A BOOK OP
JLr. o.
GEORGE E. BROWN
A BOOK OF R. L. S.
ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF 26
BOOK OF R. L. S.
WORKS, TRAVELS, FRIENDS, AND
COMMENTATORS
V
GEORGE E. BROWN
WITH EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS
SECOND EDITION -
y.
METHUEN & GO. LTD.
36 ESSEX STREET W.G.
LONDON
First Published . . November zoth,
Second Edition . . 1920
PR
875"
PREFACE
r I ^HE chief aim of this book is to provide a com-
A mentary on his works as far as possible from
Stevenson's own standpoint by showing the circum-
stances in which they were written, their history in
his hands, and his judgments of them. Only works
available in current volumes or the complete edi-
tions are included : no attempt has been made to
deal with those of his contributions to periodicals
which have not been reprinted. The scheme of the
volume also embraces references to members of his
family, and to his more or less intimate friends as
well as the places directly associated with his
wandering life. In developing this plan it was easy
to make the work also a bibliography, and by the
kindness of Mr. J. Herbert Slater the present values
of first editions have been quoted from the latter's
Bibliographical Handbook, and from recent issues
of ' Book Prices Current.' The prices paid by
collectors have shown great fluctuations, but chiefly
in an upward direction, during the last few years.
Most of those quoted have been paid during the
present period of inflated currency, and therefore
should be taken as more roughly approximate than
such prices commonly are.
vi A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Acknowledgment needs to be made first and
chiefly to Messrs. Methuen for permission to quote
the ' Letters ' edited and arranged by Sir Sidney
Colvin, and published by them. As will be seen,
the present modest contribution to Stevensonian
literature depends upon its use of that material.
Sir Graham Balfour's ' Life ' and the late Colonel
Prideaux's ' Bibliography ' must also be named as
two other works indispensable to any writer on
Stevenson.
In adopting an alphabetical arrangement, it has
been thought that the convention of the professional
indexer, viz., the rigid adherence to title except for
the transposition of ' A,' ' An/ or ' The ' in titles
having these beginnings, was not the most suitable
for the general reader. Therefore, where the title
of a paper contains a word which emphatically
marks the subject, that word has been chosen to
determine the alphabetical position. Thus ' Some
Portraits by Raeburn ' is placed in R, and ' A Plea
for Gas Lamps ' in G, but in the absence of this
excuse a position is allotted in accordance with the
untransposed title. The index will, it is hoped, make
good 'any deficiencies which this compromise may
involve.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ROBERT Louis STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF 26. Frontispiece
TO FACE PAGE
SKERRYVORE, ALUM CHINE ROAD, BOURNE-
MOUTH, THE HOME OF R. L. STEVENSON
AND HIS WIFE, FROM 1884 TO 1887 . . 40
No. 8 HOWARD PLACE, EDINBURGH, WHERE
STEVENSON WAS BORN, Nov. 13, 1850 . 86
GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH, AND
THE 'RESTING GRAVES' OF THE COVE-
NANTERS ....... 128
-
No. 1 7 HERIOT Row, EDINBURGH, THE HOME
OF THOMAS STEVENSON FROM 1857 TO HIS
DEATH IN 1887 . ..... 166
R. L. STEVENSON AT THE AGE OF 40 , . . 232
SWANSTON COTTAGE, PENTLAND HILLS, THE
SUMMER HOME TAKEN BY THOMAS
STEVENSON WHEN HIS SON WAS SEVENTEEN 256
GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH. . . 284
vii
A BOOK OF R. L. S.
ACROSS THE PLAINS
While now no doubt everybody knows that the
experiences of this paper formed the second stage
in the great adventure of Stevenson's life, the
omission of all reference to his business aboard the
emigrant train still gives an air of strangeness to
such a personal narration. Obviously R. L. S.
could not disclose the bald truth that he had run
away from his home in Edinburgh, with very slight
means, to marry the lady of whom, so he thought,
his parents would disapprove. It was impossible
for an author, already of some reputation, to in-
dulge a habit of public confidences to the degree of
relating matters of intimacy which touched others as
closely as himself. His isolation from his parents
which he thought necessary for this project was a
thought which pained him, for in some verses,
written on the emigrant train, of the thoughts of
home awakened by the crowing of a cock there are
the lines recently published in New Poems and
Variant Readings : —
He brings to me dear voices of the past,
The old land and the years.
My father calls for me,
My weeping spirit hears.
2 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
At Monterey, after a short visit to Mrs. Osbourne
in San Francisco, he wrote the story of his wearisome
fortnight's journey across the American continent.
It was the fatigues of this journey probably more
than the steerage passage across the Atlantic which
threw back Stevenson's health to the low pitch at
which it kept until his arrival in the South Seas.
During the years preceding it he had led a mildly
active outdoor life. At Monterey, in a letter to his
friend Gosse, he recalled that it was ' six years all
but a few months since I was obliged to spend
twenty-four hours in bed.' And then, immediately,
in a repining mood : ' but death is no bad friend ;
a few aches and gasps and we are alone : like the
truant child I am beginning to grow weary hi this
big, jostling city, and could run to my nurse even
though she should have to whip me before putting
me to bed.' There were still darker passages for
him in San Francisco before his marriage the follow-
ing summer, but his self-enforced monetary strin-
gency then came to an end by his father's remit-
tances, and his return journey to New York with
his wife and stepson certainly did not repeat the
emigrants' experiences.
The paper, first published in ' Longman's Maga-
zine ' in 1883, represents an abridgment and re-
writing of the manuscript, and is so reprinted in the
volume Across the Plains.
The volume issued as Across the Plains contains
in addition to the title essay those on The Old Pacific
Capital (Monterey), Fontainebleau, The Epilogue to
An Inland Voyage, Random Memories (of his en-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 3
gineering days), The Lantern Bearers, A Chapter on
Dreams, Beggars, Letter to a "Young Gentleman,
Pulvis et Umbra, and A Christmas Sermon, most of
them contributions to ' Scribner's Magazine ' in
1888 (at. 38). These essays are separately con-
sidered, each under its own title, on other pages of
this book. Their selection and arrangement for
Across the Plains were undertaken at Stevenson's
wish by Sir Sidney Colvin, whose reference in his
preface is to the cumulative effect of nearly ten
years' invalidism upon Stevenson's original buoy-
ancy of thought and outlook. If, in some of these
essays, ' the lights seem a little turned down/ it was
not to be wondered at. They were written at
Saranac in the winter of 1887-8, when it was plain
that the change from Bournemouth to the United
States held no hope for a permanent remedy of
Stevenson's ill-health. Yet certain of them will be
recognized as the most perfect of the essays ; des-
tined to live, as Henry James writes of them, as
Stevenson's ' masculine wisdom and remarkable
final sanity.'
The original edition of Across the Plains of 317
pages, issued in 1892 by Messrs. Chatto & Windus,
has a value of about 155.
ADMIRAL GUINEA
Of the four plays written in collaboration with
Henley, Admiral Guinea, if without the literary
quality of Beau Austin or Macaire, is on the whole
the most dramatic, though its type is one of a low
order. The sinister character of the blind sailor
4 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Pew, made less sinister but more horrible by a vein
of jocularity, is borrowed of course from Treasure
Island. The reformed slaver captain was appar-
ently the invention of Henley. Much of the piece
was written by Stevenson on first settling at Bourne-
mouth in September 1884, though Henley's was
plainly the moving and optimistic spirit hi the joint
enterprise. Stevenson seems to have been per-
suaded to embark on these dramatic schemes against
his better judgment, and a year later, in seeking to
disillusion Henley of their prospect of material
success, declares that he finds the play ' a low,
black, dirty blackguard piece — vomitable in many
parts — simply vomitable. Pew is in places a re-
proach to both art and man.' This was plainly
written in the heat of the moment, but in discour-
aging Henley's effort to launch the plays Stevenson,
as in many other instances, anticipated the critics.
The piece was first performed at a matinee at the
Avenue Theatre, London, November 29, 1897, and
was revived at the Royalty (Repertory) Theatre,
Glasgow, April 19, 1909, and at His Majesty's
Theatre, London, June 4, 1909.
AES TRIPLEX
An essay which is typical of Stevenson's practical
philosophy of life as he conceived it in the twenties.
It is characteristic that with death as his subject
he should dwell mainly on the guiding principles of
life. His theme is courageous disregard of the con-
ventional counsels of prudence by the observance of
which a man misses the full exercise of his powers.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 5
This eminently Stevensonian philosophy is crystal-
lized in the passage : ' Does not life go down with a
better grace foaming in full body over a precipice
than miserably straggling to an end in sandy deltas.'
The essay was written towards the end of 1877, or
beginning of 1878 (at. 28), that is, near the -end of
the four years of his early life in which his health
was passable. It appeared in the ' Cornhill Maga-
zine ' of April 1878, and is collected in Virginibus
Puerisque.
ALPINE DIVERSIONS
As the papers Davos in Winter and Health and
Mountains very plainly show, Stevenson (<zt. 30 and
31) found scarcely any pleasure in the confined
mountain landscape of Davos during his two winters'
exile there. And his notes on the indoor life of the
place contained in the present essay emphasize the
sense of imprisonment which is to be seen in all these
records of his feelings. The performers who visited
the hotels appealed to him from the fact that ' they
at least are moving : they bring with them the senti-
ment of the open road : yesterday, perhaps, they
were in Tyrol, and next week they will be in Lom-
bardy, while all we sick folk still simmer in our
mountain prison.' The innate love of wandering
which, besides motives of health, led R. L. S. over
the world is seen as strongly developed in these
pages of its mortification as in books like Travels
with a Donkey, which tell of its indulgence. The
outdoor sports were the only features of the life at
Davos which moved Stevenson to any pitch of en-
6 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
thusiasm. He skated and tobogganed, and found
in the headlong solitary dash on a toboggan in a
night of stars amidst these mountains ' a new excite-
ment to the life of man upon his planet.' The paper
appeared in the ' Pall Mall Gazette,' February 26,
1881, and is collected in Essays of Travel.
AMATEUR EMIGRANT, THE
Evidently the title of this paper was intended to
apply to the whole story of Stevenson's journey to
California in August 1879 (at. 29) to arrange his
marriage with Mrs. Osbourne. The words fit the
record of his experiences both as practically a steer-
age passenger and on the second stage of the journey
— by rail across America — which forms the subject
of Across the Plains (q.v.). At Monterey in October
he wrote that he had drafted about half of what
was to be a book, The Amateur Emigrant. He com-
pleted it, and actually disposed of it to a publisher.
His father, however, objecting to the publication of
a work which clearly provided the opportunity for
all kinds of inferences, the rights were bought back,
and the paper was not allowed to appear — and then
only after revisions and abridgments — until its in-
clusion in the Edinburgh edition in 1895. Its great
realism, apart from the description of natural effects,
was a new departure for Stevenson, who wrote that
he had ' sought to be prosaic in view of the nature
of the subject.' A later opinion was that it was ' a
pretty heavy emphatic piece of pedantry : but I
don't care : the public, I verily believe, will like it.'
However, the self-enforced necessity to support
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 7
himself by his writings having been removed by his
father's bestowal of a competency, he was content
to suppress the paper until the scheme of a complete
edition of his works was undertaken. In his books
as at present published it forms the first of the
Essays of Travel.
ANSTRUTHER
This Fifeshire coast town is notable among the
many places visited by R. L. S. in having provided
the material for the two essays, written twenty
years afterwards, The Coast of Fife and The Edu-
cation of an Engineer. Stevenson was there for a
month of his eighteenth year for the purpose of
studying the building of harbour works, and was
soon ' utterly sick of this grey, grim, sea-beaten
hole/ The legends and names of Fife interested
him a good deal more than marine engineering ; and
if he preserved the recollection of Wick, whither he
proceeded, as the type of an unpleasant place re-
quiring a peculiar philosophy for its enjoyment,
Anstruther was coupled with it in that denomination,
His lodging was Cunzie (or Kenzie) House, a solid
two-storey building, with an outside wooden stair-
way leading to the upper floor.
APOLOGY FOR IDLERS, AN
This essay, written when he was twenty-six, was,
as Stevenson told Mrs. Sitwell, ' really a defence of
R. L. S.' Stevenson felt himself marked as an idler
in more than one respect. In the circles of his
father's friends in Edinburgh his systematic truantry
8 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
from his engineering and legal studies had earned
him that reputation : among the literary men in
London whose friendship he had made in his early
twenties he was still received as something of a
dilettante. Therefore his paper need not be taken
as the development of a theme chosen merely to
provide a medium for his art as an essayist. At
this time of his life his spirit was in revolt against
the exaltation of humdrum industry and material
success to the places accorded to them by writers
like Dr. Samuel Smiles. It is easy to understand
that having come to his own profession by indus-
triously neglecting two others, he was inclined to
disparage the persistent application which stolidly
follows the appointed path. There was also in
Stevenson much of a boy's contempt for the serious
conventionally grown-up view of life. With what
satisfaction he hailed the young boating men of
Brussels in The Inland Voyage who, after business
hours, became serieux. His idler is not the lazy
person, but one intensely busy in the business of
happiness, a view which characterized Stevenson's
thought throughout his life.
The essay, after having been declined by
' Macmillan's Magazine/ appeared in the ' Cornhill '
of July 1877, and is placed hi the volume Virginibus
Puerisque.
APPEAL TO THE CLERGY OF THE CHURCH
OF SCOTLAND, AN
An anonymous pamphlet, written when he was
twenty-four, is the first of many sermons contained
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 9
in Stevenson's writings, and was addressed, of all
people, to the preachers themselves. Of this plea
for renunciation of sectarian differences he wrote to
his friend Colvin : ' I am going to launch on Scotch
ecclesiastical affairs, in a tract addressed to the
Clergy ; in which, doctrinal matters being laid aside,
I contend simply that they should be just and
dignified men at a certain crisis : this for the honour
of humanity. Its authorship must, of course, be
secret or the publication would be useless. You
shall have a copy of course, and may God help you
to understand it.' The pamphlet, when issued by
Messrs. Blackwood in February 1875, attracted,
Sir Sidney Colvin believes, no attention whatever.
It was not republished until its inclusion in the
Edinburgh edition, and is not placed in any of the
current volumes.
APPIN MURDER
In Kidnapped R. L. S. interweaves with the adven-
tures of David Balfour a real fragment of the stormy
history of the Highlands, which has thus come to a
degree of prominence it would not otherwise have
secured. This is the Appin murder of 1752, not
a year earlier, as Stevenson makes it from no appar-
ent motive. In Chapter XVII. David, after his
escape from the brig and sufferings on the islet, is
pitchforked into the crime, and exchanges one series
of misfortunes for another. In Catriona the pivot
of the story of his further adventures is the trial of
James Stewart on the charge of the murder, but so
much is taken for granted in the way of the reader's
io A BOOK OF R. L. S.
knowledge of the real events and persons, that a
brief recital of this page of Scottish history is a
needful commentary, and one which, as R. L. S.
admitted, his friend Andrew Lang ' bleated ' for
him to supply as an introduction to the two works
when published in a single volume.
The Appin murder was the outcome of the dis-
affected state of many parts of the Scottish High-
lands which resulted from the sternness with which
the last desperate effort to restore the Stuart dynasty
was punished by the Government of George n.
After the short-lived adventure of Prince Charles
Edward (the Young Chevalier) in the Jacobite rising
of 1745, estates of those on the Stuart side were
forfeited and agents appointed for the collection of
rents, letting of farms, etc. As Mr. Lang says, the
Highlands in 1752 were boiling like a cauldron. The
then Duke of Argyll (head of the Clan Campbell)
was on the side of the Government in the rebellion ;
hence hatred of Jacobite clans — Stewarts, Camerons,
and others — for the Campbells was intensified by
the circumstances of the time.
The scene of the murder was the Appin country,
the peninsula of coast between Loch Leven and
Loch Creran on the Linnhe Loch. Ardshiel, of the
Appin Stewarts, though not their chief, was in exile
in France after the '45, his tenantry continuing to
pay their rents to him, and making a like payment
to the Government. In his absence J antes Stewart
of the Glen, otherwise Stewart of Acharn, from the
name of his farm, was leader of his clansmen. He
had taken part in Prince Charles's rising, but had
A BOOK OF R. L. S. n
been pardoned. On the other hand, Alan Breck
(q.v.), a Stewart, to whom James had been a kind
of foster-father, was still an outlaw. The third char-
acter in the tragedy was Captain Colin Campbell of
Glenure — Colin Roy, ' Red Fox,' and Red Colin, as
he was variously called — factor of the Ardshiel
estates. In the spring of 1752 there was a dispute
between James and Glenure as to the expulsion of
certain tenants on the estate. At the end of April
James had returned from Edinburgh where he had
sought to lodge pleas for the suspension of the
evictions. On the I4th May, Glenure, with an
Edinburgh lawyer, Mungo Campbell, a sheriff's
officer, and a servant, left Fort William to carry out
the evictions the next day. The party crossed
Ballachulish Ferry, familiar to motorists in the
Highlands, and proceeded coastwise by the hillside
road towards Kintalline. Then, from the slopes
of the wood of Lettermore there came a shot, the
Campbell fell to the ground, and in a few moments
was dead. His companion saw a man with a short
dark-coloured coat hastening up the hillside carrying
a gun.
The murderer made good his escape. The
authorities were left without a single piece of direct
evidence of the authorship of the crime. Alan
Breck was known to have been in the neighbourhood
on that same day. He speedily sought safety in the
mountains, and eventually in France. Throughout
Appin rigorous measures were taken. James of the
Glen with his sons and servants was placed under
arrest. From the outset he was subjected to treat-
12 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
ment which went far beyond the legal usage of the
time. For months he was not allowed to see a
lawyer, or even to know the precise charge against
him. The savage purpose of this isolation was that
his trial might not take place in Edinburgh before
an unbiased jury : the Campbells manoeuvred for it
to be heard in the Argyll Circuit Court at Inveraray
before a jury of their own clan. It was not until
August 21 that a move was made in charging Alan
Breck and James Stewart as jointly guilty of the
murder, Alan as principal, and James as accessory.
The trial was fixed for September 21, but it was only
three days beforehand that the unfortunate James
was able to confer with his counsel. The judicial
farce was carried to even greater lengths. Although
three judges sat on the bench, one of them, the Duke
of Argyll, had the slightest judicial qualifications,
but, as in other instances, had had the office of Lord
Justice-General conferred upon him by virtue of his
rank. On no other occasion had such an occupant
of the position tried a case in a Circuit Court.
Here Argyll sat as head of the Clan Campbell to
condemn an enemy, pursuing his purpose by the
compliance of his professional colleagues. More-
over, the jury was one almost wholly of Campbells,
and they so little sensible of the gravity of their
office that, one of them broke into a speech of the
prisoner's counsel with the ejaculation ' Pray, sir,
cut it short.'
Of the counsel for the Crown, R. L. S. in Catriona
makes special use of the Lord Advocate, the Right
Hon. Sir William Grant of Prestongrange (q.v.), and
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 13
of Simon Fraser (q.v.}, otherwise the Master of Lovat.
The latter had fought for Prince Charles in the '45,
had been pardoned, and thus, in taking part in the
prosecution of a former fellow member of the Jacobite
party, is presented in an ugly light. R. L. S., with
perhaps an instinct of his character, makes of him
a most repulsive figure, the drawing of which was
the subject of public protests by the Clan Frazer
when Kidnapped was published.
The prosecution sought first to establish the guilt
of Breck, but the evidence amounted to no more
than that Breck had used threatening language in
regard to Glenure, that he was in the neighbourhood
on the day of the murder, was wearing a dark grey
suit, and disappeared immediately afterwards ; all
of which fell short of positive proof. Yet if Breck's
guilt had been proved, the evidence in favour of
James's connivance was even more slender. It
scarcely went beyond the known friendship of
James and Alan, and the former's ill-will to-
wards Glenure. Of real evidence of the conniv-
ance in the murder there was none which could
be classed as proof.
One incident connected with the trial is used by
R. L. S. for much of the motif of Catriona. In 1752
one of the greatest rascals which Scotland ever pro-
duced, namely, James MacGregor More (q.v.), or
Drummond, lay in Tolbooth jail in Edinburgh.
Him James Stewart had visited there when on
business of the Ardshiel tenants. After the murder
Drummond, with characteristic villainy, proffered
evidence to the effect that on the occasion of his visit
14 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
James sought to induce him (according to other
accounts, his brother Robin Oig) to murder Glenure,
and he had promised to commit the crime. The
cunning villain knew that if he were to appear as
a witness he must first be pardoned. The relatives
of Glenure would have been glad "to have obtained
this evidence, but the Government prosecutors very
rightly refused to admit the testimony of a rogue of
his evil notoriety. These facts, which are estab-
lished, lie behind the comings of James More to
the Advocate's house in Catriona ; and R. L. S. also
makes use of the unverified tradition that though
Drummond did not appear at the trial his evidence
was privately circulated among the jury.
In the early hours of Sunday, September 24, the
trial came to a close, in accordance with Scots
criminal law, with the speech of the accused's counsel.
Of Argyll's summing up, if there was any, there
is no record. For fifty hours without intermission
the jury had attended the proceedings, and the
suggestion was made that they should rest before
considering their verdict. But they consulted at
once, and within four hours unanimously returned
a verdict of guilty. Argyll's address to the con-
demned man which followed was an harangue in
which clan hatred overpowered calm justice. On
November 8, 1752, in a spot near to the place of the
murder, James of the Glen was hanged. The written
statement which he read to the spectators contained
the most touching appeals to his friends to refrain
from hatred of his persecutors — a poignant end to
an act of political revenge which, as various eminent
A BOOK OF R.L. S. 15
writers have agreed, is a blot on Scottish judicial
records.
Who was the real murderer of Glenure ? Accord-
ing to students of the mystery such as the late
Andrew Lang and Mr. David N. Mackay, the secret
is kept to this day in several Stewart families.
Mr. Mackay concludes that Alan Breck did not fire
the shot though he was ' in the know.' Mr. Lang
also, who claims to know as much of the secret as
is known, apparently believes Alan to have been an
accessory. These writers repeat the story of the
other man who on the day of the execution had to
be bound with ropes. He wished to save James's
neck at the eleventh hour by his declaration, but his
kinsmen's view was that he would only share his
fate. R. L. S. in the preface to Kidnapped is em-
phatic that tradition absolves Alan, but it would
seem that his conviction rests on no more substantial
ground than that in 1882 when at Lochearnhead,
which is only forty miles from the scene of the murder,
he made some inquiries. The details of the Appin
crime, however, had been a study of his, for in 1881,
when his application for the professorship of history
and law at Edinburgh University was before the
electors, he had had in mind writing and submitting
an essay ' The Murder of Red Colin,' but the theme
was not used until embodied in the adventures of
David Balfour.
The most complete account of the trial is ' The
Trial of James Stewart,' by David N. Mackay
(Edinburgh, Wm. Hodge & Co.). ' The Appin
Murder,' by the same author and publishers, is a
16 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
short and popular version. Mr. Lang, in including
the murder in his ' Historical Mysteries ' (Smith
Elder, 1904), says as much (or as little) as is com-
patible with non-disclosure of the secret which he
declared he knew but might not tell.
ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856- )
Stevenson's junior by six years, Mr. Archer was
one of the first of those, altogether unknown to him,
to appreciate his work. An anonymous review of
The Child's Garden of Verses brought them together
through Stevenson writing the four words ' Now
who are you ? ' The reply disclosing its author-
ship, the sequel was the interchange of letters, visits
to Bournemouth, and a close friendship which lasted
until Stevenson's death, and is embodied in some of
the most intimate of the ' Letters.' Mr. Archer's
son to whom, as a child of three, Stevenson wrote
the amusing letters — to ' my dear Tomarcher ' —
had grown up to be a man and a soldier, and fought
and perished in the repulse of the Germans' attack
on Mount Kemmel in April 1918, the engagement in
which the final victory of the Entente was decisively
determined. He enlisted twice in the infantry, first
returning from America on the outbreak of war, and
afterwards resigning a commission in the Ordnance
Service to rejoin his regiment, the London Scottish.
As a mere baby he was devoted to The Child's
Garden of Verses, and could repeat many of the poems
before he could speak plainly. It was this and other
anecdotes of him that no doubt led Stevenson, who
never actually saw him, to take an interest in him.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 17
ART OF WRITING, ESSAYS IN THE
The volume first issued by Messrs. Chatto &
Windus in 1905, containing the papers on Realism
and on Style in Literature, with others less directly
appropriate to the title. These are : The Morality of
the Profession of Letters, Books which have Influenced
Me, My First Book — Treasure Island, The Genesis
of the Master of Ballantrae, and the Preface to the
last-named, written but not used.
ARMOUR, MARGARET
Author of a little book ' The Home and Early
Haunts of Robert Louis Stevenson ' (Edinburgh,
Riverside Press, 1895). Slight sketches of Steven-
son's associations with Edinburgh, Colinton, and
Swanston.
ATTWATER
The extraordinary figure of the Cambridge man>
turned pearl-fisher and merciless evangelist in The
Ebb Tide. His ' manner and way of speech '' were
modelled, as Sir Sidney Colvin has told us, on a
Cambridge friend, A. G. Dew-Smith (q.v.) : ' a man
of fine artistic taste and mechanical genius, with a
silken, somewhat foreign urbanity of bearing/
R. L. S., who expressed more doubts of The Ebb Tide
than of any other of his works, thought Attwater
' no end of a courageous attempt . . . how far
successful is another affair.' A later judgment was :
' A little indecision about Attwater, not much/
i8 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY
The most real, if often disguised, autobiography
of R. L. S., is scattered among his writings, n<?t only
in the essays of Memories and Portraits, the preface
to which marks them as such, and in the books of
travel in France and America, but in almost every
later essay ; in the Child's Garden of Verses, and
pre-eminently in his Letters (q.v.}, the most complete
edition of which is that of 1911 (Methuen). It was
an inherent part of Stevenson's nature to put him-
self in his published writings. An essay on child's
play or idlers became in his hands a good part auto-
biography. While critics, as he said, ' murmur over
my consistent egotism,' his readers derive in these
confidences the peculiar charm which R. L. S. has
for them, and many no doubt a pleasure in piecing
them with the real doings of his life. But of formal
autobiography there exist some fragments written
in California in 1880 (<zt. 30) on the manuscript of
which two years afterwards Stevenson pencilled :
' These notes contain more damned idiocy and self-
conceit than I ever saw printed in the same space
anywhere else.'
Apparently the pieces of autobiography contained
in the unabridged edition of the ' Life ' by Sir
Graham Balfour are the notes to which this com-
ment applied, but are not the whole of them. Their
quotation is there acknowledged as by courtesy of
Stevenson's stepdaughter, Mrs. Strong, by whom an
autobiography was included in a sale of many other
Stevenson manuscripts in New York hi 1914. This
manuscript advertized as bearing Stevenson's savage
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 19
annotation, therefore seems to be that quoted in the
' Life,' where it is described as consisting of three
' books.' Book I., presuming there was more of it,
is quoted only to the extent of a passage sketching
the aunt, Miss Jane Balfour (q.v.), by whom her
father's manse at Colinton was made the pleasant
holiday place for her many nephews and nieces.
The sentence ' this little country manse was the
centre of the world : and Aunt Jane represented
Charity ' sums up Stevenson's glance back at this
time upon his childhood there. Book II., all that
exists of it and that but a fragment, is of the scanty
pocket money (twelve pounds a year) allowed him
until he was twenty-three, and of the society of
' seamen, chimney-sweeps, and thieves/ which he
met in the inn kitchens which were the only places
within his means. Book III., headed ' From Jest
to Earnest,' and a narrative of some length, but in-
complete, sketches his four earliest friends, viz., his
cousin R. A. M. Stevenson, Sir Walter Simpson,
James Walter Ferrier, and Charles Baxter, somewhat
in the vein of Talk and Talkers. But for the most
part it details the absurdly harmless hoaxes, devised
on an elaborate system, which the two Stevenson
cousins exulted in circulating among the townsfolk
of Edinburgh. These pranks were entered into for
the pure joy of their absurdity : the relish of them
was in nowise dulled by a complete ignorance of
their reception, was, in fact, sharpened by the
pictures of mystification which the pair afterwards
proceeded to create in their imaginations. ' If they
were silly,' R. L. S. recalled, ' they were never cruel/
20 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
and instanced the variations of the ' John Libbel '
hoax, the story of which looks incredibly foolish in
print, but nevertheless reflects a part of Stevenson's
personality which, in talk though not in practice, out-
lasted for some years these days of mirth as a youth
of twenty.
AUTUMN EFFECT, AN
The picture of a tramp which R. L. S. made alone
in the Chiltern Hills in October 1874 (cet. 24). High
Wycombe, from which he started, was then, as now,
a busy little place, but Great Missenden and Wen-
do ver, to which he journeyed along paths and by-
roads which cross the chief highways of the Chiltems,
had not then been linked to London, and partly
suburbanized by the Metropolitan and Great Central
railways. At Great Missenden the inn where he
stayed is the Red Lion, and the sloping garden
behind it must still be as when Stevenson smoked an
early morning pipe there in conversation with the
landlord (a Mr. Thoroughgood) as to the astro-
nomical distance covered by the latter in driving the
Wendover coach. His inn at Wendover was also
the Red Lion, since destroyed by fire and rebuilt
but not with the re-creation of the perfect parlour
of the essay, though Peacock Farm above it on the
hill can still reward the climber with its prospects
and gay-plumaged birds. The Autumn Effect with
its clear pictures of landscape and its intimate
glimpses of people met by the way, was the first
travel essay to be published, though not the
first written. It appeared in the ' Portfolio/
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 21
April and May, 1875, and is now placed in the
Essays of Travel.
BAGSTER'S * PILGRIM'S PROGRESS '
The paper on the almost thumbnail illustrations
to an edition of ' The Pilgrim's Progress ' was written
at Davos in 1881 (at. 31), and is one of the contri-
butions to ' The Magazine of Art ' (February 1882)
of which Henley was then editor. It was evidently
a commission, for to Henley he wrote : ' I have
nearly killed myself over Bunyan. . . . For some
reason it proved one of the hardest things I ever
tried to write : perhaps — but no — I have no theory
to offer — it went against the spirit. But, as I say,
I girt up my loins and nearly died of it.' The book,
however, as is shown by the paper Rosa quo Locorum,
was one familiar to him from infancy. The author
of the tiny drawings in which Stevenson claimed to
discover so close a kinship in imaginative power
with Bunyan was, as Sir Sidney Colvin has ascer-
tained, the eldest daughter of the publisher, Miss
Eunice Bagster, the book having been first issued
in 1845. Stevenson mentioned the paper for in-
clusion in the Edinburgh edition, where it is accom-
panied by reproductions of the drawings. It is now
published with other criticisms in Lay Morals.
BAILDON, H. BELLYSE (1849-1907)
Author of ' Robert Louis Stevenson : A Life
Study in Criticism' (London, Chatto & Windus,
1901). Mr. Baildon, who was lecturer in English
literature at Vienna University, and afterwards at
22 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Dundee, was with Stevenson at a small school kept
by Mr. Robert Thomson, in Frederick Street, Edin-
burgh, for backward and delicate boys. The
chapter of his book on their schooldays together
shows Stevenson at the age of fourteen or fifteen
active as a contributor to the school magazine, the
author of a romantic serial tale, which appeared in
its pages. The sympathetic literary criticism which
occupies the greater part of Mr. Baildon's book is
supplemented by a list of references to some fifty
or more articles on and reminiscences of Stevenson
scattered through the English and American press.
BALFOUR, SIR GRAHAM [1858- ]
The author of the fullest and, if the term may be
used, official biography of Stevenson is one of
R. L. S.'s many cousins, the son of Dr. T. Graham
Balfour, M.D., F.R.S. (president of the Royal
Statistical Society), and since 1903 director of
education in Staffordshire. For the last two and
a half years of Stevenson's life his cousin made his
home at Vailima. Although until his arrival there
the two had never met, they speedily became on
terms of the closest intimacy. The publication of
' The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson ' was long
postponed, partly from the fact that it was originally
to have been written by Sir Sidney Colvin, and
partly from the delay in collecting material from
friends of Stevenson scattered throughout the world.
But since its first appearance with Messrs. Methuen
in 1901 it has passed through eighteen editions and,
the violent review of it by Henley notwithstanding,
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 23
ranks with the collected ' Letters ' as the most
complete presentation of Stevenson which we
have.
BALFOUR, MISS JANE WHYTE (1816-1907)
The essay, The Manse, which depicts Stevenson's
relations, as a child, with his grandfather, Dr. Lewis
Balfour, passes over the latter's daughter, Miss
Jane Balfour, by whom for many years her father's
house was managed. This ' chief of my aunts ' of
The Child's Garden, was the second mother to her
many nephews and nieces, for whom Colinton Manse
was a summer home. Stevenson has sketched her
in a fragment of Autobiography (q.v.) as, in her youth,
' very imperious, managing, and self-sufficient. But
as she grew up she began to suffice for all the family
as well. An accident on horseback made her nearly
deaf and blind, and suddenly transformed this
wilful empress into the most serviceable and amiable
of women.' Her amiability is seen in her spoiling of
young Louis, who had only to drop the smallest hint
of what he wanted for it to be his. And as to
domestic efficiency, a letter of hers (engaging a
servant), preserved by a writer in ' Chambers's
Journal,' may be allowed to tell its own tale :
' Mr. Dalgleish mentions that you think the wages
small, but ten shillings more in the half-year is the
highest I have given since I had a nursery-maid, and
as I will have your travelling expenses to pay I cannot
promise you more than the three pounds for this
half-year. However, if you study to please me, be
24 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
sober-minded, honest, obliging, and willing to do
all you can to serve myself and Mr. Balfour, as well
as be ready to do anything in your power for the
young folk, I will give you five shillings above the
three pounds. There are just four of our young
folk statedly at home, and we are very often very
quiet, though there is a hurry at a time. Any extra
work that you may not be up to I promise to give
you assistance in till you come into the way of it ;
but it will be a great comfort to me, as well as to
yourself if, when you have learned the method that
I like, you endeavour to attend to it, not with eye-
service as a man pleases, but in singleness of your
heart, as unto God.'
To Stevenson's mother also she ministered on the
latter's return from Samoa after her son's death.
The two sisters lived together in Edinburgh until
Mrs. Stevenson's death, when the elder returned to
the Colinton. manse to die there in 1907 at the age
of 91.
BALFOUR, DR. LEWIS (GRANDFATHER) (1777-
1860)
From Dr. Balfour, Stevenson took the name of
Lewis. The spelling but not the pronunciation was
changed to Louis when he was about eighteen, on
account of its being the name also of an Edinburgh
citizen much disliked both by him and his father.
To his family and intimate friends he was always
' Lewis.' The portrait of his grandfather in The
Manse is one through Stevenson's eyes when a boy
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 25
of from five to ten years in admiring fear of this old
man of eighty. For nearly forty years Dr. Balfour
was minister of Colinton, where his thirteen children
were reared. His wife's father, and thus a great-
grandfather of Stevenson's on his mother's side, was
the Rev. Dr. Smith of Galston in Ayrshire, the sub-
ject of Burns's mocking verse in the ' Holy Fair ' :
Smith opens out his cold harangues
On practice and on morals,
An' aft the godly pour in thrangs
To gie the jars and barrels
A lift that day.
Among his intimate friends Stevenson would be
chaffingly saluted with ' Smith opens out,' on the
beginning of a sermon from him being discerned.
He quotes the phrase against himself in one of his
letters.
BALLADS
The most ambitious and, if one excepts the Child's
Garden, the best of Stevenson's work in verse
belongs to his thirty-seventh and thirty-eighth
years. The ballad was a literary form which he
did not attempt until his second visit to America.
Ticonderoga, founded on a legend of the Camerons,
was written at Saranac, and published in ' Scribner's
Magazine/ December 1887. In the following year
at Tautira in the island of Tahiti, he learnt the legend
which in The Song of Rahero is told with a flood of
savage gusto in keeping with its tragic subject. The
ballad, and that of The Feast of Famine, in which
26 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
were ' strung together some of the more striking
particularities of the Marquesas,' were written
during the stay at Tautira imposed by repairs to
the ' Casco.' With Ticonderoga and the two shorter
pieces, Heather Ale and Christmas at Sea, the latter
of which had previously appeared in the ' Scots
Observer,' December 22, 1888, they formed the
volume, Ballads, issued in 1891. They met with a
cold reception from a public which could not have
too much of their author's work in prose. Of the
qualities which commended them to him Stevenson
has something to say in a letter to H. B. Baildon :
' They failed to entertain a coy public, at which I
wondered ; not that I set much account by my
verses, which are the verses of Prosator ; but I do
know how to tell a yarn ; and two of the yarns are
great. Rahero is for its length a perfect folk-tale :
savage and yet fine, full of tail-foremost morality,
ancient as the granite rocks ; if the historian, not
to say the politician, could get that yarn into his
head, he would have learnt some of his ABC. But
the average man at home cannot understand anti-
quity ; he is sunk over the ears hi Roman civili-
sation ; and a tale like that of Rahero falls on his
ears inarticulate. The "Spectator" said there was
no psychology in it ; that interested me much ;
my grandmother (as I used to call that able paper,
and an able paper it is, and a fair one) cannot so
much as observe the existence of savage psychology
when it is put before it. I am at bottom a psycho-
logist and ashamed of it : the tale seized me one-
third because of its picturesque features, two-thirds
A BOOK OF R, L. S. 27
because of its astonishing psychology, and the
" Spectator " says there is none. I am going on with
a lot of island work, exulting in the knowledge of a
new world, " a new created world," and new men ;
and I am sure my income will Decline and Fall off ;
for the effort of comprehension is death to the in-
telligent public, and sickness to the dull.'
BARRIE, SIR JAMES MATTHEW (1860- )
Though they never met, R. L. S. had a great regard
for the author of ' The Little Minister/ for the man
equally with his writings. There were older friends
whom he would have more dearly wished to have
visited him in Samoa, but to none was he more
pressing that he should come than to Barrie. ' We
would have some grand cracks/ he wrote, ' come,
it will broaden your mind, and be the making of
me/ Stevenson's admiration of Barrie's books no
doubt arose partly from his sense of the distance
between them in the drawing of feminine character,
particularly in its tenderest relations. Writing to
Barrie after reading ' The Window in Thrums/ he
says : ' Jess is beyond my frontier line : I could
not touch her skirt : I have no such touch of glamour
of twilight on my pen. I am a capable artist ; but
it begins to look to me as if you were a man of
genius/ A literary association of Barrie with
Stevenson remains in the former's ' Sentimental
Tommy/ a very partial portrait of R. L. S., as Sir
Sidney Colvin has explained, in its drawing of the
literary temperament and fine sense of the use of
words.
28 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
BAXTER, CHARLES (1848-1919)
The death of Charles Baxter in April 1919 removed
the last surviving ultimate Edinburgh friend of
R. L. S. Law was his profession ; for nearly twenty-
five years he practised in Edinburgh as a Writer
to the Signet. He was a fellow-member of Steven-
son's in the Speculative Society, and the grave
participator in many high-spirited absurdities. Their
friendship was of that intimate kind which did not
require to rest on a common pursuit. For the last
seven or eight years of Stevenson's life Baxter took
entire charge of his business affairs : it was he who,
with Sir Sidney Colvin, arranged the issue of the
Edinburgh edition of the collected works ; and in
1894 was on his way to Samoa when news of Steven-
son's death reached him. Perhaps no letters reflect
the variable moods of R. L. S. more truly than those
to his old Edinburgh friend. They range from
the humorous exchanges between ' Thomson ' and
' Johnstone ' to the last lines three months before
his death which mark the depression he then felt :
' Strange that you should be beginning a new life,
when I, who am a little your junior, am thinking of
the end of mine. But I have hard lines : I have
been so long waiting for death, I have unwrapped
my thoughts from about life so long, that I have
not a filament left to hold by : I have done my
fiddling so long under Vesuvius that I have almost
forgotten to play, and can only wait for the eruption,
and think it long of coming. Literally no man has
more wholly outlived life than I. And still it is
good fun,'
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 29
BEACH OF FALESA, THE
It is one of the tragic elements in Stevenson's
prematurely ended life in the South Seas that he
made comparatively little use of the wealth of
material at his command there hi the way of story-
telling. With a measure of regained health came
many distractions, social and political ; and he was
further handicapped by the obsession that he should
be the sober chronicler of the history, customs, and
legends of Polynesia, a task for which he made pro-
digious plans only partially carried out. Thus the
life of the islands is drawn upon in only a few stories,
and in only one, The Beach of Falesa, with a degree
of realism which satisfied him. Time has confirmed
his own judgment by numbering it among his finest
work.
The germ of the story is one of other instances of
the sudden inspiration, in creating a whole series
of romantic incidents, which Stevenson drew from
some natural scene. In A Gossip on Romance we
have his avowal of how ' places speak distinctly ' as
the fit scenes for murder, haunting spirits, or ship-
wreck. That same sense of romance, developed in
him when a mere child, was still more part of his
nature hi later life. In November 1890 he was
spending day after day in the primitive forest
which surrounded the house at Vailima, and writes
of a new story ' which just shot through me like a
bullet in one of my moments of awe in that tragic
jungle/ He has the chapter headings hi orderly
shape and the title as ' The High Wood of Ulufanua.'
The tale turns on the native dread of the spirit-
30 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
devils in the woods, interwoven with which, as the
reader knows, is the island life of natives and whites
viewed through the eyes of a commonplace trader
to whom bookkeepers and clerks hi the old country
were persons of splendid education. It is a picture
of the South Seas, very different from the idylls of
Hermann Melville in ' Typee ' and ' Omoo,' but we
have it from his biographer that its realism fell far
short, in the drawing of the dark side of island life,
of the things which R. L. S. had seen for himself.
By the time, nearly a year later, that it had passed
through more than one process of re-writing, and
with the alteration hi its title, Stevenson took a most
confident view of its merits : ' It is the first realistic
South Sea story ; I mean with real South Sea char-
acter and details of life. Everybody else who has
tried, that I have seen, got carried away by the
romance, and ended in a kind of sugar candy sham
epic, and the whole effect was lost — there was no
etching, no human grin, consequently no conviction.
Now I have got the smell and the look of the thing
a good deal. You will know more about the South
Seas after you have read my little tale than if you
had read a library.'
The story appeared as ' Uma ' in the ' Illustrated
London News,' July 2 to August 6, 1892, and in the
books is placed in Island Nights' Entertainments.
BEAU AUSTIN
The only one of the four plays written in colla-
boration with Henley which, with the exception of
Deacon Brodie, had even a succts d'estime upon the
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 31
stage. It was written together with Admiral Guinea
during Stevenson's first two months at Bournemouth
in 1884, and was produced at the Haymarket Theatre
November 3, 1890, with Beerbohm Tree in the title
part, and Fred Terry as Fenwick. Despite the
literary quality and wit of the piece which have
induced one critic, Mr. Arthur Symons, to call it the
finest piece of comedy in action since the ' School
for Scandal/ and another, Mr. William Archer, to
say that ' the aroma of literature can be brought
over the footlights with stimulating and exhilarating
effect/ it was not a success as a public performance.
With Macaire it was played again at Her Majesty's
Theatre on May 3, 1901, by a company of leading
actors at a performance in aid of charity.
BEGGARS
The pair of character sketches which form the first
and second parts of this paper is plainly the product
of Stevenson's youthful Edinburgh days when, in
the city and on the Pentland hills, he was the com-
panion of seamen, chimney-sweeps, and thieves.
The equality of his relationship to the old soldier
and the knife-grinder connects them with the less
reputable characters into whose acquaintance
R. L. S. was thrown, in the years approaching man-
hood, as much by lack of funds as by natural interest
in the vagabond side of life. What he wrote of the
self-respecting poor seeking charity only from those
circumstanced like themselves was the subject of an
inquiry from a correspondent who wished to know
if Stevenson knew this from experience. The reply
32 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
from Samoa declared that the fact was impressed
upon him at ' the, house of a friend who was exceed-
ingly poor, in fact, I may say destitute, and who
lived in the attic of a very small house entirely in-
habited by persons in varying stages of poverty.
As he was also in ill-health, I made a habit of pass-
ing my afternoon with him, and when there it was
my part to answer the door. The steady procession
of people, begging, and the expectant and confident
manner in which they presented themselves, struck
me more and more daily ; and I could not but re-
member with surprise that though my father lived
but a few streets away in a fine house, beggars scarce
came to the door once a fortnight or a month. From
that time forward I made it my business to inquire,
and in the stories which I am very fond of hearing
from all sorts and conditions of men, learned that in
the time of their distress it was always from the poor
they sought assistance, and almost always from the
poor they got it.'
The paper appeared in ' Scribner's/ March 1888
(at. 38), and is placed in Across the Plains.
BLACK ARROW, THE
The publishers of ' Young Folks ' having asked
for a successor to Treasure Island, Stevenson turned
to the period of the Wars of the Roses as a setting
for a tale of adventure frankly written for youthful
readers. The book shows plainly enough that he
was less at home in rural England of the fifteenth
century than in the sea and island incidents of
Treasure Island. The characters are puppets : the
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 33
scenes, stage settings, and the talk, conventional.
Moreover, as some one has said, Stevenson wrote
Treasure Island for his own pleasure, but The Black
Arrow because he was asked to write it. It was
in fact written to conform to the type of story
supplied to ' Young Folks ' by a writer, Alfred R.
Phillips, whose serial ' Don Zalva, the Brave ' took
precedence in position to Treasure Island when both
were appearing together. Stevenson himself half
despised it at the time. Whilst writing it (at
Hy£res and ill in 1883 — at. 33) he declares to
Henley : ' as my good Red Lion Counter begged
me for another Butcher's Boy — I turned to — what
thinkest 'ou — to Tushery, by the mass. Ay, friend,
a whole tale of tushery. And every tusher tushes
me so free that may I be tushed if the whole
thing is worth a tush. The Black Arrow : A Tale
of Tunstall Forest is his name : tush, a poor thing.'
' Tushery ' was his word (or Henley's) for the style
of novel in Old English dialect such as ' Ivanhoe.'
To Henley he sent at the same time ' A Jape of
TUSHERIE,' two verses of which are :
The Birds among the Bushes
May wanton on the spray,
But vain for him who tushes
The brightness of the day !
And when at length he pushes
Beyond the river dark —
'Las to the man who tushes !
' Tush ' shall be God's remark.
34 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Still, as he wrote to Marcel Schwob, who wished to
translate the story into French : ' I had indeed one
moment of pride about my poor Black Arrow —
Dickon Crookback I did, and I do, think a spirited
and possible figure.'
But the story during its appearance from June 30
to October 20, 1883, proved more popular than the
previous serial by ' Captain George North/ and
raised the circulation of ' Young Folks ' by many
hundreds a week. Its readers were not searching
critics, and none probably discerned any flaw of
construction which may have arisen from the fact
that R. L. S., in moving about the South of France
whilst proofs were coming to him, failed to receive
some, and, as he declared in later days, forgot what
had happened to several of his principal characters.
No doubt The Black Arrow would never have been
written had the occasion come a few months later,
for Treasure Island, issued as a book in December
1883, brought Stevenson at once to notice as a coming
writer whose work could not be bought at a price
little more than that of a penny-a-liner's. Yet in
1888 he sanctioned its issue as a book by Messrs.
Cassell, from whose press new editions have appeared
with yearly or greater frequency ever since. Boy
readers would not share Stevenson's regret in writing
to Mr. William Archer in reference to his young
son's fondness for The Black Arrow : ' I am sorry
indeed to hear that my esteemed correspondent
Tomarcher has such poor taste in literature. I fear
he cannot have inherited this trait from his dear
papa. Indeed I may say I know it, for I remember
.A BOOK OF R. L. S. 35
the energy of papa's disapproval when the work
passed through his hands on its way to a second
birth, which none regrets more than myself. It is
an odd fact, or perhaps a very natural one : I find
few greater pleasures than reading my own works,
but I never, oh I never, read The Black Arrow.' His
wife, as we are told, found it the only one of his
books which she could not read, whence Stevenson's
touch of humour in dedicating the volume to her.
The original five-shilling edition of 324 pages is
valued at about fifteen shillings.
BLACK, MARGARET MOVES
Author of the volume ' Robert Louis Stevenson '
(Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1898) in the firm's
' Famous Scots ' series. Two of the biographical
chapters are interesting as a first-hand impression
of R. L. S. at nineteen, by one who was intimate hi
his family's circle. Other details of his life are not
always correctly stated, and the literary criticism
is merely that of a not very discerning reader.
BLACK CANYON, OR WILD ADVENTURES IN
THE FAR WEST
See ' Davos Press.'
BODY SNATCHER, THE
As horrible a tale as any of Stevenson's ; and,
on its writing (with others of the same character)
at Pitlochry in 1881, was ' laid aside in a justifiable
disgust.' It is inferior to his other stories of the
36 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
supernatural, and is not included in the Edinburgh
edition. Nevertheless, the fabric of the tale is taken
from Edinburgh legends of the early nineteenth
century and, as Mr. Watt points out in his ' R. L. S.,'
the professor designated as K is plainly the Scots
anatomist Robert Knox who died in 1862.
The story is chiefly remarkable for the gruesome
measures taken to advertise it. Stevenson rather
rashly accepted an offer to write at short notice a
ghost story for a special Christmas number of the
' Pall Mall Gazette.' Failing to satisfy himself, he
offered Markheim, and that being found too short
he finished off the discarded Body Snatcher, which
was announced in the streets of London by sandwich
men, wearing skulls, coffin lids, and grave-clothes.
This display, it would seem, was stopped by the
police, and the tale itself was not republished with
any other of his writings until the issue of Tales
and Fantasies after his death. The shilling ' Pall
Mall Supplement ' of 1884, in which it first appeared,
illustrated and in orange wrappers, is scarce, and has
a value (first ed.) of about 255.
BOOKMAN STEVENSON NUMBER
A miscellany of articles, verses, portraits, and
illustrations issued as a ' Bookman Extra ' in 1913
must be remarked as a notable piece of Stevensonian
literature. In addition to some original contri-
butions, critical and biographical, it contains Mr
Edmund Gosse's poem portrait from ' Firdausi in
Exile,' and his salutation to Tusitala, which forms
the dedication to ' In Russet and Silver.' In par-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 37
ticular the many drawings and photographs provide
as complete a pictorial record of the scenes and
people of Stevenson's life as is to be found in any
single book.
