration of uniform depth for five
minutes, since there is a decided tendency to make the respiration
shallower. Indeed, notwithstanding the great care on the part of
the subject, the Pneumograph record indicated, in some cases, a
lessened depth of respiration toward the end of the forced respira-
tion period.
In the case of one subject the curve for rate of excretion of
carbon dioxide returned, during the period of forced respiration,
practically to the original value. With the other subject the return
was less perfect, It would seem that as a result of the additional
work of the respiratory Organs a return of the rate of excretion to
the value during normal respiration could not be expected.
While, therefore, the writer is able to confirm Prof. Zuntz's pre-
diction regarding the sharpness of the change, as a result of work, in
the curve of carbon dioxide after continued forced respiration, he
can confirm only in part Prof. Zuntz's prediction on the return of
the curve, during forced respiration, to the direction which it had
before forced respiration was begun.
This work was done in the physiological laboratory of the Uni-
versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
THE INFLUENCE OF BAROMETRIC PRESSURE ON
CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCRETION IN MAN^
G. O. HIGLEY
(Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio)
(WITH PLATE 5)
Introduction. This work was suggested by that of Lombard^
on " Some of the influences which affect the power of muscular
contraction." In that research, which was made with the ergo-
graph, Lombard found that, in general, there was a fall of muscular
power during the day, this result being noted on eighteen out of a
series of twenty-three days. However, on certain days, the fall in
power due to fatigue was slight and on five days the power was
greater at the last experiment than at the first. These exceptions
led to the suspicion that barometric changes had an influence on
muscular endurance. When, later, a comparison was made between
Lombard's endurance curve and the curve of barometric height, it
was found that, while no constant relationship existed between the
two variables, they varied in the same sense on twenty out of twenty-
three days ; i. e., in general " when the barometer rose during the
day, or feil less than on the preceding day, the muscular endurance
either rose, or feil less than on the preceding day."
It has been shown, furthermore, that while a diminution of
barometric pressure increases both the respiration rate and the
volume of air respired, after allowance is made for the increase of
volume due to the lower pressure the volume respired is less
(Speck).
Now, the effect of increasing barometric pressure upon the power
of the muscular System might possibly be due to some influence
^ This paper was accepted for publication by the officers of Section VIII,
d, Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, and was read before the
Section at a stated meeting on September 11, 1912; Biochemical Bulletin,
1912, ii, p. 153.
^ Lombard : Journal of Physiology, 1892, xiii, p. i.
393
394
Carhon-dioxide Excretion in Man
[April
exerted through the nervous and circulatory Systems tending to
increase the readiness of metabolism; if such were the case then a
Variation in barometric height should be accompanied by a Variation,
in the same sense, in the rate of excretion of carbon dioxide.
Plan of the experiments. It seemed that a series of experi-
ments carried out for a month on three healthy subjects might throw
light on this question, and also give interesting results as regards the
effect of other conditions on the rate of carbon dioxide excretion.
A series of respiration experiments was planned, accordingly, for
three subjects, A and B, students in the University of Michigan,
and the writer, C. A and B were 24 and 22 years of age re-
spectively, and weighed, without clothing, 158 and 159/^ pounds.
C was 46 years of age and weighed, exclusive of clothing, 148
pounds. Each subject was to live his regulär daily life except that
no vigorous muscular exercise was to be engaged in immediately
preceding any experiment and that nothing whatever was to be
eaten between meals. The plan of work is indicated in the ap-
pended summary, where the data for the third part of each experi-
ment are placed below those for the first and second :
Subject
Hour
of
rising
Reclined
First
experi-
ment
Breakfast
Time until next
experiment
Reclined
Second
experiment
begun
Dinner
A
B
C
6
6
6
6:4s
7:05
7:25
7:00
7:20
7:40
7:40-8:00
8:00-8:20
8:00-8:20
4 hr.
4 hr.
4ihr.
11:4s
12:05
12:25
12:00
12:20
12:40
12:40
1:00
1:00
Subject
Time until next
experiment
Reclined
Third experiment
begun
Lunch
Experi-
menter
A
B
C
4 hrs.
4 hrs.
43 hrs.
4:45
5:00
5:2s
5:00
5:20
5:40
5:40
6:00
6:00
c
A
B
The routine of work was as follows : The subjects rose at 6
o'clock, reaching the laboratory at about 6:35. A reclined upon a
couch at 6 :45 in preparation for the first experiment. B and C
prepared all the apparatus, making the initial calibration of the
balance, weighing the guard tubes, reading and recording the
barometric height, the outdoor and room temperature, etc. In order
to enable the experimenter to judge the better as to the physical
I9I3]
G. O. Higley
395
condition of each subject, mouth temperature and pulse were also
taken and recorded. This routine at the laboratory was followed
at 12 M. and 5 P. M.
TABLE I
Data showing the excretion of carbon dioxide by subjects A, B and C,
in milligrams per minute.
Date
S
ubject A
Subject ß.
Subject C.
Dec.
7 A. M.
12 M.
5 P. M.
7 A. M.
12 M.
5 P.M.
7 A. M.
12 M.
5 P. M.
23
406
422
381
498
567
406
390
447
24
438
460
447
489
422
541
419
409
409
26
442
448
466
SI4
429
(743)
422
403
428
27
422
453
466
535
434
548
390
403
390
28
403
448
(635)
488
507
498
397
375
419
29
407
422
381
520
553
546
382
387
456
30
438
483
405
529
495
518
419
381
374
31
42 s
470
444
(647)
489
476
390
362
438
Jan.
2
433
487
480
438
(611)
570
393
422
473
3
470
436
422
416
462
508
394
377
422
4
507
435
480
537
442
553
386
448
S
469
473
442
528
466
515
410
396
6
458
466
442
525
531
449
403
476
7
46s
442
432
439
560
466
406
386
411
9
416
436
436
410
442
462
390
380
448
10
416
459
448
455
506
383
42s
473
II
456
439
426
453
422
526
363
402
337
12
T "7
446
543
388
13
14
405
462
445
476
504
398
427
16
436
496
449
469
531
440
402
396
437
17
412
453
418
460
459
18
377
407
462
459
469
364
442
435
19
472
487
422
445
474
409
403
438
429
20
469
476
436
402
455
432
402
474
419
21
462
436
493
399
442
493
406
448
434
23
428
481
429
509
442
436
396
449
429
24
422
517
495
500
459
537
409
460
429
25
422
475
402
528
486
422
468
428
26
495
561
422
422
Averages
438
462
443
472
476
501
401
414
427
Results. The results of this series of experiments are shown
in Table i, in milligrams of carbon-dioxide excretion per minute. It
will be noted that A's average for the midday experiments is con-
siderbly higher than that for the morning and evening experiments.
39^ Carbon-dioxide Excretion in Man [April
This is due, in part at least, to the fact that this subject took his
heartiest meal in the morning. The excretion of carbon dioxide
for B and C, on the other band, was greatest in the evening, since
these subjects took their dinner at i P. M.
The remarkably high excretion shown for A at the evening ex-
periment of December 28 (635 mg., while the average for that
hour for this subject is only 443 mg.) is explained as follows:
This subject went skating in the afternoon of that day and at about
2 130 o'clock had the misfortune to break through the ice, becoming
wet to the neck. On being rescued, he walked about two miles in
his frozen clothing, exposed meanwhile to a strong wind at a
temperature of about — 6° C. On reaching his room he took a
thorough rubdown, made a change of clothing, rested for one and
one half hours, and appeared at the laboratory at the usual hour for
the experiments, with the result stated above. It will be noted that
all of this subject's values for the following day, especially that of the
evening, were much below the average, indicating a reaction from
the exposure and excitement of the preceding day. The high ex-
cretion of the morning of January 4 is supposed to be due to lunch
eaten late on the preceding evening; that of 12 o'clock, January 26,
to an exceptionally heavy morning meal ; and the low result of the
evening of January 19 to an especially light midday meal.
The irregularity of results obtained from B are somewhat diffi-
cult to explain. Those of the morning of December 27, 30 and 31,
were due to lunch eaten late the preceding evening and in the case
of the two latter results, also in part to excessive haste to reach the
laboratory in time for the regulär experiment. Other high results,
especially those of 5 P. M., December 26, and of 12 M., January
2, were undoubtedly due to Indigestion.
Passing now to a study of the relation of carbon dioxide excre-
tion to barometric changes, Plate 5 will be found to embody, in the
form of curves, the results already given in Table i, with time as
abscissae, and milligrams of carbon dioxide per minute as ordinates;
it presents curves for A, B and C, together with that for the
barometer in millimeters of mercury and of the outdoor temperature
in degrees centigrade. The temperature of the room was practically
constant throughout the series of experiments. Three curves are
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I9I3] G. 0. Higley 397
given for each subject where the necessary data were at band. In
each case the morning, midday and evening ciirves are represented,
respectively, by solid, long-dash and short-dash lines.
Analysis of the results. Comparison of the data for haro-
metric pressure and carhon dioxide excretion. Before proceeding
to a rigorous mathematical investigation of the relationship between
barometric change and carbon dioxide excretion, it seemed desirable
to make a comparison of these two variables at a number of the
dates on which especially marked barometric fluctuations took place,
since in such cases the effect would be more pronounced and less
likely to be masked by other varying conditions, such as amount
and character of the preceding meal, character of muscular exercise,
etc. To f acilitate such a comparison Table 2 was prepared ; it
indicates experiment number; dates between which the comparison
is made ; barometric height, rise or fall ; subject ; carbon dioxide for
the two days between which comparison is made; rise or fall of
excretion; and relation between barometric change and carbon
dioxide excretion, whether direct or inverse. Taking first the
morning values, it was found that the barometer rose between 7
A. M., December 23, and 7 A. M., December 24, from 739 to 746,
or 7 mm. During the same period the excretion of carbon dioxide
of the three subjects changed as follows : That of A from 406 to
438 mg. per minute, an increase of 32 mg.; that of B from 381 to
489, an increase of 108 mg., and that of C from 406 to 419, an in-
crease of 13 mg. per minute. Thus with rising barometer there
was an increase in the rate of excretion of carbon dioxide in the
case of each subject. A similar result is obtained in four other
morning experiments (two subjects). In three morning experi-
ments there are two direct results each. One experiment shows two
indirect results, i. e., there is a change in carbon dioxide excretion
which is opposite in sign to that in the barometer.
Summing up the results of the morning experiments we have
the following : Eleven experiments were carried out on A, seven on
B, and eleven on C. The degree of correspondence of barometric
change with carbon dioxide excretion was :
A, 7 cases out of 11, or 63.6 per cent.
B, 6 cases out of 7, or 85.7 per cent.
C, 6 cases out of 11, or 55.5 per cent.
398
Carhoiirdioxide Excretion in Man
[April
TABLE 2
Data obtained at 7 a.tn.
Relation between
barometric
Barometer
Excretion of carbon dioxide
change and
No.
Date.
Dec.
Subject
carbon dioxide
excretion.
Rise,
Fall,
Per minute,
Rise,
Fall,
Heights, mm.
mm.
mm.
mg.
mg.
mg.
Direct
Inverse
I
23-24
739 -746
7.
—
A
B
C
406-438
381-489
406-419
32
108
13
—
32
108
13
2
26-28
745-I-72I
24.1
A
B
C
442-403
514-488
422-397
—
39
26
25
39
26
25
3
28-29
721 -742.1
21. 1
'
A
B
403-407
488-520
4
32
Z
4
32
C
397-382
—
15
—
15
4
29-31
742.5-736
6.1
A
B
C
407-425
18
—
—
18
382-390
8
—
—
8
5
Jan.
2-4
737-I-743-5
6.4
A
B
C
433-507
438-537
393-394
74
99
I
—
74
99
I
6
5-7
743-5-732.5
II.
A
B
C
469-465
528-439
4x0-406
—
4
89
4
4
89
4
7
11-12
753.9-737-1
16.8
A
456-446
—
10
10
B
453-543
90
—
—
90
C
363-388
25
—
—
25
8
12-14
737.1-751-2
I4.I
—
A
B
C
446-405
—
41
—
41
388-398
10
—
10
9
18-19
748.2-739.3
8.9
A
B
C
377-472
95
—
—
95
364-403
39
—
—
39
10
23-24
749 -739.8
'~^
9-2
A
B
428-422
509-500
6
9
6
9
C
396-409
13
—
—
13
11
24-26
739.8-758.8
19.
—
A
B
C
422-495
73
—
73
409-422
13
—
13
The direct results from the midday experiments were as foUows
A, 3 cases out of 7, or 42.8 per cent.
B, 3 cases out of 9, or 33.3 per cent.
C, 6 cases out of 9, or 66.6 per cent.
From the evening experiments the direct results
were
A, 3 cases out of 6, or 50 per cent.
B, 4 cases out of 9, or 44.4 per cent.
C, 4 cases out of 8, or 50 per cent.
I9I3]
G. O. Higley
399
TABLE 3
Data showing the relation of carhon dioxide excretion to barotnetric change,
at noon for subject A.
Barometer
reading, mm.
739
746
742
722
726
742
740
736
738
742
745
743
739
732
745
753
749
753
747
748
747
740
744
743
749
738
752
758
Carbon dioxide
excretion, mg.
422
460
448
453
448
422
483
470
487
436
435
473
466
442
436
459
439
462
496
453
407
487
476
436
481
517
475
561
X
■ 4,2
2.9
- 0.8
■21.2
-16.4
- 0,8
■ 3-2
- 7-2
■ 4-4
- 0.4
1,8
0.2
- 3-4
-10.4
2-5
9.9
6.6
10.3
4.2
4.8
4.6
- 3-2
0.8
0,6
6.5
- 4-5
9.6
I5-I
-40
- 2
-14
- 9
-14
-40
21
8
25
-26
-27
II
4
-20
-26
- 3
-23
o
34
- 9
-55
25
14
-26
19
55
13
99
^•2
17.64
8,41
0.64
449.44
268.96
0.64
10,24
51,84
19.36
0,16
3-24
0,04
11,56
108.16
6.25
98.01
36.00
106.09
17.64
23.04
21.16
10.24
0.64
0.36
42.25
20.25
92.16
228.01
1,642,43
1-2
1,600
4
196
81
196
1,600
441
64
625
676
729
121
16
400
676
9
529
o
1,156
81
3.025
625
196
676
361
3.025
169
9,801
Products {XV)
27.078
Negative Positive
5-8
67.2
57-6
HO.
48,6
13-6
65-
29,7
151,8
43-2
253-0
80.
15.6
247-5
1,174-6
168
II. 2
190,8
229,6
32
10,4
2.2
208
142.8
II. 2
123-S
I24,&
1,494,9
2,749,4
1,174,8
1.574-6
|i>642.43 ^., 127^078
^{xy)= 1,574-6
Coefficient of correlation :
Na-^a-^ 28x7.65x31.1
= +0.236
^ . 0.2365
Regression = — ^ = 0.95
400 Carhon-dioxide Excretion in Man [April
Or, out of a total of seventy-seven experiments, there was direct
relationship between barometric change and carbon dioxide excre-
tion in forty-two experiments, or 54.5 per cent.
It will be Seen from these results that the apparent degree of
correspondence, so far as it is revealed by this method of analysis,
is greater in the morning experiments than in those carried out at
midday or in the evening. This is probably due to the fact that in
the morning not merely the digestive organs, but the whole System,
is in a more uniform condition than at any other time during the
twenty-four hours.
Application of the method of least Squares. It now seemed
desirable to subject the results obtained in this series of experiments
to a more rigorous analysis than that just described, with a view of
discovering what is the degree of correlation between the two vari-
ables, the barometric height and the rate of excretion of carbon
dioxide, during muscular rest. The data obtained in the experi-
ments were, therefore, examined by the method of least Squares,
which was applied separately to the three sets of data from each
subject in order that the effect of different times of day might be
determined separately.
In Table 3 are given the barometric height and the correspond-
ing carbon dioxide excretion f the problem is to find the correlation
between these two quantities, and also the regression of carbon
dioxide on barometric height, i. e., the amount of change in excre-
tion of carbon dioxide for a millimeter change in barometric height.
The means of columns i and 2 are obtained in the usual manner, by
dividing the total in each column by the number of experiments
{N). Having obtained these means, two additional columns are
formed, giving the deviation of each Observation from the mean of
its column. In columns 5 and 6 are entered the Squares of the
deviations {X^ and F^). The Standard deviation {a^) is now ob-
tained by dividing the sum of the Squares in the fifth column by the
number of experiments, N, and extracting the square root of the
quotient; the Standard deviation for 3; is, of course, found in the
same manner.
p;ir2 I1642.4 12/ 127078
"^ = A'^ = >i-2F- = 7.65 and ., = ^^=^-g^ = 3i.i
* The data are those obtained from experiments on subject A at noon.
I9I3]
G. 0. Higley
401
The products XY are now collected, the negative in column 7
and the positive in column 8, and the totals determined. We have,
then, 2(XF) =2,749.4—1,174.8 = 1,574.6.
From this the coefficient of correlation (f ) is obtained :
^xy)
1,574.6
Na.a^-
= + 0.236
28 X7.65 X 31. 1
The positive sign of this coefficient indicates, of course, that the
relationship between barometric change and carbon dioxide excre-
tion in this case is direct or that the two variables change in the
same sense. Since a coefficient of correlation of i indicates perfect
correlation, the result obtained in the series of experiments repre-
sented in Table i indicates a slight degree of correlation. The
probable error of a correlation coefficient of this value for a series
of 25 observations is at least 0.13 so that the value of r is
0.16 ±0.13.
The results of the whole series of experiments are summed up in
Table 4.
TABLE 4
General Summary
Sub-
ject
Hour
xi
y2
N
Ol
<ra
S(.xy)
Coefficient
of corre-
lation, r
Probable
error
Regres-
sion
A
7 A.M.
1,769.7
24.951
29
7.8
293
828.
+0.12
±0.13
0.45
A
12 M.
1,642.4
27.078
28
7.6s
3I.I
1.574-6
+0.236
±0.126
0.95
A
5 P.M.
1.315.71
17.620
24
7-4
27.1
589-9
— 0.12
=tO.I26
0-44
B
7 A.M.
1,324.02
59,721
24
7-4
49.8
1.787-7
-0.2
=fcO.I29
0.13
B
12 M.
1,31302
40,919
26
6.9
44.2
818.3
— 0.04
±0.124
0.09
B
5 P.M.
1,158.7
102,631
25
6.5
64.0
1,926.1
-0.23
±0.13
0.17
C
7 A.M.
1,228.2
8,693
27
8.0
17.9
1,228.2
+0.316
±0.12
0.7
C
12 M.
1,652.0
26,484
27
7.8
31.2
2,627.6
+0.39
±0.11
1-5
C
5 P.M.
1,232.6
23,076
25
7.02
30.38
1,325-1
+0.248
±0.125
1.07
Conclusions. There were indications in this work of an in-
fluence of barometric change on carbon dioxide excretion in the
case of one subject, C, since there were three positive coefficients of
correlation having the value of 0.316, 0.39, and 0.248, for morning,
noon, and evening experiments (perfect correlation would be in-
dicated by a coefficient of i ) ; a slight direct influence is also indi-
cated in the case of A, whose coefficients were 0.12, 0.236 and
— 0.12. In the case of B, whose values of carbon dioxide excre-
402 Carhon-dioxide Excretion in Man [April
tion tliroughout tlie work were qiiite irregulär, there were three
negative coefficients with values — 0.2, — 0.04, and — 0.18.
These results are, perhaps, what might have been expected.
The barometric change is evidently a minor influence and its effect
is there fore liable to be masked by other influences, such as exercise,
amount and character of meals, etc. Moreover, the effect upon the
muscular endurance noted by Prof. Lombard in bis own case has
not been verified in the case of other subjects. The writer is of the
opinion that if a series of parallel ergographic and respiration ex-
periments were made on a number of subjects, it would be found
that positive effects of barometric changes on muscular endurance
are accompanied in general by positive coefficients of correlation of
barometric change with rate of excretion of carbon dioxide.
This work was done in the Physiological Laboratory of the
University of Michigan, with the apparatus described by Higley
and Bowen {American Journal of Physiology, i904-'o5, xii, p. 31 1 ).
THE RELATION OF ACAPNIA TO SHOCK, AND A
CONSIDERATION OF THE MECHANICAL
EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL HYPER-
RESPIRATION UPON THE
CIRCULATION
HENRY H. JANEWAY and EPHRAIM M. EWING
(Laboratories of Experimental Surgery and Physiology of the New York
University and Bellevue Hospital Medical School^)
It has been claimed that the most important factor in the causa-
tion of shock is diminution of the carbon-dioxide content in the
blood and that this diminution is a regulär consequence of all influ-
ences resulting in shock. That carbon dioxide exercises significant
physiological f unctions cannot be denied ; determination, theref ore,
of the true significance of the diminution of its normal proportion
in the blood is important and bears a special relation to the various
methods of artificial respiration utilized in thoracic surgery.
This study was undertaken for the purpose of investigating the
relation of acapnia to shock. All experiments were performed on
dogs.
The first series of experiments was conducted for the purpose
of studying the effect of Variation- in intrapulmonic air-pressure
upon the blood-pressure. The thorax was opened laterally, a T-tube
connected with a water-manometer was tied in a small bronchus, and
the heart enclosed in a Henderson cardimeter connected with a
recording tambour. The blood-pressure was recorded from the
carotid artery, The thorax was then closed and intratracheal insuf-
flation was given from an apparatus provided with an exhaust valve,
which reduced the pressure to approximately zero from four to
twelve times per minute. When the machine was running at a pres-
sure of 6 mm. of Hg there was an average rise of blood pressure
of 15 mm., each time the exhaust valve operated.
* The work presented in this paper was begun in the Laboratory of Biological
Chemistry of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons;
BiocHEMicAL Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 175.
403
404 Relation of Acapnia to Shock [April
In one experiment with an increase in intrabronchial pressure
of from 8 to 30 mm. Hg, the blood pressure feil from 122 to 55
mm. Hg, and the Volumetrie tracing indicated that the Output from
the heart had diminished about 44 per cent. These variations in
blood-pressure were completed within a few seconds after the
change in intrabronchial pressure, and could be duplicated at will.
A rise of intrabronchial pressure above 8 to 10 mm. Hg always
caused a fall in blood-pressure and it was concluded that the Varia-
tion in pressure was the result of a diminution of the venous return
to the heart, resulting from compression of the veins in the thorax.
In view of the marked changes in the blood-pressure and Output of
the heart resulting from small variations in intrapulmonic pressure,
it is evident that, in any experiments planned for the purpose of
estimating the part played in the production of shock by a diminu-
tion of carbon-dioxide content, induced by artificial hyper-respira-
tion, the effects of the increase of intrapulmonic pressure upon the
return flow of blood to the heart must be considered.
With the second series of animals, Henderson's experiments
were duplicated, the dogs being artificially respired by means of
a force-and-suction pump, working about seventy times per minute.
The animals were given morphin, and ether was administered only
when necessary. In these experiments, blood-pressure feil about
40 per cent. within one minute after artificial respiration was begun,
and then decreased more slowly throughout the experiment to
between 40 and 50 mm. Hg. At the end of the experiment, when
the artificial respiration was stopped, the blood pressure increased
60 to 90 per cent. within a few seconds. In all experiments the
blood analysis showed that the carbon-dioxide content, at the end,
was only 40 to 50 per cent. of the original amount. These animals,
at the end of two to three hours of artificial respiration, were all
in a condition of deep shock. This degree of shock was indicated
by a rapid pulse, a low blood-pressure, and a marked degree of
insensibility to sensory Stimulation. Three of the animals so
treated lived three days (dying of secondary effects of the experi-
ment), and one lived twenty-four hours. None of them died from
the immediate effects of the experiment. During these experiments,
when the artificial respiration was interrupted or permanently
1913] Henry H. Janeway and Ephraim M. Ezving 405
stopped at the end of the experiment, the period of apnea lasted
only one or two minutes, so that no death resulted directly from
asphyxia dependent in turn upon acapnia. The absence of a pro-
longed period of apnea is explained by the fact that the effect of ether
was not added to that of morphin.
With a tJiird series of animals the experiments just described
were duplicated, with the exception that the carbon-dioxide content
of the blood was maintained at its normal level, or slightly above it.
The conservation of the carbon dioxide was accomplished by insert-
ing a large rubber bag, to act as a reservoir, between the suction
pump and the force pump, thus creating an almost perfectly closed
circuit ; the dog thus rebreathed expired air. To replace the small
amount of air and carbon dioxide lost from the animal's trachea,
carbon dioxide was administered from a tank into the rubber bag,
where it mixed with air drawn in from the trachea. In these ex-
periments the animals went into the same degree of shock in two
or three hours as those of the second series, in which the carbon-
dioxide content of the blood was diminished to 40 per cent. of the
original volume. One animal died on the table just before the com-
pletion of the experiment, the others lived for from one to three
days. Blood-pressure changes in the two series were similar but a
characteristic of the experiments, in which the carbon-dioxide con-
tent was kept at or a little above the normal, was a less rapid and
weaker heart-beat than that observed when the carbon-dioxide con-
tent was diminished.
No other conclusions can be drawn from the experiments of
Series i and 2 than that the reduction in the carbon-dioxide content
of the blood was not an important factor in the causation of shock
produced by hyper-respiration, and that in shock so produced, the
essential factor was an interference with the venous return to the
heart.
In the fourth series of experiments the effects of aerating and
handling the intestines were studied. A celluloid window was
placed in the abdominal wall, and a stream of warm moistened air
was passed over the intestines for a period of three hours. During
this procedure the animals breathed normally, the blood-pressure
was 163 mm. Hg, the content of carbon dioxide was slightly
4o6 Relation of Acapnia to Shock [April
diminished, and there was no evidence o£ shock. Beneath the cellu-
loid the absence of peristalsis could be observed as well as the effi-
ciency of the aeration and failure of the intestines to become dry.
The celkiloid was then removed, the intestines spread out, and the
aeration continued. After 45 minutes the carbon-dioxide determi-
nation indicated a content of 38.8 vol. per cent., and blood-pressure
was 1 53 mm. Hg. The intestines were then handled ; in ten minutes
blood-pressure had fallen to 98 mm., in twenty minutes to 56 mm.
Hg, and in forty minutes there was still 31.6 vol. per cent. of carbon
dioxide in the arterial blood.
In another experiment the intestines were exposed and aerated
(not handled). The carbon-dioxide content of the blood was main-
tained by connecting a long tube with the trachea. After one hour
and a half, blood-pressure had changed but i mm. Hg, and the
animal was in good condition. The intestines were then handled
and in ten minutes the blood-pressure feil from 122 to 60 mm. Hg.
The carbon-dioxide content w^as 45.1 vol. per cent. In twenty-five
minutes the blood-pressure was 46 mm. Hg, the carbon-dioxide
content normal, and the dog in a severe degree of shock.
In these abdominal experiments the primary factor concerned is
unquestionably the manipulation of the intestines and not any
diminution of carbon-dioxide content caused thereby. It will be
remembered that in the similar experiments with aeration of the
intestines reported by Henderson, the intestines were handled gently.
We have been unable to find any mention in his paper of aeration of
the abdominal cavity with air alone beneath a celluloid membrane
as a control.
Henderson's control experiment, in which he did not secure
shock, included aeration (with astreamof air plus carbon dioxide)
of the abdominal cavity beneath a celluloid window in the abdominal
wall. Our own experiments show that aeration of the intestines
without the addition of carbon dioxide does not produce shock.
CLEAVAGE OF PYROMUCURIC ACID BY MOLD
ENZYMES
ARTHUR W. DOX and RAY E. NEIDIG
(Chemical Section of the Iowa State College, Arnes, Iowa)
In a recent paper^ we have presented data showing that the
formol-titrimetric method of Sörensen can be applied to the de-
termination of the cleavage of hippuric acid by enzymes. The six
saprophytic fungi studied were found to produce an enzyme capable
of hydrolyzing as miich as 90 to 100 per cent. of a Solution of
sodium hippurate in the presence of toluene as an antiseptic. The
production of enzyme was independent of the presence of the cor-
responding Substrate in the nutrient medium upon which the fungus
was cultivated, and the age of the culture, within the limits studied,
had little influenae upon this enzymic activity.
If we assume that the synthesis in the animal organism of hip-
puric acid from benzoic acid is an enzymic process, the synthesis of
the corresponding derivatives from substituted benzoic acids might
well be attributed to the same cause. It is known, for example,
that o-brombenzoic, salicylic, toluic and other substituted benzoic
acids, when administered orally, are conjugated with glycocoll and
excreted through the kidneys as o-brombenzoylglycocoU, salicyluric,
toluric, etc., acids. Likewise, a homologue of benzoic acid, e. g.,
phenylacetic, may be conjugated in the same way and eliminated
as phenylaceturic acid. It is quite unlikely that these substituted
benzoic acids all require separate enzymes for their conjugation
with glycocoll, and it is equally improbable that the hydrolysis of
the substituted hippuric acids would require specific enzymes.
This reasoning may be extended, also, to analogous Compounds
where the benzene nucleus is replaced by a heterocycle. For
example, ct-pyridine carboxylic acid is united in exactly the same
manner with glycocoll and excreted as a-pyridinuric acid. The
* Dox and Neidig : Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 1913, Ixxxv, p. 68.
407
4o8
Cleavage of Pyromucuric Acid
[April
striking analogy between benzene and the two heterocycles, fur-
furane and thiophene, led Jaffe^ to a study of the behavior of the
corresponding derivatives of these substances in the animal organ-
ism. As was anticipated, fiirfurol behaved exactly as did benzal-
dehyde, undergoing oxidation to the acid and then conjugation with
glycocoll, and was ehminated principally as pyromucuric acid.
Similarly, thiophenic acid was excreted as thiophenuric acid.
None of these heterocychc analogues of hippuric acid have, to
OUT knowledge, been studied with reference to their cleavage.
Knowing from previous work that the lower fungi produce an
enzyme capable of hydrolyzing hippuric acid, we thought it would
be of interest to test their activity toward one of these heterocyclic
Compounds.
With this object in view the following experiments were under-
taken. Cultures of seven molds were grown for two weeks on the
nutrient medium previously described.^ The extraction of enzyme
was efYected by the following method : The mycelium was washed
with distilled water, ground in a mortar with fragments of glass
and the juice obtained at a pressure of 350 kg. per sq. cm. In each
case about 20 c.c. of extract were obtained, 10 c.c. of which were
used in the enzyme experiment and 10 c.c. in the control. In the
enzyme experiment, 25 c.c. of a i per cent. Solution of pyromucuric
acid,* previously neutralized with sodium hydroxide, were added
TABLE I
Data pertaining to the cleavage of pyromucuric acid
Source of enzyme
Titration
«/lo Ba(OH)2
c.c.
Control
«/ioBa(OH)j
c.c.
Difference
Cleavage
Aspergillus fumigalus
10.9
19.1
20.4
7.0
13-1
II. 0
13.8
4-9
0.6
5-6
12.0
13-3
2.8
6.3
5-0
10.5
0.2
0.4
5-3
7-1
7-1
4.2
6.8
6.0
4.7
0.2
35.8
48.0
48.0
28.4
45-9
40.S
22.3
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus clavatus
Penicillium roqueforti
Penicillium camemberti
Penicillium expansum
Fusarium oxysporium
Emulsin (Kahlbaum )
31.8
Taka-diastase (Parke-Davis) . .
1.4
^Jaffe and Cohn : Berichte, 1887, xx, p. 2311; Jaffe and Levy: Berichte,
1888, xxi, p. 3458.
'Dox and Neidig: Loc. cit.
* The pyromucuric acid was prepared by the method of Jaffe and Cohn. It
I9I3]
Arthur W. Dox and Ray E. Neidig
409
and to the control, 25 c.c. of water. Toluene was used throughout
as an antiseptic. After two weeks, during which time the flasks
were shaken at frequent intervals, the formol-titration was made,
with the results given in Table i.
Comparing the foregoing results with those obtained with hip-
puric acid,^ it will be noted that the extent of the cleavage of the acid
into its components is in this case considerably less. This can hardly
be taken as evidence in support of any assumption that we are
dealing with two separate enzymes. Quantitative differences ob-
served in work of this nature have little significance, unless the
same enzyme preparation has been employed and a uniformity of
all other conditions maintained.
TABLE 2
Data pertaining to the formation of ammonia.
Organism
Titration
n/io H2SO4
c.c.
Control
K.'IO H.iS04
c.c.
Ammonia
«/lO H2SO4
c.c.
A.S'bereillus fumisatus
0.90
I.OO
I.OO
0.35
0.90
1.6s
2.00
0.53
0.68
0.78
0.33
0.63
0.88
1.68
0.17
Aspergillus niger
0.32
Aspergillus clavatus
0.22
Penicillium roqueforti
0.02
Penicillium camemberti
0.27
Penicillium expansum
0.77
Fusarium oxysporium
0.32
As in our previous work with hippuric acid, the contents of the
flasks after this titration were distilled with magnesium oxide for
the determination of ammonia.
Ammonia can hardly be regarded as a direct product of the
cleavage of pyromucuric acid. The small amount found probably
results from further decomposition of the glycocoU by another
enzyme. This cleavage of glycocoll is, however, so slight as to be
practically negligible.
Thiophenuric acid was not available at the time these experi-
ments were carried out. We propose to test the activity of mold
enzymes toward this substance at a future date.
melted at 163° C. ; 0.25 gm. required 14.8 c.c. of n/10 Ba(0H)2 Solution for
neutralization ; theory, 14.8 c.c.
'Dox and Neidig: Loc. cit.
ANALYSIS OF THE ASH OF THE CASTOR BEAN
MARSTON LOVELL HAMLIN
(Harriman Research Lahoratory, Roosevelt Hospital, New York)
In the discussion, following the presentation at the February
meeting of the Columbia University Biochemical Association, of the
results of investigations conducted in this laboratory on the effect of
manganous sulfate on the action of lipase in the castor bean,
Ricinus communis,'^ Professor Gies suggested that the effect pro-
duced in vitro by comparatively large amounts of manganese was
very possibly induced in the plant by much smaller amounts, and
that it would be of particular interest to test the ash of the seed for
its presence.^ The ash of the seed was therefore tested for man-
ganese ; and, at the same time, silica, magnesia, lime and phosphoric
acid were determined.
A sample of the kerneis of the seed, cold-pressed, ground, ex-
haustively extracted with ether, as for use in lipolytic experiments,^
and dried in vacuo over sulfuric acid, was slowly ignited in a
platinum dish. The black residue was treated several times with
nitric acid and re-ignited tili free from carbon. The residue was
weighed, taken up with water and nitric acid, and the Solution
filtered. Calcium sulfate was precipitated in the filtrate by sulfuric
acid and alcohol; and, in the filtrate from this precipitate, mag-
nesium and phosphorus were determined in separate aliquot parts,
each as magnesium pyrophosphate.*
Of the powdered kerneis, 4.7698 grams gave 0.3483 gram of
ash, or 7.3 per cent. Of this, 0.0018 gram was insoluble and
*Falk and Hamlin : Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1913, xxxv, p. 210. An abstract
of this paper appears in this issue of the Biochemical Bulletin (p. 455).
' The importance of infinitesimal amounts of manganese in plant growth has
been repeatedly pointed out by G. Bertrand. For a recent presentation of his
views, see his general lecture delivered before the Eighth International Congress
of Applied Chemistry, New York, September, 1912.
* Falk and Hamlin : Loc. cit.
* Abderhalden : Handbuch der bioch. Arbeitsmeth., 1912, vi, p. 381.
410
I9I3]
Marston Lovell H amiin
411
taken as silica; this amounted to 0.5 per cent. of the ash, The
calcium sulfate weighed 0.0326 gram, which represented 0.0134
gram of calcium oxide, er 3.8 per cent. of the ash. Of the filtrate
diluted to 500 c.c, two portions of 200 c.c. each were taken for the
determination of magnesium and phosphorus. In one, 0.1052 gram
of magnesium pyrophosphate represented 0.0671 gram of phos-
phorus pentoxide, or 48.2 per cent. of the total ash. In the other
0.0798 gram of magnesium pyrophosphate represented 0.0289 grarn
of magnesium oxide or 20.7 per cent. of the total ash.
To test for manganese^ 5.000 grams of the oil-free powdered
kerneis were ignited as above and the ash taken up with 4 c.c. of
nitric acid Solution (sp. gr. 1.20) and water, and this liquid filtered.
It was diluted to 20 c.c. and a 10 c.c. portion was boiled with 0.5
gram of lead peroxide for several minutes, the precipitate allowed
to settle, and the liquid decanted into a test tube. Next a Solution
containing 20 milligrams of manganous sulfate per 5 c.c. was
diluted with nitric acid Solution and water to fifty times its original
volume, and treated in the same way. It was found that the Solu-
tion of the ash was matched in color by a Solution 1/700 as concen-
trated as the original manganous sulfate Solution; therefore 5 grams
of the kernel powder contain 4 X 20 X 1/700 milligrams of man-
ganous sulfate, or 0.000028 gram of manganese, which is 0.00056
per cent. The results are summarized below :
SiO,
CaO
MgO
P2O,
Mn
Total ash
Per cent. in dry, oil-free kernel
Per cent. in ash
0.04
o.S
0.28
3-9
i-Si
20.7
3-52
48.2
0.00056
0.0076
7-3
Schulze and Godet, who analyzed the ash of this seed,^ obtained
the following data for dry but not oil-free kerneis :
CaO
MgO
PjOs
Total ash
Per cent. in drv substance
o.i";
0.72
1.16
31-9
3-64
Per cent. in ash
4.0
19.8
These results indicate that the cold-pressing and ether extraction
in my own work removed substance amounting to about half the
weight of the kernel.
'Noyes, Bray and Spear: Tech. Quart., 1908, xxi, p. 116.
'Schulze and Godet: Z. f. physiol. Chem., 1908, Iviii, pp. 156-61.
NOTES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE
"TANNIN MASSES" IN THE FRUIT OF
THE PERSIMMON
ERNEST D. CLARK
(Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
Introduction. The researches of Lloyd upon the nature of the
ripening process in persimmons and dates led him to believe that the
loss of astringency at maturity is due to the combinatlon of tannin
with a colloidal substance of carbohydrate nature in the "tannin
mass." This combination takes place ordinarily at the time of
ripening, probably under the influence of enzymes ; but it may be
hastened by artificial means, such as exposure to the vapors of acetic
acid and ethyl nitrite, and to carbon dioxid under normal and supra-
normal pressures. Lloyd^ defines his tannin mass as "the tannin
idioblast containing tannin associated with a second coUoid." After
the Union of tannin and this colloidal substance has taken place no
more tannin can be extracted nor do alkaloids indicate its presence.
It is evident, then, that a knowledge of the chemical substances in the
tannin mass would facilitate further investigation of the mechanism
of the ripening process.
Preparation of tannin masses. The tannin masses used in
cur experiments were prepared by Prof. F. E. Lloyd^ as follows :
Fully ripe persimmons (Diospyros) were shaken and macerated
with water until they formed a thick paste, from which the heavy
tannin masses settled out. This process was repeated until the sepa-
rated masses were thoroughly washed by decantation and also
purified from all debris. The resulting thick Suspension of tannin
''Lloyd: Biochemical Bulletin, 1911, i, p. 7. See also Plant World, 191 1,
xiv, p. i.
^ Lloyd: Zeitsch. f. Chem. und Ind. d. Kolloide, 1911, ix, pp. 65-73. The
material was shipped to this laboratory from Prof. Lloyd's laboratory at
Auburn, Ala.
412
1913] Ernest D. Clark 4^3
masses was kept under a layer of ether. This material had the
appearance of a multitude of minute cylindrical particles which were
colorless and transparent. Upon exposure to the air these particles
soon became brovvn, probably f rom oxidation.
General properties of the tannin masses before hydrolysis.
In both the Millon and xanthoproteic tests the tannin masses
gradually assumed a dark brown color ; a change apparently similar
to that resulting from slow oxidation by the air. With Fehling or
Fehling-Benedict Solution the masses turned black at once, but no
reduction was observed. Tests for pentoses with conc. hydro-
chloric acid Solution and phloroglucinol caused the particles to be-
come bright red, but this acid ahne caused the same change. lodin
in potassium iodid Solution produced no coloration. Repeated
fusions with metallic sodium failed to indicate the presence of
nitrogen. This Observation was confirmed by subjecting 2 gm. of
the material to the Kjeldähl process for nitrogen, with negative
results.
The presence of phloroglucinol in the masses was shown by
adding to them a little vanillin in hydrochloric acid Solution when
the particles were stained a beautiful magenta shade, a result similar
to that obtained when pure phloroglucinol and vanillin react in the
presence of traces of hydrochloric acid. Various other phenolic
substances, however, form brightly colored condensation products
with vanillin under such conditions.^
All tests for pentose by boiling with hydrochloric acid Solution
and allowing the vapors to act on anilin acetate paper, and also by
boiling the particles with conc. hydrochloric acid Solution plus orcin,
were negative. No pentose is present, apparently, in spite of the
red color given by the phloroglucinol-hydrochloric acid test, a result
that may have been caused by the interaction of these substances
with a phenolic substance (like vanillin) rather than by pentoses.
With the Molisch reagent a very strong positive result was obtained
and, furthermore, we found that exactly the same purplish ring was
formed by the tannin masses with pure sulfuric acid alone.
'Hartwick and Winckel (Archiv d. Pharm., 1904, ccxlii, p. 471), showed the
presence of phloroglucinol in the tannin masses of Ceratonia siliqua and Phoenix
dactylifera. Tichomirow (Bull. Soc. Imp. d. Nat. Sei., Moskau, 1905) obtained
the same reactions in the tannin masses of the persimmon, indicating the presence
of a phenol.
414 "Tannin Masses" in Fruit of the Persimmon [April
Finally, the tannin masses stained deep blue with ferric chlorid
Solution and, as Lloyd found, this color was quickly destroyed by
nitric acid. These properties of the tannin masses show that the
latter contain neither reducing sugars nor protein; they also suggest
that phloroglucinol occurs with tannin and cellulose material.
Hydrolysis of tannin masses with 0.2 per cent. and 2 per
Cent, hydrochloric acid Solutions. The addition of 0.2 per cent.
hydrochloric acid Solution to tannin masses, with subsequent heating,
caused them to disintegrate, giving the whole liquid a bright cherry
red color. The tannin masses as such disappeared and a white
flocculent residue remained suspended in the red liquid. The mix-
ture was filtered and to the filtrate we added 0.5 per cent. sodium
hydroxid Solution until the acid was neutralized. Beyond this
neutral point the red color disappeared, but on standing or aftcr
further treatment with alkali, a gradually increasing brownish
coloration took its place.
The neutral filtrate was evaporated to dryness on the steam
bath and an aqueous Solution of this reddish residue was subjected
to the f ollowing tests, with the results indicated : With ferric chlorid
Solution, a purplish black coloration was given ; with Fehling-Bene-
dict Solution, a dark brownish precipitate was formed at once but
it soon changed to a characteristic reduction when heated; the
Molisch test was a typical positive one; with vanillin-hydrochloric
acid Solution a red color appeared; and a peculiar non-typical pre-
cipitate was produced when we attempted to form an osazone with
Phenylhydrazine hydrochlorid-sodium acetate mixture.
We filtered off the white amorphous residue and washed it free
from chlorid. Upon testing it we found there was little if any
reduction of Fehling-Benedict Solution; with the vanillin-hydro-
chloric acid reagent there was no red coloration except in a few
deeply stained particles (stone-cells?) f with ferric chlorid Solution
a brownish color appeared but no bluish shade. Finally, the residue,
* " Undoubtedly they were stone cells, as I observed the same thing. To get
this reaction all one needs to do is to add hydrochloric acid to the mucilaginous
pulp which includes stone cells, and these become colored. When I observed this
I did not refer the reaction to the presence in the tannin masses of the phloro-
glucinol. This I later satisfied myself to be the case." (Lloyd : Personal com-
munication.)
1913] Ernest D. Clark 415
when suspended in the " biuret reagent," was slowly colored blue as
the cellulose material absorbed copper f rom the alkaline Solution.^
Next, the tannin masses were hydrolyzed with a 2 per cent.
hydrochloric acid Solution. The hydrolytic products, when treated
in exactly the same manner, gave results identical with those just
described. The more concentrated acid seemed to favor the forma-
tion of dark-colored products.
From the foregoing results it appears probable that tannin
masses contain tannin and phloroglucinol combined with a third sub-
stance, from which union they are released when hydrolysis takes
place. The acid gelatinizes that part (colloidal) of the masses
which appears to be cellulose or some related substance.
Hydrolysis of tannin masses with 0.5 per cent. and 5 per
Cent, sodium hydroxid Solutions. Treated with 0.5 per cent. or
5 per cent. Solution of sodium hydroxid, "tannin masses" gave
purplish brown mixtures containing a bulky gelatinous residue,
which we removed by filtration. The filtrate was carefully neutral-
ized with dilute hydrochloric acid Solution and the reddish brown
precipitate that formed was filtered off, washed, and dissolved in
water, This liquid was tested for reducing power with Fehllng-
Benedict and ammoniacal silver Solutions, both reagents showing
weakly positive results. The Molisch reagent, and also ferric
chlorid Solution, gave dark non-typical colorations. With vanillin-
sulfuric acid Solution a typical red color was produced, when the
liquid was evaporated.
The Solution of the material not precipitated from alkaline Solu-
tion by acid was now tested in the usual way for reducing power,
presence of phloroglucinol, etc., with uncertain results, due to the
dark color of the Solution. When alkaline Solutions of the hydro-
lytic products are exposed to the air, oxidation seems to occur and
dark complex substances are formed. The gelatinous material
which resisted hydrolysis was filtered and washed. It appeared to
consist of the collapsed cell-walls of tannin masses. When dried it
formed a light-colored scaly mass composed of small particles. On
the whole, the results of alkaline treatment of the tannin masses
^Kantor and Gies: Biochemical Bulletin, 191 i, i, p. 269.
41 6 "Tannin Masses" in Fruit of the Persimmon [April
are similar to those obtained with acids, except that alkali accelerates
oxidation by atmospheric oxygen.
Properties of mixed Solutions of pure tannin and phloro-
glucinol. Mixtures in varying proportions of Solutions of pure
tannic acid and phloroglucinol were tested and found to show many
similarities to the hydrolytic products of the tannin masses. The
Molisch test was strongly positive. With ferric chlorid such mixed
Solutions gave a purplish black color which was accompanied by the
gradual formation of a precipitate of the same shade. The typical
influence on Fehling-Benedict Solution was observed ; namely, heavy
greenish precipitation at first but, upon heating, this changed to a
characteristic red reduction. When some of the mixed Solution was
evaporated with the vanillin-hydrochloric acid reagent, a definitely
positive result was obtained but the tannin seemed to cause a
brownish tint not given by phloroglucinol alone.
Pure phloroglucinol Solutions were negative to the Molisch test
and also to the Fehling-Benedict test. Ferric chlorid Solution pro-
duced a clear blue color with pure phloroglucinol but did not give
a precipitate, thus differing f rom tannin, which forms a blackish pre-
cipitate at once under these conditions. Solutions of pure tannin
yield a typical Molisch test and reduce Fehling-Benedict Solution in
the characteristic manner just described. It is evident that, in the
presence of phloroglucinol, one cannot conclude that a purple color
with ferric chlorid indicates tannin. The addition of nitric acid to
the mixture already turned purple by ferric chlorid caused an in-
stantaneous change to a brownish tint.
It is obvious, then, that, in the tests indicated, mixtures of tannin
and phloroglucinol differ in no essential way from the hydrolytic
products of the tannin masses.
Sources of the tannin and phloroglucinol in the tannin
masses. The material in the tannin masses from which tannin and
phloroglucinol are derived by hydrolysis is probably one of the so-
called phloroglucin-tannoids, which were found by Graebe® to yield
these hydrolytic products by treatment with acids, etc. WeinzierF
showed that phloroglucinol is widely distributed among plants but
* Graebe : Ber. d. d. ehem. Ges., 1903, xxxvi, p. 212.
'Weinzierl: Oesterr. bot. Zisch., 1874, xxvi, p. 285. See also Nickel: Bot.
Centralblatt., 1891, xlv, p. 394.
1913] Ernest D. Clark 417
he was unable to say whether it occurs as a waste product or one
useful in the synthetic processes.
Waage^ made some interesting observations in regard to phloro-
glucinol in plants. He confirmed the Statement that the substance is
widely distributed in plants and suggested that it might arise during
photosynthetic processes, just as glucose probably does. He feit
that, because of the dark blue color given by phloroglucinol and
ferric chlorid, and because of the bleaching of methylene blue by
the former substance, one cannot rely on the previous deductions in
regard to the presence of tannin in cell vacuoles based on these
reactions for tannin. In fact, he criticized, on the same ground, the
work of af Klercker^ on tannin in vacuoles. Schiff^*^ found that
under suitable conditions, phloroglucinol and carbon dioxid combine
to form phloro-tannic acid which, upon heating, yields a red sub-
stance like phlobaphene. Evidently, tannin is present along with
phloroglucinol in many plants, but the physiological röle of these
substances is as little known as is the nature of the combination
between them in cases like that of the tannin masses of the per-
simmon, Much more work on persimmons will be necessary to
explain the part played by phloroglucinol in the loss of astringency
in the mature fruit.
Summary. Tannin masses from the fruit of the persimmon,
by hydrolysis with weak acid or alkali, yield tannin, phloroglucinol,
and considerable insoluble colloidal residue. Hydrolysis of such
tannin masses does not produce hexose or pentose.
The nature of the union between the tannin and phloroglucinol
is unknown but it is probably similar to that of the phloroglucin-
tannoids in various plants.
The colloidal residue that resists hydrolysis seems to be a cellu-
lose-like substance, which readily forms gelatinous masses with
water or alkaline Solutions. Quantitative studies on large amounts
of this third substance are desirable.
In the presence of phloroglucinol, the ferric chlorid test for
tannin is unreliable.
* Waage: Ber. d. d. bot. Ges., 1890, viii, p. 250.
'af Klercker: Bihang tili K. Svenska Vet.-Akad., 1888, xiii, p. 18 (repaged?).
*• Schiff : Ann. d. Chem., 1888, ccxlv, p. 36; 1889, cclii, p. 87.
41 8 "Tannin Masses" in Fruit of the Persimmon [April
A study of the conditions necessary for the formation, and also
the hydrolysis, of the phloroglucinol-tannin combination might help
to explain the nature of the ripening- process in persimmons.
This work resulted from a Suggestion by Prof. F. E. Lloyd to
Prof. Wm, J. Gies, that material would be supplied in abundance
for a study of the "tannin mass." I am indebted to Professor
Lloyd not only for the material but also for many suggestions. To
Professor Gies I am likewise indebted for helpful advice.
HISTON AND ITS PREPARATION
WALTER H. EDDY
(Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Columbia University, at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New York)
Contents. — Introduction, 419; historical review of histon preparations, 420;
properties of histons, 425; thymus histon, 428; experimental, 430; summary of
conclusions, 438; selected bibliography, 439.
I. INTRODUCTION
Several years ago I began a study of some artificial protein Com-
pounds, as an introduction to an inquiry into the nature of protein
conditions in cells {y)} In preparing histon from calf thymus
glands by the Huiskamp (10), LiUenfeld (19) and Bang (2)
processes, I found that the ammonia-precipitated product from
neutral histon-hydrochlorid Solution was insoluble in water and
hence not available for the intended study of histon Compounds.
This result led me to reject the ammonia-precipitated histon and
to use, instead, a Solution of histon hydrochlorid (made neutral by
dialysis), Lately, in furtherance of this study, I have endeavored
to prepare water-soluble basic histon, free from admixture with
histon Salt of any kind. Various methods of preparation have been
proposed, but I find that thymus histon is almost invariably pre-
cipitated by the addition of an excess of ammonia to an acid Solu-
tion of the substance, in spite of the fact that solubility in water is
cited again and again as a property of histon. The only exceptions
to this Statement were found in Kos&el's original paper (12) on
goose-blood histon and in the description of Lota histon by Ehr-
ström (8). I have spent much time in determining by various
methods of preparation that the product precipitated by ammonia
(thymus histon) is invariably insoluble in water. Recently, in re-
viewing Fleroff's paper (9) on para-histon, I found a definite State-
ment that ammonia-precipitated thymus histon is insoluble in both
hot and cold water, and may be washed with water for purification.
^ Figures in the text enclosed in parenthesis refer to the numbered iteras
in the bibliography at the end of this paper.
419
420 Histon and its Preparation [April
II. HISTORICAL REVIEW OF HISTON PREPARATIONS
Before proceeding to the description of my experiments the
reader may find it interesting to examine a brief summary of the
main points in this confusing Situation as brought out in the litera-
ture of the subject.
I. Histons already prepared. The types of histons already
prepared, with indications of sources and names of the original
investigators, are shown in the appended summary :
Name
Source
Prepared by
Goose-blood
Corpuscles
Kossei (12)
Thymus
Calf thymus
Lilienfeld (19)
Salmin albumose
Unripe sperm of the
Miescher and
salmon
Schmiedeberg (22)
Arbacin
Testes of sea-urchin
Matthews (21)
Globin
Hemoglobin
Schulz (23)
Scombron
Mackerei sperm
Bang (2)
Para-histon
Thymus
Fleroff (9)
Gadus
Codfish sperm
Kossei and
Kutscher (16)
Lota
Burbot sperm
Ehrström (8)
Hen blood
Blood corpuscles
Ackerman (i)
Centrophorus
Centrophorus sperm
Kossei (15)
2. Methods of preparation. The methods of preparation are
indicated in the f ollowing summaries :
A. GoosE-BLOOD histon: Kossel, 1884 (12), Preparation I.
Kossei centrifuged blood corpuscles free from plasma and then
dissolved them in water and ether. The residue was extracted with
water and ether until free from color and the final colorless mass
extracted with hydrochloric acid Solution, The acid liquid was
then saturated with sodium chlorid, the precipitated histon was
filtered off, and purified by washing with acidified sodium chlorid
Solution and then dialyzing against distilled water until free from
chlorid. The resulting Solution was then treated with an excess of
alcohol-ether and the precipitate dried to constant weight at 105° C.
Preparation IL In the second preparation the hydrochloric acid
Solution was precipitated with ammonia instead of sodium chlorid.
B. Thymus HISTON : Lilienfeld, 1893 (19). Thymus glands
were freed from fat with a knife, minced and the hash pressed in a
1913] Walter H. Eddy 421
hempen bag to remove the juice, which contained lymphocytes that
were separated in a centrifuge. The lymphocytes were then ex-
tracted with water to extract nucleohiston. (In a modification of
this process, the minced glands were extracted directly with water.)
The nucleohiston was precipitated from the extract with acetic acid,
and purified by re-solution in water to which a little sodium car-
bonate had been added and reprecipitating with acetic acid. The
precipitate was then treated with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid
Solution. From this Solution of histon-hydrochloride, histon was
precipitated with ammonia (added either before or after dialysing
free from free acid). The ammonia-precipitated product was
finally purified by washing with alcohol and ether, and dried to
constant weight.
C. Salmin histon: Miescher, 1896 {22). The nuclei of
unripe salmon sperm were extracted with 0.25 per cent. hydro-
chloric acid Solution, the extract filtered and (after dialysing to
neutrality) the filtrate precipitated by Saturation with ammonium
Sulfate or sodium chlorid.
D. Arbacin histon: Mathews, 1897 (21). Preparation I.
Dried sperm heads were extracted with 1-2 per cent. sulfuric acid
Solution and the acid extract poured into a large volume of alcohol
to precipitate the histon-sulfuric acid complex. The precipitaie was
purified by washing with alcohol-ether and dried to constant weight.
Preparation II. The alcohol-precipitated product was dissolved in
water, the Solution made ammoniacal and filtered (no precipitate
at this point), the filtrate poured into alcohol, and the resulting
precipitate washed free from ammonia and redissolved in a small
volume of water. Ammonia added to this concentrated Solution
failed to completely precipitate the histon, which showed a strong
tendency to remain dissolved in ammoniacal Solutions. Matthews'
studies were based on the use of alcohol-precipitate from acid ex-
tract, alcohol-precipitate from an ammoniacal water-solution, and
ammoniacal water-solution neutralized with sulfuric acid.
E. Globin histon: Schulz, 1898 (23). A Solution of hemo-
globin was treated with dilute hydrochloric acid Solution and a
brown precipitate obtained, soluble in the presence of a very slight
excess of acid. When this precipitate was dissolved in acid and
422 Htston and its Preparation [April
one-fifth its volume of alcohol and ether added, the color passed
into the ether leaving a clear water-alcohol Solution, from which
ammonia precipitated a yellowish flocculent mass of globin, that,
when washed free from ammonia, began to dissolve, a few drops
of acetic acid Solution completing the process. Dialysed free from
acid, a clear, neutral, slightly colored, odorless and tasteless Solution
of globin resulted. Schulz' tests were based on this Solution and on
the ammonia-precipitated product. The analyses were made on the
latter, washed with alcohol and ether, and dried in vaciio to constant
weight at a temperature of ioo° C.
F. ScoMBRON histon: Bang, 1899 (2). Unripe mackerei
sperm was heated with alcohol and the residue dried. This dried
residue was then extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid Solution
and the histon precipitated from the filtrate with caustic soda,
ammonia, or by Saturation with sodium chlorid. The product was
purified by re-solution in water containing a trace of acid, reprecipi-
tation with the desired reagent, washing with alcohol and ether, and
drying to constant weight. Bang's Statement of " characteristic
properties " of histon was based upon the water-solution of the
products precipitated by sodium hydroxid or sodium chlorid. His
analyses were based on the ammonia-precipitated product. (See
pages 424 and 426. )
G. Para-histon: Fleroff, 1899 (9), Preparation I.
Minced thymus glands were treated with alcohol and ether, and the
residue extracted with 2 per cent. sulfuric acid Solution (100 gm. of
thymus to each 1,000 c.c. of acid Solution). The filtered acid ex-
tract was then precipitated with three volumes of alcohol, the
precipitate dissolved in hot water, and the Solution heated with
sodium picrate. The histon picrate was then reconverted into the
Sulfate by treatment with 2 per cent. sulfuric acid Solution and
ether, and reprecipitation with alcohol. This process was repeated
twice. The final precipitate was then dissolved in water, f reed from
Sulfate with barium hydroxid, and excess of barium precipitated
with carbon dioxid. To this turbid, viscid liquid was then added
an equal volume of alcohol, and ammonia, and the liquid filtered.
Excess of alcohol added to the filtrate precipitated para-histon.
This was still further purified by dissolving in water and repre-
1913] Walter H. Eddy 423
cipitating with alcohol-ether. Preparation II. {Levene method).
After transformation to picrate, and removal of picric acid with
sulfuric acid as detailed above, the histon was precipitated from the
sulfuric acid Solution with ammonia. The filtrate containing the
para-histon was then precipitated with alcohol, the precipitate puri-
fied by Solution in hot water, and reprecipitation with alcohol-ether.
The product was then dried to constant weight. Fleroff determined
the properties of his material in studies of the alcohol precipitate
and its water-solution.
H. Gadus histon: Kossel and Kutscher, 1900 (16). Dry
codfish sperm was extracted many times with hydrochloric acid
(20 c.c. conc. hydrochloric acid Solution to each liter of water),
the combined acid Solutions then filtered, histon precipitated by
Saturation with sodium chlorid, and purified by dialyzing against
running water until free from sodium chlorid and a clear water-
solution obtained, which was then precipitated with ammonia, and
the histon washed with ammonia-water, alcohol, and ether, and
dried to constant weight,
I. LoTA histon: Ehrström, 1901 (8). Dry sperm of the
burbot was extracted with conc. hydrochloric acid Solution at room
temperature for an hour, the acid extract treated with 3-4 volumes
of water, the filtrate neutralized with sodium hydroxid and diluted
with five volumes of water to precipitate the histon. This product
was purified by digesting the precipitate on a water bath with 0.5
per Cent, hydrochloric acid Solution, precipitating the histon with
ammonia, washing the material with water, alcohol, ether, and
drying to constant weight. Ehrström used a hydrochloric acid
Solution neutralized with sodium hydroxid for the determination of
properties. His analyses were based on the ammonia-precipitated
product.
J. Hen blood histon: Ackerman, 1904 (i). {Plenge's
method). The hen blood was centrifuged with 0.9 per cent. sodium
chlorid Solution for the Isolation of the corpuscles, which were
extracted with alcohol for the removal of pigment and again centri-
fuged free from alcohol, and dried with alcohol and ether. Histon
was obtained by extracting the dry material with i per cent. hydro-
chloric acid Solution, precipitating with ammonia, and purifying by
424
Histon and its Preparation
[April
washing with alcohol and ether, and drying to constant weight.
Ackerman used the ammonia-precipitated product for his analyses.
K. Centrophorus histon: Kossel and Kutscher, 1906-7
(15). Report was given of the preparation but no details as to
method or properties.
L. Reviews. The available reviews merely summarize the
methods of preparation already in the literature. Oppenheimer
(1909) recommends a method of preparing histon which is essen-
tially that of Lihenfeld (19).^ Abderhalden (1909-10) recom-
mends the method of Kossel and Kutscher (16).^ In our experi-
ence both of these methods result invariably in a product that is
practically insoluble in water. The only other method reported in
TABLE I
Data pertaining to percentage elementary composition of histons
Kind
1. Goose-blood (12)
2. Goose-blood (12)
3. Thymus (19, 2)
4. Salmin-albumose (22)
5. Globin (23. 2)^
6. Arbacin (21)
7. Scombron (2)
8. Para-histon (9)
9. Gadus (16)
10. Lota (8)
11. Hen-blood (i)
12. Centrophorus and
Spharechinus (15)
Precipitated by
NaCl
NH4OH
NH4OH
NaCl or
(NH4)2S04
NH40H
Alcohol
NH4OH
Alcohol
NH4OH
NH4OH
NH4OH
C
50.88
50.90
52.31
52.14
52.34
52.31
51.21
59-47
49.86
51-91
H
7-05
7.16
7.06
7.20
7-31
7.60
7.20
7-23
7-31
O
23-44
20.32
N
17.77
8.46
7-42
8.35'
7.64
6.80
6.89
5-91
9-79
7-97
8.65
8.64
6.46
6.49
8.31
No data given by Kossel.
0.42
0.79
0.00
Ash
0.52
0.6s
0.66
0.52
0.84
^ Extracted minced, fat-f reed, glands with water and precipitated with acetic
acid. Histon was extracted with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution and
the histon precipitated with ammonia.
*The fat-f ree glands were extracted with water and sufficient hydrochloric
acid was added to make the strength of the acid 0.8 per cent. The filtered
extract contained the histon, which was precipitated with ammonia.
* Second figure for N is that of Bang and Fleroff.
* All determinations by Bang except second N.
I9I31
Walter H. Eddy
425
the literature is that of Lawrow (18). Ammonia is used to precipi-
tate the histon and purification is secured by redissolving- in liydro-
chloric acid Solution and reprecipitating with ammonia. It intro-
duces no new features.
III. PROPERTIES OF HISTONS
1. Results of elementary analysis. A summary of the avail-
able analytic data is presented in Table i.
2. Solubilities. The solubilities of the histon products are in-
dicated by the data in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Data pertaining to the solubilities of histons
Kind
1. Goose-blood (12)
2. Goose-blood (12)
3. Goose-blood (2)
4. Thymus
5. Thymus
6. Salmin (22)
7. Arbacin (21)
8. Globin (23)
9. Scombron (2)
10. Gadus (16)
11. Lota (8)
12. Para-histon (9)
13. Hen-blood (i)
14. Centrophorus and Sphäre-
chinits (15)
Precipitated by
NaCl
NH4OH
NaOH
NH4OH
NaCl
NaCl
Alcohol
NH4OH
NaOH
NaCl
NH4OH
Alcohol
NH4OH
Reagents
S*
I
s
I
s
s
s
s
s
S5
I
s
I*
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
ffio
f~) ''
I
I
s
Si
Si
Sä
81
I
I
Si
s
X °
2:
I
I
I
I
I
I
S3
I
I
I
I
s
I
t/1 ü
CO
Si
Si
s»
s»
SI
SI
SI
s
SI
SI
SI
S
(No data given by Kossei).
S
S
S
S2
S
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
S Ol
3
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
s
* S = soluble ; I := insoluble.
* Soluble in excess of the reagent.
"Becomes insoluble if allowed to stand.
' Precipitate dissolves in slight excess of ammonia.
* Alkali precipitates (30 per cent.) water Solution.
" Kossei States properties are same as those of ordinary histon.
properties are assumed to be identical with those of i.
Hence the
426
Histon and its Preparation
[April
3. Characteristic precipitation reactions (Bang). Table 3
presents a summary of the characteristic precipitation tendencies of
histons, as specified by Bang.
TABLE 3
Data pertaining to the precipitation of histons (Bang)
Kind
1. Goose-blood (12) . .
2. Goose-blood (2) . . .
3. Thymus
4. Thymus
5. Salmin (22)
6. Arbacin (21)
7. Arbacin (21)
8. Globin (23)
9. Scombron (2)
10. Para-histon (9) . . . .
11. Gadus (16)
12. Lota (8)
13. Hen-blood (i)
14. Centrophorus and
Spharechinus (15)
Nature of product
in aqueous Solution
NaCl ppt.
NaOH ppt.
Histon-HCl
NaCl ppt.
Histon-HCI.
Histon-H2S04
Ale. ppt. (NH4OH
sol.)
NH4OH ppt.
NaOH ppt.
Ale. ppt.
NaCl ppt.
Histon-HCI
Histon-HCl
Reagents
B
ÄS
X
. c
Pi
Pi
p4
p4
p2
N6
N6
pl
p2
N
P
Pi
p2
p2
p2
p2
p2
N5
N6
p2
p2
N
p2
p2
P
p*
P
P
P
P
P
P
N
P
N
N*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
No data given.
N
2 n
e s
p3
P
P
pe
P«
N6
p6
o «
E-
5 o
2 E
p3
P
P
p3
P«
p3
ps
P
P
P
P
P
P«
P
o o
-■ 0
_ 3
p3
p3
pe
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
4. General precipitation reactions. Additional general data
on the precipitation of histons are given in Table 4.
5. Color reactions. Available data pertaining to the responses
of histons to protein color tests are indicated in Table 5.
* P = precipitated ; N = not precipitated.
^ Soluble in excess of the reagent.
''Insoluble in excess of the reagent.
* From neutral but not f rem alkaline Solutions.
* Thymus is apparently insoluble in ammonia in the absence of salts pro-
vided only a small amount of ammonia is used to precipitate it. Once formed
a large excess of ammonia can be added without dissolving the precipitate.
" No precipitate with ammonia unless the Solution is very concentrated er
alcohol is present.
' In neutral or weak alkaline Solution.
I9I3]
Walter H. Eddy
427
V
piOE Dinn-EX
Qh Oh a, 1 1 d, Ol 1 Hl
'0
u
0,
0
c
II
0
^-»
CS
'Qi
"D
u
u
a.
II
Ph
*
^ Complete on Saturation.
"Soluble in excess of reagent.
'Ammonia Solution of globin is less easily precipitated by alcohol.
*In cold, not in hot.
0
pp-B DUSOBJOiqOUX
Cli Oh &< 1 1 H, d, 1 0« 1
•0
1
pp-B OUOIJ
p ■ p . p ■ 1 Q. Q. [^ 1 p. Q.
piOB oipqAiouioqdsoq<j
Ol d dl 1 1 d dl 1 d 1
vi
ppB onsSutiqoqdsoqj
dddj dddddj
>1
ppB oqaov
222 1 1 2 1 1 22
rt
E
♦OS'H
222 1 1 d 1 222
ü
(3
DH
222 1 1 d i 1 22
V
•0
C
*0
31E533B tnnipog
c^ 12: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
'(HO)«D
d d d 1 1 d d 1 d d
CO
0
HO^M
dddd |dd2dd
2
^O^D'^I
1 1 1 1 (^ 1 12 1 1
0
Ö
^ONSh
1 12 1 Miliz
••*
*OSn3
1 1 Z 1 i Z II 1 2
5J
^ID^J
1 |Z 1 12 1 1 12
.- ^
(q) 3;e33Dv qd
222 1 i 1 1 1 2a.
■^ s
rt 'Ö
(u) 3jE5aov qd
222 1 1 2 1 1 22
^ ■§
W Ö5
'ID^H
222fo i 1 0.22 1
.2 S
"ID^O
2^2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
ID'-HN
dd2 1 1 22 1 1 1
C J3
5
^OD'^'^N
d d 1 1 1 d 1 d d 1
*OS''(^HM)
dddd Iddldd
rt ^
«3 3
*ossk
d d d 1 1 d 1 1 d 1 s
-4-* .IM
ID^N
dddd |ddi<dd ^
, 0 fc-
•"*-»
Q
J3qw-Ioqo3iY
dd2| dd|ddd 'S
Hl«
•*-
loqooiv
* d2 1 dd 1 O-Ad Z
^
^
s; 0 C.2
— S 1/ *-•
Z-c - "
rt 0 er 0
0 -^ „
.-s.au ^ g-g. .u
rt rt .2 .2 0 .23 ffi rt u Ifl .22
2 2 K K < ffi 2 2 < 2 a
-"Sä
c i <u
— tn J3
"Sb <+- rt
•0
s
Ü
88
2 3 2
0 0 >
0 0 x:
w pj f»
: : :^3 :
NN f^ - 0 0
ö 1 .S ^ 2 » 5
'S °
M
M
U] Ui W
rt a.^
-^-' 0 (-1
(u t; _g
0 <u JJ
>
et
428 Histon and its Preparation
TABLE 5
Data pertaining to the responses of histons to protein color tests
[April
Nature of product
tested
Color test
Kind
Biuret
Xanthoproteic
MiUon
Molisch
Adamkiewicz
Goose-blood .
