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BOOK
OF
VETERINARY DOSES
THERAPEUTIC TERMS
AND
PRESCRIPTION WRITING
BY
PIERRE A. FISH, D.Sc, D.V,M.
PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY
AND PHARMACOLOGY
NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
CORNELL UNIVERSITY
SECOND EDITION
REVISED AND ENLARGED
PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR of CARPENTER
ITHACA, NEW YORK
I906
LIBRARY of 00NGRE8S
Two Gooies Received
APH 16 1906
Co ay right Entry
OLfajO,f9<><>
CLASS OL XXc. No,
COPY B.
1
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COPYRIGHT, I906
BY
PIERRE A. FISH
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
This manual has been prepared primarily as
an adjunct to the laboratory and clinical work
given by the writer. It is hoped that much of the
information it contains will also be of use when
the student becomes a practitioner, and that he
may herein find, in compact and convenient form,
data which will enable him to practise his profes-
sion with benefit to his patients and himself.
December, 1904. P. A. F.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
Care has been taken in this edition to bring it
up to date by making use of the changes recom-
mended in the eighth revision of the U. S. Phar-
macopoeia, which became official September 1,
1905, so far as veterinary remedies are concerned.
The chapter on prescription writing has been
rearranged and amplified, so that it may be of
greater use to students as a guide or drill book for
class room work. Prescription writing is difficult
to the beginner, but with the work arranged on a
graded plan the difficulties do not appear so insur-
mountable, and greater interest is likely to be
developed.
A call for a new edition within a little over a
year has been gratifying to the writer and he trusts
that the additions that have been made will render
the book still more useful.
April, 1906. P. A. F.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Dosage or Posology 5
Pharmacopoeial Changes 7
Veterinary Doses 13
Therapeutic Terms 49
Termination of Medical Terms 64
Prescription Writing 68
Weights and Measures 82
The Principles of Combining Drugs in a Pre-
scription 86
Examples of Prescription Writing 90
Thermometric Equivalents 99
Deliquescent and Efflorescent Salts 101
Latin Words and Phrases with abbreviations
and English Equivalents 102
Incompatibility. 112
Poisons and their Antidotes 137
Classification of Medicines according to their
Physiologic Actions 157
Pages for Selected Prescriptions 174
DOSAGE OR POSOLOGY.
The most accurate system of dosage is to admin-
ister a given weight of medicine per kilogram or
pound weight of the animal. Although this is
frequently done in experimental work, the prac-
tice is attended with so much inconvenience when
applied to the routine of the practitioner that the
system is, for ordinary purposes, regarded as im-
practicable. A more or less arbitrary method is
adopted by fixing the amounts to be given to the
different animals. Except, perhaps, in the case of
powerful medicines or poisons, there is consider-
able latitude allowed in the amount of the doses.
In veterinary practice the dose for the horse is
commonly taken as the standard and the doses of
the other domestic animals may be reckoned from
this. As for example :
If the dose for the horse is I (Say 2 ounces)
the dose for the cow would be 1^ ( ' 3 )
Sheep and goat i ( " 3 drams)
Swine #'('".« " )
Dog tV ( " 1 " )
Cat A'( " # " >
In general the dose for' the dog is about the
same as the human dose, but the size of the dog
must be considered. Reckoning from the dose
for the dog or man as the standard ; the pig would
take twice as much, the sheep and goat three times
as much, the horse sixteen times as much and the
cow twenty-four times as much. The dose for the
cat is usually one-half as much as for the dog. In
many cases the dose for the horse and cow would
be the same ; the higher dose for the cow is usually
recommended on the ground of a slower rate of
absorption because of the compound stomach and
a larger mass of food with which the medicines
mix before absorption may occur.
In the list of doses which follows, the horse and
cow have been placed in the same group, and the
sheep and swine have been placed in a group by
themselves. The dose given in either case is the
average dose, but from the explanation just given,
the dose, in most instances, may be increased
sornew 7 hat for either the cow or the sheep.
In a general way the doses of different prepara-
tions of drugs for the horse may be given upon
the following basis. If there is error in this classi-
fication, it is upon the safe and conservative side
of too little rather than too much. Poisons and
powerful medicines are, of course, an exception.
Fluid extracts . one nuidram
Powders (not alkaloids) one dram
Tinctures one fluid ounce
Hypodermics of alkaloids are given usually at
one-half the dose by mouth. Intravenous doses
one-half or two-thirds of the hypodermic dose.
Rectal doses should be the same as those given by
the mouth. In the following tables the doses are
intended for administration by mouth unless other-
wise stated.
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THERAPEUTIC TERMS
Abluent. A cleansing agent. (Soap and water.)
Abortifacient. An agent causing prematnre
birth of young. (Ergot. )
Absorbent. An agent causing absorption of
exudates or diseased tissues. ( Iodine. Chalk. )
Acrid. A sharp, biting substance. (Pepper.)
Adjuvant. A medicine that assists the action
of another. (Calomel with Aloes.)
Aliment. A material which nourishes. (Food.)
Alkaloid. A term derived from the Arabic
1 'Alkali" for Potash The t ending oid is from the
Greek which means like, hence "Alkaloid" is a
substance which reacts with litmus like an alkali
and forms a salt with an acid. The prefix in "Al-
kali" is the Arabic "al" which is the definite arti-
cle, "the," hence "alkali" literally means "the
Potash." The modern use of the term alkaloid,
however, has no reference to potash, but is used to
designate a certain class of active principles ob-
tained from plants. They are organic bases con-
taining nitrogen and form salts with acids.
(Atropine.)
Alterative. A medicine used to modify nu-
trition so as to overcome morbid processes. (Po-
tassium Iodide.)
Anasthetic. An agent used to produce insen-
sibility to pain. (Chloroform.)
Analgesic. A medicine used to alleviate pain.
(Opium.)
Anaphrodisiac. A medicine used to allay
sexual excitement. (Potassium Bromide.)
\
5o
Anhidrotic. An agent which lessens the se-
cretion of sweat. (Belladonna. )
Anodyne. An agent which diminishes sensi-
bility to pain. (Compound Spirit of Ether.)
Antacid. A medicine used to neutralize acids
in the stomach and intestines. (Liquor Potassae.)
Antagonist. A medicine which opposes the
action of another medicine in the system. ( Potas-
sium Bromide and Strychnine. )
Anthelmintic. A remedy for destroying or
expelling worms or, to prevent their development.
(Santonin.)
Antidote. A substance to counteract poisons.
(Sulphates in Carbolic Acid poisoning.)
Antiemetic. An agent which allays vomiting.
(Bismuth Subnitrate.)
Antifebrile. An agent for the reduction of
fever. ( Acetanilid. )
Antilithic. An agent tending to dissolve or
cure stone or gravel. (Potassium Citrate. )
Antiparasitic. A substance that destroys or
drives away insects. (Essential Oils. )
AnTiperiodic. A medicine which tends to pre-
vent the periodic recurrence of disease. (Quinine. )
Antiphlogistic. Any medicine or treatment
which tends to check inflammation. ( Aconite.)
Antipyretic. A medicine to reduce body
temperature in fevers. (Salicylic Acid. )
Antiseptic. An agent antagonizing sepsis or
putrefaction. (Carbolic Acid.)
Antispasmodic. A medicine for preventing or
relieving spasms. (Valerian.)
Antithermic. An agent for the reduction of
high temperature. (Antipyrin.)
5i
Antizymotic. A substance preventing fermen-
tation. ( Salicylic Acid.)
Aperient. A mild agent for opening the bow-
els. (Rochelle Salts.)
Aphrodisiac. An agent for stimulating sexual
power. (Damiana.)
Aromatic. A medicine possessing a spicy or
pungent taste and odor, and more or less stimulat-
ing to the mucosa of the alimentary tract. ( Car-
damom)
Astringent. A medicine causing contraction
or constriction of tissues. (Tannin. )
Auxiliary. Amedicine that assists another.
(Chloral with Potassium Bromide.)
Bitter. A medicine with a bitter taste stimu-
lating the gastro-intestinal mucosa without mate-
rially affecting the general system. (Gentian.)
Blenorrhagic. A remedy for increasing the
secretion of mucus. ( Balsam Tolu. )
Blister. An agent, which when applied to the
skin, causes a local inflammatory exudation of se-
rum under the epidermis. ( Cantharides. )
Cachexia. A term used to designate any mor-
bid tendency, dyscrasia, or depraved condition of
general nutrition, etc., used particularly in con-
nection w T ith scrofula, syphilis, cancer, etc.
CalEFACient. A medicine applied externally
to produce a sensation of warmth to the part to
which it is applied. (Mustard)
Calmant. A medicine which lowers functional
activity. (Aconite.)
Calmative. A medicine which quiets. (Mor-
phine. )
Calorifacient. A substance which has the
52
power of developing heat in the system. (Fats,
Cod Iyiver oil.)
Calorific. Same as Calorifacient.
Cardiac Depressant. A medicine to reduce
the heart's action. (Veratrine.)
Cardiac Stimulant. A medicine used to in-
crease the heart's action. (Digitalis.)
Carminative. A remedy which allays pain by
causing the expulsion of flatus from the alimentary
canal. (Asafetida.)
Cataleptic. An agent causing animals to lose
power over their muscles. (Cannabis. )
Catalytic. A medicine counter-acting or de-
stroying morbid agencies in the blood. (Calomel.)
Cathartic. A medicine which quickens or
increases evacuations from the intestines. ( Castor
Oil.)
Cathartic, Cholagogue. An agent stimu-
lating the stool and flow of bile at the same time.
(Podophyllin.)
Cathartic, Drastic. A medicine producing
violent action of the bowels with griping pain.
(Jalap.)
Cathartic, Hydragogue. A remedy which
causes copious watery stools. (Elaterium. )
Cathartic, Saline. Neutral salts of metals
of the alkalies or alkaline earths which increase
the stools. (Magnesium Sulphate.)
Cathartic, Simple. A substance which causes
one or two actions of the bowels. (Senna).
Caustic. An agent used to destroy living tissue.
(Silver Nitrate.)
Cautery. A substance used to corrode or de-
stroy living tissues. ( Nitric Acid. )
53
Cautery, Actual. A heated metal or fire* em-
ployed to destroy living flesh.
Cautery, Potential. A chemical used to de-
stroy flesh. (Nitric Acid.)
Chalybeate. A tonic containing iron. (Tinct-
ure of Chloride of Iron. )
Cholagogue. A drug provoking the flow of
bile. (Podophyllum. )
Condiment. A substance used to improve the
savor of food. (Salt, Pepper.)
Conservative. A substance used for the pre-
servation of others. (Honey.)
Constringent. An agent producing constric-
tion of organic tissue. (Oak Bark.)
Convulsant. A medicine causing convulsions.
(Strychnine.)
Cordial. A medicine which increases the
strength and raises the spirits when depressed.
(Alcohol. )
Corrective. An agent used to correct or ren-
der more pleasant the action of other remedies,
especially purgatives. ( Coriander. )
Corrosive. A substance which disorganizes
or destroys living tissue. (Nitric Acid.)
Counter Irritant. A remedy used to pro-
duce an irritation in one part to relieve a pain in
another part. (Blister.)
Cumulative Poison. A poison which finally
acts with violence after several successive doses
have been taken with little or no apparent effect.
(Strychnine.)
Debilitant An agent which diminishes the
energy of organs. ( Lobelia. )
54
Defervescent. A agent to reduce fever.
(Aconite. )
DelirianT. A substance which produces deli-
rium. ( Stramonium. )
DeurieacienT. (like deliriant). Tending to
cause delirium. (Alcohol. )
Demulcent. A mucilaginous or oily substance
to soothe and protect irritated mucous membranes.
(Ulmus. )
DeobstruenT. A medicine to remove func-
tional obstructions in the system. (Aloes.)
Deodorant. A substance to conceal or destroy
foul odors. (Phenol.)
Deodorizer (like deodorant) to hide or destroy
foul odors. (Chlorine.)
Depilatory. A substance to remove hair.
(Barium Sulphide. )
Depletive. A substance to reduce the vital
power of the system. (Aconite. )
Depletory. An agent to diminish the quantity
of liquid in the body. (Potassium Nitrate.)
Depressant. An agent to lower the vital
power. (Aconite. )
Depresso-Motor. A medicine to lessen motor
activity. (Bromides.)
Depurant. An agent to cleanse foul sores, etc.
(Hydrogen Dioxide.)
DepuraTive. A medicine to act upon the
emunctories so as to cause excretion and thereby
purify the system. (Hot Drinks.)
Depuratory. An agent to purify the blood,
etc. ( Sulphur. )
Dermatic. A remedy used in skin diseases.
(Resorcin.)
55
Dermic. A medicine acting through the skin.
(Liniments.)
Derivative. An agent to draw the fluids from
one part of the body to another to lessen or relieve
a morbid process. (Mustard.)
Desiccant. A medicine or application for dry-
ing up sores. (Boric Acid. )
Desiccative. An application for drying up se-
cretions. (Zinc Oxide.)
Desiccatory. A remedy applied externally to
dry up the moisture or fluids from a wound.
(Starch.)
Desquamatic, A remedy to remove scales
from the skin or bones. (Potassium Iodide. )
Detergent. An agent to cleanse wounds and
ulcers ( Soap and Water. )
Diaphoretic. A medicine to produce sweat-
ing. (Pilocarpine.)
Diarrhetic. A remedy producing profuse
stools. ( Mandrake . )
Dietetic. A nutritious remedy. (Arrow-
Root.)
Digestant. A substance to aid the solution of
food in the mouth, stomach, or intestines. iTep-
sin, Pancreatin.)
Digestive. A tonic which promotes digestive
processes. (Quassia.)
Diluent. A medicine to dilute secretions and
excretions. (Gamboge.)
Discutient. A remedy to effect the absorp-
tion of tumors.
Disinfectant. A substance with the power of
destroying disease germs or the noxious proper-
ties of decaying organic matter. (Formaldehyde. )
56
Dissolvent. A remedy promoting solution of
tissue. (Iodides.)
Diuretic. A drug to increase the secretion of
urine. ( Buchu. )
Drastic. An agent to cause violent action of
the bowels. (CrotonOil.)
Ecbolic. A drug to produce abortion. (Ergot.)
Electuary. A composition of soft consistence
taken internally to allay irritation or alleviate
disease. (Honey, Molasses )
Euminative. An agent to remove material
from the body. (Magnesium Sulphate.)
Emetic. A medicine to produce vomiting.
(Ipecac.)
Emmenagogue. A drug to stimulate menstru-
ation. (Potassium Permanganate.)
Emollient. A substance used externally to
mechanically soften and protect tissues. ( Flaxseed
Poultice, Oils. )
Epispastic. An agent to produce a blister.
( Strong Ammonia. )
Errhine. An agent to increase the nasal se-
cretions. (Formalin.)
Escharotic. A substance to destroy tissue.
(Chromic Acid)
Evacuant. A medicine to expel substances
from the body — chiefly with reference to the in-
testines. (Aloes.)
Excitant. An agent to arouse vital activity,
or to produce increased action in an organism or
any of its tissues. (Nux Vomica.)
Exhilarant. An agent to stimulate the mind.
(Alcohol.)
Expectorant. A medicine to act upon the
pulmonary mucous membrane to increase or alter
its secretions. (Ammonium Chloride.)
Febrifuge. An agent to decrease fever.
(Aconite.)
Galactagogue. A medicine to increase the
secretion of milk. ( Pilocarpine. )
Germicide. An agent to destroy parasites.
(Carbolic Acid. )
Hematinic. A tonic for the blood. (Hemo-
globin. Iron Preparations. )
Hemolytic. An agent which impoverishes the
blood. (Mineral Acids. )
Hemostatic. A remedy to check bleeding.
(Iron Subsulphate. Monsell's Powder. )
Hepatic Depressant or Sedative. A medi-
cine to decrease the functions of the liver.
(Opium. )
Hepatic Stimulant. A drug to increase the
liver's functions ( Nitrohydrochloric Acid. J
HidroTic or Hydrotic. An agent to produce
perspiration. (Spirit Nitrous Ether.)
Hydragogue. An agent causing full watery
discharges from the bowels. (Gamboge!)
Hyper^ESTHetic. Increasing the sensitiveness
of the skin.
Hypnotic A drug producing sleep. (Chloral).
Hyposthenic. A debilitating medicine.
(Lobelia. )
Incitant. A remedy to excite functional ac-
tivity. (Strychnine.)
Insecticide. A remedy to destroy insects.
(Benzine. |
Intoxicant. An agent to excite or stupefy.
(Alcohol, i
58
Irritant. A substance causing irritation,
pain, inflammation and tension, either by mechan-
ical or chemical action. (Heat, Mustard.)
LactaGOGUE. An agent to increase the secre-
tion of milk. (Malt.)
Laxative. A medicine acting mildly in open-
ing or loosening the bowels. (Sulphur.)
Lenitive. An agent having the quality of
easing pain or protecting tissues from the action
of irritants. (Oils. )
LiQUEEACiENT. An agent promoting the lique-
fying processes of the system. (Iodine.)
LiThagogue. An agent to expel calculi from
bladder or kidney. (Benzoic Acid or Benzoates.)
LITHOI.YTIC An agent to dissolve gravel.
(Ammonium Benzoate.)
L/IThonTriptic. An agent to dissolve gravel.
(Potassium Carbonate.)
Local Anesthetic. A medicine to destroy
sensation, when applied locally. (Cocaine Hydro-
chlorate. )
Local Astringent. An agent to contract the
tissues with which it comes in contact. (Lead
Acetate. )
Lubricant. An agent to soothe irritation in
the throat, fauces, etc. (Olive oil. Honey.)
Mechanical. An agent acting on a physical
basis. (Slippery Elm. )
Medicament. Any agent used for curing dis-
eases or wounds. (Belladonna.)
Medicine. A substance administered in the
treatment of disease. (Arsenic. )
Mydriatic. An agent causing dilatation of
the pupil. (Atropine. Cocaine.)
59
Myotic. A drug causing contraction of the
pupil. (Morphine.)
Narcotic. A powerful remedy causing stupor.
(Opium).
Nauseant. A substance causing sickness in the
stomach. (Ipecac.)
Nephritic. Medicine used in renal diseases.
(UvaUrsi.)
Nervine. Medicine to calm the nervous sys-
tem. (Bromides.)
Neurotic. A medicine acting upon the nerv-
ous system. (Camphor Monobromate. )
Nutrient. A substance to build up the wasted
tissues of the system. (Cod Liver Oil. )
Nutriment. Any substance which promotes
growth and repairs the waste of the tissues. ( Food. )
Obtundent. An agent which relieves irrita-
tion or reduces sensibility. ( Opium. )
Odontalgic. An agent for the relief of tooth-
ache. (Oil of Cloves.)
Odorant. A substance with a pronounced
odor. (Musk.)
Opiate. A medicine causiug sleep. (Opium,
Chloral. )
Oxytocic. An agent to aid or produce parturi-
tion. (Ergot. Cotton Root. )
Oxyuricide. An agent destructive to parasitic
(Oxyuris) worms. (Santonin.)
Pabulum. Any material which affords nour-
ishment to the tissues. (Food. )
Palliative. A remedy for the relief but not
necessarily the cure of a disease. (Morphine.)
Panacea. A remedy pretending to cure all
diseases. (Some Patent Medicines. )
6o
Parasiticide. A remedy for the destruction
of parasites. (Calcium Sulphide.)
Parturient or Parturifacient. A medicine to
aid in the birth of the young. (Ustilago.)
Peristaltic. A drug increasing the movement
or contraction of the intestines. ( Strychnine. )
Placebo. An inert substance given to satisfy a
patient. (Sugar of Milk, Bread Pill. )
Poison. A substance which in sufficient amount
is destructive to life. (Prussic Acid. )
Potential. A remedy which though powerful,
is somewhat delayed in its action. (Arsenic.)
Preservative — An agent to prevent deteriora-
tion of another substance. (Boric Acid )
Preventive. Any measure or agent which re-
tards or prevents disease. (Hygiene. Quinine as
a preventive of malaria. )
Prophylactic. A medicine to prevent the
taking or development of disease. (Vaccine. )
Protective. An agent to protect the part to
which it is applied. ( Collodion.)
Pungent. An agent sharp and stimulating in
its action. ( Ammonia. )
Purgative. A medicine to produce increased
discharges from the bowels. (Aloes. )
Pustulant An agent which, when applied
externally, causes the formation of pus. (Croton
Oil.)
Recuperative. A medicine to restore strength.
(Cod Liver Oil.)
Refrigerant. An agent which produces the
sensation of coolness. (Alcohol externally. )
Relaxant. An agent that relieves contracted
tissues, muscles, etc. (Chloroform.)
6i
Remedy. An agent used in the treatment of
disease. ( Medicine. )
Reparative. A substance to restore debili-
tated tissues. (Food. Tonics.)
Resolvent. A remedy for the removal of hard
tumors (Iodine. )
Restorative A medicine for causing a re-
turn of bodily vigor. (Arsenic. Strychnine.)
RevulsanT or Revulsive. An agent that by
irritation, draws fluid from a distant diseased part.
(Cantharides. ) »
Rubefacient. An agent causing irritation and
redness of the skin. (Mustard.)
Saline. A cooling salt. (Magnesium Sulphate.)
Sedative. A medicine to decrease functional
activity. (Potassium Bromide.)
Septic. An agent that promotes putrefaction.
( Bacteria. )
Sialagogue. A medicine that promotes the
flow of saliva. (Pyrethrum. Pilocarpus. )
Simple Bitter. A drug with a bitter taste and
tonic action. (Calumba. Quassia).
Somnifacient. An agent to induce sleep.
(Morphine. )
Soporific. A drug causing drowsiness and
sleep. (Morphine.)
Sorbefacient. A medicine causing abortion.