BOOKS WHICH HAVE INFLUENCED ME
This paper, written for a series of literary auto-
biographical sketches, to which eminent men of
the day contributed, appeared in ' The British
Weekly,' May 13, 1887, when Stevenson was thirty-
seven, and is reprinted in The Art of Writing. The
dozen writers here selected for mention, Walt Whit-
man, Herbert Spencer, Lewes (Goethe's Life),
Marcus Aurelius, Thoreau, Hazlitt, Meredith, and
Wordsworth, are those who, as is shown by other
confessions, had a share in moulding Stevenson's
thoughts of life during the period from his twentieth
to his twenty-fifth year, when he found himself most
actively challenging accepted views of belief and
conduct.
BOTTLE IMP, THE
This story, written soon after Stevenson first
reached Samoa in December 1889 (at. 39), has the
distinction of being the first serial tale to be pub-
lished in the Samoan language. It appeared the
following year in a magazine ' O le Salu 0 Samoa '
of the London Missionary Society. A photographic
reproduction of the opening chapter is contained in
Mr. Moors's ' With Stevenson in Samoa.' The
making up of a story without a foundation in fact
not entering into the Samoan imagination, the pros-
38 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
perity of the Vailima family was commonly thought
by the natives to come from the Bottle Imp, and
the safe which stood in one corner of the wall upon
the ground floor was believed to be its place of keep-
ing. Writing to Sir Conan Doyle, R. L. S. tells
how ' parties who come up to visit my unpreten-
tious mansion, after having admired the ceilings by
Vanderputty and the tapestry by Gobbling, mani-
fest towards the end a certain uneasiness, which
proves them to be fellows of an infinite delicacy.
They may be seen to shrug a brown shoulder, and
to roll up a speaking eye, and at last the secret
bursts from them : " Where is the bottle ?"' As
in other cases Stevenson anticipated the later judg-
ments of the critics in thinking the story ' one of my
best works and ill to equal.' The play from which
the idea was taken cannot be identified with its
author, a playwright named Oliver Smith (1766-
1845), but a melodrama of the same name was per-
formed at the Lyceum Theatre, London, on July 7,
1828. The Bottle Imp first appeared in ' Black and
White,' March 28 and April 4, 1891, and is placed in
Island Nights Entertainments. A film version of it
by the Lasky Company, shown in London in 1917,
was produced on the Hawaiian coast, which forms
the setting for most of the story.
BOURNEMOUTH
Returning to England with his wife from Hy£res
in July 1884, after a series of illnesses, one of which
at Nice was nearly fatal, R. L. S. made his home at
Bournemouth for nearly three years, from Sep-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 39
tember 1884 to August 1887 (at. 34 to 37). It was
the only time he lived in England and, except for the
four years of his life in Samoa, the only period when
his wife and he had their own house. The first two
or three months were spent in rooms in a house
(Wensleydale) on the West Cliff, then a move was
made to a furnished house in Branksome Park,
named Bonallie Towers, and in April 1885 they made
their home in a house which Thomas Stevenson
bought and gave to his daughter-in-law. It is
61 Alum Chine Road, on the edge of Alum Chine, and
still (1919) bears the name Skerryvore, which the
Stevensons gave it in memory of the lighthouse off
Tiree built by Louis' uncle Alan thirty years before.
The character of the house, though not of the
pleasantly wild garden which stretches down the
slope of the Chine, is well shown in an admirable
etching by Mr. Leslie M. Ward of Bournemouth, re-
produced in the ' Bookman ' Stevenson number of
1913. From the roadway can be seen the tomb-
stones to his two dogs, Coolin and Bogue, which
Stevenson placed on the wall of the entrance way.
For nearly the whole of the three years he was not
well enough to be out of doors, spent much of his
time in bed, and often was too ill to see friends who
came down from London. But he wrote Kidnapped,
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. IJyde, his part of More New
Arabian Nights, several of the essays and short stories
and two of the plays in collaboration with Henley.
These works, particularly Jekyll, had consummated
his reputation as a writer. A wider public had re-
cognized the deeper element in the author of Treasure
40 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Island, and critics acknowledged a new figure in
literature. Nevertheless his receipts from his writ-
ings during this period did not average more than
£300 to £400 a year.
The autumn and winter of 1886 were spent by his
parents in Bournemouth. The elder Stevenson,
whose health was failing, wished to be near his son,
and was glad to show his pleasure in the now general
recognition of Louis as a man of letters. But the
father's condition becoming serious, he returned' to
Edinburgh, was followed by Louis, and died on
May 8, 1887. The event released Stevenson from
his obligation to remain in England. On the
doctors' advice, and for reasons of his wife's as-
sociations, he decided to seek health in northern
America. On August 20, he left Bournemouth,
stayed for a day in London, and the next morning
embarked for New York, never to return.
BRECK, ALAN
Much less is known of the redoubtable Stewart
rebel who fights and talks and hides through the
pages of Kidnapped and Catriona than of the
MacGregors and lawyers who are Stevenson's other
historical characters. The Appin murder (q.v.), of
which Alan undoubtedly knew the secret, has
singled him out from the rank and file of Highlanders
who lived by their wits before and after the '45. In-
asmuch as the trial of James of the Glen rested on
his guilty connivance with Alan, who was charged
as principal, the meagre facts of Alan's career were
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 41
recited by both sides, and differently interpreted
by counsel for and against the accused. They were
no more than that Alan's father, one Donald Stewart
of Rannoch, on his death had entrusted his young
children to the care of James, who was a distant
kinsman of his ; that young Alan throughout a tur-
bulent youth owed much to his guardian, with
whom, after the Rebellion, he was on terms of close
friendship. Alan had been in the army before the
'45, but had been taken prisoner by the Prince's
forces at Prestonpans, and thenceforth was an ardent
Jacobite. He made his escape to France, where he
had enlisted in a Scots battalion of Louis xiv.
The Highlands were then a recruiting ground for
the French service. Alan was accustomed to revisit
his own country of Appin for the purpose of enlisting
Highlanders in the Stewart cause, and for collecting
from the tenants of his exiled chief Stewart of Ard-
shiel the rents — or part of them — which they con-
tinued to pay to the head of their clan, as well as to
the British Government by whom the rebel estates
had been confiscated. Outlaws such as he were
permitted to move about fairly freely so long as they
behaved themselves, and it was on one of these
visits that Alan, by his presence in the neighbour-
hood on the day of the murder, brought disaster
upon his former guardian. These details make up
the historical Alan up to this time, except that his
name of Breck came from his disfigurement from
small-pox, and that his appearance tallied with the
description in the ' papers ' for his arrest which is
quoted in Kidnapped. The Alan of the book, his
42 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
conceit, craft, and volubility, are purely Stevenson's
creation.
He made his escape to France after the murder.
According to an anonymous letter, probably written
by James More (q.v.), he landed there in March 1753,
and was at Lille in Ogilvy's regiment. The treacher-
ous father of Catriona had designs on him. There
is a letter among the ' Newcastle Papers,' signed by
James Drummond, offering to bring Alan Breck to
England on condition of an appointment in the
Government service. If tradition be true Alan
was more than a match for his would-be kidnapper,
and though James escaped with his life the fiery
Stewart made off with his property. Here we lose
sight of him, but Sir Walter Scott in the Appendix
to ' Rob Roy ' tells that he was living in Paris during
the Revolution. About 1789 a friend of Scott's
was invited to view a procession from the windows
of a room occupied by a Scottish Benedictine priest,
and there found sitting by the fire a tall, thin, raw-
boned, grim-looking old man, wearing a military
decoration. The talk turning on the streets of
Paris, the old soldier exclaimed with a sigh and a
sharp Highland accent : ' Deil ane o' them is worth
the Hie Street of Edinburgh.' It is the last picture
of Alan Breck Stewart, then quietly ending his days
on a modest pension.
BROWN, HORATIO ROBERT FORBES (1854- )
The close friend and biographer of J. A. Symonds
(q.v.) was a frequent visitor to Davos, and thus came
to know Stevenson during the two winters when the
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 43
latter received a measure of solace in his exile in
the Alps from the society of Symonds. At the ends
of these visits Mr. Brown would re-cross the Alps to
his home in Venice, where he has spent a lifetime
in literature, and has written his ' Life on the
Lagoons/ and his many studies of Venetian history.
The Letters show the altogether familiar relations
between them ; Stevenson sent to Mr. Brown a
prized book, Penn's ' Fruits of Solitude/ at the same
time admitting that it cost him a wrench to part
with it.
BUCKLAND, JACK
One of Stevenson's fellow passengers in the
' Janet Nicoll/ by which he made the last of his
Pacific cruises, and one of the trio (all of that voyage)
to whom Island Nights Entertainments is dedicated.
Buckland is the original of Tommy Hadden in The
Wrecker. Mr. Moors speaks of him as a devil-may-
care wanderer who met a tragic death, being blown
to atoms by the explosion of a powder magazine in
Suwarrow Island.
BURLINGAME, E. L. (1848- )
Editor of ' Scribner's Magazine ' from 1886 to
1914, and from the time of Stevenson's second
arrival in America in 1887, constantly in corre-
spondence with him in matters connected with the
publication of books and articles. With the excep-
tion of certain work which was the subject of con-
tract with the McClure firm, Stevenson's writings
44 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
appeared in America with Messrs. Scribner. Many
of his letters to Mr. Burlingame from Samoa contain
orders for newly published books to be supplied to
him by Scribner's and are thus something of an index
to his reading of modern literature during the last
few years of his life.
BURNS, ROBERT, SOME ASPECTS OF
The essay which was published in the ' Cornhill
Magazine,' October 1879, and is placed in Familiar
Studies of Men and Books, is not the first which
Stevenson wrote on Burns. Two years previously
he had been commissioned to write the article on
Burns in the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica,' and had
had his manuscript declined for the reason, as Sir
Sidney Colvin has said, that it ' was thought to
convey a view of the poet too frankly critical, and
too little in accordance with the accepted Scotch
tradition.' The second essay, which, it may be
judged, is not very different, in its note of severity,
from the first, has provoked resentment in the breasts
of Scotsmen for its plain speaking of Burns's lapses
from the moral life. Sir Sidney Colvin is disposed
to consider the disapproval of it of Mr. Alexander
Macmillan to have been the cause of Stevenson's
ceasing to contribute to the firm's magazine. And
in one of the earliest of the many books of the Rt.
Hon. J. M. Robertson, ' New Essays Towards a
Critical Method ' (1897), there is an echo of the
Scottish sensitiveness to this outspoken paper on
the national idol. In an essay on ' Stevenson and
Burns ' Mr. Robertson takes R. L. S. to task for
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 45
labelling Burns a Don Juan, and defends the poet
against the charge of idleness in his later years.
Yet Stevenson stood by his study during the three
years which elapsed before including it in Familiar
Studies where, in the prefatory notes, he has a bare
word of apology to say. Writing it, he judged it
' long, dry, unsympathetic, but sound ' ; when
published, ' one of my high-water marks.' A
glimpse of the paper in the writing, afforded in a
letter to Mr Edmund Gosse, marks the different
respects in which the genius and defects of char-
acter of Burns affected Stevenson : ' I made a kind
of chronological table of his various loves and lusts,
and have been comparatively speechless ever since. I
am sorry to say it, but there was something in him of
the vulgar, bagmanlike, professional seducer. Oblige
me by taking down and reading, for the hundredth
time I hope, his " Twa Dogs " and his " Address
to the Unco Guid." I am only a Scotchman after
all, you see ; and when I have beaten Burns, I am
driven at once, by my parental feelings, to console
him with a sugar-plum. But hang me if I know
anything I like so well as the " Twa Dogs." Even
a common Englishman may have a glimpse, as it
were from Pisgah, of its extraordinary merits.'
CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
The eminent professor of Greek at St. Andrews,
and translator and investigator of Plato and
Sophocles was one of Stevenson's sponsors in the
application for the professorship of literature at
Edinburgh. The one letter to him from Stevenson,
46 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
which is published, is an unqualified eulogy of
Campbell's classical writings.
CANOE SPEAKS, THE
The poem which is III of Underwoods is evidently
a product of An Inland Voyage. Its abrupt ending
is not due to its having been unfinished, but the
remaining portion, since included in New Poems and
Variant Readings, with the title, ' Now bare to the
Beholder's Eye/ continues the theme of the dis-
turbed bathing girls in a vein of realism still not
quite acceptable to English taste.
CATRIONA
The sequel to Kidnapped, written after an interval
of six years, marks, as is pointed out in the chapter
on the former work, a notable development of
Stevenson's powers. In Kidnapped the Appin
murder (q.v.) is a mere glimpse ; in Catriona the
story is deeply involved with the trial which followed
it and with the personages which figured in this
piece of the aftermath of the '45 in the Highlands.
It is historical in a much larger measure and closer
relation than the tale of which it is the continuation ;
and though the two have been issued as one book,
The Adventures of David Balfour, it depends so much
less on the element of excitement, and so much
more on its drawings of people, that the two scarcely
make a homogeneous work. Like Kidnapped it
was written within a short time (February to May
1892) at Vailima, when Stevenson (eet. 42) was
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 47
busy also with his work on Samoan politics, issued
as A Footnote to History. Even so he was chafing
at his slowness and his want of Scott's power which
turned out ' Guy Mannering ' in three weeks : ' It
makes me sick of myself to make such a fash and
bobbery over a rotten end of an old nursery yarn
not worth spitting on when done.' Actually he
thought then that it and The Beach of Falesa ' seem
to me to be nearer what I mean than anything I
have ever done ; nearer what I mean by fiction ;
the nearest thing before was Kidnapped.' And a
year later he was anticipating the critics in esteem-
ing the work for its characterization : ' One thing
is sure, there has been no such drawing of Scots
character since Scott ; and even he never drew a
full-length like Davie with his shrewdness and sim-
plicity and stockishness and charm. Yet you '11
see the public won't want it : they want more
Alan.' Perhaps it is necessary to be a Scot to en-
dorse this view of David, and certainly it is to share
Stevenson's delight in the boguey story of Tod
Lapraik, introduced into Catriona : ' A piece of
living Scots,' he wrote, ' if I had never writ anything
else but that and Thrawn Janet, still I 'd have been
a writer/
Of the real people in the book Grant of Preston-
grange, Simon Fraser, James More, and Alan Breck
are the subject of separate chapters. The others
play smaller parts, and may be taken together.
In finding a kinsman for David in Mr. Balfour of
Pilrig, Stevenson appropriated an ancestor of his
own, James Balfour, his great-great-grandfather
48 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
on his mother's side, born in 1705, and a man of
some note in his day as Professor of Moral Philo-
sophy in the University of Edinburgh.
The Duke of Argyll, the predominant personage
in the Appin trial, is shown in but two glimpses,
fixing the travel-stained David ' with an arrogant
eye ' from his place in church, and passing sentence
on James Stewart. It is characteristic of Stevenson
that he touches so briefly upon the central incident
of the story. He is content to compress the trial
into the sentence ' James was as fairly murdered as
though the Duke had got a fowling-piece and stalked
him,' and to find his material in the by-issues. The
Argyll who, as head of the Clan Campbell, thus
directed the political murder of James was Archibald,
third duke, a Whig in politics, and for many years
before his accession to the title in 1743 the chief
holder of political power in Scotland. He was Lord
Justice-General by virtue of his rank, although, as
it happened, he had had some training in law. His
part in the Appin trial shows the feudal power of the
chieftain, which nominally received its death-blow
after the '45, none the less hi active operation.
By the Heritable Jurisdictions Act of 1747 Argyll
lost the right (apart from his judicial office) to try
and condemn to death within the Campbell territory,
and was compensated therefor by the payment of
£20,000. Yet if the feudal power had gone,
there remained, by assent of the British Govern-
ment, a legal and political power not very easy
to distinguish from it in its opportunities for
vengeance.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 49
The prisoner's advocates, whom Stevenson re-
presents as seeking to exploit the case to their own
advancement, are not made to reflect a very favour-
able light on the Scottish Bar of the period. R. L. S.
draws a personal picture of only one of them,
Sheriff Miller, who afterwards rose high in his pro-
fession as Solicitor-General, Lord Advocate, Lord
Justice-Clerk, and Lord President of the Court of
Session.
In contrast with the lawyers who fill a great part
of the stage in Catriona, is the imaginary character
of the Lord Advocate's daughter, Barbara Grant,
perhaps the most successful of Stevenson's not very
numerous feminine creations, at any rate one which
gave him more pleasure than most. Miss Grant's
vivacious archness obtains an added interest from
the opinion of ' One who knew him,' writing in the
' Westminster Budget,' soon after Stevenson's death,
that it disclosed more of the real Stevenson than
any of his male characters. ' His was just that
quality of wit, that fine manner and great gentleness
under a surface of polished raillery.' Barbara's
brilliant qualities in fact rather overshadow the
name character of the book. Catriona, whom
history does not identify among the dozen odd
children of James More, lives as a study of the High-
land character in a woman, brave, ' touchy,' and
on occasion sullen, a real person, if not the conven-
tional heroine of a romantic tale. Her share in her
father's escape from jail had its counterpart in real
life, though we are denied the name of the daughter
who thus enabled James More to prosecute his
50 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
double dealings. And there is the' view (which
Stevenson takes in the book) that the adventure was
managed by the Government. For that, there is
confirmation in a fact which Andrew Lang's re-
searches among Jacobite papers have brought to
light, viz., that after the arrest of James More on
the abduction charge the suggestion was made in
government circles that he should be allowed to
escape by giving order to that effect to his escort.
There is therefore ground for supposing that the
escape wittily reported to the Lord Advocate by
his daughter was really planned by Prestongrange,
and that Catriona was led unknowingly to serve
the purpose of the Government. We are here in
the dark places of an ti- Jacobite intrigue, but it
looks as though R. L. S. was right in his guess.
The case of Lady Grange, with which the incar-
ceration of David on the Bass is compared, is an un-
pleasant scandal, which had not then been forgotten.
She was the unwanted wife of the judge Lord
Grange, a kindred spirit and boon companion of
the notorious Simon Fraser, who was the leading
partner in the plot by which she was carried off
to an island of the Hebrides, and there kept for
many years until her death.
Catriona first appeared in ' Atalanta/ January
to May, 1893, under the title David Balfour, the
name by which it is still known in America. The
first English edition, issued by Messrs. Cassell in
1893, and containing a brief account of David's
adventures in Kidnapped, is worth about 155.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 51
CELESTIAL SURGEON, THE
The short poem which expresses Stevenson's
practical philosophy of life perhaps more plainly
than any other passage in his writings is attributed
to the year 1882 (at. 32), which began with invalidism
at Davos and ended badly at Marseilles with the
first of the series of illnesses, the prelude to the in-
door years at Bournemouth. The lines, No. XXII.
of Underwoods, mark a brighter and altogether more
individual development of the ' Address to his
Soul ' of two years earlier, written in California.
This is No. XXIV. of Underwoods, and was the first
work of Stevenson's in verse to be published, viz.,
in the ' Atlantic Monthly/ October 1880.
CHARLES OF ORLEANS
The paper on the French ducal poet of the fifteenth
century, which is perhaps the roundest and most
complete of the portraits collected in Familiar
Studies of Men and Books, occupied Stevenson during
the latter part of 1875 and the summer of 1876
(cet. 25), when he was much engrossed with the
French literature of the period, and proposed other
essays on Joan of Arc, Louis XL, and Rene of Anjou.
The paper, after its appearance in the ' Cornhill
Magazine/ December 1876, comes in for less censure
than the other pieces in the self-critical notes with
which R. L. S. prefaced them when preparing them
for book publication.
52 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
CHALMERS, STEPHEN (1880- )
Author of several Stevenson little books, published
by the Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A.
' The Penny Piper of Saranac ' (1916) is a sketch
of Stevenson's life at Saranac Lake, in the winter of
1887-8. It contains a photograph of the memorial
tablet to Stevenson, placed by the American Steven-
son Society in the cottage where he stayed. ' The
Beloved Physician, Edward Livingston Trudeau,'
is a monograph on Stevenson's doctor at Saranac,
himself a victim of tuberculosis twenty-seven years
afterwards. ' Enchanted Cigarettes ' is the fantastic
title (borrowed from Balzac) of a booklet on the
books which Stevenson planned but did not finish.
CHARACTER, A
This fragment, written in 1870-1 (cet. 20-21), is a
sketch of the lowest depths of life uncommon in
those of Stevenson's early writings which have been
preserved, and of interest in exhibiting a direction
of his art which reached its highest expression in
Mr. Hyde. First published in the Edinburgh
edition, it is now included in the volume Lay Morals.
CHARITY, BAZAAR, THE
The trifle of dialogue designed to amuse the
visitors at a sale for charity and privately printed
for the purpose was written when Stevenson was
about eighteen. It was not republished until
included in the Edinburgh edition, and is not included
in any current volume.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 53
CHILD'S GARDEN OF VERSES, A
From his youth Stevenson was an inveterate
writer of impromptu rhymes for his own and his
friends' amusement. The specimens scattered in
his letters up to about 1887 witness his enjoyment
of these exercises, entered upon now out of high
spirits, now as a relief in sickness. To these same
motives may be set down the pieces of verse which
in serious intention came spasmodically from his
pen during these early years. Most of them are
short and very few were published at the time.
While conscious of his growing power as a writer
of prose, Stevenson was a good critic of his gifts as
a poet. ' I am a weak brother in verse/ he wrote
to Henley in 1879 apropos the latter's criticism of
' Our Lady of the Snows.' ' You ask me to re-write
things that I have already managed just to write
with the skin of my teeth. If I don't re-write them,
it 's because I don't see how to write them better,
not because I don't think they should be.' Thus it
came about, from Stevenson's own diffidence and
through the solicitous care of his friends, scarcely
any verse of his was allowed to appear until, with
some anxiety for its reception, the Child's Garden was
issued in 1885 (cet. 35).
The idea of the verses, the presentation to grown-
up people of the thoughts and feelings of children,
which has given enduring life to them, was perhaps
not deliberately contemplated by Stevenson, but
none the less was original with him or at any rate
had never before been carried out in such perfect
form. Most of us soon forget how things appeared
54 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
to us when we were little : Stevenson, as he often
declared, retained the liveliest conception of his
own thoughts and fancies when a child at the serious
business of play. Thus the Verses are a page of
autobiography ; some of them so definitely so that
old playfellows wrote of their pleasure at the
pictures. They recall his days — and nights — as a
rather lonely and ailing child in his Edinburgh
home, and the times which, when he was a little
older and stronger but still delicate, he spent with
one and another of his many cousins at his grand-
father's manse at Colinton. The situation of the
manse on the close-wooded banks of the Water of
Leith made the garden and the near suiroundings
a rare domain for endless make-believe adventures
in which little Louis was the ringleader of his older
cousins, exhausting his frail body in ' a fury of play '
at pirates, shipwreck and soldiering. How genuinely
these games inspired the verses in A Child's Garden
may be seen from a letter to a favourite cousin
(Mrs. Milne) who had recognized herself as one of
the three in the 'Pirate Story.' After twenty-five
years R. L. S. writes : ' You were sailing under the
title of Princess Royal : I, after a furious contest,
under that of Prince Alfred ; and Willie, still a
little sulky, as the Prince of Wales. We were all
in a buck basket about half-way between the swing
and the gate ; and I can still see the Pirate Squadron
heave in sight upon the weather bow.'
The children's verses were written at irregular
intervals from 1881 to 1884 (at. 31 to 34) . Accord-
ing to his biographer the suggestion of them came
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 55
from a ' Birthday Book for Children/ containing
verses of Mrs. Sales Barker to Miss Kate Greenaway's
drawings, which his mother had with her during a
stay at Braemar with Stevenson and his family. A
nucleus of the collection was formed in the course
of this summer in the Highlands ; the greater
number were written afterwards at odd times during
the next three years, some at Hyeres with his left
hand and in semi-darkness when recovering from
haemorrhage and ophthalmia.
Title upon title for the proposed volume came from
Stevenson. ' Benny Whistles — for Small Whistlers '
was an early choice, and the name under which a set
of proof sheets (the rarest of Stevensoniana) was
printed, and privately circulated. Henley's copy
was sold at the Red Cross Sale of April 25, 1918, for
£300. Illustrations were also planned and profuse
suggestions made for them but in the end they were
abandoned. The elaboration of these measures to
put the verses into the most pleasing dress reflects
the doubts of them which exercised Stevenson and
those of his circle. As Mr. Edmund Gosse has
recorded : ' his friends were as timid as hens about
this new experiment of their duckling's ' ; and to
him, while proofs were being passed for the press,
R. L. S. wrote what he thought of them in a passage
which, while showing this apprehension, states in
a word the essential quality for which the verses are
beloved : ' They look ghastly in the cold light of
print ; but there is something nice in the little
ragged regiment for all ; the blackguards seem to me
to smile, to have a kind of childish treble note that
56 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
sounds in my ears freshly ; not song, if you will,
but a child's voice.'
The dedication of A Child's Garden to his nurse,
Alison Cunningham (q.v.}, is perhaps the happiest
and most happily worded of Stevenson's many
familiar talks with his friends issued in this guise.
It needs no postscript, but a letter to Cummy telling
her of it shows how sincerely it was meant : ' This
little book, which is all about my childhood, should
indeed go to no other person but you who did so
much to make that childhood happy.'
The insight into the mind of himself when a child
which is displayed in the verses makes it natural to
ask what was the grown-up Stevenson's attitude to
children. His letters, a revelation of his personality
in a host of phases, give no answer except an implied
negative ; save for his play with a little Russian
child of two and a half at Mentone when he was
twenty-three, the doings of children figure not at
all in his talk. The fact seems to be that egoist
as he was in many respects, Stevenson was one also
in this ; he dwelt in vivid memory upon his own
childhood and he interpreted children largely in
terms of these recollections. On the other side must
be set his own physical inability for the greater part
of his adult life to share in the play of children or
even to be much in their society. His marriage,
in giving him a stepson of twelve, but no child of his
own, was not the occasion of altogether new thoughts
of children as it is in the lives of many men. Yet,
as we have it in the judgment of Mr Edmund Gosse,
who saw much of R. L. S. in the years immediately
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 57
before and after his marriage, the coming of his
stepson broadened his view of children : ' He began
to see in them all variations of this intelligent and
sympathetic little stepson of his own.'
A Child's Garden was published by Messrs.
Longmans in March 1885 at 55., which original
edition (of 101 pages) has now a value of about £10.
CHILD'S PLAY
The outlook of a child upon his games which this
paper presents for the education of grown-up people,
is unmistakably that which Stevenson preserved as
a vivid recollection of his very young days. For
him the essence of play was make-believe ; lacking
which, games like cricket and football were not play
at all. Though he played football when at school at
Isleworth he had, as he says, ' to spirit himself up
. . . with an elaborate story of enchantment, and
take the missile as a sort of talisman bandied about
in conflict between two Arabian nations.' Steven-
son's play was of the kind pictured in The Lantern
Bearers and A Penny Plain and Twopence Coloured,
and a sharer of it for a whole winter when R. L. S.
was about sixteen was his cousin R. A. M. Stevenson,
referred to in the passage of the essay which de-
scribes their romantic device for enlivening the con-
sumption of porridge. The two lived, as Stevenson
wrote, ' in a purely visionary state, and were never
tired of dressing up.' And there is their invention
recorded by his biographer of the rival kingdoms of
Encyclopaedia and Nosingtonia of which R. L. S.
and his cousin were the respective monarchs. It
58 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
was childhood such as this, passed in an orgy of
romantic imagination, that Stevenson has in his
mind in his analysis of motives by which children are
ruled.
The essay, which appeared in the ' Cornhill Maga-
zine ' of September 1878 (<zt. 28), is included in
Virginibus Puerisque.
•
CHRISTMAS AT SEA
See ' Ballads.'
CHRISTMAS SERMON, A
No other paper perhaps so well represents Steven-
son's broad and positive conception of goodness as
this essay, which completed the twelve contributed
to ' Scribner's Magazine ' during 1888 (at. 38).
Certainly none more strongly expresses his aversion
from the presentation of morality as the abstinence
from things held to be wrong. If such abstinence
be necessary to the positive goodness of kindness
or honesty they should be concealed like vices.
That happiness is a virtue in itself, to be striven for,
not expected as a reward of virtue, is a theme of this
paper which is expressed in The Celestial Surgeon
written six years before :
If I have faltered more or less
In my great task of happiness ;
If I have moved among my race
And shown no glorious morning face. . . .
A Christmas Sermon is placed in the works, as at
present issued, in Across the Plains.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 59
COCKERMOUTH AND KESWICK
This unfinished chapter on a visit to Cumberland
in 1871 (at. 21), and the first travel paper of Steven-
son's, marks the bent of his mind in several respects
which are more sharply delineated in later work of
the same kind. One such is his aversion from travel-
ling by the stereotyped routes of the sightseer;
another, his sense of strangeness in England, after-
wards elaborated in The Foreigner at Home. The
practice of making no notes on excursions of this
kind, which in this paper he declares to be a necessity
for a picturesque chronicle, was one which Stevenson
had abandoned a few years afterwards. The writing
of a daily journal from which such books as An
Inland Voyage and Travels with a Donkey were
afterwards written became his regular habit until
the last few years of his life. First published in the
Edinburgh edition, the present paper is now included
in Essays of Travel.
COLLEGE MAGAZINE, A
The much-quoted paper which tells of Stevenson's
self-training to be a writer, and of the brief career
of the ' Edinburgh University Magazine,' in which
his maiden efforts obtained semi-private publication,
was first published in Memories and Portraits, and
may therefore be thought to be work of his thirty-
seventh year. At any rate the sketch of the life
and character of Robert Glasgow Brown could not
very well have been written until after the latter's
death in 1878. The newspaper, launched by Brown,
and ' in which young gentlemen from the Universities
60 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
are encouraged, at so much a line, to garble facts,
insult foreign nations, and calumniate private in-
dividuals ' was ' London,' edited by Henley on its
founder's decline in health. For it Stevenson wrote
many miscellaneous contributions, most of which
have not been reprinted ; and New Arabian Nights
first appeared in its pages. The reminiscences of
his early friends in this paper contain also the only
hint in Stevenson's essays of any youthful passion.
Even so it was tepid enough — the sending of a copy
of the University Magazine to ' the lady with whom
my heart was at that time somewhat engaged, and
who did all that in her lay to break it.'
COLLEGE MEMORIES, SOME
In the piece of autobiography written when he
was thirty-six R. L. S. shows himself still the college
youth, ready to talk of his ' rational system of
truantry,' dwelling with gusto upon the facts
gathered outside the college courses, and recalling
that ' none ever had more certificates for less
education.' The paper, which was written for the
' New Amphion/ the book of the Edinburgh Univer-
sity Union Fancy Fair, December 1886, is included
in Memories and Portraits.
COLVIN, LADY
See 'Mrs. Sitwell.'
COLVIN, SIR SIDNEY (1845- )
The chief of Stevenson's friends, in the closeness
of their intimacy, was five years his senior. Chance
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 61
brought them together when R. L. S. was twenty-
three, and Sir Sidney then, and for the following
twelve years, Slade Professor of Fine Art at Cam-
bridge University. The meeting was of great conse-
quence for Stevenson, to whom the choice between
a literary career and some ordinary profession or
business presented itself as the result of differences
between himself and his parents on what he had
even then long regarded as the project of his life.
Relief in these difficulties came from the sympathy
and encouragement of two fellow visitors at the
Suffolk home of a cousin of his. These were the
present Sir Sidney and Lady Colvin, the latter then
Mrs. Sitwell, a letter to whom not long after their
first meeting marks the deference to the judgment of
his future literary executor and editor which Steven-
son displayed to the end of his life : ' If Colvin does
not think I shall be able to support myself soon by
literature, I shall give it up and go (horrible as the
thought is to me) into an office of some sort.' The
help thus given at the outset of his literary life was
continued in many ways ; by introductions to
friends and editors in London ; by candid criticism,
and by reconciling the divergence of views between
R. L. S. and his parents, in short, by an interest
which is rarely shown by one literary man in the
work of another. There is Stevenson's warm ac-
knowledgment of this early encouragement in a
letter from Honolulu : ' My dear Colvin, I owe you
and Fleeming Jenkin, the two older men who took
the trouble and knew how to make a friend of me,
everything that I have and am.' On Sir Sidney's
62 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
appointment as Keeper of the Prints and Drawings
in the British Museum in 1884 his rooms in the
Museum were Stevenson's headquarters in London.
Previously, for a time, the two had shared a lodging
in Hampstead. To their friendship we owe the
personal account of Stevenson's doings in Samoa,
written as a regular monthly letter for the purpose
of keeping them in touch with each other. These
and other letters were published under Sir Sidney
Colvin's editorship as Vailima Letters (Methuen) in
1895, and (a further series) as Letters to his Family
and Friends (Methuen) in 1899. The two series
were then united into one and issued by Messrs.
Methuen in 1911 as The Letters of Robert Louis
Stevenson, volumes which, with their included bio-
graphical chapters and editorial notes, are now the
most complete picture of Stevenson's life and
thoughts. The Edinburgh edition of Stevenson's
collected works is the editorial work of Sir Sidney
Colvin, by whom also the article on Stevenson in the
' Dictionary of National Biography ' is written.
CORNFORD, L. COPE (1867- )
Author of ' Robert Louis Stevenson ' (London,
Blackwood, 1889), a brief biography and literary
study and, considered in the latter category, one of
the most understanding analyses of Stevenson's art
as a writer.
CRABBED AGE AND YOUTH
The plea and argument for at least as great a
measure of consideration for the ways and thoughts
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 63
of youth as for those of age belong to the series of
papers written when Stevenson was about twenty-
eight. Contrasting the copy-book maxims of caution
and respectability with the doings of the world's
acknowledged heroes, he denies the principle of
accepting the views of age on life as final. He is a
youth glorying in youthfulness, and in anticipation
refusing to repent its imprudences. When life is
hurrying you at breakneck speed to the unknown
it is folly to husband your energies in provision for
an old age which may never come. Such is the note
which sounds in one form or another in all Stevenson's
lay sermons of this period. The paper was published
in the ' Cornhill Magazine ' of March 1878 and is
placed in Virginibus Puerisque.
CROCKETT, S. R. (1860-1914)
As minister for some years of a parish in the Pent-
land Hills S. R. Crockett was perhaps the friend of,
and commentator on Stevenson most familiar with
Stevenson's home country and the scenes of the
Covenanters whose history was so large an influence
on the thoughts of both of them. Their friendship
began by Mr. Crockett writing to Saranac of a book
he was sending, and by Stevenson, unable to make
out his signature, replying to ' Dear Minister of the
Free Church at Penicuik.' Thereafter they were
regular correspondents, but the greater number of
Stevenson's letters, written at intervals of two
months, were most unfortunately lost by Mr.
Crockett. The words of the dedication to him of
' The Stickit Minister,' as Stevenson wrote, ' brought
64 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
tears to my eyes every time I looked at them.
" Where about the graves of the martyrs the whaups
are crying. His heart remembers how." Ah, by
God it does.' It was this dedication which provided
Stevenson with the motif of the verses in reply
' To S. R. Crockett ' which are XLIII in Songs of
Travel, of which the first is :
Blows the wind to-day and the sun and the rain are
flying,
Blows the wind on the moors to-day and now
Where about the graves of the martyrs the whaups are
crying
My heart remembers how !
CRUSE, AMY
Author of ' Robert Louis Stevenson ' (London,
George Harrap & Co., 1905), a biography, con-
cerning itself chiefly with the external events of
Stevenson's life, and particularly those appropriate
to the inclusion of the book in a series of lives of
' Heroes of All Times.'
CUNNINGHAM, ALISON (CUMMY) (1822-1913)
Stevenson's nurse from the time he was a baby of
eighteen months. She came to the family when she
was thirty, and for long after there was any need
of her services remained the devoted friend and
servant of Louis and his parents. The degree to
which her unceasing care of ' her boy ' was esteemed
is familiar from the letters of R. L. S. to her, down
to the last, written two months before his death.
He never omitted to send Cummy an autographed
I
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 65
copy of his works, as each appeared. His father,
who liked Cummy for her strong theological bias,
made provision for her when she left their house.
His mother, on her return to Edinburgh from
Vailima, was constantly solicitous of Cummy's
welfare and, after her death, Mrs. R. L. Stevenson
added to her pension and from San Francisco wired
messages of instruction for Cummy's comfort in
her old age.
In all this there was exactly the expression of
gratitude to her which R. L. S. felt throughout his
life, and declared, when he was twenty-one, in the
letter : ' Do not suppose that I shall ever forget
those long, bitter nights, when I coughed and
coughed, and was so unhappy, and you were so
patient and loving with a poor sick child. Indeed,
Cummy, I wish I might become a man worth talking
of, if it were only that you should not have thrown
away your pains. . . . My dear old nurse, and you
know there is nothing a man can ' say nearer his
heart except his mother or his wife — next time when
the spring comes round, and everything is beginning
once again, if you should happen to think that you
might have had a child of your own, and that it was
hard you should have spent so many years taking
care of some one else's prodigal, just you think
this — you have been for a great deal in my life ;
you have made much that there is in me, just as
surely as if you had conceived me ; and that there
are sons who are more ungrateful to their own
mothers than I am to you. For I am not ungrateful,
my dear Cummy, and it is with a very sincere
E
66 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
emotion that I write myself your little boy — Louis/
This was no mere form of words, for ' Cummy ' had
a great influence on Stevenson's imagination and
love of stories. She came from Torryburn on the
north shore of the Firth of Forth, an isolated spot
even now, and was full of the tales of smugglers,
bodysnatchers, and bogles which were told of her
native parish. Also she was a woman of stern
religious convictions, read to him from her Presby-
terian authors and introduced him to the Covenant-
ing writers. To her, the theatre, novels, and cards
were of the devil. There is the picture of the elder
Stevensons playing a game of whist whilst Louis and
his nurse prayed that it might not be visited upon
them to their perdition.
The Child's Garden of Verses was dedicated —
' To Alison Cunningham. From her Boy.' Before
it was completed, R. L. S. was several times telling
her of it, and that she was the only person who would
really understand it. The nurse is not a common
subject for the essayist or poet. Stevenson, by the
dedication, as much as by the verses, showed how
he never lost the clear sense of what it feels like to
be a child.
For some years after leaving the Stevenson house-
hold, Miss Cunningham lived at Swanston as house-
keeper to her brother. Her portrait, painted by
Mr. Fiddes Watt of Edinburgh, is preserved at
Swanston Cottage by Lord Guthrie. Afterwards
she made her home with a cousin in Edinburgh, and
was there constantly sought out by Stevensonians.
She died, aged ninety-one, in July 1913, and thus
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 67
survived Stevenson for nearly nineteen years.
A tribute to her memory is paid by Lord Guthrie in a
little book, ' Cummy/ which he has written (Edin-
burgh, Otto Schulze, 1913).
DAMIEN, FATHER
An Open Letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde of
Honolulu. It is difficult to understand why Sir
Walter Raleigh in his study of Stevenson should
have called the letter in defence of Father Damien
*
' his only literary mistake.' A mistake hi logic,
in controversy, it may have been according to
established rules, but unless it be held that righteous
anger is to have no place in literature the critic's
judgment of it falls to the ground. The hot haste
in which it was written denied Stevenson the oppor-
tunity of his habitual revision ; and it is thus a reve-
lation of his raw power which no other of his writings
affords. There is even much to be said for the line
which he took in this white heat of indignation.
To have admitted certain of Damien's failings, and
to have repudiated others by a whirl wind of casti-
gation of Dr. Hyde was plainly illogical, but it is
inconceivable that a reasoned defence of the dead
priest would have achieved one-thousandth part
of the effect which the public assault upon the
Reverend Dr. Hyde produced. Instead of seeking
to convince from evidence, Stevenson reversed the
process, and let his caustic stream of wrath bespeak
his own conviction. The general acceptance of the
tract as a sweeping justification of Damien showed
that his instinct had not misled him.
68 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Yet he was well informed of the facts in dispute
which were then a matter of much talk in the
Hawaiian islands. From Honolulu, where he had
rested for six months at the end of his first Pacific
cruise, he had made a trip to Molokai, and had spent
a week in visiting the leper settlement. Damien
had then been dead barely a month. The Flemish
priest — he was trained in what was once Louvain —
had voluntarily taken up his work there sixteen years
before. For the last five years of his life he had been
himself a leper. For all his devotion he was not
popular in that hapless mixed company. Talk of
him which was rife in the island and Honolulu made
no plaster saint of him, and while he was still waiting
the death he had courted, there were those who
were ready to believe the worst reports of him.
Stevenson, as his wife has said, followed Damien's life
' like a detective,' and he was clearly summing up
the result of his inquiries in the letters he wrote to
Sir Sidney Colvin on his return to Honolulu from
the leper island : ' Of old Damien, whose weaknesses
and worse perhaps I heard fully, I think only the
more. It was a European peasant : dirty, bigoted,
untruthful, unwise, tricky, but superb with
generosity, residual candour, and fundamental
good-humour ; convince him he had done wrong
(it might take hours of insult), and he would un-
do what he had done, and like his corrector the
better. A man with all the grime and paltriness
of mankind, but a saint and hero all the more
for that.'
The circumstances hi which the Letter was written
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 69
have recently been recalled by Mrs. Stevenson in a
preface to the 1911 edition of Lay Morals. Coming
to Samoa at the ending of their voyage on the
' Equator/ they read in a newspaper that the pro-
ject to erect a memorial to Damien was to be aban-
doned owing to the publication of a letter by a
Honolulu missionary, in which the priest's con-
traction of leprosy was attributed to his immoral
habits. Stevenson exclaimed that it (the letter)
was ' too damnable for belief,' but he had the evi-
dence of his own eyes two months afterwards in
Sydney. There the " Sydney Presbyterian " of the
previous October 26, by whom Dr. Hyde's notorious
epistle was published, was among the first news-
papers to come into his hand. Mrs. Stevenson
records his ferocity of indignation, the ' leaping
stride ' with which he paced the room, and the
sound of a chair being drawn to the table and an ink-
stand dragged into place, as there and then he sat
down in the next room to write his reply. Within
a few hours he called his wife and her son and
daughter to hear it, and to discuss the vital con-
sideration that in publishing a document so de-
structive of its subject's reputation he was exposing
himself — and them — to the consequences of an
action for libel. He asked their assent to what he
proposed to do ; without it he would not take the
risk of the loss of their entire means. His family
joining with him, a printer was hired to produce the
pamphlet which the party themselves distributed
by post. Although a publisher could not be found
for it in March (1890), it appeared in the ' Australian
70 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Star ' of May 24, having previously been published
in the Edinburgh ' Scots Observer,' of which Henley
was then editor, and from which it passed into the
European press, with the effect of instantaneously
achieving its author's purpose.
In Honolulu, on the other hand, it aroused some
debate in which the issue was confused by the share
which Stevenson had taken in Hawaiian politics.
The reader can refer in this matter to Johnstone's
' Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific,' in which will
be found the official facts which Stevenson must have
known, and might have cited in his ' defence of
Damien. It contains also the text of Damien's own
report on his work to the Hawaiian Board of Health,
by which body, through its commissioner at Molokai,
the innuendoes against Damien were completely
disproved.
Such documents, however, were not Stevenson's
weapons ; nor yet over ordinary matters did he
allow his anger to run to the extreme of bitterness
displayed in the Letter. Easily angered, his nature
rebelled against wounding the feelings even of anta-
gonists, a feeling to which he soon afterwards con-
fessed in the Damien affair : ' It is always harsh-
ness that one regrets. ... I regret also my letter
to Dr. Hyde. Yes, I do ; I think it was barbarously
harsh ; if I did it now I would defend Damien no
less well and give less pain to those who are alive.
. . . When I wrote the letter, I believed he (Dr.
Hyde) would bring an action, in which case I knew
I would be beggared. But as yet there has come
no action : the injured Doctor has contented him-
A BOOK OF R.L.S, 71
self up to now with the (truly innocuous) vengeance
of calling me a ' Bohemian Crank.'
Prices paid for the original Sydney pamphlet,
of which only twenty-five copies were printed, have
ranged from £7 to £27. Another private edition
also of 1890 on Japanese paper has sold for about
£6. The first published edition, again of 1890, is
that of Chatto & Windus, by whom the letter is
now included in the volume Lay Morals.
DAVOS PLATZ
Stevenson spent two winters at Davos when it
was a mountain village isolated at the head of the
Prattigau valley, and very different from the resort
of the present day. Lung trouble and great weak-
ness drove him there in October 1880 on his return
from America with his bride and stepson. They
stayed at the Hotel Belvedere, where Stevenson's
invalidism was somewhat relieved by the society of
John Addington Symonds (q.v.). The papers on
the life and climate of Davos belong to this visit,
which ended in April 1881. In the following
October it was again impossible to contemplate a
winter in Scotland, and the family made their home
at Davos again until the spring of 1882, this time in
the Chalet am Stein or Chalet Buol, near to the Buol
Hotel and to the Symonds's house. His health
benefited by this second stay, though the place had
no attractions for him. Hours of play with armies
of tin soldiers amused him and his young stepson,
and the purchase of a toy printing-press led to the
72 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
issue of the woodcuts and verses of The Davos
Press (q.v.).
DAVOS IN WINTER
The four short papers, of which this was one, on
the Alpine resort for invalids, were almost the only
work which Stevenson did during his first winter
at Davos (cet. 30). He never liked his surroundings,
feeling that ' a mountain valley, an Alpine winter,
and an invalid's weakness make up among them a
prison of the most effective kind.' The monotony
of the landscape oppressed him — one valley exactly
like another — and he resented the impossibility of
escaping from the other visitors, confined, like him,
to the same mountain roads. The fretful note of
his paper was what perhaps he had in mind a year
afterwards in writing that he had ' discoursed upon
it (Davos) rather sillily,' adding that ' it has done
me, in my two winters' exile, much good ; so much
that I hope to leave it now for ever.' The paper
appeared in the ' Pall Mall Gazette,' February 21,
1881, and is included in Essays of Travel.
DAVOS PRESS, THE
The amusement which Stevenson derived for
himself and his young stepson from the cutting and
printing of wooden printing plates was the origin
of some of the most highly prized — and priced — of
Stevensoniana. These are the small pamphlets,
some of the woodcuts only, others, in which the im-
pressions are accompanied by verses, which were
issued as from the Davos Press. They were printed
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 73
in the toy press of his stepson, then about thirteen,
and their production served to provide some recrea-
tion during the two winters, of 1881 and 1882, which
were spent at Davos. One or two of them, however,
were afterwards ' published ' in Edinburgh. The
titles of these little pamphlets are : Not I, and other
Poems ; Moral Emblems (two series) ; Black Canyon,
or Wild Adventures in the Far West ; The Marguerite ;
The Graver and the Pen ; Rob and Ben, or the Pirate
and the Apothecary ; and Lord Nelson and the Tar,
the two latter, incomplete sets of engravings. A
very limited number of each could have been printed,
so that the books are among the rarest of Stevenson
publications, as much as £20 having been paid for
a copy of one of the smallest. Reproductions of a
few of the woodcuts were first published in the
' Studio ' Winter Number of 1896, where Mr. Joseph
Pennell, hi an article on Stevenson as an illustrator,
discovers many admirable qualities in them. Suc-
cessive complete editions of the collected works have
included them, but they have not as yet been issued
in more popular form.
DAY AFTER TO-MORROW, THE
Except for his writings on Samoan affairs the only
occasion on which Stevenson took up a political
subject was in the contribution of this paper to the
' Contemporary Review/ April 1887. His interest
in politics had begun, as his biographer says, with
the adoption of a settled life at Bournemouth three
years previously, and was exhibited in a deep dislike
of Gladstone's policy at home and abroad. The
74 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
disorder in Ireland so affected him that a more than
usually lawless attack on a farmer in County Kerry
by a party of moonlighters, led him to conceive the
plan of occupying the farm himself with his family
as a public act of protest against the misgovernment
of the country. The project, from which he was
dissuaded with the utmost difficulty and which he
would have carried out, but for the sudden and final
illness of his father, may be said to mark Stevenson's
impetuous attitude towards political problems.
This one political paper (now published in Lay
Morals), in which he seeks to forecast certain of the
factors tending to disintegrate a socialistic state,
does little to demonstrate his fitness for the part of
political prophet.
DEACON BRODIE
The qualified measure of success which this
melodrama of the double life obtained plainly pro-
vided the encouragement for future collaboration
with Henley hi the same field. The story of the
disreputable Edinburgh citizen of the eighteenth
century, a respectable cabinetmaker by day, a
housebreaker by night, was familiar to Stevenson
from childhood. A cabinet made by the Deacon
stood in his nursery ; at fifteen years of age he had
written a play around the Deacon's twofold life, and
in the Edinburgh, Picturesque Notes the Deacon
' slinking from a magistrate's supper-room to a
thieves' ken, and pickeering among the closes by
the flicker of a dark lamp ' had been singled out
from the figures of the past. The play which he
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 75
and Henley wrote together in London and Swans ton,
in the spring of 1879, had from the exigencies of
stage production to depart from the facts of Brodie's
end. A robbery at the Excise office led to Brodie's
being betrayed by members of his gang. He escaped
to Holland but was brought back, tried before Lord
Braxfield, Stevenson's ' Weir of Hermiston/ and
hanged on October 2, 1788. The play was first
produced at Pullan's Theatre of Varieties, Bradford,
December 28, 1882, and was performed the following
year at Her Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen. It
enjoyed a certain run in the North of England 'and
Scotland. Stevenson himself was not well enough
to witness it on its production in London at the
Prince's (now Prince of Wales) Theatre, July 2,
1884, when the name part was acted by Henley's
brother, E. J. Henley, and that of Captain Rivers
by Brandon Thomas. It afterwards was toured
with some success in America.
DEBATING SOCIETIES
A paper contributed (cet. 20) to the ' Edinburgh
University Mazazine/ and now published in Lay
Morals. The Speculative Society, by the proceedings
of which these maxims of debate must have been
prompted, was an old established body in Edin-
burgh unconnected with the University, though it
had quarters in its buildings. Stevenson became
one of its thirty ordinary members early in his
nineteenth year, and for five years found his chief
intellectual exercise at its meetings.
76 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
DEDICATIONS
The felicitous greetings in public, uttered by way
of dedication of his books, exhibit an aspect of
Stevenson's charm as a writer undisplayed perhaps
.hi any other. With one exception they were all
addressed to close friends. Sir Walter Simpson to
whom An Inland Voyage is dedicated was his com-
panion, the ' Cigarette ' of the canoe journey. The
dedication of Travels with a Donkey is to ' My dear
Sidney Colvin ' and of Virginibus Puerisque, which
followed it, to W. E. Henley, the latter ending hi a
hope of lifelong friendship not realized. His first
work of more serious kind, Familiar Studies of Men
and Books, was dedicated to his father ; New
Arabian Nights to his cousin, R. A. M. Stevenson,
to whom also the papers of Essays of Travel are
dedicated in a familiar note written at Monterey
but withheld, with The Amateur Emigrant, for fifteen
years ; Treasure Island, to his stepson, Lloyd
Osbourne, ' an American gentleman,' then thirteen
years old. Nelly van de Grift to whom Prince Otto
is dedicated was a sister-in-law. Stevenson's dis-
satisfaction with English politics at this tune of
Irish disorders and the death of Gordon is reflected
in the dedication of More New Arabian Nights to
the police officers, Cole and Cox, by way of protest
at what he judged the weakness of the Government.
