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1
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Oass
THE BOOK OF PSALMS
Vol. II.
THE
BOOK OF PSALMS
Translated from a revised text with
Notes and Introduction
IN PLACE OF A SECOND EDITION OF AN EARLIER
WORK (1888) BY THE SAME AUTHOR
BY
T. K. CHEYNE, D.Litt., D.D.
ORIBL PROFESSOR OF TUB INTBRPRBTATIOM OF HOLY SCRIPTURE IN THE UNIVBRSITY
OF OXFORD, AND CANON OF ROCHESTER
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. II.
c^: T
yvivt:-
*DON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Ltd.
DRYDEN HOUSE, GERRARD STREET, W.
1904
PRINTED BY
proTTiswoonn and co. ltd., kew-street square
LONDON
THE PSALMS.
PSALM LXXV.
1 Ri METERS. Faithful Jews (not counting those of the wider Diaspora) are
still divided into two sections — those in the Jewish land and those in captivity in
the N. Arabian border- land. Those at home are harassed by the double tyranny
of the * impious ones' (faithless Jews) and the * folk of the Mi^rites.' The former
even go as far as to encourage the aggression of the N. Arabians (//. 13 f.). The
faithful Jews, however, (here as in Ps. xii.) rely on the sure prophetic promise of
divine intervention. A change in the relation of captives and captors is at hand ;
the former will be restored, the latter will be destroyed (cp. Ps. ii., xviii. &c.). It
is the Messianic judgment. — The psalm is incomplete at the beginning. It has
been provided with a liturgical preface and appendix, which assume that the
wonderful events anticipated have taken place. Duhm speaks of the * somewhat
artiBcial pathos and forced expressions ' of the psalm. '\\'ith the clue supplied by
so many preceding psalms it is not difficult to remove this imputation by restoring
approximately the original text. The transposition of r. 11 (which may perhaps
be taken as favoured by the H/D in v, 4 [but see crit. n.], though it is sufficiently
justified by other considerations [see on //. 9 f.]), fulls in with the theory that the
orkrinal psalm was composed of quatrains. It was first suggested by Olshausen
(1853). Ewald and E)el. refer the psalm to the Assyrian episode in the reign of
Hezekiah (cp. the title in G ?) ; Hitz. and Olsh. to the Maccabzean period (like
the following psalms). But see on Pss. xlvi., xlviii.
Deposited, Of Ethan the Ezrahite, Marked, Of Asaph. Marked, i
I To thee we give thanks, O God of Jacob, 2
We chant praise to all thy wonders.
(Fragment of Fsalm.)
* • • #
* • • *
For [thou hast promised], 'I will punish Edom, 3
The folk of the Misrites I will judge.
* Missur and all its inhabitants tremble, 4
The dwellings of the Edomites^ rock.
All the horns of the wicked will I cut off, 1 1
ID +6ut+ the horns of the righteous shall be lifted up.'
* (The dwellings ©0 Jerahmecl.
II. B
^ THE PSALMS.
To the impious I say, * Rage not,' 5
To the wicked, * Lift not up the voice ;
Lift not up your voice to the Aramites, 6
Nor speak insolently in Miseur.
* For God will bring them from Arabia, ^ 7
From the wilderness of Jerahmeel.2
For the Jerahmeelites will he judge, 8 9
The Cushites, the Misrites also, will he destroy/^
{Liturgical Appendix.)
As for me, 1 will give thanks to Yahwfe, 10
20 I will chant praise to the God of Jacob.
I. Ood oj/aoob. So/. 20; cp. Marduk's head),' quoted in Del. Ass.
XX. 2 (xxiv. 6), Ixxvi. 7.— 7. Missur, /flVB,p.iK,
&c. The perfect tenses are anticipative.
The approach of the Judge will throw 11. Tlie Impious, specially used
N. Arabia into consternation (cp. as a class-name for those Jews who had
Hab. ill. 7). thrown off legal restraints. See on
9 f. The transposition enables us ^tiv. i, and cp. xxvi. 4, 1. 18 (corr.
lx)th to avoid a faulty exegesis (as if texts), Ixxiii. 3.— 11-18. The party or
Israel claimed to cut off the * horns* of faction of the * impious' is warned not
enemies), and to keep the first person to go on like raging madmen, trampling
in yi2t^ (instead of emending into **^ *^^ religion under foot, and not to
jn^Dh ShaU be lifted up. We meet p^'^J^^'f^ ^° ^peak insolently of the Jews
with the same figurative expression in ^^ ^'J? ^*"^ °' ^"^ Misrites and Jerah-
Ixxxix. 25, xcii. II, cxlviii. 14; cp. meelites,encouraging these fierce peoples
Job xvi. IS, I Mace. ii. 48 UaX oIk V" *^^*^ aggressions. For soon all will
t^wKw K^pas Ty kfiaprofKip) and espe- ^^ changed ; destruction wilt be for the
cially Dt. xxxiii. 17. Cp. also the enemies, restoration to their home for
Assyrian phrase, *A cap (a^u) with ^^« Jews. — 14. p/iy HIT. Cp.
high horns, a cap of dominion (I set on xxxi. 19, xciv. 4, i S. ii. 3.