(Ergot. )
Specific. A remedy supposed to exert a spec-
ial action in the prevention or cure of certain dis-
eases. (Quinine in Malaria, Potassium Iodide in
Actinomycosis. )
Sternutatory. An agent causing sneezing.
(White Hellebore.)
62
Stimulant. A medicine to increase or quicken
functional activity. (Ammonium Carbonate. )
Stomachic. A drug to stimulate functional
activity of the stomach (Gentian.)
Stomatic. A medicine used for diseases of the
mouth (Potassium Chlorate. Borax. )
StupefacienT. A drug causing stupefaction.
(Opium. )
Styptic. Agents causing contraction of blood
vessels to check bleeding. (Alum. )
Succedaneum. A medicine that may be sub-
stituted for others possessing similar properties.
(Chloral for Potassium Bromide.)
Sudorific. A medicine or agent causing in-
creased sweating. ( Jaborandi. )
SuppuranT. A substance causing the forma-
tion of pus. (Croton Oil.)
Synergist. A drug which cooperates or as-
sists the action of another. (Chloral with Bro-
mides. )
T^nicide. A remedy for destroying tape
worms. (Male Fern.)
T^Enifuge. An agent to expel tape worms.
(Areca Nut.)
Tetanic. A drug which increases the irrita-
bility of the cord or muscles producing spasms.
(Strychnine.)
Tonic. A medicine promoting nutrition and
giving tone to the system. (Arsenic. )
Topic or Topical. An external local remedy.
(Liniment.)
Toxic. A poisonous substance. (Phosphorus.)
Tricophyia. Remedies promoting the growth
of the hair. (Pilocarpine.)
63
Uterine. An agent acting upon the uterus.
(Ustilago. )
Vehicle. A substance used as a medium for
th,e administration of medicines. (Syrups. )
Vermicide. An agent to destroy parasitic
worms. (Creosote.)
Vermifuge. An agent to expel parasitic worms.
(Arecoline Hydrobromate. Purgatives).
Vesicant. A blistering agent. (Cantharides. )
Virus. A poison causing a morbid process or
disease; a pathogenic organism. (Cowpox. Virus
of Rabies. )
Vulnerary. Any remedy or agent for healing
wounds. (Ointments, etc.)
Zoiatrica. Veterinary Medicines.
TERMINATION OF MEDICAL
TERMS. *
^E-RE-SiS (airesis, a taking of anything). Ex-
ample (dia, throughout), Di-se-re-sis, a breach of
continuity.
A-GOGUE [agogos, one who leads), denoting
substances which expel others. Example, chola-
gogues [chole, bile) , purgatives expelling bile.
Ag-ra (agra, seizure), denoting seizure or pain,
generally applied to gout. Ex. , Cheir-ag-ra (cheir)
gout in the hand. Ment-ag-ra (mentum, chin) ,
eruption on the chin.
Al-gi-a [algos, pain). Ex., Ceph-al-al-gi-a (kep-
hale, the head). Neu-ral-gi-a, pain in a nerve.
Cele (kele, a tumor). Ex. {bonbon, the groin),
Bu-bon-o-cele, a tumor in the groin.
Ceph-a-lus [kephale, the head), denoting some
affection of the head. Ex., A-ceph-a-lus, without
a head.
Cra-ni-um {kr anion, the skull), denoting the
head of anything ; (olene, the ulna ). O-le-cra-non,
the head of the ulna.
Dem-ic, {demos, a people). En-dem-ic, dis-
eases in or among, or peculiar to a people.
En-ter-y {entera, the bowels), denoting affec-
tions of the bowels. Ex. (dus, with difficulty ) .
Dys-en-ter-y, inflammation of mucous membrane
of large intestines.
Fa-ci-ent {fa-ci-o, to make), denoting the pro-
duction of any particular effect. Ex., Ru-be-fa-
ci-ent, a substance which makes the body red.
*Adapted from Hoblyn's Medical Dictionary.
65
Form {forma, likeness), denoting resemblance,
Ex., A-e-ri-form, like air.
Fuge {fugo % I expel), denoting that which ex-
pels. Ex., Feb-ri-fuge, a substance which expels
fever.
Gen — Gen-e-sis — Gen-ous {genesis, genera-
tion), denoting production or generation. Ex.,
Oxygen {ox us, acid), generating acid, as was
supposed, Ex-o-ge-nous, outside growing, applied
to plants growing by external increase.
Gnosis [gnosis, knowledge). Ex. (dia, through-
out) . Di-ag-no-sis, distinction of diseases.
Graph- y [graphe, writing), a description of
anything. Ex., Ad-e-no-graph-y, [aden y a gland),
a description of the glands.
Hex-i-a (exis, a habit), denoting an habitual
state. Cac-hex-i-a (kakos, bad), bad state of the
body.
Lep-SY {lepsis, a taking), denoting the act of
taking). Cat-a-lep-sy (kata, thoroughly), a spas-
modic attack of the limbs retaining them in one
position.
Lo-gy {logos, an account), denoting a treatise
on or description of anything. Ex. , Os-te-ol-o-gy
{osteos, a bone), a description of the bones.
Ly-sis [lusts, a loosening). Ex., A-nal-y-sis,
the resolution of a compound body into its con-
stituent parts.
Ma-ni-a (mani a, madness). Ex. , Mo-no-ma-ni-a
(monos, alone), madness on one subject.
Me-ter (metron, a measure). Ex., Ther-mom-
e-ter {therme, heat), a measurer of heat.
O-dyne — O-dyn-i-a (oduue pain). Ex-, An-o-
dyne, without pain.
66
Oid (eidos, likeness). Ex., Ad-en-oid (aden,
gland), like a gland.
Oph-thai,-mos {opthalmos, the eye). Xer-oph-
thal-mi-a (xeros, dry), dryness of the eye.
O-rkx-i-a. (orexis, appetite or desire). Ex.,
An-o-rex-i-a, want of appetite.
Path-i-a — Pathy (pathos, affection). Ex.,
Ho-moe-o-path-y {onioios, similar), the art of cur-
ing by inducing a similar disease.
Pkp-SI-a [pep sis, digestion). Dys-pep-si-a (dus
with difficulty) , difficult digestion.
Pha-GI-a {phago, to eat). Ex., Dys-pha-gi-a,
difficulty of swallowing.
Pho-bi-a, (phodos, fear). Ex , Hy-dro-pho-bi-a,
{udor, water), dread of water.
Pho-ni-a {phone, voice). Ex., A-pho-ni-a, loss
of voice.
Pho-rus (phero, I convey). Ex., Phos-phor-us
(phos, light) , conveying light.
Phy-sis {phusis, nature), denoting production
or existence. Ex., Sym-phy-sis (sum, with), the
growing together of bones, as of ossa pubis.
PivE-Gi-A (plege, a stroke) He-mi-ple-gi-a (He?n-
isus, half) , a paralysis of one side of the body.
Pncea ( pnoia, breathing) . Ex. , Dys-pnoea, dif-
ficulty of breathing.
Ptosis {.ptosis, a falling down).,
Pty-sis (ptusis, a spitting). Ex., Hae-mo-pty-
sis (Haima, blood), a spitting of blood.
Rha-gi-a {rago, I burst forth). Ex., Haem-or-
rha-gia, a bursting forth of blood.
Raph-e {raphe, a seam). Ex., Staph-y-lor-
raph-y, a sewing up of fissures of the palate.
67
Rhcea [reo, I flow). Ex., Leu-cor-rhoea (Leukos,
white), a white discharge.
Sar-CA or Sar-CI-a (sar.v, flesh). Ex., Poly-
sar-ci-a ( polus, much) , excess of flesh.
Scope — Sco-pv {skopos, an inspection). Oph-
thal-mo-scope, an instrument to inspect the eye.
Sta-sis (istemi, I stand), denoting a standing or
preposition in a place. Ex., Met-a-sta-sis (meta,
a position denoting change from one place to
another), transference to another part.
Sto-ma (stoma, the mouth). Di-sto-ma (dis f
twice), two-mouthed.
The-SIS (thesis, a position). Di-ath-e-sis, (dta,
throughout. ) The condition throughout, consti-
tutional condition.
Tome — To-my [tome, a section.) An-at-o-my,
cutting up a dissection. Ker-a-tome, a knife for
dividing the cornea.
To-xi-a — To-nos (tonos, tension). Ex.
A-to-nia ) .,,
A-ton-ic , without tone.
Tro-phy (trophe, nourishment). A-tro-phy
defective nutrition.
U-RE-Sis — U-ri-a [o uresis, the act of discharg-
ing urine ). Ex., Dys-u-ri-a, difficulty in discharg-
ing the urine.
PRESCRIPTION WRITING
A prescription may be defined as a written order
or formula of ingredients, with directions to the
compounder and instructions for the guidance of
the patient. The term is derived from the Latin
prae "before" and scriptum "written."
It is generally conceded that Latin is the best
language for prescriptions. It is a dead language
and therefore not subject to the variations which
modern languages are continually undergoing. It
is unchangeable the world over and a prescription
written in this country may be put up in a foreign
country with equal facility. The Latin name of a
drug is distinctive and as a rule means only a given
drug and ambiguity is therefore avoided ; in some
of the modern languages a given drug may have a
variety of names, and in some cases the same name
is applied to different drugs. Finally there is an
element of secrecy which is often desirable to pre-
vent the patient or general public from knowing
what has been prescribed, and there is less likeli-
hood of "self doctoring" or using the prescription
for some disorder for which it is not applicable..
A true principle of a prescription as based upon
a maxim of Asclepiades, Curare cito } tuto et
fucunde, is to Cure quickly, safely and pleasantly.
According to this rule the typical prescription
should contain, in the first place, an ingredient
which is expected to relieve or cure the patient
and is therefore called the Basis ; second, an in-
gredient designed to assist the action of the basis
so that it may do its work more quickly, desig-
6 9
nated as the Adjuvant ; third, a substance intended
to correct or modify any undesirable or injurious
effect of the basis or adjuvant, or to cause it to act
more safely than if used alone, and on this account
is referred to as a Corrective ; and fourth, a sub-
stance may be added, which will give such form
and consistence to the preparation as to make it
pleasant and at the same time dilute the whole
preparation to the proper proportion for measuring
out the intended doses, termed the Vehicle. The
following table will express the idea in a concrete
form :
Curare (Cure)
Cito ^Quickly)
Tuto (Safely)'
et
with the (Basis).
" (Adjuvant).
11 " (Corrective).
Jucunde (Pleasantly)
" " (Vehicle).
In Veterinary practice jucunde is generally ig-
nored as the patients do not take to the idea of
medicines pleasantly as a rule, and the principal
use of the Vehicle is to dilute the ingredients to
the proper dosage.
In addition to the ingredients other data are
given, such as the date, name of patient, direc-
tions to the compounder and to the patient, and
the signature of the physician. Taking the pre-
scription in its entirety it may be divided as
follows :
Superscription or heading includes the symbol
{fc [Recipe) the first direction, "take".
Inscription, the ingredients, or basis, adjuvant,
corrective and vehicle.
Subscription, the directions to the compounder.
7o
Signature, the directions to the patient and the
signature of the prescribef with the date.
In a simple prescription the basis may be the
only ingredient. In a compound prescription
(with two or more ingredients), the agents added
may be neither adjuvant nor corrective and yet be
a good prescription. It is desirable, however, to
keep the consideration of a ''typical" prescription
in mind.
Unusual doses of a powerful drug may be re-
fused by the pharmacist unless some indication is
made that the dose is intended. This is usually
done by underscoring the dose, or better yet
writing after it the abbreviation o. R. (Quantum
Rectum).
A tonic prescription for the horse illustrating
the points referred to may be given as follows :
Mr. G . Bay Mare, Daisy.
Superscription, JJ Apoth. Met.
Inscription,
(Basis) Nucis Vomicae pulv. 5vj 24
(Adjuvant) Ferri Sulphatis pulv. ovj 24
(Corrective) Aloes Barbadensis pulv. 5nj 12
(Vehicle) Syrupi Zingiberis. q. s.
Subscription. Misce et fiant boli sex.
Signature. Give one ball morning and night.
Richard Roe, D.V.M.,
Jan. 2, 1905. 148 Second Street.
The metric system is coming more and more into
use so that a knowledge of it will in a few years,
71
be indispensable. The beginner should learn to
write his prescriptions in both the apothecary and
metric systems.
The ingredients of a prescription are frequently
abbreviated and although writing out in full is
better there is no special objection to the former
practice if there is no ambiguity in the abbrevia-
tions. Grievous errors have occurred in this way
and too much caution cannot be exercised in mak-
ing the meaning clear, so that the most ignorant
drug clerk may avoid error.
Numerous examples of ambiguous abbreviations
might be given, but a few mentioned below will
serve as examples :
Acid hyd. may mean either hydrobromic, hydro-
chloric, hydriodic, or hydrocyanic acid.
Chlor. may mean chlorine, chloroform, chloral
hydrate, chlorate or chloride.
Hyd)\ Chlor. may mean calomel, corrosive sub-
limate, hydrate of chloral, or hydrastin
hydrochlorate.
The context may often assist in arriving at the
correct meaning of the abbreviation but it is not
safe in all cases to depend upon this.
A limited knowledge of Latin will serve to en-
able one to write prescriptions properly. The
student becomes familiar with the Latin names of
drugs if he has studied his Materia Medica faith-
fully. The principal difficulty that he encounters
is in making the changes necessary for the correct
grammatical wording to the dispenser and the
grammatical ending of the ingredients and their
quantities.
The following simple rules taken from Mann,
72
will, it is believed, enable one not previously ac-
quainted with Latin, to write proper prescriptions
with correct endings.
Rule I. The noun expressing the name of the
medicine is put in the genitive case, when the
quantity of it to be used is expressed.
Rule II. If no quantity is expressed, but only
a numeral adjective follows, the noun is put in the
accusative.
Rule III. The quantity is put in the accusative
case governed by the imperative Recipe.
Rule IV. Adjectives agree with these nouns
in gender, number and case.
For every day practice the accusative of the
quantity is seldom written out but is usually ex-
pressed by the more convenient symbols. The
principal difficulty is the formation of the genitive
case. The following rules (Mann) will assist in
overcoming the difficulty. They apply only to
pharmacopoeial nouns.
RULES FOR FORMATION OF GENITIVE CASE.
i. All nouns ending in a form the genitive in
se as quinina, quininse. Exception. — Phy so stigma,
Physostigmatis and some others.
II. All nouns ending in us, um, os, on, form
the genitive in i as Couium, Conii. Exceptions. —
Rhus, gen. Rho.is, Flos, gen. F lor is, Erigeron,
gen. Erigerontis ; Fruclus, Cornus, Querctis,
Spiritus, do not change.
III. All other nouns of whatever termination
make the genitive in s, or is, chloral^ gen. chlor-
alis. vSome lengthen the termination thus :
73
as genitive atis as Acetas, Acetatis.
is " idis as Anthemis, Anthemidis.
o " o;masPepo, Peponis.
x fl cis as Cortex, Corticis.
There are a few exceptions. Asclepias, gen.
Asclepiadis ; Mas, gen. Maris; Phosphis, Sul-
phis, etc. gen. *#$; Mucilago, gen. Mucilaginis ;
So lid ago, gen. Solidaginis, etc.
The following words do not change in their
genitive: Amyl*, Azedarach, Berberis, Buchu,
Cajuputi, Cannabis, Catechu, Condurango, Cor-
nus, Curare, Fructus, Digitalis, Hydrastis, Jabor-
andi, Kino, 3/atico, Ouercus, Sassafras, Sago,
Sinapis, Spiritus.
It is seldom necessary to nse the accusative of
the nouns expressing the ingredients, only when
the quantity is omitted, and a numeral adjective
takes its place.
As before stated, the use of the appropriate sym-
bols renders it unnecessary, as a rule, to write out
in the accusative the words expressing quantity.
Sometimes, however, it is desirable to do so, and
the following simple rules for the formation of the
accusative of these words are appended :
I. Nouns expressing quantity ending in a, are
feminine and make the accusative -singular in am
and the plural in as. Example, Drachma, ace.
sing. Drachmam, pi. Drachmas.
II. Those ending 1 in um or us make the accu-
*Those in italics are indeclinable, those in us are of the
fourth declension ; the others are of the third. Apiol and
Sumbul are given as indeclinable by some authorities,
Dunglison gives Apiolum, i: Sumbul, i; Amyl, Amylis is
also given.
74
sative singular in um. The accusative plural of
those in us is in os, and of those in um in a. Those
in us are masculine, those in um are neuter.
Congius, ace. sing. Congium, ace. pi. Congios.
Granum, " " Granum, " " Grana.
The adjectives are declined like the nouns. The
numeral cardinal adjectives are indeclinable except
unus, duo and tres.
They are thus declined :
Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.
Nom.
unus,
una,
unum.
Gen.
unius,
unius,
unius.
Ace.
unum,
unam,
unum.
Nom.
duo,
duae,
duo.
Gen.
duorum,
duarum,
duorum.
Ace.
duos,
duas,
duo.
Nom.
tres,
tres,
tria.
Gen.
trium,
trium,
trium.
Ace.
tres,
tres,
tria.
The following is a list of some of the more fre-
quently used numeral adjectives :
CARDINALS.
ORDINALS
I
I Unus
ist Primus
2
II Duo
2nd Secundus
3
III Tres
3rd Tertius
4
IV Quatuor
4th Ouartus
5
V Ouinque
5th Ouintus
6
VI Sex
6th Sextus
7
VII Septem
7th Septimus
8
VIII Octo
8th Octavus
9
IX Novem
9th Nonus
75
io X Decern
11 XI Undecini
12 XII Duodecim
13 XIII Tredecim
14 XIV Ouatuordecim
15 XV Ouindecim
16 XVI Sexdecim
17 XVII Septetidecim
18 XVIII Octodecim
19 XIX Novendecim
20 XX Vigenti
21 XXI Vigenti unum
22 XXII Vigenti duo
30 XXX Triginta
40 XL Quadraginta
50 L Ouinquaginta
60 LX Sexaginta
70 LXX Septuaginta
80 LXXX Octaginta
90 XC Nonaginta
100 C Centum
The verbs are nearly all used in the imperative
mood, being addressed to the compounder. Only
a few prepositions are commonly used ; they are
ad, to; ana (Greek), of each; cum, with ; in,
into ; ad and in govern the accusative, cum, the
ablative and ana the genitive cases.
The following abbreviated prescription may be
used, when written out in full and rendered into
Latin, to illustrate many of the points already
referred to :
10th Decimus
nth Undecimus
12th Duodecimus
13th Tertius decimus
14th Quartus decimus
15th Ouintus decimus
16th Sextus decimus
17th Septimus decimus
18th Octavus decimus
19th Nonus decimus
20th Vicesimus
21st Vicesimus primus
22nd Vicesimus secun-
dus
30th Tricesimus
40th Ouadragesimus
50th Ouinquagesimus
60th Sexigesimus
70th Septuagesimus
80th Octogesimus
90th Nonagesimus
100th Centesimus
7 6
f{, Powd. Scammotiy g ss
Jalap grv
Calomel gr nj
M. Fiat pulvis purgans.
The prescription is taken from Pereira and
Griffiths and when put into Latin would appear
and be explained as follows :
.Ill ~ fj
""^ Cd '«0 g «* !I3
*£3 to cd fc fc ."£
485-$ **
77
Pu p. > 4> TJ
^ n ^ C w
> 5 »- tJ bo
•I- rt boiS •
-ft cd to ,r a;
^ to ^ 5 «g
1 n-i "A C to ri w
R1.2?^>^ 3 .8 8-SgS
sd
n a; S
«.s s
cd
■8-g
2 CO o cd g "
2 a; w 3 a T *~
oq 2 £ ~ h c
^ 5 > o - ,?
© rr T! .
:x
[£
p*>
.£ u
■^■53-
*K
gig
, CkO
! < d U
^ o
»- o
£a
U OJO o
'~ s *
to 'J* ^
T5
to -£
X5 >
<L>
> a;
W > 03
£<bjca£
H ^ V »-•
O £ OJO S3
M si* « •
o cd 13 E ^s k
OT X % (o < O &
*<*.*£ *l
> c S ^ •£• ?
*j u bo • - k p»
c ojo .
rt c oo
S,i"
1-31
P4 1o
O <V ^
o .™ c
OJO to (L)
1)
Bo3
,0 bJC £
p^ ojc^^; ojc
03 — ^ ^3 '—
_C to
>
03 -4->
^
to
(L» Cm
C
cd
ct3
5k W
— ' > a to
cf§^^
^5:
od C
CD
eg
<U 03
Sell
03 ^r-H _, (L)
tv a» P- S >
$5 > o o
>
o
A 2 > L-^(U
^ '^ "S +J » < ^
"5
^ ^ S ?.
cd
o #
CD +->
15 -ft
to ^ rj
£_ <L» 2 ^o ^
>
o
cd
§^
"■S-s
to
© cd C
> t; u
T3 >
P<|0
>
o
cd
to
cd
• CD
2^
PhO ^
T3
O
o
©
7*
5 > u 5
. +j +j "ku
<o «n d
a; d a*
8 5 5
^ « w k
* > s
H £^2
?>
o
§ $
<u
&o;
U K >
Si
O 3
»_ > tfl <-,
6c . .5 ^r ^ .52
?h — a * »-« >
* SP O 3 ^ d
oi w S ^
^ $ > O r<
<u ^
« Ji > ;
o d
c3 O
o «
bJO 8
^ d wi
00 <L>
; r o
o
o
0)
£ £> « <u
•iH *" 4-> rj
> ^ 03 a
<u o a
■S-iT
•3 3 3 a ^HS
a .2*& ^ ^ 03 ^
M
a a «
d O <D 3 d
«" Wi 9
<u bJO ^ ,»-
79
A few drugs in a prescription are usually better
than many. It is irrational to combine a number
of agents { shotgun prescription) without especial
attention to the specific action of each.
