^
Ex Libris
C. K. OGDEN
THE
THE BOOK
OF THE
POETS.
ILLUSTRATED
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FROM DESIGNS BY CORBOULD, Ac.
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Annex
CONTENTS.
Esstr ON ENGLISH POETRY, from its commencement until the end of the Eighteenth
Century vage Ix
PAGE
CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (born 1328, died
1400) 2
Confession of Palamon 3
The Merchant 5
Emilie ib.
Emctrius ib.
SireThopas 6
Good Counsail of Chaucer 7
GO WER, JOHN (born , died 1402) . . 8
Fortune unjustly blamed ib.
LYDGATE, JOHN (born 1375, died ) 9
Appeal in Behalf of Man ib.
HARBOUR, JOHN (born 1316, died 1396) 10
Combat between Bruce and Sir Henry
Bohn ib.
JAMES I. OF SCOTLAND (bom 1394,
died!437) 11
Jane Beaufort ib.
HENRY THE MINSTREL 13
Interview between Wallace and Bruce
after the Battle of Falkirk ib.
HENRYSONE, ROBERT (bom 1425,
died!495) 14
Description of Jupiter and Mars in
Cresseid's Vision ib.
DUNBAR, WILLIAM (born 1465, died
1530) 15
Songs to the Rose ib.
DOUGLAS, GAWIN (born 1474, died
1522) 16
A Winter Morning ib.
Song of the Birds to the Sun ib.
JAMES V. OF SCOTLAND (born 1512,
died 1542) 17
A Rustic Coquette ib.
A Coward ib.
LYNDSAY, SIR DAVID (born 1490,
died 1557) 18
Lament for James IV. of Scotland .... ib.
The Confessional Ridiculed 19
WYATT, SIR THOMAS (born 1503, died
1542) 20
The Lady to answere directly with Yea
orNay ib.
A renouncing of Love ib.
SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, Earl of
(born 1516, died 1546) 21
Description and Praise of his love,
Geraldine ib.
Description of Spring, wherein eche
thing renewes, save only the Lover ib.
VAUX, THOMAS, Lord 22
The aged Lover renounceth Love ib.
GRIMOALD, NICHOLAS (born ,
died 1563) 24
Death ofCicero ib.
SCOT, ALEXANDER 25
Lament when his Wife left him ib.
SYDNEY, SIR PHILIP (bora 1554, died
1586) 26
To the Moon - ib.
To Stella ib.
DORSET, THOMAS SACKVILLE, Earl
of (bom 1536, died 1608) 27
Remorse ib.
Old Age ib.
SPENSER, EDMUND (bora 1553, died
1598) 28
Encounter of St. George with the Dragon 29
The Bower of Bliss 31
Angelic Guardianship 32
Combat between Blandamour and Pa-
ridell ib.
Description of Sir Calidore 33
Sir Calidore's Courtship of Pastorell ... 34
RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (bom 1552,
died!618) 37
His Love admits no Rival ib.
HALL, JOSEPH (bom 1574, died 1656) 38
Youthful desire of Travel ib
The hollow Invitation 39
Conclusion to his Satires ib.
FLETCHER, GILES (bom .died 1623) 40
Justice ib.
FLETCHER, PHINEAS 41
Happiness of the Shepherd's Life ib.
D AVIES, SIR JOHN (born 1570,died 1626) 42
Various Definitions of the Soul and their
Fruitlessness ib.
Praise of Dancing 43
CONTENTS.
DRAYTON, MICHAEL (born 1563, died
1631) 44
Henry V. and his Troops on the night
before the Battle of Agincourt .... ib
Night 45
Queen Mab's Chariot ib.
The Birth of Moses 46
DANIEL, SAMUEL (born 1562, died!619) 47
The Queen of Richard II. awaiting
the entrance of her Husband and
BoHngbroke into London ib.
DONNE, JOHN (born 1573, died 1631).. 49
His Picture ib.
The Dissolution ib.
Sonnet 50
BURTON, ROBERT (born 1576, died
1639) 51
Pains and Pleasures of Melancholy .... ib.
DAVISON, FRANCIS 52
A Fiction how Cupid made a Nymph
wound herself with his Arrows .... ib.
Desire's Government 63
DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (born 1585,
died 1619) 54
. Sonnet ib.
Sonnet ib.
Consolation for the Death of his Mistress 55
Dedication of a Church 56
Of a Bee 57
Upon a Bay Tree, not long since grow-
ing in the ruins of Virgil's Tomb . . ib.
Upon a Glass ib.
WITHER, GEO. (born 1588, died 1667) 58
Song of the Nymph 59
Resistance to the Oppressor 60
The Stedfast Shepherd ib.
QUARLES, FRANCIS (born 1592, died
1644) 62
Faith ib.
From a Song 63
Emblem ib.
The Virgin to her Child 65
HERBERT, GEO. (born 1593, died 1632) 66
Sin ib.
Love ib.
Apology for Sacred Poetry 67
Employment ib.
Virtue 68
CRASHAW, RICHARD (born 1615, 69
died ) ib.
The Nativity ib.
On the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 70
To the Morning Satisfaction for Sleep 71
The Apostolic Spirit invoked 72
C ARE W, THOMAS (born , died 1 639) 73
To the New Year, for the Countess of
Carlisle ib.
The Protestation .. . 74
The Primrose 74
Elegy on Lady Maria Wentworth 75
SUCKLING, SIR JOHN (born 1609, died
1641) 76
Song ...". ib.
Description of a Bride 77
Siege of a Heart 78
Song 79
Perjury Excused ib.
DAVENANT, SIR WILLIAM (born
1605, died 1668) 80
Benefit of Poetry ib.
Description of a Leader 81
Conscience 82
Song ib.
Epitaph on Mrs. Katherine Cross .... 83
COWLEY, ABRAHAM (born 1618,
died 1667) 84
The Heart fled again 85
The Chronicle 86
The Epicure 88
Destruction of the First-born of Egypt 89
TheBargain 91
The Daughters of Saul 92
DENHAM, SIR JOHN (born 1615, died
1668) 93
The Thames ib.
A Song 94
On the Game of Chess ib.
Homer 95
Cowley ib.
MILTON, JOHN (born 1608, died 1674) 96
Invitation of Comus to the Lady 97
Samson's Lamentation for his Blindness 98
Hymn on the Nativity 99
Satan addressing the Fallen Angels . . 104
Pandemonium 105
Opening of the Gates of Hell 1 06
Satan's Soliloquy on first beholding
Adam and Eve 107
Eve's first awakening to Life 108
Adam's first awakening to Life 109
Temptation of Adam by Eve 110
WALLER, EDMUND (born 1605, died
1687) Ill
On his Majesty's (Charles I.) receiving
the news of the Duke of Bucking-
ham's Death ib.
Song 112
Upon the Death of the Lord Protector ib.
To the Duchess of Orleans, when she
was taking Leave of the Court at
Dover 113
ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, Earl
of (born 1647, died 1680) 114
Upon Drinking in a Bowl ib.
Upon Nothing 1 ' 5
Love and Life : a Song 1 lu
CONTENTS.
iii
MARVELL, ANDREW (born 1620,
died 1678) 11
The Nymph complaining for the Death
of her Fawn ib
BUTLER, SAMUEL, (born 1612, died
1680) 12(
Description of Hudibras "12
Fortune of Hudibras in Battle 126
Combat between Trulla and Hudibras 127
ROSCOMMON, WENTWORTH DIL-
LON, Earl of (born 1633, died 1 684) 131
Comparison between French and Eng-
lish Translators of Poetry ib
Ode upon Solitude 132
The confident Quack 13.'
COTTON, CHARLES (born 1630, died
1687) 134
A Host and Hostess ib.
Cotton's Account of Himself 1 35
DORSET, CHARLES SACKVILLE,
Earl of (bom 1637, died 1706) .... 136
To Mr. Edward Howard, on his incom-
parable, incomprehensible Poem,
called The British Princes ib.
Song 137
Song, written at Sea ib.
Song 139
DRYDEN, JOHN (bom 1631, died 1701) 140
From an Ode to the Memory of Mrs.
Anne Killigrew 141
Truth of Revelation 142
Character of the English 143
Character of the Earl of Shaftesbury . . 1 44
Description of the Poet Shadwell 146
London 147
A Song 149
On the Monument of the Marquis of
Winchester 150
The affectionate Mother ib.
POMFRET, JOHN (bom 1667, died 1703) 152
Means of Benevolence, Hospitality, and
Friendship ib.
The secret Grief 153
Miseries of Civil War 154
PHILIPS, JOHN (bom 1676, died 1708) 155
The Splendid Shilling ib.
PRIOR, MATTHEW (bom 1664, died
1721) 159
Henry's Courtship of Emma ib.
Charity 161
The Thief and the Cordelier 162
Challenge to Human Wisdom 164
AlearnedLady 165
SMITH, EDMUND (bom , died
1710) 166
Music ib.
Ode for the Year 1705 . . ib.
KING, WILLIAM (born 1663, died 17 12) 168
Rules for giving a Dinner ib.
Reward of cruel Counsel 169
Hercules and Omphale ib.
Music an Auxiliary to Female Charms 170
YALDEN, THOMAS (born 1671, died
1736) 171
Hymn to Darkness.... ib.
The Satyr's Address 173
PARNELL, THOMAS (born 1679, died
1717) 174
Christ's Agony in the Garden 175
Advice to an old Beauty 176
Song of Hezekiah ib.
On Bishop Bur-net's being set on Fire
in bis Closet 178
On Mrs. Arabella Fermor leaving Lon-
don 179
Ostentatious Hospitality ib.
Epigram ISO
FENTON, ELIJAH (bom 1683, died
1730) 181
Impotence of Human Wisdom ib.
Education 182
On the first Fit of the Gout 183
WATTS, ISAAC (bom 1674, died 1743) 184
Divine Judgments ib.
Looking Upward 186
Seeking a Divine Calm in a restless
World ib.
Launching into Eternity 187
Free Philosophy 188
To the Rev. John Howe ib.
HUGHES, JOHN (bom 1677, died 1720) 190
To a beautiful Lady ib.
On Divine Poetry ib.
An Image of Pleasure 191
Written in a Lady's Prayer Book ib.
Ode on the Spring 192
SWIFT, JONATHAN (born 1667, died
1744) 193
To the Earl of Peterborough ib.
Epigram 194
On a Curate's Complaint of hard Duty 195
The Progress of Poetry ib.
Riddle on the Gallows 196
On Wood, the Ironmonger 197
The Dog and the Thief 198
TICKELL, THOMAS (bom 1686, died
1740) 199
From an Elegy on the Death of Addison ib.
Colin and Lucy 200
The Changeling 202
In Praise of the Hornbook 203
ADDISON, JOSEPH (bora 1672, died
1719) 204
An Ode ib.
The Battle of Blenheim 206
a *
CONTENTS.
I-AGE
Italy 208
Prologue to Smith's Phaedra and Hip-
politus 210
PHILIPS, AMBROSE (born 1671, died
1749) 211
A rustic Recess ib.
The happy Swain ib.
Beauties of a Winter Morning 212
Song 213
POPE, ALEXANDER (born 1688, died
1744) 214
Messiah, a Sacred Eclogue 215
Candidates for Fame 218
A Fragment 219
Mutual Dependance of all upon each
other 220
Strength of the Ruling Passion in Death 221
Timon's Villa 222
The literary Patron 223
On a certain Lady at Court 224
Mutual Flattery ib.
Belinda's Vision 225
BROOME, WILLIAM (born , died
1745) 227
Poverty and Poetry ib.
The Coquette 228
On Death 229
YOUNG, EDWARD (born 1681, died
1765) 230
Execution of Lady Jane Grey 231
Anticipation of the Last Day 232
Pride 233
Scribblers 234
Narcissa 236
GAY, JOHN (born 1688, died 1732) .... 238
Epistle to a Lady on her Passion for
old China 239
Song: Black. eyed Susan 241
Directions for Walking the Streets of
London 242
A Fable : The Fanner's Wife and the
Raven 244
To my Native Country 245
The Spell ib.
RAMSAY, ALLAN (born 1686, died
1758) 249
Rustic Coquettes ib.
Defence of Matrimony 250
Midnight Assignation with a Witch . . 252
In Praise of the Plaid ib.
Horace to Virgil 254
The Twa Books 255
GARTH, SAMUEL (born , died
1718) 256
Evening ib.
The Regions of Disease 257
To the Duke of Marlborough 258
On the Statue of Queen Anne 259
-AGB
HILL, AARON (born 1685, died 1750) 260
Alexis ; or, Pope ib.
Verses written when alone at an Inn . . ib.
WARTON, THOMAS (born 1687, died
1745) 263
An American Love Ode ib.
Verses written after seeing Windsor
Castle ib.
Retirement : an Ode 263
SOMERVILE, WILLIAM (born 1692,
died 1742) 264
Hare Hunting ib.
GREEN, MATTHEW (born 1696, died
1737) 269
Remedies for the Spleen ib.
SAVAGE, RICHARD (born 1698, died
1743) 272
Suffering Worth ib.
Advantages of Adversity 273
Savage on his Misfortunes, and the
Queen's Kindness 274
Political Independence of the Poet . . 275
CRAWFURD, WILLIAM (born 1700,
died ) 276
The Bush aboon Traquair ib.
Tweedside 277
HAMILTON, WILLIAM (bom 1704,
died 1754) 278
Song.. ib.
From Contemplation ib.
BYROM, JOHN (born 1691, died 1763) 280
A Pastoral ib.
MALLET, DAVID (born 1700, died
1765) 283
William and Margaret ib.
Edwin and Emma 285
Epitaph on a Young Lady 287
PITT, CHRISTOPHER (born 1699, died
1748) 288
On a Shadow : an Ode ib.
From The Art of Preaching 289
BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (born
1705, died 1760) 290
A Pipe of Tobacco ib.
MOORE, EDW. (born 1712, died 1757) 293
The Return of the Penitent ib.
The Nightingale and Glow-worm .... 295
THOMSON, JAMES (born 1700, died
1748) 296
Charity inspired by Spring 297
Sheep Shearing 298
A Fox-hunting Banquet 299
The Traveller lost in the Snow 300
Description of the Scenery around the
Castle of Indolence 302
The .ZEolian Harp 303
The Miseries of Indolence 304
CONTENTS.
PAC.F
DYER, JOHN (born 1700, died 1757) .. 3( 5
Prospect from Grongar Hill ib.
From The Ruins of Rome 306
Recommendation of British Industry . 307
BRAMSTON. JAMES (bom 1700, died
1744) 309
From The Man of Taste ib.
HARTE, WALTER (born 1700, died
1774) 312
Examples of the Great who lived re-
tired from the World ib.
BLAIR, ROBERT (born 1700, died 1746) 314
The Church and Churchyard 315
The rich Man's Funeral 317
The Grave, a universal Leveller .... ib.
Death and its Consequence 319
Death of the good Man 320
BOYSE, SAMUEL (bom 1708, died 1749) 321
Epistle to Henry Brooke, Esq ib.
The Redeemer ib.
To Mrs. Oldfleld 322
ARMSTRONG, JOHN (bom 1709, died
1779) 323
A healthy Site ib.
True Luxury 324
Night-mare 325
Description of the Sweating Sickness . ib.
LYTTELTON, GEORGE LORD (born
1709, died 1773) 328
From an Elegy to the Memory of his
Wife ib.
WHITEHEAD, PAUL (bom 1710, died
1774) 331
Worthlessness of Externals ib.
Pursuit of Honour 332
SHENSTONE, WILLIAM (born 1714,
died 1763)
Ancient Britons
To Mr. Dodsley
The Princess Elizabeth
Anacreontic
Description of Virtue
JOHNSON, SAMUEL (born 1709, died
1784)
To Miss
Prologue
Fate of Poverty in London
False Glory
Imitation
GLOVER, RICHARD (born 1712, died
1785)) '.
The Chariot of Xerxes
Contrast between the Persian and
Grecian Soldiers
The Vision of Artemisia
Description of Teribazus
WHITEHEAD WILLIAM (born 1714,
died 1785) 348
The Youth and the Philosopher ib.
On Nobility 349
JAGO, RICHARD (bom 1715, died
1781) 350
Kenilworth Castle ib
To a Lady 351
GRAY, THOMAS (born 1716, died 1771) 3*2
Ode on the Spring 353
The Bard 364
Gray of Himself 358
Epitaph ib.
COLLINS, WILLIAM (born 1720, die<l
1756) 9
The Passions ib.
Ode 362
The Water Spirit ib.
SMOLLETT, TOBIAS (born 1720, died
1771) 364
The Tears of Scotland ib.
Song 365
Ode to Leven Water 366
Song 367
AKENSIDE, MARK (born 1721, died
1770) 368
Inscription for a Grotto 369
To Sleep 370
Against Suspicion 371
Man's immortal Aspirations 373
Superiority of moral to material
Grandeur '. ... 374
Uses of the Sense of the Ridiculous . . . 375
Sympathy ib.
COTTON, CHARLES (born , died
1788) 376
Marriage ib.
The Lamb and the Pig 377
SMART, CHRISTOPHER (born 1722,
diedl771) 379
From The Immensity of the Supreme
Being ib.
From The Power of the Supreme Being 380
From an Ode to an Eagle confined in a
College Court 381
GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (bom 1729,
died 1774) 382
Edwin and Angelina 383
Holland 387
The Country Clergyman 388
CUNNINGHAM, JOHN (bom 1729.
died 1773) 390
Fanny of the Dale ib.
The Miller ib.
Evening 391
LLOYD, ROBERT (bom 1733, died 1 764) 393
The Cit' Country Box . . ib.
Ti
CONTENTS.
CHURCHILL, CHARLES (born 173),
died!764) 396
Modern Criticism ib,
The Peasant and the King contrasted 397
The Tutor's Advice 399
Privileged Imposition ib.
The City Politician. 400
BLACKLOCK THOMAS (bom 1721,
died 1791) 401
From a Hymn to the Supreme Being. . ib.
The Author's Picture 402
To a Gentleman 403
WILKIE, WILLIAM (born 1721, died
1772) 404
From the Death of Hercules ib.
MASON, WILLIAM (born 1725, died
1797) 407
Elegy on the Death of Lady Coventry ib.
FALCONER, WILLIAM (born 1730,
died 1769) 410
From The Shipwreck 411
LANGHORNE, JOHN (born 1735, died
1779) 416
Verses in Memory of a Lady ib.
The Gipsy Life 418
WARTON, THOMAS (born 1728, died
1790) 419
The Pleasures of Melancholy ib.
Evening 420
Jockey Senators 421
MICKLE, WILLIAM JULIUS (born
1734, died 1788) 423
Sacred to the Heirs of Radnor Castle ib.
Stanzas 424
Downfall of the Portuguese Empire in
India .425
LOGAN, JOHN (born 1748, aiod 1788) 4:26
Description of Spring ib.
Hymn 427
Ode to the Cuckoo 428
The Braes of Yarrow ib.
CHATTERTON, THOMAS (born 1752,
died!770) 430
The Advice ib.
From The Battle of Hastings 431
FERGUSSON, ROBERT (born 1750, died
1774) 433
Leith Races ib.
From Caller Water 437
COWPER, WILLIAM (born 1731, died
1800) 438
The solemn Coxcomb 439
From Verses on the Receipt of his
Mother's Picture 440
On Corporations 441
The Miseries of Kings 442
The sanctimonious old Prude 443
A Theological Soiree 444
BURNS, ROBERT (born 1759, died 1796) 446
The Cotter returning Home 447
Comforts of the 1'oor 448
Tarn O'Shanter and the Witches 449
Meeting with Death 450
A Halloween Superstition 451
Bruce's Address to his Army 452
Highland Mary 453
Farewell to Nancy 454
The Book-worms ib.
BEATTIE, JAMES (born 1735, died
1803) 45S
The Boyhood of the Minstrel ib.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
DRAWN BY
ENGRAVED BY
PAGE
1.
CHAUCER Interruption of the Combat between -j
Palamon and Arcite >
HAMILTON
. DAVENPORT
3
2.
SIR DAVID LYNDSAV. Female at Confession
COBBOULD
. C. HEATH
. 19
3.
LORD VAUX. Age resigning Pleasure to Youth .
ARCHER .
. ARCHER
. 23
4.
SPENSER Combat of St. George with the Dragon
DOMENICHINO
. COLLIER
. 19
5.
GILES FLETCHER Goddess of Justice
. DAVENPORT
. 40
6.
DONNE. The Crucifixion .....
. GRAVES
. 50
7.
WITHER Landscape, and the Contented Swain .
C. LORRAINE
. DAVENPORT
. 59
8.
CAREW. Angels conveying a blessed Spirit to-i
Heaven J
CORBOCLD
. C. ROLLS
. 75
9.
COWLEY. Ariadne deserted on the Shore .
CORBODLD
. C. HEATH
. 85
10.
MILTON Comus and the Lady ....
UWINS
. RANSON
. 97
II.
MILTON Adam tempted by Eve .
CORBOULD
. C. HEATH
. 110
a.
MARVELL The Lady and her wounded Fawn .
CORBOCLD
. C. HEATH
. 119
13.
BUTLER Combat of Hudibras with Trulla
CORBOCLD
. C. HEATH
. 122
U.
BUTLER Hudibrat and Ralpho ....
CORBOCLD
. C. HEATH
. 130
15.
DRYOEN Resurrection of the Poetess
CORBOCLD
. W. FINDEN
. 141
ir.
DRYDEN The affectionate Mother
CORBOCLD
. C. HEATH
. 151
17.
JOHN PHILIPS A Shipwreck ....
BALMER .
. ARCHER
. 158
IS.
PRIOR A learned Lady
UWINS
. C. HEATH
. 165
10.
PARNELL Christ's Agony in the Garden .
CORBOCLD
. C. HEATH
. 175
20.
HUGHES Impersonation of Spring
CORBOCLD
. C. HEATH
. 192
21.
SWIFT Canvas of a Candidate at an Election .
ARCHER .
. ARCHER
. 198
22.
ADDISON Contemplation of the Firmament
CORBODLD
. C. HEATH
. 20
viii
ILLUSTRATIONS.
DRAWN BY
ENGRAVPD BY
PAGE
23.
POPE The Messiah glorified .
CORBOULD
C. HEATH
. 215
24.
POPE Lady attended by Sylphs ....
UWINS .
SHBNTON
. 226
2'..
YOUNG Execution of Lady Jane Grey
CORBOULD
C. ROLLS
. 232
26.
or
GAY. Lady who has a Passion for old China
MILLS .
CORBOULD
ROMNEY
C. HEATH
. 240
24,,
mk
28.
SOMERVILE. The Chase
CORBOULD
C. ROLLS
O
. 267
29.
SAVAGE Poet expressing his Dislike of Depend- -i
ance upon Statesmen . . . . J
CORBOULD
C. HEATH
. 282
30.
BYKOM. The Pastoral Pair
CORBOULD
BACON
. 285
31.
THOMSON The charitable Cottager .
CALCOTT .
DAVENPORT
. 298
32.
BLAIR. Widow weeping over her Husband's-j
Grave J
CORBOULD
BACON
. 31
33.
ARMSTRONG Family expiring under Pestilence
CORBOCLD
BACON
. 321
31.
JOHNSON The Power of Music and Beauty
CORBODLD
W. FINDEN
. 339
3.-i.
GRAY Landscape with Cattle
GAINSBOROUGH .
ARCHER
. 353
86.
COLLINS. The Water Spirit ....
UWINS
DUNCAN
. 3C3
37.
AKENSIDE Invitation to the Grotto .
HUGHES
COOK
. 369
88.
GOLDSMITH. Edwin and Angelina
CORBOULD
SHENTON
. 383
yj.
JOHN CUNNINGHAM. Ploughman returning Home->
CORBOULD
ROMNEY
. 392
40.
CHURCHILL The City Politicians
UWINS
HEATH
. 400
41.
FALCONER The shipwrecked Mariners
CORBOULD
C. ROLLS
. 411
42.
T. WARTON The Wild Horse . . .
CORBOULD
C. HEAT H
. 422
43.
COWPER. The solemn Coxcomb
CORBOULD
C. HEATH
. 430
41.
BURNS The Cottager's Children welcoming their-j
Father's Return at Evening . . J
CORBOULD
C. HEATH
. 447
45.
BEATTIE. The Minstrel Boy ....
UWIN
DUNCAN
. 458
ENGLISH POETRY,
FROM ITS COMMENCEMENT
UNTIL THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
A FREQUENT error among the lovers of abstract intellect has
been, to undervalue the power of language as an auxiliary to
thought. With them, it is enough if an idea is expressed in as
many words as will serve to make it intelligible : all beyond
this they account a mere labour of supererogation. But with
as much justice they might despise the diversity of hues, the
beauty of forms, and the melody of sounds, with which the
beneficent Creator has adorned this material world, and made
it a habitation in which man can be happy, because these are
not essential to the mere sustenance of man. It is in the intel-
lectual, as in the physical world. An abstract idea, to be
productive of practical results in society, must be rendered not
merely intelligible, but attractive. An argument, for the pur-
poses of conviction, must be not only conclusive in itself, but
invested with those persuasive qualities which will secure its
entrance into the hearts of those who are addressed. Man is
a poetical as well as a philosophical being, and while his intel-
lect requires sustenance, his imagination craves for enjoyment.
For this, something analagous to the material world is neces-
sary something by which the mere prose of reality is beau-
tified, and aggrandised with form, and light, and melody. On
account of the human mind being so constituted, language is
X ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETKY.
not merely the outline, but the body of thought the bones,
and muscles, and flesh, and blood, through which a phantom-
like idea becomes a living tangible reality.
To this poetical tendency, which so essentially constitutes a
great portion of our nature, we must refer that amplitude of
language by which the vocabulary of every country is distin-
guished. Even the rudest savage would not be contented with
those few words that suffice to express his simple wants, or to
indicate the external objects around him. He would not an-
nounce an important fact to his mistress, by the abrupt declara-
tion " I love you ;" nor panegyrise a deceased warrior by merely
summing up, upon his fingers, the number of scalps of which
he had become the owner. His kindled imagination struggles
to aggrandize either circumstance ; his language rises, and
expands with the theme ; and what might have been originally
expressed in the naked form of a mathematical proposition, and
in a single sentence, becomes an harangue, or a poem. Such
is also the case with society, as it continues to progress from
the savage to the civilized state of life. In every stage it is felt
that conversation, and speech in general, must consist of some-
thing more than the announcement of simple facts or proposi-
tions ; and thus the routine of social every-day life is impressed
with the spirit of poetry. But even this is not enough. There
must be men set apart and consecrated for the wants of the
imagination, as well as those of intellect and faith; and the
poet therefore becomes as indispensable an appendage of con-
stituted society, as the teacher or the priest. And amidst this
natural and universal craving, the language of every country is
rendered more or less fit for the purposes of poetry. Words
are multiplied to express the same object; the principles of
verbal inflection are increased, to indicate the states and rela-
tions of objects ; rhythms are invented, by which to give utter-
ance to every variety of emotion ; and arbitrary laws of con-
nexion are established, between the sound of the language and
the idea of which it is the utterance.
When the savage, or natural, has thus merged into the arti-
ficial state of poetry, the adaptation of language for poetical
purposes will depend upon the intellectual character of the
community, the situation in which it has been placed, and the
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XI
circumstances of its national history. When these are of a
favourable description, the few hundreds of words of which a
language originally consisted, are expanded, in the course of
ages, like a mighty forest that has grown from a handful of
seedlings. Such was the case with the language of Greece
that voice of poetry itself that music of the heart, whose tones
will continue to reverberate upon human sympathy as long as
an ear exists to hear, or a soul to be moved with the feelings of
a human intelligence. At first it was only the rude gabble of
the savage who scaled the steep sides of (Eta, or chased the
flying deer upon the plains of Marathon. But successive
families of more civilized beings settled in that beautiful land,
and introduced new ideas, with a correspondent nomenclature ;
and as the Grecian savage rose into the creature of civilization,
his language became expressive of something more than the
mere wants and feelings of the passing hour. The bright and
gentle atmosphere, and the beautiful scenery of Attica, made
the Athenian from the first a poet : the glorious history of his
people furnished him with the noblest of poetical themes ; and
therefore the language of Grecian poetry, in the various attri-
butes of strength, expressiveness, and melody of copiousness
to indicate every minute shade of thought, or terseness to con-
dense a distinct proposition remains, and perhaps will for ever
remain, without a rival among the national modifications of
human speech. In the same manner the Latin tongue was
enabled to assume the second rank among poetical languages.
As Rome gradually rose from a village of thatched huts into a
city of towers and palaces, and absorbed kingdom after king-
dom in the list of her conquests, her tributary subjects added
not only to her wealth and power, but also to her vocabulary ;
and when she sang the song of liberty which Greece had taught
her, it was in that language of strength and majesty with which
she issued her commands over half the world.
The language of modern poetry, which occupies a similar
rank in the present day to that of the Greek and Latin in
ancient times, is unquestionably the English the language of
Shakspeare and Milton. It combines, in an admirable degree,
the harmony and flexibility of the Greek, with the strength and
majesty of the Roman tongue, and has thus been made the
XU ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY.
happy vehicle of every poetical mood, whether grave or gay, whe-
ther amatory or warlike. This combination of opposite qualities
is analogous to the mixture of different races which constitutes
the British nation. And we shall find that, to produce such a
tongue, many of those circumstances combined which were so
favourable to Greece and Rome. When the men of the north
conquered and colonized the island of Britain, they consisted of
three tribes, the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons ; and on being
united into one people, their dialects, blended together, served
to strengthen and enrich each other. The Britons, reduced to a
state of serfage, but still holding an important place in the
political scale, naturally added to the speech of their Anglo-
Saxon masters ; and the invasion and temporary supremacy of
the Danes introduced further additions and modifications.
Then succeeded a period of revolution, in which the language
and manners of the court of Normandy predominated among
the English courtiers of Edward the Confessor, so that the
French tongue became the chief recommendation to royal
favour ; and after this came the Norman Conquest, in which
the English language was degraded into a badge of servitude,
and abandoned to the enslaved populace. But although the
kings and nobles of England for several generations disdained
the language of the people over whom they ruled, and regarded
the French tongue as the only language of courtesy, nobleness,
and valour, the true English hearts still clung to their native
speech with filial and patriotic affection. This devotedness
was richly rewarded by the final predominance of their Saxon
tongue, which superseded that of the court and the aristocracy,
and the language of the conquerors only served to amplify that
national speech which it had vainly endeavoured to annihilate.
The native language of our country having thus asserted its
superiority, and established its rule in the court and the
college, became the utterance of learning and courtesy, the
legitimate medium of communication ior the noble, the priest,
and the scholar ; and therefore during the fourteenth century,
when this emancipation was completed, English poetry, which
had grown and strengthened in the form of ballads, romances,
and chronicles, attained the first great stage of its early perfec-
tion in the works of Chaucer, and his illustrious contemporaries.
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XU1
After this period, the enlargement and improvement of our
language was beyond all former precedent. Foreign war and
conquest, commercial intercourse, and the progress of travel
and discovery, enriched it with the treasures of modern tongues ;
the labours of the learned not only added to it a large portion
of words, but the principles of grammatical order and refine-
ment; and the cultivation of every department of art and
science added new nomenclatures, which were incorporated
with the national language. In this manner, the rugged and
scanty speech which Hengist and Horsa brought to our shores,
and enforced upon the country at the sword point, became the
nucleus of additions and improvements, until it rose into gran-
deur and harmony, and gave utterance to every poetic impulse.
Nor was this all. These opportunities have been more or less
common in the progress of every language from barbarism to
refinement. But to these, which England enjoyed in so eminent
a degree, we must also add the mildness of our climate, the
fertility of our soil, the verdure and beauty of our scenery, the
nature of our political institutions, which permit such freedom
of speech and action, the heroic character of our historical asso-
ciations, and that wide empire of British conquest upon which
the sun never sets. In these circumstances, which also pos-
sessed so powerful an influence upon the happiest charac-
teristics of the Greek and Roman languages, we shall read the
sources of that copiousness and expressiveness for which our
native tongue is so conspicuous, and by which it is so admirably
fitted for all the purposes of poetry.
Of the state of poetry among the ancient Britons who origi-
nally occupied this island, we know little or nothing: all that
can be asserted on this point is, that it was carefully cultivated
among them ; that much of the instructions of the Druids was
delivered in verse, and that the bards, by their songs, possessed
a powerful influence over the community, especially in time
of war. The Saxons, who followed, and who became the
fathers of the English nation, do not appear to have been at
any time distinguished, either for their love of literature or
poetical susceptibilities. Few fragments of the Anglo-Saxon
poetry remain ; the chief of these are the mythic legend of
Beowulf and Hrothgar; the song of the elder Caedmon, "On
XIV ESSAY OK ENGLISH POETKY.
the Origin of Things ;" metrical paraphrases of portions of the
Holy Scriptures, ascribed to a second Caedmon ; Athelstan's
Song of Victory ; with a few elegies and odes, chiefly of a reli-
gious character. From these scanty and imperfect specimens,
we are unable to ascertain the exact laws of their metre, hut
their character, as compositions, is distinguished by that ex-
tremely artificial construction so unfavourable to the spirit of
true poetry ; abounding in a mechanical inversion of words and
phrases, the frequent occurrence of alliteration, the omission of
particles, and in abrupt transitions from one idea to another.
During the earlier periods of their history, the Anglo-Saxons
appear to have possessed that love of song by which all the
tribes of ancient northern pirates were distinguished ; and at
their banquets, the harp was passed from hand to hand, while
every guest was expected to sing a song in rotation ; but when
they had become a settled people amidst the abundance and
luxuries of England, this love of poetry was gradually swallowed
up in the accompanying sensualities of eating and drinking.
Such continued to be the state of the popular taste until the
period of the Norman Conquest. Glee-men and glee-women
indeed there were in abundance, who were in great request at
every feast and festival ; but the popular poetry, of which they
were the representatives, must have been at a very low ebb,
when we remember that they were dancers, tumblers, and
bufibons, as well as minstrels.
Although the Norman Conquest was destined to superinduce
a new intellectual character upon the naturally rustic spirit of
the Saxon stock, the poetry -of England for a considerable
period was rather thrown back than advanced by this import-
ant political change. In consequence of the contempt with
which every thing English was viewed by the dominant race,
the language was abandoned to the common people ; and when
it was used as the vehicle of poetical numbers, it was to cele-
brate the resistance of their national heroes to the Norman
invaders, or panegyrise the exploits of the outlaws of the gay
greenwood ; themes which were so obnoxious to their masters,
that they were sung in an under-key, and with fear and trem-
bling. Except in such instances as these, the poetry of England
continued to possess a foreign character, being composed either
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XV
in Latin or in French. Of the last language, there were two
great dialects, one of which was called the Langue d'oc, and
the other the Langue cToyl, in both of which the trouveurs
and troubadours of the Anglo-Norman court recorded the
deeds and wonders of the classical or chivalric ages ; and the
themes of such minstrelsy soon became sufficiently abundant in
the stirring events of those warlike periods. Knightly deeds
of valour, the charms of love, and the graces of courtesy, were
embodied in lays or legends, and sung at the banquets of the
nobles ; and the exploits of the founders of the great families of
England found willing hearers and liberal rewarders in their
descendants. A still wider and more heart-stirring theme suc-
ceeded with the Crusades ; and the gorgeous fictions and
scenery of the East were engrafted upon the northern poetry,
more especially when English Richard, himself a perfect knight
as well as an accomplished minstrel, lent both his lyre and
sword to the poetical spirit of his country.
The time, however, was coming, although by slow approaches,
and rude desultory efforts, when the Muse of England was to
give utterance to her inspirations in the English language. So
uncertain indeed was the transition state in which it ceased to
be Saxon, and became English, that a translation of Wace's
Metrical Chronicle, executed about the middle of the twelfth
century by Layamon, a priest of Ernleye, has puzzled our most
learned antiquarians, who cannot decide whether the version
should be considered a Saxon or an English one. During the
latter part of the reign of Henry III., and that of his son
Edward I., numerous poets appear to have flourished in
England, whose chief literary labours consisted of translations
and imitations of the French romances. The principal name
that occurs during this epoch, is that of Robert, a monk of
Gloucester, who proposed to himself the very useful and difficult
task of writing the History of England in verse, which he car-
ried down to his own day. As a poem, this work is comparatively
worthless ; but it must have been an acceptable boon to the
commons of his own time, composed as it was in the language
and phraseology which had been so long endeared to them by
courtly disfavour and contempt, and recording every historical
event with the fidelity and minuteness of the most prosaic his-
XVI ESSAT ON ENGLISH POETRY.
torian. Next in the list of English poets of the middle ages
is Robert de Brunne, also a monk, a translator who lived in
the fourteenth century, and who compiled a rhyming Chronicle
of the History of England, from the works of Wace, and Peter
of Langtoft. Passing over other names of poets who lived about
the same period, we may mention that of Laurence Minot, who
wrote some spirit-stirring ballads narrating the victories of
Edward III. Few reigns in English history were so well
qualified to excite the poetical spirit by splendid chivalric spec-
tacles and heroic achievements, as that of this monarch, graced
as it. was by the deeds of his son the Black Prince ; and accord-
ingly English poetry during the period of his administration
assumed not only a distinctive form, but displayed some of its
highest attributes. This was especially the case in those
romances which portrayed the characters, the events, and the
pageantries, of chivalry. A greater poet than any who had pre-
ceded him, was Robert Langland, who wrote his singular and
well-known work entitled, " The Visions of Piers Plowman,"
probably about 1362. In this poem, the author appears to
have imitated the old Saxon models of versification, rather than
those of his own day, and the lines are constructed upon the
principle of alliteration, rather than rhyme. His chief subjects
were the abuses of religion, and the demoralization of society, in
which he took occasion to attack the dissolute priests, friars,
and nuns, with a freedom, severity, and energy, to which, as
yet, they had been little accustomed. But the manner in which
he handles his subject sufficiently shows, that the principles
of taste in poetical composition were still very imperfectly under-
stood. Piers Plowman is an impersonation of the Christian
life, and he receives from Grace four strong oxen, whose names
are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, to plough up the field of
divine truth. He has afterwards assigned to him four vigorous
bullocks, to harrow up the ground which has been already
ploughed ; and these are, Ambrose, Augustine, Gregory, and
Jerome, the illustrious fathers of the Christian church.
But immeasurably beyond all the poets whom we have lately
mentioned, was the immortal and inimitable Chaucer. This
writer, in originality as well as excellence, stands alone. It was
little indeed, comparatively speaking, that he could gain from
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETKY. XV11
the lessons of those who had gone before him ; they had left
him nothing but a language still in a state of barbarism, and
examples of Romanesque poetry which he considered 'only
worthy of ridicule, and which he ridiculed accordingly in his
romance of Sir Topas, as well as in the satirical references with
which his Canterbury Tales abound. To him was consigned
the important office of being, not only a great national poet, but
the creator of the language and style of the national poetry.
In these respects, as well as in the universality of his genius, he
comes nearest to Shakspeare, of whom he may also be consi-
dered the type. While Langland, his distinguished contem-
porary, was endeavouring to reduce English poetry to the
obsolete models of the old Anglo-Saxon verse, Chaucer, with
a happier perception of poetical propriety, and the hidden
powers of our language, was moulding it into that form which
was so much more congenial to its character and construction ;
and for such a task he was well fitted, by the strength as
well as the many-sidedness of his mind. Shakspeare alone
excepted, no one has ever excelled, or even equalled him, in
so much observation combined with such original invention
in the grandeur and minuteness of his descriptions in pathos,
and in humour in the highest flights of imaginative poetry,
and the most correct pictures of real and every-day life in all
that constitutes imagination, fancy, and correct observation,
combined with a cheerful healthy temperament of mind, and
great common sense. In looking at his splendid productions,
the works of the minstrels and poetical moralists who pre-
cede him sink into utter insignificance. On account of his
diversified power, he tried every kind of poetry which had
been already cultivated, and succeeded in each, as well as ex-
tracted from every foreign author whatever was characteristic
of excellence in his peculiar style. He was thus by turns
a translator, an imitator, and an improver, as well as an ori-
ginal writer. But of all his writings the Canterbury Tales
include the perfection of his multifarious qualities, and consti-
tute his most distinguished work. Here he has concentrated
all his knowledge, as well as all his minute powers of genius ;
and every story teems with brilliant pictures, with profound
thoughts, with lively sallies of humour, with correct sketches
b
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY.
of common life, and an ample fund of close philosophical obser-
vation upon every state of society ; thus constituting a work to
whifih there is no parallel either in the English or in any other
language. The idea of this production was probably adopted
from Boccaccio's Decamerone ; but the genius of Chaucer ap-
pears as superior to his original as the characters of the Knight
and Squire, the Host, Reeve, and Miller, are superior to the
undiscriminated ladies and gentlemen whom the Italian novelist
created as the organs of his sentiments, the mere mouth-pieces
of his hundred amusing stories.
The time of Chaucer, compared with previous ages, was a
golden era of English poetry. Besides Langland, he had the
"moral Gower" for his contemporary, and Occleve and Lyd-
gate for his immediate successors. Each of these was illus-
trious in his particular sphere ; but all of them were vastly
inferior to the great master of English song, who stood unap-
proached and unrivalled. Of these poets, the last came the
nearest to Chaucer, whom he calls his master. It might now
have been expected that so bright a morning of English poetry
would have strengthened into a cloudless mid-day; but the
light was soon to be darkened by the eclipse of civil contention.
The wars of the Roses occurred ; and in the fierce rivalry of the
houses of York and Lancaster, the princely and noble patrons
of learning Humphrey of Gloucester, and the Lords Tiptoft
and Scales perished by assassination, or upon the scaffold ;
the Universities were deserted ; learning and study were aban-
doned ; and society was thrown back into that state of bar-
barism, which is always the most frightful when it is accom-
panied with a sort of half civilization. Had the strife been a
noble one, no such results would have followed ; and poetry,
instead of being silenced and trodden into the dust, would
have soared over the contention, to animate the living and
immortalize the dead. But it was a base and heartless struggle,
in which all natural feelings were abandoned, and where the
axe of the executioner was as actively employed as the sword
of the warrior. Even after the strife itself had ceased, society
had so greatly retrograded, and the hearts of men had become
so steeled, that a considerable period was still to elapse before
the cultivation of poetry could be resumed. A deathlike
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XIX
silence consequently continued during the suspicious reign
of Henry VII., and the greater part of that of his despotic
successor; and it was only towards the close of the life of
Henry VIII. that Wyat, Surrey, and Vaux, appeared as the
successors of Chaucer, after two hundred years of poetical
apathy had intervened.
It is gratifying, however, to think, that although the flame
had been so completely repressed in one quarter, it had burst
out in another. This was in Scotland, where a bright race of
poets arose, to fill up the long gap that had occurred in English
history. In that country flourished Barbour, Henry the Min-
strel, James I., Henrysone, Gavin Douglas, Dunbar, Mersar,
Sir David Lyndsay, and James V. poets of whom any country
would have been proud, and whose spirits were nursed among
stirring deeds and picturesque scenery, and, above all, in that
heroic struggle for national liberty which so often constitutes
the very essence of poetry. They kept up an uninterrupted
succession of song, therefore, from the time of Chaucer to the
close of the reign of Henry VIII., when, strangely enough,
they cease at this period, as if they had transferred the task to
its original owners, in the consciousness that they had resigned
it into more able hands. One very singular peculiarity of these
Scottish poets is, that the earliest of them wrote English in a
style considerably in advance of their age even in England;
while the latest, instead of advancing, fell back to the rude
Anglo-Saxon phraseology, which had been disused in England
for centuries. Thus Barbour, Blind Harry, and James I.,
express themselves not only with the purity and correctness,
but also in the language, of the Elizabethan period; while
Lyndsay, and especially Gavin Douglas, who lived consider-
ably later, use the English that prevailed in fhe south during
the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. We content ourselves
with stating the simple fact as it stands. The causes of this
wonderful advance and retrogression have sorely puzzled the
philologist and antiquarian.
In consequence of the invention of printing, the general
study of classical learning, and the discovery of America, it
might have been expected that the English intellect would have
been aroused at an earlier period, and that the commencement
b 2
XX ESSAY ON Er^LISH POETRY.
of the sixteenth century, at least, would have been crowded
with names illustrious in arts and literature. But the mightiest
of all human subjects was now in agitation, and before it every
minor pursuit was annihilated. This was the Reformation, by
which the community of England was divided into two great
parties, and employed in even a higher struggle than that of
mere life and death. It is not in the midst of fearful exertion
and intense excitement, that either communities or individuals
are in a mood to be poetical : the storm must pass away, or be
listened to with safety, before it can be portrayed in tuneful
numbers; and during the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI.,
and Mary, when this the keenest of all conflicts was hanging
in suspense, and when the hearts of men were alternately mad-
dened or frozen with momentous every-day realities, any thing
like poetical excitement would have been a very superfluous
addition. But at the accession of Elizabeth, when the contest
was drawing to its close, the continuing expansion of heart and
soul demanded fresh subjects of thought, and new fields of
action ; and these were most naturally found in commerce, in
discovery, in invention, and in literature, from all of which
poetry imbibed the elements of a new and vigorous existence.
It was natural that some poet of surpassing excellence should
have been born from this new and favourable state of things ;
and the author of the Faery Queen appeared as the first
great landmark of the new era. Spenser adopted for his subject
the wonders and the achievements of chivalric life, and accord-
ingly he extracted from the great masters of Italian poetry
those incidents and ideas with which to enrich his narrative :
he portrayed the characters and events of a by-gone state of
existence, and therefore, while he wrote in the language of his
day, he adopted 1 , wherever he could, that antiquated phraseo-
logy which seemed the fittest to support and adorn such a
theme. No poet ever possessed a richer and more discursive
fancy; and he threw himself into that boundless universe
of allegory in which he could expatiate without hinderance,
and create without limitation. And then, the richness of the
language and the music of versification, by which all the won-
ders of the Faery Queen successively unfold themselves, until
the whole work is completed, remind us of the erection of that
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XXI
magnificent and supernatural palace which Milton has described *
in his Paradise Lost :
" Anon, out of the earth, a fabric huge
Rose like an exhalation, with the sound
Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet."
Such glorious notes as those which were struck by Spenser,
could not die away upon the void without awakening conge-
nial echoes ; and, accordingly, after the publication of the first
part of the Faery Queen, there appeared successively two
poems, rich in those qualities in which Spenser excelled : these
were, Venus and Adonis, and Tarquin and Lucrece, which
gave promise that, even in these departments of poetry, Spenser
himself was likely to find a rival, or perhaps a superior. But
Shakspeare soon discovered that his genius was best qualified
to excel in another department, and he turned his attention to
the drama, in which he was to reign without a rival. It is in
this fact, perhaps, that we are to account for the circumstance
of the poetry of England not becoming exclusively Spenserian,
after the gorgeous pageantries of the Faery Queen had arrested
the public gaze. A mightier than Spenser arose, and he created
a more attractive style of poetry than that of the allegory and
therefore Shakspeare, and not Spenser, became the great model
of imitation. Dramatic writing, accordingly, became the chief
glory of what is called the Elizabethan period of our poetry;
that is, the latter part of the reign of Elizabeth, and the whole
of that of her successor. Not to speak of Shakspeare's early
contemporaries, Marlow, Greene, and Peele", upon whom he so
greatly improved, there were those of a later date Ben
Jonson, the friend, and all but worshipper of Shakspeare; Lyly,
Kyd, Webster, Decker, Lodge, Beaumont and Fletcher,
Chapman, Shirley, Marston, Massinger, Ford, Tourneur, Hey-
wood men who received their dramatic impulses, either di-
rectly or indirectly, from the great master of the drama, and
whom, illustiious though many of them were, they were unable
to rival, and could at best only imitate. During the life-time of
Shakspeare alone, indeed, there was a prodigious amount of
poetry, so far as mere quantity is concerned, that was not of a
dramatic character ; and the names of two hundred and thirty
English poets have been recorded by Dr. Drake, as having
XXU ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRf.
written within the short period of fifty years. But, with the
exception of a few, their works were lost amidst the superior
attractions of the dramatic writers, just as the writings of the
latter were, with a few happy exceptions, extinguished in the
immeasurable superiority of Shakspeare.
But popular although dramatic writing continued to be, in
preference to every other species of poetry, it had to contend
against a strength and violence of prejudice, under which at
last it was obliged to succumb. This was the age of the
Puritans, who regarded every thing pertaining to the stage
not only as frivolous, but sinful ; and who warred as fiercely
against the theatre, as they did against popery, surplices, and
lawn sleeves. When they obtained the ascendancy, therefore,
the drama was proscribed along with the other abominations of
monarchy and prelacy, and in 1642, the Long Parliament de-
creed that the acting of all stage plays should be discontinued.
This was followed up by several severe enactments, in which
acting was made a public offence, and all its adherents were
rendered liable to fine or imprisonment. These expressions of
the public feeling were a death-blow to dramatic writing, from
which it has never recovered; for although English poetry
afterwards regained its full strength, and attained the highest
excellence, it was hi every department except the drama : that
continued to be carefully shunned as a sphere of intellectual
exertion, in which success was difficult and uncertain ; and
therefore, since that period, notwithstanding the number and
excellence of our poets, we have had no writers of plays equal
to the second-rate dramatic writers who flourished at the close
of the sixteenth, and the earlier part of the seventeenth cen-
turies. The reign of Puritanism, and the popular feeling it
produced, were powerful enough to stamp a sentence of repro-
bation upon this the most important department of poetic
writing, and to confine the national poetry itself within a
channel which it has never since dared to overflow. It is true,
indeed, that after this period we meet with such names as
those of Dryden, Otway, Congreve, and Vanbrugh; but do
their dramatic efforts exhibit that boldness, spontaneity, and
love of the art, which are to be found in the writings of Mar-
lowe, Ford, Massinger, and Shirley?
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XX111
Of the throng of unremembered poets, not dramatic, who wrote
from the time of Shakspeare to the period of the Commonwealth,
a few names only are worthy of being rescued from oblivion. Of
these, the first in merit, although not in time, is Drurnmond of
Hawthornden, who, after the long interval that had elapsed in
Scotland since the days of Lyndsay and James V., appeared to
vindicate the poetical character of his countrymen. Of all the
English sonneteers from Surrey downwards, none equalled
Drummond in his admirable transfusion of the chief beauties of
the Italian language into our own tongue, combined with ten-
derness of feeling and correctness of taste. There was also
Michael Drayton, the poetical chronicler, and author of the
Polyolbion a writer who displayed learning, observation, and
poetic merit, in a more than ordinary measure ; and Daniel,
who wrote a sort of epic poem on the wars between the houses
of York and Lancaster, which is distinguished by the modern
character of its language, and the smoothness and evenness of
its rhythm ; and Giles and Phineas Fletcher, who with consi-
derable original talent devoted themselves to the imitation of
Spenser, and who would have reached a higher excellence if
they had been more judicious in the choice of their subjects.
There was also Sir John Davies, who is chiefly remembered by
his philosophical poem, Nosce Teipsum, in which he has used
that difficult species of measure called the quatrain, with a hap-
pier effect than either Davenant or Dryden, who attempted the
same experiment, the former in Gondibert, and the latter in
Annus Mirabilis. Dr. Donne, also, who was contemporary
with Davies, was a poet of great strength and deep piercing
wit, but of studied obscurity, who seems to have delighted in
puzzling his readers, and setting all their faculties upon the
stretch.
During the reign of Charles I., the ascendancy of the Com-
monwealth, and part of the reign of Charles II., the poets Oi
England are usually divided into two classes, the Metaphysical
and the Classical. Of the first class were Cowley, Herrick,
and a host of followers, who abounded in forced illustrations
and far-fetched conceits, by which they endeavoured to aggran-
dize their ideas in proportion to the toil they occasioned in
discovering them. This school was indeed strong, through
XXIV ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY.
the powerful genius, fertile imagination, and lively natural
feeling, of Cowley, by which he consecrated a system that of
itself would have soon fallen and come to nothing. The clas-
sical school, the leaders of which were Denham, Waller, and
Carew, endeavoured to imitate the spirit of the ancient models,
and refine the harshness of their native language, in which they
succeeded so happily, as to merit the title of Reformers of our
poetry. This was certainly high praise, even though they
cannot lay claim to that of being first-rate poets also. Besides
these two classes which we have mentioned, the period
abounded in religious poets, at the head of whom may be
placed Crashaw, Herbert, Wither, Marvel, and Quarles. It
was the fashion during the periods of Charles II. and Anne,
to decry these writers under the name of Puritans a title
of which most of them were by no means covetous, as
they belonged to the opposite party in politics ; but their
stigmatisers found the term convenient, as it was a blighting
epithet until that of Methodist was invented ; and by deterring
readers from the perusal of such authors, they could better
conceal their own numerous plagiaries which they committed
upon the proscribed pages of these religious poets. The most
talented and imaginative was Crashaw, whose translations, or
rather paraphrases, from the Italian of Strada, are splendid
improvements upon the original ; while his own poems breathe,
in many instances, the very spirit of harmony, imagination, and
feeling. Herbert, Wither, and Quarles, with great liveliness,
fancy, and strength of intellect, unfortunately attached them-
selves to the metaphysical school, the style of which, although
ridiculous enough when applied to subjects of mere earthly
feeling, was still more unfortunate in the service of religion
and devotion. In addition also to metaphysical obscurities and
conceits, they addressed their productions to the eye, by mould-
ing them into the most grotesque forms, so that the verses were
frequently arranged to represent sand-glasses, altar pieces, and
wings. But notwithstanding these perversities of taste, they
exhibit not only passages, but whole poems, pervaded with the
full strength and spirit of genuine poetry.
During this important era in our national history, a voice
was heard by fits over the whole swell of English song a
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XXV
voice of mingled grandeur and sweetness even already with-
out a rival, and which was to rise at last from earth to
heaven, and fill the universe with its melody. Some of the
early poems of Milton, and especially his Hymn on the Nati-
vity, Lycidas, Comus, L' Allegro, and II Penseroso, while they
immeasurably distanced all the works of his contemporaries,
were only the striking of those commencing notes by which he
ascertained the compass and harmony of his heaven-bestowed
instrument. Even from his earliest years he had laboured stead-
fastly for "an immortality of fame ;" and conscious of the power
that was within him, he had felt an inward prompting that he
might "leave something so written to after-times as they should
not willingly let die." And no man, perhaps, was ever better
qualified by previous training for so great an achievement as
Milton. He was incontestably the most learned of our English
poets ; he had travelled, when his taste was formed and his
understanding matured, among the rich and classic scenery of
Italy, and enjoyed its accomplished and intellectual society ;
and when he returned to England, it was at the call of duty,
and to mingle in those great national events from which a
vigorous mind would acquire greater strength, and a generous
heart a more lofty disinterestedness. Then, too, he mingled in
common intercourse with the great master-spirits of the age ;
the patriotic Pym, the upright and gallant Fairfax, the incor-
ruptible Marvell, and Howe, the learned and eloquent, and
above all, with Cromwell himself, in whose gigantic intellect
and correspondent achievements he had a living impersonation
of those heroes whom he had so deeply studied in his beloved
records of the classical ages. But even yet the time had not
arrived to realize the great purpose of his existence. An after
history followed of persecution, and neglect, and poverty, in
which his heart was to be weaned from earthly themes and
affections, only to be fixed more intently upon those that were
correspondent to his character and powers ; and, worse than all,
there was the calamity of blindness, by which the present world
was extinguished, so that to him there was no home but heaven,
and no reality but that of the spiritual existence. It was
natural, therefore, that he should no longer think of his for-
merly-selected but inferior theme of Prince Arthur, and the
XXVI ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETKY.
deeds of British and Armoric chivalry : the world that is unseen
was his abode, and thither only, in the language of scripture,
" he could flee away and be at rest." Thus it was that from
first to last in prosperity and adversity with the clear-
sighted eyes of study and observation, and amidst the solemn
starless midnight of remembrance and meditation, he was
trained by heaven itself to become the earthly laureate of its
deeds in the work of Paradise Lost. Even the love of present
Deputation also, that solace which would have been so cheering
to the heart of a blind old man, and which might have tempted
him to make concessions to the tastes and progress of society,
could not obtain from him a single sacrifice in return for all it
could bestow. As Milton sang in darkness, he also sang in soli-
tude : this he was assured would be his fate when he selected
such a theme. He knew the state of society too well to anticipate
its sympathy or approval ; but he was writing for eternity, and
not for time ; and he knew that every note of his anthem would
find an imperishable echo which would sound through future
ages. And was not such a thought, when he had closed his
labour of immortality, the richest reward that life could bestow
an over-payment for blindness itself, and all the loneliness
and neglect to which he was abandoned ?