Critical Notes, i. Omit the superfluous Ijmn , and for D^H^i^
mpl read 2*lp£l"^rt^i< . It is quite inadequate to change l^V lI'lpT
to lDlC;n '^«'?p}"5 ^^^^ ^y-» ^'^•^ ^^•» Che.(i), Kau., We., or ^Ji^-jpi
lOltfa, with" Street (1790) and Duhm (1899), following G S.— 2. M*
nsp . Street and Duhm ^J^BD . Rather ^30 , of which ^DK^ = *)DT
is a fragment. Before '33 insert "^3 with G.~5. Insert i^^ilT •— M
TJjto ngi"^ , which being so * singular' Duhm will not * venture to' alter,'
but which Gratz rightly pronounces * inexplicable.' Read D^T^* PTOK .—
6. 10&tt>ljt Ontt^D ^^IJ (cp. Iviii. 2). The separation of "^y^ from"its verb
is awkward. Read D'H^JO Dyi .
7. M Y'^i^^Q^^&JI . The obscurity of this clause is well known,
with V. 3, in its corrected form before us, the diflficulty of v, 4 disappears.
^ This +raeans+ Ishmael. = This +means+ Jerahmeel.
3 All the wicked of the land.
PSALM LXXV. 3
Read -ISO ^:ibJ.— 8. M TTDm "^FS^^f) ''^h^. OJK in v. 4, with
OK in V, 3, is improbable, and ^JH^DJl is not the right word with 'QJ? .
For '3J1 Gr. reads ^/liDQ ; cp. G tcrtpitaaa. Restore rather sjyj
O^OTK ntolCto (O from'D , D from ICT).— H^D from ^KDnT=Dn»^
• r: : t •
II. Read J»b^nr)in"^K Ub:i!h JpiDiJ (cp. on 1. 6, liii. 2).— 12 ff.
M ^^ , 03?*^? • * To harmonize with /. 14, we can hardly help reading
*?ta. For the phrase, see Gen. xxxix. 18. — M "^h^lM* * with neck
' T- 8
thrown back* (cp. Job xv. 26* ? !*). G, however, has Kara rov ecoC, i.e, ■^ISJS ;
G constantly {e.g, Dt. xxxii. 4, 15, ficc, Isa. xxx. 29) renders the divine
title IIa by e<or. Hence Baethgen {Th. Stud, u, Krit. 1880, p. 762),
Che.^'\ Now., Kau., following Cappellus, would restore ^J)5{3, which is the
more plausible if, with Baethgen, we take D11D in v, 6a to be, like ^yg ,
a designation of God, = WiyH in New Hebrew. Still "y^^^ for
D^■^^^^"/Iy , is not a natural expression, and the context, as we shall see
• vt *
when V. 7 has been emended, leads us to expect in 7/. 6 the names of
peoples or countries. It so happens that we find elsewhere DT^O con-
cealing D^^i^Om^ (see on vii. 8, Ivi. 3), and probably ■^j;k or "lyijj
representing ^^2{0 (Gen. xiii. 10, xiv. 2, xix. 22 ; see Enc, Bib,^ *Zoar'),
The passage does not become fully significant till we read, in /. 13,
D^aihiS for Di^Q^ , and in /. 14 -|^2{DIl for -|^^•^2i3 . For the phrase
in /. 13 cp. Isa. xiii. 2, DH^ \h\> ID^IH . '
15 f. M n"2^D^ i^^ilDD )ky ^3 , *for not from the east nor from
the west.' Read rather, iiyO Di^^^t'lD ^i< ^3 . The reason will appear
presently.— M 0^.1 n^'TOO ^i^l (so Baer, following T, Kimhi, MSS.,
the two Soncino Bibles, and other edd.). Ginsburg, however, following
most vss., Ibn Ezra, and MSS., reads 0^*111 "linDO , and most modems
agree with him. Yet if these are the only possibilities, the former is to
be preferred ; so Hupf., Kautzsch, Driver. For plainly DHn corresponds
to D^l*. and must, therefore, mean * elevation.' Besides (2) what can ' the
•T
wilderness of the mountains ' mean ? Had the writer meant the Negeb, he
would surely have said the Negeb. Wellhausen's D^^HD') is surely a
desperate expedient. And (3) the sentence is incomplete ; we have to
supply something, ^.^. Z09l£^D. But is such an omission probable? A
little reflection, however, will suggest a remedy. Since * Jerahmeel ' is
the leading figure among Israel's enemies, must not both DHn and DH^
be mutilations of *?^^om^ (cp. W^T\ and JIIDn^). The phrase *the
wilderness of Jerahmeel ' is as natural as the phrase * the wilderness of
the mountains ' is unnajural. The ^ in 1^1 represents ^l^ in ^^^Dm^ .
We now turn back to /. 15, and finding 3^y0, at once discern that it
represents ^'^VO . The remaining corrections in /. 1 5 are self-evident
* Here, obviously, we should read ^^^1^3 . Cp. ^^21J3 in the ||, xvi. 14.
4 THE PSALMS.
to a keen critic ; so also is D^H^i^ for ^^^^ in /. i6. Now, too,
U^T nn ^^9li^ HT becomes transparent It is a combination of two
•T v: • : — V I
glosses on yiV and Dnn(?) respectively, viz. 7KyD^ HT and
^^^D^rn^ nt . Parallel is the gloss in 2 S. xiv. 13 (see Cril Bid,). *
- : : -: v
17 f. M ^^)0 D'n^i^"^3 . Not enough for a trimeter. Duhm
would read S^il mn^"^3 , but this is one of those superficial cures which
are much to be deprecated. Again and again we have found DH?} Dil 7,
and D^1^^^ supplanting ^^^0m^ or D^^KDm^ . Read probably here
Verse 9 is full of difficulty. What is IDH 1^^ (Pasefc follows) ? And
what TTDD N^D ? f'TDD is a air. Xc-y). And what mO ^ il'*') ? (1^X1 , * to
pour out ' occurs nowhere else). What does the suffix in ITIOltf refer
to ? Why ^r\^ W^" ? Various expedients have no doubt been devised
S • Jr •
(e.f^, G S read HT/^^ n-TDi but the psalmists would not thank the
V V V •
critics for crediting them with so little style. Experience warns us that
we have here a specimen, on a large scale, of editorial ingenuity in
dealing with a mass of dittograms and corruptions. I will endeavour to
restore an earlier form of the text, omitting yil^"^yt£^"l ^3 (which is
clearly a gloss) and mere dittograms. D^2iO"«^^J D^D b^Dtll'' ICHD O
/l^n^V (Notice that = D, and that '^Df2=']tD, a regular cor-
ruption of Qtl}3 , see on cxx. 5, and cp. on DDIC^ t Ix. 8). Remove the
dittograms, and we get two trimeters (see translation). C)l^ for y\^ is due
to Olshausen.