In constructing a prescription, it is first neces-
sary to decide upon the proper remedial agents ;
then upon the size of the dose and lastly the num-
ber of doses to be given. The prescription on p.
70 written out to show these details would be as
follows :
Nucis Vomicae (^single dose 01 / 6 = )ovj
Ferri Sulphatis ( " " 01 > 6 = )5vj
Aloes Barb. ( u " oss X6 — )3nj
Syrupi Zingiberis q. s.
Mix and make into six balls.
In practice the multiplication of single doses is
carried out mentally and the product only is
written down.
The Roman numerals should always be used to
designate the quantities ; thus : i, ij, iij, iv, v, vj,
vij, viij, ix, etc. Always dot each i to avoid mis-
takes ; the last i is usually made in the form of a j
to show that it is the last of a series.
AN EASY METHOD OF WRITING PRESCRIPTIONS IN
THE METRIC SYSTEM (AFTER EEONARD ).
In a two ounce prescription a single dose, in
grains or minims, is given in the same figures as
the total amount of the drug in the prescription
8o
expressed in grams or cubic centimeters, as for
example :
j£ Kxtracti Belladonnae Radicis Fluidi
(2 minims dose)= 2 cc.
Potassii Bromidi (8 grains dose) =; 8 grams
Aquae q. s. 2 fluid ounces =60 cc.
In a two ounce prescription there would be fif-
teen doses. In a gram or 1 cc. there are approx-
imately 15 grains or minims ; the basis is therefore
15 to 1. In a one ounce mixture there would be
one half the above amounts ; in a four ounce pre-
scription there would be twice the above amounts.
COLEMAN'S EASY METHOD OE WRITING
PRESCRIPTIONS.
(< It may be assumed for the purpose of writing
prescriptions, that there are fifteen doses of a
teaspoonful each in a 2 ounce mixture ; 30 in a 4
ounce mixture ; 60 in an 8 ounce mixture. Only
in the case of dangerous drugs is a more accurate
estimation necessary.
In a 4 ounce mixture, then, with a teaspoonful
dose, each dose will contain ^ of the total amount
of any drug which may be in solution or uniform
suspension.
In the case of drugs with a usual dose of about
5 gr. or m. , 1 dram may be taken as the basis of
calculation.
If 1 dram of a drug be added to a four ounce
• mixture, each teaspoonful will contain -fa of a
dram, or 2 grains or minims.
Taking 2, then, as a unit, it is only necessary to
find the multiple of 2 which will give the desired
8i
dose and this Avill represent the number of drams
to be put into the prescription.
To take an example,
Tincturae Opii Camphoratae (dose 15 m. ) ..
2X7/^ = 5vij SS
Salol (dose 5 gr. ) 2x2/2 =3 11 SS
Misturae Cretae q. s. ad giv~
M. et Sig.
In a 2 ounce mixture, each teaspoonful will con-
tain Jg of a dram, or 4 gr. or m.
In an 8 ounce mixture, each teaspoonful will
contain ^ of a dram, or 1 gr. or m.
From the above statements the following rule
may be formulated :
Divide 60 (one dram ) by the number of doses in
the prescription and multiply the result by the
numeral necessary to give the desired dose. This
numeral will represent the number of drams to be
used.
In the case of drugs with a maximum dose of
less than a grain, 1 grain instead of 1 dram may be
taken as the basis of calculation. Thus, if one
grain be added to a 4 ounce mixture with a tea-
spoonful dose, each dose will contain s \ of a
grai n . "
The above methods are applicable especially in
human and canine practice.
LEONARD'S QUICK WAY OF REDUCING
PERCENTAGES.
Rule I. Call the numerator of the fraction
one grain.
82
RuiyK II. Double the first figure of the denom-
inator and call this ounces. This will then give
almost mathematically correct reductions.
Thus : i to 1,000 would be i grain to 2 ounces ;
1 to 2,000 would be one grain to 4 ounces ; 1 to
3,000 would be 1 grain to 6 ounces : 1 to 4,000
would be 1 grain to 8 ounces ; 1 to 5,000 would be
1 grain to 10 ounces and so on. If you want 1 to
500, this would be 1 grain to 1 ounce — there being
480 (500) grains or minims to the ounce. One to
100 would be 5 grains to 1 ounce.
By committing these two simple rules to mem-
ory, an instantaneous reduction for any percentage
mixture can be made to the apothecary's basis."
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Those most generally used by the physicians
and pharmacists in the United States are the Troy
or Apothecaries Weights, and the Wine or Apothe-
caries Measures. The Metric System, however,
has been recognized to such a great extent that it
has beeome a necessity for physicians to become
familiar with it.
TROY OR APOTHECARIES WEIGHTS
Pound Ounce Drachm Scruple Grain
{Libra) (Uncia) {Drachma) (Scrupulum) (Granum)
lb 1 — 12 = 96 =
01 = 8 =
5i
288
=
5760
24
=
480
3
=
60
9i
==
gr. 20
83
WINE OR APOTHECARIES MEASURES
Gallon Pint Fluidounce Fluidrachm Minim
( Congius) ( Oct a riu s ) ( Flu idu ncia){ Flu idrach ma)( Min im u m )
Cong, i
= 8 — 128 = 1024
= 61440
1 = 16 = 128
= 7680
fgi = 8
480
foi
= M. 60
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS
Pound Ounce Grain
{Libra ) ( Uncia ) ( Gra
num.)
lb. 1 = 16 = 7l
300
oz. 1 = gr. 437|
To avoid misapprehension in the use of the
apothecary and avoirdupois systems, the symbols
ft), o, 5, 9 should be consistently used for the
apothecary , and the abbreviation lb. , oz. , gr. , for
the avoirdupois. The abbreviation for the Troy
pound is characterized by the cross line drawn
through the letters ft) and should always mean
twelve ounces, while the avoirdupois pound stands
for sixteen ounces. The symbol 5 means an apoth-
ecaries ounce of 480 grains, while "oz." means an
avoirdupois ounce of 437^ grains. The grain
weight is the same for both systems and the abbre-
viation gr. will cause no confusion. The grain is
therefore the unit in both systems and the term is
derived from the old system of weighing, which
required that there should be used a "grain of
wheat, well dried and gathered out of the middle
of the ear." The abbreviation gr., for grain, should
be consistently used in the apothecary system,
gm. for gram, in the metric system.
In using the metric system of weights the gram
8 4
is ordinarily used as the standard and the other
subdivisions are reckoned from it.
METRIC WEIGHTS
10 milligrams (mg.) make i centigram (eg.)
10 centigrams make i decigram (dg. )
10 decigrams make r gram (gm.)
iooo grani9 make i kilogram (kilo.)
METRIC MEASURES
iooo Cubic centimeters (cc. )( Milliliters) make i
liter (L).
i Gram equals the weight of i cc. of distilled
water at a temperature of 4 C.
TABLE OF APPROXIMATELY EQUIVALENT
WEIGHTS
1 milligram .001 =
6? g raitl
1 centigram .01 =
i g rain
1 decigram .1 =
1 J grains
1 gram =
15I grains
4 grams ( 3.9 gm.) =
1 dram
30 grams ( 31. 1 gm.) ==
1 ounce
500 grams (453- 6 g m - ) =
1 pound (av. )
1 kilogram =
2 A pounds (av.)
g X ? grain = 1 milligram^
.001 gram
| grain— 1 centigram—
. r gram
1 grain =
.065 gram
^5.43 grains
1. gram
1 dram (apoth.) =
3.90 grams
1 ounce (apoth.) =
3 1 . 1 grams
1 minim =
.061 cc.
16 minims —
1. cc.
1 fluidram
3-75 cc.
1 fluidounce
30. cc.
85
i cc. == 16 minims
4 cc. (3.7 cc.) 1 fluidram
30 cc. = 1 fluidounce
To convert grains into centigrams, multiply by
6.5. Thus 3 grains multiplied by 6.5 equals 19.5
centigrams, or 10 grains equals 65 centigrams or,
.65 gram. To convert centigrams into grains
divide by 6.5. Thus 26 centigrams divided by 6.5
equals 4 grains.
DOMESTIC MEASURES
A drop, gutta, (gtt.) is usually reckoned at about
one minim.
A tea-spoonful is about one fluidram.
A table-spoonful is about one-half fluidounce.
A wine-glassful is about two fluidounces.
A tea-cupful is about five fluidounces.
A breakfast-cupful is about eight fluidounces.
A tumblerful is about eight fluidounces.
Domestic measures vary considerably. There
may be from 50 to 150 drops in a fluidram, a tea-
spoon generally holds more than one dram, even
as much as 2 drams or more. Cups and glasses
also vary widely.
THE PRINCIPLES OF COMBINING
DRUGS IN A PRESCRIPTION.
Although the tendency in modern therapeutics
is toward simplicity rather than complexity in pre-
scriptions, one may go to the extreme even in
this direction. There is no doubt but that in very
many cases a judicious combination of drugs will
produce effects of a beneficial character which
might be sought in vain from the use of a single
remedy. A "shot gun" prescription, containing a
great number of remedies introduced with the
idea ithat by some lucky chance one or more of
the ingredients may hit the disorder, is thoroughly
unscientific and not to be encouraged.
The rational combination of drugs was, perhaps,
first discussed fully by Dr. John Ayrton Paris
(Paris Pharmacologia, 1822). His treatment of
the question has been so clear and exhaustive,
that there has been but little room for improve-
ment. The following paragraphs are based prin-
cipally upon his work :
1. The Action of a Medicine May be Aug*
mented (Adjuvant Action).
(a) By combining different forms of the same
substance. An infusion is strengthened by the
addition of the fluid extract or tincture of the
same drug, in cases where all the active principles
are not soluble in the same vehicle. Digitalis
may be taken as an example, all of its active prin-
ciples are not soluble in water.
(b) By combining the medicine with others
87
which produce similar effects. A rule enunciated
by Dr. Fordyce is to the effect that combination
of similar remedies will produce a more certain,
speedy, and considerable effect than an equivalent
dose of any single one. A combination of chloral
and bromide potassium is more certain for hyp-
notic effects than either one alone. From the
standpoint of purgation the same would be true of
a combination of aloes and calomel, or as an emetic
a mixture of ipecac and tartar emetic is more
reliable for its effects than either drug singly.
(c) By combining with the basis substances of
a different nature which can, in some unknoivn
manner enhance its action. The diuretic effect
of squill is increased by calomel, and ipecac assists
in the purgative action of jalap.
II. The Action of a Medicine May be
Modified ^corrective action) in order to
OVERCOME UNPLEASANT EFFECTS. The griping
tendency of purgatives may be corrected by com-
bination with aromatics or essential oils. Acrid
substances may be more or less overcome by tri-
turating with mucilage. The constipating effect
of iron may be overcome by the addition of aloes.
See prescription p. 70.
III. TO OBTAIN THE COMBINED OR JOINT
ACTION OF TWO OR MORE MEDICINES.
(a) Upon the same tissue. Purgative medi-
cines will serve as an illustration. Some act by
increasing peristalsis, others by augmenting the
secretion of the intestines, as in the case of eserine
and pilocarpine. The combination of podophyl-
lum with calomel, for their joint action upon the
liver, may be cited as another example.
88
(b) Upon different tissues or to combat dif-
ferent symptoms. Probably the greatest number
of prescriptions will come under this head. The
desire to combat a number of different symtoms
should not lead to excess in the combination of
drugs. A well directed rifle ball will have a
greater effect than a charge from a shot gun where
only a few of the shot hit the mark. Some pre-
scriptions have been reported which contained as
many as 400 ingredients. The more complicated
a prescription, the greater are the chances for
failure.
The symptoms of fever with cough may be
treated with small doses of ipecac as .a sedative
expectorant, tincture of aconite to quiet the cir-
culation and allay the fever, with potassium
bromide to alleviate excessive coughing. Other
cases will readily suggest themselves. It may be
desirable, in a given instance to stimulate the
heart with one drug and the kidney or bowels with
others.
IV. To Form new Compounds the effects
of which Differ from any of the Indi-
vidual Constituents. Dover's Powder is a
good illustration. This preparation has marked
diaphoretic properties, while neither of its con-
stituents, opium or ipecac, when taken separately,
exert any powerful action upon the skin. "White
Lotion" made by dissolving lead acetate and zinc
sulphate in water ; "Black Lotion" by adding cal-
omel to a solution of lime and "Yellow Lotion"
by adding corrosive sublimate to a solution of
lime, are also examples.
8 9
V. To Afford a Convenient and Agree-
able Form of Administration. Solids, such
as pills, capsules and powders are often times to be
preferred. Liquid preparations are sometimes
more desirable and they have the advantage of
being more readily absorbed. The main thing, of
course, is that the patient should get the proper
remedy indicated by the symptoms ; but, at the
same time, it is the duty of the prescriber to see
that it is no more obnoxious than need be. This
fact is sometimes lost sight of in veterinary prac-
tice where the animal may be compelled to take
the medicine, but nothing is lost to the patient
nor prescriber, if the medicine is prepared in as
palatable a form as possible without sacrificing
anything of its pharmacologic action
Due care should be exercised in selecting a
vehicle which has little or no medicinal action of
its own, or if it has that it will assist or correct the
action of the medicines prescribed, and, if prac-
ticable, one in which the other ingredients are
soluble.
The taste of many bitter substances like quinine,
and salty drugs like ammonium chloride, may be
made more agreeable by the addition of any of
the preparations of glycyrrhiza. Caustic or irri-
tating medicines, whether liquid or solid, must be
well diluted before beins: swallowed.
90
EXAMPLES OF PRESCRIPTIONS
The following graded scheme for the beginner
in prescription writing may be employed ; ist, a
prescription written out in Latin is translated into
English with the quantities of the ingredients ex-
pressed in both the apothecaries and metric sys-
tems. 2d. An abbreviated prescription is written
out in English, apothecaries and metric. 3d. An
abbreviated prescription is written out in Latin ;
apothecaries and metric. 4th. After a student has
studied therapeutics a card is given him bearing
the name of a disease, with the basis or principal
remedy indicated from which he is to construct a
compound prescription suitable for the disease
mentioned.
The following prescriptions are given as illus-
trations of the scheme and serve merely as an out-
line of the way in which the work may be carried
on. The instructor can prepare any number of
prescriptions under each grade for the student's
exercises.
The various symbols, unusual endings and com-
binations may be included in such prescriptions
for purposes of instruction.
91
LATIN INTO ENGLISH
Plumbi Acetatis unciam
Zinci Sulphatis drachmas sex
Aquae ad Octarium.
Misce.
Signa. Fiat lotio alba.
Take
of Lead Acetate one ounce 30
of Zinc Sulphate six drachms 24
of Water to one pint 480
Mix.
Signature. Let a white lotion be made.
J& (For horse)
Aloes drachmas quatuor
Fluidextracti Bella-
donnae Radicis semidrachmam,
Zingiberis pulveris drachmam cum semisse.
Theriacae quantum sufficit.
Misce.
Signa. Fiat Bolus.
Take
of Aloes four drachms 15
of Fluidextract of Bel-
ladonna Root, half dram 2
of Powdered Ginger one and a half drams 6
of Molasses as much as suffices
(sufficient quantity )
Mix.
Signature. Let a bolus be made.
Jfc (For dog)
Olei Terebinthinae unciae semissem
Olei Ricini unciam cum semisse
9 2
Ovum
unum
Aquae Ferventis
uncias quatuordecim
Misce et fiat enema.
1 aKc
of Oil of Turpentine
half of one ounce
15
of Castor Oil
one and a half ounces
45
One Egg
of hot water
fourteen ounces
420
Mix and let be made into an enema.
{t
Vitellum Ovi
unius
Olei Morrhuae
uncias duas
Spiritus Frumenti
unciam cum semisse
Acidi Phosphorici Di-
luti
drachmas tres
Syrupi
drachmas quinque
Aquae Cinnamoni quan-
tum sufficiat ad
uncias octo.
Misce et fiat emulsio.
Take
Yolk of one egg
of Cod Liver Oil
two ounces
60
of Whisky
one and a half ounces
45
of Dilute Phosphoric
Acid
three drams
12
of Syrup
five drams
20
of Cinnamon Water as much as may suffice
to (make) eight ounces 240
Mix and let an emulsion be made.
J£ (For Dog)
Morphinae Sulphatis granum
Camphorae
Pulveris Glycyrrhizae
93
Sacchari Lactis ana grana decem
Misce. Divide in chartulas sex.
Take
of Morphine Sulphate one grain
of Camphor
of Powdered Liquorice Root
of vSugar of Milk of each ten grains
Mix. Divide into six powders.
065
Pepsinae
drachmas duas
Vini albi
uncias septem
Syrupi
unciam dimidiam
Fluidextracti Zingi-
beris
guttas octo
Misce. Fiat Elixir.
Take
of Pepsin
two drams
8
of White Wine
seven ounces
210
of Syrup
half an ounce
15
of Fluidextract of
Ginger
eight drops
Mix. Let an Elixir be made.
#
Extracti Nucis Vomi-
cae grani semissem
Pulveris Scammonii granum
Pulveris Aloes
Pulveris Rhei ana grani tres quartas
partes
Alcoholis quantum sufncit.
Misce. Facpilulas tales duodecim.
94
Take
of Extract of Nux
Vomica half of a grain 032
of Powdered Scam-
mony one grain 065
of Powdered Aloes
of Powdered Rhubarb
of each three-fourths parts
of a grain 048
of Alcohol as much as', suffices.
Mix. Make twelve such pills.
Examples of abbreviated prescriptions written
out in English in the Apothecary and Metric
Systems.
Ac. Carbol.
Liq. Iodi. Comp. a a m xv
Aq. Chloroformi. q. s. 5 11
M.
Take
Carbolic Acid
Compound Solution of
Iodine of each 15 minims 1
Chloroform Water suffi-
cient quantity (to make) 2 ounces 60
Mix.
Ac. Sulph. Arom.
Tr. Opii
Spts. Camph. a a Svi
M.
Take
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid
Tincture of Opium
95
Spirits of Camphor of each 6 ounces 180
Mix.
£
Ouin. Sulph.
3j
Pulv. Belladon. Fol.
sir
Sod. Salicyl.
Pulv. Cimicif.
a a.
OH]
M.
Ft. pulv. No. XII.
Take
Quinine Sulphate
i ounce
30
Powdered Belladonna Leaves
2 ounces
60
Sodium Salicylate
Powdered Cimicifuga of each 3 ounces 90
Mix. Make into 12 powders.
Examples of Abbreviated prescriptions written
out in Latin in the Apothecary aud Metric
Systems.
Ouin. Sulph.
sr
F. E. Nuc. Vom.
3f~
Tr. Capsic.
Sir)
Ac. Muriat. Dil.
5 1 vss
M.
#
Quininae vSulphatis
unciam
30
Fluidextracti Nucis
Vomicae
unciam
30
Tincturae Capsici
uncias tres
90
Acidi Muriatici Diluti
uncias quatuor
cuin semisse
135
Misce.
#
Pot. Acet.
Tr. Digital.
Spts. Ether. Nit.
Aquae
M.
q. s.
3x
#
Potassii Acetatis uncias duas
Tincturae Digitalis drachmas decern
Spiritus Etheris Nitrosi uncias quinque
Aquae quantum sufficit Octarium
Jt
Ouin. Sulph.
Pulv. Opii
Pulv. Ammon. Carb.
Pulv. Camph.
M. Make 12 powders.
h
3 if
IV
60
40
150
480
97
Quinine Suiphatis
unciam
30
Pulveris Opii
drachmas duas
8
Pulveris Ammonii Car-
bonatis
uucias duas
60
Pulveris Camphorae
unciani
30
Misce. Fiant pulveres numero duodecim.
The next step in the series is the construction
of the prescription according to its indication for
a given disorder, the basis being mentioned and
allowing the student to fill in the other ingredi-
ents. The writer has found the following list
serviceable in this connection, due regard being
given to incompatibity, form, case endings, etc.
The prescriptions may be written out in the ordi-
nary abbreviated form or in Latin in the Apothe-
cary or Metric systems. Any variety of subjects
or combinations are available and excellent drill
is furnished to the student.
98
Indication.
Basis.
Gastric Tonic.
Diuretic.
Cardiac Tonic.
Influenza.
Irritable Stomach.
Skin Disease.
Blister.
Hepatic Congestion.
Purgative.
Diaphoresis.
Sedative.
Cathartic.
Anodyne Liniment.
Round Worms.
Fever.
Mange.
Cough.
Rickets.
Purgative.
Flat Worms.
Indigestion.
Diarrhoea.
Anemia.
Rheumatism.
Edema.
Diabetes Insipidus.
Catarrhal Fever.
General Tonic.
Counter Irritant.
Intestinal Antiseptic.
Chorea.
Gentian.
Potassium Nitrate.
Digitalis.
Tr. Nux. Vomica.
Bismuth.
Fowler's Solution.
Cantharides.
Sodium Sulphate.
Barium Chloride.
Tr. Arnica Root.
Chloral.
Bserine Sulphate.
Tr. Aconite.
Santonin.
Acetanilid.
Sulphur.
Belladonna.
Oleum Phosporatum.
Aloes.
Male Fern.
Pepsin.
Tr. Opium.
Iron Sulphate.
Sodium Salicylate.
Potassium Acetate.
Iodine.
Quinine.
Nux Vomica.
Aqua Ammonia.
Salol.
Arsenic.
99
TABL,E OF THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS
FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE SCALES
To reduce Centigrade degrees to those of Fahrenheit
Multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32
To reduce Fahrenheit degrees to those of the Centigrade scale
Subtract 32. uiultply by 5, and divide by 9
TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS
Centi-
Fahren-
Centi-
Fahren-
Centi-
Fahren-
grade.
heit.
grade.
heit.
grade.
heit.
