Hispanic Notes
& Monographs
*t
Hispanic American Series
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2008 with funding from
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http://www.archive.org/details/boliviansoftodayOOparkuoft
HISPANIC
NOTES & MONOGRAPHS
ESSAYS, STUDIES, AND BRIEF
BIOGRAPHIES ISSUED BY THE
HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA
II
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BOLIVIANS
OF
TO-DAY
EDITED BY
WILLIAM BELMONT PARKER
iety of America
Editor 'if •• Argentines of To Day," "Chilians of To-Day,"
"Cubans oi I i iguayans of To-Day,"
•• Pi nr. iiii - OS of To-Dav "
Second Edition
Revised and Enlarged
The Hispanic Society of America
LONDON : NEW YORK
1922
PRINTED AT THE
SHAKESPEARE HEAD P R E S J
STRATFORD-UPON-AVON
F I > R E WORD
FOREWORD
^Bolivians of To*D ay" forms the third
volume in the series planned by The His-
panic Society of America to introduce to
English readers the representative living
men of Hispanic America.
This small book contains brief biogra-
phies of six score of the more notable persons
of Bolivia. It is not to be supposed that
such a list is exhaustive or complete; that
would be impossible, even if desirable, but
it is believed that those whose lives are here
contained arc worthily representative of
their country. They include both men and
women; they are drawn from all parts of
the country and from all walks of life; they
embrace Artists. Authors. Churchmen, Di-
plomats, Engineers, Explorers, Journalists,
Lawyers, Merchants, Poets, Public Officials,
Soldiers, and Teachers.
The records of the striking figures — the
statesmen, soldiers, and popular leaders — of
HISPANIC NOT E S
VI
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
necessity chronicle also the historical events
of the recent past, just as the annals of the
less conspicuous figures reflect the general
course of their country's history. Exhibit-
ing the background and scenery upon which
the drama is enacted — the vast extent of
the country, with its stretches of undevel-
oped, unexplored and almost unknown ter-
ritory, and the great mass of Indian
population, they reveal also the youthful
vigor, energy, and optimism of the Bolivian
people.
Within the limitations of space imposed
by the conditions of the task, the editor has
striven to produce biographies which should
be neither bald summaries nor mere out-
lines, but genuine, miniature "lives", and to
convey some of the flavour and quality of
personality.
The obligations which the editor has in-
curred in his task are many, and these he
gratefully acknowledges. He pays his sin-
cere thanks for counsel and guidance to
Senores Manuel Vicente Ballivian and Al-
fredo Jauregui Rosquellas; for valuable aid
and cooperation to Dr. and Mrs. Sturgis E.
TIT
HISPANIC NOTES
FOREWORD
VII
Leavitt, Senor Saturnino Rodrigo and Mr.
Harold K. Coulson, and for both counsel
and cooperation alike to Senor Eduardo
Diez de Medina, lie takes pleasure in re-
cording also his obligations to the represen-
tatives oi the press of La Paz, whose cour-
tesy and consideration made his task lighter,
as likewise to the whole company of the
subjects of the biographies for their indis-
pensable collaboration. So agreeable and
kindly, in fact, was the social atmosphere
as to make him regrel those circumstances,
in which the altitude of the capital played a
large part, that prevented him from remain-
ing long enough to publish the book in the
country of its origin.
W. B. P.
Santiago de Chile, February 14. 1920.
Jn this second edition several new bio-
graphies have been added, the book has
been revised throughout, and new illustra-
tions have been provided. The opportun-
AND M ONOGRAPH S
II.
VIII
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ity has been taken to re-arrange the original
matter in alphabetical order, an arrange-
ment which was impossible in the condi-
tions under which the first edition was pro-
duced in Santiago de Chile. It may be
well, therefore, to remind the reader that it
is usual in Spanish to give the family names i
of both father and mother, and in the case j
of married women, both their maiden names
and those of their husbands. Thus, for in-
stance, Jose Muhoz Lopez the son of Ramon
Muhoz and Sara Lopez, would be found
under "M", while his mother would have
been called Sara Lopez de Mufioz and would
appear under ''L''.
W. B. P.
London, March ic, 1922.
III
II 1 S P A NIC NOTES
T A B L E OF CONTE N T S
Biographies marked with a star (*) are
illustrated.
PAGE
The President of nu- Republic. 257
Jose Aguirre Acha * .
Abll Alarc6n *.
Severo Fernandez Alonso .
Dav id Alyestegut
guillermo anez rodrigl i / *
Jose Antezana *
Atiliano Aparicio * .
.Mantel E. Aramavo *
Manuel Maria Ortiz Aramavo
NlCANOR ArANZAES *
Mario C. Araoz
Aecides Arguedas * .
Mariano Benjamin Arrceta
Alfredo Ascarrinz *
moises ascarrunz *
Pastor Baldivieso *
Manuel Vicen i e B lli ivian *
Rafael Bai.i.iyjan Rocha .
Claudio Quintin Barrios
Jean Francisco Bedregal.
1
5
7
11
13
*5
n
19
21
-3
25
27
31
33
31
41
43
47
49
AND MONOGRAPHS
I I I
X
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
PAGE
Teodomiro Beltran
53
Daniel S. Bustamante
55
Ricardo Bustamante
57
Jose Ignacio Calderon
59
Jose L. Calderon * .
6i
Carlos Calvo * .
65
Jose Maria Camacho *
67
Anibal Capriles
69
Ernesto Careaga Lanza *
73
Benigno Carrasco
75
Jose Carrasco *
77
Armando Chirveches Arrospide
81
Avelino Cordova Vargas
83
Nestor Cueto Vidaurre *
• 87
Gutierrez Dario
• 89
Amable O'Connor d'Arlach *
• 9T
Tomas O'Connor d'Arlach
• 93
Alberto Diez de Medina
• 95
Eduardo Diez de Medina *
97
Federico Di'ez de Medina *
IOI
Isaac G. Eduardo
103
Manuel A. Elias *
107
Tomas Manuel Elio *
109
III
HISPANIC NOTES
TABLE OF CON T E X T S xi
PAGE
Maria Escalier . . m
: 5pinoza y Sab ivia .
"5
J. Felipe Esprelle *
"7
Hercilia Fernandez de Mugia
1IW
Enpique Finot *
I 21
Aurelio Gamarra G.
123
Bl NEDICTO GOYTIA * .
*-5
Jose Eduardo Guerra
131
Alberto Gutierrez .
'33
Carlos Gutierrez
'37
N'estor Gutierrez * .
CS9
Jose Gutierrez Guerra *
141
Alctbiades Guzman .
145
Abel Iturraldi
147
Agdstin Iturricha *
149
Raul Jaimes Freyre.
151
Ricardo Jaimes Freyre .
153
Alfredo Jauregui Rosquellas
• 155
Manuel Othon Jofre
■57
Luis Lavadenz *
1--.,
Octavio Limpias S.
. i'.i
Jose Maria Linares .
■ '"3
AN I) MONOGRAPHS III
XII
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
PAGE
GUILLERMO C. LOAIZA
l67
Arturo Loayza ....
169
Jose Santos Machicado
171
Manuel B. Mariaca .
173
Jaime Mendoza *
175
Arturo Molino Campero .
179
ISMAEL MONTES *
l8l
Nestor Morales Villazon *
IS?
RlCARDO MUJIA
I9I
Andres S. Munoz *
!95
HUMBERTO MUNOZ CORNEJO
199
Arturo Oblitas *
201
Manuel Ordonez Lopez *
203
Zenon C. Ori'as
205
Gustavo Adolfo Otero
207
Jose Palma y V.
209
Manuel Rigoberto Paredes *
211
Simon I. Patino.
213
Luis Paz * ...
215
Claudio Penaranda *
219
Emma Perez de Carvajal .
221
Claudio Pinilla *
223
Macario Pinilla *
227
III
HISPANIC NOTES
T.\ BLE OF COXTE NTS
XIII
PAGI
ARTURO POSNANSKY * . . . 22Q
Fermin Prudencio * . . . 235
S. QUIN ! EROS * . . . 237
AUGUSTIN DE RaDA . . , :ji
rio Reynolds * . . 243
Alfredo Richter . . 245
Renato A. Riveri'n . . • -4;
Kl.lSA ROCHA DE BALLIVIAN . 241)
Casto Rojas . . .251
Bi ; isamo Di'i.z Romero * . . 253
Abdon Saw edk \ . . . 25s
B HJTISTA S \ W "l-.DRA * . . -257
ElI'as Sagarnaga * . 259
Antonio Jose de Sain/ . . 261
Daniel Salamanca*. . . 263
Angel Salas * . . . . 265
I'r VCIDO Sanchez . . . 267
(1 tuDio Sangines Teller!* . 269
Julio Sanjini / . . . .271
Moral - S \n. nv Inez * . . 273
S \i l Serb vm. . . . . 275
Li 1- SeRRI DO V iRG \s . . 277
AND MONOGRAPHS
I I I
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
I I I
Hernando Silks *
Jose Maria Suarez
; Pedro Suarez
Rafael Taborga
Franz Tamayo *
Jose Luis Tejada * .
Leocadio Trigo *
Adolfo Trigo Ac ha *
Sara Ugarte de Salaman<
Atanasio de Urioste *
Clodoveo Urioste * .
Jose Macedonio Urquidi *
Fabian Vaca Chavez
Ismael Vasquez *
Enrique Velasco Galvarr
Rosendo Villalobos *
Eliodoro Villazon * .
Carlos M. de Villegas *
Jose Vi'ctor Zaconeta *
Juan .Maria Zalles .
Luis Zalles C. .
Julio Zamora
Adela Zamudio .
279
281
287
289
29I
293
295
297
299
3°5
3° 7
3"
3i3
3r7
323
325
327
329
.1.1
HISPANIC NOTES
' >" ;- ''"',,
AGUIRRE ACHA
JOSE AGUIRRE ACHA
Soldier; public man; writer.
Jose Aguirre Acha, son of the Bolivian
writer Nataniel Aguirre and Margarita
Acha, was born on the twenty-fourth of
March, 1877, in Cochabamba and there re-
ceived his education in the University of
San Simon by which he was awarded the
degree of Bachelor of Law.
Like many another young man of his
time, he took an active interest in the revol-
utionary movement of 1898 and fought first
as Aide-de-Camp to General Camacho and
then with the same rank under the Com-
mander-in-Chief, General Pando. His ser-
vices in this struggle won for him the rank
of Major and at its close he received a gold
medal for valiant services. The campaign
of Acre also saw him an active participant
and he was again distinguished by a silver
HISPANIC NOTES
III
OF TO-DAY
III
medal and promotion to the rank of Lieuten-
ant-Colonel. He married Aida Gainsborg
and has three children.
Colonel Aguirre Acha has held many gov-
ernment positions of trust both in Bolivia
and abroad: Assistant Secretary of Coloni-
zation, Administrator of Customs in Oruro;
Inspector of Customs in the North-East;
Governor of Puerto Acre; Secretary of the
Administration of Public Works; Member
of the Bolivian-Argentine Boundary Com-
mission; Consul General in San Francisco;
Consul General in New York; First Secre-
tary of Legation in Washington; Charge
d'affaires in Argentine; Governor of Potosi,
and Diplomatic Agent of Propaganda in
Chile. Upon terminating his successful
service as Governor of Potosi he was pre-
sented with a gold medal set with diamonds.
He is the author of La lira y la vara and
La capital disputada, one act plays present-
ed on several occasions with considerable
success, but not published; De los Andes al
Amazonas, La Paz, 1902, dealing with his
experiences in the x\cre campaign; Poesias,
La Paz, 191 2} and El equilibrio americano,
HISPANIC NOTES
AGUIRRE A CI! A 3
La Paz, 1913, treating the vexed problem of
the Pacific, the question ot Tacna and Arica,
as well as many reports and political pam-
phlets on a variety of subjects.
AND M 0 N 0 G R A P H S
III
A I. A R C 0 N
5
ABEL ALARCOX
Public man; icnter.
Abel Alaro>n. the son of J. Benedicto
Alarcon, Dean of the Superior Court of Jus-
tice of La Paz . and of Clementina de la Peha,
was born on the tenth of October, 1881, in
La Paz. He received his education in his
native city., attending the Seminario and the
University of San Andres and qualifying for
the degrees of Bachelor of Arts in 1898,
Bachelor of Law and Political Science in
1900. Licenciate in Law and Political Sci-
ence in 1902 and Doctor of Laws in 1903.
His public career began in 1903 as editor
of the proceedings of the Senate. He was
Director of the Public Library of La Paz
from 1904 until 1906 when he was appoint-
ed Director of the Archives in the Depart-
ment of Foreign Relations, and after two
years of sen-ice in that capacity was promo-
HISPANIC NO T i: S
III
B 0 L I V I A X S 0 F T U-DAY
ted to be Head of the Consular Section, a
post which he held until the end of 1913.
He was Secretary General of the University
of San Andres from June, I9i6,until August,
1917, when he resigned this position to be-
come Assistant Secretary of Public Instruc-
tion, an office which he holds to-day.
He married Antonia Maluschka, a gradu-
ate of the Vienna Conservatory of Music,
who is at the present time in charge of the
Bolivian Conservatory of Music.
Abel Alarcdn holds a notable place among
Bolivian writers, as the author of the follow-
ing works: Pup! las y cabelleras, La Paz,
1004: De mi iierra y de mi alma, La Paz,
1906; El imperio del sol, Santiago de Chile,
1909; and En la corte de Yahuar-Huacac,
Valparaiso, iqi6. His translation of Tag-
ore's Gitanjali, printed in La Paz in 1916,
was reproduced in Volume IV of the Cer-
vantes Collection. Madrid. In 1916 he pub-
lished in the Revue hispanique of New York
one of the few sketches of Bolivian literature
which have been written, and in 1919 he
published in La Paz a volume of verse, Keli-
cario, which was favourably received.
II I
HISPANIC NOTES
A L 0 X S 0
SEVERO FERXAXDEZ ALOXSO
Lawyer; diplomat: ex-
President of Bolivia.
Severo Fernandez Alonso was born in
Sucre on the fifteenth of August, 1S-19, of a
good family but in straitened circum-
stances, and owing to lack of means had
great difficulty in acquiring an education.
His early studies were taken under the
guidance of the Church and with the expec-
tation that he would enter the priesthood;
in fact, as a boy he served as acolyte in the
Cathedral of Sucre. He was enrolled for
some years as a student of divinity and was
on the point of taking orders when he under-
went a change of purpose and turned from
the Church to the law. He then took the
usual course in the Law School of the Uni-
versity of Sucre, and was granted his degree
in 1875.
He entered at once on the practice of his
A X D .M (J X 0 G R A P H S III
8
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
profession, in which he won marked success
both in a monetary sense and in the esteem
of the academic world, so that he was on
several occasions appointed to professorial
chairs in the University. He also contri-
buted freely to the press of Southern Bolivia,
and, on his entry into political life, filled
many posts of honour, including those of
Secretary to the Governor of Potosi and
Member of the Constituent Assembly of
1880. In 1888 he was appointed Minister
of War in the Cabinet of President Arce, and
in 1892 was elected First Vice-President,
serving also at the same time in President
Baptista's Cabinet as Minister of War.
Finally, in 1896, he was elected President in
a very close election and by a narrow margin
over the Liberal candidate, Colonel Jose
Manuel Pando.
President Fernandez Alonso had always
been associated with Southern Bolivia, and
in his administration the sectional rivalry
between the North and the South came to a
head in the attempt of the Southern faction
to change the seat of government from La
Paz to Sucre. Taking advantage of the
I II
HISPANIC NOTES
AI.ONSO
9
mild and yielding character of the chief exe-
cutive, this faction pushed forward their
ambitious project and, with the aid of other
minor factions, succeeded in passing a law
transferring the seat of government to Suc-
re. The action could only result in arousing
hostility. In fact it brought on the so-
called Revolution, or Civil War, of 1898.
The Northern forces were promptly or-
ganized, several regiments were raised and
placed under the command of Colonel
Pando, who so ably used his available means
that, in spite of the lack of regular troops,
he succeeded, in a very brief campaign, in
defeating the forces supporting President
Alonso. Thereupon the President fled to
Antofagasta and thence to Europe, where
he remained a number of years. He did
not again appear in public life until 1909,
when President Villazon appointed him
Minister to Peru and afterwards to Argen-
tina.
In 1914 he was elected to the High Court
of Justice, but after a short term of service
he resigned. He is now living a retired life
in Potosi.
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
AL V ESTEG U 1
DAVID ALVESTEGUI
Journalist; public man.
David Alvestegui. the son of Maximo
Alvestegui and Trinidad Laredo, was bom
on the thirtieth of -May. 1887, in Cochabam-
ba, and was educated in the schools of his
native town and at the University of San
Simon, where he took his Bachelor's degree
in 1904 and was admitted to the Bar in 1910.
There also he taught,, first in the Bolivar
school, where he was instructor in Geo-
graphy from 1912 to 1914, and later in the
University, where in 1915 he presented the
fourth year course in Law.
In the year 1916 he entered public life as
Deputy for the provinces of Quillacolco and
Tapacari, but had not held his seat in the
House very long before his political activi-
ties led to his exile under the act of Decem-
ber 5, 191 7, in consequence of which he
HISPANIC NOTES
I II
12
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
withdrew for a time to Arequipa, Peru.
Senor Alvestegui has won a conspicuous
place also among the journalists of Bolivia.
He was editor of El Republicano of Cocha-
bamba in 191 5, and since 191 7 has been edi-
tor of La Razon of La Paz.
In 1913 he published Bolivia y el Para-
guay, a book dealing with international
questions.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
Guillermo Anez RodrieiK
ANKZ RODRiGUE Z 13
GUILLERMO AffEZ RODRIGUEZ
Lawyer; teacher; public man.
Glillermo Anez Rodriguez was born
in Santa Cruz on the tenth of February,
1877, the son of Francisco Ahez Ortiz and
Lucinda Rodriguez. After his early school-
ing, but before beginning the study of his
chosen profession, the law, he taught for
some years in the Seminary of Santa Cruz
where he gave the courses in book-keeping,
accounting, and natural history. He receiv-
ed his law training in the Gabriel Rene
Moreno University, passing a brilliant ex-
amination and receiving his degree in 1913.
Immediately thereafter he entered political
life and was elected the same year a mem-
ber of the City Council of Santa Cruz. He
held this post until 1916 and carried out his
duties so satisfactorily to his constituents
that when he became the Liberal candidate
A N D MONOGRAPHS
III
' 1
BOLIVIANS OF T 0 - D A Y
for Deputy for the province of Velasco he
was elected by a large majority. His prac-
tical and progressive ideas again won him
advancement in i9i5,when he was elected
Secretary of the Chamber of Deputies. He
continued in that office until ic)i9,andwas
then elected Vice-President of the Chamber.
In the same year he was appointed Minister
of Public Instruction and Agriculture.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
ANTE Z A N A
'5
JOSE AXTEZAXA
Lawyer; journalist: public man.
Jose Antezana was born in 1875. in the
city of Cochabamba, where, in the Univer-
sity of San Simon, he was educated and in
1890 received the degree of Bachelor of
Science and Letters. Thence he proceeded
to Sucre to pursue the courses of the Faculty
of Law in the University of San Francisco
Xavier. where he won his legal diploma in
1895; in the following year he was appoint-
ed Secretary to the Governor of Oruro and
in 1897 served on the University Council; in
the year 1899 he was appointed Professor of
Law at the University, and from 1905 to
1907. while still exercising his profession, he
served as Judge of the District Court of
Oruro.
His public life begins with his election to
the Oruro Municipality in 1904. There-
A X D MONOGRAPHS
I II
1 6
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
III
after he entered the Chamber of Deputies as ,
representative of Potosi for the period 1910-
1914, and in the latter year passed to the '
Upper House as Senator for the Depart-
ment. For the current term, which began
in 1920, he again sits in the Senate, of which
body he is President.
Dr. Antezana is a journalist of wide
range and ability and has, either independ-
ently or in conjunction with his associates,,
founded the following periodicals: El Ideal
in Cochabamba (1892); El Vapor in Oruro
(1899); El Tribuno in Oruro (1902); La Pren-
sa in Oruro (1908); La Tarde in La Paz
(1909); and El Norte in La Paz (191 *).
HISPANIC NOTES
^
Atiliano Ai
A P A R I C I 0
17
ATILIAXO APARICIO
Lawyer: journalist, senator.
Atii.iano Aiwricio was born in 1871 in
Sucre, the ancient capital of Bolivia, and
there was educated in the Junin school. He
gained his degree of Bachelor in 1888 and
thereafter studied law at the University of
San Francisco Xavier, where the degree of
Advocate was conferred upon him in 1901.
He has held many public offices, of which
the first was that of member of the Munici-
pal Council of Oruro to which he was elected
in 1900 and re-elected at successive periods
until 191 1. In 1901 he was appointed Dis-
trict Judge of Oruro; in 1904, in 1908, and
again in 19 12 was elected Deputy for the
Province of Abarca, serving part of this
time as Vice-President of the Chamber; in
1916 he was elected Senator for the De-
partment of Oruro for the term 1916-22.
AND M O X 0 G R A P H S
III
1 8
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Senor Aparicio has also played a part in
the field of journalism; in 1897 he founded
La Ley in Oruro: in tqoo he founded in the
same city El Vapor and later El Tribuno;
meantime he has contributed to La Prensa
of Oruro and El Norte of La Paz. While he
was editing La Ley in 1897-8 his vigorous
support of the Liberal party and equally
vigorous criticism of the government obliged
him. on the outbreak ol the Revolution of
1S98, to seek safety in exile, first in Chile
and later in Argentina, whence he returned
on the downfall of the Alonso government
and continued to publish La L.ey.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
^c^^fertzS
ARAMAVO. MANUEL E
19
MANUEL E. ARAMAVO
Mine-owner; public man.
Manuel E. Aramavo was born in Mor-
aga. Department of Potos. in the year 1853.
He received his education in La Paz,
Potosi, and Sucre, but in the uneasy times of
1870 he laid aside his studies, joined in de-
fending the barricades of Potosi. and was
more than once wounded in the battle that
there ensued.
From his early youth he showed a mark-
ed bent towards mining and metallurgy.
He applied himself to these subjects with
enthusiasm and ultimately became expert in
both. It was after considerable practical
experience as manager of various mining
enterprises that he discovered, in the dis-
trict of Esmoraca, valuable deposits of bis-
muth, which from 1890 onwards he success-
fully exploited till in 1907 he sold his
AND MONOGRAPHS I III
20
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
interests to several foreign mining com-
panies.
In politics, as in business, the part played
by Sehor Aramayo has been a long and
honourable one. Enrolled from 1870 on-
wards under the Liberal banners, he was
chosen in 1899 a member of the Constituent
Convention for Lipez and afterwards De-
puty for the Province of Porco, In 191 2
he was elected Deputy, and in 1914 Senator
for the Province of Tupiza.
Among the books which have had an in-
fluence in his life, Sehor Aramayo includes
the Letters of Lord Chesterfield to his Son,
and it is to a diligent observance of the
maxims of their author that he attributes
much of his success both in politics and in
business.
1
III
HISPANIC NOTES
A R AMAVii. MANUEL M . O
MANUEL MARIA ORTIZ
ARAMAYO
Man of affairs: public man.
Mantel Mari'a Ortiz Aramayo. the son
ot Jose Mariano Aramayo and Juana Man-
uela Ortiz Aramayo, received his education
in the schools of La Paz, Potosi, and Sucre.
After holding the post of Mayor in several
administrative districts, he entered the
army, was promoted in 1875 to the rank of
Captain, and in the War of the Pacific
commanded the Fifth Division in the pro-
vinces of North and South Lipez. He was
a member of the City Council of Tupiza
from 1895 to 1912, and on several occasions
was president of that body. In 1899 he
was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Tu-
\ piza and in the same year was sent as dele-
gate from Lipez to the important Conven-
tion of Oruro. In 1900 and 1901 he was
AND MONOGRAPHS
I II
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
III
Deputy for the province of Porco, in 1912
and 1913 Deputy for South Chichas, and
since 1914 has been Senator for Potosi.
From 1907 to 19 18 he was Consul for Mexico
in Tupiza, and since then has represented !
Venezuela in the same capacity.
In 1902 he represented his government
at the International Exposition in Saint
Louis, U.S.A.; he has served as delegate on
several occasions to the Departmental High- i
way Board of Industrial Protection in South ;
Chichas; Honorary Member of the Farmers i
and Stock-Raisers' Association of South \
Chichas, and at different times has been j
President of the Board of Public Charities.
HISPANIC NOTES
A RANZAES
23
NICAXOR ARAXZAES
Priest; writer.
\ icanor Aranzaes was born on the tenth
of January, 1849. in La Paz. He was edu-
cated at the Ayacucha National School and
won the degrees of Bachelor of Letters in
1869, Bachelor of Divinity in 1872, and Li-
cenciate in 1873. While completing his ed-
ucation he taught in the Lyceum El Por-
venir.
He was ordained to the priesthood in
1875, was nrst appointed assistant in the
Cathedral of La Paz, and subsequently
officiated as priest at Aygachi, at Chirca, and
at Guaqui. In 1885 he served as Chaplain
of the night school for labouring men. In
1886 he became parish priest at Achocalla,
and in 1895 was nominated Examiner in the
Theological Faculty of the University of
La Paz.
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24
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Father Aranzaes has taken part in the
public life of his time, both as an active pol-
itician and as a writer in the press as well as
of books. He affiliated himself with the
Liberal party, was elected a member of the
Executive Committee, and in 1890 was can-
didate for Deputy for the second Electoral
district of Pacajes. Though not successful,
he ran again in 1904 and was then elected
substitute-Deputy for the city of La Paz.
His writings have given him a wide repu-
tation; he is known as a journalist for his
work in El Comercio de Bolivia, El Comer do
de la Tarde and the Voz de Pueblo, and still
more widely known for his books, among
which are Diccionario historico-biogrdfico de
La Paz, La Paz, 191 5, and Las Revoluciones
de Bolivia, 19 18.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
A R A 0 Z
25
MARIO C. ARAOZ
Lawyer; public man.
Mario C. Araoz was born on the twenty-
third of July, 1887, in the province of Cliza,
Department of Cochabamba, and was edu-
cated, first in Cochabamba, where he was
awarded the degrees of Bachelor of Science
and Letters in 1905 and Bachelor of Laws
in 1907, and later in La Paz, where the Uni-
versity of San Andres conferred upon him
the degree of Licenciate in Laws in 1909 and
that of Advocate in 191 2.
He began his career as a public servant
quite early and held various official posts
while he was still attending the University.
In 1907 he was appointed Clerk of Court in
Cochabamba, in 1908 he was made Profes-
sor of Primary Instruction, in 1909 Editor
of the Debates in the Chamber of Deputies,
in 1910 Clerk in the Statistical Office, in
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
2h
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
191 1 Clerk of the Customs, and in 1912
Chief Clerk in the Industrial Properties
Office.
He was elected Deputy for the Province
of Cliza in 1914. During his term of office he
contributed largely to the passing of legis-
lation to provide drinking water for his
native province. At the close of his term
he was made Chief Clerk of the Senate
and the House.
He is author of Nueva Legislation sobre
privilegiosy marcas defdbrica, La Paz, 1918.
Ill HISPANIC NOTES
Ciie^c^s
{r^tyce
2^C^CZ<^
ARGUEDAS 27
ALCIDES ARGUEDAS
Writer; diplomat.
Alcides Arguedas, the son of Fructuoso
Arguedas and Sabina Diaz, was born in La
Paz in 1879. He received his early educa-
tion in the Colegio Ayacucho in his native
city, and after finishing the course there
entered the University of San Andres, from
which he received the degree of Bachelor of
Arts and Sciences in 1897. He was ad-
mitted to the Bar in 1903.
In 1910 he was appointed Second Secre-
tary of the Bolivian Legation in Paris, and
the following year promoted to the post of
First Secretary, being later transferred to a
similar position in London. During his
stay in Europe he contributed freely to the
newspapers of Bolivia and was a welcome
contributor to the Parisian magazine Mun-
dial directed by Ruben Dario.