19. M 0/^7 TilK . G, however, ayaXXuzo-o/xai (^Oi<) «tf tAv al£>va
(so Ba., Kau., Beer). Neither is natural, especially as a parallel to /. 20.
Read probably mJT^ ilT^i"^ (an imperfect n in miK became ;i in
Aramaic script ; D\1^i< , written instead of mn^ , became Uby)*
PSALM LXXVI.
1 Ri METERS. Anticipations of Yahwe*s crowning mercy — the humiliation of
Israel's oppressors. It is a companion -psalm to Pss. xlvi. and xlviii.; cp. also
xviii. 44-40. No Asaphite psalm is equally vivid and vigorous ; it is ' keen as
sword-blades flashing down upon Syrian helms.' Indeed if we work upon the
traditional text, it is ])lausible to regard this as a Maccaboean psalm. Hitzig and
Olshausen thought of the victory of Judas over Seron (i Mace. iii. 13-24), and
Duhm remarks that, as ' Salem ' in z^. 3 shows, the psalm is later than Gen. xiv.
18-20, * which verses are an insertion in one of the latest chapters of the Pen-
tateuch.' We can hardly, hesitate, however, on the analogy of so many other
passages in the Psalter, to restore in z^. 4, 6 f., 11 f. the names of the N. Arabian
enemies of the Jews, and to accept such a doubtful form as * Salem ' (for * Jerusalem ')
on the sole authority of a proper name in the traditional text of Gen. xiv. (which
is full of corruption in the proper names), is extremely bold. Kimhi's view that
the psalm refers to the wars of *Gog and Magog* (Ezek. xxxviii., f.), is not
without an element of truth.
PSALM LXXVI. 5
Deposited. Of the Ishmaelites, Marked, Of Asaph, Marked, i
I Yahw6 has made himself known in Judah, 2
His name is great in Jerusalem ;
Yahwfe has rescued his sanctuary, 3
His dwelling-place he has succoured ;
He has broken the quiver of Cusham, 4
The shield and the sword of Jerahmeel.
O Yahwfe ! fearful art thou, 5
[And] venerable is the place of thy glory.
The Ishmaelites fled in amazement, 6
10 The men of Jerahmeel were found no more ;
At thy stern voice, O God of Jacob ! 7
Jerahmeel and Cusham were routed.
Fearful art thou, and who can stand 8
Before thee for the violence of thine anger ?
From heaven thou didst proclaim sentence, 9
Earth feared, and held its peace,
When Yahwfe arose for judgment, 10
To succour all the sufferers in the land.
All the Jerahmeelites shall serve him, 1 1
20 The remnant of Maacath shall do homage unto him.
The Ishmaelites shall bow down unto him, 12
All the Cushites shall bring him tribute,
+Who is+ terrible to those of Jerahmeel, 13
Fearful to the kings of Mi^sur.
I f. Cp. xlviii. 2, 4. — 3 f. Cp. xlvi. xxix. 5, 7 f., a late insertion of eschato-
5, xlviii. 4.-5 f. Cp. xlvi. 10. 7%<f logical purport.— 1 1. my;i ; cp. ix. 6,
qwvtr of Cusham. Cp. J«. v 16, ^^-^ ,^^^ ^^j^ ^i.
* Their quiver IS an open sepulchre. In •* '
the context of this passage the people ... r r^ 1 . « o •».«v^-«««.^
coming from $aphon (not « the north') ^5 f- Cp. xlvi. 7.-18. yn»-^i:)y.
and from the utmost part of the land Same phrase in M of Isa. xi. 4, Zcph.
(not the earth) are the Jerahmeelites. ii. 3> Am. viii. 4, Job xxiv. 4. In Am.
Cp. also Jcr. xlix. 35, * I will break the and Job Kr. gives ^^JV . — 19-24. See
bow of Elam ' (miswrhlen for * Jerah- ^^t. notes, and cp. IxCm.t^), //. 26-29,
meer). Cp. Enc Bxb 'Prophet,' i,,^^.(„, ^. „ f^L^o. M<Lcath, See
S% 40, 49, and Cnttca Biblua, Part 1. EficBib,: Maacah,ii.' That « Maacath '
7. i^^lJ . So xlvii. 3. — 9. J)DJ and 'Jerahmeel * are ultimately synony-
nnnn Cd xlviii 6—10 W^rl ™°"^' °^®*^ "°^ surprise us. ' Maacath '
nnori . i.p. xivui. o. 10. were represents only a part of the region
found m more « disappeared. Cp. Isa. occupied anciently by the Jerahmeelites.
Critical Notes, (Title.) G adds irpos rbv ^Aaavpiov (attested by
Theodoret). Did the original o£ this mean * concerning the Asshurites
(of North Arabia)'?