The anticipations of Milton when he selected such a subject
as that of Paradise Lost, were verified by the event. On the
restoration of Charles II., an access of frantic loyalty had
taken possession of the public mind, so that the courtiers, and
the educated classes in general, who at that time composed the
aristocracy of England, were too much devoted to Church and
State to read any thing that had been written by the Latin
Secretary of Cromwell. It was deemed indeed a marvellous
stretch of favour, that "the blind old Roundhead" was even
permitted to live. To have relished Milton's poem, would not
only have required an amount of taste and scholarship not very
common at that period, but a purity and elevation of moral feel-
ing which was still more rarely to be found. Paradise Lost,
therefore, with the exception of a chosen few whom the age had
been unable to corrupt, was by most readers thrown aside, or
overlooked, for the more attractive gaiety and licentiousness of
such writers as Sedley, Rochester, and Buckingham. The
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XXV11
poetry of England was now reduced to a very low ebb. The
" ribald king and court " regarded poetry, as they did every
thing else, merely as an instrument that could contribute to
their amusement ; and poets accordingly, who knew no inspi-
ration but court favour and royal approbation, took their style
of writing from France, and their themes from the obscenities of
the day. A correspondent character was also introduced into the
new drama ; and plays were written in rhyme, and filled with
every kind of moral perversity, to suit the tastes of lordly
debauchees, and coroneted prostitutes. Such a state of taste
in poetic composition naturally produced abundance of inanity,
and there is therefore a mournful satisfaction in rescuing from
the mass those few names that were not degraded by intel-
lectual, as well as moral abasement. Of these, there was
Otway, who wrote several unreadable dramatic pieces, but who
finally produced Venice Preserved and The Orphan, in which
he exhibited a depth of feeling and power of description, that
promised to raise him next to Shakspeare, and who died at the
premature age of thirty. There was also Butler, who, in his
Hudibras, combined the greatest extent of erudition, with a
drollery and keenness of satire which have never been surpassed.
But the noblest of all the names of this period, next to Milton,
is that of Dryden, who began the work of poetry in early life,
improved with every successive effort, and at last, in old age,
attained to a pre-eminence which no succeeding poet has been
able to equal. Without either the lofty imagination or the
delicate susceptibilities that compose the most important
elements of poetry, he possessed such a strength of observation,
vigour of thought, correctness of taste, and mastery of the
whole range of our language, as constituted him one of the
greatest of our national poets. He too was most unfortunate
in the circumstance of having been born in such an age, when
he was obliged to exert his God-given strength in making sport
for the Philistines, instead of, like Milton, devoting himself
to some great work that would have conferred lasting honour
upon his country and his own name. But the taste of the age
demanded other gratification, and he had not self-denial to
resist. Against his better judgment, he yielded to the call, and
XXV111 ESSAY ON ENGLISH POEIKY.
left a name which all lovers of poetry will be constrained to
cherish, but over which Virtue will never cease to weep.
The great successor of Dryden, and also his rival, was Pope.
The former, whose chief strength lay in grasp of intellect and
vigour of language, endeavoured to excel in that species of
poetry for which such powers were best qualified ; and accord-
ingly he reasoned in rhyme, and was the poet of philosophy, a
department in which he stands unrivalled, on account of his
wonderful command of poetic diction, and his power of express-
ing the noblest sentiments in simple and familiar language.
Pope saw, that in this it w r as hopeless to contend with his
master, and consequently he did not attempt it ; but as he too
was an ethical poet, he tried to produce similar effects by
those faculties in which he most excelled. And no one ever
took a more judicious measure of his own powers, or turned
them to better account, than Pope. Without the sublimity of
Milton, or the creative fancy of Spenser, his mind was richly
stored with the fruits of meditation and study : he had tender-
ness of feeling, delicacy of perception, and an ear modulated
for the harmony of language beyond any of his predecessors.
He wisely, therefore, selected for his path the tender and im-
pressive in didactic poetry, where the surpassing grace, delicacy,
and polish, of his language and versification, appeared with
happiest effect ; and the world was soon charmed with the
annunciation of moral truths, in a style of ease and harmony
which Dryden only occasionally reached, but which, in Pope, is
sustained and consistent. In the choice of his subjects, also,
he was peculiarly happy ; and in consequence of this, each
of his poems is a complete, highly finished, and perfect picture.
Criticism itself finds it difficult to cavil with such productions
as The Rape of the Lock, the Elegy on the Death of an
unfortunate Lady, or the Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard : no
flaw is perceptible; no excrescence, however slight, upon which
to lay hold all is as smooth, and also as bright, as a polished
surface of spotless marble. Even the faults of Pope arise
from the excess of this excellence, and his melody is so con-
tinuous, that the sated ear occasionally longs for a note of
discord to break the monotony. His system also of ending the
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XXIX
sense with the line, and delivering his ideas in couplets, con-
fines poetry within narrow limits, and gives it too much the
nature of a mechanical process. These faults, for which Pope
atoned so richly by his numerous merits, were glaringly
apparent in the versification of his followers. Without the
taste and delicacy of their master, and his command of variety
and effect within a limited compass, they constructed verses by
as artificial a process as brick-making, and built up poems as
if they were erecting houses. There was the line, with the
pause ending invariably on the fourth or sixth syllable, and the
everlasting see-saw of the couplet, while the chief requisite of a
poet was merely to possess a good ear. As it was so easy to
manufacture upon this principle, the learned and the unlearned,
the poetical and the prosaic, people of every age, sex, and
degree, inundated the world with their commodities of verse,
until poetry itself threatened to become nothing but prose
measured off and rhymed and the jaded public clamoured for
something new.
The period of Queen Anne, which has been commonly
reckoned the Augustan era of poetry in England, although the
epithet would be better applied to that of Elizabeth and
James I., produced a distinguished succession of authors, of
whom the principal were Prior, Addison, Swift, and Gay. The
poetry of Prior is that of a gentleman who writes at ease, and
who possesses the talents of the artist and the scholar; and
therefore there is an airy, graceful lightness about his poetry,
combined with correctness, which has rendered it, and espe-
cially his apologues and tales, deservedly in high favour with
the public. Of Addison, the best that can be said is, that, like
his prose writings, his poems exhibited correctness, grace,
refinement, and some power of fancy ; but they are wholly
devoid of all the higher attributes of poetry. Swift's principal
inspiration as a poet is derived, not from the Muse, but Mi-
santhropy, and his verses exhibit that ferocious energy and
blistering power of satire, which rendered his prose works so
terrible. Still, however, he exhibits none of that exclusive
love towards the divine art which is so necessary to constitute a
genuine poet ; and he seems to rhyme, merely because it
afforded a change in the venting of his atrabilious humour,
XXX ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY.
after he had exhausted it in prose. Guy had more imagination
and a livelier fancy than any of these poets, with the exception
of Prior, and therefore, without either the ostentatious pomp of
Addison, or the rough and reckless energy of Swift, his works
have always possessed a wider popularity.
Didactic poetry, and the delineation of the artificial world,
which had been confirmed by the powerful authority of Dryden
and Pope, had now obtained exclusive possession of the public,
so that a picture of simple nature or powerful passion would
have been regarded as frivolous or unnatural. But even while
the established mode was still in the ascendancy, and suc-
cessive writers were exhausting it to the lees and dregs, a
healthy re-action began to manifest itself slowly and gradually,
indeed, at first, as it was in contradiction to the popular taste,
but indicative of the dawn of a better day. The first of these new
poets was Thomson, the author of The Seasons. It was indeed
a bold and an original attempt at the time, to write so large a
poem in blank verse wholly devoted to descriptions of nature
and rural life, and but for one of those favourable accidents
which so frequently decide the fate of authorship, it might
never have seen the light. But The Seasons was worthy of
the immortality it obtained, in consequence of its surpassing
merits. Of late years, the attempts at describing nature had
been chiefly in pastoral poetry ; but the lawns and fields over
which it expatiated were a sort of Ranelagh or Vauxhall, and
the shepherds and shepherdesses were fine ladies and gentlemen,
who carried crooks of ivory bound with ribbons fresh from
Cheapside or Bond Street. Then there was Goldsmith, who so
touchingly described " sweet Auburn," and sketched its prin-
cipal characters with such graphic power and Collins, whose
chief attempt was to avoid the beaten track and hackneyed
epithets, and the beauty of whose poetry, neglected at first, has
continued to be more and more appreciated to the present day.
A powerful mind among these innovators was also that of
Young, who struck out a new path for himself, and combined
the highest species of didactic and moral poetry, with deep
delineations of feeling, and powerful appeals to the passions.
The Night Thoughts, indeed, was a daring experiment upon
the public taste, in which the author seemed to anticipate that
ESSAY ON ENGLISH POETRY. XXXI
style of poetry which was afterwards to be so effective under
the more powerful mastery of Byron. Gray, also, the most
erudite of our poets next to Milton, unfolded beautiful glimpses
of nature and feeling, which would have been more ample and
permanent, but for that timidity which fettered him to esta-
blished rule. But it was reserved for Cowper alone to break
through all those trammels that had enthralled the spirit of
poetry, and herald the full emancipation of the nineteenth
century, the commencement of which he was permitted to
behold. It was late in life that he commenced the writing of
poetry, so that he had not the errors and prejudices of youth
to unlearn : he wrote, not so much for fame, as to mollify
the anguish of mental disease, and therefore he felt himself
independent either of popular approbation, or the dread of
criticism. When the poem was written, his pains were assuaged,
and having fulfilled its commission, it mattered little to the
author whether the winds carried it to fame or oblivion. To
these it may be added, that he was severely devout, and wished
to reform the world which he believed to be lying in error, and
thus its conventional phraseology had in his eyes none of that
authority which it had hitherto exercised over less independent
minds. Hence the matured vigour and sturdy independence
which his verses so eminently possessed. Men were astonished
to find themselves addressed in numbers so different in time
and tune from those to which their ears had been modulated,
and were at first inclined to turn away in contempt : but they
were soon compelled to feel, that the spirit of the old English
poetry had risen from the dead in all its former flexibility and
power. Had the career of Cowper been brief, these effects
might have been transitory ; but his life extended over a con-
siderable space, and his writings were numerous, so that he
lived to complete the dethronement of the established poetry,
and to prepare the world for the long-forgotten language of
nature and reality.
While such was the history of poetry in England during the
eighteenth century, a similar process of emancipation had been
going on in Scotland, where a strictly national species of poetry
was cultivated, which was independent of the dominant mode.
Ramsay, in his songs, and especially in his Gentle Shepherd, had
XXX11 ESSAY OX ENGLISH POETRY.
daringly broke loose from that puling sentimentality of purling
streams with which the rural scenery of the poets abounded,
and had delineated real nature, as well as genuine passion, in
the nervous and flexible dialect of his own romantic land ; and
Fergusson, who confined himself to city life, exhibited with
equal truth and fidelity the habits and humours of the town.
But a poet of Nature's own making succeeded, to startle, subdue,
and enthral, by the utterance of more intense feelings than the
cold children of art had dared to express. Burns, to use his
own beautiful simile, was found by the Muse of his country,
like Elisha, at the plough, where she cast her mantle over him,
and from that moment he sang with an obedient and overflowing
heart of the peasant's home, and the peasant's joys and affec-
tions all that nature loved and cherished, in language which
Nature herself inspired, and the spirits of men, borne onward
by the resistless impulse, could only listen and admire. Thus,
while Cowper in England was piercing refined society through
and through with the keenness of his satire, and alternately
pleading, expostulating, and reproaching, in strains that modu-
lated themselves to every change of his theme, Burns in Scot-
land, untrammelled by rule, was pouring forth the rich and
impetuous tide of song with the vehemence of an inspired
prophet, while every glen and mountain caught and returned
the echoes of his glorious melody. Adieu, therefore, to the
cold formalities and pedantic restraints which the poetry of the
eighteenth century had so slavishly obeyed ! The idol fell, and
the ritual disappeared, at the approach of a more true and holier
worship.
THE
BOOK OF THE POETS.
CHAUCER TO BEATTIE.
2 CHATTCER.
So dark a cloud obscures the early history of the great Father of English
poetry, that no antiquarian has been able to trace his origin ; and he has been
alternately represented as of noble or ignoble birth, according to the caprice of
his biographers. It is certain, however, that he was born in London, in 1328 ;
and there is some probability that he was the son of a vintner, who died in 1348.
The young poet appears to have been educated partly at Oxford, and partly at
Cambridge ; and at the latter place, when only eighteen years old, he produced
his Court of Love. His proficiency as a scholar was wonderful for the age,
and it embraced every department of learning then cultivated. When he was
between thirty and forty years of age, Edward III., probably on account of
Chaucer's high reputation as a poet and scholar, appointed him controller of the
custom of wool, an office of great honour and trust, but involving considerable
application. But the chief patron of the talented and favoured courtier was
John of Gaunt, the powerful duke of Lancaster, to whom Chaucer at length be-
came related, by marrying Philippa Rouet, sister of Catherine, the mistress,
and afterwards the wife of the duke.
As John of Gaunt had shown a leaning towards the opinions of Wickliff, he
was the enemy of the clergy, and an advocate of ecclesiastic reform. Chaucer
sympathised with the principles of his patron, in consequence of which he fear-
lessly exposed in his writings the iniquities of the monks and friars, and inflicted
upon them the uttermost of his hostility both in satire and argument. These
powers of annoyance were terrible weapons, which the assailed were unable
to resist, except by anathemas and clamours ; and it is perhaps not too much
to consider Chaucer as a very important though remote cause of the Reforma-
tion in England, by the tendency of his works to bring the Romish hierarchy
into contempt, and to keep alive the spirit of the Wickliffites. Hitherto, the
poet had lived in wealth, and amidst the luxuries of a court, at this time the most
splendid in Europe ; but as the reign of Richard II. continued, the favour of
the duke of Lancaster declined. Chaucer, in consequence of this change in the
fortunes of his patron, disposed of his pensions ; and bidding adieu to the court,
he retired in 1388, to his favourite Woodstock. It was a happy secession for
English literature ; for it was there, when he had reached at least his sixtieth
year, that he commenced his Canterbury Tales, incontestibly the best of his
productions.
The different accounts of the last years of Chaucer's life are so contradictory,
that it is unnecessary to particularise thorn. We are assured, however, that,
although he never regretted the many bitter things he had written against the
clergy, yet he grieved deeply over those portions of his works that had any ten-
dency to foster a licentious spirit ; and that as death approached, he frequently
exclaimed, in the anguish of his heart, 'Woe is me! woe is me, that I cannot
recall and annul them : but, alas ! they are now continued from man to man,
and I cannot do what I desire !' To express also his repentance more perma-
nently, he composed those touching lines entitled ' Good Counsaile of Chaucer.'
His death is supposed to have occurred October 25, 1400, when he was seventy-
two years old.
The writings of Chaucer, that ' well of English undented,' are too thoroughly
appreciated in the present day to require a particular analysis. While they in-
dicate in their author a scholar wonderfully accomplished for so early a period,
they abound in such truthful delineations as well as minute touches of nature,
that they show in the highest degree the man of observation as well as study. Thus
it is, that his Canterbury Pilgrims are living men of flesh and blood, rather than
passing shadows. We know every article of their costume, and every lineament
of their faces ; and when we hear them speak, we recognise each speaker, be-
cause he uses his own peculiar phraseology. In this department of dramatic
power he approaches more nearly than any other writer our own inimitable
Shakspcare.
CHAUCER.
THE MERCHANT.
A Marchant was ther with a forked herd,
In mottelee, and highe on hors he sat,
And on his hed a Flaundrish bever hat.
His botes elapsed fayre and fetisly.
His resons spake he ful solempnely,
Souning alway the encrese of his winning.
He wold the see were kept for any thing
Betwixen Middleburgh and Orewell.
Wei coud he in eschanges sheldes selle.
This worthy man ful wel his wit besette ;
There wiste no wight that he was in dette,
So stedefastly didde he his governance,
With his bargeines, and with his chevisance.
Forsothe he was a worthy man withalle,
But soth to sayn, I n'ot how men him calle.
From Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.
EMELIE.
Thus passeth yere by yere, and day by day,
Till it felle ones in a morwe of May
That Emelie, that fayrer was to sene
Than is the lilie upon his stalke grene,
And fresher than the May with floures newc
(For with the rose colour strof hire hewe ;
I n'ot which was the finer of hem two),
Er it was day, as she was wont to do,
She was arisen, and all redy dight;
For May wol have no slogardie a-night.
The seson priketh every gentil herte,
And maketh him out of his slepe to sterte,
And sayth, " Arise, and do thin observance."
This maketh Emelie han remembrance
To don honour to May, and for to rise.
Yclothed was she freshe for to devise.
Hire yelwe here was broided in a tresse,
Behind hire back, a yerde long I gesse.
And in the gardin at the Sonne uprist
She walketh up and doun wher as hire list.
She gathereth floures, partie white and red,
To make a sotel gerlond for hire hed,
And as an angel hevenlich she song.
From Tkc Kru'g/ites Tale.
CHAUCER.
EMETRIUS.
With Arcita, in stories as men find,
The gret Emetrius the king of Inde,
Upon a stede bay, trapped in stele,
Covered with cloth of gold diapred wele
Came riding like the god of armes Mars.
His cote-armure was of a cloth of Tars,
Couched with perles, white, and round and grete.
His sadel was of brent gold new ybete :
A mantlet upon his shouldres hanging
Bret-ful of rubies red, as fire sparkling.
His crispe here like ringes was yronne,
And that was yelwe, and glitered as the Sonne.
His nose was high, his eyen bright citrin,
His lippes round, his colour was sanguin,
A fewe fraknes in his face yspent,
Betwixen yelwe and blake somdel ymeint,
And as a leon he his loking caste.
Of five and twenty yere his age I caste.
His herd was Avell begonnen for to spring ;
His vois was as a trompe thondering.
Upon his hed he wered of laurer grene
A gerlond freshe and lusty for to sene,
Upon his hond he bare for his deduit
An egle tame, as any liley whit,
An hundred lordes had he with him there,
All armed save hir hedes in all hir gere,
Ful richely in alle manere thinges.
For trusteth wel, that erles, dukes, kinges
Were gathered in this noble compagnie,
For love, and for encrese of chevalrie.
About this king ther ran on every part
Ful many a tame leon and leopart.
From The Knighlei Tale.
SIRE THOPAS.
Sire Thopas was a doughty swain,
White was his face as paindemaine,
His lippes red as rose.
His rudde is like scarlet in grain,
And I you tell in good certain
He had a semely nose.
CHAUCER.
CONFESSION OF PALAMON.
Clere was the day, as I have told or this,
And Theseus, with alle joye and blis,
With his Ipolita, the fayre quene,
And Emelie, yclothed all in grene,
On hunting ben they ridden really.
And to the grove, that stood ther faste by,
In which ther was an hart as men him told,
Duk Theseus the streite way hath hold.
And to the launde he rideth him ful right
Ther was the hart ywont to have his flight,
And over a brooke, and so forth on his wey.
This duke wol have a cours at him or twey
With houndes, swiche as him lust to commaunde :
And when this duk was comen to the launde,
Under the sonne he loked, and anon
He was ware of Arcite and Palamon,
That foughten breme, as it were bolles two
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously, that with the leste stroke
It semed that it wolde felle an oke.
\ CHAUCEB.
But what they weren, nothing he ne wote.
This duke his courser with his sporres smote,
And at a stert he was betwix hem two,
And pulled out a swerd, and cried, " Ho!
No more, up peine of lesing of your hed.
By mighty Mars, he shal anon be ded,
That smiteth any stroke, that I may sen.
But telleth me what mistere men ye ben,
That ben so hardy for to lighten here
Withouten any juge, other officere,
As though it were in listes really."
This Palamon answered hastily,
And saide: " Sire, what nedeth wordes mo?
We have the deth deserved bothe two.
Two woful wretches ben we, two caitives,
That ben accombred of our owen lives ;
And as thou art a rightful lord and juge,
Ne yeve us neyther mercie ne refuge.
And sle me first, for seinte charitee.
But sle my felaw eke as wel as me.
Or sle him first ; for, though thou know it lite,
This is thy mortal fo, this is Arcite,
That fro thy lond is banished on his hed,
For which he hath deserved to be ded.
For this is he that came unto thy gate,
And sayde, that he highte Philostrate.
Thus hath he japed thee ful many a yere,
And thou hast maked him thy chief squiere,
And this is he, that loveth Emelie.
" For sith the day is come that I shall die
I make plainly my confession,
That I am thilke woful Palamon,
That hath thy prison broken wilfully.
I am thy mortal fo, and it am I
That loveth so hot Emelie the bright,
That I wold dien present in hire sight.
Therfore I axe deth and my jewise.
But sle my felaw in the same wise,
For both we have deserved to be slain."
This worthy duk answerd anon again,
And sayd, " This is a short conclusion.
Your owen mouth, by your confession
Hath damned you, and I wol it recorde.
It nedeth not to peine you with the corde.
Ye shul be ded by mighty Mars the rede."
From The Knightcs Talc.
CHAUCEB.
His here, his berde, was like safroun,
That to his girdle raught adoun,
His shoon of cordewane ;
Of Brugges were his hosen broun ;
His robe was of ciclatoun,
That coste many a jane.
He coude hunt at the wilde dere,
And ride on hauking for the rivere
With grey goshauk on honde :
Therto he was a good archere,
Of wrastling was ther non his pere,
Ther ony ram shuld stonde.
Ful many a maide bright in hour
They mourned for him par amour,
Whan hem were bet to slepe ;
But he was chaste and no lechour,
And swete as is the bramble flour,
That bereth the red hepe.
From the Rime of Sire Tiw]>a<
GOOD COUNSAIL OF CHAUCER.
Fie fro the prease, and dwell with soothfastnesse,
Suffise unto thy good though it be small,
For horde hath hate, and climbing tikelnesse,
Prease hath envy, and wele is blent over all,
Savour no more than thee behove shall,
Rede well thy selfe that other folke canst rede,
And trouth thee shall deliver, it is no drede.
Paine thee not ech crooked to redresse
In trust of her that tourneth as a ball,
Great rest standeth in little businesse,
Beware also to spurn againe a nail,
Strive not as doth a crocke with a wall,
Deme thy selfe that demest others dede,
And trouth thee shall deliver, it is no drede.
That thee is sent receive in buxomesse,
The wrastling of this world asketh a fall,
Here is no home, here is but wildernesse,
Forth pilgrime, forth beast out of thy stall,
Looke up on high, and thanke God of all,
Weive thy lusts, and let thy ghost thee lede,
And trouth thee shall deliver, it is no drede.
8 JOHN GOWER.
Of JOHN GOWER, the year in which he was born cannot be ascertained. One
account also makes him a native of Kent, while another asserts that ho was born
in Wales. His chief work was the Confessio Amantis, finished probably in 1393,
in which he severely reprobated the clergy. Its origin was rather singular.
As the poet was sailing on the Thames, he was accidentally encountered by
the royal barge, in which Richard II. was sailing. The king hailed him, held
a conference with him, and desired him 'to booke some new thing;' and The
Confession was the result. Gower died at an advanced age in 1402,
FORTUNE UNJUSTLY BLAMED.
And netheless yet some men write,
And sayn fortune is to wite :
And some men holde opinion,
That it is constellation,
Whiche causeth all that a man doothe.
God wote of bothe whiche is soothe ;
The worlde, as of his propre kinde
Was ever untrew ; and as the blinde,
Improperly he demeth fame :
He blameth that is nought to blame,
And preiseth, that is nought to preise.
Thus whan he shall the tbinges peise,
Ther is deceit in his balance ;
And all is that the variance,
Of us, that shulde us better avise ;
For after that we fall and rise,
The worlde ariste, and falleth with all :
So that the man is over all
This owne cause of wele and wo.
That we fortune clepe so,
Out of the man himselfe it groweth,
And who that other wise troweth ?
Beholde the people of Israel ;
For ever, while thei bidden well,
Fortune was them debonaire :
And when thei bidden the contraire,
Fortune was contrariende :
So that it proveth wele at en'de,
Why that the worlde is wonderfull,
And maie no while stande full,
Though that it seme wele besayn j
For every worldes thing is vaine,
And ever gothe the whele aboute,
And ever stant a man in doute.
Fortune stant no while still :
So hath ther no man his will.
Als far as any man maie knowe,
There lasteth nothing but a throwe.
From the Prologue to Crmfcssio Anianlft.
JOHN LYDGATE, 9
ONE of the immediate successors of Chaucer, and a voluminous writer, is sup.
posed to have been born about 1375, and ordained a priest in 1397. After he
had spent some time at Oxford, he travelled in France and Italy, where he
completed his education ; and on returning to England, opened a school in his
monastery, where he gave lessons in poetry and belles-lettres, to the sons of
the nobility. During his own day, and indeed for two centuries later, the
works of Lydgate enjoyed a popularity that was far beyond their merit ; but
still he deserves the high praise of having amplified and refined the English
language; and according to Warton, he was the first of our writers whose style
was clothed with that perspicuity in which the English phraseology appears at
this day to an English reader. The year of Lydgate 's death is uncertain.
APPEAL IN BEHALF OF MAN.
Than kneled downe the seconde lerarchye,
And humbly sayd ; " O soverayne lorde of all,
We be ymade thy myght to magnefye,
And to observe thy lawe imperyall,
As worthy lordes that in generall,
With besy cure supporten thyn empyre,
And with knyghthode obeyen thy desyre.
Hens from us all the proude Prynce of Derkness,
As captyve, toke lordes of eche estate ;
Then man was made thrugh the hevenly goodnes,
For to restore this kyngdome desolate.
But, welawaye ! wherto was man create,
Syth that the lyon of all cruelte,
In his derke lake, of hym hath soveraynte ?
Our worthy lordshippes, and our maners olde,
O mighty God ! how longe voyde shall they be ?
Thyn heyres eke, how longe shall deth withholde ?
Syth thou arte lyfe, why hath deth soveraynte ?
If thou be kynge, to thyn honour thou se ;
So bynde the Fende, and take man by conquest,
Unto thy blysse, and set thy reygne in rest.
Foure thousande yere is sufFysaunt
For to punysshe olde Adam for a taste ;
And, welawaye ! hell is exuberaunt
With his ofspringes, and our realme stondeth waste.
Now rewe on man, thou, that all mercy haste,
For now is tyme of mercy, and of peas ;
And tyme come that all vengeaunce sholde seas.
From The Courtc qfSapycmx.
10 JOHN BAKBOUK, ARCHDEACON OF ABERDEEN.
NOTWITHSTANDING the fame which this the first author of the Scottish school of
poetry has justly acquired as a poet and historian, his personal history is both scanty
and obscure. The general idea is, that he was born at Aberdeen, in Scotland,
about the year 1316, and in 1357 was appointed Archdeacon of his native town.
His thirst for learning was so great that, in 1364, and again in 1368, when already
advanced in years, he travelled from Scotland to the University of Oxford, to
perfect the acquirements which he had made in his own country. His chief
work, The Bruce, was undertaken at the request of David, the successor
of Robert Bruce, who bestowed upon the Archdeacon a pension for his encou-
ragement. Harbour died in 1396.
COMBAT BETWEEN BRUCE AND SIR HENRY BOHUN.
Schyr Henry the Boune, the worthy,
That wes a wycht knycht, and a hardy ;
And to the erle off Herfurd cusyne ;
Armyt in arrays gud and fyne ;
Come on a sted, a bow schote ner,
Befor all othyr that thar wer :
And knew the king, for that he saw
Him swa rang his men on raw ;
And by the croune that wes set
Alsua upon his bassynet.
And towart him he went in hy.
And quhen the king sua apertly
Saw him cum, forouth all his feris,
In hy till him the hors he steris.
And when Schyr Henry saw the king
Cum on, for owtyn abaysing,
Till him he raid in full gret hy,
He thoucht that he suld weill lychtly
Wyn him, and haf him at his will,
Sen he him horsy t saw sa ill.
Sprent thai samyn in till a ling.
Schyr Henry myssit the noble king ;
And he, that in his sterapys stud,
With the ax that wes hard and gud,
With sa gret mayne raucht him a dynt,
That nothyr hat, na helm, mycht stynt
The hevy dusche that he him gave,
That ner the heid till the harnys clave.
The hand-ax schaft fruschit in twa ;
And he doune to the erd gan ga,
All flatlynys ; for him faillyt mycht.
This wes the fryst strak off the fycht.
From The Bruce,
JAMES I. OF SCOTLAND. 11
THE fictions of poetry have seldom exhibited any thing so tender, or so tragic,
as the real history of James I. His elder brother having been murdered by a
perfidious uncle, and his own life being menaced by the same infamous kins-
man, he was sent at the early age of twelve years to France, that he might
escape the threatened danger. But during the voyage, he was intercepted by
Henry IV., although a truce at that time subsisted between Scotland and Eng-
land, and doomed to perpetual captivity, in consequence of which his aged
father died broken-hearted. Although the English sovereign had thus violated
the law of nations, and with such gratuitous cruelty, he caused the education of
the royal boy to be carefully attended to, and James made such proficiency in
every branch of learning, as well as graceful accomplishments, as left little to be
regretted on the score of his captivity. His prison of Windsor Castle also be-
came his happy home in consequence of that bright vision which he saw, and
which he has described in such glowing language in the following verses. When
the English court at last agreed to liberate the prince, and restore him to the
throne of his disturbed country, this conciliatory measure was finally confirmed
by the marriage of James with the beautiful Jane Beaufort, daughter of the
duke of Somerset, the lady upon whose charms he had brooded with such de-
light during his imprisonment. It was unfortunate that, as king of Scotland,
his character was too refined, and his measures too much in advance of the
age, to be agreeable to the half savage nobility by whom he was surrounded ;
and he fell the victim of their resentment, by assassination, on the 20th of
February, 1437, in the forty-fourth year of his age, after having reigned four-
teen years. As a poet, it is enough to say that he was not only the contempo-
rary, but perhaps even the equal, of Chaucer, whose happiest productions have
not surpassed the principal work of James, called The King's Quair.
JANE BEAUFORT.
And therewith kest I down myn eye ageyne,
Quhare as I saw walkyng under the Toure,
Full secretly, new cumyn hir to pleyne
The fairest or the freschest young floure
That ever I sawe, methoght, before that houre ;
For which sodayne abate, anon astert,
The blude of all ray body to my hert.
And though I stood abaisit tho a lyte,
No wonder was; for quhy? my wittis all
Were so ouercome with plesance and delyte,
Only through latting of myn eyen fall,
That sudaynly my hert became hir thrall,
For ever of free wyll, for of manace
There was no takyn in hir suete face.
And in my hede I drew ryt hastily,
And eft sones I lent it out ageyne,
And saw hir walk that verray womanly,
With no wight mo, hot only women tueyne :
Than gan I studye in myself and seyne,
" Ah, suete ! are ye a warldly creature,
Or hevingly thing in likenesse of nature ?
12 JAMES I. OF SCOTLAND.
Or are ye god Cupidis owin princesse,
And cumin are to louse me out of band '?
Or are ye veray Nature the goddesse,
That have depayntit with your hevinly hand
This gardin full of flouris, as they stand ?
Quhat sail I think, allace ! quhat reverence
Sail I mester to your excellence ?
Giff ye a goddesse be, and that ye like
To do me payne, I may it not astert ;
Giff ye be warldly wight, that dooth me sike,
Quhy lest God mak you so my derest hert
To r!o a sely prisoner thus smert,
That lufis you all, and wote of noucht but wo,
And, therefore, merci suete, sen it is so."
Quhen I a lytill thrawe had maid my mone,
Bewailing myn infortune and my chance,
Unknawin how or quhat was best to done,
So ferre I fallying into lufis dance,
That sodeynly my wit, my contenance,
My hert, my will, my nature, and my mynd,
Was changit clene ryght in ane other kind.
Of hir array the form gif I sal write,
Toward hir goldin haire, and rich atyre,
In fretwise couchit with perlis quhite,
And grete balas lemyng as the fyre,
With inony ane emerant and faire saphire,
And on hir hede a chaplet fresch of hewe,
Of plumys partit rede, and quhite, and blewe.
Full of quaking spangis bricht as gold,
Forgit of schap like to the amorettis,
So new, so fresch, so pleasant to behold,
The plumys eke like to the floure jonettis,
And other of schap, like to the floure jonettis ;
And, above all this, there was, wele I wote,
Beautee eneuch to mak a world to dote.
About hir neck, quhite as the fyre amaille,
A gudelie cheyne of small orfeverye,
Quhare by there hang a ruby, without faille
Like to ane hert schapin verily,
That, as a sperk of lowe so wantonly
Semyt birnyng upon hir quhite throte,
Now gif there was gud pertye, God it wote.
From The King's Quair.
HENRY THE MINSTREL. 13
THIS personage is better known in his native Scotland by the title of Blind
Harry, for it appears that he was actually blind. No poet, however, has exer-
cised a greater influence upon a national character than this sightless wanderer.
His Wallace, a rude Epic in eleven books, familiarised the minds of his
countrymen to the idea of successful resistance to England, and animated their
efforts, like the spirit-stirring notes of a war-trumpet ; and even when his lan-
guage had become obsolete, the work, in a modernised form, was and U still to
be found in every Scottish cottage. Pinkerton has supposed that A.D. 1470 may
be taken as the date when he appeared in the character of an author.
INTERVIEW BETWEEN WALLACE AND BRUCE AFTER THE
BATTLE OF FALKIRK.
Wallace commaundyt his ost tharfor to byd ;
Hys ten he tuk, for to meit Bruce thai ryd.
Sowthwest he past, quhar at the tryst was set ;
The Bruce full son and gud Wallace is met.
For loss off Graym, and als for proper teyn,
He grewyt hi ire, quhen he the Bruce had seyn.
Thar salusyng was hot boustous and thrawin.
" Rewis thow," he said, " thow art contrar thin awin?''
" Wallace," said Bruce, " rabut me now no mar ;
Myn awin dedis has bet me \vondyr sar."
Quhen Wallace hard with Bruce that it stud sua,
On kneis he fell, far contenans can him ma.
In armes son the Bruce has Wallace tane ;
Out fra thair men in consalle ar thai gane.
I can nocht tell perfytly thair langage ;
Bot this was it than- men had off knawlage :
Wallace him prayet ; " Cum fra yon Sotheroun king."
The Bruce said; " Xay, thar lattis me a thing.
I am so boundyn with wytnes to be leill,
For all Ingland I wold nocht fals my seill.
Bot off a thing, I hecht to God and the,
That contrair Scottis agayn I sail nocht be ;
In till a feild, with wappynnys that I ber,
In thi porpos I sail the nevir der.
Gyff God grantis off us ourhand till haiff,
I will hot fie myn awin selff for to saiff;
And Edward chaip, I pass with him agayn,
But I throu force be other tane or slayn.
Brek he on me ; quhen that my terme is out,
I cum to the, may I chaip fra that dout."
Off thair consaill I can tell yow no mar ;
The Bruce tuk leyff, and cam till Eduuard fayr,
Rycht sad in mynd for Scottis men that war lost.
Wallace in haist providyt son his ost.
From Wallace.
14 ROBERT HENRYSONE.
, OF this Scottish poet nothing can be ascertained, except that .^.e was R school-
master in Dunfermline. His chief poems are, The Testament of Cresseid,
and an amusing popular ballad in dialogue entitled Robene and Makyne. His
birth is dated A. D. 1425, and his death at 1495 ; but for this there is no autho-
rity, except mere conjecture. It is unfortunate, in the early poetry both of
England and Scotland, that not only the era of some of the best poets is un-
known, but that several distinguished pieces cannot be assigned to any particular
author. Such was the uncertainty of intellectual reputation even during the
first age of printing !
DESCRIPTION OF JUPITER AND MARS IN CRESSEID'S VISION.
Than Juppiter richt fair and amiabill,
God of the starris in the firmament,
And nureis to all thing generabill ;
Fra his father Saturne far different,
With burelie face, and browis bricnt and brent ;
Upon his heid ane garland wonder gay,
Of flouris fair as it had bene in May.
His voice was cleir, as christal wer his ene,
As golden wyre so glitterand was his hair ;
His garmound and his gyis full of grene,
With golden listis gilt on everie gair.
Ane burelie brand about his middill bah- ;
In his richt hand he had ane groundin speir,
Of his father the wraith fra us to weir.
Nixt efter him came Mars the god of ire,
Of strife, debait, and all dissensioun ;
To chide, and fecht als fiers as ony fyre,
In hard harnes, hewmound, and habirgeoun ;
And on his hanche ane roustie fell fachion,
And in his hand he had ane roustie sword ;
Wrything his face with mony angrie word.
Schaikand his sword befoir Cupide he come,
With reid visage, and grislie glowr, and ene ;
And at his mouth ane bullar stude of fome ;
Lyke to ane bair quhetting his tuskis kene.
Richt Tuilyeour lyke, but temperance in tene,
Ane home he blew with mony bosteous brag,
Quhilk all this warld with weir hes maid to wag.
From the Testament of Cresseid.
WILLIAM DTJNBAR. 15
DUNBAR, one of the most eminent of the ancient Scottish poets, was born, us
is supposed, about the year 1465, at Sal ton in East Lothian. He became a
travelling novice of the Franciscan order, and in this capacity visited several
parts of England and France. At what time he resigned this vocation we know
not ; but the latter part of his life was spent in his native country, where he
died at an advanced age, about the year 1530. His poems, which are chiefly of
a moral and didactic character, are remarkable for their fancy, originality, and
harmony of versification. His principal pieces are, The Thrissil (Thistle) and
the Rose, which was written on the nuptials of James IV. with Margaret, eldest
daughter of Henry VII., in 1504 ; and The Golden Targe. The following
specimen will exhibit a melody of language, as well as a richness of versifi-
cation, which we may seek for in vain among the poets of this age.
SONGS TO THE ROSE.
A costly crown, with clarefeid stonis brichl,
This cumly Quene did on hir heid inclose,
Quhylk all the land illumynit of the lycht ;
Quhairfoir methocht the flouris did rejose,
Crying, attanis, " Haill be thou richest Rose,
Haill hairbis Empryce, haill freschest Quene of flouris,
To thee be glory and honour at all houris."
Thane all the birdis song with voce on hicht,
Quhois mirthfull soun was marvellus to heir ;
The mavis sang, " Hail Rose most riche and richt,
That dois upflureiss under Phebus speir !
Haill plant of youth, haill prince's dochter deb',
Haill blosome breking out of the blud royall,
Quhois pretius vertew is imperial.''
The merle scho sang, " Haill Rose of most delyt,
Haill of all fluris quene and soverane."
The lark scho sang, " Haill Rose both reid and quhyt,
Most pleasant flour, of michty coullours twane."
The nichtingaill sang, " Haill Naturis suffragene
In bewty, nurtour, and every nobilness,
In riche array, renown, and gentilness."
The common voce upraise of burdis small
Upon this wys, " O blissit be the hour
That thou wes chosen to be our principall ;
Welcome to be our Princes of honour,
Our perle, our plesans, and our paramour,
Our peace, our play, our plane felicite ;
Christ thee conserf from all adversite."
From The Thrissil anil Hie Rote.
16 GAWIN DOUGLAS.
GAWIN or GAVIN DOUGLAS was the third son of Archibald, 5th earl of Angus,
and was bora at Brechin, in Scotland, in 1474. In 1515, he was nominated to
the bishoprick of Dunkeld ; but his life was vexed with those numerous feuds
in which, as a member of the overgrown house of Douglas, he was involuntarily
involved. He took refuge in England, and died in London of the plague in
1 522. He wrote several poetical pieces of distinguished merit ; but his chief
labour was a translation of the /Eneid of Virgil. To each book he prefixed a
prologue abounding in great originality of thought and beauty of expression.
The translation itself is remarkable for power and fidelity.
A WINTER MORNING.
The sary gled quhissils with mony ane pew,
Quharby the day was dawing wele I knew ;
Bad bete the fyre, and the candyll alicht,
Syne blissit me, and in my wedis dicht ;
Ane schot wyndo unschet ane litel on char,
Persavit the mornyng bla, wan, and har
Wyth cloudy gum and rak ouerquhelmyt the are.
The sulze stiche, hasard, rouch and hare ;
Branchis brattlying, and blaiknyt schew the brayis,
With hirstis harsk of waggand wyndit strayis.
The dew droppis congelit on stibbil and rynd,
And scharp hailstanys mortfundyit of kind,
Hoppand on the thak and on the causay by.
The schote I closit, and drew inwart in hy,
Cheverand for cald, the sessoun was sa snell,
Schupe with hait flambis to fleme the fresing fell.
From the Prologue to the VHth book of the JEneid.
SONG OF THE BIRDS TO THE SUN.
Welcum the lord of licht, and lampe of day ;
Welcum fosterare of tender herbis grene ;
Welcum quhikkinnar of flurist flouris schene ;
Welcum support of every rute and vane ;
Welcum comfort of al kind frute and grane ;
Welcum the birdis beild apoun the brere ;
Welcum maister, and reulare of the yere ;
Welcum welefare of husbandis at the plewis ;
Welcum reparare of woddis, treis, and bewis ;
Welcum depaynter of the blomyt medis ;
Welcum the lyffe of every thing that spreddis ;
Welcum storare of all kynd bestial ;
Welcum be thy bricht bemes gladand al.
From the Prologue to the XHth book o/tke Mneid.
JAMES V. OF SCOTLAND. 17
THIS accomplished monarch was the son of James IV., who perished so
miserably at Flodden, and was born at Linlithgow in April, IS 12. His popular
and winning manners, and the frankness with which he associated with all
ranks, procured for him from his people the title of ' King of the Commons.'
For the purpose of diversion, as well as from motives of policy, he frequently
went about disguised, on which occasions the society into which he was fre-
quently thrown, and the adventures he underwent, may be surmised from
his two principal poems, Chrystis Kirk on the Green, and The Gaberlunzic
Man. In the first of these poems, be ridicules with much sly humour the
inferiority of his subjects in Archery, a disqualification which he endeavoured
to amend by statutes, as well as poetical satire. He died broken-hearted on the
13th of Dec. 1542, in consequence of the shameful rout of his army at Solway.
A RUSTIC COQUF^TE.
Sche scornit Jok, and scrippit at him,
And morgeound him with mokkis ;
He wald have luffit hir, sche wald nocht lat him,
For all his yallow locks :
He cherist hir, scha bad ga chat him,
Sche comptit him nocht twa clokkis,
Schamfullie ane schort goun sat him,
His lymmis was lyk twa rokkis
Sche said
At Chrystis kirk on the grene.
A COWARD.
Then Lowry as ane lyon lap,
And sone a flane can feddir,
He hecht to perss him at the pap,
Theron to wed a weddir ;
He hit him on the wame a wap ;
It buft lyk ony bledder,
But sua his fortune was and hap
His doublit wes maid of ledder,
And saift him
At Chrystis kirk on the grene.
The buff so boisterously abaift him
That he to the card dusht doun ;
The uther man for deid then left him
And fled out of the toune :
The wyves cam furth, and up they reft him,
And fand lyfe in the loune ;
Then with three routis up they reft him,
And cur'd him of his soune
Fra hand that day
At Chrystis kirk on the grene.
18 SIR DAVID LYNDSAY.
SIR DAVID LYNDSAY held the office of Lion King at Arms under James V., an,i
was the esteemed friend, as well as faithful servant, of that poetical sovereign.
He was born probably about the year 1490, and received his education at the
university of St. Andrew's ; after which he entered into public life, and bore a
considerable part in the negotiations of the Scottish court with England, and
other countries. The chief subjects of Lyndsay's poetry are the abuses that had
crept into religion, and the vices of the Scottish clergy, whom he lashed with
such unsparing severity, as well as truth, that the public mind was roused to
inquiry by his writings, and prepared for the advent of the Reformation. Few
poets have enjoyed such a national reputation as Sir David. His verses were
circulated through every cottage and castle, and only ceased to be read when
the language in which they were written had become in a great measure obsolete.
The exact period of his death is uncertain, but it was probably near 1557.
LAMENT FOR JAMES IV. OF SCOTLAND.
During his tyme, sa justice did prevail!,
The savage iles trymblit for terrour :
Eskdale, Evisdale, Liddisdale, and Annandale,
Durst nocht rebell, douting his dintis dour;
And of his lordis had sic perfyte favour
Sa for to schaw, that he afieirit not ane ;
Out throuch his realme, he wald ryde him allane.
And of his court throuch Europe sprang the fame
Of lustie lords, and lufesum ladyis ying;
Tryumphand tornayis, justing, and knichtly game,
With all pastime according for ane king.
He wes the glore of princelie governing,
Quhilk throuch the ardent lufe he had to France,
Again England did move his ordinance.
Of Floddoun feild the rewyne to revolve,
Or that maist dolent day for till deplore,
I nyll, for dreid that dolour yow dissolve,
Schaw quhow that prince in his triumphand glore
Distroyit was ; quhat neidith proces more ?
Nocht be the vertue of Inglis ordinance,
But be his awin wilfull misgovernance.
Allace ! that day had he bene counsolabill,
He had obtenit laud, glore, and victorie ;
Quhose piteous proces bene sa lamentabill,
I nyll at lenth it put in memorie.
I never red in tragedie, nor storie,
At ane tornay sa mony nobillis slane,
For the defence, and lufe of. thair soverane.
From The Complaynt qf the Papfngo,
SIR DAVID LYNDSAY. 19
THE CONFESSIONAL RIDICULED.
He me absolvit for ane plak,
Thocht he na pryce with me wald mak ;
And mekil Latyne he did mummill,
I hard na thing bot hummill bummill.
He schew me nocht of Goddis word,
Quhilk scharper is than ony sword ;
He counsalit me nocht till abstene,
And lead ane haly lyfe, and clene :
Of Christis blude na thing he knew,
Nor of his promissis full trew,
That sans all that will beleve,
That Satan sail us never greve.
He techit me nocht for till traist,
The comfort of the Haly Gaist :
He bad me nocht to Christ be kynd ;
To keip his law with hart and mynd,
And lufe, and thank his greit mercie,
Fra sin and hell that savit me ;
And lufe my nichtbour as my sell,
Of this na thing he could me tell.
From KitteCs Confession.
20 SIB. THOMAS WYATT.
SIR THOMAS WYATT was born at Allington Castle in Kent, in 1503, and was
;he father of ihe person of the same name who was beheaded for rebellion in
the reign of Queen Mary, and with whom he has been sometimes confounded.
Sir Thomas was a favoured courtier, and one of the brightest ornaments of the
court of Henry VIII., where congeniality of taste and disposition united him in
close friendship to the noble and accomplished Earl of Surrey. A romantic,
and possibly a true, report was prevalent, that the object of Wyatt's youthful
affection was the beautiful Anne Boleyn, who forsook him for the deceitful
allurements of a crown ; and we know, that when she became the object of
calumny and persecution, it was whispered that he was one of the favoured
lovers. Notwithstanding this report he still continued to enjoy the royal favour,
and was repeatedly employed in honourable and important embassies. Sir
Thomas \\yatt died in 1542, in ihe thirty-ninth year of his age.
THE LADY TO AUNSWERE DIRECTLY WITH YEA OR NAY.
Madame, withouten many woordes,
Once, I am sure, you will or no :
And if you will, then leave your boordes,
And use your wit, and shew it so.
For with a beck you shall me call ;
And if of ane, that burnes alwaye
Ye have pitie, or ruth at all,
Aunswere him faire with yea, or nay.
If it be nay, frendes as before,
You shall an other man obtayne,
And I myne own, and yours no more.
A RENOUNCING OF LOVE.
Farewell love, and all thy lawes for ever,
Thy bated hookes shall tangle me no more ;
Seneca and Plato call me from thy lore,
To parfit welth my witt for to endever.
In blind errour when I did persever,
Thy sharp repulse that pricketh aye so sore,
Taught me in trifles that I set noe store,
But scape forth thence, since libertie is leifFer.
Therefore, farewell ! go, trouble younger harts,
And in time claim noe more auctoritie :
With idle youth goe use thy propertie,
And thereon spend thy many brittle darts.
For hitherto, though I have lost my time,
Me list no longer rotten bowes to clime.
LORD SURREY. 21
HENRY HOWARD, Earl of Surrey, the friend of Wyatt, and the lover of
Geraldine, has been frequently confounded with that Earl of Surrey who gained
the victory of Flodden. The noble poet was born about 1516, three years after
the battle took place. Another popular mistake makes him a wandering knight-
errant through Italy, to uphold the superiority of his fair Geraldine with sword
and lance. The Earl was more honourably and usefully employed in the wars
of Henry VIII. with France, in which, with his father, the Duke of Norfolk, he
held a principal command. The end of the noble Surrey was truly tragic.
Having fallen under the suspicion of his tyrannical sovereign, he was tried and
condemned upon a groundless charge of high treason, and beheaded on Tower
Hill in 1546, when he was only in his thirty-first year. His works were a
Collection of Songes and Sonnettes, a translation of Solomon's Ecclesiastes,
and a few of the Psalms of David into rhyme, and portions of the Second and
Fourth Books of the JEneid.
DESCRIPTION AND PRAISE OF HIS LOVE, GERALDINE.
From Tuscane came my ladies worthy race ;
Faire Florence was, sometyme, her auncient seat ;
The western yle whose pleasant shore doth face
Wild Camber's cliff, did geve her lyvely heate.
Foster'd she was with milke of Irishe breste ;
Her sire, an Erie ; her dame of princes' blood :
From tender yeres in Britaine she doth rest,
With kinges childe, where she tasteth costly food.
Honsdon did first present her to myne eyne ;
Bright is her hewe, and Geraldine she hight ;
Hampton me taught to wish her first for mine,
And Windsor, alas ! doth chase me from her sight.
Her beauty of kinde, her vertue from above,
Happy is he that can obtain her love.
DESCRIPTION OF SPRING, WHEREIN ECHE THING RENEWES,
SAVE ONLY THE LOVER.
The soote season that bud and bloome fourth bringes,
With grene hath cladde the hyll, and eke the vale ;
The nightingall, with fethers new, she singes ;
The turtle too her mate hath told her tale.
Somer is come ; for every spray now springes ;
The hart hath hung hys olde head on the pale ;
The bucke, in brake his winter coate he flynges ;
The fishes flete with new repayred scale ;
The adder, all her slough away she flynges ;
The swift swallow pursueth the flyes smalle ;
The busy bee, her honey how she mynges ;
Winter is worn, that was the floures bale.
And thus I see, among these pleasant thynges,
Eche care decayes, and yet mv sorrow sprynges.
c
22 LORD VATJX.
MUCH conjecture has been exercised in reference to the identity of Ibis noble
bard ; but it is now generally believed that he was Thomas, Lord Vaux of Har-
rowden, in Northamptonshire, and son of Lord Nicholas, first baron of that
title, with whom he has been sometimes confounded. He sat in parliament in
1531, and lived till the end of the reign of Queen Mary. His poems, which are
of a miscellaneous nature, are to be found in Tottel's Collection, and the Para-
dise of Dainty Devices. His poem of ' I loath that I did love,' must be inte-
resting to the readers of Shakspeare, from the circumstance of three stanzas
being quoted in the play of Hamlet, by the Grave-digger.
THE AGED LOVER RENOUNCETH LOVE.
I loath that I did love
In youth that I thought sweet ;
As time requires for my behove,
Methinks they are not meet.
My lusts they do me leave,
My fancies all be fled ;
And tract of time begins to weave
Grey hairs upon my head.
For Age with stealing steps
Hath claw'd me with his croutch ;
And lusty life away she leaps,
As there had been none such.
My Muse doth not delight
Me, as she did before :
My hand and pen are not in plight
As they have been of yore.
For Reason me denies
This youthly idle Rhyme ;
And day by day to me she cries,
" Leave off these toys in time."
The wrinkles in my brow,
The furrows in my face,
Say, " Limping Age will hedge him now
Where youth must give him place."
The harbinger of Death
To me I see him ride :
The cough, the cold, the gasping breath,
Doth bid me to provide
A pick-axe, and a spade,
And eke a shrouding sheet,
A house of clay for to be made
For such a guest most meet.
LORD VAUX.
Methinks I hear the clerk,
That knolls the careful knell ;
And bids me leave my woful wark
Ere Nature me compel.
My keepers knit the knot
That Youth did laugh to scorn ;
Of me that clean shall be forgot,
As I had not been born.
Thus must I Youth give up,
Whose badge I long did wear :
To them I yield the wanton cup
That better may it bear.
Lo, here the bared scull,
By whose bald sign I know
That stooping Age away shall pull
Which youthful years did sow.
For Beauty with her band
These crooked cares hath wrought,
And shipped me into the land
From whence I first was brought.
And ye that bide behind,
Have ye none other trust ;
As ye of clay were cast by kind,
So shall ye waste to dust.
23
24 NICHOLAS GR1MOALD.
THIS poet was a native of Huntingdonshire, but the date of his birth is un-
known. He was chaplain to Bishop Ridley, and would perhaps have suffered
martyrdom with his patron during the persecution in the reign of Queen Mary,
had he not sought inglorious safety by a recantation. He died about 1503.
Grimoald's poetry is remarkable for elegance of language, and smoothness of
versification ; and it is worthy of remark, that he was the first poet, after Lord
Surrey, who attempted English blank verse.
DEATH OF CICERO.
When he afar the men approach he spieth,
And of his foen the ensign doth aknow ;
" The chariot turn," saith he ; " let loose the reins ;
Run to the undeserved death; me, lo,
Hath Phoebus' fowl, as messenger forewarn'd,
And Jove desires a new heaven's-man to make.
Brutus' and Cassius' souls, live you in bliss ?
In case yet all the Fates gainstrive us not
Neither shall we, perchance, die unrevenged.
Now have I lived, O Rome, enough for me :
My passed life nought suffereth me to doubt
Noisome oblivion of the loathsome death.
Slay me ; yet all th' offspring to come shall know,
And this decease shall bring eternal life.
Yea, and (unless I fail, and all in vain,
Rome, I sometime thy Augur chosen was,)
Not evermore shall friendly fortune thee
Favour, Antonius. Once the day shall come
When her dear wights, by cruel spite thus slain,
Victorious Rome shall at thy hands require.
Melikes, therewhile, go see the hoped heaven."
Speech had he left, and therewith he, good man,
His throat prepared, and held his head unmoved.
His hasting to those fates the very knights
Be loth to see, and rage rebated when
They his bare neck beheld, and his hoar hairs :
Scant could they hold the tears that forth gan burst,
And almost fell from bloody hands the swords.
Only the stern Herennius with grim look,
"Dastards, why stand you still?" he saith, and straight
Swaps off the head with his presumptuous iron.
ALEXANDER SCOT. 25
THIS poet, who is justly entitled by Pinkerton, the ' Anacreon of old Scottish
poetry,' has scarcely left a trace of his personal history. It appears that ha
commenced his authorship about the year 1550, and several of his poems, which
are distinguished by correctness and elegance of versification, and justness of
sentiment, are to be found in Lord Hailes's Collection, and the Bannatyne MS.
LAMENT WHEN HIS WIFE LEFT HIM.
To love unloved it is a pain ;
For she that is my sovereign,
Some wanton man so high has set her,
That I can get no love again,
But break my heart, and nought the better.
When that I went with that sweet may
To dance, to sing, to sport, and play,
And oft-times in my armis plet her
I do now mourn both night and day,
And break my heart, and nought the better.
Where I was wont to see her go,
Right timely pass to and fro,
With comely smiles when that I met her
And now I live in pain and wo,
And break my heart, and nought the better.
What an ane glaikit fool am I
To slay myself with melancholy,
Sen weill I ken I may not get her !
Or what should be the cause, and why,
To break my heart, and nought the better ?
My heart, sen than may not her please,
Adieu ; as good love comes as gais ;
Go, choose another, and forget her.
God give him dolour and disease,
That breaks his heart, and nought the better.
26 SIR PHILIP SIDNEY.
THIS accomplished scholar, poet, courtier, and soldier, was born in 1551; and
during the short period of his life few were so greatly or so generally endeared
to society by talent and worth as the author of the Arcadia, by which work he
was chiefly distinguished in his own day. The principal poetry of Sir Philip
Sidney is his Astrophel and Stella, comprising a collection of sonnets ad-
dressed to the lady to whom he gave the latter appellation. His death at
Zutphen in 1586, when he had only reached his thirty-second year, and the
heroic circumstances with which it was accompanied, are too generally known
to require further mention.
TO THE MOON.
With how sad steps, O Moon ! thou climb'st the skies !
How silently, and with how wan a face !
What ! may it be, that, ev'n in heavenly place,
That busy Archer his sharp arrows tries ?
Sure, if that long, with Love -acquainted eyes
Can judge of Love, thou feel'st a lover's case ;
I read it in thy looks ; thy languished grace
To me, that feel the like, thy state descries.
Then ev'n of fellowship, O Moon, tell me,
Is constant love deem'd there but want of wit ?
Are beauties there as proud as here they be ?
Do they above love to be loved, and yet
Those lovers scorn whom that love doth possess ?
Do they call virtue there ungratefulness ?
From Astrophel and Sh'lla.
TO STELLA.
No more, my dear, no more these counsels try,
give my passions leave to run their race ;
Let Fortune lay on me her worst disgrace :
Let folk o'ercharged with brain against me cry ;
Let clouds be dim, my face break in mine eye ;
Let me no steps then of lost labour trace :
Let all the earth with scorn recount my case,
But do not will me from my love to fly.
1 do not envy Aristotle's wit,
Nor do aspire to Caesar's bleeding fame ;
Nor aught do care, though some above me sit :
Nor hope, nor wish, another course to frame,
But that which once may win thy cruel heart :
Thou art my Wit, and thou my Virtue art.
From Astrophel and Stella.
EAKL OF DOHSET. 27
THOMAS SACKVILLB, Earl of Dorset, was born in Sussex, in 1536. His first
work was the tragedy of Gorboduc, which he composed while a student of the
Inner Temple, and the title of which was afterwards changed into Ferrex and
Porrex. In addition to this, he contributed the Induction and Legend of the
Duke of Buckingham, to the Mirror for Magistrates. After having been
employed in several foreign negotiations, he was raised to the offioe of Lord
High Treasurer, on the death of Burghley. The earl died suddenly at the
council table at 1608.
REMORSE.
And first within the porch and jaws of Hell
Sat deep Remorse of Conscience, all besprent
With tears ; and to herself oft would she tell
Her wretchedness, and cursing never stent
To sob and sigh ; but ever thus lament
With thoughtful care, as she that all in vain
Would wear and waste continually in pain.