Thymus
Salmin
Arbacin
Globin
Scombron . . .
Para-histon. .
Gadus
Lota
NaCl ppt.
NaCl and
NH4OH ppt.
Histon-HCl
Histon-H2S04
NH4OH ppt.
NaOH ppt.
Ale. ppt.
NaCl ppt.
Histon-HCl
P (red)i
p
p
p
P (violet)
P
P
P
P (violet)
P
P
P
P
Weak
P
P
P
P
Weak
Weak
P
P
Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
P
Ni
N
N
N
N
P
N
Weak
Weak
6. A summary of characteristic properties of histon (2).
Histons are precipitated from aqueous Solutions by ammonia, and
are insoluble in excess of the reagent. Bang (2) claims that the
presence of salt is necessary for complete precipitation. Huiskamp
(10) Claims that the presence of salt hinders the ammonia-precipita-
tion of thymus histon.
Histons are coagulated by boiling only in the presence of salts.
This coagulum is soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. The protein
is not reprecipitated when the acid Solution is neutralized.
Histons are precipitated by concentrated nitric acid Solution in
the cold. The precipitate dissolves on heating and reappears on
cooling.
Histons are precipitated by the "alkaloidal reagents" from
neutral or weakly alkaline Solutions.
Neutral Solutions of histon yield precipitates with neutral Solu-
tions of egg albumin and with blood serum ; also with such Solutions
of caseinogen and serum albumin, if these are poor in salts.
IV. THYMUS HISTON
I. The nature of the histon complex. The most exhaustive
studies of histon developed from a discussion of the form in which
histon occurs in the tissues. Most of the investigation in this con-
nection dealt with thymus histon. The researches of Malengrau
(20), Lilienfeld (19), Huiskamp (10, 11), and Bang (3, 4, 5, 6),
* P = positive ; N = negative.
191 3] Walter H. Eddy 429
bring out the points at issue, which may be briefly summarized as
f ollows :
Lilien feld first advanced the proposition that a water extract of
thymus glands contains nucleohiston, precipitable by acetic acid.
From his study of this substance he suggested a Constitution that is
indicated by the appended tabular sequence of decomposition
products :
Thymus nucleohiston
I ^1 .
Histon Leuconuclein
I I .
Protein Nuclein
I I
Protein Nucleic Acid
Malengrau (20) repeated Lilienfeld's work and claimed that the
latter's precipitate was a mixture of at least two substances.
Malengrau called these " nucleoalbumins A and B." He obtalned
histon from each. Bang (3) entered the discussion in 1900 and,
while agreeing with Malengrau that Lilienfeld's nucleohiston was a
mixture, maintained that a water extract of thymus contained at
least three substances : Histon, nucleic acid, and a nucleoprotein
free from histon. He interpreted Lilienfeld's results as follows:
Acetic acid plus water extract of thymus yields a precipitate which
is a mixture of histon nucleate and nucleoprotein (Lilienfeld's
nucleohiston). This precipitate, in 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid
Solution, yields histon hydrochlorid plus a mixture of nucleic acid
and nucleoprotein (Lilienfeld's leuconuclein). In 1901 Huiskamp
(10) stated his belief that Lilienfeld's nucleohiston is a mixture of
nucleoprotein and nucleohiston. The latter he separated by adding
calcium chlorid to an extract of thymus, to a strength of 0.2 per
cent., obtaining a precipitate of calcium nucleohiston and a Solution
of nucleoprotein. The former yielded histon hydrochlorid with
extraction in 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution and, according
to Huiskamp, a nuclein but not a nucleic acid as was maintained
by Bang.
In 1903-4 Bang (6) reported an extensive study of the whole
problem. He summarized the results to this point as follows:
Huiskamp claimed that thymus contains and yields to water, a
430
H ist 011 and its Preparation
[April
nudcoprotcin free from histon and a nucleohiston. Malengrau
claimed that thymus contains and yields to water, A-micleoalbiimin
and B-nudcoalhumin, both containing histon and the latter com-
parable to Bang's complex. Bang claimed that thymus contains a
nticleo protein, free from histon and extractable by water or 0.9 per
Cent, sodium chlorid, and a histon micleate.
Commenting generally on these views, Bang held that the
thymus gland yields either a multitude of nuclein-containing sub-
stances or the nucleoprotein is changed by the various processes in-
volved in its Separation, or the dififerent methods of preparation
produce mixtures of pure and impiire substances. Bang therefore
considered it necessary^ to reinvestigate all methods. In brief his
conclusions are : Malengrau's A-nucleoalbumin is an alhuminate,
not a histon. It is identical with Bang and Huiskamp's nucleo-
protein. Huiskamp's nucleoprotein is identical with Bang's accord-
ing to the following percentage analytic data:
Analysts
C. per Cent.
H, per Cent.
N, per Cent.
P, per Cent.
Ash, per Cent.
Huiskamp
Bang
Bang (2d)
50.09 7.18
49-5 6.35
16.II
16.51
15.89
0.97
1.22
0.91
3-11
2.36
2.18
The essential difference, therefore, lies between Bang's histon
nucleate theory and Huiskamp's nucleohiston theory. Bang re-
ported extensive studies to confirm his point of view. For com-
ment on these views see p. 436.
V. EXPERIMENTAL
I. The cause of the water-insolubility of ammonia-pre-
cipitated histon. A. Comparison of ammonia and sodium
CHLORiD-PRECiPiTATED HISTON. Many preparations of thymus
histon were made involving variations in the process and the use of
many different sets of glands from calves. All the glands used
were, with one exception, obtained immediately after slaughtering
and were extracted as soon as they could be brought to the
laboratory.
The methods of preparation embraced the following variations :
Precipitation [after LiHenfeld (19)] of water extracts with
1913] Walter H. Eddy 43 1
acetic acid and extraction of the purified precipitates with 0.8 per
Cent, hydrochloric acid Solution.
Precipitation (modification of Lilien feld's process) of water
extracts with a few drops of conc. hydrochloric acid Solution and
extraction of the purified precipitates with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric
acid Solution.
Acidificationof water extracts [after Kossei and Kutscher (16)]
with hydrochloric acid, to 0.8 per cent. strength, and filtering.
Precipitation of water extracts with alcohol and extraction of
the washed precipitates with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution.
Precipitation of water extracts [after Huiskamp (10)] with
calcium chlorid, to 0.2 per cent. strength, and extraction of the
purified calcium chlorid-precipitates with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric
acid Solution.
In every case the ammonia-precipitated product from the histoo
hydrochlorid Solution was insoluble in water, and addition of am-
monia to the acid Solution gave a precipitate which differed in no
respects from that obtained by first removing free acid by dialysis
and then precipitating with ammonia. The best precipitation re-
sults were obtained by first carefully neutralising the acid Solution
with ammonia and then adding the excess a few drops at a time,
with stirring. It was demonstrated that ammonia-precipitation
takes place in the absence of salts (contrary to Bang's contention),
but care must be taken to add the ammonia slowlv and in small
amounts.
The insolubility of the ammonia-precipitated product was shown
to be due neither to the action of the alcohol or ether used in wash-
ing the product, nor to abnormalities in the glands used. It was
found to increase with the length of the period in distilled water.
Precipitates allowed to stand for several weeks in distilled water,
with toluene, failed to dissolve or putrefy and ultimately became
completely insoluble in 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution.
In contrast with these results, the histon obtained by saturating
a histon-hydrochlorid Solution with sodium chlorid was invariably
soluble in water. This solubility was not altered by washing with
alcohol and ether, by drying at 45°, or even when the product was
dried to constant weight at 105° C; the sodium chlorid-saturation
products from both add and neutral histon-hydrochlorid Solutions
43 2 Histon and its Preparation [April
were the sanie in this respect. Furthermore the precipitate obtained
with sodium chlorid was always readily soluble in 0.8 per cent.
hydrochloric acid Solution.
The above mentioned results suggested different constitutions
for histons precipitated by sodium chlorid and by ammonia. To
detemiine this point pure preparations of each kind were made and
analysed.
B. Methods of preparation and purification. Histon
hydrochlorid was obtained by the Kossel-Kutscher (16) method.
A portion of the clear bluish filtrate containing it was saturated
with sodium chlorid and filtered, and the resulting precipitate washed
with alcohol, dissolved in water and the Solution dialyzed in a parch-
ment bag for several days against running water. At the end of
that time the bag was transferred to a tall jar of distilled water and
the latter renewed daily until no trace of chlorin could be detected
in the histon Solution with silver nitrate. The Solution was then
removed from the bag, filtered and evaporated in thin layers to
dryness at 45° C. Light yellow flakes were obtained. (During the
dialysis and evaporation toluene was used as a preservative. ) The
flakes were ground to a white powder and dried to constant weight
— first in vacuo over sulfuric acid and finally at 105° C. A second
portion of the histon-hydrochlorid Solution was treated with am-
monia and the resulting precipitate washed free from all traces of
ammonia with water. It was then washed with alcohol and ether,
and dried to constant weight at 105° C. A third histon product
was obtained by adding a few drops of ammonium hydroxid Solu-
tion to a portion of the chlorin-free Solution of the sodium chlorid-
precipitate. The precipitate thus obtained was insoluble in water.
It was washed with water, alcohol and ether, and dried to constant
weight at 105° C. These three preparations^ were used in the
quantitative studies.
In the tabulation on page 434 these preparations are designated
as follows: (a) sodium chlorid-precipitated histon, free from chlo-
rid admixture; (b) sodium chlorid-precipitated histon, reprecipi-
tated with ammonia; (c) ammonia-precipitated histon.
*Inability to find a solvent for ammonia-precipitated histon which would
not hydrolyze it made it impossible to attempt the preparation of a sodium
chlorid-saturation precipitate of the ammonia-histon.
I9I3] Walter H. Eddy 433
C. Quantitative procedure. The methods employed in the
quantitative analysis were the following: Total nitrogen was deter-
mined by the Kjeldahl process. For the chlorin detemiination 0.15
gm. of the material was placed in a casserole with 100 c.c. of water,
30 c.c. of nitric acid sohition and 10 c.c. of n/20 silver nitrate Solu-
tion (containing 1.52 mg. of chlorin per c.c). The liquid was
boiled gently for two hours to effect complete decomposition. The
Solution remained pale yellow, with silver chlorid at the bottom of
the casserole. After cooling, the liquid was filtered and the silver
chlorid thoroughly washed. To the filtrate and washings, i c.c. of
ferric alum Solution was added, the mixture decolorized with nitric
acid, and titrated with n/20 potassium sulfocyanate Solution of
such strength that i c.c. equalled i c.c. of silver nitrate Solution.
The ash was obtained by cautiously incinerating 0.2 gm. of the dry
sample in a small porcelain crucible until all carbonaceous matter
disappeared. Six hours was usually sufficient. The crucible was
then cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The moisture was deter-
mined by heating 0.5 gm. of the sample in a weighing bottle at
105° C. for 24 hours. All samples had been previously dried at
45° C. and powdered. The amide nitrogen, diamino nitrogen,
monamino nitrogen and humin nitrogen were determined by the
Osborne-Harris method.^
D. Quantitative results. The quantitative data in these
experiments are summarized in Tables 6 and 7.
E. DiscussiON OF the quantitative results. It will be seen
that the lower nitrogen content of the sodium chlorid-precipitated
histon is not accounted for by the ash difference (sodium chlorid-
product averaged 1.33 per cent. and the ammonia-precipitated prod-
uct, 0.76 per cent). This slight difference, combined with the Obser-
vation that ammonia separates from an aqueous Solution of the
sodium chlorid-precipitated product, a water-insoluble mass of
higher nitrogen content with a filtrate that responds to the biuret
test, suggests the presence (in the salt-precipitated product) of a
protein fraction which is absent from the ammonia-precipitated
product and contains relatively little nitrogen. The differences
between the monamino and diamino fractions tend to confirm this
* Osborne, T. B., and Harris, J. F., Joitr. of the Amer. Chem. Soc., 1903,
XXV, p. 323.
434
Histon and its Preparation
[April
vievv. The data for the amide fractions also tend to show that the
difference in nitrogen content cannot be due to combination of the
ammonia nitrogen vvith the ammonia-precipitated histon.
TABLE 6
Data pertaining to percentage elementary composition
Preparation
Histon A.
Sodium chlorid-precipitated
product, free from chlorid
admixture
Histon B.
Sodium chlorid-precipitated
producl, reprecipitated
with ammonia
Histon C.
Ammonia-precipitated
product
N,l per Cl, per
Cent. Cent.
Ash, per
Cent.
N,i per
Cent.
Cl, per
Cent.
Ash, per
Cent.
N,i per
Cent.
Cl, per Ash, per
Cent. Cent.
I
16.05
0.52
—
16.85
0.00
—
17.47
0.00
—
15.87
0.56
—
16.84
—
—
17.61
0.00
—
2
15.96
0.62
1.46
16.86
0.00
0.78
17.37
—
0.84
16.09
0.52
1.20
16.70
0.00
0.88
17.29
0.72
3
16.52
—
16.75
—
—
17.20
—
—
16.47
—
16.86
—
—
17.16
—
—
TABLE 7
Data in duplicate pertaining to nitrogen partition
Histon A
Histon B
Histon C
Preparation
I
I
I
2
I
2
Material taken (gm.)..
Amide N
0.8035
%
1.04
1.03
13.14
0.87
16.08
0.6742
%
1.30
0.91
12.28
1.03
15.52
O.6111
%
I.Ol
1.03
13.46
I.I9
16.69
0.4995
%
0.70
1.12
13.54
2.01
17.37
O.5112
%
0.99
I.18
13.61
X.42
17.20
0.4327
%
1.02
Humin N
0.99
14.17
I.19
17.37
Diamino N
Monamino N
Total
Aside from the difference in nitrogen content the only other
striking difference shown by these results is the presence of chlorin
in the sodium chlorid-precipitated product and its absence from the
ammonia-precipitated substance. That this is not due to failure to
sufficiently purify the sodium chlorid-precipitated material was
shown qualitatively in the f ollowing experiments :
A portion of the water-solution of the sodium chlorid-precipi-
tated product was treated with a few drops of ammonium hydroxid.
^ Nitrogen calculations on an ash-f ree basis — Histon A, preparation 2 : 16.20
per Cent, and 16.28 per cent. ; Histon B, preparation 2: 17.00 per cent. and 16.88
per cent. ; Histon C, preparation 2 : 17.52 per cent. and 17.41 per cent.
I9I3] Wolter H. Eddy 435
The clear filtrate from the resultant precipitate, after acidification
with nitric acid, gave a good chlorin test with silver nitrate. It
therefore seems correct to assume that ammonia actually separates
chlorin from the sodium chlorid-precipitated siibstance and that
chlorin is present in the latter histon product in an adsorbed or com-
bined condition, not as an impurity.
A further investigation of the validity of these conclusions is
in progress.
F. Conclusions. The results of this vvork justify the follow-
ing conclusions: Both sodium chlorid and ammonia precipitate,
from histon-hydrochlorid Solutions, products having characteristic
histon properties but differing in water-solubility, and in nitrogen
and chlorin contents. The filtrates from both the ammonia- and
sodium chlorid-precipitates give strong biuret reactions and are
precipitable by alcohol-ether and Saturation with ammonium sulfate.
The latter precipitates are not identical in properties and, while
parahiston is possibly admixed with them, they also contain frac-
tions of other protein matter which makes them different from
para-histon and from one another. At present the nature of this
protein admixture, and hence the exact nature of the difference
between sodium chlorid- and ammonia-precipitated histons, is still
uncc. vain.
2. An improvement in the method o£ preparing thymus
histon. In following out the various methods of preparing the
hydrochlorid Solution of thymus histon it was difficult to obtain a
water extract of the glands which would filter clear. The glands
are also particularly prone to putrefaction at the beginning of the
extraction process. The latter difficulty Avas overcome by conducting
the extractions in a refrigerator rather than by depending upon the
use of preserv'atives such as Chloroform and toluene. Both difh-
culties can however be avoided by the following modified method
which is recommended as more practical than any of those out-
lined in the general literature.
After freeing the glands from fat with a knife, pass them
through an ordinary meat grinder and pour the hash directly into a
comparatively large volume of 95 per cent. alcohol. All the protein
material is precipitated and all chance of putrefaction is thus
43 6 H'iston and its Prcparation [April
avoided. Filter off the alcohol and extract the precipitated material
directly with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid Solution. A clear,
bluish white, readily filterable, extract will result. Extraction with
hydrochloric acid Solution should be continued for several days.
In our experiments it was found necessary to repeat the extrac-
tion with hydrochloric acid Solution several times to obtain all the
histon, Preliminary extraction of the glands with alcohol removes
none of the histon (as was detemiined by study of the extract) and,
by precipitating all the proteins in the glands, the alcohol prevents
the presence of protein impurities in the acid extract. The histon
can then be precipitated from the acid extract by whatever method
is desired, as already outlined.
3. Proteins left after removal of histon from thymus extract.
Some experiments were conducted to detemiine if possible the
merits of the contentions of Lilien feld, Huiskamp and Bang as to
the nature of the histon complex in the cell. These views were
outlined in detail on page 428, The procedure was as f ollows :
Thymus glands were minced and extracted with water for 48 hours
in a refrigerator. The extract was decanted, filtered, precipitated
with a few drops of conc. hydrochloric acid Solution and the super-
natant fluid treated with hydrochloric acid until a strength of 0.8
per cent. was present; after standing for several days, the acid
Solution was filtered off and the precipitate extracted with 0.8 per
cent. hydrochloric acid Solution. This process was repeated until
the hydrochloric acid extract failed to give an ammonia-precipitate
or a biuret reaction. The histon-f ree residue was then washed with
alcohol until it was free from acid, treated with 0.3 per cent. potas-
sium hydroxid Solution, in which it dissolved slowly but com-
pletely, and the Solution filtered, placed in a parchment bag and
dialysed free from hydroxyl ions. No precipitate resulted, the Solu-
tion remaining clear. (Toluene was used as a preservative during
this process.) To the neutral Solution 10 per cent. calcium chlorid
Solution was now added (2 c.c. of 10 per cent. calcium chlorid
Solution to each 100 c.c. of liquid). A copious precipitate resulted,
the filtrate from this mass giving a good biuret test. Addition of
more calcium chlorid to the filtrate failed to produce further
precipitation.
I9I3] Walter H. Eddy 437
The precipitate was next completely dissolved in water with
the addition of a little 10 per cent. potassium hydroxid Solution
and the liquid again dialyzed free from hydroxyl ions in a parch-
ment bag. This neutral Solution was then reprecipitated with
calcium chlorid as before, yielding again a sharply separating pre-
cipitate and a clear filtrate which gave neither biuret reaction nor
alcohol precipitate. The precipitate was then washed with alcohol,
and ether, and dried to constant weight at 105° C. A Solution in
dilute potassium hydroxid Solution, dialysed free from hydroxyl
ions, gave characteristic protein tests. The dried product was then
analysed for nitrogen, ash and calcium.
The filtrate from the calcium chlorid-precipitated product was
treated with a few drops of conc. hydrochloric acid Solution, yield-
ing a copious precipitate and a water-clear filtrate, which gave no
biuret test or alcohol precipitate. The precipitate was purified by
Solution in 0.3 per cent. potassium hydroxid Solution and reprecipi-
tation with hydrochloric acid; washing with water, alcohol, and
ether, and finally drying to constant weight at 105° C. The dry
product was analyzed for total nitrogen and ash. Both precipitates
were rieh in phosphorus.
A. B.
Product precipitated
Product precipitated with hydrochloric acid
with calcium chlorid, in the filtrate from A
Per Cent. Per Cent.
Total N 7.65 15.97
Ash 7.30 5.96
Calcium None Not determined
These results agree with Huiskamp's views in certain respects.
Assuming that water extracts iboth a nucleoprotein and a nucleo-
histon, treatment of the product with hydrochloric acid may be
assumed to separate the histon from the nucleohiston, and leave a
mixed residue of histon-free nucleoprotein and a nuclein. Both of
these substances dissolve in 0.3 per cent. potassium hydroxid Solu-
tion, but the latter is precipitable by calcium chlorid while the
former is not. Furthermore, the view that calcium chlorid precipi-
tates a nuclein rather than nucleic acid is borne out by the protein
reactions of the product precipitated by calcium chlorid. Huis-
kamp, however, claims that his nuclein fonns a calcium salt with
43 S Histon and its Preparation [April
calcium chlorid and comes down as calciuni-nucleinate. In our
analyses we were unable to detect even a trace of calcium in the
ash. It is possible, of course, that a nucleic acid fraction was sepa-
rated from the histon product by the acid treatment, which, in the
presence of other protein, may have formed a protein-nucleate pre-
cipitable by calcium chlorid. It might be true therefore, as Bang
(6) Claims, that histon exists in the cell as a histon-nucleate. The
failure to obtain any nucleic acid in these tests, and the different
nitrogen figures for the product precipitated with calcium chlorid,
together with the agreement between the values for nitrogen con-
tent of the nucleoprotein and those obtained by both Bang and
Huiskamp, suggest that histon occurs in cells as a true nucleo-
histon and not as a nucleate.
VI. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS
These studies seem to show that histon obtained from aqueous
extract of thymus gland by precipitation with ammonia is essentially
dififerent from histon obtained by Saturation with sodium chlorid.
The histon precipitated by ammonia is insoluble in water and has a
higher nitrogen content than the histon precipitated with sodium
chlorid. The latter product is readily soluble in water, even after
drying at 105° C, and contains an appreciable amount of chlorin in
combined form. The difference relates apparently both to the con-
tent of chlorin and to the presence of a protein fraction in the salt-
precipitated histon which is absent from that obtained with ammonia.
The preliminaiy use of alcohol to precipitate histon and other
protein materials in the glands seems to offer marked advantages
over the direct water-extraction method, both in öbviating putre-
faction and in facilitating filtration of the aqueous extract.
Bang's contention that ammonia does not precipitate histon in
the absence of salts is incorrect. It is true, however, that their pres-
ence facilitates the process.
The data pertaining to the residues insoluble in 0.8 per cent.
hydrochloric acid Solution seem to confirm Huiskamp's views rather
than those of Bang, but in view of the power of nucleic acid to
combine with protein and the absence of calcium from the ash of
the calcium chlorid-precipitated fraction, the matter cannot be
regarded as settled.
iQi 3l Walter H. Eddy 439
Histon prepared by the salt-precipitation method offers excel-
lent material for the study of protein-salt formation.
The necessity of knovving the method o£ preparation of a given
histon prodiict, in order to understand the properties ascri'bed to it,
is obvious from these sttidies.
The quantitative data on page 434 were obtained with the assist-
ance of Mr. E. G. Griffin and those on page 437 with the aid of
Mr. W. F. Hume, to whom I am greatly indebted for the effective
Cooperation they have given. I wish also to acknowledge my indebt-
edness to Dr. Gies for facilities and suggestions throughout the
entire research.
VII. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTON STUDIES
1. Ackerman, D. Zur Chemie der Vogelblutkerne. Zeitschr. f. phys-
iol. Ch., 1904, xliii, p. 299. Gives Plenge's method of preparing
histon from hen blood.
2. Bang, Ivar. Studien ueber Histon. Z&frf.^ 1899, xxvii,p. 463. First
report of the discovery and preparation of scombron, a histon in
mackerei sperm. Also presents comparisons with previously dis-
covered histons, a discussion of the ammonia reaction, and first
list of the " five characteristic properties " of histon.
3. . Bemerkungen ueber Nucleohiston. Ihid., 1900, xxx, p. 508.
Raises the question as to the nature of Lilienfeld's nucleohiston.
4. . Reply to Kossei. Ibid., 1901, xxxi, p. 407.
5. . Reply to Kossei. Ibid., 1901, xxxii, p. 79.
6. . Chemische Untersuchungen der lymphatischen Organe. Bei-
träge mir Chem. Physiol. u. PathoL, 1904, v, p. 317; iv, pp. 115,
351. Füll report of Bang's experiments, with review of the work
of Malengrau and Huiskamp.
7. Eddy, W. H. A study of some protein Compounds. Biochemical
Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. iii. Reported attempts to form protein
salts with histon and difficulties in preparing acid-free histon.
8. Ehrström, Robert. Ueber ein neues Histon aus Fischsperma.
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Ch., 1901, xxxii, p. 350. Preparation of Lota
histon from the sperm of the burbot.
9. Fleroff , A. Ueber einen histonähnlichen Körper aus Thymus. Ibid.,
1899, xxviii, p. 307. Discovery and preparation of para-histon
from thymus ; comment on water-insolubility of ammonia-precipi-
tated histon.
440 Histon and its Preparation [April
10. Huiskamp, W. Ueber die Eiweisskörper der Thymus. Ibid., igoi,
xxxii, p. 145. Review of Bang's and Malengrau's claims, and
introduction of calcium chlorid as a means of separating nucleo-
histon from nucleoprotein. Maintains that nucleohiston is true
nucleoprotein and that it yields nuclein, not nucleic acid, with re-
moval of histon.
11. . Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Thymus Nucleohistons. Ibid.,
1903, xxxix, p. 55. Further study of nucleohiston.
12. Kossei, A. Ueber einen peptonartigen Bestandtheil des Zellkerns.
Ibid., 1884, viii, p. 511. Describes the preparation of the first his-
ton : from gooseblood.
13. . (Comment on Bang's paper.) Ibid., 1900, xxx, p. 520.
14. . (Reply to Bang.) Ibid., 1901, xxxii, p. 81.
15. . Ueber ein einfachsten Eiweisskörper. Biochem. Central-
hlatt, 1906-7, V, p. 35. Reports the preparation of Centrophorus
and Spcorechinns histon, but gives no details.
16. Kossei, A,, and Kutscher, F. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Eiweiss-
körper. Zeitschr. f. physiol. Ch., 1900, xxxi, p. 165. A study of
cleavage products of proteins and also a report of the preparation
of gadus histon from cod.
17. Kossei, A., and Pringle, H. Ueber das Histon. Ibid., 1906, xlix,
p. 314. Quantitative studies.
18. Lawrow, D. Ueber die Spaltungsprodukte des Histons von Leu-
kocyten. Ibid., 1899, xxviii, p. 388. A modification of the method
of preparing thymus histon and a study of its products.
19. Lilienfeld, Leon. Zur Chemie der Leukocyten. /&ic?., 1893, xviii,
p. 473. Description of the first preparation of histon from thymus.
20. Malengrau, F. La Cellule. 1900, xvii, p. 19. A study of the
nucleohiston of thymus and Separation of an A- and B-nucleo-
albumin.
21. Mathews, Albert P. Zur Chemie der Spermatozoon. Zeitschr.
f. physiol. Ch., 1897, xxxiii, p. 399. Preparation of arbacin histon
from sea urchin sperm.
22. Miescher, F., and Schmiedeberg, O. Physiologisch-chemische
Untersuchungen ueber die Lachsmilch. Archiv, f. ex per. Pathol.
u. Pharmakol., 1896, xxvii, p. 100. Preparation of an albumose
or histon from unripe salmon sperm.
23. Schulz, F. N. Der Eiweisskörper des Haemoglobins. Zeitschr.
f. physiol. Ch., 1898, xxxiv, p. 449. Preparation of globin from
horse blood.
DID VON WITTICH ANTEDATE OSTWALD IN THE
DEFINITION OF ENZYME ACTION?
WILLIAM N. BERG
It seems to be the consensus of opinion that enzyme action was
first properly understood and defined by Wilhelm Ostwald about
1893. That this is a reasonable inference is evident from the
following typical quotations from the literature of the subject:
The word catalysis was introduced about eighty years ago by Ber-
zelius. It grouped together phenomena that had up to that time re-
mained unconnected. But while a great and increasing number of new
catalytic phenomena were discovered in subsequent years, the concept
itself remained vague until Ostwald introduced his well known defini-
tion based on the conception of velocity of chemical change — a con-
ception which was born with modern chemical kinetics and was un-
known to Berzelius. According to Ostwald, a catalyzer is a substance
whose presence hastens a given chemical reaction, although the reaction
would also take place in its absence. . . .^
Wir werden also Kontaktwirkungen der Katalysatoren und der En-
zyme am besten unter die von Ostwald gegebene (1893) Definition
bringen können: 'Katalyse ist die Beschleunigung eines langsam ver-
laufenden chemischen Vorganges durch die Gegenwart eines fremden
Stoffes/^
Ein wirklicher Inhalt ist diesem Begriff erst von Ostwald gegeben
worden. Er bezeichnete als Katalysator 'jeden Stoff, der, ohne im
Endprodukt einer chemischen Reaktion su erscheinen, ihre Geschzvin-
digkeit verändert' . . . (S. 16), Es ist das anzuerkennende Verdienst
W. Ostwalds, eine der indessen ausgebildeten Thermodynamik gerecht
werdende Definition der Begriff Katalyse und Katalysator gegeben zu
haben.^
^Rosanoff: "Outline of a theory of homogeneous catalysis," Jour. Amer.
Chem. Soc, 35, p. 173, I9i3-
*Bredig: "Die Elemente der chemischen Kinetic, mit besonderer Berück-
sichtigung der Katalyse und der Fermentwirkung," Ergehnisse d. Physiologie, i,
p. 139, 1902.
* Oppenheimer : Die Fermente und ihre Wirkungen, 3 Aufl., p. 159; Leipzig,
1910.
441
442 The Definition of Enzyme Action [April
Partly on accoimt of their obscure places of publication, and
partly on account of fanlty references in the literature, Ostwald's
original definitions were f ound with some difficulty :
Katalyse ist die Beschleunigung eines laugsam verlaufenden chem-
ischen Vorganges durch die Gegenivart eines fremden Stoffes. . . .*
Man nennt die Stoffe, welche solche Änderungen der Geschwindig-
keit bewirken, Katalysatoren, und zwar positive und negative, je nach-
dem sie Beschleunigungen oder Verzögerungen hervorbringen. Der
Begriff der Katalysatoren hat erst in neuerer Zeit diese bestimmte Defi-
nition erfahren (Ostwald 1894). . . .^
Since Ostwald himself dates the definition of catalysis at 1894,
it would naturally be assumed that that date is the correct one.
While engaged, about five years ago, in a study of enzyme ac-
tion, the attention of the writer was drawn to a paper publisht by
von Wittich,*^ not alone because of the ingenuity of the experi-
mental work described therein, but especially because of von
Wittich's striking conclusion (p. 469) regarding the nature of
peptolytic action:
Es bleibt daher nichts anderes übrig, als anzunehmen, dass die
Säure allein hinreicht, um jene bekannte Umwandlung des Fibrins ein-
zuleiten, dass aber die Gegenwart des Pepsins letztere wesentlich
beschleunigt.
The "Umwandlung" referred to is the transformation of fibrin
into peptone.
von Wittich had observed that fibrin was slowly transformed
into peptones by hydrochloric acid and that this transformation took
place much more rapidly in the presence of pepsin. Other investi-
gators had made the same Observation, but without correctly under-
standing the role of the enzyme, as von Wittich apparently did.
These facts were mentioned about four years ago by the writer,
who believed that von Wittich had antedated Ostzvald in the defini-
tion of catalysis. Until recently, lack of opportunity prevented a
sußiciently careful search of the literature on this particular point.
* Ostwald : Ztschr. f. physikal. Chemie, 15, p. 706, 1894.
'Ostwald: Grundriss der allgemeinen Chemie, 3 Aufl., p. 515; Leipzig, 1899.
' von Wittich : " Weitere Mittheilungen über Verdauungsfermente," Archiv
f. d. gesammte Physiologie, 5, p. 435-469, 1872.
191 3] William N, Berg 443
It was for this reason that the name of Ostwald was held in
reserve when the following Statement was made :
A rather early insight into the nature of peptolysis was given by
von Wittich, who concluded that the pepsin simply accelerates a reac-
tion which the acid alone will bring about more slowly/
In his conclusions, von Wittich plainly states that the transforma-
tion of fibrin into peptone by pepsin-hydrochloric acid is a reaction
similar to the transformation of alcohol into ether by sulfuric acid.
This is evidence of the fact that when he defined peptolytic action,
he did so not unknowingly, but with a füll understanding of the
facts. It is reasonable to suppose that von Wittich had a broad,
general understanding of enzyme action as the basis for his defini-
tion, because he had previously publisht work on diastatic, proteo-
lytic, glucosid-splitting and various other enzymes.^ In one of
these papers (1870, p. 352) he mentions the " katalytische Wirk-
samkeit" of a diastase in such a way as to leave no doubt that he
understood enzyme action to be catalytic. Two years later (1872,
p. 465) he stated his belief in the similarity between the action of
pepsin in peptic digestion and the action of sulfuric acid in the
transformation of alcohol into ether, in the following terms :
Der Vorgang erscheint mir dem ganz analog bei der Ueberführung
des Alcohol durch Schwefelsäure in Aether, Wie sich hier zunächst
Aethylschwefelsäure bildet, wie diese bei 140° C. auf ein zweites Mole-
cul Alcohol wirkt und dasselbe in Aether und Wasser zerlegt, wie die
sich bildenden Wasser und Aether überdestilliren und die Schwefel-
säure in ungeschwächter Wirksamkeit zurücklassen, so dass sie immer
neuzufliessenden Mengen Alcohol in denselben Verhältnissen in Aether
und Wasser zu spalten vermag, so bildet sich bei der Pepsinwirkung
zunächst dessen Verbindung mit der freien Säure, die ihrerseits durch
Contact das Fibrin in jene leicht lösliche und diffusible Form die Pep-
tone umwandelt. Wie aber bei allen Contactwirkungen die Mengen
der durch sie gebildeten Stoffe von der Grösse der Contactfläche
abhängt, so bedingt auch hier die letztere, d. h., die Menge des ver-
wendeten Pepsins die Menge der entstehenden Peptone. Wie aber die
'Berg: "A comparative study of the digestibility of different proteins in
pepsin-acid Solutions," Atner. Jour. of Physiology, 23, p. 423, 1909.
* von Wittich : " Ueber eine neue Methode zur Darstellung künstlicher
Verdauungsflüssigkeiten," Archiv f. d. gesammte Physiologie, 2, p. 193, 1869.
Also, Weitere Mittheilungen über Verdauungsfermente, Ibid., 3, p. 339, 1870.
444 The Definition of Enzyme Action [April
Schwefelsäure keine dauernde Verbindung mit dem Aether eingeht,
kein integrirender Theil des sich neubildenden Stoffes wird, wie sie
unter günstigen Bedingungen sich von jenem wieder trennt, um immer
neue Mengen Alcohols in gleicher Art zu verändern, so geht auch bei
dem Verdauungsvorgang weder die Salzsäure noch das Pepsin in eine
bleibende Verbindung mit der Peptone ein und entfernt man letztere,
so vermag dieselbe Menge der Säure dieselbe Menge Pepsin, immer
neues Fibrin in ähnlicher Weise zu zerlegen. Man kann die Peptone
von dem Pepsin und den noch vorhandenen Parapeptonen scheiden, , . .
On the third page after this paragraph, von Wittich concludes
his paper (1872, p. 469) — füll of interesting and suggestive ex-
periments — with the Statement:
Es bleibt daher nichts anderes übrig, als anzunehmen, dass die
Säure allein hinreicht^ um jene bekannte Umwandlung des Fibrins ein-
zuleiten, dass aber die Gegenwart des Pepsins letztere zvesentlich be-
schleunigt.
In view of the fact that von Wittich was probably the first to
correctly define enzyme action, it seems stränge that his works
should have received so little attention. Several of his publications
are indext and very briefly discust in Oppenheimer's^ book, but the
important points in the above quotations from von Wittich are not
mentioned, Cohnheim^° and Höber^^ both mention von Wittich
once, in a few words, the former to the effect that von Wittich was
one of the early investigators who prepared glycerol extracts of
gastric mucosa, etc. ; the latter mentioned von Wittich's name on a
subject other than enzyme action! In short, a reference to the fact
that von Wittich defined enzyme action in 1872, twenty or more
years before Ostwald, could not be found, altho it was looked for
in many places besides those mentioned above.
von Wittich was probably the first to show that when fibrin is
immersed in pepsinogen-glycerin Solutions (1872, p. 443), or in
pepsin-hydrochloric acid Solutions (1872, p. 444), the enzyme is
rapidly adsorbed by the fibrin. He used the term pepsin for both
pepsinogen and pepsin.
He also showed, most ingeniously, that while pepsinogen would
not dififuse from a glycerol extract thru a Graham dialyzer into
' Oppenheimer : Loc. cit. " Cohnheim : Enzymes, p. 2, New York, 1912.
"Höber: Physikalische Chemie der Zelle und der Gewebe, 3 Aufl., p. 537,
Leipzig, 191 1,
1913] William N. Berg 445
water, it would pass thru, if fibrin were placed in the water. He
explains this as follows (1872, p. 443) :
Der Vorgang erklärt sich, wie ich glaube, durch die Annahme, dass
das Fibrin das Pepsin sehr energisch absorhirt, dass auch beim Fehlen
jenes minimale Mengen diffundiren, die Diffusion aber durch die Ab-
sorptionsfähigkeit des Fibrins beschleunigt und verstärkt wird.
It is quite possible that the principle of this experiment might
have a wide application, i. e., that the diffusibility of many sub-
stances (now regarded as indiffusible) might be greatly increased
by placing material in the diffusion medium which was not soluble
in the medium but which could combine with the substance whose
diffusibility was under investigation.
The above mentioned observations by von Wittich, on the
diffusibility and absorption of pepsin by fibrin, have recently been
used by several investigators. Beginning with the work of Abder-
halden and Steinbeck,^^ Abderhalden and his co-workers have
publisht a long series of researches on the adsorption of enzymes by
proteins. In none of these publications that the writer has seen is
there any allusion to the fact that the principle involved was not
new. The name of von Wittich was not mentioned. From their
papers one might justly infer that Abderhalden and Steinbeck be-
lieved that they had discovered the adsorption of pepsin by pro-
teins, when they were, in fact, using a principle discovered in 1872
by von Wittich. To a lesser extent this criticism applies to Hedin, ^^
in whose several publications von Wittich is not mentioned, altho
many of the experiments and conclusions of Abderhalden and his
co-workers, and of Hedin, can be found in von Wittich's paper.
In a very interesting manner Chodschajew^^ discusses the work
of von Wittich on the diffusibility of pepsin, some of which
Chodschajew repeated. Dauwe^^ mentions von Wittich as the first
to observe the adsorption of pepsin by fibrin.
Washington, D. C.
"■^ Abderhalden and Steinbeck: "Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Pepsins und der
Salzsäure," Ztschr. f. physiolog. Chemie, 68, p. 293, 1910.
^ Hedin : " Observations on the action of trypsin," Joiir. of Physiol., 32,
p. 468, 1905 ; Biochemical Journal, 2, p. 81, 1907.
"Chodschajew: " Les enzymes sont-elles dialysables ? " Archives de Physiol-
ogie normale et pathologique, 1898, p. 241.
" Dauwe : "Ueber die Absorption der Fermente durch Kolloide," Beiträge zur
chemischen Physiologie und Pathologie, 6, p. 427, 1905.
THE BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY, ENGLAND
SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS
Research Institute of the Cancer Hospital, Brompton
RoAD, London, S. W., Fchruary 5, 191 3, at 5 p. m. — S. B.
Schryver: Notes on bile acids; Investigations 011 phenomena of
clot formations: (a). clotting of calcium cholate, (b) clotting of
milk. — G. Barger and A. J. Ezvins: The identity of trimethylhisti-
dine {histidine betaine) from various sources.
Chemical Department of the London Hospital Medical
College, March iß, 1913, at 5 p. m. — W. H. Hnrtley: The old and
a new test for aceto-acetic acid. — /. H. Ryffel: A sensitive modifica-
tion of Gmelin's test for bile pigment in iirine. — IV. M. Bayliss:
The combination of amino acids with neutral salts. — R. H. A.
Flimmer: The Separation of cystine and tyrosine.
Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, May 10, 1913, at
4 p. m. — C. Singer and S. B. Schryver: Some investigations on the
gastric juice. — E. Graf von Schönhein and S. B. Schryver: Some
properties of the bile salts. — S. Walpole: On the use of litmus
paper as a quantitative indicator of reaction. — C. Funk: A com-
plete chemical and physiological investigation of the vitamines from
rice polishings and yeast. — F. W. Foreman: Esterification of amino
acids from proteins. — A. Neville: The fatty acids of yeast. — A.
Neville and E. T. Halman: Feeding experiments with Bastol. —
C. G. L. Wolf: A note on the estimation of lactic acid.
OFFICERS, 1913-14
Committee:^ Hon. Treasurer, J. A. Gardner; Hon. Secretary,
R. H. A. Flimmer; Editors of the Biochemical Journal, W. M.
Bayliss and A. Harden; Ordinary Memhers, G. Barger, A. Chaston
Chapman, J. S. Ford, W. D. Halliburton, F. G. Hopkins, W. H.
^ The business of the Society is conducted by a Committee consisting of a
treasurer, a secretary, the editors of the Biochemical Journal and twelve ordi-
nary members.
446
1913] List of Memhers 447
Hurtley, F. Keeble, B. Moore, W. Ramsden, E. J. Russell, J. Lor-
rain Smith and T. B. Wood.
PROVISIONAL SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS, 1913-14
May 10 — Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge.
June II — Institute of Physiology, University College, London.
July 12 — Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden.
Oct. 10 — Pathological Department, St Thomas's Hospital,
London.
Nov. 13 — Physiological Laboratory, King's College, London.
Dec. 9 — Lister Listitute, London.
Feb. II. — Guy's Hospital, London.
March 12 — Botany Department, Lnperial College of Science,
London, S. W.
LIST OF MEMBERS'
AcKROYD, Harold, Esq., Great Shelford, Cambridgeshire.
Armstrong, Dr. E. F., 27 Lastern Avenue, Reading.
Annett, H. E., Esq., B.Sc, The Heath, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey.
Bainbridge, Prof. F. A., Durham College of Medicine, Newcastle-on-
Tyne.
Barger, Dr. G., 107 Tyrwhitt Read, St. John's, London, S.E.
Bateson, W., Esq., F.R.S., The Manor House, Merton, Surrey.
Bayliss, Prof. W. M., F.R.S.,.St. Cuthbert's, Hampstead Heath, Lon-
don, N.W.
Blackman, Dr. F. F., F.R.S., St. John's College, Cambridge.
Blackman, Prof. V. H., F.R.S., Imperial College of Science and
Technology, South Kensington, London, S.W.
Brown, Prof. Adrian J., F.R.S., West Heath House, Northfield, near
Birmingham.
Brown, Dr. David, 13 Clarence Drive, Harrogate.
Brown, Dr. Horace T., F.R.S., 52 Nevern Square, Kensington, Lond.
Buckmaster, Dr. G. A., 113 Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London.
Bywaters, Dr. H. W., The University, Bristol.
Cameron, A. T., Esq., M.A., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Can.
Candy, Hugh C. H., Esq., 6 Gordon Square, London, W.C.
Cathcart, Dr. E. P., i Bruce Street, Hillhead, Glasgow.
Chapman, A. Chaston, Esq., F.I.C., 8 Duke Street, Aldgate, E.C.
^A copy of the ofificial register published after the " annual general meeting"
on March 13, 1913.
448 The Biochemical Society, England [April
Chapman, Dr. H. G., The University, Sydney, New South Wales.
Chick, Miss Harriette, D.Sc, Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens,
London, S.W.
Close, Col. J. K., I.M.S., Allahabad U.P., India.
CooPER, E. A., Esq., B.Sc, Arborfield, Woodcote Valley Road, Purley,
Surrey.
Gramer, Dr. W., The University, Edinburgh.
Growther, Dr. C, The University, Leeds.
CusHNY, Prof. A. R., F.R.S., 8 Upper Park Road, Hampstead, Lond.
Dakin, Dr. H. D., 819 Madison Avenue, New York Gity.
Dale, Dr. H. H., 140 Thurlow Park Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.
Davis, W. A., Esq., 7 Garlton Bank, Harpenden, Herts.
Dean, Prof. H. R., The University, Sheffield.
Dewitz, Dr. J., yy Lorryerstrasse, Devant-les-Ponts, Metz, Germany.
DixoN, Prof. W. E., F.R.S., Museums, Gambridge.
Doree, Dr. G., 58 Gore Road, S. Hackney, London, N.E.
Douglas, Dr. G. Gordon, St. John's Gollege, Oxford.
Dyer, Dr. Bernard, 17 Great Tower Street, London, E.G.
Ellis, G. W., Esq., University of London, South Kensington, S.W.
Evans, Dr. G. Lovatt, University Gollege, London, W.G.
EwiNS, A. J., Esq., B.Sc, 144 Ribblesdale Road, Streatham, London.
Eyre, Dr. J. V., South Lastern Agricultural Gollege, Wye, Kent.
Fletcher, W. M., Esq., Trinity Gollege, Gambridge.
Ford, J. S., Esq., Abbey Brewery, Edinburgh.
Foreman, f. W., Esq., School of Agriculture, Gambridge.
Fowler, Dr. Gilbert J., Rufford, 143 Dickinson Road, Rusholme,
Manchester.
Frankland, Prof. Percy F., F.R.S., University, Edgbaston, Bir-
mingham.
Funk, Dr. Gasimir, Lister Institute, Ghelsea Gardens, London, S.W.
Gardner, J. A., Esq., M.A., 26 Horbury Grescent, Notting Hill Gate,
London, W.
Garrod, Dr. A. E., F.R.S., 9 Ghandos Street, Gavendish Square, Lond.
GoADBY, Dr. K. W., 46 Harley Street, London, W.
GoLDiNG, John, Esq., University Gollege, Reading.
GoLLA, Dr. f. L., 46 Welbeck Street, London, W.
Green, H. H., Esq., 36 Prince's Square, Glasgow, S.D.O.
Grey, E. G., Esq., B.Sc., Lister Institute, Ghelsea Gardens, London.
Gunn, Dr. J. A., 9 Ghalfont Road, Oxford.
Haas, Dr. Paul, ii Westbourne Park Road, London, W.
1913] List of Members 449
Hall, A. D., Esq., F.R.S., The Development Commission, Queen
Anne's Chambers, London, S.W.
Halliburton, Prof. W. D., F.R.S., Church Cottage, 17 Marylebone
Road, London, N.W.
Harden, Prof. A., F.R.S., 5 Cambridge Gardens, Marlborough Road,
Richmond, Surrey.
Hardy, W. B., Esq., F.R.S., Newnham Lea, Orange Road, Cambridge.
Hartley, Dr. Percival, Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London.
Haslam, Dr. H. C, Lyndhurst, Orange Road, Cambridge.
Hele, Dr. T. Shirley, Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
Henry, Dr. T. A., 70 Doneraile Street, Fulham, S.W.
Hill, T. O., Esq., 9 Bloomfield Terrace, London, S.W.
Hill, Dr. A. Croft, 169 Cromwell Road, London, S.W.
Hopkins, Dr. F. O., F.R.S., Saxmeadham, Orange Road, Cambridge.
Hudleston, L. J., Esq., 68 Parliament Hill, Hampstead, London, N.W.
Hurtley, Dr. W. H., St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, E.C.
Hutchinson, Dr. H. B., Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpen-
den, Herts.
Irvine, Prof. James C, The University, St. Andrew's, N.B.
Jones, W. Neilson, Esq., University College, Reading.
Keeble, Prof. F., F.R.S., University College, Reading.
Kennaway, Dr. E. L., Ouy's Hospital, London, S.E.
Laidlaw, P. P., Esq., 38 Gubyon Avenue, Herne Hill, London, S.E.
Lander, Dr. O. D., Royal Veterinary College, London, N.W.
Lauder, Dr. Alex., 13 George Square, Edinburgh.
Ledingham, Dr. J. C. O., Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London.
Ling, A. R., Esq., F.I.C., 74 Oreat Tower Street, London, E.C.
Lowry, Dr. T. M., 130 Horseferry Road, London, S.W.
Macara, Thos., Esq., F.I.C., 13 Ridge Road, Stroud Green, London, N.
Maclean, Dr. Hugh, Pathological Department, St. Thomas' Hos-
pital, London, S.E.
Maclean, Mrs. H., Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London, S.W.
Mann, Sydney A., Esq., Qaybury Asylum, Woodford Bridge, Essex.
Marsh, J. E., Esq., F.R.S., Merton College, Oxford.
Martin, Prof. C. J., F.R.S., Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens, London.
Martin, C. H., Esq., The Hill, Abergavenny.
McCay, Major D., I.M.S., The Medical College, Calcutta, India.
McKenzie, Dr. Alex., Birkberck College, Bream's Buildings, London.
Mellanby, E., Esq., St. Thomas' Hospital, London, S.E.
Milroy, Dr. J. A., Queen's University, Belfast.
Milroy, Prof. T. H., Queen's University, Belfast.
450 The Biochemical Society, England [April
Moore, Prof. B., F.R.S., The University, Liverpool.
Mond, Robert, Esq., Combe Bank, near Sevenoaks.
Monier- Williams, Dr. G. W., Oiessington Place, Chessington, Surrey.
Mottram, V. H., Esq., The University, Liverpool.
Nierenstein, Dr. M., The University, Bristol.
Neville, A. D., Esq., ii de Freville Avenue, Cambridge.
Norris, R. V., Esq., M.Sc., i6 Roseneath Road, Clapham Common,
London, S.W.
O'Mara, James, Esq., Dunlica, College Road, Dulwich, London, S.E.
OsBORNE, Prof. W. A., The University, Melbourne, Australia.
Osler, Prof. Sir William, Bart., F.R.S., Norham Gardens, Oxford.
Page, H. J., Esq., B.Sc, bei Frau Wwe. A. Pleesow, Mommsenstrasse
i6 III, Gr. Lichter felde West, BerHn, Germany.
Paine, Sydney G., Esq., Imperial College of Science and Technology,
South Kensington, London, S.W.
Paton, Prof. D. Noel, The University, Glasgow.
Perkin, Prof. A. G., F.R.S., The University, Leeds.
Pickering, Spencer U., Esq., F.R.S., Harpenden, Herts.
Plimmer, Dr. R. H. A., 59 Queen's Road, St. John's Wood, London.
Pope, Thomas H., Esq., The University, Edmund Street, Birmingham.
Priestley, J. G., Esq., Little Missenden Abbey, Great Missenden,
Bucks.
Pyman, Dr. f. L., Carlee, Seiborne Road, Sidcup, Kent.
Ramsden, Dr. W., Pembroke College, Oxford.
Ransom, Dr. f., Grange Road, Cambridge.
Renall, M. H., Esq., B.Sc, 76 Connaught Road, Roath, Cardiff.
RoAF, Dr. H. E., 44 Rotherwick Road, Hendon, London, N.W.
Rogerson, Harold, Esq., Tavistock, Longslands Park Road, Sidcup,
Kent.
Rosenheim, Dr. O., King's College, Strand, London.
RoTHERA, A. C. H., Esq., The University, Melbourne, Australia.
Rowett, J. Q., Esq., Perry Mount, Mayow Road, Forest Hill, London.
Russell, Dr. E. J., Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden.
Ryffel, J. H., Esq., Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, S.E.
Sadler, W., Esq., Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.
Schryver, Dr. S. B., 48 Overstrand Mansions, Battersea Park, Lond.
Scott, Dr. S. G., 20 Charlbury Road, Oxford.
S'enter, Dr. G., Medical School, St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington,
London, W.
Simpson, A. G., Esq., M.A., Coxes Lock Mills, Weybridge.
Slator, Dr. Arthur, 174 Ashley Road, Burton-on-Trent.
1913] List of Members 45 1
Smith, A. R., Esq., F.I.C., Whitehall Soap Works, Leeds.
Smith, H. L., Esq., F.I.C., King's College for Women, Kensington
Square, London, W.
Smith, J. Henderson, Esq., M.A., Lister Institute, Chelsea Gardens,
London, S.W.
Smith, Prof. J. Lorr.\in, F.R.S., The University, Edinburgh.
Spriggs, Dr. E. L, 48 Bryanston Street, London, W.
Starling, Prof. E. H., F.R.S., 40 West End Lane, London, N.W.
Underwood, J. E., Esq., B.Sc, The Homestead, Ulundi Road, Black-
heath, London, S.E.
Vernon, Dr. H. M., 5 Park Town, Oxford.
Vincent, Dr. Ralph, i Harley Street, London, W.
ViNES, Prof. Sydney H., F.R.S., Headington Hill, Oxford.
Walker, Dr. E. W. Ainley, University College, Oxford.
Wallis, Dr. R. L. Mackenzie, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.
Walpole, Dr. G. S., Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories,
Herne Hill, London, S.E.
Ward, Percy G., Esq., University of London, South Kensington, Lon-
don, S.W.
Wedgewood, A., Esq., Caius College, Cambridge.
Weizmann, Dr. Ch., 57 Birchfields Road, Rusholme, Manchester.
Wheldale, Miss Muriel, Newnham College, Cambridge.
Whitley, E., Esq., 13 Linton Road, Oxford.
Whymper, R., Esq., 9 Jerningham Road, New Gross, London, S.E.
Wolf, Dr. C. G. L., Southacre, Cambridge.
Wood, Prof. T. B., School of Agriculture, Cambridge.
WoRLEY, F. P., Esq., M.A., Mansfield House, Clifton Gardens, Maida
Vale, London, W.
Young, Dr. W. J., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Townsville, N.
Queensland, Australia.
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE COLUMBIA UNI-
VERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION, AT
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND
SURGEONS, NEW YORK*
Proceedings reported by THE Secretary,
ALFRED P. LOTHROP
I. NINTH MEETING
The ninth scientific session of the Columbia University Bio-
chemical Association was held at the Columbia Medical School, at
4:15 p. m., 011 February 7, 1913.-^ Abstracts of the papers are
here presented (pages 453-461) in two groups: (A) Abstracts of
the papers on research by non-resident members^ and (B) abstracts
of papers from the Columbia Biochemical Department and affili-
ated laboratories. The appended summary facilitates reference to
the abstracts (63-72).^
A SUMMARY OF THE NAMES OF THE AUTHORS AND OF THE
TITLES OF THE SUCCEEDING ABSTRACTS (63-72)
A K. George Falk and Marston L.
Jacob J. Bronfenbrenner and W. H. Hamlin. The action of manganous
Manwaring. Resistance in tuber- sulfate on castor-bean lipase. (66)
culosis. (63) E. Newton Harvey. The temperature
BuRRiLL B. Crohn. The enzymic limits of phosphorescence of lumi-
power of duodenal Contents as a nous bacteria. (67)
means of diagnosis of the func- A. Hymanson (by invitation). Me-
tional activity of the pancreas. (64) tabolism studies of amaurotic family
K. George Falk (by invitation). The idiocy. (68)
occurrence of a urease in castor Max Morse. A micro-Kjeldahl appa-
bean. (65) ratus. (69)
* Scientific meetings are held regularly on the first Fridays of December,
February and April, and on the first Monday in June.
* Proceedings of the eighth meeting were published in the last number of
the Biochemical Bulletin, 1913, ii, p. 284.
* Members of the Association who were not officially connected with the
Columbia Biochemical Department when the research was conducted.
®For abstracts 1-44 see Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 156; for
abstracts 45-62, Ibid., 1913, ii, p. 285. See also page 462.
452
I9I3] Alfred P. Lot Itrop 453
B of the convulsiva action of potas-
Max Kahn. The calcium content of ^ ^^J!^"^ sulfocyanate. (71)
tuberculous areas in lung tissue. R- Ottenberg, D. J. Kaliski and S. S.
/„ -v Friedman. Expenmental agglutina-
Charles C. Lieb. On the localization ^ive and hemolytic transfusions.
(72)
A. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS ON RESEARCH BY NON-RESIDENT
MEMBERS*
63. Resistance in tuberculosis. Jacob J. Bronfenbrenner
and W. H. Manwaring. (Rockefellcr Institute for Medical Re-
search, Nczv York City.) Tubercle bacilli, injected into the
peritoneal cavities of tuberculous guinea-pigs, occasionally de-
generate and develop into the non-acid resistant forms described by
Deycke and Much,^ and others. Under certain conditions, there
may be a complete disappearance of the bacilli from the peritoneal
fluids within as short a period of time as three hours.
Whether this disappearance is due to an actual lysis of the
tubercle bacilli, or to other causes, we have not yet determined.
As evidence in favor of lysis we have observed that all of the normal
control guinea pigs, injected intraperitoneally with the test suspen-
sions of tubercle bacilli, died from a fulminating type of visceral
tuberculosis, within a period of from three to four weeks, while
most of the tuberculous guinea pigs, receiving the same test doses,
have survived for longer periods of time A few of these tubercu-
lous guinea pigs, however, have died within twenty-four hours after
the intraperitoneal tests, suggesting an anaphylactic reaction. We
have obtained a similar rapid disappearance of tubercle bacilli from
the peritoneal cavities of tuberculous rabbits, from tuberculous rats,
and from tuberculous dogs.
The question now arose as to the mechanism of this heightened
peritoneal resistance. From the similarity between this phenome-
non and the Pfeiffer reaction attempts were made to determine
whether or not the specific antibodies, upon which the intraperitoneal
*Members of the Association who were not officially connected with the
Columbia Biochemical Department when the research was conducted.
* Deycke and Much : Beitrag s. Klinik f. Tuberk., 1910, xv, p. 277; Much
and Leschre: Ibid., 1911, xx, p. 405; Kraus and Hofer: Deutsch, med. Wochen-
schr., 1912, xxxviii, p. 1227; Wiener klin. Wochenschr., 1912, xxv, p. 1112.
454 Procecdings Columbia Biocheniical Association [April
lysis may be stipposed to depend, are present in the circulating fluids.
To test this, giiinea-pigs, rabbits and dogs were made tubercu-
lous by inoculating them subcutaneously with tubercle bacilli.
After intervals of from five to eight weeks, the animals were bled
and their blood tested in vitro and in znvo. In a number of these
experiments direct transfusion of the blood was made from the
tuberculous animals into normal animals, an amoimt of blood often
as great as three quarters of the total blood-volume being thus
passed into the circulating System of the normal animals, the normal
animals having been previously bled to free them as much as pos-
sible from normal blood. The transfused animals were subsequently
tested by intraperitoneal injections of tubercle baciUi.
Neither in the test-tube experiments, nor in normal animals
injected subcutaneously, intravenously or intraperitoneally with
tuberculous serum, nor even in normal animals directly transfused
with large quantities of the unaltered blood of tuberculous animals,
has the reaction thus far been obtained. Therefore, the substances
responsible for the heightened peritoneal resistance do not, appar-
ently, exist in appreciable quantities as circulating antibodies, at
least at the stage of the disease studied. The heightened tubercu-
lous resistance is apparently due to substances held in fixed tissue
cells.
Evidences of tuberculolytic substances have, however, been
obtained in the peritoneal fluids of tuberculous guinea-pigs, soon
after the introduction of tubercle bacilli. If these fluids are with-
drawn, centrifuged free from form Clements and then introduced
into the peritoneal cavaties of normal guinea-pigs, tliey confer
upon the normal peritoneal cavities a slight power of destroying
tubercle bacilH. It is suggested, therefore, that fixed tuberculolysins
are set free by the peritoneal cells in response to the presence of
tubercle bacilli, and that these lysins account for the heightened
resistance to intraperitoneal reinoculation with tubercle bacilli.
64. The enzymic power of duodenal contents as a means of
diagnosis of the functional activity of the pancreas. Burrill
B. Crohn. {Pathological Lahoratory, Mt. Sinai Hospital, New
York City.) The Einhorn duodenal pump was used, in these
studies, to obtain duodenal material. This Instrument consists of
a small acorn-shaped metallic capsule (perforated), to which is
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 455
attached a thin rubber tube, 80 cm. long. The capsule and attached
tube are swallowed at night to the point marked 80 cm. In the
morning 200 c.c. of milk are drunk by the patient and two hours
later the contents of the duodenum are aspirated. During the
night the capsule is propelled through the pylorus by peristalsis.
The milk acts as a test meal in stimulating pancreatic secretion.
The material obtained is tested quantitatively for the strength of
its pancreatic enzymes. The methods employed are : For amylasc,
a modification of the Wolgemuth starch test; lipase, the ethyl buty-
rate test; trypsin, the Fuld-Gross casein test and tests with Permi
gelatin tubes, Mett tubes and coagulated tgg albumen cubes.
Normal values for the strength of the pancreatic enzymes in the
duodenum were first noted in repeated tests of a normal adult.
Figures were then obtained similarly in pathological cases of in-
terest. The following results were recorded : Acute pancreatitis,
marked deficiency of the enzymes; chronic pancreatitis, partial inter-
ference with the strength of the enzymes; diabetes mellitus, in-
creased strength of enzymes; hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver,
hypersecretion of the pancreas, enzymes very active; gastric dis-
eases, enzymes normal ; achylia gastrica, enzymes normal. In this
latter group of cases it was impossible to demonstrate the occurrence
of a milk-coagulating enzyme, the conclusion being that also the
normal pancreas does not contain rennin or any other milk-coagulat-
ing enzyme. Enzymes were absent in cases of tumor of the head of
the pancreas hut present in stone impacted in the diverticulnm of
Vater.
65. The occurrence of a urease in castor bean.*^ K. George
Falk {hy invitation) . {Harriman Research Laboratory, Roosevelt
Hospital, New York.) A castor bean preparation, husk and oil-
free, when allowed to stand in an aqueous Solution of urea, caused
the formation of ammonia, as shown by the distillation of the
ammonia in a current of air at the ordinary temperature. A castor
bean preparation, heated with water and then similarly treated,
formed no ammonia.
66. The action of manganous sulfate on castor-bean lipaseJ
K. George Falk and Marston L. Hamlin. {Harriman Re-
'Falk: Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1913, xxxv, p. 292.
' Falk and Hamlin : Ibid., 1913, xxxv, p. 210.
456
Procecdings Columbia Biochemical Association [April
scarch Lahoratory, Roosevelt Hospital, New York.) The hydro-
lytic action of castor bean lipase on ethyl butyrate was decreased in
aqueous Suspension and entirely inhibited by heating the aqueous
Suspension one to two hours in a water bath. Suspensions that had
been partially deactivated by Standing showed an increase in lipolytic
power when allowed to act in the presence of small amounts of
manganous sulfate ; those that had been completely deactivated by
heating showed a sHght but consistent activity in the presence of
manganous sulfate, and the activity was still greater if, to the water
Suspension of lipase, manganous sulfate was added and the Solution
allowed to stand fifteen to twenty hours before testing.
These results suggest the tentative hypothesis that, in view of
the common function of manganese as an oxygen carrier, the lipase
in castor bean is formed from a zymogen, by oxidation aided by
an oxygen carrier, with or without simultaneous hydrolysis.
67. The temperature limits of phosphorescence of luminous
bacteria. E. Newton Harvey. (Physiological Laboratory,
Princeton University, Princeton, N. /,) Light production by many
organisms has been observed at relatively high and low tempera-
tures, above or below which we should not expect biochemical
processes to continue. According to Panceri, Phyllirrhöe (a naked
snail of the Mediterranean) is luminous at 75° C, while Pyrosoma
(a pelagic ascidian) still glows at 60°. On the other band tissues
of the South American fire-fly, Pyrophorus, phosphoresce at
— 100° C. (Dubois) and Pseudomonas javanica (a protozoan) at
— 20° C. (Eijkmann).
The following temperatures have been recorded for luminous
bacteria :
Organism
Observer
Minimum
Maximum
Bacterium phosphorescens
Bacterium phosphoreum
Light bacteria
Lehmann
Molisch
Tarchanoff
-I2OC.
- 5"
- 7»
28»
37» 50«
The temperatures recorded are not excessively high or low, yet the
variations in the results suggest that further observations are
desirable.
Luminous bacteria isolated from fish were grown on absorbent
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 457
cotton saturated with beef-broth-peptone-glycerol culture medium.
Free access of air between the cotton fibers supplies the conditions
for a brilliant light and at the same time an excellent means of
handling the bacteria. A wisp of cotton strongly phosphorescent
with bacteria was placed in a very thin walled glass tube about 2 mm.
in diameter and attached to a thermometer bulb as for melting-
point determinations. On slowly raising the temperature, the Hght
(to a dark-accustomed eye) becomes dim at 30°, very dim at 34°,
and disappears at 38°. On lowering the temperature the light
weakens at 0°, is very dim at — 7° and disappears at — ii-5°.
These values agree best with those given by Lehmann for Bacterium
phosphorescens and do not greatly exceed the usual temperature
hmits of activity of organisms.
Bacteria raised to 38°, and then cooled, phosphoresce only very
dimly, but, as first obsen'ed by Macfayden (an experiment which I
have repeated), glow brilhantly at room temperature even after an
exposure to liquid air.
68. Metabolism studies of amaurotic family idiocy. A.
Hymanson (by invitation) . (Chemical Lahoratory, Beth Israel
Hospital, New York City.) Two cases of amaurotic family idiocy
were kept under Observation until death. The metabolism of
nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus was carefuUy studied. It was
found that both absorption and retention were normal or above
normal. The digestive System does not seem to be at all deranged
in this fatal disease.
69. A micro-Kjeldahl apparatus. Max Morse. (Boardnian
Laboratories, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.) This is a com-
bination of the apparatus designed by Fritz Pregl^ [Plate 6]
for total nitrogen determination in small quantities of material,
and the fume absorber devised by Folin and Denis.'' The apparatus
may be equally serviceable with that devised by Sy.^^ With such
a means of eliminating fumes, the determination of total nitrogen
may be carried on wherever the water-pressure is sufficient to
maintain an ordinary filter-pump in action; in conjunction with the
'Pregl: Abderhalden's Handbuch der biochemischen Arbeitsmethoden, 1912,
V, p. 1344-
' Folin and Denis : Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1912, xi, p. 503.
'"Sy: Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1912, iv, p. 680.
45^ Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [April
micro-amino-nitrogen apparatus of Van Slyke, it makes an admir-
able outfit for work with small amounts of protein.
During digestion, the tiibe with the bulbs is inserted into the
absorber, B, and the fumes from the 200 mm. Jena test-tube, /,
are carried to the sink through the pump, PM, via tube S, which
may have a half dozen openings, so that a number of determinations
may be conducted at the same time. Since much water vapor is
lost during digestion, Pregl passes steam from a flask, /, to the
bottom of the Jena test-tube, J, through the long small-bore tube,
A, which is fused into the bulb through which it passes. It is quite
necessary to pass steam in this way. Neutralization is effected with
sodium hydroxid Solution poured down tube A, after the apparatus
has cooled; if the hydroxid is added immediately after digestion,
tube A will frequently crack. After neutralization, the upper end
of tube A is closed by a clamp or glass rod introduced into the
rubber connection and distillation is effected by connecting tube R,
which dips into the decinormal acid in the beaker P. This should
be done, as a matter of fact, before neutralization, so that no am-
monia is lost. In place of distilling by heat, Folin's method for
Urea may be introduced, by driving an air current through A, and
the only precaution necessary is that the current be sufficiently
strong to drive all of the gas into the distillation tube, R. The
bulb at the lower end of the distillation tube, R, prevents back-
suction, as sometimes occurs.
The Jena test-tube fits loosely the collar of the apparatus above
it, and the water-vapor condenses sufficiently around it to insure an
air-tight Joint. There is Variation in Jena test-tubes of 200 mm.
length, but it is small, so that the apparatus fits practically any such
tube. The apparatus is made by the Emil Greiner Company, New
York City.
B. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS FROM THE COLUMBIA BIOCHEMICAL
DEPARTMENT AND AFFILIATED LABORATORIES
70. The calcium content of tuberculous areas in lung tissue.
Max Kahn. Wherever the tubercle bacillus lodges it induces a
deposition of calcium salts, which hinders the ingress of other
bacilli. The body in general becomes poorer in lime salts. It was
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I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 459
found that tubercular areas in the lungs contained from two to
three times as much calcium as normal lung tissue. The work is
in progress,
71. On the localization of the convulsive action o£ potassium
sulfocyanate.^^ Charles C. Lieb. Potassium sulphocyanate, in-
jected into the anterior lymph sacs of frogs (Rana pipiens) in doses
of 0.125 to 1.5 mg. per gram of frog, induces convulsions of the
strychnine type. Larger amounts cause progressive depression and
death without any apparent Stimulation. The smaller doses cause
first some depression so that the animal corresponds to the de-
cerebrate frog. A little later the croak reflex is lost, and soon the
frog is unable to right itself when placed on its back. The spinal
reflexes are then depressed or may even be abolished ; a few minutes
later there is a return of these reflexes. which become more and
more active until finally typical tetanic convulsions appear. These
are usually of very short duration (two to ten seconds) and are
succeeded by a period of relaxation, during which Stimulation of
skin, tendons, and joints is almost without effect. Then irritability
returns and convulsions again appear. This cycle can be elicited
repeatedly but eventually recovery from the exhaustion becomes less
and less complete and finally all reflexes are lost. Pithing such
an animal, or pricking its exposed cord, is usually without effect ;
i. e., the cord is paralyzed. Direct electrical or mechanical Stimula-
tion of nerves and muscle shows that they are still active.
The convulsions are not due to any effect on the muscle or its
nerve endings. If the sciatic nerve of a pithed frog be isolated
and the rest of the leg ligated, and then potassium sulfocyanate
injected below the ligature, no local or general convulsions develop.