6 THE PSALMS.
1 f. M yiS^ . But the theme of the psalm is not that Yahw^ is
constantly known in Judali by the manifestations of his might, but that a
special manifestation has recently taken place. Read jnij (xlviii. 4),
with T, Gr.— M ^Klltr^n (so too the vss.). * Israel ' and * Judah/ it is
assumed, have become synonymous. In the parallel psalm (xlviii.), how-
ever * Judah ' and * Zion ' fill up the canvass, nor can we in the statement
of the theme dispense with ' Zion ' or 'Jerusalem.' It is true, according
to M, * Salem' (= Jerusalem?) and Zion are mentioned in the next verse,
but, as we shall see, this is more than doubtful. It seems highly probable
that ^^^^IC^^2 is a scribe's slip for D^lC^ll^H, as in Jer. xxiii. 6 (cp.
xxxiii. 16), li. 49, Zech. ii. 2 (dittogr.), xi. i, Mai. ii. 11 (dittogr.). Lam.
ii. 5 (so Gr., MGWJ^ 1880, pp. 97-101), to which add Zeph. iii. 14,
according to the Heb. text presupposed by G.
2 f. M ^3D D7t£^Il ^n*1. Each of these words is improbable.
First, why ^H^l ? Olshausen renders, 'And so (consequently) his lodgmg
is continually ' ; Ewald, * for (= in fact) his lodging was set.' Both
renderings imply the faulty reading J^'T^J , and both statements tell us
something which is altogether superfluous for the development of the
theme of the psalm. Next as to D^lCJ. Josephus, it is true, asserts
(Ant. vii. 3, 2) that l,oKviui was the original form of 'ifpocroXvfta. This,
however, is certainly incorrect, nor have we even any sufficient reason
(apart from Ps. Ixxvi. 3 and the supposed mention of 'Jerusalem' as
* Salem' [but see Enc. Bib,^ ' Melchizedek,' § 3] in Gen. xiv. 18) that a
shortened form * Salem' existed. G here gives cV tipfivri. If the general
structure of v. 3a in M is correct it would be better to read rib^'^i (cp.
2aXi7;i, G" xli. 5, where M has i^tC^, but see Enc, Bib.^ * Shiloh ') ; so Gr.
Lastly, as to ^3D • Certainly we find 13 D, as Kr. in xxvii. 5, || I^HK ,
but the reading is very doubtful. Nor is there any reason why tne
humble designation 'booth' should be applied here to the temple.
Rejecting, therefore, M's text, except as material for the cri tic to work
upon, what do the parallel psalms, xlvi. (z/. 5) and xlviii. (r. 4) suggest ?
The answer cannot be doubtful. We have to read VlCJ'^PD ^^jn \Ti\V .
The loss of the ^ in 'pD led to the misreadmg- 130 ; then the feeling
that 'Jerusalem' must be somewhere mentioned led to the further
misreadings D/IC^2 for the indistinctly written D^^^H and ^n^l for the
often misread group of letters which forms the Tetragrammaton. — M
1*l*2{2 iilJiyO^. In civ. 22, Am. iii. 4, H^D means a den. In Deut.
• IT!
xxxiii. 27 and Jer. xxi. 13 the text is doubtful. On the analogy of the
preceding correction read V^tt^n VJ1J31£.*D^ (xlvi. 5, cp. xliii. 3) ; cp. next
note (on HDK^). ^ came from n , as in /. 2 ; ](3) from y .
5. M ntfrr%^^ "IStt^ naiy. nniy is certainly right. The
disarming of the enemy, followed by the destruction of their warlike
implements, is the imagined occasion of the psalm. But why nQ'^C^ ?
PSALM LXXVI. 7
First, why is the long form preferred ? And next, the sense is not clear.
Does the poet mean that it was in the temple, as the centre of Yahwe's
effectual working, that he virtually defeated the enemy (01., Hu.) ? or
that the action described took place just without the walls of Jerusalem?
Or, reading JTHJ in /. i, is the HQIC^ temporal (cp. xiv. 5, Hupf. ; xlviii. 7,
Gr. alt.) ? And what is Jl^p"^§;cr^ ? G renders v. ^ f#c« trwirpv^tv ra
Kpdnj rav rd(o>i/, but a variant at the end of the verse (in B, but not
supported by B"**KRT) runs. *«« <nJVK\(ur€i ra Kipara. T gives X*1D^
VJnC^T, 'arrows and bows.' Most modems explain, *the lightnings of
the bow/ />. the swift-flying arrows. But that e^ltfl = * lightning * is
uncertain (see on Ixxviii. 48) » and the rhetorical phrase supposed here by
most is not in the style of the psalmists. Beyond doubt ^IC;^ is a cor-
ruption of a name for some warlike implement (see v, 4^). Herz suggests
^\'^^ TXBV\i^ ; * the error is due to dittography, the repeated T having
supplanted* the quiescent K •' G's Kparri or K€para may, he thinks, have
come from ^apcVpay. Half of this is right, but we expect the name of
Israel's enemies ; and if HDn^D in v, 46 comes from ^KDHI* , rWp
must come from 0*^3 (so also in Isa. xxi. 17, Ixvi. 19, Jer. xlvi. 9). Read
Dlt^3 PQtt^jJ n2t£^. nOiy is either a corrupt dittogram or a corrupt
correction ■ of JTIC^Vt (y and O confounded).— 6. M nDn'^DI. But
'bo lillt^ is an impossible phrase. In Hos. i. 7, ii. 20, where tl!2inbD
appears to mean * warlike equipment/ the text is corrupt ; in all these
passages, as well as in Zech. ix. 10, x. 4, TVSnbOf like n^D (in H^Q ^;i),
is one of the many distortions of ^Kom^. So too rODJl^D in xlvi. 10.