Her eyes unstedfast, rolling here and there,
Whirl'd on each place, as place that vengeance brought,
So was her mind continually in fear,
Toss'd and tormented by the tedious thought
Of those detested crimes which she had wrought :
With dreadful cheer and looks thrown to the sky,
Wishing for death, and yet she could not die.
OLD AGE.
And next in order sad Old Age we found,
His beard all hoar, his eyes hollow and blind ;
With drooping cheer still poring on the ground,
As on the place where Nature him assign'd
To rest, when that the sisters had entwined
His vital thread, and ended with their knife
The fleeting course of fast declining life.
Crook'd-back'd he was, tooth-shaken, and blear-eyed,
Went on three feet, and sometime crept on four ;
With old lame bones that rattled by his side,
His scalp all pill'd, and he with eld forlore,
His wither'd fist still knocking at Death's door ;
Trembling and driv'ling as he draws his breath,
For brief, the shape and messenger of Death.
28 EDMUND SPENSER.
THIS English poet, incomparably the best that had appeared since the days of
Chaucer, was born in London in East Smithfield, near the Tower, about the
year 1553. He received his education at the university of Cambridge, where
he formed an intimate acquaintanceship with Gabriel Harvey, one who was so
wedded to the poetry of Greece and Rome, that he conceived the possibility of
reducing English versification to the old classical quantities. Under this wrong-
headed friend, Spenser commenced his poetical career very inauspiciously, by
attempting English trimeter iambics; but he soon emancipated himself from
these impracticable trammels, and became the poet of truth and nature. Harvey
rendered our bard a more judicious service when he counselled him to leave his
obscure situation, and gave him an introduction to Sir Philip Sidney, by whom he
was recommended to the powerful Earl of Leicester. While residing at the ha-
bitation of Sir Philip, at Penshurst, Spenser produced his Shepherd's Calendar,
which enjoyed a high popularity. Notwithstanding its intrinsic poetical merit,
however, the pedantic style and far-fetched allusions of the Shepherds of this
work, and the immeasurably superior attractiveness of the Faery Queen, have
thrown it entirely into the shade, so that it is no longer quoted, and scarcely at
all remembered.
In 1580, Lord Grey of Wilton being appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
Spenser accompanied him thither as secretary ; but two years afterwards he
returned to England, in consequence of the recall of his patron. By the kind
mediation of his powerful friends, however, he received from Queen Elizabeth
a grant of 3028 acres of land in Cork, in consequence of which he was bound to
reside in that country, and cultivate the lands that had been assigned to him.
His habitation in Ireland was an ancient castle at Kilcolman, that had belonged
to the earls of Desmond, and was surrounded by rich and magnificent scenery ;
and in this place, so fitted for study and meditation, an event occurred that ought
to be dear to the recollections of every lover of English literature. He was
visited by Sir Walter Raleigh, at that time a captain in the queen's army, and
the result of the conferences of two such congenial minds, was the resolution of
Spenser to prepare the first part of the Faery Queen for publication. This
measure occasioned his temporary return to London, after an absence of four
years; and on his arrival he published the three first books of his celebrated
work. This occurred in 1590; and about four years afterward, when his fame
had attained its most palmy state, he married at Cork a country maiden of
humble birth. During the six following years, he occasionally revisited Eng-
land, and published portions of the Faery Queen, and other poetical productions,
besides a very able political sketch on the condition of Ireland.
But dark misfortunes clouded the latter days of this talented and noble-
hearted poet. In 1597, he returned for the last time to Ireland, and almost
immediately after his arrival, the rebellion under Tyrone broke out. The
insurgents advanced towards Kilcolman, upon which Spenser fled with his
family ; but one of his children, who was left behind in the confusion, perished
in the destruction of the castle, which was set on fire by the rebels. Spenser
returned to London an impoverished and heart-broken fugitive, and died in
1598, in a state of considerable destitution. No poet of England, or perhaps any
other country, has equalled Spenser in richness of fancy, and few have equalled
him in those other essentials that constitute a great poet. His Faery Queen is
a mine of thoughts and descriptions which the most laborious reading cannot
exhaust ; and whether it be perused as a literal tale of romance, or a moral
allegory, it is always sure to afford instruction and delight. His personages,
also, besides being correct allegorical characters, are invested with such attri-
butes of real life, that we imagine not only their separate identity, but we know
also every individual, from the blazonry upon his shield, to the rivets in his
armour. We trust the time is not distant when the public taste will revive
the writings of Spenser with a popularity greater than they have ever yet
enjoyed.
SPENSER.
ENCOUNTER OF ST. GEORGE WITH THE DRAGON.
With that they heard a roaring hideous sownd,
That all the ay re with terror rilled wyde,
And seemd uneath to shake the stedfast ground.
Eftsoones that dreadful dragon they espyde,
Where strecht he lay upon the sunny side
Of a great hill, himselfe like a great hill ;
But all so soone as he from far descryde
Those glistring armes, that heaven with light did fill,
He rousd himselfe full blyth, and hastned them untill.
The knight gan fayrely couch his steady speare,
And fiersely ran at him with rigorous might ;
The pointed steele, arriving rudely theare,
His harder hyde would nether perce nor bight,
30 SPENSER.
But glauncing by, foorth passed forward r'^ht :
Yet sore amoved with so puissaunt push,
The wrathfull beast about him turned light,
And him so rudely passing by did brush
With his long tayle, that horse and man to ground did
rush.
Both horse and man up lightly rose againe,
And fresh encounter towardes him addrest ;
But th' ydle stroke yet backe recoyld in vaine,
And found no place his deadly point to rest.
Exceeding rage enflam'd the furious beast,
To be avenged of so great despight ;
For never felt his imperceable brest
So wondrous force from hand of living wight,
Yet had he prov'd the powre of many a puissant knight.
Then with his waving wings displayed wyde,
Himselfe up high he lifted from the ground,
And with strong flight did forcibly divyde
The yielding ayre, which night too feeble found
Her flitting parts, and element unsound,
To beare so greate a weight : he cutting way
With his broad sayles, about him soared round :
At last low stouping with unweldy sway,
Snatcht up both horse and man, to beare them quite away.
Long he them bore above the subject plaine,
So far as ewghen bow a shaft may send,
Till struggling strong did him at last constraine
To let them downe before his flightes end :
As hagard hauke presuming to contend
With hardy fowle, above his hable might,
His wearie pounces all in vaine doth spend
To trusse the prey too heavy for his flight,
Which coming down to ground, does free itselfe by fight.
He so disseized of his griping grosse,
The knight his thrillant speare againe assayd
In his bras-plated body to embosse,
And three mens strength into the stroake he layd,
Wherewith the stifle beame quaked as affrayd,
And glauncing from his scaly necke, did glyde
Close under his left wing, then broad displayd,
The percing steele there wrought a wound full wyde.
That with the uncouth smart the monster lowdly cryde.
SPENSER. 31
He cryde as raging seas are wont to rore,
When wintry storme his wrathful wreck does threat,
The roaling billows beat the ragged shore,
As they the earth would shoulder from her seat ;
And greedy gulfe does gape, as he would eat
His neighbour element in his revenge ;
Then gin the blustring brethren boldly threat
To move the world from off his stedfast henge,
And boystrous battaile make, each other to avenge.
THE BOWER OF BLISS.
And over him Art stryving to compayre
With Nature did an arber greene dispred,
Framed of wanton yvie, flouring fayre,
Through which the fragrant eglantine did spred
His prickling armes, entrayld with roses red,
Which daintie odours round about them threw ;
And all within with flowres was garnished,
That when myld Zephyrus emongst them blew,
Did breath out bounteous smels, and painted colors shew.
And fast beside their trickled softly downe
A gentle streame, whose murmuring wave did play
Emongst the pumy stones, and made a sowne,
To lull him soft asleepe that by it lay :
The wearie traveller, wandring that way,
Therein did often quench his thirsty heat,
And then by it his wearie limbes display,
Whiles creeping slombre made him to forget
His former payne, and wypt away his toilsom sweat.
And on the other syde a pleasaunt grove
Was shott up high, full of the stately tree
That dedicated is t' Olympick love,
And to his sonne Alcides, whenas hee
In Nemus gayned goodly victoree :
Therein the merry birdes of every sorte
Chaunted alowd their chearfull harmonee,
And made emongst themselves a sweete consort,
That quickned the dull spright with musicall comfort.
32 SPENSER.
ANGELIC GUARDIANSHIP.
.And is there care in heaven ? and is there love
In heavenly spirits to these creatures bace,
That may compassion of their evils move ?
There is ; else much more wretched were the cace,
Of men then beasts : but O th' exceeding grace
Of highest God ! that loves his creatures so,
And all his workes with mercy doth embrace,
That blessed angels he sends to and fro
To serve to wicked man, to serve his wicked foe.
How oft do they then- silver bowers leave
To come to succour us that succour want '?
How oft do they with golden pineons cleave
The flitting skyes, like flying pursuivant,
Against fowle feendes to ayd us militant ?
They for us fight, they watch and dewly ward,
And their bright squadrons round about us plant,
And all for love and nothing for reward :
O why should hevenly God to men have such regard ?
COMBAT BETWEEN BLANDAMOUR AND PARIDELL.
Their firie steedes with so untamed forse
Did beare them both to fell avenge' s end,
That both their speares with pitilesse remorse
Through shield, and mayle, and haberieon, did wend,
And in their flesh a griesly passage rend,
That with the furie of their owne affret
Each other horse and man to ground did send ;
Where lying still awhile, both did forget
The perilous present stownd in which their lives were set.
As when two warlike brigandines at sea,
With murdrous weapons arm'd to cruell fight,
Do meete together on the vvatry lea,
They stemme ech other with so fell despight,
That with the shocke of their owne heedlesse might
Then- wooden ribs are shaken nigh asonder ;
They which from shore behold the dreadful sight
Of flashing fire, and heare the ordenance thonder,
Do greatly stand amazed at such unwonted wonder.
SPENSER. 33
At length they both upstarted in amaze,
As men awaked rashly out of dreme,
And round about themselves awhile did gaze,
Till seeing her, that Florimell did seeme,
In doubt to whom she victorie should deeme,
Therewith their dulled sprights they edgd anew,
And drawing both their swords with rage extreme,
Like two mad mastifFes, each on other flew,
And shields did share, and mailes did rash, and helrnes
did hew.
So furiously each other did assayle,
As if their soules they would attonce have rent
Out of their brests, that streames of blood did rayle
Adowne, as if their springs of life were spent,
That all the ground with purple bloud was sprent
And all their armours staynd with bloudie gore ;
Yet scarcely once to breath would they relent,
So mortall was their malice, and so sore,
Become of fayned friendship which they vow'd afore.
DESCRIPTION OF SIR CALIDORE.
Of court it seemes men courtesie doe call,
For that it there most useth to abound ;
And well beseemeth that in princes hall
That vertue should be plentifully found,
Which of all goodly manners is the ground,
And roote of civill conversation :
Right so in Faery Court it did redound,
Where curteous knights and ladies most did won
Of all on earth, and made a matchlesse paragon :
But mongst them all was none more courteous knight
Then Calidore, beloved over all,
In whom it seemes that gentlenesse of spright
And manners mylde were planted naturall ;
To which he adding comely guize withall,
And gracious speach, did steale mens hearts away :
Nathlesse thereto he was full stout and tall,
And well approved in batteilous affray,
That him did much renowme, and far his fame display.
34 SPENSER.
Ne was there knight, ne was there lady found,
In Faery Court, but him did deare embrace
For his faire usage and conditions sound,
The which in all mens liking gayned place,
And with the greatest purchast greatest grace,
Which he could wisely use and well apply,
To please the best, and th' evill to embase ;
For he loathd leasing and base flattery,
And loved simple truth and stedfast honesty.
SIR CALIDORE'S COURTSHIP OF PASTORELL.
So there that night Sir Calidore did dwell,
And long while after, whilest him list reinaine,
Dayly beholding the fayre Pastorell,
And feeding on the bayt of his owne bane :
During which time he did her entertaine
With all kind courtesies he could invent,
And every day, her companie to gaine,
When to the field she went, he with her went ;
So for to quench his fire he did it more augment.
But she, that never had acquainted beene
With such quient usage, fit for queens and kings,
Ne ever had such knightly service scene,
But being bred under base shepheards wings
Had ever learn'd to love the lowly things,
Did litle whit regard his courteous guize,
But cared more for Colin's carolings
Then all that he could doe or ev'r devize :
His layes, his loves, his lookes, she did them all despize.
Which Calidore perceiving, thought it best
To chaunge the manner of his loftie looke,
And doffing his bright armes, himselfe addrest
In shepheard's weed ; and in his hand he tooke,
Instead of steele-head speare, a shepheard's hooke ;
That who had scene him then, would have bethought
On Phrygian Paris by Plexippus brooke,
When he the love of fayre CEnone sought,
What time the golden apple was unto him brought.
SPENSER. 35
So being clad, unto the fields he went
With the faire Pastorella every day,
And keept her sheepe with diligent attent,
Watching to drive the ravenous wolfe away,
The whylest at pleasure she mote sport and play,
And every evening helping them to fold j
And otherwhiles for need he did assay
In his strong hand their rugged teats to hold,
And out of them to presse the milke; love so much
could.
Which seeing, Coridon, who her likewise
Long time had loved, and hoped her love to gaine,
He much was troubled at that straunger's guize,
And many gealous thoughts conceived in vaine,
That this of all his labour and long paine
Should reape the harvest ere it ripen'd were,
That made him scoule, and pout, and oft complaine
Of Pastorell to all the shepheards there,
That she did love a straunger swayne then him more
dere.
And ever when he came in companie,
Where Calidore was present, he would loure,
And byte his lip, and even for gealousie
Was readie oft his owne hart to devoure,
Impatient of any paramoure ;
Who on the other side did seeme so farre
From malicing or grudging his good houre,
That all he could he graced him with her,
Ne ever shewed signe of rancour or of iarre.
And oft, when Coridon unto her brought
Or little sparrowes stolen from their nest,
Or wanton squirrils in the woods farre sought,
Or other daintie thing for her addrest,
He would commend his guift, and make the best ;
Yet she no whit his presents did regard,
Ne him could find to fancie in her brest ;
This new-come shepheard had his market mard :
Old love is little worth when new is more prefard.
One day whenas the shepheard swaynes together
Were met, to make their sports and merry glee,
As they are wont in faire sunshyne weather,
The whiles their flockes in shadowes shrouded bee,
36 SPENSER.
They fell to daunce ; then did they all agree
That Colin Clout should pipe, as one most fit,
And Calidore should lead the ring, as hee
That most in Pastorellaes grace did sit ;
Thereat frown'd Coridon, and his lip closely bit.
But Calidore, of courteous inclination,
Tooke Coridon, and set him in his place,
That he should lead the daunce, as was his fashion ;
For Coridon could daunce, and trimly trace ;
And whenas Pastorella, him to grace,
Her flowry garlond tooke from her owne head,
And plast on his, he did it soone displace,
And did it put on Coridon's instead ;
Then Coridon woxe frollicke, that erst seemed dead.
Another time, whenas they did dispose
To practise games and maisteries to try,
They for their iudge did Pastorella chose,
A garland was the meed of victory ;
There Coridon forth stepping, openly
Did chalenge Calidore to wrestling game,
For he through long and perfect industry
Therrin well practised was, and in the same
Thought sure t' avenge his grudge, and worke his foe
great shame.
But Calidore he greatly did mistake :
For he was strong and mightily stiffe pight,
That with one fall his neck he almost brake,
And had he not upon him fallen light,
His dearest ioynt he sure had broken quight.
Then was the oaken crowne by Pastorell
Given to Calidore as his due right ;
But he, that did in courtesie excell,
Gave it to Coridon, and said he wonne it well.
Thus did the gentle knight himselfe abeare
Amongst that rusticke rout in all his deeds,
That even they, the which his rivals were,
Could not maligne him, but commend him needs :
For courtesie amongst the rudest breeds
Good will and favour ; so it surely wrought
With this fayre mayd, and in her mynde the seeds
Of perfect love did sow, that last forth brought
The fruite of ioy and blisse, though long time dearely
bought.
SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 37
THE history of this noble, accomplished, and ill-requited personage, is too well
known to require repetition. He was born at Hayes Farm, in Devonshire, in
1552, and fell a victim to the mean jealousy of James I., by whose sentence he
was beheaded on the 29th of October, 1618. The superior reputation of Sir
Walter Raleigh as a scholar, philosopher, and enterprising navigator, has eclipsed
his reputation as a poet, although his verses alone would have procured him dis-
tinction among his contemporaries. It is unfortunate that his fugitive pieces,
which are scattered among the uncertain poetry of the period, cannot always be
identified.
HIS LOVE ADMITS NO RIVAL.
Shall I, like a hermit, dwell
On a rock, or in a cell,
Calling home the smallest part
That is missing of my heart,
To bestow it where I may
Meet a rival every day ?
If she undervalue me,
What care I how fair she be ?
Were her tresses angel gold,
If a stranger may be bold,
Unrebuked, unafraid,
To convert them to a braid,
And with little more ado
Work them into bracelets, too !
If the mine be grown so free,
What care I how rich it be ?
Were her hand as rich a prize
As her hairs, or precious eyes,
If she lay them out to take
Kisses, for good manners' sake :
And let every lover skip
From her hand unto her lip ;
If she seem not chaste to me,
What care I how chaste she be?
No ; she must be perfect snow,
In effect as well as show ;
Warming but as snow-balls do,
Not like fire, by burning too ;
But when she by change hath got
To her heart a second lot,
Then, if others share with me,
Farewell her, whate'er she be !
38 JOSEPH HALL.
This satirical poet, who was born in 1574, at Ashby-de-Ia-Zouch, in Leicester-
shire, devoted himself to the church, and after several ecclesiastical preferments,
was created Bishop of Norwich, by Charles L, in 1641 ; but during the troubled
times that succeeded he was committed to the Tower, and subjected to seques-
tration. He died in 1656, at the age of eighty-two, and in the midst of poverty
and obscurity. The poetry of Hall is distinguished for vigour and harmony, and
on account of his eloquent illustrations of moral duties, he has often been deno-
minated the " Christian Seneca."
YOUTHFUL DESIRE OF TRAVEL.
The brain-sick youth, that feeds his tickled ear
With sweet-sauced lies of some false traveller,
Which hath the Spanish Decades read awhile,
Or whetstone leasings of old Mandeville,
Now with discourses breaks his midnight sleep
Of his adventures through the Indian deep ;
Of all their massy heaps of golden mine,
Or of the antique tombs of Palestine,
Or of Damascus' magic wall of glass ;
Of Solomon his sweating piles of brass,
Of the bird rue that bears an elephant,
Of mermaids that the southern seas do haunt,
Of headless men, of savage cannibals,
The fashions of their lives and governals ;
What monstrous cities there erected be,
Cairo, or the city of the Trinity ;
Now are they dunghill cocks that have not seen
The bordering Alps, or else the neighbour Rhine ;
And now he plies the news-full Grasshopper,
Of voyages and ventures to inquire.
His land mortgaged, he sea-beat in the way,
Wishes for home a thousand sighs a day ;
And now he deems his home-bred fare as leif
As his parch'd biscuit, or his barrell'd beef.
'Mongst all these stirs of discontented strife,
O let me lead an academic life ;
To know much, and to think for nothing, know
Nothing to have, yet think we have enow ;
In skill to want, and wanting seek for more ;
In weal nor want, nor wish for greater store.
Envy, ye monarchs, with your proud excess,
At our low sail, and our high happiness.
THE HOLLOW INVITATION.
The courteous citizen bade me to his feast,
With hollow words, and overly request :
" Come, will ye dine with me this holyday ?"
I yielded, though he hoped I would say nay :
For had I mayden'd it, as many use ;
Loath for to grant, but loather to refuse
" Alacke sir, I were loath ; another day,
I should but trouble you ; pardon me, if you may"
No pardon should I need ; for, to depart
He gives me leave, and thanks too, in his heart.
Two words for monie, Darbishirian wise,
(That's one too manie) is a naughtie guise.
Who looks for double biddings to a feast,
May dine at home for an importune guest.
I went, then saw, and found the greate expence ;
The fare and fashions of our citizens.
Oh, Cleoparical ! what wanteth there
For curious cost, and wondrous choice of cheere ?
Beefe, that erst Hercules held for finest fare :
Porke for the fat Boeotian, or the hare
For Martial ; fish for the Venetian ;
Goose-liver for the likorous Romane ;
Th' Athenian's goate ; quaile. lolan's cheere ;
The hen for Esculape, and the Parthian deere ;
Grapes for Arcesilas, figs for Plato's mouth,
And chesnuts faire for Amarillis' tooth.
Hadst thou such cheere? wert thou evere there before?
Never. I thought so : nor come there no more.
Come there no more ; for so meant all that cost :
Never lience take me for thy second host.
For whom he means to make an often guest,
One dish shall serve ; and welcome make the rest.
CONCLUSION TO HIS SATIRES.
Thus have I writ, in smoother cedar tree,
So gentle Satires, penn'd so easily.
Henceforth I write in crabbed oak tree rynde,
Search they that mean the secret meaning find.
Hold out ye guilty and ye galled hides,
And meet my far-fetch'd stripes with waiting sides.
40 GILES FLETCHER.
THE year of his birth is uncertain. He was educated for the church at the
university of Cambridge, and obtained the living of Alderston in Suffolk, where
he died in 1623. His principal work is The Temptation and Victory of Christ.
JUSTICE.
She was a virgin of austere regard :
Not as the world esteems her, deaf and blind ;
But as the eagle, that hath oft compared
Her eye with heaven's, so, and more brightly shined
Her lamping sight : for she the same could wind
Into the solid heart, and, with her ears,
The silence of the thought loud speaking hears,
And in one hand a pair of even scales she wears.
No riot of affection revel kept
Within her breast, but a still apathy
Possessed all her soul, which softly slept
Securely without tempest ; no sad cry
Awakes her pity, but wrong' d Poverty
Sending his eyes to heaven swimming in tears,
With hideous clamours ever struck her ears,
Whetting the blazing sword that in her hand she bears.
The winged lightning is her Mercury,
And round about her mighty thunders sound :
Impatient of himself lies pining by
Pale Sickness, with his kercher'd head upwound,
And thousand noisome plagues attend her round.
But if her cloudy brow but once grow foul,
The flints do melt, and rocks to water roll,
And airy mountains shake, and frighted shadows howl.
PHINEAS FLETCHEB. 41
I'HINKAS FLETCHER was the elder brother of Giles, and like him a successful
imitator of Spenser. He selected, howerer, an unfortunate subject for his
Muse, which was the Purple Island, where he exhausted all the powers of a
rich imagination in endeavouring to make an anatomical treatise poetical. On
this account the work, notwithstanding its intrinsic merits, has long sunk into
universal neglect.
HAPPINESS OF THE SHEPHERD'S LIFE.
Thrice, oh, thrice happy, shepherd's life and state !
When courts are happiness, unhappy pawns !
His cottage low and safely humble gate
Shuts out proud Fortune, with her scorns and fawns :
No feared treason breaks his quiet sleep :
Singing all day, his flocks he learns to keep ;
Himself as innocent as are his simple sheep.
No Serian worms he knows, that with their thread
Draw out their silken lives : nor silken pride :
His lambs' warm fleece well fits his little need,
Not in that proud Sidonian tincture dyed :
No empty hopes, no courtly fears him fright ;
Nor begging wants his middle fortune bite :
But sweet content exiles both misery and spite.
Instead of music, and base flattering tongues,
Which wait to first salute my lord's uprise ;
The cheerful lark wakes him with early songs,
And birds' sweet whistling notes unlock his eyes :
In country plays is all the strife he uses ;
Or sing, or dance unto the rural Muses ;
And but in music's sports all difference refuses.
His certain life, that never can deceive him,
Is full of thousand sweets, and rich content :
The smooth-leaved beeches in the field receive him
With coolest shades, till noon-tide rage is spent :
His life is neither toss'd in boist'rous seas
Of troublous world, nor lost in slothful ease ;
Pleased, and full blest he lives, when he his God can please.
His bed of wool yields safe and quiet sleeps,
While by his side his faithful spouse hath place ;
His little son into his bosom creeps,
The lively picture of his father's face :
Never his humble house nor state torment him ;
Less he could like, if less his God had sent him ;
And when he dies, green turfs, with grassy tomb, content
him.
42 SIR JOHN DAVIES.
THIS poet was born in the parish of Tisbury, Wiltshire, in 1570, and was
educated at Queen's College, Oxford; after which he removed to the Inner
Temple ; but from this place he was expelled on account of his riotous conduct.
One year, however, after this unfortunate circumstance, he published his Nosce
Teipsum, a. poem on the Immortality of the Soul, with which James I. was so
highly gratified, that he honoured the author with his royal patronage on his
accession to the throne of England. In consequence of this the rise of Davies
was rapid, so that in 1626 he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of England ; but
before he could be sworn into office he died suddenly of apoplexy, on the night
of the 7th of December, in the fifty-seventh year of his age. It is worthy of
remark, that Sir John, after writing so argumentative and religious a poem at
that on the Immortality of the Soul, at the age of twenty-five, and while he was
notorious only as a wild young barrister, should have written his Orchestra, or
the Art of Dancing, when he was a grave statesman and judge, at fifty-two.
Besides these works, he wrote Hymns to Astrea, a collection of Acrostics on
the name of Elizabeth; also two treatises upon the condition of Ireland, which
were fraught with sound political wisdom.
VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF THE SOUL, AND THEIR
FRUITLESSNESS.
One thinks the Soul is air ; another fire ;
Another blood, diffused about the heart ;
Another saith, the elements conspire,
And to her essence each doth give a part.
Musicians think our souls are harmonies ;
Physicians hold that they complexions be ;
Epicures make them swarms of atomies,
Which do by chance into our bodies flee.
Some think one general Soul tills every brain,
As the bright sun sheds light in every star ;
And others think the name of Soul is vain,
And that we only well-mixt bodies are.
In judgment of her substance thus they vary ;
And thus they vary in judgment of her seat ;
For some her chair up to the brain do carry,
Some thrust it down into the stomach's heat.
Some place it in the root of life, the heart ;
Some in the river, fountain of the veins ;
Some say, she's all in all, and all in every part ;
Some say, she's not contain'd, but all contains.
Thus these great clerks their little wisdom shew,
While with their doctrines they at hazard play ;
Tossing their light opinions to and fro,
To mock the lewd, as learn'd hi this as they.
8IK JOHN DAVIES. 43
For no crazed brain could ever yet propound,
Touching the Soul, so vain and fond a thought ;
But some among these masters have been found,
Which in their schools the self-same thing have taught.
God only wise, to punish pride of wit,
Among men's wits hath this confusion wrought,
As the proud tower whose points the clouds did hit,
By tongues' confusion was to ruin brought.
But Thou which didst man's soul of nothing make,
And when to nothing it was fallen again,
" To make it new, the form of man didst take ;
And God with God, becam'st a man with men :"
Thou that hast fashion' d twice this Soul of ours,
So that she is by double title thine ;
Thou only know'st her nature and her powers,
Her subtil form thou only canst define.
From The Immortality of the Soul.
PRAISE OF DANCING.
Of all their ways I love Meander's path
Which to the tune of dying swans doth dance,
Such winding flights, such turns and cricks he hath,
Such creaks, such wrenches, and such dalliance ;
That whether it be hap or heedless chance,
In this indented course and wriggling play
He seems to dance a perfect cunning hay.
But wherefore do these streams for ever run ?
To keep themselves for ever sweet and clear :
For let their everlasting course be done,
They straight corrupt and foul with mud appear.
O ye sweet nymphs that beauty's loss do fear,
Contemn the drugs that physic doth devise,
And learn of love this dainty exercise.
See how those flowers that have sweet beauty too
(The only jewels that the earth doth wear,
When the young sun in bravery her doth woo),
As oft as they the whistling wind do hear,
Do wave their tender bodies here and there ;
And though their dance no perfect measure is,
Yet oftentimes their music makes them kiss.
From the Orcheitra.
44 MICHAEL DRAYTOTC.
THIS voluminous writer was born at Atherston, in Warwickshire, as it is con-
jectured, in 1563, and in consequence of the poverty of his parents was edu-
cated at the expense of Sir Godfrey Goodere. He seems to have been dis-
tinguished at an early period for poetical talent. On the accession of James I.
to the throne of England, Drayton hastened with the crowd to worship the
rising sun, and hymned the joyful occasion ; but the monarch, it would appear,
paid no attention to his verses, and the poet was consigned to his original
penury. His life, after this, was a struggle, in which he supported himself by
the labours of his pen, while his literary avocations were constantly intermingled
with quarrels with his booksellers. He died in 1631. The principal works of
Drayton are, Moses's Birth and Miracles, The Barons' Wars, Nymphidia,
and Poly-olbion, in which there is everywhere to be found a rich fund of
poetical sentiment and description. But unfortunately, his imagination was
overlaid by his reading, so that the minuteness of the chronicle writer and the
geographer often supersede the ardour of the poet. On this account, his chief
production, the Poly-olbion, consisting of about thirty thousand verses, notwith-
standing its great power, and numerous sparkling passages, is universally neg-
lected.
HENRY V. AND HIS TROOPS ON THE NIGHT BEFORE THE
BATTLE OF AGINCOURT.
The night forerunning this most dreadful day,
The French that all to jollity incline,
Some fall to dancing, some again to play,
And some are drinking to this great design ;
But all in pleasure spend the night away:
The tents with lights, the fields with bonfires shine ;
The common soldiers freemen's catches sing;
With shouts and laughter all the camp doth ring
The wearied English, watchful o'er their foes,
The depth of night then drawing on so fast,
That fain a little would themselves repose,
With thanks to God do take that small repast
Which that poor village willingly bestows ;
And having placed their sentinels at last,
They fall to prayer, and in their cabins blest,
T' refresh their spirits then took them to their rest.
In his pavilion princely Henry laid,
Whilst all his army round about him slept ;
His restless head upon his helmet staid,
For careful thoughts his eyes long waking kept.
" Great God (quoth he), withdraw not now thy aid,
Nor let my father Henry's sins be heapt
On my transgressions, up the sum to make,
For which thou may'st me utterly forsake.
DBA.TTON. 45
" King Richard's wrongs to mind, Lord do not call,
Nor how for him my father did offend ;
From us alone derive not thou his fall,
Whose odious life caused his untimely end,
That by our alms be expiated all :
Let not that sin on me his son descend,
When as his body I translated have,
And buried in an honourable grave."
From The Battle of Agincourt. .
NIGHT,
The sullen night had her black curtain spread,
Lowering that day had tarried up so long,
And that the morrow might lie along abed,
She all the heaven with dusky clouds had hung :
Cynthia pluck'd in her newly-horned head
Away to West, and under earth she flung,
As she had long'd to certify the Sun,
What in his absence in our world was done.
The lesser lights, like sentinels in war,
Behind the clouds stood privily to pry,
As though unseen they subtly strove from far,
Of his escape the manner to descry.
Hid was each wandering as each fixed star,
As they had held a council in the sky,
And had concluded with that present night,
That not a star should once give any light.
In a slow silence all the shores are hush'd,
Only the scritch-owl sounded to th' assault,
And Isis with a troubled murmur rush'd,
As if consenting, and would hide the fault ;
And as his foot the sand or gravel crush'd,
There was a little whispering in the vault,
Moved by his treading, softly as he went,
Which seem'd to say, it further' d his intent.
From The Barons' Wars : Book III.
QUEEN MAB'S CHARIOT.
Her chariot ready strait is made,
Each thing therein is fitting laid,
That she by nothing might be stay'd,
For nought must her be letting :
46 DRA.YTON.
Four nimble gnats the horses were,
Their harnesses of gossamere,
Fly Cranion, her charioteer,
Upon the coach-box getting.
Her chariot of a snail's fine shell,
Which for the colours did excel:
The fair Queen Mab becoming well,
So lively was the limning :
The seat the soft woll of the bee,
The cover (gallantly to see)
The wing of a pyed butterflee,
I trow, 'twas simple trimming.
The wheels composed of crickets' bones,
And daintily made for the nonce,
For fear of rattling on the stones,
With thistle -down they shod it :
For all her maidens much did fear,
If Oberon had chanced to hear,
That Mab his Queen should have been there,
He would not have abode it.
Front Nymphidia : the Court of Fairy.
THE BIRTH OF MOSES.
Yet 'tis so sweet, so amiably fair,
That their pleased eyes with rapture it behold,
The glad-sad parents full of joy and care
Fain would reserve their infant if they could ;
And still they tempt the sundry varying hours,
Hopes and despairs together strangely mixt,
Distasting sweets with many cordial sours,
Opposed interchangeably betwixt,
If aught it ail'd or haplessly it cried,
Unheard of any that she might it keep,
With one short breath she did entreat and chide,
And in a moment she did sing and weep.
Three labouring months them flatterer-like beguiled,
And danger still redoubling as it lasts,
Suspecting most the safety of the child,
Thus the kind mother carefully forecasts :
To Pharaoh's will she awfully must bow,
And therefore hastens to abridge these fears,
And to the flood determines it should go,
Yet ere it went she'll drown it with her tears.
From Moses's Birth and Miracles.
SAMUEL DANIEL. 47
THIS wiiter, who was of some note in his day, is now almost wholly and per.
haps unjustly forgotten. He was born at Taunton, in Somersetshire, in 1562, and
was the son of a music-master. At the age of seventeen, he entered Magdalen
Hall, Oxford, where he made considerable proficiency in learning. It is worthy
of remark, that after some years, when the Earl of Southampton, the friend of
the unfortunate Earl of Essex, was under disgrace, Daniel, who had enjoyed the
patronage of that nobleman, continued to cling to him in adversity, and in spite
of the danger of court disgrace. Daniel succeeded Spenser as Poet Laureate,
and died in October 1619. Of the estimation in which he was held as a poet by
his illustrious contemporaries, the eulogies written upon him by Spenser, Browne,
and others, are a sufficient proof. His chief work is a poem in Eight Books,
entitled A History of the Civil Wars between the Houses of York and Lancaster.
THE QUEEN OF RICHARD II. AWAITING THE ENTRANCE OF
HER HUSBAND AND BOLINGBROKE INTO LONDON.
Strait towards London, in this heat of pride,
They forward set, as they had fore-decreed ;
With whom the captive king, constrain'd, must ride,
Most meanly mounted on a simple steed ;
Degraded of all grace and ease beside,
Thereby neglect of all respect to breed.
For th' overspreading pomp of prouder might
Must darken weakness, and debase his sight.
Now Isabel, the young afflicted queen,
(Whose years had never shew'd her but delights,
Nor lovely eyes before had ever seen
Other than smiling joys, and joyful sights :
Born great, match'd great, lived great, and ever been
Partaker of the world's best benefits,)
Had placed herself, hearing her lord should pass
That way, where she unseen in secret was ;
Sick of delay, and longing to behold
Her long-miss'd love in fearful jeopardies :
To whom although it had in sort been told
Of their proceeding, and of his surprise ;
Yet thinking they would never be so bold,
To lead their lord in any shameful wise ;
But rather would conduct him as their king,
As seeking but the state's re -ordering.
And forth she looks, and notes the foremost train ;
And grieves to view some there she wish'd not there.
Seeing the chief not come, stays, looks again ;
And yet she sees not him that should appear.
Then back she stands ; and then desires, as fain
Again to look, to see if he were near.
At length a glitt'ring troop far off she spies ;
Perceives the throng, and hears the shouts and cries.
48 DANIEL.
" Lo yonder ! now at length he comes," saith she :
"Look, my good women, where he is in sight.
Do you not see him ? Yonder ; that is he !
Mounted on that white courser, all in white ;
There where the thronging troops of people be.
I know him by his seat : He sits upright.
Lo, now he bows ! Dear lord, with what sweet grace !
How long have I long'd to behold that face !
" O what delight my heart takes by mine eye !
I doubt me when he comes but something near,
I shall set wide the window What care I,
Who doth see me, so him I may see clear ?"
Thus doth false joy delude her wrongfully
(Sweet lady) in the thing she held so dear :
For, nearer come, she finds she had mistook,
And him she mark'd was Henry Bolingbroke.
Then envy takes the place in her sweet eyes,
Where sorrow had prepared herself a seat ;
And words of wrath, from whence complaints should rise,
Proceed from eager looks, and brows that threat :
" Traitor," saith she ; " is't thou, that in this wise
To brave thy lord and king art made so great ?
And have mine eyes done unto me this wrong,
To look on thee ? For this stay'd I so long ?
" Ah ! have they graced a perjured rebel so ?
Well ; for their error I will weep them out,
And hate the tongue defiled, that praised my foe ;
And loathe the mind, that gave me not to doubt.
What ! have I added shame unto my woe ?
I'll look no more Ladies, look you about ;
And tell me if my lord be in this train ;
Lest my betraying eyes should err again." * * *
" What might he be," she said, " that thus alone
Rides pensive in this universal joy ?
* * * *
" Let me not see him but himself, a king :
For so he left me, so he did remove.
This is not he, this feels some other thing ;
A passion of dislike, or else of love.
O yes, 'tis he ! That princely face doth bring
The evidence of majesty to prove :
That face I have conferr'd which now I see,
With that within my heart, and they agree."
JOHN DONNE. 49
JOHN DONM , who has been so highly eulogised by Dryden, Pope, and our
most eminent poets, was born in London, in 1573. He entered Lincoln's Inn,
intending to qualify himself for the bar ; but the subject of theology soon occu-
pying his principal study, he after mature deliberation abandoned the Church of
Rome, in which he had been educated, and declared his adhesion to the Pro-
testant faith. Having accompanied the Earl of Essex upon his expedition to
Cadiz, in 1596, he subsequently travelled several years in France and Italy,
after which he was appointed secretary to Lord Chancellor Egerton. The
friends of Donne, however, being anxious that he should devote his talents to
the church, he at last yielded to their solicitations, and was finally appointed
chaplain to Charles L, and Dean of St. Paul's. He died on the 31st March, 1631 .
His poems, which are of a miscellaneous character, suggested by the impulse of
the moment rather than the result of systematic study, consist chiefly of satires,
elegies, songs, and sonnets ; and although his versification is frequently harsh,
and his language pedantic, yet his productions possess an innate vigour and
freshness which will always secure them a high rank in our English poetry.
HIS PICTURE.
Here, take my picture ; though I bid farewell,
Thine in my heart, where my soul dwells, shall dwell ;
'Tis like me now, but, I dead, 'twill be more,
When we are shadows both, than 'twas before.
When weather-beaten I come back, my hand,
Perhaps, with rude oars torn, or sun-beams tann'd ;
My face and breast of hair-cloth, and my head
With Care's harsh sudden hoariness o'erspread ;
My body a sack of bones, broken within,
And powder's blue stains scatter'd on my skin ;
If rival fools tax thee t' have loved a man
So foul and coarse as, oh ! I may seem then,
This shall say what I was ; and thou shalt say,
Do his hurts reach me ? doth my worth decay ?
Or do they reach his judging mind, that he
Should now love less what he did love to see '?
That which in him was fair and delicate,
Was but the milk which in Love's childish state
Did nurse it, who now is grown strong enough
To feed on that which to weak tastes seems tough.
From the Elegies.
THE DISSOLUTION.
She's dead ! and all which die
To their first elements resolve ;
And we were mutual elements to us,
And made of one another.
My body then doth her's involve,
And those things, whereof I consist, hereby
In me abundant grow and burdcnous,
And nourish not, but smother.
*
50
DONNE.
My fire of passion, sighs of air,
Water of tears, and earthly sad despair,
Which my materials be,
(But near worn out by Love's security)
She, to my loss, doth by her death repair ;
And I might live long wretched so,
But that my fire doth with my fuel grow.
SONNET.
What if the present were the world's last night ?
Mark in my heart, O Soul ! where thou dost dwell,
The picture of Christ crucified, and tell
Whether his countenance can thee affright ;
Tears in his eyes quench the amazing light;
Blood fills his frowns, which from his pierced head fell.
And can that tongue adjudge thee unto hell
Which pray'd forgiveness for his foes' fierce spite ?
No, no ; but as in my idolatry
I said to all my profane mistresses,
Beauty of pity, foulness only is
A sign of rigour, so I say to thee :
To wicked spirits are horrid shapes assign'd ;
This beauteous form assumes a piteous mind.
EGBERT BURTON. 51
THIS talented and original writer is better known by his Anatomy of Melan-
choly than his poetry, although he was attached to the study of the latter; and
the specimen which we have extracted flora his preface to the Anatomy is no
inconsiderable proof of his poetical powers. He was bom in 1576. He studied
at Brazen Nose College, and was made vicar of St. Thomas, Oxford, where he
died in 1C39.
PAINS AND PLEASURES OF MELANCHOLY.
When I lie, sit, or walk alone
I sigh, I grieve, making great moan,
In a dark grove, or irksome den,
With discontents and furies, then
A thousand miseries at once
Mine heavy heart and soul ensconce.
All my griefs to this are jolly,
None so sour as melancholy.
Methinks I hear, methinks I see
Sweet music, wondrous melody,
Towns, palaces, and cities fine,
Here now, then there, the world is mine ;
Rare beauties, gallant ladies shine,
Whate'er is lovely or divine.
All other joys to this are folly,
None so sweet as melancholy.
Methinks I hear, methinks I see
Ghosts, goblins, fiends : my fantasy
Presents a thousand ugly shapes,
Headless bears, black men, and apes.
Doleful outcries, and fearful sights,
My sad and dismal soul affrights.
All my griefs to this are jolly,
None so damn'd as melancholy.
Methinks I court, methinks I kiss,
Methinks I now embrace my miss :
O blessed days, O sweet content !
In Paradise my time is spent !
Such thoughts may still my fancy move,
So may I ever be in love !
All my joys to this are folly,
Nought so sweet as melancholy.
52 FBANCIS DAVISON.
OF this author little is known except that he was the son of that Secretary of
State whom Queen Elizabeth treated so harshly, under the false pretence that
he had hurried on the execution of the unfortunate Mary Stuart, without her
privacy or consent. Davison published several poetical pieces in 1G02, in a
Miscellany, of which he was the editor. The following production, which
appeared in it, was his own, although it has been erroneously ascribed to a
different author.
A FICTION HOW CUPID MADE A NYMPH WOUUD HERSELF
WITH HIS ARROWS.
It chanced of late a shepherd's swain,
That went to seek a strayed sheep,
Within a thicket, on the plain,
Espied a dainty nymph asleep.
Her golden hair o'erspread her face,
Her careless arms abroad were cast,
Her quiver had her pillow's place,
Her breast lay bare to every blast.
The shepherd stood and gazed his fill,
Nought durst he do, nought durst he say ;
When chance, or else perhaps his will,
Did guide the god of love that way.
The crafty boy that sees her sleep
Whom, if she waked, he durst not see,
Behind her closely seeks to creep,
Before her nap should ended be.
There come, he steals her shafts away,
And puts his own into their place ;
Ne dares he any longer stay,
But, ere she wakes, hies thence apace.
Scarce was he gone when she awakes,
And spies the shepherd standing by ;
Her bended bow in haste she takes,
And at the simple swain let fly.
Forth flew the shaft, and pierced his heart,
That to the ground he fell with pain ;
Yet up again forthwith he start,
And to the nymph he ran amain.
Amazed to see so strange a sight,
She shot, and shot, but all in vain ;
The more his wounds, the more his might,
Love yieldeth strength in midst of pain.
DAVISON. 53
Her angry eyes are great with tear,
She blames her hands, she blames her skill ;
The bluntness of her shafts she fears,
And try them on herself she will.
Take heed, sweet nymph, try not thy shaft !
Each little touch will prick the heart :
Alas ! thou know'st not Cupid's craft,
Revenge is joy, the end is smart.
Yet try she will, and prick some bare ;
Her hands were gloved, and next to hand
Was that fair breast, that breast so rare,
That made the shepherd senseless stand.
That breast she prick'd, and through that breast
Love finds an entry to her heart :
At feeling of this new-come guest,
Lord ! how the gentle nymph doth start.
She runs not now, she shoots no more ;
Away she throws both shafts and bow :
She seeks for that she shunn'd before,
She thinks the shepherd's haste too slow.
Though mountains meet not, lovers may,
So others do, and so do they ;
The god of love sits on a tree,
And laughs that pleasant sight to see.
DESIRE'S GOVERNMENT.
Where Wit is over-ruled by Will,
And Will is led by fond Desire,
There Reason were as good be still,
As speaking, kindle greater fire.
For where Desire doth bear the sway,
The heart must rule, the head obey.
What boots the cunning pilot's skill,
To tell which way to shape their course,
When he that steers will have his will,
And drive them where he list perforce ?
So Reason shews the truth in vain
Where fond Desire as king doth reign.
54 WILLIAM DKVAIMOND.
WILLIAM DRUMMOND, of Hawthornden, son to Sir John Drummond, was born
at that romantic seat near Edinburgh, from which he derives his title, in the
year 1585. He received his education at the High School and University of
Edinburgh, from which he departed to France, where he studied Civil Law for
four years. On the expiration of that period he returned to his native resi-
dence, where he devoted his time to the study of the Classics. Having formed
an attachment to an amiable and beautiful lady, the day of marriage was
appointed, and a bright prospect of happiness lay before him, but her sudden
sickness and death blasted his expectations. To soften the anguish of this
bereavement, he once more left his beautiful and classic seclusion, and travelled
for eight years through Germany, France, and Italy. He returned to Scotland
at the commencement of the civil war ; and finding in his forty-fifth year a lady
who resembled her he had lost, he married her, and spent the remainder of his
kfe at Hawthornden. He was highly esteemed by his learned and poetical
contemporaries ; and Ben Jonson, one of the most distinguished of their number,
walked into Scotland, in 1619, for the purpose of seeing him, and enjoying his
conversation. He died on the 4th of December, 1649.
SONNET.
That learned Grecian who did so excel
In knowledge passing sense, that he is named
Of all the after-worlds divine, doth tell,
That all the time when first our souls are framed,
Ere in these mansions blind they come to dwell,
They live bright rays of that eternal light,
And others see, know, love, in heaven's great height ;
Not toil'd with aught to reason doth rebel.
It is most true, for straight at the first sight
My mind me told that in some other place
It elsewhere saw th' idea of that face,
And loved a love of heavenly pure delight.
What wonder now I feel so fair a flame,
Since I her loved ere on this earth she came?
SONNET.
O Fate, conjured to pour your worst on me !
O rigorous rigour which doth all confound !
With cruel hands ye have cut down the tree,
And fruit with leaves have scatter'd on the ground.
A little space of earth my love doth bound :
That beauty which did raise it to the sky,
Turn'd in disdained dust, now low doth lie,
Deaf to my plaints, and senseless of my wound.
Ah ! did I live for this ? ah ! did I love ?
And was't for this (fierce powers) she did excel
That ere she well the sweets of life did prove,
She should (too dear a guest) with darkness dwell !
Weak influence of heaven ! what fair is wrought,
Falls in the prime, and passeth like a thought.
55
CONSOLATION FOR THE DEATH OF HIS MISTRESS.
If she be dead, then she of loathsome days
Hath past the line, whose length but loss bewrays ;
Then she hath left this filthy stage of care,
Where pleasures seldom, woe doth still, repair.
For all the pleasures which it doth contain,
Not countervail the smallest minute's pain.
And tell me, thou who dost so much admire
This little vapour, this poor spark of fire,
Which life is call'd, what doth it thee bequeath,
But some few years, which birth draws out to death '?
Which if thou parallel with lustres run,
Or those whose courses are but now begun,
In days great number they shall less appear,
Than with the sea when matched is a tear.
But why should'st thou here longer wish to be ?
One year doth serve all nature's pomp to see.
Nay, even one day and night : This moon, that sun,
Those lesser fires about this round which run,
Be but the same, which under Saturn's reign,
Did the serpentine seasons interchain.
How oft doth life grow less by living long ?
And what excelleth but what dieth young ?
For age, which all abhor (yet would embrace)
Doth make the mind as wrinkled as the face.
Then leave laments, and think thou didst not live
Laws to that first eternal cause to give,
But to obey those laws which He hath given,
And bow unto the just decrees of Heaven,
Which cannot err, whatever foggy mists
Do blind men in these sublunary lists.
But what if she, for whom thou spends those groans,
And wastes thy life's dear torch in ruthful moans,
She, for whose sake thou hat'st the joyful light,
Courts solitary shades and irksome night,
Doth live ? Ah ! if thou canst, through tears, a space
Lift thy dimm'd lights, and look upon this face;
Look if those eyes which, fool, thou didst adore,
Shine not more bright than they were wont before.
Look if those roses death could aught impair,
Those roses which thou once said'st were so fair ;
And if these locks have lost aught of that gold,
Which once they had when thou them didst behold.
I live, and happy live, but thou art dead,
And still shall be, till thou be like me made.
56 DRUMMOND.
SONNET.
Sweet bird, that sing'st away the early hours
Of winters past, or coming, void of care,
Well pleased with delights which present are,
Fair seasons, budding sprays, sweet-smelling flowers
To rocks, to springs, to rills, from leafy bowers,
Thou thy Creator's goodness dost declare,
And what dear gifts on thee he did not spare,
A stain to human sense in sin that lowers.
What soul can be so sick, which by thy songs
(Attired in sweetness) sweetly is not driven
Quite to forget earth's turmoils, spites, and wrongs,
And lift a reverend eye and thought to heaven ?
Sweet, artless songster, thou my mind dost raise
To airs of spheres, yea, and to angels' lays.
DEDICATION OF A CHURCH.
Jerusalem, that place divine,
The vision of sweet peace is named ;
In heaven her glorious turrets shine,
Her walls of living stones are framed,
While angels guard her on each side,
Fit company for such a bride.
She deck'd in new attire from heaven,
Her wedding-chamber now descends,
Prepared in marriage to be given
To Christ, on whom her joy depends.
Her walls wherewith she is enclosed,
And streets are of pure gold composed.
The gates adorn'd with pearls most bright
The way to hidden glory show ;
And thither by the blessed might
Of faith in Jesus' merits go,
All these who are on earth distrest
Because they have Christ's name profest.
These stones the workmen dress and beat,
Before they throughly polish'd are,
Then each is in his proper seat
Establish'd by the builder's care,
In this fair frame to stand for ever
So join'd that them no force can sever.
To God who sits in highest seat,
Glory and power given be,
To Father, Son, and Paraclete,
Who reign in equal dignity,
Whose boundless power we still adore,
And sing their praise for evermore.
mUTMMOM).
OF A BEE.
57
O do not kill that bee
That thus hath wounded thee ;
Sweet, it was no despite,
But hue did him deceive :
For when thy lips did close,
He deemed them a rose.
What wouldst thou further crave ?
He wanting wit, and blinded with delight,
Would fain have kiss'd, but mad with joy did bite.
UPON A BAY TREE, NOT LONG SINCE GROWING IN THE RUINS
OF VIRGIL'S TOMB.
Those stones which once had trust
Of Maro's sacred dust,
Which now of their first beauty spoiTd are seen,
That they due praise not want,
Inglorious and remain,
A Delian tree (fair nature's only plant)
Now courts, and shadows with her tresses green :
Sing lo Psean, ye of Phoebus' train,
Though Envy, Avarice, Time, your tombs throw down,
With maiden laurels Nature will them crown.
UPON A GLASS.
If thou wouldst see threads purer than the gold,
Where love his wealth doth show
But take this glass, and thy fair hair behold :
If whiteness thou wouldst see more white than snow,
And read on wonder's book
Take but this glass, and on thy forehead look.
Wouldst thou in winter see a crimson rose,
Whose thorns do hurt each heart?
Look but in glass how thy sweet lips do close.
Wouldst thou see planets which all good impart,
Or meteors divine ?
But take this glass, and gaze upon thine een.
No, planets, rose, snow, gold, can not compare
With you, dear eyes, lips, brows, and amber hair.
V>8
GEORGE WITHER.
GEORGE WITHER was born in 1 588, at Bentworth, near Alton, and was descended
from a family of substance and consideration in Hampshire. At the age of six.
teen, George was sent to the university of Oxford ; but after a short sojourn
there, and while he was just beginning to be enamoured of science, he was sum-
moned home by his father to the occupations of farming. Disgusted at this
change, he repaired to London in the hope of succeeding at Court : but when he
discovered how completely flattery was necessary for success in such a region,
his manly spirit loathed the conditions, and his indignation broke forth in an
energetic satire, entitled, Abuses Whipt and Stript. In those days, however,
it was dangerous to utter even the most palpable truths against courtiers and
men in power, and the poet was sent to prison, where he continued for several
months. But here his pen was not idle, for, among other productions, he
wrote his Shepherd's Hunting, a work abounding in much deep feeling, and
many admirable touches of poetical beauty. He also composed in prison his
Satire to the King, a poem written in a manly, uncompromising spirit, which,
however, procured him his liberation. After he had been set at liberty, he pub-
lished the Hymns and Songs of the Church, a work undertaken under the pro-
tection of James I., and with the sanction of one of the highest dignitaries of the
church. But through the factious opposition of Wither's political enemies, and
the selfishness of the booksellers of whom he complained, that they were like
"cruel bee-masters, who burn the poor Athenian bees for their honey" the
effort was unsuccessful : even several of the clergy interfered with his design,
and most unjustly branded his pious and orthodox effusions with the title of
" needless songs and popish rhymes." After this, king James died, and Wither,
on the demise of his royal patron, repaired to the Queen of Bohemia, that he
might present to her, with his own hand, a translation of the Psalms, which he
had been encouraged by his late sovereign to render into English verse.
On the commencement of the civil war, Wither sold his paternal estate, and
raised a troop of horse for the service of the parliament ; but he was taken
prisoner by the enemy, and would have been executed, but for the interference,
it is said, of Denham, the royalist poet. Wither was afterwards Major General
for Surrey, under Oliver Cromwell, and was rewarded for his sacrifices in behalf
of the Commonwealth, by a share of the sequestrations. This, unfortunately,
he was obliged to refund at the Restoration, by which he was reduced to his
former poverty. He indignantly remonstrated against the injustice of the
new government in stripping him of his property, and for this he was twice
imprisoned, first in Newgate, and afterwards in the Tower. Here he con-
tinued, for three years, to write remonstrances and complaints upon the iniquity
with which he had been treated ; and his representations, although ineffectual,
were but too well grounded. At length he was released from prison on the 27th
of July, 1663, on giving bond to the lieutenant of the Tower for his good be-
haviour, after which we know nothing of his history, except that he died on the
2d of May, 1667.
It was unfortunate for the poetical reputation of Wither, that he plunged into
the troubled sea of war and politics ; for his earliest productions are his best.
In these he has depicted nature, and poured forth the amiable feelings of his
own heart, in beautiful, energetic, and appropriate language language which,
he tells us, flowed forth without study, as he could not " spend time to put his
meaning into other words." But party injuries and party principles, when he
became a polemical writer, too often jarred the harmony of his feelings, and
expressed themselves with the same spontaneity, but in a less happy style.
Still, however, he clung to the Muse in prosperity and adversity, in freedom and
bondage ; and in prison, when even pen and ink were denied him, he wrote down
his thoughts with red ochre upon his trencher. Few authors have also been more
vilified and ridiculed, both during his life-time and after his death ; but time,
although tardily, has at length done justice to his memory, and he is now recog-
nised as a genuine poet, notwithstanding the unmerited satire of Butler, Pope,
and their contemporaries.
WITHER.
SONG OF THE NYMPH.
Gentle swain, good speed befall thee,
And in love still prosper thou :
Future times shall happy call thee,
Though thou lie neglected now.
Virtue's lovers shall commend thee,
And perpetual fame attend thee.
Happy are these woody mountains
In whose shadows thou dost hide:
And as happy are those fountains
By whose murmurs thou dost bide ;
For contents are here excelling,
More than in a prince's dwelling.
There thy flocks do clothing bring thee,
And thy food out of the fields :
Pretty songs the birds do sing thee ;
Sweet perfumes the meadow yields.
60 WITHER.
And what more is worth the seeing,
Heaven and earth thy prospect being ?
Thy affection reason measures,
And distempers none it feeds ;
Still so harmless are thy pleasures,
That no other's grief it breeds.
And if night begets thee sorrow,
Seldom stays it till the morrow.
From The Mistress of Philarele.
RESISTANCE TO THE OPPRESSOR.
Do I not know a great man's power and might,
In spite of innocence, can smother right ;
Colour his villanies to get esteem,
And make the honest man the villain seem ?
I know it, and the world doth know 'tis true ;
Yet I protest, if such a man I knew,
That might my country prejudice, or thee,
Were he the greatest or the proudest he
That breathes this day ; if so it might be found
That any good to either might redound,
I, unappalled, dare in such a case,
Rip up his foulest crimes before his face,
Though for my labour I were sure to drop
Into the mouth of ruin without hope.
From a Satire, addressed lo the King.
THE STEDFAST SHEPHERD.
Hence away, thou Siren, leave me,
Pish ! unclasp these wanton arms ;
Sugar'd words can ne'er deceive me
(Though thou prove a thousand charm*)
Fie, fie, forbear ;
No common snare
Can ever my affection chain :
Thy painted baits,
And poor deceits,
Are all bestow'd on me in vain.
*
WITHER. 61
I'm no slave to such as you be ;
Neither shall that snowy breast,
Rolling eye, and lip of ruby,
Ever rob me of my rest :
Go, go, display
Thy beauty's ray,
To some more-soon enamour'd swain :
Those common wiles
Of sighs and smiles
Are all bestow'd on me in vain.
I have elsewhere vow'd a duty ;
Turn away thy tempting eye :
Show not me a painted beauty :
These impostures I defy.
My spirit loaths
Where gaudy clothes
And feigned oaths may love obtain :
I love her so,
Whose look swears No,
That all your labours will be vain.