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B 0 L I V I A N S OF TO-DAY
In 1 91 5 he was director of Los Debates in
La Paz and his forceful articles contributed
not a little to moulding public opinion. In
1916 he was elected Deputy for La Paz,
and in 1919 was diplomatic agent of propa-
ganda in France and Spain. At the present
time he is foreign correspondent to La Na-
tion of Buenos Aires.
Alcides Arguedas has won fame at home
and abroad by his books on Bolivian life.
I One of the first to recognize the literary pos-
sibilities implicit in the racial and social
conditions of his country, he has cultivated
this field with marked success. As a land-
owner and as an associate of landowners he
has had the opportunity of studying condi-
tions at first hand and in his portrayal of
customs he lacks neither courage nor frank-
ness. His first work, Pisagua, La Paz, 1903,
a historical novel with events of the War of
the Pacific, betrays an interest in his coun-
try's affairs which was to develop later into
a close study of its customs. Wuata Wuara
and Vida criolla, dealing respectively with
country and city life, mark an important
epoch in the literature of Bolivia. The pes-
III
HISPANIC NOTES
ARGUEDAS
29
simism pervading these novels is again in
evidence in Pueblo enjermo, a cold dissec-
tion of Bolivian life, social, moral and
political. This sociological study, which
aroused much comment both in Bolivia and
abroad, went into its second edition in 1910.
Arguedas's last and best novel, Raza de
Bronce is based on certain events set forth
in Wuata Wuara and evinces no departure
from the pessimism characterizing his other
works.
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
A R R U E T A
MARIANO BENJAMIN ARRUETA
Educationalist.
Mariano Benjami'n Arrueta was born
and educated in Potosi, where he graduated
in 1882. He began his career modestly
enough as office-boy in the Municipal print-
ing-office. Dissatisfied with this exacting
and grimy occupation, he sought for and
obtained the post of assistant-teacher in the
parish schools. Two years later, in 1884, he
was transferred to the Hernandez private
school, and thence in 1886, to the Pichincha
school where for the next twenty-five years
he remained as professor until, in 191 1, he
was promoted to the chair of Mathematics
in the College of Mines.
Starting with the slender equipment of a
High School graduate, but blessed with an
inborn love of study, he mastered, one by
one, in half a century of arduous and unre-
HISPANIC NOTES
3i
III
32 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
mitting labour, the secrets of the pedagogic
art, winning the gratitude and affection of
his fellow-citizens, whose education he him-
self has mainly directed, and whose char- j
acters he has helped to form.
Dr. Arrueta is not only recognized as a
distinguished teacher but as an essayist on 1
a variety of topics, and as a lecturer. He
now occupies the post of Rector of the Uni-
versity of Potosi.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
ASCARRUNZ, ALFREDO
33
ALFREDO ASCARRUNZ
Public man.
Alfredo Ascarrunz, the son of Vicente
Ascarrunz, one time Senator of the Repub-
lic, was born in Oruro on the twenty-fourth
of October, 1867. He studied in the Bolivar
school in Oruro, and after a brilliant career
in the Seminary of La Paz was admitted to
the Bar at the age of twenty.
His public career began as early as 1886,
when he acted as assistant in the Treasury
Department. Two years later he was ap-
pointed attache to the Bolivian Legation in
France and Spain. During his residence
abroad he was made a member of the Com-
mercial and Geographical Society of Paris,
the Society of Writers and Artists of Madrid
and the Foreign Press Syndicate, having
been proposed for the latter by Eusebio
Blasco Ibahez. On his way back to Bolivia
AND MONOGRAPHS
II I
34
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
he spent some time in Buenos Aires where
he published several important articles in
La Prensa.
In 1886 he had joined his brother Moises
in founding the daily newspaper El Impar-
tial, and on his return from Europe he re-
sumed his work on this paper. For a short
but brilliant period El Impartial upheld the
cause of Liberalism , and when his associates
Zoilo Flores and Moises Ascarrunz, were
exiled, Alfredo continued at his post, its
only editor, until it was suppressed by the
authorities.
In 1898 he was elected to the City Council
of La Paz, served as a member of one of the
revolutionary committees, and held the
post of head of the Section of Foreign Re-
lations. He was furthermore commission-
ed, with the rank of Captain, to repress a
native uprising in Corocoro. When the
revolutionary cause triumphed in 1899, he
was elected Deputy from Caraugas to the
National Convention in Oruro, and later
was made Assistant Secretary of Foreign
Relations. He was afterwards appointed
Secretary of Legation in Lima, and on his
I I
HISPANIC NOTES
i S iR R U N Z . A I. F R E DO
presentation in the Ateneo by Dr. Prado y
[( ted a member of that
society.
After filling the post of Chief Clerk in the
Treasury Department he was appointed, in
1903. Governor of the Department of Oruro
, and became a member of the Peru-Bolivia
Boundary Commission. Elected Deputy
from Poopo, he was chosen President of the
Chamber in 1906 and 1907. In 1911 he was
Minister of Justice and Labour, in the fol-
year Secretary of the Treasury, and
in 1913 Minister of Foreign Relations and
Worship. The year 1914 saw him Minister
; to Peru, and three years later he filled the
same post in Ecuador, Venezuela, and Col-
ombia.
The journalistic career of Albedo A
runz is not confined to his work on El Im-
partial. He was the founder of El Liberal
in 1890, assisted in editing El Borrico, El
Mago, and El Gallo, and from 1904 to 1909
was editor-in-chief of El Comerao de Bo-
livia.
A M) MONOGRAPHS III
ASCARRUNZ, M 0 I S £ S
37
MOISES ASCARRUNZ
Writer; diplomat.
Moises Ascarrunz was born in Oruro in
1862, the son of Vicente Ascarrunz and Ma-
tilde Pelaez.
After completing his early education in
' the Bolivar School in Oruro he entered the
Seminary of La Paz and graduated with the
degree of Bachelor. His education was
; farther extended by a trip to Europe, in the
course of which he visited France. Switzer-
land. Germany. Turkey, Spain, Belgium,
and Holland.
On his return to Bolivia in 1885 he was
admitted to the Bar, and almost immedi-
\ ately was called to Oruro to fill the post of
Chief Clerk in the Treasury Department.
Six months later he was promoted to be
Manager and he held this position over two
■ years. In 1888, with his brother Alfredo,
H I S P A N I C X ( ) T E S
III
38 B 0 L I V I A N S OF TO-D A Y
he founded in La Paz the independent daily
paper El Impartial, which initiated a fierce
campaign of opposition to the Government.
Their persistent attacks finally aroused the
ire of those in power, and during the govern-
I ments of Arce and Baptista he suffered
the penalty of banishment.
In 1895 ne was elected Deputy for Oruro
and in the same year a member of the City
Council. He held the latter office again in
1902, and during both periods distinguished
himself by promoting public charities, espe-
! daily in connection with hospitals. In 1897
I he was appointed Minister to Spain. Dur-
ing the two years spent in that country he
became acquainted with many prominent
men of letters, among them, Valera, Menen-
dez y Pelayo, Echegaray, and Galdos.
He returned to journalism again in 1901
as editor of the daily paper, El Comercio.
In 1902 he was elected Deputy for La Paz,
in 1904 Prefect of Oruro, and Senator for
the same place in 1910. In 1912 he was ap-
pointed Minister to Brazil and in 191 7 Mas-
ter of Official Ceremony {Introdudor de Em-
bajadores). At the present time he is Direc-
I I I
HISPANIC NOTES
ASCARKIN'Z. MOISfcS
tor General of Statistics and Geographical
Studies.
In the course of his active public life
Moises Ascarrunz has found time to interest
himself in literature. To his efforts is due
the founding of the library of the Senate.
He is the author of La revolution federal y
sits heroes. El partido liberal en el poder, a
biography of Victor Hugo, a translation of
Francois Coppee's Pater, and El Anuario
esiadistico v geografico. 1917.
A N 1 ) M 0 NOGRAPHS
39
III
BALDIVIESO
41
PASTOR BALDIVIESO
Soldier.
Pastor Baldivieso was born in La Paz
on the ninth of August, 1861. He received
his early education in the schools of La Paz
and later went to Europe to continue his
studies.
His career as an army officer began on the
first of July, 1880, when he was made first
lieutenant. He rose rapidly in rank and
received promotion as follows : Lieutenant,
July 30, 1883; Captain, February 4, 1885;
Major, May 25, 1887; Lieutenant-Colonel,
July 17, 1892; Colonel, December 23, 1901;
and lirigadier General, October n, 1918.
He has commanded the Abaroa Regiment
of Cavalry; has represented Xorth-East
' Bolivia as National Delegate; has been
Chief of the General Staff, and at the pres-
ent time is Inspector General of the Army.
HISPANIC NOTES
III
4-
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
He rendered valuable services to his country
in the Acre campaign in 1900 and in recog-J
nition of these services was awarded two
medals and a diploma. He has been honour-
ed abroad by being made a member of the(
Legion of Honour of France.
He married Maria Guerrero.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
r.
As&,^,t.s, tf"<7?<,„/x.
B A I. LIVl AN
MANUEL VICENTE BALLIVIAN
Author; editor; public
man.
Manuel Vicente Ballivian, the son of
Vicente de Ballivian y Rojas and Josefa
James, was born in Arequipa, Peru, during
the temporary exile of his family, on the
sixteenth of June. 1848. He was educated
largely by private teachers and chiefly in
Europe, where his family were travelling
during much of his youth.
He entered the public service, in which
he has passed the greater part of his life, as
a member of the staff of the Bolivian Lega-
tion in Paris and was promoted to be Secre-
tary of Legation. In 1875 ne became
Private Secretary to President Frias, when
his zeal and aptitude for geographical
studies led to his appointment as Delegate
to the North-Eastern Territory of Bolivia —
43
HISPANIC NOTES
III
44
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
then almost unknown — in which, at risk of
disease and at cost of great exertions, he
made many journeys of exploration. So
notable was his work in this field that when
the Department of Immigration, Statistics,
etc., was founded, Senor Ballivian was
placed in charge of it. In this office his
labours were prodigious. He now found
full scope for his talents as a publicist and
for his enthusiasm as a patriot, occupying
himself ceaselessly in travelling, speaking,
writing, and all forms of propaganda to
make known the resources and possibilities
of Bolivia. In 1904 he was appointed Min-
ister of Colonization and Agriculture, in
which post he did not relax his efforts to
spread the knowledge of Bolivian geography,
history, and commerce; but at the end of his
term in 1908 returned to his earlier post and
resumed his labour of propaganda. In
1912 he was made Commissioner of Bolivia
at the Panama-Pacific Exposition held at
San Francisco.
The attainments of Senor Ballivian, espe-
cially in the field of geography, have been
recognized at home and abroad. He has
III
HISPANIC NOTES
B A LLI VI AN
45
been honoured with election to many learned
societies, including the Geographical Socie-
ties of London, Edinburgh. Madrid. Tokio,
Rio Janeiro, and Lima, the Archaeological
and Geographical Institutes of Pernambueo
and The Hispanic Society of America. He
has received the decoration of the Polar
Star of Sweden and that of Knight of the
Royal Order of Isabel the Catholic. He
has also been awarded the medals of the
Spanish Red Cross, of the Coronation of
Alfonso and of the Royal Geographical So-
ciety of Madrid, the gold medal of Bolivia
(1904), and the gold medal commemorating
the Centenary of Livingstone, of which the
only other recipient was Theodore Roose-
velt.
He is the author and editor of many books
and pamphlets, among which are: Explora-
ciones y noticias hidrogrdficas de los rios del
norte de Bolivia, La Paz, 1S90: La Explora-
tion del Beni, por el doctor Edwin R. Heath
La Paz, 1S87. Svo; Relaciones geofrdficas:
Relation y description de las mistimes y con-
version es de infieles llamados de Apolobamba,
La Paz, 1894. 8vo; Documentos historicos
AND MONOGRAPHS
I I 1
4'-'.
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
de Bolivia: Historia de la mision de Mojos,
pov el P. Fr. Altamirano, La Paz; 1891.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
B A L I. I V IAN ROTH A
\:
RAFAEL BALLIYIAN ROCHA
Poet.
Rafael Ballivian Rocha. the son of
Ramon Ballivian and Elisa Rocha, was born
in La Paz in 1897. He received his education
in his native city, pursuing courses in the
Jesuit School of San Calixto, from which he
received the degree of Bachelor of Arts and
Sciences in 19 14. He then devoted himself
to the study of law in the University of San
Andres in La Paz.
He began his literary career with the pub-
lication of verses and literary articles in the
daily paper, El Diario, and in 1914 joined
the editorial staff of El Figaro, a periodical
directed by Dr. Tomas Elio. in which most
of the young intellectuals of the country
now writing first found an opening. In
1916 he was one of the editors of the maga-
zine La Leclura, and in 1918 joined the staff
AND MONOGRAPHS
I I I
48
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
of the newspaper, El Norte.
In the same year he was appointed Chief
Clerk of Customs in the Treasury Depart-
ment. He holds this post at the present
time.
He is also Secretary of the Fine Arts Club,
the only institution of its kind in Bolivia.
In La Paz, as in several other South Ameri-|
can countries, "Floralia" are celebrated i
yearly, thus keeping up the tradition in-j
herited from the medieval Spanish and Pro-J
vencal poetic jousts, and in 191 9 Senor Bal-
livian won the flower awarded as the second
prize with his poem Retiro Aldeano.
Ill ! HISPANIC NOTES
BARRIOS
49
CLAUDIO QUINTIN BARRIOS
Lawyer; official; teacher.
Claudio Quinti'n Barrios was born in
La Paz in 1864 and was educated there. In
1879 he received the degree of Bachelor in
Science and Letters and in 1884 that of
Advocate from the University of San Aud-
io the latter year he was appointed
Judge-instructor of the province of Sicasica,
but resigned the post to practise his profes-
sion; in 1898 he was nominated Co-judge of
the District High Court, and in the same
year Judge; from 1904 till 1907 he repres-
ented the province of Loaiza in the Chamber
of Deputies.
In 1910 he was an unsuccessful candidate
for the office of Deputy, and in J916 was
elected substitute-Deputy for La Paz.
Dr. Barrios served as sub-secretary to the
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
5°
0 L I V I A N S OF TO-DAY
Government during the Federal Revolution,
and besides others of minor importance has
held posts in the Ministry of Public Instruc-
tion, has been clerk to the Chamber of De-
puties, and Chief Clerk in the Ministry of
Finance and Industry. A notable fact in
his life is his impeachment, in the Senate, of
ex-president Daza and his ministry.
At present he is professor in the Faculty
of Law.
For the greater part of his life he has been
a frequent contributor to the press, and has
published a number of works on legal
matters, among them a Diccionario de la
constitution politico, del estado, and Antece-
denles parlamentarios de la revolucionfederal
HISPANIC NOTES
BEDREGAL 51
JUAN FRANCISCO BEDREGAL
Teacher: writer.
Juan Francisco Bedregal wa born in
La Paz on the second of April, 1883. He
received his education in the Jesuit College
and in the Seminario of La Paz, later re-
ceiving the degrees of Bachelor of Arts,
Licenciate of Law and Social Sciences, and
in 1904 Doctor of Laws.
While still a student he was elected Pre-
sident of the University League and held
that office for three successive years. Since
1909 he has given courses in literature in
the American Institute; in 1910 he was
Professor of Criminal Law and Jurisprud-
ence in the University of San Andres; in
: 1912 he was appointed Professor of Litera-
' ture in the Military School, and in 1918 he
, was made Professor and Head of the De-
partment of Literature in the Normal School.
AND MONOGRAPHS HI
52
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
In 1 91 2 he was President of the National j
Distribution of Patriotic Propaganda, which !
he had himself founded. Elected President
of the Fine Arts Club in 1913, he was re-i
elected in 1914 and 1915. At the present:
time he is one of the editors of the illustrat-i
ed magazine, Atldntida.
He married Carmen Iturri Alborta and
has five children.
On several occasions the poetical produc-
tions of Sehor Bedregal have received !
awards of honour in the "Floralia" held
annually in La Paz. Unfortunately the
greater part of his writings are scattered in
magazines and are difficult of access. He
has written a number of poems, essays.
articles of literary criticism, and Don Qui-
jote en La Paz.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
BELTRA N
53
11 ODOMIRO BELTRAN
Lawyer; public man.
Teodomiro Beltran was born in 1873.
at Oruro. where in the Bolivar school of
that town lie received his education and
graduated in 1891. He then proceeded
to the University and followed the courses
in the Law School, finally receiving in the
year 1900 his diploma as advocate.
He entered public life in the Municipal
year 1 899-1 900 as Councillor for his native
city and received the appointment of Chief
of the Municipal Statistical Office. For
the year iq 13-14 he held the same office, in
this instance for the town of Challapata.
During this period he worked ably and
successfully at his profession. In 1902 he
was nominated third Judge-instructor for
Oruro, and in 1904 Attorney for the prov-
ince of Abaroa.
AND M ONOGRAPHS III
54 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
His career in national politics began in
1916, when he was elected Deputy for the
province of Abaroa, which constituency he
represented until 1920.
Ill HISPANIC NOTES
BUSTAMANTE, DANIEL S.
55
DANIEL S. BUSTAMANTE
Public man.
Daniel S. Bustamante was born in La
Paz in 187 1 , the son of Juan Sanchez de
Bustamante and Mercedes Vasquez. He
was educated in La Paz; admitted to the
Bar in 1890, and received the degree of Doc-
tor of Laws and Social Science in 1891.
In 1895 he married Carmen Calvo and
has nine children.
In the year 1891 he entered active public
life as Chief Clerk in the Department of the
Treasury and since then has held the follow-
ing positions: Member of the City Council of
Oruro, 1892; Deputy, 1894 and 1900; Pro-
fessor in the Faculties of Law in Sucre and
La Paz; Assistant Secretary of the Interior
and Member of the City Council of La Paz,
1901; Minister of Public Instruction, 1908;
Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1909; Professor
AND MONOGR A P H S
I I I
56
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
III
of Law, 1910; and Minister of Public In-
struction. 1 91 8. In 1904 he was commis-
sioned by the government to study the edu-
cational systems of Europe and in 1909 he
founded the first Normal School in Sucre.
He has been honoured by election to vari-
ous European and American associations:
he is a member of the Geographical Society
of Madrid, the Academy of Social Sciences
and the Institute of International Law.
He is the author of: Principios de Derecho
1901; Opiniones y discursos, 1904; Los Uni-
ties con la Republica Argentina, 1911; Los
confliclos intemacionales y el panamerican-
ismo, 191 7; and Bolivia, su estructura y sus
derechos en el Pacifico, 1919.
HISPANIC NOTES
BUSTAMANTE, RICARDO 57
RICARDO BUSTAMANTE.
Journalist.
Ricardo Bustamante, the son of Manuel
J. Bustamante and Carlota Loreno, was
born in Cochabamba on the twenty-seventh
of August, 1880.
He received his education in his native
city, and there, after the completion of his
studies, devoted himself to journalism and
educational work. He has been a contri-
butor to many of the periodicals of Bolivia
and has been editor of the daily papers La
Pretisa, La Tarde, and El Ferrocarril de
Cochabamba.
In 191 3 he was Director of the Sucre
school of Cochabamba, and in 1916 was
elected Deputy for the province of Mizque.
He is the author of the psychological
study entitled Hacia la vida literaria, pub-
lished in Cochabamba in 1910.
AND MONOGRAPHS
I II
CALDERON, JOSE I.
59
JOSE IGNACIO CALDERON
Diplomat.
Jose Ignacio Calderon, the son of Flo-
rencio Calderon and Antonia Clavijo, was
born in La Paz and was educated in the
Seminary of his native city, where after the
usual courses in the Faculty of Law he was
duly received before the Courts as a lawyer.
A short professional experience in the
Lyceum "Sucre'" of La Paz was interrupt-
ed by a leisurely tour through Europe in
company with his uncle Bishop Clavijo, and
soon after his return to Bolivia in 1879 he
was appointed Minister to Washington.
From 1900 to 1904 he was Minister ol Fi-
nance in General Pando's Administration
and at its (lose was again sent as Minister to
Washin ;[un. I [e served in 1905 as Bolivian
delegate to the notable Railway Conference
held in Washington, and in 1910 journeyed
II I SPA N 1 C NOTES
1 I I
6o
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
to Mexico as his country's representative
at the centenary celebration of Mexican
Independence. A year later he went as de- 1
legate to the meetings of the International
Union for the protection of industrial pro-
perties, and in 1912 to the ninth conference
of the Red Cross Society; in 191 5 he served
as Bolivian delegate to the second meeting;
of the Pan-American Scientific Society, and
in 1916 he was for the third time appointed
Minister Plenipotentiary, in this instance to j
Cuba. Finally, in 1919. he returned to
Washington as Bolivian Minister to the
d States.
T II
HISPANIC NOTES
>
;?rr<^6s4
CALDERON, JOSE L
JOSE L. CALDERON
Printer: publisher.
Jose L. Calderon, the son of Pedro
a and Fidela Calderon de la Dana.
was born in La Paz on the ninth of Decem-
ber, 1861. On his mother's side he is de-
scended from Don Pedro Jose Calderon de
la Barca, one of Spain's most notable dram-
atic poets, and to keep alive the connexion
he uses his mother's name rather than that
of his father. After the usual preparatory
studies in the Seminary of La Paz he grad-
uated as Bachelor of Science and Letters in
He early showed an aptitude for the
printer's art and an inclination towards the
study of social and industrial problems,
which at that time had aroused little atten-
tion in Bolivia.
N< it content with employing his press and
AN I) MONOGK A V 11 S
I I !
1,2
B 0 L I V f A N S 0 F TO-DAY
with founding more than one journal for the
dissemination of his progressive ideas, he
organised first the National Graphic Union
and subsequently the more important Fed-
eration of Labour of La Paz, which during
its twelve years of existence has done much
towards the general betterment of the
working classes.
A ready and popular speaker, he was
elected member of Parliament for La Paz
in njio, and introduced many salutary
incisures, including the Workmen's Com-
pensation Act and bills dealing with Indus-
trial Legislation, Working hours for Miners,
Road Improvement, etc.
He lost his sight through a railway acci-
dent, but happily this was restored by a
successful operation performed in Lima, so
that the work which he had laid out for
himself to do was not permanently inter-
fered with.
On several occasions he has served on the
Municipal Council. Owing to his know-
ledge of social questions he was nominated
Delegate to the Latin American Workmen's
Congress in Chile, and he has been invited
I II
HISPANIC X OTES
CALDEROX, JOSE L
63
to attend Socialist Congresses in several >
South American countries, as also the 1
Labour Conferences held in New York and
Washington.
He is the proprietor of a large printing
and publishing house, dealing mainly with
books and pamphlets on economic subjects
A X D MONOGRAPHS III
C A L V 0
CARLOS CALVO
Teacher; public man.
Carlos Calvo. the son of Domingo Calvo
and Juana Maria Calvimontes. was born in
Sucre in 1876.
Afier finishing his secondary education he
entered the law department of the Univer-
sity of Chuquisaca (Sucre) from which he
graduated after a brilliant career in 1897.
The year following his graduation he re-
turned to the University as Professor of
Civil Law, and within a short time was ap-
pointed Dean of the Law Faculty. He held
this post until 1909 when he went to Chile
as charge d'affaires and secretary of the Bo-
livian Legation. In 1911 he returned to
Chuquisaca to assume the duties of Rector
of the University, but resigned in 1912 on
his election as Deputy for Sucre. Durum
the first years of his term of office he was
HISPANIC .VOTES
I I
J 66
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
1
Minister of Public Instruction and Agricul-
ture, and in 1914 and 1915 was chosen Pre-
sident of the Chamber of Deputies. In 191 6
he was sent as delegate from Bolivia to the
Congress for Uniform Financial Legislation,
held in Buenos Aires. In 1918 he was re-
elected Deputy for Sucre and again chosen
President of the Chamber.
He is known as an orator of marked ability
and is the author of several juridical studies
and monographs.
He married Laura Reyes and has two
children.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
(A M A.CHO
6?
JOSE MARIA CAMACHO
Public man.
Josk Maria Camacho. the son of General
Eliodoro Camacho, was born in La Paz in
1865. He was educated in La Paz and Co-
chabamba, and in 1892 was admitted to the
Bar.
For some years he devoted himself to his
law practice without taking an active part
in political life. In 1899. however, he rep-
resented Inquisivi at the historic National
Convention held in Oruro. and the following
year was elected 1 )eputy for Paria. In 1903
he was a member of the City Council of La
Paz. In 1904 he was elected Senator from
Cochabamba, in 1908 Deputy for North and
South Lipez, and three years later was once
more elected to the City Council of La Paz.
He is the author of a Compendio de la his-
toria de Bolivia published in La Paz in 1896,
A Nl) MONOGRAPHS
I I I
>,.s
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
. and of another historical study entitled Bo-
i livia-Brazil, and has also published several
pamphlets on political subjects.
Ill HISPANIC NOTES
C A P R ] L E S
69
ANIBAL CAPRILES
Public man: editor.
Ambal Capriles was born in Cochabam-
ba on the twenty-first of December, 1854.
• ived his education in bis n;iti\e city
and in i8;g was admitted to the Bar.
After finishing his studies he taught for
some time in the Central School, the Liceo
Colon, and the Seminary and at one time
\\a> Vice-Rector of the Sucre National
School. Becoming interested in politics,
he. with Nataniel Aguirre.FedericoPol.and
others, founded the " Sociedad 14 de Seti-
embre," which was eventually disorganized
by the efforts of their opponents. As one of
the founders of El Progreso, he directed an
energetic campaign against the government
which reached its climax in 1892. when, as
Deputy from Cochabamba, his opposition
became so intense that he and seven other
A N D M O N 0 GRAPHS
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BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
deputies were banished from the country.
Upon his return to Bolivia he was offered
the portfolio of the Ministry of Public In-
struction but declined the honour. Pre-
ferring to devote himself to newspaper
work, he founded and edited the papers El
Indefendiente and El Elector. At the time
of the Federal Revolution of 1898 he threw
himself whole-heartedly into the struggle on
the side of the revolutionists . organized well-
armed forces, and sent them to the General
Headquarters at Sicasica. As Political and
Military Head of the Central Forces he took
an active part in the engagements, and when
the revolutionary cause triumphed, the Na-
tional Convention conferred on him the post
of Vice-President of the Republic. Two
years afterwards he was appointed Minister
of the Interior and of Justice, and somewhat
later Minister of Public Works. At the time
of the boundary difficulties with Brazil in
1902 it fell to him to exercise the duties of
the President, and during the years 1914,
1915 and 1916 he held the portfolio of Pub-
lic Instruction.
Among others of his published works a
III
HISPANIC NOTES
C A PRIL 1. S 71
biography of General Sucre, Cochabamba,
1883, has met with favourable comment.
A N D .MONOGRAPHS
III
1
*^t
Ernesto Careaga Lanza
CAREAGA LANZA
73
ERNESTO CAREAGA LANZA
Public man.
Ernesto Careaga Lanza, the son of
Francisco Careaga and Delfina Lanza, was
born in Cochabamba in 1877. He received
his education in his native city and in La
Paz, being admitted to the Bar in 1913.
In the course of his active public life he
has held the following positions of trust:
Secretary of the National Treasury, 1900-
1902; Head of the Boundary Section in the
Ministry of Foreign Relations, 1905-1906;
Deputy from Cochabamba, 1 906-1910; As-
sistant Secretary of the Treasury 1910-11;
Customs Agent for Bolivia in the port of
Antofagasta,i9i 1-1913; and Consul General
in Switzerland, 1913-1914. In 1918 he was
re-elected Deputy for Cochabamba and
holds this position to-day together with
that of Minister of the Interior and of Jus-
HISPANIC NOTES III
74
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
tice. Since his youth he has taken a deep
interest in daily journalism;f or several years j
he was director of El Comercio de Bolivia, \
and later had charge of El Diario and La
Tarde.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
CARRASCO, BENIGNO 75
BENIGNO CARRASCO
Lawyer: journalist.
Benigno Carrasco was born in Coeha
bamba on the tenth of November, 1888, the
son of Torcuato Carrasco and Josefina Jim-
enez. He was educated in the schools of
Cochabamba and La Paz, gained the de-
grees of Bachelor of Arts and Science.
Bachelor of Laws, and Licenciate in Law
and Social Sciences, and was later admitted
to the Bar.