*The shield and the sword of Jerahmeel' corresponds here to *the
quiver of Cusham.' [For Houtsma's mythologizing interpretation, see
Z^rn^, 1902, p. 329]
7. M nr\t^ '^^M : Jlbv . niKJ is impossible, for niK has no
Niphal (Job xxxiii. 30 is corrupt ; see Budde). G, ^a>ri^«ic ; *A, (fxarig--
fios ; J iumen ; all presupposing, neither ^*\t^0 nor "^J, but the equation
mW = Aram. niH^, Might.' 2, etrKpavri^ tf. But"/. 13 shows that
M"1*IJ is right; and T presuppose this reading in both passages. So
Kr'^ 01. doubtfully, Gr.. Hu.. Kau , Ac; Hi., wrongly, n^W • H^D
comes from D%l'?K (as in Ixviii, 33, Ac), t.e. miT.
8. M C)1D ^*)"nnD I^IJJ ; G 6avp,a<rrS>s diro opeiuv amvi<av. Hitz.
thinks that the scribe thoughtlessly wrote 5)^23 as a synonym for "7y ,
as if "ly meant * booty,' a view which Bi., Che.<'), Ba., Kau., Du. accept.
But if mountains are meant at all, it must be the mountains around
Yahw^'s sanctuary that are meant. G's al<avl<ov can only be a guess, and
this of itself suggests that the translator's Heb. text was corrupt. Cer-
tainly our traditional text is so too ; even }i}lp ^nUD would not
produce a clear and acceptable sense. The key is supplied by Ixxxix. 40 (see
crit. note), where /1^"}2 (cp. ejlIO) certainly represents ^D 'M^^D . Read
imKS)-n DIpQ '^^^^') (cp. xcvi. 6, Isa. Ix. 7, Ixiii. 15, Ixiv. lo). An
8 THE PSALMS.
iinperfect p became H, 1 became *), and D passed into n. [D. H.
Muller ingeniously, "ll^^lJUCrK ^l^D nniC^p. But 'D 'D is too weak,
and 'Jll^K remains suspicious.]
9. M nn^^ J|D^ 2b n''3K i ^b^Dtl^- 'nWl^ (followed by
Pasek) is highly 'suspicious. The form only occurs again in Isa. lix. 15
(in partic), where it is corrupt. The supposed sense too is very unsuit-
able. Ruben suggests that it is a corrupt dittogram of ^^n ^It^^K in v.
6b, Rather it is a corruption of D^^WD^^ ; cp. '?^EHy^ from ^iiyDICT in
Ixxv. 8. 2b n^BK is also unsatisfactory. It should mean * obstinate,
contumacious * (Isa. xlvi. 12) ; hence G (and similarly S) gives oi dirvvtroi,
Tfi KapSia. OD^^ -ID^ is also strange ; the other passages quoted by
Konig (§ 329//) are not fully parallel. Nor is the meaning clear. Duhm
thinks that a trance-like sleep, a riDTin (cp. v. 7^), is meant ; other
critics think of the sleep of death (cp., however, xiii. 4 ; Jer. li. 39). The
true reading, however, is clear from xlviii. 6. ^122 should be ^D3- y^,
which follows, has sprung from *)D^ 1 written as a correction of IDJ ; DJH
from irTDi^. 2^ HON (cp. errors in Ixxiii. i, Ixxxiii. 6, xciv. 15) comes
from ^KDIIT , a gloss on b^n in /. 10. Read therefore inOJl 1DJ 'DV*-
10. M Dnn^ >rr^ltfW"bD W^:D"^i^V *To find his hands' is
doubtless possible in the abstract. But such an odd phrase is not to be
credited to a psalmist. It would also be against parallelism, even if
^. 6 in M were correct. Like the strange phrase in Job xxxvii. ya it is
corrupt, ^^n is one of the mutilations of ^KDm^ (so e.^. b^n']2i
2 Chr. xvii. 7) ; Dlin^ is a corruption of 'Dlll^ , a correction of 7Tt .
Read '1^ ^ttriK't^D WSDJ'kS .
12. M D^DI 22^^ Dni:. G presupposes DID UDT ^D"713 .
T V v: T :• . •• ! ! :•
which Gratz and Herz adopt. Rapoport, cited by Gtiger, /iUi. Z/., 1871,
P- 311, 3D1 ^OT^J). A very poor result! Read certainly ^TIJ
D\^^2^ *?KDm^ . Cp. crit. note on xx. 8.
13 f. Omit first nPil^ (Du.)— M Th^D (Kon, § 40 1/*). Read tyD
(Geiger, Gr., Nold., Bruston, Now., We., Hal., Du.). Cp. xc. 11. — 16.
M niDpl^ . Hardly the right word. Read Hp/ltt^ (Prov. xxvi. 20).