Can he prize the tainted posies,
Which on every breast are worn ;
That may pluck the virgin roses
From their never-touched thorn ?
I can go rest
On her sweet breast,
That is the pride of Cynthia's train :
Then stay thy tongue,
Thy mermaid song
Is all bestow'd on me in vain.
He 's a fool that basely dallies,
Where each peasant mates with him :
Shall I haunt the thronged valleys,
Whilst there's noble hills to climb ?
No, no, though clowns
Are scared with frowns,
I know the best can but disdain ;
And those I'll prove :
So will thy love
Be all bestow'd on me in vain.
62 FRANCIS QTTABLES.
FRANCIS QUABLES, one of those poets whose reputation is now only emerging
from the obloquy under which it was industriously buried, was born at Stewards,
near Romford, in Essex, in the year 1592. He was educated at Christ's College,
Cambridge, after which he was entered at Lincoln's Inn ; but his purpose in
studying the law was to be able to arbitrate among his friends and neighbours,
rather than to follow it as a profession. He was appointed cup-bearer to the
Queen of Bohemia (daughter of James I.\ and was afterwards secretary to
Archbishop Usher. On the breaking out of the rebellion in Ireland, he fled from
that kingdom, and, in consequence of the ruin of the royal cause in England,
his property was confiscated. Even this he could have borne j but the ruin or
dispersion of his books and manuscripts is supposed to have broken his heart.
He died in 1644.
The poetry of Quarles has been much and unjustly ridiculed on account of
the conceits with which it abounds. But the present age is beginning to rescue
him from the contumely of heartless critics, and to do justice to his excellence.
His verses are wonderfully harmonious for the period in which he lived ; and
many passages can be extracted from his writings which display not only great
polish, but the utmost energy of diction and strength of imagination.
FAITH.
Advance thy shield of Patience to thy head,
And when Grief strikes, 'twill strike the striker dead.
In adverse fortunes, be thou strong and stout,
And bravely win thyself; heaven holds not out
His bow for ever bent ; the disposition
Of noblest spirit doth, by opposition,
Exasperate the more : a gloomy night
Whets on the morning to return more bright.
Brave minds, oppress'd, should, in despite of Fate,
Look greatest, like the sun, in lowest state.
But, ah ! shall God thus strive with flesh and blood ?
Receives he glory from, or reaps he good
In mortals' ruin, that he leaves man so
To be o'erwhelm'd by this unequal foe ?
May not a potter, that, from out the ground,
Hath framed a vessel, search if it be sound ?
Or if, by furbishing, he take more pain
To make it fairer, shall the pot complain ?
Mortal, thou art but clay ; then shall not he,
That framed thee for his service, season thee ?
Man, close thy lips ; be thou no undertaker
Of God's designs : dispute not with thy Maker
QUARLKS. 63
FROM A SONG.
TO THE TUNE OF ' CUCKOLDS ALL A-ROW.*
* # *
If once that Antichristian crew
Be crush'd and overthrown,
We'll teach the nobles how to crouch,
And keep the gentry down.
Good manners have an ill report,
And turn to pride, we see ;
We'll therefore cry good manners down,
And hey ! then up go we !
The name of lord shall be abhorr'd,
For every man 's a brother ;
No reason why, in church or state,
One man should rule another.
But when the change of government
Shall set our fingers free,
We'll make the wanton sisters stoop,
And hey ! then up go we !
Our cobblers shall translate their souls
From caves obscure and shady ;
We'll make Tom T * * as good as my lord,
And Joan as good as my lady.
We'll crush and fling the marriage ring
Into the Roman see ;
We'll ask no bands, but e'en clap hands,
And hey ! then up go we !
EMBLl.M I. BOOK IIL
"MY SOUL HATH in SIRED THEE IN THB NIGHT."
Good God ! what horrid darkness doth surround
My groping soul ! how are my senses bound
In utter shades ; and, muffled from the light,
Lurk hi the bosom of eternal night !
The bold-faced lamp of heaven can set and rise,
And with his morning glory fill the eyes
Of gazing mortals ; his victorious ray
Can chase the shadows and restore the day :
Night's bashful empress, though she often wane,
As oft repents her darkness, primes again ;
E
64 QUARLES.
And with her circling horns doth re-embrace
Her brother's wealth, and orbs her silver face.
But, ah ! my sun, deep swallow'd in his fall,
Is set, and cannot shine, nor rise at all :
My bankrupt wain can beg nor borrow light ;
Alas ! my darkness is perpetual night.
Falls have their risings; wanings have their primes,
And desperate sorrows wait their better times :
Ebbs have their floods ; and autumns have their springs ;
All states have changes, hurried with the swings
Of chance and time, still riding to and fro :
Terrestrial bodies, and celestial loo. *
How often have I vainly groped about,
With lengthen'd arms, to find a passage out,
That I might catch those beams mine eye desires,
And bathe my soul in these celestial fires !
Like as the haggard, cloister'd in her mew,
To scour her downy robes, and to renew
Her broken flags, preparing t' overlook
The timorous mallard at the sliding brook,
Jets off from perch to perch ; from stock to ground,
From ground to window, thus surveying round
Her dove-befeatb.er'd prison, till at length
Calling her noble birth to mind, and strength
Whereto her wing was born, her ragged beak
Nips off her jangling jesses, strives to break
Her jingling fetters, and begins to bate
At every glimpse, and darts at every grate :
E'en so my weary soul, that long has been
An inmate in this tenement of sin,
Lock'd up by cloud-brow'd error, which invites
My cloister'd thoughts to feed on black delights,
Now suns her shadows, and begins to dart
Her wing'd desires at thee, that only art
The sun she seeks, whose rising beams can fright
These dusky clouds that make so dark a night.
Shine forth, great glory, shine ; that I may see,
Both how to loathe myself, and honour thee :
But if my weakness force thee to deny
Thy flames, yet lend the twilight of thine eye :
If I must want those beams I wish, yet grant
That I at least may wish those beams I want.
QUARLES. 65
THE VIRGIN TO HER CHILD.
Come, come, my blessed infant, and immure thee
Within the temple of my sacred arms ;
Secure mine arms, mine arms shall then secure thee
From Herod's fury, or the High Priest's harms :
Or if thy 'danger'd life sustain a loss,
My folded arms shall turn thy dying cross.
But ah ! what savage tyrant can behold
The beauty of so sweet a face as this is
And not himself be by himself controll'd,
And change his fury to a thousand kisses !
One smile of thine is worth more mines of treasure
Than there were myriads in the days of Caesar.
O had the Tetrarch, as he knew thy birth,
So known thy stock, he had not thought to paddle
In thy dear blood ; but prostrate on the earth,
Had veil'd his crown before thy royal cradle ;
And laid the sceptre of his glory down,
And begg'd a heavenly for an earthly crown.
Illustrious babe ! how is thy handmaid graced
With a rich armful ! how dost thou decline
Thy majesty, that wert so late embraced
In thy great Father's arms, and now in mine !
How humbly gracious art thou to refresh
Me with thy spirit, and assume my flesh !
But must the treason of a traitor's hail
Abuse the sweetness of these ruby lips ?
Shall marble-hearted cruelty assail
These alabaster sides with knotted whips ?
And must these smiling roses entertain
The blows of scorn, and flirts of base disdain ?
Ah ! must these dainty little springs, that twine
So fast about thy neck, be pierced and torn
With ragged nails ; and must these brows resign
Their crown of glory for a crown of thorn '?
Ah ! must the blessed infant taste the pain
Of death's injurious pangs ; nay, worse, be slain ?
Sweet babe ! at what dear rate do wretched I
Commit a sin ! Lord, every sin 's a dart ;
And every trespass lets a javelin fly ;
And every javelin wounds thy bleeding heart.
Pardon, sweet babe, what I have done amiss ;
And seal that granted pardon 'with a kiss.
From the Ernblfnv.
66 GEORGE HERBERT.
GEORGE HERBERT, who was brother of the celebrated Lord Herbert of Cher-
bury, was born at Montgomery Castle, in Wales, on April 3rd, 1593, and was
educated at Westminster school, and afterwards at Trinity College, Cambridge.
His first aim was to succeed in life as a courtier, and for this purpose he ingra-
tiated himself into the favour of James I., who rewarded his services with a
sinecure worth 1507. per annum. But on the death of the king, and his prin-
cipal court patrons, he renounced his ambitious hopes, and resolved to devote
himself to the church, for which purpose he resumed his theological studies, and
obtained the prebendary of Leighton Bromswold, in the diocese of Lincoln, and
subsequently the living of Bemerton. After a life of apostolic piety and dili-
gence in the office of a country pastor, he died in February 1632. The popu-
larity of Herbert in his own day was extravagantly great ; but much of this
may be attributed to his personal character, and perhaps still more of it to the
perverted taste of the age which Herbert has in many cases gratified to its
utmost extreme. Hence the wings and altar-pieces into which he moulded the
shape of his verses, and the strange parallels which he delighted in establishing.
In consequence of these defects his poetry, although often striking and beau-
tiful, is inferior to that of Quarles, Wither, and Crashaw.
SIN.
Lord, with what care hast thou begirt us round !
Parents first season us : then schoolmasters
Deliver us to laws ; they send us bound
To rules of reason, holy messengers,
Pulpits and Sundays, sorrow dogging sin,
Afflictions sorted, anguish of all sizes,
Fine nets and stratagems to catch us in,
Bibles laid open, millions of surprises,
Blessings beforehand, ties of gratefulness,
The sound of glory ringing in our ears :
Without, our shame ; within, our consciences ;
Angels and grace, eternal hopes and fears.
Yet all these fences and their whole array
One cunning bosom-sin blows quite away.
LOVE.
Immortal Love, author of tlrN great frame,
Sprung from that beaut ^ which can never fade ;
How hath man parce!l'd out thy glorious name,
And thrown it on that dust which thou hast made.
HERBERT. 67
While mortal love doth all the title gain !
Which siding with invention, they together
Bear all the sway, possessing heart and brain
(Thy workmanship), and give thee share in neither.
Wit fancies beauty, beauty raiseth wit :
The world is theirs ; they two play out the game,
Thou standing by : and though thy glorious name
Wrought our deliverance from th' infernal pit,
Who sings thy praise ? only a scarf or glove
Doth warm our hands, and make them write of love.
APOLOGY FOR SACRED POETRY.
Who says that fictions only and false hair
Become a verse ? Is there in Truth no beauty ?
Is all good structure in a winding stair ?
May no lines pass except they do their duty
Not to a true, but painted chair'?
Is it no verse, except exchanted groves
And sudden arbours shadow coarse-spun lines ?
Must purling streams refresh a lover's loves ?
Must all be veil'd, while he that reads, divines
Catching the sense at two removes?
Shepherds are honest people ; let them sing :
Riddle who list, for me, and pull for prime :
I envy no man's nightingale or spring ;
Nor let them punish me with loss of rhyme,
Who plainly say, My God, my King.
EMPLOYMENT.
If, as a flower doth spread and die,
Thou wouldst extend me to some good,
Before I were by frost's extremity
Nipt in the bud ;
The sweetness and the praise were thine:
But the extension and the room
Which in thy garland I should fill, were mine
At thy great doom.
68 HEBBERT.
For as thou dost impart thy grace,
The greater shall our glory be.
The measure of our joys is in this place,
The stuff with thee.
Let me not languish then, and spend
A life as barren to thy praise
As is the dust, to which that life doth tend,
But with delays.
All things are busy ; only I
Neither bring honey with the bees,
Nor flowers to make that, nor the husbandry
To water these.
I am no link of thy great chain,
But all my company is a weed.
Lord, place me in thy concert; give one strain
To my poor reed.
VIRTUE.
Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright,
The bridal of the earth and sky,
Sweet dews shall weep thy fall to-night,
For thou must die.
Sweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave,
Bids the rash gazer wipe his eye,
Thy root is ever in its grave,
And thou must die.
Sweet spring, full of sweet days and roses,
A box where sweets compacted lie ;
My music shows you have your closes,
And all must die.
Only a sweet and virtuous soul,
Like season'd timber, never gives,
But when the whole world turns to coal.
Then chiefly lives.
BICHAKD CKASHAW. 69
THIS poet, it is supposed, was bom in London, where his father was a clergy,
man of high reputation. The year in which he was born is unknown ; but it is
supposed to have been about 1615. He was educated 'at the Charter House,
and afterwards became a Fellow of Peter House, Cambridge ; but from the
latter place he was ejected by the Parliamentary army in 1644. He had been
already distinguished as an eloquent and persuasive preacher ; it is possible,
however, that the injury he had sustained from the Puritan party acting upon
an enthusiastic temperament, produced the change that followed ; for he aban-
doned England for France, and abjured the Protestant faith for that of the
Church of Rome. As he was in a comparatively destitute condition, the Queen
of Charles I., who interested herself in his fortunes, advised him to repair to
Italy in order to better his condition. He went thither accordingly, and became
secretary to a cardinal ; but in consequence of his remonstrances with the mem.
bers of the cardinal's retinue on account of their dissolute conduct, his life was
menaced, so that to escape their violence he was obliged to repair on a pilgrim-
age to Loretto. He overheated himself on the journey, and died a few weeks
after his arrival, not without suspicion of having been poisoned by his enemies.
There is a richness and melody in the poetry of Crashaw to which we can
scarcely find a parallel among the religious poets of the period ; and in some of
his descriptions, he seems to have caught the very spirit in which Milton con.
ceived the brightest passages of his Paradise Lost. It is unfortunate, however,
that his fancy was so unconstrained, and his taste so perverted, that he is seldom
equal throughout any of his poems ; and even the most beautiful of his ideas
frequently terminate in a perplexing maze, or sink into absolute bathos. In the
extract which we have given from his delightful poem, On the Assumption of
the Virgin, the reader will not fail to remark the zeal of Crashaw for his adopted
creed, and the fanciful application which be could make of the Song of Solomon
to sanction one of the most untenable dogmas of his church.
THE NATIVITY.
We saw thee in thy balmy nest
Bright dawn of our eternal day !
We saw thine eyes break from their east,
And chase the trembling shades away.
We saw thee, and we blest the sight ;
We saw thee by thine own sweet light.
Poor world (said I), what wilt thou do
To entertain this starry stranger !
Is this the best thou canst bestow,
A cold, and not too cleanly, manger ?
Contend ye powers of heav'n and earth
To fit a bed for this huge birth.
Proud world (said I), cease your contest,
And let the mighty Babe alon.e ;
The phoenix builds the phoenix' nest,
Love's architecture is all one ;
The Babe whose birth embraves this morn,
Made his own bed ere he was born.
79 CRASHAW.
I saw the curl'd drops, soft and slow,
Come hovering o'er the place's head,
Offering their whitest sheets of snow,
To furnish the fair Infant's bed :
Forbear (said I), be not too bold,
Your fleece is white, but 'tis too cold.
I saw the obsequious Seraphims
Their rosy fleece of fire bestow,
For well they now can spare their wings,
Since Heaven itself lies here below :
Well done (said I) ; but are you sure
Your down, so warm, will pass for pure ?
No, no, your King's not yet to seek
Where to repose his royal head ;
See, see, how soon his new bloom'd cheek
'Twixt 's mother's breasts is gone to bed :
Sweet choice (said I), no way but so,
Not to lie cold, yet sleep in snow.
Yet when young April's husband showers
Shall bless the fruitful Maia's bed,
We'll bring the first-born of her flowers
To kiss thy feet, and crown thy head.
To thee, dread Lamb ! whose love must keep
The shepherds more than they then- sheep.
from a Hymn of the Nativity.
ON THE ASSUMPTION OF THE VIRGIN MARY.
Hark ! she is call'd, the parting hour is come :
Take thy farewell, poor world ! heav'n must go home,
A piece of heav'nly earth, purer and brighter
Than the chaste stars, whose choice lamps come to light
her,
While through the crystal orbs, clearer than they,
She climbs, and makes a far more milky way.
She's call'd. Hark ! how the dear immortal dove
Sighs to his silver mate. Rise up my love,
Rise up my fair, my spotless one,
The winter's past, the rain is gone :
The spring is come, the flowers appear,
No sweets but thou are wanting here.
Come away my love,
Come away my dove,
Cast off delay :
CRASHAW. 71
The court of heav'n is come,
To wait upon thee home ;
Come, come away.
The flowers appear,
Or quickly would, were thou once here.
The spring is come ; or if it stay,
'Tis to keep time with thy delay.
TO THE MORNING. SATISFACTION FOR SLEEP.
What succour can I hope the muse will send,
Whose drowsiness hath wrong' d the muse's friend ?
What hope, Aurora, to propitiate thee,
Unless the muse sing my apology ?
O, in that morning of my shame when I
Lay folded up in sleep's captivity,
How at the sight did'st thou draw back thine eyes,
Into thy modest veil ? how did'st thou rise
Twice dyed in thine own blushes, and did'st run
To draw the curtains, and awake the sun ?
Who rousing his illustrious tresses came,
And seeing the loath'd object, hid for shame
His head in thy fair bosom, and still hides
Me from his patronage ; I pray, he chides :
And pointing to dull Morpheus, bids me take
My own Apollo, try if I can make
His Lethe be my Helicon ; and see
If Morpheus have a muse to wait on me.
Hence 'tis my humble fancy finds no wings,
No nimble rapture starts to heaven and brings
Enthusiastic flames, such as can give
Marrow to my plump genius, make it live
Drest in the glorious madness of a muse,
Whose feet can walk the milky way, and choose
Her starry throne ; whose holy heats can warm
The grave, and hold up an exalted arm
To lift me from my lazy urn, to climb
Upon the stooping shoulders of old time,
And trace eternity. But all is dead,
All these delicious hopes are buried
In the deep wrinkles of his angry brow,
Where mercy cannot find them : but, O ! thou
Bright lady of the morn, pity doth lie
So warm in thy soft breast it cannot die.
72 CHASHAAV.
Have mercy then, and when he next shall rise
O ! meet the angry god, invade his eyes,
And stroke his radiant cheeks ; one timely kiss
Will kill his anger, and revive my bliss.
So to the treasure of thy pearly dew,
Thrice will I pay three tears, to show how true
My grief is ; so my wakeful lay shall knock
At th' oriental gates ; and duly mock
The early lark's shrill orizons, to be
An anthem at the day's nativity.
And the same rosy-finger' d hand of thine,
That shuts night's dying eyes, shall open mine.
But thou, faint god of sleep, forget that I
Was ever known to be thy votary.
No more my pillow shall thine altar be,
Nor will I offer any more to thee
Myself a melting sacrifice ; I'm born
Again a fresh child of the buxom morn,
Heir of the sun's first beams ; why threat' st thou so ?
Why dost thou shake thy leaden sceptre ? go,
Bestow thy poppy upon wakeful woe,
Sickness, and sorrow, whose pale lids ne'er know
Thy downy finger : dwell upon their eyes,
Shut in their tears ; shut out their miseries.
THE APOSTOLIC SPIRIT INVOKED.
O that it were as it was wont to be !
When thy old friends of fire, all full of thee
Fought against frowns with smiles, gave glorious chase
To persecutions, and against the face
Of death, and fiercest dangers, durst with brave
And sober pace, march on to meet a grave.
On their bold breasts about the world they bore thee,
And to the teeth of hell stood up to teach thee ;
In centre of their inmost souls they wore thee,
Where racks and torments strived in vain to reach thee.
Little, alas ! thought they
Who tore the fair breasts of thy friends,
Their fury but made way
For thee ; and served therein thy glorious ends.
THOMAS CAREW. 73
TH year of this poet's birth cannot be ascertained. He was descended from
the ancient family of Carew, in Devonshire ; and after having spent some time
at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he perfected his education by foreign travel.
At his return, he became a favourite at court on account of his elegance, wit,
and talents, and was patronized by Charles I., who appointed him Gentleman
of the Privy Chamber, and Sewer in Ordinary. He was held in high estimation
by the literary characters of the day, and his merits are honourably recorded by
Clarendon in his Life and Continuation. Carew died in 1639.
TO THE NEW YEAR, FOR THE COUNTESS OF CARLISLE.
Give Lucinda pearl nor stone,
Lend them light who else have none :
Let her beauty shine alone.
Gums nor spice bring from the east,
For the Phoenix in her breast
Builds his funeral pile and nest.
No rich 'tire thou canst invent
Shall to grace her form be sent ;
She adorns all ornament.
Give her nothing, but restore
Those sweet, smiles which heretofore
In her cheerful eyes she wore.
Drive those envious clouds away,
Veils that have o'ercast my day,
And eclipsed her brighter ray.
Let the royal Goth mow down
This year's harvest with his own
Sword, and spare Luanda's frown.
Janus, if, when next I trace
Those sweet lines, I in her face
Read the charter of my grace ;
Then, from bright Apollo's tree,
Such a garland wreath'd shall be
As shall crown both her and thee.
74 CAREW.
THE PROTESTATION.
A SONNET.
No more shall meads be deck'd with flowers,
Nor sweetness dwell in rosy bowers ;
Nor greenest buds on branches spring,
Nor warbling birds delight to sing ;
Nor April violets paint the grove,
If I forsake my Celia's love.
The fish shall in the ocean burn,
And fountains sweet shall bitter turn ;
The humble oak no flood shall know
When floods shall highest hills o'erflow ;
Black Lethe shall oblivion leave,
If e'er my Celia I deceive.
Love shall his bow and shaft lay by,
And Venus' doves want wings to fly ;
The sun refuse to show his light,
And day shall then be turn'd to night,
And in that night no star appear,
If once I leave my Celia dear.
Love shall no more inhabit earth,
Nor lovers more shall love for worth ;
Nor joy above in heaven dwell,
Nor pain torment poor souls in hell ;
Grim death no more shall horrid prove,
If e'er I leave bright Celia's love.
THE PRIMROSE.
Ask me why I send you here
This firstling of the infant year ;
Ask me why I send to you
This primrose all bepearl'd with dew;
I straight will whisper in your ears,
The sweets of love are wash'd with tears.
Ask me why this flower doth show
So yellow, green, and sickly too ;
Ask me why the stalk is weak,
And bending, yet it doth not break ;
I must tell you, these discover
What doubts and fears are in a lover
CAREW.
75
ELEGY ON LADY MARIA WENTWORTH, ELDEST DAUGHTER
OF THOMAS, EARL OF CLEVELAND.
And here the precious dust is laid,
Whose purely-temper'd clay was made
So fine, that it the guest betray'd.
Else the soul grew so fast within,
It broke the outward shell of sin,
And so was hatch'd a cherubin.
In height it soar'd to God above,
In depth it did to knowledge move,
And spread in breadth to general love.
Before, a pious duty shined
To parents ; courtesy, behind ;
On either side, an equal mind.
Good to the poor, to kindred dear,
To servants kind, to friendship clear,
To nothing but herself severe.
So though a virgin, yet a bride
To every grace, she justified
A chaste polygamy, and died.
Learn from hence (reader) what small trust
We owe this world, where Virtue must,
Frail as our flesh, crumble to dust.
76 SIR JOHN SUCKLING.
SIR JOHN SUCKLING was born at Witham, in Middlesex, in 1C09. His early
life had something marvellous in it, according to his contemporaries, who related
strange instances of the precocity of his talents, so that at fifteen he must have
been a genius of no common mark. Nor was his youth without enterprise and
adventure; for before he had finished his twentieth year, he had travelled
through a considerable part of Europe, visited its principal Courts, and served as
a volunteer under the great Gustavus Adolphus in several engagements. On
his return to England, young, gay, and accomplished, and with a high reputa-
tion, he naturally became a universal favourite, and basked in the smiles of the
court, until the civil war commenced, when he joined the unfortunate Charles I.,
with a hundred horsemen magnificently equipped at his own expense. But this
gay troop was too fine for active service, and only excited the derision of both
friends and enemies. He was so active an adherent of the king, however, that
the House of Commons was about to arrest him, upon which he fled to France.
On the way to Paris, his servant robbed him at an inn while he slept; and
knowing the ardent temper of his master, the villain stuck the blade of a small
knife into one of Sir John's boots. When the knight awoke, he booted himself
in haste to pursue the fugitive ; but a wound was the consequence, of which
he died on the 7th of May, 1641.
The poetry of Sir John Suckling is light, gay, and sparkling, like that which
was afterwards cultivated at the Restoration ; but, like it also, it is not merely
stained, but embued, with an irreligious and licentious spirit. His productions,
therefore, which were universally prized during the period of Charles II., can
only afford for the general reading of the present age a few carefully selected
extracts.
SONG.
No, no, fair heretic, it needs must be
But an ill love in me,
And worse for thec ;
For were it in my power
To love thee now this hour,
More than I did the last ;
I would then so fall
I might not love at all ;
Love that can flow, and can admit increase,
Admits as well an ebb, and may grow less.
True love is still the same ; the torrid zones,
And those more frigid ones
It must not know ;
For love grown cold or hot
Is lust or friendship, not
The thing we have,
For that's a flame would die
Held down, or up too high :
Then think I love more than I can express,
And would love more, could I but love thee less.
SIK JOHN SUCKLING. 77
DESCRIPTION OF A BRIDE.
But wot you what ? the youth was going
To make an end of all his wooing ;
The parson for him staid :
Yet by his leave, for all his haste,
He did not so much wish all past
(Perchance) as did the maid.
The maid and thereby hangs a tale
For such a maid no Whitson ale
Could ever yet produce :
No grape that's kindly ripe, could be
So round, so plump, so soft, as she,
Nor half so full of juice.
Her finger was so small, the ring
Would not stay on which they did bring,
It was too wide a peck :
And to say truth (for out it must)
It look'd like the great collar (just)
About our young colt's neck.
Her feet beneath her petticoat,
Like little mice stole in and out,
As if they fear'd the light :
But oh ! she dances such a way !
No sun upon an Easter Day,
Is half so fine a sight.
Her cheeks so rare a white was on,
No daizy makes comparison
(Who sees them is undone),
For streaks of red were mingled there,
Such as are on a Katherine pear,
The side that 's next the sun.
Her lips were red, and one was thin
Compared to that was next her chin,
Some bee had stung it newly.
But (Dick) her eyes so guard her face,
I durst no more upon them gaze,
Than on the sun in July.
Her mouth so small when she does speak,
Thou'dsfrswear her teeth her words did break,
That they might passage get,
But she so handled still the matter,
They came as good as ours, or better,
And are not spent a whit.
78 SIR JOHX SUCKLING.
SIEGE OF A HEART.
Tis now, since I sat down before
That foolish fort, a heart,
(Time strangely spent !) a year and more,
And still I did my part.
Made my approaches, from her hand
Unto her lip did rise,
And did already understand
The language of her eyes.
Proceeded on with no less art,
My tongue was engineer ;
I thought to undermine the heart
By whispering in the ear.
When this did nothing, I brought down
Great cannon oaths, and shot
A thousand thousand to the town,
And still it yielded not.
I then resolved to starve the place
By cutting off all kisses,
Praising and gazing on her face,
And all such little blisses.
To draw her out, and from her strength,
I drew all batteries in :
And brought myself to lie at length
As if no siege had been.
When I had done what man could do,
And thought the place mine own,
The enemy lay quiet too,
And smiled at all was done.
I sent to know from whence and where,
These hopes, and this relief?
A spy inform'd, Honour was there,
And did command in chief.
March, march (quoth I) , the word straight give,
Let 's lose no time, but leave her ;
That giant upon air will live,
And hold it out for ever.
To such a place our camp remove
As will not siege abide ;
I hate a fool that starves her love
Only to feed her pride.
SIR JOHN SUCKLING. 79
SONG.
I pr'ythee spare ine, gentle boy !
Press me no more for that slight toy,
That foolish trifle of an heart ;
I swear it will not do its part,
Though thou dost thine, employ'st thy power and art.
For through long custom it has known
The little secrets, and is grown
Sullen and wise, will have its will,
And, like old hawks, pursues that still
Which makes least sport, flies only where't can kill.
Some youth that has not made h*s story,
Will think perchance the pain 's the glory;
And mannerly sit out Love's feast ;
I shall be carving of the best,
Rudely call for the last course 'fore the rest.
And oh ! when once that course is past,
How short a time the feast doth last !
Men rise away, and scarce say grace,
Or civilly once thank the face
That did invite ; but seek another place.
PERJURY EXCUSED.
Alas, it is too late ! I can no more
Love now, than I loved before
My Flora, 'tis my fate, not I ;
And what you call contempt, is destiny.
I am no monster sure, I cannot shew
Two hearts, one I already owe :
And I have bound myself with oaths, and vow'd
Oft'ner, I fear, than heaven has e'er allow'd,
That faces now should work no more on me,
Than if they could not charm, or I not see.
And shall I break 'em? shall I think you can
Love, if I could, so foul a perjured man ?
Oh no, 'tis equally impossible that I
Should love again, or you love perjury.
80 SIR WILLIAM D-VVENAXT.
THIS indefatigable author, who was by turns soldier, projector, theatrical
manager, and political envoy, was born at Oxford in 1605, and was the son of
an innkeeper, who was also mayor of that city. At the age of sixteen, he was
entered a member of Lincoln College, where poetry allured his attention to the
exclusion of logic, and other severe branches of scholarship. His stay at the
University, however, was brief, and, on leaving it, he came to London, like the
other fortune-hunting youths of that stirring age, in quest of patronage and ad-
vancement. Here, after several changes, he commenced writer for the stage ;
and his efforts in this department secured him the approbation of the wits of the
day, as well as the patronage of several influential persons, so that after the
death of Ben Jonson, he was promoted to the Laureateship in 1638. The civil war,
however, soon interrupted the tuneful avocations of the poet, and Davenant,
taking up arms in behalf of the royal cause, behaved so gallantly at the siege of
Gloucester, that he received the honour of knighthood. On the ruin of his
party he fled to France, and was employed as an envoy between the Queen and
Charles I. At last, by the advice of her Majesty, he collected a body of unem-
ployed artificers, with whom he embarked for the loyal colony of Virginia ; but
he was intercepted by an English ship of war, and sent prisoner to Cowes Castle
in the Isle of Wight, with the disagreeable prospect of being arraigned, and
executed as a traitor. Such, however, was his energy of character, that with
death continually confronting him, he employed the hours of captivity in con-
tinuing the heroic poem of Gondibert, the two first books of which he had pre-
viously written in Paris. At the earnest intercession of several influential
persons of the Republican party, to whom he had shown kindness during the
civil war, he received a full pardon ; and on being set at large, he resumed his
dramatic occupations of theatrical manager and dramatic author, which he con-
tinued till his death. He died on the 7th of April, 1668, and was interred in
Westminster Abbey. The poetical reputation of Davenant chiefly depends
upon his Gondibert, an unfinished heroic or rather romantic poem, a work rich
in poetical beauties, but which has been suffered to fall into neglect on account
of the measure in which it is written, and the eccentricities of sentiment and
style with which it is often disfigured.
BENEFIT OF POETRY.
By what bold passion am I rudely led,
Like Fame's too curious and officious spy,
Where I these rolls in her dark closet read,
Where worthies wrapp'd in Time's disguises lie ?
Why should we now their shady curtains draw,
Who by a wise retirement hence are freed,
And gone to lands exempt from Nature's law,
Where Love no more can mourn, or Valour bleed ?
Why to this stormy world from their long rest,
Are these recall'd to be again displeased,
Where, during Nature's reign, we are opprest,
Till we by Death's high privilege are eased ?
SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT. 81
Is it to boast that verse has chemic pow'r,
And that its rage (which is productive heat)
Can these revive, as chemists raise a flow'r,
Whose scatter'd parts their glass presents complete ?
Though in these worthies gone, valour and love,
Did chastely as in sacred temples meet,
Such revived patterns us no more improve
Than flow'rs so raised by chemists make us sweet.
Yet when the soul's disease we desp'rate find,
Poets the old renown'd physicians are,
Who for the sickly habits of the mind,
Examples as the ancient cure prepare.
And bravely then physicians honour gain,
When to the world diseases cureless seem,
And they (in science valiant) ne'er refrain
Art's war with nature, till they life redeem.
But poets their accustom'd task have long
Forborne (who for examples did disperse
The heroes' virtues in heroic song),
And now think virtue sick, past cure of verse.
Yet to this desp'rate cure I will proceed,
Such patterns show as shall not fail to move ;
Shall teach thee valiant patience when they bleed,
And hapless lovers constancy in love.
As rivers to their ruin hasty be,
So life (still earnest, loud, and swift) runs post
To the vast gulf of death, as they to sea,
And vainly travels to be quickly lost.
From Gondibert : Boole I. Canto IV.
DESCRIPTION OF A LEADER.
For aid of action he obedience taught,
And silent patience for affliction's cure ;
He praised my courage when I boldly fought,
But said, they conquer most, that most endure.
The toils of diligence as much approved
As valour's self, or th' arts her practice gains ;
The care of men, more than of glory, loved ;
Success rewarded, and successless pains.
82 SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT,
To joyful victors quenching waters sent,
Delightful wine to their lamenting slaves ;
For feasts have more brave lives than famine spent,
And temp 'ranee more than trench or armour saves.
Valour his mistress, Caution was his friend ;
Both to their difFrent seasons he applied ;
The first he loved, on th' other did depend ;
The first made worth uneasy hy her pride.
He to suhmiss devotion more was giv'n
After a battle gain'd, than ere 'twas fought ;
As if it nobler were to thank high Heav'n
For favours past, than bow for bounty sought.
From Gondibert: Book I. Canto VI.
CONSCIENCE,
For though the plain judge, Conscience, makes no show,
But silently to her dark session comes,
Not as red law does to arraignment go,
Or war to execution with loud drums ;
Though she on hills sets not her gibbets high,
Where frightful law sets her's ; nor bloody seems
Like war in colours spread, yet secretly
She does her work, and many men condemns.
Choaks in the seed, what law till ripe ne'er sees ;
What law would punish, conscience can prevent ;
And so the world from many mischiefs frees ;
Known by her cures, as law by punishment.
From Gondibert : Boole II. Canto I.
SONG.
The lark now leaves his wat'ry nest,
And, climbing, shakes his dewy wings ;
He takes this window for the east ;
And to implore your light, he sings,
Awake, awake, the morn will never rise,
Till she can dress her beauty at your eyes.
SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT. 83
The merchant bows unto the seaman's star,
The ploughman from the sun his season takes ;
But still the lover wonders what they are,
Who look for day before his mistress wakes.
Awake, awake, break through your vails of lawn !
Then draw your curtains, and begin the dawn.
EPITAPH ON MRS. KATHERJtTE CROSS, BURIED IN FRANCE.
Within this hallow'd ground this seed is sown,
Of such a flow'r, though fall'n ere fully blown,
As will when doom (the saint's first spring) appears,
Be sweet as those which heaven's choice bosom wears.
Sweeter in wither'd death than fresh flow'rs are ;
And through death's foul and frightful vizard fair ;
As calm in life as others in death's shade:
So silent, that her tongue seem'd only made
For precepts, weigh'd as those in wisest books :
Yet nought that silence lost us ; for her looks
Persuaded more than others by their speech;
Yet more by deeds than words she loved to teach.
This fair flower's seed let none remove till doom ;
No, though to make some great dead princess room.
The world's triumphant courts prefer high birth ;
But saints in death's low palace, under earth,
May claim chief place ; she was a stranger here,
And born within opinion's giddy sphere ;
A land where many, whilst they are alive,
Profanely for the style of saintship strive
From others, and themselves as saints esteem ;
Yet sainting after death, profaneness deem ;
Thence, young, she from the sinful living fled
For safety here among the sinless dead.
Near to this blessed stranger's lowly tomb,
Who dares for neighbourhood presume to come ?
Unless, as her religious proselyte,
Her mother challenge a just tenant's right.
84 ABRAHAM COWLET.
HE was born in St. Dunstan's parish, London, in 1618, and was the son of a
citizen, who died before the birth of his son; but this bereavement of the future
eminent poet was compensated by the care of Cowley's mother, who strained her
scanty means to procure him a liberal education. For this sacrifice she was well
rewarded, as she lived long enough to witness the distinction with which her son
was ultimately crowned. The first impulse which the mind of Cowley received
towards poetry, was from an accidental circumstance. In the window of his
mother's apartment lay a copy of Spenser's Faery Queen ; and over the pages
of this work the young boy pored with such^nthusiasm, that, as he tells us, he
became irrecoverably a poet. And this spirit was not long in manifesting itself,
for a volume of his poems was written and printed in his thirteenth year, among
which was the tragical History of Pyramus and Thisbe, composed when he was
only ten years old. While a mere school-boy, also, he produced a comedy called
Love's Riddle, which was not published until he had removed to the University
of Cambridge. At this seat of learning, his love of poetry continued to grow
and strengthen, so that while still a young student, he composed the greater part
of his Davideis.awork in which the literary materials alone indicate a high state
of scholarship, and great diligence and application. At Cambridge, also, at the
age of twenty, he published, besides Love's Riddle, a Latin comedy, entitled
Naufragium Joculare. Thus, at a period when other poets are only beginning
to try their powers, he had produced several works of great merit, and entitled
himself to a distinguished station among the poets of England.
A period of public trouble and exertion ensued, that pervaded the peace-
ful haunts of learning, as well as the noisy courts of political controversy;
and in 1643, Cowley, who was now Master of Arts, was ejected from the univer.
sity by the parliament, on account of his adherence to the royal cause. In
reward of this attachment to loyal principles, he obtained the favour of the
chief royalists, and was appointed secretary to Lord Jermyn, at Paris, in
consequence of which the letters between Charles I. and the Queen, passed
through his hands. As his official duties expired in 1656, he returned to London,
but shortly after his arrival he was apprehended and thrown into prison. He
submitted however to the ruling powers, and was released. At the dissolution
of the Protectorate, by the death of Oliver Cromwell, Cowley returned to France,
and remained there till the Restoration, an event from which he expected a re-
ward for all his labours and troubles. But this was the era of oblivion, and past
benefits, as well as past injuries, were in a great measure forgotten. He retired
with a spirit embittered by disappointment, first to Barn-elms, and afterwards
to Chertsey, in Surrey. It is gratifying however to add, that after a short inter-
val, he procured, through the interest of the Earl of St. Alban's (formerly Lord
Jermyn) and the Duke of Buckingham, a lease of the Queen's lands upon such
easy terms, as afforded him a comfortable revenue for the rest of his days. He
died at the Porch House, in Chertsey, on the 28th of July, 1667, and was interred
with great pomp in Westminster Abbey, a multitude of nobles attending the
procession. Charles II., by whom the devoted poet had been so ungratefully
requited, might be said to pronounce his funeral eulogium when he declared,
That Cowley had not left a better man behind him in England.
The poetical works of Cowley, besides those already mentioned, were, The
Mistress, The Chronicle, The Miscellanies, The Book of Plants, and Anacreontics.
He belonged unfortunately to the metaphysical school of poetry, a class that
appeared about the beginning of the seventeenth century, and whose produc-
tions abounded with far-fetched conceit! and extraTagant hyperboles, rather
than truth and simplicity. This perversity, indeed, would of itself have been as
short-lived as it was unnatural, had it not been for the sanction which it received
from our poet, who exerted the utmost of his ingenuity to gratify and confirm
the prevailing taste. . But notwithstanding these defects, with which Cowley is
frequently chargeable, there is a fund of real nature and feeling, as well as of
grandeur and beauty in his productions, which will always give them an eminent
rank in the poetry of England.
COWLEY.
THE HEART FLED AGAIN.
False, foolish heart ! didst thou not say,
That thou would'st never leave me more '?
Behold ! again 'tis fled away,
Fled as far from me as before.
I strove to bring it back again ;
I cried and hollow'd after it in vain.
Ev'n so the gentle Tyrian dame,
When neither grief nor love prevail,
Saw the dear object of her flame,
Th' ingrateful Trojan, hoist his sail :
Aloud she call'd to him to stay ;
The wind bore him and her lost words away.
86 COWLEY.
The doleful Ariadne so,
On the wide shore forsaken stood :
" False Theseus, whither dost thou go ? "
Afar false Theseus cut the flood.
But Bacchus came to her relief:
Bacchus himself 's too weak to ease my grief.
Ah ! senseless heart, to take no rest,
But travel thus eternally !
Thus to be froz'n in every breast !
And to be scorch'd in every eye !
Wandering about like wretched Cain,
Thrust out, ill-used, by all, but by none slain !
Well, since tnou wilt not here remain,
I'll e'en to live without thee try ;
My head shall take the greater pain,
And all thy duties shall supply :
I can more easily live, I know,
Without thee, than without a mistress thou.
From The Mistress.
THE CHRONICLE: A BALLAD.
Margarita first possest,
If I remember well, my breast,
Margarita first of all ;
But when a while the wanton maid
With my restless heart had play'd,
Martha took the flying ball.
Martha soon did it resign
To the beauteous Catharine.
Beauteous Catharine gave place
(Though loth and angry she to part
With the possession of my heart)
To Eliza's conquering face.
Eliza till this hour might reign,
Had she not evil counsels ta'en.
Fundamental laws she broke,
And still new favourites she chose,
Till up in arms my passions rose,
And cast away her yoke.
*
COWLEY. 87
Mary then, and gentle Anne,
Both to reign at once began ;
Alternately they sway'd;
And sometimes Mary was the fair,
And sometimes Anne the crown did wear,
And sometimes both I' obey'd.
Another Mary then arose,
And did rigorous laws impose ;
A mighty tyrant she !
Long, alas ! should I have been
Under that iron-sceptred queen,
Had not Rebecca set me free.
When fair Rebecca set me free,
'Twas then a golden time with me :
But soon those pleasures fled ;
For the gracious princess died,
In her youth and beauty's pride,
And Judith reigned in her stead.
One month, three days, and half an hour,
Judith held the sovereign power :
Wondrous beautiful her face !
But so weak and small her wit,
That she to govern was unfit,
And so Susanna took her place.
But when Isabella came,
Arm'd with a resistless flame,
And th' artillery of her eye ;
Whilst she proudly march'd about,
Greater conquests to find out,
She beat out Susan by the bye.
But in her place I then obey'd
Black-eyed Bess, her viceroy-maid ;
To whom ensued a vacancy :
Thousand worse passions then possest
The interregnum of my breast ;
Bless me from such an anarchy !
Gentle Henrietta then,
And a third Mary, next began ;
Then Joan, and Jane, and Audria ;
And then a pretty Thomasine,
And then another Katharine,
And then a long ft ccetera.
88 COWLEY.
But should I now to you relate,
The strength and riches of their state ;
The powder, patches, and the pins,
The ribbons, jewels, and the rings,
The lace, the paint, and warlike things,
That make up all their magazines ;
If I should tell the politic arts
To take and keep men's hearts ;
The letters, embassies, and spies,
The frowns, and smiles, and flatteries,
The quarrels, tears, and perjuries,
(Numberless, nameless, mysteries !)
And all the little lime-twigs laid,
By Machiavel the waiting-maid
I more voluminous should grow
(Chiefly if I like them should tell
All change of weathers that befell)
Than Holinshed or Stow.
But I will briefer with them be,
Since few of them were long with me.
An higher and a nobler strain
My present Emperess does claim,
Heleonora, first o' th' name;
Whom God grant long to reign !
From Sylva.
THE EPICURE
Underneath this myrtle shade,
On flowery beds supinely laid,
With odorous oils my head o'er-flowing,
And around it roses growing,
What should I do but drink away
The heat and troubles of the day ?
In this more than kingly state
Love himself shall on me wait.
Fill to me, Love, nay fill it up ;
And mingled cast into the cup
Wit, and mirth, and noble fires,
Vigorous health and gay desires.
The wheel of life no less will stay
In a smooth than rugged way :
COWLEY.
Since it equally doth flee,
Let the motion pleasant be.
Why do we precious ointments shower?
Nobler wines why do we pour ?
Beauteous flowers why do we spread,
Upon the monuments of the dead ?
Nothing they but dust can show,
Or bones that hasten to be so.
Crown me with roses whilst I live,
Now your wines and ointments give ;
After death I nothing crave,
Let me alive my pleasures have
All are Stoics in the grave.
From Aitacrcotttict.
DESTRUCTION OF THE FIRST-BORN OF EGYPT.
Of God's dreadful anger these
Were but the first light skirmishes ;
The shock and bloody battle now begins,
The plenteous harvest of full-ripen'd sins.
It was the time when the still moon
Was mounted softly to her noon,
And dewy Sleep, which from Night's secret springs arose,
Gently as Nile the land overflows.
When lo ! from the high countries of refined day,
The golden heaven without allay
Whose dross, in the creation purged away,
Made up the sun's adulterate ray
Michael, the warlike prince, does downwards fly,
Swift as the journeys of the sight,
Swift as the rays of light,
And with his winged will cuts through the yielding sky.
He pass'd through many a star, and, as he past,
Shone (like a star in them) more brightly there
Than they did in their sphere.
On a tall pyramid's pointed head he stopp'd at last,
And a mild look of sacred pity cast
Down on the sinful land where he was sent,
T' inflict the tardy punishment.
" Ah ! yet," said he, " yet, stubborn king ! repent,
Whilst thus unarm'd I stand,
Ere the keen sword of God fill my commanded hand ;
Suffer but yet thyself, and thine to live :
90 COW LEY
Who would, alas ! believe
That it for man," said he,
" So hard to be forgiven should be,
And yet for God so easy to forgive ! "
He spoke, and downwards flew,
And o'er his shining form a well-cut cloud he threw,
Made of the blackest fleece of Night,
And close-wrought to keep in the powerful light,
Yet wrought so fine it hinder' d not his flight ;
But through the key-holes and the chinks of doors,
And through the narrow' st walks of crooked pores,
He past more swift and free,
Than in wide air the wanton swallows flee.
He took a pointed Pestilence in his hand ;
The spirits of thousand mortal poisons made
The strongly-temper'd blade,
The sharpest sword that e'er was laid
Up in the magazines of God to scourge a wicked land.
Through Egypt's wicked land his march he took,
And as he march'd the sacred first-born strook
Of every womb ; none did he spare,
None, from the meanest beast to Cenchre's purple hair.
The swift approach of endless night
Breaks ope the wounded sleepers' rolling eyes ;
They awake the rest with dying cries,
And darkness doubles the affright ;
The mixed sounds of scatter'd deaths they hear,
And lose their parted souls 'twixt grief and fear.
Louder than all, the shrieking women's voice
Pierces this chaos of confused noise ;
As brighter lightning cuts away
Clear and distinguish' d through the day.
With less complaints the Zoan temples sound,
When the adored heifer 's drown'd,
And no true-mark'd successor to be found.
Whilst health, and strength, and gladness, doth possess
The festal Hebrew cottages ;
The blest Destroyer comes not there,
To interrupt the sacred cheer
That new begins their well-reformed year :
Upon their doors he read and understood,
God's protection, writ in blood ;
Well was he skill'd i' th' character Divine ;
And, though he pass'd by it in haste,
He bow'd and worshipp'd, as he past,
The mighty mystery through its humble sign.
From The Plagues of Egypt.
COWLEY. 91
THE BARGAIN.
Take heed, take heed, thou lovely maid,
Nor be by glittering ills betray'd ;
Thyself for money ! oh, let no man know
The price of beauty fall'n so low !
What dangers ought' st thou not to dread,
When love, that 's blind, is by blind Fortune led ?
The foolish Indian, that sells
His precious gold for beads and bells,
Does a more wise and gainful traffic hold,
Than thou, who sell'st thyself for gold.
What gains in such a bargain are ?
He'll in thy mines dig better treasures far.
Can gold, alas t with thee compare ?
The sun, that makes it, 's not so fair ;
The sun, which can nor make nor ever see
A thing so beautiful as thee,
In all the journeys he does pass,
Though the sea served him for a looking-glass.
Bold was the wretch that cheapen'd thee ;
Since Magus, none so bold as he :
Thou 'rt so divine a thing, that thee to buy
Is to be counted simony ;
Too dear he'll find his sordid price
Has forfeited that and the Benefice.
If it be lawful thee to buy,
There 's none can pay that rate but I ;
Nothing on earth a fitting price can be,
But what on earth 's most like to thee ;
And that my heart does only bear ;
For there thyself, thy very self is there.
So much thyself does in me live,
That, when it for thyself I give,
'Tis but to change that piece of gold for this,
Whose stamp and value equal is ;
And, that full weight too may be had,
My soul and body, two grains more, I'll add.
From The Mistrct
92 COWLEY.
THE DAUGHTERS OF SAUL.
Like two bright eyes in a fair body placed,
Saul's royal house two beauteous daughters graced :
Merab the first, Michal the younger, named ;
Both equally for different glories famed.
Merab with spacious beauty fill'd the sight,
But too much awe chastised the bold delight :
Like a calm sea, which to th' enlarged view
Gives pleasure, but gives fear and reverence too.
Michal's sweet looks clear and free joys did move,
And no less strong, though much more gentle, love :
Like virtuous kings, whom men rejoice t' obey
(Tyrants themselves less absolute than they).
Merab appear'd like some fan 1 princely tower ;
Michal, some virgin-queen's delicious bower.
All Beauty's stores in little and in great ;
But the contracted beams shot fiercest heat.
A clean and lively brown was Merab's dye,
Such as the prouder colours might envy :
Michal's pure skin shone with such taintless white,
As scatter'd the weak rays of human sight ;
Her lips and cheeks a nobler red did shew,
Than e'er on fruits or flowers heaven's pencil drew ;
From Merab's eyes fierce and quick lightnings came-
From Michal's, the sun's mild, yet active, flame :
Merab's long hair was glossy chesnut brown ;
Tresses of palest gold did Michal crown.
Such was their outward form ; and one might find
A difference not unlike it in the mind.
Merab with comely majesty and state
Bore high th' advantage of her worth and fate ;
Such humble sweetness did soft Michal show,
That none who reach so high e'er stoop'd so low.
Merab rejoiced in her wrack' d lovers' pain,
And fortified her virtue with disdain :
The griefs she caused, gave gentle Michal grief
(She wish'd her beauties less, for their relief) ;
JEv'n to her captives civil ; yet th' excess
Of naked virtue guarded her no less.
Business and power Merab's large thoughts did vex ;
Her wit disdain'd the fetters of her sex :
Michal no less disdain'd affairs and noise,
Yet did it not from ignorance, but choice.
In brief, both copies Avere more sAveetly drawn ;
Merab of Saul, Miehal of Jonathan.
From the Davideis,
SIR JOHN DENHAM. 93
SIR JOHN DENHAM was born at Dublin, in 1615, and was the only son of Sir
John Denham, Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Ireland. When only two yean
old the future poet was brought to England, and after having received the
elements of education in London, he was sent hi 1631 to Oxford. In 1642 he
published the Sophy, a work that strongly excited the public attention, and in
the following year his Cooper's Hill, that tended still more highly to exalt his
reputation. Sir John's station in life obliged him to take a share in public
affairs, and on the discomfiture of the royal cause, he was appointed, in 1648, to
convey James, the young Duke of York, from London to France, an office which
he safely accomplished. While he resided in the latter country with the royal
family of England, he helped to enliven their melancholy with his occasional
verses. At the Restoration, he was one of the few suffering Loyalists who be-
nefited by the change, as he was decorated with the Order of the Bath, and ap-
pointed Survey** of the King's Buildings. He died on the 19th of March, 1668,
and was buried by the side of his friend, Cowley.
Sir John Denham, as a poet, is not only of a superior order, but he has also
the distinguished merit of being one of the Fathers of English verse, on account
of the regularity and harmony of which he first set the example.
THE THAMES.
Parting from thence 'twixt anger, shame, and fear,
Those for what 's past, and this for what 's too near,
My eye descending from the hill, surveys
Where Thames among the wanton valleys strays :
Thames, the most loved of all the Ocean's sons
By his old sire, to his embraces runs ;
Hasting to pay his tribute to the sea,
Like mortal life to meet eternity.
Though with those streams he no resemblance hold,
Whose foam is amber, and their gravel gold ;
His genuine and less guilty wealth t' explore,
Search not his bottom, but survey his shore ;
O'er which he kindly spreads his spacious wing,
And hatches plenty for th' ensuing spring.
Nor then destroys it with too fond a stay,
Like mothers which their infants overlay.
Nor with a sudden and impetuous wave,
Like profuse kings, resumes the wealth he gave.
No unexpected inundations spoil
The mower's hopes, nor mock the ploughman's toil :
But god-like his unwearied bounty flows ;
First loves to do, then loves the good he does.
Nor are his blessings to his banks confined,
But free and common, as the sea or wind ;
When he, to boast or to disperse his stores
Full of the tributes of his grateful shores,
Visits the world, and in his flying towers
Brings home to us, and makes both Indies ours ;
94 SIR JOHN DENHAM.
Finds wealth where 'tis, bestows it where it wants,
Cities in deserts, woods in cities plants.
So that to us no thing, no place is strange,
While his fair bosom is the world's exchange.
O could I flow like thee, and make thy stream
My great example, as it is my theme !
Though deep, yet clear ; though gentle, yet not dull ;
Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full :
Heaven her Eridanus no more shall boast,
Whose fame in thine, like lesser current, 's lost;
Thy nobler streams shall visit Jove's abodes,
To shine among the stars, and bathe the gods.
From Cooper's Hill
A SONG.
Morpheus, the humble God, that dwells
In cottages and smoky cells,
Hates gilded roofs and beds of down ;
And though he fears no prince's frown,
Flies from the circle of a crown.
Come, I say, thou powerful God,
And thy leaden charming rod,
Dipt in the Lethean lake,
O'er his wakeful temples shake,
Lest he should sleep, and never wake.
Nature (alas) , why art thou so
Obliged to thy greatest foe ?
Sleep that is thy best repast,
Yet of death it bears a taste,
And both are the same thing at last.
ON THE GAME OF CHESS.
A tablet stood of that abstersive tree,
Where jEthiop's swarthy bird did build her nest,
Inlaid it was with Libyan ivory,
Drawn from the jaws of Afric's prudent beast.
Two kings like Saul, much taller than the rest,
Their equal armies draw into the field ;
Till one take th' other prisoner they contest ;
Courage and fortune must to conduct yield.
SIR JOHN DENHAM. 95
This game the Persian Magi did invent,
The force of Eastern wisdom to express ;
From thence to busy Europeans sent,
And styled by modern Lombards pensive Chess :
Yet some that fled from Troy to Rome report,
Penthesilea Priam did oblige ;
Her Amazons, his Trojans taught this sport,
To pass the tedious hours of ten years' siege.
There she presents herself, whilst kings and peers
Look gravely on whilst fierce Bellona fights ;
Yet maiden modesty her motions steers,
Nor rudely skips o'er bishops' heads like knights.
HOMER.
I can no inor'e believe old Homer blind,
Than those, who say the sun hath never shined ;
The age wherein he lived was dark, but he
Could not want sight, who taught the world to see :
They who Minerva from Jove's head derive,
Might make old Homer's skull the Muses' hive ;
And from his brain that Helicon distil
Whose racy liquor did his offspring fill.
Nor old Anacreon, Hesiod, Theocrite,
Must we forget, nor Pindar's lofty flight.
Old Homer's soul, at last from Greece retired,
In Italy the Mantuan swain inspired.
From The Progress of Learning.
COWLEY.
Old mother Wit, and Nature, gave
Shakspeare and Fletcher all they have ;
In Spenser, and in Jonson, Art
Of slower Nature got the start ;
But both in him so equal are,
None knows which bears the happiest share :
To him no author was unknown,
Yet what he wrote was all his own ;
Horace's wit, and Virgil's state,
He did not steal, but emulate !
And when he would like them appear,
Their garb, but not their clothes, did wear.
From the Elegy on Mr. Abraham Cotc/ey's Death, and
Burial amongst the ancient I'oets.
96 JOHN MILTON.
THIS boast of his country, who, with Homer and Virgil, completes the'poetical
triumvirate which Nature took three thousand years to produce, was the son of a
respectable scrivener in London, where he was born on the 9th of December,
1608. He was distinguished in his early days for a love of learning, in which he
made great proficiency ; and even while still a youth, he wrote several poetical
pieces of distinguished excellence. But these, compared with his future pro-
ductions, and especially with his Paradise Lost, were like the first flights of the
young eagle before it learns to ascend above the clouds, and look steadily upon
the sun. In his sixteenth year, he was sent to Christ's College, Cambridge,
where he took the degrees of Bachelor and Master ; but the system of discipline
which prevailed at that time excited his disgust : he accordingly left the Uni-
versity, and returned to his father's house, where he perfected himself in classi-
cal literature by intense self-application. During this period, also, he produced
the mask of Comus, the elegy of Lycidas, and probably Arcades. After this, he
left England in 1638, for a continental tour, during the course of which he visited
Paris, Florence, Sienna, Rome, and'Naples, and intended to have continued his
travels through Sicily and Greece, when the troubles in England that preceded
the ciril war obliged him to alter his intentions ; and being an ardent admirer
of civil liberty, he returned to London after an absence of fifteen months, to aid
his countrymen in contending for their rights. With this view, he sacrificed for
a time his more congenial poetical pursuits, for political controversy, and pub-
lished several powerful pamphlets, in which he successfully refuted the argu-
ments of the Royalist party.
During this period, Milton taught a school, by which he was enabled to sup-
port his relations, who had been impoverished by the civil war. He was after-
wards appointed Latin Secretary to the Parliament, in which capacity he was
employed to defend the establishment of the new Commonwealth, and justify
its measures, a labour which he pursued so earnestly, that in his celebrated con-
troversy with Salmasius he lost his eyesight. He was continued in office by
Oliver Cromwell, and notwithstanding his blindness, was still able to pursue his
official and controversial duties. In this manner he laboured to his forty-
seventh year, when he retired from the bustle of politics, to meditate upon that
great attempt which he had never lost sight of, and which was of more im.
portance than a thousand political controversies the composition of an Epic
poem that would redound to the glory of his country. His choice for a long
time seems to have wavered between the History of Prince Arthur, and the sub-
ject of Paradise Lost, when, happily for the world and his own fame, he decided
upon the latter, and began
" Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme."