—25
— 13-
6
42.8
37
98.6
—24
II. 2
7
44.6
38
IOO.4
—23
—9-4
8
46.4
39
I02.2
— 22
-7-6
9
48.2
40
104.
— 21
-5-8
10
50.
4i
IO5.8
— 20
-4-
11
51.8
42
I07.6
—19
— 2.2
12
53-6
43
IO9.4
— l8
—O.4
i3
554
44
III. 2
— 17
1-4
14
57-2
45
"3-
— l6
3-2
15
59-
46
II4.8
—15
5-
16
60.8
47
II6.6
—14
6.8
17
62.6
48
II8.4
— 13
8.6
18
64.4
49
120.2
— 12
10.4
19
66.2
5o
122.
— II
12.2
20
68.
5i
I23.8
— IO
14.
21
69.8
52
125.6
—9
15.8
22
71.6
53
I27.4
—8
17.6
23
73-4
54
I29.2
—7
19.4
24
75-2
55
131.
—6
21.2
25
77-
56
132.8
—5
23-
26
78.8
57
134.6
—4
24.8
27
80.6
58
I36.4
—3
26.6
28
82.4
59
138.2
— 2
28.4
29
84.2
60
I40.
— 1
30.2
30
86.
61
141. 8
32
31
87.8
62
143-6
1
33.8
32
89.6
63
145-4
2
35.6
33
91.4
64
147.2
3
37.4
34
93-2
65
149.
4
39-2
35
95-
66
150.8
5
4i.
36
96.8
67
152.6
°Centi-
Fahren-
Centi-
Fahren-
Centi-
Fahren-
grade.
heit.
grade.
heit.
grade.
heit.
68
154.4
85
185.
102
215.6
69
156.2
86
186.8
I03
217.4
70 ,
158.
87
188.6
104
219.2
71
159.8
88
190.4
I05
221.
72
161. 6
89
192.2
106
222.8
73
163.4
90
194.
I07
224.6
74
165.2
9i
195.8
I08
226.4
75
167.
92
197.6
109
228.2
76
168.8
93
199.4
110
23O.
77
170.6
94
20I.2
III
23I.8
78
172.4
95
203.
112
233- 6
79
174.2
96
204.8
113
235-4
80
176.
97
206.6
114
237.2
81
177.8
98
208.4
115
239-
82
179.6
99
2I0.2
Il6
240.8
83
181. 4
100
212
117
242.6
84
183.2
101
213.8
Il8
244.4
IOI
The following is a list of official deliquescent
and efflorescent salts :
DELIQUESCENT SALTS EFFLORESCENT SALTS
Ammonii Iodidum
Xitras
Valerianas
Auri Chloridum
Calcii Chloridum
Lithii Citras
Brornidum
Salicylas
Magnesia Citras
Potassa (caustic)
Cum Calce
Potassii Acetas
Carbonas
Citras
Cyanidum
Hypophosphis
Sulphis
Tartras
Quinolin salts ( except the
Tartrate^
Sodii Hypophosphis
Iodidum
Zinci Brornidum
Chloridum
Iodidum
Alumen (slightly)
Ammonii Carbonas
Phosphas
Antim. et Potass. Tartras
(slightly).
Cupri Acetas
Sulphas
Magnesii Sulphas
(Slightly)
Potassii et Sodii Tartras
(slightly)
Ferrocyanidum
(slightly)
Ouiuinae Bisulphas
Sulphas (after a time)
Soda (caustic)
Sodii Acetas
Arsenas (slightly)
Benzoas
Boras i slightly)
Carbonas
Hyposulphis
Phosphas
Santoninas (slightly)
Sulphas
Sulphis
Strychninae Sulphas
Zinci Acetas
Sulphas
For the various symbols, Latin words and phrases
with their abbreviations see the following pages.
102
LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES WITH THEIR ABBRE-
VIATIONS AND ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
WORDS OR PHRASES CONTRACTION ENG. EQUIVALENTS
Abdomen Abd The belly.
Ad Ad To, or up to.
Adde Add Add.
Addantur Add Let (them)be added
Addendus Add To be added.
Addendo Add By adding.
Adhibendus Adhib. To be administered.
Adjacens __ Adjac. Adjacent.
Ad libitum Ad lib At pleasure.
Admove Admov. Apply.
Admoveatur Admov. Let (it) be applied.
Adversum Adv Against.
Aliquot Aliq. Some.
Alter Alt The other.
Alternis horis Alt. nor. Every other hour.
Amplus Amp. Large.
Ampulla Ampul. A large bottle.
Ana A. or aa Of each.
Aqua Aq Water.
Aqua bulliens Aq. bull Boiling water.
Aqua communis. Aq. com Common water.
Aqua fervens Aq. ferv Hot water.
Aqua fluviatilis. Aq. fluv River water.
Aqua fontalis __Aq. font Spring water.
Aqua marina Aq. mar Sea water.
Aqua nivalis Aq. niv. Snow water.
Aqua pluvialis __Aq. pluv. Rain water.
Aut Aut Or.
Balneum vaporish. V. Vapor bath.
Balsamum Bals. Balsam.
103
Bene Bene Well.
Bibe Bib. Drink (thou).
Biduum Bid. Two days.
Bis Bis Twice.
Bis in die, or dies Bis, die Twice a day.
Bolus Bol. A large pill.
Bid Hat or Bulli-
ant Bull Let boil.
Butyrum But. Butter.
Cceruleus Ccerul Blue.
Calef actus Calef Warmed.
Cape Cap. Take (thou).
Capiat Cap. Let him take.
Capsula Capsul. A capsule.
Caute Caute Cautiously.
Charta Chart. Paper.
Chart ula Chartul. A small paper.
Cibus Cib. Food.
Cochlear ,or Coch-
leare Coch A spoonful.
Cochleare am-
plum Coch. amp A dessertspoonful.
Cochleare mag-
num Coch. mag A tablespoonful.
Cochlear p a r-
vuvi Coch. parv. __A teaspoonful.
Cola Col. Strain.
Colatus ___Colat Strained.
Collutorium Collut A mouth wash.
Collyrium Collyr An eye wash.
Coloretur Let it be colored.
Compositus Comp. Compounded.
Concisus Concis. Cut.
Congius Cong A gallon.
104
Conserva Cons. A conserve, also,
Keep (thou).
Contusus Contus. Bruised.
Cor, Cordis. __. Cor. The heart.
Cortex, corticis _Cort. _The bark.
Coxa Cox __The hip.
Cras, crastinus Crast. To-morrow.
Cujus, eujus-libelCu]. Of which, of any.
Cum C. With.
Cyathus, vel Cya-
thus vinarius Cyath, C.vinarA wine-glass.
Da, detur D., det. Give, let be given.
De De Of or from.
Debitus Deb Due, proper.
Decanta Dtec. Pour off .
Decern, decimus .Decern. Ten, the tenth.
Decoctum Decoct. A decoction.
Deciibitus ___Decub. Lying down.
De die in diem__De d. in d From day to day.
Dein vel Deinde_T>ein. Thereupon.
Deglutiatur Deglut. Let be swallowed.
Dentur tales, dos- Let 4 such doses be
es No. iv D. t. d. No. iv. given.
Dexter, Dextra.Dext The right.
Diebis alternis __Dieb. alt. Every other day.
Dilue, Dilutus_SDi\ Dilute (thou), Di-
luted.
Dimidius Dim. One-half.
Dividatur in Let it be divided
partes equates. D. in p. aeq. __ into equal parts.
D ivi den dus-a-
um Divid. To be divided.
Dolor Dolor Pain.
Donee Donee Until.
105
Dosis.. D A dose.
Drachma Dr. or 5 A dram (60 grains).
Eadem (fern. )__Ead. The same.
Ejusdem Ejusd. ._ Of the same.
Electuarium Elect. An electuary
Eme sis Emesis Vomiting.
Enema En Aclyster or enema.
Et Et And.
Extende Ext. Spread.
Extractum Extr. An Extract.
Extrahe Extrahe Extract thou.
Fac F. Make.
Fac pi I it las duo-
decim F. pil. XII ___Make twelve pills.
Farina Flour.
Febris Febr. Fever.
Fervens Ferv Boiling.
Fiat Ft. Let be madefsing.)
Fiant Ft. Let be made (plu.)
Filtra Filtra Filter (thou).
Fill ram, filirum A filter.
Flnidiis Fluid., Fl Liquid.
Formula A prescription.
Gargarysma Garg. A gargle.
Gradation Grad. By degrees, gradu-
ally.
Granum,Grana_Gr. Grain, Grains.
Grains Grat. Pleasant.
Gutta, Gutter .-.Gtt. A drop. Drops.
Guttatim Guttat. By drops.
Haustus Haust. ._ A draught.
Hebdomada Hebdom. A week.
Herbarnm recen-
tium Herb, recent. _0f fresh herbs.
io6
Hie, Haec, //6>^_Hic,h2ec, hoc .This
Hirudo Hirudo A leech
Hora H ___An hour.
Idem Id. __. The same.
Imprimis Impr. First.
Incide, Incisus __Inc. Cut (thou), Being
cut.
In dies .__• Ind. Daily, or from day
to day.
Infunde Infun. Pour in.
Infusum Infus An infusion.
Injection . ■_ An injection.
In pulmento In gruel.
lnstar _ : Instar As big as, the size of
Inter Inter Between.
Internus r a,-um _Int. Inner or Internal.
Intus Intus. Inwardty.
Jam Jam Now.
Juxta _Juxta Near to.
Lac, Lactis Lac. „_Milk, of Milk.
Lagena Lag. A flask or bottle.
Languor Lang Faintness.
Libra Lb., or lb A pound.
Linime7itum Linim A liniment.
Linteum Lint Lint.
Liquor Liq. A solution.
Lotio Lot. A lotion.
Macera Mac Macerate.
Magnus Mag. Large.
Mane Mane In the morning
Manipulus M. or Man A handful.
Manus Manus The hand.
Massa, mass a
pilularis A mass, a pill-mass.
io7
Matutinis Matut. In the morning.
Medius Med. Middle.
Mens ura Mensu. By Measure.
Mica Pants Mic. pan Crumb of Bread.
Minimum M. or min A minim.
Minutum A minute.
Misce M Mix.
Mistura Mist. A mixture.
Mitte Mit. Send.
Modo pr cc scrip to ^SloH. prsesc.__In the manner pre-
scribed.
More dictu Mor. dictu.___In the manner di-
rected.
More solito Mor. sol In the usual man-
ner.
Mortarium, z__~Mort. A mortar.
Necnon Necn Also.
Ne trades sine Ne tr. s. num. _Do not deliver with-
nummo out the money.
Nisi Nisi Unless.
Non Non Not.
A o)i repetatur Non repetat. _Let it not be re-
peated.
Nox. Noctis Noc, noct. The night, of the
night.
Nucha The nape of the
neck.
Numero No. In number.
Octarius O. Oct A pint (5xvj ).
Octavus Eight
Octo Octo. Eight.
Omni hori Omn. hor. Every hour.
Opus Opus Need, or occasion.
Ovum Ov. An Egg.
io8
Pars, Partis Par. Pt, A;part, of a part.
Partes cz quale S-S?t. aeq. Equal parts.
Parvulus Parvul. An infant. A par-
vule.
Parvus Little.
Pastillus Pastil. _______ A pastille.
Pediluvium A foot-bath.
Penicillum cam-V enicil. cam. _ A camel's-hair pen-
elinum cil or brush.
Per Per Through, By.
Phiala Phil. A vial or bottle.
Phiala prius agi- The bottle having
tate P. P. A been first shaken.
Pilula Pil. A pill.
Pocillum Pocill A little cup.
Poculum Pocul. A cup.
Po7idere P. By weight.
Pondus civile P. civ. Civil weight (avoir-
dupois).
Pond us medicin- Medicinal (apothe-
ale ___ caries') Weight.
Post cibo Post cib After eating.
Poius Potus Drink.
Prczparata Prsep. Prepared.
Pfimus Primus The first.
Pro Pro For.
Pro re nata_ P. r. n. _. Occasionally, ac-
cording to cir-
cumstances.
Pulvis Pulv. A powder.
Quadrans-antis .Quad _ A quart.
Quantum libet Q. lib. As much as you
please.
109
Quantum sufficatO. s. As much as is suf-
ficient.
Quaque Qq. Each, or Every.
Quartus Quart. Fourth.
Quatuor Quat. Four.
Ouibus Ouibus From which.
Quinque Quinq Five.
Quintus Quint. The fifth.
Quoque Q. Q. Also.
Quorum Quor. Of which.
Quotidie Quotid. Daily.
Ratio Proportion.
Recens,-entis Rec Fresh.
Recipe J& Take.
Reductus in pul- Red. in pulv._Let it be reduced
verern _ to powder.
Reliquum Reliq. Remaining.
Repetatur Rept. Let it be repeated.
Reti?iere Retin. To keep.
Ruber, rubra, ru-
brum Rub. Red, ruddy.
Saltern Saltern At least.
Saltim Saltim By leaps.
Sat uratu s-a-um _Sat Saturated.
Scatula Scat A box.
Scilicet vScil Namely.
Scrupulum Scrup. or 3__A scruple (2ogrs.).
Secundem artem.S. A According to art.
Secundus Secund Second.
Semel Semel_ Once.
Semis or semis sis Ss A half.
Septem Sept. Seven.
Septtmana Septim A week.
Sescuncia . An ounce and a
half.
Sesquihora An hour and a half .
Sex Sex Six.
Si Si If.
Signa Sig. Write, or Mark
(thou).
Signatur nomine Let it be written
proprio Sig.nom.prop. with its proper
name.
Simul Simul Together.
Sine Sin Without.
Singulorum Sing. Of each.
Si opus sit Si op. sit If necessary.
Sit ___: Sit Let it be.
Solus Sol Alone.
Solve Solv. Dissolve.
Somnus Somnus Sleep.
Spiritus vini rec- Rectified spirit of
tificatus Spt. vin. rect._ wine (alcohol).
Spiritus vini te-
nuis Spt. vin. ten. .Proof spirit.
Statim _Stat Immediately.
Stet, or Stent St. Let it (or them)
stand.
Subinde Subind. Frequently.
Sumat talent Sum. tal. Let him take one
like this.
Sume Sum Take.
Supra Supra Above.
Tabella Tab. A lozenge.
Talis Tal Such a one.
Ter Ter Thrice, or Three
times.
Ter in die, or Ter
die T.i.d.,orT.D._Thrice daily.
Ill
Tero Tero I rub.
Tere simul Tere sim. Rub together.
Tertius Tert Third.
Tinctura Tinct. or Tr. ...Tincture.
Tres Tres Three.
Triduum Trid. Three days.
Tritura Trit Triturate.
Troschiscus, Tro-
chisin Troch. A lozenge or troche
Tussis Tus. A cough.
Ultimo (or Ulti-
ma)prczscriptus\J\t. praesc The last ordered.
Una Una Together.
Uncia Uuc. or 5 An ounce.
Ut dictum Ut diet As directed.
Vas vitreum Vas vit A glass vessel.
Vehiculum Vehic. A vehicle or men-
strum.
Vel Vel Or.
Vesper-eris Vesp. The evening.
Vices Vic. Turns.
Vinum Vin. Wine.
Vires Vir. Strength.
Vitellus Vitel __Yolk.
Vitreum, V it-
rum Vitr Glass.
Volatilis, is, Vol-
atile Volat. Volatile.
INCOMPATIBILITY.
In prescription writing, incompatability may be
defined as an interference, with each other, of the
constituents of a mixture in a way not intended by
the prescriber. Sometimes there is intentional
incompatibility by the prescriber as in the case of
white lotion, p. 88.
There are three types of incompatibility: Chemic,
Pharmaceutic and Physiologic.
Chemic Incompatibility occurs when a new
chemic compound results. In general it may be
recognized in one of three ways: I. By precip-
itation—the formation of an insoluble compound.
2. By effervescence or explosion— evolution of
gas. 3. By a change in color. Another form may
be referred to, because it is not easy to recognize
any change and therefore more dangerous. A new
product may be formed, possibly of a poisonous
nature and remain in solution without in the least
changing the appearance of the mixture. The
avoidance of this form of incompatibility rests
upon a knowledge of the ordinary chemic reac-
tions, and the knowledge cannot be too greatly
emphasized. Chemic incompatibility is not always
evident immediately, some little time may elapse
before changes occur. A general rule is that sub-
stances are incompatible if they are used in test-
ing for each other or if they form antidotes. •
Pharmaceutic Incompatibility results in the pro-
duction of an unsightly appearance due to physical
changes. It is, therefore, largely a question of
solvents and solubility, and often occurs when
solids or liquids are added to solutions, thereby
changing their densities. It occurs when there is
a combination of such substances as are physically-
incapable of mixing ; thus, if spirit of nitrous
ether be added to tincture of guaicuma gelatinous
mass will result, or if resinous tinctures be added
to aqueous solutions the resins will separate.
Physiologic or Therapeutic Incompatibility de-
pends upon the antagonistic or opposite phy si-
logic or therapeutic actions of the drugs, so that
one drug may weaken or neutralize the action of
another with regard to its effects upon the tissues.
Atropine and pilocarpine are examples of antag-
onists therapeutically. No two drugs, however,
are exactly opposed to each other throughout
their whole range of action, and more or less lati-
tude in this respect may be permitted in pre-
scribing.
Incompatibility must always be kept in mind in
writing a prescription. It is best avoided, as a
rule, by not attempting to combine too many
drugs. Some general principles which it is well
to keep in mind may be formulated as follows :
Acids should not be added to alkalies, alkaline
salts or vegetable acids on account of decomposi-
tion and chemic change.
Solutions of alkaloids are incompatible with
tannic acid, alkalies, alkaline salts, iodides and
bromides on account of precipitation.
Glucosides (Digitalin, Salicin, etc. ) are decom-
posed by acids.
A mixture of salts in solution will decompose if
either an insoluble compound or double salt can
be formed.
Chloral is incompatible with alkaline solutions,
chloroform is produced.
H4
Potassium chlorate, nitrate or permanganate
liberate oxygen and should not be mixed with
readily oxidizable substances, such as charcoal,
sugar, sulphur, glycerin, carbolic acid, iodine, tur-
pentine, and organic materials, lest explosive
compounds be formed.
L,ime water precipitates mercury salts. Calomel
and prussic acid form the poisonous mercuric
cyanide.
Calomel should not be combined with nitro-
hydrochloric acid as corrosive sublimate may be
produced. Both calomel and antipyrin are in-
compatible with sweet spirit of nitre.
Liquid iron preparations are incompatible with
fluid preparations of the vegetable bitters (except
calumba and quassia) , because the tannic acid in
them forms a precipitate.
Considerable quantities of acid are incompatible
with tinctures, because ethers are formed.
Water causes precipitates with tinctures con-
taining resins.
Gum arabic is incompatible with lead and iron
salts and mineral acids.
Solutions of potassium chlorate and iodide unite
to form a poisonous compound.
For convenient reference, the following list
of the more important incompatibles, taken from
Merck, is given.
Acacia — mineral acids ; alcohol ; ammonia ; an-
timony and potassium tartrate ; borax (unless
syrup or glycerin is present); ether; ferric salts
(not if excess of acid present]; lead subacetate
(not acetate); lead-water ; mercuric chloride (con-
cent, sol. ) ; potassium bitartrate and tartrate ;
silicates; syrup squill ; tinct. guaiac (blue color),
tinctures (alcoholic and ethereal).
Acktanilid — ainyl nitrite ; bromine and bromi-
des of alkalies ; carbolic acid ; chloral hydrate :
iodides of alkalies : nitrites ; piperazine ; potas-
sium hydroxide ; pyrocatechin ; resorcin ; sodium
hydroxide ; spirit nitrous ether ; thymol.
Acids — alcohol (with strong acids); alkalies;
alkaloids ; benzoates and borates (with strong
acids); bismuth and ammonium citrate ; bicar-
bonates ; bromides (of weak acids); carbonates;
chlorides (of weak acids); iodides (of weak
bases); metallic salts (with organic acids); pan-
creatin ; potassium and sodium tartrate ; potassium
tartrate ; salicylates ; silicates.
Acid, Arsen*ous — copper sulphate; decoction
cinchona ; dialyzed iron ; ferric hydrate ; lime
water ; salts of aluminium ; antimony, barium,
calcium, chromium, copper, lead, magnesium,
mercury, silver, zinc ; potassium iodide ; tannic
acid ; vegetable astringent decoctions and in-
fusions.
Acid, Benzoic — free bromine or chlorine ; ferric
salts ; hydrogen dioxide with sulphuric acid ;
urethane.
Acid, Boric — alkaline hydrates ; alkaline earths
(hydrates); carbonates. See also Borates.
Acid, Carbolic — acetanilid ; albumin ; anti-
pyrin ; antisepsin ; bromal hydrate ; bromine
water ; butyl-chloral hydrate ; camphor ; cam-
phor monobromated ; chloral hydrate ; collodion ;
diuretin ; exalgin ; ferric salts ; gelatin (in dilute
solution ) ; hydrogen dioxide ; lead acetate ; men-
thol ; naphtalin ; naphtol ; nitric acid; phen-
n6
acetin ; potassium permanganate ; pyrogallol ; re-
sorcin ; salol ; sodium phosphate ; thymol ; ure-
thane ; terpin hydrate.
Acid, Chromic — alcohol ; bromides ; chlorides ;
ether ; glycerin ; hypophosphites ; iodides ; oxal-
ates ; sulphides ; sulphites ; tartrates. See also
chromates.
Acid, Citric — acetates; acids (mineral); car-
bonates ; potassium tartrate ; sulphides. See also
citrates.