19 f. M -^hnrs Jibn nnxitf t^ di« JiQn-^3 inbu. a
; - •• • •• : t'iv tt --; •
Striking proof of the helplessness of the old critical methods. Baethg.
renders v. i itf, * For the wrath of man must praise thee,* and leaves
V. 11^ untranslated. Kautzsch pronounces the entire verse * altogether
inexplicable.' Wellhausen (Fumess) renders, * The most wretched
among men give thee thanks, | The residue of the most wretched keep
festival unto thee'; by JIDn (* pronunciation and meaning quite un-
certain ') the pious are meant. For innjl , following G ioprdati aoi,
Bottcher and Ewald read 'fiinjp , Thrupp ^^Hn , Wellh. and Duhm
'^b ^ilD' But (i) €opTd<r€i <roi may be corrupt ; (2) if not, the sense of
PSALM LXXVI. 9
such a phrase in this context is far from clear. Thrupp, it is true, can
explain the passage : — ' Those of the wrathful who survive the judgment
with which thou shalt destroy them, shall turn to thee, and shall come up
to Jerusalem to the feast to adore thy name * ; cp. Zech xiv. i6, to which,
according to Thrupp, this passage alludes. On this the present writer
long ago (in ed. i) remarked that it puts too much into the Hebrew,
adding that for his own part he agreed with Gratz and Briill that the
passage contained the name of an enemy whose submission the psalmist
anticipated. The former critic proposes to read D1K for D^i^ > and
yinn JlOn for ISHD Jlbrr, rendering, * For Hamath of Aram will
confess thee, the remnant of Hamath will tremble.' The double mention
of Hamath, however, is improbable, nor can JTDtl mean ' to confess as
overlord,* and y)n 9 *to tremble' (xviii. 46), is suspicious. A more
thorough application of the newer methods is indispensable. Diyi in
O.T. is repeatedly mis written for Jl^yO (the southern Maacath ; see
£nc. Bid., * Maacah '). We shall not be far wrong in reading, —
-: - : • T-t - • •• I
The corruptions presupposed are all of familiar types ; 7D for ^3 is due
to Duhm (cp. /. 22). [G's tvBvfiiov and ivBvyiLov, corresponding to JIDH
in V. iia and d, seems to be a corruption of Svfios and Ovfxov. The
corruption began in d, where it was caused by the proximity of €u in
tPKaToktififia. Nestle (ZATIV, 1896, p. 324) can hardly be right in
making tvB. equivalent to JTIDQ •]
21. M DD^rl'pK nin^^ V^i^') m^. Duhm would omit m^^ the
psalm being Elohistic ; it will be seen presently, however, that the editor
had no choice but to retain the JTIJl^ of the original poem. •It is a proof
of the glamour still attaching to the text of M that these four words have
hitherto had to undergo no serious criticism. Obviously, however, they
are not parallel to the second half of the verse, since ^}^ ^O^H is only
used (e.^. Ixviii. 30) of subject peoples, while ID^ltfl MH^ can only apply
to Israelites. The context suggests that some ethnic name underlies
one of the four words, and the analogy of other passages in the Psalms
suggests that the name required is D^^WDlf^^ (for ^ob^V- The
superfluous DD\lbK has probably come from D''WOn"^^ , a gloss from
the margin, originally meant as a correction of iiilby (end of verse).
Read rorvh 'Dttr» ^V'^y (Ixxii. 9).
• 8 •
22. M KliaS ^1:^ -lyaV VnUD"*?3 ; 'D"7D as Ixxxlx. 8^ (the two
T - - • T . : T
passages must be treated together). K^ID = Klli ? ? G ra <l>o^€p^ ; J
terribili (twice). Wellh., *'0 denotes God,' apparently thinking of
Isa. viii. 13. But we should expect i^Jh^^lto. Duhm would set 'Q^
aside, as metrically superfluous. It is superfluous, but not an inter-
polation ; it comes from D^^i^OnT (see next note). Read D^I£>13"b3
10 THE PSALMS.
^1£^ Sb J|*?^aV . 2 in VaUD is dittographic ; 2=2, V = ^' Editorial
manipulation ?
23. M Dn^^l^ lyn "1S1\ *l^c mows off the snorting of princes {i.e.
despots),' Del! ;*'hc cuts off the spirit of tyrants {i>. kills them)/ Duhnu
Wellh. Very strange ; see Isa. xviii. 5. The remedy is suggested by
/. 24, and by the ethnic names in the rest of the psalm. Read — Y1K2
D^^KOrr"}^^ (cp. Ixxxix. 8, '^ parallel to Kli:.
24. M Y1i^'^2hdp. For this colourless phrase read of course
•)i:0"O*?0*? (STand o'confounded, as Judg. xiv. 15).
PSALM LXXVIL— I.
1 RiMETERS. Another psalm of doubt, reminding us of Pss. xxxix.(i), Ixxiii.,
and cxvi. The problem, however, is not, Why do the wicked N. Arabians
aggrandize themselves at the expense of pious Jews, but this, Has Yahw^'s
promise utterly failed ? In both cases, the mere statement of the problem appears
to the speaker (Israel), as he reviews the circumstances afterwards, to be the first
step towards apostacy. The only excuse is that the statement of the problem had
chilled the heart of the speaker, and made life not worth living (//. 11 f.). At
first he would not speak (//. 7 f.). But at last the dreadful words came out, ' Has
his truth failed ' (//. 13-18). And now the loyalty of the sufferer reasserts itself.
All that he seemed to have forgotten comes back to him ;
* The days she never can forget
Are earnest that he loves her yet * ;
for a Biblical commentary we may compare Lam. iii. 21-23. Revived from his
depression, he promises to celebrate Yahw^'s exploits in the songs of the sanctuary^
and in the closing words (or has another stanza dropped out ?) refers to the most
typical of all the * ancient wonders' — the liberation of Israel from the very land of
Jerahmeel where a part of the people is again in captivity.— Note the characteristic
word rut (A 13) ; cp. xliii. 2, xliv. 10, 24, Ix. 3, 12, Ixxiv. i, Ixxxviii. 15, Ixxxix.