After so prodigious an effort of genius as the production of Paradise Lost, the
active mind of Milton did not repose upon its past labours. When this great
Epic was finished, he had shown it to El wood the quaker, who observed to him
4 Thou hast said a great deal upon Paradise Lost ; what hast thou to say upon
Paradise found ?' Upon this hint the poet resumed his labours, and in 1667 ap-
peared Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. After this period, his time
was chiefly occupied in writing treatises upon miscellaneous subjects until he
had reached his sixty-sixth year, when his constitution was broken under re-
peated attacks of the gout, and he died on the 10th of November, 1674.
The fate of Paradise Lost, at the period of its publication, and for some time
afterwards, is generally known. The poet sold the copy of this immortal work
for 151. ; and yet the bargain threatened to be a losing one to the publisher,
from the very tardy sale that followed. During the reign of Charles II., the
royalist and literary taste that predominated equally eschewed religious and
republican poetry ; and it was only after the lapse of time, and through the
recommendatory criticisms of such leaders of the popular mind as Dryden and
Addison, that public attention was awakened in its behalf. But this once
secured, the success of Paradise Lost could no longer be retarded. The eyes
that were opened were compelled to see the light; and Milton, by common
consent, was recognised and acclaimed as the great national poet of his country.
MILTON.
INVITATION OF COMUS TO THE LADY.
Why are you vext, Lady'? why do you frown?
Here dwell no frowns, nor anger ; from these gates
Sorrow flies far : See here be all the pleasures
That fancy can beget on youthful thoughts,
When the fresh blood grows lively, and returns
Brisk as the April buds in primrose season.
And first behold this cordial julep here,
That flames, and dances in his crystal bounds,
With spirits of balm, and fragrant syrups mix'd.
Not that Nepenthes, which the wife of Thone
In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena,
Is of such power to stir up joy as this,
To life so friendly, or so cool to thirst.
98 MILTON.
Why should you be so cruel to yourself,
And to those dainty limbs which Nature lent
For gentle usage, and soft delicacy ?
But you invert the covenants of her trust,
And harshly deal like an ill borrower
With that which you received on other terras,
Scorning the unexempt condition
By which all mortal frailty must subsist,
Refreshment after toil, ease alter pain,
That have been tired all day without repast,
And timely rest have wanted; but, fair Virgin,
This will restore all soon.
From Ccnnus, a Mask.
SAMSON'S LAMENTATION FOR HIS BLINDNE&S.
O loss of sight, of thee I most complain !
Blind among enemies, O worse than chains,
Dungeon, or beggary, or decrepit age !
Light the prime work of God to. me' is extinct.
And all her various objects of delight
Annull'd, which might in part my grief have eased,
Inferior to the vilest now become
Of man or worm ; the vilest here excel me,
They creep, yet see, I dark in light exposed
To daily fraud, contempt, abuse, and wrong,
Within doors, or without, still as a fool,
In power of others, nerer in my own ;
Scarce half I seem to live, dead more than half.
O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon,
Irrecoverably dark, total eclipse
Without all hope of day !
O first-created Beam, and thou great Word,
" Let there be light," and light was over all ;
Why am I thus bereaved thy prime decree ?
The sun to me is dark
And silent as the moon,
When she deserts the night
Hid in her vacant interlunar cave.
Since light so necessary is to life,
And almost life itself, if it be true
That light is in the soul,
She all in every part ; why was the sight
To such a tender ball as th' eye confined,
So obvious and so easv to be quench'd ?
*
MILTON. 99
And not, as feeling, through all parts diffused,
That she might look at will through every pore?
Then had I not been thus exiled from light,
As in the land of darkness yet in light,
To live a life half dead, a living death,
And buried ; but O yet more miserable !
Myself, my sepulchre, a moving grave,
Buried, yet not exempt
By privilege of death and burial
From worst of other evils, pains and wrongs,
But made hereby obnoxious more
To all the miseries of life,
Life in captivity
Among inhuman foes.
From Samson Agonish*.
HYMN ON THE NATIVITY.
It was the winter wild,
While the Heav'n-born child
All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies ;
Nature in awe to him
Had doffl her gawdy trim,
With her great Master so to sympathize :
It was no season then for her
To wanton with the sun her lusty paramour.
Only with speeches fair
She woos the gentle air
To hide her guilty front with innocent snow,
And on her naked shame,
Pollute with sinful blame,
The saintly veil of maiden white to throw,
Confounded, that her Maker's eyes
Should look so near upon her foul deformities.
But he her fears to cease,
Sent down the meek-eyed Peace ;
She crown'd with olive green, came softly sliding
Down through the turning sphere
His ready harbinger,
With turtle wing the amorous clouds dividing,
And waving wide her myrtle wand,
She strikes an universal peace through sea and land.
100 MILTON.
No war, or battel's sound
Was heard the world around :
The idle spear and shield were high up hung,
The hooked chariot stood,
Unstain'd with hostile blood,
The trumpet spake not to the armed throng,
And kings sat still with awful eye,
As if they surely knew their sovran Lord was by.
But peaceful was the night,
Wherein the Prince of light
His reign of peace upon the earth began :
The winds with wonder whist
Smoothly the waters kist,
Whispering new joys to the mild ocean,
Who now hath quite forgot to rave,
While birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed
The stars with deep amaze
Stand fix'd in stedfast gaze,
Bending one way their precious influence,
And will not take their flight,
For all the morning light,
Or Lucifer that often warn'd them thence ;
But in their glimmering orbs did glow,
Until their Lord himself bespake and bid them go.
And though the shady gloom
Had given day her room,
The sun himself withheld his wonted speed,
And hid his head for shame,
As his inferior flame
The new enlighten'd world no more should need ;
He saw a greater sun appear
Than his bright throne, or burning axletree, could bear.
The shepherds on the lawn,
Or e'er the point of dawn,
Sat simply chatting in a rustic row ;
Full little thought they then,
That the mighty Pan
Was kindly come to live with them below;
Perhaps their loves, or else their sheep,
Was all that did their silly thoughts so busy keep,
MILTON. 101
When such music sweet
Their hearts and ears did greet,
As never was by mortal finger strook,
Divinely-warbled voice
Answering the stringed noise,
As all their souls in blissful rapture took :
The air, such pleasure loth to lose,
With thousand echoes still prolongs each heav'nly close.
Nature that heard such sound,
Beneath the hollow round
Of Cynthia's seat, the aery region thrilling,
Now was almost won
To think her part was done,
And that her reign had here its last fulfilling ;
She knew such harmony alone
Could hold all Heav'n and Earth in happier union.
At last surrounds their sight
A globe of circular light,
That with long beams the shame-faced night ar-
ray'd ;
The helmed Cherubim,
And sworded Seraphim,
Are seen in glittering ranks with wings display 'd,
Harping in loud and solemn quire,
With unexpressive notes to Heaven's new-born Heir.
Such music (as 'tis said)
Before was never made,
But when of old the sons of morning sung,
While the Creator great
His constellations set,
And the well-balanced world on hinges hung,
And cast the dark foundations deep,
And bid the welter inp- waves their oozy channel keep.
Ring out, ye crystal Spheres,
Once bless our human ears
(If ye have power to touch our senses so),
And let your 'silver chime
Move in melodious time,
And let the base of Heayen's deep organ blow,
And with your ninefold harmony
Make up full consort to th' angelic symphony.
G
102 MILTON.
For if such holy song
Inwrap our fancy long,
Time will run back, and fetch the age of gold,
And speckled Vanity
Will sicken soon and die,
And leprous Sin will melt from earthly mold,
And Hell itself will pass away,
And leave her dolorous mansions to the peering day.
Yea, Truth and Justice then
Will down return to men,
Orb'd in a rainbow : and, like glories wearing,
Mercy will sit between,
Throned in celestial sheen,
With radiant feet the tissued clouds down steering,
And Heav'n, as at some festival,
Will open wide the gates of her high palace hall.
But wisest Fate says no,
This must not yet be so,
The babe lies yet in smiling infancy,
That on the bitter cross
Must redeem our loss ;
So both himself and us to glorify :
Yet first to those ychain'd in sleep,
The wakeful trump of doom must thunder through the
deep,
With such a horrid clang
As on mount Sinai rang,
While the red fire and smouldering clouds outbrake :
The aged earth aghast,
With terror of that blast,
Shall from the surface to the centre shake ;
When at the world's last session,
The dreadful Judge in middle air shall spread his throne.
And then at last our bliss
Full and perfect is,
But now begins ; for from this happy day
Th' old Dragon under ground,
In straiter limits bound,
Not half so far casts his usurped sway,
And wroth to see his kingdom fail,
Swinges the scaly horror of his folded tail.
MILTON. 103
The oracles are dumb,
No voice or hideous hum
Runs through the arched roof in words deceiving ;
Apollo from his shrine
Can no more divine,
With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos leaving.
No nightly trance, or breathed spell,
Inspires the pale-eyed priest from the prophetic cell.
The lonely mountains o'er.
And the resounding shore,
A voice of weeping heard and loud lament ;
From haunted spring and dale
Edged with poplar pale,
The parting Genius is with sighing sent ;
With flower-inwoven tresses torn
The Nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn.
In consecrated earth,
And on the holy hearth,
The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint ;
In urns, and altars round,
A drear and dying sound
Affrights the Flamens at their service quaint ;
And the chill marble seems to sweat,
While each peculiar power foregoes his wonted seat.
Peor and Baalim
Forsake their temples dim,
With that twice-batter'd God of Palestine;
And mooned Ashtaroth,
Heav'n's queen and mother both,
Now sits not girt with tapers' holy shine ;
The Lybic Hammon shrinks his horn,
In vain the Tynan maids their wounded Thammuz
mourn.
And sullen Moloch fled,
Hath left in shadows dread
His burning idol all of blackest hue ;
In vain with cymbals' ring
They call the grisly king,
In dismal dance about the furnace blue ;
The brutish Gods of Nile as fast,
Isis and Orus, and the dog Anubis, haste.
104 MILTON.
Nor is Osiris seen
In Memphian grove or green,
Trampling the unshower'd grass with lowings loud ;
Nor can he be at rest
Within his sacred chest,
Nought but profoundest Hell can be his shroud ;
In vain with timbrell'd anthems dark
The sable-stoled sorcerers bear his worshipt ark.
He feels from Juda's land
The dreaded Infant's hand,
The rays of Bethlehem blind his dusky eyne ;
Nor all the Gods beside
Longer dare abide,
Not Typhon huge ending in snaky twine :
Our babe, to show his Godhead true,
Can in his swadling-bands control the damned crew.
So when the sun in bed,
Curtain'd with cloudy red,
Pillows his chin upon an orient wave,
The flocking shadows pale
Troop to the infernal jail,
Each fetter'd ghost slips to his several grave,
And the yellow-skirted Fays
Fly after the night-steeds, leaving their moon-loved maze.
But see the Virgin blest
Hath laid her Babe to rest,
Time is our tedious song should here have ending :
Heaven's youngest teemed star
Hath fix'd her polish'd car,
Her sleeping Lord with handmaid lamp attending :
And all about the courtly stable
Bright-harnest Angels sit in order serviceable.
SATAN ADDRESSING THE FALLEN ANGELS.
Thus far these beyond
Compare of mortal prowess, yet observed
Their dread commander : he above the rest
In shape and gesture proudly eminent
Stood like a tow'r ; his form had yet not lost
All her original brightness, nor appear'd
HILTON. 1 05
Less than Arch- Angel rain'd, and the excess
Of glory obscured ; as when the sun new risen
Looks through the horizontal misty air
Shorn of his beams, or from behind the moon
In dim eclipse disastrous twilight sheds
On half the nations, and with fear of change
Perplexes monarchs. Darken'd so, yet shone
Above them all th' Arch-Angel : but his face
Deep scars of thunder had intrench'd, and care
Sat on his faded cheek, but under brows
Of dauntless courage, and considerate pride
Waiting revenge : cruel his eye, but cast
Signs of remorse and passion to behold
The fellows of his crime, the followers rather
(Far other once beheld in bliss), condemned
For ever now to have their lot in pain,
Millions of Spirits for his fault amerced
Of Heav'n, and from eternal splendors flung
For his revolt, yet faithful how they stood,
Their glory wither' d : as when Heaven's fire
Hath scath'd the forest oaks, or mountain pines,
With singed top their stately growth though bare
Stands on the blasted heath. He now prepared
To speak ; whereat then* doubled ranks they bend
From wing to wing, and half inclose him round
With all his peers : attention held them mute.
Thrice he assay'd, and thrice in spite of scorn
Tears, such as Angels weep, burst forth : at last
Words interwove with sighs found out their way.
From Paradise Lost.
PANDEMONIUM.
Anon out of the earth a fabric huge
Rose like an exhalation, with the sound
Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet,
Built like a temple, where pilasters round
Were set, and Doric pillars overlaid
With golden architrave ; nor did there want
Cornice or freeze, with bossy sculptures graven ;
The roof was fretted gold. Not Babylon
Nor great Alcairo such magnificence
EqualTd hi all their glories, to inshrine
Belus or Serapis their Gods, or seat
Their kings, when Egypt with Assyria strove
In wealth and luxury. Th' ascending pile
106
Stood fix'd her stately highth, and strait the doors
Opening then- brazen folds discover wide
Within, her ample spaces, o'er the smooth
And level pavement : from the arched roof
Pendent by subtle magic many a row
Of starry lamps and blazing cressets fed
With Naphtha and Asphaltus yielded light
As from a sky.
From Paradise Lost.
OPENING OF THE GATES OF HELL.
Thus saying, from her side the fatal key,
Sad instrument of all our woe, she took ;
And tow'ards the gate rolling her bestial train,
Forthwith the huge portcullis high up drew,
Which but herself not all the Stygian Powers
Could once have moved ; then in the key-hole turns
Th' intricate wards, and every bolt and bar
Of massy iron or solid rock with ease
Unfastens : on a sudden open fly
With impetuous recoil and jarring sound
Th' infernal doors, and on their hinges grate
Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook
Of Erebus. She open'd, but to shut
Excell'd her power ; the gates wide open stood,
That with extended wings a banner'd host
Under spread ensigns marching might pass through
With horse and chariots rank'd in loose array ;
So wide they stood, and like a furnace' mouth
Cast forth redounding smoke and ruddy flame.
Before their eyes in sudden view appear
The secrets of the hoary deep, a dark
Illimitable ocean, without bound,
Without dimension, where length, breadth, and highth,
And tune, and place, are lost ; where eldest Night
And Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold
Eternal anarchy, amidst the noise
Of endless wars, and by confusion stand.
For hot, cold, moist, and dry, four champions fierce,
Strive here for mast'ry, and to battle bring
Then- embryon atoms ; they around the flag
Of each his faction, in their several clans,
Light-arm'd or heavy, sharp, smooth, swift or slow,
Swarm populous, un-number'd as the sands
Of Barca or Gyrene's torrid soil,
MILTON. 107
Levied to side with warring winds, and poise
Their lighter wings. To whom these most adhere,
He rules a moment ; Chaos umpire sits,
And by decision more embroils the fray
By which he reigns : next him high arbiter
Chance governs all. Into this wild abyss,
The womb of nature and perhaps her grave,
Of neither sea, nor shore, nor air, nor fire,
But all these in their pregnant causes mix'd
Confus'dly, and which thus must ever fight,
Unless th' Almighty Maker them ordain
His dark materials to create more worlds ;
Into this wild abyss the wary Fiend
Stood on the brink of Hell and look'd a while,
Pond'ring his voyage ; for no narrow frith
He had to cross.
From Paradise Lost.
SATAN'S SOLILOQUY ON FIRST BEHOLDING ADAM AND EVE.
O Hell ! what do mine eyes with grief behold !
Into our room of bliss thus high advanced
Creatures of other mold, earth-born perhaps,
Not Spirits, yet to heav'nly spirits bright
Little inferior ; whom my thoughts pursue
With wonder, and could love, so lively shines
In them divine resemblance, and such grace
The hand that form'd them on their shape hath pour'd.
Ah gentle pah*, ye little think how nigh
Your change approaches, when all these delights
Will vanish and deliver ye to woe,
More woe, the more your taste is now of joy;
Happy, but for so happy ill secured
Long to continue, and this high seat your Heaven
111 fenced for Heav'n to keep out such a foe
As now is enter'd ; yet no purposed foe
To you, whom I could pity thus forlorn,
Though I unpitied : League with you I seek,
And mutual amity so strait, so close,
That I with you must dwell, or you with me
Henceforth ; my dwelling haply may not please,
Like this fair Paradise, your sense, yet such
Accept your Maker's work ; he gave it me,
Which I as freely give ; Hell shall unfold,
To entertain you two, her widest gates,
And send forth all her kings ; there will be room,
108 MILTON.
Not like these narrow limits, to receive
Your numerous offspring ; if no better place,
Thank him who puts me loath to this revenge
On you who wrong me not for him who wrong'd.
And should I at your harmless innocence
Melt, as I do, yet public reason just,
Honour and empire with revenge enlarged,
By conqu'ring this new world, compels me now
To do what else though damn'd I should abhor.
So spake the Fiend, and with necessity,
The tyrant's plea, excused his devilish deeds.
From Paradise Lost.
EVE'S FIRST AWAKENING TO LIFE.
That day I oft remember, when from sleep
I first awaked, and found myself reposed
Under a shade on flow'rs, much wond'ring where
And what I was, whence thither brought and how
Not distant far from thence a murm'ring sound
Of waters issued from a cave, and spread
Into a liquid plain, then stood unmoved
Pure as th' expanse of Heav'n ; I thither went
With unexperienced thought, and laid me down
On the green bank, to look into the clear
Smooth lake, that to me seem'd another sky.
As I bent down to look, just opposite
A shape within the watery gleam appear'd,
Bending to look on me : I started back,
It started back ; but pleased I soon return'd ;
Pleased it return'd as soon with answ'ring looks
Of sympathy and love : there I had fix'd
Mine eyes till now, and pined with vain desire,
Had not a voice thus warn'd me, What thou seest,
What there thou seest, fair Creature, is thyself;
With thee it came and goes : but follow me,
And I will bring thee where no shadow stays
Thy coming, and thy soft embraces, he
Whose image thou art ; him thou shalt enjoy
Inseparably thine, to him shalt bear
Multitudes like thyself, and thence be call'd
Mother of human race. What could I do,
But follow strait, invisibly thus led ?
Till I espy'd thee, fair indeed and tall,
Under a platan ; yet methought less fair,
Less winning soft, less amiably mild,
MILTON. 109
Than that smooth watery image : back I turn'd ;
Thou following cry'dst aloud, Return fair Eve,
* * * *
My other half. With that thy gentle hand
Seized mine ; I yielded, and from that time see
How beauty is excell'd by manly grace
And wisdom, which alone is truly fair.
From Paradise Lost.
ADAM'S FIRST AWAKENING TO LIFE.
As new waked from soundest sleep
Soft on the flow'ry herb I found me laid
In balmy sweat, which with his beams the sun
Soon dry'd, and on the reeking moisture fed.
Strait toward Heav'n my wond'ring eyes I turn'd,
And gazed a while the ample sky, till raised
By quick instinctive motion up I sprung,
As thitherward endeavouring, and upright
Stood on my feet; about me round I saw
Hill, dale, and shady woods, and sunny plains,
And liquid lapse of murm'ring streams ; by these,
Creatures that lived and moved, and walk'd or flew,
Birds on the branches warbling ; all things smiled,
With fragrance and with joy my heart o'erflow'd.
Myself I then perused, and limb by limb
Survey'd, and sometimes went, and sometimes ran
With supple joints, as lively vigor led :
But who I was, or where, or from what cause,
Knew not ; to speak I try'd, and forthwith spake ;
My tongue obey'd, and readily could name
Whate'er I saw. Thou Sun, said I, fair light,
And thou enlighten'd Earth, so fresh and gay,
Ye Hills, and Dales, ye Rivers, Woods, and Plains,
And ye that live and move, fair Creatures ! tell,
Tell, if ye saw, how came I thus, how here ?
Not of myself; by some great Maker then,
In goodness and in pow'r preeminent;
Tell me, how may I know him, how adore,
From whom I have that thus I move and live,
And feel that I arn happier than I know.
While thus I call'd, and stray'd I knew not whither,
From where I first drew air, and first beheld
This happy light, when answer none return'd,
On a green shady bank profuse of flowers
Pensive I sat me down.
From rarcfUsr Lost.
MILTON.
TEMPTATION OF ADAM BY EVE.
This tree is not as we are told, a tree
Of danger tasted, nor to' evil unknown
Opening the way, but of divine effect
To open eyes, and make them Gods who taste ;
And hath been tasted such ; the serpent wise,
Or not restrain'd as we, or not obeying,
Hath eaten of the fruit, and is become,
Not dead, as we are threaten'd, but thenceforth
Indued with human voice and human sense,
Reasoning to admiration, and with me
Persuasively hath so prevail'd, that I
Have also tasted, and have also found
Th' effects to correspond : opener mine eyes,
Dim erst, dilated spirits, ampler heart,
And growing up to Godhead ; which for thee
Chiefly I sought, without thee can despise.
For bliss, as thou hast part, to me is bliss,
Tedious, unshared with thee, and odious soon,
Thou therefore also taste, that equal lot
May join us, equal joy, as equal love.
EDMUND WALLER. Ill
THIS poet, who shares with Denham the glory of having harmonized the ver-
sification of England, was born at Colshill in Hertfordshire, in 1605. He studied
at King's College, Cambridge, and was admitted into parliament so early as his
eighteenth, some even say his sixteenth, year. It is more gratifying, however, to
contemplate his poetical, than his political career, for in the latter he seems to
have been nothing more than a time-server, veering from the king to the par-
liament, and from the parliament to the king, as each might happen for the time
to possess the ascendancy. But his crowning delinquency was his betraying his
fellow-conspirators to save his own life, when their plot for the restoration of
monarchy was detected. Although he thus meanly escaped the death to which
they were sentenced, he was not set free till after the most abject submission,
besides the payment of a penalty of ten thousand pounds. His subsequent con-
sistency was worthy of bis former career. He wrote a panegyric upon Crom-
well, which is one of his best productions, and also a poem on his death ; and
upon the arrival of the Restoration, he composed a palinode in praise of Charles
II. After having lived to a great age, he died on the 21st of October, 1687.
His poetry, notwithstanding the celebrity it attained during his own age, and
when the principles of harmonious versification were still imperfect, is too trivial
in its subjects, as well as too nerveless in its general character, to be much
appreciated in the present day. His rank perhaps may be best designated by
the term of a third-rate poet.
ON HIS MAJESTY'S (CHARLES I.) RECEIVING THE NEWS OP
THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM'S DEATH.
So earnest with thy God ! Can no new care,
No sense of danger, interrupt thy prayer ?
The sacred wrestler, till a blessing given,
Quits not his hold, but halting conquers Heaven :
Nor was the stream of thy devotion stopp'd,
When from the body such a limb was lopp'd,
As to thy present state was no less maim ;
Though thy wise choice has since repair' d the same.
Bold Homer durst not so great virtue feign
In his best pattern : of Patroclus slain,
With such amazement as weak mothers use,
And frantic gesture, he receives the news.
Yet fell his darling by th' impartial chance
Of war, imposed by royal Hector's lance :
Thine in full peace, and by a vulgar hand
Torn from thy bosom, left his high command.
The famous painter could allow no place
For private sorrow in a Prince's face :
Yet, that his piece might not exceed belief,
He cast a veil upon supposed grief.
'Twas want of such a precedent as this,
Made the old heathen frame their Gods amiss.
Their Phoebus should not act a fonder part
For the fair boy, than he did for his hart :
Nor blame for Hyacinthus' fate his own,
That kept from him wish'd death, hadst thou been known.
112 WALLER.
He that with thine shall weigh good David's deeds,
Shall find his passion, nor his love, exceeds :
He curst the mountains where his brave friend died,
But let false Ziba with his heir divide :
Where thy 'immortal love to thy blest friends,
Like that of Heaven, upon their seed descends.
Such huge extremes inhabit thy great mind,
God-like, unmoved ; and yet, like woman, kind !
Which of the ancient poets had not brought
Our Charles's pedigree from heaven ; and taught
How some bright dame, comprest by mighty Jove,
Produced this mix'd Divinity and Love ?
SONG.
Behold the brand of beauty tost !
See how the motion does dilate the flame !
Delighted Love his spoils does boast,
And triumph in this game.
Fire, to no place confined,
Is both our wonder, and our fear ;
Moving the mind,
As lightning hurled through the air.
High heaven the glory does increase
Of all her shining lamps, this artful way :
The sun in figures, such as these,
Joys with the moon to play :
To the sweet strains they advance,
Which do result from their own spheres ;
As this nymph's dance
Moves with the numbers which she hears.
UPON THE DEATH OF THE LORD PROTECTOR.
We must resign ! Heaven his great soul doth claim
T n storms, as loud as his immortal fame :
His dying groans, his last breath shakes our isle ;
And trees uncut fall for his funeral pile :
About his palace their broad roots are tost
Into the air. So Romulus was lost !
New Rome in such a tempest miss'd her king ;
And, from obeying, fell to worshipping.
On (Eta's top thus Hercules lay dead,
With ruin'd oaks and pines about him spread.
WALLER. 113
The poplar too, whose bough he wont to wear
On his victorious head, lay prostrate there.
Those his last fury from the mountain rent :
Our dying hero from the continent
Ravish'd whole towns ; and forts from Spaniards reft,
As his last legacy to Britain left.
The ocean, which so long our hopes confined,
Could give no limits to his vaster mind ;
Our bounds' enlargement was his latest toil ;
Nor hath he left us prisoners to our isle :
Under the tropic is our language spoke,
And part of Flanders hath received our yoke.
From civil broils he did us disengage ;
Found nobler objects for our martial rage :
And, with wise conduct, to his country show'd
The ancient way of conquering abroad.
Ungrateful then ! if we no tears allow
To him, that gave us peace and empire too.
Princes that fear'd him, grieve ; concern'd to see
No pitch of glory from the grave is free.
Nature herself took notice of his death,
And, sighing, swell'd the sea with such a breath,
That, to remotest shores her billows roll'd,
Th' approaching fate of their great ruler told.
TO THE DUCHESS OF ORLEANS, WHEN SHE WAS TAKING
LEAVE OF THE COURT AT DOVER.
That sun of beauty did among us rise,
England first saw the light of your fair eyes.
In English too your early wit was shown :
Favour that language ! which was then your own,
When, though a child, through guards you made your
way :
What fleet, or army, could an angel stay?
Thrice happy Britain ! if she could retain,
Whom she first bred within her ambient Main.
Our late-burnt London, in apparel new,
Shook off her ashes to have treated you :
But we must see our glory snatch'd away,
And with warm tears increase the guilty sea :
No wind can favour us ; howe'er it blows,
We must be wreck'd, and our dear treasure lose !
Sighs will not let us half our sorrows tell
Fair, lovely, great, and best of nymphs, farewell !
114 JOHN WILMOT, EARL OF ROCHESTER.
THIS nobleman was the son of Henry, Earl of Rochester, and was bom at
Ditchley, Oxfordshire, in 1647. After having finished his studies at the Univer
sity with reputation, he travelled into France and Italy. In 1665, he went to sea
with Earl Sandwich, and distinguished himself in two instances during the war
with Holland by remarkable courage and daring. On returning home, however,
he belied these tokens by symptoms of cowardice, frequently involving his
companions in street quarrels, and afterwards leaving them to shift for them-
selves. His life was a career of the most reckless intemperance, chequered with
transient fits of study ; and with a mind naturally of considerable power, his
poetical productions were for the most part of such a licentious character, that
even the profligate age in which they were produced was not hardy enough to
save them from oblivion. He died from an exhausted constitution in 1680, at
the early age of thirty-four, and during his last days his penitence was as
remarkable as his profligacy.
UPON DRINKING IN A BOWL.
Vulcan, contrive me such a cup
As Nestor used of old ;
Show all thy skill to trim it up,
Damask it round with gold.
Make it so large, that, fill'd with sack
Up to the swelling brim,
Vast toasts on the delicious lake,
Like ships at sea, may swim.
Engrave not battle on his cheek ;
With war I've nought to do ;
I'm none of those that took Maestrick,
Nor Yarmouth leaguer knew.
Let it no name of planets tell,
Fix'd stars, or constellations :
For I am no Sir Sidrophel,
Nor none of his relations.
But carve thereon a spreading vine :
Then add two lovely boys ;
Their limbs hi amorous folds intwine,
The type of future joys.
Cupid and Bacchus my saints are,
May drink and love still reign !
With wine I wash away my cares,
And then to Love again.
JOHN WILMOT, EARI, OF KOCHESTEK. 115
UPON NOTHING.
Nothing ! thou elder brother ev'n to Shade,
That hadst a being ere the world was made,
And (well fixt) art alone of ending not afraid.
Ere Time and Place were, Time and Place were not,
When primitive Nothing Something straight begot,
Then all proceeded from the great united What ?
Something, the general attribute of all,
Severed from thee, its sole original,
Into thy boundless self must undistinguish'd fall.
Yet something did thy mighty power command,
And from thy fruitful emptiness's hand,
Snatch'd men, beasts, birds, fire, air, and land.
Matter, the wicked'st offspring of thy race,
By Form assisted, flew from thy embrace,
And rebel Light obscured thy reverend dusky face.
With Form and Matter, Time and Place did join ;
Body, thy foe, with thee did leagues combine,
To spoil thy peaceful realm, and ruin all thy line.
But turn-coat Time assists the foe in vain,
And, bribed by thee, assists thy short-lived reign,
And to thy hungry womb drives back thy slaves again.
Though mysteries are barr'd from laic eyes,
And the divine alone, with warrant, pries
Into thy bosom, where the truth in private lies :
Yet this of thee the wise* may freely say,
Thou from the virtuous nothing tak'st away,
And to be part with thee the wicked wisely pray.
Great Negative ! how vainly would the wise
Inquire, define, distinguish, teach, devise?
Didst thou not stand to point their dull philosophies.
/*, or is not, the two great ends of Fate,
And, true or false, the subject of debate,
That perfect or destroy the vast designs of Fate ;
When they have rack'd the politician's breast,
Within thy bosom most securely rest,
And, when reduced to thee, are least unsafe and best.
116 JOHN WILMOT, EAKL OF ROCHESTER.
But Nothing, why does Something still permit
That sacred monarchs should at council sit
With persons highly thought at best for nothing fit ?
Whilst weighty Something modestly abstains
From princes' coffers, and from statesmen's brains,
And nothing there like stately Nothing reigns.
Nothing, who dwell'st with fools in grave disguise,
For whom they reverend shapes and forms devise,
Lawn sleeves, and furs, and gowns, when they like thee
look wise.
French truth, Dutch prowess, British policy,
Hibernian learning, Scotch civility,
Spaniards' dispatch, Danes' wit, are mainly seen in thee.
The great man's gratitude to his best friend,
Kings' promises, whores' vows, towards thee they bend,
Flow swiftly into thee, and in thee ever end.
LOVE AND LIFE: A SONG.
All my past life is mine no more,
The flying hours are gone :
Like transitory dreams given o'er,
Whose images are kept in store
By memory alone.
The time that is to come is not;
How can it then be mine ?
The present moment 's all my lot ;
And that, as fast as it is got,
Phillis, is only thine.
Then talk not of inconstancy,
False hearts, and broken vows ;
If I, by miracle, can be
This live-long minute true to thee,
'Tis all that heaven allows.
ANDREW MARVELL. 117
THIS upright, uncompromising patriot, and honoured friend of Milton, was
bom at Hull, in 1620. At the age of fifteen, young Marvell, while pursuing
his studies at Cambridge, was allured from the College by the Jesuits, who
marked his promising talents, and wished to secure him as a proselyte. His
father, however, followed him to London, rescued him from their machina-
tions, and sent him back to the University. Having lost this careful parent in
1640, through a melancholy accident, Marvell was adopted by a wealthy lady, by
whose kindness he was enabled to perfect his education, and make a tour through
a large part of Europe ; in the course of which he resided for some time at
Constantinople, as Secretary to the English embassy. In 1653, he was employed
by Cromwell, first as guardian to a Mr. Dutton, and afterwards as Assistant
Latin Secretary to Milton, a year and a half before the death of the latter.
Marvell, in 1660, and as long as he lived, sat in Parliament as the representa-
tive of his native town of Hull His zealous attendance upon his duties in
the House of Commons was so constant and unwearied, as to excite the admi-
ration of all parties, while his disinterestedness and indifference to wealth, in
an age of venality, and while his means were extremely limited, would have
ranked him among the noblest characters of ancient Greece or Rome. He died
in 1678. He left few poetical pieces ; but they are valuable as the spontaneous
outpourings of a pure, warm, affectionate heart, refined by extensive learning
and a good natural taste.
THE NYMPH COMPLAINING FOR THE DEATH OF HER FAWN.
The wanton troopers riding by
Have shot my fawn, and it will die.
Ungentle men ! they cannot thrive
Who kill'd thee. Thou ne'er didst alive
Them any harm ; alas ! nor could
Thy death to them do any good.
I'm sure I never wish'd them ill ;
Nor do I for all this ; nor will :
But, if my simple prayers may yet
Prevail with heaven to forget
Thy murder, I will join my tears,
Rather than fail. But, O my fears !
It cannot die so. Heaven's king
Keeps register of every thing,
And nothing may we use in vain ;
Ev'n beasts must be with justice slain.
Inconstant Sylvio, when yet
I had not found him counterfeit,
118 MARVELL.
One morning (I remember well),
Tied in this silver chain and bell,
Gave it to me : nay, and I know
What he said then : I'm sure I do.
Said he, " Look how your huntsman here
Hath taught a Fawn to hunt his Deer."
But Syivio soon had me beguiled :
This waxed tame while he grew wild,
And, quite regardless of my smart,
Left me his Fawn, but took his heart.
Thenceforth I set myself to play
My solitary time away
With this, and very well content
Could so my idle life have spent ;
For it was full of sport, and light
Of foot, and heart ; and did invite
Me to its game ; it seem'd to bless
Itself in me. How could I less
Than love it ? Oh, I cannot be
Unkind t' a beast that loveth me.
Had it lived long, I do not know
Whether it too might have done so
As Syivio did ; his gifts might be
Perhaps as false, or more, than he.
But I am sure, for aught that I
Could in so short a time espy,
Thy love was far more better than
The love of false and cruel man.
With sweetest milk and sugar first
I it at my own fingers nursed ;
And as it grew, so every day
It wax'd more white and sweet than they :
It had so sweet a breath. And oft
I blush'd to see its foot more soft
And white, shall I say than my hand ?
Nay, any lady's of the land.
It is a wondrous thing how fleet
'Twas on those little silver feet ;
With what a pretty skipping grace
It oft would challenge me the race ;
And when 't had left me far away,
'Twould stay, and run again, and stay ;
For it was nimbler much than hinds,
And trod as if on the four winds.
I have a garden of my own,
But so with roses overgrown,
MARVEL!,.
And lilies, that you would it guess
To be a little wilderness,
And all the spring time of the year
It only loved to be there.
Among the beds of lilies I
Have sought it oft where it should lie,
Yet could not, till itself would rise,
Find it, although before mine eyes ;
For in the flaxen lilies' shade
It like a bank of lilies laid ;
Upon the roses it would feed
Until its lips e'en seem'd to bleed ;
And then to me 'twould boldly trip,
And print those roses on my lip.
But all its chief delight was still
On roses thus itself to fill,
And its pure virgin limbs to fold
In whitest sheets of lilies cold.
Had it lived long, it would have been
Lilies without, roses within.
119
120 SAMUEL BUTLER.
THE celebrated author of Hudibras was born at Strensham in Worcestershire,
in 1612. It cannot be ascertained whether he enjoyed a University education
or not; but it is evident that his scholarship, however acquired, was both
various and profound. It was fortunate, also, that the services in which he
was successively employed were favourable for the development of his love of
study, the first of these being the employment of clerk to Mr. Jefferys, an
eminent magistrate in Worcestershire, where he enjoyed ample leisure for
reading and meditation; and the second, an office in the household of the
Countess of Kent, where he had the use of an ample library, and the society
of the learned Selden, the friend and instructor of poets. We next find him
in the employ of Sir Samuel Luke, one of Cromwell's officers, where he had
abundant opportunities of studying the manners of the Puritans ; and here, it
is supposed, he conceived the first idea of his satirical epic of Hudibras, and
collected the principal materials.
On the accession of Charles II. at the Restoration, Butler hoped that the
loyalty he had evinced in evil times would not pass unremembered ; but on
this occasion he found, like many others who had still stronger claims upon
royal gratitude, that Charles had extended the Act of Oblivion to friends as
well as foes. Although, on the publication of the first part of Hudibras in
1603, the work became the delight of the court, and was frequently quoted by
the king, the poet reaped nothing but this empty applause, as the reward of
his genius and labours. In the following year the second part was published,
but with the same results. We are also told, that Butler had been taught to
expect much from the patronage of the Duke of Buckingham, who engaged
to recommend the poet to his majesty ; but as that volatile nobleman was as
heartless and thoughtless as his royal master, the promise was never fulfilled.
Butler, however, still continued to write amidst obscurity and discouragement,
and in 1678 the third part of Hudibras appeared. The elasticity of spirit,
however, which had hitherto lent such a charm to the work, had been greatly
impaired from the above-mentioned causes, so that this part is considerably
inferior to the other two. Butler's death followed in 1680, when he was buried
at the sole expense of a friend, in the churchyard of Govent Garden, after a
place of interment in Westminster Abbey had been refused.
The poem of Hudibras was evidently suggested by the adventures of Don
Quixotte. Cervantes, in sending his hero upon a chivalrous crusade to right
wrongs, redress grievances, and make all mankind confess that Dulcinea del
Tobosa was the peerless beauty of the world, intended to portray Charles V.
and his wars to right the church, and bring all sects and opinions to one way of
thinking. Charles, baffled in his attempt, retired to a cell, and there discovered
how hopeless it was to force the whole world to think and act alike ; and
accordingly the knight of La Mancha, after being cudgelled and duped, retires
to his peaceful home, becomes a sober-thinking man, and discovers that chivalry
is a delusion. In the same manner, Butler intended to display the career of
Puritanism during the period of the civil wars, its abhorrence of all amusements,
its gloom, hypocrisy, and duplicity ; and for this purpose he impersonated it in
Sir Hudibras, who went forth "a colonelling" against bear-baiting, and every
popular sport, and ended by being a cheat and a dupe. He has accoutred the
hero with every requisite, and thrust him into every adventure, by which such
a picture could be illustrated, while the singularity of figures, language,
measure, and rhyme, in which the narrative is embodied, adds poignancy to the
original conception. Like Cervantes, also, Butler has brought to the task an
amount of learning, and a depth of observation, that indicate the labour and
thought of years, rather than the easy and spontaneous overflow of an author
writing merely to amuse. We must add, however, that the Puritan of Butler
is an aggravated caricature, rather than a faithful portrait; and that, like too
many wits, who endeavour to apply the test of ridicule to religious errors, he
has frequently confounded a conscientious pveciseness with affectation, and
religious fervour with hypocrisy.
BUTLER.
DESCRIPTION OF HUDIBRAS.
When civil dudgeon first grew high,
And men fell out they knew not why :
When hard words, jealousies, and fears,
Set folks together by the ears,
And made them fight, like mad or drunk,
For Dame Religion, as for punk;
Whose honesty they all durst swear for,
Though not a man of them knew wherefore ;
When Gospel-trumpeter, surrounded
With long-ear'd rout, to battle sounded ;
And pulpit, drum ecclesiastic,
Was beat with fist instead of a stick ;
Then did Sir Knight abandon dwelling.
And out he rode a colonelling.
122 BUTLER.
A wight he was, whose very sight would
Entitle him Mirror of Knighthood,
That never bow'd his stubborn knee
To any thing but Chivalry,
Nor put up blow, but that which laid
Right Worshipful on shoulder-blade ;
Chief of domestic knights and errant,
Either for chartel or for warrant ;
Great on the bench, great in the saddle,
That could as well bind o'er as swaddle ;
Mighty he was at both of these,
And styled of War, as well as Peace :
(So some rats, of amphibious nature,
Are either for the land or water :)
But here our authors make a doubt
Whether he were more wise or stout :
Some hold the one, and some the other,
But, howsoe'er they make a pother,
The difference was so small, his brain
Outweigh'd his rage but half a grain ;
Which made some take him for a tool
That knaves do work with, call'd a Fool.
For 't has been held by many, that
As Montaigne, playing with his cat,
Complains she thought him but an ass,
Much more she would Sir Hudibras
(For that 's the name our valiant Knight
To all his challenges did write) :
But they 're mistaken very much ;
'Tis plain enough he was no such.
We grant, although he had much wit,
H' was very shy of using it,
As being loth to wear it out,
And therefore bore it not about ;
Unless on holy-days, or so,
As men their best apparel do.
Beside 'tis known he could speak Greek
As naturally as pigs squeak ;
That Latin was no more difficile,
Than to a blackbird 'tis to whistle :
Being rich in both, he never scanted
His bounty unto such as wanted ;
But much of either would afford
To many that had not one word.
For Hebrew roots, although they 're found
To floxirish most in barren ground,
BUTLER. 123
He had such plenty, as sufficed
To make some think him circumcised.
For his religion, it was fit
To match his learning and his wit :
'Twas Presbyterian true blue ;
For he was of that stubborn crew
Of errant saints, whom all men grant
To be the true Church Militant ;
Such as do build their faith upon
The holy text of pike and gun ;
Decide all controversies by
Infallible artillery ;
And prove their doctrine orthodox
By apostolic blows and knocks ;
Call fire, and sword, and desolation,
A godly, thorough Reformation,
Which always must be carried on,
And still be doing, never done ;
As if Religion were intended
For nothing else but to be mended :
A sect whose chief devotion lies
In odd perverse antipathies ;
In falling out with that or this,
And finding somewhat still amiss ;
More peevish, cross, and splenetic,
Than dog distract, or monkey sick ;
That with more care keep holy-day
The wrong, than others the right way ;
Compound for sins they are inclined to,
By damning those they have no mind to :
Still so perverse and opposite,
As if they worshipp'd God for spite :
The self-same thing they will abhor
One way, and long another for :
Free-will they one way disavow,
Another, nothing else allow :
All piety consists therein
In them, in other men all sin :
Rather than fail, they will defy
That which they love most tenderly ;
Quarrel with minced pies, and disparage
Their best and dearest friend, plum-porridge ;
Fat pig and goose itself oppose,
And blaspheme custard through the nose.
124 BUTLER.
Thus was he gifted and accoutred,
We mean on th' inside, not the outward :
That next of all we shall discuss ;
Then listen, Sirs, it follows thus.
His tawny beard was th' equal grace
Both of his wisdom and his face ;
In cut and dye so like a tile,
A sudden view it would beguile ;
The upper part whereof was whey,
The nether orange, mix'd with grey.
* * * *
His back, or rather burthen, show'd
As if it stoop'd with its own load :
For as ^Eneas bore his sire
Upon his shoulders through the fire,
Our Knight did bear no less a pack
Of his own buttocks on his back ;
Which now had almost got the upper-
Hand of his head for want of crupper :
To poise this equally, he bore
A paunch of the same bulk before,
Which still he had a special care
To keep well cramm'd with thrifty fare ;
As white-pot, butter-milk, and curds,
Such as a country house affords ;
With other victual, which anon
We farther shall dilate upon,
When of his hose we come to treat,
The cupboard where he kept his meat.
His doublet was of sturdy buff,
And though not sword, yet cudgel-proof,
Whereby 'twas fitter for his use,
Who fear'd no blows but such as bruise.
His breeches were of rugged woollen,
And had been at the siege of Bullen ;
To old King Harry so well known,
Some writers held they were his own :
Through they were lined with many a piece
Of ammunition bread and cheese,
And fat black puddings, proper food
For warriors that delight in blood :
For, as we said, he always chose
To carry vittle in his hose,
That often tempted rats and mice
The ammunition to surprise ;
BUTLER. 125
And when he put a hand but in
The one or t' other magazine,
They stoutly in defence on 't stood,
And from the wounded foe drew blood,
And till th' were storm'd and beaten out,
Ne'er left the fortified redoubt :
And though knights-errant, as some think,
Of old did neither eat nor drink,
Because when thorough deserts vast,
And regions desolate, they past,
Where belly-timber above ground,
Or under, was not to be found,
Unless they grazed, there 's not one word
Of their provision on record ;
Which made some confidently write,
They had no stomachs but to fight :
'Tis false ; for Arthur wore in hall
Round table like a farthingal,
On which, with shirt pull'd out behind,
And eke before, his good knights dined ;
Though 'twas no table some suppose,
But a huge pair of round trunk hose,
In which he carried as much meat
As he and all the knights could eat,
When laying by their swords and truncheons,
They took their breakfasts or their nuncheons.
But let that pass at present, lest
We should forget where we digrest,
As learned authors use, to whom
We leave it, and to th' purpose come.
His puissant sword unto his side,
Near his undaunted heart, was tied,
With basket-hilt that would hold broth,
And serve for fight and dinner both ;
In it he melted lead for bullets
To shoot at foes, and sometimes pullets,
To whom he bore so fell a grutch,
He ne'er gave quarter to any such.
The trenchant blade, Toledo trusty,
For want of fighting was grown rusty,
And ate into itself, for lack
Of somebody to hew and hack :
The peaceful scabbard, where it dwelt,
The rancour of its edge had felt ;
For of the lower end two handful
It had devoured, 'twas so manful,
H
126 BUTLER.
And so much ecorn'd to lurk in case,
As if it durst not show its face.
In many desperate attempts
Of warrants, exigents, contempts,
It had appear'd with courage bolder
Than Serjeant Bum invading shoulder :
Oft had it ta'en possession,
And prisoners too, or made them run.
This sword a dagger had, his page,
That was but little for his age,
And therefore waited on him so,
As dwarfs upon knights-errant do :
It was a serviceable dudgeon,
Either for fighting or for drudging :
When it had stabb'd, or broke a head,
It would scrape trenchers, or chip bread ;
Toast cheese or bacon ; though it were
To bait a mouse-trap, 'twould not care :
'Twould make clean shoes, and in the earth
Set leeks and onions, and so forth :
It had been 'prentice to a brewer,
Where this and more it did endure,
But left the trade, as many more
Have lately done on the same score.
In th' holsters, at his saddle-bow,
Two aged pistols he did stow,
Among the surplus of such meat
As in his hose he could not get :
These would inveigle rats with th' scent,
To forage when the cocks were bent,
And sometimes catch them with a snap,
As cleverly as th' ablest trap :
They were upon hard duty still,
And every night stood sentinel,
To guard the magazine i' th' hose
From two-legg'd and from four-legg'd foes.
FORTUNE OF HUD1BRAS IN BATTLE.
For Colon, chusing out a stone,
Levell'd so right, it thump'd upon
His manly paunch with such a force,
As almost beat hjnq off his horse.
BUTLER. 12?
He loosed his whinyard, and the rein,
But laying fast hold on the mane,
Preserved his seat : and as a goose
In death contracts his talons close,
So did the Knight, and with one claw,
The tricker of his pistol draw.
The gun went off; and as it was
Still fatal to stout Hudibras,
In all his feats of arms, when least
He dreamt of it to prosper best,
So now he fared : the shot, let fly
At random 'mong the enemy,
Pierced Talgol's gabardine, and grazing
Upon his shoulder, in the passing
Lodged in Magnano's brass habergeon,
Who straight, A surgeon cried, a surgeon :
He tumbled down, and as he fell,
Did Murther, Murther, Murther, yell.
COMBAT BETWEEN TRULLA AND HUDIBRAS.
This said, he jogg'd his good steed nigher,
And steer'd him gently towards the Squire,
Then bowing down his body, stretch'd
His hand out, and at Ralpho reach'd ;
When Trulla, whom he did not mind,
Charged him like lightening behind.
She had been long in search about
Magnano's wound, to find it out,
But could find none, nor where the shot
That had so startled him was got :
But, having found the worst was past,
She fell to her own work at last,
The pillage of the prisoners,
Which in all feats of arms was her's ;
And now to plunder Ralph she flew,
When Hudibras's hard fate drew
To succour him ; for as he bow'd
To help him up, she laid a load
Of blows so heavy, and placed so well,
On th' other side, that down he fell.
Yield, scoundrel base (quoth she), or die;
Thy life is mine, and liberty ;
But if thou think'st I took thee tardy,
And dar'st presume to be so hardy
H2
128 BUTLER.
To try thy fortune o'er afresh,
I'll wave my title to thy flesh,
Thy arms and baggage, now my right,
And, if thou hast the heart to try 't,
I'll lend thee back thyself a while,
And once more, for that carcase vile,
Fight upon tick. Quoth Hudibras,
Thou offer' st nobly, valiant lass,
And I shall take thee at thy word.
First let me rise and take my sword ;
That sword which has so oft this day
Through squadrons of my foes made way,
And some to other worlds dispatcht,
Now with a feeble spinster match t,
Will blush, with blood ignoble stain'd,
By which no honour 's to be gain'd :
But if thou'lt take m' advice in this,
Consider, whilst thou may'st, what 'tis
To interrupt a victor's course,
B' opposing such a trivial force:
For if with conquest I come off
(And that I shall do sure enough),
Quarter thou canst not have, nor grace,
By law of arms, in such a case ;
Both which I now do offer freely.
I scorn (quoth she), thou coxcomb silly,
Quarter or counsel from a foe ;
If thou canst force me to it, do :
But lest it should again be said,
When I have once more won thy head,
I took thee napping, unprepared,
Arm, and betake thee to thy guard.
This said, she to her tackle fell,
And on the Knight let fall a peal
Of blows so fierce, and press'd so home,
That he retired, and follow'd 's bum.
Stand to 't (quoth she), or yield to mercy ;
It is not fighting arsie-versie
Shall serve thy turn. This stirr'd his spleen
More than the danger he was in,
The blows he felt, or was to feel,
Although th' already made him reel ;
Honour, despite, revenge, and shame,
At once into his stomach came ;
Which fired it so, he raised his arm
Above his head, and rain'd a storm
Of blows so terrible and thick,
BUILEB. 129
As if he meant to hash her quick :
But she upon her truncheon took them,
And by oblique diversion broke them,
Waiting an opportunity
To pay all back with usury,
Which long she fail'd not of; for now
The Knight with one dead-doing blow
Resolving to decide the fight,
And she with quick and cunning sleight
Avoiding it, the force and weight
He charged upon it was so great,
As almost sway'd him to the ground :
No sooner she th' advantage found,
But in she flew ; and seconding,
With home-made thrust, the heavy swing,
She laid him flat upon his side,
And, mounting on his trunk astride,
Quoth she, I told thee what would come
Of all thy vapouring, base scum :
Say, will the law of arms allow
I may have grace and quarter now ?
Or wilt thou rather break thy word,
And stain thine honour, than thy sword?
A man of war to damn his soul,
In basely breaking his parole ;
And when before the fight, th' had'st vow'd
To give no quarter in cold blood ;
Now thou hast got me for a Tartar,
To make me against my will take quarter,
Why dost not put me to the sword,
But cowardly fly from thy word ?
Quoth Hudibras, The day's thine own ;
Thou and thy stars have cast me down :
My laurels are transplanted now,
And flourish on thy conquering brow :
My loss of honour 's great enough,
Thou need'st not brand it with a scoft' :
Sarcasms may eclipse thine own,
But cannot blur my lost renown :
I am not now in Fortune's power,
He that is down can fall no lower.
The ancient heroes were illustrious
For being benign, and not blustrous
Against a vanquish'd foe : their swords
Were sharp and trenchant, not their words ;
And did in fight but cut work out
T' employ their courtesies about.
130 BUT I. Ell.
Quoth she, Although thou hast deserved,
Base Slubberdegullion, to be served
As thou didst vow to deal with me,
If thou hadst got the victory ;
Yet I shall rather act a part
That suits my fame, than thy desert.
Thy arms, thy liberty, beside
All that *s on th" outside of thy hide,
Are mine by military law,
Of which I will not bate one straw ;
The rest, thy life and limbs, once more,
Though doubly forfeit, I restore.
* * * *
This said, the Knight did straight submit
And laid his weapons at her feet.
Next he disrobed his gabardine,
And with it did himself resign.
She took it, and forthwith divesting
The mantle that she wore, said, jesting,
Take that, and wear it for my sake ;
Then threw it o'er his sturdy back.
WENTWORTH DILLON, EA.HL OF BOSCOMMON. 131
WENTWORTH DILLON, Earl of Roscommon, was born in Ireland about the
year 1633, during the lieutenancy of the Earl of Strafford, his maternal uncle, in
that kingdom ; and by whom he was sent to Yorkshire at an early period, when
the Irish disorders menaced the safety of the Protestant nobles and their families.
When Strafford himself was about to be impeached, Dillon was sent to Caen,
being then only nine years old. After studying there for some years, and perfecting
himself in classical attainments, the troubled state of England deterred him from
returning, and Roscommon travelled into Italy, where he gratified his love of
antiquity by collecting valuable ancient relics, and especially medals, in which
he was a distinguished connoisseur. On the Restoration, he returned to England,
threw himself headlong into the frivolities and vices of the times, and impo-
verished himself by gaming and other excesses. He afterwards married, and
devoted himself more closely to literature, until his death, which took place in
1684. The poems of this Earl are few, but his verses are distinguished by their
polish, and, what is more, by their morality a rare quality for the age in which
he lived.
" In all Charles' days
Roscommon only boasts unspotted lays." POPE.
COMPARISON BETWEEN FRENCH AND ENGLISH TRANSLATORS
OF POETRY.
When France had breathed after intestine broils,
And peace and conquest crown'd her foreign toils,
There (cultivated by a royal hand)
Learning grew fast, and spread, and blest the land ;
The choicest books that Rome or Greece have known,
Her excellent translators made her own :
And Europe still considerably gains,
Both by their good example and their pains.
From hence our generous emulation came,
We undertook, and we perform'd the same.
But now, we show the world a nobler way,
And in translated verse do more than they ;
Serene and clear, harmonious Horace flows,
With sweetness not to be exprest in prose :
Degrading prose explains his meaning ill,
And shows the stuff, but not the workman's skill :
I (who have served him more than twenty years)
Scarce know my master as he there appears.
Vain are our neighbours' hopes, and vain their cares,
The fault is more their language's than theirs :
'Tis courtly, florid, and abounds in words
Of softer sound than ours perhaps affords ;
But who did ever in French authors see
The comprehensive English energy?
The weighty bullion of one sterling line,
Drawn to French wire, would through whole pages shiue.
I speak my private, but impartial sense,
With freedom, and (I hope) without offence;
132 WENTWORTH DILLON.
For I '11 recant, when France can show me wit
As strong as ours, and as succinctly writ.
Front An Essay on Translated t'ene.
ODE UPON SOLITUDE.
Hail, sacred Solitude ! from this calm bay,
I view the world's tempestuous sea,
And with wise pride despise
All those senseless vanities :
With pity moved for others, cast away
On rocks of hopes and fears, I see them toss'd
On rocks of folly, and of vice, I see them lost
Some the prevailing malice of the great,
Unhappy men or adverse Fate,
Sunk deep into the gulphs of an afflicted state.
But more, far more, a numberless prodigious train,
Whilst Virtue courts them, but alas in vain,
Fly from her kind embracing arms,
Deaf to her fondest call, blind to her greatest charms ;
And, sunk in pleasures and in brutish ease,
They in their shipwreck'd state themselves obdurate please.
Hail, sacred solitude ! soul of my soul,
It is by thee I truly live,
Thou dost a better life and nobler vigour give ;
Dost each unruly appetite control :
Thy constant quiet fills my peaceful breast
With unmix'd joy, uninterrupted rest.
Presuming love does ne'er invade
This private solitary shade :
And, with fantastic wounds by beauty made,
The joy has no allay of jealousy, hope, and fear,
The solid comforts of this happy sphere :
Yet I exalted Love admire,
Friendship, abhorring sordid gain,
And purified from Lust's dishonest stain :
Nor is it for my solitude unfit,
For I am with my friend alone,
As if we were but one ;
'Tis the polluted love that multiplies,
But friendship does two souls in one comprise.
Here in a full and constant tide doth flow
All blessings man can hope to know ;
Here in a deep recess of thought we find
Pleasures which entertain, and which exalt the mind ;
WENTWOKTH DILLON. 133
Pleasures which do from friendship and from knowledge
rise,
Which make us happy, as they make us wise :
Here may I always on this downy grass,
Unknown, unseen, my easy minutes pass :
Till with a gentle force victorious death
My solitude invade,
And, stopping for a while my breath,
With ease convey me to a better shade.
THE CONFIDENT QUACK.
A quack (too scandalously mean to name)
Had, by man-midwifery, got wealth and fame :
As if Lucina had forgot her trade,
The labouring wife invokes his surer aid.
Well-season' d bowls the gossip's spirits raise,
Who, while she guzzles, chats the doctor's praise ;
And largely, what she wants in words, supplies,
With maudlin-eloquence of trickling eyes.
But what a thoughtless animal is man !
(How very active in his own trepan !)
For, greedy of physicians' frequent fees,
From female mellow praise he takes degrees :
Struts in a new unlicensed gown, and then
From saving women falls to killing men.
Another such had left the nation thin,
In spite of all the children he brought in.