Acid, Gallic — arsenic acid; carbonates; cop-
per salts; ferric salts (if excess of acid absent) ;
gold salts ; lead acetate ; iodine ; lime water ;
nitric acid ; opium in solution ; potassium perman-
ganate ; silver salts ; sodium bicarbonate ; tartar
emetic.
Acid, Hydrochloric — alkalies; bromates ;
carbonates ; chlorates ; chromates ; lead salts ;
mercurous salts ; oxides ; permanganates ; silver
salts ; tartar emetic. See also chlorides.
Acid, Hydrocyanic, Dilute — acids (mineral);
antimony oxides ; copper and iron salts ; mer-
cury oxides ; silver nitrate ; sulphides. See also
cyanides.
Acid, Lactic — albumin ; milk ; oxidizers gen-
erally.
Acid, Nitric — alcohol, alkalies; carbonates;
ferrous sulphate ; lead acetate ; oils (essential);
sulphides.
Acid, Osmic — all organic or oxidizable sub-
stances ; iodides.
Acid, Oxalic-— arsenates- ; gold salts; metallic
salts generally^ (all but those of aluminium, chro-
mium and magnesium).
ii7
Acid, Phosphoric, Mkta — albumin ; ferric
chloride ; gelatin ; lead acetate ; silver nitrate.
Acid, Phosphoric, Ortho — chlorides of bari-
um, calcium and magnesium (in ammoniacal
solutions); lead acetate; silver nitrate; soluble
iron phosphate); and pyrophosphate.
Acid, Picric — albumin ; alkaloids ; gelatin ;
oxidizable substances ; piperazine.
Acid, Salicylic — Ferric salts ; exalgin ; lead
acetate ; lime water ; potassium iodide ; quinine
salts ; sodium phosphate ; spirit nitrous ether ;
urethane.
Acid, Sulphuric — alcohol ; barium and cal-
cium salts ; carbonates ; hypophosphorous acid ;
metals; oils (essential); lead, mercurous, silver
and strontium salts ; organic substances ; sul-
phides ; vegetable astringent infusions.
Acid, Tannic — albumin ; alkaloids ; amyl
nitrite ; antipyrin ; arsenic acid ; bromine ; cal-
cium chloride (concent, solution) ; chlorine,
chromic acid ; ferric salts ; gelatin ; glucosides ;
gluten ; hydrochloric acid ; iodine ; iodoform ;
lime water ; nitric acid ; permanganates ; pipera-
zine ; salts of antimony, bismuth, chromium,
copper, gold, lead, mercury and silver; spirit
nitrous ether ; potassium chlorate or other
oxidizers; sulphuric acid ; potassium bichromate.
Acid, Tartaric — alkalies ; calcium salts ; car-
bonates ; lead salts ; lime water ; mercury salts ;
vegetable astringents.
AconiTine — hot acids, alkalies or water. An-
tagonists : atropine; digitalis; morphine; sco-
parin ; strychnine. See also alkaloids.
Albumin — acetic acid (with heat); alcohol;
n8
alum; ammonium sulphate; camphor; carbolic
acid ; coniine ; collodion ; copper sulphate ; ether ;
ferric chloride ; heat ; hydrogen peroxide ; lactic
acid ; mercuric chloride ; metallic salts ; meta-
phosphoric acid ; mineral acids ; picric acid ; tannic
acid ; thymol ; volatile oils.
Ai^cohoi,— acacia ; albumin ; bromine ; chlor-
ine ; chromic acid ; inorganic salts ; mercuric
chloride ; mineral acids ; potassium permanganate.
Antagonists : Cocaine ; strychnine.
At^kai^oids — alkalies; alkali carbonates and
bicarbonates ; ammonium chloride ; benzoates ;
bichromates ; bromides ; borax ; cyanides ; gold
chloride ; ichthyol ; iodides ; mercuric chloride ;
oxalic acid ; picric acid ; piperazine ; potassio-
mercuric iodide (not if acacia present); oxidizers;
sodium phosphate ; tannic acid ; salicylates.
AiyOKS — mercury nitrate ; silver nitrate.
Ai,oin — Alkali hydrates ; bromine water ; ferric
chloride; lead acetate, basic (not neutral); tannic
acid.
Alum — alkali hydrates ; borax ; carbonates ;
galls ; kino ; lead acetate ; lime water ; magnesia
and magnesium carbonate ; mercury salts ; phos-
phates ; tartaric acid ; potassium chlorate.
Ammonium Carbonate — acid salts ; alkalies ;
alum ; calomel ; copper, iron, lead and silver
salts ; magnesia ; magnesium sulphate ; mercuric
chloride ; potassium bitartrate and bisulphate ;
silver salts ; tartar emetic ; zinc sulphate. See also
carbonates.
Amyi, Nitrite — alcohol ; antipyrin ; caustic
potassa. Antagonists : chloroform, cocaine ; mor-
phine ; strychnine.
ii9
Axgustura — acids (mineral) ; cinchona infu-
sion ; copper sulphate ; galls infusion ; ferrous
sulphate ; lead acetate ; mercuric chloride ; silver
nitrate ; catechu infusion ; zinc sulphate.
Anthemis — cinchona infusion ; gelatin ; iron
salts ; lead salts ; mercuric chloride ; silver nitrate.
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate —
acacia ; acids (mineral) ; albumin ; alcohol ; alka-
lies ; ammonia ; ammonium carbonate ; antipyrin;
bicarbonates ; calcium chloride ; carbonates ; gela-
tin ; lead salts ; lime water ; mercuric chloride ;
metallic salts ; sulphides ; tannic acid ; vegetable
decoctions and infusions.
Antimony Sulphide — chlorates and other
oxidizers ; nitric acid.
Antipyrin — alum ; ammonia water ; amyl
nitrite ; benzoates ; beta naphtol ; bromine ; car-
bolic acid ; calomel ; chloral hydrate ; copper
sulphate ; chromic acid ; cinchona alkaloids ;
euphorin ; ferric chloride ; ferrous sulphate ;
hydrocyanic acid ; iodides ; iodine ; lead subacet-
ate ; mercuric chloride ; potassium permanganate ;
pyrocatechin ; pyrogallol ; resorcin ; sodium bi-
carbonate ; sodium salicylate ; solution arsenic
and mercury iodide ; spirit nitrous ether ; syrup
ferrous iodide ; tartar emetic ; tannic acid ;
thymol ; urethane ; infusions of catechu, cin-
chona , rose leaves and uva ursi ; tinctures of
catechu , cinchona , hamamelis, iodine and rhu-
barb ; orthoform.
Apomorphine Hydrochxorate — alkali hy-
drates and carbonates ; alkaloidal reagents gen-
erally ; ferric chloride ; iodides ; lime water; per-
manganates ; picric acid ; silver nitrate ; tannic
120
acid. Antagonists ; chloral hydrate ; chloroform ;
strychnine.
Aristol — Water; substances having affinity for
iodine.
Arnica — acids (mineral) ; ferrous sulphate,
lead acetate ; zinc sulphate.
Arsenates — hypophosphites ; iodides and
Sulphides in acid solutions ; salts of aluminium,
antimony, barium, calcium, chromium ; copper,
lead, mercury, silver, and zinc in neutral solu-
tions ; tannic acid ; iron salts.
Arsenic — See acid arsenous.
Arsenic Iodide — alkaloids generally.
Arsenites — dialyzed iron ; ferric hydrate ; hy-
pophosphorus acid and hypophosphites (in acid
solution); salts of heavy metals ; tannic acid ; cop-
per sulphate ; potassium iodide ; silver nitrate ;
sulphides ; vegetable astringent decoctions and
infusions
Atropine — See belladonna.
Balsam Peru — ferric salts ; iodoform ; hydro-
gen peroxide.
Barium Salts — carbonates ; chromates ; oxalic
acid or oxalates ; phosphoric acid or phosphates ;
sulphuric acid or sulphates ; tannic acid ; tartaric
acid or tartrates.
Belladonna — alkaloidal precipitants ; alkali
hydrates or acids with heat ; tannic acid ; vegeta-
ble decoctions or infusions. Antagonists: acon-
itine ; bromal hydrate ; chloral hydrate ; hydro-
cyanic acid ; jaborandi ; morphine ; muscarine ;
physostigmine ; Phytolacca ; pilocarpine ; quinine.
Benzaldehyde — ammonia water ; caustic po-
tassa ; phenol, resorcin or pyrocatechin in absence
of hydrochloric acid ; sodium bisulphite.
BexzoaTES — acids ; ferric salts.
Benzoin— acids ; alkalies ; water.
Berberine Salts — alkaloidal precipitants, sol-
uble tartrates.
Bicarbonates— like carbonates.
Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate — acids.
Bismuth Subgallate — acids.
Bismuth Subnitr ate— alkali carbonates and
hydrates ; calomel ; hypophosphites ; gallic acid;
iodides ; salicylic acid ; sulphur ; tannic acid.
Borates — acids (mineral); alkaloidal salts;
metallic salts.
Bromal Hydrate — acetamide ; borneol ; car-
bolic acid ; exalgin ; menthol ; pyrocatechin ;
urea ; urethane. Antagonist : Atropine.
Bromides — acids ; alkaloids ; antimony salts ;
bismuth salts ; chlorine water ; chlorates (in acid
solution ) ; chromates (in acid solution) ; copper,
lead, mercurous, and silver salts ; spirit nitrous
ether (if acid) ; nitric acid.
Bromine Water— alkali hydrates ; arsenites ;
ferrous salts ; hypophosphites ; hydriodic acid ;
mercurous salts.
Bromoform — caustic alkalies ; aqueous liquids.
Buchu — ferrous sulphate ; infusion galls.
Butyl-chloral Hydrate ( Croton-chloral Hy-
drate ) — acetamide ; alkalies ; camphor ; carbolic
acid ; exalgin ; menthol ; piperazine ; pyroca-
techin ; thymol ; urethane.
Cadmium Salts (Soluble)— alkalies, carbon-
ates ; chromates ; phospates ; sulphides.
Caffeine — like alkaloids in general. Antag-
onists : chloral hydrate ; cocaine ; morphine ;
physostigmine.
Calcium Carbonate — acids; alum; ammo-
nium chloride.
Calcium Salts (Soluble) — alkalies; carbon-
ates ; citrates (with heat ) ; oxalates ; phosphates ;
tartrates.
Calomel — See mercurous chloride.
Calumba — acids (mineral); ammonia; cin-
chona infusion ; galls infusion ; ferric salts ; lead
acetate ; lime water ; mercuric chloride ; silver
nitrate ; tartar emetic.
Camphor — butyl-chloral hydrate ; carbolic
acid ; chloral hydrate ; chromic acid ; ftichloracetic
acid ; euphorin ; hydrochloric acid ; menthol ;
monochloracetic acid ; naphtol ; potassium per-
manganate ; pyrocatechin ; pyrogallol ; resorcin ;
salol ; salicylic acid ; thymol ; urethane ; water.
Camphor, Monobromated — carbolic acid;
chloral hydrate ; euphorin ; pyrocatechin ; salol ;
thymol.
CanTharidin — copper sulphate ; lead acetate ;
mercuric chloride ; silver nitrate.
Capsicum — alum; ammonia; carbonates (alka-
line); copper sulphate; ferrous sulphate; galls
infusion ; lead acetate ; mercuric chloride ; silver
nitrate ; zinc sulphate.
Carbonates — acids ; acid salts ; alkaloidal salts;
bismuth subnitrate ; salts of aluminium, antimony,
barium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, chromium,
cobalt, copper, iron (ic and ous), lead, manganese,
mercury (ic and ous), nickel, silver, strontium and
zinc ; urethane.
Cardamon — acids ; ferrous sulphate ; mercuric
chloride.
Catechu — acids (mineral); albumin; alkalies;
123
calcium salts ; cinchona infusion ; ferric and fer-
rous salts ; gelatin ; lime water ; mercuric chlor-
ide ; zinc sulphate.
Charcoal— all oxidizers (potassium chlorate,
potassium permanganate, etc.).
Chloral Hydrate — acetanilid ; alcohol ; al-
kalies ; ammonium salts ; borax ; borneol ; cam-
phor ; camphor monobromated ; carbolic acid ;
diuretin ; euphorin ; exalgin ; glycerin (with heat);
lead acetate ; menthol ; mercuric oxide and ni-
trate ; phenacetin ; piperazine; potassium cyanide;
potassium permanganate ; potassium iodide ; pyro-
catechin ; quinine sulphate ; salol ; sodium phos-
phate ; thymol ; urea ; urethane. Antagonists :
ammonium chloride ; atropine ; brucine ; carbolic
acid ; caffeine ; cocaine ; codeine ; digitalis; phy-
sostigmine ; picrotoxin ; strychnine, thebaine.
Chlorates — ammonium picrate ; arsenites or
bromides (in acid solution); carbolic acid; char-
coal ; cyanides ; ferrous salts (in acid solution) ;
gallic acid ; glycerin ; honey ; hydrochloric acid ;
hypophosphites ; hyposulphites ; iodides (in acid
solution) ; iodine ; iron (reduced); lycopodium ;
mercurous salts (in acid solution) ; oxalic acid ;
phosphorus (amorphous); sulphides in acid solu-
tion ; sulphuric acid ; salicylic acid ; shellac ;
starch ; sugar ; sulphides ; sulphites.
Chlorides — hydrogen peroxide ; lead, mer-
curous, and silver salts ; nitric and sulphuric
acids.
Chlorinated Lime — fats ; glycerine ; iodides ;
oils.
Chlorine Water — alkalies; ammonium salts ;
arsenous salts ; bromides ; ferrous salts ; hypophos-
124
phites ; iodides ; lead salts; lime water ; mercurous
salts ; oxalic acid ; silver salts.
Chloroform — caustic alkalies aqueous fluids.
Antagonist : amyl nitrite.
ChromaTES — barium, bismuth, lead, mangan-
ese, mercury, silver, and strontium salts.
Cinchona— acids (mineral); alkalies; carbon-
ates ; alkaloidal precipitants ; ferric and ferrous
salts ; lead acetate ; lime water ; magnesia ; mer-
curic chloride ; rhubarb infusion ; silver nitrate ;
tartar emetic ; zinc sulphate.
Citrates — alcohol ; lead acetate .; potassium
permanganate (in acid solution) ; silver nitrate.
Cocaine— acids (concent.) ; alkaloidal precipi-
tants ; alkalies ; caustic alkalies ; hot water. Co-
caine hydrochlorate is incompatible with calomel,
chloroform water, mercuric oxide and silver
nitrate. Antagonists : alcohol; amyl nitrite ; caf-
feine ; chloral hydrate ; digitalis ; morphine.
Codeine — alkalies ; alkaloidal precipitants ;
ammonium bromide or chloride; ammonium
valerianate ; copper, iron, and lead salts. Antag-
onist : chloral hydrate.
Colchicine — acids ; alkalies ; alkaloidal pre-
cipitants.
Collodion — carbolic acid ; aqueous fluids.
Colocynth — alkalies ; ferrous sulphate ; lead
sulphate ; lime water ; mercuric chloride ; silver
nitrate.
Coniine — albumin ; aluminium salts; alkaloidal
precipitants ; chromic acid ; copper, iron, man-
ganese, and zinc salts.
Conium— acids (vegetable); alkalies; tannic
acid.
125
Copaiba — acids (mineral); caustic alkalies;
both calcium hydrate and magnesia solidify it ;
water.
Copper Ammoniated — acids ; alkalies ; lime
water.
Copper Sulphate — alkalies ; ammonium ace-
tate ; arsenites ; arsenous acid ; calcium chloride ;
carbonates ; ferric acetate ; glucose (in alk. sol.) ;
iodides ; lead acetate ; lime water ; mercuric
chloride ; potassium tartrate ; phosphates ; silver
nitrate ; sodium borate ; vegetable astringent in-
fusions and tinctures.
Corrosive Sublimate — See mercuric chloride.
Creosote (Beechavood) — acacia; albumin;
cupric, ferric, gold, and silver salts ; nitric acid •
oxidizers.
Cyanides— acids ; alkaloids ; chloral hydrate ;
iodine , lead, mercurous, and silver salts ; per-
manganates ; potassium chlorate ; potassium
nitrate. Antagonist : atropine.
Decoctions — like infusions.
Digitalis — acids ; alkalies ; alkaloidal precipi-
tants ; cinchona infusion ; ferrous sulphate ; lead
acetate ; tannic acid and other vegetable astrin-
gents. Antagonists : aconite; chloral hydrate;
cocaine ; glonoin ; muscarine ; saponin ; scoparin ;
strychnine.
Diuretin — acids ;* bicarbonates ; borates ; car-
bolic acid ; chloral hydrate ; ferric chloride ; phos-
phates ; phosphoric acid. Also those of salicylates.
Ergot — alkaloidal precipitants ; tannic acid.
Ether — bromine ; chromic acid.
Ether Acetic — alkalies ; chlorine water ;
chromic acid ; water.
126
Ethyl Bromide— alkalies ; ammonia water.
Eucalyptol — potassium permanganate.
Exalgin — bromal hydrate ; butyl-chloral hy-
drate ; carbolic acid ; chloral hydrate ; euphorin ;
menthol ; naphtol ; pyrocatechin ; pyrogallol ;
resorcin ; salicylic acid ; salol ; thymol ; urethane.
Formaldehyde — albumin ; alkalies, ammonia;
bisulphites ; gelatin ; copper, gold, and silver salts;
phenylhydrazine ; iron and tannin preparations.
Gelatin— alcohol ; alumnol ; chlorine water ;
ferric salts ; formaldehyde ; mercuric chloride ;
metaphosphoric acid ; picric acid ; platinum chlor-
ide ; potassium ferrocyanide ; tannic acid ; tartar
emetic.
Gentian — ferric and ferrous salts ; lead acetate.
Glonoin — alkalies; carbonates; hydrochloric
acid ; hydriodic acid.
Glucosides — acids ; alkalies ; ferments ; lead
acetate and subacetate ; hot water ; tannic acid.
Glycerin — chromic acid; hot acids; lead ox-
ide ; potassium permanganate ; silver nitrate.
Glycyrrhizin, Ammoniatkd — acids (min-
eral) ; alkalies ; metallic salts.
Gold and Sodium Chloride — alkalies ; alka-
loids ; arsenites ; hypophosphorous acid ; ferrous
and mercurous salts ; organic substances ; oxalic
acid ; potassium iodide ; sulphurous acid; thymol ;
vegetable infusions.
Guaiac Resin — acids (mineral); acacia; chlo-
rine water ; chromic acid ; ferric and gold chlo-
rides ; metallic salts ; potassium permanganate ;
spirit nitrous ether.
Guaiacol — like creosote.
Homatropine — like belladonna.
127
Hydrastis— alkaloidal precipitants.
Hydrogen Dioxide — alkalies ; albumin ; am-
monia ; arsenous salts ; balsam Peru ; carbolic
acid ; charcoal ; chlorides ; chlorine water ; citrates
of alkalies ; ferric salts ; glycerin ; gold salts ;
hydrocyanic acid ; hypophosphites ; iodides ; lime
water ; manganese dioxide ; mercurous salts ;
nitrates ; potassium bromide ; potassium perman-
ganate ; sulphates ; solution of chlorinated soda;
tartrates ; tinctures generally.
Hyoscyamus — acids: alkaloidal precipitants;
ferrous sulphate ; lead acetate ; silver nitrate ;
vegetable astringents.
Hypophosphites— arsenic salts ; bromine and
bromates ; chlorine and chlorates ; chromates,
cupric salts ; ferric salts ; iodine and iodates ;
nitric acid ; permanganates ; sulphuric acid ;
sulphurous acid.
IchthyoIv — acids ; alcohol ; alkaloids ; carbon-
ates : iron salts.
Infusions— alkaloidal salts; aluminium-hydrate
solution ; lead acetate and subacetate ; mercuric
chloride ; silver nitrate ; tartar emetic.
Iodides — alkaloids ; arsenic salts (in acid sol.);
bromine ; chlorine ; bismuth, cupric, ferric, lead,
mercury (ic and ous), and silver salts ; hydrogen
peroxide (in acid sol.); nitric acid ; nitrites (in
acid sol, )
Iodine — alkalies ; alkaline earths ; chloral hy-
drate ; alkaloids ; ferrous salts ; hypophosphites ;
hyposulphites ; mercurous salts , metals ; oils ;
turpentine ; starch, tannic acid.
Iodoform— alkalies (with heat) ; balsam Peru ;
128
calomel; mercuric oxide ; oils (in the light) ;
silver nitrate ; tannic acid.
Ipecac — lead acetate ; vegetable astringents.
Iron (Ferrous) Salts— alkalies ; carbonates;
chromates ; chlorates (in acid sol.); ferricyanides ;
gold salts ; hydrogen dioxide ; mercuric salts ;
phosphates ; permanganates ; sulphides ; tannic
acid ; silver salts.
Iron (Ferric) Salts — acacia ; albumin; alka-
lies ; apomorphine ; aloin ; benzoates ; carbonates ;
creosote ; balsam Peru ; benzoin (in alcohol sol.)*,
diuretin ; gallic acid ; gelatin ; guaiac ; guaiacol ;
hydriodic acid ; hypophosphites : hyposulphites ;
iodides ; morphine ; oils of bay, cloves, cinnamon,
pimento, thyme, and wintergreen ; pyrogallol ;
resorcin ; salol ; sulphides ; sulphites ; salicylates ;
tannic acid ; vegetable infusions and decoctions.
Iron Chloride (Ferric) — acacia; albumin;
alkalies ; carbonates : gelatin ; lime water ; mag-
nesium carbonate ; piperazine ; vegetable decoc-
tions, infusions and tinctures.