39. Parallel psalms are xxxix^'), Ixxiii., cxvi.; also xlii., xliii., Ixxiv., Ixxxv., cxlii.,
cxliii.; and cp. Isa. Ixiii. 7-lxiv. Ii[i2], Lam. iii. Cp. also the view taken in
OP, p. 147 ; also Smend, p. 125 ; Coblenz, pp. 58-60.
X In Jerahmeel I cried unto Yahwfe, 2
In Jerahmeel I made supplication unto God.
In Jerahmeel I sought Yahwfe, 3
[Mine eye] gushed forth without pause,
My soul refused to be comforted,*
My spirit within me was astonished ; ^
I held fast the guard of my tongue, 5
I became dumb, and would not speak ;
I forgot the ancient days, 5
10 The years of old time I remembered [not],
I lost feeling in my reins and my heart, y
I was depressed and alarmed in my spirit :
1 I will remember Yahw^, and will moan ;^I will complain.
PSALM LXXVII. — I. II
* Will Yahwb cast [me] off for ever ? 8
Will he be favourable no more ?
Has his lovingkindness ceased for ever ? 9
Has his truth failed for all generations ?
Has God forgotten to pity ? 10
Is his compassion restrained toward us ? '
And I said, * It is my folly ; 1 1
20 [I will remember] the years of old time :
I will celebrate thine exploits, O Yahwfe ! X2
I will chant thine ancient wonders ;
I will muse upon all thy works, 13
Think upon all thine exploits.
I will praise thy way in Cush ; 14
Yahwb is great in Jerahmeel.
Thou art a wonder-working God ; 1 5
Thou hast made known th}' strength among'the peoples.
Thou hast redeemed thy people from Mifsur ; 16
30 From the sons ofjerahmeel and Ishmael.^
The tenses in M's text of w. 2-7 15 f. pff|j^ || -)q;|, as xii. 2.
present considerable difficulty. That ..^^ ^_L , , . , 1 j
the view presented in Driver's Tenses. ^^^ ^^^' ^ P^^'*^ ^^»^^ ^^^^"^^^
S 52, n. 3, and Parallel Psalter, and reference to any individual Israelite.—
alsoinmy own, /v. t'J, is natural, would I7- Cp. Isa. xlix. 15.— 18. Cp. Isa.
be too much to affirm. If the text is l^ciii. 15 (end).— 19. / said—z, turning-
the psalmist's autograph, there seems point is here marked (xxxii. 5, xl. 8,
no help but to adopt it (in spite of ixxiH. n). ^j:^^^ «my folly' (see
Hitz. and Kdn. [§ 200^]); but m a . ;«"• ...
text which contains such a gross error as f rov. xn. 23) not = my impiety
— .L»» M*»^ r v^t^^U^v* / -i. . (xxxviii. 6, Ixix. 6 are coaupt). — 20 ti.
P^t^y rD> for D^D7^y (see cnt. note ^ ^^^jj '^^ ^^ ,j ^^ ^^-^J^j
on /. 20) we have the option of suspect-
ing corruption. Arbitrariness would be ^ Yahw^'s wondrous dealings
shown not in usmg but in neglecting ^i^h his people in Cush or Jerahjneel
to use, a keen textual criticism. .^^ antiquity are a pledge that he will
3. Cp. onlxxxvi. 7tf. — ^4. Cp. Lam. repeat them in the present. — 29 f. On
iii. 49. — 6. Cp. Ixxiii. 21, cxlii. 3. cxliii. this passage and on the marginal gloss
4 (corr. texts). — 7 f. Cp. xxxix. 2 f. (z/. 21), which is an alternative reading
— II. / lost feelings 2& xxxviii. 9. — 12. to 'Thou hast with +thine+ arm re-
Cp. xxxi. 22, cxvi. II. — 13. Cp. Ixxxv. deemed thy people, the sons of Jacob
6, and see introd. (on n:T). and Joseph ' \v, 16), see crit. note.
Critical Notes, 2. M should mean, * My voice is unto God, and I
will cry ; my voice is unto God, and he will hearken unto me.' For '♦^p
read b^J^Dni^l (so iii. 5, cxlii. 2), and after U^rb}^ read (i) pySK, (2)
\^T\^ (cxlii. 2). Omit "hl^ (fragment of D\1^i^).
* Thou hast led thy people from Mi?§ur,
From the land of Ishmael and Jerahmeel {v, 21).
12 THE PSALMS.
3. The vague phrase \ms DVH does not suit well here, and we
have to account for the metrically superfluous ph'h • Probably this
stands for ^NDTTTCQ]. If so, this original ^h^om^^ was probably a
correction of DV2 (= D"10) ; ^jn"^2{ appears to be a corruption of
^JHlCni. n^ is also wrong ; it comes from ^^^, i.e, tl')TV as in the Heb.
text of Sirach ; note Pasek).
4. Insert 0>y (Lam. iii. 49), unless '^yy underlies ^Jtl<.
5 f . F. 4 opens with a collection of variants from the margin, mOTK
for -13m, /. 10 ; n^DHN for HD/in, A 6 ; HTTOK for '^mW, /• 12.—
M n^D ^TVn ^^^r)T)\' Read probably (in accordance with Ixxiii. 21,
corn text) ''^by VT)1 'nsJjnr)!. ^ynn probably corresponds to rPDHK,
which G renders by rjv<ppdv6riu = TO^K » a corruption of nDJlK ? ^*?y
(cp. cxlii. 4, cxliii. 4) has become nho (D and y often confounded).