His pills as thick as hand-granadoes flew ;
And where they fell, as certainly they slew ;
His name struck every where as great a damp,
As Archimedes through the Roman camp.
With this, the doctor's pride began to cool ;
For smarting soundly may convince a fool.
But now repentance came too late for grace :
And meagre Famine stared him in the face :
Fain would he to the wives be reconciled,
But found no husband left to own a child.
The friends, that got the brats, were poison'd too ;
In this sad case, what could our vermin do ?
Worried with debts and past all hope of'bail,
Th' unpitied wretch lies rotting in a jail :
And there with basket-alms, scarce kept alive,
Shows how mistaken talents ought to thrive.
from An Essay on Translated Vcrte.
134 CHARLES COTTON.
CHARLES COTTON was born in 1630. After studying at Cambridge, and travel-
ling abroad, he married at his return to England the daughter of Sir Thomas
Owthorp. As, however, he inherited a heavily encumbered estate, and possessed
extravagant habits, he was obliged to embrace the military profession as a means
of subsistence ; and he went as a captain to Ireland, where he married his second
wife, Mary, Countess Dowager of Ardglass. Cotton still continued to indulge
his reckless habits of expense, and died insolvent at Westminster, in 1687. Of
his poetry, his chief production is, A Voyage to Ireland, in burlesque, in which
there is considerable comic humour, delivered in an unconstrained and lively
manner. He also wrote a disgusting burlesque translation of part of the ./Eneid.
A HOST AND HOSTESS.
" A hay ! " quoth the foremost, " ho ! who keeps the
house?"
Which said, out an host comes as brisk as a louse ;
His hair comb'd as sleek as a barber he 'd been,
A cravat with black ribbon tied under his chin ;
Though by what I saw in him, I straight 'gan to fear
That knot would be one day slipp'd under his ear.
Quoth he (with low conge), " What lack you, my lord ?"
" The best liquor," quoth I, " that the house will afford."
" You shall straight," quoth he ; and then calls out,
" Mary,
Come quickly, and bring us a quart of Canary."
" Hold, hold, my spruce host ! for i' th' morning so early,
I never drink liquor but what's made of barley."
Which words were scarce out, but, which made me admire,
My lordship was presently turn'd into 'squire :
" Ale, 'squire, you mean?" quoth he nimbly again,
' What, must it be purl'd?" " No, I love it best plain."
" Why, if you '11 drink ale, sir, pray take my advice,
Here 's the best ale i' th' land, if you '11 go to the price ;
Better, I sure am, ne'er blew out a stopple ;
But then, in plain truth, it is sixpence a bottle."
" Why faith," quoth I, " friend, if your liquor be such,
For the best ale in England, it is not too much :
Let 's have it, and quickly." "O sir ! you may stay ;
A pot in your pate is a mile in your way :
Come, bring out a bottle here presently, wife,
Of the best Cheshire hum he e'er drank in his life."
Straight out comes the mistress in waistcoat of silk,
As clear as a milkmaid, as white as her milk,
With visage as oval and sleek as an egg,
As straight as an arrow, as right as my leg :
A curtsey she made, as demure as a sister,
I could not forbear, but alighted and kiss'd her :
COTTON. 1 35
Then ducking another with most modest mien,
The first word she said, was, " Will 't please you walk
in?"
I thank'd her ; but told her, I then could not stay,
For the haste of my bus'ness did call me away.
She said, she was sorry it fell out so odd,
But if, when again I should travel that road,
I would stay there a night, she assured me the nation
Should no where afford better accommodation.
From A Voyage to Ireland : Canto I.
COTTON'S ACCOUNT OF HIMSELF.
Supper being ended, and things away taken,
Master mayor's curiosity 'gan to awaken ;
Wherefore making me draw something nearer his chair,
He will'd and required me there to declare
My country, my birth, my estate, and my parts,
And whether I was not a master of arts ;
And eke what the bus'ness was had brought me thither,
With what I was going about now, and whither :
Giving me caution, no lie should escape me,
For if I should trip, he should certainly trap me.
I answer'd, my country was famed Staffordshire ;
That in deeds, bills, and bonds, I was ever writ squire ;
That of land I had both sorts, some good, and some evil,
But that a great part on 't was pawn'd to the Devil ;
That as for my parts, they were such as he saw;
That, indeed, I had a small smatt'ring of Jaw,
Which I lately had got more by practice than reading
By sitting o' th' bench, whilst others were pleading ;
But that arms I had ever more studied than arts,
And was now to a captain raised by my deserts ;
That the business which led me through Palatine ground
Into Ireland was, whither now I was bound;
Where his worship's great favour I loud will proclaim,
And in all other places wherever I came.
He said, as to that, I might do what I list,
But that I was welcome, and gave me his fist;
When having my fingers made crack with his gripes,
He calTd to his man for some bottles and pipes.
From A Voyage to Ireland : Canto II.
136 CHARLES SACKVILLE, EABL OF DOKSEI.
CBARLES SACKVILIP, Earl of Dorset, was born January 24th, 1637. He was
educated under a private tutor, and afterwards he travelled into Italy, from
which he returned a little before the Restoration. He soon became a favourite
of Charles II., and distinguished himself as a leader in the profligacy and excesses
of the courtiers. In the naval war with the Dutch, he attended the Duke of York
as a volunteer, in 1665, was present at the victory obtained on the 3d of June, and,
as the report was generally current, composed the song, " To all you ladies now
at land," on the evening preceding the engagement After being employed in
political business during the reigns of Charles II. and James II., Lord Dorset
took a decided part in favour of the Revolution, and became a favourite with
William, by whom he was appointed lord-chamberlain of the household. His
lordship died January 19th, 1706. His poetry consists of only a few fugitive
pieces.
TO MR. EDWARD HOWARD, ON HIS INCOMPARABLE, INCOM-
PREHENSIBLE POEM, CALLED THE BRITISH PRINCES.
Come on, ye Critics, find one fault who dares ;
For read it backward, like a witch's prayers,
'Twill do as well ; throw not away your jests
On solid nonsense that abides all tests.
Wit, like tierce-claret, when 't begins to pall,
Neglected lies, and 's of no use at all,
But, in its full perfection of decay,
Turns vinegar, and comes again in play.
Thou hast a brain, such as it is indeed ;
On what else should thy worm of fancy feed ?
Yet in a filbert I have often known
Maggots survive, when all the kernel's gone.
This simile shall stand in thy defence,
'Gainst those dull rogues who now and then write sense.
Thy style 's the same, whatever be thy theme,
As some digestions turn all meat to phlegm :
They lie, dear Ned, who say thy brain is barren,
Where deep conceits, like maggots, breed in carrion.
Thy stumbling founder'd jade can trot as high
As any other Pegasus can fly :
So the dull eel moves nimbler in the mud,
Than all the swift-finn'd racers of the flood.
As skilful divers to the bottom fall
Sooner than those who cannot swim at all ;
So in this way of writing, without thinking,
Thou hast a strange alacrity in sinking.
Thou writ'st below ev'n thy own natural parts,
And with acquired dulness and new arts
Of studied nonsense, tak'st kind readers' hearts.
EARL OF DORSET. 137
Therefore, dear Ned, at my advice, forbear
Such loud complaints 'gainst critics to prefer,
Since thou art turn'd an arrant libeller ;
Thou sett'st thy name to what thyself dost write ;
Did ever libel yet so sharply bite ?
SONG.
Corydon beneath a willow,
By a murmuring current laid,
His arm reclined, the lover's pillow,
Thus address'd the charming maid.
O ! my Sacharissa, tell
How could Nature take delight
That a heart so hard should dwell
In a frame so soft and white.
Could you feel but half the anguish,
Half the tortures, that I bear,
How for you I daily languish,
You 'd be kind as you are fair.
See the fire that in me reigns,
O ! behold a burning man ;
Think I feel my dying pains,
And be cruel if you can.
With her conquest pleased, the dame
Cried, with an insulting look,
Yes, I fain would quench your flame ;
She spoke, and pointed to the brook.
fRITTEN AT SEA, IN THE FIRST DUTCH WAR, 1665, THE NIGHT BEKOUE
AN ENGAGEMENT.
To all you ladies now at land,
We men, at sea, indite ;
But first would have you understand,
How hard it is to write ;
The Muses now, and Neptune too,
We must implore to write to you.
With a fa, la, la, la, la.
138 EARL OF DORSET.
For though the Muses should prove kind,
And fill our empty brain ;
Yet if rough Neptune rouse the wind,
To wave the azure main,
Our paper, pen, and ink, and we,
Roll up and down our ships at sea.
With a fa, &c.
Then if we write not by each post,
Think not we are unkind ;
Nor yet conclude our ships are lost,
By Dutchmen, or by wind :
Our tears we'll send a speedier way,
The tide shall bring them twice a-day.
With a fa, &c.
The king, with wonder and surprise,
Will swear the seas grow bold ;
Because the tides will higher rise,
Than e'er they used of old :
But let him know, it is our tears
Bring floods of grief to Whitehall stairs.
With a fa, &c.
Should foggy Opdam chance to know
Our sad and dismal story;
The Dutch would scorn so weak a foe,
And quit their fort at Goree :
For what resistance can they find
From men who 've left their hearts behind !
With a fa, &c.
Let wind and weather do its worst,
Be you to us but kind ;
Let Dutchmen vapour, Spaniards curse,
No sorrow we shall find :
'Tis then no matter how things go,
Or who 's our friend, or who 's our foe.
With a fa, &c.
To pass our tedious hours away,
We throw a merry main ;
Or else at serious ombre play ;
But, why should we in vain
Each other's ruin thus pursue?
We were undone when we left you.
With a fa, &c.
EARL OF DORSET. 139
But now our fears tempestuous grow,
And cast our hopes away ;
Whilst you, regardless of our woe,
Sit careless at a play :
Perhaps, permit some happier man
To kiss your hand, or flirt your fan.
With a fa, &c.
When any mournful tune you hear,
That dies in every note ;
As if it sigh'd with each man's care,
For being so remote ;
Think how often love we 've made
To you, when all those tunes were play'd.
With a fa, &c.
In justice you cannot refuse,
To think of our distress ;
When we for hopes of honour lose
Our certain happiness ;
All those designs are but to prove
Ourselves more worthy of your love.
With a fa, &c.
And now we 've told you all our loves,
And likewise all our fears ;
In hopes this declaration moves
Some pity from your tears ;
Let 's hear of no inconstancy,
We have too much of that at sea.
With a fa, la, la, la, la.
SONG.
Dorinda's sparkling wit and eyes,
United, cast too fierce a light,
Which blazes high, but quickly dies,
Pains not the heart, but hurts the sight.
Love is a calmer, gentler joy,
Smooth are his looks, and soft his pace ;
Her Cupid is a black-guard boy,
That runs his link full in your face.
140 JOHN DRYDEN.
THIS great poet, who ranks next to Milton and Shakspeare, was born at
A Id winkle, near Oundle, on the 9th of August, 1631. He was first educated
in Westminster School, and afterwards in Trinity College, Cambridge. He
must have commenced the writing of poetry at an early period, as his poem.
On the Death of Lord Hastings, was published in 1649, when he was not more
than eighteen years old. After the death of Cromwell, in 1658, when his mind
had been matured by study, he stepped forth to public notice by his Heroic
Stanzas on the late Lord Protector, a subject which, from its intrinsic great-
ness, seems to have wrung mournful lyrics even from those who were the first
to hymn the arrival of Charles II. Dryden, upon this occasion, was as eager
as the rest to welcome the new" sovereign, which he did in his Astrsea Redux.
It would appear, however, that, like his tuneful brethren, after having sown
the wind of panegyric, he was fated to reap the whirlwind of disappointment
for he was obliged to betake himself to a less congenial, although a more
profitable, department of poetry, and write for the stage, which he continued
to do for many years. At intervals he continued to produce several poems,
which raised his reputation above all his contemporaries, and in 1668 he suc-
ceeded Davenant as Poet Laureate.
Dryden, however, was not allowed to enjoy his high reputation undisturbed.
Envy was excited, and satire and slander were alternately circulated against him.
Among his most distinguished enemies were the Duke of Buckingham and the
Earl of Rochester, of whom the former ridiculed the poet in his well-known
farce, The Rehearsal ; while the latter took Settle, the antagonist of Dryden,
under his protection. But these, although studied insults, and calculated to
wound deeply, were not the worst. This Duke of Buckingham having written
an anonymous satire, reflecting upon the Duchess of Portsmouth, Dryden was
suspected of being the author, in consequence of which he was way-laid and
severely beatea To these evils were superadded the hardships of poverty, and,
during a period in which he was refining our language in verses that constitute
some of the noblest of our national literary treasures, Dryden was struggling
for subsistence, and obliged to depend upon the stinted allowances of his book-
sellers. Like Milton, too, he entertained the noble enthusiasm of writing some
epic that should redound to the glory of his country, and had fixed upon Prince
Arthur for his theme : but Charles and his frivolous courtiers were too deeply
immersed in sensuality to extend the necessary patronage for such a purpose,
and an opportunity, which the wealth of England cannot purchase back, was
lost, for want of one of those salaries which were so liberally dealt out to pimps
and parasites.
In 1681, Dryden inflicted a tremendous revenge upon his personal enemies, by
the publication of Absalom and Achitophel ; perhaps the most vigorous, as it
was also the most popular, of all his writings. The victims writhed, the nation
at large read, admired, and applauded ; and every reply only showed the hope-
lessness of encountering such a formidable antagonist
After the accession of James, and when Popery became the chief qualifica-
tion for court favour, Dryden renounced Protestantism, and became a Papist.
This change happened at a suspicious season, so that the honesty of his conver-
sion was called in question: but that he was sincere in his new creed was
sufficiently attested, by his educating his sons in the doctrines and worship of
the church of Rome. He now endeavoured to wield his pen in defence of the
Romish faith, and his chief attempt, in this new warfare, was, The Hind and
the Panther. But notwithstanding its splendid descriptions and vigorous sen-
timents, the plan of the work was too startling ; and the idea of two beasts
discussing arguments in theology, and quoting the Fathers, excited disgust or
merriment, so that, as a work of controversy, it proved a complete failure. If
the poet had hoped to obtain profit or court favour by changing his faith, these
hopes were completely blasted by the Revolution. He was deprived of the
laurel, which was given to his enemy, Shadwell ; and in his old days he wai
obliged to rely wholly upon his pen for subsistence. In this manner he laboured
till his death, which occurred on the 1st of May, 1701.
DRYDEN.
FROM AN ODE TO THE MEMORY OF MRS. ANNE KILLIGREW.
When in mid-air the golden trump shall sound,
To raise the nations under ground ;
When in the valley of Jehoshaphat,
The judging God shall close the book of fate ;
And there the last assizes keep,
For those who wake, and those who sleep :
When rattling bones together fly,
From the four corners of the sky ;
When sinews o'er the skeletons are spread,
Those clothed with flesh, and life inspires the dead ;
The sacred poets first shall hear the sound,
And foremost from the tomb shall bound,
For they are cover'd with the lightest ground ;
And straight, with inborn vigour, on the wing,
Like mountain larks, to the new morning sing.
There thou, sweet saint, before the quire shall go,
As harbinger of heaven, the way to show,
The way which thou so well hast learnt below.
142 DKYDEN.
TRUTH OF REVELATION.
Dar'st thou, poor worm, offend Infinity?
And must the terms of peace be given by thee ?
Then thou art Justice in the last appeal ;
Thy easy God instructs thee to rebel :
And, like a king remote and weak, must take
What satisfaction thou art pleased to make.
But if there be a power too just and strong,
To wink at crimes, and bear unpunish'd wrong ;
Look humbly upward, see his will disclose
The forfeit first, and then the fine impose :
A mulct thy poverty could never pay,
Had not eternal wisdom found the way :
And with celestial wealth supplied thy store :
His justice makes the fine, his mercy quits the score.
See God descending in thy human frame ;
Th' offended suffering in th' offender's name :
All thy misdeeds to him imputed see,
And all his righteousness devolved on thee.
For, granting we have sinn'd, and that th' offence
Of man is made against Omnipotence,
Some price that bears proportion must be paid,
And infinite with infinite be weighed.
See then the Deist lost : remorse for vice,
Not paid ; or, paid, inadequate in price :
What farther means can reason now direct,
Or what relief from human wit expect ?
That shows us sick ; and sadly are we sure
Still to be sick, till heaven reveal the cure :
If then Heaven's will must needs be understood,
Which must, if we want cure, and Heaven be good,
Let all records of will reveal' d be shown ;
With scripture all in equal balance thrown.
And our one sacred book will be that one.
Proof needs not here ; for whether we compare
That impious, idle, superstitious ware
Of rites, lustrations, offerings, which before,
In various ages, various countries bore,
With Christian faith and virtues, we shall find
None answering the great ends of human kind
But this one rule of life, that shows us best
How God may be appeased, and mortals blest.
Whether from length of time its worth we draw,
The word is scarce more ancient than the law :
*
DKYDEN. ] 43
Heaven's early care prescribed for every age;
First, in the soul, and after, in the page.
Or, whether more abstractedly we look,
Or on the writers, or the written book,
Whence, but from heaven, could men unskill'd in arts,
In several ages born, in several parts,
Weave such agreeing truths ? or how, or why,
Should all conspire to cheat us with a lie ;
Unask'd their pains, ungrateful their advice,
Starving their gain, and martyrdom their price ?
If on the book itself we cast our view,
Concurrent heathens prove the story true :
The doctrine, miracles, which must convince,
For heaven hi them appeals to human sense :
And though they prove not, they confirm the cause,
When what is taught agrees with Nature's laws.
Then for the style, majestic and divine,
It speaks no less than God in every line :
Commanding words ; whose force is still the same
As the first fiat that produced our frame.
All faiths beside, or did by arms ascend ;
Or sense indulged has made mankind their friend :
This only doctrine does our lusts oppose :
Unfed by Nature's soil, in which it grows ;
Cross to our interests, curbing sense and sin ;
Oppress'd without, and undermined within,
It thrives through pain ; its own tormentors tires ;
And with a stubborn patience still aspires.
To what can reason such effects assign,
Transcending Nature, but to laws divine ;
Which in that sacred volume are contain'd,
Sufficient, clear, and for that use ordain'd ?
From Religio Laict.
CHARACTER OF THE ENGLISH, UNDER THE SIMILITUDE OF
THE JEWISH PEOPLE.
The Jews, a headstrong, moody, murmuring race,
As ever tried th' extent and stretch of grace ;
God's pamper'd people, whom, debauch'd with ease,
No king could govern, nor no God could please ;
Gods they had tried of every shape and size,
That godsmiths could produce, or priests device :
These Adam-wits, too fortunately free,
Began to dream they wanted liberty ;
1 44 DRYDEN.
And when no rule, no precedent, was found,
Of men, by laws less circumscribed and bound,
They led then- wild desires to woods and caves,
And thought that all but savages were slaves.
They who, when Saul was dead, without a blow,
Made foolish Ishbosheth the crown forego ;
Who banish'd David did from Hebron bring,
And with a general shout proclaim'd him king ;
Those very Jews, who at then: very best
Then- humour more than loyalty exprest,
Now wonder'd why so long they had obey'd
An idle monarch, which their hands had made ;
Thought they might ruin him they could create,
Or melt him to that golden calf, a state.
But these were random bolts : no form'd design,
Nor interest, made the factious crowd to join :
The sober part of Israel, free from stain,
Well knew the value of a peaceful reign ;
And, looking backward with a wise affright, .
Saw seams of wounds dishonest to the sight ;
In contemplation of whose ugly scars,
They curst the memory of civil wars.
The moderate sort of men thus qualified,
Inclined the balance to the better side ;
And David's mildness managed it so well,
The bad found no occasion to rebel.
But when to sin our biass'd nature leans,
The careful devil is still at hand with means ;
And providently pimps for ill desires :
The good old cause revived a plot requires.
Plots true or false are necessary things,
To raise up commonwealths, and ruin kings.
From Absalom and Achitofl.fl
CHARACTER OF THE EARL OF SHAFTESBURY, UNDER THE
NAME OF ACHITOPHEL.
Of these the false Achitophel was first ;
A name to all succeeding ages curst :
For close designs, and crooked counsels fit ;
Sagacious, bold, and turbulent of wit ;
Restless, unfix' d in principles and place ;
In power unpleased, impatient of disgrace :
A fiery soul, which, working out its way,
Fretted the pigmy body to decay,
And o'erinform'd the tenement of clay.
145
A daring pilot in extremity ;
Pleased with the danger when the waves went high,
He sought the storms ; but, for a calm unfit,
Would steer too nigh the sands to boast his wit.
Great wits are sure to madness near allied,
And thin partitions do then- bounds divide ;
Else why should he, with wealth and honour blest,
Refuse his age the needful hours of rest ?
Punish a body which he could not please,
Bankrupt of life, yet prodigal of ease ?
And all to leave what with his toil he won,
To that unfeather'd two-legg'd thing, a son ;
Got, while his soul did huddled notions try ;
And born a shapeless lump, like anarchy.
In friendship false, implacable in hate ;
Resolved to ruin, or to rule the state ;
To compass this the triple bond he broke ;
The pillars of the public safety shook ;
And fitted Israel for a foreign yoke :
Then, seized with fear, yet still affecting fame,
Usurp'd a patriot's all-atoning name.
So easy still it proves, in factious times,
With public zeal to cancel private crimes.
How safe is treason, and how sacred ill,
Where none can sin against the people's will !
Where crowds can wink, and no offence be known,
Since in another's guilt they find then* own ?
Yet fame deserved no enemy can grudge ;
The statesman we abhor, but praise the judge.
In Israel's courts ne'er sat an Abethdin
With more discerning eyes, or hands more clean,
Unbribed, unsought, the wretched to redress ;
Swift of dispatch, and easy of access.
Oh ! had he been content to serve the crown,
With virtues only proper to the gown ;
Or had the rankness of the soil been freed
From cockle, that oppress'd the noble seed ;
David for him his tuneful harp had strung,
And heaven had wanted one immortal song.
But wild ambition loves to slide, not stand,
And fortune's ice prefers to virtue's land.
Achitophel, grown weary to possess
A lawful fame, and lazy happiness,
Disdain'd the golden fruit to gather free,
And lent the crowd his arm to shake the tree.
Now, manifest of crimes contrived long since,
He stood at bold defiance with his prince ;
I
146 DRYDEN.
Held up the buckler of the people's cause
Against the crown, and sculk'd behind the laws.
The wish'd occasion of the plot he takes ;
Some circumstances finds, but more he makes :
By buzzing emissaries fills the ears
Of listening crowds with jealousies and fears
Of arbitrary counsels brought to light,
And proves the king himself a Jebusite.
Weak arguments ! which yet he knew full well
Were strong with people easy to rebel.
For, govern'd by the moon, the giddy Jews
Tread the same track when she the prime renews ;
And once in twenty years, their scribes record,
By natural instinct they change their lord.
From Absalom and Achitop*iel.
DESCRIPTION OF THE POET SHADWELL, UNDER THE
NAME OF OG.
Now stop your noses, readers, all and some,
For here 's a tun of midnight work to come
Og from a treason-tavern rolling home.
Round as a globe, and liquor'd every chink,
Goodly and great he sails behind his link ;
With all this bulk there 's nothing lost in Og,
For every inch that is not fool is rogue :
A monstrous mass of foul corrupted matter,
As all the devils had spew'd to make the batter ;
When wine has given him courage to blaspheme,
He curses God, but God before curst him ;
And, if man could have reason, none has more,
That made his paunch so rich, and him so poor.
With wealth he was not trusted, for heaven knew
What 'twas of old to pamper up a Jew ;
To what would he on quail and pheasant swell,
That ev'n on tripe and carrion could rebel?
But tho' heaven made him poor, with reverence speaking,
He never was a poet of God's making ;
The midwife laid her hand on his thick skull,
With this prophetic blessing Be thou dull ;
Drink, swear, and roar, forbear no lewd delight
Fit for thy bulk, do any thing but write :
Thou art of lasting make, like thoughtless men,
A strong nativity but for the pen !
Eat opium, mingle arsenic 'n thy drink,
Still thou mayst live, avoiding pen and ink.
DKYDEN. 14
I see, I see, 'tis counsel given in vain,
For treason botcht in rhyme will be thy bane ;
Rhyme is the rock on which thou art to wreck,
'Tis fatal to thy fame and to thy neck :
Why should thy metre good king David blast ?
A psalm of his will surely be thy last.
Dar'st thou presume in verse to meet thy foes,
Thou whom the penny pamphlet foil'd in prose ?
Doeg, whom God for mankind's mirth has made,
O'ertops thy talent in thy very trade ;
Doeg to thee, thy paintings are so coarse,
A poet is, though he 's the poet's horse.
A double noose thou on thy neck dost pull,
For writing treason, and for writing dull ;
To die for faction is a common evil,
But to be hang'd for nonsense is the devil :
Had thou the glories of thy king exprest,
Thy praises had been satire at the best ;
But thou in clumsy verse, unlickt, unpointed,
Hast shamefully defied the Lord's anointed :
I will not rake the dunghill for thy crimes,
For who would read thy life that reads thy rhymes ?
But of king David's foes be this the doom
May all be like the young man Absalom !
And for my foes may this their blessing be
To talk like Doeg, and to write like thee !
From Absalom and Achitophcl.
LONDON.
London, thou great emporium of our isle
thou too-bounteous, thou too-fruitful Nile !
How shall I praise or curse to thy desert ?
Or separate thy sound from thy corrupted part?
1 call'd thee Nile ; the parallel will stand :
Thy tides of wealth o'erflow the fatten'd land ;
Yet monsters from thy large increase we find,
Engender'd on the slime thou leav'st behind.
Sedition has not wholly seized on thee,
Thy nobler parts are from infection free.
Of Israel's tribe thou hast a numerous band,
But still the Canaanite is in the land.
Thy military chiefs are brave and true ;
Nor are thy disenchanted burghers few.
i 2
148 DKYDEN.
The head is loyal which thy heart commands,
But what *s a head with two such gouty hands ?
The wise and wealthy love the surest way,
And are content to thrive and to obey.
But wisdom is to sloth too great a slave ;
None are so busy as the fool and knave.
Those let me curse ; what vengeance will they urge,
Whose ordures neither plague nor fire can purge ?
Nor sharp experience can to duty bring,
Nor angry heaven, nor a forgiving king !
In gospel-phrase their chapmen they betray ;
Their shops are dens, the buyer is their prey.
The knack of trades is living on the spoil ;
They boast ev'n when each other they beguile.
Customs to steal is such a trivial thing,
That 'tis their charter to defraud their king.
All hands unite of every jarring sect ;
They cheat the country first, and then infect.
They for God's cause their monarchs dare dethrone,
And they'll be sure to make his cause their own.
Whether the plotting Jesuit laid the plan
Of murdering kings, or the French puritan,
Our sacrilegious sects their guides outgo,
And kings and kingly power would murder too.
What means that traitorous combination less,
Too plain t' invade, too shameful to confess ?
But treason is not own'd when 'tis descried ;
Successful crimes alone are justified.
The men who no conspiracy would find
Who doubts ? but had it taken, they had join'd,
Join'd in a mutual covenant of defence ;
At first without, at last against, their prince.
If sovereign right by sovereign power they scan,
The same bold maxim holds in God and man :
God were not safe, his thunder could they shun ;
He should be forced to crown another son.
Thus, when the heir was from the vineyard thrown,
The rich possession was the murderer's own.
In vain to sophistry they have recourse :
By proving their's no plot, they prove 'tis worse
Unmask'd rebellion, and audacious force;
Which though not actual, yet all eyes may see
'Tis working in th' immediate power to be ;
For from pretended grievances they rise,
First to dislike, and after to despise.
Then cyclop-like in human flesh to deal,
Chop up a minister at every meal :
DRYDEX. 149
Perhaps not wholly to melt down the king ;
But clip his regal rights within the ring.
From thence t' assume the power of peace and war ;
And ease him by degrees of public care.
Yet, to consult his dignity and fame,
He should have leave to exercise the name ;
And hold the cards while commons play'd the game.
For what can pow'r give more than food and drink,
To live at ease, and not be bound to think ?
These are the cooler methods of their crime,
But their hot zealots think 'tis loss of time ;
On utmost bounds of loyalty they stand,
And grin and whet like a Croatian band,
That waits impatient for the last command.
Thus outlaws open villany maintain,
They steal not, but in squadrons scour the plain:
And if their power the passengers subdue,
The most have right, the wrong is in the few.
Such impious axioms foolishly they show,
For in some soils republics will not grow:
Our temperate isle will no extremes sustain,
Of popular sway or arbitrary reign :
But slides between them both into the best,
Secure in freedom, in a monarch blest.
And though the climate vex'd with various winds,
Works through our yielding bodies on our minds,
The wholesome tempest purges what it breeds,
To recommend the calmness that succeeds.
From The Medal,
A SONG.
Go tell Amynta, gentle swain,
I would not die, nor dare complain :
Thy tuneful voice with numbers join,
Thy words will more prevail than mine.
To souls oppress'd, and dumb with grief,
The gods ordain this kind relief;
That music should in sounds convey,
What dying lovers dare not say.
A sigh or tear, perhaps, she'll give,
But love on pity cannot live.
Tell her that hearts for hearts were made,
And love with love is only paid.
150 DEYDEIT.
Tell her my pains so fast increase,
That soon they will be past redress ;
But ah ! the wretch, that speechless lies,
Attends but death to close his eyes.
ON THE MONUMENT OF THE MARQUIS OF WINCHESTER.
He, wno in impious times undaunted stood,
And 'midst rebellion durst be just and good ;
Whose arms asserted, and whose sufferings more
Confirm'd the cause for which he fought before ;
Rests here, rewarded by an heavenly prince,
For what his earthly could not recompense.
Pray, reader, that such times no more appear :
Or, if they happen, learn true honour here.
Ask of this age's faith and loyalty,
Which, to preserve them, heaven confined in thee.
Few subjects could a king like thine deserve :
And fewer, such a king so well could serve.
Blest king, blest subject, whose exalted state
By sufferings rose, and gave the law to fate.
Such souls are rare, but mighty patterns given
To earth, and meant for ornaments to heaven.
THE AFFECTIONATE MOTHER.
So had her children too ; for charity
Was not more fruitful, or more kind, than she
Each under other by degrees they grew ;
A goodly perspective of distant view.
Anchises look'd not with so pleased a face,
In numbering o'er his future Roman race,
And marshalling the heroes of his name,
As in their order, next, to light they came.
Nor Cybele, with half so kind an eye,
Survey'd her sons and daughters of the sky ;
Proud, shall I say, of her immortal fruit ?
As far as pride with heavenly minds may suit.-
Her pious love excell'd to all she bore ;
New objects only multiplied it more.
And as the chosen found the pearly grain
As much as every vessel could contain;
DRYDEN. 151
As in the blissful vision each shall share
As much of glory as his soul can bear ;
So did she love, and so dispense her care.
Her eldest thus, by consequence, was best,
As longer cultivated than the rest.
The babe had all that infant care beguiles,
And early knew his mother hi her smiles :
But when dilated organs let in day
To the young soul, and gave it room to play,
At his first aptness, the maternal love
Those rudiments of reason did improve :
The tender age was pliant to command ;
Like wax it yielded to the forming hand:
True to th' artificer, the labour'd mind
With ease was pious, generous, just, and kind ;
Soft for impression, from the first prepared,
Till virtue with long exercise grew hard :
With every act confirm'd, and made at last
So durable as not to be effaced,
It turn'd to habit ; and, from vices free,
Goodness resolved into necessity.
From Eleonora.
152 JOHN POMFRET.
OP the life of thU author, little is recorded. He was the son of the Rev. Mr.
Pomfret, Rector of Luton, in Bedfordshire ; was born about 1667, and studied at
Cambridge, where he took his Bachelor's degree in 1684, and that of Master in
1698. After he had entered into holy orders, he was presented to a valuable
living, into which, however, his diocesan refused to induct him, in consequence
of the misinterpretation of a passage in The Choice, in which it was alleged that
Pomfret had written disparagingly of marriage. The unfortunate poet, in con-
sequence of the delay in London which this misunderstanding occasioned, was
visited with the small pox there, of which he died in 1 703. His Choice obtained
a popularity beyond its merits, a? '' can boast of little more than simplicity of
sentiment, correctness of language, and harmony of versification.
MEANS OF BENEVOLENCE, HOSPITALITY, AND FRIENDSHIP.
I'd have a clear and competent estate,
That I might live genteelly, but not great :
As much as I could moderately spend ;
A little more, sometimes t' oblige a friend.
Nor should the sons of poverty repine
Too much at fortune they should taste of mine ;
And all that objects of true pity were,
Should be relieved with what my wants could spare :
For that our Maker has too largely given,
Should be return'd in gratitude to Heaven.
A frugal plenty should my table spread ;
With healthy, not luxurious, dishes spread :
Enough to satisfy, and something more,
To feed the stranger, and the neighbouring poor.
Strong meat indulges vice, and pampering food
Creates diseases, and inflames the blood.
But what 's sufficient to make nature strong,
And the bright lamp of life continue long,
I'd freely take ; and, as I did possess,
The bounteous Author of my plenty bless.
I'd have a little vault, but always stored
With the best wines each vintage could afford.
Wine whets the wit, improves its native force,
And gives a pleasant flavour to discourse :
By making all our spirits debonair,
Throws off the lees, the sediment of care.
But as the greatest blessing Heaven lends
May be debauch'd, and serve ignoble ends ;
So, but too oft, the grape's refreshing juice
Does many mischievous effects produce.
My house should no such rude disorders know,
As from high drinking consequently flow;
POMFKET. 153
Nor would I use what was so kindly given,
To the dishonour of indulgent Heaven.
If any neighbour came, he should be free,
Used with respect, and not uneasy be,
In my retreat, or to himself or me.
What freedom, prudence, and right reason, gave,
All men may, with impunity, receive :
But the least swerving from their rule 's too much;
For what 's forbidden us, 'tis death to touch.
That life may be more comfortable yet,
And all my joys refined, sincere, and great ;
I'd choose two friends, whose company would be
A great advance to my felicity :
Well-born, of humours suited to my own,
Discreet, and men as well as books have known :
Brave, generous, witty, and exactly free
From loose behaviour, or formality :
Airy and prudent ; merry, but not light ;
Quick in discerning, and in judging right :
Secret they should be, faithful to their trust;
In reasoning cool, strong, temperate, and just ;
Obliging, open, without huffing, brave ;
Brisk in gay talking, and in sober, grave :
Close in dispute, but not tenacious ; tried
By solid reason, and let that decide :
Not prone to lust, revenge, or envious hate ;
Nor busy medlers with intrigues of state :
Strangers to slander, and sworn foes to spite ;
Not quarrelsome, but stout enough to fight ;
Loyal, and pious, friends to Caesar ; true,
As dying martyrs, to their Maker too.
In their society I could not miss
A permanent, sincere, substantial bliss.
From The Choice.
THE SECRET GRIEF.
The happiest man that ever breathed on earth,
With all the glories of estate and birth,
Had yet some anxious care, to make him know,
No grandeur was above the reach of woe.
To be from all things that disquiet, free,
Is not consistent with humanity.
Youth, wit, and beauty, are such charming things,
O'er which, if affluence spreads her gaudy wings,
154 POMFKET.
"We think the person who enjoys so much,
No care can move, and no affliction touch;
Yet could we but some secret method find
To view the dark recesses of the mind,
We there might see the hidden seed of strife,
And woes in embryo xipening into life :
How some fierce lust, or boisterous passion, fills
The labouring spirit with prolific ills ;
Pride, envy, or revenge, distract the soul,
And all right reason's godlike powers control ;
But if she must not be allow'd to sway,
Though all without appears serene and gay,
A cankerous venom on the vitals preys,
And poisons all the comforts of his days.
MISERIES OF CIVIL WAR.
Here, in a crowd of drunken soldiers, stood
A wretched, poor, old man, besmear'd with blood ;
And at his feet, just through the body run,
Struggling for life, was laid his only son ;
By whose hard labour he was daily fed,
Dividing still, with pious care, his bread :
And while he mourn'd, with floods of aged tears,
The sole support of his decrepit years,
The barbarous mob, whose rage no limit knows,
With blasphemous derision, mock'd his woes.
There, under a wide oak, disconsolate,
And drown'd in tears, a mournful widow sate.
High in the boughs the murder'd father hung ;
Beneath, the children round the mother clung :
They cried for food, but 'twas without relief :
For all they had to live upon was grief.
A sorrow so intense, such deep despair,
No creature, merely human, long could bear.
First in her arms her weeping babes she took,
And, with a groan, did to her husband look :
Then lean'd her head on theirs, and, sighing, cried,
Pity me, Saviour of the world ! and died.
From this sad spectacle my eyes I turn'd,
Where sons their fathers, maids then: lovers, mourn'd;
Friends for their friends, sisters for brothers, wept,
Prisoners of war, in chains, for slaughter kept :
Each every hour did the black message dread,
Which should declare the person loved was dead.
From Cruelty and Lust.
JOHN PHILIPS. 155
JOHN PHILIPS was born December 30, 1676, at Bampton, in Oxfordshire, of
which place his father was minister. After being educated for some time at Win-
chester, he entered himself at Christ Church College, where he was distinguished
as a scholar of great acquirements. The poetical work by which he first became
known to the world, was The Splendid Shilling, an imitation of the lofty style of
Milton, applied to an humble subject, which occasioned a degree of admiration
far beyond what the intrinsic merits of the production deserved. In consequence
of this questionable popularity, he was employed by the Tories to celebrate the
victory of Blenheim, in opposition to Addison ; and this he did by representing
the Duke of Marlborough charging the French, sword in hand, in person, and
mowing them down in the style of one of Homer's heroes. Philips was better
employed when he wrote his next poem on Cyder, in which he imitated Virgil's
Georgics. He also meditated a poem upon the Last Day, and had made some
progress in the work, when he was carried off by an asthma, on February 15,
1708.
THE SPLENDID SHILLING.
" Sing, heavenly Muse!
Things unatterapted yet, in prose or rhyme"
A shilling, breeches, and chimeras dire.
Happy the man, who, void of cares and strife,
In silken or in leathern purse retains
A Splendid Shilling : he nor hears with pain
New oysters cried, nor sighs for cheerful ale ;
But with his friends, when nightly mists arise,
To Juniper's Magpye or Town-hall repairs :
Where, mindful of the nymph whose wanton eye
Transfix'd his soul, and kindled amorous flames,
Chloe, or Phillis, he each circling glass
Wisheth her health, and joy, and equal love.
Meanwhile, he smokes, and laughs at merry tale,
Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint.
But I, whom griping penury surrounds,
And hunger, sure attendant upon want,
With scanty offals, and small acid tiff
(Wretched repast !) my meagre corpse sustain :
Then solitary walk, or doze at home
In garret vile, and with a warming puff
Regale chill'd fingers; or from tube as black
As winter chimney, or well-polish'd jet,
Exhale mundungus, ill-perfuming scent :
Not blacker tube, nor of a shorter size,
Smokes Cambro-Briton (versed in pedigree,
Sprung from Cadwallador and Arthur, kings
Full famous in romantic tale) when he
O'er many a craggy hill and barren cliff,
Upon a cargo of famed Cestrian cheese,
156' JOHN PHILIPS.
High over-shadowing rides, with a design
To vend his wares, or at th' Arvonian mart,
Or Maridunum, or the ancient town
Yclep'd Brechinia, or where Vaga's stream
Encircles Ariconium, fruitful soil !
Whence flow nectareous wines, that well may vie
With Massic, Sethi, or renown'd Falern.
Thus while my joyless minutes tedious flow,
With looks demure, and silent pace, a Dun,
Horrible monster ! hated by gods and men,
To my aerial citadel ascends ;
With vocal heel thrice thundering at my gate,
With hideous accent thrice he calls ; I know
The voice ill-boding, and the solemn sound.
What should I do '? or whither turn ? Amazed,
Confounded, to the dark recess I fly
Of wood-hole ; straight my bristling hairs erect
Through sudden fear ; a chilly sweat bedews
My shuddering limbs, and (wonderful to tell !)
My tongue forgets her faculty of speech ;
So horrible he seems ! His faded brow
Entrench'd with many a frown, and conic beard,
And spreading band, admired by modern saints,
Disastrous acts forebode ; in his right hand
Long scrolls of paper solemnly he waves,
With characters and figures dire inscribed,
Grievous to mortal eyes ; (ye gods, avert
Such plagues from righteous men !) Behind him stalks
Another monster, not unlike himself,
Sullen of aspect, by the vulgar call'd
A Catchpole, whose polluted hands the gods
With force incredible, and magic charms,
First have endued : if he his ample palm
Should haply on ill-fated shoulder lay
Of debtor, straight his body, to the touch
Obsequious (as whilom knights were wont) ,
To some enchanted castle is convey'd,
Where gates impregnable, and coercive chains,
In durance strict detain him, till, in form
Of money, Pallas sets the captive free.
Beware, ye debtors ! when ye walk, beware,
Be circumspect ; oft with insidious ken
The caitiff eyes your steps aloof, and oft
Lies perdue in a nook or gloomy cave,
Prompt to enchant some inadvertent wretch
With his unhallow'd touch. So (poets sing)
Grimalkin, to domestic vermin sworn
JOHN PHILIPS. 157
An everlasting foe, with watchful eye
Lies nightly brooding o'er a chinky gap,
Protending her fell claws, to thoughtless mice
Sure ruin. So her disembowell'd web
Arachne, in a hall or kitchen, spreads
Obvious to vagrant flies : she secret stands
Within her woven cell ; the humming prey,
Regardless of their fate, rush on the toils
Inextricable, nor will aught avail
Their arts, or arms, or shapes of lovely hue ;
The wasp insidious, and the buzzing drone,
And butterfly proud of expanded wings
Distinct with gold, entangled in her snares,
Useless resistance make : with eager strides,
She towering flies to her expected spoils ;
Then, with envenom'd jaws, the vital blood
Drinks of reluctant foes, and to her cave
Their bulky carcases triumphant drags.
So pass my days. But, when nocturnal shades
This world envelop, and th' inclement air
Persuades men to repel benumbing frosts
With pleasant wines, and crackling blaze of wood ;
Me, lonely sitting, nor the glimmering light
Of make-weight candle, nor the joyous talk
Of loving friend, delights ; distress'd, forlorn,
Amidst the horrors of the tedious night,
Darkling I sigh, and feed with dismal thoughts
My anxious mind ; or sometimes mournful verse
Indite, and sing of groves and myrtle shades,
Or desperate lady near a purling stream,
Or lover pendent on a willow tree.
Meanwhile I labour with eternal drought,
And restless wish, and rave ; my parched throat
Finds no relief, nor heavy eyes repose ;
But if a slumber haply does invade
My weary limbs, my fancy 's still awake,
Thoughtful of drink, and eager, in a dream,
Tipples imaginary pots of ale,
In vain : awake I find the settled thirst
Still gnawing, and the pleasant phantom curse.
Thus do I live, from pleasure quite debarr'd,
Nor taste the fruits that the sun's genial rays
Mature, john-apple, nor the downy peach,
Nor walnut in rough-furrow'd coat secure,
Nor medlar, fruit delicious in decay ;
Afflictions great ! yet greater still remain :
My Galligaskins, that have long withstood,
158
JOHN PHILIPS.
The winter's fury, and encroaching frosts,
By time subdued (what will not time subdue !)
An horrid chasm disclosed, with orifice
Wide, discontinuous ; at which the winds
Eurus and Auster, and the dreadful force
Of Boreas, that congeals the Cronian waves,
Tumultuous enter with dire chilling blasts,
Portending agues. Thus a well-fraught ship,
Long sail'd secure, or through th' JEgean deep,
Or the Ionian, till cruising near
The Lilybean shore, with hideous crush
On Scylla, or Charybdis (dangerous rocks ! )
She strikes rebounding; whence the shatter'd oak,
So fierce a shock unable to withstand,
Admits the sea ; in at the gaping side
The crowding waves gush with impetuous rage,
Resistless, overwhelming; horrors seize
The mariners ; death in their eyes appears ;
They stare, they lave, they pump, they swear, they
pray:
(Vain efforts !) still the battering waves rush in
Implacable, till, deluged by the foam,
The ship sinks foundering in the vast abyss.
MATTHEW PRIOR. 159
This distinguished poet was born on the 21st of July, 1664, but the place of
his birth is uncertain. He was educated at Westminster School, and afterwards
was sent to St. John's College, Cambridge, through the kindness of the Earl of
Dorset. After having finished his studies at the University, he commenced
public life as an author, by writing, in conjunction with the Earl of Halifax,
The Town Mouse and Country Mouse, for the purpose of ridiculing Dryden's
Hind and Panther. This work procured such favourable notice for Prior, that
he was appointed Secretary of Legation to the Congress at the Hague, where
his conduct gave such satisfaction, that King William appointed him one of the
gentlemen of the bed-chamber. In 1697, he was appointed Secretary to another
embassy upon the treaty of Ryswick, and was afterwards raised to the office of
Commissioner of Trade; and in 1701, he was chosen representative of East
Grinstead. Nine years afterwards, he was sent privately to Paris, with pro-
posals of peace from the British cabinet, a negotiation that ended in the peace
of Utrecht. For his own share, however, in this unpopular measure, he was
upon his return placed under arrest, and menaced with impeachment. After
more than two years of confinement, he obtained his liberty, when he published,
by subscription, a complete edition of his poems, in order to repair his dilapi-
dated fortune. The attempt was successful, and he obtained from the proceeds
an easy competence for the rest of his life. The death of Prior occurred on the
18th of September, 1721.
HENRY'S COURTSHIP OF EMMA.
As with her stature, still her charms increased ;
Through all the isle her beauty was confess'd.
Oh ! what perfections must that virgin share,
Who fairest is esteem'd, where all are fair !
From distant shires repair the noble youth,
And find report for once had lessen' d truth.
By wonder first, and then by passion moved,
They came; they saw; they marvell'd; and they loved.
By public praises, and by secret sighs,
Each own'd the general power of Emma's eyes.
In tilts and tournaments the valiant strove
By glorious deeds to purchase Emma's love.
In gentle verse the witty told their flame,
And graced their choicest songs with Emma's name.
In vain they combated, in vain they writ :
Useless their strength, and impotent their wit.
Great Venus only must direct the dart,
Which else will never reach the fair one's heart,
Spite of th' attempts of force, and soft effects of art.
Great Venus must prefer the happy one :
In Henry's cause her favour must be shown :
And Emma, of mankind, must love but him alone.
While these in public to the castle came,
And by their grandeur justified their flame ;
160 PRIOR.
More secret ways the careful Henry takes ;
His squires, his arms, and equipage forsakes :
In borrow'd name and false attire array'd,
Oft he finds means to see the beauteous maid.
When Emma hunts, in huntsman's habit drest,
Henry on foot pursues the bounding beast.
In his right hand his beechen pole he bears :
And graceful at his side his horn he wears.
Still to the glade, where she has bent her way,
With knowing skill he drives the future prey ;
Bids her decline the hill, and shun the brake ;
And shows the path her steed may safest take ;
Directs her spear to fix the glorious wound ;
Pleased in his toils to have her triumph crown'd ;
And blows her praises in no common sound.
A falconer Henry is, when Emma hawks :
With her of tarsels and of lures he talks.
Upon his wrist the towering merlin stands,
Practised to rise and stoop at her commands.
And when superior now the bird has flown,
And headlong brought the tumbling quarry down ;
With humble reverence he accosts the fair,
And with the honour' d feather decks her hair.
Yet still, as from the sportive field she goes,
His down-cast eye reveals his inward woes ;
And by his look and sorrow is exprest,
A nobler game pursued than bird or beast.
A shepherd now along the plain he roves :
And, with his jolly pipe, delights the groves.
The neighbouring swains around the stranger throng,
Or to admire or emulate his song :
While with soft sorrow he renews his lays,
Nor heedful of their envy, nor their praise.
But, soon as Emma's eyes adorn the plain,
His notes he raises to a nobler strain,
With dutiful respect and studious fear ;
Lest any careless sound ofiend her ear.
A frantic Gipsy now, the house he haunts,
And in wild phrases speaks dissembled wants.
With the fond maids in palmistry he deals :
They tell the secret first which he reveals;
Says who shall wed, and who shall be beguiled ;
What groom shall get, and squire maintain, the child.
But, when bright Emma would her fortune know,
A softer look unbends his opening brow ;
With trembling awe he gazes on her eye,
And in soft accents forms the kind reply ;
PKIOR. 161
That she shall prove as fortunate as fair ;
And Hymen's choicest gifts are all reserved for her.
Now oft had Henry changed his sly disguise,
Unmark'd by all but beauteous Emma's eyes :
Oft had found means alone to see the dame,
And at her feet to breathe his amorous flame ;
And oft the pangs of absence to remove
By letters, soft interpreters of love :
Till Time and Industry (the mighty two
That bring our wishes nearer to our view)
Made him perceive, that the inclining fair
Received his vows with no reluctant ear ;
That Venus had confirm'd her equal reign,
And dealt to Emma's heart a share of Henry's pain.
From Henry and Emma,
CHARITY:
A PARAPHRASE ON THE THIRTEENTH CHAPTER OF THE FIRST EPISTLE
TO THE CORINTHIANS.
Did sweeter sounds adorn my flowing tongue,
Than ever man pronounced, or angels sung ;
Had I all knowledge, human and divine,
That thought can reach, or science can define ;
And had I power to give that knowledge birth,
, In all the speeches of the babbling earth ;
Did Shadrach's zeal my glowing breast inspire,
To weary tortures, and rejoice in fire;
Or had I faith like that which Israel saw
When Moses gave them miracles and law :
Yet, gracious Charity ! indulgent guest,
Were not thy power exerted in my breast,
Those speeches would send up unheeded prayer ;
That scorn of life would be but wild despair ;
A tymbal's sound was better than my voice ;
My faith were form, my eloquence were noise.
Charity, decent, modest, easy, kind,
Softens the high, and rears the abject mind,
Knows with just reins and gentle hand to guide
Betwixt vile shame and arbitrary pride.
Not soon provoked, she easily forgives ;
And much she suffers, as she much believes.
Soft peace she brings wherever she arrives ;
She builds our quiet, as she forms our lives ;
162 PRICE.
Lays the rough paths of peevish nature even,
And opens in each heart a little heaven.
Each other gift, which God on man bestows,
Its proper bound and due restriction knows ;
To one fixt purpose dedicates its power,
And, finishing its act, exists no more.
Thus, in obedience to what Heaven decrees,
Knowledge shall fail, and prophecy shall cease ;
But lasting Charity's more ample sway,
Nor bound by tune, nor subject to decay,
In happy triumph shall for ever live,
And endless good diffuse, and endless praise receive.
As, through the artist's intervening glass,
Our eye observes the distant planets pass,
A little we discover, but allow
That more remains unseen, than art can show :
So, whilst our mind its knowledge would improve
(Its feeble eye intent on things above),
High as we may, we lift our reason up,
By Faith directed, and confirm'd by Hope :
Yet we are able only to survey
Dawning of beams, and promises of day.
Heaven's fuller effluence mocks our dazzled sight ;
Too great its swiftness, and too strong its light.
But soon the mediate clouds shall be dispell'd ;
The sun shall soon be face to face beheld
In all his robes, with all his glory on,
Seated sublime on his meridian throne.
Then constant Faith and holy Hope shall die,
One lost in certainty, and one in joy :
Whilst thou, more happy power, fair Charity,
Triumphant sister, greatest of the three,
Thy office and thy nature still the same,
Lasting thy lamp, and unconsumed thy flame,
Shalt still survive
Shalt stand before the host of heaven confest,
For ever blessing, and for ever blest.
THE THIEF AND THE CORDELIER : A BAILAD.
Who has e'er been at Paris, must needs know the
Greve,
The fatal retreat of th' unfortunate brave ;
PRIOR. 163
Where Honour and Justice most oddly contribute
To ease heroes' pains by a halter and gibbet.
Derry down, down, hey derry down.
There Death breaks the shackles which Force had put
on,
And the hangman completes what the judge but begun ;
There the squire of the pad, and the knight of the post,
Find their pains no more balk'd, and their hopes no more
crost.
Derry down, &c.
Great claims are there made, and great secrets are
known ;
And the king, and the law, and the thief, has his own :
But my hearers cry out, What a deuce dost thou ail ?
Cut off thy reflections, and give us thy tale.
Derry down, &c.
'Twas there then, in civil respect to harsh laws,
And for want of false witness to back a bad cause,
A Norman, though late, was obliged to appear :
And who to assist, but a grave Cordelier ?
Derry down, &c.
The Squire, whose good grace was to open the scene,
Seem'd not in great haste that the show should begin :
Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart ;
And often took leave, but was loth to depart.
Derry down, &c.
What frightens you thus, my good son? says the
Priest :
You murder'd, are sorry, and have been confest.
O Father ! my sorrow will scarce save my bacon ;
For 'twas not that I murder'd, but that I was taken.
Derry down, &c.
Pugh ! pr'ythee ne'er trouble thy head with such
fancies :
Rely on the aid you shall have from Saint Francis :
If the money you promised be brought to the chest,
You have only to die : let the church do the rest.
Derry down, See.
And what will folks say, if they see you afraid ?
It reflects upon me, as I knew not my trade :
164 PRIOR.
Courage, friend ; for to-day is your period of sorrow ;
And things will go better, believe me, to-morrow.
Derry down, &c.
To-morrow ! our hero replied in a fright :
He that 's hang'd before noon, ought to think of to-night.
Tell your beads, quoth the Priest, and be fairly truss'd up,
For you surely to-night shall in Paradise sup.
Derry down, &c.
Alas! quoth the Squire, howe'er sumptuous the treat,
Parbleu ! I shall have little stomach to eat ;
I should therefore esteem it great favour and grace,
Would you be so kind as to go in my place.
Derry down, &c.
That I would, quoth the Father, and thank you to boot ;
But our actions, you know, with our duty must suit.
The feast I proposed to you, I cannot taste ;
For this night, by our order, is mark'd for a fast.
Derry down, &c.
Then, turning about to the hangman, he said,
Dispatch me, I pr'ythee, this troublesome blade ;
For thy cord and my cord both equally tie,
And we live by the gold for which other men die.
Derry down, &c.
CHALLENGE TO HUMAN WISDOM,
Of beasts and creeping insects shall we trace
The wondrous nature, and the various race ;
Or wild or tame, or friend to man or foe,
Of us what they, or what of them we know ?
Tell me, ye studious, who pretend to see
Far into Nature's bosom, whence the bee
Was first inform' d her venturous flight to steer
Through trackless paths, and an abyss of air ?
Whence she avoids the slimy marsh, and knows
The fertile hills where sweeter herbage grows,
And honey-making flowers their opening buds disclose
How from the thicken'd mist, and setting sun,
Finds she the labour of her day is done ?
Who taught her against winds and rains to strive,
To bring her burden to the certain hive ;
And through the liquid fields again to pass
Duteous, and hearkening to the sounding brass ?
PRIOR.
165
And, O thou sluggard, tell me, why the ant,
'Midst summer's plenty, thinks of winter's want,
By constant journeys careful to prepare
Her stores ; and, bringing home the corny ear,
By what instruction does she bite the grain,
Lest, hid in earth, and taking root again,
It might elude the foresight of her care ?
Distinct in either insect's deed appear
The marks of thought, contrivance, hope, and fear.
From Solomon : Book I.
A LEARNED LADY.
You know a certain lady, Dick,
Who saw me when I last was sick :
She kindly talk'd, at least three hours,
Of plastic forms, and mental powers ;
Described our pre-existing station
Before this vile terrene creation;
And lest I should be wearied, madam,
To cut things short, come down to Adam ;
From whence, as fast as she was able,
She drowns the world, and builds up Babel :
Through Syria, Persia, Greece, she goes,
And takes the Rqmans in the close.
From Alma : Canto It.
166 EDMUND SMITH.
OP the life of this poet little comparatively is known. He was born at
Handley in Worcestershire, but in what year is uncertain, and was educated at
Westminster School, after which he was entered at Christ Church, Oxford.
Both at school and college he was distinguished by the splendour of his talents
and greatness of his attainments, and, like Cowley, he wrote poetry even in boy-
hood ; but his high powers were rendered of no avail by a reckless career of
dissipation, with which the heads of the University were so disgusted, that, after
a long endurance of his irregularities, they expelled him from his college in
1705. Smith repaired to London, where his talents might have procured him
respectability and wealth ; but, unfortunately, he still continued to indulge in
those excesses, which unfitted him for regular application. He died in July,
1710.
MUSIC.
Music, soft charm of heaven and earth,
Whence didst thou borrow thy auspicious birth '?
Or art thou of eternal date ?
Sire to thyself, thyself as old as Fate,
Ere the rude ponderous mass
Of earth and waters from their chaos sprang,
The morning stars their anthems sang,
And nought in heaven was heard but melody and love.
Myriads of spirits, forms divine,
The Seraphin, with the bright host
Of angels, thrones, and heavenly powers,
Worship before th' eternal shrine ;
Their happy privilege in hymns and anthems boast,
In love and wonder pass their blissful hours.
Nor let the lower world repine
The massy orb in which we sluggards move,
As if sequester'd from the arts divine :
Here 's Music too,
As ours a rival were to the world above.
From an Ode in Praiie of Mutic
ODE FOR THE YEAR 170*.
Janus, did ever to thy wondering eyes,
So bright a scene of triumph rise ?
Did ever Greece or Rome such laurels wear,
As crown'd the last auspicious year ?
*
SMITH. 167
When first at Blenheim ANNE her ensigns spread,
And Marlborough to the field the shouting squadrons led.