In 191 1 he was appointed Professor of
Geography in the Sucre national school and
Assistant Secretary of the University of
San Simon. The following year he was
made Secretary and one of the editors of
the proceedings of the Chamber of Deputies.
In 1 913 he was promoted to the post of
editor-in-chief. He was Assistant District
Attorney in Cochabamba in 191 5 and Dis-
AND M ONOGRAPHS II
76 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
III
trict Attorney in 1917.
He has been associated with numerous
periodicals of his country, having been di-
rector and editor-in-chief of the Cochabam-
ba papers, El Comer do, El Ferrocarril, and
La Tarde, editor of the magazine Prosa y
Verso, editor of El Diario of La Paz and
correspondent of El Norte and La Mariana
of Sucre.
He has recently been commissioned by
the Government to prepare a volume of ad-
ministrative and police laws, an important
work with commentaries and concordance.
HISPANIC NOTES
Jose Carrasco
CARRASCO, JOSE
JOSE CARRASCO
Public man.
Jose Carrasco was born at Totora, in
the department of Cochabamba, on the !
fourth of November, 1862.
He studied in the Sucre National School
in the city of Tunari and received his law-
training in the University of San Simon in
Cochabamba.
He was admitted to the Bar in 1885 and
for several years devoted himself to his
agricultural interests in the rich province of
Totora, taking no active interest in politics.
1 hiring t he latter part of the administration
irio Pacheco, however, he became a
supporter of Benjamin Galdo for Deputy
from Totora, and, upon the hitter's death
before election, Dr. Carrasco was elected in
id and entered Congress in 1888. He
took a prominent part in the proceed
77
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78
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
presented in 1889 a project to make La Paz
the capital of the Republic, brilliantly de-
fended the course of Moises Ascarrunz when
El Impartial was suspended, and was one
of the strongest men of the opposition.
In [893 he went to Cochabamba to take
charge of El Comercio of that city, which he
converted into a daily paper. For six
years, in spite of many vicissitudes, he
stoutly upheld the policies of the Liberal
until his printing machinery was des-
troyed as a result of the revolution in La
Paz. In that year, in addition to his work
on the paper, he acted as Dean of the fifth
'car of law in the University at Cocha-
bamba.
After the triumph of the revolutionary
forces he became Chief Clerk in the War De-
partment, and in 1900 was appointed Gov-
ernor of the Department of Oruro. While
fulfilling the duties of that office he was
asked to assume the portfolio of War, and
in 1902 he was appointed Minister of Justice
and the Interior, holding this office until
the joint resignation of the Cabinet on No-
vember sixth, 1903. In 1904 he founded
III
HISPANIC NOTES
CARRASCO, JOSE
; El Diario of La Paz, which he still directs,
; and was chosen Senator from Oruro. In
1908 he was Minister of the Interior, and in
1910 was again elected Deputy from Totora
being chosen President of the Chamber for I
four sessions. On May fourth, 1913, he was
! elected Vice-President of the Republic.
AND MONOGRAPHS III
CHIR V EC II KS AR R6SPIDE 81
armando chirveches
arrospide
Author: public man.
Armando Chirveches Akrosi-ide. the
son of Gregorio Chirveches Arrospide and
Julieta P. del < astillo, was bora in La Paa
in 1883.
He was educated in the [esuit School of
San CalixtO in La Paz and graduated with
the degree of Bachelor of Arts and Sciences,
being later admitted to the Bar.
Since 1906. when he was appointed head
of the diplomatic section of the department
of Foreign Relations, he has taken his place
in the public life of Bolivia. In 1909 he was
appointed Director of the Protocol and the
following year. Chief Clerk in the Depart-
ment of Foreign Relations. The year 1914
saw him Charge d'affaires in Brazil, and in
1916 he was promoted to the position of
HISPANIC NOTES
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X::
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Assistant Secretary of Foreign Relations.
He is the author of Lili, a short poem
published in La Paz in 1901 ; Noche estiva, La
Paz, 1904 — a poem of somewhat longer
range, and the scientific treatise Nocione's de
dcrecho international privado, La Paz, 1911
His reputation as an author is chiefly based
on two novels, La Candidatura de Rojas, La
Paz, 1908; and Casa Solariega, La Paz, 1916
In the former he makes a study of that
plague of South American life, the desire for
office, and in the latter he deals with various
phases of life in Bolivian cities, touching
upon conditions in the schools, the convents,
the army, and society, sparing no one and
carrying the narrative to its logical though
unpleasant conclusion.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
CORDOVA VARGAS
83
AVELINO CORDO\ A VARGAS
Business man.
Avelino Cordova Vargas, the son of
Miguel Cordova and Maria Salome \
was born in Tupiza in the department of
Potosi on the tenth of November, 1869.
Facilities for even primary instruction were
very meagre in the district in which he lived
while secondary schools simply did not
exist, so that as a boy he owed his education
almost solely to his parents' teaching.
.Means of communication, too, were so
scanty in his youth that they presented very
great difficulties to those who aspired to a
university training in the larger centres.
But in spite of everything, thanks to his
parents' help and his own energy, he man-
aged to acquire a sound commercial educa-
tion. In 1883, when he was thirteen years
old, the first telegraph was laid in Bolivia.
AN 1) MO N OG RAPHS
III
84 IS () LI V I AN S OF TO-DAY
Young Cordova took up telegraphy with"!
out prejudice to his other studies, and qual-
ified for a Government position in this ser-|
vice, being one of the first Bolivians to do
so. Me served as a telegraphist during the
i governorship of Don Gregorio Pacheco and
i then entered commercial life as accountant
j and book-keeper with the Compahia Huan-
chaca de Bolivia. In 1802 he married Maria
Eufemia Cortes.
Sr. Cordova remained in business until
the revolution broke out in December of
1898. In 1888 he had as a cadet taken part
in the engagement at Cotagaita in the
Liberal rising against the Government of
D. Aniceto Arce, and now again joined the
ranks of the Liberals, took an active part m\
the campaign, rose to the rank of lieutenant- !
colonel and commanded the Libres del Sud,l
a corps recruited from the young Liberals!
of Potosi. The Revolution succeeded, and
in 1899. having no ambition for a military
career, he left the army and, at the request
of the Executive Committee which assumed
t he government of the country, undertook
the reorganization of the telegraph service
III I! I SPA N I C NOTES
I 0RDOVA VARGAS
in the south of the Republic, which had
been completely thrown out of gear during
the revolution. Having completed this
task, he put in order the various bureaux
in charge of bonded warehouses tor alcohol
and of the collection of taxes on mining
properties and silver bullion. This com-
mission ao ompiished, he was appointed by
the Executive Committee Director of the
Public Treasury lor the 1 department of Pot-
osi. was confirmed in the appointment by
the Constitutional Government of General
Pando, and continued to serve in this < apa-
city until 1005. when he resigned office in
order to devote himself to the mineral in-
dustries, which at that time were entering
on a period of great prosperity.
In 1910 the Liberal party in Potosi nom-
inated him as its candidate tor Deputy, but
he did not take his seat as the National Con-
gress declared the election void on account
of alleged fraudulent practice on the part of
the Opposition party in Potosi. In 1916 he
was nominated Liberal 1 andidate for the
Senatorship, but this time no election took
because the Executive Government
AM) MONOGRAPHS
86
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
omitted to issue a writ at the proper time
according to the Constitution, having in
fact omitted to mention this district in issu-
ing its decree. In 1898 he fought an election
as Liberal candidate for the town of Potosi,
but was beaten by the Opposition candidate
and was only elected substitute Deputy, a
position which he still holds.
Sehor Cordova has, in addition to his
other activities, long been interested in
journalism. In 1899 he became editor of
El Tiempo, a liberal periodical which had
been founded in 1885 by Don Modesto
Omiste, and since that time has remained
on its staff as manager and editor. Having
acquired financial control of the periodical,
which had now established for itself a re-
putation beyond the boundaries of Bolivia,
he in 1907 turned it into a daily paper. El
Tiempo is the oldest journal of its political
colour in Bolivia.
I I I
If 1 SPAN I C NOTES
Nestor Cueto Vidaurre
CUETO VIDAURRE
NESTOR CUETO VIDAURRE
Public »ia>t.
Nestor Cueto Vidaurre was born in La
Paz, and from an early age devoted himself
to business. He entered public life in 1981,
when he was elected to the Municipal Coun-
cil of La Paz, and since that time has held
the following public posts: Deputy for North
Yungas, 1894-1898; Consul in Iquique,
1898; Administrator of Customs in Oruro,
1898; Commissary in the War Department;
Director of the National Treasury,. 1904-
1909; Bolivian Consul in Liverpool, 1909;
Governor of La Paz, 1913; Secretary of the
Treasury, 191 5, and President of the City
Council of La Paz, 1918. Before his term
of office was completed he was appointed
Minister to Peru.
He remained in the Peruvian capital less
than a year and then returned to Bolivia to
87
AN I) MONOGRAPHS
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88
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
assume the duties of Counsellor to the Banco
de la Nacion Boliviana, which position he
holds to-day.
m
HISPANIC NOTES
D A R I O
89
GUTIERREZ DARK)
Diplomat; writer.
Gutierrez Dario was born in 1869 in
where he received his education in
the Junta school and at the University of
San Francisco Xavier. There he took his;
Bachelor's degree in 1884. In i885hestud-
ied medicine for a year and in 1886 turned
to the law. in which he completed the
course for the Bachelor's degree, without,
however, qualifying for practice.
His public career begin> in [891 with his
appointment as unpaid assistant in the Min-
istry of Finance. In 189 1 he was made!
(hiit Qerk in this department, in [89J he
was appointed First Secretary of Legation
in Rio de Janeiro, and after a short experi-
en< e as acting Charge d'affaires to the Lega-
tion in Lima, Peru. was. in 1896, made
Chief Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign
AND MONOGRAPHS III
9o
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Affairs. In the following year he was ap-
pointed Secretary in Paris and was trans-
ferred successively to Washington, Petro-
grad, and Berlin.
His travels, which had been extended to
the far and near East, were interrupted by
the outbreak of the Federal Revolution of
1898, whereupon he returned to Bolivia and
applied himself to business and journalism.
In 1906 he was elected Senator for Chu-
quisaca and was responsible for the passing
of the Gold Standard Law, which is still in
force. In 1918 he was appointed Minister
of Finance and Minister of Foreign Affaires.
Gutierrez Dario is author of Recuerdos de
viaje a Constantinopla, La Paz, 1900, and
Politica economica, 1910.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
7m tt>' //K fi 1#£ 7 ■
D'ARLACH, A. O'CONNOR
AM ABLE O'CONNOR D'ARLACH
Public man; writer.
Amable O'Connor d'Arlach, the son of
Tomds O'Connor d'Arlach and Aurora Vel-
asco, was born in Tarija in 1885. He was
•d in his native city, receiving his
degree of Bachelor of Arts and Sciences in
1904. He then devoted himself to the study
of medicine in the University of Santiago,
Chile, and later in the University of San
Andres of La Paz.
His professional interests have not pre-
vented him from serving in many public
capacities both at home and abroad. He
has acted as Chief Clerk in the Department
of Public Works, Consul for Bolivia in
Liverpool, and Chief Clerk in the Depart-
ment of Government. At the present time
he is Assistant to the Minister of Foreign
Relations.
91
A N I) MONOGRAPHS
III
')-
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
During his residence in Chile he was a
| contributor to the periodical El Dia of San- !
| tiago and the magazine Literatura y arte of
! La Paz. In 1912 he published a volume of
I poetry entitled Rimas. At the Floralia
held in Potosi in August, 1919, he was
awarded the second prize, and at a similar
competition in La Paz in December of the
same year he was awarded the third prize.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
D'ARLACH, T. O'CONNOR
93
TOM AS O'CONNOR D'ARLACH
Man of letters.
Tomas O'Connor d'Arlach. the son of
Adcmar d'Arlach and Hercilia O'Connor.
was born in Tarija on the seventh of March.
He received his early education in Tarija.
and after finishing his Law studies in the
University of San Francisco Xavier was
admitted to the Bar.
The greater part of his life has been spent
in Tarija, where he founded and for twenty-
seven years has edited La Estrella de Tarija.
He was also the founder and director of La
Revista literaria and El Figaro of Tarija as
well as editor of La Colmeua of Sucre. H<
has held the posts of Consul General of Col-
ombia in Bolivia. Consul of Paraguay in
Tarija, Secretary to the Governor of Tarija.
and from 1904 to 1919 Senator from Tarija.
AND MONOGRAPHS
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94
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Senor O'Connor d'Arlach is the author of
numerous works both in prose and verse
and rightly holds a prominent place among
the writers of Bolivia. Among his prose
works are Semblanzas y recuerdos, Tarija,
1893; El General Melgarejo, La Paz, 1909;
Los Presidentes de Bolivia, La Paz, .1914.
His poetical works include Hojas de Oiono,
Sucre, 1875; Suenos y realidades, Tarija,
1883; Poesias, Tarija, 1896, and Impresiones,
La Paz, 1907.
He is a member of the Argentine Geogra-
phical Institute of Buenos Aires, the Geo-
graphical Societies of Sucre and La Paz, the
Society of Sciences, Letters and Arts of Sao
Paulo, and the Historical Academy of Bo-
gota.
*
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HISPANIC NOTES
D I E Z D E MEDINA. A .
95
ALBERTO DIEZ DE MEDINA
Public man.
Alberto Diez de Medina was born in
La Paz on the eleventh of September, 1877,
the son of Federico Diez de Medina and
Maria Lertora. He was educated in La
Paz and Santiago, Chile, obtaining the de-
grees of Bachelor of Laws and Licenciate in
i9°3-
In 1899 he married Carolina Javala and
has one son.
In 1 901 he entered political life as Deputy
for Lipes, and since that date has held the
following posts: Charge d'affaires in Brazil,
1 907- 1 908; Delegate to the Postal Congress
of Montevideo, 1910, and Governor of the
Department of Oruro, 1913-1914. Since
1907 he has been Minister of Bolivia to Col-
ombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. In 1916
he was a delegate to the Second Pan-A/ner-
\ X I> MONOGR A PUS III
96
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
III
ican Congress. He is a member of the
American Institute of International Law in
Washington.
He has published various pamphlets on
political and international subjects, and
from 1910 to 1911 was editor of La Epoca
and La Tarde.
HISPANIC NOTES
( J'.y <,',.',,,,
D I E Z I> !•: M E D I N A , E .
97
EDUARDO DIEZ DE MEDINA
Writer; diplomat.
Eduardo Diez de Medina was born in
La Paz on the eighth of February, 1882, the
son of Fedrico Diez de Medina, a notable
Bolivian public man, and of Maria Lertora.
He received his education in La Paz, gradu-
ating from the University with the degree
of Bachelor of Arts and Sciences.
His diplomatic career began early, for he
was appointed second official in the Minis-
try of Foreign Relations in 1898, and Head
of the Diplomatic Section in 1901. In 1905
he was appointed Second Secretary of Lega-
tion in Buenos Aires, and from there went to
Spain in the capacity of First Secretary,
being later made Charge d'affaires. After
filling the posts of Secretary of Legation in
Great Britain, Charge d'affaires and Consul
General in Japan, and First Secretary of
A N D MONOG RAI'HS ll1
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Legation and Charge d'affaires in Chile, he
returned in 1912 to Bolivia to act as First
Assistant Secretary in the Ministry of For-
eign Relations. In 191 3 he was appointed
to the post of Assistant Secretary of Foreign
Relations, and in 1914 Governor of Oruro,
in which office he had the peculiar distinc-
tion of being the youngest man to hold the
position of Governor. In 191 5 he was elect-
ed a member of the Municipal Council of La
Paz, and in 1916 was chosen President of
the Council. At the age of thirty-five he
was Minister to Uruguay and Paraguay.
The climate of Asuncion, however, did not
agree with him, and he was forced to return
to La Paz. He is now Editor-in-chief of the
weekly magazine Atldntida.
Brilliant as is his diplomatic and public
career, the success of Eduardo Diez de Me-
dina as a writer is no less remarkable. At
the age of eighteen he published Delirios de
un loco, a monologue declaimed in the Muni-
cipal Theatre of La Paz by Federico Montti
and of which a second edition appeared in
1903. In 1902 he brought out a volume of
prose and verse entitled Martha 0 los tres
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HISPANIC NOTES
\ A . E . 99
lirios, and in the same year a volume of
poetry. Mariposas. Among other literary
productions published by him are: Bagatelas.
La Paz, 1904: Estrofas nomadas, La Paz,
1908; Variando prismas. La Paz. 1908;
Triptico sentimental, Valpariso, 191^. and
Paisajes criollos. La Paz, 1919. His epic
poem, MaUcu-Kapajh (El Condor) r
the first honour in the floralia of 1919.
His historical and scientific studies include
the following: La Revolution federal, La Pa/.
1899 (written in collaboration with Luis S.
Crespo); Resumen histuricoyfisico de Bolivia.
La Paz, 1905; De politicay doctrina. La Paz,
1908; La guerra terrestre ante el derecho in-
ternational. La Paz. 19 10; El laudo argen-
tino. La Paz. 1901; Bolivia y Chile. La Paz,
1919, and Apuntes sobre topicos inlernacion-
ales. La Paz, 1919.
His ability as an author and diplomat is
generally recognized, and the following de-
corations bear testimony to the esteem in
which he is held abroad; Medal of Isabel the
Catholic (Spain). Decoration of Military
Merit (Chile), and Knight of the Rising Sun
(Japan).
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OLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
During his residence in London he married
Etelvina Guachalla, the daughter of Dr.
Fernando E. Guachala, President-elect of
Bolivia, who died before he was able to take
up his office, and has four children.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
D I E Z D E MEDINA. F .
FEDERICO DIEZ DE MEDINA
. liniy officer.
Federico Diez de Medina was born in La
Paz on the fifth of April, 1882, the son of
Federico Diez de Medina and .Maria Lertora.
He was educated in the Military College
1 of the Argentine Republic, and on his return
to Bolivia in 1906 was given the rank of
Second Lieutenant. He rose rapidly in the
service, being promoted to Lieutenant, Cap-
tain. Major, and Lieutenant-Colonel in a
comparatively short time. In 19 10 he
married Luz Ballivian. and hasfour children.
From 1908 to 1913 he was Professor of
Artillery. Small Arms, Ballistics, and Topo-
graphy in the Military College of Bolivia;
from 1 91 4 to 1 91 7 he was Second in Com-
mand of the Second Artillery Regiment
Bolivar; in 191 7 he was aide-de-camp to
President Gutierrez Guerra; in 1918 Military
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
io2 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Attache to the Bolivian Legation in Peru,
and at the present time is Chief of the third
section of the General Staff.
He was honoured in 191 3 by the Chilean
decoration Al merito; he has been an active'
member of the Geographical Society of La
Paz since 1912, and in 1918 was elected
Corresponding Member of the Historical In-
stitute of Peru.
He is an enthusiastic collector of Bolivian
antiquities and possesses a museum of un-
usual merit.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
EDUARDU
ISAAC G. EDUARDO
II nil i : public man.
Isaac G. Eduardo was horn in La Paz
on the eighteenth ol December, 1861, the
son of Graciano Eduardo and Rufina Lor-
zano.
He received his education in his native
city, attending the Colegio Ayacucho and
the University of San Andres.
His publii career has led him into many
and varied fields of activity. In 1886 he
teas appointed attache to the Bolivian Le-
gation in Lima: in [893 Attorney for the
Municipal Counci] of La Paz; in 1894 Pro-
fessor of the fourth year in the Faculty of
Law, and in 1898 he won the same position
by competition. He was co- Judge of the
Superior Court of La Paz in 1896 and 1897,
Deputy for La Paz and Secretary of the
Chamber of Deputies in 1899. With the
103
AND MONOGRAPHS III
104
B 0 L I V I A N S OF TO-DAY
rank of Captain he took an active part in the
Federal Campaign of 1899 and 1900. Since
then he has held the following positions of
trust: Director of Official Publications and
Chief Clerk in the War Department, 1901;
Fax Assessor of Fa Paz, 1(104; Director of
the Public Library , 1906; Assistant Secre-
tary ol the Ministry of Foreign Relations,
1908; Secretary of Legation at the Vati-
can, 1909; and Member and Vice-President
of the Municipal Council of Fa Paz, 1913.
lie has also played a part in journalism.
He was founder of the official daily paper,
El Estado, and assisted in the editing of the
papers El Liberal, Los Debates, El Gallo,
El Album del Hogar and La Pdgina liter aria.
According to the prominent Bolivian
writer, Abel Alarcon, Isaac Eduardo is the
only poet of Fa Paz who has cultivated the
humorous vein of poetry with any success.
However, just as his public life embraces
many interests, so his literary productions
include many different types of composi-
tion. The volume Himnos y quejas, La
Paz, 1888, includes serious poems celebrat-
ing events in the lives of his friends, patrio-
III
HISPANIC NOFES
E DUARDO
105
tic poems, poems "I nature, and translations
from Coppee and Lamartine. This was
followed by Contra el destino, a three-act
drama in prose, awarded first honour in the
public contest held in La Paz in [892, and
Arbol que crece torcido, a drama in verse
which won second prize, [n [891 he pub-
lished Corazou enfermo, a romantic novel in
diary form, and in 1908 Pitos y flautas,
aling with events in his
own or his friends' lives, political events, or
customs of the country, followed by a hu-j
morous sketch oi himself. In direct con-
trast with these poems is the collection
published in the following year. Ldgrimas
sobre la lumba de mi hijo. The works of
Senor Eduardo are well known in his own
country, and as early as 1889 his literary
talent was recognized abroad. He was
made in that year a member of the Madrid
Association of Writers and Artists.
He has been married twice: first to Daia
Corral, the daughter of the well-known Bo-
livian public man, Casimiro Corral, and not
many years ago to Carmen Guillen.
AND MO NOG RAPHS
III
'^^^W**v|.
*
me] A. Ella
E LIAS 107
MANUEL A. ELI AS
Lawyer pjudgi .
Manuel A. Elias was born in Oruro and
received his early education in the Munici-
pal School of his native city and in the
Seminary of La Paz, where he took his
Bachelor's degree in 1890. He then studied
law in Sucre and Cochabamba and received
his lawyer's diploma in 1895.
After practising his profession for some
time in Oruro and acting as cashier for the
Francisco Argandona Bank, he began his
public career in 1898 with the appointment
of Secretary to the High Court of Oruro.
Thereafter he served successively as Judge-
Instructor for the province of Carengas in
1897, and for the city of Oruro in 1899; sec-
retary to the Governor of Oruro, member of
the City Council and its Chairman in 1907.
From 1908 to 191 1 he represented Oruro as
BIS PANIC NOI III
io8 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Deputy and acted as Secretary of the Fin-
ance Committee of the National Congress.
From 191 1 till 1 918 he was sub-Secretary
in the Ministry of Finance, and was then
appointed a member of the High Court of
La Paz, a position which he still holds.
Dr. Elias is the author of Finanzas prdc-
ticas de Bolivia, La Paz, 1915, and Compila-
tion de leyes y disposiciones aduiinislrativas
relativas a larifas de aminos vigentes, La Paz
1916.
Ill HISPANIC NOTES
Tomas Manuel Elio
ELIO
TOM AS MANUEL ELIO
Lawyer; teacher.
Tomas Manuel Elio was born on the
twenty-fifth of March. 1886, in La Paz, and
was educated at the San Calixto School and
the University of San Andres. There he
gained his Bachelor's degree in 1901, and
in 1907 that of Doctor of Laws.
While yet a student he taught in the Aya-
cucho National School, and in 1903 received
the appointment of Clerk of the Senate. In
1909 he became Professor of Law, and in
191 7 Professor of Mercantile Law in the
Faculties of Law and Commerce.
He was a charter member of the now ex-
tinct society Agustin Aspiazu, and, more
noteworthy, of the Radical League, as well
as of the Radical Party itself. He was also
one of the founders of El Figaro in 1916,
and for a time was its editor.
AND MONOGRAPHS
109
1 II
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
In the year 19 14 Dr. Elio was selected by
the Chamber of Deputies to support the
impeachment before the Senate of certain
public officials, and he has published the
history of the case under the title: Juicio o.l
responsabilidad, La Paz, 1914.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
- A L I E R
JOSE MARIA ESCALIER
Physician : diplomat.
Josi Maria Escaijkr. the son of Juan
Jose Escalier. was l)orn in Sucre. Before
he had finished his primary instruction he
was taken by his father to Buenos Aires
and there receiv ed his education, attending
the National School and the University of
Buenos Aires. He pursued his medical
studies with such success that before finish-
ing his course he was appointed interne in
the National hospital and later head of the
Surgical Clinic directed by Professor Montes
de Oca. He received hi- degree in 1885,
presenting a thesis on La fiebre tifoidea
en Buenos Aires.
Meantime, as early as 1881, he had enter-
ed public life as a member of the staff of the
Bolivian Legation in Argentina. IR later
held the post of Charge d' Affaires, and finally
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
during the administration of President Al-
onso, was appointed Minister. The Revol-
ution of 1898, with its many changes in the
Bolivian Government, brought with it the
cancellation of his appointment. In 1903,
however, he was again appointed Minister
and entrusted with the duty of inviting
President Figueroa Alcorta to act as arbi-
trator in the Peru-Bolivian boundary dis-
pute. The final decision, rendered in 1909,
was so unsatisfactory to Bolivia and the
popular feeling ran so strong that diploma-
tic relations between Bolivia and Argentina
were broken off. Senor Escalier, although
convinced that the action of the Bolivian
Government was a mistake, resigned his
position in the hospital and left Argentina.
He received his credentials as Minister to
Uruguay, but did not present them, prefer-
ring to go to Europe. While there he was
appointed the Bolivian representative to
the Mexican Centenary, and on his return
to Bolivia in December, 1910, President
Villazon appointed him Minister of Foreign
Relations. In that capacity and in the face
of no little opposition he effected the ratifi-
III
HISPANIC NOTES
E S C A L I E R
"3
cation of the Pando-Portela protocol, which
ended the strained relations between Argen-
tina and Bolivia. Of late years Senor Es-
calicr has made his residence in Argentina.
In 191 7 he was an unsuccessful candidate
for the Presidency of Bolivia, being defeated
by the liberal candidate, Jose Gutierrez
Guerre.
Among his scientific publications are the
following: Quisles idatidicos del cerebro; En-
docarditis injecciosas; and Climatoterapia de
la tuberculosis en la Repiiblica Argentina.
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
i: S P I N 0 Z A Y S A k A V 1 A
"5
LUIS ESPINOZA Y SARAVIA
Journalist.
Luis Espinoza y Saravia, the son of
Antonio Espinoza and Virginia Saravia was
born in La Paz in 1S84. and there received
his education, attending the English School
and the Colegio Seminario.
His career as journalist began in 1904,
when he had a share in founding the daily
paper El Diario of La Paz. The following
year he went to Santiago, Chile, where he
joined the editorial staff of El Mercuric
In 1908 he was appointed Assistant Editor
of La Prensa of that city, in 1909 managing
Editor of La Lev. and in igioand 191 1 cor-
responding editor of the illustrated maga-
zine Sucesos of Valparaiso. In 191 2 he was
Editor-in-chief of the Radical organ La
Razon of Santiago, and in 1913 translator
and editor of foreign cables for El Mer curio,
HISPANIC NOTES
III
ri6
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
the oldest and most important daily paper
in Chile. He returned to Bolivia in 1914
to assume the management of El Diario of
La Paz and the following year founded the
daily paper El Figaro, which he directed for
several years. He made another visit to
Chile in 1918, and during his brief residence
in Santiago was again connected with the
international section of El Mercurio. At
the present time he is Editor-in-chief of the
daily paper El Hombre Libre of La Paz.
He is a member of the Executive Com-
mittee of the Radical Party.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
J. Felipe Esprelle
ESPRELLE
117
J. FELIPE ESPRELLE
Teacher.
J. Felipe Esprelle was born on the
first of May, 1871, in La Paz, where he re-
ceived his education at the Seminary. Pro-
ceeding thence to the University, he pursued
his studies in the Faculty of Law until he
gained his degree as Licentiate and was ad-
mitted to the Bar.