The address of A Child's Garden of Verses to his nurse
' Cummy ' is perhaps the most graceful of all these
dedications. The verse inscribing Jekyll and Hyde
to a cousin, Katharine de Mattos, is one of two
published in the Letters. The two Scotch tales
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 77
Kidnapped and Catriona are offered to Charles
Baxter. Apropos of his thought that his friend's
son might like the former tale when he was older,
it is painful to recall that one of Baxter's two sons
was reported missing from active service in Russia
after the revolution of 1917. The Merry Men is
dedicated to Lady Taylor, wife of the Colonial official
and dramatist, Sir Henry Taylor, with whom
Stevenson formed a close friendship on coming to
Bournemouth. The dedication to his mother of
Memories and Portraits, issued soon after Thomas
Stevenson's death, has reference to their common
sorrow. Of the two dedications to his wife, of The
Black Arrow and the posthumous Weir of Hermiston,
the former discloses the fact that it was the one book
of his she could never read. Sir Percy and Lady
Shelley, saluted in the dedication of The Master
of Ballantrae, were the son and daughter-in-law of
the poet, to whose genius Lady Shelley professed
to discover a resemblance in that of Stevenson,
The dedication of The Wrecker to Mr. Will H. Low
in the Epilogue had its object in identifying him
with the experiences of Loudon Dodd. The trio,
Harry Henderson, Ben Hird, and Jack Buckland,
to whom Island Nights Entertainments is addressed,
were Stevenson's ship-mates in the ' Janet Nicoll/
whilst Underwoods was dedicated to the physicians
who for the previous ten years had helped to keep
him alive, in particular Dr. Thomas Bodley Scott of
Bournemouth. Coming to the only work, Across
the Plains, dedicated to some one not a personal
friend — this was to M. Paul Bourget, whose works,
78 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
and especially his ' Sensations d'ltalie,' had excited
Stevenson's liveliest admiration. Acknowledgment
of the compliment failing to reach him, Stevenson,
punctilious in such matters himself, burst out to
Sir Sidney Colvin : ' He has taken my dedication
with a stately silence which has surprised me into
apoplexy. Did I go and dedicate my book to the
nasty alien, and the 'norrid Frenchman and the
Bloody Furrineer ? Well, I won't do it again ; and
unless his case is susceptible of explanation you
might tell him so over the walnuts and wine by way
of speeding the gay hours.' The remaining works,
Edinburgh, The Silverado Squatters, The Wrong Box
and A Footnote to History, have no dedication.
DEW-SMITH, A. G.
A Cambridge friend of Stevenson's and, in a
measure, the original of Attwater (q.v.) in The Ebb
Tide. To Dew-Smith, R. L. S. wrote from Davos
in 1880 the amusing verses, acknowledging the gift
of a box of cigarettes. Among them :
But what, my Dew, in idle mood,
What prate I minding not my debt.
What do I talk of bad and good,
The best is still a cigarette.
DOBSON, HENRY AUSTIN (1840- )
The poet, biographer, and writer on the eighteenth
century became a friend of Stevenson's during the
years of the latter's flying visits to London and the
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 79
Savile Club. If he were not among his closest
intimates, he has nevertheless expressed as finely
as any one both the spirit of Stevenson's personality,
and the sense of loss in its departure in the lines
contributed by way of dedication to the New Century
number of the ' Edinburgh University Magazine/
January 1901 :
These to his memory. May the age arriving,
As ours, recall
That bravest heart, that gay and gallant striving,
That laurelled pall !
Blithe and rare spirit ! We, who later linger
By bleaker seas,
Sigh for the touch of the Magician's fingers,
His golden keys.
DOGS, THE CHARACTER OF
The dog friends whose qualities are the subject
of this paper, included in Memories and Portraits,
were Stevenson's companions during the period of
his married life in Europe. At home the devotion
of every dog to Thomas Stevenson disposed of owner-
ship by any other member of the family. Bogue,
whose chivalry for the opposite sex suffered so sudden
a change, was a gift from Sir Walter Simpson on the
family's first exodus to Davos, and remained an
important member of it until his death at Bourne-
mouth. The entrance way of Skerryvore still dis-
plays the two tablets which R. L. S. put up to the
memory of Bogue and of another Skye terrier,
Coolin, distinguished by his nicely proportioned
8o A BOOK OF R. L. S.
acts of gratitude. The paper appeared in the
' English Illustrated Magazine,' February 1884.
DOYLE, SIR ARTHUR CONAN (1859- )
Stevenson opened a correspondence with Sir
Conan Doyle by offering his compliments on the
' very ingenious and very interesting adventures '
of Sherlock Holmes, the original of whom, Dr. Bell,
the Edinburgh doctor, he correctly guessed. ' Sher-
lock Holmes/ he wrote, ' is the class of literature
that I like when I have the toothache.' His address
of Conan Doyle as ' fellow spookist ' is a reminder
that among the writings of his which have not been
republished is a letter on the psychical phenomena
of dreams written to F. W. H. Myers, and contained
hi a paper by the latter on ' The Sublimal Conscious-
ness ' hi the proceedings of the Psychical Society,
of which for some years Stevenson was a member.
DREAMS, A CHAPTER ON
While playfully pretending in this essay that in
his dreaming hours his friends the Brownies, the
Little People, did a good part of his work for him,
Stevenson was describing experiences which were
temperamental with him. As the paper declares, the
main features of the two stories Jekyll and Hyde
and Olalla came to him in dreams ; but the opinion
of his biographer that they are the only stories
which had this origin may be doubted when one
recalls a letter to Mrs. Sitwell, written when he was
twenty-four, and telling of his varied kinds of
dream. As an example of a dream different from
.A BOOK OF R. L. S. 81
his usual ones of ' social miseries and misunder-
standings ' he describes one ' ... of long suc-
cessions of vaulted, dimly-lit cellars full of black
water, in which I went swimming among toads and
unutterable cold, blind fishes. Now and then these
cellars opened up into sort of domed music-hall
places, where one could land for a little on the slope
of the orchestra, but a sort of horror prevented one
from staying long, and made one plunge back again
into the dead waters. Then my dream changed,
and I was a sort of Siamese pirate, on a very high
deck, with several others. The ship was almost
captured, and we were fighting desperately. The
hideous engines we used and the perfectly incredible
carnage that we effected by means of them kept me
cheery, as you may imagine ; especially as I felt all
the time my sympathy with the boarders, and knew
that I was only a prisoner with these horrid Malays.
Then I saw a signal being given, and knew they
were going to blow up the ship. I leaped right off,
and heard my captors splash in the water after me
as thick as pebbles when a bit of river bank has
given way beneath the foot. I never heard the
ship blow up ; but I spent the rest of the night
swimming about some piles with the whole sea full
of Malays, searching for me with knives in their
mouths. They could swim any distance under
water, and every now and again, just as I was
beginning to reckon myself safe, a cold hand would
be laid on my ankle — ugh ! '
The essay appeared in ' Scribner's Magazine ' of
January 1888, and is collected in Across the Plains.
F
82 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
DUDDINGSTONE
The poem thus titled is one of a dozen or more
lately published in New Poems and Variant Readings,
which form a fragmentary autobiographical chapter
of the early love-affairs on which Stevenson and his
contemporaries alike are silent. It was written in
1871 (at. 21), and others hi the same vein belong to
this year or to the two succeeding. With his de-
parture to Mentone in the autumn of 1873 his mind
found a diversion from what had evidently been
passages of deep feeling. Not without regrets,
however, for the following year found him writing :
For thus on love I waited : thus for love
Strained all my senses eagerly and long.
The day has come and gone ; and once more night
About my lone life settles, wild and wide.
DUMAS'S, A GOSSIP ON A NOVEL OF
Stevenson's admiration of the elder Dumas was
by no means limited to the ' Vicomte de Bragelonne,'
to which this paper, first published in Memories and
Portraits in 1887, is so glowing a tribute. ' The
brave old godly pagan,' he wrote, ' I adore his big
footprints on the earth.' He couples Dumas with
Shakespeare ; Dumas it was by whom the plays
with Henley were inspired ; but no work of the
French romantic seems to have compelled his
homage like the character of D'Artagnan. The
feeling is even more strongly expressed hi a paper
of the same period than in his essay on the subject
proper : ' Perhaps my dearest and best friend out-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 83
side of Shakespeare is D'Artagnan — the elderly
D'Artagnan of the Vicomte de Bragelonne.' I
know not a more human soul nor, in his way, a
finer : I shall be very sorry for the man who is so
much a pedant in morals that he cannot learn from
the Captain of the Musketeers.'
DYNAMITER, THE
See ' More New Arabian Nights/
EARRAID
See ' Memories of an Islet.'
EBB TIDE, THE
In 1890, the year after first reaching Samoa but
before he had properly settled there, Stevenson and
his stepson planned and began what they intended
to be a huge novel, The Pearl Fisher — ' a black,
ugly, trampling, violent story, full of strange scenes
and striking characters.' About the end of the next
year, when only a quarter of it had been done, the
incomplete MS. was laid aside and would seem to
have been abandoned until suddenly, in February
1893 (at. 42), in the midst of plans for St. Ives,
Stevenson resolved to use ' the butt end of what
was once The Pearl Fisher in a new form as The
Schooner Farallone.' It was to be finished in six
weeks and was to end with a conversion of a chief
character — apparently the idea which he had coi>
ceived, on the impulse of the moment, as the final
chapter for the novel of more than two years before.
The name was again changed — to The Ebb Tide —
84 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
but it was not until June that the story was finished
after endless rewritings and revisions of chapter
after chapter. His letters during these months
contain a diary of the daily — even hourly — stages
of his effort to graft the new conception on the old.
' I break down at every paragraph . . . and lie
here and sweat till I can get one sentence wrung out
after another. Strange doom ! after having worked
so easily for so long.' After all, the end, with its
astonishing conversion of Davis, seems to have
left him with doubts of the work. ' The tale is
devilish and chapter xi the worst of the lot.' The
truth seems to be that Stevenson realized he had
taken his spade too deep in the black depths of
human nature. His metier had mostly been the
dark primitive passions of the race, but not even
the conception of pure evil in Mr. Hyde is more
repulsive than the trio of villainy in The Ebb Tide,
where it is heightened against the dazzling beauty of
the Pacific seas and beaches. A letter to Henry
James shows that he scarcely expected the public
to accept the -work for its art : ' ... it will serve as
a touchstone. If the admirers of Zola admire him
for his pertinent ugliness and pessimism I think they
will admire this ; but if, as I have long suspected,
they neither admire nor understand the man's art,
but only wallow in his rancidness, like a hound in
offal, then they will certainly be disappointed in
The Ebb Tide, Alas ! poor little tale, it is not even
rancid.' If editions count for anything, the public
has shown itself unperceptive ; after its first two
impressions at the time of issue, The Ebb Tide
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 85
waited eight years for the call for a third edition ;
Catriona within the same period had run through
eight.
The shares in the book taken by the joint authors
have been clearly defined. Mr. Lloyd Osbourne has
declared that the first four chapters remain, save for
the text of Herrick's letter to his sweetheart, almost
as he first wrote them ; from R. L. S. we have it
that the second part is entirely his. This ending
replaced the original plan of the tale which, as Sir
Graham Balfour- learnt from Stevenson, was the
blinding of Attwater, and his return to England
where, chiefly in Bloomsbury, the further develop-
ment was to take place.
The Ebb Tide appeared first in ' To-day ' under
Mr. Jerome K. Jerome's editorship from November
1893 to February 1894. It was issued in 1894 in
book form by Messrs. Heinemann, and the first
edition of 237 pages has now a value of about fifteen
shillings.
EDINBURGH
The house hi which Stevenson was born (Novem-
ber 13, 1850) stands in a street bordering Warriston
Park in the northern part of the city. It is No. 8 in
Howard Place, part of the thoroughfare which is now
a tram route. The family moved to No. i Inverleith
Terrace, nearly opposite, when Louis was three, and,
four years later, to the much larger house at 17 Heriot
Row, five minutes' walk to the north of Princes
Street and with gardens between it and Queen
Street. This remained their home until Thomas
86 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Stevenson's death. India Street, where Stevenson
went to the school of a Mr. Henderson, is a turning
out of the western end of Heriot Row. The
Edinburgh Academy, where he was an irregular
attendant as a boy of eleven or twelve, is in
Henderson Row, five streets north of Heriot Row,
but his chief schooldays were spent at the establish-
ment of a Mr. Robert Thomson in Frederick Street,
joining Heriot Row 'to Princes Street. The old
buildings of the University in South Bridge com-
plete the list of the educational institutions which
are among his associations with Edinburgh. The
rooms of the Speculative Society remain as in
Stevenson's time, and possess a memorial of him in the
form of the Union Jack of the ' Casco.' The High
Street in the Old Town is included in a Stevensonian's
tour of Edinburgh if only to visit the Parliament
House where Stevenson was admitted an advocate
in 1875, and St. Giles Cathedral where is the
medallion memorial by Augustus St. Gaudens pre-
pared from the bas-relief originally made in New
York in 1887. To cross Princes Street again, at
the corner of Antigua Street, ten minutes' walk
down the broad thoroughfare, Leith Walk, still
stands the shop where Stevenson bought the
cardboard scenery and figures of Penny Plain and
Twopence Coloured.
EDINBURGH, PICTURESQUE NOTES
If Stevenson's chapters contain scarcely a word
of affection for his native city, the fact may be set
down to the physical discomfort and mental dis-
NO. 8 HOWARD PLACE, EDINBURGH, WHERE STEVENSON WAS BORN NOV. 13, 1850
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 87
content of his Edinburgh days, as they appeared at
close perspective, as well as to the critical spirit of
his early years. Actually his love for the romantic
capital was deep ; and deepened as his life continued
to be passed in distant places. Even during a
holiday in France, when he was twenty-two, he was
constrained to write to his friend Baxter : ' After
all, new countries, sun, music, and all the rest can
never take down our gusty, rainy, smoky, grim old
city out of the first place that it has been making for
itself in the bottom of my soul, by all pleasant and
hard things that have befallen me for these past
twenty years or so. My heart is buried there — say,
hi Advocate's Close ! ' The papers, however, which
first appeared in the ' Portfolio ' June to December
1878, exhibit barely a trace of this feeling, but on
the contrary contain passages which very naturally
aroused the resentment of Edinburgh citizens.
They were written partly in Edinburgh in the spring
of 1878 (at. 28) and completed during the August
of the same year at Monastier before setting out on
the donkey journey. For all its criticism of certain
national traits this work is perhaps the most Scottish
in outlook of any of Stevenson's ; at any rate, most
plainly exhibits a kinship in his thoughts with the
spirit of the Covenanters. The long quotation in
the chapter on Greyfriars, from Patrick Walker's
' Biographia Presbyteriana ' and other passages
mark the Covenanting influence upon his thoughts
from earliest childhood. Of the many references to
Scottish and local incidents a few call for some
explanatory comment. The ' Sweet Singers,' who
88 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
in Chapter I. are introduced into the blended picture
of history and landscape, were an extraordinary
sect of some twenty persons founded by a sailor,
John Gib, and thus known also as Gibbites, in the
latter half of the eighteenth century. They were
opponents of the Covenant, and apparently of every
religious system but their own, which consisted in
renouncing all social obligations and wandering
from place to place, a little band of the elect in a
sinful world. Their name came from the chanting of
the psalms, which was a chief part of their curiously
conceived worship. Stevenson has a word in this
picture too for Thomas Aikenhead, the twenty-year-
old Edinburgh student, who was hanged about 1696
for disbelief in the doctrine of the Trinity. Of the
fall of a land of the Old Town which makes the
dramatic end of Chapter II. there is a memorial
in the Heave Awa' Tavern at Bailie Fyfe's Close,
near to John Knox's house hi the High Street. The
tavern is on the site of the house which fell on
Sunday, November 24, 1861, entombing thirty-five
people, and the stone head of a youth and the
inscription ' Heave awa' chaps, I am no dead yet,'
on its front commemorates the courage of a victim
of its fall. In the Chapter on ' Legends ' the selec-
tion is wholly from the dark incidents of the city's
past. The murder of Begbie, a porter of the British
Linen Bank, on November 13, 1806, is one of those
unsolved crimes such as Andrew Lang might have
included in his ' Historical Mysteries.' The porter
was found freshly stabbed to the heart and robbed
of £4000 in Tweeddale's Close just off the High
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 89
Street and now marked by Tweeddale House. But
the crime is far less horrible than those of Burke
and Hare, keepers of a lodging-house where for a
year or more they made a business of murder, selling
the bodies of their victims to the school of anatomy
of Dr. Robert Knox, and escaping the notice of
the law until the disappearance of an old woman
brought their doings to light and Burke to the
scaffold in January 1829. Deacon Brodie, who
figures in this gallery of criminals, we know from the
Stevenson-Henley play, but Major Weir is a tradition
of seventeenth-century Edinburgh, which surrounds
the idea of the double life with peculiar elements of
horror. In mid life the Major was in command of
the city guard, noted for his piety and ' remarkable
gift of extempore prayer/ but in his latter years
dreaded for the powers of sorcery attributed to him.
The house on the West Bow where he lived with his
sister was said to have had a spell cast over it, so
that those who mounted the stairs felt as though
they were going down. His end came from a
voluntary confession to the authorities of incest,
sorcery, and other crimes, and after his trial he
was burnt on April 9, 1670. The staff, to the magic
properties of which Stevenson refers, figures in the
contemporary accounts of his death as making
' rare turnings ' in the fire and, like the Major, being
' long a'burning.' Leaving these bygone horrors,
the only other matter for comment is that of the
stone in a field by the side of the road from Fairmile-
head to the Hunter's Tryst, which Stevenson calls
General Kay's Monument, and with which he
90 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
connects a picturesque story of land tenure. The
latter, however, applies to the Buck-stone on the
estate of Penicuik, and let into the wall on the old
road from Morningside station to the Pentland Hills,
a little more than half-way to Fairmilehead. The
stone to which Stevenson gives the local name of
General Kay's is known as the Kelstain (Battle
Stone), and though supposed to mark the site of an
ancient battle has no other tradition attached to it.
After their appearance in the ' Portfolio ' the
chapters were issued in book form early in 1879,
accompanied by the same illustrations as in the
periodical, viz., five etchings by Brunet-Debaines,
four after W. E. Lockhart, and one after Sam
Bough, and twelve woodcut vignettes by H. Chalmers
and R. Kent-Thomas. The value of this first
edition is now about £15.
EDINBURGH STUDENTS IN 1824
A paper in the first number, January 1871, of the
' Edinburgh University Magazine ' reviews the
students of fifty years earlier through the glasses
of the magazine of theirs, the ' Lapsus Linguae/
which had a scarcely less inglorious career than that
over which R. L. S. and his friends presided. The
essay is now available in Lay Morals.
EDUCATION OF AN ENGINEER, THE
Apart from yachting cruises with his father, whicl
were more than half for health or pleasure, the onl]
practical touch with his intended profession of lightj
house engineer which Stevenson had was for threj
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 91
months, divided, when he was a lad of eighteen,
between Anstruther in Fifeshire, and Wick on the
extreme north-eastern coast of Scotland. While
he was supposed to be studying harbour construction,
his ' one genuine preoccupation lay elsewhere.' The
shop terms of the submarine builder interested him
as new words for his vocabulary ; and the title of the
essay, when he wrote it twenty years afterwards for
' Scribner's Magazine,' must have been chosen as a
bit of satire, and ought by rights to have a note of
exclamation at the end of it. His education for
the engineering profession continued for a further
two years until his father's opposition to its abandon-
ment was overcome, and a compromise found in
Stevenson's beginning to read for the Bar.
The paper, which was published first in ' Scribner's '
for November 1888, is placed in Across the Plains
with the prefixed title — Random Memories.
EL DORADO
This little sermon on happiness as a state of hope-
ful pursuit rather than of attainment is akin to others
of the papers in Virginibus Puerisque, in which it is
placed in the collected works. It first appeared in
' London ' of May n, 1878 (cet. 28).
ENGLISH ADMIRALS, THE
A boy's adoration of the deeds of England on
the sea characterizes this paper, written when
Stevenson was twenty-eight. If it is a less fine
example of his art as an essayist the reason may be
found in the fact that such a tale of death courted
92 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
in the face of hopeless odds, calls for a more spon-
taneous use of words than his was. It is possible
to agree with Mr. Swinnerton's criticism that the
phrases are not those rushing from his enthusiasm ;
that the finely picked sentences are false to the epic
greatness of his subject. The paper appeared in
the ' Cornhill Magazine,' July 1878, and is included
in Virginibus Puerisque.
ENJOYMENT OF UNPLEASANT PLACES, ON THE
The ' unpleasant place ' which provides the text
of Stevenson's paradox in this paper — ' that any
place is good enough to live a life in, while it is only
in a few, and those highly favoured, that we can
pass a few hours agreeably' — was Wick, the little
Caithness-shire fishing town where he spent six
weeks as a lad of eighteen, professedly studying
harbour construction. ' Wick,' as he wrote at the
time, ' in itself possesses no beauty : bare grey
shores, grim grey houses, grim grey sea, not even the
gleam of red tiles, not even the greenness of a tree.'
The pleasure in such bleak: surroundings consisted
in cherishing the moments when their discomforts
were evaded, as when finding a refuge from the bitter
wind, though it is possible that this was an after-
thought, conceived when the paper was written six
years later (eet. 24).
The reader will have noticed the feeling, not very
far removed from dislike, which R. L. S. expresses
in this paper for the scenery of the Scottish High-
lands. . It is landscape representing to him ' the
hunted, houseless, unsociable way of life that was in
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 93
its place on those savage hills.' At this time of his
life the friendlier countryside such as he had visited
in England and on the Continent was more to his
taste. It was not until his first visits to the High-
lands after his return from America that he began
to look upon the bare hills of Perthshire and Argyll-
shire with a different eye. And so his essays of
landscape which were almost all of them his early
writings never touch the Highlands ; while in Kid-
napped, which is almost the only long work with a
Highland background, the description is purposely
made that of a Lowland youth to whom the moun-
tains were unfriendly wildernesses. The paper
appeared first in the ' Portfolio ' of November 1874,
and is placed in Essays of Travel.
ENVOY
The house of the verse which stands at the head
of Underwoods was that of Stevenson's friend, Mr.
Will H. Low at Montigny-sur-Loing, near Fontaine-
bleau, afterwards converted into a riverside inn.
It is the same place referred to in the essay Fontaine-
bleau : ' Montigny has been strangely neglected ;
I never knew it inhabited but once, when Will H.
Low installed himself there with a barrel of piquete,
and entertained his friends in a leafy trellis above
the weir, in sight of the green country, and to the
music of falling water.'
EPILOGUE TO 'AN INLAND VOYAGE'
The title of this paper must have been a piece of
advertisement on Stevenson's part, indeed, the only
94 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
instance of commercial instinct in him which conies
to mind, with the exception of his regular stipulation
that every book of his should contain on the fly-leaf
a list of all his publications according to the French
custom. For the incident which the paper describes,
viz., his arrest for half an hour as a German spy,
occurred on a walking tour with Sir Walter Simpson
in the Valley of the Loing in 1875, the year before the
Inland Voyage. Whenever the piece was written, it
was not published until its appearance in ' Scribner's
Magazine ' for August 1888. In the collected works
it is placed in Across the Plains.
ESSAYS OF TRAVEL
The papers hi this volume, which were not collected
in book form until after Stevenson's death, are those
(The Amateur Emigrant] of his steerage voyage to
America for his wife ; the four essays on the Alps are
his impressions at Davos during the first winters
after their return ; but with the exception of The
Ideal House and Random Memories (of nursery days)
all the others are writings in his earlier outdoor
manner, viz., Cockermouth and Keswick, An Autumn
Effect (Chiltern Hills), A Winter's Walk in Carrick
and Galloway, Forest Notes (Fontainebleau), A
Mountain Town in France (Monastier), The Enjoy-
ment of Unpleasant Places, and his first published
essay, Roads.
EXETER
Exeter was a compulsory halting-place of Steven-
son for several weeks on a projected visit to Dart-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 95
moor in September 1885. With his wife and step-
son and his cousin Katharine de Mattos he visited
Thomas Hardy at Dorchester, but at Exeter was
prostrated by a severe haemorrhage, which kept him
in the New London Hotel. His room there (shown
to visitors) contains a tribute in the shape of a
memorial window, placed there in 1912 by mem-
bers of the Exeter family of Mr. Maurice Drake,
the novelist, glass painter, and, recently, soldier.
In the hotel may also be seen Stevenson's entry in
the visitor's book : ' I cannot go without recording
my obligation to every one in the house ; if it is your
fate to fall sick at an inn, pray Heaven it may be
the New London.'
FABLES
The writing of a review of Lord Lytton's 'Fables
in Song ' was possibly the cause of Stevenson's
attempting work in this literary form, the various
types of which he had discussed in the notice of
Lytton's book. At any rate in his twenty-fourth
year he was writing certain of the fables, which
remained unpublished until after his death, and are
placed in the volume with Jekyll and Hyde. Sir
Sidney Colvin makes a guess that these early pieces
were The Yellow Paint and The House of Eld. The
latter satire on traditional belief was no doubt
prompted by the conflict at this time of his life
between Stevenson's broad view of religion and his
father's Calvinistic dogma. The fables were added
to at various periods of his life — some were evidently
written in the South Seas — in the aim of accumu-
96 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
lating a number sufficient for a volume which had
been promised to Messrs. Longmans. Their publica-
tion in ' Longman's Magazine/ August and September
1895, was in partial redemption of this promise.
FAMILIAR STUDIES OF MEN AND BOOKS
Of the nine essays collected in this volume, seven
had appeared in the ' Cornhill Magazine.' The whole
set range in date from 1874 to 1881 (at. 24 to 31),
and thus belong to the period of Stevenson's life
during which the papers in Virginibus Puerisque
were written. .The ' familiar studies ' are Victor
Hugo's Romances, Some Aspects of Robert Burns,
Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, Yoshido-
Torajiro, Francois Villon, Charles of Orleans, Samuel
Pepys, and John Knox and Women. In arranging
them for republication R. L. S. prefaced them by
some notes of self-criticism, in which he is at much
pains to show where, as he thought, he had accorded
less than full justice to his subjects.
The first edition (of 397 pages) issued by Messrs.
Chatto & Windus in 1882 has a value of about £6.
FAMILY OF ENGINEERS, RECORDS OF A
The writing of a history of his forbears was a task
which, naturally enough, Stevenson long cherished.
The eminence, particularly of his grandfather,
Robert Stevenson, and his Uncle Alan in lighthouse
engineering, merited such a work, while it would
seem that the character of his father was to have
provided a full-length study of an interestingly in-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 97
congruous personality. The title ' Memories of a
Scottish Family ' contemplated soon after his
father's death suggests his inclination at that time
to make it a personal narrative. Its writing, how-
ever, was not begun until the middle of 1891, on his
settling down in the newly built Vailima, and was
constantly being put aside and undertaken only as
a relief from work such as The Ebb Tide, which was
then making a great tax upon his powers. Never-
theless the few chapters of this unfinished biography
were written and rewritten under the influence of
the conception which he then entertained of a
decline in his fictional art. In biography, which he
had previously attempted only in the memoir of
Fleeming Jenkin, he professed to find a field which
he liked better than fiction, though the opinion may
be set down to his state of dissatisfaction and anxiety
which marked the year preceding his death. Thus
we find him writing to Henry James : ' By way of an
antidote or febrifuge (to The Ebb Tide] I am going on
at a great rate with my History of the Stevensons
which, I hope, may prove rather amusing in some
parts at least. The excess of materials weighs
upon me. My grandfather is a delightful comedy
part : and I have to treat him besides as a serious
and (in his way) heroic figure, and at times I lose my
way, and I fear in the end will blur the effect.
However, d la grdce de Dieu / I '11 make a spoon or
spoil a horn.' The manuscript as it was left at
Stevenson's death was published in the Edinburgh
edition and was not separately issued until 1911.
98 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
FEAST OF FAMINE, THE
See ' Ballads.'
FERRIER, MISS (1844-1917)
The sister of James Walter Ferrier takes a pro-
minent place among Stevenson's correspondents by
virtue of the letters written to her on news of her
brother's death reaching him at Hyeres. Feelings of
equally deep emotion are expressed in no others
of his letters. Miss Ferrier came to stay for some
weeks at Hyeres shortly afterwards, and the affection
for his lost friend is shown in Stevenson's subsequent
correspondence with herself. She died hi Edinburgh
in 1917.
FERRIER, JAMES WALTER (1851-1883)
The close friend of his student days, whom
Stevenson called ' the best and gentlest gentleman '
he had ever known, came to an early death in cir-
cumstances painful to those who loved him. R. L. S.
has touched with becoming reserve on this first real
grief of his life in Old Mortality. Henley, who had
also shared Ferrier's friendship, has the lines :
Our Athos rests — the wise, the kind,
The liberal and august, his fault atoned.
Rests in the crowded yard
There at the West of Princes Street. . . .
Ferrier's death, which came at the time of his own
succession of serious illnesses in France, introduced,
as his friends recognized, a grave element into
Stevenson's thoughts. To his friend Gosse he wrote :
' I trust also you may be long without finding out
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 99
the devil there is in a bereavement. After love it is
the one great surprise that life preserves for us.'
FIFE, THE COAST OF
The paper which on its first appearance in
' Scribner's Magazine,' October 1888, bore the title,
Contributions to the History of Fife, gossips of the
piece of Fifeshire coast which Stevenson visited
when he was thirteen in the company of his father,
who was upon a tour of lighthouse inspection. He
is fascinated by the romantic figure of Hackston,
a member of the party of Covenanters at whose
hands Archbishop Sharp met his death on May 3,
1679. The few details of Hackston which R. L. S.
sets down are almost all that is known of him.
After the murder of the Archbishop he fled to the
north, where for a year he eluded capture, but was
executed at Edinburgh, July 1660, suffering un-
speakable barbarities from his executioners.
The paper is placed in the works as now issued in
Across the Plains.
FINSBURY, MICHAEL
The character in The Wrong Box was drawn in
part from Stevenson's friend, Charles Baxter,
evidently hi reference to the latter's capacity for
grave demeanour in ridiculous circumstances.
FONTAINEBLEAU— VILLAGE COMMUNITIES OF
PAINTERS
The paper on the life and manners of the Barbizon
school treats, from the standpoint of the professional
ioo A BOOK OF R. L. S.
artist, the theme which was touched only casually
in the earlier essay, Forest Notes (q.i).). Stevenson
had revived his old association with the Fontaine-
bleau painters by a visit to Barbizon, then already
much changed, in the spring of 1881 on his way
back to Scotland after the first whiter at Davos.
The paper was written two years afterwards (at. 33)
at Hyeres for the ' Magazine of Art/ where it was
published May and June 1884, and is placed in
Across the Plains.
FOREIGNER AT HOME, THE
Not by accident is this paper on the sense of
strangeness of the Scot in England made the first
of the essays collected in Memories and Portraits.
Parts of it reflect Stevenson's early impressions as
a boy of ten at an English boarding-school, and
more particularly those gathered on the visit to
Suffolk (when he was twenty-three), which, in the
formation of his friendship with Sir Sidney Colvin,
became a turning point in his career. Although not
written until nearly ten years later, during which
time his journeys to England were fairly frequent,
the paper conveys much the same sensations of his
first visit as described then to his mother : ' I cannot
get over my astonishment, indeed it increases every
day, at the hopeless gulf there is between England
and Scotland, and English and Scotch. Nothing
is the same, and I feel as strange and outlandish
here as I do in France and Germany. Everything
by the wayside, in the houses, or about the people
strikes me with an unexpected familiarity ; I walk
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 101
among surprises, for just where you think you have
them, something wrong turns up.' The paper,
which appeared in the ' Cornhill Magazine/ May
1882, was written after Stevenson had come to feel
at home in France, to which fact, rather than to any
bias of mind, may perhaps be ascribed his indiffer-
ence to English character and history.
FOREST NOTES
The first of the two papers on the forest of Fon-
tainebleau and the painters' communities there and
on its outskirts, was written within a few months of
Stevenson having first been introduced to these
resorts of artists by his cousin ' R. A. M. S.' The
second — Fontainebleau (q.v.) — belongs to a period
nearly ten years later. The first visit (to Barbizon)
with his cousin was for a few days in April 1875. In
July, after having passed his examination for the
Scottish bar, he was there again ; and during the
following three or four years, on frequent visits to
France, his time was spent at Barbizon, Grez,
Montigny, Cernay-la-Ville, Nemours, and Moret,
alone, or with his cousin or Sir Walter Simpson.
Forest Notes was sent to the ' Cornhill Magazine,'
where it appeared May 1876, then edited by Leslie
Stephen, who, as Stevenson wrote, ' is worse than
tepid about it — liked " some parts " of it " very
well," the son of Belial. Moreover he proposes to
shorten it ; and I, who want money, and money
soon, and not glory and the illustration of the English
language, I feel as if my poverty were going to con-
102 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
sent.' The paper is placed among the Essays of
Travel.
FIRST BOOK, MY
The story of the writing of Treasure Island,
written in the last year of his life, recalls — not quite
accurately, according to Mr. Edmund Gosse — the
circumstances in which the book had its origin in a
map and a wet Highland holiday. It was hi fact his
seventh published book, and though it was the first
long work of fiction to be issued, it had been preceded
by a whole series of novels, one 'The Vendetta of
the West,' written when he was twenty-nine, but
all relentlessly destroyed. The paper, first pub-
lished in the ' Idler ' of August 1894, is placed in
The Art of Writing.
FOOTNOTE TO HISTORY, A— EIGHT YEARS OF
TROUBLE IN SAMOA
A great part of the last four years of Stevenson's
life was occupied, very unfortunately for his literary
work, in an active share in Samoan politics. For
some years before he began to travel in the Pacific,
the islands in which he at last made his home, had
been hi a disturbed condition from causes partly
arising from native differences, and partly from
foreign interference. Before ever he had reached
Samoa he had espoused the cause of the native race
of Honolulu, and in February 1889 had written to
' The Times ' crying against German aggressiveness
in Samoa, displayed not only in relations with
the natives, but against American and English.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 103
Inasmuch as A Footnote to History records Samoan
affairs from 1883 to 1891, it should be noted that
Stevenson first set foot in Samoa at Christmas 1889,
and after a brief stay was absent nearly the whole
of the following year. Thus it was only during
one of the eight years that he was in direct touch with
what was going on. The history of the previous
period he gathered from white residents such as
H. J. Moors (q.v.) and others who more or less shared
his political views, or at any rate from motives of
interest were opposed to the German element. The
gathering of this material and the writing and re-
writing of the book absorbed a large proportion of
Stevenson's energy during 1891 and the spring of
1892 ; and however generous his motive no literary
work of his was so ill-advisedly conceived. The
cause of a handful of Polynesians enlisted no positive
interest in England from the publication of the
book, or Stevenson's letters to ' The Times.' The
native and foreign interests — the latter those of
Great Britain, Germany, and the United States
— were supposed to have been reconciled, or
rather, given the opportunity of settlement among
themselves by the Convention of Berlin, which pre-
dated Stevenson's first arrival in the island by a few
months. The government of the group by officials
appointed under the Convention, turned out to be
government unmistakably in the German interest.
The chief financial stake in Samoa was that of a
German company of old establishment in the Pacific,
and reconstructed under the title ' Deutsche Handels-
und Plantagen Gesellschaft der Sud-see Inseln zu
104 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Hamburg.' This firm, the name of which Stevenson
calls ' a piece of literature,' like many another
German business which the war of 1914-18 has dis-
closed, was able to influence German official policy,
which plainly was to inflame native feeling in its own
interest. Stevenson's diagnosis was that ' the head
of the boil of which Samoa languishes is the German
firm/ Thus A Footnote to History will probably be
read more for these pictures of German methods
than for its sympathetic discussion of the division
in native Samoan politics, the windings of which
will strike most people, as they did Sir Sidney Colvin,
as ' exasperatingly petty and obscure.' Suffice it to
say that Stevenson, at a real risk of deportation,
was successful in compelling the removal of the
two officials appointed under the Berlin Convention.
The native parties he failed to reconcile. The chief,
Mataafa, whose fitness for the Samoan kingship he
had advocated, but whom the Germans had opposed,
was defeated in civil war and exiled. He was even-
tually elected as the native monarch by the Germans
after the cession of Samoa to them in 1899. The
book, despite its outspoken language, proved so free
from offence to the managers of the German firm
that its arrival in Samoa was celebrated among
themselves. But hi Germany on its publication
there as a Tauschnitz edition, it was confiscated, and
its publisher fined. There is a memorandum from
Stevenson suggesting that a sum of over £60 should
be sent to Tauschnitz as a half share of his fines and
expenses.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 105
FRASER, MISS MARIE
Miss Fraser paid a visit of some months to Samoa
in 1892, and on several occasions stayed with the
Stevensons at Vailima. Her book, ' In Stevenson's
Samoa ' (London, Smith Elder, 1895), is a pleasant
account of this visit, describes the feast on Steven-
son's birthday, and contains sketches of the Vailima
household of a kind not found elsewhere.
FRASER, SIMON, MASTER OF LOVAT
Stevenson draws a particularly sinister portrait of
the junior prosecuting counsel in the Appin trial in
Catriona. He was the young son of the old and
notorious Simon, Lord Lovat, ' that old grey fox
of the mountains,' as R. L. S. calls him, who had
made a pretence of loyalty to the Crown hi the '45,
while he had secretly committed himself to the
Jacobites. Young Simon, then nineteen, had been
pushed by his father into the rebellion rather against
his will, and was with the Prince's forces up to
Culloden, where two hundred and fifty Frasers were
slain. On the suppression of the rising hi 1746 he
surrendered himself to the authorities, and was
lodged in Edinburgh Castle. During the year that
he remained there his father paid the price of his
own duplicity by his execution on Tower Hill, acting
a part to the last moment of his life. The son, on his
liberation hi 1747, was among the few rebels who did
not share in the general pardon of that year, but in
1750 he obtained a full pardon, and a few months
afterwards was called to the Scottish Bar, a poor
means of subsistence in the place of his father's
io6 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
estates, which were confiscated by the Crown in that
year. His share in the Appin trial was characterized
by especially gross distortions of justice. No doubt
the part was planned for him, but he would not have
been his father's son if he had deserved less than
Mr. Mackay's judgment (in ' The Appin Murder ')
that ' he performed the most astounding feat of
casuistry known to Scottish legal historians ' in
justifying the then illegal practice of using the
declarations of the accused's family on the ground
that they were not produced to prove the truth of
anything contained in them, but ' only to prove
that the persons who emitted the declarations averred
these things.' These gifts of sophistry did not long
enrich the Scottish Bar. He soon afterwards joined
the army, and in 1757 was placed in command of a
Fraser battalion with which he saw active service in
the wars with the French hi America. In 1762 he
was made a brigadier-general, and fought with the
British forces in Portugal against the Spaniards.
In 1774 a special Act of Parliament authorized the
return to him, as ' a particular mark of grace,' of the
forfeited Lovat estates, ten years before the like
was done for any other of these attainted in the '45.
The title he never recovered, for he died without
issue in 1782, aged fifty-six, after having been for
many years a member of the House of Commons,
where apparently his most notable contribution to
the debates was in support of the repeal of the Act
prohibiting the wearing of the kilt in the Highlands
— unless, as he grimly added, Parliament could level
the mountains.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 107
GAS LAMPS, A PLEA FOR
A paper in ' London ' of April 27, 1878 (at. 28) on
the slender theme of the comfortable glow of gas
illumination, then threatened by electricity. The
harsh lighting of electric arc lamps struck R. L. S.
as fit for the corridors of lunatic asylums ; and
electric illumination earned a measure of welcome
only for the romantic possibility of the instan-
taneous creation of a pattern of light over a city by
one touch of a ' sedate electrician.' The paper is
included in Virginibus Puerisque.
GEDDIE, JOHN
Defining the ' country ' of R. L. S. as the valley
of the Water of Leith from its source in the northern
spurs of the Pentland Hills to its mouth at Leith,
Mr. Geddie has recalled the associations of the
places bordering this twenty-mile stretch of water
with Stevenson's own life and with such of the
scenes in his writings as are laid there. ' The Home
Country of R. L. Stevenson ' (Edinburgh, W. H.
White, 1898) is also a guide to much of the topography
and local history of this strip of Midlothian.
GENESIS OF ' THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE '
See ' Master of Ballantrae, The.'
GOSSE, EDMUND (1849- )
In his essay on Stevenson in ' Critical Kitcats '
(Heinemann, 1896) Mr. Gosse has drawn the most
ultimate picture of R. L. S. in the days when both
io8 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
were at the beginning of their literary careers. A
firm friendship sprang up when Stevenson, then
twenty-seven, first met Gosse, who was his senior
by a year. It lasted until the day of his death and
has its record in the many letters to ' My dear Weg.'
The last of these, written only two days before his
sudden end, has almost a clairvoyant passage in it :
' Come to think of it, Gosse, I believe the main
distinction (between them) is that you have a family
growing up around you and I am a childless, rather
bitter, very clear-eyed blighted youth. I have hi
fact lost the path that makes it easy and natural for
you to descend the hill. I am going at it straight.
And where I have to go down, it is a precipice.'
Very different is Mr. Gosse's sketch of Stevenson
as he first knew him, when a cardinal quality was his
gaiety and childlike mirth ; when he was often
' excessively and delightfully silly/ There was one
circumstance which in their early friendship must
have drawn them together. Both in their intel-
lectual development had experienced the suffocating
influence of a Calvinist father. But for all the
differences which arose between Stevenson and his
father — and they existed in any intensity only for a
year or two — his childhood and youth were passed in
a paradise of happiness in comparison with the years
of tyranny, born of the narrowest religious creed,
which was the lot of his friend until manhood. It
would be a libel upon the elder Stevenson to suggest
that his son's early days in any degree approached
those which Mr. Gosse has described, with a tolerant
recognition of their humour, hi ' Father and Son :
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 109
A study of two Temperaments ' (London, Heinemann,
1907).
The essay in ' Critical Kitcats ' remarks the
change in Stevenson as year after year passed
without improvement, but the reverse, in his health.
After the illness which at Nice in 1884 was nearly
fatal ' he was never quite the gay child of genius
that he had previously been. Something of graver
caste became natural to his thoughts ; he had seen
Death in the cave. And now for the first time we
traced a new note in his writings — the note of
Pulvis et Umbra.'
When Stevenson left England (finally as it turned
out) in August 1887, Mr. Gosse was one of the very
few friends who saw him the day before he sailed,
and found him in this great and dark adventure
of his life ' radiantly humorous and romantic.'
Stevenson had then just found popular fame : Mr.
Gosse, now thirty years after, continues to appeal to
the more eclectic admirers of his poems, biographies
and studies of French literature. Among the first
is the address ' To Tusitala in Vailima,' written just
before Stevenson's death, and striking the note of
regret at the fate, ' half delectable, half tragic,'
which isolated him from his friends in Europe.
The Pentland edition (1906-7) of Stevenson's works
appeared under Mr. Edmund Gosse's editorship.
GRANT, WILLIAM, OF PRESTONGRANGE
The Lord Advocate for Scotland appears in
Catriona as a kindly and courtly gentleman, com-
pelled to plead political necessity in defence of a
no A BOOK OF R. L. S.
course which he felt was judicially indefensible.
Stevenson makes him justify the suppression of a
vital witness ; his real irregularity was that of
appearing at the Circuit court at Inveraray where,
as he well knew, a Campbell jury was to condemn
James Stewart. Appointed chief legal adviser of
the Crown in Scotland in the year after the '45, the
duties of public prosecutor fell to him through the
stormy times after the rising and, save in the Appin
case, were discharged with a degree of moderation
and justice which is not altogether suggested by the
portrait of him in Catriona. But then there is
Stevenson's defence of it in the first-person plan of
the tale : ' Davie cannot know. I give you the
inside of Davie, and my method condemns me to
give only the outside of Prestongrange and his
policy.' The family of the Lord Advocate in
Catriona is imaginary in the sense that Stevenson
created the characters of his daughters, or rather of
one of them, and omitted all mention of his wife, who
long survived her husband's death hi 1764.
GRAVER AND THE PEN, THE
See ' Davos Press.'
GREAT NORTH ROAD, THE
The novel, of which only eight chapters were
written, comes in point of time between Treasure
Island and Kidnapped. It was begun at Bourne-
mouth about 1884, when the success of the former
prompted Stevenson to plan other tales of adventure.
Though the highway was to be the motif of the story
A BOOK OF R. L. S. in
it was not, so it would appear, to have been a tale
of highwaymen. A novel of this type called Jerry
Abershaw had been begun and discarded. To a
correspondent who had heard of The Great North
Road, Stevenson wrote : ' It will not, however,
gratify your taste ; the highwayman is not grasped ;
what you would have liked (and I, believe me)
would have been Jerry Abershaw ; but Jerry was not
written at the fit moment ; I have outgrown the
taste — and his romantic horse-shoes clatter faintlier
down the incline towards Lethe.' The Great North
Road was included in the Edinburgh edition and is
now published, with the two other fragments of
novels, in Lay Morals.
GUTHRIE, LORD (CHARLES JOHN GUTHRIE)
(1849- )
Lord Guthrie, who has been one of the Senators
of the College of Justice in Scotland since 1907,
was Stevenson's senior by a year and a fellow student
of his during his reading for the Bar. They were
Presidents of the Speculative Society in 1872.
In addition to his short contributions hi the way of
reminiscences of R. L. S. he is the author of the
little book on ' Cummy ' (see Cunningham, Alison)
and has earned the gratitude of Stevensonians by
making Swanston Cottage (Stevenson's summer
home for twelve years), of which he is the tenant, in
part a museum in which are collected portraits,
manuscripts, and other memorials of the novelist
and of his family and associates, including the
cabinet made by the notorious Deacon Brodie, which
H2 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
stood in the Stevenson nursery when R. L. S. was
a child, and is so referred to in the paper Nuits
Blanches.
HADDEN, TOMMY
The companion of Carthew on the voyage of the
' Currency Lass ' in The Wrecker was drawn from
the South Seas character, Jack Buckland (q.v.).
HAMERTON, PHILIP GILBERT (1834-1894)
The artist, essayist, and author of ' Landscape in
Art ' has a special place among R. L. S.'s literary
friends, for he was the first editor to place anything
of Stevenson's before the public. The essay Roads
appeared hi ' The Portfolio ' which Hamerton had
founded with Richard Seeley in 1873, and which
for twenty years under his editorship held a leading
place among literary and artistic periodicals. Of
other essays of Stevenson's which appeared hi its
pages the most notable are those on Edinburgh.
Like Stevenson, Hamerton made a sudden marriage
which proved full of happiness. His wife was a
Frenchwoman, and there is a counterpart, in their
case, of Stevenson's Silverado experience in the
life which they lived immediately after their marriage
on the otherwise uninhabited island of Innisdrynich
on Loch Awe, an unusual beginning for a bride who
had never set foot in Great Britain, but one which
she accepted without demur. It was in the Scottish
mountains that Hamerton found the material for
the book ' A Painter's Camp in the Highlands,'
which showed him to be a leading authority on art.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 113
Afterwards, on a partial failure of his financial
resources, he settled in France for the rest of his
life and there wrote the books, such as ' Round My
House/ which provide the most intimate under-
standing of French people's social customs.
Stevenson was a visitor at the Hamertons in London
and at their French home at Autun, and some very
fresh impressions of him as a light-hearted boy of
twenty-five are contained in the ' Autobiography ' of
Hamerton, published hi 1897. They are really
those of Mrs. Hamerton, who, on her husband's
death in 1894, continued the story of his life which
he had completed up to the time of their marriage.
The perfect English of the book was a remarkable
achievement, considering that Mrs. Hamerton had
lived for only a short time in England and prior to
her marriage knew nothing of the language.
HAMMERTON, J. A. (1871- )
Mr. Hammerton, writer and journalist, is the com-
piler of a volume ' Stevensoniana ' (Edinburgh,
John Grant, 1903), in which are collected mis-
cellaneous extracts from books and periodicals ;
some, personal reminiscences, but for the most part
literary criticisms and appreciations drawn from
very diverse sources. Much of the matter is arranged
in chronological order, and so obtains for the book
hi its second edition the description — an ' anecdotal
life ' of R. L. S. An original contribution to Steven-
son literature is Mr. Hammerton's ' In the Track of
Stevenson ' (Bristol, Arrowsmith, 1907), the record
of a pilgrimage over the routes traversed by R. L. S.,
ii4 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
and described in An Inland Voyage and Travels with
a Donkey. The photographic illustrations are a re-
minder that R. L. S. did not travel for scenic attrac-
tions. We see the inhospitable character of the
Cevennes country, and the bare stretches of river
and canal. Among these photographs of the canoe
voyage are a number which have since obtained
tragic interest from the fact that the places them-
selves, Landrecies, Noyon, and others, have suffered
more or less complete destruction in the war of
1914-18.
HAMILTON, CLAYTON (1881- )
An American writer, and author of ' On the Trail
of Stevenson ' (Hodder & Stoughton, 1916). The
trail is twofold. Mr. Hamilton has made Steven-
sonian pilgrimages in Scotland, France and America,
and identifies places with the doings and writings
of R. L. S. Except for California and the South
Seas his visits have embraced the wide fields of
Stevenson's wanderings. But the other and more
interesting form of the trail is the conversations
he had with friends and others who knew Stevenson
in the flesh, some, notably Andrew Lang, Henry
James, and ' Cummy,' since dead. The personal
reminiscences, though second-hand, are specially
worth preserving, since they have arisen in response
to questions to which Mr. Hamilton, saturated with
Stevenson's personality, craved for replies. Thus,
from Mr. Gosse, it is elicited that Stevenson was
embarrassed by the society of very young children ;
from Henry James, that in his worst years of illness
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 115
(at Bournemouth) he did not suffer actual pain ;
and from Andrew Lang, that at first he heartily
disliked Stevenson. The reproductions of drawings
by Walter Hale add to the attractiveness of a -fine
piece of book-making.