If at the end of an hour and a half the ligature be cut, typical
tetanus appears within forty-five minutes. If one sciatic nerve of
a pithed frog be isolated and the rest of the leg ligated en masse,
and potassium sulfocyanate injected into the anterior lymph sac,
then both legs participate in the convulsions. If, after the increased
reflexes or convulsions appear, the sciatic be divided low in the
" Conducted in the Pharmacological Laboratory of Columbia University as
one of a series of researches in collaboration with Drs. Gies and Kahn in this
Laboratory under the auspices of the Dental Society of the State of New York.
See BiocHEMiCAL Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 178.
460 Proceedings Colnmhia Biochemkal Association [April
thigh, the mtiscles snpplied by tlie cut nerve do not take part in the
subsequent convulsions. Successive destruction of the cerebrum,
optic lobe, and medulla does not prevent the development of the
convulsions nor does it modify them after they have appeared.
Destruction of the cephalic half of the cord prevents the tetanus of
the arms but does not afifect the spasm of the legs. Total destruc-
tion of the cord permanently abolishes the convulsions.
A study of the afferent nerves shows that the Stimulus must be
fairly abrupt, since dilute acid may be applied without inducing any
reaction while the application of strong acid is regularly followed
bv convulsions.
Cocainizing an area of the skin lessens the tendency to convul-
sions from irritation of that particular area. Provided the Stimula-
tion involves the skin only, no convulsion usually results. If the
Stimulus be a little stronger, so as to cause pressure on a tendon or
movement of a Joint, a convulsion ensues. If a sensory nerve be
cut, and the area of skin supplied by that nerve be stimulated, no
reflex or convulsion occurs. Stimulation of the central end of the
divided nerve is followed by typical tetanus.
The convulsions, then, are of reflex origin, and apparently can
be best explained by assuming that potassium sulfocyanate causes
changes in the cord resembling those induced by strychnine. I have
repeatedly attempted to perform experiments similar to those of
Baglioni but have never succeeded in exposing the cord without
destroying the reflexes.
72. Experimental agglutinative and hemolytic trans-
fusions.^^ R. Ottenberg, D. J. Kaliski and S. S. Friedman.
By a suitable technic, iso-agglutination and iso-hemolysis can be
demonstrated to occur between the bloods of different dogs. Iso-
agglutinins occur naturally, and it is possible that the immune iso-
agglutinins produced by von Dungern and Hirschfeld are merely
intensifications of these. No sharp grouping (such as would indi-
cate a limited number of agglutinable substances and of agglutinins)
could be made out, however, in the naturally-occurring agglutinins.
" Under the auspices of the George Crocker Special Research Fund. Some
of this work was done in the Pathological Laboratory of Mt. Sinai Hospital.
The authors wish to thank Dr. W. Thalheimer for his assistance with the
histological part of the work. Jour. of Med. Research (in press).
1913] Alfred P. Lothrop 461
Natural (as distinguished from immune) iso-agglutination is, how-
ever, a relatively weak phenomenon.
Iso-hemolysis and iso-agglutination are closely connected with
each other in dogs, as Moss and others have shown them to be in
human blood. In our observations hemolysis never occurred with-
out agglutination. Apparently iso-hemolysins may be developed
de novo by the repeated transfusion of agglutinable cells, but they
are never developed by the transfusion of non-agglutinable cells.
Hemolysis in the body of a dog is far more intense than in the
test-tube. (The authors have made the same Observation in the
case of a human transfusion which has not yet been published, and
similar experimental observations have been made by Muir and
M'Nee.)
The direct transfusion of blood whose red cells can be agglu-
tinated and laked by the recipient's serum is followed by destruction
of the transfused blood, with an intense intoxication. It is not
yet clear whether agglutination plays any part in this result, or
whether it is due entirely to hemolysis.
A very remarkable blood-picture, presenting many of the
morphological forms peculiar to pernicious anemia, is produced
when the blood of another animal of the same species is destroyed
in the circulation. (Similar blood-pictures have been observed by
Bunting and others to follow anemia produced by hemolytic
poisons). In our experiments this was not due to anemia, as the
animal's own blood was not destroyed, and there was no reason to
believe they were anemic. The changes must have been due to
some peculiar toxic efifect, on the bone-marrow, of hemolytic blood
destruction.
II. TENTH MEETING
The tenth scientific meeting of the Association was held at the
Columbia Medical School, at 4.15 p. m., on April 4, 1913. The
summary on page 462 facilitates reference to the abstracts (73-85)
of the papers presented.
402
Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [April
A SUMMARY OF THE NAMES OF THE AUTHORS AND OF THE
TITLES OF THE SUCCEEDING ABSTRACTS (73-8s)
J. J. Bronfenbrenner and H. Noguchi.
On the resistance of various spiro-
chetes in cultures to the action of
chemical and physical agents. (73)
Ross A. GoRTNER. Studies on the
chemistry of embryonic growth. I.
Certain changes in the nitrogen
ratios of developing trout eggs.
(74)
E. Newton Harvey and W. E. Hoy.
A simple class-room experiment
for demonstrating the production of
acid by contracting muscle. (75)
Henry H. Janeway and Ephraim M.
EwiNG. The relation of acapnia to
shock, and a consideration of the
mechanical effects of hyper-artificial
respiration upon the circulation.
(76)
Jacob Rosenbloom and Benson A.
CoHOE. Metabolism in a case of
myotonia atrophica. (77)
Jesse A. Sanders and Clarence E.
May. A method for the determina-
tion of tryptophan in protein mate-
rial. (78)
Lorande Loss Woodruff. The pro-
duction of specific excretion prod-
ucts by infusoria. (79)
B
Ernest D. Clark and Clayton S.
Smith. Toxicological studies on
the mushrooms, Clitocyhe illudens
and Inocybe infida. (80)
IsiDOR Greenwald. The phosphorus
content of the blood and serum of
normal and parathyroidectomized
dogs. (81)
IsiDOR Greenwald. Further metab-
olism studies upon parathyroidecto-
mized dogs. (82)
Beatrix H. Gross. A study of uro-
erythrin. (83)
Joseph S. Hepburn. Comparison of
methods for the preparation and
determination of cholesterol. (84)
Paul E. Howe and William J. Gies.
A preliminary study of the resist-
ance of fasting dogs to hemorrhage.
(85)
A. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS ON RESEARCH BY NON-RESIDENT
MEMBERS
73. On the resistance of various spirochetes in cultures to
the action of chemcial and physical agents.^^ J. J. Bronfen-
brenner AND H. Noguchi. (Rockefeller Institute for Medical
Research, Nezu York City.) The toxic effect exerted by mercuric
Chlorid, arsenious oxid, trikresol, phenol, saponin, sodium taurocho-
late, sodium hydroxid, hydrochloric acid, gentian violet, alcohol and
"606" is from twenty to one hundred times greater if tested upon
spirochetes than it is against colon bacillus. The toxic effects of
salvarsan are increased from two to five times, and possibly more,
^Bronfenbrenner and Noguchi: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics, 1913, iv, p. 333.
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 463
in the presence of enzymes from the liver and especially from the
blood. Spirochetes suspended in physiological salt Solution are
sterilized by a temperature of 45° C. in from seven to ten minutes.
74. Studies on the chemistry of embryonic growth. I.
Certain changes in the nitrogen ratlos of developing trout
eggs.^^ Ross AiKEN GoRTNER. {Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington; Biochemical Laboratory of the Station for Experimental
Evolution, Cold Spring Harhor, L. /.) The various nitrogen frac-
tions were determined in fresh trout eggs and in trout eggs at 21
days, 35 days, 51 days and ^2 days of development, using Van
Slyke's method.
It was found that probably no nitrogen was either lost or gained
by the tgg up to the time of hatching. After hatching the loss
proceeds rapidly, until, twenty-one days afterward, 21.96 per cent.
of the total nitrogen in the tgg has been eliminated. During seventy-
two days of development the eggs lost 25.35 P^^" cent. of their dry
weight, 37.26 per cent. of this loss being due to non-protein (fats,
etc.), and 62.73 per cent. to protein (NX 6.25). During the proc-
ess of development the basic nitrogen increases at the expense of
the mon-amino acid nitrogen.
There is selective utilization of the various nitrogen fractions
by the developing fish, as is shown by the nature of the nitrogen
that is lost. Only 25 per cent. of the expected amide nitrogen is
eliminated, only 50 per cent. of the expected arginin-reacting nitro-
gen, only 75 per cent. of the expected lysin-reacting nitrogen, none
of the cystin- or histidin-reacting nitrogen, only about one third of
the expected basic nitrogen, while the deficit caused by the basic
nitrogen is balanced by the elimination of mon-amino acid nitrogen
far in excess of the expected quantity — 83.30 per cent. of the total
nitrogen (expected, 57.65 per cent.).
No appreciable amount of either urea or uric acid is formed
in the eggs during development.
It seems probable that some of the energy of development (Ent-
wicklungsarbeit) comes from the shifting of the nitrogen ratios as
development proceeds. In the change from mon-amino acid nitro-
gen to basic nitrogen, the energy relations may be changed and heat
liberated, but at present this is only a hypothesis.
" Gortner : Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1913, xxxv, p. 632.
4^4 Proceedings Coliimhia Biochemical Association [April
75. A simple classroom experiment for demonstrating the
production of acid by contracting muscle. E. N. Harvey and
W. E. HoY. {Physiologicol Lahoratory, Princeton University.)
The experiment is based on the fact that ammonium hydroxid
readily penetrates living tissties and hence may be used to neutralize
the acid produced in muscle cells during functional activity. The
skinned legs of a frog are stained in neutral red and one is electric-
ally stimulated. The stimulated leg becames slightly more red
but the difference is not readily detected by Student eyes. Both legs
are then placed in physiological salt Solution containing n/200 am-
monium hydroxid. The unstimulated muscles are immediately
turned yellow by the ammonium hydroxid while the stimulated
muscles retain their red color. The experiment can be performed
in a very short time, the color change is striking and the reaction
a delicate one. The acid produced by ten induced shocks may easily
be detected under the proper conditions.
76. The relation of acapnia to shock, and a consideration of
the mechanical effects of hyper-artificial respiration upon the
circulation. Henry H. Janeway and Ephraim M. Ewing.
(Laboratories of Experimental Siirgcry and Physiology of the New
York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical School, N. Y.)
Published in füll in this issue of the Biochemical Bulletin^ page
403.
77. Metabolism in a case of myotonia atrophica. Jacob
Rosenbloom and Benson A. Cohoe. {St. Francis Hospital and
Lahoratory of Biochemistry of the University of Pittshurgh, Pitts-
biirgh, Pa.) In a thirteen day metabolism research on an individual
suffering from myotonia atrophica, we have determined the nitrogen
metabolism and urinary nitrogen partition, the sulfur metabolism
and urinary sulfur partition, also the calcium, magnesium, phos-
phorus, chlorin and fat metabolism. The only striking metabolic
anomaly was marked loss of calcium. The Creatinine excretion was
normal.
78. A method for the determination of tryptophan in pro-
tein material. Jesse A. Sanders and Clarence E. May.
(Chemical Laboratories, University of Indiana, Bloomington, Indi-
ana.) Published in füll in this issue of the Biochemical Bul-
letin, page 373.
1913] Alfred P. Lothrop 46$
79. The production of specific excretion products by In-
fusoria. Lorande Loss Woodruff. {Sheffield Biological Laho-
ratory, Yale University.) In a previous study^^ it has been shown
that the excretion products of Paramaecüim produce a retardation
of the rate of reproduction of Paramaecium, and therefore these
products may be considered as toxic to this species. The present
study shows that the excretion products of another infusorian,
Pleiirotricha, are toxic to Pleurotricha and produce a lowering of
the reproductive rate. A subjection of Paramaecium to the excre-
tion products of Pleurotricha, and, vice versa, the subjection of
Pleurotricha to the excretion products of Paramaecium, does not
produce any characteristic effect on the rate of reproduction of the
respective species. This result indicates that these two forms of
Infusoria, at least, develop excretion products which are specific in
their toxicity, in that the substances are inimical to the form which
produces them but not to a closely related fonn frequently associ-
ated with it in its natural environment. Details of the work will
appear in the Journal of Experimental Zoology (1913, xiv, p. 575).
B. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS FROM THE COLUMBIA BIOCHEMICAL
DEPARTMENT AND AFFILIATED LABORATORIES
80. Toxicological studies on the mushrooms, Clitocybe
illudens and Inocybe infida.^*^ Ernest D. Clark and Clayton
S. Smith. When Inocybe infida and Clitocybe illudens were sub-
jected to processes of extraction and purification for the Separation
of muscarin from Amanita muscaria, we obtained material that
exerted a typical muscarin effect on exposed hearts of frogs and
turtles. Furthermore, this toxic action on the exposed hearts was
completely neutralized by the application of a Solution of atropin
Sulfate. When the toxic material from these fungi was injected
into the lymph-sacs of frogs the animals soon became paralyzed, and
usually the heart ceased to beat.
It is interesting that experiments on both exposed hearts and
whole animals showed that analogous preparations from Amanita
muscaria did not seem as toxic nor as easily neutralized by atropin
"Woodruff: The effect of excretion products of Paramaecium on its rate
of reproduction. Journal of Experimental Zoology, IQII, x, p. 557.
^* Some of the work was done in the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia
University.
466 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [April
as were the Clitocybe and Inocyhe products. This tends to con-
firm the observations of others that muscarin is not the only poison
in A. muscaria.
The edible Clitocybe multiceps yields no toxic material when
treated in the same manner as these poisonous fungi, showing that
oiir manipulations were not responsible for the effects observed.
The ash constituents of the poisonous fungi were found to have
no efifect on frogs.
From our studies on Inocybe infida and Clitocybe illiidens, and
from Ford's work upon the latter and Inocybe infelix, it is piain
that these plants should not be eaten, for they contain toxic material
not unlike muscarin.
81. The phosphorus content of the blood and serum of
normal and parathyroidectomized dogs.^''^ Isidor Greenwald.
After parathyroidectomy the amount of phosphorus in the blood and
serum is increased. The increase is chiefly in that fomi of phos-
phorus that may be extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid Solu-
tion containing picric acid to prevent swelling of the protein.
82. Further metabolism experiments upon parathyroidec-
tomized dogs.^^ IsiDOR Greenwald. The retention of phos-
phorus after parathyroidectomy is followed or accompanied, but
not preceded, by a retention of sodium and potassium.
83. A study of uroerythrin, with demonstrations. Beatrix
H. Gross. In the last edition of his mimeographed directions for
laboratory work in physiological chemistry, Dr. Gies describes, as
follows, a method for the extraction of urochrome from urine.^^
Treat about 25 c.c. of urine with phenol, little by little, with thoro
stirring until the liquid remains decidedly turbid. The pigment is not
affected by the phenol. After saturating the urine with phenol in this
careful manner, add about i c.c. of phenol in excess and then saturate
the liquid with ammonium sulfate. As the ammonium sulfate dis-
solves, the phenol is rendered insoluble. The yellowish turbidity is due
to emulsified phenol, which carries urochrome in Solution. The yellow
" Some of the work was done in the Pathological Laboratory of Columbia
University and the Chemical Laboratory of the Montefiore Home, New York.
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1913, xiv, p. 369.
^ See foot note 17. Ibid., p. 363.
"This method is based on the findings of Kramm: Deutsche medizinische
Wochenschrift, 1896, xxv, p. 42.
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 467
phenol-globules rapidly collect in a clear oily layer on the surface of
the milky aqueous Solution. Pour the mixture into a separatory funnel
and, after it has remained there undisturbed for about a half-hour,
isolate the oily phenolic extract of urochrome by drawing off the
underlying liquid. An equal volume of ether is added to the phenolic
extract, with which the ether mixes homogeneously. This liquid is
then treated with an equal volume of water. Two layers form at once.
The mixture is shaken very gently, in order to encourage transfer of
the urochrome to the water layer but to prevent undue emulsion of the
oily extract. Practically all the pigment passes promptly into the un-
derlying aqueous Stratum, which is drawn off after a suitable interval.
Under Dr. Gies' guidance I have endeavored to ans wer his ques-
tion : Does the aqueous Solution of urochrome, as prepared by the
foregoing method, contain (or yield) uroerythrin? For this pur-
pose colorless sodium urate was dissolved in such urochrome ex-
tracts prepared from both human and dog urines, the resulting
Solutions were acidified for the Separation of uric acid, and the
deposited crystals of uric acid were examined microscopically for
uroerythrin. All the crystals thus obtained were colored in the
familiär way with uroerythrin, as when separated from normal urine.
Experiments on the use of other solvents than phenol for the extrac-
tion of urochrome from urine, on the relationship of uroerythrin to
urochrome, and on a number of suggestions from the results, will
be described later. (The method was demonstrated. )
84. Comparison of methods for the preparation and de-
termination of cholesterol. Joseph S. Hepburn. Cholesterol,
extracted from brain, has been purified by saponification either with
sodium ethylate at room temperature or with boiling alcoholic pot-
ash, in each case followed by crystallization from ether. Cholesterol
has also been prepared from gall stones by extraction with ether and
crystallization from that solvent.
The melting points of six samples from brain, 148.4-149.1°, of
two samples from gall stones, 147.4°, and of various mixtures of
two samples (50 per cent. of each sample), 147.7-148.0°, demon-
strate the identity of the cholesterol products from the two sources.
The melting points of the samples and of their mixtures also show
that neither heat in the process of saponification nor alkaline re-
agents, such as alcoholic potash and sodium ethylate, produce any
rearrangement of the cholesterol molecule.
468 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [April
The iodin reagents for fat analysis cannot be used in the Volu-
metrie determination of cholesterol. The iodin number of pure
cholesterol has been determined by the methods of Hübl, Hanns
and Wijs. The Hübl method tended to give the lowest values, 70.3-
78.0, but even these values are higher than the theoretical value,
65.7, which is based on the assumed existence of one double bond
in the molecule of cholesterol. The Hanns method gave higher
results, 71.4-81.1. The highest values of all were obtained with
the Wijs method, 55.1-158.9, with an average value above 100.
There was a marked tendency, especially with the Hanns and
Wijs methods, for the iodin number to become higher, the greater
the excess of the iodin reagent. However, the iodin numbers were
not simple multiples of 65.7, hence the presence of a second double
bond in cholesterol is doubtful.
The gravimetric determination of cholesterol as the free alcohol,
by modifications of Ritter's method, is unsatisfactory. When car-
bon dioxide was used to neutralize the excess of sodium ethylate,
divergent results were obtained : 99.90 per cent. and 92.43 per cent.
of the cholesterol taken was recovered. When hydrochloric acid
was used to neutralize the excess of sodium ethylate, the results
were still less satisfactory, 64.34 to 89.10 per cent. of the cholesterol
taken being recovered. The gravimetric determination as choles-
teryl benzoate is not quantitative; only 24.29 to 61.79 (average
42.86 per cent. ) of the cholesterol taken was recovered. The gravi-
metric determination of cholesterol as the free alcohol by Cappen-
berg's method gave excellent duplicates; 94.47 and 94.37 per cent.
of the cholesterol taken was recovered. The gravimetric determina-
tion of cholesterol as digitonin cholesteride was the most accurate
and most satisfactory of the methods studied. From 93.63 to
103.02, average 97.37 per cent., of the cholesterol taken was
recovered.
85. A preliminary study of the resistance of fasting dogs to
hemorrhage. Paul E. Howe and William J. Gies. In con-
tinuance of the series of investigations in this laboratory on the
effects of changes in the volume of circulating blood in normal,
undernourished, and overfed animals,^" we have lately determined,
^^ See Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, ii, p. 186. for the last of the series.
I9I3]
Alfred P. Lothrop
469
in a preliminary way, the general resistance of fasting dogs to
hemorrhage.
Thus far thirteen dogs have been under Observation. After
preliminary periods (six to eighteen days) on our Standard labora-
tory diet for dogs, each animal was subjected to a total fast for
f rom seven to thirteen days. Blood was then drawn from a femoral
artery under local Cocain anesthesia until the respiratory conditions
suggested that further removal might be fatal. The Operations were
usually performed at about 3 p. m. The fast was continued until
the following morning, at 9, when, if the animal survived, the daily
ration of the preliminary period was offered. Of the thirteen dogs
that have been subjected to comparatively heavy hemorrhages, ten
survived and speedily recovered.
After an average loss of 21 per cent. of the normal body weight
as a result of fasting, blood equal to an average of 3.3 per cent. of
the body weight at the time of Operation (2.6 per cent. of body
weight when the fast was started) has been removed from the ten
surviving dogs without causing any serious Symptoms. The essen-
tial data pertaining to the three fatal cases are appended.
Body weight
Blood takenüi
Days
of
fast
Before After
fasting fasting
Loss in weight
Weight,
grams
Original
bodywt.
Fasting
bodywt.
Remarks
k k
k
f
i
i
10
10
10
5-45
12.36
9-05
4.00
9.12
7.28
I-4S
3-24
1.77
26.6
26.2
19.6
144.7
256.0
266.0
2.7
2.1
2.9
3.6
2.8
3-7
Black mongrel, thin, vicious;
died on table.
Mongrel, bull mixture; died
during the night.
Mongrel, black and white;
died in two hours.
Similar experiments on dogs under conditions of partial fasting
will be conducted prior to the Inauguration of the metabolism studies
to which these general observations are a prelude.
Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University,
College of Physicians and Surgeons,
New York
The blood was withdravvn in from five to seven minutes.
BIOCHEMICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX
2. First quarter, 19 13 (January-March) ^
WILLIAM J. GIES
(Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
I. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS, ARRANGEMENT,
NOTATION, ETC.
Bibliography. In the appended bibliography titles of papers are
shortened in a free and easy manner, minor words are ignored, common
words are conveniently abbreviated or chemical symbols substituted,
surnames of collaborators (in italics) are connected by hyphens, and
most punctuation marks are omitted — all for the sake of condensa-
tion, Volume nunierals are given in Roman at the opening of each
Paragraph. The Arabic numerals following them, or placed (in bold
face type) at the beginning of main sections in the paragraphs, desig-
nate respective issues of the volume. Numerals separated by a slanted
line indicate month and day of issue. The bibliographic items are
marked off with em dashes. The numeral at the end of an item is that
of the initial page of the corresponding paper ; the numeral at the begin-
ning of an item indicates its sequence in the bibliography.
Index. A subject-index is appended to the bibliography (p. 474).
The numerals indicate the numbered items in the preceding bibliogra-
phy. Numerals connected by hyphens are piain abbreviations in accord
with the indications of the first numeral in each group. Blanks in the
sequence of numerals occur at the end of each Journal group, as noted.
Abbreviations of words in the index are similar to those in the bibliog-
raphy, Each main index item is terminated by a semicolon, followed
by a Space ; commas mark off subdivisions of a general index subject.
Journals included: Biochemische Zeitschrift, Zeitschrift für phys-
iologische Chemie, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Biochemical Jour-
nal, Biochemical Bulletin.
^ The first portion of this bibliography and index was published in the
preceding issue of the Biochemical Bulletin (1913, ii, p. 298).
470
1913I William J. Gies 471
II. BIOCHEMISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT (B. Z.)
B.Z.-XLVIII : 1-2 ; 1/8. — iSakaguchi Fettgeh Harn,i. — 2Rona-
Arnheim Glykol,35. — 7^Rolly-0 ppermann Verh Blutzuck Ges u Krank,
50. — ^Juschtschenko Schilddrüs : Geh P, N, Lip b thyr'ekt,64. — ^Schulz
Fermen Purin,86. — 6Elias Säur i Koh'hydr'stoffwechs : Säu'diabet,
120. — yLhotäk von Lhota Fixat Digitox n intrav Injek; Versuch m
Strophant-g,i44. — SRullmann Schard-Reak Kuhmilch, 155. 3; 1/25. —
gWillherg Resist Igel einig Gift,i57. — loZaleski-Marx Carboxylas
Pflanz,i75. — iiKanitz Temp-Frequenz-Kurv Herz,i8i. — i2Rolly-Op-
permann Blutzuck Ges u Krank,i87; i^Ibid, b künst Hypertherm,200.
— i4Beutner Osmot u kol'd Quel'g Muskel,2i7. — i^Ostzvald Nach d
kol'dch Anal d Spezif'tät-probl,225. — i6Borozmkow Wachst Pflanz,
230. — ly Kämmer er- Anbry Bezieh Serumeiw'körp Antitryp'wirk,247.
— 18LÖ& Photoch Synt Koh'hydr,257. 4; 2/5. — igRolly-Oppermann
Blutzuck Ges u Krank,259 ; 2oIbid,268. — 2iRona-György Na- u C-ation
Serum; nicht diffus Alkal,278. — 22lValbum Rotkohlausz b colorimetr
Mess H'-konz,29i. — 2^Leo Organverfet P-vergift,297. — 24Leo-Tru-
schennikoff Fettbild Einfl P,302. — 2^Leo-Bachem Fettbild überleb
Leber,3i3. — 26Iwanozvski Kolloid Chloroph u Verschieb Absorp'bänd
leb Pflanzblät,328. — 2yIshimori Auf speich u Abgab Glykog,332. 5 ; 2/1 1.
— 2SlVeil Wirk Komplem b Hämol,347. — 2gBuglia Überg Eiw'ver-
dau'prod Mut a Foet,362. — TpLifschilts Quant Best Oxyd'prod Choles,
Z7Z- — S'i-Simon Keim zuvor belicht u chem vorbehand Samen,4io. —
22Barsickow Therap Wirk Hefe b alimentär, multip Polyneur,4i8. —
^■yliierbach-Pick Pankr'verdau,425. 6; 2/28. — ^i^Grosser Einfl Koch
a physikal'-chem Verh Frauen-, Kuh-, u But'milch,427. — T,^Evans Einfl
Nähr a Amylasgeh mensch Speich,432. — ^öBertolini Diphth'tox ent-
gift Wirk d autol Leber,448. — ^yBickel-Pazvlozv Einfl Herzmit a
Erkard'g'in)459- — sSRolly-Oppermann Blutzuck Ges u Krank,47i. —
2gDurig-Grau Energieums b Diatherm,48o. (Pp., 500.)
B.Z.-XLIX: 1-2; 3/15. — 4oBang Meth Zuck'best,i ; 4iMikrobest
Blutbest,i9 ;42Zuck'bildFroschleber,40 ; 4T,Ibidßi. — 44Czyhlarz-Fuchs-
v.Fürth Zus mensch Gall,i20. — 4^AdlerHersmark Einwirk H^Oa a
Hippomelan,i30. — 46Miura Hämoglobinzerstör b Organautol,i37; 47
Einwirk Meth'alk zirkul Blut,i44. — 4SSalkozvski Verh jodparanu-
cleinsäu Eisen i Organis, 152. — 4gMayer Diastas Harn,i65. — ^oPopiel-
ski Spez gerin'hem blutdruckherabs Subst weib Genitalapp,i68. 3-4;
3/22. — c^iWellisch Synth Alkal'd a Tyrosin, Trytoph u Histid,i73. —
S2Steck Eiw'synth u Erziel minim N-gleichg m Eiweisskör versch Zer-
setz, 195. — ^:^Stenström Coffeinhyperglykäm,225. — $4Michaelis-Rona
472 Biochemical Bihliography and Index [April
Dissoz'konst sehr schw Säur, insb Koh'hydr,232. — ^^Davidson Abhäng
Lipas V H'-konz,249. — ^6Rolly-Op permann Blutzuck Ges u Krank,
278. — ^yBarhieri-Carhone Nervensys norm u path,293. — ^SSakaki
Phosphatid mensch Placent,3i7; c^glbid,226. 5; 3/27. — GoMichaelis-
Menten Kinet Invert'wirk,333. — 61 Rona-Takahashi Verh Ca i Serum,
370. — 62Palladin-Tolstaja O-absorp Atm'chromog d Pflanz,38i. —
62)Häniäläinen Synth ^-Glucosid d Terpenalkoh,398. 6 ; 3/31. — 6^Loeh
Bezieh zw Zuck'geh Erythrocyt u Glykolys,4i3. — ß^Berrär Wirk Aloin
Stoffwechs,426. — 66Rohland Einwirk OH' a Kolloidtone,447. — 6yHas-
selhalch Meth elek'met Reak'best biol Flüssigk,45i. — GSSchreiner-
Lenärd Oxycholes,458. — GgSallei Wirk Farbstof i Verbind m Gift u
Arzneimit,466. — yoLarsson Verfahr Chlorbest Harn u Blut,479. —
yiMayer Brenztraub'säu-Glucosur,486. — y2Neuherg Zerstör Milch-
sä'aldehyd u Meth'glyox dur tier org,502. — 73 to 200, blank. ( Pp., 508. )
III. ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE (Z. p. C.)
Z.p.C.-LXXXIII : I ; 1/8. — 20iSchumm Absorp'ersch Oxyhämogl
i Gitterspek,!, — 202Grafe-Turban N-reten Fütter v Harnst,25. —
20T,Buglia-Costantino Muskelchem; Purin glat Musk,45. — 204Fischer-
Bartholomäus Konst Blut- u Garfarbst,50. — 20$Steudel Histoch Sper-
matoz,72. — 2o6Inouye Nachw Histidin,79. 2 ; 1/25. — 2oyHennques-
Gjaldhcek Einwirk Peps-HCl auf teilw tryps'verd Protein,83. — 208
Kostytschew Alkoholgär Bild v Acetald Gär Dauerhef,93. — 2ogKos-
tytschezv-Hübbenet-Scheloumoff Bild Acetald anaerob Atm Pappelblüt,
105. — 2ioWegrzynowski Entst Oxalsäu tier u mensch Organis, 112. —
Salkowski Kl Mitteil, 143. — 2i2Fischer Bemerk (z Küster) Kennt
Bilirub u Hämin,i70. 3 ; 1/31. — 2iT,Kylin Meer'algen,i7i. — 2i4Escher
Färbst Corp luteum,ig8. — 2i^Sammet Quant Best Aceton Harn,2i2. —
2i6Franzen Vergär Ameisensä dur B. Kiliense,226. 4; 2/6. — 217
Buchtala Verh Hg (Ther Applikat) ; Meth quant Nachw Hg i Harn
u Geweb,249. — 2i8ArnoId Arnold Harnreakt Nitroprussid-Na,304. —
2igWaentig-Steche Ferm HoOo-zersetz,3i5. — 22oAbderhalden-Lampe
Richtigste! (Gräfe Arb v Gräfe u Turban) N-reten Fütter Harnst,338.
5; 2/25. — 22iSchade-Boden Anom Harnsä'losl'k (kol'd Harnsäu),347.
— 222Weichardt-Schwenk Ermüdwirk Eiw'spaltpr u ihr Beeinfl,38i.
6\^/'j.—222)Gassmann Darst Apatit-Typh entspr Komplexsalz u Bez
z Knochenbau,403. — 224Abderhal den- Lampe Wirk Ammonsalz, Glu-
kosam u Gelat a N-bilanz,409. — 22^Abderhalden-W eil Geh versch Be-
standt d Nerv'sys an Aminosäu (gr u weis Gehirn), 425. — 226Jahnson-
Blohm Einfl Ammonsulf b polarim Best Milchzuck,44i. — 22y Abder-
halden Synth Fähigk Organis Hund,444. — 22SJona Ext'kt'st Muskel,
1913] William J. Gies 473
458. — 22gAbderJtalden-Fuchs Geh Protein a /-Tyros u Genau Bestim
dies Aminosä,468. (Pp., 473-)
Z.p.C.-'LXXXIV:i;3/iS.—2^oKossel-Weiss Nitroder v Protein,
I. — 22)iBogdändy Best Chlorid u Bromid org Flüssigk,ii; 232Res
Bromid a Darm,i5; 233Qtian Bes Peps'wirk,i8. — 2T,^Cahella Geh
Kreatin Muskel versch Tier u Art Musk,29. — 22SAbderhalden-Weil
Neu Aminosä Zusam CgHigNOa b tot Hydrol Protein Nerv'sub,39. —
22,6Hamsik Schwef'säu'häm'porph,6o. — 27,ySalkozvski Bemerk (Arb
Buchtala,2i7) Verh Hg,67. — 238 to 400, blank. (Pp., 68.)
IV. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (J. B. C.)
J.B.C.-XIII : 4 ; i. — ^oiHenderson-P almer \]nn acid,393. — 4.02Brad-
ley Enzy syn ; Lip a f at anim tis,407. — 40T,Bradley-Kellersberger Ibid,
Diast a glycog anim tis,4i9; 404/&JC? Diast a starch plant tis,425. — 405
Bradley Ibid, Lactas mam grd,43i. — 4o6Amberg- Jones Y'st on y-nucl
ac,44i. — 4oy Mc Cr ndden-Lusk Anim calorim; metab dwarf,447. — 408
Robertson Refrac ind sol globin,455. — 4ogLevene Sulphatid br'n,463.
— 4ioCarlson-Drennan Sugar tol'nce pig,465. — 4iiFolin-Denis Deter
ur-ac brd,469. — 4i2Folin-Cannon-Denis Deter epineph,477. — 412K0-
ber Nephelom proteas a nucleas,485. — 4i4Robertson Prep a prop globin-
casein,499. — 4i^Levene-LaForge Nucleas,507. — 4i6Rosenbloom Femal
genital ; lipin ovar a corp Int preg a non-preg cow,5ii. — 4iyDakin Fate
prolin anim,5i3. — 41^8 eidell-F enger Season var I cont thyr grd,5i7.
(Pp., 140.)
J.B.C.-XIV: i;2. — 4igJohns Purin; 2,8-diox-i,9-dimeth-p a 2-ox-
6,9-dimeth-p,i. — 42oMyers-Fine Creatin muscl ; rel ur creatinin,9. —
42iRosenbloom Meth dry tis a fl,27. — 422Folin-Denis Prot metab fr
standp bl'd a tis anal ; ur-ac, urea, non-pr N hum brd,29. — 42'^Ringer-
Jonas Glucon'genes ; glucos fr valer- a heptyl-ac,43. 2 ; 3. — 424Withers-
Ray Cot-seed m'l intox; Pyro-P-ac,53. — 42^Steenbock-Hart Infi func
on Ca requir anim,59. — 426Hart-Steenbock Eflf high Mg intak on Ca
reten swin,75. — 42^ H end er son-P almer Extrem variat conc H' i hum
ur,8i. — 42SGreenwald Est Creatinin a creatin diab ur,87. — 42gFoHn-
Denis Deter ur-ac i ur,95. — 4'^oKoch I-cont'g complex thyr'glob,ioi. —
4'^iRaper Funct liver metab fat,ii7. — 4^2Siüeet-Ringer Infi phlorhiz
dog Eck fist,i35. — 42,2, Austin-Ring er Infl phlorhiz splenect dog,i39. —
4^4Erdmann Deter surf tens liq,i4i. — 42SLevene-Meyer Leu'cyt o
hexos a pentos ; lact-ac fr carbohydr,i49. — 4T,6Dakin-Diidley F.nzy iorm
hydrox-ac fr keton-aldehy,i55. — ^437Proc Amer-Soc-Biol-Chem,vii-
xlv. — 438-600, blank. (Pp., 157; Proc, add'l, xxxix.)
474 Biochemical Bibliography and Index [April
V. BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL (B. J.)
BJ.-VII:i;i. — 6oiCathcart-Green Rate prot catab,i. — 6o2Eunns-
Laidlaw Fate indoleth'am i organis,i8. — 6o^Norris Hydrol glycog b
dias enzy; comp prep gIycog,26. — 6o4Plim7ner Metab org P; hydrol
enzy,43; 6o5Hydrol org P dil ac a alkal,72. — 6o6Funk N constit lim-
juic,8i. — GoyWheldale Prep flower pigm Antirrhin maj ,Sy . — 6oSChick-
Martin Dens sol-vol protein,92. — 6ogHopkins-Neville Infi diet grow,
97. 2; 3. — 6ioHomer Condens tryptoph a indol deriv w aldehyd,ioi ;
611C0I reac indol deriv a signif glyoxyl reac,ii6. — 6i2Moore-Whit-
ley-Adams Role glycog, lecitli, fat, reproduc org echinoder,i27. — 613
M oore-Whitley-W ehster Bas a acid protein sperm Ech esculent; meas
osmot pres protam or histon,i42. — 6i4Gr(?3; Fat-acbr'n,i48. — 615P//W-
mer-Page Phytin,i57. — 6i6Cooper Relat phenols a deriv to protein;
mech disinfec; var fact on germicid a prot-precip-power phen,i75 ; 617
Ibid, Chem act quinon o protein,i86. — 6i8Slator Rate ferm b y'st,i97.
— GigBarger-Ewins Trimet'histid (hist-betain),204. — 62oHewitt Me-
tab N sug deriv,207. — 62iFunk Vitamin- fract milk,2ii. — 622Harden
"Enzy wash zymin a dri y'st; carboxylas,2i4. — 623-700, blank. (Pp.,
217.)
VI. BIOCHEMICAL BULLETIN (B. B.)
B.B.-II:6;i. — yoiH.M.A. Biog bibl port CLAlsberg,2ii. — 702
Landolph Dif'n glucos pancr diabet,2i7. — yo^Harding-Ruttan Detec
acet-acet ac b Na-nit'pr a NH3,223. — yo^Ruttan-Hardisty o-Tolid
indic occul brd,225. — yo^Kriehle Synth prop emulsin,227. — yo6Susuki-
Matsunaga Nicotin-ac rice bran,228. — yoyRosenbloom Infi Cancer extr
grow lupin seedrg,229. — yoSErpfLefkovics-Rosenbloom Fem genital ;
enzy ovar, uter, blad, preg a non-preg sheep,233. — yogRosenbloom
Ibid, enzy chorion,236. — yioPeters Dep't bioch res Vineland,NJ,238. —
yiiSmith Bioch NY 20 yr ago,243. — yi2Bolduan Immun, 247. — 713
Mathews Plan org Amer-Biolog-Soc,26i. — yi^Auer Org Fed-Amer-
Soc-f-Exp-Biol,269. — yi^Erlanger Proc Amer-Physiol-Soc,27i. — 716
Richards Proc Amer-Soc-Biol-Chem,275. — yiyAuer Proc Amer-Soc-
f-Phar'col-a-Exp-Therap,279. — yiSFetser Proc Amer-Soc-Anim-Nutr
(Amer-Soc-Anim-Produc),282. — yigLothrop Proc Col-Univ-Biochem-
Ass'n,284. — y2oPekelharing Fol microbiol,2gy. (Pp., 122.)
VII. SUBJECT-INDEX : JOURNALS II-VI."
Absorp29,232 ; ac'aldeh2o8-p ; acet-ac703; aceton2i5; acid6,S4,7i--?,2io-/-
6-21-5-9-35,401-11-22-^-^-7-35-6,605-14,706;* alcoh2o8-ii; aldeh436,6io; algae,
213 ; alkal6o5 ; alkal'dsi ; aloin65 ; AlsbergCL,70i ; Amer-Soc :Biol,7i3,Physiol,
7i4-i5',Ph'ar'col-Ex-Ther7i4-H7,Animi-Nutr(Produc)7i8,Biol-Ch437,7i4-6; am-ac
* See the explanation on page 470.
I9I3] William J. Gies 475
225-9-3S; ammon2ii,703,salt224-ö; amylas35; an3erob-resp,209; antitrypi7; apatite
223; Arnold-reac2i8; autol36,46. Bact2ii,Kilien2i6; betain-histidöig; bile44,
pig204; bilirub2i2; blad'r7o8; brd3,i2-j-7-9,20-z,38,4i-7,56,6i,7o,20i-<^,4ii-22,
704,press5o; bone223; brain225,409,6i4; bromid23i-^. Caf'n53; €3.61,425-6;
calorim407; canc707; carbohydr6,i8,S4,435; C-ation,2i ; carboxylas 10,622;
card'gr37; casein4i4; cataböoi ; Cl70,id23i ;chrphyl26; cholest'ol30,68; chorion
709; chromog62; clay66; cIeav-prod222 ; coagso; coY 614,66,221; col-reac6ii; Col-
Univ-Bioch-As7i9; complem28; compos44; corp-lut2i4,4i6; correc22o; cot-seed
424; creatin234,420-5 ; cr'inin420-5. Dens6o8; desic42i ; diabet6,428,702 ; diast49,
403-^,603; diather39; diet3S,6o9; diges29,33,207-33 ; digitox7; diph-tox36; dis'fec
616-7; dissocS4; drugög; dwarf407. Ech'derm6i2-j; Eck-fis432; edemi4;
elec'card'gr37 ; elec'metr54,67 ; embry29; emulsin705; energ39; enzys, 10,402- j-<^-
5-36,603-^-22,708-9; epineph4i2; ery'ocy64; extr'iv228. Fati, 23-4-5,402-31, 612;
fatig222; fat-ac6i4; Fed-Amer-Soc-Exper-Biol7i4; ferm'n2o8-i6-9,6i8; fetus29;
fist432; fixat'n7; flowers209,6o7 ; Fol-microhiol720; food35,6o9; form-ac2i6;
funct425-3i. Gerin224; genital5o,4i6,7o8-9 ; germicid6i6; germ'tion3i ; globin
4o8,casein4i4 ; glucon'gen423 ; glucos423,702,amin224,/3-g'id63; glycem53; glycog
27,403,603-12; glycol2,64; glyox-reac6ii ; grow 16,609,707. H'rtil,37; hem'porph
237; hemin2i2; ^046,201-4; hemol28; heptyl-ac423 ; hexos435 ; hip'melan45 ;
histid5i,2o6,betain6i9; histon6i3; histor7ii; H427,H'22,55,H2024S,2i9 ; hydrol235,
603-4-5; hydrox-ac436 ; OH'66; hy'glycem53 ; hy'theri3. Immun7i2; indic22,704;
indoI6io-J,ethyIam6o2; intes232; intox424; inver6o; I418-30; iron48,2ii. Ket-
aldeh436. Lactas40S; lac-ac72,435 ; lactos226; leav26; Iecith6i2; leu'cy435; lim-
juic6o6; lipas55,402; lipin(oid)4,4i6,6i2; liv25,36,42-j,43i. Mg426,salt2ii ; mam-
grd405; melan45; merc2i7-36; metab407-22-3i,62o(nutr) ; method22,40-7,67,2i i-
5-7-26-31-5,41 i-i'-2i-^-5-9-34,6o7,703-4; meth-alc47; nieth-glyox72 ; milk8,34,62i ;
muscl 14,203-28-34,420. Nephelom4i3; nerv235,syst57,225 ; nicot-ac7o6; nit'deriv
230; N4,422,6o6-20,equilib,52,224,reten202-20; nucleas4i3-5; nucl-ac48,4o6 ; nutr6,
29,32-9,52,65,202-20-4,425-0. Osmoti4,6i3; ovar4i6,7o8; oxal-ac2io; oxida3o;
oxychoroI68; O62. Pancr33,diab702 ; pentos435; peps233,HCl207 ; phenol6i6-7;
phloriz432-5 ; phos'tid58-9 ; P4,6o4-5,pois23-4 ; pho'chiS; phyt6i5; pigm69,2i4,
607; pIacent58-9; pois9,69; polarim226; polyneur32; pregn4i6,7o8 ; pres'rso;
prolin4i7; protam6i3; proteas4i3; proteini7,29,52,207-29-3O-5,408-i4-22,6oi-5-
i3-ö-7,cleav-prod222,metab422,precip6i6; purin5,203,4i9 ; pyr'P-ac424; pyrotart-
ac7i. Quinon6i7. Reac8,67,2ii-5; red-cab'g22; reduc2ii ; ref r-index4o8 ; rep'duc-
org6i2; resis9; resp62,209; reten426; ric-bran7o6. Saliv3S; Schard-reac8; seed
3l,ling707; serumi7,2i,6i ; sil-ac2ii ; sod'm2i,nit'prus2i8,703; sol-vol6o8; spe'fi'ty
IS; spectr26,20i ; sperm'z205,6i3 ; splenec433; starc404; strophant-g7 ; sugar3,i2-
J-9,20,38,4O-i'-j,56,64,4i0,620; sulfat(id)2ii ; sulphatid409; surf-tens434 ; synth
i8,5i-.?,63,227,402-j-4-5,70S. Tart-ac7i ; tenipii,34; terp'alc63; test2i8(reac) ;
thyr'glob430 ; thyr'd4,4i8,ec4 ; iiss\i2i7 ,402-3-4-21-2 ; tornce4io; o-tolidin704;
toxin3S; trimet'histid6i9; trypsi7,207; tryptoph5i,6io; tyros5i,229. Urea202-2O,
422; ur-ac2i 1-21,41 1-22-9; urini,49,7o,2i 1-5-7-^,401-20-7-5-9; uter7o8. Valer-ac
423; Vineland,NJ7io; vitamin62i. Y'st32,4o6,6i8-22. Zymin622.
*This series of abbreviations, illustrating all others in the index, represents
the following sequence of numerals : 6, 54, 71-7.?, 210-21 7-216-221-225-229-235,
401-41 1-422-42 J-424-427-43S-43Ö, 605-614, 706. The numerals in bold face type
here are omitted from the abbreviations above.
BIOCHEMICAL NEWS, NOTES AND COMMENT
Contents. — I. General: Necrology, 476; honors, 476; appointments, 477;
lectures, 479; societies, associations, etc., 480; miscellaneous items, 481. II.
Columbia University Biochemical Association: 1. General notes, 484; 2. Proceed-
ings of the Association, 486.
I. GENERAL
Necrology. Manfredi Alhanese, professor of pharmacology
and director of the School of Pharmacy at Pavia. — Philip Hanson
Hiss, professor of bacteriology at Columbia. — Dr. F. J. A. C.
Howitz, formerly professor of gynecology and obstetrics at Copen-
hagen; introduced thyroid treatment for myxedema. — Oscar Old-
herg, dean emeritus of Northwestern Univ. School of Pharmacy,
formerly dean of the National College of Pharmacy, Washington
(where he was instrumental in introducing the metric System of
weights and measurements in the government Service), for twenty
five years professor of pharmacy and for thirty years a member of
the committee on revision of the United States Pharmacopeia. —
John Seeman, director of the physiological laboratory of the Acad-
emy of Medicine, Cologne. — Prof. G. Vassale, professor of general
pathology at Modena; one of the leaders in the therapeutic utiliza-
tion of internal secretions.
Honors. Orders of merit. Dr. Alexis Carrel (Rockefeiler
Institute) has been appointed a knight of the Legion of Honor. —
Drs. Alexis Carrel and Hideyo Noguchi (Rockef eller Institute),
and Dr. William H. Park (N. Y. Dep't of Health), have been
made knights of the Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic, by King
Alfonso of Spain.
AwARDS OF MEDALS. The Chicago Section of the American
Chemical Society has awarded the Willard Gibbs medal to Dr. Leo
H. Baekeland (Yonkers). — The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia,
has recently awarded the Elliott Cresson gold medal to Prof. Emil
Fischer (Berlin) in recognition of numerous contributions of
fundamental importance to the science of organic and biological
chemistry; also to Sir William Ramsay (London) in recognition
476
1913] General 477
of extended researches of signal importance in chemical science.
— The Heimholte medal of the Berlin Academy of Sciences has
been awarded to Prof. S. Schwendener (Berlin), for his researches
in plant physiology.
CoRRESPONDiNG MEMBER. Dr. Alcxis Carrel (Rockefeiler Insti-
tute) has been elected a corresponding member of the Paris Acad-
emy of Medicine,
Reception and DINNERS. A rcccption was given by the Man-
hattan Medical Society, February 28, to Dr. Jacques Loeb (Rocke-
f eller Institute), at which he spoke on Some recent experiments in
artificial parthenogenesis. — The Bay County Medical Society gave
a dinner recently at Bay City, Mich., in lionor of Prof. Victor C.
Vaughan, who afterward delivered an address on Prevention of dis-
ease. — Prof. R. H. Chittenden (Yale) was the guest of his pupils
at a dinner at Delmonico's, N. Y., on March i. (See page 349.)
AWARD OF THE ElLEN H. RiCHARDS RESEARCH PRIZE. At a
recent meeting of the Naples Table Association for Promoting
Laboratory Research by Women, the Ellen H. Richards research
prize of $1,000, for the best thesis written by a woman on a scien-
tific subject embodying new observations and new conclusions based
on independent laboratory research in biological, chemical or phys-
ical science, was awarded to Miss Ida Smedley (London, England;
D.Sc, London University), who has been working for the past four
years in the biochemical laboratory of the Lister Institute of Pre-
ventive Medicine. The subject of the winning thesis was : " An
investigation into the methods of formation of fatty acids from
carbohydrates in the organism." Ten theses were submitted in
competition. The examiners for the award of this prize were:
Dr. W. H. Howell, of Johns Hopkins Medical School; Dr. Theo-
dore Richards, of Harvard University; and Dr. Henry Crew, of
Northwestern University.
Appointments.^ Breslau: Professor Henkel (Königsberg),
director of the pathological Institute, in succession to Professor
Ponfink.
^ In this summary, institutions from which resignations occurred are named
in parenthesis. See, also, page 484.
47^ Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [April
Carnegie Institution, Nutrition Laboratory: Dr. H. Monmouth
Smith (Syracuse), research chemist.
Idaho State Chemist, Boise: Dr. H. Louis Jackson (assistant
Professor of chemistry, in charge of foods, Univ. of Kansas), State
chemist.
Jefferson Medical College, Phila. ; department of physiological
chemistry and toxicology: Dr. M. A. Saylor, demonstrator ; Dr.
L. F. Fairlmll, insti*uctor; Dr. Olaf Bergeim, instructor; W. T.
Smith, assistant.
Kiel: Prof. Otto Luharsch (Düsseldorf), director of the patho-
logical Institute, in succession to Prof. Arnold Heller.
Königsberg: Prof. Franz Hoffmann (Prague), director of the
physiological institute, in succession to Prof. L. Hennann.
Marburg: Professor Jores (Cologne), director of the patho-
logical institute.
Mass. State Board of Health : Dr. Milton J. Rosenau, Harvard,
member.
Mich. State Board of Health : Dr. Victor C. VaugJmn, Michigan,
member ( reappointment ) and president.
N. Y. Agric. Experiment Station, Geneva: Dr. R. S. Breed
( Professor of biology, Allegheny College) , bacteriologist. Dr. Breed
succeeds Dr. H. A. Harding who becomes head of the dairy depart-
ment of the University of Illinois.
Tufts College, Medical School : Dr. Alfred W. Balch, professor
of chemical pathology and toxicology.
U. S. Commission for the Detennination of a Standard of
Purity for Drinking Water: Prof. E. 0. Jordan, Chicago, member.
This commission has been formed in connection with the enforce-
ment of regulations relative to pure drinking water, and its object
is to establish a federal Standard which shall be generally applicable.
U. S. Dep't of Agriculture: Prof. Ralph Hoagland (head of the
division of chemistry, College of Agric, Univ. of Minn.), officer
in the Bureau of Animal Husbandry. — H. B. Humphrey (head of
the department of botany, State College of Washington), patholo-
gist in Charge of cereal-disease investigations, Bureau of Plant
Industry.
Univ. of Illinois: Dr. M. J. Prucha (Cornell Univ.), assistant
1913] General 479
Professor of dairy bacteriology in the College of Agric, and assist-
ant chief in dairy bacteriology at the Agric. Experiment Station.
He will be associated with the new head of the dairy department,
Dr. A. H. Harding (N. Y. Agric. Experiment Station).
Univ. of Minnesota: Dr. R. W. Thatcher (director of the
Washington Agric. Experiment Station and head of the department
of agric, Washington State College), professor of agric. chemistry
and soils. — Dr. Richard O. Beard, former head of the department
of physiology, will be assistant to the dean of the reorganized medi-
cal school.
Univ. of Virginia, Medical School, Richmond : Dr. Wortley F.
Rudd, Professor of chemistry; Dr. Francis W. Upshur, professor
of pharmacology and therapeutics ; Dr. E. C. L. Miller, associate
professor of physiological chemistry; Dr. C. Howard Lewis, asso-
ciate professor of physiology; Dr. Leslie B. Wiggs, associate pro-
fessor of materia medica and pharmacology.
Washington Univ. : Dr. David F. Houston, secretary of agricul-
ture, will retain the chancellorship, on leave of absence. Prof. F.
A. Hall, dean of the College, has been appointed acting chancellor.
Wellcome Research Laboratories, Khartoum : Dr. A. J. Chal-
mers (Ceylon), director, in succession to Dr. Andrew Balfour,
appointed chief of the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research,
London.
Lectures. Harvey lectures : Mar. 22, by Prof. Frans Knoop
(Freiburg), on Modern problems of nutrition; March 29, by Prof.
John Howland (Johns Hopkins), on The scientific basis for the
artificial feeding of infants. — Weir Mitchell lecture, before
the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, April 4, by Dr. H. P.
Armshy (Penn. State College), on Animal calorimeters and the
study of nutrition. — Miscellaneous items: Dr. F. K. Cameron
(Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dep't of Agric.) lectured. Mar. 6, before
the Phi Lambda Upsilon Society, Columbia Univ., on The Solution
of the potash problem in America. — Prof. Martin H. Fischer (Univ.
of Cincinnati) delivered the address at the third winter commence-
ment of St. Louis Univ. School of Medicine, January 30, on Princi-
ples of treatment of edema and nephritis. — Prof. Lafayette B.
Mendel (Yale) addressed the students of Pratt Institute, April 11,
480 Biochemical News, Notes and Coniment [April
on Nutrition and growth. — Prof. H. C. Sherman lectured, Jan. 16,
before the Society of the Sigrna Xi, Columbia Univ., on Progress
and Problems in food chemistiy.
Societies, associations, etc. National Academy of Sci-
ences. The National Academy of Sciences celebrated, on April
22, 23 and 24, the semi-centennial anniversary of its foundation,
exactly fifty years after its first meeting. Prof. Wm. H. Welch
(Johns Hopkins) was elected president. Prof. Lafayette B. Mendel
(Yale) was elected a member.
American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Officers elected: Section C : Dr. Carl L. Aisberg (U. S. Dep't of
Agric. ), vice-president and chairman; Section K: Dr. Theodore
Hough (Univ. of Va.), vice-president and chairman, and Dr. John
R. Murlin (Cornell Univ. Med. College), secretary.
American Chemical Society: 47th anniial meeting, MU-
waukee, Wis., Mar. 25-28. An account of the proceedings, includ-
ing abstracts of papers, appears in Science, 37 : pp. 674-690. " Al-
though the Amer. Chem. Society changed its time of meeting from
winter to spring there was no falling off in the attendance at the
Milwaukee meeting." The next meeting will be held in Rochester,
N. Y., early in September. Divisional officers — Agricultural and
food chemistry: chairman, H. E. Barnard, secretary, Glen F.
Mason; biological chemistry : chairman, Carl L. Aisberg, secretary,
I. K. Phelps; phannaceutical chemistry: chairman, B. L. Murray,
secretary, F. R. Eldred; fertilizer chemistry : chairman, Paid Rud-
nick, secretary, /. E. Breckenridge. — Final Organization of the
Division of Biological Chemistry did not occur at the Milwaukee
meeting for the reason that this meeting corresponded to the old
Summer meeting, and it had been voted, at a previous meeting of the
Biological Section, that the final Organization should take place at
one of the annual meetings. It is, therefore, expected that the final
Organization of the Division will be consummated at the September
meeting, which is an annual meeting.
Association of American Medical Colleges. Officers
elected : President, Dr. E. P. Lyon ( St. Louis Univ. ) ; vice-presi-
dent, F. F. Wesbrook (Univ. of Minn.) ; secretary-treasurer, F. C.
Zapple (Univ. of 111.),,
191 3] General 481
Harvey Society. Officers-elect, 1913-14: President, Frederic
S. Lee; vice-president, W. G. MacCallum; treasurer, E. K. Dun-
ham; secretary, A. B. Wadsworth; additional memhers of the
Council — Graham Lusk, William H, Park and George B. Wallace.
Illinois Water Supply Association. The fifth annual meet-
ing of the Illinois Water Supply Association was held at the Univ.
of 111., Mar. II and 12. The membership of the association consists
of waterworks engineers, superintendents, chemists, and others inter-
ested in obtaining and conserving an abundant supply of pure water.
Officers elected: President, C. H. Cobb (sup't, Kankakee Water-
works) ; first vice-president, H. M. Ely (sup't and manager, Dan-
ville Water Company) ; second vice-president, W. J. Spaulding
(commissioner of public property, Springfield) ; State vice-presi-
dent, V. E. MacDonald (sup't, Lincoln Water and Light Com-
pany) ; secretary and treasurer, Prof. Edward Bartow (director,
State Water Survey).
Society of the Sigma Xi. Prof. John H. Long has been
elected vice-president of Sigma Xi and president of the North-
western chapter. Prof. A. P. Mathews is vice-president of the
Chicago chapter; Prof. F. G. Novy is president of the Michigan
chapter.
Miscellaneous items. Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic.
On April 16, a new Psychiatric clinic was accepted by Johns Hop-
kins University as a gift from Henry Phipps, Esq. The clinic has
a capacity of ninety beds and includes a laboratory of internal
medicine in charge of Dr. Sidney R. Miller, where such investiga-
tions of a clinical and experimental nature will be made as may
seem of value for the betterment of the patient and the advance of
scientific knowledge. The opening exercises (April 16, 17, and
18) consisted chiefly of sixteen addresses : (16) Sir William Osler,
Specialism in general hospitals; Dr. Stewart Paton, The clinic and
the Community; (17) Prof. W. McDougall, The sources and direc-
tion of psycho-physical energy ; Prof. E. Bleider, Autistic thinking ;
Prof. A. Hoch, Personality and psychosis; Dr. L. F. Wells, The
personal factor in association reactions; Dr. F. W. Mott, A study
of the neuropathic inheritance in relation to insanity ; Prof. O. Rossi,
482 Biochemical News, Notes and Comnient [April
Pellagra; Prof. H. Cushing, Psychic derangements associated vvith
ductless gland disorders; (18) Dr. 5'. Paton, Primitive mechanisms
of individual adjustment; Prof. Heilhronner, Demenz probleme; Dr.
E. JoneSj The interrelation of the biogenetic psychoses; Dr. G. H.
Kirby, The prognostic significance of the biogenetic psychoses ; Dr.
C. B. Diinlap, Anatomical borderline between the socalled syphilitic
and metasyphilitic disorders; Prof. A. M. Barrett, Disorders con-
nected with anemia. The closing address was given by Dr. Adolf
Meyer, the director of the Clinic. Mr. and Mrs. Phipps and three
sons were present. A dinner was given in Mr. Phipps' honor, on
Apr. 16, to express the community's appreciation of his gift. At
this dinner Prof. Wm. H. Welch was toastmaster; the governor of
Maryland and the mayor of Baltimore were among the Speakers.
Institute für dietetics. There exists in Paris a Societe sci-
entifique d'hygiene alimentaire et d' alimentation rationnelle de
y komme. In pursuance of the purpose for which it was chartered,
this Society will build an Institute for the study of the hygiene of
nutrition, which will be the center not only of research and of teach-
ing of the applied sciences of nutrition, but also of populär educa-
tion, where Instruction will be given in simple terms, and principles
necessary for the Solution of practical dietetics will be taught. The
department of research will comprise laboratories necessary for the
study of all the sciences bearing on the general purposes of the
Society. A bulletin will be published, which will be a permanent
record of all the transactions of the society, and experiments done
in connection with dietetics. The Constitution of the society pre-
vents it f rom considering industrial and commercial questions, and
enjoins its members from using, naming or recommending in any
way, commercial products.
TuRCK Institute, New York. A research laboratory has
been established at 428 Lafayette Street, N. Y., under the director-
ship of Fenton B. Turck, M.D. Gastro-intestinal problems will be
investigated. Two departments are now in Operation: Chemistry,
Dr. A. R. Rose, chemist; bacteriology, Dr. Otto Maurer, bacteri-
ologist. A veterinarian, pathologist, physiologist, histologist and
clinician are about to be appointed. Dr. Turck conducted the Turck
Institute of Chicago, a research Institution of similar scope. Both
1913] General 483
the old and new institutions are purely scientific in purpose and
conduct.
Carnegie grants. The report of the president of the Carnegie
Institution of Washington, for the year ending October 31, 191 2,
contains the following summary of grants in " chemistry" ; S. F.
Acree, $2,000; G. P. Baxter, $1,000; T. B. Osborne and Lafayette
B. Mendel, $15,000; H. C. Jones, $2,200; H. N. Morse, $4,000;
A. A. Noyes, $3,000; T. W. Richards, $3,000; H. C. Sherman,
$1,200.
International pharmaceutical commission. The Section
on Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eighth International Congress of
Applied Chemistry, has appointed an international commission to
continue the inquiry on variations in the activity of certain toxic
drugs, and to report at St. Petersburg in 191 5. The commission:
Austria, Prof. Wilhelm Mitlacher; France, Prof. E. Bourquelot;
Germany, Prof. H. Thoms; Great Britain, Francis Ransom, F. C.
S. ; Netherlands, Prof. L. van Itallie ; Szvitzerland, Prof. A.
Tschirch; United States, Dr. Rodney H. True. Three secretaries
for the commission were also appointed: European Continent,
George P. Forrester, F. C. S. ; Great Britain, Peter MacEnau,
F. C. S. ; United States, Otto Raubenheimer.
University of Illinois again gets medical school. The
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, again passes under
the control of the Univ. of 111. This time it is a gift to the State
institution, partly by the stockholders and partly by the alumni who
purchased the stock not donated. For several years the medical
school has held a contractual relationship with the Univ. of 111., but
it was cancelled last spring. By the present transfer of all the stock,
however, the medical school becomes an organic department of the
Univ. of 111. The formal transfer of the College to the university
occurred on March 6.
Personalia. Dr. W. D. Bigelow of the U. S. Dep't of Agric,
lately a member of the "pure food board," has resigned to take
Charge of the laboratory of the National Canners' Association to
be established in Washington, D. C.
484 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [April
Dr. David Marine, assistant professor of experimental medicine,
Western Reserve Univ., is spending the year in Europe, travelling
and visiting various laboratories.
Dr. Roy G. Pearce, demonstrator of physiology, Western Re-
serve Univ., has sailed for Berne, Switzerland, where he will spend
some time in the physiological laboratory of Prof. Leon Asher.
Dr. George B. Rigg, instructor in botany, Univ. of Washington,
and special agent of the U. S. Dep't of Agric. in kelp investigation
in 191 1 and 191 2, is directing an expedition to western Alaska for
the purpose of investigating the kelps of that region as a source of
potash fertilizer.
Dr. Alfred Vivian, professor of agric. chemistry, Ohio State
Univ., is making a tour of the world, and is now in India. Pro-
fessor Vivian will deliver a course of lectures on soil fertility at
the agric. school at Allahabad.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
I. General notes
Professor Chittenden ill. Dean Russell H. Chittenden is re-
covering, we are glad to report, from the efifects of a recent Opera-
tion. He will be unable to resume his duties for the remainder of
the academic year.
Professor Smith will go to Princeton. Prof. Alexander
Smith has accepted the professorship of chemistry on the Wyman
Foundation, at Princeton University, and the headship of the de-
partment of chemistry. By the desire of the president and trustees
of Columbia Univ., as well as his own, Professor Smith will com-
plete three years of service at Columbia Univ., and will accept the
Princeton appointment to take effect at the beginning of the aca-
demic year 191 4-1 5.
Appointments.2 Dr. Donald B. Armstrong (Mass. Inst, of
Technology), executive secretary of the N. Y. Association for Im-
proving the Condition of the Poor; Bureau of Public Health and
Hygiene. — Dr. Louis E. Bisch (Manhattan State Hospital), mem-
ber of the Medical Board and visiting neurologist, N. Y. City Chil-
^ See footnote, page 477.
1913] General 4^5
dren's Hospitals and Schools, Randall's Island; also clinical assist-
ant, N. Y. Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital and clinical
assistant, Neurological Institute. Dr. Bisch gave two lectures dur-
ing February, on Prevention of insanity, in the evening series of
lectures, under the auspices of the N. Y. City Board of Education.
— Dr. Josephine T. Berry (Washington State College), chief of the
department of home economics, and Louise McDanell (Washington
State College), assistant professor of foods and cookery, College
of Agric, Univ. of Minn. — Dr. C. C. Lieb, assistant professor of
pharmacology, Columbia Univ. (promotion). — Hermann J. Mnller,
assistant in zoology, Columbia Univ. — Dr. A. R. Rose, chemist,
Turck Research Laboratory, N. Y. City. — Dr. Hans Zinsser (Le-
land Stanford, Jr., Univ.), professor of bacteriology, Columbia
Univ.
Conference on the prevention of Infant mortality. A Con-
ference on the prevention of infant mortality will be held in Caxton
Hall, Westminster, London, August 4-5, under the auspices of the
National Association for the Prevention of Infant Mortality and the
Weifare of Infancy. The Conference will convene immediately
before the opening of the International Medical Congress. Dr.
Philip Van Ingen is secretary of the American committee.
Personalia. Dr. Carl L. Aisberg has been elected an honorary
member of Phi Lambda Upsilon by the Columbia chapter. — Dr.
Herbert S. Carter was one of the charter members of the N. Y.
Gastro-Enterological Society (p. 315). — Dr. John Howland de-
livered a Harvey lecture, Mar. 29, on The scientific basis for the
artificial feeding of infants. — Prof. Raymond C. Osburn has been
reelected president of the N. Y. Entomological Society. — Dr. Jacob
Rosenbloom has resigned his assistant professorship in biochemistry
at the Univ. of Pittsburgh (p. 324). — Dr. F. J. Seaver is one of
the spring lecturers at the N. Y. Botanical Garden, subject: The
scenery and flora of Colorado (May 3). — Prof. E. A. Spitzka and
Dr. D. C. Twichell have suffered from general nervous breakdown.
Dr. Spitzka has gone to Europe, and Dr. Twichell to the Pacific
Coast, to recuperate. Our best wishes attend them. — During the
fall of 191 2, Dr. William H. Welker carried out an investigation on
blood in Prof. John Marshall's laboratory at the University of Penn.
4^6 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [April
Later he conducted research on colloidal Solutions of metals at the
Amer. Oncologic Hospital, in Phila, This spring he has been, and
at present is, studying hydrocarbons with Prof. Ullmann at Lehigh
University.
2, Proceedings of the Association
Ninth and tenth meetings. Abstracts of the Communications
at the ninth and tenth meetings are presented in this issue, on pages
453-469.
Eleventh meeting. The association and its guests were highly
favored, on the evening of April 25, by Dr. Warren Coleman, pro-
fessor of clinical medicine and applied pharmacology at Cornell
Univ. Med. College, who delivered a public lecture, at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, under the auspices of the association, on
Diet and metaholism in typhoid fever. The lecture was a clear,
concise and convincing presentation of important findings in a very
difficult field of investigation. At the conclusion of the lecture, in
expressing the Association's appreciation of Dr. Coleman's kindness
in addressing the members, Professor Gies congratulated those pres-
ent on their "having heard, from the guiding spirit himself, so
interesting and instructive an account of the results of an American
classical research in nutrition."
Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary
EDITORIALS
Our Amerian readers will doubtless be most agreeably surprised
when they scan the list of members of the Biochemical Society, Eng-
land.^ Who has expected the development, in so short a time, of an
Biochemical Society, Organization of such evident vigor !^ We have
England [ong appreciated the great ability of our English
confreres; their eminent achievements have interested and stimu-
lated US greatly, and have taught us very much. But it is a revela-
tion to find that so many very able men among them have so
promptly united effectively to advance biochemical science. We
follow the proceedings of the Biochemical Society with fraternal
interest and professional expectancy; and we hope to present to the
readers of the Biochemical Bulletin such Information, from
time to time, as may be available for publication. Meanwhile, we
recommend careful attention to the fact that, as the official organ of
the Biochemical Society, the Biochemical Journal will mirror here-
after, even more perfectly than heretofore, the activity, influence
and achievements of British biochemical investigators. A bio-
chemical laboratory without the Biochemical Journal must be a
pretty poor place, indeed!
The St. Louis Court of Appeals has reversed the lower court in
"the bleached flour case." This decision is not final, the Govern-
ment having the right and the Intention to carry the case to the
The bleached Supreme Court. There is no question that from
flour decision the point of view of both the common people
and physiologists, this decision of the court is one of the most
injurious to the whole people which has been rendered by a Court
in some time, since, if upheld, it makes a dead letter of a most
important part of the pure food law. The fifth section of the Food
and Drugs act reads : " An article shall be deemed adulterated," etc.,
(5) "if it contains any added poisonous or other added deleterious
ingredient which may render such article injurious to health."
^ See the Biochemical Bulletin, this issue, p. 447.
^ Ibid., 1912, ii, pp. 128 and 209.
487
488 The Bleached Flour Decision [April
Judge McPherson of the lower court held that the meaning was to
be interpreted in the light of the piain purpose of the act and that
the intention was to prevent the addition of any poisonous sub-
stance, and in any quantity, which might render the article injurious.
According to the new ruHng the government must prove that the
added poisonous substance is in sufficient quantity so that it w^ould
render the food injurious. To a piain man this reading appears
directly contrary to the purpose of the act, which clearly was to
Protect the people against the addition of any substance of a known
poisonous character to foods.
This is another example of courts deciding against the people
and in the interest of "big business." The bleaching of flour
Profits no one but the miliers; no one claims that it improves the
flour. Its taste is injured as the Government showed. If it is
not to conceal inferiority so that a higher price can be had for the
flour, why do the miliers use the process? Such decisions furnish
additional argument for the recall of judges and decisions. There
can be no question as to the verdict of the people on this case w^re
it submitted to them.