He has, however, never exercised the
legal profession, for a manifest taste for
mathematics led him rather to the teaching
of that subject and to the preparation of
mathematical text-books, in both of which
he has been instrumental in effecting im-
provements both in scope and method. He
has taught his subject in the principal
schools of La Paz, including the Instituto
Colon, the Instituto Nacional, the "Don
Bosco ", the Colegio limit's, the Colegio
1
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
n8
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
i
Nacional of Ayacucho, and Seminary
Schools, and has also been head of the
Colegio Ingles. He is now in charge of
the Ayacucho national school.
Sehor Esprelle has written a number of
text-books, some of which have won mark-
ed success: His Texto de aritmetica, La Paz,
1895, has gone into its third edition; his
Texto de trigonometria, La Paz, 1900, has
had two editions and his Algebra, Geometria, j
and Geografia have been favourably re-
ceived.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
FERNANDEZ D E MUGIA
119
HERCILIA FERNANDEZ DE MUGIA
Poetess; musician.
Hercilia Fernandez de Mugia, the
, daughter ot Dr. Benjamin Fernandez and
Matilde Quintela, was born in Potosi in
■ i860. At an early age she was taken by
her parents to Sucre and there received her
education, devoting herself especially to the
study of literature, French, and music.
She began her literary career with con-
tributions to El Semanario, a periodical
which counted among its contributors the
well-known blind poetess, Maria Josefa Mu-
gia. While in Sucre she married the poet
Ricardo Mugia (q.v.), and has accompanied
him during the periods of his residence
abroad as diplomatic representative of Bo-
livia. During her residence in Lima she
published in 1909 a volume of poetry entit-
led Mis versos, which contained the greater
'
AND M ( ) N 0 G R A P H S
I II
120
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
part of her poetical compositions. She has
also published a prose work. Fantasia. Be-
sides cultivating literature she has devoted
herself to the study of music, perfecting her
natural ability as a pianist. Among her
musical compositions stand out a number
of waltzes and her variations on the Boli-
vian national hymn.
At the present time she resides in Buenos
Aires, where her husband holds the post of
Bolivian minister to Argentina.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
c/rtt.rX
FINOT
121
ENRIQUE FINOT
Teacher: official.
Enrique Finut was born in Santa Cruz
on the sixteenth of September, 1890, the
son of Jose Francisco Finot and Olinfa
Franco. He was educated in the Semin-
ario and the National School of Santa Cruz
and the Normal School of Sucre, receiving
the degree of Bachelor of Arts and Sciences
in 1908.
He began his work as an educator in 191 1
when he accepted a professorship in the
Normal School. Evincing a natural apti-
tude for educational problems, he was in
1912 appointed Inspector of Public Instruc-
tion in the department of Chuquisaca (Su-
cre). The following year he founded and
became director of the Model School in La
Paz. In 1914 he was appointed Secretary
of the Administration of Public Instruction
AND MONOGRAPHS
I I I
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
| and in 191 7 Professor of Literature in the
I Normal Institute. In 19 18 he was appointed
Secretary of the Bolivian Legation in Lima.
During the early part of 1919 he served as
Charge d' Affaires in that country and later
returned to Bolivia to assume the duties
of Clerk in the Department of Foreign Re-
lations.
In 1913 and 1914 he was Editor of the
.Magazine La Education modema the official
organ of the Department of Instruction.
He has also assisted in the editing of the
newspapers La Ley of Santa Cruz, El Diario
and El Tiempo of La Paz, and the new illus-
trated magazine Atldntida. He is the auth-
or of La Reforma educational en Bolivia, La
Paz, 191 7; and Bernardo Monteagudo, La
Paz, 1919.
I I I
HISPANIC NOTES
G A M A KRA, G.
123
AURELIO GAMARRA, G.
Lawyer; public man.
Aurelio Gamarra, G. was horn in the
'year 1874 in the town of Coripata, the
capial of the second section of the North
Yungas, in the Department of La Paz. He
( began his education in the Seminary of La
Paz, but later went to Lima to study in
the Engineering School. After a brief
period he turned aside from this pursuit
and entered the University of San Marcos,
where he studied law, ultimately securing
his degree and being admitted to the Bar
in La Paz in 1904.
In the same year he began his political
career as a member of the Chamber of De-
j puties, where, by successive re-elections
from the province of North Yungas, he has
continued to serve until the present. In
1919 he was appointed Minister of the In-
AND MONOGRAPHS
in
124
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
terior and of Justice in the third Cabinet
of President Gutierrez Guerra.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
G 0 Y T I A
:25
BENEDICTO GOYT1A
Statesman: public man.
Bknedicto Govtia. the son of Juan Go-
mez de Goytfa and Cervanda Rodo, was
born in Camargo, the capital of Cinti, on the
twelfth of January. 1851.
When very young he was taken to Tu-
pi/a. where he entered the commercial
school directed by Dr. Francisco Gomez.
The death of his father interrupted his
studies, and soon afterwards his uncle,
General Gregorio Gomez de Govtia. took the
boy to Oruro. Unwilling to depend on
others for his support, he came to La Paz in
1867 and found a place as clerk in the com-
mercial house, La Columna de Oro, owned
by Luis Ampuero. Here he worked for five
years until the revolution against Melgarejo
broke out. Enlisting in the regiment " Es-
colta de Honor." commanded by Colonel
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
i26 ! BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Clodomiro Montes, he participated in the
battle of January fifteenth, 187 1, and thus
did his part to effect the downfall of the
Dictator.
In 1875 ne was elected a member of the
Municipal Council of Sorata, and at the end
of two years was appointed Lieutenant-
Governor of the province. Not long after-
wards the Chilean invasion called the coun-
try to arms and Goytia was one of the first
to respond. He raised a regiment of sol-
diers, supplied arms and uniforms at his own
cost, and conducted the troops to Pucarani
to swell the numbers of the Republican
army: but on arriving there, to his indigna-
tion, they were ordered to return.
Early in 1880, when he was still Lieuten-
ant-Governor of the province, the Revolu-
tionary movement of March twelfth broke
out. Goytia took up arms and fought on
the side of the government forces, but met
with defeat. The next day he was made
prisoner, but was released after a few days
by the collapse of the revolution.
In 1882 he was elected a member of the
Municipal Council of La Paz, to which office
III
HISPANIC NOTES
GOYTIA 127
he has been re-elected on many subsequent
occasions, having held in that body the
offices of Secretary, Vice-President, and
President. In 1886 he was elected Deputy
for the province of Larecaja and during
his term of office distinguished himself by
his insistence on the necessity for the con- ;
struction of railroads either by public or
private enterprise. In 1898, being again
Deputy for Larecaja, he found himself a
member of the congress before which the
proposal was presented to make Sucre the
permanent seat of the government. In
spite of bitter opposition on the part of the;
La Paz representatives the measure was
passed.
The Northern faction immediately left
their seats and made their way with all
haste to La Paz. Excitement in that city
was intense, and on December twelfth a
revolution broke out. To Goyti'a was in-
trusted the important task of bringing from
the coast the arms forwarded from Callao
by Claudio Pinilla and other adherents. He
fulfilled the mission with great promptness
and on his return was charged with the or-
AND MONOGRAPHS III
I2.S
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ganization of the Loa Regiment. This
group of youths was soon drilled into an
effective military unit, and in the clash with
the Sucre forces at Crucero de Copacabana
this regiment turned the tide of battle. A
few days later the victorious army entered
Oruro. and their cause was won.
Once peace was restored, Colonel Goytia
presented his resignation, which was only
accepted when his name was proposed as
representative to the National Convention.
In iqoo he was elected Senator for La Paz
in 1902 Deputy for the province of Porco,
and in the same year President of the;
Chamber of 1 )eputies. Appointed Minister
to Peru at a time when relations between ;
the two countries were in a state of extreme
tension, by skilful diplomacy he succeeded
in effecting the cancellation of the old
treaty, a constant thorn in the flesh, and i
brought about the signing of the treaty now ;
in force, to the mutual satisfaction of both
nations. After his return from Peru he was j
appointed Secretary of the Treasury and [
later Minister of Foreign Relations.
Apart from the military and political ser-
III
HISPANIC NOTES
GOYTIA
129
vices he has lent to his country, Sefior Goy-
tia has done much to promote its financial
prosperity. He was founder and President
of the Industrial Bank which formed the
basis for the present Banco de la Naci6n
Boliviana, and as Secretary of the Treasury
he brought about certain much-needed re-
forms in the administration of customs and
proposed the establishment of the gold
standard in the monetary system.
He married Juana Gutierrez and has
three daughters: Sara, the wife of Alberto
Gutierrez; Esther, the wife of Juan Munoz
Reyes; and Raquel, the wife of Colonel Julio
Sanjines.
A NH MONOG R APH S
I I I
G l' E R R A
131
JOSE EDUARDO GUERRA
Teacher; poet.
Jose Ediardo Guerb \. the son of Edu-
ardo Guerra and Carmen Ballivian, was
bora in 1894 in the <ity of La Paz where he
v.as educated at the Jesuits' School l>ut did
not graduate.
In tile year [91 1 he was appointed assist-
ant in the Bolivian Custom office at Arica,
in 1916 Secretary of the Yungas Railway
Company, and in the following year Chief
of the Department of Statistics and Geogra-
phical Studies. In [918 he was made Lec-
turer on Literature in the Normal High
Schools, which position lie still holds.
His lyric and literary gifts, early mani-
fested, have won lor Professor Guerra a
growing reputation and a notable place
among the contemporary poets of hi.-, native
land. For his poem /•.'/ Caminante (The
HISPANIC NOT i;s
III
132
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Wayfarer) he was in 1915 awarded first
prize in the Floralia of that year. He
has since published El fondo del silencio
(The Depths of Silence), Santiago de Chile,
1915; El alto de las animus (The Soul's
Ascension), as well as Antologia de poet as
bolivianos, La Paz, 1919.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
GUTIERREZ, ALBERTO 133
ALBERTO GUTIERREZ
Diplomat; author.
Alberto Gutierrez was bom on the
eighteenth of September, 1863, in Sucre.
Be was educated at the Junin School of his
native city, and thence proceeded to the
University of San Francisco X&\ icr, where
he received the degrees of Bachelor of Arts
in 1881 and Bachelor of Laws in 1898,
He married Raquel Goytia, daughter of
Benedicto Goytia.
His public career began in 1881 as Chief
Clerk in the Finance Minister's office, whence
he was appointed Secretary of the Financial
Delegation to Chile in 1889. Transferred
to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Chief
Clerk (1899-1900) he again journeyed to
Chile, this time as Minister,and there signed
the treaty of peace and amity in 1904.
In 1905 Sr. Gutierrez was appointed Min-
A NH MO NOG K A 1' II S
III
34
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ister to Brazil, in 1909 Minister to Chile, and
in 1911 Minister to Ecuador, Colombia, and
Venezuela, where in Caracas he represented
Bolivia in the Bolivian Congress organized
in that city. More recently (1918) he has
occupied the post of Minister of Foreign
Affairs and Public Worship. He first ap-
peared in Congress as Deputy for Sucre in
1897, but lately reappeared to represent
Cochabamba for the period 1918-1922.
His opinions promulgated in El Dia, a
newspaper founded by him in Sucre in 1892
in opposition to the government of Presi-
dent Baptista, brought on him considerable
odium and compelled his exile to Chile,
where during six years he contributed to
El Heraldo of Valparaiso, defending the
interests of his native country.
In 1909 he became director of La Epoca.
Besides innumerable newspaper articles and
a vast number of pamphlets, Sr. Gutierrez
has published the following works: Parado-
jas, La Paz, 1907; La guerra de i8gy, Paris,
1908; Las Capi tales de la Gran Colombia; Los \
derechos privados ante los cambios de sobe-
rania; El Melgarejismo antes y despues de
III
HISPANIC NOTES
GUTIERREZ. ALBERTO
I ,v;
Melgarejo; H ombres v COSOS de aver: Proble-
mas politicos de la America dtl Sud, Valpar-
aiso, 1895: Apuntes sabre los Estados i 'ntdos,
Santiago, 1905.
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
GUT] E R REZ, CARLOS 137
51
CARLOS GUTIERREZ
Public man.
Carlos Gutierrez, the son of Dario
Gutierrez, was born in Sucre and there re-
ceived his education. He obtained his de-
gree of Bachelor of Arts in 1893 and 'ater the
degrees of Bachelor, Licenciate, and Doctor
of Laws.
Since 1904 he has served his country both
, at home and abroad in the following capaci-
i ties: Assistant Secretary of the Interior and
of Public Works, 1904-5; Secretary to the
Boundary Comission in 1906; Charge d' Af-
faires in Paraguay, 1907-1909; Charge d'Af-
faires in Brazil, 191 1-1912 Charge d'affaires
in Argentina, 1913; Delegate of the Govern-
! ment to the colonies of North-West Bolivia,
1914-1915; and Governor of Potosi 1917-
1918. At the present time he is Minister
of Foreign Relations.
rllSPANIC NOTES III
138 BOLIV] A N S OF TO-DAY
He married Hortensia Peroa in 1917
and has one child.
Ill HISPANIC NOTES
GUTIERREZ, NESTOR r3g
M.STOR GUTIERREZ
Public man.
Nestor Gutierrez was born in Potosi
on the twenty-first of May, 1875, the son of
Francisco Gutierrez and Julia Leaplaza.
He received his education in Potosi and
Sucre and in 1892 was appointed Professor
in the Pichincha national school of Potosi.
In 1898 he was admitted to the Bar and
since that time has held the following posi-
tions: District Judge; Minister of the Dis-
trict Court of Potosi, 1909; President of the
Centenary Committee of Potosi, 1910; Pre- !
feet of the Department of Potosi, 1912;
Minister of War and Colonization, 1913-
1916 ; and Deputy from Potosi 1916-1920. '
He is interested in the mining industry and
has been the promotor of a number of min-
ing projects in different parts of Bolivia.
He has published several bulletins in con-
nection with his duties of prefect and min-
AND MONOGRAPHS III
'4°
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ister and has been a contributor to numerous
periodicals of a political nature.
He married Rebeca Salgar, and has five
children.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
(il TIERREZ GUERKA
141
JOSE GUTIERREZ GUERRA
Man of affairs; banker;
Ex-President of Bolivia.
Jose Gutierrez Guerra was born in the
city of Sucre on the fifth ot September, 1869.
He comes of a distinguished family: his par-
ents were Lisimaco Gutierrez and Andrea
Guerra, and he had as grandparents that
Jose de Guerra who fulfilled the duties of
President of Bolivia for a brief period in
1879, and Maria Rhynd of the family of the
Lord Palmerston who was Prime Minister
of England in the middle of the last century.
In 1880, at the age of eleven, he went to
England and studied first at Stonyhurst
and later at St. Bede's, Manchester; but
family necessities interrupting his plans, he
returned in 1887 to Bolivia to enter on a
i mercantile career, first serving as book-
keeper in the Compania Iluanchaca and
A N 1) M O NOG R A P II S
III
142
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
later as cashier in the National Bank, from
which post he went in 1892 to be first
cashier in the Treasury Department. In
1893 he was sent on a special mission to
Lima, to carry important diplomatic in-
structions to the Bolivian representative
there, and later in the same year he was ap-
pointed Commissary of War for the North-
East of Bolivia. In 1895 he was offered the
post of Secretary of Legation in Rio Janeiro,
but declined, and soon afterwards accepted
the post of Inspector of the Bank of Potosi,
which had lately gone into bankruptcy.
On completing this duty he was appointed
Clerk in the Treasury Department; in 1896
he was promoted to be Inspector-General of
Banks, and in 1889 he reorganized the ac-
counting in the municipal treasury of La
Paz. Resigning from public office, he re-
turned to commercial life, and founded in
Sucre two factories, one for soap and one for
beer, and two business firms — Bonel, Guti-
errez y Cia and Correa y Gutierrez Guerra—
both of which he managed. In 1902 he
founded the banking house which bears his
name and which has had a creditable part
III
HISPANIC NOTES
G U II K R REX G U E R R A
'43
in the recent financial history of Bolivia.
When banking and financial problems
assumed importance in the national politics.
he was drawn into public life. In 1913 he
was elected Deputy for the Provinces of
Camacho and Munecas and was chosen
Vice-Presudent of the Chamber : in 19 14
he was made President of the body: in 1915
he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury:
in 1916 he was chosen head of the
Liberal Party and nominated for the Pre-
sidency of the Republic, to which of]
was elected in 191 7 by more than 73.000
votes. He remained at the head of the
Government until the storm of revolution
broke over him on July twelfth. 1920,
when he was obliged to give up his post
and go into exile.
Senor Gutierrez Guerra had previously
served as Consul for Belgium and Brazil, as
President of various banks, including the
Banco Agricola, Banco Industrial and the :
Credito Hipotecario. and Director of the
Banco de la Nacion Boliviana.
Although immersed in the absorbing
duties of practical banking, he has found
AND MONOGRAPHS III
144
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
time to write on important financial topics
and is the author of Cuestiones bancarias,
La Paz, 19 10, and La rejorma bancana. La
Paz, 191 3.
I I I
II [S P A X I C NOTES
G r /. m a \
M5
ALCIBIADES GUZMAN
Public man: writer.
Alcibiades Guzman, the son of Mariano
Guzman and Trinidad Guardia was.
bom in Cochabamba on the nineteenth
of March j 1862. He obtained his education
in the- universities of La Paz and Cocha-
bamba, from which he received the degree
of Bachelor of Arts and S. ien< < - in 1879 an
that of Licenciate in Law in 1884. He '.1-
admitted to the liar in 1887. He married
Juanna .Molina Klin and has four children.
In the National Convention of 1881 he
held the post of Assistant Secretary and
edited its pr ["he following year
he was appointed assistant in the Treasury
Department and within a short time was
promoted to the post of Chief Clerk. In
18S6 he obtained the position of Profe.-^or
of History in the University of Oruro in
AND MONOGRA 1' II S
I I
146
B 0 L I V I A N S OF TO-DAY
open competition, and somewhat later was
appointed Inspector of Public Instruction
in the same university. In 1895 ne was
made Chief Clerk in the War Department.
In 1900 he was elected Deputy for Caran-
gas, but the election was subsequently an-
nulled. In n)02 lie was elected substitute-
Deputy for Caupolican.
Of late years Sefior Guzman has devoted
his attention largely to the writing and
publication of his hooks. Besides a num-
ber of text-books on geography and history,
hi lias published many works of wider inter-
est, among which are included: La Politico,
Boliviano- en el periodo iHjg al i88g; Jose
Valerio Aldunatc. a biographical study; Or-
ganismo politico <i< Bolivia Los Color ados de
Bolivia; and Jenaro Sanginis, a study of
his time and his works.
VII
HISPANI C NOTES
ETURRALDE
i47
ABEL ITURRALDE
Lawyer: journalist;
public man.
Abel Iturralde, the son of Zenon Itur-
ralde and Eliodora Palacios, was born in La
Paz in the year 1869 and received his educa-
' tion in the San Calixto School of that city.
' Of a studious disposition, he early applied
himself to the law and passed his examina-
tions and was granted his diploma while he
. was still a youth.
In 1897 he was elected Deputy for the
second section of Norgungas and in the fol-
lowing year was chosen Vice-President of
the Chamber. At the elections of 1905 he
was defeated at the polls and remained
without a seat till 1908 when he was elected
Deputy for La Paz. In the period following
he was substitute-Deputy, and now again
sits in the Chamber for the period of 1918-
1922.
A N I) M ONOG R A P II S
III
148
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
He has held various offices in the Ministry
of Finance and Industry, and on several oc- i
casions has served as Municipal Councillor,
usually in the capacity of Inspector of
Schools. For a time he conducted the
journal La Dejensa and is now editor of La
Verdad, in which he has achieved a consider-
able reputation as a fluent and vigorous ex-
ponent of the ideas of his party.
Dr. Iturralde is the author of Cuestion de
liiii ites entre Bolivia y el Peru sobre la region
de Caupolicdn y Apolobamba.
Ill
II I S PAN IC NOTES
KS7 ^jCumaj^ml^/
T U R R I C 11 A
H9
AGUSTIN ITURRICHA
-iter: official.
I ruRRicHA, the son of Victor
Iturricha, a well-known lawyer, and of Luisa
Calancha. was horn on the fourth ol
1863. in Sucre. \\
in the schools of his native citv and at the
University, where in 1884 he won his title of
Advocate.
From an early age he devoted himself to
journalism and to teaching. In 1879 he
was appointed teacher of Spanish Grammar;
in 1890 he obtained in competitive examina-
tion the chair of Philosophy and History at
the Junin National School; in 1905 he he-
came Professor of Political Economy in the
Faculty of Law, and in 1907 was appointed
Rector of the University of San Francisco
Xavier.
As a journalist he has contributed largely
AND (GRAPHS
III
150
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
i to the leading reviews, and also edited, be-
tween the years 1905 and 1909, the two
newspapers La Manana of Sucre and El
Comer cio de Bolivia of La Paz.
He was first elected to the Chamber of
Deputies in 1908 as representative of the
capital of Sucre; during the administration
of Dr. Ismael Montes he held office as Min-
ister of Justice and Industry, and in 1909
he was named Attorney General of the
Republic, an office to which he returned on
his leaving the Cabinet in 191 7.
Dr. Iturricha has published a work in two
volumes entitled Historia de Bolivia bajo la
administration del Mariscal Andres Santa
Cruz, which is now in its second edition.
I I I
HISPANIC NOTES
JAIMES FREYRE, RAUL
W
RAIL JAIMES FREYRE
Artist; poet; teacher.
Raul Jaimes Fkkvrf.. the son of Julio
Lucas Jaimes and Carolina Freyre and the
brother of Ricardo Jaimes Freyre, was born
in La Paz in 1886.
Alter finishing bis course in the National
Academy of Fine Arts he was appointed
Professor of Drawing in the Young Ladies'
Seminary of La Paz, a position which he
held from 1914 until 1916, when the death
of bis wife so preyed upon his mind that he
decided to dedicate himself to the ecclesias-
tical life. With this end in view he entered
the Colegio Seminario in La Paz, and re-
mained thereuntil the end of 1917. In that
year he abandoned his sombre plans and ac-
cepted the appointment of Professor of
Literature in t la- Pichincha school of Potosi.
The paintings and literary works of Raul
AND MONOGRAPH S
II I
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Jaimes Freyre have attracted general atten-
tion. In 1916 he received first prize in the
| Exposition of Painting in La Paz and in the
I same year was awarded third prize at the
' Floralia held in that city. The follow-
ing year he again received third prize for
1 a work of mystical character which reflects
1 his aspirations toward a monastic life. As
is the case with many South American
writers,, the literary compositions of Senor
Jaimes Freyre are scattered in magazines
and hence are not accessible to the general
public; but he is now publishing a book of
verse in which his best poems are to be
included.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
J AIMES I R.EYRE, k [CAR
RICARDO FAIMES FREYRE
DO
Writer; teacher.
[53
KicARDo Jaimes Fre\ k! . son of the well
known Bolivian writer. Julio Lucas !
(Brocha Gorda), and the authoress Carolina
I-'reyre, was born in Potosi and educated in
Aires. After finishing his education
turned to Bolivia where,
at the age of twenty-one, lie was app
Prof essor of Philosophy in thejunin -
in Sucre. During the administration of
■ -it Baptista he acted as his private
secretary and later was charge d'affaires in
Argentina and Brazil.
He has spent the greater part of his life in
Argentina and his tame as a writer is con-
nected with that of Ruben Dariowith whom
he founded in Buenos Aires the magazine
Revista de America. This period of his i ar-
eer closed when he was called from Buenos
AND MONOGR A PHS
1 I I
i54 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
I Aires to Tucuman to become President of
its Board of Education and later to occupy
| the chair of Literature, specially created for
him by the Government, in the University
of Tucuman.
In 1899 he published Castalia bdrbara, a
! varied group of poems. A second edition j
of this collection was published in La Paz in j
1 918 and in the same year appeared another !
volume of verses, Los suehos son vida.
Among his other works are La hija dejefte
1 (verse); Trovadorse y troveros (history); His-
toria de la edad media y de los liempos moder- 1
I nos; Leyes de versification castellana, La Paz, J
1918; His tor ia del Norte Argentino; La Re- j
piiblica del Tucuman; Tucuman colonial;
Los anales de la Universidad de Tucuman.
etc.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
J A 1/ REG U I ROSQUELLAS
;;
ALFREDO jAUREGU]
ROSQUELLAS
Teacher: writer.
Alfredo JAuREGri Rosquellas. the
son of Jose Apolinar de Jauregui and Leticia
Rosquellas, was burn in Sucre in 1880. He
was educated in his native city, attending
the University of San Francisco Xavier,
from which he received the degree of Doc-
tor of Political Sciences in 1902.
In 1899 he was 'appointed Professor of
History, Geography and Literature in the'
Junin School of Sucre and was connected
with this school until 1916. During the
years 1910 and 1911 he was Director of the
Junin school and in 1915 and 1916 Director;
of the Bolivar school in Oruro. In 1908 he
was appointed Professor in the Normal
School. In 1909 he married Maria N'ieves
Molina and has three sons.
AND M 0 \ OG R A I'll S
III
r56
BOLIVI A N S OF T O - D A Y
III
In 1Q04 he held the post of City Attorney,
and in 1906 was elected a member of the
City Council of Sucre. From 1917 to 1918
he was a member of the Geographical So-
ciety of Sucre, and for some years has been
a member of the Geographical Society of La
Paz. having b< en eli 1 ted General Secretary
on two occasions. At the present time he is
editor of the publications of the Chamber
of Deputies.
Sehor [auregui has travelled extensively
in his country collecting data for archaeo- .
logical;geographical, and linguistic studies.!
lie has contributed many articles to maga-
zines and newspapers and has published the
following works: De punla y de filo ; Cuentos
tie ratios color es;Geografia general deBolivia;
Notas pedagogical; Sucre, a monograph in
two volumes on the ancient capital of Bo-
livia; Cintargo, a novel; No me olvides, a
poem; and En serio y en broma, Chronicles
of Buenos Aires.
II I SPA NIC NOTES
J O F R E
MANUEL 0TH6N JOFRE
Soldier.
Manuel Othon Jofre was born in
in the town of Tarija and there was educat-
ed, gaining the I'-achelor's degree in 1840
and being admitted to the liar in 1 :
Earlier than this, however, while !
still a boy of sixteen, he had resolved to be
a soldier and had offered himself for the
army. He now devoted himself to the mili-
tary career and rose step by step through
many vicissitudes until at last he reached
the rank of Brigadier General. He has act-
ually seen more than seventy-two
service.
Meantime he has taken an active part.
though always incidental to his military
ambitions, in politics and in journalism. In
1865 he was elected Deputy for Tarija. He
has contributed frequently to the press, and
AND GRAPHS II
i58
OLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
is the author of various pamphlets dealing
with public questions.
II I
HISPANIC NOTES
L \ \ AD E \ Z
5"
LUIS LAVADENZ
Business man; Deputy.
Luis Lavadenz, the son of Luis Lavad-
en/. and Julia Reyes, was born in the city of
Sucre on the third of February, 1S71, and
received his early education in Cochabamba
and Oruro whence he passed to La Paz to
study law and land surveying, in which he
won the degree of Licenciate.
After several years spent abroad Sr. La-
vadenz returned to his native country in
1898 and settled down in the city of Santa
Cruz where he has since devoted himself to
business interests and especially to the pe-
troleum industry.
For more than sixteen years he has carried
on an active propaganda to arouse the in-
terest of foreign capitalists in the resources
of Bolivia and has been successful in attract-
ing the attention of two or three American
A N 1) MONOGRAPH S
I I I
[6o
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
companies to the rich oil deposits of the
Eastern provinces. In addition he has him-
self organized the Mineral Oil Syndicate of
Eastern Bolivia which holds concessions to
more than half a million hectares of oil-
bearing lands, and of this syndicate Sr. La-
vadenz has for the last ten years been the
manager.
Sr. Lavadenz entered public life by serving
as Alderman of the Municipality of Santa
Cruz, to which he has been twice elected.
For the period of 1910-1918 he represented
the department of Chiquitos in the Cham-
ber of Deputies, and since 1918 has repre-
sented the province of Cordillera.
He has written a pamphlet on Petroleos
en Bolivia, which was published in Buenos
Aires.