Iron Sulphate (Ferrous)— alkalies ; am-
monium, barium, and calcium chlorides ; carbon-
ates ; gold and silver salts ; lead acetate ; lime
water ; potassium iodide ; piperazine ; potassium
nitrate ; Rochelle salt ; sodium borate ; tannin ;
vegetable astringent infusions.
IvEad Acetate — acids ; alkalies ; bromides ; car-
bolic acid ; carbonates ; chloral hydrate ; chlor-
ides ; chromates ; cyanides ; glucosides ; gums ;
hydrochloric acid ; iodides ; opium ; pyrocatechin ;
pyrogallol ; resorcin ; salicylic acid ; sodium phos-
phate ; sodium salicylate ; sulphates ; sulphides
129
sulphites ; tannic acid : urea ; urethane ; vegetable
decoctions, infusions, and tinctures.
Lead Sub acetate — see sol. lead subacetate.
LUPUUN — salts of iron, mercury, platinum and
tin.
Magnesia — acids ; with copaiba forms solid
mass ; with little water becomes hydrated.
Magnesium Salts — alkalies; arsenates; car-
bonates ; lead acetate ; lime water ; oxalates ;
phosphates ; silver nitrate ; sulphites ; tartrates.
Manganese Salts — alkalies ; carbonates ; bro-
mine ; chlorine, and iodine (in alk. sol. ) ; cyanides ;
phosphates.
Menthol — bromal hydrate ; butyl-chloral hy-
drate ; camphor ; carbolic acid ; . chloral hydrate ;
chromic acid ; exalgin ; naphtol ; potassium per-
manganate ; pyrocatechin ; pyrogallol ; resorcin ;
thymol ; urethane.
Mercuric Chloride (Corrosive Sublimate)
— albumin ; alkalies ; alkaloids ; ammonia ; anti-
monous and arsenous salts ; bromides ; borax ;
carbonates ; copper salts ; ferrous salts ; formic
acid ; glucosides ; honey ; hypophosphites or
hypophosphorous acid ; iodides ; infusions of
cinchona, columbo, oak bark, and senna ; lead
salts ; lime water, milk ; phosphates ; piperazine ;
silver nitrate ; soap ; sulphates of potassium or
sodium ; sulphides ; syrup sarsaparilla compound ;
tannic acid ; tartar emetic ; vegetable astringents ;
zinc salts.
Mercurous Chloride (Calomel)— acacia ;
acids (mineral) ; alkalies ; ammonia ; antimony
sulphide, golden ; arsenites (in alk. mixtures);
bromides ; carbonates ; chlorides ; citric acid ;
130
cocaine ; cyanides ; copper salts ; hydrocyanic
acid ; hydrogen peroxide ; hypophosphorous acid ;
iodides ; iodine ; iodoform ; lead salts ; lime water ;
mercuric oxides; pilocarpine ; sodium bicarbon-
ate ; sugar ( cane and milk ) ; silver salts ; soaps ;
sulphides ; tragacanth.
Mercury Ammoniated (White Precipi-
tate) — acids; alkalies; bromine ; chlorine ; iodine;
lime water.
Mercury Iodide, Red — like mercuric
chloride.
Mercury Iodide, Yellow — like mercuroue
chloride.
Mercury Oxide — mineral acids; chloral hy-
drate ; mercuric chloride.
Mercury Subsulphate (Turpeth Mineral)
— acids ; caustic alkalies.
Methylene Blue — caustic potassa ; potassium
bichromate ; potassium iodide ; reducing agents ;
sulphuric acid.
Morphine — alkaloidal precipitants ; borax ;
chlorates ; ferric chloride ; iodates ; iodides ;
iodine ; lead acetate and subacetate ; magnesia ;
spirit nitrous ether ; silver nitrate. See also alka-
loids. Antagonists: atropine; caffeine ; chloro-
form ; cocaine ; daturine ; gelsemium ; hyoscya-
mine ; nicotine ; paraldehyde ; physostigmine ;
picrotoxin ; veratrum viride.
Musk — acids (mineral); cinchona infusion ; fer-
rous sulphate ; mercuric chloride ; silver nitrate.
Naphtalin — carbolic acid ; chromic acid ; pyro-
catechin ; salol.
Naphtol Beta — antipyrin ; camphor ; carbolic
acid ; chlorinated lime ; exalgin ; ferric chloride ;
i3i
menthol; potassium permanganate ; pyrocatechin ;
urethane.
Nitrites — Acetaniltd ; antipyrin ; chlorates ;
chromates ; gold chloride ; hypophosphites ; io-
dates ; iodides; mercury salts (ic and ous); per-
manganates ; sulphites ; tannic acid ; vegetable
astringent decoctions ; infusions or tinctures.
Nitroglycerin — see glonoin.
Nux Vomica — see strychnine.
Oil, Turpentine — bromine ; chlorine ; iodine ;
water.
On. Wintergreen — like acid salicylic.
Opium — alkalies ; alkaloidal precipitants ; car-
bonates ; catechu ; cinchona ; copper salts ; galls ;
iron salts ; kino ; lead acetate and subacetate ;
lime water ; mercuric chloride ; silver nitrate ;
zinc sulphate. Antagonists : see morphine.
Oxalates — see oxalic acid.
Pancreatin — acids ; alcohol ; sodium chloride
(in excess) .
Paraldehyde — alkalies ; hydrocyanic acid ;
iodides ; oxidizers.
Pepsin— alcohol ; alkalies ; tannic acid ; vege-
table decoctions and infusions.
Phenacetin — acids (strong); alkalies (strong);
carbolic acid ; chloral hydrate ; iodine ; oxidizers ;
piperazine ; pyrocatechin; salicylic acid.
Phenocoll Hydrochlorate — acids (nitric
or nitro hydrochloric) ; alum ; benzoates ; chloral
hydrate ; cinchona ; compound tincture or decoc-
tion ; mercuric chloride ; piperazine ; potassium
acetate, bicarbonate, bromide, citrate or sulphate.
Phosphates — see acid phosphoric.
Phosphorus — all oxidizers.
132
Physostigmine— see alkaloids. Antagonists ;
atropine ; caffeine ; chloral hydrate ; morphine ;
strychnine.
Picrotoxin — acids. Antagonists : chloral hy-
drate ; morphine.
Pilocarpine Hydrochlorate — alkaloidal
precipitants ; calomel ; potassium permanganate.
Antagonists : atropine.
PipERazink — acetanilid ; alkaloidal salts ;
alum ; butyl-chloral hydrate ; carbolic acid ;
chloral hydrate ; copper sulphate ; ferric chloride ;
ferrous sulphate ; mercuric chloride ; phenacetin ;
phenocoll hydrochlorate ; picric acid ; potassium
permanganate ; quinine ; silver nitrate; solution
arsenic and mercury iodide ; sodium salicylate ;
spirit nitrous ether ; tannic acid.
Potassa, Sulphurated — acids ; acid salts.
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate — acids;
ammonium chloride ; barium salts ; calcium salts ;
lead salts ; magnesium sulphate ; silver nitrate ;
sodium sulphate.
Potassium Permanganate — acids (mineral);
alcohol ; ammonia ; arsenites ; bromides ; carbolic
acid ; chlorides ; charcoal ; fats ; ferrous salts ;
glycerine ; gums ; hydrogen dioxide ; hypo phos-
phites ; hyposulphites ; mercurous salts ; oils ; or-
ganic substances ; oxalic acid ; oxalates ; picric
acid ; piperazine ; sulphites ; tannic acid ; tartaric
acid.
Pyoktanin — alkalies ; mercuric chloride.
Pyrocatechin — acetanilid; alkalies; antipy-
rine ; ammonium carbonate ; bromal hydrate ;
butyl-chloral hydrate ; camphor ; camphor mono-
bromated ; carbolic acid ; chloral hydrate ; diure-
*33
tin ; euphorin ; exalgin ; ferric chloride ; lead
acetate ; menthol ; naphtalin ; naphtol ; nitric
acid ; phenacetin ; pyrogallol ; resorcin ; salol ;
sodium phosphate; thymol; urea; urethane.
Pyrogallol — alkalies ; ammonia ; autipyrine ;
camphor ; carbolic acid ; diuretin ; exalgin ; fer-
ric acetate or chloride ; ferrous sulphate ; gold
salts ; iodine ; lead acetate ; lime water ; menthol ;
mercury salts ; potassium permanganate ; pyro-
catechin ; sodium phosphate ; urea ; urethane.
Quinine and Salts — like alkaloids.
Resin — carbolic acid ; caustic alkalies ; men-
thol ; salol ; thymol ; urethane.
Resorcin — acetanilid ; albumin ; alkalies ; an-
tipyrin ; camphor ; exalgin ; ferric chloride ;
menthol; potassium iodide (in alk. sol. ; spirit
nitrous ether ; urethane.
Rhubarb— acids (mineral); ferrous sulphate:
infusion of catechu ; cinchona or galls ; lead ace-
tate ; lime water ; mercuric chloride ; silver ni-
trate ; tartar emetic ; zinc sulphate.
Salicylates — see acid, salicylic.
Salol — alkalies (with heat ) ; bromine water ;
camphor ; camphor monobromated ; carbolic
acid ; chloral hydrate ; exalgin ; ferric chloride ;
naphtalin ; pyrocatechin ; resin ; thymol ; urethane.
Sarsaparilla — galls infusion ; lead acetate ;
lime w r ater ; mercuric chloride (with comp. syr.
of).
Senna — acids (mineral); carbonates; cinchona
infusion ; lead acetate ; lime water ; mercuric
chloride ; silver nitrate ; tartar emetic.
Silver Nitrate— acetates ; alcohol ; alkalies ;
antimony salts ; arsenites ; bromides ; carbonates ;
134
chlorides ; chromates ; creosote ; cyanides ; copper
salts ; ferrous sulphate ; glucose ; hypophosphites ;
iodides ; morphine salts ; oils ; manganous salts ;
organic substances ; phosphates ; sulphides ; sul-
phates ; tartrates ; vegetable astringent infusions
and decoctions.
Silver Oxide— antimony and arsenic sul-
phides; bismuth ; copper, iron, and mercury salts ;
creosote ; iodine ; organic substances ; phos-
phorus ; tannic acid.
Sodium Hyposulphite ( Thiosulphate )—
acids ; barium, lead, mercurous, and silver salts ;
arsenic and ferric salts, and chromates and per-
manganates (all in acid solution) ; chlorates ;
iodine ; nitrates ; oxidizers.
Sodium Phosphate — alkaloids ; antipyrine ;
carbolic acid ; chloral hydrate ; lead acetate ;
pyrocatechin ; pyrogallol ; resorcin ; salicylic
acid ; sodium salicylate. See also acid, phos-
phoric.
Solution Arsenic and Mercury Iodide
(Donovan's Solution) — alkaloids; caustic alka-
lies ; piperazine. See also acid arsenous and
iodides.
Solution Lead Subacetate — acacia ; acids
(organic) ; albumin ; alkaloids ; antipyrine ; gluco-
sides. Otherwise like lead acetate.
Solution Sodium Silicate — acacia; acids;
alcohol.
Spirit Ammonia, Aromatic — acids ; acid salts ;
lime water ; aqueous fluids.
Spirit Camphor — acacia; aqueous fluids;
gelatin,
Spirit Lemon — acacia, aqueous fluids; gelatin.
135
Spirit Peppermint — acacia ; aqueous fluids ;
gelatin.
Spirit Nitrous Ether — acacia ; acetanilid ;
alkalies ; antipyrin ; carbonates ; ferrous sul-
phate ; gelatin ; guaiac tincture : iodides ; mor-
phine ; tannic acid ; piperazine ; preparations of
uva ursi ; thymol. See also nitrites.
Starch (in Solution | — acids ; alcohol ; alka-
lies ; diastase ; iodine ; lead subacetate ; lime
water ; tannic acid.
Stramonium — acids (mineral) salts of iron, lead,
mercury and silver. Otherwise like belladonna.
Strontium Salts — alkalies ; carbonates ; chro-
mates ; oxalates ; phosphates ; sulphates.
Strychnine — all alkaloidal precipitants. An-
tagonists : aconite ; alcohol ; amyl nitrite ; atro-
pine ; chloral hydrate ; chloroform ; curarine ;
digitalis ; hydrocyanic acid ; morphine ; nicotine ;
paraldehyde ; physostigmine ; potassium bromide ;
urethane.
Sulphates — see acid sulphuric.
Sulphur — potassium chlorate ; potassium per-
manganate.
Taraxacum — galls infusion, iron, lead, mer-
cury, and silver salts.
Tartar Emetic — see antimony and potassium
tartrate.
Terebene — chlorine ; bromine ; iodine ; water.
Theobromine Salts — gold, mercury, and silver
salts ; water. See also diuretin.
Thymol — Acetanilid ; antipyrin ; butyl-chloral
hydrate ; camphor ; camphor monobromated ; car-
bolic acid ; chloral hydrate ; exalgin ; gold salts ;
136
menthol ; pyrocatechin ; quinine sulphate ; resin ;
salol ; spirit nitrous ether ; urethane.
TragacanTh — alcohol ; copper sulphate ; fer-
rous sulphate ; lead acetate (basic and neutral).
Urea — bromal hydrate ; chloral hydrate ; lead
acetate ; pyrocatechin ; pyrogallol.
Urethane — aldehydes ; alkalies ; antipyrin ;
benzoic acid ; bromal hydrate ; butyl-chloral
hydrate ; camphor ; carbonates ; carbolic acid ;
exalgin ; menthol ; naphtol ; pyrocatechin ; pyro-
gallol ; resin ; resorcin ; salicylic acid ; salol ;
thymol.
Uva Ursi — alkalies ; gelatin ; cinchona infu-
sion, iron and lead salts ; opium ; silver nitrate ;
spirit nitrous ether ; tartar emetic.
Valerian — cinchona infusion; iron and silver
salts.
Vegetable Preparations— iron and lead salts.
Water — alcoholic extracts and tinctures ; alka-
loids generally ; collodion ; fats ; oils ; gum resins ;
resins ; resinous extracts and tinctures.
Zinc Salts — acacia ; alkalies ; arsenates ; car-
bonates ; cyanides ; lime water ; milk ; oxalates ;
phosphates ; sulphates ; sulphides ; vegetable as-
tringent decoctions and infusions.
POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES*
In treating cases of poisoning, four indications
must be kept in mind : (A) How to most quickly
get the bulk of the poison out of the stomach by
forcibly emptying it; (B) how to antidote the
residual poison after evacuating the stomach ;
(C) how to eliminate from the system the poison
that has entered the blood or gone on into the
intestines ; D) how to treat the dangerous symp-
toms as they arise from the effects of the poison.
Acetaxilid, Axtifebrin, Antipyrin. — Place
patient in a recumbent position, allow plenty of
fresh air ; give stimulants (brandy, whiskey,
aromatic spirit of ammonia, etc.) Apply heat ex-
ternally ; use atropine or belladonna to maintain
blood pressure ; strychnine to aid respiration ;
oxygen inhalations if there is excessive cyanosis.
Acid Acetic. — Administer magnesia freely ;
soap and water, lime water, chalk ; milk, oils and
thick gruel may be given.
Acid Carbolic. — Unless great destruction of
mucous membrane has occurred, produce vomit-
ing by means of warm water containing some
sodium bicarbonate or zinc sulphate ; mustard,
apo morphine. Demulcent drinks, flaxseed or
elm tea, and white of egg beaten up with water,
protect mucous surfaces. Do not give oils or
*From Merck's Report Read}- Reference. (Adapted to
veterinary practice. When vomiting is mentioned it is
understood to refer to the smaller animals as the pig, dog
and cat ; not to the herbivora. |
i3»
glycerin. As stimulants use whiskey, alcohol,
ammonia, etc. , hypodermically if need be ; warmth,
friction. Opium relieves pain. Excite counter
irritation over the abdomen. Give digitalis and
strychnine if needed. Recently whiskey and
brandy have been warmly recommended, followed
in a few T minutes by a hypodermic injection of
apomorphine to produce vomiting. A Dublin
veterinarian, Allen, has lately recommended tur-
pentine for carbolic acid poisoning.
Acid, Carbonic and Coal Gas. — Bring the
patient at once into the open air. If the respira-
tory movements have ceased, cold water should
be dashed on the face and chest, to awaken them
to reflex action. If no effect is thereby produced
resort to artificial respiration which should be
continued for at least an hour. A series of quick
sharp blows over the cardiac region will some-
times start the heart into action after it has
stopped. Inhalation of oxygen or ammonia vapor,
or an enema of black coffee, and venesection, may
be of service.
Acid, Chromic, Potassium Chromate and
Bichromate. — Evacuate the stomach with ^ oz.
of mustard stirred to a cream with i oz. of water ;
(man or dog), or with zinc sulphate, apomor-
phine ; ipecac or pump. Follow with magnesium
oxide or carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or chalk,
.in water; as demulcent drinks give barley, elm or
flaxseed water.
Acid, Hydrocyanic, Cyanides, Cherry-
laurel Water, Oil Bitter Almond. — Fifteen
minims of official acid, or i grain of anhydrous
acid, usually kills (man or dog) in 10 to 15 min-
*39
utes. Place in recumbent position, allow plenty
of fresh air ; empty the stomach by mustard, zinc
sulphate, or pump ; keep the body warm. If
breathing ceases, use artificial respiration, mild
faradic current to the heart, alternate cold and
warm affusion to head, chest and spine ; adminis-
ter ammonia by inhalation or give it by mouth or
veins ; inject atropine solution 2 to 4 drops every
half hour, to assist the heart's action. Ferrous
sulphate with ferric sulphate, followed by potas-
sium carbonate solution, yields inert Prussian
blue. Ferrous sulphate alone or with calcined
magnesia renders the acid insoluble, but the action
of the acid is so quick that there is scarcely time
for the application of many remedies. Brandy by
the mouth, skin, or rectum has been found valu-
able.
Acid, Oxalic and Oxalates: — Half to one
ounce usually proves fatal (man or dog). If not
already vomited by the poison, empty the stomach
at once with mustard, zinc sulphate, pump or
tube, then neutralize with chalk, whiting, or
wall plaster in water, or lime water itself, never
with sodium, potassium or ammonia salts, as these
form soluble oxalates ; apply hot fomentations to
the loins. Give an enema to empty the bowels.
Give much water to facilate elimination by the
kidneys.
Acids, Mineral : Hydrochloric, Nitric, Ni-
tro-hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric.
One to four drams of the stronger acids usually
proves fatal (man and dog). Neutralize with
sodium bicarbonate, calcined magnesia, lime,
chalk, or wall plaster mixed with water ; if none
140
of these are accessible, dilute and wash out the
stomach with considerable water. One may use
with advantage any of the following — soap, milk,
gruel, olive and almond oil, eggs beaten up.
Avoid the stomach pump as it might perforate the
softened oesophagus,
Aconite and Aconitine. —Thirty to sixty
drops of tincture or one-twentieth grain of alka-
loid generally prove fatal (man or dog). Evacu-
ate the stomach at once with zinc sulphate,
apomorphine, mustard, or pump ; place in a
recumbent position, the head the lowest ; apply
warmth to the extremities ; give solution, four
drops hypodermically or, give tincture of bella-
donna twenty drops by the mouth, repeated. If
heart syncope presents, give tincture of digitalis
fifteen drops hypodermically or thirty drops by
the mouth. As stimulants, use ammonia, brandy,
strychnine, mustard plasters to the chest. Aid
vomiting and elimination of the poisoning by
abundant water, to which may be added brandy
or alcohol in any form. Inhale amyl nitrite, or
oxygen, and if breathing stops use artificial res-
piration. Animal charcoal and tannin are of
service.
(The doses of the antidotes mentioned above
are for man and dog ; for larger animals the dosage
should be in proportion to size).
Alcohol. — Inebriation somewhat resembles
opium poisoning and concussion of the brain.
Empty the stomach, wash out well with warm
coffee, keep the body very warm, but apply cold
douche to the head ; allow plenty of fresh air ;
apply interrupted current to the respiratory mus-
Ui
cles ; ammonia water or amyl nitrite to the nos-
trils ; keep the patient awake mechanically by
shaking, shouting, etc.
Alkalies, Potassa, Soda and Ammonia. —
They usually cause vomiting, but if they do not,
accomplish this by plenty of luke-warm water, to
be followed by vinegar (dilute acetic acid, lemon
or orange juice, tartaric or citric acid solution, 2
drams to a pint of water) ; olive oil ( 1 to 4 drams
for man and dog); egg white, milk, demulcent
drinks (arrowroot, elm, barley, or flaxseed water)
to protect the mucous membranes and sustain
vital powers. May always give plenty of water and
relieve pain with laudanum or hypodermics of
morphine:
Alkaloids in General.— Tannin generally
forms comparatively insoluble tannates : albumin;
iodine, and charcoal also of service ; use emetics
and cathartics later.
Ammonia. — Administer vinegar, lemon juice,
orange juice, or any vegetable acid, followed by
demulcents to protect the mucous surfaces. When
inhaled, give vapor of acetic or hydrochloric acid
or chlorine water by inhalation.
Amyl Nitrite. — Atropine, ergotin, or strych-
nine Irypodermically are the best antidotes ; stim-
ulants, alternate hot and cold douches, with cold
to the head, and artificial respiration are also
useful measures.
Antimony Compounds, Tartar Emetic. — In
man, 2 to 5 grains have occasioned death, while
several drams have failed to produce more than
great vomiting and alarming general symptoms.
Should these fail to cause the patient to vomit
142
one must create this by mustard, zinc sulphate,
apomorphine or pump ; follow with strong tea or
coffee, solution of tannic or gallic acid, to form an
insoluble compound. Give demulcent drinks
(flaxseed, slippery elm, egg white, milk) ; opium
and stimulants in small but frequent doses. If
the body be cold, apply blankets ; faradic current
over the heart if necessary. Instead of tannin,
freshly precipitated ferric hydroxide can be used,
following with opium or morphine for the pain.