There would seem to be no reason, so far as this decision is
concerned, why small amounts of arsenic, strychnin or other poisons
could not be added to food with impunity. But what shall we say
of physiologists and physicians who testify, for a price, that a food
is not rendered injurious by the addition to it of small amounts
of poisons? Is it more charitable to believe that they lack char-
acter or ability?
M. C.
A Committee on Occupational Diseases in the Chemical Trades
was appointed by the New York Section of the American Chemical
Society in February 1912. The objects of the Committee may be
Occupational diseases specifically stated as follows :
in Chemical trades i. To hold itself ready to advise the Legis-
lature of the States of New York and New Jersey in reference to
matters pertaining to occupational diseases in the chemical trades;
2. To study various bills presented in the Legislatures in an
efTort to avoid unwise legislation; especially that which might be
1913] Editoriais 489
inoperative or ineffective f rom one or many reasons resulting f rom
lack of technical knowledge at the time of writing the laws ;
3. To inaugurate and superintend such investigations as might
be decided upon which look toward improvement of conditions of
labor in the chemical trades.
The personnel of the Committee may be seen from the appended
Hst of membership: Dr. Charles Baskerville, Professor of Chem-
istry and Director of the Laboratory, College of the City of New
York, Chairman; Mr. E. C. Uhlig, Chief Chemist, Brooklyn Union
Gas Co., Brooklyn, N. Y., Secretary; Dr. Geo. P. Adamson, Baker &
Adamson Chemical Co., Easton, Pa. ; Mr. W. H. Bassett, Technical
Sup't and Metallurgist, American Brass Co., Waterbury, Conn. ;
Dr. Wm. F. Doerflinger, Consulting Chemist, 52 Beaver St., N. Y.
C. ; Dr. H. M. Kauf man, Gen'l M'g'r Mutual Chemical Co. of
America, 55 John St., New York; Dr. Chas. F. McKenna, Chem-
ical Engineer, 50 Church St., New York; Dr. A. C. Langmuir,
Chief Chemist, Marx and Rawolle, 9 Van Brunt St., Brooklyn, N.
Y. ; Dr. Chas. L. Parsons, Mineral Chemist, Bur. Mines, Washing-
ton, D. C. ; Dr. Geo. A. Prochazka, Gen'l M'g'r, Central Dye Stuff
and Chemical Co., Newark, N. J. ; Dr. Geo. D. Rosengarten,
Powers, Weightman and Rosengarten, Phila., Pa. ; Mr. A. M. Sabin,
Consulting Chemist, National Lead Co., 129 York St., Brooklyn,
N. Y.
To date the following work has been undertaken or completed :
1. Dr. Charles L. Parsons, Mineral Chemist of the Bureau of
Mines, Washington, D. C, reports that the Bureau's experts en-
gaged in studying mineral resources and utilization under instruc-
tions from Dr. J. A. Holmes, Director of the Bureau of Mines, are
noting health conditions and collecting information on occupational
diseases in chemical trades in so far as they relate to mining and
metallurgy. When funds are available, bulletins will be issued on
the subject from time to time.
2. Dr. Charles F. McKenna was retained by the Factory In-
vestigating Commission of the State of New York, as chemical
adviser to Dr. Charles M. Price, Medical Director, who supervised
the investigation of the Chemical Trades in New York State. Dr.
McKenna's work was associated with the manufacture of "com-
mercial acids."
49° Occiipational Diseases in Chemical Trades [April
3. Dr. Charles Baskerznil e prepared a report for the Factory
Investigating Commission of the State of New York on " Wood
alcohol."
These reports, which are n'ow in press and will soon be available,
contain suggestions for new legislation. Bills have been introduced
carrying these suggestions. Among them is one which involves
the appointment of a Chemical Engineer as one of the four members
of the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the proposed reorganized
Department of Labor.
N. Y.
In an editorial in the January number of the Biochemical
Bulletin, we referred briefly to the recent Organization of the
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, and
The Mathews plan ^^ommended to the attention of our readers the
for an American '' Mathews plan for the Organization of an
Biological Society American Biological Society." Our attitude
toward the establishment, and our feeling regarding the con-
sequences of the logical development, of the Federation were in-
dicated in that editorial. In pursuance of our purpose to facilitate
consideration and removal of the difficulties in the way of more
effective biological Organization in this country, we addressed, lata
this month, the following circular note to the members of four of
the leading biological societies :
The Biochemical Bulletin invites your attention to the Mathews
plan for the Organization of the American Biological Society (reprint
heretvithY and solicits a brief expression of your opinion regarding the
feasibility of the plan, for publication, with similar comment, in an early
issue of the Biochemical Bulletin.
As we go to press, replies to this letter are arriving with every
mail. We append copies of some of the responses that are typical
of the entire group already received. The remaining letters, to-
gether with all others received meanwhile, will be published in suc-
ceeding issues of the Bulletin, in the ho'pe that through this
agency the problems involved in more perfect federation or con-
solidation of biological societies will be fully exposed for discus-
" Reprint of the paper by Dr. Mathews on pages 261-268 of this volume
(1913, ii).
1913] Editoriais 491
sion and Solution at the next annual meetings of the organizations
most directly concerned.
John Hendley Barn hart, N. Y. Botanical Garden. It is an un-
pleasant task to criticize adversely any scheme which has f er its avovved
object the advancement of biological science in America. I must con-
fess, however, that I can see nothing in Prof. Mathews' proposal except
a new society and a new Journal, and I believe that we have already too
many of both. There may be a few men in America who are broad
enough (without being too shallow) to wish to receive currently Jour-
nals occupying such widely separated fields as the Joiirn. of Infec. Dis-
eases, the Psychological Rev., and the Botan. Gas.; but their number
must be few indeed. If ability to read all three of these Journals appre-
ciatively is the criterion of a " biologist," I greatly fear that there would
not be a sufficient membership to support an "American Biological
Society."
D. H. Bergey, Univ. of Penn. I am not in favor of the Organiza-
tion of any new societies at the present time unless it can be done
through the amalgamation of the societies in existence to-day. Even if
this can be done, I fear that it would make the new society so large and
unwieldy as to render the amalgamation undesirable because of its size.
The expense connected with membership in the societies already in ex-
istence forbids the encouragement of the Organization of new societies,
because the bürden is greater than it should be. In fact, in the last
two years I have feit obliged to resign from several societies in which
I had long held membership in order to accept membership in newer
societies, which I feit might be more beneficial to me ; but I do not feel
that I would care to resign from any additional societies for that reason,
unless those societies were to amalgamate in one large Organization,
such as is proposed for the Amer. Biolog. Soc'y.
H. BuNZEL, U. S. Dep't of Agric. I am strongly in favor of the
plan Professor Mathews suggests for the Organization of an Amer.
Biolog. Soc'y.
Theo. C. Burnett, Univ. of Cal. The idea of an Amer. Biolog.
Soc'y is a good one. Can you be sure of the financial scheme? It
looks to me a little doubtful.
A. J. Carlson, Univ. of Chicago. A greater coördination of the
biological interests of the country is certainly desirable. The only
question at issue is the most efficient or practical way of bringing it
492 Mathews Plan for American Biological Society [April
about. I think we must face the fact that the special societies have
not only come to stay, but that specialization will increase as the years
go by. There is strength in smaller organizations of men of similar
training and aim not found in larger and more heterogeneous societies.
There wonld be little gained and much lost by Converting the present
special societies into sections of a general Organization. In my opinion
the Biolog. See. of the Amer. Chem. Soc'y is not as effective as the
Amer. Soc. of Biolog. Chemists. It seems to me that the essentials
hoped for by the Organization of an all-inclusive Biolog. Soc'y, namely
Cooperation and encouragement in biological research, would be se-
cured — so far as mere Organization will secure it — by a Federation
similar to that recently effected between the physiologists, the bio-
chemists, and the pharmacologists. Such a federation would leave the
present societies intact, but it would bring us all together at our annual
meetings, thus affording opportunities for personal control and facili-
tating concerted action in matters of general scientific or public interest.
I do not favor the starting of a new Biolog. Abstract Jour. The
Centr. f. Biochem. u. Bioph. is already on the ground. To duplicate
abstract Journals is waste of energy and money.
The figures showing how we may, by increasing the subscription list
froni 500 to 1,500 or 2,000, cut the price of some thirteen of our biolog-
ical Journals in half seem too good to be true. I would have been more
convinced by these figures, had they been submitted by the respective
publishers. Most biologists, undoubtedly, feel obliged to subscribe for
Journals that they actually cannot afford to take. But I do not think
that even a considerable increase in the subscription lists would go far
enough as a remedy. The number of subscribers to the Amer. Jour.
of Physiol. is increasing, and so is the price of the Journal. Our re-
search Journals must be subsidized or endowed. The attempt to run
them as seif supporting (or paying) propositions retards scientific
progress.
The Suggestion that men of no Standing as biologists, but who have
sufficient means and public spirit to pay annual dues of $25.oo-$40.oo,
be elected to membership in the proposed Biolog. Soc'y is contrary to
the best tradition of all the present societies, with the possible exception
of the anatomists. These societies are primarily organizations of re-
search men. The qualification for membership is not willingness or
ability to pay the dues, but scientific attainments. I think a reorgani-
zation involving the abandoning of this ideal would be fatal. We see
thepractical results of such a policy in the Virtual demise of several^^c-
I9I3] Editorials 493
tions of the A. A. A. S. Personally, I would rather ask men of means
and public spirit to endow our research Journals, than invite them to
" pay the f reight " in the form of society dues.
A. Carrel, Rockefeiler Institute. Your letter of April 30th was
duly received. I was very much interested to hear about Dr. Mathews'
scheme. I shall give the matter ripe consideration and will write you
again when I have had the time to do so.
E. G. CoNKLiN, Princeton Univ. I have read with very great in-
terest the plan for the Organization of theAmer. Biolog. Soc'y, proposed
by Albert P. Mathews, a reprint of which you recently sent me. I am
in hearty accord with the plan at almost every point. It seems to me
that some such Organization as this is necessary, not only to avoid the
extremely narrow specialization into which biology is now falling, but
also for the promotion of biology in general, and of its various sub-
divisions in particular. If there is any serious objection to the loss of
autonomy on the part of the various societies which are asked to coöp-
erate, this difficulty might be overcome by granting the societies füll
autonomy in the matter of their membership and meetings, the general
Biolog. Soc'y being a federation of the existing special societies. I
shall be very glad to do all in my power to advance this or some similar
plan which is greatly needed at present and which I am convinced the
future will find indispensable.
C. B. Davenport, Station for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring
Harhor, L. I. Before starting the Biolog. Abstract Jour. it would seem
to be desirable to figure upon what it would involve in scope, number
of pages per year and editorial work. As science does not recognize
international boundaries, it would seem necessary to include abstracts
of all papers published in all countries, and this would lead to over-
lapping of work, as we have already excellent abstracts in Physiol.
Centr., Zool. Anseig., Zool. Record, Jusfs Bot. Jahresb., etc. If there
is any part of the field not covered, it might be better to concentrate on it.
Bradley M. Davis, Univ. of Penn. It seems to me that the biolo-
gists are far more diversified in their interests than are the chemists
and that it would be correspondingly more difficult to organize them
satisfactorily into a single society. Many men would not care to pay
the heavy dues when their interests are chiefly centered in one Journal
or at most a small group of Journals. It would be very difficult to
hold the interests together and what is now well done by the enthusiasm
of each group separately would be poorly done when brought under an
Organization in common.
494 Matlwws Plan for American Biological Society [April
We are working definitely towards a closer affiliation of the biolog-
ical societies as witnessed by the arrangements for the meeting next
winter in Philadelphia when all of the societies will be together except
the Bacteriologists and Botanists. This is distinct progress and it
would seem to me best to give the present arrangements a longer trial
before considering a plan so complicated as that proposed by Dr.
Mathews. I am most heartily in favor of a close affiliation of the bio-
logical societies but believe that we shall make our best progress along
the present lines of development.
Martin H. Fischer, Univ. of Cincinnati. In answer to your letter
relative to the Organization of an Amer. Biolog. Soc'y permit me to
say that I think the plan as suggested in Dr. Mathews' article is not
alone a necessary one, but a feasible and good one. I hope that you
will be successful in bringing about such needed reform.
G. W. Fitz, Peconic, Suffolk Co., N. Y. I am heartily in favor of
the Mathews plan of Cooperation to reduce the cost of the various
Journals to a more reasonable basis.
R. A. GoRTNER, Station for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring
Harbor, L. I. I am heartily in favor of the Mathews plan for the
amalgamation of the existing biological societies into one great Organi-
zation. Any means by which greater Cooperation can be obtained is to
be approved. The Biolog. Abstract Jour. would be a most welcome
addition to our library, and would supply a need that I have often feit.
Personally I should prefer to see the membership fee $io or $12 and
to receive the Abstract Jour. and say two others, with the privilege of
securing more Journals by a graduated membership fee.
Chas. W. Greene, Univ. of Mo. I have read over again Dr.
Mathews' Suggestion for a larger Biolog. Soc'y. Without entering into
all the details I must say that the relations to Journal publications espe-
cially appeal to me. American biologists are paying too dearly for
their scientific publications. Any scheme such as this that will largely
increase the subscription lists with the corresponding decrease in cost
per volume is to be commended. In three of the leading biological
societies to which I belong I pay for membership and Journals, by the
present plan, from $23.00 to $28.00 per year, receiving four volumes.
The Journals do not allow plates outside of the cheaper process type.
Lithography is out of the question and even color process plates must
be paid for extra. There is also unnecessary duplication in the admin-
istrative expense of the societies. I am heartily in favor of any plan
1913] Editoriais 495
in which the membership of the society must subscribe for its technical
Journals.
WiNFiELD S. Hall, Northwestern Univ. Med. School. I have read
Dr. Mathews' plan for the Organization of the Amer. Biological Soc'y
and consider it: (i) Desirable on general grounds ; (2) feasible and
practical; (3) advisable.
V. E. Henderson, Univ. of Toronto. I very strongly approve of
the Mathews plan of reorganization of the biological societies, and
feel quite sure that some such arrangement as proposed should be made.
I am a little dubious as to whether the estimated costs of printing the
Journals are not underestimated, but feel sure that it should be possible
to so increase the subscription lists as to very greatly diminish their
cost. I have strongly urged, on several occasions, that the societies to
which I belong should insist upon all their members subscribing to the
Journal which represents the society. I think that until the Journals
are more widely taken by the members, it will be quite impossible to
develop a feeling of comaraderie which should prevail in the societies.
I would be very willing to do anything I can to help in this movement.
Yandell Henderson, Yale Univ. I am inclined to regard the plan
favorably, providing it will reduce the bürden of dues and subscrip-
tions ; otherwise I should oppose it.
A. W. Hewlett, Univ. of Mich. Your communication in regard
to the Organization of an Amer. Biolog. Soc'y received. I would per-
sonally favor a federation of the biological societies of the country simi-
lar to the federation recently established of societies for experimental
biology. The societies in the federation could hold meetings at the
same time and in the same city, the secretaries could equalize the pro-
grams, and possibly the federation agree to support a certain number
of Journals.
R. G. HosKiNS, Starling-Ohio Med. College. I am in receipt of
your request for an expression of opinion regarding the " Mathews
Plan." The plan as a whole does not appear feasible in that it proposes
to amalgamate interests too widely diverse — for instance, paleontology
and pharmacology. The proposed society would have little to recom-
mend it that is not shared by the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science
and there is no need for two such organizations. Indeed, signs of dis-
solution of the latter are not lacking — and from just such causes as
would be operative in the Mathews plan. As an effective working
Organization the proposed Federation of Experimental Biologists seems
49^ Mathews Plan for American Biological Society [April
preferable. Two of Mathevvs' proposals do, however, appeal to me:
those to establish a biological abstract Journal, and to seek endowments
for it and various existent periodicals devoted to the publication of
biological research. If the matter were properly brought to the atten-
tion of philanthropists who desire to support scientific research the
necessary money would doubtless be forthcoming.
Theodore Hough, Univ. of Va. I have been greatly interested in
the proposals of Dr. Mathews for the Organization of a Biolog. Soc'y
of Amer. Naturally there are many details which have a very material
bearing on the carrying out of such a scheme and these would have to
be worked out very carefully before the success of the plan can be
assured. The two great questions raised by Dr. Mathews' paper, as I
see them are, (i) the advisability and feasibility of organizing all lines
of biological work in the same manner as all kinds of chemical work
have been organized; and (2) the advisability and feasibility of the
Journal feature of the plan.
I fully believe in the importance of Organization of the various
specialties which are sufficiently cognate in their subject matter to form
a sufficiently homogeneous group. This condition of success was real-
ized in the Amer. Chem. Soc'y and also in the Amer. Med. Assoc.
Whether it can be realized among the biologists I am not quite so sure.
The biological scientists have, perhaps more than the chemists or phy-
sicians, double allegiances. Anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, neu-
rology are as closely related to the medical group as they are to zoology,
botany, and psychology. Psychology is as closely related to pedagogics
as to botany or infectious diseases. When this is the case I think it an
open question whether the " chaos " of which Dr. Mathews speaks is
an undesirable condition. Sometimes it is desirable — despite disad-
vantages, of course ; sometimes it is not desirable. How it is in the
present case at the present time I am unable to decide. But I do think
the question should be very seriously considered by representatives of
the various groups ; for I think that the establishment of larger groups
of sufficiently homogeneous subjects should go on as rapidly as possible
to increase the influence of science in our national life.
As to the Journal feature, I cannot quite see how the proposed
scheme will success fully finance it. The estimate is that 500 copies of
each of the Journals mentioned will cost $50,000.00 to publish, while
the scheme of dues calls for an income of some $60,000.00. But for
each of the 2000 members to receive all these Journals will mean the
publication of 2000 copies of each, not 500. The additional 1500 copies
1913] Editoriais 497
of each Journal would mean at least an average of $700 to $9CXD — for
each Journal — and the higher figure would probably be the only safe
average one, since many of these Journals publish more than one volume
per year. This alone would add $i5,o<X).oo to the expense of publi-
cation, and make a deficit of $5000.00 on the Journal scheme alone,
leaving nothing for the salaries of ofiicers, and office expenses of the
association as a whole or of its constituent societies.
It may be a contribution to the question to say that of the Journals
listed I subscribe at present to two, the annual cost of these being ap-
proximately $25 per year. At times in the past I have subscribed to
four others, but have discontinued these subscriptions because I had
to use that money to get foreign physiological Journals zvhich onr Uni-
versity lihrary does not supply. I imagine that many members of these
societies are in the same position as myself ; $25.00 or $30.00 per year
is all that they can afford on American Journals. They cannot sub-
scribe to those outside their own line of work, because they must have
the foreign Journals in that line of work and their universities do not
furnish them a complete set. I may add that my own expenditure for
physiological Journals (including the Ergebnisse) exceeds $120.00 per
year, and of the assumed 2000 members I doubt whether 200 could
afford this expenditure. If this is at all representative, the dues cannot
be placed at a higher figure and, as I have shown above, these dues do
not seem to cover the cost of publication which would be required.
May I add that it seems to me that there is presented here a most
attractive field to men of means who desire to aid in the advancement
of American science ; namely, that of furnishing to the libraries of the
universities of the country the Journals in the subjects studied in those
universities. Many of the great universities of course have these Jour-
nals ; many others doing good work, and subscribing to all they can
afford, are unable for lack of means to subscribe to all. The university
subscription might be supplemented so that each American university
could offer its faculty and students the original work done in the past.
Such a gift would have permanent value as few others would ; it would
advance science, and it would make the results of scientific work ac-
cessible to a far greater number of students.
W. H. HowELL, Johns Hopkins Univ. I have read the Mathews
plan for the Organization of the Amer. Biolog. Soc'y with great interest.
The plan to publish a Biolog. Abstract Jour. seems to me well worth
while, but I should think that this end might be accomplished without
constructing the machinery of a new society with annual meetings,
498 Mathews Plan for American Biological Society [April
reading of papcrs, etc. Most of us I believe realize that we belong to
too many societies. It is not possible to put a genuine interest and
Cooperation into all of them, except in the matter of paying dues, and
the result I fancy is that a selection is made of a few, perhaps one or
tvvo, in whose work one can actively participate. So far as the encour-
agement of productive work is concerned, I am convinced that more
good is done by the small specialized societies than by the more general
ones, the congresses, etc. The latter may be useful in improving the
public at large, but they do not permit the same opportunities for inti-
mate and informal and stimulating contact of one worker with another.
We have so many general societies now, that I do not contemplate
with pleasure the formation of another. Therefore, as I said at the
beginning, I shouldmuchprefer to see an Organization formed to launch
the Abstract Jour. and perhaps to finance the other Journals, which shall
be simply a business aflfair rather than a society for meetings.
Ida H. Hyde, Univ. of Kau. A properly conducted " Amer. Biolog.
Abstract Jour." published biweekly, similar to the Zentr. f. Physiol.,
would prove a valuable aid. It might be the organ of several societies ;
not only for abstracts of papers, but notices and advertisements of a
purely scientific nature. The plan as I understand it, as outlined by
Dr. Mathews, is too expensive to appeal to the majority of scientists,
I fear.
D. E. Jackson, Wash. Univ. Med. School. I am deeply impressed
not only with the feasibility but also with the very great desirability
that some such plan as that proposed by Prof. Mathews should be put
into effect in this country. The vastly increased momentum and pene-
trating power which much of our scientific work would receive would
certainly yield valuable results. It seems to me that arrangements
might be made whereby at least one foreign publication, probably the
Jour. of Physiol., might be included in the subscription list.
Edwin O. Jordan, UnizK of Chicago. I am heartily in favor of
some such plan of federation as that proposed by Professor Mathews.
The need for (i) the union of all biological interests, (2) a Biolog.
Abstract Jour. and (3) some method of reducing the cost of scientific
periodicals and the cost of management of scientific societies is more
urgent today than it was five years ago.
C F. Langworthy, U. S. Dept. of Agric. Perhaps I do not appre-
ciate the needs of the Situation, but it seems to me that it is more desir-
able to strengthen existing societies than to form new ones. As the
1913] Editoriah 499
matter Stands, any person whose interests are at all broad has the oppor-
tunity to join a fairly large number of societies and associations, each
of which has something to offer. Local associations, which will bring
men together, are of undoubted value, but I have a feeling that multi-
plying the number of national societies is less desirable than strengthen-
ing and enlarging the scope of existing bodies.
J. J. R. Macleod, Western Reserve Univ. I am heartily in favor
of the formation of some such Biological Society as Mathews suggests.
Before further steps are taken, hovvever, I think that a very compre-
hensive canvass should be made of those who would likely be members,
in Order to ascertain (i) What annual subscription they would be
willing to guarantee; (2) what Journals they would take; (3) whether
they think the scheme advisable.
W. J. MacNeal, A^. Y. Post-Grad. Med. School. The plan out-
lined by Professor Mathews for the Organization of the Amer. Biolog.
Soc'y deserves careful consideration, which I am unable to give to it
at present. The biological societies and publications are already so
numerous that the problem is much more complex than that of organ-
izing the Amer. Chem. Soc'y. I hope that the project may meet with
success.
Gustav Mann, Tidane Univ. In reply to your letter regarding the
Mathews plan for the Organization of an Amer. Biolog. Soc'y, I wish
to express my complete sympathy with this movement, as the spreading
of interest in biological problems will make people realize that biology
is a question of chemistry and physics and of nothing eise, and thus will
allow the Substitution of knowledge for dogma. I understand the two
main objects to be (i) the establishment of an Abstract Jour. which
will help not only the members of such a society but also many univer-
sities which at present are not in a position to subscribe to every Jour-
nal, and thereby to make it possible for teachers to keep abreast with
the work which is being done all over the world. (2) The second aim
of consolidating the different Journals and so obtaining them at a
cheaper rate is one of almost equal importance.
I should like to make the following suggestions: that if the Amer.
Biolog. Soc'y be organized, let there be some arrangement, with the
consent of each society, whereby, for example, more purely chemical
questions should be taken out of the Jonr. of Physiol. and placed in the
Jour. of Biolog. Chem., and that papers dealing with neurological prob-
lems should be taken out of the Jour. of Anat. and be placed in the Jour.
of Compar. Neuro!., etc.
500 Mathews Plan for Amerkan Biological Society [April
Since Professor Loeb and myself started applying the principles of
physical chemistry and colloidal chemistry to biology as a whole and to
physiological chemistr}* in particular, so much work has been done along
these special lines, that a separate chapter should be devoted to these
subjects in the Jour. of Abstracts, if it is not possible to run a Journal
along the same lines as the Zeit. f. Chem. u. Ind. d. Kolloide.
I realize the importance of getting money for putting the project
on a sound financial basis. I do not, however, like the idea of discrimi-
nating against foreign subscribers by making them pay the same rate
as libraries pay (see page 265 of Mathews' article, fifth line from the
bottom). It should be possible for foreigners to join the proposed
Amer. Biolog. SocV and to share all the advantages of this society.
Special stipulation should be made whereby libraries will be excluded
from membership.
I do not quite understand what is meant by a " Jour. of Biolog. In-
dustries." This might mean anything from the making of vaccines,
or filters, or patent medicines to shoe leather.
On the whole I believe that the Wistar Institute of Anatomy should
be given füll charge of all the publications of the proposed Amer.
Biolog. Soc'y and that all the Journals mentioned on page 264, including
the Biolog. Abstract Jour., should be available for $25.00 a year.
E. G. Martin, Harvard Med. School. I approve the Mathews plan
for a common Biolog. Soc'y in its general outline, and in the proposed
feature of a Biolog. Abstract Jour. If, incidentally, the cost of the
other Journals can be decreased, so much the better. I do not believe,
however, that the plan of a combined subscription for all the Journals
is good. No biologist who has access to a general library has shelf
room to give to thirteen Journals, half of which are wholly out of his
line, and most of the others of only occasional use.
J. F. McClexdox, Cornell Univ. Med. College. I would like to see
the " Mathews Plan " for an Amer. Biolog. Soc'y in Operation.
A. R. IMooRE, Univ. of Cal. The " plan for the Organization of the
Amer. Biolog. Soc'y " seems to me an excellent one. I shall be glad to
Support such a scheme most heartily.
Max Morse, Trinity College. The fact that other scientific groups
such as the chemists have been successful in organizing must not be
taken as a basis for believing that the biologists would be likewise suc-
cessful. The attempt which has been made in the past to correlate
biological societies has not been successful. This is due to the fact,
I9I3] Editorials 501
mainly, that the " pure " biologists will not coöperate with the workers
in applied lines and to a streng tendency, also, to subdivide the field
and segregate the investigators into their several societies. The chem-
ists are successful in that they associate the practica! with the pure
aspects of their science and it is principally the former group which
maintain the Organization, owing to their financial abilities being en-
hanced over those of the " pure " chemist. Could there be a Biologists'
Club maintained as successfully as the Chemists' Club on 41 st St., N.
Y. ? There might if the pure and applied departments would coöperate.
In much the same way, the biologists could maintain a national Organi-
zation if they coöperate with their " applied " brethren, who are often
more fully equipped with this world's goods than others. The first
thing to do is to found a national Organization with minimum dues,
after which the problem of an abstract and other Journals could be
taken up. As to the former, I should like to see the Zent. f. Zool. allg.
u. exper. Biolog., of the press of B. G. Teubner, subsidized and adapted
to Amer. readers, for it is already founded and organized. Whatever
is done, it is important to establish a paid permanent secretary-treasurer
with adequate ofifice assistance to correlate the various interests and to
take care of the financial and business end of the venture; then the
Journal question could be worked out when the data as to subscriptions,
dues, etc., are in.
Raymond C. Osburn, A^. F. Aquarium. I am heartily in favor of
any scheme that will bring the workers in the various fields of biolog-
ical research into closer touch. The Amer. Chemical Soc. is no longer
an experiment and a biological society based on a similar plan of Organi-
zation ought to be equally successful. Especially does the plan for
the Abstract Journal seem commendable, as there is nothing covering
this field and nothing could be more useful. Even if the plan were car-
ried no farther than the issuing of such a Journal it would be worth
while, and very much so, in my mind. Moreover, coming from the
ranks of the biological chemists, I believe there is more chance of such
a plan being successful than if it had emanated from the zoologists or
botanists, since biochemistry is more and more the common meeting
ground for all investigators.
William H. Park, N. Y. City Dep't of Health. I have read over
the Mathews plan for the Biolog. Soc'y. If it could be carried out, I
think it would make a most useful society. It seems to me, however,
that it will be very difficult to get the individual societies to merge them-
selves in the new one. Such a society as the Amer. Assoc. of Pathol.
502 Mathews Plan for American Biological Society [April
and Bacteriol. would probably prefer to keep separate, althongh it might
be better to iinite. It certainly is a most interesting proposition that
you submit for expression of opinion.
G. H. Parker, Hamard Univ. I approve of Mathews' plan in gen-
eral for the establishment of an Amer. Biolog. Soc'y and I would couple
with that the Suggestion that such a society should replace the " Natu-
ralists," in that this society might well be abolished and the Biolog. Soc'y
be made a new center for the smaller societies to gather round.
Richard M. Pearce, Univ. of Penn. I do not feel that I can truth-
fully say that I favor the plan which Dr. Mathews suggests for an
Amer. Biolog. Soc'y. The men in pathology, clinical medicine, and
surgery, who are interested in experimental pathology, are now f orming
an Organization to be known as the Soc. of Exper. Pathology. This
will meet at Christmas with the Amer. Physiol. Soc, the Soc. of Biolog.
Chem. and the Soc. for Pharmacol. and Exper, Therap. It will look
forward eventually to becoming a constituent member of the Federa-
tion of the Amer. Societies for Exper. Biology.
This affiliation will give all these groups a point of contact with
the physiologists, chemists and pharmacologists at Christmas, and, on
the other band, in the Spring it will have a point of contact with the
Assoc. of Pathol. and Bacteriol. and the Assoc. of Amer. Physicians.
Thus, all the needs of experimental pathology will appear to be served.
You See that with this arrangement there is little need for the forma-
tion of other affiliations.
Raymond Pearl, Maine Agric. Exper. Station. It seems to me
that the plan of Prof. A. P. Mathews for the Organization of an Amer.
Biolog. Soc'y, to which attention was called in your circular letter, has
much to commend it. Personally I should very much like to see such
a consolidation of the various scattered biological societies accom-
plished. The point made by Professor Mathews that the present con-
dition of affairs renders the science of biology as a whole less effective
in the Community than it ought to be is a strong argument in favor of
affiliation.
Although in entire sympathy with the general features of the plan,
as outlined by Professor Mathews, I feel somewhat uncertain as to
whether it will be possible practically to bring about at the present time
any affiliation of the biological societies, which shall be at once widely
inclusive in its scope and closely articulated in its Organization — and
both of these things seem to be necessary if the plan is to have any real
1913] Editoriais 503
success. The primary reason for scepticism as to the possibility of
bringing about a successful affiliation of the sort proposed is that, his-
torically, it is a fact that various earHer attempts in the same direction
in this country have either failed at once, or at best had only a short
life. If the present plan, with its extensive publication program, is to
succeed, a reasonable assurance of permanency is necessary before even
a beginning can be made. Can a sufficiently dose agreement on mat-
ters of general and special policy be obtained in the different biological
societies to guarantee the necessary permanence to the undertaking?
There is one matter of detail to which attention should be called.
On page 262 of the Mathews paper Stands this sentence : " All persons
sufficiently interested in the progress of biology to pay the dues of the
Society should be eligible for membership." It should be noted that
this proposal is directly contrary to the rules of admission of many of
the existing biological societies which it is hoped to affiliate. To speak
more particularly of the Amer. Soc. of Zool., I think it altogether un-
likely that a majority of that society would favor making its only quali-
fications for membership " interest in the subject" and "ability to pay
the dues." This society has consistently maintained a high Standard
in regard to the qualifications necessary for membership. The reason
for this policy is, I take it, that the society is an Organization of pro-
fessional zoologists desirous of meeting together to discuss the more
technical phases of their subject. There are a vast lot of people in the
country who are decidedly interested in one phase or another of zoology
who would neither be able to get any particular profit themselves out
of the meetings of the Amer. Soc. of Zool., nor to contribute anything
of especial interest or value to those meetings (so far as concerns the
present professional members). Yet it is on just that class of "gen-
erally interested " membership that the main financial foundation of
the Amer. Biolog. Soc'y would rest, if I correctly Interpret Professor
Mathews' fiscal policy.
If it be urged that the Amer. Chem. Soc'y is an example of the suc-
cessful Operation of a scientific society without special requirements
for membership beyond an interest in the subject, it is fair to point out
that there is a real difference between chemistry and biology in regard
to this point. To be a chemist of whatever sort or degree, or even to
be interested in chemistry, implies some technical knowledge and expe-
rience with the fundamentals of the science. Interest in biology carries
no such implications. There are a great many people who are, or think
they are, interested in biolog}-' who have not the slightest real knowl-
504 Mathews Plan for American Biological Society [April
edge of the fundamentals (speaking in a technical sense) of any one
of the biological sciences. For these reasons it seems to me that the
Organization of an Amer. Biolog. Soc'y cannot proceed on quite the
same basis as the Organization of the Amer. Chem. Soc'y.
I am in heartiest sympathy with the general features of the pro-
posed plan and shoiild very much like to see an arrangement worked
out whereby there could be a closer affiliation between the various bio-
logical societies of the country than now exists.
" Pharmacologist." I feel that there is a great need for an ab-
stract Journal of a somewhat different field from that suggested. One,
namely, that would mention or abstract all articles dealing with the
administration of drugs to animals (and man), including in its scope,
pharmacology, toxicology, therapeutics and veterinary medicine. Arti-
cles dealing merely with the treatment of disease and not treating of
the Physiologie action of the drug should merely be indexed. Pharmacy
and the chemistry of drugs should be included as far as such articles
were of scientific interest. The action of antiseptics on germs in vitro
could better be left out as they are handled elsewhere. Local action
of drugs need not be considered when it is merely action on a parasite,
or cleansing, etc. Salt action should be included as well as articles
dealing with the physics of absorption, etc. (where absorption of drugs
is implied). None of the Centralblatts or other Journals cover this
field in a way which is at all satisfactory and such a Journal should
have a widespread demand.
E. W. Rockwood, State Univ. of loiva. While I should certainly
favor any plan which would advance biological interests, I am not cer-
tain that the Mathews plan would be the best. The case of the Amer.
Chem. Soc'y is not a parallel one. When that was organized, and for
a great many years afterwards, there were no strong societies occupy-
ing any part of the field. There are a number of them in biology and
the field is not only covered but perhaps more than covered, that is,
their work overlaps in many instances. In the Amer. Chem. Soc'y,
membership in the society carries with it membership in all sections
and divisions. I do not think there is any chance of such an arrange-
ment prevailing in a Biolog. Society. In other words the present or-
ganizations would keep their identity and we should have a rather loose
affiliation.
I do not think there is any possibility of the majority of the mem-
bership of 2000 being willing to pay $25 to $30 per year to receive all
I9I3] Editorials 505
the Journals listed. Most of the men eligible for membership are prob-
ably connected with some Institution where the Journals are on file and
while many would like all of them, more would regard it as an unneces-
sary expense. At $10 for a good Abstract Jour., with one or two
others, more men would think the object worth while.
I should want the estimated costs of Journals worked out by experts
in such lines. From a number of years' experience in the Council of
the Amer, Chem, Soc'y I have found that it is the easiest thing in the
World to overestimate resources in advance, and that, where in advance
it seems certain that a certain membership at a certain rate will leave a
comfortable margin, in retrospect it is apt to be found that the expenses
have an uncomfortable way of mounting faster than the income.
All this does not mean that I am opposed to a general society. If
the majority, or a large number, of biological workers do want it, I
think it should be delegated to a larger committee to go more into
detail, utilizing the experience of others, like the Amer. Chem. Soc'y.
ToRALD Sollmann, Western Reserve Univ. In reply to your in-
quiry as to Mathews' plan, it seems to me that object i is already accom-
plished by the formation of the Federation of Amer. Societies for
Exper. Biology. I believe that this is as far as it is necessary to go
at present. In my opinion it would be a great mistake to increase the
expense of the societies to their members. Every such increase would
make membership, and attendance at the meetings, more difficult to
some men. It seems to me more desirable that the members should
attend the meetings than that they should receive additional Journals,
to which they generally have access in the departmental libraries.
Colin C. Stewart, Dartmoiith Med. School. — I do not know how
I can any better show my hearty approval of the Mathews plan than by
promising my füll subscription as soon as the scheme may go into
Operation. The need for something of the nature of "Biolog. Abstracts,"
the bürden of subscription expenses (or what is worse, the necessity
of doing without Journals), and the number of Journals, grow greater
year by year.
Edward L. Thorndike, Teachers College, Columbia Univ. I think
some such plan as the Mathews plan is desirable. You should include
the new Joiir. of Animal Behavior. Also I think $5,000 a year should
be allowed to pay for the actual reviews written for the "Abstracts."
J. L. ToDD, McGill Univ. If the enormous difficulties in the way of
consolidating and operating the societies with biological interests could
5o6 Mathcivs Plan for American Biological Society [April
be satisfactorily overcome, the proposed merger would doubtless prove
usefui and economical.
H. W. WiLEY, Bureau of Foods, Sanitation and Health, Wash-
ington, D. C. I have read with interest the plans for the reorganiza-
tion of the American biological societies, or perhaps better the Organiza-
tion of an Amer. Biolog. Soc'y. Of course the term " Biological" is a
most comprehensive one and would practically include every science or
activity relating to live organic processes. More particularly I suppose
it would include those sciences enumerated under " Details of Organi-
zation." If all these societies could be united into one great Organiza-
tion, it would be highly desirable.
The scheme proposed is very much like that which has made the
Amer. Chem. Soc'y the great Organization which it is. I am especially
favorable to the establishment of local sections and the scheme of
affiliation of the present societies. I should think that all the Journals
that are published ought to be collected into one Journal as has already
partly been done with the chemical publications of the country.
This method is favorably commented upon by Dr. Mathews on page
262 of the proposed plan of Organization. I believe that the Organiza-
tion of such a Society would promote efficiency and economy. I think
the two thousand members would come over easily if the plan of
affiliation were agreed upon ; and especially I believe that the cost of the
literature would be materially reduced. Upon the whole I am quite
favorably impressed with the proposed plan.
F. C. Wood, Columbia Univ. — In answer to your request for a dis-
cussion of the Mathews plan for the Organization of an Amer. Biolog.
Soc'y, I would say that anything which will lead to a concentration of
the widely scattered interests in biology will have my hearty approval.
We already have too many small societies and do not give them suffi-
cient Support. There would be many advantages in the proposed
Biolog. Soc'y becoming the Biolog. See. of the Assoc. for the Adv. of
Science, but I think there would have to be some line of cleavage inside
the Biolog. Soc'y; that is, experimental medicine, pharmacology, pa-
thology, and bacteriology might form one group, taking over the mem-
bership of the Assoc. of Amer. Pathol. and Bacteriol. and the Soc. of
Amer. Bacteriol., and of a recently formed Soc. for the Promotion of
Scientific Med., and preventing the formation of a proposed Soc. for
Exper. Pathology.
Anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry could form another group;
and zoology, botany, and psychology ( ?) a third. No one wants to
1913] Editoriais 507
wade through or pay for Journals in which he is not interested, and
the zoologists and botanists are such proHfic gentlemen that the Journal
might be swamped with their productions. The Assoc, of Amer.
Pathol. and Bacteriol. already has an excellent Journal, the Jour. of
Med. Research, which it partly supports, and which might serve as a
nucleus for further expansion, I do not doubt that you would have
very considerable financial support from societies like the New York,
Philadelphia, and Chicago Pathological Societies, if a good Journal
were published under the auspices of the Biolog. Soc'y in which their
proceedings could appear. We have at present in this country no Jour-
nal which can afford to take important papers with many illustrations
on purely morphological pathology, and the time is coming when we
shall need a good abstract Journal on physiology, pharmacology, bac-
teriology, and pathology ; but there would be absolutely no profit in it
and it would be very expensive to run. The German Situation is, as
you know, perfectly hopeless. New Journals are appearing every few
months and no one can afford to subscribe for them all. Many of the
articles published are of poor quality and, as the good ones are scat-
tered through many Journals, it is almost impossible to have access to
them all except through a library.
Anything which would lead to a fusion of Journals, and increase the
interest in society meetings would meet with my hearty approval. Any-
thing which would lead to the establishment of new Journals paralleling
those already in existence would, I think, be distinctly a step backwards,
and would postpone the time when America can stand on its own feet
in those special phases of biology such as experimental pathology, bac-
teriology, and pharmacology.
Robert W. Yerkes, Harvard Univ. I have read with keen interest
both your letter and the Mathews plan for the Organization of an
Amer. Biolog. Soc'y. Some three or four years ago I discussed this
general subject with Dr. Mathews and at that time, as now, I was enthu-
siastically in favor of attempting to do something in the directions indi-
cated by your circular.
I desire to express myself as eager for the carrying out of some
such plan as Dr. Mathews has outlined, and I should hope that we
might go even further than he has suggested in that we should organize
a scientific press for the handling of our biological Journals. I stand
ready to subscribe thirty dollars ($30) a year at any time as member-
ship dues, and I think I might be willing to pay even fifty dollars ($50),
supposing that all of the Amer. biolog. Journals were supplied and I
5o8 Plan for American Biological Society [April
were relieved from membership dues in several biological societies to
which I belong. There would, I am sure, be somewhere between
fifteen and twenty Journals that would have to be included in our com-
plete list.
I wish you would regard me as an enthusiastic supporter of the idea
and one who is willing to further it.
Woman's cause is man's; they rise or sink
Antigens together, dwarfed or godlike, bond or free. —
Tennyson.
In healing men, as in other lines o£ industry, the first requisite
is to know hovv. To know how is the essence of science. — Jordan.
The great object in trying to understand history — political, re-
ligious, literary or scientific — is to get behind men and to grasp
ideas. — Acton.
The only important difference between the practical doctor and
the scientific doctor is that the patients of the practical doctor are
more likely to die. — Minot.
The most urgent problems of medical education to-day relate to
the teaching of the clinical subjects. It is the so-called theoretical
or laboratory subjects which are now taught most practically, whereas
the practical branches are taught most theoretically. — Welch.
It is the little fellow who struts, the minor actor who is worried
about the spot light, the man of small caliber who demands the chief
place at the feast. The gang foreman walks with an air; the Super-
intendent of the plant is too busy to give thought to the appearance
that he is making. — C. H. Esty.
The pursuit of fame is purely a gambling enterprise. If any
one has a mind to be famous, by all means let him " go to it " — ^this
is a free country ; but he ought clearly to keep in view the f act that
he is not engaged in legitimate or honest work but in an affair that
is wholly luck — as much so as if he were pursuing fortune at the
gaming tables of French Lick or Monte Carlo. There are no known
laws for becoming noted, even after the human race has been ex-
perimenting for generation after generation. If your card tums
up you win ; if the little ball stops on your number, you are it. That's
all. — Crane.
BOOKS RECEIVED
The BioCHEMiCAL Bulletin promptly acknowledges here the receipt of
publications presented to it. From time to time, selections will be made for
review on pages of the volume to be appropriately. indicated here. Reviews will
be matter-of-fact Statements of the nature and contents of the publications
referred to, and will be intended solely to guide possible purchasers. The
wishes or expectations of publishers or donors of volumes will be disregarded,
when they are incompatible with our convictions regarding the interests of our
colleagues. The sises of the printed pages are indicated, in inches, in the
appended notices.
Diabetes: Its pathological physiology. {One of the International Medical
Monographs.) By John J. R. Macleod, professor of physiology, Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, O. Pp. 224—4 X 7; $30O net. Edward Arnold, London;
Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1913.
Practical physiological chemistry. By Sidney W. Cole, demonstrator of
physiology, Trinity College, Cambridge. Third edition. Pp. 230 — 4 X 6>4 ; 7s.
6d. net. W. Keffer & Sons, Ltd., Cambridge, Eng., 1913.
Glycosuria and allied conditions. By P. J. Cammidge. Pp. 467 — 4X6^;
$4.50 net. Longmans, Green & Co., New York; Edward Arnold, London, 1913.
The Chemical Constitution of the proteins: Part II, Synthesis, etc. 2d ed.
(One of the Monographs on Biochemistry.) By R. H. A. Plimmer, Univ. reader
and ass't prof. of physiological ehem., Univer§ity Coli., London. Pp. 107 — 4^ X
71/2; $1.20 net. Longmans, Green & Co., 1913.
Studies from the Rockefeiler Institute for Medical Research. Volume
XVI; 1913. (29 reprints.)
CoUected papers: Institute of Physiology, University College, London.
Edited by Ernest H. Starling, Jodrell professor of physiology. Volume XVII;
1912-13. (32 reprints.)
CoUected papers: Physiological Laboratory, Kings' College, University
of London. Edited by W. D. Halliburton, professor of physiology. Volume
XII;i9i3. (12 reprints.)
Sigma Xi Quarterly. No. i. Vol. i (March, 1913)- Pp- 30. Editorial
committee: J. McK. Cattell, D. C. Miller, H. B. Ward, S. W. Williston. Pub-
lished by the Society of the Sigma Xi, H. B. Ward, corresponding secretary,
Champaign, 111.
Bulletin of the American Home Economics Association. No. i, Series i
(Nov., 1912). PubHshed quarterly by the American Home Economics Associa-
tion, Benjamin R. Andrews, secretary, 525 W. I20th St., New York City.
CoUected papers: Laboratory of physiological chemistry, Sheffield Sci-
entific School, Yale University. 1911-1912. (35 reprints.)
Practical physiological chemistry. A book designed for use in courses in
practical physiological chemistry in schools of medicine and of science. By
Philip B. Hawk, professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology in the
Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. Fourth edition, revised and en-
larged. Pp. 475— 4J^ X 8 ; $2.50 net, P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., Philadelphia,
1912.
The protein dement in nutrition. (One of the International Medical Mono-
graphs.) By Major D. McCay, professor of physiology, Medical College, Cal-
cutta. Pp. 216 — 4X7, with 8 füll page portraits of human subjects; $2.00 net.
Longmans, Green and Co., New York; Edward Arnold, London, 1912.
Oxidations and reductions in the animal body. (One of the Monographs
on Biochemistry.) By H. D. Dakin, The Herter Laboratory, New York. Pp.
135 — ^41/^X8; $1.40 net. Longmans, Green and Co., 1912.
Researches on cellulose. III (1905-1910). By C. F. Gross and E. J. Bevan.
Pp. 173 — 3y2X6; $2.50 net. Longmans, Green and Co., 1912.
OFFICERS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1912-1913*
OFFICIAL REGISTER, MAR. 31, 1913
William J. Gies: Professor and Chairman of the Staff; Consulting chemist,
New York Botanical Garden ; Pathological chemist, First Division, Bellevue
Hospital; Member of the Faculties of N. Y. Teachers College and N. Y.
College of Pharmacy. [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1893 and M.S., 1896; Ph.B.,
Yale University, 1894 and Ph.D., 1897. Instructor, i898-'o2; adjunct Pro-
fessor, 1902-05; Professor, 1905-.]
Paul E. Howe: Assistant Professor. [B.S., University of Illinois, 1906; A.M.,
1907 and Ph.D., 1910. Assistant Professor, 1912-.]
Alfred P. Lothrop: Associate and De partmental Registrar. [A.B., Oberlin,
1906 and A.M., 1907; Ph.D., Columbia, 1909. Assistant, i9o8-'o9; instructor,
i909-'i2; associate, 1912-.]
Nellis B. Foster: Associate; Associate Physician, New York Hospital; Chemist,
St. Luke's Hospital. [B.S., Amherst College, 1898; M.D., Johns Hopkins
University, 1902. Instructor, i9o6-'o8; associate, 1908-.]
Walter H. Eddy: Associate and Secretary of the Staff. [B.S., Amherst Col-
lege, 1898; A.M., Columbia, 1908 and Ph.D., 1909. Assistant, 1908-'! 0;
associate, 1910-.]
Herman O. Mosenthal: Associate; Assistant Attending Physician, Presbyterian
Hospital; Assistant Physician, Vanderbilt Clinic; Instructor in medicine.
[A.B., Columbia, 1899 and M.D., 1903. Assistant, I9o8-'o9; instructor, 1909-
'12; associate, 1912-.]
Emily C. Seaman: histructor. [B.S., Adelphi College, 1899; A.M., Columbia,
1905 and Ph.D., 1912. Tutor, i909-'io; instructor, 1910-.]
Max Kahn : Instructor ; Director of the chemical and physiological laboratories
of Beth Israel Hospital. [M.D., Cornell University Medical College, 1910;
A.M., Columbia, 1911 and Ph.D., 1912. Instructor, 1912-.]
Louis E. Wise: Instructor. [A.B., Columbia, 1907 and Ph.D., 1911. Instructor,
1912-.]
Edgar G. Miller, Jr. : Assistant, 1911-. [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1911.]
Frederic G. Goodridge: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Harvard University, 1897;
M.D., Columbia, 1901.]
Arthur Knudson : Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., University of Missouri, 1912.]
Ethel Wickwire: Assistant, 1912.-, [A.B., Tri-State College, 1909.]
TuLA L. Harkey: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Colorado College, 1909.]
Benjamin Horowitz: Assistant, 1913-. [B.S., Columbia, 1911 and A.M., 1912.]
Christian Seifert: Laboratory assistant, 1898-.
Stella Waldeck : Recorder, 1908-.
Blanche E. Shaffer: Laboratory assistant, summer Session, 1912.
Joseph S. Hepburn: University fellow, 1912-13. [A.B., Central High School,
Philadelphia, 1903 and A.M., 1908; B.S., University of Pennsylvania, 1907
and M.S., 1907.]
* The work of the department was inaugurated in October, 1898, by Prof.
R. H. Chittenden (lecturer and director), Dr. WilHam J. Gies (instructor),
Messrs. Alfred N. Richards and Allan C. Eustis (assistants), and Christian
Seifert (laboratory assistant).
COURSES OFFERED BY THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1912-13
(Abbrevtations: C, Conference; D, demonstration ; L, lecture; Lw, labora-
tory work; R, recitation.)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
51. Elementary ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. (First half year. Medical School.)
Introductory to course 102 (52). (Required of first year students of medkine.)
L, I hr. D, I hr. R, 2 hr., each section (2). Lw, 6 hr., each section (2). Profs.
Gies and Howe, Drs. Wise and Goodridge, and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
NUTRITION (PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY)
101(2) — Grad. General biological chemistry. A course in the elements
of normal nutrition. (All year. Medical School.) L, i hr. Lw, 7 hr. Prof.
Gies, Dr. Lothrop and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
101(2) — B. T. General biological chemistry. Specially adopted to the
needs of secondary school teachers of biology. {All year. Medical School.)
L, I hr. Lw, 4 hr. Dr. Eddy.
101:102 — ^T. C. General physiological chemistry. A course in the ele-
ments of normal nutrition. {Each half year. Teachers College, School of
Practical Arts.) L, 2hr. R, i hr., each section (2). Lw, 5 hr., each section (2).
Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and Misses Wickwire and Harkey. (This course is
designated " Chemistry 51 " and " Household Arts Education 125 " in the
Teachers College Announcement.)
This course is designated " Chemistry s 51 " in the Teachers College Division
of the Summer School Announcement. The course was given last summer by
Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and Miss Shaffer.
102 (52) — Med. General physiological chemistry. (Second half year.
Medical School.) A course in the elements of normal nutrition. (Required of
first year students of mediane.) L, 2 hr. R, i hr., each section (2). Lw, 6 hr.,
each section (2). Profs. Gies and Howe, Dr. Wise, and Messrs. Miller and
Knudson.
This course is designated " 5" — 104 " in the Medical Division of the Summer
School Announcement. It was given last summer by Prof. Gies and Dr. Smith.
104. General pathological chemistry. Lectures on nutrition in disease.
(Second half year. Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.) L, i hr. Prof.
Gies. (This course is designated "Chemistry 52" in the Teachers College An-
nouncement.)
209-210. Chemistry of nutrition. (All year. School of Pharmacy. Re-
quired of candidates for the Degree of Doctor of Pharmacy.) L, i hr. Prof.
Gies.
213-214. Advanced physiological chemistry, including methods of re-
search in nutrition. (All year. Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.)
L, I hr. Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Howe, Dr. Seaman and Mr. Horowitz. (This course
is designated " Household Arts Education 127 " in the Teachers College An-
nouncement.)
217-218. BlOCHEMICAL methods OF RESEARCH, INCLUDING CLINICAL METHODS
and urinary analysis in GENERAL. (All year. Medical School.) L, i hr.
Lw, 7 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe, Dr. Lothrop, and Messrs. Miller and Hepburn.
219-220. Nutrition in health. A laboratory course in advanced physio-
logical chemistry. (All year. Medical School.) L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 hr. Profs.
Gies and Howe, and Dr. Lothrop.
Courses in Nutrition (continued)
221-222. Nutrition in Disease. A laboralory course in advanced patholog-
ical chemistry. {All year. Medical School.) L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 hr. Prof. Gies.
223-224. Nutrition in Disease. {All year. Medical School.) L, 1 hr.
Profs. Gies and Howe, and Drs. Foster, Mosenthal, Kahn and Goodridge.
225-226. Advanced physiological and pathological chemistry, including
ALL PHASES OF NUTRiTioN. {All year. Medical School.) Research. C, i hr.
(individual students). Lw, 16 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe, and Dr. Lothrop.
1
TOXICOLOGY
231-232. Effects and detection of poisons, including food preservatives
AND adulterants. {All year. Medical School.) Lw, 6 hr. Prof. Gies and
Mr. Miller.
BOTANY
235-236. Chemical physiology of plants. {All year. New York Botan-
ical Garden.) L, i hr. Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Gies.
BACTERIOLOGY
241-242. Chemistry of microorganisms: Fermentation s, putrefactions
and the behavior of enzymes. An introduction to sanitary chemistry. {All
year. Medical School.) L, i hr. Lw, 7 hr. Prof. Gies.
SANITATION
105. Sanitary chemistry. {Second half year. Teachers College, School
of Practical Arts). L, i hr. Lw, 3 hr. Dr. Seaman and Miss Harkey. (This
course is designated "Chemistry 57" and "Household Arts Education 129" in
the Teachers College Announcement.)
BIOCHEMICAL SEMINAR
301-302. Biochemical Seminar. {All year. Medical School.) i hr.
Prof. Gies.
RESEARCH IN BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Biochemical research may be conducted, by advanced workers, independently
or under guidance, in any of the departmental laboratories.
LABORATORIES FOR ADVANCED WORK IN BIOCHEMISTRY
The laboratories in which the advanced work of the biochemical department
is conducted are situated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Teachers
College, New York Botanical Garden and Bellevue Hospital. Each laboratory
is well equipped for research in nutrition and all other phases of biological
chemistry.
BIOCHEMICAL LIBRARY
Prof. Gies' library occupies a room adjoining the main biochemical labora-
tory at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and is accessible, by appoint-
ment, to all past and present workers in the Department.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
The Biochemical Association holds scientific meetings regularly on the first
Fridays in December, February and April, and on the first Monday in June.
These meetings are open to all who may be interested in them.
SUMMER SCHOOL COURSES
Summer session courses are mentioned in the foregoing references to
Courses 101-102 and 102 (52). Prof. Gies will have charge of both courses next
summer. He will also conduct a special lecture course in nutrition. The labora-
tories will be open for research throughout the summer.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Professional Assistance Offered to Biological Chemists
The Columbia University Biochemical Association will be glad to
coöperate confidentially with all who desire the Services of biological
chemists and with all who seek positions in biological chemistry.
Address inquiries to William J. des, 43 j West sgth St., New York.
Joumalistic
New JOURNAL. Physiological Researches. To appear at irregulär
intervals. Edited by Burton E. Livingston, Manager, Johns Hopkins
University ; Daniel T. MacDougal, Carnegie Institution of Washington ;
Herbert M. Richards, Columbia University. " The recent rapid advance
of physiological science has been accompanied by a realization of the
Community of interest and uniformity of method which characterize the
physiology of plants and of animals, and it has seemed highly desirable
that the general physiological field thus indicated should possess an
organ of publication in which its more comprehensive and technical
papers might appear. This need is emphasized by the fact that pres-
ent facilities for publication in physiology are generally taxed beyond
their capacity and papers are consequently subject to long delays in
appearance. It has therefore been decided to inaugurate a new series
of scientific papers which will embrace contributions towards the
advance of fundamental physiological knowledge."
" The plan of publication of the new series, for which the title of
Physiological Researches has been adopted, is one in which practical
ownership is vested in the contributors. It is hoped that the project
will receive the interest and support of biologists of all classes. ^ (Each
volume will contain about 450 pages ; each number will contain but a
Single contribution ; and the numbers will be issued irregularly) . Pub-
lication of the first contribution may be expected in a short time. Sub-
scriptions will be received by the volume, the price being $5.00 per
volume, payable in advance. Subscriptions to volume I, which are
received prior to the date of publication of the first research, may be
made at the reduced price of $4.00. At the date of the appearance of
the first research the price will automatically become the regulär one.
Remittances should be made payable to Physiological Researches, and
all correspondence should be addressed to Physiological Researches,
Station N, Baltimore, Maryland, U. S. A." (Editors' announcement.)
Reduced subscription price of the Journal of Biological
Chemistry. The directors of the Journal of Biological Chemistry have
announced that "beginning with the February issue of 1913 (Vol. 14,
No. i) the subscription price of the Journal to domestic subscribers
will be reduced f rom $4.00 to $3.00 per volume ; to f oreign subscribers,
$3.25. Any one engaged in biochemical work who subscribes for the
Journal at this rate (beginning with Vol. 14) may secure Volumes 1-13
for $20.00, plus cost of transportation. The price at which a complete
set has hitherto been sold is $50.00. Subscribers for the Journal who
wish to complete their files may secure early volumes for $1.50 each,
plus cost of transportation. Address : Alfred N. Richards, Secretary,
University of Pennsylvania.
Meetings of Societies and Congresses
Tenth International Congress of Agriculture: Ghent, Bel-
gium, June 8-13. Secretary-general, Dr. P. de Vtiyst, 22 Avenue des
Germaines, Brüssels. American committee: Dr. L. O. Howard, mem-
ber of the International Commission on Agriculture and chief of the
Bureau of Entomology; and Dr. A. C. True, director, Mr. John Ham-
ilton, specialist in farmers' institutes, Dr. C. F. Langworthy, chief of
nutrition investigations and Dr. J. I. Schulte, assistant agriculturist, of
the Office of Experiment Stations.
Second International Congress for the Teaching of House-
hold Economy: Ghent, Belgium, June. General Secretary, Miss
Deleu, 19 Rue Willems, Brüssels.
Third International Congress of the Associations of Agri-
CULTURAL Women: Ghent, Belgium, June. General Secretary, Miss
Van Aarschot, 38 Rue du Pepin, Brüssels.
American Medical Association, Annual meeting: Minneapolis,
Minn., June 17-20. General secretary, Geo. H. Simmons, 535 Dear-
born Ave., Chicago.
General Meeting of the International Association of Botan-
ists : Copenhagen, June 27. Secretary-general, J. P. Lotsy, Haarlem,
Holland.
CONGRES INTERNATIONAL POUR LA PROTECTION DE l'eNFANCE:
Brüssels, July 23-26. General Secretary, Henry Jaspar, 93 Avenue
de la Toison d'Or, Brüssels.
Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine: London,
Aug. 6-12. General secretary, Dr. W. P. Herringham, 13 Hinde St.,
London, W.
FouRTH International Congress on School Hygiene: BuflFalo,
N. Y., Aug. 25-30. Secretary-general, Prof. Thomas A. Storey, Col-
lege of the City of New York.
Ninth International Physiological Congress : Groningen, Hol-
land, Sept. 2-6. American Secretary, Prof. W. T. Porter, Harvard
Medical School.
Third International Congress of Refrigeration : Washington,
D. C, Sept. 15 (opening meeting) ; Chicago, Sept. 17-23 (business
and scientific meetings). Secretary-general, Mr. J. F. Nickerson, 431
So. Dearborn St., Chicago.
The Biochemical Bulletin
The Biochemical Bulletin is a quarterly biochemical review.
It publishes results of original investigations in biological chemistry
and presents miscellaneous items of personal and professional in-
terest to chemical biologists. Original contributions to research,
preliminary reports of investigations, abstracts of papers, addresses.
reviews, descriptions of new methods and apparatus, practical sug-
gestions to teachers, biographical notes, historical sümmaries,
bibliographies, quotations, news items, proceedings of societies,
personalia, views on current events in chemical biology, etc., are
solicited.
Siihscription prices. Vol. I : $6.00 (No. i, $1.50 ; No. 2, $2.50 ;
No. 3, $2.00; No. 4, $1.50). Vol. II: $2.75 (domestic) ; $3.00
(foreign) ; $6.00 after July i, 1913 (No. 5, $1.25 ; No. 6, $1.00).
Remittances, manuscripts and correspondence should be addressed
to the Biochemical Bulletin, 437 West 59th St., New York City.
Vol. II
July, 1913
No. 8
Biochemical Bulletin
Edited, for the Columbia University Biochemical Association, by tho
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE:
HERMAN M. ADLER.
JOHN S. ADRIANCE.
CARL L. ALSBERG,
D. B. ARMSTRONG,
CHARLES W. BALLARD.
LOUIS BAUMANN,
GEORGE D. BEAL,
STANLEY R. BENEDICT,
WM. N. BERG,
JOSEPHINE T. BERRY,
ISABEL BEVIER,
A. RICHARD BLISS,
CHARLES F. BOLDUAN,
SAMUEL BOOKMAN,
SIDNEY BORN,
J. BRONFEN BRENNER,
GERTRUDE S. BURLINGHAM,
RUSSELL BURTON-OPITZ,
A. T. CAMERON,
HERBERT S. CARTER,
ELLA H. CLARK,
ERNEST D. CLARK,
BURRILL B. CROHN,
LOUIS J. CURTMAN,
WILLIAM D. CUTTER,
C. A. DARLING,
NORMAN E. DITMAN,
EUGENE F. DuBOIS,
JAMES G. DWYER,
WALTER H. EDDY,
A. D. EMMETT,
ALLAN C. EUSTIS,
BENJ. G. FEINBERG,
RUTH S. FINCH,
HARRY L. FISHER,
KATHRYN FISHER.
NELLIS B. FOSTER,
C. STUART GAGER,
MARY C. de GARMO,
MARY E. GEARING,
SAMUEL GITLOW,
WILLIAM J. GIES, Treasurer,
A. J. GOLDFARB,
H. G. GOODALE,
F. G. GOODRIDGE.
ROSS A. GORTNER,
ISIDOR GREENWALD,
JAMES C. GREENWAY,
LOUISE H. GREGORY,
MARSTON L. HAMLIN,
R. F. HARE,
TULA L. HARKEY,
E. NEWTON HARVEY,
P. B. HAWK,
MICHAEL HEIDELBERGER,
JOSEPH S. HEPBURN,
ALFRED F. HESS,
BENJAMIN HOROWITZ,
PAUL E. HOWE, Secretary.
LOUIS HUSSAKOF,
HENRY H. JANEWAY.
MAX KAHN,
JOHN L. KANTOR,
EDWARD C. KENDALL,
J. E. KIRKWOOD,
ARTHUR KNUDSON,
MATHILDE KOCH,
MARGUERITE T. LEE,
CHARLES C. LIEB,
BURTON E. LIVINGSTON,
ALFRED P. LOTHROP, Chairman,
DANIEL R. LUCAS,
MARY G. McCORMICK,
LOUISE McDANELL,
GRACE MacLEOD,
C. A. MATHEWSON,
H. A. MATTILL,
CLARENCE E. MAY,
GUSTAVE M, MEYER,
E. G. MILLER, JR.,
MAX MORSE,
H. O. MOSENTHAL,
B. S. OPPENHEIMER.
RAYMOND C. OSBURN,
REUBEN OTTENBERG,
OLIVE G. PATTERSON,
W. A. PERLZWEIG,
W. H. PETERSON,
E. R. POSNER,
P. W. PUNNETT,
ALFRED N. RICHARDS,
ANNA E. RICHARDSON,
WINIFRED J. ROBINSON,
ANTON R. ROSE,
JACOB ROSENBLOOM,
WILLIAM SALANT,
OSCAR M. SCHLOSS,
H. von W. SCHULTE,
FRED W. SCHWARTZ.
C. A. SCHWARZE,
EMILY C, SEAMAN,
FRED J. SEAVER,
A. D. SELBY,
A. FRANKLIN SHULL,
CLAYTON S. SMITH,
MATTHEW STEEL,
CHARLES R. STOCKARD,
MARY E. SWEENY,
A. W. THOMAS,
PHILIP VAN INGEN,
EDWIN D. WATKINS,
WILLIAM WEINBERGER,
JULIUS W. WEINSTEIN,
CHARLES WEISMAN,
WILLIAM H. WELKER,
H. L. WHITE,
DAVID D. WHITNEY,
ETHEL WICKWIRE,
LOUIS E. WISE,
WILLIAM H, WOGLOM,
L. L. WOODRUFF,
HANS ZINSSER.
NEW YORK
Entered as second-cIaiB matter in the Post Office at Ivancaster, Pa.
MEMBERS OF THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
Honorary Members
PROF. R. H. CHITTENDEN, First Director of the Columbia University De-
partment of Biological (Physiological) Chemistry; Director of the Shef-
field Scientific School of Yale University
PROF. HUGO KRONECKER, Director of the Physiological Institute, Uni-
versity of Bern, Switzerland
PROF. SAMUEL W. LAMBERT, Dean of the Columbia University School of
Medicine
DR. JACQUES LOEB, Member of the Rockefeiler Institute for Medical Re-
search; Head of the Department of Experimental Biology
PROF. ALEXANDER SMITH, Head of the Department of Chemistry, Co-
lumbia University
Corresponding Members
PROF. LEON ASHER, University of Bern, Switzerland
PROF. FILIPPO BOTTAZZI, University of Naples. Italy
PROF. ROBERT B. GIBSON, University of the Philippines, P. I.
PROF. VLADIMIR S. GULEVIC, University of Moscow, Russia
PROF. W. D. HALLIBURTON, King's College, London
PROF. S. G. HEDIN, University of Upsala, Sweden
PROF. FREDERICO LANDOLPH, University of La Plata, Argentina
PROF. A. B. MACALLUM, University of Toronto, Canada
PROF. D. McCAY, Medical College, Calcutta, India
PROF. C. A. PEKELHARING, University of Utrecht, Holland
PROF. S. P. L. SÖRENSEN, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
Members Resident in New York City
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. — C. Stuart Gager.
College of the City of New York. — ^Wm. B. Boyd, Louis J. Curtman,
Benj. G. Feinberg, A. J. Goldfarb.
Columbia University: Departments. — Anatomy: Alfred J. Brown, H, von
W. Schulte; Bacteriology: James G. Dwyer; Biological Chemistry: Walter H.
Eddy, Nellis B. Fester, William J. Gies, F. G. Goodridge, Tula L. Harkey.
Joseph S. Hepburn, Benjamin Horöwitz, Paul E. Howe, Max Kahn, Arthur
Knudson, Alfred P. Lothrop, Edgar G. Miller, Jr., H. O. Mosenthal, Emily C.
Seaman, Chris. Seifert, Ethel Wickwire, Louis E. Wise; Botany: E. R. Alten-
burg, C. A. Darling, Fred D. Fromme; Cancer Research: W. H. Woglom; Chem-
istry: A. M. Buswell, R. P. Calvert, Gustave Egioff, H. L. Fisher, P. W. Punnett,
A. W. Thomas; Clinical Pathology: Edward Cussler, Peter Irving; Diseases of
Children: Herbert B. Wilcox; Gynecology: Wilbur Ward; Medicine: T. Stuart
Hart, I. Ogden Woodruff; Pathology: B. S. Oppenheimer, Alwin M. Pappen-
heimer; Pharmacology: Charles C. Lieb; Physiology: Russell Burton-Opitz,
Donald Gordon, Leander H. Shearer, Wm. K. Terriberry; Surgery: Hugh
Auchincloss, William Darrach, Rolfe Kingsley, Adrian V. S. Lambert, F. T.
Members resident in New York (con.)
Van Buren, Jr. ; Therapeutics: Maximilian Schulman; University Phystcian:
Wm. H. McCastline; Fauderbilt Clinic: F. Morris Class, Julius W. Weinstein;
Zoology: H. B. Goodrich, John D. Haseman, H. J. Muller, Charles Packard.
Colleges. — Barnard: Helene M. Boas, Ella H. Clark, Ruth S, Finch, Louise
II. Gregory; College of Pharmacy: Charles W. Ballard; Teachers College:
Mary G. McCormick, Mrs. A. P. McGowan, Sadie B. Vanderbilt.
Students. — Graduate: Cora J. Beckwith, Sidney Born, O. C. Bowes, Helen B.
Davis, Mary C. de Garmo, Frank R. Eider, Louis J. Hirschleifer, Mildred A. Hoge,
Shojiro Kubushiro, Victor E. Levine, Darwin O. Lyon, W. A. Perlzweig, Edward
Plaut, Geo. S. Rosenthal, Edward C. Stone, Fred L. Thompson, Jennie A. Walker,
Charles Weisman, C. A. Wells, Isabel Wheeler. — Teachers College: Anna M.