HEALTH AND MOUNTAINS
In the introduction to this short paper Stevenson
contrasts the sensations of invalids such as himself
in the mild air of the Riviera, and in the cold heights
of Alpine valleys. The essay Ordered South had
analysed his feelings during his invalidism at Mentone,
where, however, there was much to admire hi the
surrounding country. His discomfort in the Alps,
whither he had come (cet. 30) at the onset of winter
on his return from California with his wife, is marked
by a dislike of the Alpine landscapes : ' A glaring
piece of crudity, where everything that is not white
is a solecism ; a scene of blinding definition ; a
parade of daylight, almost scenically vulgar, more
than scenically trying and yet hearty and healthy,
making the nerves to tighten and the mouth to smile
— such is the whiter daytime in the Alps/ Admirers
of Alpine scenery will be hard put to it to find a re-
sponsive note in this and the other three papers which
contain Stevenson's first impressions there as an
invalid debarred from moving far afield from Davos.
The paper appeared in the ' Pall Mall Gazette/
February 17, 1881, and is placed in Essays of Travel.
HEATHER ALE
See ' Ballads/
n6 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
HEATHERCAT
The tale, of which only three chapters were written,
was to have been an historical novel on the grand
scale, and set in the years 1690 to 1700. Opening
amid the religious persecutions in Scotland, it was
to have developed against the background of the
ill-fated Scottish colonizing enterprise in Central
America — the Darien adventure, in which so much
of the wealth of Scotland was lost. It was in 1698
that 1200 Scots set sail from Leith on the wild pro-
ject, inspired in part by commercial rivalry with
England, of making a district of the Panama isthmus
an entreptt of world commerce. Their sufferings
from famine and social disorder, to say nothing of
their final defeat in battle with the Spaniards,
formed a series of disasters, out of which few of
them made their escape. The tale, as he wrote in
the June preceding his death, to his cousin R. A. M.
Stevenson, was ' to present a whole field of time ;
the race — our own race— the Westland and Clydes-
dale blue bonnets, under the influence of their last
trial, when they got to a pitch of organization in
madness that no other peasantry has ever made an
offer at. I was going to call it " The Killing Time,"
but this man Crockett has forestalled me in that.
All my weary reading, as a boy, which you remember
well enough, will come to bear on it.' The opening
sentence of the fragment, first published in the
Edinburgh edition, and now in Lay Morals, appears
inconsistent with Stevenson's first intention to set
the story mostly out of Scotland, hi Carolina,
and next hi Darien, but there is no other evi-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 117
dence to show the final shape which he had in
mind for it.
HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903)
' I wish your honesty were not so warfaring,'
wrote R. L. S. to Henley in reference to a dispute,
on Stevenson's behalf, with an editor. The sentence
underlines the characters of the two friends — Henley,
his life long, a challenger ; Stevenson, for all his
outbursts of indignation, the compatible associate
of all sorts and conditions of men. Their friendship
began through the introduction of Leslie Stephen,
to whom as editor of the ' Cornhill Magazine ' they
were both known. Henley when only twenty-four
had come to Edinburgh infirmary for treatment of
the tuberculosis which had lost him one foot, and
threatened to cost him the other as well. Their
meeting is thus described by R. L. S. : ' Yesterday,
Leslie Stephen, who was down here to lecture, called
on me and took me up to see a poor fellow, a sort of
poet who writes for him, and who has been eighteen
months in our infirmary, and may be, for all I know,
eighteen months more. It was very sad to see him
there, in a little room with two beds, and a couple of
sick children in the other bed. Stephen and I sat
on a couple of chairs, and the poor fellow sat up in
his bed with his hair and beard all tangled, and
talked as cheerfully as if he had been in a king's
palace, or the great King's palace of the blue air.
He has taught himself two languages since he has
been lying there. I shall try to be of use to him.'
Henceforward they were on the closest terms of
n8 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
friendship until Stevenson's final departure from
Europe. R. L. S. is the ' Apparition ' of Henley's
poem ; Henley is ' Burly ' in Talk and Talkers (q.v.),
and the original of John Silver (q.v.), a piece of
imagination on Stevenson's part which, with a good
deal of reason, he could never bring himself to like.
Many of Stevenson's works were published in two
of the periodicals which Henley successively edited
— the short-lived ' London ' and the ' Magazine of
Art.' It was to the ' Scots Observer,' then edited
by Henley, that R. L. S. sent his Damien letter, the
publishing of which was doubtless congenial enough
to Henley's fearless, fighting spirit. For three or
four years (1882-5) Henley acted informally as
Stevenson's honorary agent hi dealings with London
publishers. The arrangement came to an end on
Stevenson wishing Henley to retain a proportion of
the payments. It was chiefly during this period that
they collaborated in the plays, an enterprise in which
Henley was the moving spirit, and of which Steven-
son was glad eventually to be rid. The letters to
' My dear lad,' in the published collection, grow less
frequent after Stevenson's final departure from
England, but there is no reason to assume any dis-
guise of a lesser regard for Henley in the end of a
letter from Samoa in 1892 acknowledging a book
of the latter's poems : ' I did not guess you were so
great a magician ; these are new tunes, this an under-
tone of the true Apollo ; these are not verse ; they
are poetry — inventions, creations in language. I
thank you for the joy you have given me, and remain
your old friend and present huge admirer.' It was
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 119
on the publication of the ' Life ' of Stevenson, seven
years after his death, that Henley astonished the
literary world by the bitterness of his review in the
' Pall Mall Magazine ' of December 1901. The frank
disparagement of Stevenson in these pages is per-
haps less offensive than the repeated suggestion that
there are things which are better left unsaid. A per-
sonal disagreement had estranged the two during the
latter years of Stevenson's life, but in the rancour of
his feelings towards R. L. S. Henley could not avoid
inviting the assumption of jealousy of his friend's
greater fortune as the motive of his bitterness. The
article called forth numerous protests, among which
perhaps the most notable is that of Andrew Lang in
' The Morning Post ' of December 16, 1901. The
correspondence between Henley and R. L. S. on the
private disagreement which separated them in their
later years passed into the hands of their common
friend, Charles Baxter, and is preserved in the
Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, but is not accessible
to the public.
HIRD, BEN
This member of the trio of shipmates to whom
Island Nights Entertainments is dedicated was a Scot,
known throughout the South Seas for his straight
dealings. He had travelled much in the Pacific,
so that Stevenson introduced him into The Beach of
Falesa, without explanation, as one of its institutions.
Pearling and trading, he had seen more of island
life than most whites, and the tales he had to tell
during the months they were fellow-passengers on
120 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
the ' Janet Nicoll/ were a mine of romantic material
for Stevenson from the fact that Hird was no mere
pitcher of yarns, but scrupulous in his efforts at
accuracy.
HONOLULU
Stevenson was twice a resident for some months
in the capital of the Hawaiian islands. The first
occasion was at the end of the cruise in the ' Casco '
on January 24, 1889. The family first rented the
Manuia Lanai, a pavilion of the native pattern at
Waikiki, four miles from Honolulu and joined to the
sea beach by grassy lawns. They then moved to a
more substantial cottage close by. Among the
many residents by whom he was entertained and
whom he entertained was the last king of the
Hawaiian State, Kalakaua, a dissipated but com-
petent semi-savage for whom Stevenson formed more
than a formal regard. The king died in the following
year. It was from Honolulu that Stevenson went
by himself upon the visit to the island of Molokai,
where he spent a week at the leper settlement.
This was in April, a month after Father Damien's
death. There he played croquet with the leper
children, and on his return sent a grand piano to the
girls' school. The second residence, four years later,
was meant to have been for a few days but extended
to nearly three months. He arrived in September,
1893, having come for the sake of the sea voyage
and intending to return by the next boat. But an
attack of pneumonia suddenly developed, and he was
not well enough to return to Samoa until November.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 121
During the greater part of this time he lived at a
hostelry called Sans Souci again at Waikiki. The
bust by Hutchinson, exhibited at the New Gallery
Summer Exhibition, 1895, belongs to this period.
A detailed account of Stevenson's sayings and
doings during both visits is contained hi the book
by Arthur Johnstone (q.v.).
HUGO'S ROMANCES
The study of the great French romantic, in which
is traced his higher development of the novel of
romance from the traditions of Fielding and Scott,
was Stevenson's first exercise in the field of critical
appreciation which obtained publication, if indeed
it was not the first attempted. It was written during
his six months invalidism (at. 24) at Mentone, and
on its being sent to Leslie Stephen, then editor of
the ' Cornhill,' was the subject of a cordial letter of
encouragement (inserted in the Letters, vol. i. pp.
I33~5)> the modest terms of which to an aspirant
nearly twenty years his junior bespeak both Stephen's
fine courtesy and his estimate of Stevenson's powers.
The relations thus established with the ' Cornhill/
where the paper appeared, August 1874, continued
for many years, and led to the best and the greatest
number of Stevenson's essays and tales appearing
in its pages.
HUMBLE REMONSTRANCE, A
In joining issue with Henry James in the paper
bearing this title, Stevenson was prompted by a
contribution of the former's on ' The Art of Fiction '
122 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
to ' Longman's Magazine/ September 1884, after-
wards reprinted in ' Partial Portraits.' Between
two writers of such widely different aims, as widely
different views of the essence of their art were to be
expected. So far as the particular paper of Henry
James is concerned — for it is to be taken as a very
partial discussion of the subject — their difference of
view may be said to reside in the relative value they
attach to incident, or rather to the degree to which
the art of the writer may make incident interesting.
Here obviously they started with radically different
ideas of the kind of incident which might serve a
writer as subject matter. To Henry James, a young
man deciding after all not to enter the Church was
' incident ' ; Stevenson would need to feed his art
on stronger meat. Though it does not so appear
in the paper, the undercurrent of his thoughts would
seem to have run upon this disparity between the
material which he chose to use and that which
Henry James found sufficient for his studies in — the
phrase is Stevenson's — ' the statics of character.'
The letter quoted in the paragraph on Henry James
on another page lends colour to this view, and a
postscript to it suggests that James had detected
what was a real ground of difference between them :
' I have re-read my paper, and cannot think I have
at all succeeded in being either veracious or polite.
I knew, of course, that I took up your paper merely
as a pin to hang my own remarks upon ; but, alas !
what a thing is any paper. What fine remarks can
you not hang on mine ! How have I sinned against
proportion and, with every effort to the contrary,
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 123
against the merest rudiments of courtesy to you.
You are indeed a very acute reader to have divined
the real attitude of my mind.' The paper appeared
in ' Longman's Magazine,' December 1884, and was
included by Stevenson in Memories and Portraits
as a fitting continuation of A Gossip in Romance.
HYERES AND MARSEILLES
After an autumn at Marseilles in 1882, during
which his health suffered, Stevenson with his family
made their last stay of any duration in France at
Hyeres, viz., from February 1883 to May 1884.
The first month was spent at the Hotel des lies d'Or,
but in March they moved to the chalet La Solitude,
the charms of which, or rather of its garden and
prospects, he was never tired of repeating. One
passage from a letter is a type of many :
' I live in a most sweet corner of the universe,
sea and fine hills before me, and a rich variegated
plain ; and at my back a craggy hill, loaded with
vast feudal ruins. I am very quiet ; a person
passing by my door half startles me ; but I enjoy
the most aromatic airs ; and at night the most
wonderful view into a moonlit garden. By day
this garden fades into nothing, overpowered by its
surroundings and the luminous distance ; but at
night, and when the moon is out, that garden, the
arbour, the flight of stairs that mount the artificial
hillock, the plumed blue gum-trees that hang
trembling, become the very skirts of Paradise.
Angels I know frequent it ; and it thrills all night
with the flutes of silence.'
124 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Though rarely able to be beyond the borders of
this small estate, a person, as he said, ' with an
established ill-health,' he was free throughout the
year from acute illness, and for the first time his
income from writing came very near to £500. But
in January 1884, on a visit to Nice with friends from
Edinburgh, he had his first experience of illness in
which his life was despaired of. Returning to
Hyeres in February, the rest of his stay there was
passed in a state of complete prostration, and when
in June he was able to be moved, it was decided to
return to England with a view to securing the best
medical advice. Except for a short visit to Paris
he never saw France again, and the next three years
were spent at Bournemouth. Afterwards at Samoa
Stevenson wrote in answer to an imaginary question:
' Happy, said I. I was only happy once ; that was
at Hyeres ; it came to an end for a variety of reasons,
decline of health, change of place, increase of money,
age with his stealing steps.' The passage confirms
the observation of friends at the time, that these
first near-hand encounters with death introduced a
graver tone into Stevenson's thoughts and writings.
The gay youth was at last a little less able to put
aside the facts of his life.
A house of the name of Campagne Defli in the
suburb of St. Marcel, five miles from Marseilles, was
Stevenson's home during the last three months of
1882. He came there hi search of a climate which
would suit him and be less trying to his wife than
Davos, where the two previous winters had been
spent. But after having contracted lung trouble at
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 125
Montpellier, he was more than ordinarily ill at St.
Marcel, and the residence came to an end by
Stevenson going to Nice, when just able to travel,
leaving his wife to follow him. Letters and telegrams
miscarrying, the two had no news of each other for
a week, during which time Mrs. Stevenson had to
endure the suggestions of the police that her husband
had died at some wayside station and been buried.
They at last met hi Marseilles, and next settled at
Hyeres.
IDEAL HOUSE, THE
It is a rather pathetic comment upon this paper
that Stevenson's incessant travels in search of health
condemned him to live in such houses as he could
find, and never to remain long in any. In Europe
his longest stay was in the house at Bournemouth,
given to his wife by the elder Stevenson ; and when
at length he found a measure of health in the South
Seas, he lived only two years after the completion
of Vailima. The essay was written at Davos in
1880 or 1881 (at. 30), during the first year of married
life, and thus evidently represents the ideal which
he and his wife planned to realize should it have been
found possible for him to live in one place. Sir
Graham Balfour, who made a lengthy stay at
Vailima, says that many of the features of structure
and particularly of position which characterize the
house of the essay, were reproduced in the building
on the hills above Upolu.
The paper appears not to have been published
126 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
until the issue of the complete works, but has since
been included in Essays of Travel.
INLAND VOYAGE, AN
R. L. S.'s first book, published in May 1878 by
Messrs. Kegan Paul. The voyage was made in the
autumn of 1876 (at. 26) in company with Sir Walter
Simpson (q.v.), the ' Cigarette ' of the book. Their
cruise, in two canoes, was first by canal from Antwerp
to Brussels, and thence on the rivers Sambre and
Oise by places such as Landrecies, La Fere, and
Noyon, largely destroyed in the last year of the war
of 1914-18. At Pointoise, eighteen miles short of the
Seine, the journey came to an abrupt end ; the river
there becomes uninterestingly wide, and the two
travellers were nothing loth to exchange the bois-
terous, squally weather, which had been their lot
nearly the whole of the time, for a favourite resort of
theirs, the artists' colony at Grez on the Loing, a
little beyond the Forest of Fontainebleu. R. L. S.
had written of the delight to ' awake hi Grez, to go
down to the green inn garden, to find the river
streaming through the bridge, and to see the dawn
begin across the poplared level. The meals are laid
in the cool arbour under fluttering leaves. The
splash of oars and bathers, the bathing costumes
out to dry, the trim canoes beside the jetty, tell of a
society that has an eye to pleasure.'
It seems that it was on this return to Grez that
R. L. S. first met Mrs. Osbourne, whom he after-
wards married. Thus the last sentence in the book :
' You may paddle all day long ; but it is when you
A BOOK OF R.L. S. 127
come back at nightfall and look in at the familiar
room that you find Love or Death awaiting you
beside the stove ; and the most beautiful adven-
tures are not those we go out to seek.' For it was
in the following year (1877) that the book was begun
in Edinburgh — it was completed in France early
in 1878 — during which time R. L. S's attachment for
Mrs. Osbourne had become part of his life. But,
apart from his father's allowance, he was almost
without means. To Sir Sidney Colvin he wrote :
' I am at The Inland Voyage again ... I only
hope Paul may take the thing : I want coin
so badly, and besides it would be something
done. ... I should not feel such a muff as I do,
if once I saw the thing in boards with a ticket on
its back.'
Much of the book is a literal transcription of the
log-book written daily on the journey ; chiefly the
longer passages of reflection were written in- the
intervening year and a half. And on the preface,
as the author wrote, four whole days were spent.
On its appearance the book received slight though
favourable notice from the reviewers. The earnest-
ness of R. L. S. in the art of writing is shown in a
letter to his mother on the tone of the critics : ' The
effect it has produced on me is one of shame. If they
like that so much, I ought to have given them some-
thing better, that 's all.' The sales of the Voyage
in the first years of publication were small. In
1883 it had reached only a second edition, and
shortly afterwards it cost Thomas Stevenson only
£100 to buy back from the publishers the copyrights
128 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
in it, in the Travels with a Donkey, and the first
volumes of his son's essays.
Twenty-eight years afterwards the route of the
Voyage was retra versed by Mr. J. A. Hammerton who,
in In the Track of Stevenson, has recorded the few
traces he found of recollection of the canoeists. By
then, the hospitable bachelor Juge de Paix of
Landrecies was married ; the kindly M. Bazin of
La Fere (' of cursed memory ') dead, but Mme.
Bazin still the possessor of a copy of the Voyage
which R. L. S. had sent to her late husband.
Original editions of the Voyage, issued with the
frontispiece by Walter Crane, have recently been
sold for about £20. In 1902 an edition was issued
at 6s. by Messsrs. Chatto & Windus, with photo-
graphic illustrations. An edition in French with
illustrations was published in 1900 as A la Pagaie,
sur I' E scant, le canal de Willebroeck, la Sambre et
Oise (Paris, Emile Lechevalier).
IN MEMORIAM, F. A. S.
The verses of No. XXVII. of Underwoods are ad-
dressed to his old friend Mrs. Sitwell (q.v.), who had
come to Davos during Stevenson's stay there in the
spring of 1881 to be with her son during the last
months of his life. One of the verses has been chosen
as the inscription of a memorial of Stevenson him-
self. See Silverado Squatters.
IRELAND, ALEXANDER (1810-1894)
The Scottish journalist and critic, the confidant
of Robert Chambers and friend of Carlyle, Leigh
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 129
Hunt, and R. W. Emerson, was a correspondent of
Stevenson's, to whom when an old man he wrote
with questions on Hazlitt, whose life he was about
to write. Ireland's death at the age of eighty-four
took place within a few days of Stevenson's, but
the last ten years of his life were passed under a
reverse of fortunes caused by the political ups and
downs of Manchester journalism, in which he had
long played an important and brilliant part.
ISLAND NIGHTS ENTERTAINMENTS
The title oi the volume which includes The Beach
of Falesa, The Bottle Imp, and The Isle of Voices.
On hearing of the arrangements in 1892 for their
issue together, Stevenson was disappointed. He
had meant to keep The Bottle Imp as the piece de
resistance for a collection of fantastic tales which
were to have had the general title. Still he assented
to its inclusion with The Beach of Falesa, one of his
most realistic pieces of writing, and would have
added The Waif Woman but for Mrs. Stevenson's
objections.
The first edition (Cassell, 1893), issued at 6s., with
illustrations by Gordon Brown and W. Hatherell,
has a value of about 155. The first named artist's
drawings for The Beach of Falesa pleased Stevenson
exceedingly, and he sent to him a letter in which he
wrote : ' Your creation of Wiltshire is a real illumina-
tion of the text. It was exactly so that Wiltshire
dressed and looked. . . . Nor should I forget to
thank you for Case, particularly in his last appear-
ance. It is a singular fact — which seems to point
i
130 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
still more directly to inspiration in your case — that
your missionary actually resembles the flesh and
blood person from whom Mr. Tarleton was drawn.
ISLE OF VOICES, THE
The fairy-tale of magic treasure belongs probably
to Stevenson's fourth year in the South Seas (cet. 42),
and was intended to be kept, with others, towards
a volume of stories all in a form of pure fantasy. It
was judged as ' not up to the mark of The Bottle
Imp' which was to be the leading piece of this
collection. When, however, the two tales were
published with The Beach of Falesa (q.v.) as Island
Nights Entertainments, Stevenson consoled himself
with the consideration that the ' queer realism ' of
the two fantasies linked them, in a measure, with
that most realistic of his tales.
JAMES, HENRY (1848-1916)
The American novelist and critic became one of
the closest of Stevenson's friends during the latter's
residence at Bournemouth, where he was the most
welcome of visitors. It was during this period that
Henry James's paper on the art of fiction prompted
Stevenson to rush in with a rejoinder in the article
A Humble Remonstrance (q.v.). Mr. James's paper
had illustrated certain methods of a novelist's
artistry by a reference to Treasure Island, which
brought from Stevenson the frank declaration of the
feeling which the delicate art of Mr. James produced
in him : ' I seem to myself a very rude, left-handed
countryman ; not fit to be read, far less compli-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 131
mented by a man so accomplished, so adroit, so
craftsmanlike as you. . . . Each man among us
prefers his own aim, and I prefer mine ; but when
we come to speak of performance I recognize myself,
as compared with you, to be a lout and a slouch
of the first water.' Yet it is not surprising to find
Stevenson following this passage of admiration of
Mr. James's fine skill in characterization with the
coaxing appeal for a little more of the dramatic
quality in his works. ' Could you not,' he writes,
' in one novel, and to oblige a sincere admirer, and
to enrich his shelves with a beloved volume, could
you not, and might you not cast your characters in
a mould a little more abstract and academic (dear
Mrs. Pennyman had already, among your other
work, a taste of what I mean) and pitch the in-
cidents, I do not say hi any stronger, but in a slightly
more emphatic key — as it were an episode from one
of the old (so-called) novels of adventure. I fear
you will not ; and I suppose I must sighingly admit
you to be right. And yet, when I see, as it were, a
book of Tom Jones handled with your exquisite
precision, and shot through with those side-lights
of reflection hi which you excel, I relinquish the dear
vision with regret. Think upon it.' If no result of
this exhortation is traceable in Mr. James's novels,
the artist in Stevenson continued to find them the
purest delight, numbering them among the few books
of his contemporaries in fiction which he read with
pleasure. Of Stevenson two studies are to be found
in the works of Henry James. That in ' Partial
Portraits ' (London, Macmillan, 1888) was written
132 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
in 1887 a year after the publication of Kidnapped.
The second is in 'Notes on Novelists' (London,
Dent, 1914), and is an appreciation more of Steven-
son's personality than of his writings.
JAPP, DR. ALEXANDER HAY (1837-1905)
From the acquaintance who visited Stevenson at
Braemar in 1881 and took away with him the manu-
script of Treasure Island (q.v.), Dr. Japp became a
close friend of Stevenson's for some years. He was
a prolific and versatile writer and journalist, who
rose from a quite humble beginning to be the author
of many books under his own name and several
pseudonyms. His last work, published hi the year
in which he died, is ' Robert Louis Stevenson '
(London, Werner Laurie, 1905), of interest chiefly
for its reminiscences of the Braemar visit, and for
its reproduction of Stevenson MSS.
JEKYLL AND HYDE
See ' Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.'
JENKIN, HENRY CHARLES FLEEMING (1833-
1885)
Fleeming Jenkin, noted for his work in engineering
and applied electricity, was one of R. L. S.'s closest
friends in his early days. When Jenkin, then thirty-
five, became Professor of Engineering in Edinburgh
University, Stevenson, much against all his inclina-
tions, was professedly studying to qualify himself
for his father's calling. Actually Jenkin's first
relation with R. L. S. was to remonstrate on his per-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 133
sistent absence from the classes. From this un-
promising beginning developed an intimacy of which
Stevenson long afterwards wrote in a lettter to Sir
Sidney Colvin : ' I owe you and Fleeming Jenkin,
the two older men who took the trouble and knew
how to make a friend of me, everything that I have
or am.' Jenkin in fact arrived in Edinburgh just
when Stevenson, then eighteen, was entering on the
mood of revolt against conventional religious beliefs
and social prejudices ; when also he craved for
friends of broad interests in the world of books.
In Jenkin he found no specialist professor of the
German type, but a boyish personality of varied
tastes, a great lover of literature and art, a slave of
the drama, and a profuse talker. This random out-
flow of opinions, which was an inexpressible relief
to R. L. S. from the rigid judgments of his father's
circle of friends, was indeed the element in Jenkin's
character which made him unpopular among scien-
tific men. But it found a hungry admirer in
Stevenson, who afterwards in Talk and Talkers
(where Jenkin is Cockshot) described his friend as
' bottled effervescency.' Apart from talk, the
Jenkins' home, where R. L. S. had a fast friend in
Mrs. Jenkin, introduced him to the congenial re-
creation of amateur theatricals, in which he was an
occasional though a poor performer. The friend-
ship of the two men has its testimony in Stevenson's
biography of Jenkin (see below), of whose loyalty
there can surely be no better proof than his employ-
ment of R. L. S. as his private secretary for six
months when serving as a juror at the Paris Ex-
134 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
hibition of 1878. A person with Stevenson's aver-
sion from an orderly routine of work could hardly
have been an ideal secretary.
The Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin, which Stevenson
(#1- 35) wrote on his friend's death in 1885, was
undertaken at Bournemouth with the assistance of
Mrs. Jenkin. It is the only biographical work
which Stevenson completed, and rather curiously is
said to be the book which his wife thought the most
successful of his writings. It appeared as a preface
to Jenkin's ' Collected Literary and Scientific
Papers/ published by Longmans in 1888 under the
editorship of Sir Sidney Colvin and J. A. Ewing. It
was reprinted in the Edinburgh edition, but was not
issued separately by Messrs. Longmans until 1912.
The complex genealogy of the Jenkins which forms
the first chapter was afterwards the genesis of a
long historical novel which Stevenson planned but
did not live to carry out. A South Sea friend on a
first dip into the Memoir had taken it for a novel
and had been struck by its unusual character. The
incident suggested to R. L. S. a novel of several
generations, to the outline of which he gave the title
The Shovels of Newton French.
JERSEY, DOWAGER-COUNTESS (MARGARET
ELIZABETH) (1849- )
During her late husband's governorship of New
South Wales, Lady Jersey visited Samoa and formed
a warm friendship with Stevenson, with whom an
excursion was made — incognito, as her position
required — to the camp of Mataafa, the rival for the
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 135
position of native monarch whose cause Stevenson
supported. Her visit prompted his writing of the
privately printed romance An Object of Pity, a rare
piece of Stevensoniana in which Lady Jersey, her
brother, Captain Leigh, Sir Graham Balfour, Mrs.
Stevenson, and R. L. S. himself are the characters.
JOHNSTONE, ARTHUR
Author of ' Recollections of Robert Louis Steven-
son^ in the Pacific ' (London, Chatto & Windus,
1900), a wordy book, but of interest in recalling
Stevenson's doings during his two visits to Honolulu
— in 1889, when he stayed five months, and in 1893,
when illness prolonged an intended visit of a few
days to three months. No trifles of his life during
these two periods are too small for Mr. Johnstone,
who gathered conversations of his with many people,
and reports verbatim an address to the Scottish
Thistle Club. The author devotes several chapters
to Stevenson's interference in the politics of the
Pacific, which he considered ill-judged. The volume
contains some impromptu verses written by R. L. S.
at Honolulu, and includes also Father Damien's
report to the Hawaian Board of Health on his ad-
ministration of the leper settlement in Molokai.
KELMAN, REV. JOHN (1864- )
The author of ' The Faith of Robert Louis
Stevenson ' (Edinburgh, Oliphant, Anderson &
Ferrier, 1903), chose a very insufficient title for his
work, which is by no means confined to a discussion
of Stevenson's attitude towards religious belief,
136 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
but is a very comprehensive study of his personality
as revealed in his writings. Dr. Kelman was an
Edinburgh schoolboy when R. L. S. was the random
traveller of the canoe voyage and the Cevennes
journey, yet was thus nearly enough a contemporary
of his to have a sympathetic recollection of the
Edinburgh of his day. No other of the books on
Stevenson represents so* painstaking an effort to
reconstruct his moral and intellectual qualities from
his works. And on the purely literary side the
same method of research is applied to show the
direct influence of the Covenanting writers on
Stevenson's style. Altogether it is an illuminating
sidelight on the narrowness of view sometimes
attributed to the Free Kirk, that a man reared in
her traditions is found to possess the catholic taste
and breadth of mind necessary to produce what is
one of the most sympathetic analyses of Stevenson's
many-sided personality.
KIDNAPPED
In writing this, his third, book for boys, Stevenson
turned from scenes and characters of pure invention
to real people and places of a minor incident of
Scottish history. The Appin murder, which provides
the turning point of the story, has thereby become
known to thousands who had not before heard of
Alan Breck or the wrongly condemned James
Stewart. The Highlands, in their unsettled state
after the '45, are made the setting for the adventures
of the sober David Balfour, in whose prim ways and
staid talk Stevenson found the contrast with the
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 137
rebel spirits of the Highland Jacobites. Save for
the change of year from 1752 to 1751, he keeps very
close to the historical facts, as may be seen from the
outline of these latter in the chapter on the Appin
murder on another page. A single episode of this
kind, grafted on to imaginary adventures, just
suited Stevenson's genius for romantic incident,
while it did not lay upon him the physical strain of
managing a full stage of historical characters in the
manner of Dumas or Scott. Thus Kidnapped has
the features of both an historical romance and a
boy's book of adventure. In blending the two
Stevenson satisfied his young readers, and compelled
the admiration of such non-adventurous bookmen
as Matthew Arnold and Henry James.
Scarcely any other of his longer works was written
with the same ease or at so great a rate. Asked by
the publishers of ' Young Folks ' for a successor to
The Black Arrow in the pages of their magazine, he
stipulated for not less than thirty shillings a column
(of 1200 words), a rate of payment three times that
for Treasure Island and little enough for work such
as his. A considerably larger sum was eventually
paid, for in the interval of making a small beginning
on the tale at Bournemouth early in 1885 and com-
pleting it in the following year, the publication of
Jekyll and Hyde had made Stevenson one of the
writers of the day in public estimation, whose name
alone must have been worth a good deal to the
publishers of a popular magazine. When taking
up the story again early in 1886 (cet. 36), it unfolded
itself with a degree of inspiration which Stevenson
138 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
afterwards declared was a single experience : ' in
one of my books, and in one only, the characters took
the bit in their teeth ; all at once, they became de-
tached from the flat paper, they turned their backs
on me and walked off bodily ; and from that time
my task was stenographic — it was they who spoke,
it was they who wrote the remainder of the story.'
In this spirit Kidnapped was completed, and
published in ' Young Folks ' May i to July i, 1886.
The abrupt end of the story had its cause in a break
for the worse of the indoor invalidism which passed
for health during the greater part of Stevenson's
life at Bournemouth. An opening was therefore
left for a sequel in which the characters of David
and Alan could reappear, but six years went by and
the South Seas were reached before the trial of James
of the Glen for the Appin murder was taken as the
skeleton of Catriona (q.Vt). If David Balfour had
then become, as R. L. S. confided to his friends,
three years older instead of three days, his author
equally shows the greater power in the sharp
delineation of character which marks his most
mature work. Stevenson's writings, as may here
be fittingly said, may be broadly traced as beginning
with the picturesque rendering of outdoor effects,
next developing in stories of incident, and from
them broadening into the round drawing of char-
acter. One phase merges into another, and many
of his works owe their charm to the commingling
of picturesque landscape and romantic adventure.
But Kidnapped, while it belongs to the second
phase, is exceptional in the slight use which
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 139
Stevenson deliberately makes of his earlier practice.
David is a lowland lad and is made to take the
English eighteenth -century view of the Scottish
Highlands as a region of wildernesses unfit for
civilized beings. Though he describes the Highlands
vividly enough it is with a sense of their lonesome-
ness, never with the enthusiasm which Scott created
for them among the travelling public. In Catriona
the homelier setting of much of the story removes
this necessity ; and so we get in it pictures of places
and drawing of people which belong to the earliest
and latest phases of Stevenson's power as a writer.
In Kidnapped the portraits of historical characters
barely number h.alf a dozen, and with the exception
of the redoubtable Alan Breck make but one appear-
ance on the scene. Campbell of Glenure we see
only at the moment of his death and James of the
Glen on the day following the murder. The other
two> the chieftain, Cluny Macpherson, and Robin
Oig, son of Rob Roy and an even greater rascal
than his brother James More, are separate and
partial sketches providing interest to the interludes
in the wandering of David and Alan. They are
the subjects of separate chapters, but of the other
characters, the miserly uncle, seamen, catechists
and the discreet lawyer Rankeillor, nothing can be
added to the Stevensonian narrative.
On the other hand, an afternoon can be spent with
an ordnance map of Argyllshire and Perthshire in
tracing the course of David's journeys in the western
Highlands. The map included hi the first edition
of Kidnapped, since it bears the names of only those
140 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
places mentioned in the itinerary, leaves plenty of
room for speculation as to the course which Stevenson
from his Bournemouth bedroom plotted for his two
fugitives hi the recesses of the Grampians. In cast-
ing David on the islet of Earraid, which at low tide
is joined to the most western point of the Isle of
Mull, he was revisiting a spot which he knew well
from his visits there with his father. From Earraid
to Torosay, where David crosses to the mainland, is
twenty-five miles as the crow flies ; from Kinlochine
(across the Sound of Mull) to Kingairloch, whence he
embarks for the eastern bank of Loch Linnhe, about
half this distance. The woods of Lettervore, by the
mouth of Loch Leven, are only a mile or two from
Duror whence he escapes with Alan after the murder.
Thence their journeyings are over wild regions (as
they still are) ; first due east, then by a northerly
cut across the Pass of Glencoe and, doubling on their
course, to the mountain nook overlooking Loch
Leven near Coalasnaccon, and then by long marches
to Cluny's cave in Ben Alder where Prince Charles
Edward lay hidden for a fortnight, a month before
his escape to France in 1746. This was the most
northern point in their wanderings. Their journey
south to the Lothian country on the south side of
the Forth lay through the southern masses of the
Grampians to Balquidder ; from Strathyre eastward
in to the mountain Uam Var and so down the river
Allan to the head of the Forth at Stirling. Their
last stage is by the villages of Alloa, Clackmannan,
and Culross to Limekilns, where they are put across
to the Lothian shore. Altogether at a moderate
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 141
estimate not far short of two hundred miles, for the
most part over rough mountain country, much of
which is still as untravelled as at the period of the
story.
The first edition, issued by Messrs. Cassell (1886),
and. containing a folding chart of the cruise of the
brig ' Covenant ' and the ' probable course ' of
David's wanderings has a value of about 153.
KIPLING, RUDYARD (1865- )
Stevenson was far from coming under the spell
of Mr. Kipling's writings either in verse or prose.
' Soldiers Three ' evoked his warmest congratulations,
in sending which to the author he addressed Kip-
ling's creation, Mr. Mulvaney, and wrote : ' They
tell me it was a man of the name of Kipling that
made ye ; but indeed and they can't fool me ; it
was the Lord God Almighty that made you.' Mr.
Kipling, by way of acknowledgment, made his char-
acter address himself to Alan Breck, a pleasantry
that in turn prompted Stevenson's rejoinder in
which the redoubtable Highlander is re-created as
the writer of a characteristically quarrelsome letter.
Yet Stevenson, so far as is disclosed by the letters,
felt a very qualified admiration of Mr. Kipling's
literary art — amazed ' by his precocity and various
endowments,' and alarmed by his ' copiousness
and haste.' To an expression of his pleasure in
Henley's poems, he added : ' How poorly Kipling
compares ! He is all smart journalism and clever-
ness ; it is all light and shallow and limpid, like a
business paper — a good one, s'entend ; but there is
142 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
no blot of heart's blood and the Old Night ; there
are no harmonics ; there is scarce harmony to his
music.' He did, however, admit that Barrie, Henry
James, and Kipling, were the three contemporaries he
could read, and was disappointed that an intended
visit of Mr. Kipling to Vailima was never made.
KNOX AND HIS RELATIONS TO WOMEN
Some credence may be given to the belief that
Stevenson wrote the partial study of the great
churchman and reformer as much out of a filial
feeling as from a leaning towards the warfaring
character of Knox. It was one of the papers which
existed in more or less a rough shape at the time of
the crisis between himself and his father, as the out-
come of which he addressed himself to making the
unfinished work ready for publication. For more
than a year (at. 23 to 24) he laboured on Knox,
entirely re-casting provisional drafts of the paper,
and whether the prosecution of the subject was or
was not undertaken in the aim of providing common
ground for his own and his father's interests, it is
at any rate evident from his letters that he had
enough of Knox by the time he had finished with
him. The paper appeared in ' Macmillan's Maga-
zine,' September and October 1875, and though
placed last in Familiar Studies of Men and Books,
was the second of those essays to be written.
LANG, ANDREW (1844-1912)
The poet, critic, and folklorist, was R. L. S.'s
senior by six years. The first impression which one
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 143
formed of the other, when they first met in 1872,
did not augur a lifelong friendship. Stevenson's
curt description of Lang was ' good-looking, delicate,
Oxfordish, etc.' On Lang, as he wrote long after-
wards, the effect of R. L. S. was ' not wholly favour-
able. ... He looked, as in my eyes he always did
look, more like a lass than a lad, with a rather long,
smooth oval face. . . . Here I thought is one of
your aesthetic young men.' Their friendship was
based less on personal grounds than on their common
bookishness and Scottish race, but it lasted until
R. L. S.'s death, only two days before which he was
writing to thank Lang for an engraving of Braxfield,
the Weir of Hermiston, whom Stevenson was then
drawing. In the application for the Edinburgh
professorship Lang was one of Stevenson's sup-
porters, and it was he no doubt who four years
later (in 1885) turned in Stevenson's direction the
writing of a volume on Wellington for a series of
English Worthies. The book was never written,
for within a year or so R. L. S., then in very delicate
health at Bournemouth, left England for good.
That Stevenson's stories had a ready admirer in
Lang is shown by the latter's opinion of Treasure
Island : ' Except Tom Sawyer and the Odyssey, I
never liked any romance so well.' In 1891 R. L. S.
wrote : ' I have the most gallant suggestion from
Lang with an offer of MS. authorities which turn
my brain. It 's all about the throne of Poland,
and buried treasure, in the Mackay country, and
Alan Breck can figure there in glory.' This was an
unpublished Jacobite pamphlet on Prince Charles
144 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Edward's hidden years which, with other Jacobite
MSS., Lang sent out to Samoa a little while before
Stevenson's death. Besides the introductory essay
to the Swanston edition of Stevenson's works Lang's
writings on R. L. S. are a criticism of his works first
published in ' Essays in Little ' (1892), and personal
recollections included in ' Adventures Among
Books ' (1905) ; and in Lang's books on Jacobite
history, notably ' Pickle the Spy ' and ' Companions
of Pickle ' are references to the real people in Kid-
napped and Catriona.
LANTERN BEARERS, THE
A paper of which R. L. S. wrote that it ' really
contained some excellent sense, and was ingeniously
put together.' The ingenuity consisted in taking,
as his text of a sermon on the intangible nature of
joy in life, his boyish games with bull's-eye lanterns
on the piece of sandy coast near North Berwick at
the mouth of the Firth of Forth, which was a favourite
playground of his in his early teens. The text is a
vivid picture of Stevenson's romantically conceived
boyhood : the sermon, a variation of the theme of
which he never tired, namely, a man's joy of life
consisting not in its external circumstances but in
the fancies which he weaves. The paper appeared
in ' Scribner's Magazine,' February 1888, and is
placed in Across the Plains.
LAY MORALS
The vigorous declamations against the comfort-
able view of life of the well-to-do which resound
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 145
with such vehemence in these chapters represent
the rebellious spirit of Stevenson's thought in his
early manhood. They were written hi 1879 (cet. 29),
and though re-drafted and extended four years later
were left uncompleted. Of the closeness with which
some of these views of youth continued to mark his
mental outlook in later years there is a piece of
evidence in the remark of his biographer on the like-
ness of his conversation, when hi certain moods, to
these early railings against the canons of respecta-
bility. The merit commonly attached to material
success, as personified by ' Mr. Samuel Budgett, the
Successful Merchant,' always moved Stevenson to
anger. This sermon, where it emerges most succinctly
into a philosophy of life, shows Stevenson preaching
the stupidity of confusing wealth with money and,
as a corollary, demanding that the rich shall con-
tinually earn their money in service. The idea of
money here expressed may be paralleled from a
passage in a letter from Mentone to Mrs. Sitwell
when he was twenty-three : ' It is an old phrase of
mine that money is the atmosphere of civilized life,
and I do hate to take the breath out of other people's
nostrils. I live here at the rate of more than £3
a week, and I do nothing for it. If I didn't hope to
get well and do good work yet, and more than repay
my debts to the world, I should consider it right to
invest an extra franc or two hi laudanum.'
These papers, Lay Morals, furnish the title to a
volume in which both earlier and later miscellaneous
writings are included. The latest edition at the
146 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
present time (1919), that of 1911, contains the
Damien letter, The Pentland Rising, The Day after
To-morrow, the papers from the ' Edinburgh Univer-
sity Magazine/ criticisms and early sketches, as
well as the fragments of the unfinished romances,
The Great North Road, The Young Chevalier, and
Heathercat.
LE GALLIENNE, RICHARD (1866- )
Mr. Le Gallienne, to whom Stevenson wrote a letter
of warm appreciation of his work in poetry and
criticism, has made his ' Elegy ' the title-piece of a
volume of verse — ' Robert Louis Stevenson and
Other Poems ' (London, John Lane, 1895). He,
among the critics of the younger generation, has been
a discerning student of Stevenson's versatile genius,
the highest expression of which, and that conferring
lasting fame upon it, he is inclined to see in the essays.
LETTER TO A YOUNG GENTLEMAN WHO
PROPOSES TO EMBRACE THE CAREER
OF ART
The paper, which Henry James calls ' a little mine
of felicities/ was one of the series written at Saranac
in the winter of 1887-8 for ' Scribner's Magazine/
where it appeared in September 1888. It there
replaced another ' On the Choice of a Profession '
written about the same time, but put aside as being
in too cynical and sombre a vein to appear in com-
pany with the other essays of brighter note in
preparation for the series. Mr. Lloyd Osbourne in
publishing the first paper in ' Scribner's Magazine/
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 147
January 1915, has made this explanation of its
origin. The Letter is placed, in the collected works,
in Across the Plains.
LETTERS
The first series of letters to be published were
those addressed at fairly regular monthly intervals
to Sir Sidney Colvin from November 1890 to
October 1894. These are the Vailima Letters
issued by Messrs. Methuen in 1895. A general
collection, including the above, was issued by
Messrs. Methuen in 1899 as The Letters of R bert
Louis Stevenson to his Family and Friends in two
volumes uniform with the Edinburgh edition, with
notes and introductions by Sir Sidney Colvin. The
fourth edition of 1901 contains additional letters
to Rudyard Kipling, Austin Dobson, and George
Meredith. The still larger collection, now current,
was issued in 1911, again under Sir Sidney Cohan's
editorship, in four volumes as The Letters of Robert
Louis Stevenson. In September 1919, the Edinburgh
firm of booksellers, Messrs. William Brown, offered
for sale at £2,200 and sold to an American dealer
the MSS. of 125 letters addressed by Stevenson to
Sir Sidney Colvin and Mrs. Sitwell (Lady Colvin).
Of these letters 64 have been wholly unpublished,
whilst in publishing the remainder nearly a third
of their matter has been omitted. Thus as re-
gards this source only (certainly the chief) of
Stevenson's confidences, more than half the sub-
stance of the letters still remains to become accessible
in print.
148 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
LIGHT FOR LIGHTHOUSES, ON A NEW FORM
OF INTERMITTENT
This small contribution to the technics of light-
house engineering was a paper read before the Royal
Scottish Society of Arts on March 27, 1871 (cet. 21),
and received the Society's silver medal.
When making this technical communication
Stevenson had made up his mind not to follow his
father's profession, for at the same time he wrote
some verses entitled ' To the Commissioners of
Northern Lights — with a paper/ and beginning :
I send to you, commissioners,
A paper that may please ye, sirs
(For troth they say it might be worse
An' I believe 't)
And on your business lay my curse
Before I leave 't.
The verses, where Stevenson anticipates W. S.
Gilbert in suggesting that by taking up law he may
come to be a Commissioner himself, were not pub-
lished until included in New Poems and Variant
Readings.
L. J. R.
Initials of the society of Stevenson's early Edin-
burgh days mentioned in the dedication of Kid-
napped. In addition to R. L. S. and Charles Baxter,
R. A. M. Stevenson and James Walter Ferrier (all
in their teens) were members of this society of six,
which met in a public house in Advocate's Close.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 149
Mr. Baxter, a year or two before his death, recently
disclosed that the title stood for ' Liberty, Justice,
Reverence/ and that the constitution, which he
drafted, and R. L. S, whole-heartedly accepted,
included ' among other objects under the first head
" the abolition of the hereditary privileges of the
House of Lords," a phrase which occasionally raised
stumbling-blocks in impassioned orations.' ' Yes,'
wrote R. L. S. to him in 1891, ' I remember the
L. J. R., and the constitution, and my homily on
Liberty, and yours on Reverence, which was never
written — so I never knew what reverence was. I
remember I wanted to write Justice also ; but I
forget who got the billet.' Mr. Baxter has added :
' I remember, as if it were yesterday, Stevenson's
agonized face as he came to me with the news that
his father had come across the draft — it never went
further. The discovery was the occasion of one
of the most painful of scenes between father and
son.'
LOCKER-LAMPSON, FREDERICK (1821-1895)
The Victorian minor poet, best known as Frederick
Locker and by his ' London Lyrics,' figures in the
Letters, apropos of a misunderstanding of a charitable
appeal to him by Stevenson, to which he had gener-
ously responded though not in the way intended.
Some verses by Stevenson form the introduction to
Locker's ' Rowfant Rhymes.' Stevenson does not
figure hi Locker's personal reminiscences of his
friendships with Tennyson, Dickens, Thackeray, and
a host of other Victorians published as ' My Con-
150 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
fidences,' for the two never met for the reason that
Locker was also a man of chronic ill-health, and
their relationship began only a year before Steven-
son's final departure from Europe.
LODGING FOR THE NIGHT, A
This vivid and dramatic passage in the life of
Francois Villon is Stevenson's first short story,
written when he was twenty-seven. It was a com-
plete departure from the landscape sketches and
literary reviews which had formed most of his
previous writings. Brilliant as were those which
followed it, such as Will o' the Mill and Providence
and the Guitar, this first example of his art as a teller
of tales may well be thought to mark his highest
level of imaginative writing. The incident, which
is one with a large basis of fact, had already been
marked for an exercise in fiction. In his essay on
Villon of the same year he traces the evil career of
that friend of the poet's, Regnier de Montigny, which
ended on Paris gibbet. Among the charges which
cost Montigny his life was that for the murder of
one Thevehin Pensete in a house by the Cemetery
of St. John. With a ready assumption of his guilt
R. L. S. adds : ' If time had only spared us some
particulars might not this last have furnished us with
the matter of a grisly winter's tale ? ' So he sets the
scene in the little house by the cemetery, which is
identified in documents of the time as the Hfitel du
Mouton, a haunt of Villon and his rascally com-
panions. The remaining two of these, Guy Tabary
and Dom Nicholas, he chooses from a party which
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 151
broke into the College of Navarre in 1456, and
carried away five hundred crowns of gold. We keep
to the ascertained facts of the poet's life in his visit
to the Chaplain of St. Benoit, by whom for a time
he had been adopted, and from whom he took the
name of Villon ; and we come to pure invention
only in the passage between the seigneur of Brisetout
and his nocturnal visitor. The tale, which first
appeared in ' Temple Bar,' October 1877, is placed
in the published works in New Arabian Nights.
LOW, WILL H. (1858- )
The American painter of portraits and mural
decorations has collected in ' A Chronicle of Friend-
ships ' (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1908) the
reminiscences of his intimacy with Stevenson for
some years in France, and afterwards for a short
time in America. Mr. Low came to Paris as an im-
pecunious art student in 1873, when he was twenty.
To the atelier of Carolus Duran where he studied, it
chanced that R. A. M. Stevenson came also in the
course of following a study of art, begun at Antwerp.
They were already firm friends, when news came one
day in the spring of 1875 that ' Louis was coming
over.' Mr. Low has preserved his first impression of
Stevenson as he alighted from the Calais train :
' It was not a handsome face until he spoke, and
then I can hardly imagine that any one could deny
the appeal of its vivacious eyes, the humour or
pathos of the mobile mouth, with its lurking sugges-
tion of the great god Pan, or fail to realize that here
was one so evidently touched with genius that the
152 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
higher beauty of the soul was his.' Mr. Low was a
sharer of much of Stevenson's life in the frequent
visits he paid to France in the years 1875-9. He
recalls their long sitting out of dejeuners at Lavenue's
restaurant ; their glimpses of the Bohemian life of
the Parisian art student, which R. L. S. afterwards
put into The Wrecker ; but, for the greater part, the
days in Fontainebleau Forest when R. L. S. had
made himself at home in the artist community at
Siron's inn at Barbizon. The surroundings were a
relief from the straitlaced life of Edinburgh ; in
Mr. Low's pages we see his days of ' industrious idle-
ness ' in the Forest, on long walks, or book in hand
by the easel of some artist friend. We follow him
to Montigny and Grez, where, however, Mr. Low
was before him in meeting Mrs. Osbourne and her
daughter — ' the elder, slight, with delicately moulded
features and vivid eyes, gleaming from under a mass
of dark hair ; the younger of more robust type in
the first precocious bloom of womanhood.' On
Stevenson's first return to Grez after their arrival
his friends were not long, hi perceiving the line of his
affections : henceforward his former circle was
largely deserted for the lady who was to share his life.
From this time, with the exception of a brief excur-
sion from Bournemouth to Paris, when Stevenson,
Low, Henley, and Rodin, made up a dinner party,
Mr. Low's next and last personal association with
R. L. S. was to welcome him and his wife and
mother on their arrival in New York by the ' Ludgate
Hill.' The forest rambler was then famous, besieged
by pressmen, and the talk of the day in connection
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 153
with Mansfield's performance of Jekyll and Hyde.
Mr. Low's personal association lasted for a short
while longer on Stevenson's return from Saranac.
Mrs. Stevenson in San Francisco was then seeking a
yacht for the Pacific voyage, and R. L. S., in leaving
Mr. Low to join her, broke the last link with his
mixed years of illness and travel in Europe.
LYTTON'S ' FABLES IN SONG '
The first work in reviewing, of which some con-
siderable amount was done at the beginning of his
career, was a commission from Mr. John Morley
(now Lord Morley) for the ' Fortnightly Review.'