In vain the hills and streams oppose,
In vain the hollow ground in faithless hillocks rose :
To the rough Danube's winding shore,
His shatter'd foes the conquering hero bore.
They see, with staring haggard eyes,
The rapid torrent roll, the foaming billows rise ;
Amazed, aghast, they turn, but find,
In Marlborough's arms, a surer fate behind.
Now his red sword aloft impends,
Now on their shrinking heads descends :
Wild and distracted with their fears,
They justling plunge amidst the sounding deeps ;
The flood away the struggling squadrons sweeps,
And men, and arms, and horses, whirling bears.
The frighted Danube to the sea retreats,
The Danube soon the flying ocean meets,
Flying the thunder of great ANNA'S fleets.
Rooke on the seas asserts her sway,
Flames o'er the trembling ocean play,
And clouds of smoke involve the day.
Affrighted Europe hears the cannons roar,
And Afric echoes from its distant shore.
The French, unequal in the fight,
In force superior, take their flight.
Factions in vain the hero's worth decry,
In vain the vanquish'd triumph, while they fly.
Now, Janus, with a future view,
The glories of her reign survey,
Which shall o'er France her arms display,
And kingdoms now her own subdue.
Lewis, for oppression born ;
Lewis, in his turn, shall mourn,
While his conquer'd happy swains
Shall hug their easy wish'd-for chains.
Others, enslaved by victory,
Their subjects, as their foes, oppress ;
ANNA conquers but to free,
And governs but to bless.
168 WILLIAM KING.
THIS poet was born in London, in 1663. He commenced his education at West-
minster School, under the famous Dr. Busby, and completed it at Christ Church
College, where he was famed for laborious diligence and literary acquirements.
In 1692, he took the degree of Doctor of Civil Law, and was admitted advocate
at Doctors' Commons ; but poetry, general literature, and fashionable dissipa-
tion, had more charms for him than the profession he had adopted. He neg-
lected his business, by which his revenues were impoverished ; and although his
friends were kind and influential, his indolence and thoughtlessness counteracted
all their efforts in his behalf. He died in 1712. The chief merit of King, as a
poet, was his lively vein of humour, in which he equalled the most distinguished
of his contemporaries.
RULES FOR GIVING A DINNER.
Next, let discretion moderate your cost,
And when you treat, three courses be the most.
Let never fresh machines your pastry try,
Unless grandees or magistrates are by :
Then you may put a dwarf into a pie.
Or, if you 'd fright an alderman and mayor,
Within a pasty lodge a living hare ;
Then 'midst then: gravest furs shall mirth arise,
And all the guild pursue with joyful cries.
Crowd not your table : let your number be
Not more than seven, and never less than three-
'Tis the dessert that graces all the feast,
For an ill end disparages the rest :
A thousand things well done, and one forgot,
Defaces obligation by that blot.
Make your transparent sweet-meats truly nice,
With Indian sugar and Arabian spice :
And let your various creams encircled be
With swelling fruit just ravish'd from the tree.
Let plates and dishes be from China brought,
With lively paint and earth transparent wrought.
The feast now done, discourses are renew'd,
And witty arguments with mirth pursued.
The cheerful master, 'midst his jovial friends,
His glass " to their best wishes " recommends.
The grace-cup follows to his Sovereign's health,
And to his country, " Plenty, peace, and wealth."
Performing then the piety of grace,
Each man that pleases re-assumes his place ;
While at his gate, from such abundant store,
He showers his god-like blessings on the poor.
From The Art of Cookery-
KING. 169
REVS ARD OF CRUEL COUNSEL.
For nine years' space Egypt had fruitless stood,
Without the aid of Nile's prolific flood ;
When Thrasius said, " That blessing to regain,
The gods require a stranger should be slain."
" Be thou the man," the fierce Busiris cries :
" I'll make th' adviser his own sacrifice ;
Nor can he blame the voice by which he dies."
Perillus, first and last of 's trade,
For Phalaris a Bull had made :
With fire beneath, and water hot,
He put the brazier in the pot,
And gave him, like an honest fellow,
Precedence in his Bull to bellow.
The tyrants both did right : no law more just
Than " He that thinks of ill, should feel it first."
From The Art of Love.
HERCULES AND OMPHALE.
When Hercules, by labours done,
Had proved himself to be Jove's son,
By peace which he to earth had given,
Deserved to have his rest in heaven ;
Envy, that strives to be unjust,
Resolved to mortify him first ;
And, that he should enamour'd be
Of a proud jilt, call'd Omphale*,
Who should his heroship expose
By spinning hemp in women's clothes :
Her mind she did vouchsafe one day
Thus to her lover to display :
"Come, quickly, sir, off with this skin:
Think you, I '11 let a tanner in ?
If you of lions talk, or boars,
You certainly turn out of doors.
Your club 's abundantly too thick
For one shall move a fiddle-stick.
What should you do with all those arrows '?
I will have nothing kill'd but sparrows.
Heccy, this day you may remember;
For you shall see a lady's chamber.
Let me be rightly understood :
What I intend is for your good.
1 70 KINO.
In boddice I design to lace ye,
And so among my maids I '11 place ye.
When you 're genteeler grown, and thinner,
May be I '11 call you up to dinner.
With arms so brawny, fists so red,
You '11 scrub the rooms, or make the bed.
You can't stick pins, or frieze my hair
Bless me ! you 've nothing of an air.
You '11 ne'er come up to working point :
Your fingers all seem out of joint.
Then, besides, Heccy, I must tell ye,
An idle hand has empty belly :
Therefore this morning I'll begin,
Try how your clumsiness will spin.
You are my shadow, do you see ;
Your hope, your thought, your wish, all be
Invented and controll'd by me.
Look up whene'er I laugh ; look down
With trembling horror, if I frown.
Say as I say : servants can't lie.
Your truth is my propriety.
Nay, you should be to torture brought,
Were I but jealous you transgress'd in thought ;
Or if from Jove your single wish should crav
The fate of not continuing still my slave.
Prom The Art of Love.
MUSIC AN AUXILIARY TO FEMALE CHARMS.
Virgins should not unskill'd in Music be ;
For what 's more like themselves than harmony ?
Let not vice use it only to betray,
As syrens by their songs entice their prey.
Let it with sense, with voice, and beauty, join,
Grateful to eyes and ear, and to the mind divine :
For there 's a double grace when pleasing strings
Are touch'd by her that more delightful sings.
Thus Orpheus did the rage of deserts quell,
And charm'd the monstrous instruments of hell.
New walls to Thebes Amphion thus began,
Whilst to the work officious marble ran.
Thus with his harp and voice Arion rode
On the mute fish safe through the rolling flood.
From The Art of Love.
THOMAS YALDEN. 171
WAS born in the city of Exeter, in 1671, and studied at Magdalen Hall, Ox-
ford. He entered into holy orders in 1700, and was presented to the vicarage of
Willoughby, in Warwickshire. In 1707, he became Doctor in Divinity, and
was afterwards presented to several church preferments. Although he led a
peaceful life, he was suspected of sharing in Bishop Atterbury's conspiracy ; in
consequence of which he was taken into custody, and subjected to examination ;
but as nothing appeared to criminate him, he was set at liberty. After this, he
continued unmolested till his death, which occurred in 1736. The poems of
Yaltlen are chiefly lyrical, and although he was an imitator of Cow ley, his Terse
exhibits a rough dignity and vigour that evince considerable original power.
His Hymn to Darkness, which he wrote in imitation of, or perhaps we should
rather say in rivalry to, Cowley, is one of his best productions.
HYMN TO DARKNESS.
Darkness, thou first great parent of us all,
Thou art our great original :
Since from thy universal womb
Does all thou shad'st below, thy numerous offspring,
come.
Thy wondrous birth is ev'n to Time unknown,
Or, like Eternity, thou'dst none ;
Whilst Light did its first being owe
Unto that awful shade it dares to rival now.
Say, in what distant region dost thou dwell,
To reason inaccessible ?
From form and duller matter free,
Thou soar'st above the reach of man's philosophy.
Involved in thee, we first receive our breath,
Thou art our refuge too in death :
Great Monarch of the Grave and Womb,
Where'er our souls shall go, to thee our bodies come.
The silent globe is struck with awful fear,
When thy majestic shades appear :
Thou dost compose the air and sea,
And earth a sabbath keeps, sacred to Rest and Thee.
In thy serener shades our ghosts delight,
And court the umbrage of the Night ;
In vaults and gloomy caves they stray,
But fly the Morning's beams, and sicken at the Day.
Though solid bodies dare exclude the light,
Nor will the brightest ray admit ;
No substance can thy force repel,
Thou reign'st in depths below, dost in the centre dwell.
172 YALDEN.
The sparkling gems, and ore in mines below,
To thee their beauteous lustre owe ;
Though form'd within the womb of Night,
Bright as their fire they shine, with native rays of light.
When thou dost raise thy venerable head,
And art in genuine Night array'd,
Thy Negro beauties then delight ;
Beauties, like polish'd jet, with their own darkness
bright.
Thou dost thy smiles impartially bestow,
And know'st no difference here below :
All things appear the same by thee,
Though Light distinction makes, thou giv'st equality.
Calm as the bless'd above the anchorites dwell,
Within their peaceful gloomy cell:
Their minds with heavenly joys are fill'd ;
The pleasures Light denies, thy shades for ever yield.
In caves of Night, the oracles of old
Did all their mysteries unfold :
Darkness did first Religion grace,
Gave terrors to the God, and reverence to the place.
When the Almighty did on Horeb stand,
Thy shades enclosed the hallow'd land;
In clouds of Night he was array'd,
And venerable Darkness his pavilion made.
When he appear'd arm'd in his power and might,
He veil'd the beatific light ;
When terrible with majesty,
In tempests he gave laws, and clad himself in thee.
Ere the foundation of the earth was laid,
Or brighter firmament was made ;
Ere matter, time, or place, was known,
Thou, monarch Darkness, sway'dst these spacious realms
alone.
But, now the Moon (though gay with borrow'd light)
Invades thy scanty lot of Night :
By rebel subjects thou 'rt betray'd,
The anarchy of Stars depose their monarch Shade.
YALDEN. 173
Yet fading Light its empire must resign,
And Nature's power submit to thine :
An universal ruin shall erect thy throne,
And Fate confirm thy kingdom evermore thy own.
THE SATYR'S ADDRESS.
Five Satyrs of the woodland sort,
Thought politicians then;
Their ears prick'd up, their noses short,
And brows adorn'd like aldermen;
With asses' hoofs, great goggle eyes,
And ample chins of Be m's size ;
To Jove tript up with an address,
In favour of the plains :
That it would please him to suppress
All heats and colds, his winds and rains ;
The sun that he 'd extinguish too,
And in the skies hang something new.
" My wise reforming friends," quoth Jove,
" Our elements are good !
We manage for the best above,
Though not so rightly understood ;
But since such profound Squires are sent,
We '11 treat you like the cream of Kent."
Then Jove brought out ethereal fire
In a gilt chafing-dish :
The sparkling flame they all admire,
'Twas fine, they vow'd, as heart could wish :
They gaped, they grinn'd, they jump'd about !
" Jove, give us that, the sun put out!"
The charming flames they all embrace,
Which, urged by Nature's laws,
Their shaggy hides set in a blaze,
And soundly singed their paws ;
In corners then they sneak'd with terror dumb,
And o'er th' immortal pavements scud it home.
174 THOMAS PAENELL.
THOMAS PARNKLL was born in Dublin, in 1679, and was the son of a gentle-
man of Cheshire, who, at the Restoration, migrated to Ireland, where he settled
and purchased an estate. The poet, after receiving the elements of education
at a grammar school, was admitted into the University of Dublin ; and the
visual routine of study being finished, he was ordained a deacon in 1700, by a
dispensation from the Bishop of Derry, as he was still under the canonical age.
Five years afterwards, he was promoted to the archdeaconry of Clogher.
Up to this period of his life, Parnell had sided with the Tory party ; but on
the ejection of the latter from office, towards the end of the reign of Queen
Anne, he found it convenient to alter his political principles: he therefore
stepped over to the Whigs, by whom he was received with open arms. As his
talents were known, he was deemed a valuable auxiliary to the cause, and Par-
nell, who hungered for preferment, although his private fortune was sufficiently
abundant, endeavoured to recommend himself to notice by his eloquence in the
pulpits of London. But from the new ministry he received nothing more sub-
stantial than caresses and empty protestations, and the death of the Queen put
an end to his hopes of promotion in the church by political subserviency. To
embitter his disappointment, he had also lost, in 1712, his amiable wife, to
whom he was affectionately devoted. These calamities preying upon a sensi-
tive mind, drove him to the miserable refuge of intemperance, a habit that
grew upon him towards the latter part of his life, although not so openly as to
occasion general scandal. His private friends, however, were not unmindful of
his interests, and, through the recommendation of Swift, Archbishop King pre-
sented him to the vicarage of Finglass, in the diocese of Dublin, worth 400i
per annum. But Parnell did not long enjoy this promotion. Only a year after
his appointment, and while he was on his way to Ireland, to enter into his new
charge, he sickened and died at Chester, in July, 1717, in the thirty-eighth year
of his age.
Parnell was an industrious writer, and seems to have published many pieces
anonymously in the periodicals of the day ; but his principal productions were
carefully selected by his friends Pope and Goldsmith, and published in a sepa-
rate form. These are, The Rise of Woman, The Fairy Tale of Sir Topaz,
The Vigil of Venus, The Bookworm, and a sacred poem of considerable
length, called The Gift of Poetry. In these there does not appear either much
originality or great power of imagination ; but their chief excellence consists
in that easy and graceful flow of ideas and language, which always gives
pleasure, without creating either astonishment or delight. His works, there-
fore, have deservedly continued to be popular to the present day, while many
of his contemporaries of greater pretensions have sunk into neglect.
The poem by which Parnell is chiefly known is The Hermit, a production that
has continued since his own time to be an especial favourite with every class of
readers. The story, indeed, is not original, as it is to be found in More's
Dialogues, and Howel's Letters, and can probably be traced to an eastern
origin ; but its merits were so obvious, that both Parnell and Voltaire adopted
it, the latter having introduced it, with some modifications, into his tale of
Zadig. Our countryman, however, has adorned it with a greater variety of
events, and elicited from it a higher morality. The Hermit is a revolving
panorama of beautiful pictures, each perfect in itself ; and with the various
shades and gradations of a summer day, and amidst the fairest varieties of
English scenery, we have the venerable pilgrim and his companion, the mansion
of ostentatious hospitality, the churl's squalid abode, the kind host, the guide,
and, finally, the angelic appearance, all full of life, and combining with each
other in the most admirable unison to produce the great result. The versifica-
tion is also worthy of the subject, being full of harmony, but always changing,
like a piece of carefully composed music, with the variations of the tale. From
these circumstances the Hermit will always continue to be popular, even should
the other productions of Pamell cease to charm, and be consigned to forget-
fulness.
PARNELL.
\
CHRIST'S AOONY IN THE OAKDEN.
For what was all the gracious Saviour's stay,
Whilst here he trod in life's encumber'd way,
But troubled patience, persecuted breath,
Neglected sorrows, and afflicting death ;
Approach, ye sinners ; think the garden shows
His bloody sweat of full arising throes ;
Approach his grief, and hear him thus complain,
Through David's person, and in David's strain.
Oh, save me, God, thy floods about me roll,
Thy wrath divine hath overflow'd my soul :
I come at length where rising waters drown,
And sink in deep affliction, deeply down.
Deceitful snares, to bring me to the dead,
Lie ready placed in every path I tread.
176 PARNELL.
And Hell itself, with all that Hell contains,
Of fiends accursed, and dreadful change of pains ;
To daunt firm will, and cross the good design'd,
With strong temptations fasten on the mind ;
Such grief, such sorrows, in amazing view,
Distracted fears and heaviness pursue.
Ye sages, deeply read in human frame,
The passions' causes, and their wild extreme ;
Where moved an object more opposed to bliss,
What other agony could equal his ?
From David.
ADVICE TO AN OLD BEAUTY.
'Tis true, when beauty dawns with early fire,
And hears the flattering tongues of soft desire,
If not from virtue, from its gravest ways
The soul with pleasing avocation strays.
But beauty gone, 'tis easier to be wise ;
As harpers better by the loss of eyes.
Henceforth retire, reduce your roving airs,
Haunt less the plays, and more the public prayers ;
Reject the Mechlin head, and gold brocade,
Go pray, in sober Norwich crape array'd.
Thy pendant diamonds let thy Fanny take
(Their trembling lustre shows how much you shake) ;
Or bid her wear thy necklace row'd with pearl
You'll find your Fanny an obedient girl.
So for the rest, with less incumbrance hung,
You walk through life, unmingled with the young,
And view the shade and substance as you pass
With joint endeavour trifling at the glass ;
Or Folly drest, and rambling all her days,
To meet her counterpart, and grow by praise :
Yet still sedate yourself, and gravely plain,
You neither fret nor envy at the vain.
SONG OF HEZEKIAH.
I said, My God, when in the loath'd disease
Thy Prophet's words cut off my future days.
Now to the grave, with mournful haste, I go,
Now Death unbars his sable gates below.
*
PARNELL. 177
How might my years by course of nature last !
But thou pronounced it, and the prospect pass'd.
I said, My God, thy servant now no more
Shall in thy temple's sacred courts adore ;
No more on earth with living man converse,
Shrunk in a cold uncomfortable hearse.
My life, like tents which wandering shepherds raise,
Proves a short dwelling, and removes at ease.
My sins pursue me ; see the deadly band !
My God, who sees them, cuts me from the land ;
As when a weaver finds his labour sped,
Swift from the beam he parts the fastening thread.
With pining sickness all from night to day,
From day to night, he makes my strength decay :
Reckoning the time, I roll with restless groans,
Till, with a lion's force, he crush my bones ;
New morning dawns, but, like the morning past,
'Tis day, 'tis night, and still my sorrows last.
Now, screaming like the crane, my words I spoke,
Now, like the swallow, chattering quick, and broke ;
Now, like the doleful dove, when on the plains
Her mourning tone affects the listening swains.
To heaven, for aid, my wearying eyes I throw,
At length they 're weary'd quite, and sink with woe.
From Death's arrest, for some delays, I sue ;
Thou, Lord, who judged me, thou reprieve me, too.
Rapture of joy ! what can thy servant say?
He sent his Prophet to prolong my day;
Through my glad limbs I feel the wonder run,
Thus said the Lord, and this Himself has done.
Soft shall I walk, and, well secured from fears,
Possess the comforts of my future years.
Keep soft, my heart, keep humble, while they roll,
Nor e'er forget my bitterness of soul.
'Tis by the means thy sacred words supply,
That mankind live, but in peculiar I ;
A second grant thy mercy pleased to give,
And my raised spirits doubly seem to live.
Behold the time ! when peace adorn'd my reign,
'Twas then I felt my stroke of humbling pain ;
Corruption dug her pit, I fear'd to sink,
God loved my soul, and snatch'd me from the brink.
He turn'd my follies from his gracious eye,
As men who pass accounts, and cast them by.
What mouth has death, which can thy praise proclaim?
What tongue the grave, to speak thy glorious name?
178 PARNELL.
Or will the senseless dead exult with mirth,
Moved to their hope by promises on earth ?
The living, Lord, the living only praise,
The living only fit to sing thy lays :
These feel thy favours, these thy temple see ;
These raise the song, as I this day to thee.
Nor will thy truth the present only reach,
This the good fathers shall their offspring teach ;
Report the blessings which adorn my page,
And hand then- own, with mine, from age to age.
So, when the Maker heard his creature crave,
So kindly rose his ready Will to save :
Then march we solemn towards the temple-door,
While all our joyful music sounds before ;
There, on this day, through all my life appear,
When this comes round in each returning year;
There strike the strings, our voices jointly raise,
And let his dwellings hear my songs of praise.
From Hezekiah.
ON BISHOP BURNET'S BEING SET ON FIRE IN HIS CLOSET.
From that dire era, bane to Sarum's pride,
Which broke his schemes, and laid his friends aside,
He talks and writes that Popery will return,
And we, and he, and all his works, will burn.
What touch'd himself was almost fairly proved :
(Oh, far from Britain be the rest removed !)
For, as of late he meant to bless the age,
With flagrant Prefaces of party rage,
O'er-wrought with passion, and the subject's weight,
Lolling, he nodded in his elbow-seat ;
Down fell the candle ; Grease and Zeal conspire,
Heat meets with heat, and Pamphlets burn their Sire.
Here crawls a Preface on its half-burn'd maggots,
And there an Introduction brings its faggots :
Then roars the Prophet of the Northern Nation,
Scorch'd by a flaming speech on Moderation.
Unwarn'd by this, go on, the realm to fright,
Thou Briton vaunting in thy second-sight ?
In such a ministry you safely tell,
How much you'd suffer, if Religion fell.
PA.KNELL. 179
ON MRS. ARABELLA FERMOR LEAVING LONDON.
From town fair Arabella flies :
The beaux unpowder'd grieve ;
The rivers play before her eyes ;
The breezes, softly breathing, rise ;
The Spring begins to live.
Her lovers swore, they must expire ;
Yet quickly find their ease ;
For, as she goes, their flames retire,
Love thrives before a nearer fire,
Esteem by distant rays.
Yet soon the fair one will return,
When Summer quits the plain :
Ye rivers, pour the weeping urn ;
Ye breezes, sadly sighing, mourn ;
Ye lovers, burn again.
'Tis constancy enough in love
That Nature 's fairly shown :
To search for more, will fruitless prove ;
Romances, and the turtle dove,
The virtue boast alone.
OSTENTATIOUS HOSPITALITY.
Now sunk the sun ; the closing hour of day
Came onward, mantled o'er with sober grey ;
Nature in silence bid the world repose ;
When near the road a stately palace rose :
There by the moon through ranks of trees they pass,
Whose verdure crown'd their sloping sides of grass.
It chanced the noble master of the dome
Still made his house the wandering stranger's home :
Yet still the kindness, from a thirst of praise,
Proved the vain flourish of expensive ease.
The pair arrive : the liveried servants wait :
Their lord receives them at the pompous gate.
The table groans with costly piles of food,
And all is more than hospitably good.
Then led to rest, the day's long toil they drown,
Deep sunk in sleep, and silk, and neaps of down.
1 80 PAENELL.
At length 'tis morn, and at the dawn of day,
Along the wide canals the zephyrs play :
Fresh o'er the gay parterres the breezes creep,
And shake the neighbouring wood to banish sleep.
Up rise the guests, obedient to the call :
An early banquet deck'd the splendid hall ;
Rich luscious wine a golden goblet graced,
Which the kind master forced the guests to taste.
Then, pleased and thankful, from the porch they go ;
And, but the landlord, none had cause of woe ;
His cup was vanish'd ; for in secret guise
The younger guest purloin'd the glittering prize.
As one who spies a serpent in his way,
Glistening and basking in the summer ray,
Disorder'd stops to shun the danger near,
Then walks with faintness on, and looks with fear ;
So seem'd the Sure ; when far upon the road,
The shining spoil his wily partner show'd.
He stopp'd with silence, walk'd with trembling heart,
And much he wish'd, but durst not ask, to part:
Murmuring he lifts his eyes, and thinks it hard,
That generous actions meet a base reward.
From The Hermit.
EPIGRAM.
The greatest gifts that Nature does bestow,
Can't unassisted to perfection grow :
A scanty fortune clips the wings of Fame,
And checks the progress of a rising name :
Each dastard virtue drags a captive's chain,
And moves but slowly, for it moves with pain :
Domestic cares sit hard upon the mind,
And cramp those thoughts which should be unconfined
The cries of Poverty alarm the soul,
Abate its vigour, its designs control :
The stings of Want inflict the wounds of Death,
And motion always ceases with the breath.
The love of friends is found a languid fire,
That glares but faintly, and will soon expire ;
Weak is its force, nor can its warmth be great,
A feeble light begets a feeble heat.
Wealth is the fuel that must feed the flame,
It dies in rags, and scarce deserves a name.
ELIJAH FENTON. 181
THIS talented writer was born at Shelton, near Newcastle, in 1683, and was
educated at Cambridge ; but as he was of non-juring principles, he refused the
oaths that were necessary to qualify him for a literary degree, as well as public
employment. On this account, the earlier part of his life was spent under ccn.
siderable deprivations, until he was kindly relieved by Pope, who introduced
him to Secretary Craggs, and afterwards to Sir William Trumball, by both of
whom he was employed in a literary capacity. Fenton was likewise a coadjutor
of Pope in translating Homer's Odyssey, and his share of that performance was
the first, the fourth, the nineteenth, and the twentieth books. He died at East-
hamstead, the seat of Lady Trumball, in Berkshire, in 1730.
IMPOTENCE OF HUMAN WISDOM.
The spark of pure ethereal light
That actuates this fleeting frame,
Darts through the cloud of flesh a sickly flame,
And seems a glow-worm in a winter night.
But man would yet look wondrous wise,
And equal chains of thought devise ;
Intends his mind on mighty schemes,
Refutes, defines, confirms, declaims ;
And diagrams he draws, t' explain
The learn'd chimeras of his brain ;
And, with imaginary wisdom proud,
Thinks on the goddess while he clips the cloud.
Through error's mazy grove, with fruitless toil,
Perplex'd with puzzling doubts we roam ;
False images our sight beguile,
But still we stumble through the gloom,
And science seek, which still deludes the mind.
Yet, more enamour'd with the race,
With disproportion'd speed we urge the chase :
In vain ! the various prey no bounds restrain ;
Fleeting it only leaves, t' increase our pain,
A cold unsatisfying scent behind.
Yet, gracious God ! presumptuous man
With random guesses makes pretence
To sound thy searchless providence
From which he first began :
Like hooded hawks we blindly tower,
And circumscribe, with fancied laws, thy power.
182 FENTON.
Thy will the rolling orbs obey,
The moon, presiding o'er the sea,
Governs the waves with equal sway:
But man, perverse and lawless still,
Boldly runs counter to thy will ;
Thy patient thunder he defies ;
Lays down false principles, and moves
By what his vicious choice approves ;
And, when he 's vainly wicked, thinks he 's wise.
Return, return, too long misled !
With filial fear adore thy God :
Ere the vast deep of heaven was spread,
Or body first in space abode,
Glories ineffable adorn'd his head.
Unnumber'd seraphs round the burning throne,
Sung to th' incomprehensible Three-One :
Yet then his clemency did please
With lower forms t' augment his train,
And made thee, wretched creature, Man,
Probationer of happiness.
EDUCATION.
Nature permits her various gifts to fall
On various climes, nor smiles alike on all :
The Latian vales eternal verdure wear,
And flowers spontaneous crown the smiling year;
But who manures a Avild Norwegian hill,
To raise the jasmine, or the coy jonquil ?
Who finds the peach among the savage sloes,
Or in bleak Scythia seeks the blushing rose ?
Here golden grain waves o'er the teeming fields,
And there the vine her racy purple yields.
High on the cliffs the British oak ascends,
Proud to survey the seas her power defends ;
Her sovereign title to the flag she proves,
Scornful of softer India's spicy groves.
These instances, which true in fact we find,
Apply we to the culture of the mind.
This soil, in early youth improved with care,
The seeds of gentle science best will bear ;
That, with more particles of flame inspired,
With glittering arms and thirst of fame i* fired ;
FEXTON. 183
Nothing of greatness in a third will grow,
But, barren as it is, 'twill bear a beau.
If these from Nature's genial bent depart,
In life's dull farce to play a borrow'd part ;
Should the sage dress, and flutter in the Mall,
Or leave his problems for a birth-night ball ;
Should the rough homicide unsheath his pen,
And in heroics only murder men ;
Should the soft fop forsake the lady's charms,
To face the foe with inoffensive arms ;
Each would variety of acts afford,
Fit for some new Cervantes to record.
From the Epistle to Mr. Lombard.
ON THE FIRST FIT OF THE GOUT.
Welcome, thou friendly earnest of fourscore,
Promise of wealth, that hast alone the power
T' attend the rich, unenvied by the poor.
Thou that dost ^Esculapius deride,
And o'er his gallipots in triumph ride ;
Thou that art used t' attend the royal throne,
And under-prop the head that bears the crown ;
Thou that dost oft in privy council wait,
And guard from drowsy sleep the eyes of state ;
Thou that upon the bench art mounted high,
And warn'st the judges how they tread awry ;
Thou that dost oft from pamper'd prelate's toe
Emphatically urge the pains below ;
Thou that art ever half the city's grace,
And add'st to solemn noddles solemn pace ;
Thou that art used to sit on ladies' knee,
To feed on jellies, and to drink cold tea ;
Thou that art ne'er from velvet slipper free ;
Whence comes this unsought honour unto me ?
Whence does this mighty condescension flow ?
To visit my poor tabernacle, O !
As Jove vouchsafed on Ida's top, 'tis said,
At poor Philemon's cot to take a bed ;
Pleased with the poor but hospitable feast,
Jove bid him ask, and granted his request;
So do thou grant (for thou 'rt of race divine,
Begot "on Venus by the God of Wine)
My humble suit ! And either give me store
To entertain thee, or ne'er see me more.
184 ISAAC WATTS.
ALTHOUGH the poetry of this amiable and talented author has been extrava-
gantly over-rated by a certain class of religionists, he would probably have been
excluded from the catalogue of genuine English poets, had it not been for the
friendly interposition of Johnson, who vindicated his real excellence to the world,
and showed that he was something more than the mere laureate of a sect. Isaac
Watts was born at Southampton, in 1674, and was the eldest of nine children.
We are told, that he was distinguished by a love of books from his infancy, and
that he began to learn Latin at four years old. His proficiency at school was
so remarkable, that a subscription was proposed for his support at the Uni-
versity; but he conscientiously sacrificed this tempting opportunity, by pro-
claiming his adherence to the principles of the Dissenters. Accordingly, in
1690, he repaired to the academy kept by Mr. Rowe, and there distinguished
himself beyond all his class-fellows, by his exercises and acquirements. His
poetical productions were numerous, as he continued to write verses from the
age of fifteen to fifty ; and they consist chiefly of a Paraphrase of the Psalms of
David, a large collection of Hymns, many lyrics , and a collection of Divine Songs
for Infants a species of writing of which he may be justly considered the
founder. After a long life of eminent usefulness as a clergyman, and the esta-
blishment of a high literary reputation by his ethical and metaphysical writ-
ings, in consequence of which he received from the colleges of Glasgow and
Aberdeen the degree of Doctor of Divinity, he entered into his rest on the 25th
of November, 1743.
DIVINE JUDGMENTS.
Not from the dust my sorrows spring,
Nor drop my comforts from the lower skies !
Let all the baneful planets shed
Their mingled curses on my head,
How vain their curses, if th' Eternal King
Look through the clouds, and bless me with his eyes !
Creatures with all their boasted sway
Are but his slaves, and must obey ;
They wait their orders from above,
And execute his word, the vengeance, or the love.
'Tis by a warrant from his hand
The gentler gales are bound to sleep :
The north wind blusters, and assumes command
Over the desert and the deep ;
Old Boreas with his freezing powers
Turns the earth iron, makes the ocean glass,
Arrests the dancing rivulets as they pass,
And chains them moveless to their shores ;
The grazing ox lows to the gelid skies,
Walks o'er the marble meads with withering eyes,
Walks o'er the solid lakes, snuffs up the wind, and
dies.
WATTS. 18.5
Fly to the polar world, my song,
And mourn the pilgrims there (a wretched throng !)
Seized and bound in rigid chains,
A troop of statues on the Russian plains,
And life stands frozen in the purple veins.
Atheist, forbear ; no more blaspheme :
God has a thousand terrors in his name,
A thousand armies at command,
Waiting the signal of his hand,
And magazines of frost, and magazines of flame.
Dress thee in steel to meet his wrath ;
His sharp artillery from the north
Shall pierce thee to the soul, and shake thy mortal frame.
Sublime on Winter's rugged wings
He rides in arms along the sky,
And scatters fate on swains and kings ;
And flocks, and herds, and nations, die ;
While impious lips, profanely bold,
Grow pale ; and, quivering at his dreadful cold,
Give their own blasphemies the lie.
The mischiefs that infest the earth,
When the hot dog-star fires the realms on high,
Drought and disease, and cruel dearth,
Are but the flashes of a wrathful eye
From the incensed Divinity.
In vain our parching palates thirst,
For vital food in vain we cry,
And pant for vital breath ;
The verdant fields are burnt to dust,
The sun has drunk the channels dry,
And all the air is death.
Ye scourges of our Maker's rod,
'Tis at his dread command, at his imperial nod,
You deal your various plagues abroad.
Hail, whirlwinds, hurricanes, and floods,
That all the leafy standards strip,
And bear down with a mighty sweep
The riches of the fields, and honours of the woods ;
Storms, that ravage o'er the deep,
And bury millions in the waves.;
Earthquakes, that in midnight sleep
Turn cities into heaps, and make our beds our graves ;
While you dispense your mortal harms,
'Tis the Creator's voice that sounds your loud alarms,
When guilt with louder cries provokes a God to arms.
L
186 WATTS.
for a message from above
To bear my spirits up !
Some pledge of my Creator's love
To calm my terrors, and support my hope !
Let waves and thunders mix and roar,
Be thou my God, and the whole world is mine :
While thou art Sovereign, I'm secure ;
1 shall be rich till thou art poor ;
For all I fear, and all I wish, heaven, earth, and hell, are
thine.
LOOKING UPWARD.
The heavens invite mine eye,
The stars salute me round ;
Father, I blush, I mourn to lie
Thus grovelling on the ground.
My warmer spirits move,
And make attempts to fly ;
I wish aloud for wings of love
To raise me swift and high.
Beyond those crystal vaults,
And all their sparkling balls ;
They 're but the porches to thy courts,
And paintings on thy walls.
Vain world, farewell to you ;
Heaven is my native air :
I bid my friends a short adieu,
Impatient to be there.
I feel my powers released
From their old fleshy clod ;
Fair guardian, bear me up in haste,
And set me near my God.
SEEKIXG A DIVINE CALM IN A RESTLESS WORLD.
Eternal Mind, who rulest the fates
Of dying realms, and rising states,
With one unchanged decree ;
WATTS. 187
While we admire thy vast affairs,
Say, can our little trifling cares
Afford a smile to thee ?
Thou scatterest honours, crowns, and gold :
We fly to seize, and fight to hold
The bubbles and the ore :
So emmets struggle for a grain ;
So boys their petty wars maintain
For shells upon the shore.
Here a vain man his sceptre breaks,
The next a broken sceptre takes,
And warriors win and lose ;
This rolling world will never stand,
Plunder'd and snatch'd from hand to hand,
As power decays or grows.
Earth 's but an atom : greedy swords
Carve it among a thousand lords,
And yet they can't agree :
Let greedy swords still fight and slay,
I can be poor; but, Lord, I pray
To sit and smile with thee.
LAUNCHING INTO ETERNITY.
It was a brave attempt ! adventurous he,
Who in the first ship broke the unknown sea :
And, leaving his dear native shores behind,
Trusted his life to the licentious wind.
I see the surging brine : the tempest raves :
He on a pine-plank rides across the waves,
Exulting on the edge of thousand gaping graves :
He steers the winged boat, and shifts the sails,
Conquers the flood, and manages the gales.
Such is the soul that leaves this mortal land
Fearless when the great Master gives command.
Death is the storm : she smiles to hear it roar,
And bids the tempest waft her from the shore :
Then with a skilful helm she sweeps the seas,
And manages the raging storm with ease ;
(Her faith can govern death) she spreads her wings
Wide to the wind, and as she sails she sings,
And loses by degrees the sight of mortal things.
L 2
188 WATTS.
As the shores lessen, so her joys arise,
The waves roll gentler, and the tempest dies ;
Now vast eternity fills all her sight,
She floats on the broad deep with infinite delight,
The seas for ever calm, the skies for ever bright.
FREE PHILOSOPHY.
Custom, that tyranness of fools,
That leads the learned round the schools,
In magic chains of forms and rules !
My genius storms her throne :
No more, ye slaves, with awe profound
Beat the dull track, nor dance the round ;
Loose hands, and quit th' enchanted ground :
Knowledge invites us each alone.
I hate these shackles of the mind
Forged by the haughty wise ;
Bouls were not born to be confined,
And led, like Samson, blind and bound ;
But when his native strength he found
He well avenged his eyes.
I love thy gentle influence, Howe ;
Thy gentle influence, like the sun,
Only dissolves the frozen snow,
Then bids our thoughts like rivers flow,
And choose the channels where they run.
Thoughts should be free as fire or wind ;
The pinions of a single mind
Will through all nature fly :
But who can drag up to the poles
Long fetter'd ranks of leaden souls ?
A genius which no chain controls
Roves with delight, or deep, or high :
Swift I survey the globe around,
Dive to the centre through the solid ground,
Or travel o'er the sky.
TO THE REV. JOHN HOWE.
Great man, permit the Muse to climb
And seat her at thy feet,
WATTS. 189
Bid her attempt a thought sublime,
And consecrate her wit.
I feel, I feel th' attractive force
Of thy superior soul :
My chariot flies her upward course,
The wheels divinely roll.
Now let me chide the mean affairs
And mighty toil of men :
How they grow grey in trifling cares,
Or waste the motions of the spheres
Upon delights as vain !
A puff of honour fills the mind,
And yellow dust is solid good ;
Thus, like the ass of savage kind,
We snuff the breezes of the wind,
Or steal the serpent's food.
Could all the choirs
That charm the poles
But strike one doleful sound,
'Twould be employ'd to mourn our souls,
Souls that were framed of sprightly fires
In floods of folly drown'd.
Souls made of glory seek a brutal joy ;
How they disclaim their heavenly birth,
Melt their bright substance down with drossy earth,
And hate to be refined from that impure alloy.
Oft has thy genius roused us hence
With elevated song,
Bid us renounce this world of sense,
Bid us divide th' immortal prize
With the seraphic throng :
" Knowledge and love make spirits blest,
Knowledge their food, and love their rest ;"
But flesh, th' unmanageable beast,
Resists the pity of thine eyes,
And music of thy tongue.
Then let the worms of grovelling mind
Round the short joys of earthly kind
In restless windings roam ;
Howe hath an ample orb of soul,
Where shining worlds of knowledge roll,
Where love, the centre and the pole,
Completes the heaven at home.
JOHN HUGHES.
THIS poet was born at Marlborough, on the 29th of July, 1677. His favourite
studies were poetry and music, which he succeeded in combining, by the pro-
duction of several Cantatas that were greatly admired by the public. Occa-
sionally, also, he wrote in prose, of which his contributions to the Spectator,
Taller, and Guardian, secured him the esteem of his talented contemporaries.
More fortunate, also, than the generality of the poets of his day, he, in 1717,
received from Lord Chancellor Cowper the appointment of Secretary to the
Commissions of the Peace, an office that secured him affluence for the re-
mainder of his life, which, unfortunately, however, terminated only three years
after. As a poet, Hughes is chiefly known by his tragedy of The Siege of
Damascus.
TO A BEAUTIFUL LADY,
PLATING ON THE ORGAN.
When famed Cecilia on the organ play'd,
And fill'd with moving sounds the tuneful frame,
Drawn by the charm, to hear the sacred maid,
From heaven, 'tis said, a listening angel came.
Thus ancient legends would our faith abuse ;
In vain for were the bold tradition true,
While your harmonious touch that charm renews,
Again the seraph would appear to you.
O happy fair ! in whom with purest light,
Virtue's united beams with beauty shine !
Should heavenly guests descend to bless our sight,
What form more lovely could they wear than thine ?
ON DIVINE POETRY.
In Nature's golden age, when new-born day
Array'd the skies, and earth was green and gay ;
When God, with pleasure, all his works survey'd,
And virgin innocence before him play'd ;
In that illustrious morn, that lovely spring,
The Muse, by heaven inspired, began to sing.
Descending angels, in harmonious lays,
Taught the first happy pair their Maker's praise.
Such was the sacred art We now deplore
The Muse's loss, since Eden is no more.
When Vice from hell rear'd up its hydra head,
Th' affrighted maid, with chaste Astrsea, fled,
And sought protection in her native sky ;
In vain the heathen Nine her absence would supply.
HUGHES. 191
Yet to some few, whose dazzling virtues shone
In ages past, her heavenly charms were known.
Hence learn'd the bard, in lofty strains to tell
How patient Virtue triumph'd over hell ;
And hence the chief, who led the chosen race
Through parting seas, derived his songs of praise :
She gave the rapturous ode, whose ardent lay
Sings female force, and vanquish'd Sisera ;
She tuned to pious notes the Psalmist's lyre,
And fill'd Isaiah's breast with more than Pindar's fire !
AN IMAGE OF PLEASURE,
IN IMITATION OF AN ODE IN CASIMIRE.
Solace of life, my sweet companion lyre !
On this fair poplar bough I '11 hang thee high,
While the gay fields all soft delights inspire,
And not one cloud deforms the smiling sky.
While whispering gales, that court the leaves and flowers,
Play through thy strings, and gently make them sound,
Luxurious I '11 dissolve the flowing hours
In balmy slumbers on the carpet ground.
But see what sudden gloom obscures the air!
What falling showers impetuous change the day !
Let 's rise, my lyre Ah Pleasure false as fair !
How faithless are thy charms, how short thy stay !
WRITTEN IN A LADY'S PRAYER BOOK.
So fair a form, with such devotion join'd !
A virgin body, and a spotless mind !
Pleased with her prayers, while heaven propitious sees
The lovely votaress on her bended knees :
Sure it must think some angel lost its way
And happening on our wretched earth to stray,
Tired with our follies, fain would take its flight,
And begs to be restored to those blest realms of light.
192 HUGHES.
ODE ON THE SPRING.
FOR THE MONTH OF MAY.
Wanton Zephyr, come away !
On this sweet, this silent grove,
Sacred to the Muse and Love,
In gentle whisper'd murmurs play !
Come, let thy soft, thy balmy breeze
Diffuse thy vernal sweets around
From sprouting flowers, and blossom'd trees ;
While hills and echoing vales resound
With notes, which wing'd musicians sing
In honour to the bloom of spring.
Lovely season of desire !
Nature smiles with joy to see
The amorous months led on by thee,
That kindly wake her genial fire.
The brightest object in the skies,
The fairest lights that shine below,
The sun, and Mira's charming eyes,
At thy return more charming grow :
With double glory they appear,
To warm and grace the infant year.
JONATHAN SWIFT. 193
THIS terrible satirist, who proclaimed war and defiance to all mankind, was
born at Dublin in 1667, although by his own account his birth-place was Leicester ;
but he proclaimed himself an Englishman or Irishman according to the con.
venience of the moment. He was educated at the University of Dublin, and
was at first so inattentive to his studies, that when the time arrived for claiming
a Bachelorship of Arts, he Vas found so unqualified, that the degree was con-
ferred on him by special favour, rather than on account of merit. This degra-
dation stung him so deeply, that he resolved to repair his deficiencies by study-
ing eight hours a day for seven years a resolution to which he adhered, and by
which he laid the foundation of his future eminence. At the age of twenty -one,
he obtained the patronage of Sir William Temple, who introduced him to King
William ; and the latter, whose ideas were wholly military, was so well pleased
with Swift, that he would have made him a captain of horse, an offer which the
young aspirant to political power thought proper to decline. Finding that the
patronage of Temple was not likely to procure solid benefit, Swift resolved to
enter into the church : he accordingly took orders, and had many promises ot
advancement; but after repeated disappointments he could obtain nothing but
the livings of Laracor and Rathbeggin, in the diocese of Heath. He now gave
full vent to his satirical spirit by publishing his Tale of a Tub, in 1704, a work
which, on being shown to the Queen, excluded the author from all hope of an
English bishopric; and from that period until 1710, he addressed the public
with occasional pamphlets and treatises, suggested by passing events. After this,
his career was a fierce scramble for political influence and preferment until
1714, when, finding himself worsted in the struggle, and deprived of all hope by
the death of Queen Anne, he indignantly withdrew to Ireland, to settle in his
Deanery of St. Patrick, which he had obtained the previous year. Thus he was
doomed, after all his labours and prospects, to content himself with what he
considered a very paltry remuneration, and to spend the rest of his life in a
country which he hated, and among a people whom he despised. His pen, how-
ever, which was actively employed, afforded him consolation, and he wielded it
with not the less vigour and severity from the recollection of past disappoint-
ments. This continued till his death in 1744, when he expired "a driveller and
a show." It could scarcely be expected that an irreligious divine, heartless po-
litician, and selfish lover, could possess the elements of true poetry, and there-
fore Swift might be considered a rhymer rather than a poet. His verse, like
his prose, is terse and vigorous, but it never for a moment makes the slightest
approach to the sublime or the tender ; and even when he endeavours in his ad-
dresses to Vanessa or Stella to use the language of love, the effort is so over-
strained and artificial, that it moves nothing but contempt. Indeed, he has
written nothing in verse, which he could not have expressed as well, or perhaps
much better, in prose.
TO THE EARL OF PETERBOROUGH:
WHO COMMANDED THE BRITISH FORCES IN SPAIN.
Mordanto fills the trump of fame,
The Christian worlds his deeds proclaim,
And prints are crowded with his name.
In journeys he outrides the post,
Sits up till midnight with his host,
Talks politics, and gives the toast ;
194 SWIFT.
Knows every prince in Europe's face,
Flies like a squib from place to place,
And travels not, but runs a race.
From Paris gazette a-la-maine,
This day arrived, without his train,
Mordanto in a week from Spain.
A messenger comes all a-reek,
Mordanto at Madrid to seek ;
He left the town above a week.
Next day the post-boy winds his horn,
And rides through Dover in the morn :
Mordanto 's landed from Leghorn.
Mordanto gallops on alone ;
The roads are with his followers strown ;
This breaks a girth, and that a bone.
His body active as his mind,
Returning sound in limb and wind,
Except some leather lost behind.
A skeleton in outward figure,
His meagre corpse, though full of vigour,
Would halt behind him were it bigger.
So wonderful his expedition,
When you have not the least suspicion,
He 's with you like an apparition :
Shines in 'all climates like a star ;
In senates bold, and fierce in war ;
A land commander, and a tar :
Heroic actions early bred in,
Ne'er to be match'd in modern reading,
But by his name-sake Charles of Sweden.
EPIGRAM.
As Thomas was cudgell'd one day by his wife,
He took to the street, and fled for his life :
Tom's three dearest friends came by ha the squabble,
And saved him at once from the shrew and the rabble ;
Then ventured to give him some sober advice
But Tom is a person of honour so nice,
SWIFT. 195
Too wise to take counsel, too proud to take warning,
That he sent to all three a challenge next morning :
Three duels he fought, thrice ventured his life ;
Went home and was cudgell'd again by his wife.
ON A CURATE'S COMPLAINT OF HARD DUTY.
I march'd three miles through scorching sand,
With zeal in heart, and notes in hand ;
I rode four more to Great St. Mary,
Using four legs, when two were weary :
To three fair virgins I did tie men,
In the close bands of pleasing Hymen :
I dipp'd two babes in holy water,
And purified their mother after.
Within an hour and eke a half,
I preach'd three congregations deaf;
Where thundering out, with lungs long-winded,
I chopp'd so fast, that few there minded.
My emblem, the laborious sun,
Saw all these mighty labours done
Before one race of his was run.
All this perform'd by Robert Hewit :
What mortal else could e'er go through it ?
THE PROGRESS OF POETRY.
The farmer's goose, who in the stubble
Has fed without restraint or trouble,
Grown fat with com, and sitting still,
Can scarce get o'er the barn-door sill ;
And hardly waddles forth to cool
Her belly in the neighbouring pool ;
Nor loudly cackles at the door ;
For cackling shows the goose is poor.
But, when she must be turn'd to graze,
And round the barren common strays,
Hard exercise and harder fare
Soon make my dame grow lank and spare :
Her body light, she tries her wings,
And scorns the ground, and upward springs ;
While all the parish, as she flies,
Hears sounds harmonious from the skies.
Such is the poet fresh in pay
(The third night's profits of his play) ;
196 SWIFT.
His morning draughts till noon can swill
Among his brethren of the quill :
With good roast beef his belly full,
Grown lazy, foggy, fat, and dull,
Deep sunk in plenty and delight,
What poet e'er could take his flight ?
Or, stuff d with phlegm up to the throat,
What poet e'er could sing a note ?
Nor Pegasus could bear the load
Along the high celestial road ;
The steed, oppress'd, would break his girth,
To raise the lumber from the earth.
But view him in another scene,
When all his drink is Hippocrene,
His money spent, his patrons fail,
His credit out for cheese and ale ;
His two-years' coat so smooth and bare,
Through every thread it lets in air ;
With hungry meals his body pined,
His guts and belly full of wind ;
And, like a jockey for a race,
His flesh brought down to flying case :
Now his exalted spirit loaths
Incumbrances of food and clothes ;
And up he rises, like a vapour,
Supported high on wings of paper ;
He singing flies, and flying sings,
While from below all Grub-street rings.
RIDDLE: ON THE GALLOWS.
There is a gate, we know full well,
That stands 'twixt heaven, and earth, and hell,
Where many for a passage venture,
Yet very few are fond to enter ;
Although 'tis open night and day,
They for that reason shun this way :
Both dukes and lords abhor its wood,
They can't come near it for their blood.
What other way they take to go,
Another time I '11 let you know.
Yet commoners with greatest ease
Can find an entrance when they please.
The poorest hither march in state
(Or they can never pass the gate),
SWIFT.
Like Roman generals triumphant,
And then they take a turn and jump on 't.
If gravest parsons here advance,
They cannot pass before they dance ;
There 's not a soul that does resort here,
But strips himself to pay the porter.
ON WOOD, THE IRONMONGER.
Salmoneus, as the Grecian tale is,
Was a mad coppersmith of Elis ;
Up at his forge by morning peep,
No creature in the lane could sleep ;
Among a crew of roystering fellows
Would sit whole evenings at the alehouse :
His wife and children wanted bread,
While he went always drunk to bed.
This vapouring scab must needs devise
To ape the thunder of the skies :
With brass two fiery steeds he shod,
To make a clattering as they trod.
Of polish'd brass his flaming car
Like lightning dazzled from afar ;
And up he mounts into the box,
And he must thunder, with a pox.
Then furious he begins his march
Drives rattling o'er .a brazen arch ;
With squibs and crackers arm'd, to throw
Among the trembling crowd below.
All ran to prayers, both priests and laity,
To pacify this angry deity :
When Jove, in pity to the town,
With real thunder knock'd him down.
Then what a huge delight were all in,
To see the wicked varlet sprawling;
They search'd his pockets on the place,
And found his copper all was base ;
They laugh'd at such an Irish blunder,
To take the noise of brass for thunder.
The moral of this tale is proper,
Applied to Wood's adulter'd copper ;
Which, as he scatter'd, we, like dolts,
Mistook at first for thunder-bolts ;
Before the Drapier shot a letter
(Nor Jove himself could do it better),
Which, lighting on th' impostor's crown,
Like real thunder knock'd him down.
198
SWIFT.
THE DOG AND THE THIEF.
Quoth the thief to the dog, Let me into your door,
And I '11 give you these delicate bits.
Quoth the dog, I shall then be more villain than you are,
And besides must be out of my wits.
Your delicate bits will not serve me a meal,
But my master each day gives me bread ;
You '11 fly, when you get what you came here to steal,
And I must be hang'd in your stead.
The stock-jobber thus from 'Change-alley goes down,
And tips you the freeman a wink ;
Let me have but your vote to serve for the town,
And here is a guinea to drink.
Says the freeman, Your guinea to-night would be spent !
Your offers of bribery cease :
I '11 vote for my landlord, to whom I pay rent,
Or else I may forfeit my lease.
From London they come, silly people to chouse,
Their lands and their faces unknown :
Who 'd vote a rogue into the Parliament house,
That would turn a man out of his own?
THOMAS TICKELL. 199
THOMAS TICKBLL was bom al Bridekirk, in Cumberland, in 1686. He was a
student, and afterwards became a fellow, of Queen's College, Oxford, but he
vacated his fellowship in 1726, by marrying at Dublin. The literary career of
Tickell was chiefly of a political character, and he espoused the cause of his
party with such ardour, that he obtained from Dean Swift the nick-name of
Whiggissimus. What was of greater importance to him, was his obtaining the
friendship of Addison, who recommended his poetry to public notice ; and in 1717,
when his patron was made Secretary of State, he appointed Tickell under-secre-
tary. This friendship continued till the death of Addison, who solemnly com.
mended him, on his death-bed, to the patronage of Craggs, and gave him the
charge of publishing his works; and Tickell prefaced the collection with an
Elegy on its author, which forms one of the most affecting funeral poems in
the English language. In 1725, Tickell was made Secretary to the Lords Jus-
tices of Ireland, and in this office he continued till his death, which occurred
April 23, 1740.
FROM AN ELEGY ON THE DEATH OF ADDISON.
In what new region, to the just assign'd,
What new employments please th' unbodied mind ;
A winged Virtue, through th' ethereal sky,
From world to world unwearied does he fly ?
Or curious trace the long laborious maze
Of heaven's decrees, where wondering angels gaze ?
Does he delight to hear bold seraphs tell
How Michael battled, and the dragon fell ;
Or, mix'd with milder cherubim, to glow
In hymns of love, not ill essay'd below ?
Or dost thou warn poor mortals left behind,
A task well suited to thy gentle mind ?
Oh! if sometimes thy spotless form descend,
To me, thy aid, thou guardian genius, lend !
When rage misguides me, or when fear alarms,
When pain distresses, or when pleasure charms,
In silent whisperings purer thoughts impart,
And turn from ill a frail and feeble heart ;
Lead through the paths thy virtue trod before,
Till bliss shall join, nor death can part us more.
That awful form, which, so the heavens decree,
Must still be loved and still deplored by me ;
In nightly visions seldom fails to rise,
Or, roused by Fancy, meets my waking eyes.
If business calls, or crowded courts invite,
Th' unblemish'd statesman seems to strike my sight ;
If in the stage I seek to soothe my care,
I meet his soul which breathes in Cato there ;
If pensive to the rural shades I rove,
His shape o'ertakes me in the lonely grove ;
200 TICKELI,.
'Twas there of just and good he reason'd strong,
Clear'd some great truth, or raised some serious song
There patient show'd us the wise course to steer,
A candid censor, and a friend severe ;
There taught us how to live ; and (oh ! too high
The price for knowledge) taught us how to die.
COLIN AND LUCY:
Of Leinster, famed for maidens fair,
Bright Lucy was the grace ;
Nor e'er did Lifly's limpid stream
Reflect so sweet a face :
Till luckless love, and pining care,
Impair'd her rosy hue,
Her coral lips, and damask cheeks,
And eyes of glossy blue.
Oh ! have you seen a lily pale,
When heating rains descend ?
So droop'd the slow-consuming maid,
Her life now near its end.
By Lucy warn'd, of flattering swains
Take heed, ye easy fair :
Of vengeance due to broken vows,
Ye perjured swains, beware.
Three times, all in the dead of night,
A bell was heard to ring ;
And shrieking at the window thrice,
The raven flapp'd his wing.
Too well the love-lorn maiden knew
The solemn boding sound :
And thus, in dying words, bespoke
The virgins weeping round :
" I hear a voice, you cannot hear,
Which says, I must not stay ;
I see a hand, you cannot see,
Which beckons me away.
By a false heart, and broken vows,
In early youth I die :
TICKELL. 201
Was I to blame, because his bride
Was thrice as rich as I ?
" Ah, Colin ! give not her thy vows,
Vows due to me alone :
Nor thou, fond maid, receive his kiss,
Nor think him all thy own.
To-morrow, in the church to wed,
Impatient, both prepare !
But know, fond maid, and know, false man,
That Lucy will be there !
" Then bear my corse, my comrades, bear,
This bridegroom blithe to meet,
He in his wedding trim so gay,
I in my winding-sheet."
She spoke, she died, her corse was borne,
The bridegroom blithe to meet,
He in his wedding trim so gay,
She in her winding-sheet.
Then what were perjured Colin's thoughts ?
How were these nuptials kept ?
The bridesmen flock'd round Lucy dead,
And all the village wept.
Confusion, shame, remorse, despair,
At once his bosom swell :
The damps of death bedew'd his brow,
He shook, he groan'd, he fell.
From the vain bride, ah, bride no more !
The varying crimson fled,
When, stretch' d before her rival's corse,
She saw her husband dead.
Then to his Lucy's new-made grave,
Convey'd by trembling swains,
One mould with her, beneath one sod,
For ever he remains.
Oft at this grave, the constant hind
And plighted maid are seen ;
With garlands gay, and true-love knots,
They deck the sacred green :
But, swain forsworn, whoe'er thou art,
This hallow'd spot forbear ;
Remember Colin's dreadful fate,
And fear to meet him there.
202 TICKELL.
THE CHANGELING.
By magic fenced, by spells encompass'd round,
No mortal touch'd this interdicted ground ;
No mortal enter'd, those alone who came
Stolen from the couch of some terrestrial dame :
For oft of babes they robb'd the matron's bed,
And left some sickly changeling in their stead.
It chanced a youth of Albion's royal blood
Was foster'd here, the wonder of the wood.
Milkah for wiles above her peers renown'd,
Deep-skill'd in charms and many a mystic sound,
As through the regal dome she sought for prey,
Observed the infant Albion, where he lay
In mantles broider'd o'er with gorgeous pride,
And stole him from the sleeping mother's side.
Who now but Milkah triumphs in her mind !
Ah, wretched nymph, to future evils blind !