Connelly, Ula M. Dow, Ada M. Field, Helen McClure, Alice H. McKinney,
Elizabeth Rothermel, Mary B. Stark, Helen B. Thompson. — Medical: Louis
Berman, Ernst Boas, David C. Bull, Will H. Chapman, Robert T. Corry, Calvin
B. Coulter, Joseph Felsen, Joseph Goldstone, Julius Gottesman, Leon M. Herbert,
Martin Holzman, Walter F. Hume, Julius Hyman, M. V, Miller, Nathan
Rosenthal, A. V. Salomon, Harry J. Seiff, Jacob Shulansky, H. J. Spencer,
Henry A. Sussman, Wm. W. Tracey, Grover Tracy.
CoRNELL University Medical College. — Stanley R. Benedict, Ernest D.
Clark, Robert A. Cooke, Jessie A. Moore, Charles R. Stockard, Geo. W.
Vandegrift.
Eclectic Medical College. — David Alperin.
Harriman Research Laboratory. — Marston L. Hamlin.
Hospitals. — Babies': Morris Stark; Bellevue: Edward C. Brenner, Edward
M. Colie, Jr., Ralph W. Lobenstine; Beth Israel: Charles J. Brim and Alfred A.
Schwartz; City: Henry H. Janeway, Louis Pine; Flower: Henry L. Weil;
Fltishing: Eimer W. Baker; General Memorial: Clinton B. Knapp; German: H.
G. Baumgard, Alfred M. Hellman, Melvin G. Herzfeld, Frederick B. Humphries,
Charles H. Sanford, Fred S. Weingarten; Jewish: Abraham Ravich; Lebanon:
Samuel Gitlow, M. J. Gottlieb, William Weinberger; Lutheran: Daniel R. Lucas;
Mt. Sinai: George Baehr, Samuel Bookman, Leo Buerger, Burrill B. Crohn,
Simon S, Friedman, David J. Kaliski, John L. Kantor, Leo Kessel, Reuben Otten-
berg, Harry Wessler; N. Y.: James C. Greenway, Ralph G. Stillman; N. Y.
Nursery and Child's: Oscar M. Schloss; Presbyterian: Herbert S. Carter, Russell
L. Cecil, Arthur W. Swann; Roosevelt: J. Buren Sidbury; St. Lttke's: Norman
E. Ditman, Edward C. Kendall, W. S. Schley, Chas. H. Smith.
Long Island Medical College. — Matthew Steel.
Montefiore Home. — Isidor Greenwald.
Museum of Natural History. — Louis Hussakof, Israel J. KHgler.
N, Y. Aquarium. — Raymond C. Osburn.
N. Y. Association fok Improving the Condition of the Poor. — Donald B.
Armstrong.
N. Y. Botanical Garden. — Fred J. Seaver.
N. Y. City Department of Education. — Boys' High School: Frank T.
Hughes; Brooklyn Training School: C. A. Mathewson ; Conimercial High School:
W. J. Donvan, B. C. Gruenberg, Edgar F. Van Buskirk; DeWitt Clinton High
School: Frank M. Wheat; Eastern District High School: Gertrude S. Burling-
ham; Girls' High School: Marguerite T. Lee; High School of Commerce:
Harvey B. Clough, Fred W. Hartwell; Jamaica High School: Ella A. Holmes,
Charles H. Vosburgh; Manual Training High School: Anna Everson; Morris
Members resident in New York (con.)
High School: Charles A. Wirth; Nnvlown High Scliool: Nellie P. ITcwins;
Wadleigh High School: Helen Gavin, Elsie A. Kupfer, Helen G. Russell, Helen
S. Watt.
N. Y. City Department of Health. — Charles F. P.olduan, Alfred F. Hess.
N. Y. City Normal College. — Beatrix H. Gross.
N. Y. Eye and Ear Infirmary. — Harold M. Hays.
N. Y. Milk Committee. — Philip Van Ingen.
N. Y. PoLYCLiNic Medical Sciiool.— Jessc G. M. Euliowa, Mabel C. Little.
Post Graduate Medical School. — Louis E. Bisch, Arthur F. Chace.
Pratt Institute. — Grace MacLeod.
Rockefeller Institute. — Alfred E. Cohn, George W. Draper, Frederic M.
Hanes, Michael Heidelberger, Gustave M. Meyer.
Russell Sage Institute of Pathology. — Eugene F. DuBois.
TuRCK Institute. — Anton R. Rose.
Vettin School, — Laura l. Mattoon.
E. V. Delphey, 400 West S7th Street, Manhattan; Leopold L. Falke, 5316
Thirteenth Avenue, Brooklyn; Mabel P. Fitzgerald, 416 East 65th Street, Man-
hattan; Abraham Gross, c/o Arbuckle Sugar Co., Brooklyn; Alfred II. Kropff,
619 Kent Avenue, Brooklyn.
Non-Resident Members
Agnes Scott College (Decatur, Ga.). — Mary C. de Garmo.
Allegheny General Hospital (Pittsburgh). — James P. McKelvy.
Carnegie Institution (Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.). — Ross A. Gortner.
CoRNELL University (Ithaca). — ^Jean Broadhurst.
Drake University Medical School (Des Moines, la.). — E. R. Posner.
Forest School (Biltmore, N. C). — Homer D. House.
Iowa University Hospital (Iowa City). — Louis Baumann.
Isolation Hospital (San Francisco, Cal.). — L. D. Mead.
Jefferson Medical College (Phila.). — P. B. Hawk, Edward A. Spitzka.
Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore). — John Howland, W. M. Kraus,
Burton E. Livingston, Edwards A. Park.
Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.), — William H. Welker.
Leland Stanford University (Palo Alto, Cal.). — Hans Zinsser.
MacDonald College (Quebec). — Kathryn Fisher.
Mass. Agricultural College (Amherst). — H. D. Goodale.
New Mexico Agricultural College (State College). — R. F. Hare.
N. J, Agricultural Experiment Station (New Brunswick). — Carl A.
Schwarze, Guy West Wilson.
N. Dakota Agricultural College (Agricultural College). — H. L. White.
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (Wooster). — A. D. Selby.
Princeton University (N. J.). — E. Newton Harvey.
Psychopathic Hospital (Boston). — Herman M. Adler.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, N. Y.). — Fred W. Schwartz.
Rochester A and M Institute. — Elizabeth G. Van Home.
Secondary Schools. — Brockport State Normal School (N. Y.) : Ida C. Wads-
worth; Hermon High School (N, Y.) : Sidney Liebovitz; Indiana State Normal
School (Terre Haute): Roscoe R. Hyde; Ingleside School (New Milford,
Conn.) : Mary L. Chase; Knox School (Tarrytown, N. Y.) : Clara G. Miller;
New Bedford Indttstrial School (Mass.): Constance C. Hart; North Texas
State Normal School (Benton) : Blanche E. ShafTer; Passaic High School
Non-resident members (con.)
(N. J.) : Hazel Donham, Helene M. Pope; Rochestcr High School (N. Y.) :
David F. Renshaw; State Normal School (Truro, N. S.) : Blanche E. Harris.
Texas A and M Collf.ce (College Station). — M. K. Thornton.
Trinity College (Hartford, Conn.). — Max Morse, R. M. Yergason.
TuLANE University (Ncw Orleans, La.). — Allan C. Eustis.
U. S. Department OF Acriculture (Wash.). — Carl L. Aisberg, \V. N. Berg.
H. E. Buchbinder, William Salant, Clayton S. Smith.
U.S. Food and DrugInspection Laboratory (Phila.). — HaroldE. VVoodward.
U. S. FooD- Research Laboratory (Phila.). — Joseph .S. Hepburn.
University of Alabama Medical School (Birmingham). — Richard A. Bliss.
University of California (Berkeley). — William T. Home.
University of Chicago. — Mathilde Koch,
University of Georgia Medical School (Atlanta). — William D. Cutter.
University of Illinois (Urbana). — George D, Beal, Isabel Bevier, A. D.
Emmett.
University of Indiana (Bloomington). — Clarence E. May,
University of Kentucky (Louisville). — Mary E. Sweeny,
University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Can.). — A. T. Cameron.
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor). — A. Franklin Shull.
University of Montana (Missoula). — J. E. Kirkwood.
University of Pennsylvania (Phila.). — A. N. Richards.
University of Porto Rico (Las Pietras). — L. A. Robinson.
University of Tennessee (Memphis). — Edvirin D. Watkins.
University of Texas (Austin). — Mary E. Gearing, Anna E. Richardson.
University of Toronto (Canada). — Olive G. Patterson,
University of Utah (Salt Lake City), — H. A. Mattill.
University of Wisconsin (Madison). — W. H. Petersen.
Vassar College (Poughkeepsie, N. Y.). — ^Winifred J. Robinson.
Washington State College (Pullman). — Josephine T. Berry, Louise
McDanell.
Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). — David D. Whitney,
West Pennsylvania Hospital (Pittsburgh). — J. Bronfen Brenner, Jacob
Rosenbloom.
Williams College (Williamstown, Mass.). — John S. Adriance.
Yale University (New Haven, Conn.). — Lorande Loss W^oodruff.
Albert H. Allen, Saranac Lake, N. Y, ; Emma A. Buehler, Newark, N, J. ;
George A. Geiger, West Orange, N. J.; Edward G. Griffin, Albany, N, Y, ; F. C.
Hinkel, Utica, N, Y.; Cavalier H. Joiiet, Roselle, N. J,; A. E. Olpp, West
Hoboken, N. J. ; Adeline H. Rowland, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; William A. Taltavall,
Redlands, Cal. ; David C. Twichell, Saranac Lake, N. Y.
ANNOUNCEMENT.
Professional Assistance Offered to Biological Chemists
The members of tlie Columbia University Biochemical Association
will coöperate confidentially with any one who desires tbe Services of
biological chemists or who seeks a position in biological chemistry.
Address inquiries to William J. des, 4^y West 59th St., Nezv York.
EDITORS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL BULLETIN
The editorial committee
with the collaboration of the members and the
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS:
DR. JOHN AUER, Rockef eller Institute for Medical Research
PROF. WILDER D. BANCROFT, Cornell University, Ithaca
DR. WALTER L. GROLL, Elisabeth Steel Magee Hospital, Pittshurgh, Pa.
DR. CHARLES A. DOREMUS, 55 W. 53d St., New York City
DR. ARTHUR W. DOX, Iowa State College Agric. Experiment Station, Arnes
PROF. JOSEPH ERLANGER, Washington Univ. Medical School, St. Louis
DR. LEWIS W. FETZER, U. S. Dep't of Agricultnre, Washington, D. C.
PROF. MARTIN H. FISGHER, University of Cincinnati
DR. MARY LOUISE FOSTER, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.
PROF. J. E. GREAVES, Utah Agricultural College, Logan
DR. V. J. HARDING, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. R. H. M. HARDISTY, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. J. A. HARRIS, Carnegie Sta. for Exp. Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.
DR. K. A. HASSELBALCH, Einsen Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
PROF. G. O. HIGLEY, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware
DR. VERNON K. KRIEBLE, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
PROF. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
PROF. JOHN A. MANDEL, A^. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hospital Med. College
PROF. ALBERT P. MATHEWS, University of Chicago
PROF. SHINNOSUKE MATSUNAGA, University of Tokyo, Japan
PROF. LAFAYETTE B. MENDEL, Yale University
PROF. VICTOR C. MYERS, N. Y. Post-Graduate Med. School and Hospital
DR. THOMAS B. OSBORNE, Conn. Agric. Experiment Station, New Haven
DR. AMOS W. PETERS, The Training School, Vineland, N. J.
PROF. R. F. RUTTAN, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
DR. E. E. SMITH, 50 East 4ist St., New York City
DR. A. E. SP AAR, City Hospital, Trincomalce, Ceylon
PROF. UMETARÖ SUZUKI, University of Tokyo, Japan
MISS ANNA W. WILLIAMS, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
PROF. E. WINTERSTEIN, Polytechnic Institute, Zürich, Switserland
DR. JULES WOLFF, Pastair Institute, Paris
BiocHEMiCAL Bulletin
Volume II JULY, 1913 No. 8 lfbrar'
New Vr;;.:
ßOTA ■
AN INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE ACCU- t.
RACY OF A MODIFIED MEIGS METHOD FOR
THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF
FAT IN MILK, WITH A DESCRIPTION
OF AN IMPROVED FORM OF
APPARATUS
WALTER LEWIS CROLL
(wiTH PLATE 7)
(Robert Hare Chemical Lahoratory, University of Pennsylvania)
Owing to the importance of determining accurately and quickly
the amount of fat in a given quantity of milk, special efforts have
been made to devise a method that would embody both these requi-
sites. These efforts have resulted in methods based upon many
principles, and some are brilliant examples of chemical and mechan-
ical ingenuity. The Separation of the fat has been accomplished by
the use of differences in specific gravity, by saponification, extrac-
tion with ether, colorimetry, and absorption; but, to the present
time, no rapid method, which is sufficiently accurate for legal,
pediatric and biological work, has been devised. Today the most
accurate method and, indeed, the only one suitable for most legal
' work, is the Adams paper-coil method, with the Soxhlet extraction »
apparatus. This method, while extremely accurate, requires at least
twenty-four hours for its execution and considerable care in its
manipulation.
A COMPARISON OF WELL KNOWN METHODS
The Adams method. In this investigation the Adams method
was carried out as follows: First a homogeneous mixture was
509
510 Quantitative Determination of Fat in Milk [july
obtained, then some of it was placed in a small Erlenmeyer flask
having a 5 c.c. bulb-pipette fitting snugly in its mouth. About 4
or 5 gm. were removed with the pipette and dropped into the center
of a coil of specially prepared, fat-free, absorbent paper. The
sample was weighed by difference. The paper coil containing the
milk was transferred to a hot-air oven, the temperature of which
was constantly below 100° C, and permitted to dry for three or
four hours, after which it was removed to a glass desiccator, kept
there at least twelve hours, over conc. sulfuric acid, and then trans-
ferred to a Soxhlet extraction apparatus, where it was extracted
for twelve to sixteen hours with absolute ethyl ether which had been
redistilled after Standing over metallic sodium for from five to six
days. After completing the extraction, the excess of ether was
distilled into the upper part of the apparatus and the ethereal Solu-
tion of fat quantitatively transferred to a weighed evaporation dish,
using redistilled ether as a rinsing fluid. The ether was evaporated
over a safety water-bath (the dish being protected from dust by
an inverted funnel), at a temperature below 33° C, to prevent loss
from ebullitlon of the ether. After the ether had been evaporated,
the fat was placed in a hot-air oven and dried for three hours at a
temperature ranging between 95°-ioo° C, then dried over sulfuric
acid to constant weight, which usually required about twenty-four
hours. The weight was then recorded and the percentage of fat
calculated.
Of the above method there are many modifications, but none of
them are rapid methods.
Miscellaneous methods. In the method devised by Soxhlet,^
the drying of the milk is accomplished by the use of gypsum.
Froidevaux^ precipitates the protein and fat by means of acetic acid
and calcium phosphate. The precipitate is collected quantitatively
on a filter paper, dried and extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with
absolute ether. Le Comte^ suggests the use of sodium sulphate as
desiccating material. In the modification suggested by Rieter,*
gypsum and later some Fehling Solution are used to precipitate the
1 Soxhlet : Polytech. Jour., 1879, ccxxxii, p. 461.
2 Froidevaux : Jour. de Pharm, et Chem., 1897 (6), vi, p. 485.
3Le Comte: Ibid., 1901 (6), xiii, p. 58.
* Rieter : Schweiz. Wochschr. Pharm., 1903, xli, pp. 39 and 53.
1913] Walter Lewis Croll S^i
protein and fat. The precipitate is collected quantitatively on filter
paper, dried, and extracted with absolute ether.
"Rapid" methods. Nearly all the so-called rapid methods
depend upon centrifugation. In these methods accuracy is sacri-
ficed for speed and the results obtained are, at best, only approxi-
mate. For commercial and pediatric uses they are of sufficient
precision to answer most requirements. An example of these meth-
ods is the widely used Babcock process, with the special scale for
reading off the contained fat, and various other modifications dif-
fering only in the shape of the tube or the scale. Another rapid
but cruder method is the well known Feser lactoscope process.
Woosnam,^ following the idea of Schmid, suggests the follow-
ing method : 25 c.c. of milk and 28 c.c. of conc. hydrochloric acid
sol. are placed in a special apparatus and heated on a water-bath
until a slight browning occurs, when the flask and contents are
cooled, an ether extraction made, and the volume of fat-ether
mixture is read. A definite portion of this mixture is then taken,
evaporated to dryness in a weighed glass dish and the dry fat
weighed.
Following the method of Krug and Hampe^ as a basis, Arndt'^
describes a process involving special extraction apparatus. The
milk is desiccated with kaolin and dry sodium sulfate, and then
extracted with ether in the apparatus.
As a modification of the usual butyrometer method, Gerber and
Craandijk^ recommend the following: Into a beaker of 5.5 c.c.
capacity place 4-5 gm. of previously weighed, well mixed milk,
introduce the beaker and contents into the butyrometer, add 10 c.c.
of warm water, place the butyrometer in a water-bath at 6o°-'jo°
C. until complete Solution has occurred. To the liquid add i c.c. of
amyl alcohol, 10 c.c. of sulfuric acid sol, (sp. gr., 1520-1525), close
the butyrometer, shake until the contents are well mixed, and then
place it in a water-bath until the greater part of the fat separates.
Finally, centrifuge twice and read the scale.
^Woosnam: Analyst, 1897, xxii, p. 91.
6 Krug and Hampe : Ztschr. f. angew Chemie, 1894, p. 683.
''Arndt: Chem. Centr., 1897, "> P- 636 (Forsch.-Ber. üb. Lebensm. u. ihre
Gez. 2. Hyg., etc., iv, p. 231).
* Gerber and Craandijk: Milch-Ztg., 1898, xxvii, pp. 35 and 273.
512 Quantitative Determination of Fat in Milk [july
Richmond and Rosier^ advise treatment of milk with definite
proportions of 90-91 per cent. sulfuric acid sol. and amyl alcohol,
and, after cooling to about 25° C, extracting with 20 c.c. of
petroleum ether. This method is not very accurate because of the
fact that petroleum ether itself frequently leaves an evaporation-
residue, probably an isomeric substance, hence the percentage by
this method is likely to be too great.
Utilizing the tragacanth process devised by Rusting,^° Bon-
nema^^ describes an ether-extraction method, — following prelimi-
nary treatment with potassium hydroxid sol. Tragacanth is added
to facilitate the Separation of the water and the ethereal Solutions,
The results are fairly good but not as accurate as those obtained
with the paper-coil method.
In the Ram-Fouard^2 method, milk is treated with a special
reagent containing potassium hydroxid, ethyl alcohol, amyl alcohol
and ammonium hydroxid. The milk is placed in a special 50-60 c.c.
flask with 10 c.c. of this reagent, the flask is immersed in boiling
water for ten minutes, then removed, and enough distilled water
added to carry the liquid into the neck of the flask, when the flask
is placed in water at 40° C, and the fat allowed to separate. The
average milk fat has a specific gravity of about 0.90 at 40° C. ;
hence, one-quarter the amount of fat recorded volumetrically gives
the number of grams of fat per liter of milk.
Hanget and Marion^ ^ speak favorably of a method in which
they use a special reagent consisting of 100 c.c. of n/6 ammonium
hydroxid sol. neutralized to litmus by the addition of lactic acid
and made up to 150 c.c. with distilled water, and 435 c.c. of absolute
ether, 420 c.c. of absolute alcohol and 40 c.c. of a Solution of i gm.
of methyl violet (5B) in 1,000 c.c. of absolute ether. After con-
traction has occurred, the volume is measured and 38.9 c.c. of abso-
lute ether are added per liter. A special apparatus is used, by the
aid of which the percentage of fat is read off on the scale at 2)7° C.
ö Richmond and Rosier : Analyst, 1899, xxiv, p. 172.
lORusting: Chem. Centr., 1898 (ii), p. 393 {Nederl. Tijdschr. v. Pharm.,
Chem. en Tox., 1899, x, p. 163).
11 Bonnema : Chem-Ztg., 1899, xxiii, p. 541.
i2Leze (Ram-Fouard method) : Ann. de Chim. anal. appL, 1899, iv, p. 371.
13 Hanget and Marion : Ibid., 1902, vii, p. 297.
1913] Walter Lewis Groll 513
The refractometer is utilized by Wollny^^ on an ethereal Solution
of the fat obtained by extraction after the application of a special
reagent. The refractive power of the ethereal Solution of fat is
determined at 17.5° C.
Maccagno and Mizzi^^ have devised a special apparatus in which
they treat the milk with a definite quantity of a Solution containing
ethyl alcohol, amyl alcohol and ammonium hydroxid. The per-
centage of fat is read off on the scale of the apparatus at a tem-
perature near the boiling point of water.
By the Sichler " sinacidbutyrometer method,"^® the casein and
lactalbumin are dissolved by means of a Solution of sodium phos-
phate containing a small amount of sodium tri-citrate. The fat is
dissolved in isobutyl alcohol, which is called " sinol " in this method.
In the Pilsner method/'^ the butyrometer is filled with 11 c.c. of
alkaline Solution (5 gm. of sodium phosphate, 15 gm. of neutral
sodium citrate, 30 gm. of sodium chlorid, 65 gm. of sodium
hydroxid dissolved in 600 c.c. of distilled water and filtered), 0.5
c.c. of isobutyl alcohol and enough sudan iii to color, and 10 c.c.
of milk and, after thoroughly mixing, the butyrometer and contents
are placed in a water-bath at 58°-62° C. and the temperature kept
above 55° C. In a half hour the butyrometer is removed, centri-
fuged and read.
All the foregoing procedures, which include the important
methods, are open to criticism either because of the time consumed
in making the determinations or because of inaccuracy in the final
results.
THE MEIGS METHOD
The original Meigs method. The Meigs method, described
in this article, is neither extremely rapid nor simple but, everything
considered, it possesses certain advantages over each of the above
1^ Hals and Gregg (Wollny method) : Milch-Ztg., 1902, xxxi, p. 433.
15 Maccagno and Mizzi : Cheni. Centr., 1906 (3 qt), p. 633 (Rev. intern,
falsific, 1906, xix, p. 55).
16 Cornalba (Sichler method) : Chem. Centr., 1905 (ii), p. yy (Stas. sperim.
agrar. ital., 1905, xxxviii, p. 227).
1'^ Kundrat and Rosam (Pilsner method) : Chem. Centr., 1907 (i qt.), p. 513
{Milchwirtschaft. Zentr., 1907, iii, p. 20).
514 Quantitative Determination of Fat in Milk [July
methods that make it preferable In biochemical and pediatric work.
The time consumed is as short as in any of the above methods, except
the Babcock or other simple centrifugation methods, the simpHcity
of the apparatus compares favorably with that of any other method,
and the degree of accuracy with ordinary care and skill is so great
that it entirely suffices for all except the most precise work.
This method was described by Dr. Arthur V. Meigs^^ before the
Philadelphia County Medical Society, on Feb. 22, 1882, It is, in
brief, as foUows : Approximately 10 c.c. of milk, after being care-
fully weighed, are transferred to an ordinary 100 c.c. graduated
cylinder, 20 c.c. of distilled water added and, after this, an equal
amount of ether (0.720 sp. gr,). The ground-glass Stopper is
inserted and the bottle shaken for five minutes. Then, after care-
fully removing the stopper, 20 c.c. of ethyl alcohol are added, the
Stopper re-inserted and the cylinder shaken again for five minutes.
This, as soon as settling occurs, gives two distinct strata, the upper
of which contains little but ether and fat, the lower contains the
other constituents of the milk. The upper Stratum is now drawn
off with a small pipette and transferred to a weighed glass dish.
Then 5 c.c. of ether are added and pipetted off, five successive times,
and these 25 c.c. are added to the ethereal Solution first removed.
This is done to wash off the thin layer of fat and ether which was
left behind at the first pipetting. The dish and contents are now
transferred to a safety water-bath, protected from dust, the ether
evaporated, and the residue placed in a hot-air oven, heated at a
temperature below 100° C, and finally dried in a desiccator over
sulfuric acid until the weight is constant. Dr. Meigs stated in his
report that the idea for this method was gained from a paper by
Hallock.i9
The results we have obtained by this method were fairly accu-
rate but, in order to be absolutely sure that no lactose or protein
material was weighed as fat and to be certain that in both this and
the Soxhlet method the end-products were identical, we decided to
dissolve the first fat product in absolute ether, filter through a small
hardened filter paper, as in the Soxhlet method, into a weighed dish,
evaporate the ether, dry the fat and weigh.
18 Meigs : Philadelphia Medical Times, 1882, xii, p. 660.
1^ Hallock : Amer. Jour. of Pharmacy, 1874, xlvi, p. 477.
1913] Walter Lewis Croll 5^5
Results obtained with the original Meigs method. While
the results first obtained by this process seemed to compare very
favorably with those obtained by the Soxhlet method, a series of
investigations was begun to determine whether this was a mere
coincidence or due to the efficiency of the method. For this pur-
pose there were secured twelve samples of human milk f rom women
in various stages of lactation and six of cow milk, from as many
dairies so widely separated that in no two cases were the milks from
the same herd. In all determinations the milk for both the Meigs
and the Soxhlet methods was taken from one specimen, and at the
same time, so that the samples were as nearly uniform as it was
possible to get them. In every weighing the figures were recorded
to O.Ol mg, The results are given in the accompanying table.
The average difference in the results of the eighteen determinations
recorded in the table is 0.0234 per cent.
The data in the table show that the method is useful for the
determination of fat in both cow and human milk, and that it is
applicable to all stages of lactation and to all kinds of milk. The
degree of accuracy is such that it can be used in practically all work ;
the differences between the results obtained by this method and
those by the Soxhlet, as may be seen from the individual determina-
tions given in the table and from the average difference for the
series, are so small that they fall within the limits of experimental
error.
A modification of the Meigs process. In the manipulation,
it was found that the use of the pipette was exceedingly tedious,
required a great deal of skill and practice, and that, even under the
most favorable circumstances, the possibility of error was great.
To obviate this danger, we devised a simple inexpensive piece of
apparatus (Plate 7). If only ordinary care is exercised in its use,
the possibility of error is practically eliminated, This apparatus
renders use of the pipette unnecessary, there is no need for careful
attention to the protein layer or to the end of the pipette, and the
speed of the whole process of removing the ethereal Solution and
washing away the last traces of fat is markedly increased.
5i6
Quantitative Determination of Fat in Milk
[July
Comparative data pertaining to the content of fat in milk
A. Human milk
Days of
lactation
Fat by the
Soxhlet method
Mean by the
Soxhlet method
Fat by the
Meigs method
Mean by the
Meigs method
Difference in
favor of the
Soxhlet method
lO
3-254
3.266
3.260
3.228
3.241
3.234
+0.026
10
S-413
5-422
5-417
5-400
S-398
5-399
+0.018
4
s-278
S-2I5
S-246
S-22I
S-I83
5.202
+0.044
33
6-I5S
6.IS3
6.154
6.149
6.151
6.150
+0.004
9
3.713
3-701
3-707
3.686
3.690
3.688
+0.019
3
2.391
2.40s
2.398
2.401
2.384
2.392
+0.006
2
3-958
3-943
3-950
3-923
3-935
3-929
+0.021
4
3-042
3.041
3.041
3-032
3.020
3.026
+O.OIS
II
3-910
3-900
3-905
3-892
3-897
3-894
+O.OII
5
2.795
2.797
2.796
2.767
2.781
2.774
+0.022
6
3-642
3.627
3-634
3.622
3-618
3.620
+0.014
12
4-363
4-359
4.361
4-333
4-362
4-347
+0.014
B. Cow milk
1*
3-372
3-376
3-374
3-359
3-3SI
3-355
+0.019
2^
2.478
2.4S3
2.480
2.422
2.399
2.410
+0.070
3*
3.148
3.146
3.147
3.122
3-130
3-136
+0.011
4*
3-759
3.736
3.747
3-722
3-714
3-718
+0.029
S*
?-954
2.925
2.939
2.900
2.846
2.873
+0.066
6*
3.235
3.249
3.242
3-238
3.220
3-229
+0.013
* Sample number.
BiocHEMicAL Bulletin (Vol. II)
Plate 7
^---F
^
CROLL: NEW APPARATUS FOR USE WITH THE MEIGS METHOD
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FAT IN MILK.
I9I3] Walter Lewis Croll 5^7
In the drawing of the apparatus (Plate 7), A indicates a 100 c.c.
graduated measuring cylinder with a ground-glass stopper; B is a
rubber stopper; C, a glass tube of small bore, which is welded to
another tube, D, at the points where it passes through the latter.
The lower portion of tube C is beut sharply on its length and the
open end is ground. Tube D is enlarged at the top to facihtate the
introduction of ether; at its lower end there is a bulb, SB, with small
holes in its walls, which allow the ether poured into tube D to spray
against the sides of the cylinder, thus washing them. F is a side
arm of small-bore tubing welded to D near the Upper end. In
forcing out the ethereal Solution of fat, a finger is held over the
Upper end, D, and the Operator blows air through F, the Solution
being ejected through E into a weighed glass dish. In case it is
desired to increase the force of the washing spray, a finger may be
placed over the Upper end of D and, by blowing into F (just as
when driving out the ethereal Solution of fat), the pressure can be
increased as much as may be desired. Before starting to force out
the ethereal Solution of fat, the opening of the lower end of tube C
is brought on a level with the surface of the protein layer by rais-
ing or lowering the entire glass piece through the rubber stopper,
B. The shaking is done, of course, with the ground-glass stopper
inserted tightly into the cylinder just as when the pipette is used,
and, after a few minutes, the stopper is carefully washed with
absolute ether and the special apparatus inserted.
Advantages o£ the modified Meigs method. The improved
Meigs method possesses the following advantages over the Soxhlet :
(i) The time in weighing out is shortened and the danger of acci-
dental loss is diminished, for no absorption of the milk by fat-free
material is necessary. (2) Two or three hours are saved, as no
drying is required. (3) The extraction requires ten minutes for
its execution against three hours as the minimum for the Soxhlet
process. (4) The apparatus is simple and inexpensive, while the
Soxhlet is neither.
The advantages over the other processes have already been men-
tioned and are even greater than those over the Soxhlet method.
The Meigs method has been tested against the Soxhlet process
on six samples of cow milk, with the aid of the special apparatus
5i8 Quantitative Determmation of Fat in Milk [July
dcscrihed ahove, and the differences in favor of the Soxhlet method
have been f ound to ränge between + 0.007 P^'' cent. and + 0.059
per Cent., or about the same as when the pipette was used, but with
miich more rapid and less difficult manipulation.
I wish to express my thanks to Prof. John Marshall and Dr.
Wm. H. Welker for suggesting this investigation, and for the
kindly interest shown by them throughout its progress.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ARSENIC IN SOILS
J. E. GREAVES
(Utah Experiment Station, Logan)
Introduction. KunkeP showed the presence of arsenic in many
rocks and waters, while Czapek^ states that traces are nearly always
present in soils. Herzfeld and Lange^ found arsenic in certain
German raw sugars, and traced it to the lime which had been used
in the manufacture of the sugar. Headden^ found some virgin
prairie soils relatively rieh in arsenic, an Observation in accord with
my own experience. I have found arsenic to the extent of 4 parts
per million in virgin soil ; and, as in the cases ref erred to by Headden,
it did not result from smelter fumes or any such source, but was
derived from the decay of native rocks. On the other band,
Headden found arsenic in some cultivated orchard soils to the
extent of 138 parts per million. He claims that in many places
arsenic is accumulating in sufficient quantities to become injurious
to Vegetation. Francois,*^ however, considers there is little danger
of the earth becoming unfit for Vegetation from the proper use of
insecticides. Grunner,^ who found arsenic to the extent of from
0.026 per cent. to 1.426 per cent. in the Reichenstein soil, is not so
optimistic. It appears, however, that it is not so much the total
quantity of arsenic present as the form in which the arsenic occurs,
that determines toxicity. Little work has been done on this phase
of the question. I have therefore determined the quantity of arsenic,
both total and water-soluble, in many of the orchard soils of West-
ern America, and it is the purpose of this paper to consider briefly
a few of these results.
Experiments. The water-soluble arsenic was determined by
1 Kunkel: Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 1905, xHv, p. 511.
2 Czapek : Biochemie der Pflanzen, 1905, ii, p. 862.
3 Herzfeld and Lange: Chem. Abs., 1911, v, p. 2342.
* Headden : Proc. Col. Sei. Soc, 1910, ix, p. 345.
^ Francois : Rev. de chim. ind., 1912, xxiii, p. 124.
^ Grunner: Landw. Jahrb., 1910, xl, p. 517.
519
520
Occiirrence of Arsenic in Solls
[July
extracting, for eight days, 500 grams of soil with 2000 c.c. of
carbon-dioxide-free distilled water, and then using an aliquot part,
while the total arsenic was determined by extracting the soil with
nitric and sulfuric acids, and applying the Marsh method so modi-
fied that the iron did not interfere.'' The results are given in the
accompanying table ( i ) as parts per million of dry soil.
TABLE I
Data pertaining to the quantities of arsenic in soils: parts per million
Total
Water sol.
Per Cent.
Total
Water sol.
Per Cent.
Total
Water sol.
Per Cent.
arsenic
arsenic
soluble
arsenic
arsenic
soluble
arsenic
arsenic
soluble
102
0.92
0.9
36
3-48
9.67
16
0.72
4-50
79
6.20
7.85
33
5.16
15.63
15
1.74
11.60
64
4.1
6.41
32
3-92
12.25
13
0.84
6.46
63
6.88
10.92
32
1.07
3-34
12
3.85
32.08
63
1.02
1.62
24
3.56
14.83
12
0.70
5-83
62
3-38
5-45
24
1.32
6.33
II
3-40
30.91
60
I.OO
1.67
20
1.08
5-04
II
1.36
12.36
SS
8.87
16.13
19
6.08
30.20
10
0.88
8.80
50
4.68
5.36
19
Traces
9
3-13
34.78
45
4-3
9-55
18
1.36
7-56
5
3-08
61.60
45
1.8
4.00
18
0.48
2.67
5
1.08
20.80
40
5-2
13.06
17
0.36
2.12
5
1.08
21.60
39
0.68
1.74
16
2.50
15.60
From the data in the table it may be seen that some orchard
soils contain large quantities of arsenic and some carry compara-
tively large proportions of it in the water-soluble form; but there
is no uniform relationship between the total arsenic in soils and the
water-soluble arsenic. If, as is most likely the case, the injury to
plants is due to the water-soluble arsenic, greater injury would
result in a soil containing only 5 parts per million of total arsenic
with 61.60 per cent. of the arsenic water-soluble, than in a soil con-
taining 102 parts per million, in which only 0.9 per cent. of the
arsenic is water-soluble. It may be seen, further, that one of the
above soils, which contains 63 parts per million of total arsenic,
has only 1.62 per cent. in soluble form, while another soil, having
exactly the same amount of total arsenic, contains 10.92 per cent.
in soluble form.
Arsenic in soil is not confined to the surface. One soil, obtained
"^ Greaves : Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 1913, xxxv, p. 150.
1913] J- E. Greaves 521
at a depth of three feet, yielded 11 parts per million of total arsenic,
30.91 per Cent, of which was water-soluble.
It may be safely concluded, from the above data, that some
virgin soils contain arsenic in large quantities, but that the propor-
tion in a soil is no index of the amount which is soluble in water.
The latter is probably governed by many factors, e. g., kind of soil,
water-soluble salts in it, and form in which the arsenic was applied
to the soil.
The latter factor has been tested by applying the same quantity
of different forms of arsenic to different portions of the same soil
and then determining the quantity of water-soluble arsenic present
in the soil. The soil used was a typical bench soil — a sandy loam —
fairly high in content of calcium and iron, and supplied with an
abundance of all the essential Clements of plant food with the
exception of nitrogen, which was low as is characteristic of the arid
soil. The proportion of water-soluble salts in the soil was low.
The influence of the soil on the solubility of the arsenical insecti-
cide was determined as follows: Quantities of lead arsenate (21.96
per Cent, of arsenic), Paris green (47 per cent. of arsenic), zinc
arsenite (31.25 per cent. of arsenic) and arsenic trisulfide (60 per
Cent, of arsenic), were added to 100 gm. portions of soil in quanti-
ties sufficient to give 112 mgm. of arsenic per 100 gm. of soil. The
soil and arsenic, together with 2 gm. of dry blood, were placed in
sterile tumblers, covered with Petri dishes, the water content made
and kept at 18 per cent.; and then each mixture was incubated at
28° C. for three weeks. At the end of this time the soil was trans-
ferred with 1000 c.c. of carbon-dioxide-free distilled water, to
large acid bottles. The mixture was left in these bottles with occa-
sional shaking for eight days, then filtered and the arsenic deter-
mined in an aliquot part. In another set each quantity of insecticide
was mixed with a 100 gm. portion of soil and 2 gm. of dry blood,
and the water-soluble arsenic determined as above, without incuba-
tion. All determinations were made in duplicate. The data are
given in Table 2, as mgm. of water-soluble arsenic in 100 gm. of
soil either before or after three weeks' incubation (112 mgm. of
arsenic had been added to each.)
522
Occurrence of Arsenic in Soils
[July
TABLE 2
Data pertaining to ihe water-soluble arsenic in soils mixed with arsenical
insecticides
Treatment
Lead arsenate
Paris green
Zinc arsenite
Arsenic tri-
sulfide
Incubated three weeks. Water-
soluble arsenic determined . . .
Water-soluble arsenic deter-
mined direct
mgm.
14-3
20.2
mgm.
80.80
82.00
mgm.
36.9
31-7
mgm.
50.0
5-6
Average
17-3
81.40
34-3
27-3
These results show that there may be a great difference in the
quantity of water-soluble arsenic existing in the same soil to which
various forms of arsenic have been added in equivalent quantities ;
and that even a soil comparatively rieh in iron and calcium, to
which arsenic has been added in large quantities, may have a high
water-soluble content of arsenic. It is much higher when arsenic
is added in the form of Paris green, than when added in the other
forms mentioned. The solubility of the Compounds, with the excep-
tion of arsenic trisulfide, is not greatly changed on standing in a
soil containing a large quantity of decomposing organic matter.
The results also show the superiority of lead arsenate over any
of the other arsenical insecticides. Any injurious effect of such
Compounds on plants must be proportional to the available amount
of water-soluble arsenic, not to the total arsenic. In the use of an
arsenical insecticide it should be the rule to select a Compound
which would remain insoluble for the greatest possible length of
time. Lead arsenate possesses this advantage in high degree.
Summary. Some virgin soils contain arsenic in appreciable
quantities which comes from the decay of the native rocks. Many
cultivated orchard soils contain it in large proportions, but there
is no uniform relationship between the total quantity of arsenic in
different soils, and the water-soluble arsenic of these soils. A soil
containing over 100 parts per million of total arsenic contained
much less water-soluble arsenic than did a soil carrying only 5 parts
per million of total arsenic. The solubility of the arsenic found in
a soil is governed largely by the salts in the soil and the form in
which the arsenic is applied. Different portions of the same soil,
1913] J- E. Greaves 523
to which equivalent quantities of various so-called insoluble arsen-
ical Compounds had been added, showed great dissimilarities in
water-soluble arsenic content. The portion to which Paris green
was added contained four times as much water-soluble arsenic as
did a portion of the same soil to which an equivalent quantity of lead
arsenate had been applied. Arsenic trisulfide, when first applied to
soil, is less soluble than lead arsenate, but as time progresses, at least
in some soils, the arsenic trisulfide becomes more soluble. For this
reason lead arsenate is probably safer than any of the other arsen-
ical insecticides.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE WEICHT OF THE SUGAR
BEET AND THE COMPOSITION OF
ITS JUICE
J. ARTHUR HARRIS and ROSS AIKEN GORTNER
(Biochemical Laboratory of the Station for Experimental Evolution,
Cold Spring Harhor, L. I.)
(WITH PLATE 8)
1. Introductory remarks. In an earlier paper^ we discussed
in terms of correlation and regression the relationship between the
weight of the sugar beet and the composition of its juice (total
soHds, sucrose and purity). At that time (October, 1912) we were
unaware of any previous attempt to deal with the problem by corre-
lation methods. It was with considerable pleasure, therefore, that
we found that only a few months before (January, 191 2) Andrlik,
Bartos and Urban^ had considered some of the same problems on
the basis of data derived from pedigreed strains, and had even gone
so f ar as to form correlation tables. They have not, however, calcu-
lated the constants which are essential to a füll understanding of
the tabled data. For this reason, and because their conclusions
differ from our own, we have thought it worth while to take up the
problem again.
2. Analysis of data. Although they discuss six series, Andrlik,
Bartos and Urban give only one table from which a correlation
1 Harris, J. Arthur and Ross Aiken Gortner ; On the relationship between
the weight of the sugar beet and the composition of its juice: Proc. Columbia
Biochem. Assoc, Biochemical Bulletin, 1913, ii, p. 287, and Journ. Industrial
and Engineering Chem., 1913, v, p. 192.
2 Andrlik, K., V. Bartos and J. Urban ; Über die Variabilität des Gewichtes
und des Zuckergehaltes der Zuckerrübenwurzeln, und über die gegenseitigen
Beziehungen dieser beiden Merkmale: Zeitschr. f. Zuckerindustrie in Böhmen,
1912, xxxvi, p. 193.
524
I9I3]
/. Arthur Harris and Ross Aiken G ortner
TABLE I
Weight of root in grams
525
Sugar content
in percents
300
to
350
3SO
to
400
400
to
450
450
to
SOG
SOG
to
550
550
to
600
600
to
650
650
to
700
700
to
750
75°
to
800
800
to
850
850
to
900
Totals
16.I-16.5
16.6-17.O
17.I-17.S
17.6-18.O
18.I-18.S
I8.6-19.O
19.1-19-5
19.6-20.0
20.1-20. 5
20.6-21.0
I
4
7
4
I
2
3
5
12
20
15
8
2
4
I
I
4
15
38
35
22
2
I
2
7
13
33
30
28
8
I
2
8
48
32
30
17
I
I
I
5
10
25
23
14
6
2
5
7
17
19
14
7
I
I
6
17
15
16
2
I
2
3
4
I
4
2
I
I
I
I
2
7
30
76
211
179
138
47
10
Totals . . .
19
69
1x8
123
138
87
70
57
II
7
I
I
701
coefficient can be determined.^ From their summary, reproduced in
slightly modified form in the above table, we deduce, using the con-
venient formula
''«.=
'2{w's')/N—ws
<r CT
where 2(w'/) denotes the summations of the (mid-ordinate) values
of the weight and sugar content of the individual beets, the bars
denote the means and the sigmas the Standard deviations of the
two variables,
r„. = .116 ± .025.
The correlation Is over four times its probable error and so pos-
sibly statistically significant, but certainly is very low. Expressing
the relationship in terms of regression, using the straight line equa-
tion employed in the preceding paper
+ r-
we find
5^ = (5 — r-^w]
\ '^ra J
s= 18.722927 + 0.000796 w,
3 Throughout their work these authors speak of their first series as con-
taining 699 beets. But the entries in their fundamental table, " Tabelle II a,"
add up to 701, so we have thought it best to foUow this. In two other series
we cannot make our additions agree with theirs.
526 Notes on the Siigar Beet and its Juice [July
where weight is in grams and sugar in percents. Thus, for a dif-
ference of 50 grams in weight (the ränge of the weight classes
employed by these Bohemian investigators), one would expect an
increase in sugar content of only 0.000796 X 50 = 0.00398 per cent.
The regression straight Hne and the empirical means are repre-
sented in Plate 8.* We note that the observed positive correlation
only means a difference of 0.44 per cent. between the lowest and
the highest weight grade.
Data from which correlation surfaces might be prepared are not
given for the remaining five series.'^ It would have been possible to
get the sign of the remaining five correlations from the data of
"Tabelle I and Tabelle VI" by throwing the above formula for
r into the form
S(njwsJ)fN — WS
Wl
w $
where n is the number of individuals in any weight grade, w, Sw is
the mean sugar content associated with this given grade, and .S"
denotes a summation for all weight classes. But unfortunately,
these two tables are not consistent ! Thus, series 2 ranges from 525
to 1475 S^- (mid-ordinates) in one case and from 575 to 1525 in the
other. Series 3 ranges from 525 to 1375 gm. in one table and from
575 to 1525 in the other. Series 4 begins at 625 and ends at 1375 in
one table while in the other it ranges from 725 to 1425. Series 5 and
6 are equally faulty in this regard ; in addition, the number of beets
for series 5 is given as 173 in one table and as 1390 in the other;
the number of beets for table 6 is given as 426 in one table and as
173 in the other. Even such confusion as this might possibly be
straightened out with some probability of certainty, had not the
* The two Upper weight classes, connected by broken lines, contain each
only a Single beet, so are of little significance.
5 The data for the first series are given in ponderous detail. The first table
gives sugar in tehths of percents for weight groups of 50 gr. ränge. Tables
showing correlation between weight and sugar (in groups of o.S per cent ränge)
and between sugar and weight are extracted from this as Tables II b and IV.
Both of these tables, in essentials identical, are reduced to percentage f requencies
and published as Tables III and V. It is really a great pity that the four or
five pages thus needlessly used could not have been devoted to the actual data
for the five other series upon which their conclusions might have been critically
tested.
03
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1913] J- Arthur Harris and Ross Aiken G ortner 527
value of the data been completely destroyed by the reduction of all
frequencies to percentages. We must confess that these evidences
of gross carelessness in the treatment of their numerical data lessen
our confidence in the conclusions they and their reviewers have
drawn from it.
Turn now to three other series of analyses by Andrlik and
Urban made for a different purpose.*^ They give the weight, sugar
content and nitrogen'^ content of 36 beets grown from normal-
nitrogen-content mothers and the same data for 36 roots grown
from high-nitrogen-content parents. The first of these we designate
as Series A, the second as Series B. They also give 100 analyses
of beets from the same parent individual. We refer to these as C.
For weight and sugar the correlations are :
For Series A, r„, = — 0.278 ± 0.104
For Series B, r^, = — 0.456 ± 0.089
For Series C, r^, = — 0.031 ± 0.067
All the relationships are negative. The probable errors are high
because of the small number of beets given, but the two first cases
may perhaps be regarded as statistically significant in comparison
with their probable errors. They are in excellent agreement with
the correlations published in our first paper.
We have also deduced the coefficients for weight and nitrogen, n.
They are :
For Series A, r„„ = — 0.234 ±0.106
For Series B, r„„ = - 0.393 =*= oo95
For Series C, r„„ = + 0.054 =^ 0.067
One of the constants is positive in sign but less than its probable
error. The two negative values are fairly large and possibly sig-
nificant in comparison with their probable error.
Still another series of data^ of quite a different sort affords, it
8 Andrlik, K. and J. Urban ; "Über die Variabilität des Stickstoffgehaltes in
Zuckerrübenwurzeln : Zeitschr. f. Zuckerindustrie in Böhmen, 1912, xxxvi,
p. 513-
''■ Milligrams of nitrogen in 100 grams of root.
8 Novotny, K. ; Ein Beitrag zur Betrachtungen über die Beziehungen
zwischen dem percentuellen Zuckergehalte und dem Gewichte der Rüben :
Zeitschr. f. Zuckerindustrie in Böhmen, 1912, xxxvi, p. 269.
528 Notes 011 the Siigar Beet and its Juice [July
seems to us, the strongest evidence for a negative relationship
between the weight of the beet and its sugar content in commercial
cultures. Novotny selected from his laboratory record books
analyses of samples of beets which had been divided into two sub-
samples, one of large and one of small beets. Altogether there are
2y of these pairs of samples, taken from 1892 to 1910. With only
two exceptions (in which the sugar percentage was identical in the
two cases) the sugar content of the lighter was higher than that of
the heavier fraction.^
3. Summary and discussion. There is a more or less wide-
spread idea that the percentage sugar-content of large beets is lower
than that of small roots. This belief, which has often been opposed,
was placed on a scientific basis for American commercial cultures
by an earlier study, in which we showed that there is a significantly
negative (and sometimes numerically very substantial) correlation
between the weight of the root and its total solids, its percentage
sugar-content and its coefficient of purity. The strongest evidence
in Support of our conclusions (so far as sugar content is concerned)
is furnished by the data of Novotny. Recently, however, wide cur-
rency has been given to the conclusions that there is no necessary
negative relationship between weight of root and composition of
Juice, and that when analyses are made of a series of beets derived
from the same mother plant no such correlation is demonstrated.
The data upon which this Statement has been made seems to be
six series by Andrlik, Bartos and Urban. Of these the figures for
one series only are given in a form really suitable for Statistical
analysis. This gives a low positive correlation. The tables for the
other five series contain so many obvious inconsistencies that they
cannot be used. But three other series by Andrlik and Urban, also
from beets derived from an individual mother but analyzed for a
different purpose, all give negative correlations between weight and
sugar content. One of these is numerically insignificant ; the other
ö Notwithstanding the fact that his data bear evidence without a single ex-
ception against the Statement that there is no negative relationship between
weight of root and composition of juice, Novotny attempts, by the use of a
formula which seems to us to have no theoretical justification, to show that the
difference in sugar content between large and small beets is becoming smaller
and that his results are consequently in accord with those of Andrlik, Bartos and
Urban.
igi3] /. Arthur Harris and Ross Alken Gortner 529
two are of the order r = — 0.300. Thus, of the four series of data
which can be scientifically analyzed, three give correlations which are
negative in sign while one is positive. One negative and one positive
coefficient are very low; two of the negative coefficients are more
substantial, agreeing fairly well with the values previously pub-
lished by us.
Surely such facts as these form a very slender basis for the con-
clusion (widely circulated by uncritical reviewers) that in beets of
the same strain there is no negative correlation between weight and
sugar content ! Nevertheless one must recognize the possibility of
the correctness of the conclusion. Should it prove to be valid, the
Suggestion follows that the negative correlation demonstrated in
commercial cultures has a genetic origin, i. e., that strains character-
ized by large root size are also characterized by low sugar content,
and that when these strains are intermingled and intercrossed in
field cultures there results a negative correlation between the weight
of the individual beet and the sugar content of its juice. Such a
result would be of the greatest interest to breeders.
NOTE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BARO-
METRIC PRESSURE AND CARBON-DIOXIDE
EXCRETION IN MAN
Higley's application of the product-moment correlation method
to the question o£ the influence of barometric pressure on carbon-
dioxide excretion in man^ seems to deserve some extension. For-
tunately, this is possible on his published data.
Instead of inquiring merely whether there is a correlation be-
tween barometric pressure and carbon-dioxide excretion, one may
profitably consider (a) whether the volumes excreted by the same
individual at different periods in the day are correlated, and (b)
whether the amounts excreted by different individuals on the same
day are correlated.
The correlation between the volumes respired by the same indi-
vidual at different times of Observation on the same day might be
due either to internal physiological conditions,^ or to Variation f rom
day to day in external conditions (barometric pressure, or some
other environmental factor). A correlation between the volumes
excreted by different individuals on the same day would necessarily
be due to some common external condition.
Designating Higley's subjects by a^ b and c, and the three Ob-
servation periods by m^^morning, w = noon and ^=evening, I
find the following results.^
A. For correlations between different Observation periods for
the same individual:
For a,
rmn = + 0.30 ±0.12, rme= — O.I5=bO.I3, rne = -|- 0.00 ± O.I3
1 Higley : Biochemical Bulletin, 1913, ii, p. 393.
2 These might conceivably tend to bring about either a positive or a nega-
tive correlation.
3 In determining the correlations, the means and Standard deviations were
necessarily recalculated for each product-moment, since several observations
are wanting. Thus N varies from coefficient to coefficient.
530
I9I3] J' Arthur Harris 53 1
For b,
rmn = — 0.53 ±0.10, rme = + 0.19 ±0.14, ^ne = O.O/rtO.Iß
For c,
rmn = + 0.04 ±0.13, rme = + 0.21 ±0.13, ^ne = + O.O/ ± O. I4
B, For correlations between the excretions of different indi-
viduals on the same day :
For 7 A. M.,
ro&== — 0.00 ±0.14, roc = + 0.46 ±0.10, nc= + 0.00 ±0.14
For 12 M.,
ro&= + 0.20 ±0.12, roc = + 0.31 ±0.12, r6c== + 0.08 ±0.13
For 5 P. M.,
foö = 4- 0.15 ±0.13, roc = + 0.07 ±0.14, nc = + 0.03 ±0.14
In each case three of the values are negative and six positive in
sign, They thus tend to confirm Higley's Suggestion concerning the
relationship between common external conditions and volume of
carbon-dioxide excreted. But the probable errors are high (because
of both the lowness of most of the coefficients and the smallness of
the number of observations) and the constants are very irregulär.
For trustworthy conclusions larger series are necessary. When
these are available, the correlations here suggested may, I believe,
be of supplementary value.
J. Arthur Harris
The Carnegie Institution of Washington,
Station for Experimental Evolution,
Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.
THE BLEACHED FLOUR DECISION
May I be permitted to answer the editorial signed " M. C," on
"The Bleached Flour Decision," which appeared in the April issue
of the BiocHEMicAL Bulletin (p. 487) ?
While I was associated with Professor Alway, at the Nebraska
State Experiment Station, we had occasion to spend the greater part
of a year investigating the subject of the bleaching of flours by the
Alsop process, i. e., the use of nitrogen peroxide.^
At the Start I may State that the work was not done under any
grant from the miliers, or others interested in the process, but was
under a grant from the Adams Fund ; and that all conclusions were
based solely upon the experimental evidence. I may also add that
at this time I have no interest in the matter except to see that facts
are stated.
I. The "poison" to which " M. C." refers is the nitrite-reacting
substance (NaNOg ?) which is present in bleached flours and gives
the reaction with the Griess-Ilosvay reagent. This "poison" is
present in bleached flours not to exceed 6-10 parts per million, and
usually in much smaller quantities. A greater proportion may be
introduced by "over bleaching," but in over bleached flours a dirty
yellow color is produced and the flour is ruined commercially.
When a flour which has been bleached is baked, all, or nearly all,
of the nitrite-reacting substance is destroyed, and it very rarely
happens that loaves of hread made from bleached flours and un-
bleached flours can be distingiiished from each other by the nitrite
test. .This is especially true if the baking has been done in a gas-
fired Oven, for under such conditions bread made from unbleached
flour will give the nitrite test.
Aside from the nitrite test, there is only one other distinguishing
feature, since the baking quality of the flour, the expansion of the
gluten, and the odor, taste, weight, lightness, and texture of the
1 See Bull. No. 102, Nebr. Agric. Exper. Sta. (The Effect of Bleaching upon
the Quality of Wheat Flour).
532
1913] Ross Alken Gortner 533
bread are the same, whether made from bleached or unbleached
flours; but, in all cases, the bread made from high grade bleached
floiir is whiter and more inviting in appearance. Eating bread
made from bleached flour has, as I personally know, produced no
ill effects, even when the test lasted for months at a time.
The saliva of normal human beings almost always contains
nitrites, and the quantity of nitrites secreted by the average indi-
vidual in 24 hours in the saliva is far in excess of the quantity which
we found in the entire loaf of bread highest in nitrites. In order
to obtain the medicinal dose of the '' poison" (NaNOz), it would
he necessary to eat at least a poiind loaf of bread each day for a year.
2. "M. C." also adds : "If it is not to conceal inferiority so
that a higher price can be had for the flour, why do miliers use the
process?" In the first place our experiments show that low grades
of flour cannot be successfully bleached, and, when bleached, can
in no case be confused with a high grade flour, for the color of the
small particles of bran in a low grade flour is not affected by the
nitric fumes and the bread produced from such a flour has an
uninviting color.
It is merely a question as to where the wheat comes from, that
causes bleaching. At the last trial in St. Louis one of the witnesses
for the Government testified and protested against the use of the
bleachers, although he was himself a milier. On cross examination
he admitted that he had formerly used the process but had aban-
doned it. On further questioning it developed that, while he was
in the "yellow wheat belt," he had used the bleacher but now, in
Kentucky, the wheats gave a white flour, and he did not need to use
the bleacher to get the same resitlt.
The wheats of Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, etc., have a dark yellow
oil which, when milled, gives a very yellow tint to the flour. This
answers the " WHY " : it is because the farmers of Nebraska, Iowa,
Kansas, etc., wish to produceas saleable a flour as do their neighbors.
The influence of the minute quantities of NO2 changes this yel-
low oil into a colorless Compound : very probably it is the old
reaction of oleic acid changing into elaidic acid.
3. I am heartily in accord with the Pure Food and Drugs Act,
even if I do seem to fall in the class mentioned in the final para-
534 The Bleached Flour Decision [July
graph by "M, C." But why do we need to go to such extremes?
To quote "M. C." — ^the fifth section reads: "An article shall be
deemed adulterated — if it contains any added poisonous or other
added deleterious ingredient which may r ender such article injurious
to health." Why not prohibit the addition of salt to the bread?
Stefansson teils us that, in the Arctic when he was unable to pro-
cure salt, he experienced dizziness and all of the cravings due to the
lack of a customary narcotic, but his health was far better after the
cravings were over, and that, on returning to civilization, salted
foods were decidedly distasteful to him and he had to acquire a
taste for them again. Certainly, if the salt taken in bread were
increased in amount several hundred fold, physiological disturb-
ances might occur, and poisonous Symptoms be observed.
The only way we can use a law is to give it a sane interpreta-
tion. I do not protest against the branding of the flour " bleached,"
That is all right ; we have a right to know what we are buying, but
I do protest against forbidding its inter-state transportation when
no harmful effects have ever been demonstratedj even by the widest
Stretch of Imagination.
RoSS AlKEN GORTNER
Carnegie Institution of Washington,
Station for Experimental Evolution,
Cold Spring Harbor, L. /., N. Y.
EMIL CHR. HANSEN FUND
Pursuant to the last will and testament of the late Professor
Emil Chr. Hansen and bis wife, a Fund bearing bis name bas been
establisbed, tbe Statutes of wbicb were ratified by tbe Danisb Gov-
ernment on June 17, 191 1. At proper intervals, as a rule every
two or tbree years, beginning in the year 191 4, a Gold Medal bear-
ing Hansen's effigy and accompanied by a sum of (at least) Five
hundred dollars (2000 Kroner) is to be awarded on the donor's
birthday, the 8th of May, to the author of a distinguished publica-
tion on some microbiological subject that has appeared of late years
in Denmark or elsewhere.
The Fund is committed to the administration of the Chiefs of
the two departments of Carlsberg Laboratory, together with a
Danish biologist elected by the governing body of Carlsberg
Laboratory. ^
The person to whom the Medal is to be assigned shall be desig-
nated by a Committee composed of the above mentioned Trustees
of the Fund, together with at least two f oreign microbiologists, who,
at the request of the said Trustees, will have accepted appointment
to membership in the Committee. Professeur et Dr. Calmette, Lille ;
Geh. Ober-Med.-Rath Prof. Dr. Gaffky, Berlin; and Professor
Theobald Smith, M.D., Boston, have become members of the
Committee.
It is proposed to award the medal, in 19 14, to a scientist in the
field of Medical Microbiology {comprehending the morphology,
biology and mode of action of the microbes generative of disease
in the human or animal body).
All Communications regarding the Hansen Fund should be sent
to, and all further particulars will be given by, the President of the
Board of Trustees.
Board of Trustees:
Professor C. O. Jensen, Dr. med.,
Serum Institute of the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College;
JoHS. Schmidt, Dr. phil.,
Physiological Department of Carlsberg Laboratory;
Professor S. P. L. Sörensen, Dr. phil.,
President of the Board of Trustees,
Chemical Department of Carlsberg Laboratory.
Copenhagen, Valby, Denmark,
June, 1913.
535
BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES
There are, at present, no laboratories of biological chemistry in
the Philippines, biit there are well equipped chemical and biological
laboratories at the University of the Philippines in Manila, at the
Agricultural College in Los Baiios and at the Bureau of Science.
The course in biological chemistry in the College of Medicine and
Surgery is under the control of the Department of Chemistry in the
University, and the small biochemical laboratory is temporarily
used for pharmacy. It is planned in the near future to put the
biochemistry in the Department of Physiology. Research in the
Department of Pharmacology has been in the biochemical field, and
this laboratory is well equipped for the work.
Research in the Islands is largely concerned with local and
tropical problems. Aron's work on Philippine rice and on beriberi,
and Freer's investigations of tropical sunlight are recent examples.
Gibbs has studied the chemistry of the mongo bean, an important
article of diet in the Orient. Coöperative work, by the Board for
the Study of Tropical Diseases of the U. S. Army and the chemists
in the Bureau of Science, on the protective principle in rice polish-
ings, may be mentioned. Andrews has reported the analyses of
samples of milk from native women, whose infants have died of
beriberi — puppies, suckled by these women, developed the disease.
Shaklee is at present carry ing out an extensive series of experi-
ments on low nutrition under tropical conditions.
The satisfactory conditions for work, particularly the large
amount of available material out here, should appeal to the biolog-
ical chemist. The Bilibid prisoners can be used as exactly controlled
subjects for metabolism work; and normal fresh human organs are
obtainable at the not infrequent prison executions. There is an
abundance of autopsy material. Cases in the Philippine General
Hospital can be studied experimentally. Animals, such as dogs and
monkeys, are easily obtained. The native laboratory assistants are
quickly trained, and make good technicians. There is an excellent
536
1913] R- B. Gibson 537
library at the Bureau o£ Science. Finally, living conditions are
good and salaries are liberal. It is to be hoped that the near future
will find more biological chemists in the Islands.
R. B. Gibson
Department of Physiology,
College of Mediane and Surgery,
University of the Philippines.
DOCTORATES IN BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Conferred by American Universities, ig 1 2-' 13 ^
The names of recent reciplents of the Ph.D. degree in biochem-
ical science, with the subjects of the dissertations, are arranged
below in university groups :
Columbia University.^ — Joseph Samuel Hepburn: Biochemical
studies of cholesterol. — Benjamin Horowitz: A study of the action
of ammonia on thymol. — Edgar Grim Miller, Jr.: Studies in patho-
logical chemistry; (I) Enzymes as possible factors in the develop-
ment of edema, (II) The lecithin content of the blood in syphiHs,
(III) Studies on dental caries. — Anton Richard Rose: Biochemical
studies of phyto-phosphates. — George Gilmore Scott: A physiolog-
ical study of the changes in Mustelus canis produced by modifica-
tions in the molecular concentration of the external medium. —
Clayton Sidney Smith: A study of the influence of cold-storage tem-
perature upon the composition and nutritive value of fish. — Charles
Weisman: Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to Ventila-
tion.
Comell University. — George Ellsworth Thompson: An experi-
mental study of photoactive cells with fluorescent electrolytes. —
Eleanor VanNess VanAlstyne: The absorption of protein without
digestion.
Harvard University. — Chaimcey J. Vallette Pettibone: The
quantitative estimation of urea in urine.
Johns Hopkins University. — Lon A. Hawkins: The influence
of calcium, magnesium and potassium nitrates upon the toxicity of
certain heavy metals toward fungous spores.
University of Chicago. — Aaron Arkin: The influence of chem-
ical substances upon immune reactions, with special reference to
^Additional information regarding the Columbia doctors (and masters) in
biological chemistry is given on page 579, where may also be found the names
of successful Ph.D. candidates in botany, chemistry and zoology, whose minor
work was done, in part, in the Columbia departraent of biological chemistry.
538
I9I3] P. H. D. 539
oxidations. — George Lester Kite: The relative permeability o£ the
surface protoplasm of animal and plant cells. — Shiro Tashiro:
Chemical change in nerve fiber during passage of a nerve impulse.
— 'Arthur Lawrie Tafum: Studies in experimental cretinism,
University of Missouri. — Leroy Sheldon Palmer: Study of the
natural pigment in the fat of cow milk.
University of Wisconsin. — William Harold Peterson: Forms
of sulfur in plants. — Roy Lee Primm: Some phenomena associated
with cellulose fermentation. — Nellie 'Antoinette Wakeman: Plant
pigments other than chlorophyl.
Washington University. — Jacob Richard Schramm: A contri-
bution to our knowledge of the problem of free-nitrogen fixation in
certain species of grass-green algse, with special reference to pure-
culture methods. — Charles Oscar Chambers: The relation of algae
to dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, with special reference to
carbonate.
Yale University. — Robert Bengis: The synthesis of amino acids
related to adrenalin. — Howard Bishop Lewis: The behavior of some
hydantoin and thiohydantoin derivatives in the organism, together
with a study of certain related sulfur Compounds. — Ben Harry
Nicolet: Some derivatives of amino-malonic acid and their biochem-
ical interest. — Ruth Wheeler: Nutrition experiments with mice.
Universities which conferred Ph.D. degrees in the natural and
exact Sciences, but at which there were no biochemical candidates,
are named below :
Boston University University of California
Brown University University of Cincinnati
Clark University University of Illinois
George Washington University University of Iowa
Indiana University University of Michigan
Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Minnesota
New York University University of Nebraska
Princeton University University of Pennsylvania
Stanford University University of Pittsburgh
Tulane University University of Virginia
Vanderbilt University
540 Doctorates in Biological Chemistry [july
Comparing the foregoing list with the data published a year
ago,2 we note the main points of interest shown by the appended
summary :
Number of Ph.D. degrees awarded by American universities to biochemical
candidates, 1913 and 1913.
1912 1913 Total Women
1912,, 1913
Brown University i o i 0 o
Columbia University il 7 18 l 0
Cornell University 5 2 7 o 1
Harvard University i i 2 o o
Johns Hopkins University l l 2 o O
University of California 5 o 5 i 0
University of Chicago 8 4 I2 l o
University of Illinois 5 0 S o 0
University of Michigan 2 o 2 o O
University of Missouri o i i 0 O
University of Wisconsin 4 3 7 o l
Washington University o 2 2 o o
Yale University 6 4 10 l i
Total 49 253 74 "4 y
P. H. D.
2 Biochemical Bulletin : 1912, i, p. 546.
3 The decrease from 49 in 1912 to 25 in 1913 accords with a general tend-
ency: the number of doctorates in the "natural and exact sciences" decreased
from 273 in 1912 to 231 in 1913, whereas the doctorates in the " humanities "
increased from 209 in 1912 to 230 in 1913 — totals of 482 in 1912 and 461 in 1913.
TWELFTH SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE COLUM-
BIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION,
AT THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND
SURGEONS, NEW YORK, JUNE 2, 19131
Proceedings reported by THE Secretary,
ALFRED P. LOTHROP
The twelfth scientific session (fourth " anniial" meeting) o£ the
Columbia University Biochemical Association was held at the
Columbia Medical School, at 8.15 p. m., on June 2, 1913.^ Ab-
stracts of the papers are presented here (pages 542-558) in two
groups : (A) Abstracts of papers on research by non-resident
members^ and (B) abstracts of papers from the Columbia Bio-
chemical Department and affiliated laboratories. The appended
summary facilitates reference to the abstracts (86-107).*
A SUMMARY OF THE NAMES OF THE AUTHORS AND OF THE
TITLES OF THE SUCCEEDING ABSTRACTS (86-107)
A Max Kahn. MetaboHsm studies of
five cases of endarteritis obliterans
("Hebräische Krankheit"). (88)
Daniel R. Lucas. On the content in
expired air of protein detectable by
the anaphylactic reaction. (89)
Max Morse. On the comparative
physiology of creatin and Creatinin.
(90)
Matthew Steel. Influence of elec-
tricity upon metabolism. (91)
A. F. Blakeslee and Ross Aiken
GoRTNER. On the occurrence of a
toxin in juice expressed from the
bread mould, Rhisopus nigricans
(Mucor stolonifer). (86)
Ross Aiken Gortner. Studies on
melanin : V. A comparison of cer-
tain nitrogen ratios in black and in
white wool from the same animal.
(87)
1 Scientific meetings are held regularly on the first Fridays of December,
February and April, and on the first Monday in June.
~ Proceedings of the ninth, tenth and eleventh scientific meetings were
published in the last (April) number of the Biochemical Bulletin at pages
452, 461 and 486.
3 Members of the Association who were not officially connected with the
Columbia Biochemical Department when the researches were conducted.
* Previous abstracts were published in the Biochemical Bulletin : 1-44,
1912, ii, p. 156; 45-62, 1913, ii, p. 28s; 63-72, 1913, ii, p. 452; 73-85, IQIS,
ii, p. 462.
541
542 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical 'Association [July
B
Louis Berman and William J. Gies.
Studies of intracellular chemistry:
A differential stain for mucins and
mucoids. (92)
Walter H. Eddy. Two new histons.
(93)
Walter H. Eddy. Histon nucleo-
protein : A protein salt. (94)
Frank R. Elder. Further experi-
ments on the preparation of modi-
fied collodion membranes for use in
dialysis experiments. (95)
Samuel Gitlow. Comparative studies
of the permeabihty of collodion and
collodion-fat membranes. (96)
TuLA L. Harkey. Further studies of
edema : On the absorption of water
by white lupin seeds. (97)
TuLA L. Harkey. Further studies of
edema: On the postmortem absorp-
tion of water by tissues from well
nourished and fasting animals.
(98)
Paul E. Howe and William J. Gies.
A preliminary study of the resist-
ance of fasting dogs to hemorrhage.
(99)
V. E. Levine. Biochemical studies of
selenium. (100)
Helen I. Mattill and H. A. Mattill.
The influenae of electrolytes on
the precipitation of soluble starch.
(lOl)
Edgar G. Miller, Jr. Determinations
of the acidity of fruit Juices. (102)
Olive G. Patterson. A study of the
influence of external hemorrhages
on the partition of urinary nitrogen.