It was accomplished (at. 24) with some difficulty, and
Stevenson wrote of the paper as ' some of the deedest
rubbish that an intelligent editor ever shot into his
wastepaper basket. If Morley prints it I shall be
glad, but my respect for him will be shaken.' It
was, however, printed — in the ' Fortnightly Review,'
June 1874 — and is now included in the volume Lay
Morals. The classification of the various types of
fable which he was thus led to consider probably
provided the suggestion for his own exercises hi the
same literary form.
MACAIRE
This ' melodramatic farce ' marks the end of the
short-lived collaboration of Stevenson and Henley
in play-writing. In adapting a French play, Robert
Macaire, of the early nineteenth century, they re-
tained almost without change the features of their
original. The work was done at the suggestion of
154 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Beerbohm Tree, but was never produced during
Stevenson's lifetime. As in other instances Steven-
son was his own severest critic. To Henley he
wrote : ' Macaire is a piece of job-work, hurriedly
bockled ; might have been worse, might have been
better ; happy-go-lucky ; act it or let-it-rot piece
of business.' The piece has been played only three
tunes ; twice by the London Stage Society on
November 4, 1900, at the Strand Theatre, and on
November 8, 1900, at the Great Queen Street (now
Kingsway) Theatre, and once the following year with
Beau Austin (q.v.).
MACPHERSON, CLUNY
The chieftain of the MacPhersons, with whom
David and Alan take refuge in Kidnapped, was a
personage in the '45. Though his clan had fought
for the Pretender in 1715 Cluny professed and per-
haps intended to take the side of the Government
in the rising for Charles Edward. Possibly he was
not uninfluenced by his father-in-law, the notorious
Simon Fraser of Lovat, whose confidant he was. But
the matter was taken out of his hands by the Prince's
forces, who captured him in his own house, and
finally obtained the support of his clan from him.
Cluny seemed anxious to excuse himself — ' an angel,'
he wrote, ' could not resist the soothing close
applications of the rebels ' — but having given his
word was thenceforth staunch in the Jacobite cause.
More remarkable than his share in the Rebellion
was his defiance of the Government to take him from
his own country in the course of the subjection of
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 155
the Highlands. When other chieftains had fled to
France Cluny continued to move among his native
mountains, troops after him, and £1000 offered for
his betrayal. A chief hiding-place was the famous
' cage/ high on the face of a rocky mountain Letter-
nilichk in the recesses of Ben Alder. Here Cluny
gave safe shelter for a fortnight to Prince Charles
Edward shortly before the latter escaped to France.
For nine years after that, he continued to evade
capture, warned of the movements of the soldiers,
and communicating with his friends by his ragged
clansmen. When in 1754 he crossed to France, it
was on the Prince's orders to join him and to bring
the remainder of a sum of £27,000 left with him
after the rebellion. There is the story of Cluny
having buried large sums of the French gold that he
might afterwards lay his hands on them, but Andrew
Lang hi ' Companions of Pickle ' has shown that it
was a false charge. Cluny, who died in poverty in
Dunkirk two years after arriving in France, was a
loyal Jacobite to the end.
MANSE, THE
The paper which sketches his grandfather Dr.
Balfour, and the days spent at the latter's manse at
Colinton, is notable for Stevenson's fanciful associa-
tion of himself with his remote maternal and paternal
ancestors. When he wrote ' I have shaken a spe^ar
in the Debateable Land, and shouted the slogan of
the Elliots,' he was recalling Dr. Balfour's grand-
father, the James Balfour of Pilrig, whom he intro-
duces into Catriona, and who married a grand-
156 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
daughter of Sir Gilbert Elliot, and thus linked him
with the Border clan of the Elliots and their lives of
outlawry and brigandage in the disputed country
between Esk and Sark, which would seem to have
been in Stevenson's mind when creating the Four
Black Brothers of Weir ofHermiston for a much later
period. The mention of the West Indies is in refer-
ence to his paternal great-grandfather, Alan, a
partner with his brother Hugh in interests in the
West Indies, where both died young within a few
hours of each other as the result of exposure in
pursuing an unfaithful servant from island to island
in an open boat, a romantic tradition which it pleased
Stevenson to single out for his family's history. The
paper was contributed to ' Scribner's Magazine,'
May 1887, and is placed hi Memories and Portraits.
MARGUERITE, THE
See ' Davos Press.'
MARKHEIM
Markheim is a piece of moral allegory cast in the
rich style of Will o' the Mill, but probing far deeper
levels of man's nature. His biographer records that
it was the first outcome of the thoughts on dual
personality which were much in Stevenson's mind
during his first year at Bournemouth (1884 — at. 34),
and found sharper and more dramatic expression the
following year in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In
Markheim, it would seem, his theme was the poor
remnant of good in a character that had accepted
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 157
evil as it came ; a character that is brought to per-
ceive in the final tragedy of its life its large part of
baseness and its miserable residue of good. Who
or what is the supernatural influence that Stevenson
causes to resolve these ill-balanced elements ? The
story itself leaves the question unanswered, and
therefore it is of interest to note that Sir Sidney
Colvin, who knew Stevenson's mind at this time
better than any one else, writes of ' the dialogue of
Markheim with his other self.' Mr. Cope Cornford
interprets the apparition as Mephistopheles, while
Sir Walter Raleigh cautiously contents himself with
the phrase ' spiritual visitant.' An interpretation
which accords with the fable and with the train of
thought which prompted it, is that Stevenson
employed the figure of the visitor as a mirror in
which Markheim is made to see his soul ; with which
he debates his own shortcomings. His last embrace
of the only shred of good which he can grasp is
marked by the ' wonderful and lovely change ' in the
phantom as it disappears. And so the allegory, for
all its sinister form, ends on a more hopeful note
than Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
Markheim first appeared hi ' The Broken Shaft '
(Un win's Christmas Annual for 1885), and is appro-
priately placed in The Merry Men.
MASSON, MISS ROSALINE
Author of a brief but very comprehensive life of
Stevenson issued (1914) as one of Messrs. Jack's
' People's Books.' Miss Masson is an Edinburgh
lady, and her early chapters are correspondingly
158 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
detailed, within ttie limits of her space, in their draw-
ing of Stevenson's earlier years.
MASTER OF BALLANTRAE, THE
The plan of this ' winter's tale ' was conceived
by R. L. S. (at. 37) in the icy climate of the sana-
torium for consumptives by Saranac Lake hi the
Adirondack mountains. He had come there, in
1887, with a day or two's halt in New York, from
England, after three years' almost continuous ill-
health at Bournemouth. The essay, The Genesis
of the Master of Ballantrae, written six years later,
and included in the Edinburgh edition after his death,
has told how in the cold of a winter night the story
moulded itself in his mind. This Genesis will be
found in The Art of Writing, but letters of the tune
better show how this story of fraternal hatred had
taken possession of him. To Sir Sidney Colvin'he
wrote : ' I have fallen head over heels into a new
tale, The Master of Ballantrae. No thought have I
now apart from it. ... It is to me a most seizing
tale . . . the Master is all I know of the devil. I
have known hints of him in the world, but always
cowards ; he is as bold as a lion, but with the same
deathless, causeless duplicity I have watched with
so much surprise in my two cowards.' The first
part was written at Saranac, and the book was ac-
quired by ' Scribner's Magazine ' for serial publi-
cation. To the editor of Scribner's, Mr. E. L.
Burlingame, R. L. S. wrote of it as ' a howling good
tale/ but a rnonth of two later he was sure ' the
second part will not be near so good.' To Henry
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 159
James at this stage he was regretting the design of
the latter parts, not then written : ' They are very
picturesque, but they are fantastic ; they shame,
perhaps degrade, the beginning. I wish I knew ;
that was how the tale came to me however.' In
April 1888 Stevenson left Saranac, and in June set
sail from San Francisco hi the yacht ' Casco ' on the
Pacific voyages, which at last brought him to Samoa.
The writing of The Master was continued at Tautira,
a village of Tahiti (Society Islands), where the party
made a long stay whilst the yacht was remasted,
and was finally completed at Honolulu. The finish-
ing of the book, done whilst the earlier part was
appearing, came less easily to Stevenson. In his
sense of the hurried culmination of the tragedy in
comparison with the firmness of the first part he
anticipated the critics : ' This cursed end of The
Master hangs over me like a gallows ... it is a
difficult thing to write, above all in Mackellarese, and
I cannot see my way clear.' And again, when it was
done : ' The Master has been a sore cross to me,' and
' the hardest job I ever had to do.' Still, at the tune
of writing, he thought it contained ' more human
work than anything of mine but Kidnapped,' though
four years afterwards, just as he had finished Cawionq
his criticism of The Master was that it ' lacked all
pleasurableness, and hence was imperfect in essence.'
Lord Rosebery echoed the same criticism when he
declared he found the story ' unutterably repulsive
— the conflict of a scoundrel against a maniac
narrated by a coward. ' Still, The Master, despite the
brokenness of its story — always the weakest spot in
160 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Stevenson's longer works — sustains the sense of
moving to its final tragedy more than any other of
the novels. In no other perhaps is the interaction
of character on character so fully developed, though
Mr. Swinnerton can praise it only for its dis-
tinguished scenes, and thinks its climax a collapse.
In setting the last scenes about the year 1764
Stevenson chose as a background the still unsettled
condition of what is now New York State after the
British colonial wars against the French. The
scene of the ' wilderness ' is the mountain country
near Lake Champlain. The Sir William Johnson
with whom the expedition was undertaken was an
active figure in the British conquest of Canada,
and noted for his conciliation of Indian tribes.
The Master ran in ' Scribner's ' from November
1888 to October 1889, and was published separately
by Messrs Cassell in September 1889. It was the
first of his longer books, for which Stevenson received
a substantial sum. The preface, purporting to de-
scribe the discovery of Mackellar's papers, somewhat
after the manner of Scott, was discarded on the first
issue, but was used in the final editions, and is separ-
ately printed in Essays on the Art of Writing.
The value of a first edition is now about £i. An
author's edition (1888), privately printed for copy-
right reasons, is much rarer, and has realized over
£120.
MEMORIALS
See ' Edinburgh,' ' Exeter,' ' San Francisco,'
' Saranac,' ' Silverado Squatters.'
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 161
MEMORIES AND PORTRAITS
The essays brought together under this title are
chiefly Stevenson's reflections, ten years afterwards,
on the experiences and friendships of his youth.
They represent a proportion of his contributions of
this kind to reviews and magazines, from 1882 to
1887 (cet. 32 to 37). The book was prepared for the
press during the last few months at Bournemouth in
the interval between the death of his father and his
own final departure for America. As he then wrote
to Henley : ' Its interest will be largely autobio-
graphical, Mr. S. having sketched there the linea-
ments of many departed friends, and dwelt fondly,
and with a m'istened eye, upon by-gone pleasures.
The contract with his publishers was apparently
signed just before sailing, and the brief dedication
of the book, to his mother, written on board the
' Ludgate Hill ' when within sight of Newfoundland.
The essays are : The Foreigner at Home, Old
Mortality, Pastoral, The Manse, Thomas Stevenson,
Talk and Talkers, The Character of Dogs, A Penny
Plain and Twopence Coloured, A Gossip on Romance,
A Humble Remonstrance and A College Magazine,
Memories of an Islet (Earraid), and A Gossip on a
Novel of Dumas's were here first issued. Some
College Memories and An Old Scotch Gardener had
previously been published semi-privately hi Edin-
burgh. All are separately treated in this book
under their respective titles.
The first edition of 299 pages, published hi
1887 by Messrs. Chatto & Windus, is worth about
20S.
162 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
MEMORIES OF AN ISLET
The little island of Earraid, just off the south-
west comer of the Ross of Mull, was the headquarters
of the Stevenson firm for the building of the Dhu
Heartach lighthouse, and there R. L. S. spent three
weeks as a boy of twenty, while the work was in
progress. The island became the scene of The
Merry Men and of the wreck of the ' Covenant ' in
Kidnapped ten or fifteen years later. The paper
bearing the above title, and reviving these memories
of his engineering life, was evidently written in 1886
(at. 36). for it was subsequent to Kidnapped, and
was first published hi Memories and Portraits.
MENTONE
Six months of enforced idleness at Mentone were
the means of Stevenson's recovery from the state of
nervous exhaustion and threat of phthisis which in
October 1873, when he was nearly twenty-three,
suddenly overturned the plan he then entertained
of following the profession of advocate whilst con-
tinuing his writings. Until the May of the following
year he lived there by himself, his invalidism solaced
by two visits from his friend Colvin and by the
society of two Russian ladies and their children.
The period was almost as much a rest of the mind
from the differences with his parents, which had dis-
turbed the previous twelve months, as an escape
from the trying Edinburgh climate . But it darkened
his hopes just when his first piece of writing (Roads)
had been accepted, and explains the rather despond-
ent note of Ordered South, which was written at
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 163
Men tone. But in the spring of 1874, on his return,
the danger proved to have been averted ; for the next
three or four years he enjoyed passably good health,
and in this restoration the strained relations with his
parents passed away.
MEREDITH, GEORGE (1828-1909)
Stevenson first made Meredith's acquaintance
during a summer spent at what is now the Burford
Bridge Hotel at Box Hill, when he was twenty-
eight and Meredith fifty. Lady Butcher in her
' Memories of George Meredith ' (London : Constable,
1919) tells that she and her mother were the intro-
ducers. Stevenson then told her he was a ' true-blue
Meredith man/ and Meredith on his part prophesied
great things from Stevenson. The meeting of
the two men is the subject of an earlier paper
by Lady Butcher (when Mrs. Alice Gordon) in
the ' Bookman ' Stevenson Number. Of ' The
Egoist ' a year or two later Stevenson wrote :
' When I shall have read it the sixth or seventh
(time) I begin to see I shall know about it. I
had no idea of the matter — human red matter —
he has contrived to pack into that strange and
admirable book. ... I see more and more that
Meredith is built for immortality.' Meredith, on
the other hand, left a sketch of R. L. S. in the shape
of Gower Woodseer as that character is represented
in the first few chapters of ' The Amazing Marriage/
The book was not published until after Stevenson's
death, but in anticipating its arrival, he wrote :
' Gower Woodseer will be a family portrait, age
164 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
twenty-five, of the highly respectable and slightly
influential and fairly aged Tusitala. You have not
known that gentleman ; console yourself he is not
worth knowing. ... I shall never see whether you
have grown older, and you shall never deplore that
Gower Woodseer should have declined into the
pantaloon Tusitala.'
MERRY MEN, THE
A story which shows Stevenson's power of vividly
descriptive writing at perhaps its highest level, but
one which, as a story, has been variously criticized.
It was written in the Highlands in 1881 (at. 31), the
year after his marriage, as one of a series of tales of
horror (' crawlers,' as he called them), planned in
collaboration with his wife. Aros of the story is
the tidal islet of Earraid, famous under its own name
in Kidnapped ; the Ross of Grisapol is the Ross of
Mull ; and Ben Ryan, Ben More. The name of the
Merry Men is plainly taken from the Merry Men of
Mey, as sailors call certain rocks in the dangerous
channels of the Pentland Firth. In writing what he
called ' a fantastic sonata of the sea and wrecks '
Stevenson seems to have adopted a more complex
and subtle scheme than was commonly his plan of
construction, which perhaps is the reason why the
tale is pronounced good or bad by the critics accord-
ing to their discernment of its motive. Years after-
wards in Samoa, as reported by his biographer, he
let fall a word on the genesis of the tale : ' There are,
so far as I know, three ways, and three ways only,
of writing a story. You may take a plot and fit
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 165
characters to it, or you may take a character and
choose incidents and situations to develop it, or lastly,
you must bear with me while I make this clear '
(here he made a gesture with his hands as if he were
trying to shape something and give it outline and
form), * you may take a certain atmosphere and get
actions and persons to express and realize it. I '11
give you an example — The Merry Men. There I
began with the feeling of one of those islands on
the west coast of Scotland, and I gradually de-
veloped the story to express the sentiment with
which that coast affected me.'
Criticism, however, has gone further, namely,
in finding in the ending of the tale a desertion of the
key in which it opens. If it is true that Stevenson
adopted the highly delicate method of presenting the
fury of the sea not as a real thing, but as existing in
the mind of the crazed islander, Gordon Darnaway,
then the climax of the storm, and the manner of the
uncle's death has the air of shattering this construc-
tion, of suddenly exchanging an imagined for a very
real horror. Stevenson felt perhaps that his opening
theme suffered in the ending, for a year or two after
the tale was written, he talked of providing it with
a fresh denouement. No doubt he was persuaded
of the bad policy for an author to retouch his work.
At any rate the vigour and richness of its descriptive
qualities carry it over these alleged flaws of con-
struction, which, after all, are the business of the
literary anatomist.
The Merry Men appeared in the ' Cornhill Maga-
zine,' June and July 1882. The book to which it
166 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
gives its name contains also Will o' the Mill, Mark-
heim, Thrawn Janet, Olalla, and The Treasure of
Franchard. The first edition (Chatto & Windus,
1887) of 296 pages has a value of about £2, los.
MISADVENTURES OF JOHN NICHOLSON, THE
It is conceivable that but for Stevenson's writing
this farcical tale his stepson would not have been
the author two years afterwards of The Wrong Box.
The two have a good deal in common — hi style as
well as in the tragico-comedy adventures with a
corpse. John Nicholson is in fact one of Stevenson's
' pot-boilers/ one of the very few works of his which
he let go with the feeling that it could have been
better. But it was, as he wrote, ' a dam tale to
order : I don't love it, but some of it is passable in
its mouldy way.' This was from Bournemouth at
the end of 1886 (at. 36), just when the story had
been finished for ' Yule Tide ' (CasselTs Christmas
Annual, 1887).
The story has its personal element in its presen-
tation of the discordant relation of father and son.
There is nothing to suggest that Mr. Nicholson was
intended for Stevenson's father, but the theological
flavour of the household was of the kind which
R. L. S. tasted as a youth. For the scenes of the
Edinburgh night clubs he was going back only a
few years. Collette's was one of the ' shebeens '
where the convivially inclined of Edinburgh citizens
could obtain drink after the licensed hours. The
picture is one of forty years ago, exact hi its sense
of the severe Edinburgh streets, and moreover, in its
.
NO. 17 HERIOT ROW, EDINBURGH, THE HOME OK THOMAS STEVENSON FROM
1857 TO HIS DEATH IN 1887
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 167
description of the ' Lodge ' where the body is dis-
covered. For this Stevenson appropriated the
home (Duncliffe) of his school friend and subsequent
commentator, H. B. Baildon. The house has since
been greatly altered, no less than the suburb of
Murrayfield has largely lost its rural character.
The story is included hi the volume Tales and
Fantasies.
MODERN STUDENT CONSIDERED GENERALLY,
THE
This protest against the want of merriment in his
fellow - students was a contribution to the ' Edin-
burgh University Magazine/ February 1871 (at. 21).
It is now published in Lay Morals.
MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA
Stevenson spent nearly three months, September
to October 1879, in what was then still the primitive
Mexican town which he has chronicled in The Old
Pacific Capital (q.v.). His precipitate journey, and
particularly the last stage of it across the American
continent by emigrant train to arrange his marriage
with Mrs. Osbourne, had worn him out. He had
sought an open-air cure, camping out in the Coast
Line Mountains, where he would have died but for
the care of two ranchers. From their charge he
went down to Monterey on the bay of that name,
' a place,' as he wrote, ' where there is no summer or
winter, and pines and sand and distant hills, and a
bay all filled with real water from the Pacific/ Here
he lived in the house of a French doctor, wrote most
i68 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
of The Amateur Emigrant, and The Pavilion on the
Links, and a half of a novel, A Vendetta in the West,
which he destroyed ; took a share in producing the
local newspaper, ' The Monterey Calif ornian,' and
became a notability of the little place. In his recol-
lections the chief place is taken by the French
restaurant and its old proprietor, M. Simoneau, to
whom there are several delightful letters written
from Hy feres four years afterwards. Stevenson loved
an inn and the hospitable inn-keeper such as is
commonly found in France, and he declared that
' not one can be compared with Simoneau's at
Monterey.' It was natural for him to write : ' Et
vous, mon tres cher ami ? Comment cela va-t-il ?
Comment vous portez-vous ? Comment va le
commerce ? Comment aimez-vous le pays ? et
1'enfant ? et la femme ? Et enfin toutes les ques-
tions possibles ? £crivez-moi done bien vite, cher
Simoneau. Et quant a moi, je vous promets que
vous entendrez bien vite parler de moi : je vous
ecrirai sous peu, et je vous enverrai un de mes livres.
Ceci n'est qu'un serrement de main, from the bottom
of my heart, dear and kind old man.'
MOORS, H. J.
A prominent American trader in Apia, with whom
R. L. S. and his family stayed for some weeks on
first reaching Samoa hi the ' Equator ' in December
1889. With Mr. Moors he remained on terms of
close friendship, the basis of which appears to have
been chiefly their common interest in the disturbed
political condition of the islands. Mr. Moors it was
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 169
who negotiated the purchase of the Vailima estate,
looked after the clearing of the ground, took a share
in the planning of the house, and in many ways
acted as Stevenson's agent. This close connection
with R. L. S. in the ways of friendship and business
justifies his authorship of a little book ' With
Stevenson hi Samoa ' (Collins' Wide World Library),
which is a frankly drawn impression of R. L. S.
during the last five years of his life by one who was
previously a stranger to him. While he admired
Stevenson, Mr. Moors did not idolize him. He
writes of him, with evident sincerity, as he found
him, and his emphatic judgment is that the Stevenson
he knew was not the preacher and maker of prayers,
but a very human companion. Bohemian, uncom-
plaining, but upset, even enraged, by trifles ; an
indefatigable worker, writing at all hours and in all
places ; in high spirits, when well ; in times of ill-
health, cheerfully damning the whole universe ; as
good a listener as a talker, and with a genius for
bringing out the best in his companions. Of
Stevenson's writings, Mr. Moors, while disclaiming
the right to be a critic, is equally vigorous in con-
demning the collaboration which produced The
Wrecker, The Dynamiter, and other books. He
appears to have convinced Stevenson of the sound-
ness of this judgment, for the two were to have made
a trip together to Nassau Island, where R. L. S. was
to have devoted himself alone to his work. The
project was never carried out, for Stevenson died
while Mr. Moors was away shortly afterwards in the
States.
170 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
MORAL EMBLEMS
See ' Davos Press.'
MORALITY OF THE PROFESSION OF LETTERS,
THE
The paper on the ideals and qualities which Steven-
son believed should be those of the professional
writer was written during his first exile at Davos in
1880 (at. 30). It appeared in the ' Fortnightly
Review,' April 1881, and is placed in The Art of
Writing.
MORE, JAMES
The father of Catriona is one of the most living
pieces of character drawing in Stevenson. He was
the third son of the famous Highland freebooter
Rob Roy MacGregor. His other name of Campbell,
with which he is twitted by Alan Breck, was that
taken by his father at the time of the proscription of
the MacGregors ; it was dropped for Drummond
(the family name of Lord Perth) on his joining the
latter's levies in the '45. More, Mohr, or Mhor
(=big) is in reference to his height.
Like his father, James was a brave fighter, but
without a spark of the generosity which tradition
attributes to Rob Roy. To the day of his death he
was a plausible rascal, ready to serve his ends with
any lie or cock-and-bull story. It is easy to tell the
outside doings of his life, but his secret dealings with
both sides in and after the '45 are still very partially
disclosed. What facts about him have come to
light in later researches among Jacobite papers only
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 171
establish his reputation for treachery. Andrew
Lang in ' Pickle the Spy ' shows him to have been a
spy of the Government before the '45, and pays
tribute to the certainty with which Stevenson, un-
acquainted with these later evidences, divined the
character of the man.
Early hi his life James and another brother Ronald
came under the pale of the law, in 1736, on the charge
of a murder committed by their brother Robin Oig
(q.v.). Discharged by a verdict of Not Proven,
James was bound over in the sum of £200 to be of
good behaviour for seven years. In the '45 he
formed a corps of MacGregors from the remains of
his father's band of outlaws, and fought bravely on
the side of Charles Edward. He was wounded at
Prestonpans, and after the defeat at Culloden was
carried into the MacGregor country on a litter. On
the collapse of the rebellion he was attainted for
high treason, but appears to have made terms with
the Government which enabled him to retain his
freedom until in 1750 he was party to an outrage
which brought him into the hands of justice. This
was the abduction on December 3 of Jean Key, or
Wright, a young widow of some property whom
Robin Oig designed to marry for her fortune. The
two brothers tore her from her parents' home at
the sword's point, carried her off half senseless on
horseback, and compelled her to go through a form
of marriage with Robin. Afterwards, on her pro-
perty being sequestered by the Crown, James More
brought her to Edinburgh, where eventually she came
under the protection of the Government, and re-
172 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
mained in the charge of friends until her death in
October 1751. James in the meantime had been
arrested as the instigator of the outrage, and was
lying in prison at the time of the Appin murder, of
which (as related in the chapter on that event) he
sought to take advantage by proffering evidence
against the accused.
On his own trial in July 1752 a special verdict of
the jury acquitted him of a capital crime in the ab-
duction affair but, pending the debate upon it of the
Lord Advocate Prestongrange, James was held a
prisoner in Edinburgh Castle. Thence, however, as
is told in Catriona, he made his escape to France,
though whether with the connivance of the Govern-
ment cannot be determined. A visit to Ireland
had the ostensible purpose of raising forces for the
Stuart cause, but it is certain that after reaching
France James, while professing adherence to the
Prince, was seeking to be an agent of the Hano-
verian Government, and made the offer to entrap
Alan Breck and deliver him to England, which
Stevenson takes as the material for the latter part
of Catriona. He was in London with offers of this
kind, but the authorities judged him a man not to
be trusted ' unless his life was in danger,' and he
returned to France where the suspicions of his own
clan left him in destitution. His last state is re-
vealed in a letter to his chief, Bohaldie, beseeching
any employment to escape beggary, and asking for
the loan of the Highland bagpipes on which he
' would play some melancholy tunes.' A week
later, in October 1754, he died.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 173
MORE NEW ARABIAN NIGHTS— THE DYNA-
MITER
The only book of Stevenson's written in colla-
boration with his wife, to whose powers of invention
and descriptive writing the greater part of it is due.
It had its origin at the time of his slow and perilous
recovery from the nearly fatal illness at Hyeres in
the spring of 1884 (at. 34). Forbidden to speak and
under orders to lie in darkness, the long hours were
relieved by tales which Mrs. Stevenson made up for
his amusement. A few months afterwards, when
they had settled at Bournemouth, where Louis was
' to live the life of a delicate girl,' these stories were
drawn upon as material for a series planned on the
lines of the New Arabian Nights of six years before.
Though the form is broadly the same — a set of inter-
dependent narratives over which the long arm of
coincidence was never more widely waved — the
style is notably different from that of the previous
series. This is explained by the fact that only the
prologue and epilogue and the tale of ' The Ex-
plosive Bomb ' are Stevenson's own writing. All
the rest of the book was the invention, and the
actual writing of Mrs. Stevenson ; her husband's
share in it consisting apparently in revisions and
touches by which he was able with great facility to
impress a large measure of his own style upon his
wife's work. It is plain from a letter to Henley
(November 1884) that the book engaged the chief
part of his efforts : ' We are all to pieces in health,
and heavily handicapped with Arabs. I have a
dreadful cough whose attacks leave me tetat. 90.
174 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
I never let up on the Arabs all the same, and rarely
get less than eight pages out of hand, though hardly
able to come downstairs for twittering knees.'
From another letter of the next month, it is seen
that almost a quarter of the book was discarded,
and its place taken by entirely fresh stories. As
it was published in the following April it is obvious
that this portion — the stories of The Destroying
Angel, and of The Fair Cuban, and the Narrative
of the Spirited Old Lady — came from Mrs. Steven-
son's hand at this later stage. Discounting any
afterwork by R. L. S. upon them, their imagination
and vividness of description show Mrs. Stevenson
to have possessed gifts in this field of writing little
inferior to her husband's.
In taking the baseness and futility of the methods
of the dynamiter as the thread uniting the different
stories, Stevenson chose a subject on which he held
the strongest feelings. At the time of the Fenian
outrages two or three years before he had written
to his friend Colvin : ' I am hi a mad frenzy about
these explosions. If that is the new world ! Damn
O'Donovan Rossa ; damn him behind and before,
above, below, and roundabout ; damn, deracinate,
and destroy him, root and branch, self and company,
world without end. Amen. I write that for sport
if you like, but I will pray in earnest, O Lord, if
you cannot convert, kindly delete him.'
Attached as he was in the twenties to many ad-
vanced social ideas, Stevenson retained an utter
loathing for the principles and methods of the anar-
chists, and felt very bitterly the failure of the Govern-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 175
ment to maintain order in Ireland. Moreover,
whilst the pages of The Dynamiter were nearing com-
pletion the death of Gordon filled him with contempt
for what he regarded as the pusillanimous policy of
Gladstone. He saw England as ' daubed with dis-
honour,' and the intensity of his feelings is reflected
in his dedication of More New Arabian Nights to the
two police officers Cole and Cox (' in default of other
great public characters ') who had shown conspicu-
ous bravery in their encounters with the Irish
dynamiters.
Messrs. Longmans issued the book in April 1885 at
is. in green wrappers ; is. 6d. in red cloth. The
value of the former is now about 153. ; of the latter,
about £2. French and Spanish translations ap-
peared in 1894 and 1896 respectively.
MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)
The poet, artist, and craftsman is included here
among men having a relationship with R. L. S.
only for the reason that Stevenson a year or two
before his death wrote, but did not send, a letter
to Morris in which, while expressing the strongest
admiration of his genius, and particularly of his
renderings of Scandinavian legends, joined issue
with him as to the specific use of a word in a sense
different from its ordinary acceptation.
MOUNTAIN TOWN IN FRANCE, A
An uncompleted paper on Monastier was origin-
ally intended to form the opening chapter of Travels
with a Donkey in the Cevennes, but was omitted in
176 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
accordance with the idea of letting the book open
on the beginning of the journey. It must therefore
have been written in the winter of 1878 (at. 28), but
remained unpublished until 1896, when it appeared
in the Winter Number of the ' Studio,' accompanied
by four reproductions in facsimile of pencil draw-
ings by Stevenson of landscapes in the neighbour-
hood of Monastier. Of these the same issue contains
a warm appreciation by Mr. Joseph Pennell in an
article on ' Robert Louis Stevenson, Illustrator.
The paper is now placed in Essays of Travel.
MOVEMENTS OF YOUNG CHILDREN, NOTES
ON
The slight paper on the charm of children in action
contributed to the ' Portfolio,' August 1874, has not
been reprinted except in the collected works. The
passage in it which describes the incident of the
children at play with a skipping-rope is cited by
Sir Sidney Colvin (' The Hampstead Annual/ 1902)
as an instance from his own experience of Stevenson's
immense restraint in translating his impressions into
writing. The children's play took place outside the
house in Hampstead in which the two were lodging,
and Stevenson, in catching sight of it from a window,
was suddenly transported with extraordinary delight.
The stream of superlatives with which he called his
friend to join him marked a sensitiveness to the
beauty of such episodes which he deliberately held
in restraint when it came to writing.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 177
MYERS, FREDERICK WILLIAM HENRY (1843-
1901)
The poet and essayist, who is perhaps better known
for his interest in psychic phenomena, wrote to
Stevenson on the appearance of Jekyll and Hyde,
criticizing certain of the psychological inventions in
the story. Stevenson in his reply pleaded the haste
in which the tale was written, and admitted the
' gross error ' of Hyde's speech at Lanyon's. The
tidiness of Hyde's room hi Soho, which Myers had
evidently thought to be wrong psychologically, he
explained to have been chosen in the idea that in the
' dread, weariness, and horror of the imprisonment,'
he would tidy the room simply as an occupation.
The letter serves to show Stevenson's consideration
of the details of a work which passed through his
hands with unusual rapidity.
NEW ARABIAN NIGHTS
Stevenson's title for these tales of imagination
clearly shows what he intended their character to
be. Plainly they were not meant to be realistic.
Their stilted, artificial style is out of keeping with
such an object. They were evidently to be stories
which are entertaining in the same way that the
' Arabian Nights ' is entertaining, with just as little
pretence of realism. As a child in his grandfather's
manse at Colinton he had devoured the eastern tales ;
the New Arabian Nights, written when he was
twenty-eight, are a special form of literary invention
which came easily from Stevenson's habit of invest-
ing the most ordinary places and people with the
M
178 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
wildest romance. The stories are peculiar in that
their artificial style leaves one ungripped by the
horror of adventure, such as those of The Suicide
Club.1 But the artificiality was clearly deliberate ;
when he wanted, no one better than Stevenson
could write tales of horror — ' crawlers/ as he called
them — to make the flesh creep. He did in fact
project a series of this kind, of which only one or
two were completed. But in the New Arabian
Nights it is easy to see his precise aim at a lighter
effect. No doubt the pleasure in the technical
problem — at once Stevenson's curse, and the source
of his unequalled prose — prompted this experi-
ment. Except in The Dynamiter, which was largely
the work of his wife, the style hardly appears
elsewhere in his writings.
In a letter to R. A. M. Stevenson, R. L. S. reminded
his cousin of the conception of the New Arabian
Nights. ' The first idea of all was the hansom cabs
which I communicated to you hi your mother's
drawing-room at Chelsea. The same afternoon the
Prince de Galles and the Suicide Club were invented,
and several more, now forgotten.' The Suicide
Club was written, some of it at Swanston and
the remainder at Burford Bridge ; The Rajah's
Diamond, at Monastier (September 1878) before
starting on the journey with the donkey. The tales
appeared in the issues from June 8 to October 26,
1878, of ' London.' This was a weekly journal,
1 Although this story has been made into a Grand-Guignol
play ' Les Nuits du Hampton Club,' by MM. Mouezy-Eon and
Armont (1909). ,
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 179
founded only a year previously by an old colleague,
R. Glasgow Brown, of Stevenson's on the ' Edin-
burgh University Magazine,' and in 1878 edited by
Henley. ' Nobody,' writes Mr. Lang, ' ever read
" London," or advertized in it, or heard of it.' It
was a failure, and Stevenson's tales received the dis-
tinction, so it has been stated, of accounting, in the
estimation of more than one of the proprietors, for
the unpopularity and short life of the journal.
When separately published, however, in two volumes
by Messrs. Chatto &• Windus in 1882, a second
edition was quickly called for.
The first edition, issued at i2s., is now very scarce,
and is valued by collectors at from £30 to £40. At
the present time the volume New Arabian Nights
contains also the finer short stories of Stevenson —
The Pavilion on the Links, A Lodging for the Night,
The Sire de Maletroit's Door, and Providence and the
Guitar,
NEW POEMS AND VARIANT READINGS
The previously unpublished poems issued in 1918
by Messrs. Chatto & Windus are unfortunately not
severally identified with the stages of Stevenson's
mental development. Mr. Lloyd Osbourne in a
preface has no word of the circumstances of their
collection except to say that they were ' discovered '
and privately printed by the Bibliophile Society of
Boston. Even the two volumes of the Boston
Society in the British Museum throw no light on the
fact ; it is merely stated that the major portion of
the poems were ' unearthed ' by Mr. George S.
180 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Hellman, whose notes greatly add to the interest
of the verses. The explanation would seem to be
that the manuscripts were sold after Stevenson's
death, and the volume afterwards compiled from the
purchasers' collections. The Boston Society has,
however, classified the verses according to the
periods of Stevenson's life, and in very many cases
has stated the date of writing. It is a pity that the
English publishers should not have availed them-
selves of this research. Of the poems, some are
evidently first experiments which afterwards ob-
tained a more perfect form : for example, ' Now
When the Number of Our Years ' must have been the
genesis of Requiem. Others are imitations of con-
temporaries among which one detects the influence
of Tennyson, whilst others again are love poems,
exceeding in number the comparatively few verses
of the kind issued in his lifetime. The latter, and
the one or two heated declamations against social
conventions are the most notable because of the
further light they sjied on these less familiar sides of
Stevenson's personality.
NOT I, AND OTHER POEMS
See 'Davos Press.'
NUITS BLANCHES
The real experiences of his childhood's wakeful
nights, which are noted in this sketch, written when
he was twenty, may be compared with Young Night
Thought and Windy Nights of The Child's Garden of
Verses, where a more romantic image is conceived
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 181
of the passers-by, for whom he waited in the small
hours. The fragment was not published until in-
cluded in the Edinburgh edition, and is now placed
in Lay Morals.
NURSES
This early paper, written when he was twenty, is
notable not only for the selection of the subject by
one of his years, but as an example of the very few
occasions when Stevenson sought to strike a note
of pathos in his writings. For his sympathy with
nurses the devotion of his own had given him good
reason, though the modern generation of women
will be inclined to smile at his youthful contention
that the nurse should disappear from the ranks of
domestic servants. The paper, first issued in the
Edinburgh edition, is now published in Lay Morals.
OIG, ROBIN
The hot-headed Highlander with whom Alan
Breck has his midnight contest on the pipes at
Balquidder in Kidnapped, was the youngest of the
five sons of Rob Roy. If he appears a less discredit-
able character than his elder brother James More
(q.v.), it is only that the element of treachery in the
latter is absent. But Robert Oig (or the young)
inherited a full measure of his father's violence.
At seventeen, on the ground of a family quarrel,
he murdered Maclaren of Invernenty. He escaped
capture, and was in fact never punished for this
crime. After serving as a soldier and fighting at
Fontenoy, he returned to Scotland and lived openly
182 A BOOK OP R. L. S.
in the MacGregor country. His abduction of Jean
Key in 1750, of which his brother James More was
thought to be the instigator, is narrated in the
chapter on the latter. Robin Oig eluded capture
for over two years, but was eventually taken at a
fair at Gartmore and brought to Edinburgh in
May 1753. More than six months were allowed to
pass before he was brought to trial, conceivably for
the reason that his brother James was then hoping
to buy his life by the apprehension of Alan Breck.
But on December 24 Robert MacGregor, alias
Campbell, alias Drummond, alias Robert Oig, was
brought up on the charge of which his brother more
than a year before had evaded the full penalties.
Robin was not so fortunate. He was condemned to
death, and executed on February 14, 1754. He
made a better end than might have been expected
from one of his turbulent nature, admitting his
violence towards Mrs. Key, and showing some
concern that his sentence might remove his brother
James from further prosecution.
OLALLA
The only short story of Stevenson's having the
sudden outburst of love between man and woman
for its theme ; hi none of the longer works even is
there the same intensity of feeling. It was written
at Bournemouth towards the end of 1885 (cet. 35),
and appeared in the Christmas number of ' Court
and Society Review ' of that year ; hi 1887, placed
in The Merry Men. The scenery is imaginative —
Stevenson was never in Spain — and the contrasted
A BOOK OF R.L. S. 183
characters of mother and daughter also are imagina-
tive in the special sense, as he afterwards related in
A Chapter on Dreams, that they and the indoor set-
ting of the story came to him hi his sleep. ' Here
the court, the mother, the mother's niche, Olalla,
OlaJla's chamber, the meetings on the stair, the
broken window, the ugly scene of the bite, were all
given me in bulk and detail, as I have tried to write
them ; to this I added only the external scenery
(for in my dream I never was beyond the court), the
portrait, the characters of Felipe and the priest, the
moral, such as it is, and the last pages, such as,
alas ! they are. And I may even say that in this
case the moral itself was given me, for it arose
immediately on the comparison of the mother and
the daughter, and from the hideous trick of atavism
in the first.'
In drawing the half-witted Felipe, the repeated
antics of pleasure were invented to mark the animal-
ized nature — as Stevenson recalls in In the South
Seas (Part iv, chap, v), on remarking the same trait
in a youth of the Gilbert Islands, though with none
of the bestial quality of the Spanish degenerate.
But Olalla did not satisfy R. L. S., as it has failed
to satisfy the more fastidious of his critics. A year
afterwards he wrote of it : ' The trouble with Olalla
is that it somehow sounds false. . . . What makes
a story true ? Markheim is true ; Olalla is false ;
and I don't know why, nor did I feel it while I
worked at them ; indeed I had more inspiration
with Olalla as the style shows. ... I admire the
style of it myself more than is perhaps good for me ;
184 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
it is so solidly written. And that again brings back
(almost with the voice of despair) my unanswer-
able ' Why is it false ? ' Mr. Swinnerton answers
that he ' became too intent upon his rendering of
the idea ; his literary sense took command when his
knowledge failed/
OLD MORTALITY
The entrance of a more solemn note into Steven-
son's thought is marked by this paper written at
HySres in the winter of 1883-4 (**• 33)- In Acs
Triplex, five years before, his theme had been the
littleness of death hi its relation to everyday human
life. His own experiences hi the interval had de-
veloped a deeper feeling. He had had an illness
that was all but fatal ; and in September 1883 he
was profoundly affected by the death of his friend
Ferrier, whose character and fate are the subject
of the third part of the paper. The sobering in-
fluence of events which then touched his own circle
of friends can be seen in a comparison of these two
papers. The essay is also one which provides a
certain insight into the labour which Stevenson
spent upon these pieces. The opening portion on
the Greyfriars Cemetery in Edinburgh is evidently
a finished form of The Wreath of Immortelles, written
when he was twenty-one ; and material of the same
period was sought, as his biographer mentions, in
the shape of a letter to his mother ' all about death
and churchyards,' which had so distressed her that
she put it on the fire, but which Stevenson had not
forgotten eleven years afterwards. The paper ap-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 185
peared in ' Longman's Magazine,' May 1884, and is
placed in Memories and Portraits.
OLD PACIFIC CAPITAL
This paper on the little Californian town of Mon-
terey (q.v,) belongs to the most anxious time of
Stevenson's life, the few months which he spent in
America before his marriage to Mrs. Osbourne. He
had not shared his project with his father, and the
future held a large element of doubt for the discharge
of the financial responsibilities to be newly acquired.
Monterey at the time of his stay was on the point
of losing the character of capital of a Mexican pro-
vince, which had long survived the annexation of
the country by the American Government in 1846.
Its population remained mostly Mexican and Indian,
and provided picturesque accompaniments to the
scenic features of this coast. The religious cele-
bration which R. L. S. describes with much feeling
supplies the reminder of its foundation by Franciscan
missionaries in the eighteenth century, but within a
year or two of the date of the essay Monterey became
a fashionable resort, and has largely lost the Mexican
primitiveness which R. L. S. has chronicled. The
paper first appeared in ' Fraser's Magazine,' Novem-
ber 1880, and is now included in Across the Plains.
OLD SCOTCH GARDENER, AN
The sketch of the gentle Swanston gardener,
written in the first instance when he was twenty for
the ' Edinburgh University Magazine ' (March 1871),
is the only piece of his early work which Stevenson
186 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
reprinted after reaching an acknowledged place as
a writer. And in Memories and Portraits, where it
is purposely placed next to the paper on the Pent-
land Shepherd, John Todd, he is all apologies for it :
' The poor little piece is all tail-foremost. I have
done my best to straighten its array, I have pruned
it fearlessly, and it remains invertebrate and wordy.'
The Biblical gardener was evidently a pleasant
memory of Stevenson's to the end of his life, so that
he must even direct that in the Edinburgh edition
John and Robert, namely the essay Pastoral and
the present paper, should not be separated.
ORDERED SOUTH
The only essay in which R. L. S., during his twenty
years of precarious health, wrote from the stand-
point of the invalid. It was written early in 1874
(cet. 24) at Mentone on his coming there only a few
weeks before the appearance of his first piece of
writing which found a place in a public magazine.
Although still contemplating the profession of
advocate, the literary life was just opening to him.
All projects, were, however, set aside by his state
of ill-health, which Sir Andrew Clark pronounced
to be nervous exhaustion and a threat of phthisis.
He was ordered to winter in the Riviera, and accord-
ingly set out by himself for Mentone, where he stayed
six months. His letters from there, though many of
of them vivacious, reflect now and again the ' dis-
couraged spirit ' of the seeker after health. The
essay appeared in ' Macmillan's Magazine ' for May
1874. That R. L. S. felt that his homily needed
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 187
some rather brighter note than resignation is shown
by the addition he made to it when including it in
Virginibus Puerisque in 1891. In the meantime
the essay The Stimulation of the Alps, written in very
similar circumstances, had marked his detachment,
in all that he afterwards wrote, from his personal
infirmities.
OSBOURNE, LLOYD (1868- )
Mr. Osbourne was born in 1868, and so at the time
of Stevenson's marriage to his mother was twelve
years of age. The society of this young stepson
formed a new interest in Stevenson's life which was
very welcome to him, particularly in the years of ill-
health which followed his return from his marriage
visit to America. He provided the occasion for inter-
minable games of soldiers on the floor of their Davos
chalet, and for the publication of the Davos Press.
The writing of Treasure Island, as is described in the
chapter in that book, was undertaken for the amuse-
ment of his stepson on a wet holiday. Following his
education at Bournemouth and Edinburgh Univer-
sity, the first evidence of Mr. Osbourne's future
collaboration with his stepfather is the ticking out
on a typewriter at Saranac of the story afterwards
published with their two names as The Wrong Box.
Mr. Osbourne travelled with Stevenson to Samoa,
where he became United States Vice-Consul. His
share in The Wrecker and The Ebb Tide shows gifts
as a writer which are scarcely sustained in the novels
written after Stevenson's death, such as ' Love the
Fiddler,' 'The Renegade,' 'The Motor Maniacs,'
i88 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
and ' Baby Bullet/ With the exception of occa-
sional introductions and commentaries, his relations
with R. L. S. are represented in print only by a
chapter in ' Memories of Vailima ' (London, Con-
stable, 1903) on ' Mr. Stevenson's Home Life in
Vailima.' Here he traces Stevenson's standing
among the Samoans, very partially, to his reputation
for immense wealth, chiefly to his observance of
Samoan etiquette, and to his espousal of the cause
of the native king, Mataafa, in the face of the
disapproval of the Great Powers. A half -joking
character sketch of his stepson during the last
year in Samoa is contained in a letter of Steven-
son's to Sir James Barrie : ' Six foot, blond, eye-
glasses— British eye-glasses, too. Address varying
from an elaborate civility to a freezing haughtiness.
Decidedly witty. Has seen an enormous amount
of the world. Keeps nothing of youth, but some
of its intolerance. Unexpected soft streak for the
forlorn. When he is good he is very, very good,
but when he is cross he is horrid. Of Dutch
ancestry, and has spells known in the family as
" Cold blasts from Holland." Exacting with the
boys, and yet they like him. Rather stiff with his
equals, but apt to be very kindly with his inferiors —
the only undemonstrative member of the family,
which otherwise wears its heart upon both sleeves ;
and except for my purple patches the only mannered
one. Has tried to learn fifteen instruments ; has
learnt none, but is willing to try another to-morrow.
Signe particulier ; when he thrums or tootles on
any of these instruments, or even turns a barrel
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 189
organ, he insists on public and sustained applause,
and the strange thing is he doesn't seem to demand
any for his stories. This trait is supposed to be
unique.'
PAN'S PIPES
The romantic element hi R. L. S. eagerly re-
sponded to the mythical figure of Pan as the god of
Nature. The essay shows enjoyment of the primi-
tive conception hi preference to the cumbrous
theories of science. The sense in which he cherished
the idea is shown by a passage from a letter, contem-
poraneous with the writing of the essay : ' There is
more sense in that Greek myth of Pan than in any
other that I recollect except the luminous Hebrew
one of the Fall ; one of the biggest things ever done.
If people would remember that all religions are no
more than representations of life, they would find
them, as they are, the best representations, licking
Shakespeare.' The essay was one of the three short
papers written in 1878 (cet. 28) for the short-lived
periodical ' London ' of Henley's, and is placed hi
Virginibus Puerisque.
PASTORAL
The companion essay of An Old Scotch Gardener
(q.v.), and thus placed next to it hi Memories and
Portraits, is of later date. It was not published
until 1887 — ' Longman's Magazine,' April — though
very probably written earlier. To Stevenson's
friendship with the Pentland shepherd may clearly
be traced the adventures of the drover in S*. Ives —
190 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
as great a piece of realism as any in his writings.
John Todd had driven flocks to England in his
young days, and it was in the tales of these travels,
heard as a boy in the Pentland Hills, that the chapter
hi which Sim and Candlish guide St. Ives out of
Scotland has its origin.
PAVILION ON THE LINKS, THE
The combined breadth of the Atlantic and the
American continent separates the scene of this ab-
sorbing tale of a wild bit of Scottish shore — Steven-
son's first tale of any length — from the spot where
it was written — Monterey (q.v.) on the Califomian
coast. He was almost without means, for he had
not attempted to share the project of his marriage
with his father. His immediate future was far
from certain, and he felt it necessary to turn his
writings into money. To Henley he wrote : ' Here-
with the Pavilion on the Links, grand carpentry story
in nine chapters, and I should hesitate to say how
many tableaux. Where is it to go ? God knows.
It is the dibbs that are wanted. It is not so bad,
though I say it ; carpentry, of course, but not bad
at that ; and who else can carpenter in England, now
that Wilkie Collins is played out ? . . . I send it to
you, as I daresay Payn will help, if all else fails.
Dibbs and speed are my mottoes.' He was after-
wards astonished when Leslie Stephen used it in
the ' Cornhill Magazine ' (September and October
1880), but Sir Conan Doyle in ' Mr. Stevenson's
Methods in Fiction/ contributed to the ' National
Review,' four years before Stevenson's death,
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 191
declared it to be the high-water mark of his genius,
and to be enough, without another line, ' to give a
man a permanent place among the great story-tellers
of the race.' The scene of the tale is believed to be
Dirleton in East Lothian, midway between Tantallon
and Gullane, familiar to Stevenson as a boy, and
pictured even more vividly ten years afterwards in
Catriona. In the collected works, the Pavilion is
included in New Arabian Nights.
PENNELL, JOSEPH (1860- )
The artist and illustrator appears among Steven-
son's correspondents in reference to a book, an illus-
trated ' Canterbury Pilgrimage,' which he and his
wife had dedicated to R. L. S. Some years previ-
ously it had been proposed that Stevenson and
Mr. Pennell should make a canoe voyage of the
Rhone, from source to mouth, together. Stevenson,
as Mr. Pennell has said, gave up the scheme, since
it was perfectly certain they would both be drowned,
and the only question was — where. Mr. Pennell's
high opinion of Stevenson's amateur work as an
illustrator has already been mentioned in the notes
on the Davos Press (q.v.).