AnTipyrin. — See Acetanilid.
Apocynin.— Like Digitalis.
Arsenic Compounds.— Unless the poison itself
vomits, accomplish this with mustard, zinc sul-
phate, apomorphine, pump, or tube. Either wash
out the stomach with a large quantity of water or
give freshly precipitated hydrated oxide of iron,
made by double decomposition between any ferr*£
solution and a solution of either diluted ammonia
water, sodium carbonate, or magnesium oxide, the
object being to form insoluble ferric arsenite or
arsenate. The ammonia acts as a stimulant, the
calcined magnesia as an aperient. One may give
with advantage, oil, mucilaginous drinks, egg
white, and in case of faintness, stimulants. If the
skin be cold, apply hot blankets, and relieve the
pain by opium or morphine; one may conclude
with a dose of castor oil.
Atropine. — See Belladonna.
Barium Compounds. — See Lead compounds.
Belladonna or Atropine, Hyoscyamus or
Hyoscyamine, Stramonium or Daturine, Dul-
camara OR SOLANINE, DUBOISIA OR DUBOISINE.
—Empty the stomach by mustard, zinc sulphate,
»43
apomorphine, pump or tube ; give strong infusion
of coffee or tea by the mouth or rectum ; also
pilocarpine nitrate ; or instead, use morphine,
opium, or physostigmine to antagonize the
nervous disturbances of the poison. Apply hot
water to the feet ; alternate douches of hot and
cold water are useful. Give stimulants (whiskey
or brandy), ammonia to the nostrils ; also practise
artificial respiration.
Benzene. — Evacuate the stomach (mustard,
zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump). Give
abundant fresh air ; hypodermic atropine, or
tincture of belladonna. Apply alternately hot and
cold water douches to the chest ; practise arti-
ficial respiration, and apply a mild interrupted
current over the heart.
Beue Stone. — See copper, under mercury
compounds.
Bromides. — Give strong coffee, caffeine , citrate,
digitalis; morphine is antagonistic to mental
symptoms ; ergot and belladonna are sometimes
used.
Bromine. — Give albumin, starch, gelatin, sodium
or potassium carbonate or bicarbonate. Against
the irritant vapor, inhalations of steam' and am-
monia vapor may be employed.
Brucine. — See strychnine.
Calabar Bean. — See Physostigma.
Camphor. — Empty the stomach (by mustard,
zinc sulphate, pump, etc.) ; give alcohol or brandy
in small and frequent doses (best hypodermically);
ether inhalations ; alternate hot and cold douches ;
warmth to the extremities by hot blankets, etc.
144
Cannabis Indica.— Treat as in opium, but also
in the first stages use lemon juice.
Cantharides or CanTHARIDIn.— -In man or
dog a half dram of powder or one ounce of the
tincture usually proves fatal. Empty the stomach
(mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac,
pump); allay pain with morphine hypodermically
ortincture of opium (through the mouth orrectum).
Give plenty of demulcent drinks (barley, elm,
flaxseed tea, gruel or pure water) but no oils or
oily emulsion, in which catharidin is very soluble ;
opium, stimulants, warm baths, cataplasms to the
abdomen.
Carbon Disulphidk.— Quiet the nervous ex-
citement with potassium bromide and chloral ;
support the circulation with stimulants ; may
vomit with mustard at first ; ammonia to nostrils,
warmth to the body, cold douche to the head ;
artificial respiration.
Castor Beans.— In man three seeds in one case,
and twenty in another, have caused death in two
and five days respectively. As soon as they have
been swallowed give an emetic (mustard, etc.);
later give demulcent drinks, opium to quiet vio-
lent symptoms which resemble those of cholera.
Cat Bites.— See Dog Bites.
Cherry-Laurel Water.— See Acid Hydro-
cyanic.
Chloral.— One-half to one dram may prove fatal
(small animals); empty the stomach (mustard,
zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump). When
the stomach is empty introduce coffee by tube
(mouth or rectum) ; keep limbs warm (friction,
mustard plasters, water bags). Administer hypo-
145
dermically, fresh 2% solution of strychnine nitrate
every fifteen minutes. Picrotoxin may be substi-
tuted for strychnine. Arouse the patient and keep
him awake by coffee, caffeine, flagellation, shak-
ing, shouting ; apply ammonia to the nostrils,
cold to the head ; amyl nitrite inhalations to stim-
ulate the heart ; practise artificial respiration if
necessary.
Chlorates (and Nitrates — potassium, sodium,
etc.) — Empty .the stomach (mustard, zinc, sul-
phate, amorphine). Give plenty of water and
mucilaginous drinks to dilute the poison, opium
to relieve the pain ; amyl nitrite inhalations ;
avoid stimulants that would increase kidney con-
gestion, keep warm by hot fomentations to the
loins.
Chloroform (or Ether, Nitrous Oxide Gas).—
Withdraw the inhalation at once, lower well the
head; pull the tongue forward so as to admit plen-
ty of fresh air. Use artificial respiration and heat ;
weak current — one pole at the larynx, the other
on the pit of the stomach (not far from diaphragm).
Apply hot and cold douche ; inhale amyl nitrite.
If the heart has stopped, give several taps over
that region, inhale ammonia, give brandy, atro-
pine, strychnine. If swallowed evacuate the
stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine,.
pump) ; enema of hot coffee, large draughts of
water, containing sodium carbonate or bicarbon-
ate, and proceed as if inhaled.
Chlorinated Lime.— Administer albumin, mu-
cilaginous drinks, oils, milk, or flour and water ;
avoid acids. Opium and alcohol are used for the
vital depression.
146
Chlorine.— Against chlorine preparations in
the stomach employ albumin or ammonia water in
small quantity and well diluted ; emesis with warm
water, then white of egg, or milk, flour, or lime
water. Ammonia vapor is used against inhaled
chlorine.
Coal Gas.— See Acid, Carbonic.
Cobalt.— See Arsenic.
Cocaine.— Resembles closely atropine in its
general action as to pulse; pupils, respiration,
sweat glands and bowels. Give one of the usual
emetics, then tannin. Morphine is probably the
best all round antagonist; then in sequence,
chloral, chloroform, and ether. Give amyl nitrite
to counteract heart depression ; alcohol and opium
to stimulate the heart; should these fail, use
artificial respiration. One may employ ammonia
inhalations and caffeine.
Cocculus Indicus.— See Strychnine.
Codeine.— See Opium.
Colchicum (wine or tincture ; Colocynth, Elat-
eritim). — If vomiting and purging have not oc-
curred, accomplish the former by one of the usual
emetics (mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, apomor-
phine, or pump); follow with tannic or gallic acid,
or strong tea or coffee ; plenty of water and
demulcent drinks ; opium or morphine to -allay
the pain in the stomach, purging, and to antag-
onize heart depression, stimulants (alcohol, whis-
key, etc. ). Keep the extremities warm and apply
hot fomentations to the abdomen.
CoivOCYNTH.— See Colchicum.
Conium (or Coniine).— Empty the stomach
(mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump) ;
M7
apply external warmth (hot wraps, bags or bot-
tles), give strong tea, coffee, tannic, or gallic acid,
or any solution containing tannin ; stimulants,
artificial respiration ; strychnine, picrotoxin, ac-
tive exercise ; castor oil.
Conyallaria. — See Digitalis.
Copper Compounds. — See Mercury Com-
pounds.
Corrosive Sublimate. — See Mercury Com-
pounds.
Creosote. — Practically the same as with Car-
bolic Acid.
Croton Oil,. — Empty the stomach (mustard,
zincsulphate, apomorphine, pump) ; give tincture
of opium or morphine hypodermically, until pain
and purging are abated. Give demulcent drinks
(elm, flaxseed water, mucilage, milk, olive oil,
albumin, soup) ; spirit of camphor in milk ; stim-
ulants (brandy, alcohol, whiskey, ammonia),
warm baths are also used.
Curarine (or Curare). — If introduced in a
wound, and all is not removed apply ligature,
suck the injured part, washing it out with slightly
alkaline solution of potassium permanganate ; ap-
ply warmth to the loins, plenty of water inter-
nally, artificial respiration ; spirit of nitrous ether
rapidly eliminates the poison through the urine.
The great difficulty is in sustaining life by artifi-
cial respiration until elimination begins.
Cyanides. — See Acid Hydrocyanic.
Cvtisine (or Laburnum Seeds).— Induce vom-
iting and wash out the stomach with strong tea or
coffee ; follow with enema or quick purgative ;
stimulant ; rouse the patient by hot and cold
douche.
DaTu rink. —See Belladonna.
Digitalis (or Digitalin ; Scillain [Scillitin],
(Strophantus, Strophanthin, Convallaria, Scopa-
rius).— Evacuate the stomach (mustard, zinc sul-
phate, apomorphine, pump) . Follow with strong
tea or coffee or tannic or gallic acid in water.
Hypodermic solution of aconitine nitrate may be
given, or tincture of aconite by mouth ; if this
has given good results repeat in thirty minutes,
keep the patient quiet and do not allow an erect
position, as that may cause fainting to death.
Give stimulants frequently by the mouth, or if
vomiting occurs, by the rectum. When the drug
has been in continuous use, opium is the best anti-
dote. Saponin and Senegin are the best physio-
logic antagonists.
Dog Bites (and Cat Bites).— Suck out the
wound well with the mouth, wash with a weak al-
kaline solution (ammonia, caustic potash, etc.),
then cauterize with lunar caustic.
DuboiSia (and Duboisine).— See Belladonna.
Dulcamara (and Solanin).— See Belladonna.
ElaTKRIUM.— See Colchicum.
Ergot.— Evacuate the stomach (mustard, zinc
sulphate, apomorphine, pump). Give purgative
(Croton Oil) and assist the action by plenty of
warm drinks. Tannic or gallic acid may be use-
ful ; after vomiting and purging, administer small
doses of opium at intervals. Nitroglycerin every
15 minutes has been effective. Allow a recum-
bent position. Apply warmth and friction to
maintain the circulation ; stimulants, amyl nitrite.
U9
ESERINE. — See Physostigma.
Ether. — See Chloroform.
Fish Poison. — Administer emetics and cathar-
tics ; potassium chlorate, solution ammonium
acetate, opium, capsicum or chloroform.
Fowler's Solution. — See Arsenic.
Fungi. — See Mushrooms.
Geusemium ( and Gelsemine ). — Empty the
stomach (mustard or pump) ; give atropine hypo-
dermically or tincture of belladonna by mouth ;
apply external heat by rubbing ; stimulants
(digitalis, ammonia, coffee, alcohol, artifical respi-
ration, electricity); rouse the patient by hot and
cold douches.
Guonoin. — Like Amyl Nitrite.
Gold Salts. — Like Mercury compounds.
Hvoscine. — Similar to Belladonna, but chloral
is used here with great advantage.
Hvoscvamus (and Hyoscyamine). — See Bella-
donna.
IgnaTia. — See Strychnine.
Iodine. — Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc
sulphate, apomorphine, pump); follow with
starch diffused in hot water or as a paste, or flour
in warm water ; farinaceous substances (arrow-
root, boiled rice, thin gruel); demulcent drinks ;
may inhale amyl nitrite and relieve the pain by
opium and morphine.
Laburnum Seeds. — See Cytisine.
Lactucarium. — See Opium.
Laudanum. — See Opium.
Lead Compounds (Lead Chromate and Acetate
Barium Compounds). — If acute empty the stom-
ach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump) ;
i5o
follow with sulphate of magnesium or sodium, or
dilute sulphuric acid ; milk, demulcent drinks.
For the pain give opium or morphine : for lead
colic, apply hot fomentations. If it be chronic
lead poisoning, recognized by a blue line (sul-
phide) along the margin of the gums, paralyzed
extensors, constipation, etc., give iodides to satu-
ration (sodium and calcium iodides being best) ;
sulphurated potassa baths.
IyOBEiviA. — If the patient has failed to vomit,
use emetics ; follow with tannin, stimulants,
strychnine, opiates.
Lunar Caustic. — See Silver Compounds.
Matches. — See Phosphorus.
Mercury Compounds (also Copper Com-
pounds). — Kmpty the stomach (mustard, zinc sul-
phate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump) ; follow with
albumin (white of one egg to every 4 grains of
corrosive sublimate). Too much must not be
given lest the precipitate formed by the mercuric
salt and albumin be redissolved. Now give an
emetic — warm water with sodium bicarbonate,
zinc sulphate, or mustard, and wash out the
stomach with demulcent drinks (flaxseed or elm).
If egg white is not convenient, one may use for
mercury salts, gluten, wheat flour in paste form,
milk, or chop and diffuse in water fresh meat and
administer the broth. Morphine for pain. For
copper compounds also use stimulants ; relieve
the pain with opium or give reduced iron or weak
solution of potassium ferrocyanide; then potassium
iodide until the system is saturated to promote
elimination.
Morphine Sai/ts.— See Opium.
i5i
Muscarine. — See Mushrooms.
Mushrooms (and Poisonous Fungi ; also Mus-
carine). — Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sul-
phate, apomorphine, pump) ; inject at once solu-
tion of atropine, or after emesis give tincture of
belladonna every half hour ; castor oil and enema
to remove fungi from lower bowel ; stimulants ;
the body should also be kept warm.
Nicotine. — See Tobacco.
Nitrates. — See Chlorates.
Nitrobenzene. — (Oil Mirbane). — Empty the
stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, pump), washing
it out with plenty of warm water if possible. Give
stimulants by the mouth, the rectum or hypoder-
mically ; artificial respiration which must be
maintained, by weak, interrupted currents to the
chest wall. Rouse the patient by the douche ;
hypodermic atropine may be useful.
Nitroglycerin. — Like Amyl Nitrite.
Nitrous Oxide Gas. — See Chloroform.
Nux Vomica. — See Strychnine.
Oil Bitter Almond. -See Acid Hydrocyanic.
. Oil Mirbane. — See Nitrobenzene.
Opium (also Laudanum, Morphine, Codeine,
Lactucarium, Cannabis Indica) — When the poison
has been taken by the mouth give at once a solu-
tion of potassium permanganate, then empty the
stomach, which may be difficult, by pump, apo-
morphine, mustard or zinc sulphate. Wash the
stomach out well with hot coffee, leaving there a
pint or more ; keep the body warm with hot
wraps, but use alternate hot and cold douches to
the head. Use hypodermic solution of atropine
every 15 minutes for three doses ; tannin and
152
strychnine are also valuable. Apply electricity to
chest muscles and artificial respiration. Keep the
patient awake by shaking, nicking with a towel,
applying cold water over the face and chest,
keep patient moving : give inhalation of amyl
nitrite. Evacuate the bladder often to prevent
reabsorption.
Phknacktin. — Like Acetanilid.
Phosphorus (as well as Rat Poison and
Matches.) — Empty the stomach ( copper sulphate
until the patient has vomited sufficiently ; zinc
sulphate, mustard, pump — the copper forming in-
soluble black phosphide). Follow this with old
(oxygenated, acid, French) oil of turpentine in
mucilage or floating on water ; may also inhale
diluted turpentine vapor ; give charcoal or lime
water to prevent action on tissues ; also magnesium
sulphate as a cathartic. Potassium permanganate,
opium, and egg white may be of service, but
never use fats or fatty oils, as these dissolve phos-
phorus, thus aiding its absorption. It is mostly
eliminated by the urine, hence the bladder should
be frequently evacuated.
Physostigma (and Physostigmine). — Evacuate
the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac,
apomorphine, pump); hypodermic of atropine
until pupils dilate. Should this fail, give chloral,
or hypodermic of strychnine. Diffusible stimu-
lants, coffee, alcohol, etc., are used and artificial
respiration should be induced if necessary ; empty
the bladder often.
Phytolacca. — It acts per se as' an emeto-ca-
thartic, hence after the vomiting give stimulants,
alcohol, ether, opium, digitalis.
153
Picrotoxin. — vSee Strychnine.
Pilocarpus (and Pilocarpine). — Evacuate the
stomach, follow with hypodermic of atropine, or
tincture of belladonna, until pupils are dilated :
may give tannin.
Potassa — vSee Alkalies.
Potassium Bichromate and Chromate. — See
Chromic Acid.
Potasium Cyanide. — See Acid Hydrocyanic.
Potassium Nitrate. — See Chlorates.
Prussic Acid. — See Acid Hydrocyanic.
Pulsatilla. — Give tannic acid and follow with
an emetic ; alcohol, opium, or digitalis may also
be indicated.
Rat Paste. — See Phosphorus ; also Arsenic.
Rhus Toxicodendron. — Rub in a saturated
solution of lead acetate in diluted alcohol, and re-
peat for several days ; 5'V solution or 10% oleate
of cocaine is also effective ; a solution of 2 drams
of lead acetate and 4 drams of ammonium chloride
in 8 fl. oz. of water has also been recommended.
Internally, opium or coffee may be used to relieve
the nervous irritability.
Sabadilla.— See Veratrum Viride.
Savine (oil and tops; also Tansy). — If not
vomited and the throat not inflamed, evacuate the
stomach with mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac,
pump. If the bowels have not moved freely, give
either castor oil or epsom salt ; allay pain with
morphine and demulcents.
Scillain (Scillitin). — See Digitalis.
Scoparius - See Digitalis.
Silver Compounds. — Give common salt dis-
solved in warm water, to form insoluble silver
154
chloride ; or use egg white or milk ; ( follow with
an emetic ( mustard ) , and large draughts of warm
water ; give demulcent drinks (arrowroot, elm,
flaxseed, gruel).
Snake Bites. — Suck the wound and apply to it
an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate
(may inject this under the skin). In severe cobra
poisoning, with death threatening, bleed at one
limb and transfuse blood by the other ; give arti-
ficial respiration and weak interrupted galvanic
shocks to the walls of the chest ; inhale and give
ammonia by the mouth.
Soda. — See alkalies.
SOI.ANIN. — See Belladonna.
Staphisagria (Stavesacre). — Evacuate the
stomach (emetics, pump, draughts of warm water);
give tannin, charcoal, diffusible stimulants. Keep
the patient quiet and the extremities warm. Give
chloral hydrate, or potassium bromide ; or better
inhale chloroform for the spasms. Use all haste
as death is usually caused by asphyxia.
Stings (Bees, Hornets, Wasps). — Apply am-
monia water or some alkaline solution to the
part stung ; extract the sting ; use stimulants, if
necessary. One may apply an onion to the part,
but this is not as good as ammonia.
Stramonium. — See Belladonna.
Strophanti! us (or strophanthin).— See Digi-
talis.
Strychnine Sai/ts (or Brucine, Ignatia, Nux
Vomica, Picrotoxin, Cocculus Indicus). — Remove
the patient from all noise, quickly empty the
stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine
hypodermically) ; give tannin, charcoal, iodide of
J55 •
starch. Place the patient under chloroform,
ether, or chloral and potassium bromide, thus
keeping up gentle narcosis several hours if neces-
sary ; inhale amyl nitrite. If spasms threaten
respiration, induce it artificially ; empty the
bladder often.
Suufonal and Trionai,.— Give diuretics and
saline cathartics ; sodium bicarbonate and water
freely.
Sulphuretted Hydrogen. — Resort to artifi-
cial respiration and inhalation of chlorine diluted
with air ; or give chlorine water or chlorinated
lime.
Tansy.— See Savine.
Tartar Emetic. — See Antimony Compounds.
Tin Compounds.— Evacuate the stomach (mus-
tard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, etc.). Give milk of
calcined magnesia ; demulcent drinks (elm, flax-
seed, etc.) ; laudanum if there is much pain.
Tobacco (or Nicotine). — Concentrated enemas
and large quantities of powder kill in a very few
hours. If the patient has not already vomited the
drug, empty the stomach by mustard, zinc sul-
phate or pump ; give plenty of water ; let the pa-
tient lie down ; inject a solution of strychnine
nitrate or give tincture of nux vomica by the
mouth; stimulants, brandy, whiskey, chloric
ether, etc. ; keep the body warm but apply cold
douche to the head ; tannin and astringent solu-
tions may be given.
Turpentine. — Empty the stomach (mustard,
zinc sulphate, ipecac, apomorphine, pump, tube).
If there is no purging give enema, plenty of water
and demulcent drinks to eliminate it by the kid-
156
neys. Apply hot fomentations to the loins ; allay
the pain with opium.
Tyrotoxicon (in milk, cheese, ice cream, etc.).
— Give emetics and rinse out stomach ; follow with
purgative enema.
Vkratrum Viridk (also Veratrine, Sabadilla,
Veratrum Album). — Evacuate the stomach ( unless
the veratroidine constituent has ejected itself by
causing vomiting), by mustard, zinc sulphate,
ipecac or pump. Give recumbent position, head
lowest ; dry warmth to the body, wraps, blankets,
etc. ; give hot coffee by the mouth or rectum ;
tannin, diffusible stimulants, alcohol, brandy,
whiskey, ammonia, morphine, electricity, artificial
respiration ; atropine antagonizes the cardiac
depression.
Whitk Precipitate. — See Mercury Com-
pounds.
Zinc Compounds. — Should the patient not
vomit, use plenty of warm water containing car-
bonate or bicarbonate of sodium, or mustard ; fol-
low this with white of egg and milk ; solution of
tannin or strong tea to form insoluble tannate ;
allay the abdominal pain by hot fomentations,
morphine or tincture of opium.
CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES
ACCORDING TO
THEIR PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS.
Alteratives.
Acid, Arsenous.
Acid, Hydriodic.
Ammonium Benzoate.
Antimony Salts.
Arsenic and Mercury
Iodide Solution.
Arsenites and Arsenates.
Calcium Chloride.
Colchicum.
Copper Salts.
Creosote and its
Compounds.
Gold Salts.
Guaiacol and its
Compounds.