(103)
P. W. PuNNETT. The action of a
high frequency current on the ac-
tivity of pancreatic amylase. (104)
Christian Seifert and William J.
Gies. A further study of the dis-
tribution of osseomucoid. (105)
A. W. Thomas. A further effort to
prepare a colorless biuret reagent.
(106)
Charles Weisman. Biochemical
studies of expired air in relation to
Ventilation. (107)
A. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS ON RESEARCH BY NON-RESIDENT
MEMBERS5
86. On the occurrence of a toxin in juice expressed from the
bread mould, Rhizopus nigricans (Mucor stolonifer). A. F.
Blakeslee and Ross Aiken Gortner. {Biochemical Laboratory
of the Station for Experimental Evolution, The Carnegie Institu-
tion of Washington.) During a series of immunity studies, having
as their aim a possible Solution of the chemical nature of sex, we
observed that the "presssaft" from the aerial filaments of Rhizopus
nigricans caused almost instant death when injected intravenously
into rabbits. Several other species of the Mucorineae were tested
and no such result has yet been obtained. The mycelium directly
in contact with the substratum apparently contains as great a quan-
s Members of the Association who were not officially connected with the
Columbia Biochemical Department when the researches were conducted.
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 543
tity of toxin as do the aerial filaments, Furthermore, the toxin is
present in both sexes of the fungus in large amount. We have not
determined whether one sex contains a greater absolute quantity
than the other.
The toxicity o£ the Rhisopus extract may be better understood
by saying that a Solution containing the water-soluble substances
extracted from 0.045 S^- o^ ^^^ ^O^ fungus, when injected intra-
venously, is sufficient to kill a 1.35 kilo rabbit in less than two
minutes. Convulsions begin almost before the needle can be with-
drawn, and are followed by great turgidity of the ehest and abdomen,
then by relaxation of the rigid abdomen, throwing the head back-
ward with cough-like movements of the diaphragm, protrusion of
the eyes, and death. When a dose containing the toxin from a
greater quantity than 0.045 g^i- is injected, the animal is often
dead before the needle can be withdrawn, with no convulsive move-
ments and only a sudden turning of the head and the sinking of
the body on one side. A sub-lethal dose causes extreme lethargy,
lasting for 48 hr. or more, during which time the animal moves
only when forced to do so. This may be followed by complete
recovery. We have not as yet elucidated the chemical nature of the
toxin. Its activity is not diminished by peptic digestion for three
hours, nor is it affected when its aqueous Solution is heated to boil-
ing for 10 min. Apparently, therefore, it is not a toxalbumin.
One of US (B) has shown that Rhizopus is nearly universally
distributed and is almost certain to appear as an infection on starchy
food under suitable moisture conditions, its occurrence being so
common as to have earned for it the name, " Bread-mould." While
connected with the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Univer-
sity of Nebraska, one of us (G) coöperated in an Investigation of
the origin of the "corn-stalk disease," which causes the death of
thousands of cattle in the Middle West each year, and which is,
in some way, connected with the use of corn stalks as fodder. At
that time no known toxin could be detected in the stomachs of the
diseased animals, and the direct cause of the disease has never been
elucidated.
The method of growth of the fungus, its wide distribution, as
well as certain of the Symptoms produced by the toxin which it
544 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [July
contains, would seem to indicate that there may be a possible rela-
tionship between Rhizopus and some of those diseases, such as
Pellagra, the "corn-stalk disease," and the "horse disease" of the
Middle West, the causes of which are at present unknown, but
which have been supposed to be due to infected food. We are at
present carrying out a series of investigations on the chemical
nature of the Rhizopiis toxin, as well as its possible relation to such
diseases, and we hope to be able to make a more detailed report in
the near future.
87. Studies on melanin : V. A comparison of certain nitro-
gen ratlos in black and in white wool from the same animal.
Ross AiKEN GoRTNER. (Biochcmical Laboratory of the Station
for Experimental Evolution, The Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington.) Black and white wool from a pied lamb were analyzed
by Van Slyke's method, with the following average percentage
results (corr. for solubilities of the bases) :
White wool Black wool
Ammonia nitrogen 9.32 9.46
Humin nitrogen 1.20 4.74
Arginine nitrogen 1746 16.81
Lysine nitrogen 3.90 3.97
Cystine nitrogen 2.70 3.09
Histidine nitrogen 7.00 7.04
Amino nitrogen (filtrate) 54-54 52.04
Mon-amino nitrogen (filtrate) 2.76 2.13
Total 98.88 99.27
The nitrogen content of the black wool was 15. 11 per cent. and of
the white wool, 16.27 per cent.
By subtracting the humin nitrogen for the white wool from the
corresponding fraction for the black wool we have 3.54 per cent.
of the nitrogen as due to the melanin present in the black wool, I
have already shown^ that the pigment which remains when the
melanin from wool is treated with boiling conc. hydrochloric acid,
contains 8.48 per cent. of nitrogen. Using these data I have calcu-
lated the percent of nitrogen which would be present in the black
wool providing that the nitrogen due to the melanin, as given by
the acid hydrolysis, were not present, at the same time correcting
ö Gortner : Bull. soc. chim. de France, 1912, xi, p. 498.
1913] Alfred P. Lothrop 545
the weight of wool taken for the corresponding weight of melanin ;
and I find that the percent of nitrogen in the keratin structure
(white wool) would be only 15.48 per cent. It can be readily
Seen that this is far too great a divergence from the white wool
percentage (16.27) to be an experimental error. It is far more
probable that the melanin molecule is broken down by acid hydroly-
sis and that only a portion of the nitrogen is obtained as humin
nitrogen, so that the correction which I used did not take into
account a considerable portion of the melanin molecule which has
a lower nitrogen content than the keratin structure. This suppo-
sition is in agreement with the results of my previous work.
88. Metabolism studies of five cases of endarteritis oblit-
erans ("Hebräische Krankheit"). Max Kahn. {Service of
Dr. Charles Goodman, Beth Israel Hospital, New York.) In five
male adults suffering from endarteritis obliterans of the vessels of
the leg, and fed a Folin diet, the urinary nitrogen partition was
normal, and the excretion of ethereal sulfate and calcium was
increased.
8g. On the content in expired air of protein detectable by
the anaphylactic reaction. Daniel R. Lucas. (Chemical Lab-
oratory, College of the City of New York.) The lethal intraperi-
toneal dose of dog serum for normal guinea pigs is about 5 c.c. for
300 grams of body weight; 4 c.c. for the same weight is usually
followed by recovery, 6 c.c. by death. The lethal dose of human
serum is about 10 c.c. for 300 grams of body weight.
Two c.c. of dog serum or 15 c.c. of distilled water, injected
intraperitoneally, in normal guinea pigs, caused shivering, twitch-
ing and noisy respiration. Such Symptoms have been interpreted
as evidences of anaphylactic shock but are not reliable indications
of it. Proportionate amounts and the production of a lethal effect
by a sublethal dose are essential for accuracy when dog serum is
used. Intraperitoneal injections (2-15 c.c.) of condensations from
the expired air of dogs did not sensitize guinea pigs to dog serum.
Guinea pigs exposed to dog exhalations for a week, under condi-
tions of very poor Ventilation, were not sensitized. Nor were any
evidences of sensitization to human serum obtained when pigs were
exposed for a week in the exit of a Ventilation System in a College
building containing many people daily.
54^ Proceedings Cohimbia Biochemical Association [July
These findings fail to support the concluslons of Rosenau and
Amoss,'^ but are in accord with, and extend, the observations of
Weisman.^
go. On the comparative physiology of creatin and Creatinin.
Max Morse. {Woods Hole, Mass.) In a study of the absorption
of the muscles in the tail of the larva of the common frog, attention
was directed to the creatin-creatinin content of the muscle and also
of the ehmination of these Compounds in the excretions. Numerous
attempts to determine the amounts led to the general conclusion
that, with the color reactions used (Folin-Benedict-Meyers method
and the older Jaffe reaction), no creatin or Creatinin is demonstrable
either in the fresh muscle or in the excretions. The results were
negative with Weyl's test and with Kramm's and Salkowski's
methods.
An attempt to isolate the crystallin Compounds was futile. The
f ollowing method was used : The larva was weighed and measured ;
the tail was removed, ground in sand, covered with 95 per cent.
alcohol and shaken for two-minute intervals on an International
Instrument Company centrifuge-head shaker with four changes of
water. The liquids were mixed and made up to 100 c.c. Ten c.c.
portions were used for the various reactions. A Duboscq color-
imeter was used, but the readings were not recognizable in the
instrument. Excretions were caught by placing the larva in a large
petri dish with a measured amount of distilled water, the whole
being concentrated at low heat by evaporation.
This Observation accords with other data showing that the ab-
sorption of the tail involving the disappearance of over a gram of
tissue within 12 hr. does not concern nitrogen elimination in excess
of the normal for non-metamorphosing frogs.
The study of the creatin-creatinin content of tails and excreta
of metamorphosing frogs was inspired by the conclusions of several
workers on mammalian material, which seemed to show that muscle
metabolism, especially the atrophying muscle of involuting uteri,
etc., involved quantitative relations of these Compounds, but Mellanby
has more recently shown that this is not true for mammalian uteri.
'Rosenau and Amoss : Journal of Medical Research, 191 1, xxv, p. 35.
^Weisman: Biochemical Bulletin, 1913, ii, p. 295. (See also page 558 of
this issue. Ed.)
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 547
Denis has failed to discover creatin and Creatinin in the urine of
elasmobranchs, but aside from this work, I know of no determina-
tions of the creatin-creatinin content, and the röle of these Com-
pounds, in the lower chordates.
91. Influence of electricity upon metabolism. Matthew
Steel. (Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Long Island
Medical College.) Informal report.
B. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS FROM THE COLUMBIA BIOCHEMICAL
DEPARTMENT AND AFFILIATED LABORATORIES
92. Studies of intracellular chemistry: A differential stain
for mucins and mucoids. Louis Berman and William J. Gies.
From a mixture of five parts of 0.25 per cent. sol. of safranin
(Grübler) and three parts of 0.25 per cent. sol. of methyl green
(Grübler), mucins and mucoids select the methyl green and are
colored green. In a 0.25 per cent, sol. of safranin alone, these gluco-
proteins are stained red. The following types of pure mucin and
mucoid preparations, which we prepared by the methods best
adapted for the highest purity of the products, stained green in the
safranin-methyl green sol. : mucoids from tendon, ligament, carti-
lage and bone; sodium salt of tendon mucoid; salivary mucin and
a sodium salt of salivary mucin ; ovo-mucoid.
Samples of the following protein products, prepared by the best
methods and of the highest purity, selected safranin from such a
safranin-methyl green sol. and stained red: albumin {tgg), chron-
droalbumoid, collagen, deutero proteose, edestin, elastin, fibrin,
gelatin (from bone, muscle, ligament), hemoglobin, metaproteins
(acid albumin and alkali a^buminate), myosin, nucleoprotein (from
ligament and yeast), Ossein, osseoalbumoid, peptone. Dry blood
serum, tgg white and gluten also stained red in the safranin-methyl
green mixture. All these protein preparations stain green in a 0.25
per cent. sol. of methyl green alone.
Glucothionic acids from the various glucoproteins named above
behave like mucins and mucoids in staining green in the safranin-
methyl green sol. The products obtained from glucothionic acid by
hydrolysis with boiling 5 per cent. hydrochloric acid sol. failed to
show the selective action.
548 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [July
One part of tendon mucoid mixed with one hundred parts of
Collagen or edestin can easily be detected by this differential stain-
ing process.
The technique, practical Utility, and applications of the test are
now under investigation.
93. Two new histons. Walter H. Eddy. Tom-cod histon.
Tom-cod milt contains a histon which, like thymus histon, is pre-
cipitable in two forms: (a) an ammonia-precipitated product which
is partially soluble in water, and (&) a sodium-chlorid precipitated
product which is readily soluble in water. Both forms give char-
acteristic histon tests. Shad histon. Shad milt contains a histon
which may be precipitated in two forms: (a) an ammonia-pre-
cipitated product which is insoluble in water, and {h) a complex
precipitable by Saturation with sodium chlorid, which appears to
be a combination of histon and a non-histon protein fraction. The
products were prepared by the method already described.^
94. Histon nucleoprotein : A protein salt. Walter H. Eddy.
Continuing the work on histon-nucleoprotein that has already been
described,^*^ and proceeding with the aid of the improved method
recently outlined,^^ a neutral water-sol. of thymus histon (which
had been precipitated by Saturation with sodium chlorid) was added
to a neutral Solution of sodium nucleoprotein from yeast until pre-
cipitation was complete. This precipitate was insoluble in water but
soluble in 0.05 per cent. sodium carbonate sol. and could be repre-
cipitated, without decomposition, by o.i per cent. hydrochloric acid
sol. The 0.05 per cent. sodium carbonate sol. was precipitable by
conc. nitric acid sol., by very dil. hydrochloric acid sol., by picric
acid, alcohol, mercuric chlorid and neutral lead acetate but was not
precipitable by ammonia, sodium phosphotungstate, potassium f erro-
cyanid, potassium mercuric iodid, or albumin. It gave positive
biuret, Millon, xanthoproteic and Molisch tests. In all these respects
the aqueous sol. of this precipitate agreed with the water-sol. of
sodium nucleoprotein. The precipitate obtained with o.i per cent.
hydrochloric acid sol., after purification, was extracted for twenty
four hours with 0.8 per cent. hydrochloric acid sol. Ammonia pre-
*Eddy: Biochemical Bth-letin, 1913, ii, p. 435.
i°Eddy: Ibid., 1912, ii, p. 121.
11 Eddy : Ibid., 1913, ü, P- 435-
1 /^».r'.5..'
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 549
cipitated from the extract a product which gave additional histon
tests, proving the presence of histon in the Compound.
An interesting confirmation of these results was obtained by
repeating the preparation with histon precipitated with sodium
Chlorid from a hydrochloric acid extract of tom-cod milts (see pre-
ceding abstract) . This product resembled, qualitatively, the thymus-
histon salt but was not precipitated from the sodium carbonate sol.
by hydrochloric acid. It was precipitated readily with nitric acid
and this precipitate yielded histon on extraction with 0.8 per cent.
hydrochloric acid sol.
95. Further experiments on the preparation of modified col-
lodion membranes for use in dialysis experiments. Frank R.
Elder. In continuance of the studies, in this laboratory, of col-
lodion membranes/^ we have endeavored to determine the compara-
tive permeabilities of collodion-fat combinations. The tests were
conducted with aqueous Solutions in small bags made by Dr. Gies'
method, as recently published by Clark/ ^ from mixtures of U. S. P.
collodion sol. and pure olive oil. Uniform mixtures of i part of
olive oil and 3 parts of collodion sol. did not yield bags strong
enough for the use intended, but satisfactory membranes could be
obtained from mixtures containing i part of oil and 4 of collodion
sol. Bags made from mixtures of i part of olive oil and 9 of col-
lodion sol. were impermeable to chlorid, sucrose and peptone in
dialysis experiments of a week's duration. Bags made from mix-
tures of I part of oil and 99 of collodion sol. were occasionally im-
permeable to each of these substances, though such bags frequently
permitted all of them to dialyze freely when associated pigment
was unable to diffuse. It is our Intention to determine, if possible,
whether such diffusion differences depend upon inequalities in the
distribution of oil in the bags, " age " of the membranes, etc.
96. Comparative studies of the permeability of collodion and
collodion-fat membranes. Samuel Gitlow. Bags were prepared
as usual (see the preceding abstract), and the tests were conducted
in water. The following water-soluble dyes diffuse through piain
collodion membranes used immediately after removal from the
12 Gies: Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chem., 1912, ii, p. 75; Journ. Biol. Chent.,
1912, xi, p. xli; Science, 1912, xxxv, p. 396.
13 Clark: Biochemical Bulletin, 1912, i, p. 198.
550 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [July
mold: (a) Very rapidly — auramin, bismarck brown, chrysoidin,
erythrosin, martius yellow, metanil yellow, orange G, rose bengal;
{h) in fifteen minutes — eosin A, phloxin, safranin; (c) in one hour
— Biebrich scarlet; (d) in one day — cape aloes, fast red A, fustic
extract, rhodamin ; (e) indiffusihle — benzopurpurin, malachite green,
methylene blue. The following dyes (those named above) diffuse
through coUodion-fat membranes used immediateiy affer removal
from the mold: (a) Very rapidly — chrysoidin, eosin A, martius yel-
low, orange G, phloxin, safranin; {b) in fifteen minutes — erythro-
sin; (c) in thirty minutes — Biebrich scarlet, metanil yellow, rose
bengal; {d) in one day — auramin, cape aloes, fast red A, rhodamin;
{e) indiffusible — azolitmin, benzopurpurin, bismarck brown, mala-
chite green, methylene blue.
The older the bags of each kind, that is the more completely the
residual ether and alcohol solvents of the collodion Solution (U. S.
P. ) were removed from the membranes, the less permeable the bags
became. In most cases, each particular pigment diffused through
the different membranes at the same general rate, but in the follow-
ing instances diffusion through collodion-fat membranes was faster
or slower than through piain collodion membranes: (a) faster —
Biebrich scarlet, eosin A, phloxin, safranin; {b) slower — auramin,
bismarck brown, erythrosin, metanil yellow, rose bengal.
Certain variations have been noted which appear to depend on
irregularities in the dyes and in commercial U. S. P. collodion Solu-
tions, also on the " age " of the bags. The study is in progress.
97. Further studies of edema: On the absorption of water
by white lupin seeds. Tula L. Harkey. The swelling of
weighed, normal, white lupin seeds in various media, as compared
with the increase in weight of such seeds in distilled water, was
determined at short intervals for a week or more. At the end of
24 hours, seeds gained more weight in the chemical Solutions than in
the corresponding water controls, in the instances cited on the
opposite page.
Effects of other acids, and of electrolytes and non-electrolytes
on the imbibition of water from acid Solutions, will be reported
later.
98. Further studies of edema: On the postmortem absorp-
tion of water by tissues from well nourished and f asting animals.
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 551
Data pertaining to the absorpHon of water by white lupin seeds
Solution
Percentage gain in 24 hours
Natura
Concentration, per
Cent
Water control
Specified Solution
Hydrochloric acid
0.125-0.5
0.25 -I.O
0.125-0.5
I.O -2.0
I.O
0.25
2.0
I.O -8.0
141.8
154-4*
126.I
155-9*
152. I*
135-0
136.7
144.8
148.6-173.6
156.9-156.2*
139-5-153-6
165. 6-163. 5*
150. 2*
Sulphuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Lactic acid
Oxalic acid
Sodium Chlorid
1^8.^
Sucrose
137-2
153.4-164.5
Urea
TuLA L. Harkey. We tested assumptions that the tissues of fast-
ing dogs contain, at death, relatively less acid-yielding material than
the tissues of well nourished dogs and that, on the basis of Fischer's
collochemical theory of edema, the fasting tissues would therefore
imbibe less water than the latter, under uniform postmortem con-
ditions. Well nourished dogs and dogs which, after preparatory
periods on the Standard diet, had f asted completely for 8-i i days,
were bled to death, in each case f rom a femoral artery, and the more
important parts treated in stoppered, wide-mouth bottles with mod-
erate excesses of water. The weights of the swollen tissues were
recorded at regulär intervals. Diffusion gains and losses occurred
under uniform external conditions for each tissue. The results do
not Support the assumptions on which the work was conducted. The
percentage gains in weight were irregulär — fasting brains, for ex-
ample, gaining more weight relatively than well nourished ones in
some cases, or vice versa in others. There was also no apparent
definite relation between the degree of swelling and the acidity of
comparative extracts of the tissues.
The results do not conflict with current opinions on the role of
osmosis in the absorption of water by protoplasmic structures, and
they harmonize with the belief that enzymes may be important fac-
tors in such processes. The study is in progress.
These studies of edema were suggested by Dr. Gies, and con-
ducted under his supervision.
99. A preliminary study of the resistance of fasting dogs to
hemorrhage. Paul E. Howe and William J. Gies. In further-
* Record at 48 hours.
552 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical "Association [July
ance of the preliminary study described at the last meeting/^ we
have noted the effects of hemorrhages in dogs under conditions of
partial fasting, after suitable preparatory periods on our Standard
laboratory diet for dogs. Five animals {first group), weighing 4.7-
6.4 kilos, received water (187-315 c.c.) but no other ingredients of
the preparatory diet. The partial fast was maintained for from ten
to thirteen days, with losses in body weight of 18. 1-23.6 per cent.
Blood amounting to 3.54-5.38 per cent. of the body weight (2.86-
4.4 per cent. of the initial weight) was removed without causing any
serious Symptom. Three animals {second group), weighing 5.5-
12.6 kilos, received the Standard diet minus the meat. The only pro-
tein in the food was the small quantity in the cracker meal. No
dietary compensations were made for losses due to exclusion of the
meat. The partial fast was maintained for thirty-three days, with
losses in body weight of 16.05-24.95 per cent. Blood amounting to
4.50-5.1 1 per cent. of the body weight (3.62-3.86 per cent. of the
initial weight) was removed without causing special respiratory
difficulty or distress.
100. Biochemical studies of selenium. V. E. Levine. Op-
posed to the current opinion that organic substances, generally,
reduce alkali-selenite Solutions, we find that reduction is not induced
by alcohols, phenols, saturated and unsaturated organic acids (ex-
cept formic acid, lactic acid, gallic acid), amino acids, purin bases,
proteins, fats and other lipins such as lecithin and cholesterol, Acety-
lene, hydroxylamine and Phenylhydrazine cause very strong re-
ducing effects. Acetone and formaldehyde reduce acidified Solu-
tions of sodium selenite. Many car'bohydrates reduce alkaline
sodium selenite to colloidal or red amorphous selenium. Inorganic
substances, e. g., ferrous sulfate, stannous chlorid, zinc and hydro-
chloric acid, sulfurous acid, arsenious acid, phosphorous acid,
hydrobromic acid, hydriodic acid, also exhibit reducing power.
Hydrogen peroxid, free halogens, nitric acid, potassium permanga-
nate, and aqua regia, because of their oxidizing activity, inhibit or
may entirely prevent the formation of colloidal or precipitated sel-
enium (reduction).
The possibility of using sodium selenite as a reagent for the
detection of reducing substances was investigated. Arabinose,
"Howe and Gies: Biochemical Bulletin, 1913, ii, p. 468.
I9I3] Alfred P. Lothrop 553
rhamnose, xylose, galactose, glucose, fructose, maitose, and lactose
promptly reduce alkaline sodium selenite. A selenite reagent con-
taining 2 per cent. sodium selenite, 10 per cent. sodium citrate and
10 per cent. sodium carbonate has thus far been as efficient as the
Fehling-Benedict reagent.
Selenium Compounds are toxic to both plants and animals.
Beginning with the most poisonous, the sequence of toxicity for the
group selected was the f ollowing one : hydrogen selenide, selenium
dioxide, selenic acid, sodium hydrogen selenite, sodium selenite,
potassium selenocyanate, sodium selenate, free selenium. Intra-
venous injection is followed by a marked fall in blood pressure;
potassium selenocyanate, however, induces a considerable rise. Pul-
monary edema, accompanied by exudation of large volumes of
yellowish fluid, preceded death in the case of selenium dioxide,
sodium acid selenite, sodium selenite and selenic acid. Respiratory
paralysis set in before the heart stopped.
Reduced selenium can be detected in neutral urine by the addi-
tion of potassium Cyanide. Decomposition by means of hydro-
chloric or sulfuric acid of the potassium selenocyanate thus formed
results in the production of a colloidal Suspension of brick-red
selenium. Potassium selenocyanate can be detected by the addition
of ferric chlorid, followed by a drop of dilute sulfuric acid Solu-
tion. The presence of potassium selenocyanate in the urine inter-
feres with the Fehling-Benedict reduction test. The study is in
progress.
10 1. The influenae of electrolytes on the precipitation of
soluble starch.i^ Helen I. Mattill and H. A. Mattill. The
origin of this investigation was an Observation by Dr. Gies that
Solutions of soluble starch, when dialyzed free from electrolytes,
were not precipitable by alcohol, and that the addition of a drop of
dilute Salt Solution restored precipitability. It was the object of this
work to determine at what concentrations of electrolyte the precipi-
tation by alcohol ceased, i. e., how delicate a test for electrolytes it
is, and how variations in the nature of the electrolyte affected the
reaction. Two percent soluble starch Solutions were dialyzed until
they gave no precipitate upon the addition of alcohol. Two c.c. of
1^ Some of the work was done in the Physiological Laboratory at the
University of Utah, where it is now in progress.
554 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [July
the starch Solution were diluted with lo c.c. of alcohol (95 percent.)
and one drop of salt Solution was added. The time required for pre-
cipitation and Sedimentation served as a measure of the activity of
the various electrolytes. It was shown that the cations in chloride
Solutions were effective in the following order : Ba= Sr= Ca > Mg
= Ce>Na = K>H> NH4 > Li > Hg" — results which are sim-
ilar to ion effects upon many other emulsoids (Hofmeister's " lonen-
reihen," etc.). The lower limits of precipitation were as foUows:
one drop of o.i w HgClg sol. was without effect ; one drop of 0.025 n
LiCl gave a very slight precipitate; o.oi n LiCl, 0.005 ^ NH4CI
and 0.0025 n HCl, NaCl, and KCl were without effect; only in-
complete precipitation occurred with 0.0025 n sol. of alkali-earth Chlo-
rides. If alcohol of varying concentrations (from 80-10 percent)
is used, the precipitability of the starch by electrolytes is rapidly
decreased with decreasing concentrations of alcohol, and the differ-
ence between the effects of the various cations is rendered more
marked. A cursory examination of the Sulfates indicated a smaller
effectiveness and one or two exceptions to the above order for Chlo-
rides. In all cases the precipitation is reversible. Further work will
be done on a more accurate differentiation of the cation and anion
effects, and upon variations in this phenomenon, with varying de-
grees of dispersion of the starch.
102. Determinations of the acidity of fruit Juices.^ ^ Edgar
G. Miller, Jr. In line with Dr. Gies' proposal of the use of diluted
vinegar and various " food-acid" media as dentifrices, I have deter-
mined the acidity of some common fruit Juices as a preliminary
to the selection of the most suitable ones for prophylactic applica-
tion to the teeth. The appended data for acidity represent, in most
cases, the averages of triplicate results, in c.c. of n/5 sodium
hydroxid Solution (phenolthalein) per 10 c.c. of juice: Apple, 3.5;
apricot, 3.8; asparagus, 0.9; banana, 2.6; beet (red), i.i; canta-
loupe, 0.6; carrot, 0.8; cauliflower, 1.9; celery, 0.8; cherry, 7.6;
cocoanut milk, 0.4; cranberry, 19.6; cucumber, i.o; currant, 20.4;
gooseberry, 16.2; grape (white), 4.5; grape fruit, 10.3; horse
radish, 9.2; lemon, 53.7; orange, 6.y; parsnip, 2.1 ; peach, 6.4; pear,
3.2; pineapple, 7.5; plum, 4.8; radish, 0.6; rhubarb, ii.i; straw-
berry, 9.3; tomato, 4.2; tumip, 0.6; vinegar, 26.1 ; watermelon, 0.6.
16 Miller: Dissertation; Columbia University, 1913 (Part iii, p. 25).
1913] Alfred P. Lothrop 555
103. A study of the influence of extemal hemorrhages on
the partition o£ urinary nitrogen. Olive G. Patterson. Two
dogs were subjected to external hemorrhages (3.5-5.8 per cent. of
body weight) under local anesthesia (cocain), and studied by some
of the nutritional methods in use in this laboratory. One dog was
subjected to four successive bleedings, at intervals of 11, 5 and 7
days, respectively. The general conclusions pubHshed by Hawk
and Gies/'^ on the effects of external hemorrhage in dogs under
general anesthesia, were confirmed. Each hemorrhage caused abso-
lute increases in the renal excretion of total nitrogen and urea. The
first hemorrhage in each animal was followed by an increased Out-
put of Creatinin; subsequent bleedings increased the excretion of
Creatinin or were without influence on it. The absolute amounts
of urinary ammonia, uric acid and purins were unaffected by the
hemorrhages. The results will be published in detail in the near
future.
104. The action of a high frequency current on the activity
of pancreatic amylase. P. W. Punnett. An attempt was made
to discover what effect, if any, the high frequency current, such as
is used in electro-therapeutics, has on the activity of pancreatic
amylase. The current was furnished by a high frequency machine
loaned to the department by the Van Houten and Ten Broeck Com-
pany of this city, to whom we are greatly indebted for this courtesy.
The amylase of commercial "pancreatin" (Parke, Davis & Co.)
was used. The method of Sherman, Kendall and Clark^^ was
employed throughout for the determination of activity.
Solutions of the material were treated with the current in a
beaker coated on the outside with tinfoil attached to one terminal
of the machine and having a platinum electrode, connected to the
other terminal, immersed in the Solution, the whole being kept in an
ice bath. The length of treatment varied from 5 to 30 min., and
the hot-wire ammeter gave a reading of 500 to 600 milliamperes.
Controls were kept at the same temperature. Because of the fact
that only ordinary distilled water was available, the enzyme did not
show more than 70 per cent. of its maximum activity (its power was
418, using triple-distilled water).
'^'' Hawk and Gies : Amer. Jour. of Physiol., 1904, xi, p. 171.
18 Sherman, Kendall and Clark: Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 1910, xxxii,
p. 1073.
556 Proceedings Columbia Biochemical Association [July
Although the results are not quantitatively exact, they strongly
indicate that this type of electricity is in no degree harmful to
pancreatic amylase; that the treatment of a fresh Solution for from
3 to 20 min. is probably beneficial, giving an increase of from 5 to
20 per Cent, in activity ; that longer treatment is without effect ; and
that Solutions which stand for about 24 hr. at room temperature
Mr. Punnett's report.)
It may be noted that the direct current has an exactly opposite
effect on enzymes, as has recently been shown by Burge.^^ Further
work along these lines is desirable.
(Mr. John W. Radu, Superintendent and Chief Engineer of the
Van Houten and Ten Broeck Co., made some very interesting
demonstrations with the electrical apparatus at the conclusion of
Mr. Punnett's report.)
105. A further study of the distribution of osseomucoid.
Christian Seifert and William J. Gies. Ten years ago we
published data showing that osseomucoid is a constituent of the
main limb bones (the only ones investigated) in thirteen species of
mammals, ten of birds, two of reptiles and one of fish.^^ At that
time we concluded that osseomucoid is probably a constituent of all
bones. In resumption of this study, and proceeding by the original
methods, we have lately separated osseomucoid from the main limb
(or skull) bones of the following additional species: mammals —
monkey (mangabey and spider), horse, fox, raccoon, white rat;
hirds — dove, meadow hen ; fish — sculpin. The research is in progress.
106. A further effort to prepare a colorless biuret reagent.
A. W. Thomas. In extension of the work described by Kantor
and Gies,^^ I have endeavored to prepare a colorless biuret reagent.
Cuprous thiocyanate was thought to be a good Substitute for copper
Sulfate because of its white (or grayish white) color, but treatment
with alkali caused decomposition of this salt, resulting in precipita-
tion of a yellowish red modification of cuprous oxide ; and the Solu-
tion, which contained some of the undecomposed Compounds,
rapidly assumed a blue color due to oxidation. It was possible to
obtain a nearly colorless reagent with cuprous iodide, but oxidation
promptly brought about the inevitable result — a blue Solution.
lö Bürge: Amer. Jour. of PhysioL, 1913, xxxi, p. 328; xxxii, p. 41.
20 Seifert and Gies : Amer. Jour. of PhysioL, 1903, x, p. 148.
21 Kantor and Gies: Biochemical Bulletin, 1911, i, p. 264.
1913] Alfred P. Lo f Itrop 557
The complex colorless Cyanide o£ copper, which is readily soluble
in 10 per cent. sodium hydroxid soution, was tried. The Solution
was colorless and it gave a strong characteristic pink to purple reac-
tion when added to a dilute Solution of Witte peptone. Unfor-
tunately, however, the Solution gradually turned blue, It was
thought that this blue oxidation product might be reduced with an
excess of potassium Cyanide to drive the cupric ion into the colorless
complex ion. Experiment proved such to be the case, but this color-
less Solution would not give the biuret reaction when added to pep-
tone Solution. This is an extremely interesting fact from which
the inference may be drawn that the biuret reaction takes place only
with the positive copper ion. But if this inference is correct, how
is it that one obtains a reaction with the colorless Solution made by
adding K2Cu(CN)3 to 10 per cent. sodium hydroxide Solution?
This fact is easily understood when we consider the dissocia-
tion of this salt. The instability constant of the complex ion,
(Cu"") X (CN")^
r rr\j\ = — ~' is 0.5 X lO"^'^, and the concentration of cuprous
ion is approximately 3.7 X io~^ in a tenth molar Solution. But,
this very small concentration of cuprous ion is sufficient to Start
the reaction. In the strong alkaline Solution there is immediate oxi-
dation of Cu"^ to Cu"^"^, which reacts with the protein giving some
pink color; as soon as this happens more of the KoCu(CN)3 dis-
sociates, forming more Cu"^->Cu'^^ which results in more of the
pink product with the protein. If an excess of KCN is added,
there is a driving back of the ionization of K2Cu(CN)3, positive
copper ions are removed and hence no reaction occurs when protein
Solution is treated with the reagent.
In Order to determine whether the reagent could be prepared
for use during a laboratory day without oxidation, 0.2 gm. of the
white double Cyanide was added to 50 c.c. of sodium hydroxid Solu-
tion, and observed for appearance of any blue color. From time to
time the flask containing the Solution was opened and portions were
withdrawn for the purpose of making tests upon proteins. After
five hours of such treatment the reagent began to acquire a light
blue color, due to the oxidizing effect of the air, the color deepening
to that of the regulär reagent. If air is excluded from the bottle,
the development of color proceeds more slowly.
558 Proceedings Columhia Biochemical Association [July
To prepare this temporarily colorless reagent, about o.i gram of
potassium cupro-cyanide may be dissolved in 50 c.c. of 10 percent
(or stronger) sodium hydroxid sol. Fehling's alkaline tartrate sol.
may be used. Convenient approximations of these amounts may be
made in emergencies with satisfactory results.
Several of the common organic salts of copper were treated
with alkali. Many of them were decomposed, yielding cupric
hydroxid or cuprous oxid, and a blue Solution. The citrate, salicy-
late and tartrate, while soluble in alkali, yield Solutions that are
respectively green, deep green and dark blue, thus rendering them
useless for the intended purpose.
107. Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to venti-
lation.22 Charles Weisman. Our preliminary results^^ have
been fully confirmed. Eleven repetitions of Rosenau and Amoss'
experiments have been made, with negative results in each case.
Anaphylaxis failed to occur in control experiments, when expired-
air condensations were used for the second injection as well as
for the preliminary sensitization.
In experiments extending the work, air was drawn through the
macerated lungs from a dog and the vapors Condensed into a
Drechsel bottle. The guinea pigs that were " sensitized " to the
condensation-liquid failed to exhibit anaphylaxis after appropriate
treatment with dog-blood serum. Air was also drawn through a
Solution of Witte peptone, and the vapors Condensed, but the liquid
thus obtained did not yield the biuret, Million or xanthoproteic test.
Chemical examination of the condensation-liquids, obtained
under aseptic conditions from the expired breath of several persons,
gave the following results: Ahsent — sulfid, phosphate, bromid,
iodid, amin, acetone (iodoform test), diacetic acid (Lipliawski
test), and protein; present — ammonia (Nessler test), and chlorid.
The ill effects of vitiated air in poorly ventilated or over-
crowded places cannot be due to a volatile protein ("sensitizing
substance " ) from the lungs.
Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University,
College of Physicians and Surgeons,
New York
22 Weisman: Dissertation; Columbia University, 1913. Pp. 97.
23 Weisman : Biochemical Bulletin, 191 3, ii, p. 295.
BIOCHEMICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX
3. Second quarter, 1913 (April-June)^
WILLIAM J. GIES
(Biochemical Laboratory of Columbia University, at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York)
Explanation of abbreviations, arrangement, notation, etc. Bibliography.
Titles of papers are freely shortened, minor words ignored, common terms
conveniently abbreviated or chemical symbols substituted; surnames of col-
laborators are connected by hyphens; most pimctuation marks are omitted — all
for the sake of condensation. Heavy faced Roman numerals indicate volumes;
heavy faced Arabic numerals designate numbers and dates of issue (slanting
lines separate numerals for months and days). Bibliographie items begin with
em dashes. When two or more papers by the same author occur together,
they are duly numbered, and separated by semicolons, but follow the same em
dash. Numerals preceding italicized names of authors indicate sequence in the
bibliography (index numerals) ; numerals preceded by commas, at the ends
of items, indicate initial pages of the corresponding papers.
Index (subjects). The numerals in the index (page 565) correspond with
the numbered items in the bibliography. Pages are not indicated. Numerals
held in groups by hyphens are piain abbreviations in accord with the indications
of the first numeral of each such series (see footnote, p. 565). Abbreviations
of words in the index are similar to those in the bibliography. Each group of
index references is terminated by a semicolon; commas mark oflf subdivisions
of a general index subject. Names of authors are not indexed.
Journals included: Biochemische Zeitschrift (B. Z.), Zeitschrift für
physiologische Chemie (Z. p. C), Journal of Biological Chemistry (J. B. C),
Biochemical Journal (B. J.), Biochemical Bulletin (B. B.).
Practical use of the bibliography. The bibliography is helpful from
several Standpoints. Thus, if it is desired to ascertain whether the Journals
included in the bibliography contain any papers (during the given quarter) on
a particular subject, e. g., lipins, find the key word in its alphabetical place in
the index and turn to the items in the bibliographic sequence indicated by the
index numerals (i. e., in this case, 35, 50, 56, 415). The abbreviated items thus
identified give the names of authors and suggest the nature of the correspond-
ing papers (four papers, in the case selected for illustration), and help the
reader to decide whether to examine the original publications. When the index
gives a negative answer to an inquiry, a large mass of literature is removed
1 The preceding portions of this bibliography and index were published at
pages 298 and 470 of this volume (Jan. and Apr. issues).
559
560 Biochemical Bihliography and Index [July
from further consideration. During the intervals between publication of the
indexes of Journals, Centralblätter and year books, this running bibliography
directs the reader to most of the main tracks through current literature on the
leading biochemical subjects.
Bibliography. B. Z. — L:i-2;4/ii. — iBokorny'E'mü versch Subst
a Keim Pflanz'sam, Wachstumsförd,i ; 2lbid.,4g; ^Ibid.^Sy. — ^Boro-
zuikowUrs Wachstum Pflanz,ii9. — ^Doerr-Pickyitch^jns primär Toxiz
Antiser u Eig'sch i Antigen,i29. — 6Glagolew'P\2.sitmh\\6.,i62. — yLand-
steinerS-ptzii Immunreak u ihr kordchem Erklärbark, 176. 3-4; 4/21.
— 8ßwM2:^/Oxydas i Blattrollkr Zuck'rüb,i85. — gHämäläinenSynih.
)8-Glucosid d Terpenalkoh,209 ; loKonst Terpineol-35°-glucuronsäu,
220. — iiKretschmerTitr Harnsäu i Harn n vorgäng Ag-fäl,223. — 12-
ArcichovskifWivk Giftst versch Konz a Sam,233. — i^LandsbergBlut-
gerin,245. — i4Frank'Vork Kephahn u Trimyristin Leber,273. — 15-
MayerZuck'irei Gär b Ster'iso,283. — iGDurigY erh Amphib i versch
konz Lös,288. — i7Tö^^/-BrmMa-DMn(7Kohlenhydr'spar Wirk Alkoh,
296. — i8fFa/&z(wNachtrag: Verw Rotkohlausz a Indic corim Mess
H*-konz,346. 5-6; 5/7. — i9A^^tfmawMFermentähn u Fermentreak d
Blutser währ Gravid,347. — 2oMa3;^rBestim sog " Restreduk " d Blut,
362. — 2iObermayer-WillhelniFormo\t[t Unters Eiweisskör,369. — 22-
^rowEinfach Ext'app Extr fest u flüs Stof,386. — 23L^/iwawnKatal
Lichtwirk b Samenkeim,388. — 24.B ernst ein'Elek'chem Grundl bioelek
Poten,393. — 2^ScaffidiVeTh Musk'kreat b Ermüd,402. — 26Höber-Nast
Vitalfärb,4i8. — 2yBang-StenströmAsph.yK u Blutzuck,437. — 28Loeb
Milchsäu'bild a Traub'z, Glyc'aldeh u Dioxyacet Rind u Schw'blut,
451. — 2gGriesbachMi\chsä.u'hi\d a Kohl'hyd i lackf Blut,457. — Solshi-
haraQudLTi Best Milchsäu i Harn,468. — 3i5'a/^ow^^zWirk Antisep a
Toxin,483. — 32i?o^^w^/za/^rEmulsinart Enzy,486. — 33Pa/arfmoVeränd
Stoffwech b Tier n Exstir Schildr u Parath,497. — ^4Lifschütz'ETk\diV
Schreiber-Lenärd, Cholest,5o8. (Pp. 510.)
B.Z. — LI:i-2;5/i6. — 35F^rMO«Oberfläch'sp u Lipoid leb Zel,i. —
36£ü/^rOxydat Abbau Eiw'k,26; 37Synth Tripept,45. — ^SSnapperCl-
geh Blut u Vert a Ser u Blutk,53 ; 39Änd Permeab Rot Blutk d Säu'zu-
sat,62; 4oNeut'rot-Pap Indic Alkal-bestim Serum,88. — ^iCostantino
Biol Bedeut u MetabEiw'stof,9i. — 42£M/er-i?3;c?Zers Milchsä u Weinsä
ultrav Licht,97. — 42)^incussohn¥ trm. Eigensch Blut, 107. — /\/\T,'öb
Meth'ier Glykokol m Formal,ii6. — ^^Neuberg-RosenthalZnck'ir He-
fegär : Carboxylas,i28. 3 ; 5/24. — 46WintersteinN2ivkos,i42,- — A-jHan-
schmidtWivk Lecith b Vergift höh Tier, 171, — 4.8Bang-LarssonMikro-
best Blutbest,i93. — 4gKoniko ff Best Blutreak mit elek Meth,200. —
I9I3] William J. Gies 561
5oS?M&^rBlutHpoid u Phagocy,2ii. — 5iPorfAcetonitrilreak,224. — 52-
PuglieseZvLS2im!&Q.iz dur Wärm u Arb erz Schweis,229. — ^■T^Schreiher
Erwid,230. 4; 6/6. — ^^rWillberg'R.tsis versch Tier gegen As,23i. —
55Fwc^^Nachw u Best d Ameis'säu,253. — c^SLoeb-BeutnerBedeut Li-
poid f Enst bioelek Poten'dif pflanz Org,288; 57Einfl Anaesth a
Poten'dif Oberfl pflanz tier Geweb,300 — ^SSörensen-Palitssch" Salz-
fehl" b colorim Mess H'-konz Meerwas,307, — S9^oracsewski-
HersfeldKmü Ernähr Aussch Indol u Indican,3i4. — 6oMoracsewskiD
b künst Verdau u Faul versch Eiw'k auftr Indolmeng,340. 5 ;6/i2. —
6i//^3'm«;rPräzis'ureom (Harnst'mes) z Bestim Harnst'geh Harn,
Blut u Cer'sp'flüs: Über Gros Nier- u Lebertät,355. — 62Guggenheim
Proteinog Amin,369. — 62)Vandevelde-V ander stricht Invert'reak gemis
Hefekul,388. — 64DapperBest u Vork Milchsä i Harn,398. — 6^Salkow-
skilst mög Geh d Gehir a Phos'tid steig,407. 6; 6/21. — 66MiuraBez'ieh
Thy'parathy'ekt z Koh'hyd'st'wechs,423. — ö/Zaco^^^wEinfl Chloralhyd a
exp Hy'glykäm,443. — 6STamuraFrüi Kumagawa-Suto Fettbest hins
d Oxyd Fettsäu u unverseif Subst,463. — 6gNeubergBioch Umwand
Meth'glyox i Milchsäu: Entst versch Milchsäu Natur,484. (Pp. 508.)
B.Z. — LH : 1-2 ; 6/25. — 7oHa^^aKrit Zuck'best'meth Bang,i. — 71-
Laquer-Snapper'E'mü CO2 a Cl-9t'wechs,44. — y2Fischerln3.'kt Äth'alk
als Hämolytic dur norm Ser'alb,6o. — y^^ölts-Paechtner Alkoh'geh.
Milch n Zufuhr wechs Alkoh'meng u unt Einfl Gewöhn,73. — y^Einis
Wirk Pituitr u )g-Imidazoläth'am( Histamin) a Herzakt,96. — yc^Neu-
bauerWirk antiglucosur Mitt: Leberglucosur,ii8. — y6GrameniskyZn-
sam'hang akt u inakt Zust d Fermen u Oberfläch 'sp des, 142. 3-4 ; 6/30.
— yyBournotUipsiS Pankr'cyst,i55; 78Lipas Chelidon'samen,i72. —
ygLifschiitzO-produk Cholest tier Org (Pfortad-Leberv),2o6. — 80-
Fwc^^Nachw Formal Pflanz,2i4. — SiBattelli-SternKmü. Anaesth a
Oxydon,226; 82Einfl Aldeh a Oxydon,253. — S^SchewketFarh'rQak
Gal'säu sow Tan (Gerbsäu) : Anw d Prob,27i. — 84Pescheck'N-spaT
Wirk Salz,besond Na-acet a Fleischfr,275. — 85 to 200, blank. (Pp. 330.)
Z.p.C. — LXXXIV : 2-3 ; 4/4. — 2oiGra/^N-ans b Füt kl Eiw'gab u
gros Meng NH^-salz u Harnst,69. — 202Euler-JohanssonZusam'setz u
Bild Enzym: Gl'zeit Veränd Geh a Invert u Gär'enz leb Hef,97. —
203LagT^^rMeth v St'wechs'unt'such Kaninch ; Milch a einz Nähr, 109 ;
204Wirk CO2 a St'wechs: Autol u St'wechs,ii7. — 205Fa«^^rEinw
NHg-gas a Diast,i6i. — 2o6Abderhalden-HirschSyn Fähigk tier Zel:
Wirk NaNOsaN-wechs, 189. — 207z^Z^yw^^Mod Hüfner Spek'phot,207.
— 2o8Abderhalden-Lampe-LondonSchicks i Darm sich bild Eiw'ab-
baustuf,2i3. — 2ogAbderhalden-Lampe'Emü per es verab Harnst a
562 Biochemical Bibliography and Index [July
N-wechs Schw,2i8. — 2ioKashhvaharaYer\\ Harnsä z Zn-salz,223. —
2iiGra/^Erwid a Richtigst v Abderhalden-Lampe z mein Anmerk
Arb V Grafe-Turban : " N-ret b Füt Harnst ",234. — 2i25'c/mmmAbsch
kl Meng Hg dur Elektr ; Bemerk z Buchtala : " Quant Nachw Hg
Harn u Geweb,239. 4; 4/15. — 2i3Z?«(7/fa-Co.yfawfmoMuskelch: Frei
d Formol titr Am'säu'-N u Ges'extr'-N i Musk hung Tier,243. — 214-
Fischer-HahnSyn 2-3-4-Trimeth'pyrrol u 2-3-4-Trimeth'-5-äth'pyr
(isom Phyllopyr) ,254. — 2i^Fischer-Bartholomäus-RöseVor^]\yrm\n\'\ :
Porphyrinog u Bez z Blutf'bst u Deriv,262. — 2i6Siegfriedß-Gluto-
ky'sulf,288. — 2iy Abderhalden'E'in m Polaris'app komb elekt heizb Vor-
ricli z Ables'g u Beob Drehv'mög konst Temp,300. — 2i8Lebedew
Verest Dioxyacet m Phosphat,305. — 2igM anchot Antw z Burn: " O-ka-
paz Blutf'bst ",306. — 22oL^&^c?^wAlk'gär,3o8. 5; 4/22. — 221F eulgen
Verh echt Nucl'säu z Farbstof,309. — 222i?a^oc5:3;Peps-Chymos-Frag,
329. — 223/voj^f/Herst Trock'präp tier Org,354. — 2246'/^?/'/' Bemerk z
Abderhalden: " Synt Fäh Organis Hund ",359. — 22^Abdcrhalden-
Law/>(?Schlussbemerk z Graf Erwid (201,211) uns Krit sein N-stoff-
w'vers,36i, 6; 4/29. — 226Feinberg'Blld Apomorph b Erhitz o Aufbew
V Morphinlös,363. — 22yKroghlIa.rnst best Harn m Na-hy'brom,379. —
228Panser'E'mw NHg-gas a Invert,4o8. — 22gLichtzmt sBemerk z Schade-
Boden: "Anom Harnsäulös (koll Harns)",4i6. 7; 5/3. — 2TpCohn-
/^emWirk vollst abgebau Nähr a Verdau'kan,4i9. — 23iTÄo»u^nEinw
Zuck a Verdau,425. — 232BoMwu/ar^Hervorr v Magenfunk'stör v Darm
a,437. — 233CoÄw/iamPhysiol Nier'sekr,45 1 . — 234ßoj?oc^Säu'intox,468.
— 235C7A/LÖS Metallverb geschwef Eiw'k: besond Berücks d Cu,478.
(Pp. 428.)
Z.p.C— LXXXV : 1-2 ; 5/1 5.~2s6P fei ff er-ModelskiVerh a-Am'säu
u Polypep geg Neut'salz,i. — 22,7ThierfelderCerehrosid d Gehir,35. —
22ßJ ahnsonBlohmEm^ Cholest a Hämol,59. — 2T,gDox-Neidig'Enzym
Spalt Hip'sä d Schim'pilz,68. — 24o/o/zanj^onTryp Verdau du Harn,
72. — 24iAbderhaldenNa.chtr z " Geh d Prot a /'Tyros u Genau Best
dies Am'säu",9i. — 242Abderhalden'Notiz,g2. — 243PaM^^rEinw HCl-
u NHg-gas a Diast,97. — 244Abderhalden-FodorD b Faul /-Asp'ginsäu
enst Abbaust: Neu Meth Nachw y8-Alan,ii2. — 24^Abderhalden-
Fronime-HirschBild y-Am'but'säu a c?-Glutam'säu unt Einfl Mik'org,
131. — 246Abderhalden-Lampe'Emü Ermüd a Geh Blutser a dialysierb,
mit Triketohydrindenhydr reag Verb, 136. — 24."/ Abderhalden-Schmidt
Beob u Vers m Triketohydrindenhydr, 143. — 248F^j^/^rBuchw'sam'-
schal,i48. — 24gTrigtE'mü Diät a Ptyarakt,i56. 3; 5/26. — 2SoKasht-
wabaraAutol Thymus,i6i. — 25iZ^w/'/<?MZusam'setz Korksub,i73; 252-
1913] William J. Gies 563
Hydr Cel'IoSjiSo. — 253£M/^r-/o/jaw^^owReakt'phas alk'ol Gär,i92. —
254Ä'//Mgr-TnVrBetonicin u Turicin,2C)9 ; 2^^KnngSynt Betonicin u
Turicin,2i7. — 2<i6Panser'E'mw HCl- u NHg-gas a Invert,25S. — 257/aw-
j^nExt'kt'stof Schliessmusk v Mytil edul,2T,i. — 2^SHermannsAhh2in
^-Ket'säu tier Org,233. 4; 6/7. — 2^gBuchtaIaKera.t d Scliup v Manis
japon,24i ; 26oKerat weis Mensch'haar,246. — 26iReinboldMet-lrLh,2^o.
— 262KretschmerBest Milchzuck Milch d Fäl m Am'sulf,286. — 263-
PanserRinw NO a Diast,292. — 264SuidaYorgä.ng b Färb anim Faser,
308. — 26sAmesederYtTka.\k Aort,324. — 266BuchtalaKerat Schlang'-
häut, 335. — 26yPekelharing " Aktivier " Blutser, 341 , — 268Salkowski
Fällb Harnsäu u Purinb d Zn-salz,346. — 269Gra/^Schlussw z Abder-
halden-Lampe(225),347. 5; 6/14. — 27oi?a^oc£:3; Verdau' ferm Kalt- u
Warmbl: Hecht- u Hundepeps,349. — 2yiTrier'E'mia.ch. Pflanz'bas,372.
— 272Pa«5^rEinw NO a Invert,392. — 273Z^;n/'/^MGentiobios,399. —
2y4Kostytscheit'-HübbenetRtduk Acetal d Hefesaf,4o8. — 2yc^Warburg-
MeyerhofOxyd Lecith b Gegenw Fe,4i2. — 2/6ZemplenVerh Emulsin
i Gegenw Pyrid,4i5. 6; 6/20. — 277B/M;7zPhysiol Schilddr,427. — 278-
Blum-Grütsnerlhid. : Meth I-best org Subst,429. — 2ygBostockFa.n-
kr'verdau,47i. — 28oKosty fschew-Scheloumo ff Alkoh'g'ir : Zuck'spal d
Dau'hef Gegenw ZnCl2,493. — 28iKostytscheiv-BrilliantTb{d. : Eiw'spal
d Dau'hef Gegenw ZnCi^y^oy. — 282-400, blank. (Pp. 516.)
J.B.C. — XIV: 3; 4. — ^oiKnudsonYdSi ac ferm,i59; 402lbid. : Eff o
nutr onproduc tannas,i85. — 402,VanSlyke-BosworthMt\h. prepar ash-fr
cas a paracas,203; 404Prep a comp basic Ca-casa-paracas,207; 405 Prep
a comp unsat or ac cas a paracas,2ii ; 4o6Valenc o molec a mol w't
cas a paracas,227; 407Comp a prop brin-sol comp i chees,23i. — 408-
Robertson'R.2itQ extr prot (salmin) fr desic tis b aq solv,237. — 4097^0-
senbloomQn2int anal hum bile,24i. — 4ioL^wüHydantoin deriv i metab:
2-Thiohyd,245. — 4iiL^z'^w^-PF^j/Cerebron-ac,257. — 4i2Kochöaeva dif
Cent nerv sys: Compar br alb rat a birth w br fetal pig,267. — 4i2,Koch-
KochVoid.: Compar two meth preserv nerv tis f chem exam,28i. —
4i4Mar^/?a//Clin meth est urea urin,283. — ^i^RosenbloomLi^'m h'rt
ox,29i. — ^4i65oc^Folin microch meth deter urea,295. — ^lyjohns-
HoganFurins: 2-thio-6,8-dioxypur a 2,8-dithio-6-oxypur ; desulfuriz
thiopur; new meth prepar xanth,299. — 418I ohnson-Cherno ff Fyrimi-
dins: Pyrim nucleosid,307. — 4i9£>a^wlnt'med metab am-ac,32i. 4; 5.
■ — 42oHolsberg'Mew meth isol tryps,335. — 42iDakin-Janney-Wakeman
Cond affec form a excr form-ac; estim form-ac urin,34i. — 422Loeb-
WasteneysRel infl weak a str bas on rate oxid unfert egg sea-urch,
355. — 42T,Green'waldMeta.h exp parathyr'ect dog,363; 424P cont blood
564 Biochemical Bihliography and Index [July
norm a paratliyr'ect dogjßög. — 42^Johns-Baumann'FMrm: 2-meth'mer-
cap-6,8-dioxypur, 2-meth'mercap-6-oxy-8-am-pur,38i. — 426Pilcher
Excr N aft lig succes br ren arter,389. — 42yFengerI a P cont, siz a
physiol act o fetal thyr,397. — 42STaylor-RingerUtiUz NH3 prot metab,
407. — 42gTaylor-RoseFunn metab : Uricol,4i9. — ^yyDak'm-Dudley
Glyoxalas,423. 5; 6. — 43i^oo/j^3)Blood relat animals, as per comp
ser prot; compar prot ser ox, sheep, bog, goat, dog, cat, guin-pig,433.
— ^432pFooc?3'a^/Diabet; sar'lac-ac diab musc,44i. — 433Fo/w-Z>^wwAb-
sorp N-prod; repl Abderhalden-Lampe,453 ; 434Tyrosmas cont prot;
repl Abderhalden-Fuchs,457. — 4;^c^Loeb-Wasteneyslnü bas o rate oxid
i fertil egg,459. — 436Ma^/t^wjImport chem dif bet egg s-urch a st-f,
465. — 427Loeb-lVaste7ieyslnü hy'ton sol o rate oxid fert a unfert egg,
469. — 42ßO sborne-LeavenworthDo gliad a zein yiel lysin hydrol,48i. —
429Myers-Voloviclnü. fev elim cr'inm,489. — 44oFoHw-AformNorm
prot metab rat,509. — 44iLoeb-Wasteneysls narcos due asphyx,5i7. —
442Ringer-Frankel-JonasG\ucon'gen: Fate isobutyr, isoval a isocapro
ac diabet ; int'med metab leuc a val,525 ; 443lbid. : Fate succin, mal a
malon ac diabet ; int'med metab aspart a glutam ac, prol, lys, argin,
ornith,539. — 444Levene-MeyerAct leucoc o hexos ; mechan lact-ac form,
551. — 445Z)a^m-F>M(i/^3;Int'med metab car'hyd a prot; mut int'conv
a-am-ac, a-hydrox-ac, a-ket-ald,555. — 446-600, blank. (Pp. 405.)
B.J. — VII: 3; 5. — 6oiAtkins-WallaceCrit-so\ point urin,2i9. — 602-
SchmidtQuant rel i capil-anal,23i. — 6oT,MottramlIopkins-Cole mod
Adamkiew test prot,249. — 6o4lValpoleLitm pap quant indic reac,26o, —
6o5Coo/>^rPrep fr anim tiss o subst eure polyneur bird induced by diet
pol rice,268. — 6o6T/ijV/^Lipol act blood,275 ; 6o7Lipol act tiss,287. —
6o8Plimmer-EavesF.st tyrosin i prot b Br,297. — 6ogPlimmerSep cystin
a tyrosin, 311. — öioCMV^Factor in sol a precip etiglob,3i8. — 611-700,
blank. (Pp. 122.)
B.B. — II : 7 ; 4. — 701 Osborne-FetzerYLe'mnch Ritthausen,334. — 702
AnonD'm'r t Prof. Chittenden ; testim b pupils,349. — 703^wowSoc Exp
Biol a Med: 10 anniv a din'r,358. — yo4HasselbalchMeth. elect deter
conc H' i biol fl,367. — yoc^Sanders-MayMeth deter tryptoph fr protein,
373. — yo6Bottaz:siFhys'-chem musc plasm,379. — yoyBiddle-HoweFsist ;
comp musc fast dog,386, — 7o8Hi^/^3;Form curv CO2 excr result fr
work fol forc breath,390. — yogHigleylnü barom pres CO2 excr,393. —
710/aw^way-Fww^Relat acap t shoc ; mechan ef artif hyp'-resp o circ,
403. — yiiDox-NeidigClea-v pyromucur-ac mold enzy,407. — yi2Hamlin
Anal ash castor bean,4io. — 7i3CZar^Chem nat "tann mass" fr persim,
412. — 7i4FJc?3/Histon a prep,4i9. — yi^BergDid vWittich antedate Ost-
1913] William J. Gies 565
wald i defin enzy act,44i. — 716/^nowBioch Soc, Eng,446. — yiyLothrop
Proc Col Univ Biochem Assoc,452. (Pp. 176.)
Subject index. Absorp433; acapni7io; ac'aldeh274; ac'nitrilsi ; acid39,
osis2ZA; Adamkiewicz-test6o3 ; alan244; alcohi7,72-j,220-S3-8o;2 aldeh82; al-
kal4o; amin62; am-ac2 13-36-45 ,41 9-45 ; am-but-ac245 ; am-purin425 ; NH3205-
28-43-56,428,NH^salt,20i-62 ; amphibiö; anesth57,8i; annivers703; antigens;
antisep3i; antisers; aort265; apomorph226 ; appar22,207-i7-23 ; argin443; AS54;
ash403,7i2; aspart-ac244,443 ; asphyx27,44i ; autol204-50. Bang-sug-meth7o ; bar-
pres709; base27i, 422-35; betonicin254-5 ; bile409; Bioch-Soc-Eng7i6 ; bioelec24,
S6; bl'd20-5-9,38,43^-9,50,6i,2i5-p-38,424-3i>6o6-io,coagi3,cöc-p3&-9,seri9,246-67,
sug27; brain6s,237,4i2; Br-at'n6o8; buckwh-br248. Calcif265; Ca-casein(para),
404; capiI-anal6o2 ; carbohyd 1 7,29,66,445 ; €0271,204,708-9; carbox'as45; case-
mi^oZ-4-5-6; cast-bean7i2 ; cell35,2o6; cerose25i-i'; cerebron-ac4ii ; c'brosid237;
cer'sp-fl6i ; chees407; Chelidon-seedyS; ChittendenRH702 ; chralhyd67; CI38-71 ;
cholest34,79,238; chymos222; circ7io; coagi3; cord7,229; Col-Univ-Bioch-As7i7;
compos'n52,25i, 404-5-7-9,707-12; Cu235; cork25i ; creatin25; cr'imn439; crit-
S0I601; cyst77; cystinöog. Desic223; devel437; diabet432,442-j ; diast205-43-€3 ;
diet249,6o5; diges6o,2o8-30-/-^-70-9; dinner702-j; dioxyacet28,2i8; dye22i-64.
Egg422-3 5-6-7 ; elec49,2i7,chem24,metr2i2,704; embry4i2-27 ; emulsin32,276 ;
envir437; enzymi9,32,43,76,202-39-4o-70,402-3o,7ii-5; euglob6io; excr7o8-9; ex-
tr'iv257. Fast2i3,707; fat68; fatig25,246; fat-ac68; ferm't'ni5,45,202-2O-53-
80-7,401-^; fetus4i2-27; fever439; food59; f orc-br'th'g7o8 ; forma/d (01)21,44,
80,213; form-ac55,42i ; fung239. Gal-ac83; gent'bios273 ; germ't'n 1,2,3,23;
gliad438; glucon'gen442-5 ; glucos28; glu'sid9; glucosur75,242 ; glu'ron-ac242 ;
glutam-ac245,443 ; glutoky'sulf2i6; glyc'ald28; glycoc44; glyoxalas430 ; growi,2,
3,4,435-7- Hair26o; h'rt74,4i5; Hb2is-9; hemol72,238; hep-vein79; hexos444;
hip-ac239; histam74; histon7i4; Hopkins-Cole-tes6o3 ; Hufner-spec'phot207;
hydantoin-deriv4io; H"i8,58,704; HCI243-56; hydrol252,438 ; hydrox-ac445 ;
hy'glycem67; hy'resp7io; hy'ton-sol437. Imidazoreth'am74; immun7; indican59;
indicati8,40,6o4; indol59,6o; int'med-met4i9-42-j-5 ; intes2o8-30-^-42 ; invert63,
202-28-56-72; 1278,427; Fe-salt275; is-but-ac,is-capr-ac,is-val-ac442. Kephali4;
kerat259-6o-(5 ; keton-ac258; keton-ald445 ; kidnöi, 233,426; Kumagawa-Suto-
meth68. Lac-ac28-9,30,42,64-9,262,432-44; lecith47,275 ; leucin442; leucocy444;
Iight23,ult'vi42 ; lipas 77-8; lipm (cid) 35,50-0,415; lipol-act6o6-7 ; Iitm-pap6o4;
livi4,6i,75; lysin438-43. Mal-ac,malon-ac443 ; Manis-]apon25g; melanos242;
mercap-purin425 ; Hg2i2 ; met-Hb26i ; method30,40-5-9,55-5,6i-4-5',7o,8o,203-i2-
27-4i-^-62-78,403-^-5-i3--#-6-20-J,6o4-^-9,704-5-i4 ; nieth'at'n44 ; raeth'glyox69 ;
milk73,203-62 ; mold7ii; mol-w't4o6; morph226; musc25,2i 3-57,432,706-7; Mytil-
edul2S7. Narco46,44i ; nerv-tis,syst4i2-j ; neut-red4o; ninhydr246-7 ; N84,20i-
6-9-11-5-25,426-33; NO263-72; nur1-ac22i; nuc'sid4i8; nutri7,33,4i,59,66,7i,84,
201-5-4-6-^-9-11-25,402-10-^23-^-40-2-5-5. Ornith443; osm-pres437; oxi-
das8; oxidat36-7,68,79,275,422-35-7; oxydon8l--?; O219; ox-purin4i7. Pancr279,
cyst77; paracas403-4-5-ö ; parathyr66,ect33,423-4 ; peps222-7o; permeab39; per-
sim7i3; phagocyt50; P0^2i8; phos'tid65; P424-7; phyrpyrr2i4; pigm242;
2 This series of abbreviations, illustrating all others in the index, represents
the following sequence of numerals; 17, 72, 75, 220, 253, 280. The numerals in
bold-face type here are omitted from the abbreviations above.
566 Biochcmical Bihliography and Index [July
pituitr74; plastein6; polariz2i7; polem34,53,2i 1-^-9-24-5-9-41-69,433--^; pol-
riceöos; polyneuröoS; polypep236; porphyr2iS; port-vein79; potent24,56-7 ;
pregnig; proceed703-i7; prolin443; prot'n2i,36,4i,6(}-i',2oS-35-4i-8i,4o8-28-3i-^-
40-5,603-^-10,705; ptyal249; purin268,4i7-25-9; put'fac6o,244; pyrid276; py-
rim4i8; pyromucur-ac7il ; pyrrol2i4. Reac49,5 1,604; red-cab'gi8; reduc20,274;
ren-art426; renn222; resis54; resp7o8-9-io; nce6oS; RitthausenH70i. Saliv249;
salmin4o8; sar'Iac-ac432 ; scales259; sea-urch422-36; seedi,2,3,i2,23,78; seri9,38,
40,72 , 246-67,43 i,alb72; shock7io; skin266; snak266; Soc-Exp-Biol-Med703 ;
Na'acet84,hy'br227,nitr2o6 ; spec'phot207 ; stain26,264; star-fi436; ster'isois;
stom232; succ-ac443; sugar27,23i-8o,beet8,meth7o; surf-ten35,76; sweatS2;
synth9,2o6-i4-24-55. Tannas402; tan-ac83,40i-i',mass7i3; tart-ac42; temp52;
terp-alcoh9; terp'olio; test83,6o3; testim702; thiohydantoin4io; thiopurin4i7;
thymus25o; thy'parathy'ect66; thyr'd277-5,427,ect33 ; tiss2i2,6o7; toxin3i; trike-
tohydrindenhydr246-7 ; tnmyrisi4; tripept37; tryps240,420 ; tryptoph705; turic-
in2S4-5; tyros24i,6o8-9,ase434. Ult'vi-rt42; urea6i,20i-9-i 1-27,414-6; ureom6i;
ur-ac 11,210-29-68; uricol429; urinii,30,6i-.^,2i2-27-33-40,4i4-2i-39-6oi. Val-
enc4o6; valin442; vit-stain26. Work52,7o8. Xanth4i7. Yeast45,63,202-74-8o-z.
Zein438; Zn-salt2io-6S-8o-/.
BIOCHEMICAL NEWS, NOTES AND COMMENT
Contents. — I. General: Necrology, 567; in memoriam, 567; honors, 567; res-
ignations, declination and appointments, 568; lectures, 570; buildings, funds and
scholarships, 570; commissions, 572; miscellaneous items, 573. II. Columbia
University Biocheniical Association: i. General notes, 574; 2. Proceedings of the
Association, 577; Columbia Biochemical Department, 578.
I GENERAL
Necrology. N. H. Alcock, prof. of physiology, McGill Univ. —
Francis Gotch, Waynflete prof. of physiology, and fellow of Mag-
dalen Coli., Oxford Univ. — Max Kassowits, prof. of diseases of
children, Vienna. — William McMurtrie, one of our leading indus-
trial chemists, formerly chief chemist, U. S. Dep't of Agric, and
prof. of chemistry, Univ. of Illinois.
In memoriam. At a recent meeting of the N. Y. Soc. of Anes-
thetists, the following memorial was drafted: " Algernon Thomas
Bristow — His editorial and practical hospital support of the ad-
vancement of the art of general anesthesia has time and again
aroused the admiration and emulation of this body of anesthetists,
and so active and influential has this work among his many follow-
ers been, that this society wishes itself placed on record as consider-
ing his work monumentally constructive, and its cessation as a great
loss to the surgical world."
Honors. Knighthood. Dr. E. A. Schäfer, prof. of physiol-
ogy, Univ. of Edinburgh, has received the honor of knighthood.
Order of merit. Dr. Hans Molisch, director of the Inst, for
Plant Physiology, Univ. of Vienna, has been invested with the
Order of the Iron Crown.
HoNORARY DEGREES. Columbia Univ. : Dr. Alexis Carrel
(Rockefeiler Inst.), Doctor of Science. — Princeton Univ.: Dr.
Simon Flexner (Rockefeiler Inst.) and Dr. David L. Edsall (Har-
vard Med. Seh.), Doctor of Science. — Univ. of Edinburgh: James
Wilson (lately Sec'y of Agric), Doctor of Laws. — Univ. of Michi-
567
568 Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [july
gan: Dr. Ludvig Hektoen (Univ. of Chicago) and Dr. Lafayette
B. Mendel (Yale Univ.), Doctor of Science. — Yale Univ.: Dr.
David F. Houston ( Sec'y of Agric. ), Doctor of Science ; Dr. Harvey
Cushing (Harvard Med. Seh.), Master of Arts.