PENNY PLAIN AND TWOPENCE COLOURED, A
The toy theatre which delighted his invalid days
as a Child of six, and afterwards absorbed his boy-
hood's pocket money, was a thing still so real to the
grown-up Stevenson that at thirty-four he could
write to a correspondent who had sought his advice
on matters of conduct : ' I gather that you are a
192 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Skeltist ; now seriously that is a good beginning ;
there is a deal of romance (cheap) in Skelt. Look
at it well, you will see much of Dickens. And even
Skelt is better than conscientious grey back gardens,
and conscientious dull, still lives. The great lack of
art just now is a spice of life and interest; and I
prefer galvanism to acquiescence in the grave.' At
the time of writing the paper in 1883 (at. 33) he had
to regret that the productions of Skelt were no longer
to be had. The present writer recalls a set having
been included in the catalogue of a London auction
sale, and his disappointment that it was not offered.
Some Stevensonian perhaps had stolen a march on
him. The paper first appeared in the ' Magazine
of Art ' (April 1884), then edited by Henley, to
whom Stevenson wrote, apropos of the use of illus-
trations : ' The Skelt will be as like a Charles Lamb
as I can get it. The writer should write, and not
illustrate pictures, else it 's bosh.' Most appro-
priately it forms one of the essays of Memories and
Portraits.
PENTLAND RISING, THE
The first published work of Stevenson, written
when he was sixteen, celebrated the second centenary
of an event of Scottish history which is so named
as to give it a closer association with the Pentland
country of R. L. S. than is the fact. The first rising
of the Covenanting Presbyterians against the forms
and practices of the Church of England which
Charles n. sought to impose by force on the Scottish
people began in Galloway, but happened to end
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 193
fourteen days later at Rullion Green in the Pentland
Hills, where the Covenanters were defeated. The
memory of these martyrs in the Covenanting cause
is preserved by a monument erected in 1738 in the
place of their death ; and in the ' Preaching Field/
about a mile away, a service is held every summer in
celebration of their fight for religious independence.
As a boy Stevenson had begun a tale of the Rising,
but on his father's suggestion the historical narrative
was written. A hundred copies were printed with-
out any statement of its authorship, but his father
afterwards bought in as many as possible, so that
the twenty-two-page pamphlet in green covers is
rare, having a value of about £20 among collectors.
The paper was not included in the Edinburgh edition,
but is now reprinted in the volume Lay Morals.
PEPYS, SAMUEL
The paper on Pepys was the last of the Familiar
Studies of Men and Books, written at Davos in the
whiter of 1880-1 (at. 31), and published first in the
' Cornhill Magazine/ July 1881. Like the earlier
papers on Burns, Thoreau, and Villon, it leans more
towards a disparaging presentation of its subject
than is perhaps warrantable, although Stevenson
in the self-critical notes prefaced to the book thought
that he had been ' amply just ' to Pepys. Parts in
it have been criticized as complete misinterpretations
of particular passages hi the ' Diary/ And indeed
it may be thought that whereas Stevenson pays a full
tribute to Pepys as the diarist and the boyish enjoyer
of life, he is cynically critical of the disparity between
N
194 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Pepys's secret confessions and the professed respect-
ability of his life. Here, as in the case of Villon, any
injustice of the portrait arose from a judgment into
which nineteenth-century standards had too large
a part.
PHILLIPS, ALFRED R.
The writer to whom Stevenson refers in the pre-
face to The Black Arrow, as his rival for the approval
of the readers of ' Young Folks.' The preface was
written hi 1888. Mr. Phillips must have finished
many stories since that time, but only three of them
are at present catalogued in the British Museum.
They are ' Faust — A Weird Story,' ' Love and
Death,' and ' A Fight for Fame,' each forming a
complete issue of the ' Home Library of Powerful
Dramatic Tales,' published by the same firm for
which Stevenson wrote Treasure Island, The Black
Arrow, and Kidnapped.
PHILOSOPHY OF NOMENCLATURE, THE
In elaborating the dictum in ' Tristram Shandy '
that a name inspires or depresses its owner's achieve-
ments, Stevenson exhibited that sense of the fitness
of a name which is among a novelist's qualifications.
It is long after this paper in the ' Edinburgh Univer-
sity Magazine,' April 1871, that we find him revelling
in the sound of names like ' Jerry Abershaw,'
' Ramsay Traquair,' and the name he thought most
fitting to its setting, Mr. Soulis of Balweary in
Thrawn Janet. The paper is now published in Lay
Morals.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 195
PHILOSOPHY OF UMBRELLAS, THE
The satirical quality of Stevenson's humour has
its first example in this early paper contributed to
the ' Edinburgh University Magazine/ February
1871, and now placed in Lay Morals. Its gentle de-
rision of the umbrella as the symbol of ' all those
homely and solid virtues implied in the term, Re-
spectability/ is likewise a youthful expression of his
own practical philosophy, which perhaps prompted
him to mention the paper for inclusion in the Edin-
burgh edition, for the sentiment of this paper of his
twenty-first year can be traced continuously through-
out his writings.
PINERO, SIR ARTHUR WING (1855- )
A lecture delivered in Edinburgh by Sir Arthur
Pinero in 1903 on ' Robert Louis Stevenson as a
Dramatist ' is perhaps the best piece of criticism of
the plays in which R. L. S. collaborated with Henley.
The greatest living playwright, like other critics,
can find little to commend in the Henley-Stevenson
plays. Giving R. L. S. a larger share in their merits
and defects than may be thought just, he sees in
their lack of stagecraft Stevenson's view of the stage
as a game of play, the ' Penny Plain and Twopence
Coloured ' of his toy theatre days. Keenly alive to
the intricate elements in the making of a piece of
literary art, he ignored the equally technical but
altogether distinct art required of the playwright.
Thus for all their beauty of words, Sir Arthur Pinero
cannot find in the plays ' the beauty of dramatic
fitness to the character and the situation.' This
196 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
contribution to Stevensonian criticism would not
be included here but for the fact that after having
been privately printed, it has been published by the
Dramatic Museum of Columbia University (New
York, 1914) with an introduction by Clayton
Hamilton.
PINKERTON
Pinkerton in The Wrecker had his original in
S. S. McClure, the American publisher, of whose
energetic and apparently random methods Stevenson
had had a glimpse during the few months spent in
America on his second visit.
PLAYS OF W. E. HENLEY AND R. L. STEVENSON
The volume thus titled and published by Mr.
Heinemann in 1896 includes the four pieces : Deacon
Brodie, Beau Austin, Admiral Guinea, and Robert
Macaire. Its present value is about the same as its
issue price, viz. los. 6d.
PRAYERS
The prayers written in Samoa and used in the
gatherings of the Vailima family and their native
servants, were first published in the Edinburgh
edition, and were issued separately in 1905, with a
preface by Mrs. Stevenson. That titled ' Sunday/
and beginning, ' We beseech Thee, Lord, to behold
us with favour . . . ' was read at Stevenson's burial.
PREFACE TO ' THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE '
See ' Master of Ballantrae, The.'
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 197
PRELUDE
At the head of these verses belonging to his twenty-
first year, and of which a courageous rule of life is
the motif, Stevenson had written : ' When first I
began to take an interest in the poor and the sorrow-
ful/ The verses are among those lately published in
New Poems and Variant Readings.
PRIDEAUX, W. F. (1840-1914)
The late Colonel Prideaux, collector, bibliophile,
and bibliologist, was the author of ' A Bibliography
of the Works of Robert Louis Stevenson/ first pub-
lished in 1903, and since his death issued in a second
edition (London, Frank Rollings, 1917), with re-
visions and additions by Mrs. Luther S. Livingston,
who is assistant librarian in the Harry Elkins
Widener Memorial Library, Cambridge, Mass. The
late Mr. Widener possessed a great collection of first
editions and rarer literature of Stevenson, and was
a collaborator with Colonel Prideaux in the first
compilation of the bibliography.
PRINCE OTTO
Stevenson's second longer work of fiction, and the
greatest imaginable jump from the buccaneering
story of Treasure Island with which he first came
before a large public. Prince Otto is difficult to
classify ; it is not, as R. L. S. wrote, ' a romance,
nor yet a comedy, nor yet a romantic comedy, but
a kind of preparation of some of the elements of all
these in a glass jar.' It is, more than anything else,
a piece of Stevenson's paradoxical philosophy
igS A BOOK OF R. L. S.
wrought into a story which, for one thing, has a very
slender interest and, for another, is all the while
very near to being overwhelmed by the rich beauty
of its writing. Stevenson's theme seems to be :
Let us have done with this artifical life of courts
which chokes a man's healthy tastes, and is a breed-
ing ground for vanity and scandal. Such is the
interpretation which the story bears from his de-
claration to Henley that ' the romance lies precisely
in the freeing of two spirits from these court in-
trigues.' The delicacy with which this motive is
woven into the picture of the affairs of Otto and his
princess may justify the opinion, often expressed,
that the book is the touchstone for the true Steven-
sonian, but it will not deter the critical reader from
thinking it the least successful of Stevenson's
longer works. The great charm and abundance of
its literary body — perhaps the highest level of writ-
ing, as writing, which Stevenson reached — over-
power both its moral basis and its thin dramatic
quality. The one needs to be searched for ; the
other is never intense with life.
Stevenson had a technical reason to proffer for
the unreality of Prince Otto, viz., unsteadiness of key.
It was this, as he wrote to an American friend,
C. W. Stoddard, ' which spoils the book, and often
gives it a wanton air of unreality and juggling with
air-bells.' Its defect comes ' from the too great
realism of some chapters and passages — some of
which I have now spotted, others I daresay I shall
never spot — which disprepares the reader for the
cast of the remainder. Any story can be made true
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 199
in its own key ; any story can be made false by the
choice of a wrong key of detail or style. Otto is
made to reel like a drunken — I was going to say man,
but let us substitute cipher — by the variations of
the key.'
A further explanation is that, unlike his finest
longer works which were begun and finished within
a few months, Prince Otto was in Stevenson's mind
for years. Originally it was a play ' Semiramis ' in
blank verse, belonging to his very young days, when
many lengthy manuscripts were finished and de-
stroyed. At Monterey in 1879, as he tells in the de-
dication, he had drafted the story in brief. Its title
then was The Forest State, afterwards The Greenwood
State ; and a letter written to Henley from San
Francisco early in the next year shows that scenes
and characters were then fully planned. It was put
aside until the spring of 1883 (eet. 33) at Hyeres,
when, after three months of serious ill-health, he
took it up with vigour. It made progress through a
summer of reasonably good health, was delayed by
two almost fatal illnesses hi the following year, and
was not finally completed until after leaving Hyeres
for Bournemouth in the latter part of 1884. We
have it from Sir Graham Balfour that the work hung
fire hi Stevenson's hands at the point where the
Countess Von Rosen takes her part in the affairs of
the Prince and Princess, and that R. L. S. re-wrote
these chapters eight times before they satisfied him.
He might well say to his friend Low that the book
' had been long gestated, and is wrought with care,'
but the admission is significant of the difference
A BOOK OF R. L. S.
between Prince Otto and books like Treasure
Island and Kidnapped which came freely from
his hand.
On the characters, R. L. S. in a letter to Lloyd
Osbourne, declared that Otto was drawn from his
cousin R. A. M. Stevenson. The portrait, it would
seem, is only of R. A. M.'s surprising doublings and
twistings in friendly controversy, and no more a
full picture than is the pirate Silver one of W. E.
Henley. A single trait in a friend was material
enough for Stevenson in creating a character by a
process of transplantation. The same method no
doubt explains his confession that the demi-rep
Countess von Rosen had her original in the very
charming Russian lady, Mdme. Zassetsky, to whom
Stevenson was indebted for much kindness during
the months of his first invalidism at Men tone. The
Countess, the most living figure in the Dresden-
China world of Griinewald, was, according to R. L. S.,
one of the only two women character parts which
had pleased him — an opinion given before the
younger and elder Kirsties in Weir of Hermiston had
formed themselves hi his mind.
Prince Otto was published in ' Longman's Maga-
zine,' April to October 1885, and in book form by
Messrs. Chatto & Windus in November of the
same year. It met with no particular favour, and
Stevenson himself records one paper accepting it as
a child's book, and another describing it as a Gilbert
Comedy. Copies of the first edition are scarce and
realize about £11. The book has been dramatized
on at least two occasions, and exists in a notable
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 201
French translation by Mr. Egerton Castle (John
Lane, 1896).
PROVIDENCE AND THE GUITAR
The delightful vignette from the fortunes of a pair
of strolling actors had its originals in real life.
M. Leon Berthelini, whose real (or perhaps stage)
name has been given as De Vauversin, lodged for a
while with his Bulgarian wife in the kitchen of
Siron's inn at Barbizon when R. L. S. was there.
Their poverty, as in the story, had a more pathetic
side to it than the boorishness of Commissaries of
Police and inn-keepers. Their only child had to be
left in the charge of a peasant woman while they
were upon their travels ; it had come by a fall, and
was a hunchback. The picture is one after Steven-
son's heart — the almost penniless actor unruffled
amidst his misfortunes, and returning the contumely
of brutish officials in the grand manner of the Count
Almaviva of Beaumarchais' ' Marriage of Figaro.'
The story was written in 1878 (at. 28), when, staying
at Cambridge with his friend Colvin, and on its
publication in ' London,' November 2 to 23, 1878,
Stevenson sent the money he received for it to the
' Berthelinis.' In the collected works the story is
placed in New Arabian Nights.
PULVIS ET UMBRA
' A Darwinian sermon,' Stevenson wrote, he might
have called this paper in which, while accepting the
doctrines of Darwin which then agitated the religious
world, he sought to affirm a moral motive running
202 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
through the darkest chapters of creation, to be de-
tected in the lowest specimens of mankind. In its
large phrases and terrific effect it marks the change
of his mind to the more serious cast which his friends
observed in him after the long succession of illnesses
which finally drove him to America in 1887. It
was written soon after his arrival there (cet. 37) for
the Scribner series, and of it he wrote : ' It is true,
and I find it touching and beneficial to me at least.'
And afterwards when the paper was published he
sent a characteristic letter to a close friend (a lady)
in England, whose feelings, he feared, might be
hurt by it. To her he wrote : ' But I find that to
some people this vision of mine is a nightmare, and
extinguishes all ground of faith in God or pleasure
in man. . . . And I could wish in my heart that I
had not published this paper if it troubles folk too
much ; all have not the same digestion nor the same
sight of things. . . . But yet I may add this : if my
view be everything but the nonsense that it may be
— to me it seems self-evident and blinding truth —
surely of all things it makes this world holier. There
is nothing in it but the moral side — but the great battle
and the breathing times with their refreshments. I
see no more and no less. And if you look again,
it is not ugly, and it is filled with promise/
The paper appeared hi ' Scribner's Magazine,'
April 1888, and is placed in Across the Plains.
RAEBURN, SOME PORTRAITS BY
The appreciation of the work of the Scottish artist,
written in 1876 (cet. 26), on the occasion of an ex-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 203
hibition of his portraits in Edinburgh, is one of the
very few papers which had to wait for publication
in book form. It was successively declined by the
' Comhill Magazine/ the ' Pall Mall Gazette,' and
' Blackwood's Magazine/ and was reserved for in-
clusion in Virginibus Puerisque, where it is the least
in key with the other essays of that volume. The
paper is notable for the superlative interest it dis-
plays in the Scots judge, Lord Braxfield, long after-
wards the original of Weir ofHermiston. In a letter
written two days before his death Stevenson ac-
knowledged receiving from Edinburgh an engraving
' from that same Raeburn portrait that I saw in '76
or '77 with so extreme a gusto that I have ever since
been Braxfield's humble servant.'
RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (1861- )
The two elements in Stevenson's writings, style
and romance, are specially the subject of a warm
appreciation by the present Professor of English
Literature at Oxford University. His essay, pub-
lished as ' Robert Louis Stevenson ' by Edwin
Arnold in 1895, was the first literary judgment of
Stevenson's whole work, and has lost nothing of its
value as a study of the qualities in which Stevenson's
writings are pre-eminent.
RANDOM MEMORIES
Under this title are issued the papers on Fife and
on the Education of an Engineer in Across the Plains,
and the later piece, Rosa quo Locorum included in
Essays of Travel.
204 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
REALISM, A NOTE ON
This paper on the difference between realism and
idealism in literature, which Stevenson regarded as
one purely of detail, was written at Hyeres hi 1883
(at. 33) for the ' Magazine of Art,' where it appeared
in November of the same year. ' I have written a
breathless note on Realism for Henley ; a fifth part
of the subject hurriedly touched.' ' Realism,' he
continued hi the same letter to R. A. M. Stevenson,
' I regard as a mere question of method. . . . Real
art, whether ideal or realistic, addresses precisely the
same feeling, and seeks the same qualities — signi-
ficance or charm. And the same — very same — in-
spiration is only methodically differentiated accord-
ing as the artist is an arrant realist or an arrant
idealist. Each, by his own method, seeks to save
and perpetuate the same significance or charm ;
the one by suppressing, the other by forcing detail.
. . . All other realism is not art at all — but not at
all. It is then an insincere and showy handicraft.'
The paper is now included in The Art of Writing.
REFLECTIONS AND REMARKS ON HUMAN LIFE
The paragraphs which make up this rather mis-
cellaneous chapter on morals were apparently
written (not with the idea of their publication) at
considerable intervals of time. At any rate they
are not directly related to one another. Their time
of writing is not exactly known ; apparently it was
about 1878 (cet. 28). The paragraphs are labelled:
Justice and Justification ; Parent and Child ;
Solitude and Society ; Selfishness and Egoism ;
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 205
Right and Wrong ; Discipline of Conscience ;
Gratitude to God ; Blame ; Marriage ; Idleness
and Industry ; Courage ; Results of Action.
Placed among them is the fragment, written at
Monterey, 1879, Dialogue on Character and Destiny
between Two Puppets, in which in the form of a fable,
Stevenson debates free-will and predestination. It
is the passage labelled ' Selfishness and Egoism/
which was singled out by Henley in his bitter review
of the Life of Stevenson as holding up the pattern
of Stevenson himself : ' An unconscious, easy, selfish
person shocks less, and is more easily loved than one
who is laboriously and egotistically unselfish.
There is at least no fuss about the first ; but the
other parades his sacrifices, and so sells his favours
too dear. Selfishness is calm, a force of nature ;
you might say the trees were selfish. But egoism is
a piece of vanity ; it must always take you into its
confidence ; it is uneasy, troublesome, seeking ; it
can do good, but not handsomely ; it is uglier
because less dignified than selfishness itself. But
here I perhaps exaggerate to myself, because I am
the one more than the other, and feel it like a hook
in my mouth at every step I take. Do what I will
this seems to spoil all/ The fragment was first
published in the Edinburgh edition, and is not cur-
rently issued.
RETROSPECT, A
This fragment, written on a visit to Dunoon in
1870 (at. 20), is one of the earliest of Stevenson's
writings which express his clear-eyed recollection
206 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
of his childhood, the real way in which he lived again
and enjoyed the past. He loves Hazlitt for this
community in their experiences, and uses the words
which have since become the symbol of one side of
his personality — ' Et ego in Arcadia vixi.' The
fragment was not published until its inclusion in the
Edinburgh edition.
RICE, RICHARD ASHLEY (1878- )
Professor of English Literature at Smith College,
United States, and author of ' Robert Louis Steven-
son : How to know him ' (Indianapolis, The Bobbs-
Merrill Company, 1916), a very understanding study
of Stevenson's personality and writings. Mr. Rice
takes Stevenson's books as a true mirror of his life,
the best of them corresponding with the best of his
hopes, and in thus placing the phases of his tempera-
ment and the circumstances of his career year by
year against his writings produces a work which is
a very penetrating character sketch, as well as a
most discerning piece of literary criticism. In the
latter respect it may well take the place of the
volume of Mr. L. Cope Cornford (q.v.), now out of
print.
ROADS
The first piece of writing for which R. L. S. received
payment in the ordinary way from a magazine. The
essay, which commends the quiet, undistinguished
landscape, and points the mental enjoyment of
journeying here and there along country roadways,
was planned whilst on the visit to a cousin, Mrs.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 207
Churchill Babington, at Cockfield Rectory, near
Bury St. Edmunds hi 1873 (set. 23), which was
memorable as his first meeting with his lifelong
friend Colvin (now Sir Sidney Colvin) and his wife,
then Mrs. Sitwell. In Mrs. Sitwell he found a most
sympathetic adviser in the conflicting circumstances
of his life. Thus on his return to Edinburgh it is to
her that he writes : ' I have finished Roads to-day,
and send it off for you to see. The Lord knows
whether it is worth anything — some of it pleases
me a good deal, but I fear it is quite unfit for any
possible magazine. However, I wish you to see it,
as you know the humour in which it was conceived,
walking alone and very happily about the Suffolk
highways and byways on several splendid sunny
afternoons. ... I have looked over Roads again,
and am aghast at its feebleness.'
The essay was published in the ' Portfolio,'
December 1873, then edited by P. G. Hamerton,
and signed ' L. S. Stoneven.' This was the only
pseudonym ever used by Stevenson, with the excep-
tion of the ' Captain George North ' employed for
Treasure Island and The Black Arrow on their serial
publication. The paper is now included hi editions
of Essays of Travel. Its class of subject— outdoor
effects and scenes — is one on which Stevenson first
chiefly practised his literary art — with great advan-
tage to the charm of his later works of incident
and romance. The reference in the essay to the
engineer who followed Hogarth's line of beauty in
laying down a road is to its author's grandfather,
Robert Stevenson (q.v.).
208 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
ROB AND BEN; OR THE PIRATE AND THE
APOTHECARY
See ' Davos Press.'
RODIN, AUGUSTS (1840-1917)
Stevenson was introduced to the French sculptor
by Henley on a short visit from Bournemouth to
Paris in 1886, and appears immediately to have
formed as great an admiration of the man as of the
artist. His letter acknowledging the gift of a cast
of ' Le Printemps,' which Rodin had sent him, is in
a vein of warm regard. A group of Rodin's was
among the few works of art which he carried to
Samoa, from which it may be thought that, at a time
when Rodin had still to receive the appreciation of
English critics, Stevenson shared all Henley's en-
thusiasm of his genius.
ROMANCE, A GOSSIP ON
Although passages in this paper expressly contra-
dict the statement, Stevenson's conception of ro-
mance was adventure — moving incidents, threatened
dangers or hidden treasure. His tales all correspond
with this interpretation and, if he perceived other
forms of romance, they lay outside the models which
he had cherished from childhood. He was not en-
tirely joking when he wrote to Cosmo Monkhouse :
' To confess plainly, I had intended to spend my
life (or any leisure I might have from piracy upon
the high seas) as the leader of a great horde of
irregular cavalry, devastating whole valleys. I can
still, looking back, see myself in many favourite
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 209
attitudes : signalling for a boat from my pirate ship
with a pocket handkerchief, I at the jetty end, and
one or two of my bold blades keeping the crowd at
bay ; or else turning in the saddle to look back at
my whole command (some five thousand strong)
following me at the hand gallop up the road out of
the burning valley ; this last by moonlight.' With
this intense, if unconscious, personal bias it is no
wonder that the paper was hard writing. To
Henley, who appears to have suggested the subject,
he wrote : ' I have certainly been a fortnight over
this Romance, sometimes five hours a day ; and yet
it is about my usual length — eight pages or so — and
would be a d d sight better for another curry
. . . it is all loose ends ; if ever I do my book on the
Art of Literature I shall gather them together and
be clear.' The paper appeared in ' Longman's
Magazine/ November 1882, and is included in
Memories and Portraits,
ROSA QUO LOCORUM
This unfinished paper is a piece of Stevenson's
literary autobiography in its reminiscences of the
imagery which, as an infant, he created for himself
from the simple lines of the metrical version of the
Psalms read to him by his nurse. By ' Cummy,'
too, he had read to him, ' Robinson Crusoe/ The
Swiss Family Robinson/ and Captain Mayne Reid,
the latter, it may be thought, with some expurgation
of dialogue. On account of the opinion expressed
in the paper of Stevenson's order of preference for
Scott's novels it is worthy of note that it was written
o
2io A BOOK OF R. L. S.
about 1891 (at. 41). It was not published until in-
cluded in the Edinburgh edition, and is now placed in
Essays of Travel.
ST. GAUDENS, AUGUSTUS (1848-1907)
The Irish-American sculptor was a student of his
art in Paris, and a friend of Mr. Will H. Low during
the years that Stevenson was making his flying visits
to the latter hi the capital and at Barbizon. But
R. L. S. and St. Gaudens did not meet until Steven-
son's arrival in America in 1887, when the sculptor
immediately became a devoted admirer, and within
the few weeks which elapsed before Stevenson de-
parted to the Saranac sanatorium made the medallion
of him which afterwards in a modified form was
chosen for the memorial in St. Giles's, Edinburgh.
Originally the design was circular, and the inscrip-
tion was the lines beginning ' Youth now flees on
feathered foot ' (No. XI. of Underwoods), which
Stevenson had sent to Mr. Low in acknowledgment
of a dedication of an illustrated edition of Keats's
' Lamia.' In the production of the memorial these
verses were replaced (according to Mr. Low, at the
dictation of the Church authorities) by the words
of one of the Prayers written by Stevenson at Vailima.
ST. IVES
This tale of adventure, for the most part in a strain
of romantic comedy, belongs to the last two years of
Stevenson's life. If in respect to any of his writings
it were wished, by seizing on phrases, to convict
him out of his own mouth of having been guilty of a
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 211
' pot boiler/ St. Ives is the book. ' A mere story/
he wrote to Barrie, ' to tickle gudgeons and make
money for a harmless family/ The sentiment is so
unlike R. L. S., is so out of tune with his lifelong
effort to give the world only the best of his art, that
it is felt there must have been something in his cir-
cumstances to account for the lowering of his stan-
dard which the phrase implies. A reading of his
letters, and particularly those to his closest friends
written during these last two years, discloses here
and there a state of despondency and anxiety such
as had been foreign to his temperament until this
time. Although on the whole his health in Samoa
had been marvellously better than in Europe,
recurrences of illness showed how insecure was his
tenure of life ; a sense of failing power in his work
could not be dispelled, and, like Dickens and
Thackeray, he was concerned to make provisions for
his family. These things plainly coloured the view
which Stevenson took of St. Ives at a later stage, but
as the book remained unfinished at his death, the
ultimate fate which it might have suffered, had he
lived to deal with it, can only be a matter for con-
jecture.
At any rate St. Ives was embarked on as ' a huge
alleviation ' of an attack of influenza in January
1893. As a relief from the physical labour of writing,
the plan was then adopted, for the first time, of
dictating the story to his stepdaughter, Mrs. Strong,
who for a year or two had acted as his amanuensis.
In this way ' Anne/ as the story was called be-
tween them, made rapid progress at its beginning,
212 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Stevenson on some days dictating throughout the
fore- and afternoon from notes made by lamplight
in the early morning. Mrs. Strong in ' Vailima
Memories/ relates his unconscious acting of the
parts of his characters, bowing and twisting his
moustache as he delivered the lines of St. Ives in
the scene at Swanston cottage where he is enter-
tained after his escape. Then, a fortnight later,
the threatening of a haemorrhage stopped ' Anne's '
progress. Forbidden to speak or write more than a
word or two R. L. S. pencils on a slate : ' Allow me
to introduce Mr. Dumbley.' To keep the story going
' Anne ' was then spelt out by Stevenson on his
fingers, and at this snail's pace during several days
some pages added to the manuscript. Yet with the
return of better health it made slow progress ;
Stevenson seems to have felt a loss of command
over the narrative after St. Ives, in Chapter X., had
left Scotland, and to add to his troubles, early in the
following year he had to ' change the first half of it
from top to bottom.' The late arrival of a book
from Edinburgh showed that he had got the dress
of his characters all wrong. ' How could I have
dreamed the French prisoners were watched over
like a female charity school, kept hi a grotesque
livery, and shaved twice a week. And I had made
all my points on the idea that they were unshaved
and clothed anyhow.'
Still the book failed to satisfy its author : ' It is
a mere tissue of adventures ; the central figure not
very well or very sharply drawn ; no philosophy,
no destiny. ... If it has a merit to it, I should say
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 213
it was a sort of deliberation and swing to the style
which seems to me to suit the mail coaches and post-
chaises with which it sounds all through. . . . 'Tis
my most prosaic book/ In this mood the story was
persevered in within hearing of the gunfire from
the warships which were then bombarding Samoan
' rebels ' into submission. Mrs. Strong tells how
in the middle of the chapter of the claret-coloured
chaise a body of chiefs arrived to express their thanks
for the liberation from prison, which they owed to
Stevenson, and to insist, as a sign of their gratitude,
on the making of the road (' of the Loving Heart ')
which soon afterwards formed an approach to the
Vailima estate. It is perhaps not surprising that,
with war at his doors and feeling ill-content with the
story, Stevenson should have put St. Ives aside. It
was not touched again, for with a revulsion of energy
he turned again to Weir ofHermiston, in which during
the last two months of his life, he found himself
suddenly at his highest level of inspiration.
The beginning of the story, the escape of St. Ives
from the Castle of Edinburgh, very probably came
into Stevenson's mind, as Mr. Neil Munro has sug-
gested, from his recollection of a paper in an old
volume of ' Chambers's Miscellany.' This is a trans-
lation from the French of a ' Story of a French
Prisoner hi England,' in which the incidents — a duel,
the descent from the Castle Rock — are those of
Stevenson's opening of the tale. In taking his hero
then to the Pentland Hills, he was re-visiting the
most familiar scenes of his boyhood. Swanston
Cottage, as everybody knows, was his country home.
214 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
The Hunter's Tryst was at the period of the story
the meeting-place of the Sixfoot Club by which
St. Ives was hospitably received. Scott and Hogg
(the Ettrick Shepherd) were among its frequenters.
Another picture of the Edinburgh life of the
time is brightly painted in the escapades of the
mock university of Cramond, then a solitary vil-
lage on the Firth of Forth, but now almost joined
to Edinburgh by houses and railway. As pictures
of places these are the best parts of the book. The
journeys which St. Ives makes in England have not
the same air of realism, for Stevenson knew the
English country-side only enough for it to appear
' foreign ' in his Scottish eyes, and was just as little
at home in his drawing of the rustic Rawley, whose in-
cessant small talk is the least real thing hi the story.
But St. Ives is unique among his books in revealing
Stevenson's command of pathos. Nowhere else,
except in one or two essays, has he sought to invoke
the feelings which are stirred by the figure of the old
French colonel who has broken his parole in the
hope of standing by the bedside of his dying
daughter. No more than a sketch, it ranks hi
tenderness of feeling with the familiar masterpieces
of its kind in Thackeray and Sterne.
52. Ives, completed by Sir A. Quiller-Couch, ap-
peared first in the ' Pall Mall Magazine,' (November
1896 to November 1897), and was first published in
book form by Mr. Heinemann in 1897.
SALVINI'S MACBETH
A review of the performance of the Italian actor
in Edinburgh was contributed to the ' Academy/
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 215
April 15, 1876 (cet. 26), and is now included in the
volume Lay Morals. Stevenson's interest in the
drama came largely from his friendship with Fleem-
ing Jenkin, and the memoir on Jenkin quotes the
latter's criticism of this review in the words : ' You
were thinking of yourself, not of SalvimV It is the
only work in dramatic criticism which can be as-
cribed to Stevenson.
SAMOA
Stevenson first reached Apia on the island of
Upolu of the Samoan Group in the ' Equator ' in
December 1889, and then purchased the estate of
300 acres below Mt. Vaea, which he made his home.
Yet he did not settle there until his return from the
cruise hi the ' Janet Nicoll ' towards the end of the
following year. Then for six months he and his
wife lived in a four-roomed house while Vailima
was building, entering on their occupation in April
1891. The house was built three miles inland from
Apia, and 600 feet above the sea, its site being so
chosen that no building lower down could deface
the prospect of forest and sea. The name given to it
by Stevenson and denoting ' Five Waters ' in the
Samoan language, was chosen in reference to a
stream and its four tributaries, which within the
borders of the estate provided a bathing pool and
a fall of some magnitude. The house was built
of wood painted green with a roof of galvanized
iron, and in its completed state — it was enlarged
towards the end of 1892 — contained the large hall
lined with Californian redwood, which was the scene
216 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
of many balls, dinners, and other entertainments,
now to visitors, such as officers from an English or
American warship, now to native chieftains and their
families. It was here that he died (December 3,
1894). Stevenson's own room was an enclosure of
part of the twelve-foot verandah, which on two sides
of the house extended from the upper and lower
floors, furnished with military bareness, and com-
municating with the library.
The house was reached from Apia for the first mile
by a carriage road, and thence, when Stevenson
first settled there, by a mere foot-track in the very
partially cleared forest between it and the town.
The track was improved into semblance of a road,
but never to the degree of dispensing with the pack-
horses by which all goods were brought to the estab-
lishment. The last portion of it was afterwards
replaced by the Road of the Loving Heart, made by
chiefs of Mataafa's party, in gratitude for Steven-
son's efforts towards their release from prison. The
estate gained by this primitive route was a place of
almost unbroken stillness, closely bordered by virgin
forest, and far enough above the sea to subdue the
noise of the surf on the beach. His burial-place on
the summit of Mt. Vaea is a stiff climb even from
the lofty level of Vailima. The monument above
the grave, built of cement and made in the Samoan
style, bears two bronze plates, one with the inscrip-
tion in Samoan : ' The Tomb of Tusitala,' followed
by the words of Ruth to Naomi from the Samoan
Bible : ' Whither thou goest I will go ; and where
thou lodgest I will lodge ; thy people shall be my
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 217
people, and thy God my God ; where thou diest
I will die, and there will I be buried.' The other
plate is inscribed with the words of Requiem from
Songs of Travel.
After Stevenson's death the Vailima estate was
sold by Mrs. Stevenson to Herr Kunz, the millionaire
banker of Vladivostock, on whose death it was ac-
quired by the German Government and, on Samoa
being ceded to Germany, became the residence of the
Governor. Mt. Vaea, on the other hand, passed on
Mrs. Stevenson's death into the possession of her
daughter, Mrs. Strong, who has recorded her deter-
mination to preserve the primeval surroundings of
Stevenson's last resting-place. A sentimental
pleasure will be felt that his grave is no longer in
German soil, the Samoan group having been the
first Pacific German possessions to be seized. New
Zealand troops took possession of the islands on
August 28, 1914.
SAN FRANCISCO
A paper by Stevenson in the ' Magazine of Art,'
May 1883, under the title A Modern Cosmopolis, is
included only in the complete edition, where it is
grouped with Monterey as Old and New Pacific
Capitals. It represents Stevenson's impressions of
San Francisco as he knew it in the most miserable
months of his life, poor, ill, and in much anxiety of
mind for the outcome of his plan of marriage with
Mrs. Osbourne. The newness of the city, its cosmo-
politan population, the contrast between rich and
poor quarters are the rather well-worn topics of the
2i8 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
essay which show that R. L. S.'s vitality was at a
lower ebb than his letters sought to make out. This
was in December 1879. Then, and for the following
two months he lived in a single room in a workman's
house in Bush Street, and went for his meals to a
coffee-house where ' a pampered menial of High
Dutch extraction, and indeed as yet only partly ex-
tracted, lays before him a cup of coffee, a roll, and
a pat of butter, all, to quote the deity, very good.
A while ago R. L. S. used to find the quantity of
butter insufficient ; but he has now learnt the art
to exactitude, and roll and butter expire at the same
moment.' The restaurant and the house where he
lived had both disappeared before the fire of 1906
destroyed the whole of Bush Street, but the memorial
erected in 1897 in Portsmouth Square in the form
of a drinking fountain, surmounted by a ship in full
sail, just escaped the spread of the fire. His second
visit, nine years afterwards, to join the ' Casco ' was
in very different circumstances, and the Occidental
Hotel, Montgomery Street, is pointed out as the
place where he and his party stayed while the pre-
parations for the Pacific voyage were completed.
SARANAC
A wooden house adjoining the sanatorium for con-
sumptives near to Saranac Lake in the Adirondack
Mountains was Stevenson's home from October
1887 to April 1888. The fact is commemorated by
a tablet erected by the Stevensonian Society of
America. Despite the severity of the climate — the
temperature would fall thirty degrees below zero
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 219
— his health showed some improvement, and in the
resident physician, Dr. Edward Livingstone Trudeau,
who at last himself died from consumption, he
found a congenial companion. Dr. Trudeau's auto-
biography (New York, Doubleday Page, 1916) con-
tains a chapter devoted to the author's acquaintance
with R. L. S.
SATIRIST, THE
One of the earliest pieces of Stevenson's writings
which have been permitted publication. It belongs
to about his twentieth year, and its theme — of look-
ing for defects of character — may be compared with
the passage in the life of Fleeming Jenkin, whose
over-kindly judgments he contested with the view
that ' we must know the world as it was, not a
world expurgated and prettified with optimistic
rainbows.' First published in the Edinburgh edi-
tion, the paper is now included in the volume Lay
Morals.
SCHWOB, MARCEL (1866-1905)
The brilliant young French scholar and writer,
authority on Villon, and translator of Shakespeare,
was one of the first of his country to appreciate the
artistry of Stevenson's work. His notice of R. L. S.,
contributed to the ' New Review,' February 1895, is
notable for its emphasis of the quality of realisme
ineel, romantic exaggeration, which makes his char-
acters so brilliantly alive. Marcel Schwob had
occasion afterwards to experience the effect of this
faculty himself, for in 1902 he visited Samoa, and
220 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
confessed that the spell of enchantment which
Stevenson had woven for him was broken by a sight
of the reality. Schwob's early death at the age of
thirty-nine removed perhaps the most talented
student of English thought and literature and a
writer who applied himself, in his work ' La Guerre
Commerciale ' and ' Le Danger Allemande,' to
demonstrating the efforts of Germany at industrial
supremacy.
SCRIBNER, CHARLES (1854- )
The head of the American book and magazine firm,
founded by his father in 1846, was the first publisher
to pay Stevenson relatively large sums for his writ-
ings. For each of the twelve articles in ' Scribner's
Magazine ' in 1888 £60 was paid, an income which
Stevenson in letters to his friends variously com-
puted (from the American currency) at £500, £600,
and £720 per annum. Messrs. Scribner contracted
with him to publish everything of his hi America,
but in utter absence of mind he entered also into
an undertaking with McClure's. His self-reproaches
for an act, commercially unpardonable and entirely
opposed to his sense of honour, were bitter, but
Mr. Scribner was quick to recognize the mental pre-
occupation which had occasioned it, and thenceforth
Stevenson's relations with his firm continued until
his death to be of the most cordial character. The
payment by Messrs. Scribner of a handsome sum for
the rights of serial publication in The Master of
Ballantrae was the beginning of the large income
which Stevenson afterwards derived from America.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 221
The firm became, and still is, the chief publishers of
his works in the United States.
SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)
The chapter on ' The Country of Stevenson ' in
Sharp's ' Literary Geography ' (London, Pall Mall
Press, 1907) is remarkable for a picture of R. L. S.,
as seen at Waterloo Station, probably when he was
about thirty years of age. In the transformation of
Stevenson's almost ragged appearance on recognizing
the friend who was waiting for him Sharp saw the
counterpart of the variety in his writings.
SHELLEY, SIR PERCY AND LADY
The son and daughter-in-law of the poet, to whom
Stevenson dedicated The Master of Ballantrae, be-
came close friends of his during the years at Bourne-
mouth. With Sir Percy he discovered common
interests in yachting and the stage, and the former's
amateur photography has furnished a portrait of
Stevenson at this tune of his life, which is evidently
a characteristic one, even though it justifies him in
his complaints of the ' scandal-mongering sun/
Lady Shelley claimed to discern in R. L. S. a facial
resemblance to the poet as well as a similarity of
genius, and the fancy was an element in her regard
for him. Of her husband, when news of his death
reached him in Samoa, Stevenson wrote : ' He had
a sweet, original nature. I think I liked him better
than ever I should have his father. ... If he had
not been Shelley's son, people would have thought
more of him ; and yet he was the better of the two,
bar verses.'
222 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
SILVER
The bland villain of a sea-cook in Treasure Island.
The conception of a cripple dominating his fellow
seamen was drawn from the physical infirmity of
W. E. Henley (q.v.), to whom R. L. S. wrote at the
time when Treasure Island had been accepted for
issue as a book : ' I will now make a confession. It
was the sight of your maimed strength and master-
fulness that begot John Silver in Treasure Island.
Of course he is not in any other quality or feature
the least like you ; but the idea of the maimed man,
ruling and dreaded by the sound, was taken from
you.'
SILVERADO SQUATTERS, THE
The story of Stevenson's honeymoon, if so con-
ventional a word can be used of him. He was
married to Mrs. Osbourne in San Francisco in May
1880, and with her spent the June and July on an
adventure which was hardly prudent for a man who
three months before had been prostrate with in-
cipient consumption. But their excursion was to
the mountains on the Californian coast some fifty
miles north of San Francisco. His stepson, Lloyd
Osbourne, then twelve years old, was of the party,
and is ' Sam, the Crown Prince ' of the royal family
of Silverado. Their way lay through the Napa
valley, then a highway of stage coaches, but now
an electric tram route connecting Calistoga with
Mount St. Helena. The site of the deserted mining
shanty where they lived has been marked by a
memorial stone in the shape of an open book with
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 223
the inscription : ' This tablet, placed by the Club
women of Napa Country, marks the site of the cabin
occupied in 1888 by Robert Louis Stevenson and
bride, while he wrote " The Silverado Squatters,"
followed by the quotation : ' " Doomed to know
not Winter, only Spring, a being trod the flowery
April for a while, took his fill of music, joy of thought
and seeing, came and stayed and went, nor ever
ceased to smile." R. L. S.' The quotation is from
In Memoriam, F. A. S.
The women admirers of Stevenson hi the Napa
valley err in a trifle. R. L. S. did not write
the book until after his return to Europe — at
Davos early in 1882 (at. 32). It was for the
' Century Magazine/ in which it appeared in 1883,
and was the first work of importance done for
publishers in America, where afterwards his chief
financial harvest was reaped. But at Davos, cor-
recting Silverado proofs, he wrote : ' as usual penni-
less— O but penniless ; still, with four articles in
hand and the £100 for Silverado imminent, not
hopeless.' The latter part he thought much the
better ; writing to Sir Sidney Colvin, who had read
the earlier chapters : ' The good stuff is all to come
—so I think. "The Sea Fogs," "The Hunter's
Family," "Toils and Pleasures" — belles pages.'
Like nearly all Stevenson's works, it was revised and
re-revised ; in a spell of better health he would re-
shape what he had written when in a lower state.
His view of the effect of this habit upon his work is
shown in the lines to Will H. Low : ' Ill-health is a
great handicapper in the race. I have never at
224 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
command that press of spirits that are necessary to
strike out a thing red-hot. Silverado is an example
of stuff worried and pawed about, God knows how
often, in poor health, and you can see for yourself
the result : good pages, an imperfect fusion, a certain
languor of the whole. Not, in short, art.'
Nevertheless Mr. Swinnerton, in his ' Critical
Study,' ranks it higher than the earlier travel books
of the canoe voyage and the Cevennes, on account of
its almost entire freedom from pose— the pure draw-
ing of effects and incidents instead of that of the
author among them. He marks it as the ' emer-
gence of a new Stevenson,' chastened by the hard-
ships of the feverish journey to America. Popular
taste, on the other hand, bestows its favour on the
Travels with a Donkey.
The Silverado Squatters was issued by Messrs.
Chatto & Windus in 1883. The original edition
has realized about £2 during the last year or
two.
SIMPSON, MISS EVE BLANTYRE (1856-1920)
Miss Simpson was one of the few writers on Steven-
son who moved intimately in his home circle, as he
did in hers. She knew his parents well, and as her
brother Sir Walter Simpson (q.v.} was one of Steven-
son's closest friends, when both were well on in their
teens, Stevenson was constantly in and out of her
father's house. Hence her book ' Robert Louis
Stevenson's Edinburgh Days ' (London, Hodder
& Stoughton, 1898) is probably the truest picture
of R. L. S. when he was a youth at home which is
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 225
preserved for us. Another of her books is a brief
character sketch entitled ' Robert Louis Stevenson '
(Edinburgh, T. N. Foulis, 1906), and a third, ' The
Robert Louis Stevenson Originals ' (Edinburgh,
T. N. Foulis, 1912), hi which are identified real
people and places from which Stevenson drew hi the
novels and essays. The last-named work contains
much that is biographical and has many illustrations
of the people and places associated with Stevenson's
life and writings.
SIMPSON, SIR WALTER GRINDLAY (1853-1898)
The ' Cigarette ' of The Inland Voyage was a stolid,
humorous Englishman, the son of the Sir James
Simpson (the discoverer of chloroform as an anaes-
thetic), and several years Stevenson's senior. In-
tended for a mercantile career, he was recalled from
Egypt on the death of his elder brother, went to
Cambridge, and on his father's death and his suc-
cession to the baronetc}', found himself a fellow
student of R. L. S. for the bar. Thence for ten
years in Edinburgh and on the Continent they were
close companions, the sharers of many travels beside
that of the two canoes. ' The Bart,' as he was
known, was the heavyweight of Stevenson's Edin-
burgh friends. ' His,' says R. L. S., ' was the slow
fighting mind.' He is Athelred in Talk and Talkers,
the companion who would ' wrestle with a refractory
jest for a minute or two together, and perhaps fail
to throw it in the end.' But hi their travels Sir
Walter's well-groomed person and distinguished
appearance were the means of saving Stevenson
226 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
from many a dilemma into which his disreputable
dress would have brought him. The reader will
recollect one such occasion related in the Epilogue
to an Inland Voyage. The practical jokes of these
early days find a sympathetic narrator in the sur-
viving sister of the ' Cigarette,' Miss Eve Blantyre
Simpson, whose ' Stevenson Originals ' contains a
portrait of her brother.
SIRE OF MALETROIT'S DOOR, THE
The short story attracted Stevenson's genius
during the four years of passable health which
followed his first close acquaintanceship with France
when he was five-and-twenty. Moreover, his random
travels of this period led him much to France, and
a wide reading of French literature of the fifteenth
century, for the purpose of historical portraits, gave
him the material for his first and perhaps very finest
short story, the Villon piece, A Lodging for the Night.
The Sire of Maletroit's Mousetrap, as it was first
called, was his second excursion into this new field,
in which he chose the same fifteenth-century setting,
but turned from squalid realism to romantic comedy
for his theme. En route hi August 1877 (<zt. 27)
for Penzance, where it was re-written, he thought it
' a true novel hi the old sense ; all unities preserved,
moreover,- if that 's anything, and, I believe, with
some little merits ; not so clever perhaps as the last
(.4 Lodging for the Night], but sounder and more
natural.' It is worthy of note that in this and the
later short stories, The Treasure of Franchard and
Providence and the Guitar, which owe their inspiration
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 227
to his French experiences, Stevenson held aloof from
the element of horror in which afterwards he felt
his strength lay. The two latter in particular —
which were studies from life — no less than the two
books of travel in France reflect his consistent view
of France as a country of pleasant places and people,
where he was infinitely more at home than in England.
The Sire of Maletroit's Door appeared in ' Temple
Bar,' January 1878, and is placed in the New Arabian
Nights. A one-act dramatization of it has been
done by Mr. A. E. W. Mason under the title ' Blanche
of Maletroit ' (Capper & Newton, 1896).
SITWELL, MRS. FRANCES
The lady to whom R. L. S. owed a great deal in
the way of sympathy and encouragement hi the
difficult years of misunderstanding between himself
and his parents, is now Lady Colvin. The first
meeting of Stevenson and his future lifelong adviser
came about from Mrs. Sitwell's suggestion to Sir
Sidney (then Mr.) Colvin that he should visit the
home of Mrs. Churchill Babington (a cousin of
R. L. S.'s) before the ' fine young spirit ' had left.
The phrase implies Mrs. Sitwell's understanding
sympathy with R. L. S. in the circumstances which
forced him to give pain to his parents if he were not
to resign much of his cherished revolt against the
religious beliefs and social conventions of his home
circle. These were his years, the early twenties,
of intense impetuous thought, and in the critical
separation from his parents which they brought
he found in Mrs. Sitwell, as Sir Sidney Colvin has
228 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
said, ' an inspirer, consoler, and guide.' His many
letters during his six months' isolation at Mentone
exhibit the confidence he felt in sharing his thoughts
with her, and in being the recipient of her advice.
His own turn as comforter came afterwards in the
spring of 1881 when Mrs. Sitwell spent some months
at Davos with her son, who was dying from rapid
consumption. The lines In Memoriam, F. A. S.,
which form No. XXVII. of Underwoods, express the
consolation which R. L. S. of all people could
feelingly offer.
SLATER, J. HERBERT
Editor of ' Book Prices Current ' and author of a
number of books on bibliographical subjects. Mr.
Slater Jias compiled a bibliography of Stevenson's
complete works (London, G. Bell & Sons, 1914).
This volume contains particulars of the first publi-
cation of Stevenson's writings hi book or pamphlet
form ; of successive editions of interest, and of
prices paid during recent years by book collectors.
Values of the first editions given in these pages are
quoted from Mr. Slater's Bibliography or from recent
issues of ' Book Prices Current.'
SOMERSET, IN MORE NEW ARABIAN NIGHTS
See ' Stevenson, R. A. M.'
SONGS OF TRAVEL
The collection of verses issued after Stevenson's
death were many of them written during the South
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 229
Pacific cruises of 1888-91 (at. 38 to 41) and, as issued
first in the Edinburgh edition, and subsequently
under the above title by Messrs. Chatto & Windus
in 1896, are in many instances identified with the
places of their author's travels. With the earlier
poems of Underwoods and the Ballads, they are
included in the ' Collected Poems ' of the same
publishers.
SOUTH SEA CRUISES
Apart from journeys by mail and regular steam-
ship service, Stevenson's travels in the South Seas
were made in three voyages during the years 1888
to 1890. The first of these was from San Francisco
in the ' Casco,' June 28, 1888, first to Nukahiva, hi
the Marquesas group, the place of Hermann Melville's
' Typee.' Here the party, which included his
mother, spent four weeks, then twelve days at Taa-
hanka on the isolated island of the group, Hiva-oa ;
thence through the Paumotus group, where fourteen
days were spent at Fakarava, to Tahiti hi the Society
Islands. After a short stay at Papeete and Taravao,
three months were spent inland at Tautira. Hono-
lulu was reached on January 24, 1889.
The second voyage in the schooner ' Equator/ like-
wise occupied almost exactly six months. Leaving
Honolulu on June 24, 1889, their course lay to the
Gilbert group, where one month was spent on the
island of Butaritari, a visit paid to Nonuti, and a
stay of two months made on King Tembinok's
island of Apemama. Samoa was reached on
December 7.