The time shall come when thou shalt dearly pay
The theft, hard-hearted ! of that guilty day :
Thou in thy turn shalt like the queen repine,
And all her sorrows doubled shall be thine :
He who adorns thy house, the lovely boy
Who now adorns it, shall at length destroy.
Two hundred moons in their pale course had seen
The gay-robed fairies glimmer on the green,
And Albion now had reach'd in youthful prime
To nineteen years, as mortals measure time.
Flush'd with resistless charms he fired to love
Each nymph and little Dryad of the grove ;
For skilful Milkah spared not to employ
Her utmost art to rear the princely boy ;
Each supple limb she swath'd, and tender bone,
And to the Elfin standard kept him down ;
She robb'd dwarf-elders of their fragrant fruit,
And fed him early with the daisy's root,
Whence through his veins the powerful juices ran,
And form'd in beauteous miniature the man.
Yet still, two inches taller than the rest,
His lofty port his human birth confest !
A foot in height, how stately did he show t
How look superior on the crowd below !
What knight like him could toss the rushy lance ?
Who move so graceful in the mazy dance ?
A shape so nice, or features half so fair,
What elf could boast ? or such a flow of hair ?
TICKELL. 203
Bright Kenna saw, a princess born to reign,
And felt the charmer burn in every vein.
She, heiress to this empire's potent lord,
Praised like the stars, and next the moon adored.
She, whom at distance thrones and princedoms view'd,
To whom proud Oriel and Azuriel sued,
In her high palace languish'd, void of joy,
And pined in secret for a mortal boy.
From Kensington Garden.
IN PRAISE OF THE HORN BOOK.
But how shall I thy endless virtues tell,
In which thou dost all other books excel ?
No greasy thumbs thy spotless leaf can soil,
Nor crooked dogs'-ears thy smooth corners spoil ;
In idle pages no errata stand,
To tell the blunders of the printer's hand :
No fulsome dedication here is writ,
Nor flattering verse, to praise the author's wit :
The margin, with no tedious notes is vex'd,
Nor various reading to confound the text :
All parties in thy literal sense agree,
Thou perfect centre of concordancy !
Search we the records of an ancient date,
Or read what modern histories relate,
They all proclaim what wonders have been done
By the plain letters taken as they run.
Thy heavenly notes, like angels' music, cheer
Departing souls, and soothe the dying ear.
An aged peasant, on his latest bed,
Wish'd for a friend some godly book to read :
The pious grandson thy known handle takes,
And (eyes lift up) this savoury lecture makes :
Great A, he gravely read ; the important sound
The empty walls and hollow roof rebound :
The expiring ancient rear'd his drooping head,
And thank'd his stars that Hodge had learn'd to read.
Great B, the younker bawls ! O heavenly breath !
What ghostly comforts in the hour of death !
What hopes I feel ! Great C, pronounced the boy ;
The grandsire dies with ecstacy of joy.
204 JOSEPH ADDISON.
THIS illustrious writer, who may be considered the Father of our national
periodical literature, was born at Milston, in Wiltshire, on the 1st of May, 1672.
He received his education at the Chartreux School, where he contracted that
friendship for Sir Richard Steele, which united them through life in their lite-
rary exertions. In 1687, Addison was entered into Queen's College, Oxford,
where he distinguished himself by his critical taste, and the excellence of his
Latin verses. His original design had been to devote himself to the church ;
but from this he was diverted by the advice of his friends, and he resolved to
become a courtier in consequence of which he commenced with poetical lauda-
tions upon King William, and the Peace of Ryswick. But a more profitable
theme awaited him : this was the great victory of Blenheim, which required
an adequate poet to celebrate it; and Addison, having undertaken the task,
produced The Campaign, for which he was rewarded with the office of Commis-
sioner of Appeals. After this his promotion was so remarkable, that it must
have astonished himself as well as the world; for he was first appointed
Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; afterwards Secretary to the
Regency, upon the death of Queen Anne ; and, finally, in 1717, the climax was
finished, by his being made Secretary of State. But in these changes, it would
appear as if, to use Malvolio's expression, greatness had been thrust upon him,
for his gentle spirit and invincible bashfulness completely unfitted him for
the management of a senate, so that he solicited his dismission, and' retired
upon a pension of 1,5001. a year. After this, he devoted himself to literature,
and the society of his literary friends, until his death, which occurred on the
17th of June, 1719. His last moments were in beautiful harmony with the pure
and religious spirit of his writings, for he was then chiefly solicitous to show
bow a Christian can die.
As a poet, Addison's Cato, which is a dramatic poem rather than a play, is
too well known to require further notice. In the structure of his versification,
he commenced with imitating Dryden, and ended by selecting Pope for his
model, but he never could attain the strength of the former, nor the sweetness
of the latter. It was by his prose writings, and especially his articles in the
Spectator, that he influenced the opinions of his own day, and descended to
posterity ; and a single chapter of his Roger de Coverley is worth all his English
and Latin poetry. His verses, indeed, instead of being the spontaneous out-
pourings of a heart that " voluntary moved harmonious numbers," seem rather
to have been constructed in a style, and upon subjects, that would tend to his
own advancement and truly they had their reward !
ANODE.
The spacious firmament on high,
With all the blue ethereal sky,
And spangled heavens, a shining frame,
Their great original proclaim.
The unwearied sun, from day to day,
Does his Creator's power display ;
And publishes, to every land,
The work of an Almighty hand.
ADDISON.
205
II.
Soon as the evening shades prevail,
The moon takes up the wondrous tale ;
And nightly, to the listening earth,
Repeats the story of her birth :
Whilst all the stars that round her burn,
And all the planets, in their turn,
Confirm the tidings as they roll,
And spread the truth from pole to pole.
What though, in solemn silence, all
Move round the dark terrestrial ball ;
What though, no real voice, nor sound,
Amidst their radiant orbs be found :
In Reason's ear they all rejoice,
And utter forth a glorious voice ;
For ever singing as they shine,
The hand that made us is Divine.
b
206 ADDISON.
THE BATTLE OF BLENHEIM.
But now the trumpet terrible from far
In shriller clangours animates the war;
Confederate drums in fuller concert beat,
And echoing hills the loud alarm repeat :
Gallia's proud standards, to Bavaria's join'd,
Unfurl their gilded lilies in the wind;
The daring prince his blasted hopes renews,
And, while the thick embattled host he views
Stretcht out in deep array, and dreadful length,
His heart dilates, and glories in his strength.
The fatal day its mighty course began,
That the grieved world had long desired in vain ;
States that their new captivity bemoan'd,
Armies of martyrs that in exile groan'd,
Sighs from the depth of gloomy dungeons heard,
And prayers in bitterness of soul preferr'd,
Europe's loud cries, that Providence assail'd,
And Anna's ardent vows, at length prevail'd ;
The day was come when Heaven design'd to show
His care and conduct of the world below.
Behold in awful march and dread array
The long-extended squadrons shape their way !
Death, in approaching terrible, imparts
An anxious horror to the bravest hearts ;
Yet do their beating breasts demand the strife,
And thirst of glory quells the love of life.
No vulgar fears can British minds control ;
Heat of revenge, and noble pride of soul,
O'erlook the foe, advantaged by his post,
Lessen his numbers, and contract his host ;
Though fens and floods possest the middle space,
That unprovoked they would have fear'd to pass ;
Nor fens nor floods can stop Britannia's bands,
When her proud foe ranged on then- borders stands.
But O, my Muse, what numbers wilt thou find
To sing the furious troops in battle join'd !
Methinks I hear the drums' tumultuous sound
The victors' shouts and dying groans confound,
The dreadful burst of cannon rend the skies,
And all the thunder of the battle rise.
'Twas then great Marlborough's mighty soul was proved,
That, in the shock of charging hosts unmoved,
Amidst confusion, horror, and despair,
Examined all the dreadful scenes of war :
*
ADDISON. 207
In peaceful thought the field of death survey'd,
To fainting squadrons sent the timely aid,
Inspired repulsed battalions to engage,
And taught the doubtful battle where to rage.
So when an angel, by divine command,
With rising tempests shakes a guilty land,
Such as of late o'er pale Britannia past,
Calm and serene he drives the furious blast ;
And, pleased th' Almighty's orders to perform,
Rides in the whirlwind, and directs the storm.
But see the haughty household troops advance!
The dread of Europe, and the pride of France.
The war's whole art each private soldier knows,
And with a general's love of conquest glows ;
Proudly he marches on, and void of fear
Laughs at the shaking of the British spear :
Vain insolence ! with native freedom brave,
The meanest Briton scorns the highest slave ;
Contempt and fury fire their souls by turns,
Each nation's glory in each warrior burns ;
Each fights, as in his arm th' important day
And all the fate of his great monarch lay :
A thousand glorious actions, that might claim
Triumphant laurels, and immortal fame,
Confused in crowds of glorious actions lie,
And troops of heroes undistinguish'd die.
O Dormer, how can I behold thy fate,
And not the wonders of thy youth relate !
How can I see the gay, the brave, the young.
Fall in the cloud of war, and lie unsung !
In joys of conquest he resigns his breath,
And, fill'd with England's glory, smiles in death.
The rout begins, the Gallic squadrons run,
Compell'd in crowds to meet the fate they shun ;
Thousands of fiery steeds with wounds transfix'd,
Floating in gore, with their dead masters mixt,
'Midst heaps of spears and standards driven around,
Lie in the Danube's bloody whirlpools drown'd.
Troops of bold youths, born on the distant Soane,
Or sounding borders of the rapid Rhone,
Or where the Seine her flowery fields divides,
Or where the Loire through winding vineyards glides,
In heaps the rolling billows sweep away,
And into Scythian seas their bloated corps convey.
From Blenheim's towers the Gaul, with wild affright,
Beholds the various havoc of the fight ;
M
208 ADDISON.
His waving banners, that so oft had stood
Planted in fields of death and streams of blood,
So wont the guarded enemy to reach,
And rise triumphant in the fatal breach,
Or pierce the broken foe's remotest lines,
The hardy veteran with tears resigns.
Unfortunate Tallard ! Oh, who can name
The pangs of rage, of sorrow, and of shame,
That with mixt tumult in thy bosom swell'd,
When first thou saw'st thy bravest troops repell'd;
Thine only son pierced with a deadly wound,
Choked in his blood, and gasping on the ground ;
Thyself in bondage by the victor kept !
The chief, the father, and the captive, wept.
An English Muse is touch'd with generous woe,
And in th' unhappy man forgets the foe !
Greatly distrest ; they loud complaints forbear,
Blame not the turns of fate, and chance of war ;
Give thy brave foes their due, nor blush to own
The fatal field by such great leaders won ;
The field whence famed Eugenio bore away
Only the second honours of the day.
With floods of gore that from the vanquish'd fell,
The marshes stagnate, and the rivers swell.
Mountains of slain lie heap'd upon the ground,
Or 'midst the roarings of the Danube drown'd ;
Whole captive hosts the conqueror detains
In painful bondage, and inglorious chains.
Ev'n those who 'scape the fetters and the sword,
Nor seek the fortunes of a happier lord,
Their raging king dishonours, to complete
Marlborough's great work, and finish the defeat.
From Memminghen's high domes, and Augsburg's walls,
The distant battle drives th' insulting Gauls ;
Freed by the terror of the victors name,
The rescued States his great protection claim ;
Whilst Ulme th' approach of her deliverer waits,
And longs to open her obsequious gates.
From The Campaign.
ITALY.
See how the golden groves around me smile,
That shun the coast of Britain's stormy isle ;
Or, when transplanted, and preserved with care,
Curse the cold clime, and starve in northern air.
Here kindly warmth their mountain juice ferments
To nobler tastes, and more exalted scents :
ADDISON. 209
Ev'n the rough rocks with tender myrtle bloom,
And trodden weeds send out a rich perfume.
Bear me, some god, to Baia's gentle seats,
Or cover me in Umbria's green retreats ;
Where western gales eternally reside,
And all the seasons lavish all their pride :
Blossoms, and fruits, and flowers, together rise,
And the whole year in gay confusion lies.
Immortal glories in my mind revive,
And in my soul a thousand passions strive,
When Rome's exalted beauties I descry
Magnificent in piles of ruin lie.
An amphitheatre's amazing height
Here fills my eye with terror and delight,
That on its public shows unpeopled Rome,
And held, uncrowded, nations in its womb :
Here pillars rough with sculpture pierce the skies,
And here the proud triumphal arches rise,
Where the old Romans deathless acts display'd,
Their base degenerate progeny upbraid :
Whole rivers here forsake the fields below,
And wondering at their height through airy channels flow.
Still to new scenes my wandering Muse retires,
And the dumb show of breathing rocks admires ;
Where the smooth chisel all its force has shown,
And soften'd into flesh the rugged stone.
In solemn silence, a majestic band,
Heroes, and Gods, and Roman consuls, stand,
Stern tyrants, whom their cruelties renown,
And emperors in Parian marble frown ;
While the bright dames, to whom they humbly sued,
Still show the charms that their proud hearts subdued.
Fain would I Raphael's godlike art rehearse,
And show th' immortal labours in my verse,
Where from the mingled strength of shade and light
A new creation rises to my sight,
Such heavenly figures from his pencil flow,
So warm with life his blended colours glow.
From theme to theme with secret pleasure tost,
Amidst the soft variety I 'm lost :
Here pleasing airs my ravish'd soul confound
With circling notes and labyrinths of sound ;
Here domes and temples rise in distant views,
And opening palaces invite my Muse.
How has kind Heaven adorn'd the happy land,
And scatter'd blessings with a wasteful hand I
M'2
210 ADDISON.
But what avail her unexhausted stores,
Her blooming mountains, and her sunny shores,
With all the gifts that heaven and earth impart,
The smiles of nature, and the charms of art,
While proud oppression in her valleys reigns,
And tyranny usurps her happy plains ?
The poor inhabitant beholds in vain
The reddening orange and the swelling grain :
Joyless he sees the growing oils and wines,
And in the myrtle's fragrant shade repines:
Starves, in the midst of nature's bounty curst,
And in the loaden vineyard dies for thirst.
Oh Liberty, thou goddess heavenly bright,
Profuse of bliss, and pregnant with delight !
Eternal pleasures in thy presence reign,
And smiling plenty leads thy wanton train ;
Eased of her load subjection grows more light,
And poverty looks cheerful in thy sight ;
Thou mak'st the gloomy face of nature gay,
Giv'st beauty to the sun, and pleasure to the day.
From Letter from Ital-j
PROLOGUE TO SMITH'S PH.&DRA AND HIPPOLITtTS.
Long has a race of heroes fill'd the stage,
That rant by note, and through the gamut rage;
In songs and airs express their martial fire,
Combat in trills, and in a fugue expire :
While, lull'd by sound, and undisturb'd by wit,
Calm and serene you indolently sit,
And, from the dull fatigue of thinking free,
Hear the facetious fiddle's repartee :
Our home-spun authors must forsake the field,
And Shakspeare to the soft Scarlett! yield.
To your new taste the poet of this day
Was by a friend advised to form his play ;
Had Valentini, musically coy,
Shunn'd Phaedra's arms, and scorn'd the proffer'd joy;
It had not moved your wonder to have seen
An eunuch fly from an enamour'd queen :
How would it please, should she in English speak,
And could Hippolitus reply in Greek !
But he, a stranger to your modish way,
By your old rules must stand or fall to-day,
And hopes you will your foreign taste command.
To bear, for once, with what you understand.
AMBROSE PHILIPS. 211
THE date of this author's birth is unknown, but it was probably about 1671.
He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, and be published his Pas.
torals, the work by which he is chiefly known, about the commencement of the
eighteenth century. His literary career seems to have been in the midst of
great pecuniary difficulties, as he was reduced to translate Persian tales for
Tonson the publisher, for a mere pittance. His chief merit as a poet consisted
in his successful translation or adaptation of the works of others, of which his
Distressed Mother, a play almost wholly rendered from the Andromaque of
Racine, and his English versions of the Odes of Sappho, are sufficient proofs.
Having acquired by his writings a considerable literary reputation and effective
patronage, the latter part of his life was spent in competence and comfort. He
died in June, 1749.
A RUSTIC RECESS.
This place may seem for shepherds' leisure made,
So close these elms inweave their lofty shade ;
The twining woodbine, how it climbs ! to breathe
Refreshing sweets around on all beneath.
The ground with grass of cheerful green bespread,
Through which the springing flower uprears the head :
Lo, here the kingcup of a golden hue,
Medlied with daisies white and endive blue,
And honeysuckles of a purple dye,
Confusion gay ! bright waving to the eye.
Hark, how they warble in that brambly bush,
The gaudy goldfinch, and the speckly thrush;
The linnet green, with others framed for skill,
And blackbird fluting through his yellow bill :
In sprightly concert how they all combine,
Us prompting in the various songs to join :
Up, Argol, then, and to thy lip apply
Thy mellow pipe, or voice more sounding try :
And since our ewes have grazed, what harm if they
Lie round and listen while the lambkins play ?
From the Fourth Pastoral,
THE HAPPY SWAIN.
Have ye seen the morning sky,
When the dawn prevails on high,
When, anon, some purply ray
Gives a sample of the day ;
When, anon, the lark, on wing,
Strives to soar, and strains to sing?
Have ye seen th' ethereal blue
Gently shedding silvery dew,
212 AMBROSE PHILIPS.
Spangling o'er the silent green ;
While the nightingale, unseen,
To the moon and stars, full bright,
Lonesome chants the hymn of night ?
Have ye seen the broider'd May
All her scented bloom display,
Breezes opening, eveiy hour,
This, and that, expecting flower,
While the mingling birds prolong,
From each bush, the vernal song ?
Have ye seen the damask rose
Her unsullied blush disclose;
Or the lily's dewy bell,
In her glossy white, excel ;
Or a garden varied o'er
With a thousand glories more ?
By the beauties these display,
Morning, evening, night, or day ;
By the pleasures these excite,
Endless sources of delight :
Judge, by them, the joys I find,
Since my Rosalind was kind ;
Since she did herself resign
To my vows, for ever mine.
BEAUTIES OF A WINTER MORNING.
And yet but lately have I seen, ev'n here,
The winter in a lovely dress appear.
Ere yet the clouds let fall the treasured snow,
Or winds began through hazy skies to blow,
At evening a keen eastern breeze arose,
And the descending rain unsullied froze.
Soon as the silent shades of night withdrew,
The ruddy morn disclosed at once to view
The face of Nature in a rich disguise,
And brighten'd every object to my eyes :
For every shrub, and eveiy blade of grass,
And every pointed thorn, seem'd wrought in glass ;
In pearls and rubies rich the hawthorns show,
While through the ice the crimson berries glow.
The thick-sprung reeds, which watery marshes yield,
Seem'd polish'd lances in a hostile field.
The stag, in limpid currents, with surprise,
Sees crystal branches on his forehead rise :
AMBROSE PHILIPS. 213
The spreading oak, the beech, and towering pine,
Glazed over, in the freezing ether shine :
The frighted birds the rattling branches shun,
Which wave and glitter in the distant sun.
When if a sudden gust of wind arise,
The brittle forest into atoms flies ;
The crackling wood beneath the tempest bends,
And in a spangled shower the prospect ends :
Or, if a southern gale the region warm,
And by degrees unbind the wintry charm,
The traveller a miry country sees,
And journeys sad beneath the dropping trees :
Like some deluded peasant, Merlin leads
Through fragrant bowers, and through delicious meads,
While here enchanted gardens to him rise,
And airy fabrics there attract his eyes :
His wandering feet the magic paths pursue,
And, while he thinks the fair illusion true,
The trackless scenes disperse in fluid air,
And woods, and wilds, and thorny ways, appear,
A tedious road the weary wretch returns,
And, as he goes, the transient vision mourns.
From an Epistle to the Earl <tf Dorset.
SONG.
From White's and Will's,
To purling rills
The love-sick Strephon flies ;
There, full of woe,
His numbers flow,
And all in rhyme he dies.
The fair coquet,
With feign' d regret,
Invites him back to town ;
But, when in tears
The youth appears,
She meets him with a frown.
Full oft the maid
This prank had play'd,
'Till angry Strephon swore ;
And, what is strange,
Though loth to change.
Would never see her more.
214 ALEXANDER TOPE.
THIS great master of the whole melody and power of ,he English language in
its application to poetry, was born in London, on the 22d of May, 1688. Being
from his infancy of a feeble frame and delicate constitution, his education was
chiefly domestic ; and after his twelfth year, the acquisitions which he made in
learning were the result of his own undirected application. At a very early
period, he manifested that love of poetry which could not be satisfied with-
(/ut attempts at composition j and when only a schoolboy, he constructed a play
from Ogilby's Iliad, to be acted by his young class-fellows, the part of Ajax to be
performed by the bulky gardener of the establishment. At this season, also, he
wrote several lampoons, and translated nearly a fourth part of Ovid's Metamor-
phoses. The best known of his juvenile productions is, his Ode on Solitude,
written before he was twelve years old, and which, besides being remarkable for
the precocity of sentiment it exhibits, possesses a delicacy of language and harmony
of versification, indicative of his future excellence in these qualifications. At
fourteen, he translated the first book of the Thebais, and wrote liis poem upon
Silence, in imitation of that of Lord Rochester upon Nothing.
Having trained himself by these and similar exercises for the task of author-
si ip, and possessing a delicacy of physical organization, that ripened his intel-
lectual powers into a quick maturity, Pope was able to appear before the public
at a season when few poets have exhibited even the buds of promise. He wrote
at the age of sixteen his Pastorals, which soon took precedence of the Pastorals
of Philips. At the age of eighteen, he produced the Messiah, a poem founded
upon Virgil's Pollio, but which is far superior to the model. The history of
Pope, from this period, is the history of his several distinguished productions,
which appeared at intervals, and placed him, without a rival, at the head of the
poetical world. The chief of these were, the Essay on Criticism, written in 1709,
and published in 1711 ; The Rape of the Lock, written in the last-mentioned
year ; The Temple of Fame, composed when he had attained the age of twenty-
two j and in 1712, the poem of Windsor Forest, which was suggested by Prior's
Nut-brown Maid. These, and several minor pieces, although they had hitherto
established his poetical reputation, had added nothing to his fortune, and he
resolved therefore to attempt some literary task, by which his circumstances
might be improved. He accordingly commenced, at the age of twenty-five, a
translation of the Iliad of Homer, to be published by subscription. This labour
he accomplished in five years, and the profits of the work were such as to gratify
his utmost expectations. Such a favourable result encouraged him, in like man-
ner, to attempt the Odyssey, which he finished with the aid of Broome and Fen-
ton, reserving twelve books for his own share, and entrusting the other twelve to
his associates.
The applause which Pope had procured by his writings, could scarcely escape
the attacks of the envious ; and a host of small critics, individually insignificant,
but troublesome from their numbers, had never ceased to annoy him. It was
now full time to retaliate, and, in 1728, he published The Dunciad, a work which
fell among bis opponents like an exterminating thunderbolt. The kingdom of
the Dunces was shaken to its centre, and the whole tribe writhed in anguish, or
howled in dismay. It must be acknowleged, however, that while Pope had the
power to retaliate, he did not in every case use the " giant's strength" with
proper discrimination. On this account, the chastisement of some was greatly
beyond their demerits ; and in several cases, individuals were branded as dunces,
who were far from meriting such an odious distinction. Of these, it is only
enough to mention the talented De Foe.
In 1733, and the following year, Pope published the three Epistles of the
Essay on Man, a work that startled the reflective public, in consequence of the
sceptical tendencies it was alleged to possess, and which formed a ground of
keen theological controversy between the friends and opponents of the poet.
After this period, he continued to compose incidental pieces, or translate from
the ancients, and had planned an Epic poem upon the history of Brutus, the
Trojan, when the growing infirmities of his naturally feeble constitution an-
nounced that his death was approaching. He expired on the 30th of May, 1744,
POPE.
MESSIAH: A SACRED ECLOGUE, IN IMITATION OF
VIRGIL'S POLLIO.
Ye nymphs of Solyma ! begin the song ;
To heavenly themes sublimer strains belong.
The mossy fountains and the sylvan shades,
The dreams of Pindus and th' Aonian maids,
Delight no more O Thou my voice inspire,
Who touch'd Isaiah's hallow'd lips with fire !
Rapt into future times, the Bard begun :
A Virgin shall conceive, a Virgin bear a Son !
From Jesse's root behold a branch arise,
Whose sacred flower with fragrance fills the skies
Th' ethereal spirit o'er its leaves shall move,
And on its top descends the mystic Dove.
Ye Heavens ! from high the dewy nectar pour,
And in soft silence shed the kindly shower !
216 POPE.
The sick and weak the healing plant shall aid,
From storms a shelter, and from heat a shade.
All crimes shall cease, and ancient frauds shall fail ;
Returning Justice lift aloft her scale ;
Peace o'er the world her olive wand extend,
And white-robed Innocence from Heaven descend.
Swift fly the years, and rise th' expected morn !
Oh spring to light, auspicious Babe, be born !
See, Nature hastes her earliest wreaths to bring,
With all the incense of the breathing spring :
See lofty Lebanon his head advance,
See nodding forests on the mountains dance :
See spicy clouds from lowly Saron rise,
And Carmel's flowery top perfumes the skies !
Hark ! a glad voice the lonely desert cheers ;
Prepare the way ! a God, a God appears !
A God, a God ! the vocal hills reply,
The rocks proclaim th' approaching Deity.
Lo, earth receives him from the bending skies !
Sink down, ye mountains ; and ye valleys, rise ;
With heads declined, ye cedars, homage pay ;
Be smooth, ye rocks ; ye rapid floods, give way !
The Saviour comes ! by ancient bards foretold :
Hear him, ye deaf; and all ye blind, behold !
He from thick films shall purge the visual ray,
And on the sightless eye-ball pour the day :
'Tis he th' obstructed paths of sound shall clear,
And bid new music charm th' unfolding ear :
The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego,
And leap exulting lie the bounding roe.
No sigh, no murmur, the wide world shall hear,
From every face he wipes off every tear.
In adamantine chains shall Death be bound,
And Hell's grim tyrant feel th' eternal wound.
As the good shepherd tends his fleecy care,
Seeks freshest pasture, and the purest air ;
Explores the lost, the wandering sheep directs,
By day o'ersees them, and by night protects ;
The tender lambs he raises in his arms,
Feeds from his hand, and in his bosom warms ;
Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage,
The promised father of the future age.
No more shall nation against nation rise,
Nor ardent warriors meet with hateful eyes,
Nor fields with gleaming steel be cover' d o'er,
The brazen trumpets kindle rage no more ;
But useless lances into scythes shall bend,
POPE. 217
And the broad falchion in a ploughshare end.
Then palaces shall rise ; the joyful son
Shall finish what his short-lived sire begun ;
Their vines a shadow to their race shall yield,
And the same hand that sow'd, shall reap the field.
The swain in barren deserts with surprise
Sees lilies spring, and sudden verdure rise ;
And starts, amidst the thirsty wilds to hear
New falls of water murmuring in his ear.
On rifted rocks, the dragon's late abodes,
The green reed trembles, and the bulrush nods.
Waste sandy valleys, once perplex'd with thorn,
The spiry fir and shapely box adorn :
To leafless shrubs the flowery palms succeed,
And odorous myrtle to the noisome weed.
The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant mead,
And boys in flowery bands the tiger lead :
The steer and lion at one crib shall meet,
And harmless serpents lick the pilgrim's feet.
The smiling infant in his hand shall take
The crested basilisk and speckled snake,
Pleased, the green lustre of the scales survey,
And with their forky tongue shall innocently play.
Rise, crown'd with light, imperial Salem, rise !
Exalt thy towery head, and lift thy eyes ;
See a long race thy spacious courts adorn ;
See future sons, and daughters yet unborn,
In crowding ranks on every side arise,
Demanding life, impatient for the skies !
See barbarous nations at thy gates attend,
Walk in thy light, and in thy temple bend ;
See thy bright altars throng'd with prostrate kings,
And heap'd with products of Sabsean springs !
For thee Idume's spicy forests blow,
And seeds of gold in Ophir's mountains glow.
See heaven its sparkling portals wide display,
And break upon thee in a flood of day !
No more the rising Sun shall gild the morn,
Nor evening Cynthia fill her silver horn ;
But lost, dissolved in thy superior rays,
One tide of glory, one unclouded blaze
O'erflow thy courts : the Light himself shall shine
Reveal'd, and God's eternal day be thine !
The seas shall waste, the skies in smoke decay,
Rocks fall to dust, and mountains melt away ;
But fix'd his word, his saving power remains ;
Thy realm for ever lasts, thy own MESSIAH reigns ! "
218 POPE.
CANDIDATES FOR FAME.
First at the shrine the learned world appear,
And to the goddess thus prefer their prayer :
Long have we sought t' instruct and please mankind,
With studies pale, with midnight vigils blind ;
But thank'd by few, rewarded yet by none,
We here appeal to thy superior throne :
On wit and learning the just prize bestow,
For fame is all we must expect below.
The goddess heard, and bade the Muses raise
The golden trumpet of eternal praise :
From pole to pole the winds diffuse the sound,
That fills the circuit of the world around ;
Not all at once, as thunder breaks the cloud ;
The notes at first were rather sweet than loud :
By just degrees they every moment rise,
Fill the wide earth, and gain upon the skies.
At every breath were balmy odours shed,
Which still grew sweeter, as they wider spread ;
Less fragrant scents th' unfolding rose exhales,
Or spices breathing in Arabian gales.
Next these, the good and just, an awful train,
Thus on their knees address the sacred fane :
Since living virtue is with envy cursed,
And the best men are treated like the worst,
Do thou, just Goddess, call pur merits forth,
And give each deed th' exact intrinsic worth.
Not with bare justice shall your act be crown'd
(Said Fame), but high above desert renown'd :
Let fuller notes th' applauding world amaze,
And the loud clarion labour in your praise.
This band dismiss'd, behold another crowd
Preferr'd the same request, and lowly bow'd ;
The constant tenour of whose well-spent days
No less deserved a just return of praise.
But straight the direful Trump of Slander sounds ;
Through the big dome the doubling thunder bounds ;
Loud as the burst of cannon rends the skies,
The dire report through every region flies;
In every ear incessant rumours rung,
And gathering scandals grew on every tongue.
From the black trumpet's rusty concave broke
Sulphureous flames, and clouds of rolling smoke :
The poisonous vapour blots the purple skies,
And withers all before it as it flies.
POPE. 219
A troop came next, who crowns and armour wore,
And proud defiance in their looks they bore :
For thee (they cried) amidst alarms and strife,
We sail'd in tempests down the stream of life ;
For thee whole nations fill'd with flames and blood,
And swam to empire through the purple flood.
Those ills we dared, thy inspiration own ;
What virtue seem'd, was done for thee alone.
Ambitious fools ! (the Queen replied, and frown'd)
Be all your acts in dark oblivion drown'd ;
There sleep forgot, with mighty tyrants gone,
Your statues moulder'd, and your names unknown !
A sudden cloud straight snatch'd them from my sight,
And each majestic phantom sunk in night.
Then came the smallest tribe I yet had seen ;
Plain was their dress, and modest was their mien :
Great idol of mankind ! we neither claim
The praise of merit, nor aspire to fame !
But, safe in deserts from th' applause of men,
Would die unheard of, as we lived unseen.
'Tis all we beg thee, to conceal from sight
Those acts of goodness which themselves requite.
O let us still the secret joy partake,
To follow virtue ev'n for virtue's sake.
And live there men, who slight immortal fame ?
Who then with incense shall adore our name ?
But, mortals ! know, 'tis still our greatest pride,
To blaze those virtues which the good would hide.
Rise ! Muses, rise ! add all your tuneful breath ;
These must not sleep in darkness and in death.
She said : in air the trembling music floats,
And on the winds triumphant swell the notes ;
So soft, though high, so loud, and yet so clear,
Ev'n listening angels lean from heaven to hear :
To farthest shores th' ambrosial spirit flies,
Sweet to the world, and grateful to the skies.
From The Temple qf Fame,
A FRAGMENT.
What are the falling rills, the pendant shades,
The morning bowers, the evening colonnades,
But soft recesses for th' uneasy mind
To sigh unheard in, to the passing wind !
220 POPE.
So the struck deer, in some sequester'd part,
Lies down to die (the arrow in his heart) ;
There hid in shades, and wasting day by day,
Inly he bleeds, and pants his soul away.
MUTUAL DEPENDANCE OF ALL UPON EACH OTHER.
Look round our world ; behold the chain of Love
Combining all below, and all above.
See plastic Nature wm'king to this end,
The single atoms each to other tend,
Attract, attracted to, the next in place
Form'd and impell'd its neighbour to embrace.
See matter next with various life endued,
Press to one centre still, the General Good.
See dying vegetables life sustain,
See life dissolving vegetate again :
All forms that perish other forms supply
(By turns we catch the vital breath, and die),
Like bubbles on the sea of Matter borne,
They rise, they break, and to that sea return.
Nothing is foreign ; parts relate to whole ;
One all-extending, all-preserving Soul
Connects each being, greatest with the least ;
Made Beast in aid of Man, and Man of Beast ;
All served, all serving: nothing stands alone;
The chain holds on, and where it ends, unknown.
Has God, thou fool ! work'd solely for thy good,
Thy joy, thy pastime, thy attire, thy food ?
Who for thy table feeds the wanton fawn,
For him as kindly spread the flowery lawn :
Is it for thee the lark ascends and sings?
Joy tunes his voice, joy elevates his wings.
Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat ?
Loves of his own and raptures swell the note.
The bounding steed you pompously bestride,
Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride.
Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain ?
The birds of heaven shall vindicate their grain.
Thine the full harvest of the golden year ?
Part pays, and justly, the deserving steer :
The hog, that ploughs not, nor obeys thy call,
Lives on tlie labours of this lord of all.
POPE. 221
Know, Nature's children all divide her care ;
The fur that warms a monarch, warm'd a bear.
While man exclaims, " See all things for my use !"
" See man for mine !" replies a pamper 'd goose :
And just as short of reason he must fall,
Who thinks all made for one, not one for all.
From Essay on Man : Epistle I IT,
STRENGTH OF THE RULING PASSION IN DEATH.
In this one passion man can strength enjoy,
As fits give vigour, just when they destroy.
Time, that on all things lays his lenient hand,
Yet tames not this ; it sticks to our last sand.
Consistent in our follies and our sins,
Here honest Nature ends as she begins.
Old politicians chew on wisdom past,
And totter on in business to the last ;
As weak, as earnest, and as gravely out,
As sober Lanesborough dancing in the gout.
A salmon's belly, Helluo, was thy fate ;
The doctor call'd, declares all help too late :
" Mercy !" cries Helluo, " mercy on my soul !
Is there no hope? Alas ! then bring the jowl."
The frugal crone, whom praying priests attend,
Still strives to save the hallow'd taper's end,
Collects her breath, as ebbing life retires,
For one puff more, and in that puff expires.
" Odious ! in woollen ! 'twould a saint provoke
(Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke) ;
No, let a charming Chintz, and Brussels lace,
Wrap my cold limbs, and shade my lifeless face :
One would not, sure, be frightful when one 's dead
And Betty give this cheek a little red."
The Courtier smooth, who forty years had shined
An humble servant to all human kind,
Just brought out this, when scarce his tongue could stir.
" If where I 'm going I could serve you, Sir ?"
" I give and I devise (old Euclio said,
And sigh'd) my lands and tenements to Ned."
Your money, Sir? " My money, Sir ! what all?
Why, if I must (then wept) I give it Paul."
The manor, Sir ? " The manor ! hold," he cried :
" Not that, I cannot part with that" and died.
222 POPE.
And you ! brave Cobham, to the latest breath,
Shall feel your ruling passion strong in death :
Such in those moments as in all the past,
" Oh, save my country, Heaven !" shall be your last.
From Moral Essays : Epistle 7.
TIMON'S VILLA.
At Timon's Villa let us pass a day,
Where all cry out, " What sums are thrown away!"
So proud, so grand ; of that stupendous air,
Soft and Agreeable come never there.
Greatness, with Timon, dwells in such a draught
As brings all Brobdignag before your thought.
To compass this, his Building is a Town,
His pond an Ocean, his parterre a Down :
Who but must laugh, the Master when he sees,
A puny insect, shivering at a breeze !
Lo, what huge heaps of littleness around !
The whole, a labour'd Quarry above ground.
Two Cupids squirt before : a Lake behind
Improves the keenness of the Northern wind.
His Gardens next your admiration call ;
On every side you look, behold the Wall !
No pleasing Intricacies intervene,
No artful Wildness to perplex the scene ;
Grove nods at grove, each Alley has a brother,
And half the platform just reflects the other.
The suffering eye inverted Nature sees,
Trees cut to Statues, Statues thick as trees !
With here a Fountain, never to be play'd ;
And there a Summer-house that knows no shade ;
Here Amphitrite sails through myrtle bowers ;
There Gladiators fight, or die in flowers ;
Unwater'd, see the drooping sea-horse mourn,
And swallows roost in Nilus' dusty Urn.
My Lord advances with majestic mien,
Smit with the mighty pleasure to be seen :
But soft by regular approach not yet
First through the length of yon hot Terrace sweat ;
And when up ten steep slopes you've dragg'd your thigh*,
Just at his Study door he '11 bless your eyes.
His Study ! with what Authors is it stored ?
In Books, not Authors, curious is my Lord ;
POPE. 223
To all their dated backs he turns you round ;
These Aldus printed, those Du Sueil has bound.
Lo, some are Vellum, and the rest as good
For all his Lordship knows, but they are Wood.
For Locke or Milton, 'tis in vain to look,
These shelves admit not any modern book.
And now the Chapel's silver bell you hear,
That summons you to all the Pride of Prayer :
Light quirks of Music, broken and uneven,
Make the soul dance upon a jig to Heaven.
On painted ceilings you devoutly stare,
Where sprawl the Saints of Verrio or Laguerre,
Or gilded clouds in fair expansion lie,
And bring all Paradise before your eye.
To rest, the Cushion and soft Dean invite,
Who never mentions Hell to ears polite.
But hark ! the chiming Clocks to dinner call ;
A hundred footsteps scrape the marble Hall :
The rich Beaufet well-colour'd Serpents grace,
And gaping Tritons spew to wash your face.
Is this a dinner ? this a genial room ?
No, 'tis a Temple, and a Hecatomb.
A solemn Sacrifice perform'd in state,
You drink by measure, and to minutes eat.
So quick retires each flying course, you'd swear
Sancho's dread Doctor and his Wand were there.
Between each Act the trembling salvers ring,
From soup to sweet wine, and God bless the King.
In plenty starving, tantalized in state,
And complaisantly help'd to all I hate ;
Treated, caress'd, and tired, I take my leave,
Sick of his civil pride from morn to eve ;
I curse such lavish cost, and little skill,
And swear no day was ever past so ill.
From Moral Essays : Epistle IT,
THE LITERARY PATRON.
Proud as Apollo on his forked hill,
Sate full-blown Bufo, pufTd by every quill ;
Fed with soft Dedication all day long,
Horace and he went hand and hand in song.
His Library (where busts of Poets dead
And a true Pindar stood without a head)
224 POPE.
Received of wits an undistinguish'd race,
Who first his judgment ask'd, and then a place ;
Much they extoll'd his pictures, much his seat,
And flatter'd every day, and some days eat ;
Till, grown more frugal in his riper days,
He paid some bards with port, and some with praise :
To some a dry rehearsal was assign'd,
And others (harder still) he paid in kind.
Dryden alone (what wonder ?) came not nigh,
Dryden alone escaped his judging eye :
But still the Great have kindness in reserve
He help'd to bury whom he help'd to starve.
From Prologue to the Satires,
ON A CERTAIN LADY AT COURT.
I know the thing that 's most uncommon ;
(Envy be silent, and attend !)
I know a reasonable Woman,
Handsome and witty, yet a Friend :
Not warp'd by Passion, awed by Rumour ;
Not grave through Pride, nor gay through Folly ;
An equal mixture of Good Humour,
And sensible soft Melancholy.
"Has she no faults then (Envy says), Sir?"
Yes, she has one, I must aver :
When all the world conspires to praise her.
The woman's deaf, and does not hear.
MUTUAL FLATTERY.
The Temple late two brother Sergeants saw,
Who deem'd each other Oracles of Law ;
With equal talents, these congenial souls,
One lull'd th' Exchequer, and one stunn'd the Rolls ;
Each had a gravity would make you split,
And shook his head at Murray, as a Wit.
'Twas, " Sir, your law " and " Sir, your eloquence,"
"Yours, Cowper's manner" and " Yours, Talbot's sense.
Thus we dispose of all poetic merit,
Yours Milton's genius, and mine Homer's spirit.
TOPE.
Call Tibbald Shakspeare, and he *ll swear the Nine,
Dear Gibber ! never match'd one Ode of thine.
Lord ! how we strut through Merlin's Cave, to see
No Poets there, but Stephen, you, and me.
Walk with respect behind, while we at ease
Weave laurel Crowns, and take what names we please.
" My dear Tibullus ! if that will not do,
Let me be Horace, and be Ovid you :
Or, I 'm content, allow me Dryden's strains,
And you shall rise up Otway for your pains."
From Imitation* of Horace.
BELINDA'S VISION.
Sol through white curtains shot a timorous ray,
And oped those eyes that must eclipse the day :
Now lap-dogs give themselves the rousing shake,
And sleepless lovers, just at twelve, awake :
Thrice rung the bell, the slipper knock'd the ground,
And the press'd watch return'd a silver sound.
Belinda still her downy pillow prest,
Her guardian Sylph prolong'd the balmy rest :
'Twas he had summon'd to her silent bed
The morning dream that hover'd o'er her head.
A youth more glittering than a birth-night beau
(That ev'n in slumber caused her cheek to glow)
Seem'd to her ear his winning lips to lay,
And thus in whispers said, or seem'd to say :
Fairest of mortals, thou distinguish'd care
Of thousand bright Inhabitants of Air !
If e'er one Vision touch thy infant thought,
Of all the Nurse and all the Priest have taught ;
Of airy Elves by moonlight shadows seen,
The silver token, and the circled green,
Or virgins visited by Angel Powers,
With golden crowns and wreaths of heavenly flowers ;
Hear, and believe ! thy own importance know,
Nor bound thy narrow views to things below.
Some secret truths, from learned pride conceal'd,
To Maids alone and Children are reveal'd :
What though no credit doubting Wits may give ?
The Fair and Innocent shall still believe.
Knew then, unnumber'd Spirits round thee ny,
The light Militia of the lower sky :
226
POPE.
These, though unseen, are ever on the wing,
Hang o'er the Box, and hover round the Ring.
Think what an equipage thou hast in air,
And view with scorn two Pages and a Chair.
As now your own, our beings were of old,
And once enclosed in Woman's beauteous mould ;
Thence, by a soft transition, we repair
From earthly vehicles to these of air.
Think not, when Woman's transient breath is fled,
That all her vanities at once are dead ;
Succeeding vanities she still regards,
And though she plays no more, o'erlooks the cards.
Her joy in gilded Chariots, when alive,
And love of Ombre, after death survive.
For when the Fair in all their pride expire,
To their first Elements their souls retire :
The sprites of fiery Termagants in Flame
Mount up, and take a Salamander's name.
Soft yielding minds to Water glide away,
And sip, with Nymphs, their elemental tea.
The graver Prude sinks downward to a Gnome,
In search of mischief still on Earth to roam.
The light Coquettes in Sylphs aloft repair,
And sport and flutter in the fields of Air.
Prom The Rape of the Lock,
-
WILLIAM BECOME. 227
THIS author would peihaps have never descended to posterity, but for his con-
nexion with Pope. He was born in Cheshire, but the year and place of bis
birth are unknown. He was educated first at Eton school, and afterwards at St.
John's College, and at an early period evinced such a fondness for versification,
that he was commonly termed by his companions, ' the poet.' His first public
appearance in authorship was in connexion with Ozell and Oldisworth, with
whom he published a prose translation of the Iliad, a work which was soon
thro-vn into the shade by the more popular version of Pope. The latter great
poet, however, was soon conscious of the merits of Broome, whom he invited, in
conjunction with Fenton, to aid him in the translation of the Odyssey ; and
Broome's share of the labour was the second, sixth, eighth, eleventh, twelfth,
sixteenth, and twenty-third books, besides all the notes, for which he received
the inadequate remuneration of five hundred pounds, and as many copies of the
work for presentation as amounted to one hundred more.
The latter part of the life of Broome was passed in comfortable circumstances,
as he married a wealthy widow, and held two church livings in Suffolk. In 1728,
he was made Doctor of Laws, on the occasion of the king's visit to Cambridge.
He died at Bath, on the 16th of November, 1745. Broome excelled in the com.
mand of appropriate language, rather than fertility of imagination, and therefore
he was more successful as a translator than a poet.
POVERTY AND POETRY.
'Twos sung of old how one Amphion
Could by his verses tame a lion,
And, by his strange enchanting tunes,
Make bears or wolves dance rigadoons :
His songs could call the timber down,
And form it into house or town ;
But it is plain that in these times
No house is raised by poets' rhymes;
They for themselves can only rear
A few wild castles in the air ;
Poor are the brethren of the bays,
Down from high strains, to ekes and ayes.
The Muses too are virgins yet,
And may be till they portions get.
Yet still the doating rhymer dreams,
And sings of Helicon's bright streams ;
But Helicon, for all his clatter,
Yields only uninspiring water ;
Yet ev'n at hirst he sweetly sings
Of Nectar, and Elysian springs.
What dire malignant planet sheds,
Ye bards, his influence on your heads ?
Lawyers, by endless controversies,
Consume unthinking clients' purses,
As Pharaoh's kine, which strange and odd is,
Devour'd the plump and well-fed bodies.
228 BROOME.
The grave physician, who by physic,
Like death, dispatches him that is sick,
Pursues a sure and thriving trade ;
Though patients die, the doctor 's paid :
Licensed to kill, he gains a palace,
For what another mounts the gallows.
In shady groves the Muses stray,
And love in flowery meads to play ;
An idle crew ! whose only trade is
To shine in trifles, like our ladies ;
In dressing, dancing, toying, singing,
While wiser Pallas thrives by spinning :
Thus they gain nothing to bequeath
Their votaries, but a laurel wreath.
But love rewards the bard ! the fair
Attend his song, and ease his care :
Alas ! fond youth, your plea you urge ill
Without a jointure, though a Virgil :
Could you like Phoabus sing, in vain
You nobly swell the lofty strain ;
Coy Daphne flies, and you will find as
Hard hearts as hers in your Belindas.
But then some say you purchase fame,
And gain that envied prize a name ;
Great recompence ! like his who sells
A diamond, for beads and bells.
Will fame be thought sufficient bail
To keep the poet from the jail ?
Thus the brave soldier, in the wars,
Gets empty praise, and aching scars ;
Is paid with fame and wooden legs ;
And, starved, the glorious vagrant begs.
THE COQUETTE.
Sillia, with uncontested sway,
Like Rome's famed tyrant reigns ;
Beholds adoring crowds obey,
And heroes proud to wear her chains :
Yet stoops, like him, to every prize,
Busy to murder beaux and flies.
BROOMK 229
She aims at every trifling heart,
Attends each flatterer's vows ;
And, like a picture drawn with art,
A look on all that gaze bestows.
O ! may the power who lovers rules,
Grant rather scorn, than hope with fools !
Mistaken nymph! the crowds that gaze
Adore thee into shame ;
Unguarded beauty is disgrace,
And coxcombs, when they praise, defame.
O ! fly such brutes in human shapes,
Nor, like th' ^Egyptians, worship apes.
ON DEATH.
Abash'd, ashamed, I cry, Eternal Power,
I yield ! I wait resign'd th' appointed hour !
Man, foolish man, no more thy soul deceive !
To die, is but the surest way to live :
When age we ask, we ask it in our wrong,
And pray our time of suffering may be long ;
The nauseous draught, and dregs of life to drain,
And feel infirmity, and length of pain !
What art thou, life, that we should court thy stay ?
A breath, one single gasp must puff away !
A short-lived flower, that with the day must fade !
A fleeting vapour, and an empty shade !
A stream, that silently but swiftly glides
To meet eternity's immeasured tides !
A being, lost alike by pain or joy !
A fly can kill it, or a worm destroy !
Impair'd by labour, and by ease undone,
Commenced in tears, and ended in a groan !
Ev'n while I write, the transient NOW is past,
And death more near, this sentence than the last !
As some weak isthmus seas from seas divides,
Beat by rude waves, and sapp'd by rushing tides,
Torn from its base, no more their fury bears,
At once they close, at once it disappears :
Such, such is life ! the mark of misery placed
Between two worlds, the future and the past ;
To time, to sickness, and to death, a prey,
It sinks, the frail possession of a day !
N2
230 EDWARD YOUNG.
THE talented and popular author of Night Thoughts was born ac Upham, near
Winchester, in June, 1681 ; and was the son of Edward Young, rector of Upham,
and afterwards Dean of Sarum. He was first educated at Winchester School,
where he remained till the age of eighteen, after which he became a student of
Corpus Christi College. In 1708, he was nominated to a Fellowship in All-Souls,
and in 1719, he took his degree of Doctor of Laws. Little is known of the early
history and studies of the future poet, except the following anecdote, which
shows that his mind had not been allowed to lie idle. Tindal, the atheistic writer,
who used to spend much of his time at All-Souls, was in the habit of debating
with the young students, and perplexing them with difficulties on the subject of
theology ; but upon Young he could make no impression. " The other boys,"
said the sceptical sophist, " I can always answer, because I know whence they
have their arguments, which I have read a hundred times ; but that fellow
Young is continually pestering me with something of his own."
When Young had discovered the strength of his poetical powers, he was fired
by the example of Addison, who, upon the strength of The Campaign, had risen
to promotion and wealth. He therefore commenced with political eulogies, and
afterwards dedicated his poem on The Last Day to the Queen ; but the death
of her Majesty disappointed whatever expectations he might have formed in that
quarter. Previous to the royal demise, he also published The Force of lleli-
gion, or Vanquished Love, a poem founded on the execution of Lady Jane Grey,
and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley. On the accession of George I.,
Young addressed the new sovereign in strains as laudatory as those he had used
towards Queen Anne, but he still remained unplaced and unpensioned. A
patron indeed he obtained, but this was no other than the meteoric Duke of
Wharton, whose patronage was more likely to blight than enliven. Young then
turned his attention to dramatic writing, and produced Busiris, which was acted
at Drury Lane in 1719 ; and The Revenge, which was acted in 1731. During the
interval he wrote a Lament on the death of Addison, a Paraphrase on part of
the Book of Job, and his Satires, which were published under the title of The
Universal Passion. By this last production he realised more than 3,000/.
Young did not enter into holy orders until 1728, and in 1730 he was presented
to the rectory of Welwyn, in Hertfordshire. Of his preparation for the pas-
toral office, an anecdote is told of Young, which places his unsuspecting simpli-
city in a ludicrous point of view. Instead of consulting with the heads of the
church as to the authors which he ought to study, he applied to Pope, who
mischievously advised him to study the writings of Thomas Aquinas. Young
withdrew, and disappeared for half a year, to the great alarm of Pope, who
found his friend in an obscure dwelling in the suburbs, entangled in the meta-
physics of the middle ages, from which he was rescued with some difficulty.
After he had assumed the clerical office, Young continued to write both in
prose and verse, upon subjects connected with religion, morals, and politics.
But the time arrived when he happily resolved to abandon the beaten track
which he had already trodden too long, and attempt some new and better path.
In this spirit, he commenced the Night Thoughts, a poem which no other writer
that we know of could have produced. The prevailing tone of the work is that
of a deep and solemn sadness ; and that it might not be reckoned a mere poetical
sadness, he declares, in his preface to The Complaint, that " the occasion of the
poem was real, not fictitious ; and that the facts mentioned did naturally pour
these moral reflections on the thoughts of the writer." The death of his beloved
daughter Narcissa, also, and the mournful circumstances connected with her
funeral, were events too well known to be attributed to mere fiction.
Although the poet was more than sixty when he produced this, the longest
and best of his works, the activity of his mind was not exhausted by the effort;
to that, in 1745, he wrote Reflections on the Public Situation of the Kingdom,
a poem addressed to the Duke of Newcastle; and in 1754 he published his
prose work, entitled, The Centaur not Fabulous. Several small pieces followed,
and his last poem, Resignation, was written when he was more than eighty. He
died in April, 1765, full of years, but retaining his faculties to the last
YOUNG.
EXECUTION OF LADY JANE GREY.
While yet the blow's first dreadful weight she feels,
And with its force her resolution reels,
Large doors unfolding, with a mournful sound,
To view discover, weltering on the ground,
Three headless trunks, of those whose arms maintained,
And in her wars immortal glory gain'd ;
The lifted axe assured her ready doom,
And silent mourners sadden'd all the room.
Shall I proceed, or here break off my tale,
Nor truths, to stagger human faith, reveal ?
She met this utmost malice of her fate
With Christian dignity, and pious state :
The beating storm's propitious rage she blest,
And all the martyr triumph'd in her breast :
232 YOUNG.
Her lord and father, for a moment's space,
She strictly folded in her soft embrace !
Then thus she spoke, while angels heard on high,
And sudden gladness smiled along the sky :
" Your over-fondness has not moved my hate ;
I am well pleased you make my death so great ;
I joy I cannot save you ; and have given
Two lives, much dearer than my own, to heaven,
If so the Queen decrees : But I have cauee
To hope my blood will satisfy the laws,
And there is mercy still, for you, in store :
With me the bitterness of death is o'er:
He shot his sting in that farewell embrace ;
And all that is to come is joy and peace.
Then let mistaken sorrow be supprest,
Nor seem to envy my approaching rest."
Then, turning to the ministers of fate,
She, smiling, says, " My victory 's complete :
And tell your Queen, I thank her for the blow,
And grieve my gratitude I cannot show:
A poor return I leave in England's crown,
For everlasting pleasure, and renown :
Her guilt alone allays this happy hour ;
Her guilt the only vengeance in her power."
Not Rome untouch'd with sorrow heard her fate,
And fierce Maria pitied her too late.
From The Force of licl-'gion.
ANTICIPATION OF THE LAST DAY.
Ah mournful turn ! the blissful earth, who late
At leisure on her axle roll'd in state ;
While thousand golden planets knew no rest,
Still onward in their circling journey prest ;
A grateful change of seasons some to bring,
And sweet vicissitude of fall and spring :
Some through vast oceans to conduct the keel,
And some those watery worlds to sink, or swell :
Around her some their splendours to display,
And gild her globe with tributary day :
This world so great, of joy the bright abode,
Heaven's darling child, and favourite of her God,
Now looks an exile from her Father's care,
Deliver'd o'er to darkness and despair.
No sun in radiant glory shines on high :
No light, but from the terrors of the sky-:
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Fall'n are her mountains, her famed rivers lost,
And all into a second chaos tost :
One universal ruin spreads abroad ;
Nothing is safe beneath the throne of God.
Such, earth ! thy fate : what then canst thou afford
To comfort and support thy guilty lord ?
Man, haughty lord of all beneath the moon,
How must he bend his soul's ambition down?
Prostrate, the reptile own, and disavow
His boasted stature, and assuming brow ?
Claim kindred witR the clay, and curse his form,
That speaks distinction from his sister worm ?
What dreadful pangs the trembling heart invade !
Lord, why dost thou forsake whom thou hast made ?
Who can sustain thy anger ? Who can stand
Beneath the terrors of thy lifted hand ?
It flies the reach of thought ; oh save me, Power
Of powers supreme, in that tremendous hour !
Thou who beneath the frown of fate hast stood,
And in thy dreadful agony sweat blood ;
Thou, who for me, through every throbbing vein,
Hast felt the keenest edge of mortal pain ;
Whom death led captive through the realms below,
And taught those horrid mysteries of woe ;
Defend me, O my God ! Oh save me, Power
Of powers supreme, in that tremendous hour !
From The Last Day.
PRIDE.
Some go to church, proud humbly to repent,
And come back much more guilty than they went :
One way they look, another way they steer,
Pray to the gods, but would have mortals hear ;
And when their sins they set sincerely down,
They'll find that their religion has been one.
Others with wishful eyes on glory lookj
When they have got their picture towards a book,
Or pompous title, like a gaudy sign,
Meant to betray dull sots to wretched wine.
If at his title T had dropp'd his quill,
T might have pass'd for a great genius still.
But T alas ! (excuse him, if you can)
Is now a scribbler, who was once a man.
Imperious, some a classic fame demand,
For heaping up, with a laborious hand,
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A waggon load of meanings for one word.
While A 's deposed, and B with pomp restored.
Some, for renown, on scraps of learning doat,
And think they grow immortal as they quote.
To patchwork learn'd quotations are allied ;
Both strive to make our poverty our pride.
On glass how witty is a noble peer !
Did ever diamond cost a man so dear ?
Polite diseases make some idiots vain ;
Which, if unfortunately well, they feign.
Of folly, vice, disease, men proud we see ;
And (stranger still !) of blockheads' flattery ;
Whose praise defames; as if a fool should mean,
By spitting on your face, to make it clean.
Nor is 't enough all hearts are swoln with pride,
Her power is mighty, as her realm is wide.
What can she not perform ? The Love of Fame
Made bold Alphonsus his Creator blame :
Empedocles hurl'd down the burning steep :
And (stronger still !) made Alexander weep.
Nay, it holds Delia from a second bed,
Though her loved lord has four half months been dead.
This passion with a pimple have I seen
Retard a cause, and give a judge the spleen :
By this inspired (O ne'er to be forgot!)
Some lords have learn'd to spell, and some to knot.
It makes Globose a speaker in the House ;
He hems, and is deliver'd of his mouse.
It makes dear self on well-bred tongues prevail,
And / the little hero