Presidency of THE Amer. Medical Association. Dr. Victor
C. Vaughan, pro f. of hygiene and physiol. chemistry, Univ. of
Michigan, and dean of the dep't of medicine and surgery, was
elected president of the Amer. Med. Assoc. at the recent annual
meeting. ..." In the selection of Dr. Vaughan, the Amer. Med.
Assoc. has done deserved honor to one of the eminent members of
the medical profession — one who is eminent not only as a physician,
but also as a chemist, as a medical teacher, and as a scientist."
{Ed.: Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 191 3, Ix, p. 2053.)
RiCKETTS prize. Dr. George L. Kite and Mr. Esmond R.
Long, graduate students in the dep't of pathology and bacteriology,
Univ. of Chicago, have been jointly awarded the Howard Taylor
Ricketts prize ($250) for original research in that dep't.
AwARDs OF medals. Tlie Hanbury medal of the Pharmaceu-
tical Soc, London, has been awarded to Dr. Frederick B. Power
(director, Wellcome Research Lab., London). The medal is
awarded biennially for original research in the chemistry and natural
history of drugs. — Dr. Harry C. Jones (Johns Hopkins Univ.) has
been awarded the Edward Longstreth medal of the Franklin Inst.,
of Phila., for his work on the nature of Solution.
Resignations, declination and appointments.^ Resignations. Dr.
L. H. Bailey, director, N. Y. State Col. of Agric, Cornell Univ. (p.
569). — Dr. Geo. F. Gracey, prof. of chemistry and toxicology, Univ. of
Texas. — Dr. Paul G. Woolley, dean, medical dep't, Univ. of Cincinnati.
Declination. Dr. Emil Abderhalden, prof. of physiology, Univ.
of Halle, has declined a call to Vienna to succeed Prof E. Ludwig as
head of the Inst, for Medical Chemistry.
Appointments. Berlin Univ.: Prof. Ernst Friedberger, head of
the Pharmacol. Inst.
Cambridge Univ.: Dr. F. H. A. Marshall, univ. lecturer on animal
physiology.
1 In this summary, institutions f rom which resignations occurred are named
in parenthesis. See page 574.
igi3] General 569
Columbia Univ. : Drs. Wm. R. Williams, assoc. prof ., and Henry
S. Patterson, assis. prof. of therapeutics (promotions).
Cornell Univ. : Prof. W. A. Stocking, Jr., of the dairy dep't, N. Y.
State Agric. Col., acting director of the Agric. Col. vice Dr. L. H.
Bailey, resigned.
General Mem'l Hosp. (N. Y. City) : Dr. Robert C. Lewis, physiol.
chemist.
Hamburg-Eppendorf : Prof. Emil von Dungern (Heidelberg), di-
rector of the newly established institute for experimental Cancer
research.
Harvard Univ.: Dr. Reid Hunt (chief of the div. of pharmacology,
U. S. Public Marine Service), prof. of pharmacology, vice Dr. Frans
Pf äff, resigned (p. 310) ; Dr. JV. J. V. Osterhout, prof. of botany (pro-
motion) ; Dr. P. G. Stiles (assis. prof. of physiology, Simmons Col.),
instr. in physiology.
Johns Hopkins Univ.: Dr. L. G. Rozuntree, assoc. prof. of exper.-
therapeutics (promotion).
Leipzig Univ.: Prof. Walter Kruse (Bonn), director of the Hy-
gienic Inst., succeeding Prof. Franz Hofmann.
Leland Stanford, Jr., Univ. : Dr. W. H. Manwaring (assis. in pa-
thology and bacteriology, Rockefeiler Inst.), prof. of bacteriology and
immunity ; Dr. F. W. Weymouth, assis. prof. of physiology (promotion) .
Marine Biolog. Lab. (Woods Hole, Mass.), Session 1913: Profs.
A. P. Mathews (Univ. of Chicago), R. S. Lillie (Univ. of Penn.), H.
C. Bradley (Univ. of Wis.), W. E. Garrey (Wash. Univ., St. Louis),
dep't of physiology.
Mass. Inst, of Tech. : Dr. E. B. Phelps, assoc. prof. of biochem.
research; R. G. Daggett, research assis. in sanitary chemistry; Lester
F. Hoyt, assis. in water analysis, succeeding W. J. Daniels.
Northwestern Univ.: Medical School — Dr. R. G. Hoskins, assoc.
prof. of physiology ; School of Pharmacy — Dr. John H. Long, dean, to
succeed the late Oscar Oldherg (page 476).
Rockefeiler Inst. : Promotions — f rom assis. to assoc, Dr. F. B. La
Forge, chemistry; Dr. /. B. Murphy, pathology and bacteriology; Dr.
Martha Wollstein, pathology and bacteriology. New appointments:
Dr. W. H. Brown, assoc, pathology and bacteriology ; Dr. C. G. Bull,
assis., pathology and bacteriology ; Dr. F. L. Gates, fellow, physiology
and pharmacology. (See page 575.)
Rutgers Col.: Mr. H. Clay Lint (Kan. Agric. Col.), industrial fel-
lowship, plant pathology.
570 Biochemical Nczvs, Notes and Comment [july
Tulane Col. of Med, (reorganized) : Dr. /. T. Halsey, prof. of clin.
therapeutics ; Dr. C. S. Williamson, Jr. (assoc. prof. of chemistry, Ala.
Polytech. Inst.), assoc. prof. of industrial and sugar chemistry. (See
page 575.)
Univ. of Minnesota: Dr. F. J. Alzvay (prof. of agric. chemistry,
Univ. of Neb. and chemist of the Neb. Agric. Exper. Sta.), prof. of
soil chemistry and chief of the div. of soils; Dr. A. D. Hirschfelder
(Johns Hopkins Med. Seh.), prof. of pharmacy and director of the
Seh. of Pharmacy; Dr. E. P. Lyon (prof. of physiology and dean of
the Med. Col., St. Louis Univ.), dean of the med. dep't and director
of the dep't of physiology, in succession to Dr. F. F. Wesbrook.
Univ. of Nebraska: Dr, A. A. Johnson (Western Reserve Univ.),
instr. in clin. pathology; Dr. Fred Upson (Univ. of Chicago), prof. of
agric. chemistry, Univ. of Neb. and chemist of the Neb. Agric. Exp.
Sta., to succeed Dr, F. J. Alway.
Univ. of Singapore: Dr. /. A. Campbell (assis, to Prof. Schäfer,
Edinburgh Univ,), prof. of physiology.
Univ. of Wisconsin: Dr. P. M. Dawson, instr. in physiology.
Univ. of Wyoming: Drs. C. J. Oviatt (Mich. Agric. Col.) and A. E.
Bowman (Utah Agric. Col.), extension profs. of agriculture.
Washington State Exp. Sta.: Dr. Ira D. Cardiff (prof. of botany,
State Col, of Wash,), director. He will remain head of the dep't of
botany in the College.
Western Reserve Univ. : Promotions — Dr. /. D. Pilcher, assis. prof.
of pharmacology ; Dr. Paul J. Hanzlik, instr. in pharmacology ; Dr. Roy
G. Pearce, instr. in physiology.
Yale Univ.: Messrs. S. Goldschmidt and A. J. Hogan, lab. assis. in
physiol. chemistry.
Lectures. Dr. James W. Johling (Michael Reese Hosp., Chi-
cago) delivered the annual address before the Minn. Pathological
Soc, May 20, on The toxicity and antigenic properties of the
cleavage products of bacterial proteins. — Dr. Oscar Riddle (Car-
negie Inst.) lectiired, May 5, under the auspices of the Cornell
Chapter of Sigma Xi, on A relation between the storage metabolism
of ova and the experimental control of sex.
Buildings, funds and scholarships. The committee on medical
research, Amer. Med. Assoc, has awarded a grant of $250 to the
dep't of bacteriology of the Hoagland Laboratory, Brooklyn, to
defray the expenses of an investigation on the immunity reactions
1913] General 571
of edestin.— The British Board of Agric. and Fisheries has awarded
research scholarships in agric. science of the annual value of £150,
tenable for three years, to the following candidates, among others :
W. Brown (Edinburgh), plant pathology; Miss E. C. V. Cornish
(Bristol), dairying; E. J. Hohnyard (Cambridge), plant nutrition
and soil problems; R. C. Knight (London and Bristol), plant physi-
ology; H. Raistrick (Leeds), animal nutrition; Miss T. Redman
(London), dairying; G. Williams (Wales), animal nutrition; 6^. P.
Wiltshire (Bristol), plant pathology. — The N. Y. State Legislature
has appropriated $450,000 for the Coli, of Agric, Cornell Univ.,
which also receives $125,000 in the supply bill. — Dr. William Duane,
for six years radium-research assis. in the Curie Lab., Paris, will
organize, for the Harvard Cancer Commission, a laboratory in
which Cancer may be studied from the point of view of the physicist.
The univ. requires $250,000 for the establishment of this laboratory.
Meanwhile, experiments will be conducted in the CoUis P. Hun-
tington Building. — The 111. State Legislature has appropriated
$4,500,000 for the Univ. of III. for the next biennium. This in-
cludes $200,000 for the Coli, of Med. — The special alumni com-
mittee on the needs of the Med. Seh., Univ. of Wis., has recom-
mended the construction of a medical building to house the dep'ts
of physiology, physiol. chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and
bacteriology, and the State Hygienic Lab. ; also a Student infirmary.
— The Vienna Society for the Investigation and Prevention of
Cancer has established a lab. for experimental work on cancer,
mainly in the domain of chemistry and ehem. therapeutics. It will
be amalgamated with the Spiegier Inst., which has been in existence
nine years. Prof. S. Fraenkel has been appointed director.
TuRCK Institute, New York. Dr. Fenton B. Turck has re-
moved his office and residence from Chicago to 14 E. 53 St., N. Y.
City, where he devotes his morning hours to office practice and the
afternoons to his Research Lab., at 428 Lafayette St. This research
lab., formerly in Chicago, has been endowed by two former patients,
of London, England, who have removed to New York, and reside
near the laboratory. The work relates to various problems con-
nected with the alimentary tract and is conducted by the Director,
Dr. Turck, assisted by the following staff — Organic chemistry: A.
572 Biochcmical News, Notes and Comment [july
R. Rose (Univ. of Minn,, Yale and Columbia), Arthur Knudson
(Univ. of Missouri and Columbia), Katherine R. Coleman (Co-
lumbia Univ.); physiol. chemistry: Vincent Greco (Univ. of Pa-
lermo, Italy) ; bacteriology : Otto Maurer (K, Oberrealschule, Heil-
bronn, Gemiany, and Univ. of Wis. ), W. W. Browne (Brown
Univ.); general pathology: P. J. Friedman (Dept. of Health, Re-
search Lab., City of N. Y.) and Earle Kister (Univ. of Toronto).
Commissions. In the report for 1912 of the Council of the
Amer. Med. Assoc, the appointment of a Commission on Electrical
Shock was announced. This commission completed its work in the
fall, preparing a chart and a book of directions for resuscitation
from electrical shock, both of which were printed by the Electrical
World, and distributed free in large quantities to electric-light
plants, power houses, factories and other places where electrical cur-
rents are in constant use. As a result of the work of this commis-
sion, the Council was asked by the director of the Bureau of Mines
of the U. S. Dep't of Labor to appoint a similar Commission on
Resuscitation from Mine Gases. The following were appointed
such a commission: Dr. W. B. Cannon (Harvard Univ.), Chair-
man, Dr. 6*. /. Meltzer (Rockefeiler Inst.), Dr. Yandell Henderson
(Yale Univ.), Dr. George W. Crile (Western Reserve Univ.), Dr.
Reid Hunt (Harvard Univ.), Dr. Joseph Erlang er (St. Louis
Univ.). — A recent ruling of the U. S. Public Health Service has
been made demanding that all Interstate carriers supply certified
water and ice to be used in public drinking fountains, tanks, etc.
Under this ruling the various ice and water companies are com-
pelled to obtain certification of their ice and water to be used on
steamboats and trains. Accordingly, a commission, to be known as
the Chicago Ice Commission, has been formed, composed of Drs.
Ludvig Hektoen, director of the Mem, Inst, for Infec. Diseases;
Edwin O. Jordan, prof. of bacteriology, Univ. of Chicago; and
John H. Long, prof. of physiological chemistry, Northwestern
Univ., which will undertake the examinations of ice, its source, trans-
portation, delivery, etc., and certify the results when found satis-
factory. — Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow (Col. of the City of N. Y.). has
been appointed chairman of a Commission on the Experimental
Study of Ventilation Problems, with an appropriation of $50,000 to
I9I3] General 573
be expended during the next four years. The other members of the
commission are : Prof. F. S. Lee and Prof. E. L. Thorndike, Co-
lumbia Univ. ; Prof. E. B. Phelps, Mass. Inst, of Tech. ; Dr. /. A.
Miller and Mr. D. D. Kimhall, New York. The fund is part of a
gift, by Mrs. Elisabeth Milbank Anderson, to the Assoc. for Im-
proving the Condition of the Poor.
Miscellaneous items. Pensions in the Rockefeller Inst.
Pensions for the members and assoc. members of the Rockefeller
Inst, have been provided by the generosity of Mr. John D. Rocke-
feller, who has, for this purpose, increased the endowment of the
inst, by a special gift of about $500,000. The rules provide pensions
of three-quarters of füll pay for members of the inst, who retire at
the age of 65, after fifteen or more years of service, and pensions
of from one-half to three-quarters of füll pay, according to the
length of Service, for members and assoc. members who retire at
60 years of age. There is also a provision for total disability after
ten years of service, and for widows and orphaned children, at one-
half the Scale upon which members of the staff are pensioned.
American Chemical Society: Biological Division. The
Sect. of Biolog. Chemistry, of the Amer. Chem. Soc, will meet in
Rochester on Sep. 10 and 12, when the Organization of the section
into a division will be completed. Drs. W. D. Bancroft, Edw.
Kremers and A. W. Dox with the officers, Carl L. Aisher g (chair-
man) and /. K. Phelps (secr.), are the committee in charge of this
matter (p. 480).
Society of the Sigma Xi. Regent elections of officers
(see page 481) — Pres, of the Leland Stanford, Jr., chapter: Prof.
R. E. Swain; treas. of the Brown chapter : Prof. P. H. Mitchell.
Prizes. Elie de Cyon prize. The de Cyon prize ($600) is
open for the third international competition until March i, 191 5.
The prize will be awarded for the best printed or manuscript work
(printed since Mar. 191 3) on the functions of the internal ear,
thyroid, hypophysis or pineal gland. The Acad. of Sei., Bologna,
has Charge of the administration of the prize fund. — Emil Chr.
Hansen Prise Fund (see p. 535).
Personalia. Dr. Martin H. Fischer, who was seriously ill
with appendicitis, has happily recovered.
574 Biochemkal News, Notes and Comment [July
Dr. F. G. Hopkins, reader in ehem. physiology, Univ. of Cam-
bridge, has been appointed a member of the Med. Research Commit.
under the National Health Insurance Act, Eng.
Dr. Howard B. Lewis, formerly assis. in physiol. chemistry,
Sheff. Sei. Seh., Yale Univ., has been appointed one of the first
ineumbents of the Seessel Fellowships for the encouragement of
research in biological subjects at Yale Univ.
The names of Drs. Jacques Loeh (Rockefeiler Inst.) and A. P.
Mathews (Univ. of Chicago) are among those constituting the
latest official list of Trustees of the Marine Biolog. Lab., Woods
Hole, Mass.
Prof. Graham Lusk is a member of the Board of Managers of
the Biolog. Lab. of the Brooklyn Inst, of Arts and Sei., Cold
Spring Harbor, L. I.
Dr. W. A. Murrill, assis. director of the N. Y. Botan. Garden,
is in Europe, studying types of fungi and the efifeet of tar dust on
the trees planted on roads wliere the surfaee binding is of tar.
Prof. Howard S. Reed, of the Virginia Polyteeh. Inst., who
spent the year in Europe, was a delegate to the Tenth Intern. Congr.
of Agric, in Ghent, June 8 to 12.
Dr. H. M. Richards (Columbia Univ.) has been elected a vice-
president of the Torrey Botan. Club and reeleeted an editor of tb.e
Bidl. of the Torrey Bot. Club. He is one of the three editors of
Physiological Researches (see p. 576).
Dr. Victor C. Vaughan was recently reeleeted president of the
Mich. State Board of Health.
II. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
I. General notes
Marriage: On June 19, Miss Charlotte Cecil Marie Verlage
and Dr. Marston Lovell Hamlin (Harriman Research Lab., Roose-
velt Hosp., N. Y.)
Appointments.^ Dr. Louis E. Bisch (N. Y. Post-Grad. Med.
Seh.), leeturer in edueational psychology, Teachers Col., Columbia
Univ. — Dr. /. /. Bronfen Brenner (Rockefeller Inst.), director of
2 See footnote, page 568.
1913] Columbia Biochemical 'Association 575
the pathological lab'y, Western Pennsylvania Hosp., Pittsburgh. —
Dr. Allan C. Eustis, assis. prof. of dietetics and nutrition, Tulane
University (promotion). — Dr. R. F. Hare (prof. of chemistry),
vice-director, New Mexico Col. of Agric. and Mech. Arts. — Dr.
Michael Heidelberger, assistant in chemistry, Rockefeller Inst,
(promotion). — Dr. Burton E. Livingston (prof. of plant physiol-
ogy), prof. of plant physiology and director of the lab. of plant
physiology, Johns Hopkins Univ. — Dr. Gustave M. Meyer, assoc.
in chemistry, Rockefeller Inst, (promotion). — Dr. Winifred J.
Robinson, assis. prof. of botany, Vassar Col. (promotion). —
Dr. Oscar M. Schloss has succeeded Dr. Ira S. Wile as Con-
ference physician at the Riverside Kitchen of the N. Y. Diet
Kitchen Assoc. — Dr. Arthur W. Swann has succeeded Dr. Otto
von Huffman as instr. in clin. pathology, Columbia Univ. — Dr.
Edwin D. Watkins, assoc. prof. of gynecology, and prof. of general
surgery in the dental dep't, Univ. of Tennessee (Memphis). — Dr.
Wm. H. Welker, assis. prof. of physiol. chemistry, Col. of Med.,
Univ. of 111. (Chicago).
Instructors AT SUMMER SESsioNs, 1913. Biolog. Lab. of
the Brooklyn Inst, of Arts and Sei. (Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.) :
Prof. David D. Whitney (Wesleyan Univ.), compar. zoology. —
Biolog. Sta. of the Univ. of Montana (Yellow Bay-on-Flathead
Lake) : Prof. /. E. Kirkwood (Univ. of Mont.), botany and forestry,
— Marine Biolog. Lab. (Woods Hole, Mass) : Prof. L. L. Wood-
ruff (Yale Univ.), embryology. (See page 579.)
Miscellaneous items. Woods Hole Corporation. The latest
official list of the "members of the corporation" of the Marine
Biol Lab. (Woods Hole, Mass.) contains the following names of
members of the Biochem. Assoc. : Carl L. Aisberg, Cora J. Beck-
with, William J. Gies, A. J. Goldfarb, H. B. Goodrich, Louise H.
Gregory, E. N. Harvey, Mildred A. Hoge, Jacques Loeb, Max
Morse, Raymond C. Osburn, Charles Packard, A. M. Pappen-
heimer, Henry J. Spencer, Charles R. Stockard, Isabel Wheeler,
David D. Whitney, and L. L. Woodruff. {Biolog. Bidl., 1913, xxiv,
P- 454-)
Members of the Association lately admitted to the So-
ciety FOR Experimental Biology and Medicine: Drs. /. /.
57^ Biochcmical Neivs, Notes and Comment [July
Bronfen Brenner (West Penn. Hosp. Pittsburgh), Russell L. Cecil
(Presbyter. Hosp., N. Y.), H. H. Janeway (City Hosp., N. Y.),
Edivards A. Park (Johns Hopkins Univ.).
Personalia. Prof. A. R. Bliss (Birmingham Med. Coli. ; Grad.
Seh. o£ Med., Univ. of Alabama) has been elected second vice-
president of the Alabama Sect. of the Amer. Chem. Soc. — Dr.
E. D. Clark has been reelected to the editorial board of the Bull,
of the Torrey Botan. Club. — The Board of Managers of the Van-
derbilt Clinic (Columbia Univ.) have recently issued, in pamphlet
form, the interesting "Report of the day camp of the Vanderbilt
Clinic of the Coli, of Phys. and Surg.," by Dr. F. Morris Class,
Attending Physician. — On July 23 an expedition for the study of
marine biology, under the auspices of the Carnegie Inst., Wash.,
set sail from San Francisco for Thursday Island, Torres Straits,
Queensland, Australia. Dr. E. Nezvton Harvey was a member of
the party. — The med. col. of Phila. gave a reception, April 30, at
the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, in lionor of Prof. Philip B. Hawk,
new member of the faculty of Jefferson Med. Col. — Prof. B. E.
Livingston is the managing editor of Physiological Researches, the
first issue of which has just appeared. He is also a member of a
special committee of Sect. G (Botany) of the Amer. Assoc. Adv.
Sei., to consider affiliation with the Botanical Soc. of Amer. — The
Univ. of Texas gave a " One-Week's School of Home Economics,"
from Feb. 10-15. Among the lectures and demonstrations v^ere:
Nutritive value of foods; the importance of the menu, by Miss
Anna Richardson and Some problems of house building; sanitary
Problems of the home; the house and how to plan it, by Prof. Mary
E. Gearing. — Dr. Winifred J. Robinson has been appointed an
adviser for women at the summer school of the Univ. of Wisconsin.
— Mr. Carl A. Schwärze's work (N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta.) on the
relation of enzymes to " peach yellows " and " little peach " is pro-
gressing favorably. He is planning to study an enzymic disorder
of the tomato plant: " filiform-leaf tomato." — Dr. F. J. Seaver has
relinquished his editorship of the Jour. of the N. Y. Botan. Garden
and will devote more of his time to Mycologia. — ^We are glad to
note that Prof. E. A. Spitzka has returned from his trip abroad,
with his health fully restored (p. 485).
1913] Columbia Biochemical Association S77
2. Proceedings of the Association
Proceedings of the twelfth scientific meeting (page 486).
Fourth annual meeting. The fourth annual meeting of the Assoc.
was held at the Columbia Med. Seh., June 2, 1913, at 8.30 P. M.
Dr. Emily C. Seaman occupied the chair. Abstracts of the Com-
munications constituting the scientific proceedings are given in this
issue at page 541.
After several amendments of the Constitution had been adopted
(one of them ehminating the Article on Dues), the following offi-
cers were elected (1913-14) :
HoNORARY OFFicERS. President, Dr. Carl L, Aisberg; Vice-
presidents: Dr. Hugh Auchincloss, Dr. William B. Boyd, Prof.
Mary E. Gearing; Dr. James C. Greenway, Prof. Mary E. Sweeny.
Active officers. President, Prof. Stanley R. Benedict; Vice-
president, Dr. Frederick T. Van Beuren; Secretary, Dr. Alfred P.
Lothrop; Treasurer, Prof. William J. Gies.
At the Suggestion of the Ex. Committee, Prof. Hugo Kronecker,
Director of the Physiological Institute of the University of Bern,
was unanimously elected an Honorary Member of the Assoc, and
Prof. Lafayette B. Mendel, of Yale University, was invited to be
the guest of honor at our third annual dinner, next November. The
Assoc. has been highly honored by letters of acceptance from both
our distinguished colleagues.
The Ex. Committee's selections of Corresponding Members were
enthusiastically endorsed ; the füll list is given on page iv.
The secretary's official register of members, including those
elected at this and all other meetings during the year, was approved
as read (page iv).
By unanimous vote, and in accord with the amended Constitution,
the Assoc. approved the Ex. Committee's suggestions ( i ) that the
Ed. Committee in charge of the Biochemical Bulletin be en-
larged to include the members who are actively engaged in bio-
chemical work, (2) the new Ed. Committee to take the place of the
Board of Directors and the former Ed. Committee, (3) the secre-
tary of the Assoc. to be the chairman of the Ed. Committee and (4)
the treasurer of the Assoc. to be the managing editor of the Bio-
chemical Bulletin.
5/8 Biochemkal News, Notes and Comment [July
The Assoc. adjoumed at a late hour, after a very happy and
stimulating meeting.
Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary
3, Columbia Biochemical Department
Marriage: On June 18, Miss Harriet Beckwith Rinaker and
Prof. Paul E. Howe.
Appointments from the staff. Dr. Nellis B. F oster (assoc),
instr. in medicine, Cornell Univ. Med. Seh., with a laboratory in the
N. Y. Hosp. — Dr. Max Kahn (assoc), Consulting physician in
dietetics, Beth Israel Hosp., N. Y. He will continue as assoc. here
and as director of the chemical lab. of the Beth Israel Hosp. — Dr.
Louis E. Wise (instr.), instr. in chemistry, Univ. of Missouri. —
Dr. Edgar G. Miller, Jr. (assis.), instr. of physiol. chemistry, Univ.
of Illinois (Med. Seh., Chicago).^ — Mr. Arthur Kmidson (assist),
chemist, Turck Inst., N. Y. (p. 571). — Dr. Joseph S. Hephurn
(univ. fellow), assis. chemist, U. S. Dep'tof Agric (Food Research
Lab., Phila.).
Appointments to, and promotions in, the staff. Dr. Max
Kahn (instr.), associate. — Dr. Frederic G. Goodridge (assis.),
instructor. — Mr. W. A. Perlzweig, assistant. — Mr. Victor E. Levine,
laboratory assistant (summer Session, 1913).
Laboratory at Bellevue Hospital. During the past academic
year Prof. Gies, aided by Dr. Edgar G. Miller, Jr., equipped a small
chemical lab. in the patholog. dep't of Bellevue Hosp., and con-
ducted research and routine work there in colläboration with Drs,
Charles Norris and Cyrus W. Field. Mr. Grover Tracy assisted
in some of the work. It is planned to extend this Service as the
needs of the hospital may determine.
Members-elect of societies. Amer. Soc Biol. Chem. : Dr.
Alfred P. Lothrop; Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. : Prof. Paul. E. Howe;
Amer. Chem. Soc. : Dr. Walter H. Eddy; Sigma Xi : Robert P.
^ Dr. Miller had been appointed prof. of physiol. chemistry in the new med.
school of the Univ. of the South, Nashville, Tenn., but Mr. Carnegie's gift of
$1,000,000 to the med. school of Vanderbilt Univ., in the same city, induced the
Trustees of the Univ. of the South to abandon their med. school.
1913] Columbia Biochemical Department 579
Calvert and Sidney Born; Phi Lambda Upsilon : Arthur M. Buswell
and Robert P. Calvert.
Awards of higher degrees at Columbia to students of bio-
logical chemistry. Doctors of philosophy. Of the nineteen
recipients of the degree of Ph.D. under the Faculty of Pure Sci-
ence, at Columbia's last commencement, nine had taken "majors or
minors," or both, in the biochemical department. The names of the
candidates and their major and minor subjects are given below :
Name of candidate Major Minor Minor
B. G. Feinberg chemistry chemistry biological chemistry
H. D. Goodale zoology zoology biological chemistry
J. S. Hepburn* biological chemistry biological chemistry chemistry
Benj. Horowitz biological chemistry biological chemistry education
Edgar G. Miller, Jr. biological chemistry bacteriologv pharmacology
Anton R. Rosef biological chemistry bacteriology chemistry
Clayton S. Smith biological chemistry bacteriology physiology
Edward C. Stone chemistry chemistry _ biological chemistry
Charles Weisman biological chemistry biological chemistry chemistry
Masters of Arts. The A.M, degree was recently conferred
lipon the following advanced students in the biochemical depart-
ment : Anna M. Connelly, Helen B. Davis, Mary C. de Garmo, Ula
M. Dow, Gustave Egloff, Frank R. Eider, Ada M. Field, Beatrix
H. Gross, Clara W. Hasslock,'^ Grace F. Hinchliff, Edward Plaut,
David F. Renshaw,^ Elisabeth Rothermel, Mary E. Sweeny,^ Fred
L. Thompson, Helen B. Thompson, Jennie A. Walker, Isabel
Wheeler.
DocTORS OF Pharm ACY. The following students of biological
chemistry at the School of Pharmacy received the degree of Phar.D. :
Ainslie Bück, William G. Crockett, Albert A, Muench, Herbert C.
Oehlers, Elsa G. Pickhardt, Hugo H. Schaefer, and Leo Stein.
Summer session. Courses. The department is conducting six
courses in nutrition and biochemical methods at the summer session
now in progress at Columbia. Three of these courses are given at
Teachers Coli., by Prof. Gies, Dr. E. C. Seaman and Miss Tula L.
Harkey; three are given at the Col. of Phys. and Surg., by Prof.
Gies and Messrs. W. A. Perlzweig and Victor E. Levine. The bio-
*University fellow in biological chemistry, igi2-iZ-
t The degree was awarded in February, 1913. '
* The degree was awarded in October, 1912.
58o Biochemical News, Notes and Comment [July
chemical lab. at the Med. Seh. is open daily for research, and will
continue so throughout the summen
Investigators. The workers named below have been engaged
in research, in the biochemical laboratoi-y at the medical school, at
various times during the vacation : Louis Berman, A. M. Buswell,
Arthur D. Dryfoos, Walter H. Eddy, Mary L. Edzvard, L. L. Falke,
Helen Gavin, William J. Gies, Mark J. Gottlieb, Tula L. Harkey,
Max Kahn, I. J. Kligler, W. M. Kraus, Alfred P. Lothrop, Her-
man O. Mosenthal, William A. Perlzweig, Nathan Rosenthal, Oscar
M. Schloss, Emily C. Seaman, A. W. Thomas, M, K. Thornton,
William Weinberger, Charles Weisman, G. H. Worthing.
Miscellaneous items. Prof. Gies is a member of the third sec-
tional committee of the Third Internat. Gong, of Refrigeration to
be held in Washington and Chicago, Sept. 15-24, 19 13. He was
one of the Speakers at the annual banquet of the First District
Dental Soc. of the State of N. Y., at the Hotel Astor, Jan. 18. He
addressed the Harlem Dental Soc, April 24, on the Prevention of
dental caries. On May 9 he presented, at the 45th annual meeting
of the Dental Soc. of the State of N. Y., the report of the Research
Committee, embodying the results of a further investigation of the
origin and physiological significance of salivary sulfocyanate (under
the auspices of the Research Committee), with the Cooperation of
Prof. C. C. Lieb, Drs. Max Kahn and Edgar G. Miller, Jr., and
Mr. Arthur Knudson. At the conclusion of his report, and pur-
suant to a recommendation in the president's annual address, Prof.
Gies was elected an honorary member of the Dental Soc. of the
State of N. Y. He has been invited to continue to direct the soci-
ety's study of dental caries. At his Suggestion the title of The
Jonr. of the Allied Societies^ has been changed to The Jour. of the
Allied Dental Societies (1913, viii : Mar.).
Miss Jean Broadhurst is utilizing a year's leave of absence in
Special study, at Ithaca, in plant physiology and bacteriology. She
has received from the Torrey Botanical Club a grant of $200 from
the Esther Hermann Fund to assist her in an investigation of
bacteria in milk. Miss Broadhurst was recently reelected one of
the editors of the Bull, of the Torrey Bot. Club.
^Jour. All. Soc, 1912, vii, pp. 408 and 507.
1913] Columbia Biochemical Department 5^1
The department was honored during the year by the return of
Prof. John S. Adriance (WilHams Col.), who reviewed the work
required of first year students of medicine.
Mr. A. T. Cameron (Univ. of Manitoba) was a welcome visitor
in the laboratories of the department during the months of May and
June, and an auditor at some of the Conferences at the close of the
academic year in May.
Prof. Gies recently resigned his membership in the Board of
Trustees of Irving Col. for Women (Mechanicsburg, Pa.), of
which he had been a member since 1900. He was recently reelected
an alumni representative in the Board of Trustees of Gettysburg
Col. for a term of six years.
Mr. Arthur M. Buswell has been awarded a university fellow-
ship in chemistry for I9i3-'i4; Mr. Frank R. Eider has been
appointed alternate.
Mr. Guy West Wilson, lately of the N. C. Agric. Exper. Sta.,
and, during the past year, research scholar at the N. Y. Botan.
Garden, has recently been appointed a special agent of the U. S.
Bureau of Plant Industry for the study of the relation of the
chestnut blight fungus to tannin and other plant products, at Rut-
gers College, New Brunswick, N. J.
On May 11, Dr. Max Kahn feil headlong from a moving street
car. There was no internal turmoil to account for this mishap
(official). His prompt recovery was very gratifying to all his
associates.
Prof. Gies has been requested by the N. Y. Sabbath Committee
to direct, under its auspices, a study of the physiological value, if
any, of the weekly day of rest, entirely apart from religious or
preconceived notions, and wholly from a scientific Standpoint. The
work will be inaugurated in the fall.
[Makes a noise like the beginning of a reform movement in this laboratory.
Printer' s devil.]
EDITORIALS
We learn from a Paris correspondent that Dr. Jules Wolff, of
the Pasteur Institute, is about to publish in the Annais de VInstitut
Pasteur (July), a paper in which the author reviews current knowl-
Peroxides and edge on the subject of the presence of peroxides
nitrites in plants Jn plants. Affirmed by some, disputed by others,
the question of the occurrence of these substances in plants has out-
lived numerous controversies. Kastle and Loevenhart, and Chodat
and Bach, have attributed to peroxides the phenomena which Aso
and others attribute to nitrites. Maze has shown that the sap of
all the higher plants contains nitrites. On the other band, Wolff
has found that nitrites are decomposed by the more or less acid
Juices of plants, and thus can induce phenomena of oxidation com-
parable to those which occur with the aid of the system: peroxidase
— hydrogen peroxide. Wolff doubts the importance of peroxides
and peroxidases as physiologic agents because they rarely occur
together in vegetahle Juices. On the other band, the number of
substances that can be attacked by nitrous acid far exceeds the
number that may be oxidized by the System : peroxidase — hydrogen
peroxide. However, Wolff has found, especially in apples {unpub-
lished data), a special peroxide which is produced only when there
is a lesion of the tissue. The brown color that develops on cut sur-
faces of fruit is a result of the action of this peroxide on a chromo-
genic substance. Such phenomena of color ation, contrary to cur-
rent opinion, are not due to oxidases. In Wolff's view, such
pigmentation residts from the combined action of a peroxide and
a peroxidase. X.
In our April issue we presented a number of typical replies to
our circular note inviting expressions of opinion on the " Mathews
plan for the Organization of an American Biological Society" (p.
The Mathews plan 49^)- ^^ the little space available in this con-
for an American cluding number of Volume II, we present a few
Biological Society additional selections from the comment for-
warded to us on this subject. The October issue will continue this
582
1913] Editoriais 583
plan of facilitating open consideration and possible removal of the
difficulties in the way of more effective biological Organization in
this country, and will also contain a summary of the ideas expressed,
in this Journal, on the Mathews plan of reorganization.
James P. Atkinson, A^". Y. City Dep't of Health. I believe the
plan for the Amer. Biolog. Soc'y to be a very feasible one, espe-
cially as regards the combining of one or more of the Journals. It
seems to me to be especially adapted to individuals who cannot
afford to subscribe to many Journals, and I hope that it will be
successful.
R. P, BiGELOW, Mass. Inst, of Technology. The plan of
Organization for the Amer. Biolog. Soc'y proposed by Prof.
Mathews seems inadvisable for the f ollowing reasons :
1. Details of Organization. The society as proposed would
simply be a confederation of existing biological societies, which in
turn would become sections of the new society. The large size,
national scope, and wide ränge of interest in the new society would
involve (a) difficulties in securing suitable places for meetings, (&)
long journeys and hence less regulär attendance of many members,
(c) long programs and formality of proceedings; as contrasted with
independent small societies meeting within a restricted area and
limited in scope, which have for their main object the promotion of
intimacy and good-fellowship, with opportunity for informal dis-
cussion among men whose interests are alike.
2. Ohjects. (a) Cooperation in the abstract seems a rather
hazy basis on which to found a new society. Moreover, when a
definite need of Cooperation arises, organizations suitable for this
purpose may be found in the A. A. A. S. and the Amer. Soc'y of
Naturalists. (&) The starting and supporting of a Biolog. Abstract
Jour. seems to involve competition rather than Cooperation. Such
a publication, to be of any practical use, should segregate in one
place the results of a year's work at least in each division of the
subject and should be international in scope. This is the aim of
L'Annee Biologique, Ergeh, d. Anat. u. Entzvickelungsges., Ergeh.
d. Physiol., and the Jour. of the Royal Micros. Soc'y. Why not
coöperate towards the improvement of one of these existing publi-
cations, instead of starting a rival Journal, (c) The attempt to
584 Mathezvs Plan for American Biological Society [July
induce all biologists of the country to subscribe to all biological
Journals published in America is foredoomed to failure. For no
one can pretend to keep up with the advances in all the branches of
biology, and, moreover, the cost of storing the volumes would soon
become embarrassing to anyone who attempts to live on a biolog-
ical salary. The suggested reduction in cost would seem to depend
on the formation of a society approaching in size the Amer. Chem.
Soc'y, but until biology shall have as profitable applications as
chemistry, this seems rather a hope than a possibility.
G. W. Crile, Cleveland, Ohio. Although I appreciate the many
arguments advanced in favor of Prof. Mathews' plan, I do not see
my own way clear to express an unqualified commendation of the
idea, as I should want to be assured that the work of this associa-
tion would covfer a field which has not as yet been touched upon by
any other existing society, and that could not be developed in some
one of them.
Arthur W. Dox, Iowa State College Agric. Exper. Station.
I fail to see any special advantage to be gained by consolidating
the existing biological societies, much less by organizing a new
society. The chief inducement appears to be the clubbing rate
which would enable the members to secure a greater number of
Journals at a low cost. I am personally of the opinion, however,
that the majority of the biologists, were they to increase the num-
ber of their subscriptions, would derive greater benefit by subscrib-
ing to a few foreign periodicals in their chosen field than by taking
on a greater number of Amer. Journals.
Walter H. Eddy, High School of Commerce, N. Y. City. The
modern biology teacher in the secondary school is largely concerned
in presenting the phases of biology that are intimately related to the
results of current research. At the same time he is rarely in a local-
ity where he can keep in intimate touch with such research through
libraries or research institutions, and even in so rieh a Community
as N. Y. City the field is so broad and the interests so varied that
here too he is dependent upon Journals for most of his Information.
In view of all these facts and in view of the financial impossibility
of indefinite subscription to Journals, any such plan as Dr. Mathews
1913] Editoriais 5^5
suggests, which aims to concentrate and assist the efforts of the
secondary school biologist to keep abreast of the times, must com-
mend itself to him most forcibly.
C. Stuart Gager, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. While I think
that an Organization such as is proposed by Prof. Mathews has
admirable features, especially if it were an initial step in the Organi-
zation of the biological interests of the country, nevertheless, I do
not feel that it could be successful, or that another society is now
desirable. I also think that the inducement of receiving periodicals
over such a wide ränge of interests as experimental psychology to
bacteriology would not be very attractive to most workers, whose
interests are too narrow to respond to such an inducement. It seems
to me that the Mathews plan would result in an Organization which
in actual fact would not prove to be much more coherent than does
the present Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, with its various
sections, some of which at present exist chiefly on the printed
program.
Paul J. Hanzlik, Western Reserve Univ. So far as the uni-
fication of the various biological societies is concerned, there is
already the " Federation." This should suffice. The Biolog. Ah-
stract Joiir. would be a supernumerary because there are already
several abstract Journals which cover adequately the field of the
biological sciences. Among the most widely circulated are probably
the Zent. f. Bioch. u. Biophy. and Chem. Abstracts. It would be an
additional financial bürden for the Society. This is objectionable.
I understand that Chem. Abstracts is a very expensive enterprise
and, in spite of the very large membership (running into the thou-
sands) of the Amer. Chem. Soc'y, its financial support is not
adequate for its needs. It would be much more difficult for the
Amer. Biolog. Soc'y with its comparatively small membership to
support Journals to the extent that the Amer. Chem. Soc'y does.
Therefore, I disagree with the idea of organizing an "Amer.
Biolog. Soc'y" and the establishment of a Biolog. Abstract Jour.,
as proposed in the Mathews plan.
Chas. W. Hargitt, Syracuse Univ. One feature of the propo-
sition appeals to me, namely, that of the Abstract Journal. I have
$86 Mathczvs Plan for 'American Biological Society [July
long feit that there was a real place for such a Journal among us,
and have several times urged such both orally, and in written and
printed Communications. At present our biological Journals are not
fully meeting the necessities for either general or prompt publica-
tion, and we get next to nothing in the way of abstracts of literature
or reviews of current publications. I should like to see something
after the plan proposed by Mathews put into Operation so far as a
Journal of this sort is concerned.
Concerning the proposed " Society " I have serious doubts.
Already we have more societies than we can support decently. And
to add another to the list, unless it were of such a character as to
meet a real need, could hardly commend general or enthusiastic
support. If one or two which long ago passed into practical
desuetude could be allowed to find a niche in some mortuary hall
of fame it could well be possible to fill the place by a society
something after the Mathews plan. I should incline to hope very
sincerely that its name might be unencumbered by that overworked
adjective "American" ! Pray let us have at least one society which
can be trusted to stand on its own characteristic merits, without
expletives, apologies, or explanations.
E. M. HouGHTON, Detroit, Mich. After careful consideration
of the subject, I most heartily commend the proposed plan as one
that will be most desirable for those of us who are specially inter-
ested in biological subjects. I hope that the movement may gather
sufficient force to put the matter into practical Operation.
J. S. KiNGSLEY, Tufts Col. I have been greatly interested in
Dr. Mathews' plan for the Organization of a general society to
Cover all sides of biology and wish that it could be consummated,
but I am afraid that he has overestimated the membership and
income of such an Organization and has underestimated the expenses
of the Journals to such an extent that it vitiates the whole scheme.
Thus I believe that a Journal of abstracts, well done, would be of
great value, but I do not see in the plan any adequate provision for
the payment for the abstracts, and I know from experience that
there are few who can be depended upon to do the work as a labor
of love. The Joiir. of the Royal Micros. Soc'y publishes such ab-
stracts in a limited field, and one of the editors told me that he was
paid a salary of £120 a year for about half of the zoological ab-
1913] Editoriais 5^7
stracts. Then Mathews has failed to take into account the many
overhead expenses in such a series of Journals — postage, clerical
work, corrections, bad accounts and a thousand other items which
are inevitable.
F. C. Koch, Univ. of Chicago. The Mathews plan for the Or-
ganization of the Amer. Biol. Soc'y appeals to me as practicable
without doubt, and as very desirable and necessary.
Edwin Linton, Washington and Jefferson Col. A large num-
ber of working biologists are to be found among teachers in high
schools and the smaller Colleges. Many of them are obliged to
conduct elementary courses in as diverse subjects as anatomy, bac-
teriology, botany, physiology and zoology. It is out of the question
for the majority of such teachers, or of the institutions which they
represent, to subscribe for the list of Journals enumerated by Dr.
Mathews on page 264 of the Biochemical Bulletin for January,
1913. To such persons, access to this entire list of Journals would
add greatly to their efficiency as teachers and as workers in biology.
Therefore, any plan whereby a larger number of the various bio-
logical publications will be made available than is now the case to
the majority of biologists should command the sympathetic con-
sideration of all biologists.
F. E. Lloyd, McGill Univ. I am very much impressed with the
Biolog. Soc'y proposition, set forth in Mathews' paper. For a long
time it has seemed to me that we have a lot to learn f rom the chem-
ists, and I quite believe that some such effort as outlined by Mathews
would go a long way toward unifying and stimulating effort. I
shall be glad to coöperate in any way that I can. I feel that the
details should be gone into pretty thoroughly, so as to get the costs
down as much as possible, but an abstract Journal analogous to the
Chem. Ahstracts would be of immense value.
HuGH McGuiGAN, Northwestern Univ. Med. Seh. The Math-
ews plan suggests improvements that seem feasible. To make it
more definite, the estimated costs should be worked out by a com-
mittee of publishers and scientists and an authoritative Statement
of the cost presented. The Federation of Amer. Socs. for Exp.
Biol. forms an excellent nucleus to commence with and is a step
toward the consummation of the plan.
588 Mathezvs Plan for 'American Biological Society [July
Jacob Reighard, Univ. of Mich. I take it that each American
biologist is now paying for the Journals to which he subscribes as
much as he can afford. Most of my friends have as many Journals
as they would like. Their libraries contrast unfavorably in this
respect with those of their European colleagues. I do not doubt
that any plan that would give them more for the same money or
for less money would be welcome. On the other band I do not
know of many men who would consider the whole list of thirteen
Journals of use to them. If there were opportunity for them to get
the Journals they now get at less price than they now pay, they
would tend to take advantage of it, — and the income of the Society
would be reduced by so much.
There is one argument not touched upon by Prof. Mathews
which rnight have great weight in starting the movement. Every
biologist pays out a good deal annually for reprints. If nearly every
biologist received the Journals in his field, there would be little use
in distributing reprints. Those furnished him by the Journals with-
out cost might meet his needs for exchange with foreign corre-
spondents. He might thus save a great deal more than he now
pays out for subscriptions.
I am not convinced of the wisdom of central control for all bio-
logical Journals, and should prefer to see Journals left under their
present control. I fear that here, as elsewhere, central control is
likely to inhibit individual initiative. The interests of the chemists
seem to me less diverse than those of the biologists and therefore
more likely to be adequately served by a central Organization.
I am, then, in favor of Prof. Mathews' plan, with the elimina-
tion of the feature of central control. I believe that the advantages
of the plan to the individual Journals are such as to insure their
permanency without central control.
Change of action and interest are the secrets of recreation, as
the spirit of Service is the spirit of happiness. — Creelman.
The medical facts that have been elicited and elucidated in
laboratories during the past fifty years have done
more to revolutionize medical practise than the
bedside observations of the past two thousand years. — Janeway.
INDEX
In two divisions:
(I) Author index (pp. 589-590) ;
(II) Subject index (pp. 591-604) :
The subject index {II, p. ^pi) consists of two main portions:
(A) Impersonal subjecfs (p. 5pi);
(B) Personal subjects (p. 59p).
References, in roman numerals, to parts of the summary of Con-
tents (pp. x-xiii) and the list of illustrations (p. xv), facilitate use
of the volume.
I. AUTHOR INDEX
The names of the authors of the leading papers, and the general
subjects treated by each, may be obtained promptly from the summary
of Contents (pp. x-xiii). This division of the index (I) includes not
only the names of the main contributors, but also the names of accred-
ited authors of abstracts, editorials, quotations, etc.
Abbott, JF, 317
AcTON, — , 508
Adler, HM, 216
"Al I. Phatic," 210
Alperin, D, 164
"Ana Phylactic," 210
Atkinson, JP, 583
AUER, J, 269, 279
Barn hart, JH, 491
Beal, GD, 78, 164
Benedict, FG, 134
Benedict, SR, 165
Berg, WN, ioi, 158, 441
Bergey, DH, 491
Berman, L, 547
Bevier, I, 158
Biddle, HC, 288, 386
BiGELOw, RP, 583
Bisch, LE, 165
Blakeslee, AF, 542
Bolduan, CF, 247
Born, S, 166
Bottazzi, F, 379
Bronfen Brenner, JJ, 53,
166, 453, 462
BUNZEL, H, 491
Burnett, TC, 491
Carlson, AJ, 491
Carrel, A, 493
"C. H. Esty," 508
Clark, ED, 5, 168, 412,
465
CoHOE, BA, 464
Coleman, W, 145
Conklin, EG, 493
Crane, — , 508
Creelman, J, 588
Crile, GW, 584
Crohn, BB, 454
Croll, WL, 509
Davenport, CB, 493
Davis, BJ, 158
Davis, BM, 493
Dox, AW, 330, 407, 584
589
Eddy, WH, iii, 169, 291,
419, 548, 584
Elder, fr, 170, 549
Erlanger, J, 271
Erpf-Lefkovics, TA, 233,
292
Eustis, AC, 158, IS9, 28s
EwfiNG, EM, 403, 464
Falk, KG, 455
Feldhaus, FM, 319
Fetzer, LW, 282, 346
Fischer, MH, 494
Fitz, GW, 494
FosTER, NB, 206, 292
Friedman, SS, 460
Gager, CS, 585
Geiger, GA, 78, 164
GiBSON, RB, 536
GiES, WJ, 55, 170, 171,
172, 203, 293, 298, 357,
366, 468, 470, 547, 551,
556, 559
590
Index: Names of Authors
[July
GiTLOw, S, 549
GOLDFARB, AJ, l6l, 286
GOODEIDGE, FG, 178, 292
GORTNER, RA, 287, 463,
494. 524, 532, 542, 544
Greaves, je, 519
Greene, CW, 494
Greenwald, I, 287, 466
Gross, BH, 466
Hall, WS, 495
Halliburton, WD, 128
Hamlin, ml, 410, 455
Hanzlik, PJ, 585
Harding, VJ, 223
Hardisty, RHM, 225
Hare, RF, 173
Hargitt, GW, 585
Harkey, TL, 550, 551
Harris, JA, 287, 524, 530
HARVEy, EN, 50, 456, 464
Hasselbalch, KA, 367
Henderson, VE, 495
Henderson, Y, 146, 495
Hepburn, JS, 467
Hewlett, AW, 495
HiGLEY, GO, 390. 393
H. M. A., 211
HoROWiTz, B, 293
HosKiNS, RG, 495
HouGH, T, 148, 496
HOUGHTON, EM, 586
HowE, PE, 90, 288, 386,
468, 551
HowELL, WH, 497
HOWLAND, J, 139
HoY, WE, 464
HUXLEY, TH, 210
Hyde, IH, 498
Hymanson, A, 457
Jackson, DE, 498
Janeway, HH, 17s, 403,
464
Janeway, TC, 588
" JaUN DiCE," 2X0
Jensen, CO, 535
Jordan, EO, 498
Jordan, — , 508
Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc,
198, 208, 210, 318, 320,
568
Kahn, M, 87, 177, 178,
217, 458, 545
Kaliski, DJ, 460
Kantor, JL, 179
Kingsley, JS, 586
Koch, FC, 587
Kraus, WM, 294
Kribble, VK, zzy
Landolph, F, 217
Langworthy, CF, 498
Lee, MT, 179
Leffmann, H, 198
Levine, VE, 552
Lieb, CC, 459
VON Liebig, J, 332
Linton, E, 587
Lloyd, FE, 587
Long, JH, 132
LoTiiROP, AP, 156, 180,
284, 324, 452, 486, 541,
577
Lucas, DR, 545
LusK, G, 135
McClendon, JF, 500
McCrudden, FH, 137
McGuiGAN, H, 587
Macallum, ab, 140
Macleod, JJR, 147, 499
MacNeal, WJ, 499
Mandel, JA, 150
Mann, G, 499
Manwaring, WH, 453
Martin, EG, 500
Mathews, AP, 261
Mathewson, CA, 181
Matsunaga, S, 228
Mattill, HA, 553
Mattill, HI, 553
May, CE, 373, 464
" M. C," 488
Mendel, LB, 129, 138
Miller, EG, Jr., 554
MiNOT, CS, 508
Moore, AR, 500
Morse, M, 161, 162, 288,
290, 457, 500, 546
N. B. F., 206
Neidig, RE, 407
" Nineteen O. Three,"
358
NoGUCHi, H, 166, 462
VON Noorden, C, 143
" N. Y.," 490
Osborne, TB, 339
Osburn, RC, 501
Ottenberg, R, 460
Paracelsus, 332
Park, WH, 501
Parker, GH, 502
Patterson, OG, 55s
Pearce, RM, 502
Pearl, R, 502
Pekelharing, CA, 297
Peters, AW, 238
" Pharmacologist," 504
" P. H. D.," 538
Potteiger, CR, 158
Punnett, PW, 555
Reighard, J, 588
Richards, AN, 275
Ripley, LB, 162
Rockwood, EW, 504
Rogers, LA, 158
Rose, AR, 21, 163
Rosenbloom, J, 64, 87,
123, 178, 182, 22g, 233,
236, 290, 291, 292, 464
RusKiN, J, 210
Ruttan, RF, 223, 225
Sanders, JA, 373, 464
Schloss, OM, 182
Schmidt, J, 535
Schwarze, CA, 183
Science, 321
Seaman, EG, 184
Seifert, C, 556
SiDGWiCK, — , 332
Smith, CS, 184, 465
Smith, EE, 243
Sollmann, T, 505
Sörensen, SPL, 535
Stanley, — , 210
Steel, M, 547
Stewart, CC, 505
Strauss, H, 141
Suzuki, U, 228
Tennyson, 508
Thomas, AW, 556
Thorndike, EL, 505
ToDD, JL, 505
Weinberger, W, 123, 182,
185
Weisman, C, 186, 29s, 558
Welch, WH, 508
Welker, WH, 70, 175,
186
WiLEY, HW, 506
Williams, AW, 158
Winterstein, E, 5
WoLFF, J, 53
Wood, FC, 506
Woodruff, LL, 465
Woodward, HE, 186
"X," 582
«Yale, 94S," 349
Yerkes, RW, 507
I9I3]
Index: Impersonal Suhjects
591
IL SUBJECT INDEX. A. IMPERSONAL SUBJECTS
The names of authors are given on pp. 58^^-590.
Personal suhjects are indexed on pp. ^pp^6o4.
General suhjects may be seen at a glance on pp. x-xiii. This sub-
ject index is aimed at details that the titles of papers do not include,
altho it also makes due reference to the titles. A recurrenf subject in
any paper or formal section of the volume is indicated but once, as a
rule, hy the numeral on the first page of its occurrence in, or on the
opening or concluding page of, the section containing it. Numerous
cross referenccs facilitate prompt access to details. The index ignores
impersonal matters that are secondary to, or of no special interest apart
from, the personal references to which they pertain {e. g., items of
" biochemical news, notes, and comment"). Routine matters {e. g.,
common tests, ordinary reagents) are not indicated unless they appear
in special settings.
This comprehensive index is intended to guide the reader to the
main path through any and every subject, or group of suhjects, in the
volume.
Absorption, 103, 550
Abstracts, 132, 285, 453,
541
Academies ; see organiz.
Acapnia, 175, 403, 4^4
Acetaldehyde, 76
Acetanilid, 63
Acetic acid, 66, 76
Aceto-acetic acid, 223
Acetone, 66, 76, 80, 96,
223
Acetonitrile, 178
Acetonuria, 223, 285
Achylia gastrica, 455
Acid(ity), loi, 167, 170,
179, 181, 464, SSO, 554
Acid albumin, 547
Acidemia, 286
Acidosis, 135, 28s
Acid-protease, 234, 237
Acid salts, 181
Acts of congress, 196
Adaptation, 287
Adrenalin ; see epinephrin
Adsorption, 444
Adulteration, 532
Agglutinm(ation),25i,46i
Air, 146, 147, 29s, 545,
558
pressure, 403
Alanin, 137, 178
Albumin, 96, 166, 547
Alcannin, 80
Alcohol, 79, 435, 462, 553
Alimentation, forced, 143
Alkali(nity), 51, 167, 170,
180
Alkali albuminate, 547
Alkali-protease, 234, 237
Alkaloids, 62
Allantoin, 2
Allergy, 182
Allspice, 133
Almonds, 182
Amaurotic idiocy, 457
Amide nitrogen, 434, 463
Amino acids, 4, 178
Amino nitrogen, 544
Aminovalerianic acid, 2
Amins, 158, 159
Ammonia (OH), 51, 53,
124, 171, 180, 285, 293,
409, 430, 455, 464, 544,
555
Amphibian larvae, 288
Amygdalin, 227
Amyl alcohol, 82
Amylase, 233, 237, 455,
555
Anaphylaxis, 158,159,256,
296, 545, 558
Anesthe^ta (tics), 176, 567
Anilin mucoid, 115
Annatto, 80
Anniversaries, 189, 309,
3S8
Anti-anit'bodies, 253
Anti-bodies, 260
Antigens, 508
Antipyrin, 63
Antitoxin, 250
Apnea, 176
Apomorphin, 63
Apparatus, 170, 290, 369,
457, 509
Appointments, 190, 200,
203, 310, 321, 324, 477,
484, 568, 574, 578
Arabans, 3
Arabinose, 174, 552
Argent-amm. mucoid, 166
Arginin, 2, 463, 544
Arsenic, 519
Arsenic trisulfid, 521
Arsenious oxid, 462
Artificial resp., 176, 464
Ascites, 142
Ash, 383, 466, 410, 434
Asparagin, 2
Aspergillus clavatus, 408
A. fumigatus, 408
A. niger, 408
Associations ; see organiz.
592
Index: Iinpcrsonal Suhjects
[July
Asthma, 159
Atropin, 63, 465
Auramin, 81, 550
Azolitmin, 550
Babcock test, 207
Bacteria, luminous, 456
Bacteria, milk, 580
D. phosphorescens, 456
B. phosphoreum, 456
Bacteriolysins, 250
Bardach test, 186
Barfoed test, 181
Barom. pressure, 393, 530
Barwood, 82
Bases, 181
Basic nitrogen, 463
Basic salts, 181
" Baustein," 209
Benedict method, 185
Benzaldehyde, 22J
Benzene, 51, 77
Benzidin, 225
Benzoic acid, 133
Benzopurpurin, 84, 550
Beriberi, 205
Beryllium sulfate, 184
;3-hydroxy-butyric acid, 66
j8-imidazolylethylamin,
158, 159
Betain, 2
Bibliography, 5, 46, 100,
202, 214, 298, 326, 339,
439, 470, SS9
Biebrich scarlet, 83, 550
Bile, 182
Pigments, 96
Biochemistry :
abstracts ; see abstr.
bibliography ; see bib-
liog.
courses, 203, 579
degrees ; see degrees
dissertations, 538
doctorates, 538 ; see de-
grees
history, 243
index, 298, 470, 559
institutions •; see or-
ganiz.
Journals; see Journals
literature, 298, 470, 559
organisations ; see or-
ganiz.
Biography :
Aisberg, CL, 211
Howe, PE, 201
Ritthausen, H, 335
Schulze, E, I
Bismarck brown, 84, 550
Biuret reagent, 179, 556
Biuret test, 181
Bladdcr, 233, 292
Bleached flour, 487, 532
Blood, 66, 146, 147, 148,
167, 175, 186, 225,
237, 292, 295, 461,
463, 466, 468, 547
pressure, 403
Body weight, 469, 552
Bone, 556
growth, 137
sarcoma, 231
Brain, 65, 242, 467
Bran, 228
Brazil wood, 80
Bread, 158
mold, 542
Breast, 87, 178, 231
Breathing, 149, 390
Brucin, 63
Buildings, 195, 313, 570
Butter, 66, 158
Butyric acid, 66
Cadaverin, 159
Caffein, 63, 68
Caisson disease, 147
Calcification, 137
Calcium, 137, 163, 178,
410, 438, 458,464,545
carbonate, 186
caseinogen, 116
hydroxid, 180
Calculi, 178
Caloric requirement, 143
Calorimetry, 139
Cancer extracts, 229
Cape aloes, 83, 550
Cappenberg method, 468
Capsules, gelatin, 318
Carbohydrates, 45, 135,
136, 143, 14s, 173
Carbon bisulfid, yy
Carbon dioxid, 146, 148,
17s. 390, 393, 403, 530
Carbon tetrachlorid, 77
Carcinoma, 231, 287
Carmosin B, 81
Carrotin, 66
Carrots, 66
Caseinogen, iii
Cassiopea xamanacha, 286
Castor bean, 410, 455
Catabolism, 149
Catalysis, 441
Catgut, loi
Celebrations, 189, 309
Cell, 21, so, 55, 137, 138,
140, 454, 547
membranes, 3, 140
nutrition, 253
Cellulose, 3, 168, 414
Cerumen, 66
Chemotherapy, 259
Chestnut blight, 581
Chittenden's pupils, 349
Chlorid(n), 294, 434, 464,
549
Chloroform, 50, 77, 79
Chlorophyl, 80
Cholesterol, 2, 57, 67, 467
acetate, 66
benzoate, 67, 468
oleate, 67
palmitate, 67
stearate, 67
Cholin, 2
Chondroalbumoid, 547
Chondromucoid, 547
Chorion, 236, 291
Chrysoidin, 80, 550
Cinnamon, 133
Circulation, 148, 176, 403,
454, 464, 468
Cleavage ; see hydrolysis
Clinic; see hospital
Clitocybe illudens, 465
Clitocybe multiceps, 466
Cloves, 133
Clubs ; See organiz.
Coagulation, 381
Cocain, 63
Cocoanut milk, 554
Cod, 548, 549
Codein, 63
Colchicin, 63
Cold storage, 184
Collagen, 170, 179, 547
Colleges ; see organiz.
Collodion, 58, 61, 70, 290
Collodion-fat membranes,
549
Collodion membranes, 186,
549
Colloid, 290, 554
nitrogen, 87, 178
non-protein N, 178
platinuni, 161
Solutions, 161
Colon bacillus, 462
Combined sulfate, 545
" Comment, news and
notes," 188, 307, 476,
567_
Commissions ; see organiz.
Committees ; see organiz.
Complement, 251
fixation, 167
Splitting, 166
Complimentary dinners,
309
I9I3]
Index: Impersonal Suhjects
593
Composition, 29, 41, 178,
287, 288, 386, 433, 524,
558
Compressed air, 147
Congress, acts, 129, 196
Congresses ; see organiz.
Conin, 63, 180
mucoid, 115
Constitution, 31
Construction unit, 209
Contraction, loi, 158, 464
Convicin, 2
Convulsiva action, 459
Copper, 166
iodid, 556
salts, 133, 556
thiocyanate, 556
Cord, 460
Corn-stalk disease, 543
Coroner's Consultants, 316
Corpuscles, 461
Correlation, 288, 399, 524,
530
Courses ; see biochem.
Creatin(in), 68, 95, 124,
165, 294, 387, 464, 546,
555
Culture medium, 457
Cuorin, 67
Curcumin S, 82
Cystin, 463, 544
Cytolysins, 250
Decalcification, 137
Decidua serotina, 237
Declinations, 310, 568
Decompression, 147
Defenses, disease, 249
Degrees :
honorary, 190, 567
M. A., 579
M. S., Z27
Ph. D., 538, 579
Phar. D., 579
Demography, 129
Density, 286
Dental caries, 580
Dentex vulgaris, 379
Dentifrices, 554
Deuteroproteose, 547
Development, 242, 463
Dextrinoid subst., 173
d-Mandelonitril, 227
Diabetes, 144, 217, 285,
309, 455
insipidus, 142
Diacetic acid, 96
Diagnosis, 454
Dialysis, 85, 549
Diamino nitrogen, 434
Diet(etics), 129, 131, 138,
141, 143, 145, 164, 187,
482, 551
Diffusion, 50, 55, 64, 70,
78, 164, 290, 445
Digestion, 134, i35, i44.
209 ; See enzymes
Digitonin, 68
cholesteride, 468
Dinners, 309, 322, 349,
358, 477
Direct current, 556
Disease, 143, 488
Dispensary ; see hospital
Dissociation, 557
Distribution, 140, 177, 556
Diver's palsy, 147
Doctorates, 538; seedegr.
Dove, 556
Dropsy, 142
Drop-weight method, 186
Duodenal Contents, 454
Dwarfi'wö'Cism), 138, 139
Dyes, 78, 547, 550; see
pigments
Ear, internal, 573
Eck fistula, 292
Edema, 103, 141, 170, 172,
550
Edestin, 338, 547
Editoriais, 205, 329, 487,
582
Egg, 161, 182, 463
albumen, 50
white, 547
yolk, 65
Ehrlich " side chain "
theory, 253
Elastin, 547
Electric, 52, 320, 367, 547,
555
charges, 382
conductivity, 383
Electrolyte, 170, 553
Electrometric determina-
tion, 367
Electrons, 320, 332
Embryo, 161, 162, 463
Emulsin, 227, 408
Emulsoid, 554
Endart. obliterans, 545
Endowments, 193, 313
Endurance, 402
Energy, 104, 135, 139, 463
Enzymes, 4, 183, 227, 233,
236, 291, 292, 407, 441,
454. 463, 551, 555. 576,
582
Eosin A, 82, 550
Eosin W, yellow, 83
Epinephrin, 123, 182
Equipment, 195, 578
Ereptase, 237
Erythrosin, 81, 550
Ether, 64, 70, 79, 290
Ethereal sulfate, 545
Ethyl acetate, 67, 76, 80
Ethyl butyrate, 66
Ethylene di-amin, 180
Ethyl ether, 186
Eiidendrium, 286
Excretion, 90, 124, 134,
141, 178, 293, 294, 390,
393, 465, 530, 545. 546
Exercise, 132, 148, 396
Exhalations, 545, 558
Expired air, 146, 295, 545,
558
Extractives, 380
Fasting, 90, 139, 187, 288,
386, 468, 550, SSI
Fast red A, 81, 550
Fat, 45, 57, 66, 73, 93, 135,
136, 142, 143, 164, 207,
387, 464, 509
Fat-collodion membranes,
549
Fatty acid, 66
Feces, 96, 134, 226
Feeble-mindedness, 238
Feeding, forced, 143
Fehling-Benedict test, 181,
553
Fellowships, 574
Female genitalia, 233, 236
Ferric chlorid, 181, 416
test, 177, 224
Ferric sulfocyanate, 59
Ferments ; see enzymes
Fever, 144, 145, 295
Fibrin, 170, 444, 547
Fibroma, Uterus, 231
Fish, 184
Fistula, Eck, 292
Flavors, 158
Flounder, 291
Flour, 532
Food, 134, 13s, 139, 143,
182, 198, 532, 544, 551,
576
" Food colors," 78
Food-drug act, 196
Food preservatives, 130,
132, 185
Forced breathing, 390
Formaldehyde, 77, 198
Formic acid, 66, 77
Fox, 556
Freezing point (A), 383
Fructose, 174, 552
594
Index: Impersonal Sitbjects
[July
Fruit Juices, 554, 582
Function, 39
Functional activity, 454
Funds, 193, 195. 313, 349,
535, 570, 580
Chittenden, 349
Crocker, 313
Hansen, 535
Hennann, 580
Fungus, 542, 581
Fusarium oxysporium, 408
Fustic, 83, 550
Galactan, 3, 174
Galactose, 174, 552
Gall stones, 67, 467
Gastric acidity, 179
Gastric contents, 226
Gastric diseases, 455
Gastric juice, 141
Gelatin, 547
capsules, 3 1 8
Genitalia, 233, 236
Gentian violet, 462
Germination, 3, 42
Gies biuret reagent, 179,
181, 556
Gifts ; See funds
Glacial acetic acid, 80
Globulin, 166
Glucose, 3, 68, 136, 174,
217, 292, 552
Glucosuria, 292
Glucothionic acid, 547
Glutamic acid, 137, 337
Glutamin, 2
Gluten, 547
Glycerol, 66
Glycocol, 137, 409
Glycogen, 93
Gold-beater's skin, 61
Gold orange, 81
Gout, 143
Grafted embryos, 161
Grants, 193, 483, 580
Growth, 46, 99, 130, 137,
138, 229, 242, 463
Guaiacum, 225
Guanidin, 2
Gums, 173
Heart, 66, 142, 176, 387,
404
Heat, 102, 135, i39, 148
coagulation, 381
production, 135, 145
Hematoxylin, 80
Hemi-celluloses, 3
Hemoglobin, 98, 136, i6r,
382, 547
Hemolysij(n), 250, 461
Hemorrhage, 187, 468,
551, 555
Heredity, 242
High frequency current,
555
Histidin, 2, 161, 463, 544
Histon, 169, 291, 419, 548
mitcoid, 118
nucleoprotein, 121, 548
ovo-mucoid, 121
Historetention, 142
Historical ; see biochem.
Honorary degrees, 190,
567
Honors, 190, 308, 476,
567, 580
Hopkins-Cole lest, 181
Horse, 556
disease, 544
Hospitals :
Assoc. out-pat. clinics,
N. Y., 314
Bellevue (N. Y.), 578
Herriman disp., 195
Johns Hopkins, 193
Montefiore Home, 196
New York, 313
Phipps Psych. Clin., 4S1
Roosevelt, 317
Hot-water-bottle holder,
290
Humidity, 146, 148
Humin (nitrogen), 434,
544
Hydrion (HO, 367, 384
Hydrochloric acid, 141,
462
Hydrocyanic acid, 22y
Hydrogen selenide, 553
Hydrolysis, 135, 209, 407,
414, 456, 544, 547
Hydronephrosis, 142
Hygiene, 129
Hyper-artif. resp., 464
Hyper-creatininemia, 295
Hyper-respiration, 403
Hypophysis, 573
Hypoxanthin, 2
Ice, 572
Idiocy, 457
Illuminating gas, 293
Imbibition ; see water
Immune body, 251
Immunity, 247
Inanition, 90
Index, biochem., 298, 470,
559
Indican, 96, 158, 285
Indicator, 172
Indol, 375
Industrial firm :
Van Houten & Ten
Broeck Co., 555
Infant mortality, 485
Infection, 247, 544
Infusoria, 465
Inheritance, 529
Injury, 582
Inocybe infida, 465
Inorganic salts, 2^2
Inosite-phosph. acid, 21
Insecticide, 522
Internal ear, 573
Intestin, 405
Intestinal bacteria, 319
Intest, putrefac, 159, 286,
319
Intoxication, 258, 461
Intrabronch, press., 404
Intrapulm. air-press., 403
Involuting tail, 288, 546
lodine test, 181
lodo-eosin, 290
Ions, 167, 367, 557
effects, 554
Iron ; see f erric
Iso-agglutination, 461
Iso-amylamin, 159
Iso-cholesterol, 2
Iso-hemolysins, 461
Iso-leucin, 2
Jaffe reaction, 165
Journals, 261, 297, 299,
317, 470, 559
Biochem. Bull., 299, 470,
559, 577
Bio-Chem. J., 128, 209,
299, 446, 470, 559
Biochem. Zeit., 299,
470, 559
Biolog. Abstr. J., 261,
332
Bull. Tor. Bot. CL, 574,
576, 580
Die Naturwissensch.,
317
Folia microbiol., 297
/. All. Dent. Soc, 580
/. Biol. Chem,, 299, 470,
559
J. N. Y. Bot. Card., 576
/. Pharm. Exp. Therap.,
198
Mycologia, 576
Nederl. Vereen. voor
Microbiol., 297
Physiolog. Researches,
574, 576
Zeit, physiol. Chem.,
299, 470, 559
I9I3]
Index: Impersonal Subjects
595
Kephalin, 67
Keratin, 545
Kidney, 66, 141, 144, 295
Kjeldahl appar., 457
Knighthood, 567
Lactase, 237
Lactic acid, 66, 68, 96, loi
bacillus, 319
Lactose, 145, 552
Larvse, 162, 288, 546
Lead arsenate, 521
Lead oleate, 66
Leaves, 183
Lecithin (an), 50, 6y
platinic chlorid, 67
Lectures, 312, 327, 479,
570, 576
Carpenter, 312
Harvey, 312, 479
Herter, 312
Huxley, 313
Middleton Goldsmith,
Mitchell, 479
Legal test, 223
Le Nobel test, 223
Leucin, 2, 137
Leucocytes, 289
/-Mandelonitril, 227
Liebig beef-ex., 137
Life, 19s
Light bacteria, 456
Lipase, 233, 237, 455
LipiMj(oids), 45, 50. 55.