Ill
HISPAN1 C N OTES
L I M P I A S S.
c6j
OCTAVIO LIMPIAS S.
Public man; journalist.
Octavio Limpias S., the son of Manuel
Limpias Pinto and Asunta Sanceda, was
born in Trinidad, Department of Beni, on
the twenty-third of March, 1887. He re-
ceived his education in Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, obtaining the degree of Bachelor of
Arts and Sciences in 1906 and that of Licen-
tiate in Law and Social Sciences in 191 2.
He was admitted to the Bar in 1914.
As early as 1909 he entered public service \
' as secretary to the Postmaster General, and, |
! receiving rapid promotion, held successively
j the posts of Head of the Domestic Postal
j Service, Head of the International Postal
! Service, Secretary General of Posts and
Telegraphs, and Postmaster-General pro
! tempore. He found time apart from his official
duties to compile in 1916 a General Postal
AN i) MON OGRAPHS
III
l62
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Guide, the first of its kind in Bolivia, and in
191 7 a General List of Parcel Post Rates to
foreign countries.
In 191 7 he left the Post Office for the
more hazardous career of political life. In
1918 he was elected Deputy for Beni and
the province of Cercada and Itenez, and
soon after taking his seat in the Chamber of
Deputies was elected First Secretary. He
was one of the founders of the daily paper
El Norte of La Paz in 1913, Director of the
same in 1918, and finally Director of El
Diario of La Paz.
He married Elvira Canedo and has four
children.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
LINARES
163
JOSE MARIA LINARES
Public man; diplomat.
Jose Mari'a Linares, descendant of one
of the old Colonial families of Bolivia and
nephew of Jose Maria Linares, Dictator of
Bolivia from 1857 to 1 861, was born in Sucre
on the tenth of November, 1861. He re-
ceived his early education in the schools of
Sucre, and, entering the University of San
Francisco Xavier, obtained the following
degrees: Bachelor of Arts and Sciences in
1897; Bachelor of Law and Political Science
in 1882, and Licenciate in Law in 1884. He
was admitted to the Bar in 1885.
In 1880, before his education was com-
pleted, he was appointed Professor of Ma-
thematics in the Free Institute of Sucre and
held this post for some years. Three years
after his admission to the Bar he was ap-
pointed District Attorney in Sucre and elect-
A N I) MONOGRAPHS
III
1 64
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
I ! J
ed a member of the Departmental Council.
As a member of the Constitutional Party he
took a lively interest in national politics
from then on until 1899, when the party
lost its power. From 1890 to 1894 he rep-
resented Cinti in the Chamber of Deputies;
in 1891 he was appointed Professor of Poli-
tical Economy in the Law Faculty of the
University of San Francisco Xavier, and
from 1898 to 1902 he was Deputy for Sucre.
During his term of office he served as Presi-
dent of the Chamber on two occasions. He
was elected President of the Departmental
Council in 1899 and from that year until
1919 was co-Judge of the Supreme Court
of Bolivia. In spite of being one of the
strongest adherents of the opposition he was
appointed in May, 1919, Minister to Peru,
one of the most important diplomatic posi-
tions at the time because of the vexed prob-
lem of the ultimate disposition of Tacna and
Arica.
In addition to his public duties, Sehor
Linares has devoted great attention to in-
dustrial enterprises and to the administra-
tion of his estates in Cinti and the environs
LINARES
<65
of Sucre. He has served also as the editor
of various periodicals, including La Indus-
trial, La Capital and El Recreo Literario of
Sucre. He is the author of several compo-
sitions both in prose and in verse and of
numerous bulletins in connection with his
services as Judge and City Councillor.
He married Carmen Pizarro in 1886 and
has six children.
AND M ON OG RAPHS
III
L 0 A I Z A
"•;
GUILLERMO C. LOAIZA
Magistrate; teacher; writer.
Guillermo C. Loaiza, the son of Pedro
Loaiza and Maxima Miranda, was born on
the twenty-fifth of June, 1870, in Sucre and
was educated in the schools and at the
University of his native city. He studied
law and in 1891 won his degree as Licenciate.
In his legal career he has acted as District
Attorney, Prosecutor before the Potosi High
Court, Associate Judge in the Superior and
Supreme Courts, and at the present time is
Director of the Institute of Law and Politi-
cal Science affiliated with the University of
, Sucre.
His teaching experience began with his
appointment as professor in the Normal
Schools; at a later date he became Director
of the Bolivar and Junin Schools, and ulti-
mately was appointed Rector of the Univer-
*
HISPANIC NOTES
1 n
i68
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
sity of Oruro.
Dr. Loaiza is a member of numerous
learned societies both at home and abroad
and has received many distinctions, which
include a silver medal awarded him in Sucre
in 1896, a gold medal, also conferred upon
him in Sucre, in 1909, and two gold medals
presented to him in Paris in 1913 and 1915.
Among his published works are: Biogra-
fia del Dr. Rafael Bnstillos, Sucre, 1904; Bo-
liviada (an epic poem) Sucre, 1909; Obras
literarias, Sucre, 1909.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
LOA VZ A
169
ARTURO D. LOAYZA
Lawyer; public man.
Arturo D. LoAVZA.sonof the well known
jurisconsult Melquiades Loayza. was born
in La Paz and received his education in the
Ayacucho School and Seminary. He
chose the career of the Law and was grant-
ed his diploma in La Paz in the year 1859.
He began at once to make his mark in his
profession and his success in many intricate
cases brought him a reputation as an accom-
• plished lawyer.
Concerning the important lawsuits place
in his charge, Dr. Loayza has published
several acutely analysed monographs, and
in the year 1906, in conjunction with Dr.
1 Roberto Zapata, he issued the Revista For-
' ense, an influential monthly publication
' dealing with legal matters.
In 191 1 he was entrusted by President
A N D MONOGR A PHS
III
■7°
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Villazon with the portfolio of Minister of
Justice and Industry, in which office he was
instrumental in bringing about many useful
reforms.
At the present time Dr. Loayza is manag-
ing director of the firm of Simon I. Patiho,
one of the most important in Bolivia.
Ill
H 1 S P A N I C NOTE S
MAGHICADO
171
JOSE SANTOS MACHICADO
Teacher: zcriter; public man.
Jose Santos Machicado was born in So-
rata in 1844 but removed at an early age to
La Paz where he was educated and lias
passed his life. He was first trained for the
Church and studied at the Seminary, where
he won the degree of Licenciate in Theology
in 1857. Feeling a strong vocation for the
Law, he then pursued the law course at the
University and was granted the degree of
Doctor of Laws in 1861. The attraction
that the legal profession had for him was
shortlived, however, and he next applied
himself to Philosophy and Literature, which
he has continued to teach since the year
1866. Since 1893 he has served as Head of
the National School of La Paz.
Dr. Machicado has shared also in the po-
litical life of his times. In 1880 he was a
■
AND MONOGRAPHS III
172
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
member of the Convention; from 1894 to
1897 ne was Deputy for La Paz in the Na-
tional Congress, and in 1898 was again a
member of the House and was chosen its
President. Senor Machicado has taken a
creditable part likewise in the literary life
of La Paz; first as contributor and editor in
the Catholic periodicals such as La Estrella,
El Independiente , La Union and La Defensa
and, secondly, as author of both prose and
verse. His Oda e himno al trabajo y a la in-
dustria was published in 1884; Cuentos de mi
tier r a was published in Germany, as also
was his Nuevos Cuentos; following which he
issued his Apuntes biogrdficos de Pio Nono.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
MARIAC A
173
.MANUEL B. MARIACA
Physician; teacher.
Manuel B. Mariaca was born in La Paz
in 1S47 and there received his education,
obtaining the degree of Bachelor of Arts
and Si iences in 1865 and that of Doctor of
Medicine and Surgery from the Medical
School of San Andres in 187 1.
In the year of his graduation he was ap-
pointed Professor of Medicine in the Univer-
sity and two years later Physician in the
hospitals of La Paz. He continued in this
post until the War of the Pacific called him
from his civic duties, and he was made Army
a. Since the war, although his chief
' has been in his profession, he has
retained an active relation to public affairs.
In 1884 he was elected Substitute Deputy
and held that post for two years; in 1886 he
was elected a member of the City Council
1 l I
■74
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
and soon afterwards was chosen President
of the body. His educational activities
broadened in 1890, when he was made Rec-
tor of the University of San Andres, a post
which he held until 1909. In 1898 he was
chosen President of the Medical Court, and
in 1910 appointed Minister of Public In-
struction.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
/
^SflzyitL- ,' U li tin
MENDOZ A
J75
JAIME MENDOZA
Physician: man of letters.
Jaime Mendoza, the son of Jose Maria
Mendoza and Gavina Gonzales, was born in
Sucre on the twenty-fifth of July, 1873.
After finishing his secondary education he
entered the University of San Francisco
Xavier in Chuquisaca (Sucre), where, in
spite of a decided bent for painting, music
and poetry, he pursued courses in medicine
and graduated with the degree of Doctor in
Medicine and Surgery in 1901.
He devoted himself for a time to the
practice of medicine in the mining regions
of Bolivia, and in 1903 took active part in
the Acre campaign as army surgeon. After
two years of hard service he returned to his
difficult practice as physician for the great
mining companies of Llallagua and Uncfa.
In 1915 he was appointed to the medical
A N 1 ) MONOGR \ I' 1 1 S
I II
i76
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
III
staff of the Santa Barbara Hospital in Sucre,
and in the following year was made profes-
sor in the Medical Faculty and Professor of
Legal Medicine in the Law Faculty of the
University. The latter position he still
holds.
Sehor Mendoza is well known throughout
Bolivia as a philanthropist. He was the ;
founder of the first hospitals in the mines of '
Llallagua and Uncia as well as the first
schools and the first charitable and athletic
societies known there. To him is due the
establishment of a children's ward in the |
hospital in Sucre, and the proceeds of one j
of his books were entirely devoted to the ;
women's Insane Asylum.
In some ways his literary work reflects
the antithesis of the mountain and tropical
regions of Bolivia with their marked differ- j
ences in climate and customs. The domin- i
ating note of his productions, however, is
that of sympathy toward the weak and un-
protected. A defender of women and chil-
dren, he also depicts the sad condition of the
two principal types of Bolivian workman, \
the miner and the rubber-gatherer. Among j
HISPANIC NOTES
M E N D 0 Z A
i/7
his published works are En las tierras del
Potosi, Barcelona, 1911; Los malos pensa-
mientos, Sucre, 1916; Pdginas bdrbaras, 2
vols., La Paz. 191 7, and Memorias de un
estudiante, Sucre, 1918. He has contributed
articles on medicine, sociology, philanth-
ropy and literature to many magazines, in-
cluding the Revista del Institute) Medico, the
Revisia de la Escnela Normal and the Mun-
dial of Paris.
He is a member of the Medical Institute
of Sucre.
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
MOLINA CAMPERO
179
ARTURO MOLINA CAMPERO
Journalist; public man.
Arturo Molina Campero was born in
La Paz in 1S69, but received his education
in Tarija and in the University of Buenos
Aires, where for a while he studied for the
medical profession, which, however, he has
never practised.
On his return to his native country he es-
tablished in La Paz and Tarija, with the co-
operation of Tomas O'Connor d'Arlach, the
political journal El Cardcier, which he him-
self successfully conducted in Tarija.
In 1904 he was elected to the Municipal
Council of the city and subsequently served
as its chairman. For many years he was
President of the Liberal organization in
Tarija and was elected Deputy for the
period 1902-1906. In 1907 he was ap-
pointed Prefect and Comandant of the
HI SPANK NOTES
III
1 So
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Department of Tarija; for the period 1908-
1914 he represented the same Department
in the Senate and was again elected for the
further period of 19 14-1920; in the year
1 91 6, in the administration of President
Ismael Montcs, Senor Campero accepted the
portfolio of the Interior, and during his
tenour of office dealt with many delicate
and difficult problems. In 1918 he was
National Delegate to the Gran Chaco Col-
III
HISPANIC NOTES
Ismael Mont
M 0 N T E S
[SMAEL MONTES
Soldier; statesman; ex-
President of Bolivia.
Ismaki. Montes, the son of Clodomiro
Mantes and Tomasa Gamboa, was born on
the fifth of October, 1861, in the city of La
Paz. There he grew up and was educated
first in the schools and later at the Univer-
sity of San Andres, where at the age of sev-
enteen he won the degree of Bachelor of
Letters, and after an interruption caused by
the War of the Pacific was awarded the de-
gree of Bachelor of Laws.
1 [e was eighteen when the war broke out,
and he promptly enlisted in the Murillo
regiment, where he won rapid promotion to
the rank of First Lieutenant and so fought
in the battle of Alto de la Uianza (.May
twenty-sixth. 1880). Here his father, Gen-
eral Godomin mslywound-
1X1
AND MON
! I I
182
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ed, and on going to his aid Ismael was cap-
tured with him, and both were carried pris-
oners to Chile.
At the close of the war, when the pris-
oners were returned, Montes was appointed,
with the rank of Captain, to carry out im-
portant changes in the army regulations.
This duty accomplished, he retired from the
army, completed his law studies, was ad-
mitted to the Bar in 1886, and became Judge
of the district court of La Paz. His profes-
sional activities led naturally into the arena
of politics, and in 1890 he was candidate for
Deputy for La Paz at a time when party
feeling ran so high that he and other mem-
bers of the opposition were exiled to Peru.
He returned, irreconcilable, and attacked
the Government so vigorously through the
columns of La Nacion that he was seized by
the police, taken prisoner to Oruro and
thence to Corendo where he escaped and
after many adventures made his way back
to La Paz. In due course amnesty was
proclaimed, and in 1894 he was again a can-
didate in an election marked by disorder
and bloodshed, in which nevertheless he was
III
HISPANIC NOTES
M (IXTES
183
elected as substitute-Deputy for the Prov-
ince of Pacajes. In 1896 he was a member
of the Municipal Council of La Paz and in
1897 Professor in the Law School. But in
1898, as a result of another fierce electoral
struggle, Montes and several of his friends
were again made prisoners and exiled.
These events contributed to bring about
the revolution of 1898, in which .Montes
took a leading part. In this conflict, which
wore some of the aspects of a civil war, he
was appointed to the General Staff and had
a considerable share in directing the victori-
ous campaign, being present at the battles
of Pucarani,Crucero de Aycayo, and Cru-
cero de Paria. He had an important role
also in the National Convention of 1899,
where he appeared as Deputy for La Paz.
On the restoration of the Constitution
and the election of General Pando as Presi-
dent in 1901, Montes was appointed Secre-
tary of War, whereupon he reorganized the
army: he established a new military school,
reconstituted the General Staff, reconstruct-
ed the army barracks, increased the pay of
officers and men, and placed the army upon
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
184
OLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
such a footing of strength and efficiency that
it became the pride of Bolivia.
In 1902 he was made Commander-in-chief
of the army and directed the campaign of
Acre, one of the obscure struggles between
South American nations, which acquired
special interest due to the suspicion of con-
tributing activity on the part of Central
European powers. There he won victories
j in the engagements of Riosinho and Baje
and on his return was lionized by the public.
i Two years later he was candidate for the
Presidency, obtained a plurality of votes,
and was declared President by Act of Con-
J gress. Owing to the death of his successor
before he could assume office, President
Montes's term was extended to five years,
and at its close he was honoured by promo-
tion to the rank of General of Division and,
by appointment to represent his country as
Minister to France and England, where
he was able to do his country important
service in diplomatic and financial matters.
The loans arranged by him in Paris made
possible the establishment of the National
Bank and the construction of the railway
I I I
HISPANIC NOTES
MOXTES
*5
from Tupiza to La Quiaca, which is aiding
considerably the development of the coun-
try. On his return to Bolivia in 1913 he
ain elected President, serving until
191 7, when he was once more signally hon-
oured by being made Delegate to the Peace
Conference at Versailles.
A N D M o NO GRAPHS
1 1 I
tCfcX*^ v%&<^
840 R A I. i: S V I L L AZ(') N
187
NkSTOR MORALES VILLAZON"
Physician.
Xi stor Morales Villazon was born in
Cochabamba, the son of Constantino Mor-
ales and Aurelia Villazon.
He received his early education in Cocha-
bamba, entered the Medical School of the
University in that city, and later went to
La Paz to finish his medical studies. He
married Celina Guzman Obarrio of Cocha-
bamba and has four children.
During the early days of the Revolution
of 1898 he was one of the surgeons in the
sanitation service of the Federal Army, and]
in January, 1899, was transferred to the
surgical section of the Landaeta Hospital.
From this institution he went in 1900 to the
Public Hospital, where he remained for a
year, being then appointed Surgeon to the
Artillery Regiment. He held this post for a 1
II I S I" A N I (' NOTES
I I
i88
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
I few months only, and then became Surgeon
of the Army Training School. In April of
! the same year he was made a member of the
Medical Faculty of the University of La Paz,
rising within a short time from the rank of
Assistant Professor of Dissection to that of j
Professor of Anatomy. In December, 1902,
! he was made a member of the Medical Court
and two years later Medical Director of the
; Pest House in La Paz. In 1908 he was Pro-
I fessor of School Hygiene and in the following
year head of the Section of Bacteriology of
the Board of Health. In the same year he
was elected Dean of the Medical Faculty
and Director of the National Institutue of
Bacteriology. In 191 1 he founded the
Dental School of La Paz. In 1912 he was
re-elected Dean of the Medical Faculty ,and
in 1915 made Physician of the Children's
Section of the Landaeta Hospital.
Dr. Morales Villazon has been signally
honoured, both in his own country and
abroad. In 1904 he was commissioned to
go to Europe to continue his study of bac-
teriology, and later was a delegate to the
Fifteenth Medical Congress held in Wash-
III
HISPANIC NOTES
MuKAI. ES V 1 LL AZ(') N
189
ington. He is advisor to the Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Corres-
pondent of the Medicine Eseolaire of Paris,
the Polyclinic and the Revista deHigieney
Tuberculosis of Valencia. Corresponding
Member of the Spanish Society of Medicine
and Surgery and of the Medical Institute of
Sucre, a member of the Geographical So-
ciety of La Paz, and Life Member of the
Adacemy of Botanical Geography of Le
Mans (France). Be was granted a gold
medal in the exposition connected with the
Fifth Latin-American Congress, held in
Lima in 19 14. and a Diploma of Honour by
the Municipal Council of La Paz in 191,5.
In 1917 he was made Chairman of the Boli-
vian Committee to the Second American
Congress of Specialists on Children's Dis-
eases, Honorary President of the same in
1919, and in 1910 Chairman of the Bolivian
Committee to the First Spanish Interna-
tional Tuberculosis Congress.
Among his numerous medical works are:
La tuberculosis experimental de las grandes
alturas. Washington. 1913: La fiebre tyfh-
oido en Bolivia. Washington. 191 7; Pasteur
AND M O N O G R A P H S
I I I
K)0
III
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
y su obra, La Paz, 1919. He is the director
and editor-in-chief of the Revista de Bacteri-
ologia e Higtene, of which five volumes have
thus far appeared.
HISPANIC NOTES
M U J I A
191
RICARDO MUJIA
Diplomat; Man of Letters.
Ricardo Mujia, who belongs to one of
the most distinguished families of Bolivia,
was born in Sucre on the twenty-fourth of
October, 1861. He is the son of Ricardo
Mujia, who was Rector of the University of
Chuquisaca (Sucre) and Attorney General
of Bolivia, and of Rita Linares, niece of Jose
Maria Linares, President of Bolivia from
1857 to 1861, and is related to the celebrated
blind poetess Maria Josefa Mujia.
To this gifted relative, whom he assisted
for a time as private secretary, Sehor Mujia
owes in large measure that love of letters
which he has carried through life. His
scholastic career was brilliant. He won his
degree of Doctor of Civil Laws in the Uni-
versity at Sucre in 1886 on presenting a
thesis upon the inheritance of property and
:
AND MONOG K A PHS
in
192
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
passing an examination before the Rector j
of the Supreme Court of the district. Mean- 1
I time he had already begun to teach as in-
structor in literature in the National School
1 and after receiving his degree he won, in
j competitive examination, the post of Pro-
; fessor of Literature and History.
In 1899, after the victory at the polls of;
1 the Liberal Party, he was appointed Secre- 1
tary to the President, General Pando, and j
was advanced to the post of sub-Secretary j
of Education, where he was instrumental in j
bringing about reforms in the organization
and methods of instruction in the public
schools.
Then began his diplomatic career. He was !
appointed First Secretary of Legation in '
I Brazil; promoted to be Charge d'affaires in
Peru, where he remained seven years, and 1
I was then made Minister to Paraguay and j
i Uruguay. When President Gutierrez j
; Guerra came into office, he was appointed
Minister of the Interior and subsequently j
; Minister of Foreign Affairs. In this capa- 1
city he went on a special embassy to Uru-
j guay, and on his return was made Minister
III
HISPANIC NO T E S
m r j i a
tn Argentina, a post he still holds.
Throughout his life he has been constant
in his devotion to letters. He has written
much for the press and served also as editor
of several periodicals and magazines. He
is the author of a number of comedies which
have been presented in the theatres of La
Paz. He has won distinction also as a poet
His Himno a Ckuquisaca was awarded the
first pri/.e at the < entenary oi May twenty-
fifth, 1909; in the Floralia oi La Paz
as well as in those of Surre his peoms have
on several occasions won the first prizes, and
a collection of the more notable of them is
now being prepared for the press. Among
his works already published, in addition to
text-books on History and .Mathematics,
are: liusayos lilerarws, Buenos Aires, 1881;
Penumbras (poems). La Paz, 1898; La cues-
lion de limiles con el Paraguay, 7 vols.
193
A N I) MONOG R APHS
III
Anda's S. Munoz
M IN'OZ
i95
ANDRES S. MUXOZ
Physician; public man.
Andres S. Munoz, the son of Dr. Mari-
ano Donato Muiioz and Rosaura Quevedo,
was born in Cochabamba on the twenty-
ninth of November, 1859. He received his
elementary instruction in the schools of Co-
chabamba, Sucre, Oruro, and La Paz, and
finished his secondary studies in Tacna, re-
maining there from 187 1 to 1876. The fol-
lowing year he went to Lima and entered
the Medical School of the University of San
Marcos. The war of the Pacific rudely in-
terrupted his studies, and, like the majority
of his fellow-students, he left his books to
lend his medical knowledge to the service of
Peru. He first enlisted in the Red Cross
Ambulance Corps and later was transferred
to the Sanitation Corps of the reserves. His
participation in the great conflict was even-
HISPANIC NOTES
III
i96 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
tually recognized by the Bolivian Govern-
ment, which conferred upon him the title
' Meritorio de la Guerra del Pacifico.' At
i the close of the war he returned to
his studies, and in November of 1885
graduated from the University with the de-
gree of Physician and Surgeon.
For some years he devoted himself to de-
veloping his practice, and in 1888 was sent
as delegate to the American Sanitary Con-
gress in Lima, being elected Secretary of the
j body. During his residence in the Peru-
I vian capital he acted as Second Secretary
to the Bolivian Legation. Upon his return
to Bolivia in 1890 he was appointed Member,
1 and President pro tempore, of the Medical
J Court of La Paz. In the same year he obtain-
ed in open competition the post of Professor
of Materia Medica and Physiology in the Uni-
versity of San Andres. He was later elected
Dean of the Medical Faculty and member of
the University Council.
From 1893 to 1895 he was Surgeon in the
Bolivian Army and took part in the Revol-
ution of 1898 as Surgeon and Director
General of Military Sanitation, holding the
III
HISPANIC NOTES
M U N 0 Z
i97
rank of Colonel. From 1901 to 1903 he
served as Minister of Instruction and Public
Works, and was appointed the following year
Minister to Brazil. Returning to his coun-
try in 1905, he was appointed Governor of
the Department of Oruro, in 1906 elected
Senator of the Department of Beni. and in
1907 chosen Secretary of the Senate. In the
same year he was sent as delegate to the
Third Latin-American Medical Congress in
Montevideo. During the years 1909 and
1910 he was a member of the City Council
of La Paz as well as Minister of War and
interim Minister of Colonization and Agri-
culture. Since 1914 he has been Senator
from the Department of La Paz. During
the same period he has held the post of Min-
ister of War and Colonization (191 7) and
President of the Legislative Commission in
1914 and 1918-19.
A N D M O X O G R A P It S
II I
MUNOZ CORNEJO
199
HUMBERTO MUNOZ CORNEJO
Journalist.
Humberto Munoz Cornejo was born on
the tenth of January. 1887, in La Paz, and
there received his education in the San Cal-
ixto School. At the early age of seventeen
he began his journalistic career by launch-
ing, with the aid of personal friends, the
periodical Malices. In 1909 he was chosen
chief of the editorial staff of El T tempo, and
in 1914 became editor of the same news-
paper, which responsible position he still
holds.
Besides his first youthful venture. Sr.
Munoz Cornejo has issued two magazines,
Actualidades in 1913, and Bolivia in 1914,
both of which had a short life. Concurrently
with his literary and journalistic labours
he has interested himself in engineer-
ing studies, and in 1908 was awarded in
HISPANIC NOTES
III
200
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
•
open competition a travelling-scholarship
to the United States, of which, however, he
did not avail himself.
He is a ready lecturer, a member of the
Geographical Society of La Paz, and of the
Society La Porvenir, by which he was re-
cently presented with a gold medal as a
mark of appreciation for the series of lec-
tures delivered before its members.
He is the author of Asi hablaba Zarrapas-
troso, La Paz, 1909, and of Pdginas de corn-
bate, La Paz, 1 9 10.
It is to the opinions expressed in the first
named volume that must be ascribed its
author's excommunication from the Roman
Catholic Church by the Vicar Babia in 1910.
He married Maria Luisa Ribero.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
0 B L IT A S
ARTURO OBLITAS
Teacher: author; official.
Arturo Oblitas, the son of Jorge Oblitas
and Matilde Fernandez Antegana, was
born on the thirtieth of August, 1873,!
in Cochabamba, and was educated in his
native city, where the following degrees
were conferred upon him by the University
of Cochabamba: Bachelor of Science and
Letters (1893), Licentiate in Laws (1895),
and Advocate (1895), In 1896 he married
Maria Josefa Velarde.
As was not unusual in his time, Senor
Oblitas combined with his later studies the
duties of teacher and served in 1900 as Pro-
fessor of Universal History in the Seminary
and as secretary of the University Council.
From 1901 to 1904 he was Inspector General :
of Primary Education; in 1904 Professor of
Philosophy and Religion in the National
A N I) MONDGR A I'll S
III
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
School of San Luis and from 1904 to 1907
head of the same school-. In 191 1 he was
made Professor of Spanish in the Sucre Na- !
tional School and during 1912 and 1913 was
Professor of Literature in the Cochabamba.
Institute.
He has held few public offices; in 1896-7 j
he was a member of the Departmental j
Council of Cochabamba and in 1913 he was
appointed Consul General of Bolivia in
England, a post which he still occupies.
Senor Oblitas has written much, both in
the daily press and in more permanent form.
He has edited at different times the follow-
ing Cochabamba newspapers: El Or den, El
Ciudadano, La Bandar a National, La Ver-
dad, La Revista Catolica, El Heraldo and
La Redista Azul. He is the author of a
novel, Marina, Cochabamba, 1907; of Anto-
logia boliviano,, Cochabamba, and of Hojas
de Otofw.
Ill HIS PAN IC NOTES
Manuel Ordonez Lopez
ORDONEZ LOPEZ
MANUEL ORDONEZ LOPEZ
Jurisconsult.
Manuel Ordonez Lopez was born in La
Paz and received his education in the Uni-
versity of that city, where he brilliantly
passed his examinations for the degrees of
Bachelor of Letters, Bachelor of Laws, and
at a later date. Doctor of Laws and Political
Science.
He began his career in the Civil Service in
1896 by filling, one after the other, minor
posts in the Ministry of the Interior and
Justice and also in the Immigration Office,
whence he was. in the year 1900. promoted
to be Judge-instructor for the province of
Sicasica and in 1902. District Attorney.