230 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
The third cruise on the screw steamship 'Janet
Nicoll,' begun at Sydney in April 1890, and ending
in August at Noumea in New Caledonia, took
Stevenson and his wife and stepson to a much greater
number of islands in the South Pacific, though the
opportunities for observing island life were limited
by the shortness of the vessel's calls. But the cruise
took them first to Samoa, then eastward to the
isolated islands of Penrhyn, Manikiki, Suwarrow,
and Nassau, thence through the Tokelau and Ellice
groups, again through the Gilberts to the Marshall
Islands, returning through the Gilberts to New
Caledonia, where Stevenson let his wife and stepson
proceed to Sydney, to follow them after a week at
the French Settlement. The cruise did not prove
of the interest of those in the two sailing vessels
when the party was at liberty to choose its course,
and the time to which its visits could be prolonged.
Stevenson could even write of it that ' hackney cabs
have more variety than atolls,' but the voyages
became a less wearisome experience from the
company of the three shipmates, Harry Henderson,
Ben Hird, and Jack Buckland, to whom Island
Nights Entertainments is dedicated.
SOUTH SEAS, IN THE
When Stevenson, with his mother, wife, and stepson,
sailed from San Francisco in the ' Casco/ he carried
with him a commission from the McClure publishing
syndicate for a series of letters on his travels in the
Pacific Islands. The sum offered — Mr. Moors says
it was 10,000 dollars (£2000) for fifty letters, double
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 231
what Stevenson asked — was one inducement to the
purchase of the ' Casco,' though the voyage had
previously been planned as one more struggle, for
reasonable health, which should be decisive for good
or ill. A cure of his malady or death at sea were
the alternatives recognized in starting out for the
new world of Polynesia.
The book, as first issued in the Edinburgh edition
after Stevenson's death and as now published separ-
ately, is only a half of the chapters supplied to the
McClure syndicate, and a still smaller part of a work
on the islands upon which Stevenson bestowed an
immensity of labour, but which he finally abandoned.
He was in fact overwhelmed by the wealth of material
presented to him in these voyages, and became con-
vinced that he should deal with it in a way very
different from that which, as can be understood,
the syndicate had in mind when commissioning the
' letters.' Letters surely they were to be, with as
much R. L. S. as South Seas in them. Instead, he
conceived the idea of making them a serious study
of the customs and languages of the island peoples
and of keeping the incidents of his travels, impres-
sions of scenery, companionship with quondam
cannibals almost entirely out of them. Could his
wife have had her way this scheme would have been
cast aside at the oustet. From the first port of call
which they reached in the ' Casco ' she wrote begging
their friend Colvin's influence against it : ' Louis
has the most enchanting material that any one ever
had in the whole world for his book, and I am afraid
he is going to spoil it all. He has taken it into his
232 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Scotch Stevenson head that a stern duty lies before
him, and that his book must be a sort of scientific
and historical impersonal thing, comparing the
different languages (of which he knows nothing,
really) and the different peoples, the object being to
settle the question whether they are of common
Malay origin or not. Also to compare the Protestant
and Catholic missions, etc., and the whole thing to
be impersonal, leaving out all he knows of the people
themselves. And I believe there is no one living
who has got so near to them, or who understands
them as he does. Think of a small treatise on the
Polynesian races being offered to people who are
dying to hear of Ori a Ori, the making of brothers
with cannibals, the strange stories they told, and
the extraordinary adventures that befell us. ...
What a thing it is to have a ' man of genius ' to
deal with. It is like managing an overbred
horse. Why, with my own feeble hand I could
write a book that the whole world would jump
at!'
The wisdom of this judgment, which was also
afterwards that of the public, came at last to be ac-
knowledged by Stevenson, but not until with an
infinity of labour he had fulfilled his contract with
the American syndicate, and had seen the futility of
his self-imposed task. On the ' Janet Nicoll/ the
screw steamer which took them on their third voyage
among the islands, the earlier letters were written ;
on the return to Sydney he was ' waist deep ' in
' the big book on the South Seas, it ought to be, and
shall ' ; back, in November, to Samoa, where the
R. I.. STEVENSON AT THE A(iE OF 40
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 233
Vailima estate was in process of being cleared, his
problem was ' to get all this stuff jointed and
moving ' ; some months later there is the admission
of the ' acceptation of a bargain quite unsuitable
to all my methods/ and at last in March 1891 : ' I
cannot fight longer ; I am sensible of having
done worse than I hoped, worse than I feared ;
all I can do is the best I can for the future and
clear the book, like a piece of bush, with axe and
cutlass.'
In the South Seas, as now available to the reader,
is the result of this drastic pruning and selection.
The earlier parts, those on the Marquesas and
Paumotos, or low or atoll islands, most definitely
mark Stevenson's original intention ; those on the
Gilberts, with their picture of the king Tembinok,
are more in the personal strain of R. L. S., and are
thus accepted as the most successful part of these
writings. But the things most to be regretted about
them is their omissions ; nothing of Stevenson's long
stay at Tautira as the guest of the chief Ori a Ori, nor
of his visit to the leper settlement of Molokai. His
letters to friends in England, and the extracts from
his journal in the ' Life ' do something to fill in these
gaps, but not in proportion to the interest of the
subjects. Nevertheless time has in a measure re-
versed the first unfavourable reception of these
South Sea chapters, the matter of which is more
suited to book form than to serial publication ; if
less picturesque and personal than Travels with a
Donkey, critics have praised them for that very
reason ; and so great a writer as Mr. Conrad, accord-
234 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
ing to Sir Sidney Colvin, does not share the view
of those who place them among the lesser of
Stevenson's works.
The largest number of the original letters ap-
peared in the ' New York Sun ' and other American
newspapers ; in England a shorter series was pub-
lished in ' Black and White/ February to December
1891. Following the inclusion of- a selected thirty-
five chapters in the Edinburgh edition (1896), the
first English issue is that (with a map) by Messrs.
Chatto & Windus in 1900 at 6s., now worth about
IDS. It had appeared in America in 1896.
STEPHEN, LESLIE (1832-1904)
As editor of the ' Cornhill Magazine ' from 1871
to 1882 the eminent biographer and critic was an
encourager of Stevenson as he was of other writers,
such as Henley, Henry James, and Mr. Edmund
Gosse, who were among his contributors. His essay
on Stevenson as a writer, included in ' Studies of a
Biographer ' (London, Duckworth, 1902), and separ-
ately issued by Messrs. Putnam, is a most under-
standing criticism ; responsive to the rein which
R. L. S. gave to his temperament, yet judicial in its
estimate of his failings as a novelist. In the essays
he notes above all ' the genuine ring of youthful
enthusiasm/ not the ripe thoughts of Lamb or
Montaigne, but ' a gallant spirit combined with
extraordinarily quick and vivid sympathy/ ' The
essays/ as he points out, ' define the point of view
adopted by the storyteller/ In the novels Stevenson,
with irrepressible youth, pursues adventure when he
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 235
might have done more to put before the reader ' the
very age and body of the time.'
STEVENSON, ALAN (1807-1865)
The eldest son of Robert Stevenson (q.v.), like the
youngest, Thomas, father of R. L. S., left only one
son, viz., R. A. M. Stevenson (q.v.). Alan, in the
course of a distinguished professional career, was
the builder of the lighthouse ' Skerry vore,' after
which R. L. S. named his house at Bournemouth.
The erection of this work on a reef off Tiree occupied
six years, from 1838, and was one of the most
notable triumphs of the family's engineering genius.
STEVENSON, FANNY VAN DE GRIFT (1838?-
1914)
From the evidence of many of his friends it is
known that Stevenson married the one woman in
the world for him. The wife whom he chose from
the inn company at Grez in an accession of the
suddenest attachment was a woman of exceptional
strength of character, and became a partner of his
life such as fate gives to few men. At the time of
their marriage in San Francisco, Stevenson was in
his thirtieth year, his wife about twelve years older.
The birth of Austin Strong to her daughter in the
following year made her a grandmother. Her first
marriage, to a Mr. Samuel Osbourne, had taken
place when she was about nineteen, and for some
seven or eight years before obtaining a divorce she
had been separated from her husband. To her
R. L. S. owed much more than the most solicitous
236 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
care in the ten years of illness which followed their
return from America, and in the subsequent wander-
ings in the South Seas. His trust in the literary
judgment of this ' critic on the hearth ' tecame a
decisive influence in his work, and Thomas Stevenson
was so convinced of his daughter-in-law's instinct in
this respect that before his death he obtained his
son's promise that he would ' never publish anything
without Fanny's approval.' This reliance on his
wife extended to other matters, as when Mr. McClure,
who relates the incident in his ' Autobiography,'
could not obtain Stevenson's decision to sell certain
rights of publication until Mrs. Stevenson had given
her consent. In ordinary business affairs and the
handling of money she was scarcely less of a child
than her husband. In addition to their collaboration
in More New Arabian Nights, a play, The Hanging
Judge, was jointly written at Bournemouth. It has
never been published or performed, but the outlines
of its plot are given by Sir Sidney Colvin in his notes
on Weir of Hermiston. Of Mrs. Stevenson's own
admirable gift of descriptive writing there is only
the volume ' The Cruise of the " Janet Nicoll "
(London, Chatto & Windus, 1914), a record of the
third voyage among the Pacific Islands. The tribute
paid to her by Stevenson in the verses in Underwoods
and in the dedication to Weir of Hermiston may be
supplemented by a sketch contained in a letter
pressing J. M. (now Sir James) Barrie to visit them
in Samoa : ' She runs the show. Infinitely little,
extraordinary wig of grey curls, handsome waxen
face like Napoleon's, insane black eyes, boy's hands,'
tiny bare feet, a cigarette, wild blue native dress,
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 237
usually spotted with garden mould. In company
manners presents the appearance of a little timid
and precise old maid of the days of prunes and
prisms — you look for the reticule. Hellish energy ;
relieved by fortnights of entire hibernation. Doctors
everybody, will doctor you, cannot be doctored her-
self. The living partisan. Imaginary conversation
after your visit : "I like Mr. Barrie. I don't like
anybody else. I don't like anybody that don't like
him. When he took me into dinner he made the
wittiest remark I ever heard. ' Don't you think,'
he said, ' the old-fashioned way, etc.' ' Is always
either loathed or slavishly adored — indifference im-
possible.' On Stevenson's death she made her
home in her native country at Santa Barbara, Cali-
fornia, dying near there on February 18, 1914. Her
ashes were laid in her husband's grave on Mt. Vaea
in June 1915. A sentence in her will marks a strain
in her character co-existent with the great tenderness,,
for those to whom she was attached : ' To Katharine
Durham Osbourne (a daughter) of incredible ferocity,
who lived on my bounty for many years, at the same
time pursuing me with malicious slander, I leave five
dollars.'
STEVENSON, JEAN
The wife of Robert Stevenson, and thus R. L. S.'s
grandmother on his father's side, is in part the original
of Mrs. Weir in Weir of Hermiston. The reader may
compare the sketch of her in A Family of Engineers
with the character in the unfinished novel : ' My
grandmother remained to the end devout and un-
ambitious, occupied with her Bible, her children,
238 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
and her house ; easily shocked, and associating with
a clique of godly parasites. . . . The cook was a
godly woman, the butcher a Christian man, and the
table suffered.' This wife of his grandfather figures
in an interesting chapter of the history of the
Stevensons. She was one of the two daughters of
a merchant-burgess of Edinburgh, Thomas Smith,
twice a widower before, in the year 1786, he married
the widow of Stevenson's great-grandfather Alan,
who had died in the West Indies. Not only did
the widow of Alan find a husband in the Edinburgh
merchant, but she contrived a match between her
son Robert and her stepdaughter Jean. The hus-
band of Jean Smith became a partner with his
father-in-law in the business of providing oil-lights
in place of coal fires in lighthouse illumination,
and from this beginning largely established the pro-
fession in which the Stevensons have since been
engaged.
STEVENSON, MARGARET ISABELLA (1829-
1897)
Stevenson's mother was the youngest daughter of
Rev. Dr. Lewis Balfour (q.v.). Although her own
ill-health during the first ten years or so of her
married life made it necessary to entrust the young
Louis largely to the care of his nurse, her devotion
to her son is marked by the diaries in which she
recorded every detail of his early years. His boy-
hood was shared with her to an extent above the
average, in the visits she paid to the Continent on
account of her own health. And when after his
A BOOK OF R.L. S. 239
father's death, Stevenson set out to the Pacific, his
mother, in her sixtieth year, accompanied him first
to America, and then hi the ' Casco ' to Honolulu.
Returning to Scotland she went out to Samoa hi
1891, stayed two years, and after a second return to
Edinburgh rejoined her son at Vailima six months
before his death. Mr. Moors mentions the effect
of the presence of this ' daughter of the manse ' on
the formal religious observances of the Vailima
household. Stevenson became a regular attendant
at church to please her, and during her first residence
instituted morning prayers in Samoan-English. Of
these travels Mrs. Stevenson has left a record hi
two volumes of letters published after her death
under the editorship of Marie Clothilde Balfour.
The first of these is ' From Saranac to the Mar-
quesas ' (London, Methuen, 1903), and is the story
of her journey with her son and his family to New
York and Saranac, and thence from San Francisco
in the ' Casco ' on the first cruise. That part of it
which tells of their stay at Tautira as the guests of
the native chief On a Ori does something to fill a
gap in Stevenson's own story of his Pacific travels.
The second series is the ' Letters from Samoa '
(London, Methuen, 1906), written during the years
1891-95. Both series present the picture of a sweet,
if straight-laced lady accepting with some reserve
entirely fresh conditions of life. If there is less of
R. L. S. in them than one would wish, it is to be re-
membered that they were written, without the idea
of publication, to her sister, Miss Jane Balfour, and
that the chief interest of the two was in the res-
240 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
toration of his health, on which subject the mother
is unremitting hi her reports. She survived her
son only two years, ending her life with his name on
her lips. Her elder sister had come to see her, and
was about to take her hand when she exclaimed
' Louis, I must go/ tried to get up, but sank into an
unconsciousness in which she died.
STEVENSON, ROBERT (1772-1850)
The grandfather, who was the founder of the
Stevenson firm of lighthouse engineers, died four
months before the birth of R. L. S. In the year
1807 the partnership between him and his father-
in-law, Thomas Smith, from whom he obtained his
introduction to the profession, was dissolved, and
Robert Stevenson became sole engineer to the Board
of Northern Lights when thirty-five years of age.
His most notable piece of work is that which he
undertook immediately on his appointment, viz.,
the building of the Bell Rock lighthouse on the Inch-
cape Rock off the mouths of the Firths of Tay and
Forth. R. L. S. in A Family of Engineers has drawn
a picture of the difficulties of the task. At low water
a third of the rock is covered ; at a little more than
half-flood ' the seamless ocean joins over the reef,'
and at high winter tides the rock is sixteen feet under
the sea. Considering that the work had to be sus-
pended hi the months from October to February,
and was done without the aid of steam power, the
building of the tower hi four years was a great
triumph for its engineer. For a further thirty-five
years Stevenson's grandfather led a life of prodigious
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 241
energy in his profession of lighthouse and harbour
engineer. He was an autocratic administrator,
stern in his requirements from the lighthouse-
keepers, but beloved for his unwearying solicitude
for their material wants . A record of his professional
work by his son David was published in 1878, and
the concluding part of Stevenson's unfinished life
of the family is a somewhat abridged and edited
version of the ' Account ' of the building of the
Bell Rock which Robert Stevenson, in the intervals
of his profession, took fourteen years to write.
STEVENSON, ROBERT ALAN MOWBRAY (1847-
1900)
The concentrated purpose which made R. L. S.
a writer seems to have been the missing faculty in
his equally talented cousin. ' Bob/ as he was known
to his friends, was the only son of Alan Stevenson,
and R. L. S.'s senior by three and a half years. The
greater part of his life was spent hi the practical
study of painting ; it was not until he was nearly
forty that he found the vocation of art critic, in
which his intellectual talents obtained a fitting field
of exercise. His work in this sphere was done as
Professor of Fine Art at Liverpool University, subse-
quently as art critic of the ' Pall Mall Gazette,' and
in numerous contributions to magazines. He left
his mark as a critic chiefly in his ' Art of Velasquez,'
a treatise not only on the Spanish painter, but on
the principles of pure pictorial art. The two cousins
were much together in their early years. ' Bob '
is Stevenson's companion in Child's Play, and was
Q
242 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
his fellow conspirator in those light-hearted practical
jokes on the good people of Edinburgh, related in
the Autobiography (q.v.). His studentship in Paris
in the atelier of Carolus Duran was the occasion of
the visits of R. L. S. to the artists' colonies of Fon-
tainebleau, which have had their chronicler in Mr. Will
H. Low (q.v.}. The Stennis brothers of The Wrecker
— the name was the nearest approach to ' Stevenson '
which the Barbizon innkeeper could make — re-
present their habit of random travel at this time.
But the most characteristic quality of R. A. M.
Stevenson was his brilliance in talk. Somebody has
said he was the best talker of his generation. He
is Spring-Heel'd Jack in Talk and Talkers and was,
in his cousin's words, ' the most valuable man to
talk to, above all in his younger days ; for he
twisted like a serpent, changed like the patterns of
a kaleidoscope, transmigrated (it is the only word)
from one point of view to another with a swiftness
and completeness that left a stupid and merely
logical mind panting in the rear.' Two of Steven-
son's characters are drawn, in part, from his cousin.
Otto in Prince Otto owes something of his indecision
to the irresolution in practical affairs which was a
trait of R. A. M. S., while Somerset in More New
Arabian Nights reflects his ' indefatigable feverish
mind.'
STEVENSON, THOMAS (1818-1887)
Stevenson's father was the youngest son of Robert
Stevenson (q.v.), in whose firm he became a partner
in 1846. From 1853 to within two years of his death
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 243
in 1887 he was engineer to the Commissioners of
Northern Lights. While lighthouse building and
harbour construction were a part of his profession,
the optical control of lighthouse illuminants was his
special study, to which he made several notable con-
tributions. His books on lighthouse construction
and illumination are still standard works on this
subject. It is natural enough that he should have
wished his only son to have adopted the family pro-
fession, but remarkable that, when that was found
impossible, he should have been so averse from a
literary career. For the elder Stevenson had
strongly developed in him both the romantic spirit,
and the sense of picturesque expression which char-
acterized R. L. S. He was accustomed to put him-
self to sleep with tales made to himself of robbers,
roadside inns, ships, and sailors. A sentence of his
quoted by R. L. S. is an example of both this de-
scriptive speech and his morbid religious mind ; it is
his view of life ' as a shambling sort of omnibus
which is taking him to his hotel.' The differences
between father and son — and they lasted only a
year or two — arose partly from the conflict of their
views on religious matters, and partly from the
son's contempt of the social conventions of his
father's circle. Putting these disputes aside, their
relationship was of the most affectionate character.
R. L. S. once committed to the business of writing,
the father's allowances to him were on the scale of
his needs, the wife and stepson were made quite of
the household, and as time went on an almost
pathetic solicitude was displayed for his son's health.
244 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Of other traits we have a sketch in Stevenson's paper
on his father, published in the ' Contemporary
Review,' June 1887, though it deals for the most
part with his professional life. The only other
portrait of his father is that of him as a boy contained
in a fragment written for A Family of Engineers, but
published in Sir Graham Balfour's ' Life.' In it
R. L. S. dwells on the habits of truantry and practical
jokes in which the boyhood of the father anticipated
that of the son. Thomas Stevenson lived just long
enough to see his son famous, and in the last year of
his life went out of his way to confess to an old
friend (Sir James Dewar) his error of judgment of
twenty years before in seeking to make Louis an
engineer.
STIMULATION OF THE ALPS, THE
This delicate analysis of the sensations of the
visitor in search of health in the high valleys of the
Alps belongs to the first winter which Stevenson
(cet. 30) spent at Davos. And the best that he can
say of life amid the Alpine mountains is : ' But one
thing is undeniable — that in the rare air, clear, cold,
and blinding light of Alpine winters, a man takes a
certain troubled delight hi his existence which can
nowhere else be paralleled. He is perhaps no
happier, but he is stingingly alive. It does not,
perhaps, come out of him in work or exercise, yet
he feels an enthusiasm of the blood unknown in
more temperate climates. It may not be health,
but it is fun.' The essay which is more cheerful in
tone than the others, Davos in Winter, Health and
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 245
Mountains, and Alpine Diversions, describing these
chapters in Stevenson's life, appeared in the ' Pall
Mall Gazette/ March 5, 1881, and is placed in
Essays of Travel.
STODDARD, CHARLES WARREN (1843-1909)
Stevenson came to know the author of ' Summer
Cruises in the South Seas,' and other books of
Pacific travels, as Sir Sidney Colvin explains, during
his first visit to San Francisco in 1880. Their in-
formal meeting is introduced into the chapter
' Faces on the City Front ' of The Wrecker, which
contains a little picture of the place where Stoddard
had his ' strange den upon a hill in ... one of the
most San Francisco-y parts of San Francisco.'
Stoddard, it will be seen, introduced him to Her-
mann Melville's ' Omoo,' and by the recital of his
own experiences added to the fascination which from
his youth the South Sea Islands had for him.
STORY OF A LIE, THE
This story may be said to mark the transition of
Stevenson's writing from essays of character and
landscape to works of incident or adventure. It is
his first story with pretence to a constructive plot ;
a minor achievement in this field where The Pavilion
on the Links, written six months afterwards, is one of
his greatest successes . The Story of a Lie was written
on the steerage passage to New York in August 1879
(at. 29) ' in great anxiety of mind ' for the outcome
of the journey to find his future wife which he had
precipitately undertaken. The chief character of
246 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
the tale, the broken-down rascal of an artist, is
evidently taken from Stevenson's occasional Paris
experiences of the previous three years. He was in
fact a sketch from life, for Stevenson afterwards
wrote that ' the Admiral was recognized in America,'
though there is no hint of his identity hi the gossip
of Mr. W. H. Low on R. L. S.'s acquaintances in
French artists' circles. He is, however, just the type
of picturesque scamp that appealed to Stevenson
and could make him write, apropos of illustrations
for the tale, ' though " The Lie " is not much in the
way of pictures, I should like to see my dear Admiral
in the flesh. I love this Admiral ; I give my head
that man 's alive.'
The story appeared in the ' New Quarterly Maga-
zine,' October 1879, and is now placed in Tales and
Fantasies.
STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR.
HYDE
The book which put Stevenson's name in the
mouth of the ' man hi the street,' lifted him at a
single bound to a place among men of the time and,
by the still greater sensation which it created hi
America, led to the large income which soon after-
wards he drew from the United States. The ear
of a great public to whom his earlier writings were
unknown was captured by this intense picture of the
elements of good and evil hi man's nature. It was
hailed from pulpits and in the religious press as a
great moral parable, though its moral quality, on
close analysis, is seen to be more an illusion, due to
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 247
the art of its writing, than the essence of the fable.
Reduced to its simplest formula Jekyll and Hyde is
a cry of terror at the potency for evil latent in the
human soul. Such moral force as it has depends
upon its assault on the nerves, not on its appeal to
the heart. If not thus interpreted by the preachers
of the time, it yet served the purpose of moving their
hearers by the spectacle of the evil partner in the
human ego, indulged in a moment ' when virtue
slumbered/ coming in the end to destroy the good.
Yet it can be seen from the facts of the genesis of
the story in his biography that the moral dress of
Jekyll and Hyde was an afterthought which Steven-
son owed to his wife's criticism of the first draft of the
tale'. But for that it would plainly have been a study
in psychological horror more akin to his two earlier
works of this kind, Markheim and Thrawn Janet,
both no doubt of a higher order of art than Jekyll
and Hyde, but the latter without profession of any
moral quality.
For a long time the idea of the dual nature of our
being had been in Stevenson's mind as the ground-
work of a tale. One with this as its subject, and
entitled ' The Travelling Companion,' had been
written at HySres and had been rejected by one
editor as ' a work of genius, but indecent/ We
know nothing more of it than that Stevenson at
Bournemouth in the summer of 1885 (at. 35) con-
demned it as ' a foul, gross, bitter, ugly daub ... a
carrion tale/ and turned to discover a fresh medium
for the same idea. A dream brought him what he
wanted in the shape of the transforming powders and,
248 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
as he afterwards declared in A Chapter on Dreams,
the central idea of a voluntary change becoming
involuntary. These, and the incident at the window
were the material from which in a torrent of in-
spiration the first draft of the story was written
within three days. In accordance with the arrange-
ments between them at this time, the draft then
received his wife's written criticism — written
because his physical condition forbade all discussion.
Mrs. Stevenson's objection was to the work being
made a story instead of a piece of allegory. As first
conceived, JekylTs was a wholly evil nature, and
the transformation into Hyde resorted to as a dis-
guise. Acting at once on this suggestion, Stevenson
burnt his first manuscript, and again in three days
sought to reproduce his dream as a sinister moral
fable instead of a merely ghastly tale. But it may
be said that he only put a veneer of parable upon his
first conception.
On the stage, however, hi this case art rather than
morals has its way, and the dramatized version of
the fable has achieved a measure of success which
Stevenson's own attempts with Henley at play-
writing never came near to attaining. The first,
and unquestionably the greatest impersonation of
the Jekyll-Hyde creation was that of the gifted
Anglo-American actor Richard Mansfield, for whom,
with Stevenson's consent, the story was adapted for
the stage by Thomas Russel Sullivan, and first pro-
duced at Boston Museum, May 9, 1887. It was
presented at the Madison Square theatre, New York,
on September 10, in the same year within a few days
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 249
of Stevenson's arrival in the United States. He
himself was too ill to witness Mansfield's horrific
portrayal of Jekyll as a terror-haunted man, or to
share in the sensation of the New York audiences
at the transformation from Jekyll to Hyde, which
the actor produced simply by the muscles of his face
and posture of his body. So startling was the
change that Mansfield felt called upon to declare
that he employed no secret make-up nor any stage
device except lighting. The success of the piece
was such that, in the absence of copyright in the
book, numerous stage versions of it were produced,
most of them of the crudest description. The best
of these, though artistically greatly inferior to
Mansfield's, was that of a German-American actor,
Daniel Bandmann, who brought his play to London
in the following year, and endeavoured to steal a
march on Mansfield, who also had arranged to play it
in England. The two versions came before London
playgoers almost simultaneously, Mansfield's at the
Lyceum on August 4, and Bandmann's at the Opera
Comique on August 6, 1888. The latter was played
only twice : its comic scenes hi the manner of trans-
pontine melodrama made it a travesty of the essential
idea. Mansfield's was given a place in his repertoire
until September, and was regularly played by him
in America until his retirement in 1907. He has left
it on record that he suffered martyrdom in acting
the part, more, it would seem, from anxiety that the
stage arrangements would not support his facial
changes than from emotional strain. The English
performing rights in Mansfield's play were subse-
250 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
quently acquired by Sir Henry Irving, whose son,
Mr. H. B. Irving, revived it with himself in the double
part at the Lyric Theatre, London, hi 1910. Apart
from the regular dramatizations, the book has
provided the groundwork of two other plays,
' The Doctor's Shadow,' by H. A. Saintsbury in
1896, and ' The Phantom/ by H. C. Edwards hi
1888. And a very dull parody of it is among
the Stevenson literature hi the British Museum,
viz., ' The Stranger Case of Dr. Hide and Mr.
Crushall.' By Robert L. Bathos, a sixpenny
pamphlet of 1886, from an Adelphi publisher
named Bevington.
Translations of Jekyll and Hyde are numerous.
That into French, published in 1890, is by Mrs. W.
H. Low. * The first edition of the book, issued by
Messrs. Longmans early in 1886 at is. hi paper covers,
and is. 6d. in cloth, has fluctuated in value at the
present time from £i to £3.
STRONG, MRS. ISOBEL STUART (ABOUT 1865-
)
The stepdaughter who during Stevenson's last
years in Samoa acted as his amanuensis, was married,
within a few weeks of R. L. S.'s own marriage to her
mother, to Joseph Dwight Strong. Their son,
Austin Strong, is the author of plays, e.g., ' The
Drums of Oude,' and 'The Toymaker of Nuremberg,'
produced in London and New York. For some
years after her marriage Mrs. Strong was a resident
in Honolulu, and it was through her husband's
friends that Stevenson on his arrival there in the
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 251
' Casco ' became friends with the native king Kala-
kaua. On the house at Vailima being completed
Mrs. Strong and her son made their home there.
Her part in the household may be judged from a
letter of Stevenson's to Sir James Barrie, describing
the amanuensis : ' Runs me like a baby in a peram-
bulator, sees I 'm properly dressed, bought me silk
socks, and made me wear them, takes care of me
when I 'm well, from writing my books to trimming
my nails. Has a growing conviction that she is the
author of my works, manages the house and the
houseboys, who are very fond of her. Does all the
hair-cutting of the family. Will cut yours, and
doubtless object to the way you part it. Mine has
been re-organized twice.' The book ' Memories of
Vailima ' (London, Constable, 1903) contains her
very intimate picture of Stevenson's life in
Samoa, and particularly of the ways and moods
in which he took up the writing of St. Ives and
Weir of Hermiston. Of the latter Mrs. Strong
writes : ' Louis and I have been writing, work-
ing away every morning like steam-engines on
Hermiston. Louis got a set-back with Anne, and
he has put it aside for a while. He worried
terribly over it, but could not make it run
smoothly. He read it aloud one evening and
Lloyd criticized the love-scene, so Louis threw
the whole thing over for a time. Fortunately he
picked up Hermiston all right, and is in better
spirits at once. He has always been wonderfully
clear and sustained hi his dictation, but he gener-
ally made notes in the early morning, which he
252 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
elaborated as he read them aloud. In Hermiston
he had hardly more than a line or two of notes to
keep him on the track, but he never falters for a
word, giving me the sentences, with capital letters
and all the stops, as clearly and steadily as though
he were reading from an unseen book. He walks
up and down the room as I write, and his
voice is so beautiful and the story so interesting
that I forget to rest.' Mrs. Strong is also the
author of the volume on Stevenson hi Messrs.
CasselTs ' Little Books on Great Writers ' (1911),
a very rapid sketch, with one or two personal
reminiscences.
STUBBS, LAURA
Author of ' Stevenson's Shrine ' (London, De La
Moore Press, 1903), the story of a visit to Vailima,
and to Stevenson's tomb made eight years after his
death. The book is illustrated with some good
photographs of the house and household taken
during Stevenson's lifetime.
STYLE IN LITERATURE, ON SOME TECHNICAL
ELEMENTS OF
A most technical paper on the elementary qualities
such as pattern, rhythm, and phrasing, which dis-
tinguish prose literature, was the work of five days
in bed at Bournemouth in the winter of 1884 (<zt. 34).
It and other earlier papers, viz., those on Realism
and on Romance, were considered the beginning
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 253
for a work on literature — ' a small arid book that
shall one day appear.' Stevenson became seriously
enthusiastic in this study of the technical art of the
writer ; spoke of it as ' path-breaking and epoch-
making,' and a year or so afterwards began the pre-
paration of a course of lectures, for delivery hi
London, hi which his theories of style might have
been addressed to students. The paper appeared
in the ' Contemporary Review,' April 1885, and is
placed in The Art of Writing.
SWANSTON
The ' hamlet of some twenty cottages hi a woody
fold of a green hill ' was the country home where the
happiest of Stevenson's Edinburgh days were spent.
The hill is Caerketton, the most eastern, and in some
respects the noblest of the Pentland heights. It
dominates the landscape between Swanston near its
foot and the city of Edinburgh four miles away.
Thomas Stevenson took what is now famous as
Swanston Cottage when his son was seventeen, and
in summer and winter alike R. L. S. was constantly
there, busy within doors, or making long rambles on
the hills. The cottage has been much enlarged since
Stevenson made it the place of refuge of Champdivers
in St. Ives, but the hamlet in its secluded position
adjoining the Lothianburn Golf Course on the Car-
lops road, has changed very little since his time.
The present tenant of the house is Stevenson's old
friend of his advocate days, Lord Guthrie, who has
collected there many portraits, manuscripts, and
other memorials of R. L. S.
254 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
SWINNERTON, FRANK (1884- )
The most recent and by far the most searching
analysis, in the technical sense, of Stevenson's writ-
ings is marked by a curious undercurrent of dis-
approval, even dislike. It is impossible to deny the
literary skill of Mr. Swinnerton's ' Robert Louis
Stevenson : A Critical Study ' (London, Martin
Seeker, 1914), and difficult to disagree with much
of its criticism. The fact which crops up unpleas-
antly in nearly every page is the author's antagonism
to the personality of R. L. S. It is the kind of study
which it can be imagined Dr. Clifford might write
of Ignatius Loyola. The charm of Stevenson is
seemingly something outside the understanding of
Mr. Swinnerton, who is hard put to it to explain its
fascination for the reader, and must find explanations
in the idolization of R. L. S. by the shallow-brained.
SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON (1840-1893)
In Symonds, the writer on art and literature, and
particularly on the Renaissance in Italy, Stevenson
found a certain solace when they first met, invalids
both, in Davos in 1880. Symonds had made his
home there, and as successive recurrences of illness
sent R. L. S. back to the Alps, the two men, despite
differences in temperament, were glad of each other's
society. A more heartening companion could have
been wished for Stevenson. In Symonds a pre-
dominant trait was an intense and restless spirit of
religious inquiry which put aside all dogmas but
brought its possessor, divided between desire for
belief in a personal God and intellectual inability to
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 255
accept the conception, no more than a resigned
melancholy. To him R. L. S. with his gay courage
was ' Sprite ' and ' Quick shining Firefly.' Symonds's
cheerless self-criticism of his own diffused powers
was the antithesis of Stevenson's hopeful expecta-
tions of mastering his art. Little wonder that R. L. S.
should have set him down as ' much of an invalid in
mind and character,' and that the companionship,
as he wrote to his friend Gosse, was for him ' to
adventure in a thornbush.'
Talk and Talkers, where Opalstein is Symonds.
lends colour to this early impression, but as time
went on his regard deepened for Symonds's char-
acter and struggle with persistent ill-health. In
the latter feeling he sought publicly to join with
him by way of a dedication of the book of travels
in the South Seas, which he sent to Symonds for
his consent to its appearance. One passage ran :
' Our fathers, it would seem, wondered and doubted
how they had merited their misfortunes : we rather
how we have deserved our happiness.' Symonds's
answer apparently miscarried. His death in 1893
moved R. L. S. to regret that he had not renewed
his request to the ' strange, poignant, pathetic,
brilliant creature/
TALES AND FANTASIES
The volume of three stories, The Misadventures of
John Nicholson, The Body Snatcher, and The Story
of a Lie, all juvenile work of Stevenson's. The
book is issued by Messrs. Chatto & Windus.
256 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
TALK AND TALKERS
Written at Davos towards the end of 1881 (at. 31),
and published in the ' Cornhill Magazine/ April and
August 1882. In the collected works it is appro-
priately placed in Memories and Portraits, for in the
first paper R. L. S. ' full-lengthened the conversation '
of half a dozen of his friends, most of them of his
early Edinburgh days. Spring-heel'd Jack is his
cousin, R. A. M. Stevenson ; Burly is W. E. Henley ;
Cockshot, Professor Fleeming Jenkin ; Athelred,
Sir Walter Simpson of the Inland Voyage; Opal-
stein, John Addington Symonds ; and Purcel, Mr.
Edmund Gosse. The reference at the end of the last
paragraph but one in the first paper is to his friend,
Charles Baxter. With the exception of Professor
Jenkin, who was fifteen years his senior, these
friends were about Stevenson's own age. It is the
talk of youth in the twenties. Henley, to take one
instance, had not, in later life, the ' boisterous and
piratic ' manner and intolerance in talk for which
R. L. S. declared his admiration.
THERMAL INFLUENCE OF FORESTS, ON THE
This second technical paper of Stevenson's was
read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, May 19,
1873 (at. 23). It is a study of the then current know-
ledge of the effects of woods and forest on rainfall
and climate generally. It was not intended to have
any literary merit, and is republished only in the
complete editions of the collected works.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 257
THOREAU, HENRY DAVID
It must always be an occasion for some wonder
that the author of ' Walden ' attracted Stevenson as
he did. There are so many and such vital differ-
ences in the instincts of the two men. One contrasts
Thoreau's vegetable life with Stevenson's animal
spirits ; his indifference to his neighbours with
Stevenson's yearning for friends ; his deliberate
abstinence from common pleasures with Stevenson's
gospel of happiness ; in short, the negative aloof-
ness of Thoreau with the positive eagerness of
R. L. S. On the other hand, it is easy to see a strong
affinity in the refusal of each of them to sacrifice his
cherished purposes in life to the business of earning
a livelihood. Stevenson quoted Thoreau : ' The cost
of a thing is the amount of what I would call life
which is required to be exchanged for it immedi-
ately or in the long run,' and approvingly adds his
own version ' that the price we have to pay for money
is paid in liberty.' It was this love of freedom,
of escape from uncongenial toil in order to exercise
his natural powers, that clearly commended Thoreau
to R. L. S., just as the self-centred form it took com-
pelled the harsh phrases of the essay. These, it will
be remembered, aroused the protest of a student
and biographer of Thoreau, Dr. A. H. Japp, whose
letters and visit to Stevenson prompted the reply
that ' I would give up most other things to be as
good a man as Thoreau.' But it can easily be
imagined that Stevenson, when writing his essay at
Monterey (est. 29), in the months before his marriage
to Mrs. Osbourne, should have been impatient of
A BOOK OF R. L. S.
the abstinence of all neighbourly thoughts which
obtrudes itself with such an emphasis in Thoreau's
works. Here, as he confessed after the appearance
of the piece hi the ' Cornhill Magazine ' (June 1880),
and its inclusion in Familiar Studies of Men and.
Books, he had drawn a distorted portrait of the man
from his writings. And there is added the some-
what unexpected admission : ' Upon me this pure,
narrow, sunnily ascetic Thoreau had exercised a
great charm. I have scarce written ten sentences
since I was introduced to him, but his influence
might somewhere be detected by a close observer.'
THRAWN JANET
This short story of the supernatural belongs to
the series of tales of psychological terror which
Stevenson and his wife planned during the first year
of their marriage. It was written at Pitlochry hi
the Highlands in 1881 (<zl. 31), at the same time as
The Merry Men, with which its style has much hi
common. The introduction of a black man as a
terrifying impersonation is used in both tales. The
old Scottish superstition that the Devil appears as
a black evidently ran hi Stevenson's mind at this
time. In his thirtieth year he found the same fearful
pleasure in the legends of bogies and witchcraft as
when his nurse told him these tales of her country.
This susceptibility to the horrific — he declared that
the writing of Thrawn Janet ' nearly frightens me
to death ' — is plainly the inspiration of the tale, and
has its recognition hi the foremost place among his
short stories to which critics, with remarkable un-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 259
animity, have assigned it. It was Stevenson's first
prose work to be written wholly in Scots, and save
for ' Tod Lapraik,' introduced into Catriona, his
last. Stevenson, once again anticipating his critics,
coupled the two tales as work which together of
themselves would be enough to entitle him to be a
writer. Thrawn Janet appeared in the ' Cornhill
Magazine/ October 1881, and is included in The
Merry Men.
THREE PLAYS
Deacon Brodie, Beau Austin, and Admiral Guinea,
by Henley and Stevenson, were issued under this
title by Mr. David Nutt in 1892. The present value
is about los. See ' Plays.'
TICONDEROGA
See ' Ballads/
TRAVELS WITH A DONKEY IN THE CEVENNES
While the fame of Stevenson is associated in the
public mind with Treasure Island and Jekyll and
Hyde, it may be thought that the Travels with a
Donkey will live the longest hi the estimation of a
more eclectic class on account of its unique expression
of Stevenson's unconscious art of making himself
interesting to the reader. A certain critic, who
cannot understand Stevenson, is offended by the
egoism which causes the reader to share the sensa-
tions of the owner of Modestine more acutely than
those of, say, Robinson Crusoe. The habit passed
in some measure as Stevenson grew older, but the
260 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
book preserves a certain picture which, though it
does not suggest the high spirits of his youth, can
be taken as one of himself in these early days.
Indeed the circumstances of the journey were not
those to inspire high spirits. Mrs. Osbourne after
having spent two years in France had that summer
returned to America, and Stevenson, who had been
in Paris for the first six months of the year (1878),
must have set out to Monastier, in August, with very
dark thoughts of the uncertainty hi which the desire
of his life was involved. Thus when the book was
published in the following year he wrote to R. A. M.
Stevenson, ' Lots of it is mere protestation to F.
(Mrs. Osbourne), most of which I think you will
understand. That is to me the main thread of
interest. Whether the damned public — but that 's
all one/ The public may be thought not to have
detected the note of the anxious lover in such pas-
sages as that on the monks of our Lady of the Snows :
' And I blessed God that I was free to wander, free
to hope, and free to love/
It is scarcely accurate, as Stevenson remarks in
one place, to speak of the journey as in the Cevennes.
During the greater number of his twelve days he was
west of the range which for three hundred miles runs
from not far south of Lyons to within thirty miles of
the Mediterranean, and forms the watershed of the
Loire and Allier in the west and, in the east, of the
roaring tributaries of the Rhone. His way lay
chiefly in the forbidding but less formidable hills
of the Velay, in Upper G6vaudan, and in the Lozere
mountains. The Pic de Finiels in the latter range,
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 261
which Stevenson calls ' The Cevennes of the Cevennes,'
is classed by many geographers as a height of a dis-
tinct mountain group, though actually an eastern
spur midway hi the Cevennes range. Indeed Steven-
son was most truly in the Cevennes on the last day
of his journey when crossing their southern slope
from St. Germain de Calberte to St. Jean de Gard.
The point is referred to only by way of warning to
those studying the places of the journey that they
will find few of them mentioned in the guide-books
and other works on the Cevennes, but need to consult
chiefly those on the topography of Haute-Loire, of
which an admirable modern example is that by
M. Marcelin Boule (Paris, Masson et Cie, 1911).
The country through which he journeyed was, and
still is, the most deficient hi ordinary comforts for
the traveller of any in France. Between Monastier,
from which he started, after a month's stay spent in
completing the New Arabian Nights and the Pictur-
esque Notes on Edinburgh, to St. Jean de Gard, there
is scarcely a place which boasts an inn offering
more than the most primitive accommodation.
But though Stevenson did not seek the more sceni-
cally. attractive parts of the country, which are to
be found chiefly in the Department of Arde"che, in
few parts of Western Europe could he have travelled
by so many river courses, or experienced the abrupt
change from highlands of Siberian winters to a
country of the South within sight almost of the vine
and olive-yards of Herault. Crossing the beginning
of the Loire and the Allier at Langogne, Cheylard
and Luc hi the bleak, bare valleys of Upper Gevaudan
262 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
were places on the way to La Bastide whence the
road was taken to the Trappist Monastery of Our
Lady of the Snows, entirely destroyed by fire hi the
early summer of 1912. Thence from Bleymard
over considerable ridges of the Lozere to Pont de
Montvert on the Tarn, thence westward along the
Tarn Valley to Florae, the only place of any size in
the itinerary, and from Florae by the valley of the
Mimente through the heart of the Camisard country
to St. Jean de Gard, where Modestine was sold and
the stage coach taken to the railway at Alais. The
route of this journey has been followed twenty years
afterwards by a lover of Stevenson, Mr. J. A.
Hammerton, who tried but, as is not surprising,
failed to discover a single person who remembered
the traveller with a donkey. The story of this pil-
grimage is told in the book ' In the Track of Steven-
son,' the photographs hi which of some of the forlorn
hamlets which were Stevenson's objectives exemplify
his doctrine of travelling ' not to go anywhere but to
go.' At any rate Mr. Hammerton was able to learn
the identity of the waitress Clarisse of Pont de Mont-
vert, whose features had moved Stevenson to regret
that she should be ' left to country admirers and a
country way of thought.' A married life in the dis-
trict, as Mr. Hammerton ascertained, was, however,
her lot, savoured perhaps in odd moments of recol-
lection by the knowledge conveyed to her that she
had figured in a work of literature. But her phleg-
matic countenance, which Mr. Hammerton repro-
duces in his volume, discourages the thought that
Clarisse derived any satisfaction from having been
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 263
the original of a not altogether flattering portrait.
It was at Pont de Montvert that Stevenson entered
the country memorable for the struggles of the
Camisards for religious liberty hi the early years of
the eighteenth century. The Protestant Cevenols
who hi these trackless hills defended their faith
against the soldiers of Louis xiv. could not fail to be
coupled hi his mind with the Scottish Covenanters.
For the rest of the journey the religious war crops
up again and again in his pages, and at Cassagnas, as
he says, his historical acquirements gained him some
respect. The persecution might well have formed
the groundwork of an historical romance hi later
years', but there is no evidence of Stevenson having
ever entertained the idea. The late S. R. Crockett,
however, took it as the basis of his novel ' Flower
o' the Corn/
The book was written in Edinburgh in the winter
of 1878 (at. 28), and on publication in June 1879
attracted scarcely more notice in literary circles than
An Inland Voyage of the previous year. The copy-
right in the two and in that of Virginibus Puerisque
was bought back from the publishers for as little as
one hundred pounds. The first edition issued by
Kegan Paul, and containing the frontispiece by
Walter Crane in the style of illustrations of ' The
Pilgrim's Progress,' is rare, and recently realized
sums from £10 to £18.
TREASURE ISLAND
The book which made Stevenson famous, and has
since become a classic among tales of adventure, to
264 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
be ranked with ' Robinson Crusoe.' Its appearance
did much more than establish him as a writer for boy
readers. In fact, the book was not instantaneously
a success among readers of that day, pledged to
Captain Marry at and his imitators. But it brought
Stevenson prominently to the notice of an elder
public, able to perceive the uncommon power of
romantic description which marked Treasure Island
from previous tales of adventure. Mayne Reid and
Ballantyne have their sway over the youthful mind,
but it is scarcely conceivable that Mr. Gladstone
would have searched London for a book by either, as
he is said to have done for a copy of Treasure Island,
on the first edition being sold out at the publishers.
A couple of years passed before this yarn of buc-
caneers and mutiny on the high seas became one of
the most popular of boys' books. Meanwhile its
author, who had never been a campaigner like Mayne
Reid hi Mexico, or Ballantyne with the Hudson
Bay Company, but had lived in a bedroom world
of romance of his own making, first found himself
recognized as a writer of note outside the small
literary circle in which his work was esteemed.
The circumstances of its writing and publication
are in some respects unlike those of his other books.
Returning to England after his marriage in San
Francisco hi the summer of 1880, R. L. S., with his
wife and stepson, spent the winter at Davos, came
to Edinburgh in the spring and, with his parents
and family, spent part of the summer at Braemar
in the Highlands. It was a miserably wet season,
he was reduced to prostration by a cold, and partly
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 265
for the amusement of his stepson, he began the tale
which he called The Sea-Cook or Treasure Island. To
Henley he wrote : ' If this don't fetch the kids, why,
they have gone rotten since my day. Will you be
surprised to learn that it is about Buccaneers, that
it begins in the "Admiral Benbow " public-house
on Devon coast, that it is all about a map, and a
treasure, and a mutiny, and a derelict ship, and a
current, and a fine old Squire Trelawney (the real
Tre, purged of literature and sin, to suit the infant
mind), and a doctor, and another doctor, and a sea-
cook with one leg, and a sea-song with the chorus
" Yo-ho-ho and a bottle of rum " (at the third Ho,
you heave at the capstan bars), which is a real buc-
caneer's song only known to the crew of the late
Captain Flint (died of rum at Key West, much re-
gretted, friends please accept this intimation) ; and
lastly, will you be surprised to hear in this connection
the name of Routledge ? That 's the kind of man
I am, blast your eyes. Two chapters are written,
and have been tried on Lloyd with great success ;
the trouble is to work it off without oaths. Buc-
caneers without oaths — bricks without straw. But
youth and the fond parent have to be consulted.'
Mr. Edmund Gosse, who was among the visitors
who came to Braemar, has preserved for us in
' Critical Kit-Kats ' a sketch of what Stevenson's
days were like while Treasure Island was in progress :
' After breakfast I went to Louis' bedroom where he
sat up in bed with dark flashing eyes and ruffled hair,
and we played chess on the coverlet. Not a word
passed, for he was strictly forbidden to speak in the
266 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
early part of the day. As soon as he felt tired — often
in the middle of a game — he would rap with peremp-
tory knuckles on the board as a signal to stop, and
then Mrs. Stevenson or I would arrange his writing
materials on the bed. Then I would see no more of
him till dinner-time, when he would appear smiling
and voluble, the horrid bar of speechlessness having
been let down. Then every night, after dinner, he
would read to us what he had written during the day.
I find a note to my wife dated September 3, 1881 :
" Louis has been writing all the time I have been here
a novel of pirates and hidden treasure, in the highest
degree exciting. He reads it to us every night,
chapter by chapter."
The elder Stevenson in whom, for all his rigid
beliefs, was a strong strain of romance, took the
liveliest. interest in the tale and, as his son declared
in the essay My First Book, compiled the list of things
found in Billy Bones's chest. In this friendly atmo-
sphere the book shaped itself at the rate of something
like a chapter a day until more than half of it was
done. It flowed from Stevenson as scarcely any
other of his longer works did — ' No writing,' he wrote
to Henley, ' just drive along as the words come and
the pen will scratch.' And while it was in the
making there came another visitor, Dr. Alexander
Japp, by whom it was introduced to a publisher.
The publisher was a friend of Dr. Japp's, Mr. James
Henderson, for whose paper, ' Young Folks,' it was
accepted at the miserable price of £2, los. a page
(of 4500 words), not more than is paid to the hack
reporter of police-court cases. However Stevenson
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 267
retained his copyright in the work, and Treasure
Island (the choice of title was Mr. Henderson's)
began an obscure and undistinguished appearance hi
' Young Folks,' where it ran from October i, 1881,
to January 28, 1882. Before more than a chapter
or two had been published the severe weather had
driven Stevenson again to Davos where, after an
anxious interval in which ' there was not one word
of Treasure Island hi my bosom,' the tale was
finished with the same ease and zest which marked
its beginning.
In ' Young Folks ' Stevenson used the pseudonym
' Captain George North,' no doubt for the reason that
he did not wish to injure what reputation he had
gamed as a contributor of essays and stories of a
different character to ' Temple Bar ' and the ' Corn-
hill.' If that were so he was mistaken, for the
publication of Treasure Island hi book form, by the
notice it brought him, was the means of interesting
the public in his other work, though equally it
created the idea, even now not quite extinct, that he
is ' just a writer of stories for boys.' At any rate in
the spring of 1882, the text was revised and the
book offered, apparently "without success, to pub-
lishers of his more serious writings. It was not until
a year later, after a spell of nearly nine months in
which he was too ill to work, that he wrote jubilantly
to his parents : ' My dearest People, — I have had
a great piece of news. There has been offered for
Treasure Island — how much do you suppose ? I
believe it would be an excellent jest to keep the
answer till my next letter. For two cents I would
268 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
do so. Shall I ? Anyway, I '11 turn the page first.