64, 170, 182, 242
solvent s, 55
Lipin-soluble substances,
55
Lipochrome, 57, 65
Liver, 66, 142, 463
hypertroph, cirrh., 455
Living matter, 140
Luminous bacteria, 456
Lungs, 146, 149, 403, 458,
558
Lupinin, 2
Lupin seeds, 550
seedlings, 229
Lymph, 148
Lysin, 2, 454, 463, 544
Magenta, 80
Magnesium, 163, 464
oxide, 410
Sulfate, 187
Maintenance, 138
Malachite green, 80, 550
Maltase, 237
Maltose, 552
Manganese, 410
Sulfate, 455
Mannans, 3
Marriages, 321, 574, 578
Martius yellow, 80, 550
Mastic, 162
" Mathews plan," 332, 490
582
Meadow hen, 556
Meals, 394
Meat, 161, 187, 552
Medaillon, 316
Medals, 309, 354,476, 535,
568
Buchanan, 309
Cresson, 476
Davy, 309
Gibbs, 476
Hanbury, 568
Hansen, 535
Helmholtz, £,77
Longstreth, 568
Retcius, 309
Medical Service, Eng., 197
Medusae, 286
Meetings ; see proc.
Meigs method, 509
Melanin, 544
Members-elect ; see org'iz.
Membranes, 55, 64, 70,
549
Memorial, i, 188, 307,
567 ; see funds, lec-
tures, medals
Mercuric chlorid, 462
Metabolism, 145, 163, 241,
457, 464, 545, 547; see
nutrition
Metamorphosis, 546
Metanil yellow, 80, 550
Metaprotein, 547
Method, 25, 37, 55, 64,
70, 85, 88, 112, 161, 162,
164, 165, 166, 169, 172,
177, 179, 185, 186, 198,
217, 228, 230, 233, 236,
291, 367, 373, 387, 391,
419, 454, 466, 467, 509,
525, 547, 553; see ap-
paratus
Methyl alcohol, 76, 80
Methylene blue, 550
Methylene violet, 81
Methyl green, 547
Methyl violet, 80
Micro-Kjeld. app., 457
Milk, 178, 207, 317, 509
580
bacteria, 580
flow, 163
Millon test, 181
Milt, 548, 549
Mold, 407, 542
Moldy silage, 330
Molecular weight, 67
Molisch test, 181
Mon-amino N, 434, 463,
544
Monardas, 293
Monkey, 556
Morbus Basedowii, 144
Morphin, 63
caseinogen, 116
mticoid, 112
nticleoprotein, 115
Mucilages, 173
Mucin, 180, 547
Mucoid, III, iiS, 547, 556
silver, 165
Multiple embryos, 161
Muscarin, 465
Muscle, 148, 231, 288,379,
386, 464, 546
biceps femoris, 387
contraction, loi, 158
plasma, 379
retractor penis, 379
seniitendinosus, 387
serum, 381
tonus, 135
Mushrooms, 465
Mutton tallow, 66
Myofibrils, 380
Myohematin, 382
Myoprotein, 380
Myosin, 380, 547
Myotonia atrophica, 464
Naphthol green, 84
Naphthol red S, 82
Naphthol yellow, 80
Narcein, 63
Narcotin, 63
Necrology, 188, 307, 476,
567
Nephritis, 142, 292, 294
Neutrality mechanism, 102
Neutral red, 51, 464
News, notes and com-
ment, 188, 307, 476, 567
New York (hist), 243
Nicotin, 63
Nicotinic acid, 228
Nitrils, 178
Nitrite, 198, 532, 582
Nitrogen, 87, 93, 147, 178,
182, 292, 387, 434,
457, 464, 544, 545,
555
non-prot, 178
partition, 123, 545, 555
Peroxide, 532
ratlos, 463, 544
Nitrous acid, 532
Nomenclature, 35, 209
Non-protein N, 178, 292
596
Index: Impersonal Siihjects
[July
" Notes, news and
ment," i88, 307,
567
Nucleic acid, 438
Nucleoprotein, iii,
547, 548
metabolism, 164
Nutrition, 21, 90,
130, 134. 137. 138,
141, 143, 145. 148,
186, 199, 203, 205,
253, 337, 457, 464,
468, 482, 545, 546,
555
com-
476,
121.
123.
139,
163,
241,
466,
550,
Oatmeal, 182
Obesity, 143
Obituary ; see necrol.
Officers-elect ; see organiz.
Oleic acid, 67
Olive oil, 67, 137, 549
Opsonins, 252
Orange G, 81, 550
Orcein, 53
Orcin, 53
Order of merit, 308, 476,
567 _
Organizations :
I. Societies —
Am. As. Adv. Sei., 314,
315, 480, 576
"Amer. Biolog. Soc,"
261, 332, 490, 582
Am. Chem. Soc. ; Dtv.
Biol. Chem., 480, 572,
578
Am. Med. As., 568, 570,
572
Am. Physiol. Soc, 269,
271, 315
Am. Phytopath. Soc,
31S
Am. Soc. An. Nutr., 282
Am. Soc. An. Produc,
282
Am. Soc. Biol. Chem-
ists, 269, 275, 315,
331, 578
Am. Soc. Natur., 315
Am. Soc Pharm. Exp.
Ther., 269, 279, 315
Am. Soc. Zool., 316
As. Amer. Med. Col.,
480
As. Improv. Cond. Poor,
573
Austr. As. Adv. Sc, 195
Eiochem. Assoc. ; see
Col. Univ. Biochem.
Assoc.
Organizations (con.) :
Biochem. Club, Eng.,
318
Biochem. Soc, Eng.,
128, 209, 446, 487
Bologna Acad Sei., 573
Botan. Soc. Am., 316,
576
British As. Adv. Sei.,
195
Col. Univ. Biochem. As-
soc, 156, 200, 284,
321, 452, 484, 541,
574
Dental Soc, 580
Harvey Soc, 481
Hospital As., 314
111. Water Supply As.,
4S1
Minn. Path. Soc, 570
Nat. Ac Sciences, 480
Nat. Inst. Social Sei.,
354
N. Or. Acad. Sei., 315
N. Y. Gastro-Enter.
Soc, 315, 328
N. Y. Soc. Anesthetists,
567
Pharmaceut. Soc. (Lon-
don), 568
Phi Lambda Ups., 578
Royal Society, 195
Rush Society, 314
Sigma Xi, 481, 570,573,
578
Soc. Ainer. Bact., 315
Soc. Chem. Indust., 316
Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,
358, 575, 578
Torrey Bot. Cl., 574
Vienna Soc. Invest.
Prev. Cancer, 571
2. Comniissions, com-
mittees —
Chicago Ice Commis.,
572 _
Commis. Elect. Shock,
572
Commis. Exp. Study
Vent., 572
Commit. on Occup. Dis.,
488
Commis. on Resuscit.
from mine gas, 572
Harvard Cancer Com-
mis., 571
Int. Pharmaceu. Com-
mis., 483
Med. Res. Commit.,
Eng., 574
N. Y. Sabbath Com-
mit., 581
Organizations (con.) :
3. Conferences, con-
gresses —
Conf. Prev. Inf. Mor-
tal., 485
Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp.
Biol., 269, 271, 314,
331, 490
Int. Cong. (8) Appl.
Chem,, 194
Int. Cong. Appl. Chem.
(8): See (VIII, D),
Biochem. (pharma-
col.), 150
Int. Cong. (6) Gen.
Med. Elect. Radiol.,
314
Int. Cong. Hyg. Demog.
(15) [See (II), Biet.
Hyg.: Hyg. Physiol.],
129, 194
Int. Cong. (3) Refrig.,
580
4. See funds, hospitals,
industrial firms, re-
search institutions,
universities (Colleges)
Organo-therapy, 208, 241
o-Tolidin, 225
Osazones, 220
Osmosis, 74, 551
pressure, 59, 140, 170
processes, 141
Ossein, 547
Osseoalbumoid, 547
Osseomucoid, 547, 556
Osteitis deformans, 137
Osteomalacia, 137
Osteoporosis, 137
Ovary, 233, 292
" Over-production " the-
ory, 254
Ovo-mucoid, 111,121,182,
547
Oxidase, 183, 582
Oxidation, 54, 293, 294
Oxygen, 53, 93, 146, 147,
148
carrier, 456
consumption, 145
Palmitic acid, 66
Pancreas, 454
amylase, 555
diabetes, 217
secretion, 134
Pancreatitis, 455
p-Cresol, 319
ParaflSn oil, 61, 77
/'-Hydroxyethylamin, 159
phenyl Compound, 285
I9I3]
Index: Impersonal Subjects
597
Paramecium, 465
Parathyroidectomy, 466
Parchnient, 61, 74
Parenteral introd., 257
Paris green, 521
Partial fasting, 552
" Pawlow," 317
Peach disease, 576
Pellagra, 544
Penicilliuin camemberti,
408
P. e.vpansum, 408
F. rcqueforti, 408
Pensions, 573
Pentosans, 174
Pentose, 174
Pepsin(ogen), 234, 237,
444
Peptidase, 237
Peptone, 547, 549, 558
Peristalsis, 134, 406
Peritoneal fluids, 454
Permeability, 50, 549
Pernicious anemia, 461
Peroxidase, 53, 183, 582
Peroxide, 582
Persimmon, 168, 412
Personalia ; see news,
notes and comment
Petroleum, 199
ether, 77, 80
Phagocytes, 288
Phagocytosis, 289
Pharmacology, 184, 459,
465. 552
Ph.D. ; see biochemistry
Phenacetin, 63
Phenol, 462, 467
substances, 168, 413
Phenolphthalin, 225
Phenyl acetic acid, 286
Phenylalanin, 2
Phenylethylamin, 159
Philippines, 536
Phlorhizin, 292
Phloroglucinol, 168, 413
tannoids, 416
Phloxin, 81, 550
Phosphate, 21, 163
Phosphatids, 2
Phospho-proteins, 45
Phosphorescence, 456
Phosphoric acid, 21, 410
Phosphorus, 21, 163, 387,
457, 464, 466
Photo-synthesis, 45
Phrenosin, 165
Physiol. ehem. ; see bioch.
Physostigmin, 63
Phytase, 41
Phytin, 21, 163
Phytin (con.) :
lecithids, 2
Phosphate, 21
Phytosterols, 3
Picric acid, 63, 80
Picrotoxin, 63
Pigments, 60, 78, ' 164,
171, 175, 293, 382, 547,
550, 582
Pineal gland, 573
Piperazin, 180
Piperidin, 180
mucoid, 115
Plant chemistry, 5, 21
Platinum, 161
Poisoning, 330
Ponceau G A, 82
Ponceau 2 R, 82
Portraits ; see page xv
Postmortem swelling, 551
Potassium, 163, 466
cupro-cyanide, 558
Cyanide, 293
hydroxid, 1 80
palmitate, 66
salts, 141
selenocyanate, 553
stearate, 66
sulfocyanate, 459
Precipitation, 553
Precipitins, 252
Pregnancy, 233, 292
Preservatives, 130, 132
Prickly pear, 173
Prizes, 190, 193, 309, 477,
568, 573
Alvarenga, 193
de Cyon, 573
Dieulafoy, 193
Gedge, 309
Hansen, 535
Lieben, 190
Nobel, 190, 308
Riheri, 193
Richards, 477
Ricketts, 568
Proceedings, 129, 150,
156, 201, 269, 271, 282,
284, 452, 486, 577; see
organiz.
Prolin, 2
Propionic acid, 66
Protagon, 165
Proteases, 170
Protein, 70, 93, 103, 135,
136, 138, 139, 142,
143, 160, 178, 182,
186, 257, 290, 295,
337, 373, 380, 389,
419, 464, 548, 558
Compounds, iii, 169
copper, 166
Protein (con.) :
film, 52
membranes, 50
metabolism, 3
salts, III, 165, 166, 180,
439
test, 181
Proteose, 547
Protoplasm, 140
Protozoa, 161
Pseudoösazones, 220
Publications ; see journ.
Pub. Health a. Mar. Hosp.
Service, 196
Pub. Health Service, 196
Purgation, 285
Purins, 124, 555
Putrefaction, 159, 375
Putrefactive amins, 158
Putrescin, 159
Pyramidon, 63
Pyromucuric acid, 407
Quinin, 63
Quotations (special), 210,
332, 508, 588
Raccoon, 556
Radiant energy, 210
Raffinose, 338
Rations (Standard), 199
Rat, white, 556
Reaction, 167, 383, 551
Reagents ; see test
Reception, 477, 576
Receptors, 254
Reduction, 294, 552
Refrig. ; see cold storage
Regeneration, 254, 286
Regression, 288, 399, 525
Relationship, 524, 530
Renal calculi, 178
Rennin, 455
Reproduc. rate, 465
Research, 238; see fel-
lowships, organiz.
Research institutions :
Biol. Lab., Brooklyn
Inst. A. and S., 574,
575
British Board Agric. a.
Fisheries, 571
Carnegie Institution
(Wash.), 483, 576
Cal. Citrus Exp. Sta.,
316
Franklin Inst., 568
Hoagland Lab. (Brook-
lyn), 570
Institute for Dietetics
(Paris), 482
598
Index: Impersonal Suhjects
[July
Research instits. (con.) :
Intern. Bureau of Food-
stufTs (Paris), 317
Rockefeller Institute,
573
S. Lond. Botan. Inst.,
193
Mar. Biol. Lab. (Mass.),
574. 575
Mich. St. Board H., 574
Spiegier Inst., 571
Train. Seh., Vineland,
N. J., 238
Turck Institute, 482, 571
U. S. Pub. Health Serv.,
572
See funds, univ. (col.)
Resignations, 190, 203,
310, 324, 568
Resistance, 453, 462, 468,
SSI
Respiration, 146, 176, 295,
390, 393, 403, 464.
545, 558
Center, 148
Quotient, 145
System, 148
Rest, 581
Retention (salt), 142
Retention (storage), 163
Retention (water), 141
Retirements ; see resig.
Rhamnose, 552
Rhisopus nigricans, 542
Rhodamin, 81, 550
Rice bran, 228
Rickets, 137
Ripening, 418
Ritter's method, 468
Ropy bread, 158
Rose bengal, 81, 550
Rubber, 55, 64, 70, 78,
171, 195, 290
tnembranes, 186
Safranin, 82, 547, 550
Salicin, 68
Salicylic acid, 63
Salinity changes, 286
Salins, 131, 140, 143, 380,
438
Saliva, 533, 580
Salivary mucin, 180
Salomon and SaxI test,
287
Salts ; See salins
Salvarsan, 462
Saponin, 462
Scarlet R, 60, 80
Scholarships, 570, 571, 581 ;
see fellowships
Sculpin, 556
Scyllium stellare, 379
Sea water, 286
Second wind, 149
Secretion, 134, 455
Seeds, 337, 550
Seessel fellowships, 574
Selenium, 552
acid, 553
dioxide, 553
Seliwanoff test, 181
Senility, 319
Seroretention, 142
Serum ; see blood
Shad, 548
Shock, 17s, 403, 464
"Side chain " th., 253
Silage, 330
Silica, 410
Silver mucoid, 165
Six-o-six (606), 402
Skin, 66, 142, 146
Societies, 194, 200, 209,
261, 308, 314, 315, 321,
446, 477, 480, 567, 573,
S7S, 578, 580; see or-
ganiz.
Sodium, 466
benzoate, 133
carbonate, 180
Chloride, 67, 141, 431
hydrogen selenite, 553
hydroxid, 51, 462
nucleoprotein, 548
palmitate, 66
selenate, 553
selenite, 552
stearate, 66
Sulfid, 177, 178
taurocholate, 462
Soil, 519
Solids, 383
Soluble starch, 553
Soya beans, 317
Sp. dynam. action, 130
Sp. gravity, 383
Sperm, 291, 548, 549
Spices, 143
Spirochetes, 462
" Splitting " prod., 209
Stachydrin, 2
Stachyose, 3
Stain, 38s, 547
Standard rations, 199
Starch, 172, 320, 553
grains, 52
test, 181
Starvation, 90
State med. serv., 197
Stearic acid, 67
Stock poisoning, 330
Stomach, 141, 455
Contents, 179, 226
Stone, 455
Storage (retention), 163
Strychnin, 63, 68
caseinogen, 116
mucoid, 114
ovo-mucoid, 117
Suboxidation, 292
Sucrase, 237
Svicrose, 549
Sudan G, 81
Sudan I, 81
Sudan III, 60, 67, 79
test, 181
Sugars, 173, 185, 187, 217,
319, 524
Sugar beet, 287, 524
Sulfate, ethereal, 545
Sulfites, 134
Sulfocyanate, 177,459,580
Sulfur, 178, 457, 464
Sulfuric acid, 162
Sulfurous oxide, 134
Summer Session, 203, 575,
576, 579
Surface condens., 140
Surface energy, 104
Surface tension, loi, 140,
186, 383
Swelling, 103, 170, 172,
550
Symptoms, 184, 543, 545,
553 ; see pharmacol.
Synthesis, 3, 227
Tail, 288, 546
Taka-diastase, 408
Tannin, 168, 414
mass, 168, 412
Taurin, 178
Teeth, 554, 580
Temperature, 136, 146,
176, 396, 463
limits, 456
Testicle, 67
Testimonial, 349
Tests, 160, 168, 179, 181,
186, 207, 223, 225, 287,
416, 547, 552, 556
Tetra-ethyl ammonium
hydroxid, 180
Therapy, 208, 241, 259
Thioacetic acid, 178
Thiophenuric acid, 409
Thiourea, 178
Thirst, 142
Thymol, 171, 293
Thymus histon, 169, 548
Thyroid, 573
Tissues, 177, 550
I9I3]
Index: Impersonal Subjects
599
Toluene, 77
Tomato disease, 576
Toxicol., 158, 161, 178,
461,465; See pharmacol.
Toxin, 542
Tradescantia, 183
Transfusion, 461
Treatment ; see therapy
Trigonellin, 2
Trikresol, 462
Trimethyl amin, 180
Tropeolin 00, 83
Trout, 463
Trypsin, 234, 237, 455
Tryptic digestion, 375
Tryptophan, 373, 464
Tuberculolysins, 454
Tuberculosis, 453
Tuberculous areas, 458
Tubularia, 2^7
Tumor, 87, 178, 455
Turmeric, 80
Typhoid fever, 145
Tyrosin, 2, 137, 286
Ultra-filter, 290
Ultramicr. granules, 379
Universities (col.), 538
Columbia Univ., 193,
313. 327; Biochem.
Dept., 201, 324, 578
Cornell Univ., 571 ;
Med. Col., 313
Gettysburg Col., 581
Harvard Univ., 571
Irving Col., 581
Universities, col. (con.) :
J. Hopkins Med. Seh.,
199
J. Hopkins Univ., 481
London Seh. of Trop.
Med., 193, 313
Syracuse Univ., 313
Univ. Cal., 314, 316
Univ. 111., 483, 571
Univ. Kan., 193
Univ. Md., 313
Univ. Mon., 575
Univ. Paris, 314
Univ. Toronto, 313
Univ. Utah, 196
Univ. Wis., 571
Yale (Sheff), 351
Uranium nephritis, 294
Urate, 467
Urea, 68, 94, 124, 136,
292, 463, S5S
Urease, 455
Uremia, 142, 292, 295
Uric acid, 178, 293, 294,
463, 467, 555
diathesis, 143
Uricase, 164
Uricolysis, 164, 292
Urine, 87, 123, 141, 158,
165, 178, 182, i8s, 217,
223, 226, 285, 292, 464,
466, 545, 546, 555
Urochrome, 67, 466
Uroerythrin, 466
Uterus, 233, 292
Valerianic acid, 67
Vegetable Juices, 554
Vegetable proteins, 337
Ventilation, 131, 146, 295,
545, 558, 572
Veratrin, 63
Vernin, 2
Vicin, 2
Vinegar, 554
Vineland, N. J.,
Viscosity, 383
Water, 136, 141, 164, 187,
383, 387, 550, 551
absorption, 103, 550
Weigert " over produc-
tion " theory, 254
Weight, 287, 524
Wheat embryo, 67 ; flour,
532
White rat, 556
Witte Peptone, 70
Wool, 544
Work, los, 13s, 147, 390
Xanthin, 2
Xanthoma (skin), 66
Xanthoproteic test, 181
X-rays, 210
Xylans, 3
Xylose, 552
Yeast, 66, 548
Zinc arsenite, 521
Zymogen, 456
II. SUBJECT INDEX (continued). B. PERSONAL SUBJECTS
Impersonal subjects are indexed on pp. 591-599-
The names of authors are given on pp. 589-590.
This portion of the index relates primarily to directly personal
items, but does not include personal references in incidental historical
or similar Statements. A recurrent name in any personal item or formal
section of related references is indicated by the numeral on the first
of the group of pages presenting the name.
AbbottAC, 314
AbderhaldenE, 568
AbelJJ, 150, 198, 280
AcreeSF, 483
AdamsonGP, 489
AdrianceJ, 581
AlbaneseM, 476
Alcock.NH, 567
AlleeCW, 312
AlsbergCL, 200, 211, 277,
311, 321, 329, 480, 485,
573, 575, 577
AlwayFJ, 570
AndersonEM, 573
ArbuthnotTS, 349
ArkinA, 538
ArmsbyHP, 277, 479
ArmstrongDB, 484
AtkinsonGF, 316
AuchinclossH, 577
AuerJ, 280
6oo
Index: Personal Suhjects
[July
Auld.SMT, 192
AxenfeldD, 307
BachmannG, 273
BaekelandLH, 476
BaileyLH, 568, 569
BakerGF, 313
BalchAW, 478
BalfourA, 479
BancroftWD, 573
BarbourHG, 273, 280
BarclayH, 315
BargerG, 446
BarnardHE, 480
BarrettAM, 482
BartowE, 481
BashfordEF, 312
BaskervilleC, 489
BassettWH, 489
BaumannL, zyj
BaxterGP, 4S3
BaylissWM, 128, 446
BealGD, 321
Beard.TH, 192
BeardRO, 479
BeattieRK, 192
BeckwithCJ, 200, 575
BeebeSP, 349
Beijerinck — , 297
BenedictSR, 321, 577
BengisR, 539
BergeimO, 478
BergeyDH, 315
BermanL, 204, 580
Bernstein — , 189
BerryJT, 485
BertrandG, 194
BigelowWD, 311, 483
BinzC, 189, 307
BirchardFJ, 192, 2jj
BischLE, 484, 574
BlakeJA, 349
BlakesleeAF, igo
BleulerE, 481
BlissAR, 200, 576
BockJC, 190
BogertMT, 313, 316, 322
BolduanCF, 200
BookmanS, 277
BornS, 578
BossA, 310
BourquelotE, 483
BowmanAE, 570
BoydWB, 577
BradleyHC, 569
BradleyWP, 190
BradyJB, 193
BreckenridgeJE, 480
BreedRS, 478
BrennerJJB, 574, 575
BrewerGE, 315
BrewsterJF, 191
BristowAT, 567
DroadhurstJ , 580
BrooksC, 280
BrownW, 571
BrownWH, 569
BrowneWW, 572
BruntonTL, 198
BuchbinderHE, 321
BuckA, 579
BullCG, 569
Burton-OpitzR, 200
BuswellAM, 578
CairdJK, 195
CaldwellJS, 310
Calmette — , 535
CalvertRP, 578
CalvinMV, 190
CameronAT, 581
CameronFK, 479
CampbellDH, 316
CampbellJA, 570
CannonWB, 269, 274, 572
CardifflD, 193, 570
CarlsonAJ, 274
CarnegieA, 314
CarrelA, igo, 308, 476,
477, 567
CarringtonPM, 311
CarterHS, 315, 485
Cash.TT, ig8
CecilRL, 321, 361, 575
ChaceAF, 200
ChalmersAJ, 479
ChambersCO, 539
ChapmanAC, 446
Chauveau — , 309
ChillengworthFP, 312
ChittendenRH, 129, 309,
328, 349, 477, 484
ClarkED, 203, 277, 576
ClassFM, 576
ClintonLA, 311
ClowesGHA, 362
CobbCH, 481
CoddJM, 192
ColemanKR, 572
ColemanW, 486
ConnellyAM, 57g
ConnollyJM, 192
CookRJ, 204
CopelandEB, 199
CornishECV, 571
CorperHJ, 277
CrewH, 477
CrileGW, 572
CrockettWG, 579
CurtisE, 307
CurtisHH, 354
CurtissCF, 283
CushingH, 349, 482, 568
CushnyAR, 198
CusickJT, 191
Cussler.E, 204
de CyonE, 307
DaggettRG, 569
DakinHD, 277, 278, 311
DaleHH, 198
DanielsWJ, 569
Daniels WW, 188
Dastre — , 309
DavisBM, 315
DavisHB, 579
DavisHW, 191
DawsonPM, 570
Delezenne — , 309
DiekmanGC, 311
DieulafoyMme, 193
DixonWE, 198
DoerflingerWF, 489
DoIiberT, 188
DonaldsonHH, 314, 349
DoolittleRE, 311
DoivUM, 579
DoxAW, 573
DresbachM, 273
DryfoosAD, 580
DuaneW, 571
von DungernE, 569
DunhamEK, 278, 481
DunlapCB, 482
Dyerl, 34g
EastEM, 315
EbsteinW,307
EcklesCH, 199
EddyWH, 322, 578
EdmundsCW, 280
EdsallDL, 130, 567
EdwardML, 580
EgglestonC, 280, 361
EgloffG, 579
EhrlichP, 308
EinhornM, 315
ElderFR, 204, 480, 579
EliotE, 315
ElyHM, 481
EmmettAD, 321
EpsteinAA, 277
ErlangerJ, 274, 572
EustisAG, 575
EwingJ, 361
FairhallLF, 478
FalkKG, 361
FalkeLL, 580
FarmerR, 321
FeinbergBG, 579
FetzerLW, 311
FieldAM, 579
I9I3]
Index: Personal Siihjects
60 1
FieldCW, 361, 57S
FineMS, 277
FischerE, 476
FischerMH, 479, 573
FisherHL, 200, 321
FittingJ, 192
FlexnerS, 313, 567
ForbesEB, 283
Fordjs, 446
ForresterGP, 483
FosterNB, 204, 578
FraenkelS, 571
FraserTR, 198
FreemanEM, 310
FreemanWB, 311
FreerPC, 189, 308
FriedbergerE, 568
FriedmanPJ, 572
FultonJS, 194
Gad— , 189
Gaffky— , 535
Ganz — , 310
GardnerJA, 446
de GarmoMC, 579
GarreyWE, 569
GatesFL, 569
GavinH, 580
GearingME, 321, 576, 577
GettlerAO, 311
GibsonRB, 192
GiesWJ, 150, 203, 204,
269, 278, 315, 324, 327,
349, 362, S7S, 577. 578
GilmoreJW, 312
GitlowS, 204
Gley— , 309
GodingJ, 192
GoldfarbAJ, 575
Goldschmidts, 570
GoodaleHD, 321, 579
GoodrichHB, 200, 575
GoodridgeFG, 203, 578
GorgasWC, 309
GotchF, 193, 567
Gottl'ebMJ, 580
GraceyGF, 568
GraveC, 316
GrecoV, 572
Greenwaldl, 204, 277
GreenwayJC, 577
GregoryLH, 200, 575
Grignard — , 308
GrossA, 325
GrossBH, 579
GuggenheimSR, 196
GunnJA, 198
HadleyAT, 350
HainesWS, 316
HallAD, 193
HallFA, 479
HalliburtonWD, 446
HalseyJT, 570
HamlinML, 325, 574
HanzlikPJ, 273, 281, 570
HardenA, 128, 446
HardingHA, 315. 478, 479
HardyWB, 310
HareRF, 575
HarkeyTL, 203, 579
HarperRA, 316
HarrimanMrs.EH , 317
HarrisBR, 203, 325
HarrisJA, 315
HarrisonRG, 315, 316
HartCC, 325
HartwellBL, 311
HartwellJA, 349
HarveyEN, 321, 322, 575,
576
HasslockCW, 327, 579
HawkPB, 200, 278, 349,
576
HawkinsLA, 538
HayesWvV, 315
HealdFD, 192
HeidelbergerM, 200, 575
Heilbronner — , 482
HektoenL, 316, 568, 572
HemmeterJC, 313
HendersonY, 572
Henkel — , 477
HepburnJS, 204, 538, 578
HerrimanWH, 196
HerterCA, 243
HesseBG, 194
HilgardEW, 314
HillAV, 309
HillL, 310
HinchliffGF, 579
HirschfelderAD, 570
HissPH, 476
HitchensAP, 315
HoaglandR, 478
HochA, 481
van't Hoff — , 316
HoffmanF, 478
HoffmanPM, 316
HofmannF, 569
HoganAJ, 570
HogeMA, 575
HolIickA, 316
HolmströmEA, 188
HolrayardEJ, 571
Holst A, 129
HookerD, 361
HooperEG, 191
HopkinsFG, 446, 574
HorowitzB, 538, 579
HoskinsRG, 569
HotchkissLW, 315
HoughT, 480
HoustonDF, 479, 568
HoweMA, 316
HowePE, 201, 203, 361,
578
HowellWH, 274, 277, 477
HowitzFJAC, 476
HowlandJ, 200, 479, 485
HoytLF, 569
von HuffmanO, 191, 575
HumeAO, 193
HumphreyHB, 478
HuntR, 150, 278, 280, 312,
569, 572
HuntTF, 314
HurtleyWH, 447
van ItallieL, 483
JacksonDE, 281
JacksonHC, 349, 361
JacksonHL, 478
von Jaksch — , 310
Janeway,HH, 576
JanewayTC, 349
JanneyNW, 277, 311
JoblingJW, 570
JohnsonAA, 570
JonesE, 482
JonesHC, 483, 568
JonesHO, 307
JonesW, 278
JordanEO, 478, 572
JordanHE, 316
Jores — , 478
JosephDR, 190
JoslinEP, 349
EahnM, 325, 578
KaliskiDJ, 322
KassowitzM, 567
KastL, 315
KastleJH, 311
KaufmanHM, 489
KeebleF, 447
KimballDD, 573
KirbyGH, 482
KirkwoodJE, 575
KisterE, 572
KiteGL, 312, 539, 568
Klein — , 297
KleinerlS, 277, 281
KliglerJJ, 580
KnightRC, 571
KnoopF, 479
KnoxJHM, 349
KnudsonA, 203, 572, 578
KoberPA, 277
KochFC, 277, 312
KochM, 312
KochW, 271, 278, 312
602
Index: Personal Suhjects
[July
KohtsO, 307
KorchoofP, 199
KosselA, 309
KrausGR, 310
Kraus WM, 204, 580
KremerE, 573
KristellerL, 27-;
KroneckerH, 577
KruseW, 569
La ForgeFB, 2yy, 569
LambertSW, 349
Landouzy — , 309
LangleyJN, 198, 309
Langlois — , 309
LangmuirAC, 489
LeamingE, 315
LeathesJB, 278
LeeFS, 269, 274, 362, 481,
573
von LeubeO, 190
LevenePA, 278, 349
LevinI, 311
LevineVE, 578
LewisCH, 479
LewisHB, 539, 574
LewisRC, 569
LiebCC, 485, 580
LillieRS, 569
LintHC, 569
Lister, 188, 307
LivingstonBE, 575, 576
LloydFE, 191, 308, 313
LockwoodGR, 315
LoebJ, 309, 322, 362, 477,
574- 575
LoebM, 188
LoevenhartAS, 269, 280
LongER, 568
LongJH, 316, 481, 569,
572
LothropAP, 204, 2y7, 328,
577, 578
LowenbergH, 191
LowrySM, 311
LubarschO, 478
LudwigE, 568
LuskG, 130, 269, 274, 277,
27^, Z22, 329, 353, 358,
481, 574
LusskyHO, 192
Lüthje — , 310
LyleWG, 315
LymanGR, 191
LyonEP, 480, 570
McClungCE, 316
McDanellL, 325, 485
McDougallW, 481
McGIoneB, 310
McIntyreE, 307
McKennaCF, 489
McMurtrieW, 567
MacallumAB, 129, 275,
277
MacCallumWG, 481
MacDonaldVE, 481
MacEnauP, 483
MacKenzieMD, 191
MacksIM, 192
MacleodJJR, 277, 313
MacNealWJ, 315
MacNiderWDeB, 273,277,
280
MallettJW, 307
MandelJA, 150
MannG, 315
ManwaringWH, 569
MarineD, 484
MarshallCE, 315
MarshallCR, 198
MarshallFHA, 568
MasonGF, 480
MathewsAP, 271, 315,
481, 569, 574
MattillHA, 204
MaurerO, 482, 572
MauthnerT, 151
MearaFS, 349
MeltzerSJ, 190, 269, 274,
275, 359, 572
MendelLB, 277, 322, 349,
479, 480, 483, 568, 577
MetcalfH, 316
MeyerA, 482
MeyerGM, 575
MillerECL, 479
MillerEGjr, 203, 538, 578
MillerFR, 191
MillerJA, 573
MillerSR, 481
MitchellPH, 573
MitlacherW, 483
MolischH, 567
MooreAR, 273
MooreB, 128, 197, 447
MooreGT, 316
MooreJA, 200
MoorhouseVHK, 273
MorelyEW, 194
MorgulisS, 310
MorseEW, 282
MorseHN, 483
MorseM, 322, S75
MorseWJ, 316
MosenthalHO, 204, 325,
580
MottFW, 481
MuenchAA, 579
MüllerF, 191
MullerHJ, 485
MunkH, 188, 307
MurlinJR, 480
MurphyCV, 307
MurphyJB, 569
MurrayBL, 480
MurrillWA, 574
MyersRE, 310
NernstW, 309
von NeusserE, 188
NicholsWH, 194
NicoletBH, 539
NoguchiH, 476
von NoordenC, 312
NorrisC, 349, 361, 578
NovyFG, 48 1
NoyesAA, 483
OehlersHC, 579
OldbergO, 476, 569
OlsenH, 316
OpenhymAW, 193
Ortner — , 310
OsborneTB, 150, 278, 349,
483
OsburnRC, 200, 485, 575
OslerW, 481
OsterhoutWJV, 569
OstwaldW, 441
OtisDH, 283
OttenbergR, 203
OviattCJ, 570
PackardC, 200, 575
PagnoulA, 307
PalmerLS, 539
Pappenheim er AW, 200,
575
ParkEA, 321, 576
ParkWH, 362, 476, 481
ParsonsCL, 199, 489
PatonS, 481, 482
PattersonHS, 569
PearceRG, 484, 570
PearceRM, 314
PearceRS, 273
PearlR, 316
PeckC, 315
PepperW, 314
PerkinWH, 195, 311
Perlzweig WA, 578
PetersonWH, 539
PetrunkevitchA, 316
PettiboneCJV, 538
PfafifF, 310, 569
PhelpsEB, 569, 573
PhelpsIK, 192, 480, 573
PickhardtEG, 579
PilcherJD, 273, 570
Planten, 281
PlautE, 579
PlimmerRHA, 128, 446
I9I3]
Index: Personal Suhjects
603
Po eis — , 297
Ponfink — , 477
PooleJP, 193
PorterWT, 274, 353
PowerFB, 568
PrescottSE, 315
PrimmRL, 539
ProchazkaGx\, 489
PruchaMJ, 310, 478
PunnettPW, 325
RaduJW, 556
RaistrickH, 571
RamsayW, 190, 193, 320,
476
RamsdenW, 447
RansomF, 198, 483
RaubenheimerO, 483
RawlBH, 199
RayBE, 191
RedmanT, 571
ReedHS, 574
Remsenl, 199
RenshawDF, 325, 327, 579
RettgerLF, 315
ReverdinJ, 190
RichardsAN, 278, 349
RichardsHM, 574
RichardsTW, 477, 483
RichardsonAE, 321, 576
RichetC, 309
RichterO, 190
RiddleO, 570
RiggGB, 484
RinakerHB, 578
RingerAI, 277
RitthausenH, 307, 335
RobinsonGC, 273
RobinsonJE, 193
RobinsonLA, 325
RobinsonWJ, 575, 576
RockefellerJD, 573
RockwoodEW, 349
von RombergE, 191
RoseAR, 203, 204, 321,
327, 482, 485, 538, 572,
579
RosePB, 307
RoseWC, 277
RosenauMJ, 478
RosenbloomJ, 204, 324,
325, 485
RosengartenGD, 489
RosenthalN, 580
RossiO, 481
RothermelE, 579
RowntreeLG, 569
RubnerM, 129, 312
RuddWF, 479
RudnickP, 480
RumboldC, 192
RussellEJ, 447
RyanAH, 273, 281
Sabattier — , 308
SabinAM, 489
Sachs, 196
SaylorMA, 478
SchaeferHH, 579
SchäferEA, 193, 195, 567
SchattenfrohA, 129
SchiffJH, 196
SchlossOM, 321, 575, 580
Schmidt — , 310
SchneiderEC, 273, 277
SchrammJR, 539
SchulzeE, I, 205
SchwarzeCA, 200, 576
SchwendenerS, 477
ScottEL, 191
ScottGG, 538
ScovellMA, 188
SeamanEC, 204, 577, 579
SeaverFJ, 485, 576
SedgwickWT, 349
SeemanJ, 476
ShafferBE, 204, 325
ShafferPA, 277
ShearCL, 316
ShermanHC, 278, 480, 483
ShrawderJ, 192
ShulICA, 312
SilvesterRW, 310
SIeeswijk — , 297
Smedleyl, £,77
SmithA, 484
SmithCS, 203, 204, 325,
538, 579
SmithHM, 478
SmithJL, 447
SmithT, 535
SmithWT, 478
SollmannT, 269, 280
SpauldingWJ, 481
SpenceTH, 311
SpencerHJ, 200, 575
SpitzkaEA, 485, 576
StarlingEH, 193
SteelM, 201
SteenbockH, 277
SteinL, 579
StengelA, 314
SternAR, 315
StevensNE, 192
StewartFC, 316
StilesPG, 569
StillmanRG, 322
StockardCR, 200, 575
StockingWA, 569
StockmanR, 198
StoneEC, 579
StoneRE, 192
StoverWG, 191
StraussH, 313
StrongRP, 3 1 1
SulzbergerF, 196
SweenyME, 325, 577, 579
SwainRE, 573
SwannAW, 575
TaftWH, 194, 308
TashiroS, 312, 539
TatumAL, 539
Taylor AE, 314
TerriberryWK, 322
ThatcherRW, 479
ThaxterR, 191
ThayerWS, 191
ThomasAW, 580
ThompsonFL, 579
ThompsonGE, 538
ThompsonHB, 579
ThompsonWG, 349
ThomsH, 483
ThorndikeEL, 573
ThorntonMK, 580
TorreyHB, 192
TracyG, 578
TreadwellAL, 315
TreleaseW, 316
TrueRH, 483
TschirchA, 483
TurckFB, 482, 571
TürkW, 192
TurnerBB, 311
TwichellDC, 485
TwissEM, 193
UhligEC, 489
UnderhillFP, 278, 281,
312
UpshurFW, 479
UpsonF, 570
Van AlstyneEVN , 538
Van BeurenFT, 577
Van IngenP, 200, 485
Van SlykeDD, 277
VassaleG, 476
VaughanVC, 477, 478,568,
574
VerlageCCM, 574
VivianA, 484
WadsworthAB, 481
WakemanNA, 539
WalcottHP, 194
Walker JA, 579
WallaceGB, 481
WallachO, 309
WarburgE, 308
WardHB, 316
von Wassermann A, 191
6o4
Index: Personal Suhjccts
[July
WatersHJ, 199, 282
WatkinsED, 575
WebberHJ, 312
WeberHA, 188
WeinbergerW, 204, 580
WeismanC, 204, 538, 579
WelchWH, 350, 480, 482
WelkerWH, 203, 204, 485,
575
WellsHG, 269, 277, z-jZ,
349
WellsLF, 481
WesbrookFF, 480, 570
WesenerJA, 316
WesslerH, 204
WestCJ, 361
WestRM, 192
WeymouthFW, 569
WheelerHJ, 190, 311
Wheelerl, 200, 575, 579
WheelerR, 539
WhitneyDD, 575
IVickwireE, 203
WiggsLB, 479
WilcoxEP, 321
WilelS, 575
WileyHW, 329
WilliamsG, 571
WilliamsHB, 273
WilliamsOT, 307
WilliamsWR, 569
WilliamsonCS, 570
WilsonEB, 315, 439
WilsonGW, 581
WilsonJ, 567
WiltshireSP, 571
WinklerH, 191
WinslowC-EA, 315, 322,
572
WinterT, 188
WiseLE, 325, 578
von Wittich — , 441
WoglomWH, 201, 321
WoUsteinM, 569
WoodTB, 447
WoodruffLL, 200, 575
WoodwardHE, 321
WoodyattRT, 277
WoolleyPG, 568
WorthingGH, 580
WrightWJ, 191
Young — , 310
ZappleFC, 480
ZinsserH, 485
OFFICERS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1912-1913*
OFFICIAL REGISTER, MAY 31, 1913
William J. Gies : Professor and Chairman of the Staff ; Consulting chemist,
New York Botanical Garden; Pathological chemist, First Division, Bellevue
Hospital; Member of the Faculties of N. Y. Teachers College and N. Y.
College of Pharmacy. [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1893 and M.S., 1896; Ph.B.,
Yale University, 1894 and Ph.D., 1897. Instructor, i898-'o2; adjunct Pro-
fessor, 1902-05 ; Professor, 190S-.]
Paul E. Howe: Assistant Professor. [B.S., University of Illinois, 1906; A.M.,
1907 and Ph.D., 1910. Assistant Professor, 1912-.]
Alfred P. Lothrop : Associate and De partmental Registrar. [A.B., Oberlin,
1906 and A.M., 1907; Ph.D., Columbia, 1909. Assistant, i9o8-'o9; instructor,
i909-'i2; associate, 1912-.]
Emily C. Seaman: Instructor. [B.S., Adelphi College, 1899; A.M., Columbia,
190S and Ph.D., 1912. Tutor, i909-'io; instructor, 1910-.]
Nellis B. Foster : Associate; Associate Physician, New York Hospital ; Chemist,
St. Luke's Hospital. [B.S., Amherst College, 1898; M.D., Johns Hopkins
University, 1902. Instructor, i9o6-'o8; associate, 1908-.]
Walter H. Eddy : Associate and Secretary of the Staff. [B.S., Amherst Col-
lege, 1898; A.M., Columbia, 1908 and Ph.D., 1909. Assistant, i9o8-'io;
associate, 1910-.]
Herman O. Mosenthal: Associate; Assistant Attending Physician, Presbyterian
Hospital; Assistant Physician, Vanderbilt Clinic; Instructor in medicine.
[A.B., Columbia, 1899 and M.D., 1903. Assistant, i9o8-'o9; instructor, 1909-
'12; associate, 1912-.]
Max Kahn: Instructor; Director of the chemical and physiological laboratories
of Beth Israel Hospital. [M.D., Cornell University Medical College, 1910;
A.M., Columbia, 1911 and Ph.D., 1912. Instructor, 1912-.]
Louis E. Wise: Instructor. [A.B., Columbia, 1907 and Ph.D., 1911. Instructor,
1912-.]
Edgar G. Miller, Jr. : Assistant, 1911-. [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1911.]
Frederic G. Goodridge : Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Harvard University, 1897;
M.D., Columbia, 1901.]
Arthur Knudson : Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., University of Missouri, 1912.]
Ethel Wickwire: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Tri-State College, 1909.]
TuLA L. Harkey : Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Colorado College, 1909.]
Benjamin Horowitz : Assistant, 1913-. [B.S., Columbia, 1911 and A.M., 1912.]
Christian Seifert: Laboratory assistant, 1898-.
Stella Waldeck : Recorder, 1908-.
Blanche E. Shaffer: Laboratory assistant, summer session, 1912.
Joseph S. Hepburn : University fellow, I9i2-'i3. [A.B., Central High School,
Philadelphia, 1903 and A.M., 1908; B.S., University of Pennsylvania, 1907
and M.S., 1907.]
* The work of the department was inaugurated in October, 1898, by Prof.
R. H. Chittenden (lecturer and director), Dr. William J. Gies (instructor),
Messrs. Alfred N. Richards and Allan C. Eustis (assistants), and Christian
Seifert (laboratory assistant).
COURSES OFFERED BY THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1912-13
{Abbrcviations : C, Conference; D, demonstration ; L, lecture; Lw, labora-
tory work; R, recitation.)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
51. Elementary ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. (First half year. Medical School.)
Introductory to course 102 (52). (Required of first year students of medicine.)
L, I hr. D, I hr. R, 2 hr., each section (2). Lw, 6 hr., each section (2). Profs.
Gies and Howe, Drs. Wise and Goodridge, and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
NUTRITION (PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY)
101(2) — Grad. General biological chemistry. A course in the elements
of normal nutrition. (All year. Medical School.) L, i hr. Lw, 7 hr. Prof.
Gies, Dr. Lothrop and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
101(2) — B. T. General biological chemistry. Specially adapted to the
needs of secondary school teachers of hiology. {All year. Medical School.)
L, I hr. Lw, 4 hr. Dr. Eddy.
101:102 — T. C. General physiological chemistry. A course in the ele-
ments of normal nutrition. {Each half year. Teachers College, School of
Practical Arts.) L, 2hr. R, i hr., each section (2). Lw, 5 hr., each section (2).
Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and Misses Wickwire and Harkey. (This course is
designated " Chemistry 51 " and " Household Arts Education 125 " in the
Teachers College Announcement.)
This course is designated " Chemistry s 51 " in the Teachers College Division
of the Summer School Announcement. The course was given last summer by
Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and Miss Shaflfer.
102 (52) — Med. General physiological chemistry. {Second half year.
Medical School.) A course in the elements of normal nutrition. {Required of
first year students of medicine.) L, 2 hr. R, i hr., each section (2). Lw, 6 hr.,
each section (2). Profs. Gies and Howe, Dr. Wise, and Messrs. Miller and
Knudson.
This course is designated " 5 — 104 " in the Medical Division of the Summer
School Announcement. It was given last summer by Prof. Gies and Dr. Smith.
104. General pathological chemistry. Lectures on nutrition in disease.
(Second half year. Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.) L, i hr. Prof.
Gies. (This course is designated "Chemistry 52" in the Teachers College An-
nouncement.)
209-210, Chemistry of nutrition. (All year. School of Pharmacy. Re-
quired of candidates for the Degree of Doctor of Pharmacy.) L, i hr. Prof.
Gies.
213-214. Advanced physiological chemistry, including methods of re-
search in nutrition. (All year. Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.)
L, i hr. Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Howe, Dr. Seaman and Mr. Horowitz. (This course
is designated "Household Arts Education 127" in the Teachers College An-
nouncement.)
217-218. BiOCHEMICAL methods of RESEARCH, INCLUDING CLINICAL METHODS
AND URiNARY ANALYSis IN GENERAL. (All year. Medical School.) L, I hr.
Lw, 7 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe, Dr. Lothrop, and Messrs. Miller and Hepburn.
219-220. Nutrition in health. A laboratory course in advanced physio-
logical chemistry. (All year. Medical School.) L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 hr. Profs.
Gies and Howe, and Dr. Lothrop.
Courses in Nutrition (continued)
221-222. Nutrition in Disease. A laboratory course in advanced patholog-
ical chemistry. (All year. Medical School.) L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 hr. Prof. Gies.
223-224. Nutrition in Disease. {All year. Medical School.) L, i hr.
Profs. Gies and Howe, and Drs. Fester, Mosenthal, Kahn and Goodridge.
225-226. Advanced physiological and pathological chemistry, including
ALL PHASES OF NUTRITION. {All year.- Medical School.) Research. C, i hr,
(individual students). Lw, 16 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe, and Dr. Lothrop.
TOXICOLOGY
231-232. Effects and detection of poisons, including food preservatives
AND adulterants. (All year. Medical School.) Lw, 6 hr. Prof. Gies and
Mr. Miller.
BOTANY
235-236. Chemical physiology of plants. {All year. New York Botan-
ical Garden.) L, i hr. Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Gies.
BACTERIOLOGY
241-242. Chemistry of microorganisms : fermentations, putrefactions
and THE behavior of enzymes. An introduction to sanitary chemistry. {All
year. Medical School.) L, i hr. Lw, 7 hr. Prof. Gies.
SANITATION
105. Sanitary chemistry. {Second half year. Teachers College, School
of Practical Arfs). L, i hr. Lw, 3 hr. Dr. Seaman and Miss Harkey. (This
course is designated "Chemistry 57" and "Household Arts Education 129" in
the Teachers College Announcement.)
BIOCHEMICAL SEMINAR
301-302. Biochemical Seminar. {All year. Medical School.) 1 hr.
Prof. Gies.
RESEARCH IN BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Biochemical research may be conducted, by advanced workers, independently
or under guidance, in any of the departmental laboratories.
LABORATORIES FOR ADVANCED WORK IN BIOCHEMISTRY
The laboratories in which the advanced work of the biochemical department
is conducted are situated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Teachers
College, New York Botanical Garden and Bellevue Hospital. Each laboratory
is well equipped for research in nutrition and all other phases of biological
chemistry.
BIOCHEMICAL LIBRARY
Prof. Gies' library occupies a room adjoining the main biochemical labora-
tory at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and is accessible, by appoint-
ment, to all past and present workers in the Department.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
The Biochemical Association holds scientific meetings regularly on the first
Fridays in December, February and April, and on the first Monday in June.
These meetings are open to all who may be interested in them.
SUMMER SCHOOL COURSES
See page 579.
BOOKS RECEIVED
The BiocHEMiCAL Bulletin promptly acknowledges here the receipt of
publications presented to it. Reviews are matter-of-fact Statements of the
natura and Contents of the pubHcations referred to, and are intended solely to
guide possible piirchasers ; the wishes or expectations of publishers or donors of
volumes will be disregarded, if they are incompatible with our convictions re-
garding the interests of our colleagues. The sizes of the priiited pages are
indicated, in inches, in the appended notices.
An introduction to the chemistry of plant products. By Paul Haas
(lecturer on chemistry, Royal Gardens, Kew) and T. G. Hill (reader in
vegetable physiology, Univ. of London). Pp. 401 — 4X7; $-2.25 net. Long-
mans, Green and Co., 1913.
Excellent discussion of the chemistry and biological significance of many
of the most important plant constituents. Besides extended treatment of carbo-
hydrates, lipins and proteins, chapters are devoted respectively to glucosides.
tannins, pigments, nitrogenous bases (alkaloids, ptomaines, purins), colloids and
enzymes. Methods of preparation, detection and quantitative determination are
numerous and well described. Good snbject index. The most valuable recent
contribution of its kind to phyto-chemistry. Strongly recommended to biological
chemists generally — to botanists in particular. Gies.
Practical physiological chemistry. By Sidney W. Cole, demonstrator of
physiology, Trinity College, Cambridge. Third edition. Pp. 230 — 4 X 6>4 ; 7s.
6d. net. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., Cambridge, Eng., 1913. .
Very useful laboratory manual. Subject treated chiefiy from static point
of view. Practical throughout. Methods well selected. Quantitative pro-
cedures given satisfactory attention. Special emphasis laid upon Folin's micro-
chemical methods of urinary analysis. Good index. See review by Walter
Jones, Jour. Anier. Chem. Soc, 1913, xxxv, p. 1064. Gies.
Physiological Researches. (Appears at irregulär intervals.) Edited by
Burton E. Livingston (Manager), Johns Hopkins Univ.; Daniel T. MacDougal,
Carnegie Inst, of Wash. ; and Herbert M. Richards, Columbia Univ. Vol. I:
No. I — The rclation of environmental conditions to the phenomenoii of perma-
nent wilting in plants, by Joseph S. Caldwell. Pp. 1-56 — 4% X 75^ ; July, 1913;
$0.75 ($5.00 per vol.). Physiological Researches, Station N, Baltimore, Md.
Physiological Researches, unlike the conventional Journal, appears at
irregulär intervals in the form of individual physiological papers, paged
sequentially ; each succession of about 450 pages will be a volume unit. The
papers will be numbered sequentially, in each volume and in the whole series.
An editorial feature will be the publication of an author's abstract in advance
of the appearance of each paper, and also as a preliminary part of each paper
in its final form in the series. Although the three editors are eminent botanists,
it is their intention to make Physiological Researches, as its name implics, an
archive for physiology in its broadest and deepest scnsc. This new publication
bcgins its career auspiciously and promises not only to rival the Ainer. Jour.
Physiol. in interest and value, but also to sharc with that Journal the high credit
of stimulating the advancement of physiological research. The initial paper, by
Prof. Caldwell, is a masterly treatment of an interesting and perplexing subject,
and establishes a Standard of merit which will doubtless characterize each issue
of PJiysioIogical T<esearches. Gies.
Researches in biochemistry conducted in the Johnston Laboratory,
Univ. of Liverpool. Edited by Benjamin Moore, Johnston prof. of biochem..
Books received (con.)
and Owen T. Williams, demonstrator of biochem. Vol. II; 1908-1911. (27
reprints.")
Studies from the departments of pathology, bacteriology, experimental
pathology, experimental therapeutics, Cornell Univ. Med. Coli. Vol. XU;
1912. (10 reprints.)
CoUected papers: Lister Inst, of Preventive Med. No. 8; 1911-1912.
Part I. Bactcriological, pathological and epidemiological papers (29 reprints) ;
Part II. Physiological, zoological and biochemical papers (33 reprints).
Studies from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Vol.
XVII; 1913. 56 reprints; repagcd, witli index.)
CoUected papers: Institute of Physiology, University College, London.
Edited by Ernest H. Starling, Jodrell professor of physiology. Volume XVII ;
1912-13. (32 reprints.)
CoUected papers: Physiological Laboratory, Kings' College, University
of London. Edited by W. D. Halliburton, professor of physiology. Volume
XII; 1913. (12 reprints.)
Glycosuria and allied conditions. By P. J. Cammidge. Pp. 467 — 4X6^4;
$4.50 net. Longmans, Green & Co., New York; Edward Arnold, London, 1913.
The Chemical Constitution of the proteins: Part II, Synthesis, etc. 2d ed.
(One of the Monographs on Biochemistry.) By R. H. A. Plimmer, Univ. reader
and ass't prof. of physiological ehem., University Coli., London. Pp. 107 — 4^ X
7^ ; $1.20 net. Longmans, Green & Co., 1913.
Diabetes: Its pathological physiology. (One of the International Medical
Monographs.) By John J. R. Macleod, professor of physiology, Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, O. Pp. 224 — 4 X 7 ; $3.00 net. Edward Arnold, London ;
Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1913.
CoUected papers: Laboratory of physiological chemistry, Sheffield Sci-
entific School, Yale University. 1911-1912. (35 reprints.)
Practical physiological chemistry. A book designed for use in courses in
practical physiological chemistry in schools of medicine and of science. By
Philip B. Hawk, professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology in the
Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. Fourth edition, revised and en-
larged. Pp. 475— 4 J^ X8; $2.50 net. P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., Phila., 1912.
The protein dement in nutrition. (One of the International Medical Mono-
graphs.) By Major D. McCay, professor of physiology, Medical College, Cal-
cutta. Pp. 216 — 4X7, with 8 füll page portraits of human subjects; $2.00 net.
Longmans, Green and Co., New York; Edward Arnold, London, 1912.
Oxidations and reductions in the animal body. (One of the Monographs
on Biochemistry.) By H. D. Dakin, The Herter Laboratory, New York. Pp.
135 — 4>^X8; $1.40 net. Longmans, Green and Co., 1912.
Researches on cellulose. III (1905-1910). By C. F. Gross and E. J. Bevan.
Pp- ^73 — 3^^X6; $2.50 net. Longmans, Green and Co., 1912.
Sigma Xi Quarterly. Vol. i, No. i (March, 1913). Pp. 30. Editorial
committee : J. McK. Cattell, D. C. Miller, H. B. Ward, S. W. Williston. Pub-
lished by the Society of the Sigma Xi, H. B. Ward, corresponding secretary,
Champaign, 111.
Bulletin of the American Home Economics Association. Series i, No. i
(Nov., 1912). Published quarterly by the American Home Economics Associa-
tion, Benjamin R. Andrews, secretary, 525 W. I20th St., New York City.
Abstract-buUetin of the Physical Laboratory of the National Electric
Lamp Assoc. Vol. I: No. i, pp. 1-128; Jan., 1913. Cleveland, O.
OFFICERS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1912-1913*
OFFICIAL REGISTER, MAY 31, 1913
William J. Gies : Professor and Chairman of the Staff; Consulting cheniist,
New York Botanical Garden; Pathological chemist, First Division, Bellevue
Hospital; Member of the Faculties of N. Y. Teachers College and N. Y.
College of Pharmacy. [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1893 and M.S., 1896; Ph.B.,
Yale University, 1894 and Ph.D., 1897. Instructor, i898-'o2; adjunct Pro-
fessor, 1902-05; Professor, 1905-.]
Paul E. Howe: Assistant Professor. [B.S., University of Illinois, 1906; A.M.,
1907 and Ph.D., 1910. Assistant Professor, 1912-.]
Alfred P. Lothrop: Associate and Departmental Registrar. [A.B., Oberlin,
1906 and A.M., 1907; Ph.D., Columbia, 1909. Assistant, igoS-'og; instructor,
i909-'i2; associate, 1912-.]
Emily C. Seaman: Instructor. [B.S., Adelphi College, 1899; A.M., Columbia,
1905 and Ph.D., 1912. Tutor, i909-'io; instructor, 1910-.]
Nellis B. Foster : Associate; Associate Physician, New York Hospital ; Chemist,
St. Luke's Hospital. [B.S., Amherst College, 1898; M.D., Johns Hopkins
University, 1902. Instructor, i9o6-'o8; associate, 1908-.]
Walter H. Eddy: Associate and Secretary of the Staff. [B.S., Amherst Col-
lege, 1898; A.M., Columbia, 1908 and Ph.D., 1909. Assistant, i9o8-'io;
associate, 1910-.]
Herman O. Mosenthal: Associate; Assistant Attending Physician, Presbyterian
Hospital; Assistant Physician, Vanderbilt Clinic; Instructor in medicine.
[A.B., Columbia, 1899 and M.D., 1903. Assistant, i9o8-'o9; instructor, 1909-
'12; associate, 1912-.]
Max Kahn: Instructor; Director of the chemical and physiological laboratories
of Beth Israel Hospital. [M.D., Cornell University Medical College, 1910;
A.M., Columbia, 191 1 and Ph.D., 1912. Instructor, 1912-.]
Louis E. Wise: Instructor. [A.B., Columbia, 1907 and Ph.D., 1911, Instructor,
1912-.]
Edgar G. Miller, Jr. : Assistant, 191 1- [B.S., Gettysburg College, 1911.]
Frederic G. Goodridge: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Harvard University, 1897;
M.D., Columbia, 1901.]
Arthur Knudson : Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., University of Missouri, 1912.]
Ethel Wickwire: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B., Tri-State College, 1909.]
TuLA L. Harkey: Assistant, 1912-. [A.B.. Colorado College, 1909.]
Benjamin Horowitz: Assistant, 1913-. [B.S., Columbia, 1911 and A.M., 1912.]
Christian Seifert: Laboratory assistant, 1898-.
Stella Waldeck : Recorder, 1908-.
Blanche E. Shaffer: Laboratory assistant, summer Session, 1912.
Joseph S. Hepburn: University fellow, 1912-13. [A.B., Central High School,
Philadelphia, 1903 and A.M., 1908; B.S., University of Pennsylvania, 1907
and M.S., 1907.]
* The work of the department was inaugurated in October, 1898, by Prof.
R. H. Chittenden (lecturer and director), Dr. William J. Gies (instructor),
Messrs. Alfred N. Richards and Allan C. Eustis (assistants), and Christian
Seifert (laboratory assistant).
COURSES OFFERED BY THE BIOCHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1912-13
(Abbreviations: C, Conference; D, demonstration ; L, lecture; Lw, labora-
tory work; R, recitation.)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
51. Elementary ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. (First half year. Mcdical School.)
Introductory to course 102 (52). (Required of first year students of mediane.)
L, I hr. D, I hr. R, 2 hr., each section (2). Lw, 6 hr., each section (2). Profs.
Gies and Howe, Drs. Wise and Goodridge, and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
NUTRITION (PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY)
101(2) — Grad. General biological chemistry. A course in the elements
of normal nutrition. {AU year. Mcdical School.) L, i hr, Lw, 7 hr. Prof.
Gies, Dr. Lothrop and Messrs. Miller and Knudson.
101(2) — B. T. General biological chemistry. Specially adopted to the
needs of secondary school teachers of biology. (All year. Medical School.)
L, I hr. Lw, 4 hr. Dr. Eddy.
101:102 — T. C. General physiological chemistry. A course in the ele-
ments of normal nutrition. (Each half year. Teachers College, School of
Practical Arts.) L, 2hr. R, i hr., each section (2). Lw, Shr., each section (2).
Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and Misses Wickwire and Harkey. (This course is
designated "Chemistry 51" and "Household Arts Education 125" in the
Teachers College Announcement.)
This course is designated " Chemistry s 51 " in the Teachers College Division
of the Summer School Announcement. The course was given last summer by
Prof. Gies, Dr. Seaman and Miss Shaflfer. ^
102 (52) — Med. General physiological chemistry. (Second half year.
Medical School.) A course in the elements of normal nutrition. (Required of
first year students of mediane.) L, 2 hr. R, i hr., each section (2). Lw, 6 hr.,
each section (2). Profs. Gies and Howe, Dr. Wise, and Messrs. Miller and
Knudson.
This course is designated " S — 104" in the Medical Division of the Summer
School Announcement. It was given last summer by Prof. Gies and Dr. Smith.
104. General pathological chemistry. Lectures on nutrition in disease.
(Second half year. Teachers College, School of Practical Arts.) L, i hr. Prof.
Gies. (This course is designated "Chemistry 52" in the Teachers College An-
nouncement.)
209-210. Chemistry of nutrition. (All year. School of Pharmacy. Re-
quired of candidates for the Degree of Doctor of Pharmacy.) L, i hr. Prof.
Gies.
213-214. Advanced physiological chemistry, including methods of re-
search in nutrition. (All year. Teachers College, School of Praclical Arts.)
L, I hr. Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Howe, Dr. Seaman and Mr. Horowitz. (This course
is designated "Household Arts Education 127" in the Teachers College An-
nouncement.)
217-218. BiOCHEMICAL methods of RESEARCH, INCLUDING CLINICAL METHODS
AND URiNARY ANALYSis IN GENERAL. (All year. Medical School.) L, I hr.
Lw, 7 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe, Dr. Lothrop, and Messrs. Miller and Hepburn.
219-220. Nutrition in health. A laboratory course in advanced physio-
logical chemistry. (All year. Medical School.) L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 hr. Profs.
Gies and Howe, and Dr. Lothrop.
Courses in Nutrition (continued)
221-222. NuTRiTioN IN DISEASE. A laboratory course in advanced patholog-
ical cheniistry. {All year. Medical School.) L, 2 hr. Lw, 14 hr. Prof. Gies.
223-224. Nutrition in Disease. {All year. Medical School.) L, i hr.
Profs. Gies and Howe, and Drs. Fester, Mosenthal, Kahn and Goodridge.
225-226. Advanced physiological and pathological chemistry, including
ALL PHASES OF NUTRITION. {All year, Medical School.) Research. C, i hr.
(individual students). Lw, 16 hr. Profs. Gies and Howe, and Dr. Lothrop.
TOXICOLOGY
231-232. Effects and detection of poisons, including food preservatives
AND adulterants. {All year. Medical School.) Lw, 6 hr. Prof. Gies and
Mr. Miller.
BOTANY
235-236. Chemical physiology of plants. {All year. New York Botan-
ical Garden.) L, i hr. Lw, 5 hr. Prof. Gies.
BACTERIOLOGY
241-242. Chemistry of microorganisms : fermentations, putrefactions
AND THE BEHAViOR OF ENZYMES. An introducHon to sanitary chemistry. {AU
year. Medical School.) L, i hr. Lw, 7 hr. Prof. Gies.
SANITATION
105. Sanitary chemistry. {Second half year. Teachers College, School
of Practical Arts). L, i hr. Lw, 3 hr. Dr. Seaman and Miss Harkey. (This
course is designated " Chemistry 57 " and " Household Arts Education 129 " in
the Teachers College Announcement.)
BIOCHEMICAL SEMINAR
301-302. BiocHEMiCAL Seminar. {All year. Medical School.) i hr.
Prof. Gies.
RESEARCH IN BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Biochemical research may be conducted, by advanced workers, independently
or under guidance, in any of the departmental laboratories.
LABORATORIES FOR ADVANCED WORK IN BIOCHEMISTRY
The laboratories in which the advanced work of the biochemical department
is conducted are situated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Teachers
College, New York Botanical Garden and Bellevue Hospital. Each laboratory
is well equipped for research in nutrition and all other phases of biological
chemistry.
BIOCHEMICAL LIBRARY
Prof. Gies' library occupies a room adjoining the main biochemical labora-
tory at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and is accessible, by appoint-
ment, to all past and present workers in the Department.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BIOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATION
The Biochemical Association holds scientific meetings regularly on the first
Fridays in December, February and April, and on the first Monday in June.
These meetings are open to all who may be interested in them.
SUMMER SCHOOL COURSES
See page 579.
CONTENTS
An Investigation to Determine the Accuracy of a Modified Meigs
Method for the Quantitative Determination of Fat in Milk, with
A Description of an Improveo Form of Apparatus. Walter Lewis Cr oll . . 50g
The Occurrence of Arsenic in Soils. /. E. Greaves 519
Further Notes on the Relationship Between the Weicht of the Sugar
Beet and the Composition of its Juice.
/. Arthur Harris and Ross Aiken Gärtner. 524
Note on the Relationship Between Barometric Pressure and Carbon-
dioxide ExcRETioN IN Man. /. Arthur Harris 530
The Bleached Flour Decision. Ross Aiken Gärtner 532
Emil Chr. Hansen Fund. S. P. L. Sörensen 535
Biological Chemistry in the Philippines. Robert Banks Gibson 536
DOCTORATES IN BlOLOGICAL ChEMISTRY. CoNFERRED BY AmERICAN UnIVER-
siTiEs, 1912- 13. P. H. D 538
Scientific Proceedings of the Columbia University Biochemical As-
sociation. Alfred P. Lothrop, Secretary S4i
Biochemical Bibliography and Index. William J. Gies 559
Biochemical News, Notes and Comment 567
Editorials: Including additional quotations from letters on the
Mathews plan for the Organization of an American Biological
Society 582
Index : Volume II, (Includes names of authors, and impersonal and per-
sonal subjects) 589
Title Page for Vol. II, with Summary of Contents, List of Illustra-
TioNS, etc i-xvi
The Biochemical Bulletin is a quarterly biochemical review. It pub-
lishes results of original investigations in biological chemistry, presents mis-
cellaneous items of personal and professional interest to chemical biologists,
and solicits original contributions to research, preliminary reports of investiga-
tions, abstracts of papers, addresses, lectures, criticism, reviews, descriptions of
new methods and apparatus, practical suggestions, biographical notes, historical
summaries, bibliographies, quotations, news items, proceedings of societies.
personalia, views on current events in chemical biology, etc.
Subscription prices. Vol. I: $6.00 (No. i, $1.50; No. 2, $2.50; No. 3, $2.00:
No. 4, $1.50). Vol. II: $5.00 (No. 5, $2.00; No. 6, $1.50; No. 7, $2.00; No. 8,
$1.00). Vol. III: $2.75 (domestic); $3.00 (foreign.) ; $5.00 after Jitly i, 1914.
Address remittances, manuscripts and corresoöfndence to the Managing Edi-
tor, William J. Gies, 437 West 59th St., New York.
New York Botanical Garden Library
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