From 1904 to 1907 he was active as de-
partmental chief in the Ministry of Public
Instruction; in 1907 and 1908 as Attorney
for the city of La Paz, and from 1909 to
203
AND M ONOG K A P II S
II I
204
III
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
191 1 as a judge of that city. Appointed
Chief Clerk to the Senate from 191 1 to 1918
he was in the latter year elected member of
the La Paz High Court. For two terms he
has officiated as Chairman of the Law Union
as well as of the Commercial Union.
Dr. Ordonez Lopez is a member of the La
Paz Geographical Society and has devoted
his leisure to authorship. He has published
two books: Historia de Bolivia and Com-
pilation de leyes v de La constitution poli-
tica de Bolivia.
HISPANIC NOTES
0 R I A S
205
ZEN6N c. orias
Public man.
Zen6n C. Ori'as was born in Padilla on
the eighth of April, 1871. He was educated
at the University where he received the
degrees of Bachelor of Laws and Licenciate
in Law. In 1895 he was admitted to the
Bar. and in the same year married Raquel
Carvajal.
Since he entered political life he has been
tireless in his efforts to better conditions in
his native city as well as in the whole of Bo-
livia. In 1904 he was elected Deputy for
the province of Tomina, Department of Chu-
quisaca (Sucre), and was re-elected in 1908.
In August of 1912 he served as President
of the Chamber. He was appointed Gover-
nor of Tarija in 1913 and fulfilled the duties
of his office with such impartiality as to win
the approval of the rival party as well as his
A ND MONOGRAPHS
I I I
206
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
own. He held this post until 1916 when he
resigned to become a candidate for Senator
for the Department ot Chuquisaca. Two
! months after his resignation he was present-
' ed with a gold medal bearing the inscrip-
; tion, which translated reads: 'The people of
Tarija to Don Zenon C. Orias 1916. Hom-
age of gratitude to the most conspicuous
and industrious of its governors.'
Successful in his candidature, he entered
the Senate in August, 1916. During his
term of office he has been influential in bring-
ing about many needed improvements in
Padilla, among them the installation of a
water system and the construction of gov-
ernmental and telegraph offices. He has
also been instrumental in initiating the con-
struction of a carriage road from Sucre to
the Chuquisaca line.
II I
HISPANIC NOTES
OTERO
207
GUSTAVO ADOLFO OTERO
Journalist.
Gustavo Adolfo Otero, the son of Ave-
lino Otero and Rosa Vertiz Ascarrunz, was
born in La Paz in 1896, and there received
his education in the Ayacucho National
School and at the University of San Andres,
from which he won the degree of Bachelor
of Sciences in 1914.
He early showed a taste for journalism,
and after his graduation began to write for
the daily papers, El Comercio de Bolivia and
El Dtario. Two years later he became one
of the founders of El Figaro. At the pres-
ent time he is a frequent contributor to El
Diario and El Tiempo. always under the
pseudonym ' Reporter Perez.' He is also
connected with the new illustrated maga-
zine A tldnlida in the capacity of secretary,
a post for which he is well fitted through his
A N 1) MONOGRAPHS
III
208
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
experience as editor of La Semana in 191 5
and of Lectura in 1916.
Senor Otero has been active in other ways,
having been a member of the corps of Secre-
taries of President Guerra in 1917; and in
the following year Chief Clerk of the De-
partment of Statistics and Geographical
Studies. At the present time he is secre-
tary of that branch of official publications.
His literary productions, though not nu-
merous, give evidence of talent. In 1918
he published in El Diario a novel of manners
entitled Vida y milagros de Franz Pereira,
and in 1920, in collaboration with Belisario
Diaz Romero, he published the volume Bio-
grafias de hombres celebres de Bolivia.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
P A L M A Y V.
209
JOS] PALMA Y V.
Rector of the University
of San Andres.
Jose Palm a y V. was born in La Pa/, on
the eleventh of December, 1870.
He received his education in the schools
of La Paz, obtaining the degrees of Bachelor
of Letters and Bachelor and Licenciate of
Laws.
Since his admission to the Bar he has de-
voted almost his entire attention to educa-
tion, having held the posts of Professor of
Primary Instruction and Professor of Se-
condary Instruction in History. Spanish
Literature, and Literary History. He has
given courses in civil and canon law, the
philosophy of law. penal and Roman law. as
well as constitutional and administrative
law. At the present time, after twenty-
eight years of service in the educational in-
AN D MONOG RAPHS
II I
2IO
B 0 L I V I A N S OF TO-DAY
stitutions of Bolivia, he is Rector of the Uni-
versity of San Andres and President of the
University Council. He is the author of
several text-books on metrics, grammar,
law, and literature, a monograph on the
Re-volution of July sixteenth, 1806, pub-
lished in La Paz in 191 1, and a volume
entitled Historia de la guerra pot la inde-
pendencia del Alto Pern.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
-
Manuel Riuoberto Paredes
l'AKEDE S
MANUEL RIGOBERTO
PAREDES
Lawyer; Member oj the
Superior Court of Oruro.
Manuel Rigoberto Paredes, the son of
Manuel Silvestre Paredes and Uhaldine It-
urre , was born in Carabuco (Department of
La Paz) on April the seventeenth, 187 1. He
received his education in the University of
San Andres of La Paz, in which he pursued
courses in Law and Political Science, and
was admitted to the Bar in 1893.
In 1894 he was appointed Assistant Dis-
trict Attorney in Mufiecas, in 1897 District
Judge of the same judicial division, and in
1900 Assistant Governor of Inquisivi. In
1904 he was elected Deputy for Inquisivi
and after the expiration of his term of office
was appointed Fiscal Attorney. In ignhe
was appointed a member of the Superior
AN 1) M ONOGRA P II S
III
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
1 Court of Oruro and holds this position to the
present day. He is one of the charter mem-
bers of the Geographical Society of La Paz.
Among his published works are La Pro-
vincia de Inquisivi, 1906 (a geographical,
statistical, and sociological study); El arte
en la Altiplanicie , 191 3 (folk-lore); La provin-
cia de Onianujo, 1914; Las matanzas del 28
\de Diciembre de 1914, La Paz; 1918; and
\ Super sticiones, mitos y supervivencias de
Bolivia, 1910.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
PAT I N 0
SIMON I. PATINO
Miner: capitalist.
Sim6n I. pv i:.o. one of the best known
, business men of South America, was born
in Cochabamba, where he got his education
and began his career as a clerk. His mark-
ed talent for business soon secured him a
more important post in the Huanchaca .Min-
ing Company. Ilis next position involved
a considerable amount of travel up and down
the Pacific Coast, in the course of which he
not only succeeded in adding to his capital
but gained a wider vision for the develop-
ment of large business.
On his return to Bolivia he settled in
Oruro, bought La Salvadora mine, reorgan-
ized it, introduced modern machinery, and
made it one of the most important tin mines
of Bolivia. He has since acquired the Ilua-
nini and Japo tin mines and the Kami wol-
AN D M ON (J GRAPHS
III
214
B 0 L I V 1 A N S 0 F T 0 - D A Y
fram and tin mine, whose products consti-
tute an important part of Bolivia's foreign
trade and have won for their owner the name
of the ' Tin King.'
Sehor Patifio's activities are not confined
to the field of mining; he is also the sole
owner of the Mercantile Bank of Bolivia,
which has a capital of four million dollars.
In addition to his banking and mining acti-
vities he is connected with the company ad-
ministering the monopoly of alcohol and
spirits, the importance of which is indicated
by the fact that over 400,000 pesos have to be
paid annually to the Government for the
privilege. He has a large interest in the
Colonizing Company of Isoboro, which owns
extensive estates in the Department of Co-
chabamba, and in the Machacamarca-Uncia
Railway which will connect the mining
regions of Huanani, Uncia, Llallagua and
Amayapampa. He has, moreover, secured
a concession for constructing a railroad
from Cochabamba to the Mamore River,
which, when finished, will give the products
of Bolivia an outlet to the Atlantic.
Ill
11 1 S PAN I C NOTES
t
#**
■«-s
\
#*-
PAZ
2!5
LUIS PAZ
Lawyer; teacher; publicist.
Luis Paz. the son of Paulino Paz and
Genoveva Arce, was born on the fifteenth
August, 1S54, in the town of Tarija. He
studied law at the University of San Fran-
cisco de Xavier in the city of Sucre and won
the title of Advocate in 1874. He married
Mercedes Vasquez and has seven children.
During a long and active career he has
exercised an influence in several depart-
ments of the national life. He first applied
himself to the teaching profession and was
appointed to the chair of History and Liter-
ature in the National School of Tarija,
whence he was advanced to a professorship
in the Faculty of Law of the University and
in t886 became its Rector.
He entered upon political activities in his
youth. After taking an active share in the
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
2l6
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
municipal affairs of Tarija and serving for a
time as Governor of the Department, he
l was elected to represent the city in the
Chamber of Deputies in 1881. From 1892
to 1898 he was a member of the Senate; he
served as Minister of Government and Col-
onization from 1892 to 1896; he was Min-
ister of War from 1895 to 1896, and for a
short time had charge also of the Ministries
of Finance and of Public Instruction.
Meantime he continued to practise his
profession, which led from the bar to the
bench, where he has occupied some of the
highest posts of the Judicature. In 1883 he
was District-Attorney and member of the
High Court of Tarija, and from 1905 till
1919 he was Associate-Judge of the High
Court, of which he is still a member.
Between the years 1897 and 1899 he serv-
ed as Bolivian Minister to the United States,
to France, and also to the Vatican. He is
a member of many of the Law Associations
of Latin America and is a correspondent of
the Bureau of South American Republics in
Washington. In 1894 he was awarded the
distinction of Officer of Public Instruction
III
HISPANIC NOTES
P A Z
by the French Government.
Among his numerous published works are
El Gran Tribuno, Buenos Aires, 1908; Con-
stitucion politico, de la re publico de i
Sucre, 1912; La Corte suprema de justicia de
Bolivia: su historia y su jurisprudencia,
Sucre, 1910; La Universidad mayor real y\
pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de la
capital de los Charcas, Sucre, 1914. Ca-
pitulo de la historia nacional, Sucre, 1909;
De Tarija a la Asuncion, iS8g\ Biograjias,
Historia del Alto Peru, hoy Bolivia, 2 vols
Su< K\ 1919.
-17
AND MONOG K A PHS
1 I I
o
PENA R A N 1 ) A
219
CLAUDIO PEftARANDA
Journalist; poet.
Claudio Penaranda was born in Sucre
in 1883, and there received his education,
first in the Colegio Seminario and later in
the Law School of the University of San
Francisco Xavier.
His literary career began in 1904 with
contributions to La Prensa, the official
Liberal organ of Chuquisaca, founded by
Dr. Samuel Oropeza. Later he associated
himself with the well-known writer, Meliton
Urioste, in the editing of the periodical El
Sud. After this paper had run its course,
he devoted his attention to the editing of
the illustrated nagazine Vida Nueva. In
1907 he published in Sucre a volume of
poetry entitled Liricas, which won favour-
able comment from such well-known writers
as Ricardo Palma and Ricardo Jaimes
II I S 1'A N 1 (' N OT E S
11 1
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Freyre. For five years he was one of the
editors of the Sucre daily paper La Manana
and in 191 5 revived La Prensa and trans-
formed it into a daily paper. In 191 7 his
poetical composition entitled La oracionpor
la paz received first prize in the National
Floral ia. He has recently taken charge of j
the newspaper El Diario of La Paz.
For the last ten years he has been Pro- j
fessor of History and Literature in the Na-
tional School and in the Normal School, and
for some time was secretary of the Univer- 1
sity of Chuquisaca (Sucre). At the present
time he is Deputy for the provinces of Tom- !
ina, Zudanez, and Azurduy, a post to which
he was elected in 1916.
I 1 I
HISPANIC NOTES
PEREZ D E C A R V A J A L
EMMA PEREZ DE CARVAJAL
Poetess.
Emma Perez de Carvajal, the daughter
of Francisco Perez del Castillo and Carmen
Echazu, was born in La Paz on the twenty-
third of October, 1890.
She received her education in La Paz,
and since her school days her literary pro-
ductions, though not numerous, have made
her name well known in Bolivia and in Ar-
gentina as well. In 1910 she was married
to Walter Carvajal Rivaro, a Bolivian writer
of note. On October twelfth, 1912, she was
awarded a diploma of honour in the literary
competition held in Buenos Aires by the
Newspaper Club of that city. At the Flor-
alia celebrated in the Argentinian capital
in the following year, in which four hundred
writers took part as competitors, she receiv-
ed the award of the first prize. In 1914 she
AND MONOGRAPHS I 1 1
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
had the honour of being one of the Commit-
tee of Judges at the Floralia. At present
she is the editor of the women's section of
Atldntida, a new illustrated magazine of
great promise published in La Paz.
Among her published works are included:
Orjebrerias, La Paz, 1918, and Pequenos
poemas en prosa, La Paz, 1919.
I I I HISPANIC NOTES
S-/7t / t <<'
PIN! I. LA, C I. A U 1) I O
CLAUDIO PINILLA
Diplomat: writer.
Claudio Pinilla, the son of Juan Pinilla
was born in La Paz on the fourth of October,
i«59-
He attended the Ayacucho school in La
Paz and at the age of fifteen obtained the
degree of Bachelor of Arts. Through the
advice and encouragement of Bishop Juan
de Dios Bosque, he pursued the courses in
the Faculty of Theology and was granted
the degree of Doctor in 1878. Too young
to take ecclesiastical orders, he turned to
the study of the law.
These studies were interrupted by the
breaking out of the War of the Pacific,
whereupon he enlisted in the Murillo Regi-
ment, was ordered to Tacna, and partici-
pated in the battle of San Francisco.
In 1883 he was a member of the Bolivian
—3
AND MONOGRAPHS m
224 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
: embassy sent to the First Bolivar Centenary
in Venezeula, and before returning to Boli- 1
via made a short visit to Mexico and the
United States. On his return he was for a
time one of the editorial staff of El Diario, \
and in 1884 was admitted to the Bar. In
1886 he was appointed Secretary of Lega-
tion in Paraguay, an important post, as the
question of boundaries was at issue. In
1887 the Bolivian Minister, Isaac Tamayo, I
signed the Tamayo-Acebal Treaty and re-
turned to report to his government, Sehor
Pinilla remaining behind as Charge d'affaires, j
1 In 1889 the crisis became acute, and Pinilla
returned to Bolivia. In 1890 he was ap- '
pointed private secretary to the President,
Aniceto Arce, and in 1892 Secretary of Le-
gation in Chile. From Santiago he went in
1896 to Lima in the capacity of Resident
Minister, was advanced in 1898 to the rank !
of Minister Plenipotentiary, and in 1889 1
was transferred to Chile with the same rank.
At the time of the Acre dispute, he was
sent as the Bolivian representative to Rio
de Janeiro, where he was appointed later
to serve as a member of the special commis-
[ i I
HISPANIC NOTES
PI NIL LA. CLAUD 10
sion to settle the dispute. In 1903, after
his return to Bolivia, he was appointed
Minister of Foreign Affairs, and in this post
had a large part in the negotiations with
Chile- which terminated with the treaty of
peace of 1904. In iqo; he went to Europe
to represent Bolivia as her first Delegate to
the Second Hague Conference. From 1908
to 1911 he was again Minister to Brazil,
with the duty of repres-
enting Bolivia before the Court of Arbitra-
tion to adjudicate the claims arising from
the Acre dispute, and was so far successful
that of the 4.154.000 bolivianos claimed by
Brazil .the court allowed only 440.000 pay-
able in bonds with three per cent, amorti-
zation.
In 1911 Senor Pinilla was again asked to
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but.
after holding this office for some time, re-
signed in order to assume the duties of Min-
ister of the Interior. In this rapacity he
presided over the elections of 19 12. at which
Senor Montcs was elected, and he continued
to serve as a member of the Cabinet until
1914, when he again became Minister to
AND \I ONOGRAPHS
I I I
226
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Chile where he remains.
As early as 1875 Claudio Pinilla began to
figure as one of the promising young writers
of Bolivia. In that year a number of his
poems appeared in La Lira Pacena, pub-
lished in La Paz by Joaquin Monje. In
1S87 he published in Buenos Aires Rafaela,
a poem which he had read in the Ateneo at
Asuncion. At the national literary contest
held in Sucre in 1896 he presented an Estu-
dio comparado de la constitution boliviana
con las de los otros paises de la A mirica Me-
ridional, which was awarded a diploma and
a medal of Honour. Among his other
works are Almanaque de ' ElComertio" de
1878; El Album de 16 de Julio; and Cuestion
de Unities con la Republica Argentina, Bolivia
y Chile.
He is privileged to wear the following
decorations: the Busto del Libertador of the
( first class, bestowed on him by the govern-
ment of Venezuela; the Red Eagle of Ger-
many; the Crown of Italy, and the Cross of
Merit of Chile.
I I I
HISPANIC NOTES
Macario l'inilh
P IN ILL A. MACARIO
--7
MACARIO PLNILLA
Laywer; public man.
M VCARIO Pinii.i.a. the son of Juan Pinilla
was bora in La Paz in 1S55 and received his
early education in the National School of
Ayacucho, where he graduated in 187 1.
Be was admitted to the Bar in 1876 and in
3 3 entered public life on his elec-
tion as Deputy for La Paz.
From [89a till 1896 he was District At-
torney, and in 1S95 was appointed Attor-
aeral of the Republic, bat was pre-
vented by stress of work from exercising the
functions oi this office. He was Minister of
the Interior and of Justice from 1896 till
1898, when he resigned his portfolio to take
part in the Federal Revolution of La Paz,
which resulted in the overthrow of the
Alonso government, and subsequently be-
came a leading member of the revolutioru
AN D MONOGRAPHS
III
228 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ary Junta. In the year 1900 he was ap-
pointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary to France, Spain, and Bel-
gium. For the period 1904-1910 he served
as Senator for La Paz and officiated as Pre-
sident of the Upper House. From 1909 till
1913 he was Vice-President of the Republic.
He was one of the founders of the Liberal
Union in 1899 and President of the Liberal I
Party and candidate for the Presidency of !
the Republic in the Liberal Convention of
1916. He is a charter member of the La
Paz Club and likewise of the Bar Associa-
tion, a corresponding member of the Royal
Academy of Jurisprudence.and is the author
of Procedimiento Civil, published in 1877 J
III HISPANIC NOTES
5 N ANS K Y
229
ARTURO POSNANSKY
Explorer; man of affairs;
archaeologist.
AKTURO POSNANSKY was bom in iierlin.
where his father, a gentleman of Polish
had formed part of the suite
of the ill-fated .Maximilian, had. alter many
udes. finally settled and established
himself in business. In this business, that
of a manufacturing chemist, the younger
Posnansky early evinced an interest, and
this led to his taking up seriously a course of
cognate studies, which unfortunately were
soon cut short by his father's death.
His plans being thus abruptly altered, he
passed into the Naval School, and it was
during the usual training-ship instruction
that he made several extensive cruises, not-
ably, among others, to the islands of the
South Pacific. There his interest in ethno-
AND MONOGRAPHS
[ I I
230 BOLIVI A N S OF T 0 - D A Y
logy led him to draw up a report of consider-
able extent upon the prehistoric remains on
Easter Island, later to be embodied in his
first published \vnrk, DieOsterinsel und Hire
praehislotischen Monumente, Pola, 1895.
Sr. Posnansky next took part in various
■ exploring expeditions to the upper reaches
of the Amazon, in whose difficult waters he
became an efficient navigator and ultimate-
ly director of a river navigation company,
La Empresa de Navegacao dos rios Purus e
Acre. Among the fleet of shallow-draught
steamers, built under his direction in Ham-
burg, figured the famous Iris, which in the
quarrel that arose between Brazil and Boli-
via over Puerto Acre was engaged in the
Bolivian interest, Sr. Posnansky being cap-
tain and a blockade-runner to that belea-
guered fort. It was the Iris that in the end
rescued the survivors of the Acre garrison
and conveyed them as far as Manaos. His
adventures as a blockade-runner and his
escape after being wounded and captured
by the Brazilian forces are all recounted in
his book Campana de Acre, La Lancha
" Iris ", La Paz. 1004.
II HISPANIC NOTES
P 0 S N A X S K Y
23]
As a result of his adherence to the Boli-
vian cause he was forced to flee and escaped
in disguise from Brazil, taking refuge in
Europe, where for a while he recuperated.
Considering that after the loss of his Bra-
zilian properties his sole asset was the prom-
ised recognition of his services by Bolivia,
he journeyed to La Paz, only to find the Bo-
livian treasury in such a condition that no
substantial reward was attainable. There-
upon he turned his energies to mining enter-
prises and to exploiting various concessions
in the interests of European capitalists, by
which he mended his fallen fortunes.
This done he turned himself to the study
of the Inca and pre-Inca monuments and
remains discovered in his travels in the Bol-
ivian highlands, more especially those on
and near the islands of Lake Titicaca, the
scene of the researches of Bandelier in 1895
and described by him in his book The Is-
lands of Titicaca and Koati. The results of
of Professor Posnansky's early investiga-
tions in this field are set forth in his volume
Razas v momunentos prehistoricos del Alti-
plano Andino, Santiago, 1908. With fur-
A X 1 ) MONOGRAPHS III
232
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ther study he amplified his views and ex-
tended his theories of the high culture and
vast antiquity of the builders of Tiahuan-
acu, which he holds to be the cradle of the
American race. These vews he has set
forth with elaborate detail in a work issued
in German and in Spanish, Una metropolis
prehistorica en la America del Sud, Berlin,
1914.
While he was thus devoting himself to his
joint interests of business and archaeology,
the Bolivian Government recognized his
services in the Acre campaign and granted
him the honorific title of Benemerito de la
Patria, admitting him to rights of citizen-
ship, and bestowed upon him also two gold
medals, one in 1901, the other in 1903.
Later, in 1905, the citizens of La Paz elected
him a member of the Council; in the same
year the Senate granted him a gold medal
in recognition of his scientific investiga-
tions. He was later made Director of the
National Museum, and in 1918 the Munici-
pal Council voted him a plaque of bronze in
appreciation of his labours on the recon-
struction of the so-called Palace of Tihua-
III
HISPANIC NOTES
POSN A NSKY
233
nacu.
Dr. Posnansky has been honoured on
both continents for archaeological and scien-
tific attainments. He has been delegate of
the Bolivian Government to various scien-
tific congresses, including those of Buenos
Aires. London, and Nuremberg. He has
also given lectures upon archaeological sub-
jects in Berlin, Frankfort. Nuremberg, and
Treptow. In 1914 the German Govern-
ment by official decree, conferred on him
the title of Professor.
Professor Posnansky is a voluminous
writer and, besides the books already men-
tioned, has produced many others, among
which are: Os Indios Paumaris e Ipxirinds no
rio Funis. Pani. 1898; Wapa del rio Acre
(seven volumes) Manaos, 1897 a 1900;
Tihuanacu t Islas de Soly la Luna. Titicaca
v Koati La Paz. 1010: and La lengtta chi-
paya, La Paz. 1915.
AND M ( ) N O G R A P H S
III
P R 0 OEXCIO 235
FERMIX PRl'DENCIO
Soldier.
Fermi'n Prudkncio was bom in La Paz
on the twelfth of October. 1850. After
finishing his education he devoted himself
to a military career and rose rapidly in the
service. Second Lieutenant in 187 1 . he was
promoted to First Lieutenant in the follow-
ing year: made Captain in April. 1S74: raised
to the rank of Major in January. 1875;
Colonel in December, 1898; Brigadier-Gen-
eral in December, 1905, and Major-General
in September. 1918.
He took part in the revolutionary move-
ment against the Dictator Melgarejo and in
the revolution of 1898, when he fought in
the important battle of the Second Crucero.
His military services won for him a diploma
of honour from the Bolivian Assembly of
[871, a diploma of honour from the Nation.
HISPANIC NOTES III
236
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
al Convention of 1880, a gold medal for his
participation in the battle of the Second
Crucero, and the decoration Al Merito
awarded him by the Chilean Government.
He has been President of the City Coun-
cil of La Paz on two occasions, he served as
Governor of the Department of La Paz for
twelve years, and was Minister of War and
Colonization, Inspector General of the Army,
and chief of the General Staff. He has also
been entrusted with superintending the
completion of important public buildings,
including the Government Palace, the Pre-
fecture, and the Municipal Theatre.
He married Manuela Romecin and has
four children.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
Jose S. Quinteros
QU I N IK ROS
237
JOSE S. QUINTEROS
r; public man: Sec-
ond I" ice-President of the
Republic.
JoseS. Quint irm>. the son of Bartolome
Quinteros and Isabel Escobar, was born in
Potosi on the first of November, 1869. He
■ I his education in Sucre and gradu-
ated from the Law School of the University
of Chuquisaca (Sucre) in 1889.
The year after his graduation he was ap-
pointed Professor of Public Law in the Uni-
versity and held that position for many
years, devoting himself to his law practice
and taking no active part in politics. His
reputation as an able lawyer won him an
appointment to the Superior Court of Oruro
when a vacancy occurred in 1900. In 100^
he entered political life when he was elected
Deputy for Paria, and the following year
AND M ONOGRAPHS
III
^
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
was chosen President of the Chamber. From
1905 to 1909 he was Minister of War and
Colonization and his earnest appeals to the
Legislative Chambers played no small part
in their approval in 1907 of the law making
military service compulsory. In 1910 he
was elected; by a large majority, Senator
for the Department of Chuquisaca and in
the same year was appointed Governor of
Cochabamba. In 1913 he was appointed
Minister of Justice and Labour. As early
as iu 14 the name of Sehor Quint eros was
frequently mentioned as a probable candi-
| date for the Presidency of the Republic; but
rather than divide the Liberal Party with
which he had been affiliated since his youth, j
! he gave his support to one of his rivals and |
accepted the nomination for Second Vice-!
President, a post to which he was elected in |
191 7. In 1918 he also exercised the duties!
of Minister of the Interior and in 1919 again
held the portfolios of War and Colonization j
He has published the following works:
Derecho administrative), 1889; Derecho pub-
lico constitucional, 1898; and Temas de estado
(a Sociological study) 1901.
I II
HISPANIC NOTES
Q I • ; \ 1 KROS
239
He married Carmen Canedo Ostria and
has five children.
ANDMONOG
i 1
RAD A
241
AGUSTIN DE RADA
Official
Aci -i in DE R VDA was born in La Pa/ on
tin- ninth of October. 1872. the son of Julian
de Rada and Clementina Sanjines. Ik- re-
ceived his early education in the Colegio
AyacuchOj from which he obtained the de-
gree of Bachelor of Arts and Sciences. I [e
then entered the Law School of the Univer-
sity of San Andres, graduated with the de-
gree of Licenciate in Law . passed a brilliant
examination before the Superior District
Court and was admitted to the Bar.
lie soon found himself occupied in those
political activities which have filled his life.
In 1895 he was appointed Secretary of the
Auditing Committee of Paria. in 1897 Chief
Ckrk of the Chamber of Deputies, in 1899
and 1900 Chief Clerk of the National Con-
vention, and in 1909 Chief Clerk of the
HISPANIC NOTES
I I I
242
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Senate.
Senor Rada has not only been prominent
in public life, but has contributed greatly
to the social and aesthetic life of his native
city. The rare collection of Colonial and
Indian relics in his private museum is in
itself an education in the history of Bolivia.
He has been President of the Gymnastic
Club of La Paz; Vice-President of the
Franco- Paceha Shooting Club and President
of the Centro Artistico. He is Corresponding
Member of the Legal Club of Madrid.
In 1 912 he compiled a volume entitled
Estadistica parlamentaria de Bolivia and
edited the Anuarios legislatives. He has also
been a contributor to the magazine Renaci-
miento.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
KKVNOLDS
243
GREGORIO REYNOLDS
Poet.
Gregorio Reynolds, one of the best)
known poets of Bolivia, was born in 1882 in
Sucre, where he received his education in
the Seminary and soon began to make him-
self known to the reading public by the ori-
ginality of his contributions to the daily'
paper La Maiiana. In 1913 his poetical
composition, El Mendigo, was awarded first
prize in the Floralia held in La Paz .and in
1918 his volume of verses El cofrede Psi-
quis, published in La Paz, won high
praise from such literary authorities as the
Colombian Max Grillo and the Brazilian
Olegario Marinano. Mention should also
be made of his Canto a Santa Teresa de Jesus
which carried his name as a poet through-
out his country.