No — well — a hundred pounds, all alive 0 ! a hundred
jingling, tingling golden-minted quid ! Is not this
wonderful. ... It does look as if I should support
myself without trouble in the future. If I have
only health, I can, thank God. It is dreadful to be
a great big man, and not be able to buy bread.'
Messrs. Cassell published Treasure Island hi De-
cember 1883 at the same time that The Silverado
Squatters appeared with Messrs. Chatto & Windus,
and from that tune Stevenson had gained the ear of
the reading public. The sales of the former may be
judged from the fact that up to 1919 £6000 had been
paid in royalties.
In his ' Idler ' article of 1894 Stevenson declared
that the germ of the story was the map drawn for
the wall of his stepson's playroom at Braemar, and
afterwards lost when the book was undertaken.
The second one (issued with the volume), made with
much labour to fit the incidents of the tale, and then
re-drawn hi his father's office, was sold at Sotheby's
in 1914 for £44. An equal inspiration of the story
was a mere name, ' The Dead Man's Chest/ which
Stevenson lighted on hi Charles Kingsley's ' At
Last,' a volume of travel hi the West Indies. It was
that of one of the many Virgin Islands which
English buccaneers had re-titled in accordance with
their profession of plunder. With these as the germ
and seed, Stevenson's reading of Defoe, Washington
Irving, and Poe (evidently ' The. Gold JBug '), and
Captain Charles Johnson's ' Lives of Pirates and
Highwaymen,' supplemented by his own experience
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 269
on sailing-ships, formed the material of Treasure
Island, whilst his friend Henley, by a process of
transmutation, provided the genesis of the central
figure of the one-legged cook, Silver (q.v.).
Treasure Island on its appearance was reproduced
and pirated hi all directions. It has been produced
as a film story for the cinematograph, and is beyond
doubt the most largely sold of any of Stevenson's
works. The first edition of 292 pages with map
frontispiece, now rather rare, is worth about £7.
TREASURE OF FRANCHARD, THE
The story which more than any other betrays
Stevenson's intimate understanding of French life
and spirit ; also almost the only one in which he felt
pleased with his drawing of a woman. Anastasie,
the placid, affectionate wife of the -egoistic Dr.
Desprez, was a portrait of a Madame La Chevre,
wife of a painter, at whose house hi Barbizon R. L. S.
and his cousin Bob were frequent guests. Moreover,
the touch of marital irregularity which in the story
is no more than a possibility to be averted, had its
counterpart in the original of Anastasie. Mr. W. H.
Low, who also was a friend of theirs, relates hi ' A
Chronicle of Friendships ' that she and M. La Chevre
had not the consent of the latter's mother to their
marriage. Under French law the son or daughter
may serve a legal notice upon the parents of the in-
tention to marry, and after three repetitions of this
ceremony, the marriage may take place. Yet the
closeness of the family tie in France is such that this
legal right is seldom exercised. Thus it was that
270 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
the La Che'vres, the most staid of couples, were not
legally joined in matrimony until after the death of
the husband's mother when both were well beyond
middle life. Mr. Low recalls Stevenson's shout of
elation years afterwards on learning of his (Low's)
instant recognition of Madame La Chdvre in The
Treasure of Franchard.
The greater part of the story was written at
Kingussie in the Highlands in the autumn of 1882
(<zt. 32). It was finished at St. Marcel, near Mar-
seilles, hi November of the same year during a period
of fever and exhaustion, from which he did not begin
to recover until the following spring. It appeared
in ' Longman's Magazine ' for April and May 1883,
but not until it had been rejected for a reason which
R. L. S. recalled ten years afterwards : ' This is a
poison - bad world for the romancer, this Anglo-
Saxon world ; I usually get out of it by not having
any women at all ; but when I remember I had
the Treasure of Franchard refused as unfit for a
family magazine I feel despair upon my wrists.'
In the collected works the story is placed in The
Merry Men.
UNDERWOODS
Stevenson's first volume of verse — if we except
the Child's Garden. It consists of fifty-four pieces,
sixteen of which are in Scots. Many were here pub-
lished for the first time ; others had appeared in the
' Magazine of Art,' ' Cornhill,' and other periodicals.
The volume, which was issued in 1887 (at. 37), at
the time of Stevenson's final departure from Europe,
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 271
was dedicated to physicians who had attended him,
a plural salutation on which Mr. Edmund Gosse
pleasantly rallied him hi a review of the poems.
Here he touched his friend on a highly vulnerable
spot. Stevenson's pride hi these familiar addresses
from the housetops is patent, and he retorted that
' to miscarry in a dedication is an abominable form
of book- wreck/ The verses of Underwoods, like
those of Songs of Travel, are as eloquent expression
of the man as the Child's Garden is of his earliest
years. ' Not a dozen ordinary interviewers,' wrote
Mr. Edmund Gosse, ' could have extracted so much
of the character of the man himself ' as they contain.
They are now included in the Collected Poems.
VILLON, FRANCOIS
The essay which bears this title does more than
present the life of Villon ; it is an illuminating glance
on a piece of Paris society in the fifteenth century.
Stevenson, then twenty-five, went for his facts
chiefly to the ' fitude Biographique sur Francois
Villon ' of Auguste Longnon, issued in 1877, and
publishing for the first time the authentic docu-
ments of the poet's life. But he drew also from the
older works on Villon, from the ' Journal d'un
Bourgeois de Paris/ and the 'Chronique scan-
daleuse ' ; and from these sources composed a picture
of Villon's life such as can be found nowhere else in
the literature of the poet. Marcel Schwob, a great
authority on Villon, pointed out some years ago in
a letter to Sir Sidney Colvin that, while Stevenson
passed on one or two of the errors of the writers on
272 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Villon, in other instances his intuition led him to
anticipate correctly the results of later research,
as, for example, in recognizing La Grosse Margot
(Fat Peg) of the grimy ballad as a real person. As
a contribution to the study of Villon the essay has
been rather adversely criticized. It is nine-tenths
of it a picture of Villon's rascalities. R. L. S. dis-
misses Villon's art almost cavalierly, without appear-
ing to have thought it worth while to offer a study
of the causes of its survival through four hundred
years. The ribald character of the poet plainly
shocks his Scotch moral sense. He pursues him
with epithets of disgust, never seems moved to view
Villon's loose living and thievish tricks through the
spectacles of the fifteenth century, and must even
heighten his misdoings so that he stands out as the
unpleasantest rogue in Paris in 1460. The romantic
in Stevenson must have sprung to the muddy melo-
drama of Villon, but as great a lover of the romantic,
Mr. de Vere Stacpoole, has regretted what he
detects as a sneering and self-righteous attitude
of R. L. S. towards Villon. And in those contrite
second thoughts prefixed to the essays collected as
Familiar Studies of Men and Books, Stevenson re-
gretted that he did not leave the presentation of
Villon to those who could think well of him where
he saw nothing but artistic evil. The essay was first
published in the ' Cornhill Magazine,' August 1877.
VIRGINIBUS PUERISQUE
Of the four essays bearing this title (which is
given to the volume containing them), Part I, which
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 273
may be said to be on courtship, and II, on marriage,
are not further defined ; III and IV have the sub-
titles On Falling in Love and Truth of Intercourse.
I, III, and IV appeared first in the ' Cornhill Maga-
zine ' for August 1876, February 1877, and May 1879.
II did not appear until the publication of the essays
in book form in 1881, and might therefore have been
written after Stevenson's marriage in 1880. While
Stevenson's letters during these years (<zt. 26 to 31)
contain much discussion of his writings, there is but
the one slight mention of these papers, viz., ' a thing
in proof for the Cornhill called Virginibus Puerisque,'
hi reference to the first of them. The opinion, if it
exists, of the mature and married Stevenson on
these most widely read essays of his youth should
be worth reading. Their popularity has been due
no doubt to their fresh, whimsical and, in places,
cynical treatment of the perennial problem of
marriage. For all his dogmatism, or perhaps
because of it, one does not take this light moralizing
seriously. Indeed Stevenson makes it clear that his
thoughts are meant to provoke remonstrance. He
overstates in order to arouse the reader's correction ;
and while he paints the perils of the married state,
confesses his wonder that so many are happy in it.
The manuscripts in Stevenson's hand of I and II
of the papers were included in a sale at Christie's on
April 22, 1918, in aid of the British Red Cross Society.
They were a donation from the widow of Reginald
J. Smith, K.C., and were bought by Mr. Sabin for
£165. Some notes in the ' Times Literary Supple-
ment' of March 7, 1918, describe the revisions of
s
274 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
these MSS. in Stevenson's hand, and indicate the
further corrections of the essays in proof, the latter
most probably by the editor of the ' Cornhill,' Leslie
Stephen.
The volume Virginibus Puerisque, taking its title
from the first four papers, was Stevenson's first book
of essays, and is made up of writings of this kind
from his twenty-fourth to twenty-eighth year. The
aim running through the papers, as he relates in the
preface, ' was to state temperately the beliefs of
youth as opposed to the contentions of age.' It
was conceived to form them into a volume which
might have borne the title ' Life at Twenty-Five/
but the later papers were judged out of keeping with
this description — so quickly does youth profess to
see the yellow leaf.
In addition to the four Virginibus Puerisque papers,
the book is published including the essays Crabbed
Youth and Age, An Apology for Idlers, Ordered South,
Aes Triplex, El Dorado, The English Admirals, Some
Portraits by Raeburn, Child's Play, Walking Tours,
Pan's Pipes, and A Plea for Gas Lamps. Almost all
of these contain an element of autobiography, and
are separately considered in these pages.
On its first issue by Messrs. Kegan Paul hi 1881
'the book did not sell well, and in 1884 the copyright
and the remainder of the edition were bought in by
Stevenson's father and transferred to Messrs. Chatto
& Windus. Copies of the first edition, with the
imprint of the original publisher, have a value of
about £11.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 275
WAIF WOMAN, THE
The Icelandic folk-tale in the style of the Sagas
was written in Samoa about 1892 (<zt. 42), and was
intended for inclusion in Island, Nights Entertain-
ments. But on Mrs. Stevenson's protest the story
was withheld and was first published in ' Scribner's '
of December 1914, and in book form by Messrs.
Chatto & Windus in 1916. In 1915 the original
MS., on fourteen folio sheets, entirely in R. L. S.'s
handwriting, was sold in New York for $990 (£198).
WALKING TOURS
A paper which corresponds with a large part of
Stevenson's habit of life during the five years
(1875-9) when he was free to travel and physically
fit for outdoor exercise. During this period he was
a great walker ; in Scotland, more in France, less in
England and Germany. His biographer has quoted
a list, made years afterwards as a relief from illness,
of towns where he had stayed the night : fifty in
Scotland, seventy-four in France, and forty-six in
England. These excursions on foot were many of
them made alone ; none was so elaborately conceived
as the journey with the donkey in the Cevennes ;
few were undertaken in districts so deficient in the
common comforts for the traveller. Probably of all
these wayfarings the most enjoyed were those in
the forest of Fontainebleau, from which Stevenson
would return at nightfall to the Siron inn at Barbizon
with its congenial company of artists.
But the essay, from its praise of the simple
pleasures of random travel and tired arrival at some
276 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
unfamiliar end, was probably immediately inspired
by the Winter's Walk in Carrick and Galloway made
in January 1876, and the subject of one of Steven-
son's travel pieces. Walking Tours was evidently
written between then (at. 26) and the following
June, when it appeared in the ' Cornhill Magazine.'
Of it, R. L. S. wrote to Colvin, who had expressed
his liking for it : ' I like it too ; I think it 's prose ;
and I own with contrition I 've not always written
prose.' The essay is included in Virginibus
Puerisque.
WATT, FRANCIS (1849- )
Author of several books of Stevenson interest.
The chief of these is ' R. L. S.' (London, Methuen,
1913), which deals chiefly with the personal and
literary relations of Stevenson to Scotland, follows
his travels, and discusses his style, verse, plays,
religion and character. Mr. Watt's ' Terrors of the
Law ' (London, John Lane, 1902) includes a chapter
on Lord Braxfield ; and his ' Edinburgh and the
Lothians ' (London, Methuen, 1912), in its descrip-
tions of Edinburgh past and present, has much to
say of Stevenson's place in the annals of his native
city.
WATT, REV. LAUCHLAN MACLEAN
Author of ' The Hills of Home ' (London, Foulis,
1913), half a dozen chapters on Stevenson's asso-
ciations with the Pentland country and their in-
fluence on his thought. It contains the three essays :
Pastoral, An Old Scotch Gardener, and The Manse,
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 277
and The Pentland Rising, and is illustrated by re-
productions in colour of paintings of Pentland
landscapes by Robert Hope, A.R.S.A.
WATTS-DUNTON, THEODORE (1832-1914)
An appreciative review of Kidnapped,' by Watts-
Dunton in the 'Athenaeum/ was the occasion of a
letter to his reviewer in which Stevenson acknow-
ledges the defect of construction which strikes even
the less critical reader, namely, the beginning of a
new story when David and Alan take to the moun-
tains after the murder of Glenure. The book,
he wrote, ' had to go into the world, one part (as it
does seem to me) alive, one part merely galvanized.'
On the other hand, he vigorously defended the out-
come of the fight on the ' Covenant ' against the
charge of improbability which Mr. Watts (as he
then was) had brought against it.
WEIR OF HERMISTON
The editorial note by Sir Sidney Colvin which is
included in editions of the unfinished romance so
fully treats of the plans which Stevenson had for it,
of the legal and historical problems which it presented
and of the landscape setting of the story, that further
comment is superfluous. Stevenson believed the
work would be his masterpiece and Braxfield his
best character, a judgment which indubitably the
finished work would have obtained from the critics ;
which indeed the fragment has obtained. If a
word may be added it is that the tale as it was left
at the time of his death still awaited the full develop-
278 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
ment of Braxfield's formidable character. The
judge's coarsest jests were kept for the bench of the
criminal court. Stevenson would know his com-
ment upon an argument that Christianity was an
innovation, and that all great men had been re-
formers, even our Saviour Himself ; at which Brax-
field chuckled hi an undertone ' Muckle he made o'
that, he was hanget.' The story as it reached its
appointed climax would surely have produced as
great a presentation of character as any in literature.
Weir of Hermiston was not included hi the Edin-
burgh edition, but was first published hi 1896. A
French translation, Hermiston, le juge pendeur, was
issued hi 1912 (Paris, Albert Bordeaux). Manu-
script of the first three chapters was sold at Sotheby's
in 1914 for £228, and other drafts, mostly hi Steven-
son's writing, were sold in New York in 1915 for $375
(£75).
WEIR, MRS.— OF ' WEIR OF HERMISTON '
See ' Stevenson, Jean.'
WHITMAN, WALT
The writings of the unconventionally rugged
preacher and poet were beginning to obtain their very
mixed reception about the time that R. L. S., just
in the twenties, was passing through the period of
his life which hi one respect was the most trying of
any. In matters of religious belief and social con-
vention he found himself at variance from his parents,
and particularly from his father, to whom the free-
dom of thought which found expression in teachings
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 279
such as Herbert Spencer's was something abhorrent.
Amid the perplexities created by this breach of in-
tellectual and religious outlook Stevenson found
encouragement hi the ideals of self-hood, friendship,
and democracy, set forth in so strange a form by
the American apostle. In a fragment of auto-
biography written in 1880, and marking this period
of his life by the heading ' From Jest to Earnest,'
he declares that he dated his new departure from
three circumstances — natural growth, the coming
of friends, and the study of Walt Whitman.' The
writings of Whitman evidently continued to be a
study of his for some years not only for his own
mental consolation, but with a view to the writing
of an essay for publication. This essay, first issued
in the ' New Quarterly Magazine,' October 1878, and
reprinted hi Familiar Studies of Men and Books, fails
to betray by scarcely more than a line that Stevenson
himself owed anything to Whitman. The fact is
that it is not the paper which Stevenson had first
written ' full of gratitude for the help that had been
given me hi my life, full of enthusiasm for the in-
trinsic merits of the poems, and conceived in the
noisiest extreme of youthful eloquence.' So he
confessed in the critical notes of his own work when
issuing this and other essays in the book form, four
years afterwards. John Addington Symonds, with
whom Stevenson afterwards formed a friendship at
Davos, has given his version of this revision. In
' Walt Whitman : A Study,' published in 1893, and
a sympathetic analysis of Whitman's teaching and
peculiar genius, he writes ;
280 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
' My friend, Mr. R. L. Stevenson, once published
a constrained and measured study of Walt Whit-
man which struck some of those who read it as
frigidly appreciative. He subsequently told me that
he had first opened upon the key-note of a glowing
panegyric, but felt the pompous absurdity of its
exaggeration. He began again, subduing the whole
tone of the composition. When the essay was
finished in this second style, he became conscious
that it misrepresented his own enthusiasm for the
teacher who at a critical moment of his youthful
life had helped him to discover the right line of
conduct.'
It may be said with a good deal of truth that
Stevenson's essay has outlived its subject. Whit-
man's ideal of a world democracy is much with us
in these days (1919), but Whitman is remembered
by a very few. Others have preached from his
texts in this and other spheres of thought as vigor-
ously and with infinitely more intelligibility and
grace. Thus Stevenson's paper serves to mark
more than anything else his own intellectual kinship,
as a young man, with ideas hi the social and religious
fields which represented much of the ' new thought '
of the latter half of the nineteenth century. At
twenty-three his views of life were ministered to by
Whitman's wide if obscure creed of individual per-
sonality, universal brotherhood, love and liberty.
Of Whitman's extraordinary style he showed more
tolerance than might be expected in calling it ' a
most surprising compound of plain grandeur, senti-
mental affectation, and downright nonsense.'
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 281
WICK
A stay of six weeks, when he was eighteen, in this
fishing village ten miles to the south of John o'
Groats, remained one of Stevenson's unforgettable
memories. It provided the text four years later
for the essay On the Enjoyment of Unpleasant Places
(q.v.) ; and in that on The Education of an Engineer,
written soon after he had left Europe, he pronounced
Wick ' one of the meanest of man's towns, and
situate certainly in the baldest of God's bays.' He
was sent there by his father to study harbour con-
struction— with what degree of success the second
of the papers cited above eloquently tells. For
nearly forty years marine engineers had been vainly
labouring there ; and not even the Stevenson firm
was able to subject the forces of Nature which
opposed them on this wild coast. R. L. S. refers to
it in the memoir on his father : ' The harbour of
Wick, the chief disaster of my father's life, was a
failure, the sea proved too strong for man's arts ;
and after expedients hitherto unthought of, and on
a scale hyper-cyclopean, the work must be deserted,
and now stands a ruin hi that bleak God-forsaken
bay.' At Wick R. L. S. lodged in a private hotel on
the harbour bar kept by a Mr. Sutherland, and his
literary association with the town is the subject of
a paper, ' R. L. Stevenson in Wick,' by Margaret
H. Roberton in the ' Magazine of Wick Literary
Society,' Christmas 1903.
282 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
WILL O' THE MILL
In the pattern of its writing, as perfect as any
short work of Stevenson's. It belongs to a time of
his life when he was in fairly good health. In the
year in which it was written (1877, cet. 27), he was
dividing his time pretty equally between France
and Scotland, and for a while was in Cornwall.
Some of his best short stories, such as A Lodging for
the Night and Providence and the Guitar, belong to
this period. Will o' the Mill, however, is unlike them
in being a sermon, propounding a timid philosophy
of life which perhaps is the last the reader would
expect from the author who wrote : ' Does not life
go down with a better grace, foaming in full body
over a precipice than miserably straggling to an end
in sandy deltas.' Will, with all his aspirations and
ambitions, is a hanger-back, a type with which
R. L. S. had not a single thought hi common. The
explanation, given to him by Stevenson, so Sir
Graham Balfour relates, is that hi Will o' the Mill
he sought to present in a picturesque form what
degree of satisfaction the hanger-back might get
from life. It was a kind of experiment in the way
of taking an opponent's argument and pursuing it
to its logical conclusion. This interpretation re-
conciles us to the sense of loss and running-out hi
the end — Death welcomed by the timid abstinent.
The setting of the fable is evidently a valley in
Germany or Austria. His biographer says it was
drawn from the Brenner Pass which, with others
much like it, was visited by R. L. S. as a boy with
his parents. The tale appeared in ' Cornhill Maga-
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 283
zine ' of January 1878, and is included in The Merry
Men.
WINTER'S WALK IN CARRICK AND GALLOWAY,
A
A week's walking tour in January 1876 provided
the material of this paper, which was probably
written soon afterwards (<zt. 25), but was left un-
finished. Its first publication was in the ' Illus-
trated London News/ Summer Number, 1896, with
illustrations by H. Macbeth Raeburn. The paper,
which marks a distinct development of the earlier
studies of the road, Cockermouth and Keswick and
An Autumn Effect, is placed among Essays of Travel.
WREATH OF IMMORTELLES, THE
Passages hi this early sketch of the Greyfriars
churchyard anticipate the chapter on the same quiet
corner of the city in Edinburgh — Picturesque Notes,
written some seven years afterwards. The piece is
one of the fragments written hi the years 1870-1, but
not published until included in a volume of the
Edinburgh edition issued after Stevenson's death.
It is now included in the volume Lay Morals.
WRECKER, THE
The benefit to Stevenson of collaboration with
his stepson is plainly greater in this tale of ' strange
ways of life ' than in the other two of their joint
authorship. It is a big book — much the longest of
any Stevensonian work — and is so broken into dis-
tinct episodes that it lent itself to independent
284 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
work by the two writers. Stevenson thus obtained
a larger measure of relief from the strain which the
maintenance of a long narrative imposed on his low
pressure of physical vitality ; and the divided plan
of the story made it possible to revise and re-write
to a degree which could not be done in the case of
the more connected Wrong Box.
Their collaboration, as Mr. Lloyd Osbourne has
let it be known, was in part individual contribution
of the pictures in the story ; in part, the closest
association of both in perfecting other chapters.
Thus, the scenes of art-student life in Paris are
wholly Stevenson's ; but Mr. Osbourne declares his
authorship of the picnic incidents in San Francisco,
of Pinkerton and Dodd's affairs in partnership, of
the storm that overtook the ' Norah Creina,' and of
the sudden outburst of butchery by the incensed
crew of the ' Currency Lass.' He tells us that the
American Captain ' Nares was mine, and Pinkerton
to a great degree, and Captain Brown was mine
throughout.' Their method, after the whole story
had been plotted out and a list of chapters drawn up,
was for Mr. Osbourne to make a first draft, which was
written and fe-written by Stevenson and himself in
turn, and was further worked over by one or the
other of them. The impress of R. L. S. over all
The Wrecker came about in this fashion. The
degree of revision varied ; Mr. Osbourne mentions,
evidently as an extreme instance, the writing and
re-writing no less than eleven times of the chapter
(XVII.) in which Dodd gains the first clue to the
mystery of the wreck.
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 285
The tale represents the only occasion on which
Stevenson was drawn to adopt the mystery type of
novel in which the reader is carried forward by the
incidents surrounding a secret which is kept to the
last. As explained in the Epilogue, familiarly ad-
dressed to his friend, Will H. Low, he had aimed at
giving greater realism to this form of story by a
more gradual approach to the essence of the yarn.
The reader is allowed first to live with the characters
for a while instead of stepping with them into their
adventures straight on his introduction to them.
Hence the first half-dozen chapters, with their
scenes in Paris and Edinburgh, are almost without
bearing on the incidents afterwards developed, and
might well be cited against Stevenson's doctrine
that the opening of a story is of a piece with its end.
Evidently the Prologue, anticipating Dodd's adven-
tures, is used as a device to cast unity over the
whole, in something of the manner of Mr. Conrad.
But the earlier chapters have a special interest in
the fact that they contain Stevenson's pictures of
the artist's life of the Latin Quarter which, through
his friendship with Low, he had seen for himself,
but has not elsewhere described. The sketch is a
partial one — Stevenson is here not to be ranged
with de Koch or Du Maurier — but in his few vivid
touches R. L. S. pictures the zest, camaraderie, and
the licence of Parisian student life of a period which
seems to be some years earlier than that (1875-80)
when he was frequently in Paris.
The figure of Loudon Dodd is drawn hi many re-
spects from Low. ' Some of his adventures and some
286 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
of mine,' wrote R. L. S. to Mrs. Low, in offering the
dedication of the book to her husband, ' are agree-
ably mingled in the early part,' as may be judged
from Low's many reminiscences of Stevenson in
' A Chronicle of Friendships.' In these chapters
Stevenson introduces a reference to himself and his
cousin R. A. M. S. in the Stennis fr&res, the ' pair of
hare-brained Scots/ who take part in the impromptu
trip to Barbizon, and will hear of no baggage but a
great-coat and a tooth-brush. ' Stennis ' was the
nearest approach to the cousins' name of which the
good Siron of the hotel at Barbizon was capable.
But for the abortive enterprise of Dodd in under-
taking the statue for the capitol of his native town
Stevenson toned down, for the sake of credibility,
the case of a would-be member of the artists' com-
munity. Miss Simpson hi her ' Stevenson Originals '
recounts that an American named Pardesous was
sent to Paris by his father ' to learn to sculp,' in order
to carry out contracts for statuary which, by his
father's influence, could be placed with him. Romney
the down-at-heel painter, Miss Simpson tells us, was
one of other characters drawn from the circles in
which R. L. S. and her brother had moved in the
seventies. By a coincidence the copy of ' Scribner's '
containing the dedication which recalled these echoes
of Montparnasse came into Low's hands at the table
of Lavenue's restaurant, where close on twenty
years before he had first sat with R. L. S.
The Wrecker, which, after an interval of nearly
three years, followed 'The Master of Ballantrae in
' Scribner's Magazine ' (August 1891 to July 1892),
A BOOK OF R.L..S. 287
was written while Stevenson (<zt. 39 to 41), with his
wife and stepson, were upon their second and third
cruises among the Pacific Islands, and during their
early residence in Samoa — a period of nearly two
years, during much of which time they were beyond
touch with civilization. The conception of the tale
is told in the Epilogue, viz., its foundation on a pro-
position of which Captain Trent's harsh bargain
with the castaways was the counterpart. Beyond
these public confidences in the ear of his friend Low
there is little to show his opinion of the book except
a passage to Sir Sidney Colvin : ' The part that is
genuinely good is Nares, the American sailor ; that
is a genuine figure ; had there been more Nares it
would have been a better book ; but of course it
didn't set up to be a book, only a long, tough yarn
with some pictures of the manners of to-day in the
greater world — not the shoddy, sham world of cities,
clubs and colleges, but the world where men still
live a man's life.'
The first edition (Cassell, 1892, 6s.) appeared with
illustrations by William Hole and W. L. Metcalf,
and has a value of about £E.
WRONG BOX, THE
It must always be a subject for wonder why
Stevenson, whose reputation as a writer was jealously
guarded by himself and his friends, should ever have
accepted the part of joint-author of this farcical tale.
A generous desire for his stepson to share in the
benefit of association with himself is the most
credible explanation. The tale in the first instance
288 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
was written and re-written entirely by Lloyd
Osbourne, then twenty years of age, at Saranac
during the winter of 1887. To Stevenson it ap-
peared ' so funny ' that he took it in hand, and in the
course of the following year revised it to such an
extent that in Mr. Osbourne's words ' it lived as it
had never lived before/ By the time Stevenson and
his party had come on their cruise in the ' Casco '
to Honolulu early in 1889 the story had reached a
state which prompted R. L. S. to offer it to Scribner's
for $5000. The offer was not accepted, and The
Wrong Box was published by Messrs. Longmans in
June 1889. This first edition of 283 pages has a
value of about i6s. A French translation published
in 1905 bears the title ' Le Mort Vivant.'
YEATS, WILLIAM BUTLER (1865- )
A single letter was sent by Stevenson to Mr. Yeats
briefly to express the fascination which a poem of
the latter 's had for him. Recalling the spell which
Swinburne and Meredith cast over him he wrote :
' It may interest you to know that I have a third
time fallen in slavery : this is to your poem the
' Lake Isle of Innisfree.' It is so quaint and airy,
simple, artful, and eloquent to the heart — but I seek
words in vain. Enough that " always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds on the
shore." '
YOSHIDA-TORAJIRO
The paper on the humble Japanese reformer of the
mid-nineteenth century was written at Monterey
A BOOK OF R. L. S. 289
California (at. 29). His informant of the life and
fate of Yoshida must have been one of the Japanese
whom he came to know in Edinburgh whilst they
were studying lighthouse engineering. The foot-
notes to the paper signed with the unexplained
initial ' F. J.' can be by no other than his friend
Fleeming Jenkin who, as it appeared, listened at the
same time as did R. L. S. to the recital of Yoshida's
struggle for emancipation. The paper appeared in
the ' Cornhill Magazine/ March 1880, and is placed
in Familiar Studies of Men and Books.
YOUNG CHEVALIER, THE
The opening of what was to have been ' a story of
sentiment and passion ' was written in May 1892.
Andrew Lang had sent Stevenson material of the
adventures of Prince Charles Edward after the '45,
and the scene was to be laid part in France and
part in Scotland, about 1749. The Master of
Ballantrae was to appear in it and, as Stevenson
wrote of it at its first inception : ' the hero is a
melancholy exile, and marries a young woman who
interests the prince, and there is the devil to pay.'
But with the beginning of the tale came a distrust
of his power to handle the theme with sufficient
delicacy. Appealing to Sir Sidney Colvin he wrote :
' I am afraid my touch is a little broad in a love
story ; I can't mean one thing and write another
. . . with all my romance I am a realist and
prosaist, and a most fanatical lover of plain physical
sensations plainly and expressly rendered ; hence
my perils. To do love, in the same spirit as I did
290 A BOOK OF R. L. S.
(for instance) D. Balfour's fatigue in the heather ;
my dear Sir, there were grossness ready made ! and
hence, how to sugar.' Thus the fragment first pub-
lished in the Edinburgh edition, and now included
in Lay Morals, remains only an index to what he
might have accomplished in this field.
INDEX
Across the Plains, I.
the book, 2.
Admiral Guinea, 3.
Admirals, The English, 91 .
Advocates' Library, Edinburgh,
letters in, 119.
Aes Triplex, 4.
Aikenhead, Thomas, 88.
Alpine Diversions, 5.
Alps, the Stimulation of, 244.
Amateur Emigrant, The, 6.
Anstruther, 7.
Apology for Idlers, An, 7.
Appeal to the Clergy of the Church
of Scotland, An, 8.
Appin Murder, 9.
Archer, Thomas (Tomarcher), 1 6.
— William, 16.
on Beau Austin, 31.
on The Black Arrow,
34-
Argyll, Duke of, in Appin trial,
12.
in Catriona, 48.
Armour, Margaret, 17.
Art, Letter to a Young Gentle-
man, etc., 146.
Art of Writing, Essays in the, 1 7 .
Attwater, original of, 17, 78.
Autobiography, fragments of, 1 8.
Autumn Effect, An, 20.
Bagster's 'Pilgrim's Progress,' 21.
Baildon, H. Bellyse, 21.
Balfour, Sir Graham, 22.
Dr. Lewis (grandfather), 24.
Jane Whyte (aunt), 23.
of Pilrig (Catriona), 47, 155.
Ballads, 25.
Ballantrae, the Master of, 158.
Barbizon painters, paper on, 99.
Barrie, Sir James, 27.
Baxter, Charles, 28.
original of Michael
Finsbury, 99.
Beach of Falesa, The, 29.
Gordon Brown's illus-
trations, 129.
Beau Austin, 30.
Begbie, murdered bank porter, 88.
Beggars, 31.
Bell Rock lighthouse, 240.
Bibliography of works, 197, 228.
Birth, date of, 85.
Birthplace, 85.
Black Arrow, The, 32.
Black Canyon: or Wild Adven-
tures in the Far West, 73.
Black, Margaret Moyes, 35.
Body Snatcher, The, 35.
Bookman, Stevenson number, 36.
Books which have influenced me,
37-
Bottle Imp, The, 37.
Bourget, Paul, and dedication of
Across the Plains, 77.
Bournemouth, 38.
Braxfield, Lord, 278.
and Deacon Brodie, 75.
in ' Terrors of the Law,'
276.
portrait by Raeburn,
203.
Breck, Alan, 40.
'• and James More, 172.
in the Appin trial, 13.
Brodie, Deacon, 74.
Brown, Horatie Robert Forbes, 42.
291
292
A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Brown, R., Glasgow, 59, 178.
Buckland, Jack, original of Tommy
Hadden, 43.
Burke and Hare, murderers, 89.
Burlingame, E. L., 43.
Burns, Robert, Some Aspects of,
44-
CAMISARDS, 263.
Campbell, Colin, of Glenure, II.
Lewis, 45.
Canoe Speaks, The, continuation
of III of Underwoods, 46.
' Casco,' cruise in the, 229.
relic of, in Edinburgh, 86.
Catriona, 46.
Appin trial, 9.
character of the Lord Advo-
cate, no.
Celestial Surgeon, The, 51.
quotation, 58.
Cevennes, 260.
Chalmers, Stephen, 52.
Character, A, 52.
Charity Bazaar, The, 52.
Charles of Orleans, 51.
Children, Notes on the Movements
of, 176.
Children, relations with, 56.
Child's Garden of Verses, A, 53.
Child's Play, 57.
Christmas at Sea, (ballad), 26.
Christmas Sermon, A, 58.
Cigarette of An Inland Voyage,
225.
Clarisse ( Travels with a Donkey),
262.
Clergy of the Church of Scotland,
An Appeal to the, 8.
Cluny's cage (Kidnapped), 140.
Cockermouth and Keswick, 59.
College Magazine, A, 59.
College Memories, Some, 60.
Colvin, Sir Sidney, 60.
Lady, 227.
Conrad, Joseph, on the South
Seas book, 233.
Cornford, L. Cope, 62.
Covenanters, 192.
Crabbed Age and Youth, 62.
Crockett, S. R., 63.
Cruse, Amy, 64.
Cunningham, Alison (Cummy),
64.
Damien, Father, An Open Letter
to the Rev. Dr. Hyde, 67.
Darien adventure, the, 116.
D'Artagnan, character of, 83.
Darwinism, 201.
Davos in Winter, 72.
Davos, papers on, 5, 72, 115, 244.
Davos Press, The, 73.
Davos, winters at, 71-
Day after To-morrow, The, 73.
Deacon Brodie, 74.
Death, date of, 216.
Debateable Land, 155.
Debating Societies, 75-
Dedications of books, 76.
Dew-Smith, A. G., 78.
Dialogue on Character and Des-
tiny between Two Puppets, 205.
Dobson, Austin, 78.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 246.
Dogs, the Character of, 79.
Doyle, Sir A. Conan, 80.
opinion of The Pavilion
on the Links, 190.
Drake, Maurice, memorial by, 95.
Drawings of landscape, 176.
Dreams, A Chapter on, So.
Drummond, James MacGregor.
See More, James.
Dual personality, 156.
Duddingstone (early verses), 82.
Dumas' s, A Gossip on a Novel of,
82.
Dumb alphabet, dictation by, 212.
Dynamiter, The, 173.
Somerset, original of, 242.
EARRAID, paper on, 162.
in Kidnapped, 140.
in The Merry Men, 164.
Ebb Tide, The, 83.
Attwater, 17, 78.
Edinburgh, associations with Ste-
venson, 85.
Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes, 86.
Edinburgh Students in 1824, 9°.
Education of an Engineer, The, 90.
INDEX
293
El Dorado, 91.
Emigrant, The Amateur, 6.
Engineer, The Education of an,
90.
Engineers, Records of a Family
of, 96.
England, strangeness in, 100, 214.
English Admirals, The, 91.
Enjoyment of Unpleasant Places,
On the, 92, 281.
Envoy (i in Underwoods}, 93.
Epilogue to an Inland Voyage, 93.
' Equator,' cruise in the, 229.
Essays of Travel, 94.
Exeter, hotel at, 95.
tables, 95.
'Fables in Song,' Lyttoris, 153.
Falling in Love, On, 273.
Familiar Studies of Men and
Books, 96.
Family of Engineers, Records of
a, 96.
Feast of Famine, The (ballad), 25.
Fenian outrages, attitude to, 174.
Ferrier, James Walter, 98.
essay on, 184.
Miss, 98.
Fiction, controversy with Henry
James, 121.
Fife, The Coast of, 99.
Film versions of tales, 38, 269.
Finsbury, Michael, original of, 99.
First Book, My ( Treasure Island),
102.
First editions, values of, 228.
Fontainebleau, 99.
Footnote to History, A, IO2.
Foreigner at Home, The, 100.
Forest Notes (Fontainebleau), 101.
Forest State, The (afterwards
Prince Otto}, 199.
Forests, On the Thermal Influence
of, 256.
Fraser, Miss Marie, 105.
Simon, Master of Lovat, 105.
and the clan Frazer, 13.
French versions of works, 201,
250, 288.
Gardener, An Old Scotch, 185.
T 2
Gas Lamps, A Plea for, 107.
Geddie, John, 107.
German interests in Samoa, 103.
penetration, Marcel Schwob
on, 220.
Glenure, Colin Campbell of, II.
Gosse, Edmund, 107.
in Talk and Talkers,
256.
on R. L. S.'s character
in poems, 271.
on writing of Treasure
Island, 265.
poems to Stevenson, 36.
Gossip on Romance, A, 208.
Gower Woodseer, Meredith's par-
tial portrait of R. L. S., 163.
Grange, Lady, incarceration of, 50.
Grant, Barbara (Catriona), as
character sketch of R. L. S., 49.
William, Lord Advocate,
109.
share in James More's
escape from prison, 50.
Graver and the Pen, The, 73.
Great North Road, The, no.
Great Missenden, inn at, 20.
Greenwood State, The (afterwards
Prince Otto}, 199.
Grift, Nelly van de, 76.
Guthrie, Lord, in.
HACKSTON, the Covenanter, 99.
Hadden, Tommy, original of,
112.
Hamilton, Clayton, 114.
Hanging Judge, The (play), 236.
Hardy, Thomas, visit to, 95.
Hamerton, P. G., 112.
Hammerton, J. A., 113.
Health and Mountains, 115.
Heather Ale (ballad), 26.
Heathercat, 116.
Henley, W. E., 117.
and Kipling compared,
141.
in Talk and Talkers,
256.
on Stevenson's charac-
ter, 205.
Highlands, Scottish,attitudeto,93.
294
A BOOK OF R. L. S.
High Wood of Ulufanua, The
(afterwards Beach ofFalesa), 29.
Hird, Ben, 119.
Honolulu, 1 20, 135.
House of Eld, The (fable), 95.
House, The Ideal, 125.
Hutchinson, bust by, 121.
Hugo's Romances, 121.
Humble Remonstrance, A, 1 2 1.
Hyeres, 123.
Ideal House, The, 125.
Idlers, An Apology for, 7.
Inland Voyage, An, 126.
Epilogue, 93.
In Memoriam, F. A. S., 128.
Ireland, Alexander, 128.
Irish affairs, 74.
Irving, H. B., as Jekyll and Hyde,
250.
Island Nights Entertainments,
129.
Isle of Voices, The, 130.
JAMES, Henry, 130.
controversy with, 121.
on the later essays, 3.
on Stevenson's health,
114.
'Janet Nicoll,' cruise in the, 230.
'Janet Nicoll,' The Cruise of the,
by Mrs. R. L. Stevenson, 236.
Japp, A. H., 132.
and Thoreau, 257.
and Treasure Island,
266.
Jekyll and Hyde, 246.
Jenkin, Fleeming, 132.
Jersey, Lady, 134.
Johnson, Sir William, 160.
Johnstone, Arthur, 135.
KAY'S, General, monument, 89.
Kelman, Rev. John, 135.
Kidnapped, 136.
Alan Breck, 40.
Appin murder, 9.
.Cluny Macpherson, 154.
defect of construction, 277.
Robin Oig, 181.
Kipling, Rudyard, 141.
Knox, and his Relations to
Women, 142.
Knox, Dr. Robert, anatomist, 36,
89.
LANG, Andrew, 142.
first impressions of
R. L. S., 115.
on James More, 171.
reply to Henley's at-
tack, 119.
Lantern Bearers, The, 144.
Lay Morals, 144.
the book, 145.
Le Gallienne, Richard, 146.
Leith, Water of, 107.
Leper settlement, Molokai, visit
to, 120.
Letter, Miss Balfour's, engaging
servant, 23.
Letter to a Young Gentleman who
Proposes to Embrace the Career
of Art, 146.
Letters, successive published series,
147.
Letters in Advocates' Library,
Edinburgh, 119.
Lie, The Story of a, 245.
Lighthouses, On a New Form of
Intermittent Light for, 147.
L. J. R., 148.
Locker- Lampson, Frederick, 149.
Lodging for the Night, A, 150.
London (newspaper), 60, 178.
Lord Nelson and the Tar, 73.
Lovat, Master of, 105.
Love-affairs, 60, 82, 152, 180, 260.
Low, Will H., 151.
dedication of The
Wrecker, 285.
Mrs., translator of Jekyll and
Hyde, 250.
Lyttorts 'Fables in Song,' 153.
Macaire, 153.
Macbeth, Salvini's, 214.
McClure, S. S., original of Pin-
kerton, 196.
syndicate, letters for, 230.
Macpherson, Cluny, 154.
Maletroifs Door, The Sire of, 226.
INDEX
295
Mansfield, Richard, as Jekyll and
Hyde, 248.
Marguerite, The, 73.
Markheim, 156.
opinion of, 183.
Manse, The, 155.
Marseilles, 124.
Masson, Miss Rosaline, 157.
Master of Ballantrae, The, 158.
Mattos, Katharine de, 76.
Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin, 134.
Memorial, Edinburgh, 86, 210.
Exeter, 95.
San Francisco, 218.
Saranac, 52, 218.
Silverado, 223.
Memories and Portraits, 161.
Memories of 'an Islet (Earraid), 162.
Mentone, 162.
Meredith, George, 163.
Merry Men, The, 164.
Miller, Sheriff, in Catriona, 49.
Misadventures of John Nicholson,
166.
Modern Cosmopolis, A, 217.
Modern Student Considered Gener-
ally, The, 167.
Molokai, visit to leper settlement,
1 20.
Monastier, 175.
Money, conception of, 145.
Monterey (Old Pacific Capital),
167, 185.
Moors, H. J., 168.
Moral Emblems, 73.
Morality of the Profession of Let-
ters, 170.
More, James, 170.
Government connivance
in escape from prison, 50.
— part in the Appin trial,
13-
plan to kidnap Alan
Breck, 42.
More New Arabian Nights (The
Dynamiter), 173.
Somerset, original of,
242.
Morley, John, commission by,
153-
Morris, William, 175.
Mountain Town in France (Mona-
stier), 175.
Movements of Young Children,
Notes on, 176.
Myers, F. W. H., 177.
New Arabian Nights, 177.
New Poems and Variant Read-
ings, 179.
Nomenclature, Philosophy of, 194.
North, Captain George, pseudo-
nym, 34, 267.
Not I, and other Poems, 73.
Nuits Blanches, 180.
Nurses, 181.
Object of Pity, An, 135.
Oig, Robin, 181.
abduction charge, 171.
Olalla, 182.
Old Mortality, 184.
Old Pacific Capital, 185.
Old Scotch Gardener, An, 185.
Ordered South, 1 86.
Osbourne, Lloyd, 187.
and The Wrong Box,
287.
ters, 222.
in The Silverado Squat-
285.
share in The Ebb Tide,
share in The Wrecker,
Our Lady of the Snows (xxm of
Underwoods'), 53.
Pan's Pipes, 189.
Pastoral, 189.
Pathos, examples of, 181, 214.
Pavilion on the Links, The, 190.
Pearl Fisher, The (afterwards
The Ebb Tide), 83.
Pennell, Joseph, 191.
Penny Plain and Twopence Col-
oured, A, 191.
shop where toy plays
bought, 86.
Pentland essays, 155, 185, 189.
hills, 253.
Pentland Rising, The, 192.
Pepys, Samuel, 193.
Pew in Admiral Guinea, 4.
296
A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Phillips, Alfred R., 194.
and Treasure Island,
33-
Philosophy of Nomenclature, 194.
Philosophy of Umbrellas, 195.
'Pilgrim's Progress,' Bagster's, 21.
Pinero, Sir Arthur, 195.
Pinkerton, original of, 196. -
Play, conception of, 57.
Plays — Admiral Guinea, 3.
Beau Austin, 30.
Deacon Brodie, 75.
Hanging Judge, The, 236.
Macaire, 153.
Henley-Stevenson, Pinero's
criticism, 195.
editions, 196, 259.
Plays of W. E. Henley and R. L.
Stevenson, 196.
Plea for Gas Lamps, A, 107.
Poems — Ballads, 25.
Child's Garden of Verses, 53.
New Poems, 179.
Songs of Travel, 228.
Underwoods, 270.
Poems and Variant Readings,
•New, 179.
Political views, 174.
writings, 74.
Portraits of, partial literary, 27,
163.
Prayers, 196.
Preface to ' The Master of Ballan-
trae,' 160.
Prelude (early verse), 197.
Prideaux, W. F., 197.
Prince Otto, 197.
Prince Otto, original of, 200, 242.
Providence and the Guitar, 201.
Psychical phenomena, interest in,
80.
Pulvis et Umbra, 201.
Raeburn, Some Portraits by, 202.
Rahero, The Song of (ballad), 25.
Rajah's Diamond, The, 178.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 203.
on the Damien letter,
67.
on Markkeim, 157.
Random Memories, 203.
Realism, A Note on, 204.
Reflections and Remarks on Hu-
man Life, 204.
Remonstrance, A Humble, 12 1.
Requiem, genesis of, 180.
on Stevenson's tomb, 217.
Retrospect, A, 205.
Rice, Richard Ashley, 206.
Road of the Loving Heart, 213,
216.
Roads, 206.
Rob and Ben, or the Pirate and
the Apothecary, 73.
Robertson, J. M., on Stevenson
and Burns, 44.
Rodin, Auguste, 208.
meeting with, 152.
Romance, A Gossip on, 208.
Rosa quo Locorum, 209.
Rosebery, Lord, on The Master
of Ballantrae, 159.
Rosen, Countess von, original of,
200.
Rowfant Rhymes, contribution to,
149.
ST. GAUDKNS, Augustus, 210.
St. Ives, 210.
origin of Sim and Cand-
lish, 190.
Salvini's Macbeth, 214.
Samoa, 215.
Samoan politics, writings on, 102.
San Francisco, 217.
Saranac (Adirondacks), 218.
Satirist, The, 219.
Schools in Edinburgh, 86.
Schooner Farallone, The (after-
wards The Ebb Tide), 83.
Schwob, Marcel, 219.
on Villon, 271.
Scott's novels, order of preference,
209.
Scribner, Charles, 220.
Semiramis (afterwards Prince
Otto), 190.
Sentimental Tommy, partial por-
trait of R. L. S., 27.
Sermon, A Christmas, 58.
Sharp, Archbishop, 99.
William, 221.
INDEX
297
Shelley, Sir Percy and Lady, 221.
Silver, John, original of, 222.
Silverado Squatters, The, 222.
Simoneau, M., 168.
Simpson, Miss Eve Blantyre, 224.
Sir Walter, 225.
Sire ofMaletroifs Door, The, 226.
Sit well, Mrs. (Lady Colvin), 227.
verses to, 128.
Sixfoot Club, 214.
Skelt's toy theatre, 191.
Skerryvore, home at Bournemouth,
39-
lighthouse, 235.
Slater, J. Herbert, 228.
Somerset, original of, 242.
Songs of Travel, 228.
Song of Rahero, The (ballad), 25.
Smith, Dr., of Galston (great-
grandfather), 25.
South Sea Cruises, 229.
South Seas, In the, 230.
' Spectator,' opinion of, 26.
Speculative Society, 75, 86.
Stennis brothers (The Wrecker),
242, 286.
Stephen, Leslie, 234.
early estimate of
R. L. S., 121.
Henley and R. L. S.,
117.
Stevenson, Alan (great-grand-
father, 156.
(uncle), 235.
— — Fanny van de Grift (wife),
235-
first pen portrait (Will
H. Low), 152.
share in The Dynamiter,
173-
Jean (grandmother), 237.
M. I. (mother), 238.
Robert (grandfather), 240.
R. A. M. (cousin), 241.
as Prince Otto, 200.
games of make-believe
with R. L. S., 57.
Thomas (father), 242.
paper on, 244.
share in Treasure Is-
land, 266.
Stevensons, unfinished history of,
97-
Stewart, Alan Breck. See Breck,
Alan.
James, of the Glen, trial and
sentence, 10.
guardian of Alan Breck,
41.
Stimulation of the Alps, The,
244.
Stoddard, Charles Warren, 245.
Stoneven, L. S., pseudonym, 207.
Story of a Lie, The, 245.
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and
Mr. Hyde, 246.
F. W. H. Myers
on, 177.
Strong, Austin, 250.
Isobel (sister-in-law), 250.
Stubbs, Laura, 252.
Style in Literature, On Some
Technical Elements of, 252.
Suicide Club, The, 178.
Swanston, 253.
Cottage, Stevensonian col-
lection, 66, in, 253.
Sweet Singers, The, 87.
Swinnerton, Frank, 254.
on Olalla, 184.
on The English Ad-
mirals, 91.
on The Master of Ball-
antrae, 160.
on The Silverado Squat-
ters, 224.
Symonds, John Addington, 254.
on Stevenson and Whit-
man, 279.
Tales and Fantasies, 255.
Talk and Talkers, 256.
genesis of, 19.
Talk, later life, resemblance to
early writings, 145.
Terry, Fred, in Beau Austin, 31.
Thermal Influence of Forests, On
the, 256.
Thomas, Brandon, in Deacon
Brodie, 74.
Thoreau, Henry David, 257.
Thrown Janet, 258.
298
A BOOK OF R. L. S.
Thrown Janet, opinion of, 47.
Three Plays, 259.
Ticonderoga (ballad), 25.
Tod Lapraik, story in Catriona, 47.
Todd, John, 190.
Travel, Essays of, 94.
Travel, Songs of, 22%.
Travelling Companion, The, 247.
Travels in Europe, 275.
Travels with a Donkey in the
Cevennes, 259.
Treasure Island, 263.
Andrew Lang on, 143.
— • paper on, 102.
Pew, in Admiral Gui-
nea, 4.
Treasure of Franchard, The, 269.
Tree, Beerbohm, in Beau Austin,
31-
Trudeau, Dr. E. L., 52, 219.
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324
HI Brown, George Edward
5496 A book of R.L.S.
B75
1920
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