Ichthyol.
Iodides.
Iodipin.
Iodoform.
Manganese Dioxide.
Mercurials.
Potassium Bichromate.
Potassium Chlorate.
Pulsatilla.
Sanguinaria.
Silver Salts.
Stillingia.
Sulphur.
Suprarenal Capsule.
Xanthoxylum.
Zinc Salts.
Analgesics. See
Anodynes, General.
An aphrodisiacs.
Belladonna.
Bromides.
Bromipin.
Camphor.
Cocaine.
Conium.
Digitalis.
Gelsemium.
Hyoscyamus.
Opium.
Stramonium.
Anesthetics, General.
Chloroform.
Ether.
158
Ethyl Bromide.
(Nitrous Oxide).
Anesthetics Local.
Chloretone.
Cocaine Hydrochlorate.
Ether Spray.
Ethyl Chloride.
Eucaine.
Holocaine.
Menthol.
Tropacocaine.
Anodynes, General.
Acetanilid.
Acid, Salicylic.
Aconitine.
Antipyrine.
Aspirin.
Atropine.
Bromides.
Butyl-chloral Hydrate.
Caffeine.
Camphor Monobrom.
Chloroform.
Codeine.
Gelseminine.
Methylene Blue.
Morphine Salts.
Oil Gaultheria.
Phenacetin.
Anodynes, Local.
Acid, Carbolic.
Aconite, Tincture.
Aconitine.
Ammonia water.
Atropine.
Belladonna.
Chloroform.
Chloral Hydrate.
Guaiacol.
Ichthyol.
Antacids or Alkalines
Calcium Carbonate.
Lime Water.
Lithium Carbonate.
Magnesia.
Magnesium Carbonate.
Potassium Bicarbonate.
Potassium Carbonate.
Potassium Hydrate.
Sodium Bicarbonate.
Sodium Carbonate.
Sodium Hydrate.
Anthelmintics.
Aloes. (Enema. )
Aspidium.
Chenopodium.
Koussein. /
Naphtalin.
Oil Turpentine.
Extract Male Fern.
Pelletierine Tannate.
Pumpkin Seed.
Quassia Infusion
159
Santonin with Calomel.
Sodium Chloride.
Sodium Santoninate.
■ Spigelia.
Thymol.
Anti-emetics.
Acid, Hydrocyanic.
Bismuth Subcarbonate.
Bismuth Subnitrate.
Bromides.
Cerium Oxalate.
Chloroform.
Codeine.
Ether.
Menthol.
Morphine.
Orexine Tannate.
Antigalactagogues,
Agaricin.
Belladonna.
Camphor ; topically.
Conium.
Ergot.
Iodides.
Saline Purgatives.
ANTIHYDROTICS.
Acid, Camphoric.
Acid, Gallic.
Acid, Tannic.
Agaricin.
Atropine.
Lead Acetate.
Picrotoxin.
Quinine.
Salicin.
ANTIIvlTHICS.
Acid, Benzoic.
Alkalies.
Benzoates.
Lithium Salts.
Magnesium Citrate.
Magnesium Oxide .
Piperazine.
Potassium Bicarbonate.
Potassium Carbonate.
Potassium Citrate.
Sodium Bicarbonate.
Sodium Phosphate.
Sodium Salicylate.
Antiparasitics.
See Parasiticides.
Antiperiodics.
Acid, Arsenous.
Acid, Picric.
Arsenites.
Berberine Carbonate.
Cinchona and
Alkaloids.
Methylene Blue.
Quinine.
Salicin.
i6o
Antiphlogistics. See
also Antipyretics,
Aconite, Tincture.
Antimony-Potassium
Tartrate.
Gelsemium.
Ichthyol ; internally.
Lead Salts.
Opium.
Antipyretics.
Acetanilid.
Acid, Benzoic.
Acid, Carbolic.
Acid, Salicylic.
Aconite, Tincture.
Ammonium Acetate :
Solution.
Ammonium Benzoate.
Aspirin.
Phenacetin.
Quinine and Salts.
Re so rein.
Veratrum Viride,
Tincture.
Antiseptics. See also
Disinfectants
Acetanilid.
Acid Benzoic ; and
Benzoates.
Acid, Boric ; and Borates.
Acid, Carbolic.
Acid, Picric.
Aristol.
Bismuth, Benzoate.
" Oxyiodide.
Subgallate.
Borolyptol.
Chlorine Water.
Creolin.
Creosote and its Com-
pounds.
Kucalyptol.
Formaldehyde.
Glycozone.
Hydrogen Peroxide.
Hydrozone.
Ichthyol.
Iodoform.
Iodole.
Listerine.
Magnesium Salicylate.
Sulphite.
Mercury Bichloride.
Chloride.
" Cyanide.
Oxycyanide.
Napthtalin.
Napthol.
Oil Cade.
" Eucalyptus.
" Gaultheria.
" Pinus Sylvestris.
" Turpentine.
Potassium Chlorate.
" Permanganate
Pyoktanin.
Quinine.
Resorcin.
Salol.
Silver Citrate.
11 Nitrate.
Sodium Biborate.
" Bisulphite.
" Salicylate.
Sodium Sulphocarbolate
" Thiosulphate.
Tannoform.
Terebene.
Thymol.
Xeroform.
Zinc Carbolate.
11 Permanganate.
11 Sulphocarbolate.
Antisialagogues.
Atropine.
Belladonna.
Cocaine Hydrochlorate.
Myrrh.
Opium.
Potassium Chlorate.
Sodium Borate.
Antispasmodics.
Acid, Camphoric.
Ammonium Valerianate
Amyl Nitrite.
Atropine.
Bromides.
Bromoform.
Camphor.
' ' Monobrom.
Chloral Hydrate.
Chloroform.
Coniine Hydrobroinate.
Eserine.
Ether.
Ethyl Bromide.
.Ethyl Iodide.
Hyoscine Hydrobro-
mate.
Hyoscyamus.
Lactucarium.
Lobelia.
Lupulin.
Morphine.
Musk.
Nitrites.
Nitroglycerine.
Opium.
Paraldehyde.
Pulsatilla: tincture.
Stramonium.
Zinc Valerianate.
ANTITUBERCUI.ARS.
Acid, Cinnamic.
Acid, Sulphurous.
Arsenical Compounds.
.Cantharidin.
Cod-Liver Oil.
Creosote and its
Compounds.
Guaiacol and Salts.
1 62
Glycerinophosphates.
Ichthyol.
Iodoform, topically.
Menthol.
Methylene Blue.
Sodium Cacodylate.
Sodium Cinnamate.
Sodium Formate : Sub-
cutaneously.
Antizymotics, See
Antiseptics and Dis-
infectants.
Aperients. See Cath-
artics.
Aphrodisiacs.
Cantharides.
Damiana.
Glycerinophosphates.
Gold.
Nux Vomica.
Phosphorus.
Strychnine.
Astringents.
Acid, Chromic.
<< Gallic.
1 ' Lactic.
" Tannic.
Alum.
Aluminum Acetate :
Solution.
Aluminum Chloride.
Aluminum Sulphate.
Bismuth Salts.
Copper Acetate.
" Sulphate.
Hydrastine Hydrochlor-
ate.
Hydrastis.
Ichthyol.
Iron Sulphate, and other
iron salts.
Lead Acetate, and other
lead salts.
Potassium Bichromate.
Silver Citrate.
" Nitrate.
Zinc Acetate.
" Sulphate.
Astringents, Intes-
tinal.
Acid, Lactic.
" Tannic.
Bismuth Salts.
Catechu.
Geranium.
Kino.
Krameria.
Lead Acetate.
Silver Nitrate.
Tannalbin.
Cardiac Sedatives.
Acid, Hydrocyanic.
Aconite.
1 63
Antimony preparations.
Chloroform.
Digitalis.
Gelsemium.
Pilocarpine.
Veratrine.
Veratrum Viride.
Cardiac Stimulants.
Ammonia.
Ammonium Carbonate.
Atropine.
Caffeine.
Digitalis.
Ether.
Nitroglycerin.
(Oxygen).
Sparteine Sulphate.
Strophanthus.
Strychnine. (Tonic)
Carminatives.
Anise.
Calumba.
Capsicum.
Cardamon.
Caraway.
Cascarilla.
Chamomile.
Cinchona.
Cinnamon.
Cloves.
Gentian.
Ginger.
Nutmeg.
Nux Vomica.
Oil Cajuput.
" Mustard.
Orange Peel.
Orexine Tannate.
Pepper
Pimenta.
Quassia.
Sassafras.
Serpentaria.
Cathartics.
Laxatives :
Cascara Sagrada.
Figs.
Glycerin.
Magnesium Carbonate.
Oxide.
Manna.
Oil Almond, Expressed.
Oil Olive.
Rhamnus Cathart.
Rhamnus Frang.
Sulphur.
Saline Purgatives :
Magnesium Citrate.
Sulphate.
Potassium Bitartrate.
Tartrate.
" and Sodium
Tartrate.
Sodium Phosphate.
1 64
Sodium Sulphate.
Tartrate.
Cerebral Depres-
sants. See also
Simple Purgatives ;
Narcotics.
Anesthetics, general.
Aloes.
Calomel.
Castor Oil.
Rhubarb.
Senna.
Antispasmodics: Several
Hypnotics.
Narcotics.
Cerebral Stimulants
Drastic Cathartics :
Alcohol.
Amyl Nitrite.
Colocynth.
Atropine.
Blaterium.
Belladonna.
Euonynim.
Caffeine.
Gamboge.
Cannabis.
Jalap.
Coca..
Oil, Croton.
Cocaine.
Podophyllin.
Coffee.
Scammony.
Ether.
Hydragogues :
Drastic Cathartics
in large doses.
Saline Purgatives.
Cholagogues ;
Aloin.
Nitroglycerin.
Strychnine.
Cholagogues. See
Cathartics : also Hepatic
Stimulants.
Constructives. See
Tonics.
Euonynim.
Leptandrin.
Mercurials.
Cou nter-IrritanTS.
See Irritants.
Ox-Gall.
Demulcents.
Podophyllum.
Acacia.
Caustics. See
Albumin.
Escharotics.
Althea.
1 65
Cetraria.
Chondrus.
Elm.
Flaxseed.
Gelatin.
Glycerin.
Oil Almond Expressed.
Oil Olive.
Starch.
Deoxidizers. [Reduc-
ing Agents. )
Acid, Pyrogallic.
Ichthyol.
Resorcin.
Depilatories.
Barium Sulphide.
Calcium Oxide.
(Calcium Sulphydrate)
Cautery.
Sodium Ethylate.
Sulphide.
Diaphoretics and
Sudorifics.
Acid, Salicylic and
Salicylates.
Aconite.
Ammonium Acetate.
Camphor.
Dover's Powder.
Ether.
Guaiac.
Opium.
Pilocarpine Hydro-
chlorate.
Potassium Citrate.
Nitrite.
Sodium Nitrite.
Spirit Nitrous Ether
Veratrum Viride.
Digestives.
Acid, Hydrochloric.
" Lactic.
Ingluvin.
Lactopeptine.
Malt.
Orexin Tannate.
Pancreatin.
Papain.
Pepsin.
Disinfectants. See also
Deodorants.
Acid, Boric.
" Carbolic.
11 Sulphurous.
Aluminum Chloride.
Ammonium Persulphate.
Borates.
Calcium Permanganate.
Chlorine Water.
Creolin.
Eucalyptol.
Formaldehyde.
Glycozone.
i66
Hydrogen Peroxide.
Hydrozone.
Iron Sulphate.
I4me, Chlorinated.
Mercury, Bichloride.
Naphtol.
Oil Eucalyptus.
Piperazine.
Potassium Acetate.
" Bitartrate.
Citrate.
" Nitrate.
Sodium Acetate.
" Nitrate.
Potassium PermanganateSparteine Sulphate.
Solution Chlorinated
Soda.
Thymol.
Zinc Chloride.
DIURETICS.
Adonis Vernalis.
Ammonium Acetate.
Apocynum.
Atropine.
Belladonna.
Cactus Grandiflorus.
Caffeine.
Convallamarin.
Copaiba.
Cubebs.
Digitalis preparations.
Diuretiri.
Juniper.
Kava Kava.
lithium Salts.
Matico.
Nitrites.
Oil Juniper.
Oil Santal.
Pilocarpine Hydrochlor.
Spirit Nitrous Ether.
Squill.
Strophanthus.
Theobromine.
Ecbolics. See
Oxytocics
Emetics.
Antimony and Potassium
Tartrate.
Apomorphine Hydro-
chlorate.
Copper Sulphate.
Emetine.
Ipecac.
Mercury Subsulphate.
Mustard with tepid water.
Zinc Sulphate.
Emmenagogues
Aloes.
Cantharides.
Ergot.
Guaiac. .
Iron Chloride and other
salts of iron. .
vaier.
1 67
Manganese Dioxide.
Myrrh.
Pennyroyal.
Potassium Perrnangan.
Rue.
Savine.
Tansy.
Errhines, (Stemuta
to vies).
Cubebs.
Sanguinarine.
Veratrine.
White Hellebore.
ESCHAROTICS.
Caustics.
Acid, Acetic Glacial.
11 Arsenous.
" Carbolic.
Acid, Carbolic, Iodized
M Chromic.
11 Lactic.
14 Nitric.
Alum Burnt.
Copper Sulphate.
Iodine.
Potassa.
Silver Nitrate.
Soda.
Sodium Ethylate.
Zinc Chloride.
Expectorants.
Acid, Benzoic.
Ammoniac.
Ammonium Carbonate.
Chloride.
" Salicylate.
Antimony and Potassium
Tartrate.
Antimony Salts in
general.
Apomorphine Hydro-
chlorate.
Balsam Tolu.
Benzoates.
Emetine in small doses.
Glycyrrhizin, Ammon-
iated.
Ipecac.
Lobelia.
Oil Turpentine.
Pilocarpine Hydrochlor.
Potassium Iodide.
Sanguinarine.
Saponin.
Senegin.
Squill.
Tar.
Terebene
Galactagcgues.
Acid, Lactic.
Alcohol.
Ammonium Chloride.
Castor Oil : topically.
Extract Malt.
Jaborandi.
1 68
Pilocarpine Hydrochlor
Gastric Tonics.
{Stomachics. )
Alkalies : before meals.
Aromatics.
Berberine Carbonate.
Bismuth Salts.
Bitters.
Carminatives.
Hydrastis.
Ichthalbin.
Nux Vomica.
Orexine Tannate.
Quassin.
Hematinics.
Arsenical Compounds.
Ext. Bone Marrow.
Hemo-gallol.
Hemoglobin.
Iron Compounds.
Manganese Compounds
Sodium Cacodylate.
Hemostatics. See
Styptics and Hemo-
statics.
Hepatic Depressants.
Lessening Bile :
Lead Acetate.
Purgatives : Many of
them.
Morphine.
Opium.
Quinine.
Lessening Urea :
Colchicum.
Morphine.
Opium.
Quinine.
Lessening Glycogen :
Arsenic.
Antimony.
Codeine.
Dionin.
Morphine.
Opium.
Phosphorus.
Hepatic Stimulants.
Acid, Benzoic.
11 Nitric.
" Nitro hydrochlor.
Aloes.
Ammonium Chloride.
Amyl Nitrite.
Antimony.
Arsenic.
Benzoates.
Calomel.
Colocynth.
Euonynim.
Podophyllin.
Resin Jalap.
Sanguinarine.
•
ID9
Sodium Bicarbonate.
" Phosphate.
11 Salicylate.
Sulphate.
Hypnotics {Soporifics)
Acetauilid.
Apomorphine Hydro-
chlorate.
Bromides.
Cannabin Tannate.
Chloral Hydrate.
Chloralose.
Chloretone.
Codeine.
Dionin.
Duboisine Sulphate.
Hyoscine Hydrobrom.
Hyoscyamine. •
Morphine.
Paraldehyde.
Sulfonal.
Trional.
Urethane.
Intestinal Astring-
ents.
See A str 'in gents.
Irritants.
Rubefacients :
Ammonia.
Arnica.
Capsicum.
Iodine.
Menthol.
Mustard.
Oil Turpentine.
Oleoresin Capsicum.
Pustulants :
Antimony and Potassium
Tartrate.
Oil Croton.
Silver Nitrate.
Vesicants :
Acid, Acetic, Glacial.
Cantharides.
Chrysarobin.
Oil Mustard.
Laxatives. See-
Cathartics :
Motor Depressants.
Acid, Hydrocyanic.
Aconite.
Amyl Nitrite.
Apomorphine Hydro-
chlorate.
Bromides.
Bromipin.
Bromoform.
Chloral Hydrate.
Chloroform ( large doses).
Coniine Hydrobromate.
Gelsemium.
Gold Bromide.
Lobelia.
Muscarine.
170
Nitrites.
Nitroglycerin.
Phy sostigmine ( Eserine ) .
Quinine (large doses).
Sparteine Sulphate.
Veratrum Viride.
Motor Excitants.
Alcohol.
Atropine.
Belladonna.
Brucine.
Camphor.
Chloroform.
Nux Vomica.
Picrotoxin.
Pilocarpine Hydrochlor.
Pyridine.
Strychnine.
Mydriatics.
Atropine.
Homatropine Hydro-
bromide.
Hyoscine Hydrobrom.
Scopolamine Hydro-
bromide.
Myotics.
Arecoline Hydrobrom.
Physostigmine.
(Eserine. )
Pilocarpine Hydrochlor.
Narcotics. See also
Hypnotics.
Chloroform.
Chloral Hydrate.
Conium.
Hyoscine.
Hyoscyamine.
Morphine.
Opium.
Stramonium.
Oxytocics (Ecbolics).
Cotton Root Bark.
Ergot.
Hydrastine.
Hydrastinine Hydro-
chlorate.
Pennyroyal.
Quinine.
Rue.
Savine.
Parasiticides.
See Antiseptics and
Disinfectants
Purgativks. See Ca-
thartics.
Refrigerants.
Acid, Citric.
" Phosphoric, DiL
" Tartaric.
Ammonium Acetate.
Magnesium Citrate.
i7i
Magnesium Sulphate.
Potassium Bitartrate.
Citrate.
Nitrate.
Tartrate.
Sodium Nitrate.
Tartrate.
Resolvents (Dis-
cutients).
Arsenic.
Ichthyol.
Iodides.
Iodine.
Iodipin.
Iodole.
Mercurials.
Thiosinamine.
Respiratory Depres-
sants.
Acid, Hydrocyanic.
Aconite.
Chloral.
Chloroform.
Conium.
Gelsemium.
Muscarine.
Opium.
Physostigma.
Veratrum Viride.
Respiratory Stimu-
lants.
Aspiodiosperma.
(Quebracho.)
Aspidiospermine.
Atropine.
Caffeine.
Cocaine.
Strychnine.
Restoratives. See
HematinicSy Tonics.
Rubefacients. See
Irritaants.
Sedatives (Nerve) .
See also Depressants.
Acetanilid.
Acid, Hydrobromic.
Amyl Nitrite.
Antipyrin.
Bromides.
Bromipin.
Bromoform.
Butyl-Chloral Hydrate.
Camphor.
Camphor, Monobrom.
Cardamon.
Chloral Hydrate.
Chloroform.
Cocaine.
Codeine.
Conium.
Ethyl Bromide.
Hyoscine Hydrobrom.
Hyoscyamine.
Hyoscyamus.
Lactucarium.
172
Lavender.
Lobelia.
Morphine.
Paraldehyde.
Scopolamine Hydro-
bromide.
Stramonium ; tincture.
Sulfonal.
Urethane.
Valerian and Valerian-
ates.
SlALAGOGUES.
( Ptyalagog ues).
Acids and Alkalies.
Antimony Compounds.
Capsicum.
Ginger.
Iodine Compounds.
Mercurials.
Muscarine.
Mustard.
Pilocarpine Hydrochlor.
Pyrethrum.
Soporifics. See
Hypnotics.
Spinas Stimulants.
See also Motor Excit-
ants.
Alcohol.
Atropine.
Camphor : small doses.
Nux Vomica.
Picrotoxin.
Strychnine.
Sternutatories. See
Errhines.
Stomachics.
See Gastric Tonics.
Styptics and
statics.
Hemo-
Acid, Gallic.
" Tannic.
Adrenalin.
Alum.
Antipyrine.
Copper Sulphate.
Extract Suprarenal
Capsule.
Hamamelis.
Hydrastinine Hydro-
chlorate.
Iron Chloride, Ferric.
Iron Subsulphate.
Iron Sulphate.
Lead Acetate.
Manganese Sulphate.
Oil Turpentine.
Silver Nitrate.
vStypticin.
Terpinol.
Sudorifics. See
Diaphoretics.
Teniafuges. See
A n th elm in tics.
173
Ichthyol.
Iron Compounds.
Manganese Compounds.
Phosphorus.
Vaso-Constrictors.
Adrenalin.
Ergot.
Extract Suprarenal
Capsule.
Hydrastinine Hydro-
chlorate.
Stypticin.
Tonics, General.
See also Hematinics.
Vegetable Tonics:
Bitters.
Berberine Carbonate.
Cinchona Alkaloids and
Salts.
Cod-Liver Oil.
Eucalyptus.
Hydrastis.
Ouassin.
Salicin.
Mineral Tonics :
Vasodilators.
Acids. Mineral.
Acid, Arsenous and its
salts.
Acid, Hypophosphorous. Nitroglycerin.
Acid. Lactic. Potassium Nitrite.
Bismuth Salts. Sodium Nitrite.
Calcium Glycerinophos. Spirit Nitrous Ether.
Copper Salts: small doses
Gold Salts.
Glycerophosphates.
Hypophosphites. Vesicants. See Irritants
Amyl Nitrite.
Ether.
Vermicides. See
Anthelmintics.
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