Sefior Reynolds has held numerous gov-
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
244
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ernment positions, among them the head-
ship of the Section of Boundaries in the Min-
istry of Foreign Relations. At the time of
the inauguration of President Baltazar
Brum of Uruguay he acted as secretary to
the Bolivian ambassador Ricardo Mugia.
At the present time he holds the post of
Consul in Jujuy (Argentina).
I J I
HISPANIC NOTES
RICHT I". K
245
ALFREDO RICIITER
Soldier.
Alfredo Richteb was born in the town
of Sorata on the twelfth of -May, 1880.
He received his nr>r instruction in the ait ol
warfare as cadet in the War College, then
under the direi tion of Casimiro Briandson.
Before he had reached the age of nineteen he
had won the rank of Second Lieutenant
and then founded in Oruro the scientific-
literary, and military magazine. El Cadete
which lor a time counted among its contri-
butors such well-known writers as Sanchez
Rustamante. Valentin Abecia, Rosendo Vil-
lalobos, Eduardo Diez de Medina. Clodo-
miro Montes and Pastor Baldivieso.
He .studied in Argentina and afterwards
in France, where he won a diploma in the
Artillery School of Chalons. On his return
he was appointed to the General Staff, was
AN I) M ONOG R A V II S
I I 1
246 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
charged with the organization of the Ma-
chine-Gun Regiment and instructed many
soldiers and officers in the use of that arm.
He reached the rank of Colonel in 1919 and
at the present time he occupies the position
of Adjutant-General in the War Depart-
ment.
He has written a Catechism of the Soldier,
which still serves as a text-book in the army,
and a Theory of Fire, also in use to-day.
Among his other works are a set of tables of
atmospheric pressure, a text-book on fortifi-
cation and one on ballistics. He has-been
a member of numerous committees on
military regulations, on reforms in military
laws, etc., and during the greater part of
his life has taught in the War College and
Military School.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
R 1 V E R I N
247
RENATO A. RIVERIN
Surgeon.
RENATO A. Riverix. whose father was of
French descent, was born in Tupiza on the
fifteenth of August, 1888. He received his
early education in Sucre, where he obtained
the degree of Bachelor of Arts and Sciences,
and after pursuing courses in Medicine in
Buenos Aires he graduated with the degree
of Doctor in Medicine in 1912. During his
residence in the Argentine capital he was a
pupil of the noted doctors Escalier, Chutro
and Belaustegui. He served for a period
as interne in the "Rivadavia y Durand"
hospital, a position won in competitive ex-
amination, and was later promoted to be
Assistant Physician.
Since his return to Bolivia he has contin-
ued to devote himself to surgery, which he
has practised in Potosi, Tupiza, and La Paz,
A N 1 ) MONOGRAPHS
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248
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
! and on which he has also contributed num-
erous articles to the medical journals of Ar-
| gentina. In January, 1919, he accepted^
1 the Chair of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in
the Medical School of San Andres, but re-
| signed his professorship after three months'
1 service.
In 1915 he married Elena Calvo and has
two children.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
ROCHA 1» E B A L I. ! \ I A \
?49
ELISA ROCHA DE BALLIVIAN
Artist.
Elisa Rocha de Ballivian was born in
Cochabamba, where she received her first
education in art. I natural apti-
tude for painting and an unusual amount of
perseverance, she made rapid strides in her
-ion.
At the beginning of her artistic career she
reproduced with great success El Martino
de San Bartolomi, a work of Ribera in the
cathedral in Sucre. Among her early orig-
inal pictures the most notable is perhaps a
Study of Saint John the Haptist,
now in the church of the Jesuits in I
bamba. She has also painted a number of
landscapes that are considered unusual
for the stamp of personality and the truth-
fulness of their lines. Among her works
those most worthy of mention are Ihiza
AND MONOGRAPHS III
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
despues Camarones, General Achd, Bolivar,
Trinidad funebre, Devocion, Rebeca en la
fuente.
After travelling through Chile to com-
plete her studies, she married and settled
in La Paz. At the present time she is direc-
tor of a school of art in that city and gives
an annual exhibition of the work done by
her pupils.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
R 0 J A S 251
CASTO ROJAS
Lawyer; public man;
author.
CastotRojas, the son of Manuel ('. Rojas
and Juana Quezada. was born in the pro- 1
vince of Cochabamba in 1880 and educated
at the University of San Simon, where he'
took the degree of Advocate in 1900.
His first public post was that of Secretary
to the Governor of the Department of Co-
chabamba and so favourable was the repu-
tation he speedily won for clear judgement
and capacity for work that in 1902 he was
elected Municipal Councillor for Cocha-
bamba and two years later was elected to
the Chamber of Deputies for the province
of Cliza.
In the ampler field of the Chamber he
devoted his talents chiefly to financial
matters, and when his qualifications led to
AND M ONOG R A PHS
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252 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
his appointment as Chief Clerk in the Min-
istry of Finance of 1908, he soon became a
j recgonised expert in all questions affecting
the National Exchequer. In 1910 he was
appointed Secretary of Legation in Lima,
and in 1913 Inspector General of Customs.
In the same year he became Minister of
Finance. Among the new laws in the field
I of finance for which he then became respon-
sible are the Banking Unity Act and the!
Law governing the Tobacco monopoly.
Dr. Roias has written extensively on fin-
1 ancial topics, his principal works being
Cuestiones economicas y financieras , La Paz,
1909; La Mo>icda de oro en Bolivia, Lima,
1912; Historia financier a de Bolivia, La Paz,
1916; Bocetos, literary articles, La Paz,
1918; El Dr. Monies y la pol'ilica liberal, La
Paz, 1918.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
— ==
ROMERO
BELISARIO DIAZ ROMERO
Physician: public man.
Belisario Diaz Romero, the son of
Colonel Rafael Diaz Romero and Trinidad
Asturi.\._ rn in La Paz on the fif-
teenth of January. 1870. lie obtained his
early education in the Ayacucho School in
La Paz, receiving the degree of Bachelor of
Arts and Sciences in 1887, and graduating
from the University in 1894 as Doctor of
Medicine.
He soon found himself engaged in active
practice. For the year after his graduation
he was employed as physician by the mining
company of Carreas Brothers in Corocoro,
and from 1896 to 1898 was surgeon in the
Army. In 1905 he was appointed Clerk of
Statistics and in the following year Dim tor
of the National Museum. He held this post
for two years and was then appointed Dir-
I
AND M ONOGRAPHS III
254
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ector of the Meteorological Observatory of
La Paz. From 1909 until 191 1 he was
professor in the Agrarian and Veterinary
Institute and from 191 2 to 1919 professor
in the Medical Faculty of the University of
La Paz. At the present time he is Head of
the Department of Statistics in that city.
He is a member of many scientific and
literary societies, among others the Inter-
national Academy of Botany of Le Mans
(France), the Scientific Society of Chile, the
Geographical Society of La Paz, and the
Anthropological Society of Sucre.
His published works include: Nociones de
historia natural, Nociones de agricultura,
Lecturas agricolas, Pdginas dispersas, En-
sayo de prehistoria americana, and Flora de
La Paz.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
S A.WKDRA. A B D 6 N
ABDON SAAVEDRA
Lawyer; public man.
Abdon Saavedra, the son of Zenon Saa
vedra and Josefa Mollea, was born in La
Paz in 1872. He received his education in
his native city where he attended the Uni-
versity of San Andres,, graduated with the
degree of Licenciate in Law, and was later
admitted to the Bar.
Although Sehor Saavedra has devoted
himself assiduously to his professional prac-
tice he has also taken part in the public life
of Bolivia. Appointed Assistant Secretary
of the Treasury in 1904. he held this post
until 1906 and was reappointed in 1907.
Three years later he was elected Deputy for
the province of Omasingos, and in 191 2
chosen President of the Chamber. In 1918
he was elected Senator for the Department
of La Paz and holds this position at the pre-
A ND MO N OO R A PUS
255
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256 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
sent time.
He is a member of the Geographical
Society of La Paz and in 191 1 was elected
its president.
Ill HISPANIC NOTES
Bautista Si
S A A V E DRA, B A IT 1ST A
257
BAUTISTA SAAVEDRA
President oj the Republic.
Bautista Saavedra, the son of Zenon
Saavedra and Josefa Mollea, was born on
the thirtieth of August, 1870, in La
Paz. He received his education in his
native city, graduated from the University
with the degree of Licenciate in Law and
Political Science and in 1896 was admitted
to the Bar.
In 1897 he obtained in open competition
the position of Professor in the Faculty of
Law and Political Science in the Univer-
sitv of La Paz. In 1901 he married Julia
Bustillos.
In 1903 he was appointed Director of the
Boundary Commission and in the following
year was commissioned by the Government
to study the historic documents relating to
Bolivia in the archives of Spain. After two
■
AN 1) MONOG R A PHS
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BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
years of labour abroad he returned to his
country, and during the years 1907 and
1908 served as the Bolivian Attorney before
the Argentine Board of Arbitration in the
boundary dispute between Peru and Bolivia.
After this difficulty was settled, he served
for two years as Minister of Public Instruc-
tion and in 191 2 and 1913 as Minister to
Peru. In May of the following year he was
elected Senator from the Department of La
Paz, and in 1918 Deputy for Potosi. He
led the revolution of July twelfth, 1920, and
in the subsequent elections held on January
twenty-fifth, 1921, was chosen President of
the Republic.
He has published a sociological study of
the pre-colonial period, entitled El Ayllu,
which has passed through two editions, one
in 1903 and another in 19 13.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
SAGARN AG A
259
EL1AS SAGARNAGA
Physician.
Eli'as Sagarnaga, the son of Doctor
Bernardino Sagarnaga and Maria Guarachi,
was born in La Paz on the twentieth of July
1870. Devoting himself to a medical career
he studied in the University of La Paz and
later in that of Buenos Aires where he re-
ceived the degree of Doctor of Medicine and
Surgery in 1897. He later perfected his
training in the clinics in Paris and for a time
was Physician to the University of Buenos
Aires.
Among the important posts held by him
in the course of his active life are those of
Professor of Nursing, Professor of Clinical
Medicine in the University of San Andres,
Director of Military Sanitation with the
rank of colonel, Director of Municipal Hy-
giene, and Vice-Rector of the University.
AND MONOGRAPHS
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260
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
He participated in the Acre campaign of
1903 as Chief Surgeon of the Ambulance
Corps, and received the diploma Beneme-
rito de la Patria and a gold medal in recog-
nition of his services. In 191 7 he was sent
as a delegate to the Pan-American Scientific
Congress in Washington. At the present
time he is Dean of the Medical Faculty of the
University of San Andres.
He is the author of various scientific
works, among them a treatise on Military
Hygiene which has been adopted as a text-
book by the Military Schools of Bolivia.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
SAINZ
261
ANTONIO JOSE DE SAINZ
Poet.
Antonio Jose de Sainz was born in Po
tosi in 1894, and received his early training
in the schools of that city, obtaining his de-
gree as Bachelor of Arts and Science in
1 9 10. Wishing to broaden his education j
he went to Belgium, and there pursued j
courses in Mining and Engineering and!
while abroad published, in Belgium, two
volumes of verse, Ritimos de Lucha, in 1913,
and Cantos del Sendero, in 1914.
Since his return to Bolivia in 191 5 he has
devoted himself to mining in the province
of Caranguas. In spite of the demands
made upon his time by this exacting occu-
pation, he played a prominent part in the
founding of La Cronica of Oruro in 1916,
and in the same year presented a poeti-
cal composition at the Floralia, which re-
AND M ONOGRAPHS
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262
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ceived the award of he first prize. In 19 19
he was appointed Clerk in the Ministry
of Foreign Relations and holds this position
at the present time.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
SAL A M ANC A
263
DANIEL SALAMANCA
Orator; public man.
Daniel Salamanca was born on the
eighth of July, 1863, in the city of Cocha-
bamba, where he received his elementary
education and where ultimately, on his de-
ciding for the legal career, received his law-
yer's degree in 1890 from the University of
San Simon. In the following year he was
nominated associate- Judge of the Cocha-
bamba District Court, and later on taught
the third and fourth year courses as Profes-
sor of Law. He is married to the brilliant
poetess and painter Sara Ugarte (q.v.).
He was elected to the Chamber of Depu-
ties in 1901 and 1902, and in 1903 occupied
the post of Minister of Finance.
In 1904 he passed to the upper House,
where he represented the Department of
Cochabamba, for which he was again elect-
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
2(>4
III
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
ed to the Senate for the further period of
1910-1916. Thereafter he was returned to
the House as Deputy for La Paz.
A fluent and impressive orator, Dr. Sala-
manca was, together with General Pando,
Bautista Saavedra, Armando Mendez and
their friends, one of the founders of the Re-
publican party and at the Republican Con-
vention which met in 1914 at Oruro was
proclaimed Party leader, a post which he
retained until 1919 when he became hono-
rary chief of the party. In 1916 he was a
candidate for the Vice-Presidency of the
Republic but was defeated.
Dr. Salamanca has published a collection
of his speeches on financial questions and
has ready for the press a work Teoria del
Valor.
II ! S I' AX I C NOTES
/[^^Uxfutit^
S A I. A S
265
ANGEL SALAS
Journalist.
Angel Sal as was born in La Paz in 1893
and received his education in his native city,
graduating from the school of the Salesian
Fathers with the degree of Licenciate in
Commerce.
Upon completing his course of study lie
turned his attention to journalism and se-
cured a position on El Comercio de Bolivia,
an important daily paper directed by Soria
Galvarro. In 19 13 he was one of the re-
porters on El Norte, and soon afterwards
was made Editorial Secretary of El Diario,
owned by Jose Carrasco. He was associ-
ated with the noted writer Alcides Argue-
das in founding Los Debates in 191 5, a paper
which had a short but meteoric career, leav-
ing its trace on the public thought of the
time. In 19 16 he was called to El T tempo
AND MONOGRAPHS
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266
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
by its present director, Humberto Munoz
Cornejo, who entrusted to him the post of
editor, a position which he still holds.
Apart from his work in connection with
the newspapers of La Paz, Sehor Salas was
also editor of the Proceedings of the Cham-
ber of Deputies during the years 1917 and
1918, an onerous post; and in 1919, when
Fabian Vaca Chavez was appointed General
Inspector of Public Instruction, Senor Salas
was made Secretary of that department.
In 1915 he published in La Paz a collec-
tion of newspaper articles under the title
of Breves Hislorias.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
SANCHEZ
267
PLACIDO SANCHEZ
Public man.
Placido Sanchez was born in Santa
Cruz on the fifth of January', 1877. He re-
ceived his secondary education in his native
city, and, devoting himself to the study of
law, entered the University of San Andres
in La Paz, where after the completion of
his studies he was admitted to the Bar in
1898.
He began his public career as Secretary
to the Governor of Santa Cruz. Soon after
his appointment, however, the Liberal
Party urged him to become a candidate for
Deputy. Resigning his secretaryship, he
agreed to stand as candidate and was elect-
ed Deputy for Santa Cruz, serving in this
capacity from 1900 to 1904. In 1905 he
was elected a member of the city council of
La Paz and was chosen Vice-President and
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
_v.s
III
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
later President of the Council. In the fol-
lowing year he was agan elected Deputy
! for Santa Cruz and in the course of his
term of office held the post of Secretary and
Vice-President of the Chamber. On the
completion of his four years' service he was
■ made President of the Liberal party in Santa
'Cruz. In 191 1 he was National Delegate
for the Eastern districts of the Republic and
I in 191 2 Governor of Santa Cruz. The fol-
, lowing year the then President Montes
; offered him the portfolio of Justice and
Labour, which he accepted.
HISPANIC NOTES
S ANGINES T E L L E R I A
269
CLAUDIO SANGINES TELLERIA
Physician: surgeon.
Claudio Sangines Telleri'a, the son of
Jenaro Sanguines and Adela Telleria, was
born in La Paz on the seventeenth of Feb-
ruary. 1875. He was educated in La Paz
and Santiago de Chile, pursuing courses in
the faculties of medicine and receiving de-
grees in both medicine and surgery. He
continued his studies in Germany.
In the course of an active professional
career he has held the posts of Surgeon in
the Federal Army, Professor and Dean of
the Medical Faculty of the University of
San Andres, Vice-Rector and Rector of the
University, Director of Military Sanitation,
Chief Surgeon of the Hospital, and Minister
of Agriculture and Public Works. In 191 1
he was sent as delegate to the Fifth Interna-
tional Sanitary Congress in Chile. He is a
A N 1 > M 0 X 0 G R A PHS
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BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
member of the Medical Institute of Sucre
and of the Medical Society of Chile.
He is the author of various papers on
Medicine and Surgery published in the Re-
vista Midica of La Paz and of valuable
reports in connexion with his work as
Rector of the University and Minister of
Agriculture and Public Works.
He married Enriqueta Medina and has
one child.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
S A MIXEZ 271
JULIO SANJINEZ
Army officer.
Julio Saxjinez, the son of Guillermo
Sanjinez and Quintina Barrenechea. was
bom in Cochabamba on the eighth of May,
1886.
He chose for himself a military career,
for which he studied for some time in the
military school of Argentina, afterwards
going to Germany to perfect his training.
Returning to his native country, he rose
rapidly in the service, being raised from
Second Lieutenant to the rank of First Lieu-
tenant in February, 1906, promoted Cap-
tain in March, 1908, advanced to Major in
February, 1913, and to the rank of Lieuten-
ant-Colonel in December, 1916. At the
present time he is in command of the First
Abaroa Cavalry Regiment.
AND .V < j N n G R A P H S III
272 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
tion of the Royal Cross of Prussia and with
the military Medal of Merit from Chile.
He married Raquel Goitia.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
t^^^^^^^^-Di^^^^p'
S A N T I V A N E Z
273
MOISES SANTIYAN'EZ
Teacher; writer; public
official.
Moisis Santjvanez, the son of Felipe
Santivanez and Melchora Merlo, was born
on the thirteenth of September, i860, at
Sucre. There he received his early educa-
tion and went on to La Paz to study law.
From 1877 to 1879, when he obtained his
degree of Licenciate in Law, he was a mem-
ber of the editorial staff of La Democracia,
and in 1883 was one of the founders of El
Diario.
In the War of the Pacific he joined the
Colorados battalion as Lieutenant and was
taken prisoner at the battle of Alto de la
Alianza. He took part also in three cam-
paigns against Brazil at Acre, served through
the six months' siege of that place, from
August, 1902, to January, 1903, and as a
AND MONOGRAPHS
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274
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
III
member of the Romero delegation had a
part in arranging the terms of its surrender.
He has officiated as Governor of the Prov-
ince of Tarija, and from 1913 to 1916 was
Inspector General of the Police Department.
His educational work dates from 1912,
when he was appointed Professor of Geo-
graphy and Bolivian History in the
Teachers' Training College at Sucre. He
subsequently became Chief Inspector of
Schools to the city of La Paz and Director
of the National Library.
In 1918 he was a member of the Council
of Uyuni and for a time served as its presi-
dent.
Dr. Santivanez is a frequent contributor
to El Tiempo of La Paz, and has ready for
publication a volume of speeches delivered
in the Normal Schools of Sucre, the Military
Club, and in the schools and the American
Institute of La Paz.
HISPANIC NOTES
SERRATE
SAUL SERRATE
Lawyer; public man.
Saul Serrate was born on the eighth of
May, 1885, in the city of Santa Cruz, where
he began his education and completed the
course leading to the Bachelor's degree in
1 90 1. There also he began to study law
and while still a law-student taught geo-
graphy in the Seminary of his native city.
When he finally obtained his lawyer's dip-
loma, which he did in La Paz in 1907, he
moved to Oruro and began the exercise of
his profession.
In 1 9 10 he resigned a growing and lucra-
tive practice to accept the nomination for
Deputy for Santa Cruz. Duly elected to
the Chamber for the period 1910-1914, he
was at the same time elected its Secretary.
In 1912-1913 he served also as a member of
the Municipal Council of Santa Cruz and
AND MO NOG K A 1' II S
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276
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
acted as its Chairman.
In the last named year he was elected by
the Senate, Judge of the High Court of
Santa Cruz — an office which he resigned
after a short time to accept the appoint-
ment of under Secretary of State in the
Ministry of Justice and Industry to resume
it again at the close of his term.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
SERRUD 0 V A R ( i A S
-77
LUIS SERRUDO VARGAS
Public man.
Luis Serrudo Vargas, the son of Nica-
nor Serrudo and Aurelia Vargas, was born
in the city of Potosi on the twenty-fifth of
August, 1876. and there received his educa-
tion. He graduated from the National
School of Pichincha, and, entering the Uni-
versity, obtained the degree of Licenciate
in Law. He was biter admitted to the bar.
After finishing his studies he devoted
himself for a time to teaching, but soon
abandoned this calling for the wider field
of political life. In 1899 he was appointed
Secretary to the Governor of Potosi, in
the following year was elected Deputy for
North and South Lipez, and in 1904 1 teputy
for Potosi. In this year also he was married
to Sofia Solares. He has lour children.
At the close of his four-year term of office
A N D MONOGRAPHS
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BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
he was appointed assistant Secretary of
Labour, and in 1890 Tax Referee. In 191 1
he was elected substitute-Deputy for the
Province of Linares, the following year
substitute-Deputy for the province of Chi-
chas, and in 1912 Member of the City Coun-
cil of Potosi. In 1913 he was appointed
Lieutenant Governor of the Province of
Porco. Since that time he has devoted the
greater part of his time to his mining inter-
ests in Turqui (Potosi).
He has taken an active interest in jour-
nalism, being one of the founders of La Es-
trella del Sur of Potosi and editing for a time
El Tiempo of Potosi and later El Diario of
La Paz. He is a member of numerous social
and literary societies.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
Hernando Siles
SILES
279
HERNANDO SILES
Rector of the University of
San Francisco Xavier.
Hernando Siles, the son of Adolfo Siles
and Remedios Reyes, was born in Sucre on
the fifth of August, 1881, and there received
his higher education in the University oi
San Francisco Xavier, from which he grad-
uated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts
and Sciences and in 1905 was admitted to
the Bar.
After practising law for some time he
transferred his residence to La Paz where
from 191 1 to 1917 he taught Civil Law in the
School of Commerce, and in 191 2 was Chief
Clerk in the Department of Justice. But
in 1918 he was recalled to Sucre to fill the
post of Rector of the University of San
Francisco Xavier, which position he holds
to-day.
-
A N D M() X 0 G R A P H S
Ill
28o
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Senor Siles is generally recognized as an
authority in law. In 1918 he was made
Honorary Professor of the Law Faculty of
the University of Chuquisaca, and in the
same year was commissioned by the Senate
to compile the history and jurisprudence of
Bolivian parliamentary law. He has writ-
ten several important treatises, including
Codigo Civil, Codigo Penal, 191 1, and Pro-
cedimiento Civil, published with commen-
taries and concordance in La Paz in 1918.
In the compilation of the latter the author
made an extended visit to Chile, where he
made a study of its code of laws.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
S U A R E Z . I 0 S E M . 281
JOSE MARIA SUAREZ
Public man; journalist.
Jose Maria Suarez was horn in Tarija
in 1877, where he received his education
and was admitted to the Bar.
His public activities embrace the fields of
journalism, education and politics. He
has held the following important posts:
District Attorney for the province of O'Con-
nor; Clerk of Customs: City Treasurer: Chief
Government Clerk; Cashier of the National
Bank: Assistant Secretary of Public In-
struction. Agriculture, and Justice; Gover-
nor of the Department of Chuquisaca
(Sucre), and Superintendent of Education.
At the present time he is Director of the
Normal High School.
Sehor Suarez has founded and edited a
number of periodicals, anion- them El
Ideal, El Liberal of Tarija, and La Vida Mo-
AN I) MO NOG R A PHS III
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BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
derna of La Paz, in which he has published
articles with pronounced anti-clerical ten-
dencies that have aroused much discussion
and have even brought upon the author ex-
communication from the Church.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
SUAREZ, PEDRO
283
PEDRO SUAREZ
Soldier; explorer; diplomat.
Pedro Suarez, the son of Pedro Suarez
and Cornelia Sarabia, was bom in April,
1866, at Santa Ana, the capital of the prov-
ince of Tacuma; but at an early age he left
with his parents for England, where he was
educated at St. Edmund's College and
Bang's College, London, and qualified as a
Civil Engineer.
On returning to his native country he
entered the Army, served there with dis-
tinction during three campaigns and rose to
the rank of colonel. At various times he
has headed exploring expeditions to the
banks of the Amazon and has done much
useful work in clearing up disputed ques-
tions concerning the little-known tribu-
taries of the great river.
In the year 1890 he was elected a member
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284
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
of the Chamber of Deputies, and in 1896
was appointed Consul at Para, Brazil; in
1897 he was chosen secretary of the Bolivian
mission to England on the occasion of Queen
Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and was subse-
quently appointed Military Attache to the
Court of Saint James. He was special en-
voy at the coronation of King Alfonso in
1902, and again at his marriage in 1906. In
1913 he was appointed Minister to England.
Colonel Suiirez has been Vice-President
of the Association of Foreign Consuls in the
British Empire, and President of the Ibero-
American Benevolent Society. He is an
associate member of the Institute of Civil |
Engineers and Fellow of the Royal Geogra-
phical Soceiteis of England and of Portugal.
He is, moreover, the holder of the following
decorations: the Grand Cross of Isabel the
Catholic of Spain; the Chain and Star ofj
Santiago of Portugal; the Queen Victoria!
Diamond Jubilee Medal; King Edward's
Coronation Medal, and King George's Cor-
onation Medal. He is also Knight Com-
i mander of the Order of Charles III of Spain,
Knight of the Conception of Portugal, and
III I HISPANIC NOTES
SU AREZ, PEDRO
285
an officer of the Legion of Honour of France
He has written two books: Fronteras de
Bolivia en el departamento del Ben\ 1893,
and Notas sobre Bolivia, 1903.
A N D MOXOGR A P H S
III
TABORG A 287
•
RAFAEL TABORGA
Business man; public man.
Rafael Taborga was born in Sucre in
1880, studied in the Junin school of that
city and in 1896 obtained the degree of
Bachelor of Arts and Sciences. He then
took up the study of law and in 1898 re-
ceived the degree of Bachelor of Laws.
He devoted himself wholly to business
interests until 1906, when he was elected
President of the City Council of Abaroa.
The following year he returned to business
life, attempting to develop his mines in
Oruro but with little success. Some time
after this unsuccessful attempt at mining
he again entered public life, was elected
President of the City Council of Potosi in
191 3, appointed Chief of Police in that
city in 1914, and Administrator of the Post-
Office in La Paz in 191 5. In that year he
HISPANIC NOTES
III
Ill
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
made another effort to exploit his mines,
and this time met with such notable suc-
cess as to become in a comparatively short
time one of the rich men of Bolivia. In
1 91 8 he was appointed Secretary of the Bo-
livian Embassy to the inauguration of
President Pessoa of Brazil, and on his re-
turn was elected President of the City
Council of La Paz, an office which he holds
at the present time.
HISPANIC NOTES
T A M AYO
289
FRANZ TAMAYO
Public man: writer.
Franz Tamavo. the son of Isaac D. Ta-
mayo, was born in La Paz in 1879.
After graduating from the Ayacucho
School in La Paz, he went to Europe, where
he broadened his education by travel in
many countries, spending the greater part
of his time in France and England. While
abroad he developed his aptitude for lan-
guages and perfected his natural ability as
a pianist.
Since his return to Bolivia he has figured
prominently in public life. From 1913 to
191 7 he was Deputy for the Department of
La Paz, in 1915 he founded the political
daily paper El Figaro, and in 191 7 became
director of El H ombre Libre In 191 9 his
strong personality made him the logical
choice for President of the young Radical
AN" D MO NOG K A P IIS
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BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
party.
Franz Tamayo has also taken his place in
the literary life of Bolivia. At the age of
twenty his Odas, published in La Paz, met
with praise from no less an authority than
Ruben Dario. These poems were followed
by Proverbios sobre la vida, el artey la ciencia,
La Paz, 1909. In 1910 he published La
creation de la pedagogia national, in which
he deals with the education of the Indian,
one of the great problems of Bolivia. His
pamphlet entitled Horatio y el arte lirico,
La Paz, 1915, was well received, both in
South America and in Spain, and his latest
work, La Prometeida, a tragedy in verse,
has also met with favourable comment.
1 1 1
HISP A NIC" NOTES
T E J A D A
291
JOSE LUIS TEJADA
Public- man.
Jose Luis Tejada, the son of Colonel
Napoleon Tejada and Josefa Sorgano, was
born in La Paz in 1882. He studied in the
Jesuits' School and then entered the Law
School of San Andres, where he obtained
, the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1899 and
that of Doctor of Laws in 1904. Three
; years later he extended his education by a
' trip to Europe. In 1910 he was married,
and he has three children.
After the completion of his studies he
devoted himself to business and banking
and also became interested in political
affairs. From 1914 to 1918 he served as
Deputy for Vungas and in 191 6 he was
delegate to the International Conference on
Uniform Legislation held in Buenos Aires.
While there he presented reports on a uni-
AX 1) M ONOG K A PUS
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292
B0LIV1 A \S OF TO-DAY
fied monetary system for North, Central and
South America and the policy of a Pan- i
'American Railway. In 1919 he was ap-
I pointed Minister of Finance by President j
i Gutierrez Guerra.
In addition to reports on economic sub-
jects, he has published Despuis de la crisis, \
London. 1909.
Ill
HISPANIC XOTES
T R i I 293
LEOCADIO TRIGO
PhyiScian.
Leodacio Trigo was born in Tarija in
1868 and there received his education, ob-
taining the degree of Bachelor of Arts and
Sciences in 1SS2 and that of Doctor of .Medi-
cine from the University of Tarija in 1888.
After his graduation he practised for a
time in Buenos Aires, where he was appoint-
ed Doctor of Sanitation in 1889. Later he
returned to Bolivia, became interested in
politics, and in 1892 was elected Deputy
from Tarija. In 1902 and 1903 he was Go-
vernor of Puerto Acre and took part in the
Acre campaign, assisting in the defence of
Puerto Acre as head of the '"Columna Ode
Agosto." He was Governor of the I ►epart-
ment of Tarija in 1904 and National Dele-
gate to Gran Chaco in 1905. He then re-
turned to Buenos Aires to resume the prac-
AND ftj ONOGRAP II S
III
294
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
tice of medicine in the clinic of Doctor Lag-
lyze and remained in the Argentine capital
until 1913. Returning to his country, he
was appointed in 1914 Professor of Ophthal-
mology, a position which he holds at the
present time. Since 191 7 he has also held
the post of Surgeon Oculist in the Bolivian
Army.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
Adolfo Trigo Acha
TR I GO AC II A
295
ADOLFO TR1GO ACHA
Public man.
Adolfo Trigo Acha was born in Tarija
in 1870, a descendant of General Bernardo
Trigo, one of the prominent figures of Boli-
via's struggle for independence. After his
graduation in 1889 from the San Luis School
of Tarija he entered the University of San
Francisco Xavier and in 1891 was admitted
to the Bar.
He entered public life in 1893 as Chief
Clerk in the Ministry of Government and
took part in the first expedition to North-
East Bolivia. The following year, at the
age of twenty-four, he was elected Deputy
from Tarija. After the close of his term of
office he withdrew for a time from political
life, but re-entered this field in 1906, when
he was elected Senator for Tarija. Re-
elected in 1912 and again in 1918, he holds
AND Mo N 0 G R A P H S
III
296
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
III
this position at the present time.
Like most public men of Bolivia he
has interested himself in journalism. He
founded La Nueva Era in 1896, was a fre-
quent contributor to El Reporter in 1904,
and to El Car deter in 1906, and was one of
the founders of La Patria in 1913. In 1897
he published a short work of a political
nature, La Politica femenina del Gobiemo
Alonso.
HISPANIC NOTES
1 G A Ri E D E SA LA M A NCA
297
SARA UGARTE DE SALAMANCA
Poetess.
Sara IV, arte de Salamanca, a member
of one of the distinguished families of Coch-
abamba. was burn in that city in 1866,
where she also received her education in the
Liceo "14 de Setiembre".
At the time of the war of thePacific, when
Bolivia was struggling to care for the
wounded and those suffering from sickness
and hunger, though still a child, she was one
of the most faithful attendants in the Co-
chabamba hospitals.
She has published numerous poems under
the pseudonym of Clora, but the greater
part of her compositions are known only to
literary circles in which they have been pre-
sented by her. She is the author of a criti-
cal study of Zola's Lourdes, and has contri-
buted a number of articles to La Revista ca-
A N 1 1 .M ONOG R A PI I S
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298
B 0 L I V I A N S OF T 0 - D A Y
tolica.
Senora de Salamanca also studied paint-
ing, for which she has shown a measure of
of talent, and has produced a number of
canvases, one of which, Una caridad, was
awarded a prize in the exhibition of paint-
ing in 1890.
She married the well-known public man
and leader of the Republican Party, Dr.
Daniel Salamanca (q.v.).
II I
HISPANIC NOTES
URIOSTE. ATANASIO DE
299
ATANASIO DE URIOSTE
Man of affairs; diplomat.
A i \nasi<> DE Urioste, the son of Meliton
de Urioste and Clotilde Yelaseo, was born
on the first of January, 1861, in Sucre, the
titular capital of Bolivia. There also he
was educated and in due course obtained
his degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Univer-
sity of San Francisco Xavier.
Belonging to a family prominent in the
public life of Bolivia, he was drawn into
national affairs and took part for a time in
the diplomatic service, holding the positions
successively of Member of Legation, First
Secretary, and Charge d'affaires in Paris and
later going as Secretary of the special mis-
sion to represent Bolivia at the Coronation
of Alfonso XIII of Spain in 1902.
Senor Urioste has played an important
part in the business and financial world: he
AND M ONOG RAPHS
III
300 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
was one of the founders and the manager of
the Francisea Argandoha Bank of Bolivia;
Chairman of the Board of Directors of the
Huanchaca Company, and the founder and
proprietor of the first Electric Power, Light,
and Telephone Company established in
Sucre.
He was elected to represent the Capital
as Deputy for the term of 1908 to 1912 and
voted with theOpposition during this period.
He holds the decoration of Commander
of the Royal Order of Isabel the Catholic.
III
H I S P A N I C NOTES
^QHHF~
Clodoveo Urioste
r RIOSTE . CLODOVEO
3°i
CLODOVEO URIOSTE
Public man.
Clodoveo Urioste was born in Sucre in
1855 and there received his education, at-
tending the University of San Francisco
Xavier and graduating in 1876 with the de-
gree of Doctor ofLaws and Political Science.
Ik- began his political career in 1886 as
Deputy for Sucre and was one of the group
which withdrew from the Chamber at the
time of the military uprising in September,
1888. Taking no part for a time in active
politics, he devoted his attention to his busi-
ness interests. In 1893 he was one of the
founders of the Francisco Argandoha Bank
and held the post of manager until 1912.
In 1899 he resumed his political activities
as representative for Sucre to the Oruro
Convention, which assisted in the recon-
struction of the government after the rev-
A N 1) M ONOG R.\ 1MIS
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302
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
olution of 1898. As substitute-Senator he
represented Chuquisaca (Sucre) in the Con-
gress of 1904 and with Senator Daniel Sala-
manca initiated the important measure to
substitute a gold for a silver standard. In
1918 he was elected Senator for the Depart-
ment of Chuquisaca and in the legislatures
of 1918 and 1919 held the post of Chairman
of the Committee on Finance.
III
HISPANIC NOTES
Jose Macedonio Urquidi
URQUIDI
3°3
JOSE MACEDONIO URQUIDI
Author; teacher.
Jose Macedonio Urquidi was born on
the eighteenth of November, 1883, in the
city of Cochabamba where he grew up, was
educated and remains until to-day teach-
ing in the university.
His vocation for letters was manifest very
early and his first book, Historia Boliviana,
published when he was still a youth of eight-
een, won him no little renown: The National
Senate honoured him with a special grant of
money and the city of Cochabamba passed
a vote of eulogy; nor was its success merely
temporary; it is still read and has passed
into a third edition. Meanwhile he turned
to journalism and tea* hing , in which he has
gained his livelihood and acquitted himself
with credit. In the field of journalism he
has served on the staffs of El Comercio, El
A M) MONOGRAP II S
I I I
3o4 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Ferrocarril, El Heraldo, La Tarde and La
Republica and has been editor-in-chief of
I La Patria. In the field of education he
has won the rank of Professor in the Uni-
versity, where he now holds the chair of :
Public Law.
He followed his early literary success with
other books in prose and with many poems
which have appeared separately but are
I about to be collected and issued under the
i title of En la ribera oscura. Among his
prose works are : Los hombres del tiempo
\heroico; Los diputados alto-peruanos en el]
congreso constituyente de Tucumdn, en 1816;
, Las heroinas de la libertad de la patria; La
cultura femenina en nuestra evolution demo-
\crdtica, and Viedma y Calatayud.
Ill
II I S P A N I C N 0 TES
VACA CHAVEZ
3°5
FABIAN VACA CHAVEZ
Public man; writer.
Fabian Vaca Chavez, the son of Napo-
leon Vaca and Florinda Chavez was born in
Trinidad, Beni Province, on the twenty-
second of June, 1881. He received his edu-
cation in Trinidad, Santa Cruz and La Paz
and holds the degrees of Bachelor of Arts
and Licenciate in Political and Social
Sciences.
He married Norah Velarde Cronenbold
and has two children.
After being admitted to the Bar he was
for a time editor of the proceedings of the
Senate and in 190 1 was appointed Governor
of Beni. In 1905 he was made Secretary of
the Postal Administration and from 1908 to
1912 represented his department in the ca-
pacity of Deputy, after filling the post of In-
spector of Public Instruction in Bolivia.
AND MONOGRAPHS
III
3o6
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
He has also been associated with local
journals, having been for a time editor of the
newspaper£7 Diario of La Paz as well as dir-
ector and founder of the magazines Ciencias
y Letras and La Nueva Revista. He has
published the following works: Por el oriente
v por el noreste de la republica; Para ellas
(prose and verse); El de portamento del Bent;
and La instruction secundaria en Bolivia.
I I I
HISPANIC NOTES
Ismael Vasquez
V ASQUEZ
3°7
[SMAEL VASQUEZ
Lawyer; public man.
[smael Vasquez, the son of Donato Vas-
quez and Dominga Virreira, was born on the
twenty-fourth of September, 1869, in Coch-
abamba and was educated in the schools of
his native town and at the University of San
Simon. There also he taught, first in the
National School, and later, on completing
his law studies, in the University, giving
the courses in Public, International, and
Administrative Law. Subsequentlv he
served also as Professor of Political Econ-
omy and the Philosophy of Law, leaving be-
hind him a brilliant record as a faithful and
able teacher.
In 1896 he was elected Deputy for Coch-
abamba and entered upon the public service
which has since filled his life. Elected upon
a Liberal programme and as a member of the
A N I ) UONOG R A P II S
III
3o8
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Liberal Party, he consistently supported
the principles with which he began his poli-
tical career. He opposed the treaties of
1895 and J896 by which Bolivian territory
was transferred to Chile; he opposed the law
making Sucre the permanent seat of govern- \
ment, predicting that it would bring on j
civil war — which in fact resulted — and he
gave his utmost support to the railway pro-
ject for the development of Cochabamba.
He had a prominent and influential part in
the Constituent Convention of 1899, follow-
ing the Civil War of 1898, and led in that as-
sembly the Federalist group. On a number
of occasions he has served as member and
President of the Municipal Council of Coch- '
abamba, always battling for improved local :
conditions, local autonomy, better educa-
tion, and better hygiene.
In 1900 and again in 191 o he was elected
to the Senate, in which field also he fought
many battles in support of his political con-
victions. He defended the territorial in- j
tegrity of Bolivia and secured the defeat of
the treaties with Chile; he defended the re- j
ligious marriage rite and the Church schools;
III
HISPANIC NOTES
VASQUEZ
309
he contributed to diminish the sectional
strife between North and South Bolivia and
defended the prerogatives of the Vice-Presi-
dent, for which he was forced into exile by
the Government.
In 191 1 he was appointed Minister to
Venezuela, and there won a high reputation
as an orator. In 19 15 he was made Minister
of Justice and Industry in the Cabinet of
General Ifontes; in 1917 he was chosen First
Vice-President of the Republic, and in [919
while he still held this office, President Gu-
tierrez Guerra appointed him Minister of
the Interior and of Justice, in which offices
he served gratuitously, not considering it
proper to receive two salaries from the same
government.
As Minister and Vice-President he has
continued to advance the causes to which
he had given his youthful adhesion. He la-
boured for the extension of popular and
special education; he improved the Bacterio-
logical Institute; he founded bar associations
and associations of mines; he reorganized
the police force; he drew up the law for the
revision of the statutes, and was the author
AND MONOGRAPHS
I I I
3™
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
of many projects which came before Con-
gress and were enacted into law.
In addition to his varied public duties;
Senor Vasquez has published many pam-
phlets, and has been a frequent contributor
to the press.
I I I
HISPANIC NOTES
VELA SCO GALVARRO 311
ENRIQUE VELASCO GALVARRO
Lawyer; judge.
Enrique Velasco Galvarro, the son
of Francisco Velasco and Saturnina Soria
Galvarro, was born in the year 1871 in
Oruro and there was educated, first in the
Colegio, Bolivar, whence he graduated in
1888, and afterwards in the University,
where he studied law and won the title of
Advocate in 1893.
In the same year began his official career
as Secretary of the Superior Court of Oruro.
In 1898 he was made Attorney for one of
the wards of the city and in the following
year Judge of the ward. Meantime he had
been elected substitute-Deputy for Oruro,
but he was not called upon to serve and
suffered no interruption in his judicial
career. In 1902 he was made Judge of the
Superior Court and seven years later be-
A X 1 > MONOGRAPHS
III
3I2
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
came Presiding Judge, a post he has held
until this date. On various occasions he
has sat as a member of the Supreme Court.
I II
HISPANIC NOTES
VILLALOBOS
3*3
ROSENDO VILLALOBOS
Poet; public man.
Rosendo Villalobos, the son of Ililarion
Villalobos and Monica Nieto, was born in
La Paz on the first of March, 1859. He re-
ceived his early education in the Ayacucho
national school and passed from there to the
University of San Andres where he pursued
courses in the faculty of Law and Political
Science and graduated with the degree of
Licenciate.
After leaving the University he taught
for five years in the Lyceum, the Seminary,
and the Bolivian National Institute, giving
courses in Spanish grammar and the physical
: sciences. Several years later he was ap-
pointed Director of the Public Library in
La Paz, a rather discouraging post, as the
library was then in a sad state of neglect.
Genuinelv interested in books and in the
I
A N D MONOGRAPHS
I I I
3H
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
progress of his native city, he gave his best
efforts for two years to its improvement,and
to him is due the construction of the present
building. During this period he also found
time to act as Secretary and Treasurer of
the Yungas Company, a position which he
held for twenty-six years.
In 1874, with Claudio Pinilla and Jose
Vicente Ochoa, he founded the Circulo Liter-
ario, a literary club composed of the younger
generation of writers.
In 1885 Senor Villalobos was appointed
attache to the Bolivian Legation in Lima
and arrived in that city a few days after
General Caceres had expelled President
Iglesias. During his stay in Peru he made
the acquaintance of such well-known writers
as Ricardo Palma, Luis B. Cisneros, and |
Manuel Gonzalez Prada, and took an active
part in the intellectual life of the capital.
At one of the meetings of the Ateneo he was
formally presented to the literary group and
he became known to the reading public at |
large by frequent contributions to the Re-
vista Social and El Peru llustrado and by a
volume of poems entitled De mi cartera.
III
H I S P A NIC NOTES
V I L L A L O B O S
Returning to La Paz in 1886, he published
in the following year another book of verse
Aves de paso, which was followed in 1890 by
Menwrias del corazon, published in Paris.
In 1897 he brought out Ocios crueles which
met with such favour that another edition
was printed in 191 1. This deserves to be
considered as a separate book since it con-
tains many poems not included in the former
edition. Another collection of poems en-
titled Hacia el olvido was published in La
Paz in 1906.
Of late years Sehor Villalobos has taken
a prominent part in public life. In 1900 he
was Deputy to the National Convention,
chief official of the Ministry of Colonization
in 1902 and 1903. President of the Chamber
of Deputies in 1906, and in 1910-11 Prefect
of the Department of La Paz. During the
years 1912-17 lie was Director General of
Posts and Telegraphs.
He has been honoured also by election
Presidency of the La Paz Club and
of the Sucre Society. He is a member of
•ion of Writers and Artists of
Madrid, and Correspond in g member, of the
AND MONOG RAP II S
III
3i6
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Ateneos of Lima, of Santiago de Chile and
of Salvador. As one of the most eminent
of Bolivian poets, he was chosen Master of
Ceremonies of the Floralia in La Paz in
IQIQ.
II I
HISPANIC NOTES
?■-
<•*»
^J||
«/
&-
>3P*
V
i^H
,/*^
Eliodoro Villazon
V I L L A Z 6 N
3*7
ELIODORO VILLAZ6N
Lawyer; public wan; ex-
President of Bolivia.
Eliodoro Yii.i.a/on was born on the
twenty-second of January, 1848, in Sacaba,
a village in the neighbourhood of Cocha-
bamba, the principal city of Southern Boli-
via, in whose schools and university he gain-
ed his education and was prepared for ad-
mission to the Bar. Meantime, while he
was still a boy of fourteen, he had disclosed
his native bent and aptitude for public
a Hairs in articles which he contributed to
El FcJcralista. He had hardly attained
his majority when he was elected Deputy
for Cochabamba and gave evidence of intel-
lectual force and patriotism. He was next
chosen a member of the Assembly of 1871,
but he did not reveal his full powers as a po-
litical leader until he was called upon to take
AND MONOG R A P H S
III
3*8
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
part in the memorable National Convention
of 1880. The marked financial ability
which he then displayed resulted in his se-
lection by General Campero as Secretary of
the Treasury and in his appointment soon
afterwards as Financial Agent of Bolivia in
Europe.
An earnest supporter of Liberal principles
Villazon never ceased his advocacy of the
programme of his party and on his return
from Europe continued with new zeal to
spread its ideas, meantime labouring with
energy and success to win a worthy place
among the lawyers of Bolivia. When the
revolution of 1898 broke out, he plunged
into the thick of it and was instrumental
in winning Potosi over to the side of La
Paz. In the following year he was a mem-
ber of the Constitutional Convention, where
he exercised a moderating influence.
In 1900 General Pando, who had been
chosen President on the restoration of the
Constitution, appointed Villazon to the post
corresponding to that of Minister of Foreign
Affairs, a position which he filled with dig-
nity, particularly in the difficult duty of re-
III
H IS PANIC NOTES
V I I. I. A/.u N
3i9
plying to the Chilean Minister Abraham
Konig, who had published a statement ad-
vising the Bolivian Government to give up
all hope of ever recovering Antofagasta or
obtaining any port on the Pacific. To this
Villa/on made a temperate answer, reaffirm-
ing the rights of Bolivia and declining to re
nounce any of her just expectations. An-
other diplomatic question placed in his
hands for solution was the boundary dispute
with Peru, which became critical during the
administration of General Montes (1904-
1909) in which Villazon was Vice-President.
He was then appointed commissioner to
present the claims of Bolivia before the Gov-
ernment of Argentina.
In 1909 he was nominated by the Liberal
Party as its candidate for the Presidency
and won the election by a clear majority }
thereafter giving the Republic an adminis-
tration marked by moderation and integ-
rity. Especially he devoted himself to the
financial situation, which was entirely re-
habilitated under his skilful management;
he greatly improved also the organization,
equipment and morale of the army and
■ '
AND MO NOG R A 1MIS
III
32o BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
placed popular education on a sounder foot-
ing. At the close of his administration in
1913 General Montes recognised his distin-
guished services by appointing him Minister
to Argentina, a post which he occupied until
191 7. He afterwards remained in Buenos
Aires, where he lives retired from public life.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
V I L L E G A S
321
CARLOS M. DE VILLEGAS
Soldier: Chief oj Staff
in the Bolivian Army.
Carlos M. de Villegas, the son of Gene-
ral Carlos de Villegas, was born on the
twenty-fifth of December, 1862, in La Paz,
but was educated first in the schools of
Lima, Peru, where he spent part of his boy-
hood, and later in Cochabamba.
He was finishing his course at school when
the war of the Pacific broke out in 1879, and
he enlisted as a private. He had a natural
vocation for the military career and rose
step by step from the ranks to be Brigadier-
General in 191 1 and, in 1920, Chief of Staff:
Meantime he filled many responsible posi-
tions: Commander of the Loa Regiment;
Adjutant of the General Staff; Adjutant-
General in the War Department; Chief of
the Council of War; Governor of the Gran
AND MONOGRAPHS
in
$22
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Chaco Territory; Inspector-General of the
Army, and Governor of the Southern Mili-
tary Zone.
He has been decorated for his services
with a gold medal for the battle of the Alto
de la Alianza and with the Bolivian tricolour
Isash for the campaign of the Pacific. He
1 also wears the medal of Merit of the Repub-
' lie of Chile.
I I I HISPANIC NOTES
Jose Victor Zaconeta
Z A C 0 N E T A
323
JOSE VICTOR ZACONETA
Public man; writer.
Jose Victor Zaconeta, the son of the
mine-owner Jose Zaconeta and Narcisa Pal-
acios, was born in Oruro on the twenty-first
of July, 1865.
He was educated in the universities of La
Paz, Oruro and Cochabamba, graduating
from the latter in 1882 with the degree of
Bachelor of Arts and Sciences. He then
entered the School of Medicine in Cocha-
bamba but had to discontinue his studies
owing to the inadequate facilities then offer-
ed in that department.
From 1896 to 1904 he was cashier in the
Francisco Argandona Bank in Oruro and
from 191 1 until 1915, Manager of the Oruro
branch of the Bolivian Mercantile Bank.
In that year he left the banking business to
become Manager of the Consolidated Mining
AND MONOGRAPHS
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324
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Company of Colquiri, owner of one of the
richest tin deposits in the province of In-
quisivi, and still holds this position.
He married Amalia Quiroga Gamucio in
1890 and has six children.
He has taken an active part in public life.
From 1900 to 1903 he was a member of the
the City Council of Oruro and held succes-
sively the posts of Treasurer, Vice-President,
and President of the Council. During the
years 1904 and 1905 he was Director of In-
struction and of the Treasury in Oruro and
j in 1910 he was elected Senator. The years
1 9 14 and 191 5 saw him a member of the
Committee on National Aviation, and in
1918, Vice-President of the Electoral Board
[ and a member of the Patriotic Committee
I in favour of a port for Bolivia.
Senor Zaconeta has all his life been inter-
! ested in literature. He has been a regular
contributor to the Press of his country, and
is the author of the poems El Golgota, Flora,
and La Prensa.
Ill
HISPANIC NOTES
/. A I.
RJAN MARIA ZALLES
Public
Juan Maria Xai.les. the son of Luis Zal-
les and Florencia Calderon. was born in La
Paz in 1S79. He studied first in the San
Calixto school of La Paz. where he com-
pleted the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts and Sciences in 1S92. enter-
ed the Law School of the University of San
Andres and in iSg; was admitted to the Bar.
After the completion of his studies in the
University he devoted himself for a time to
business and journalism. In 1908 he was
appointed Secretary to the Bolivian Lega-
tion in Chile. Liter in the same vear was
made Charge d'affaires and in 1909 Secre-
I Legation in Bu< 1
his return to Bolivia he has held
the following posts: Governor of La Paz,
1910; Minister of War. 1912; Minister of
AND MONOGRAPHS
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326
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
j the Interior, 1913; Minister to Peru, 1917,!
J and Senator, 1918.
He has been a candidate, though unsuc-
I cessful, for the Presidency. His interest in
journalism has brought him into close touch
with many daily papers of Bolivia, especi- '
: ally El Diario, El Comer do de Bolivia, and
i La Epoca. on which he has held the post of
i editor.
I I I
HISPANIC NOTES
ZALLES C.
LUIS ZALLES C.
Lawyer; official.
Luis Zalles C, was born in La Paz in
1875. He obtained his university prepara-
tion in the San Calixto School and received
the degree of Bachelor of Arts and Sciences
in 1888. He continued his studies in the
' Law School of the University of San Andres
and was admitted to the Bar in 1897.
After devoting himself for a time to the
practice of his profession he entered public-
life in 1900. when he was appointed Clerk in
the .Ministry of Public Instruction. The
following year he was promoted to be Chief
Clerk and since that time he has held the
following public positions : Chief Clerk of
the Treasury Department, 1902; Consul
General in Paris. 1903; Charge d'affaires in
Paris, 1906; Governor of La Paz, 1909;
Councilor to the Bolivian Legation in
327
AN D M 0 NOG k APHS III
3-^
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
Paris, 1910; Member and President of the
City Council of La Paz, 1913 and 1914; Min-
ister of Public Instruction, 1917-1919. He
was elected Deputy for South Yungas in
1916, and his term expires in 1920.
I I I
II I SP A N I C N OTES
Z A M 0 R A
329
JULIO ZAMORA
Public man.
Julio Zamora i as born in Sucre in 1874.
' He received his early education in the Junin
School and afterwards studied law in the
University of San Francisco Xavier. He
left the University before receiving his de-
^ee but was admitted to the Bar in 1901.
For some years he was associated with
the Tarija branch of the National Bank of
1 Bolivia, first as Secretary, later as Cashier
and finally as Manager. In 1904 he sever-
ed his connection with the bank to enter poli-
tical life. Elected Deputy for Sucre, he
! was re-elected at the expiration of his four
year term in 1908, and during this period
was twice chosen President of the Chamber.
He was elected President of the City Coun-
cil of Sucre in 1910, President of the City
Council of Oruro in 1912, Senator for Chu-
i
AM D MONOGRAPHS I I I
1
330 BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
quisaca (Sucre) in 1914, and Senator for
Oruro in 1916. On several occasions he
has been a member of the Cabinet, holding
the portfolio of the Treasury in 1914, and
that of the Interior in 1918. In 1919 he
was sent as head of a special mission to the
United States Government.
In 1905 he published a compilation
of the treaties between Bolivia and Chile,
and in the same year founded the daily
paper El Diario. He has also been inter-
ested in the publication of the periodicals
La Prensa of Sucre, El Eco moderno, La Re-
vista de Bolivia, and La Nacion.
I II
HISPANIC NOTES
Z A M U D I 0
ADELA ZAMUDIO
Writer: teacher.
Adela Zamtdio. the daughter of Adolfo
Zamudio and Modesta Ribero, was born in
Cochabamba on the eleventh of October,
1854.
She received her education in her native
city and even in her school days began to
show an inclination for literature. At the
age of sixteen a number of her poetical com-
positions were published by her mother
under the pseudonym of " Soledad ":,a name
well known to-day throughout Bolivia. In I
1887 she brought out in Buenos Aires a vol- j
ume of verses entitled Ensayos poeticos , with ,
a prologue by the Argentine writer Juan
Jose Vellozo.
Becoming interested in education, she
opened in Cochabamba an Academy of
Drawing and Painting, which in 1898 was
331
AND MONOGRAPHS III
332
BOLIVIANS OF TO-DAY
III
subsidized by the Government. After dir-
ecting this school for ten years, she was in
1906 appointed head of a new primary
school for girls in Cochabamba. This posi-
tion she still retains. Her liberal ideas in
educational matters have met with much
opposition on the part of the clerical group
in Cochabamba, and with them she has sus-
tained many a literary controversy, uphold-
ing her advanced ideas with considerable
spirit.
In 1914 she published with Ollendorff of
Paris a collection of her best poems under
the title of Rdfagas, but the success of this
edition proved very limited,as the outbreak
of the European War interrupted its distri-
bution. Much of her work is difficult of ac-
cess, as it is scattered in the magazines of
her country, many of which have unfortun-
ately been shortlived. The following pub-
lished works, however, have met with
favourable comment: El Misionero (with a
prologue by Claudio Pinilla) La Paz, 1878:
Noche de fiesta, and Intimas, La Paz, 1913.
II I S P A N 1 C N 0 T E S
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