7 f. M '^yy Jinuti} r\\ni^ * thou boldest mine eyelids ' ? * Thou hast
held the night watches of mine eyes*? On either view, an unbiblical
phraseology. But Duhm's '^y JltniJ, * accustomed to night-watches (?)
are mine eyes,' is no better. For the key to the passage, see xxxix. 2,
Read ''^^th /1"10'^ Fitni^ (ist pers., as 2 J), y and \^ confounded. G
' irpoKartXafiovTo (pvXwcas oi ex^poi fiov ; here the last phrase = ^K^IC^ , a
reading which grew out of '*:f\tb •— M inihi ^b^ ^i^DrSi: . * He suffers
thrusts and blows as if he were on an anvil (OJ^D),' Del. ; cp. Gen. xli. 8,
Dan. ii. 3. Not suitable in this context. S presupposes ^j^D^y^; an
imperfect 7 became a S).
9 f . M ^r>3l£?n . * I thought over.' The illustrative passages offered
are cxix. 59, Ixxiii. 16, but the latter passage is probably corrupt, and in
cxix. 59 ^mitS^n means * I planned ' (cp. Prov. xvi. 9). To this it must
be added that the reference to ancient times is not in place here ; it makes
the subsequent despondency unintelligible (cp. w. 11 -13). Underlying
^D^Wl must be some word which explains the consternation spoken of
in v^, 2 f. (where DN"T^>^ HIDW is of course intrusive [see on //. 5 f.]).
What, then, is the verb which is most descriptive of states of mind like
the speaker's? It is HD^ > cp. Ixxviii. 7, *That they might place their
confidence in Yahw^, and not forget the exploits of God.' 3 and ^
closely resemble each other; transposition of letters too is a simple
phenomenon. Read therefore ^i^TOtC^, and in /. 10 read "IDThi ^i/ .
II. M n^^^2 *n^O^, * my music (see on Ixix. 13) in the night.' But
TST * • T • !
we expect *my song,' not * my music,' and why * in the night'? Is
the phrase parallel to words in xlii. 9, Job xxxv. 10? But these passages
are most probably corrupt. Or is HT/^ to be combined (so accents)
with the whole clause — * night is the time when I remember my music,
&c. ? How improbable ! Remembering similar necessary corrections in
xvi. 7, xvii. 3, we surely need not hesitate to read ^JlV^3. ^JIJOJ not less
PSALM LXXVII. — I. 13
plainly represents a verb — probably Vl3^Eli (xxxviii. 9). G S, however,
presuppose ^JI^^IH (so Gr., Du., Herz).
12. M ^rm teSITT^ rrrrtol^ (taking over 'tt^K from V. -J a). First, as
to It^Sm (so also"' A* T), \e\ * (my spirit) inquired/ G {^(TKa^:Kov l<* R*,
but see Swete) 2 0. J, however, read 'tt^SnKl, * I examined my spirit'
(so Ba. formerly, Che.t*', Du.). The latter gives a sense more supported
by usage, but the context does not favour it. Wellh., tDn]J1_; rather
perhaps tSHKI. nn^lt^K, which is unsuitable, should perhaps be
. \ , :.VT ^ T . T
"^nWX^ (xxxviii. 7).
13. M TOP. Read ^^n^r. The object of H^T must be contained
m one line of the couplet (cp. Ixxxix. 39). — M ^J^h^ . Read mn^ .
16. M IDh, G (K*-«) p^/ta. The parallelism suggests JIDK, or,
better, ^J^DhJ ^Nestle, TheoL Stud, aus Wurtt., 1882. p. 242) ; ID comes
from dittography.
18. M rbo VDrrn Cl«^ YPiJTO^^- D^DHI ySp is an unusual
phrase, nor is ^^Zl wanted. The other parallelisms between our psalm
and Isa. Ixiii. 7, &c., suggests as a possible and indeed extremely
probable correction, ^^^ VDHI -II^Di^nn DM (Isa. Ixiii. 15). yt> became
first D7 , then by transposition 7D» then [nj/D . Herz '1 K33 ^iJp DK ;
KE)0=n3D?? ButnSD^ in Prov. xxi. 14 should be XM!^ \ so*Hitz.,
after 2.]
19. M ^Jni^, *my being bored through' (Kon. i. 341) .? 2 rpStaU
fiov. But 'a appam-ia /xoi/, J imbecillitas ntea^ t\e. ^PtwU (so Bi , Che.^*^
Du.). G vvv fip^fi€Vy t.e. ^n*l'?rTn- The latter is more plausible (cp.
Jer. X. 19), but the strangeness of v. i id suggests that corruption exists
both in (a) and in (^).— 20. M pby yD] J1*l3lC^. Does the whole
prayer mean, 'That (viz. my scepticism as to" the continuance of Yahwe's
kindness) is my affliction. (I will remember) the years during which
God interposed for His people.' So Driver, with AV. But we have no
right to supply l5)ti<i . Or, * My affliction consists in years which God's
chastening hand has allotted to me ' (Del.). Or, * My affliction is this— that
the right hand of the Most High has become inactive.' So Lowth, Hitz.,
Hupf., Duhm, following in part G (aKkolwais) and altogether 'a 2 e E' S T.
But n^lCf II. can hardly have this meaning ; in Lam. iv. i the * changing'
of gold means its loss of objective brightness, and in Mai. iii. 6 we read
that Yahw^ 'changes not.' We must look further. AV shows more
tact than most modem scholars. I^IThi is essential here, and must be
restored. But if so ]yhv ^D^ JD^V is too lengthy. Is there any
specially suspicious word in it? There are two— ]^D^ and pvV, — TJvy
because it can so easily be miswritten for D^W (see e.^^, vii. 18, ix. 3),
and yty because it cannot naturally be combined with JllJltf. The
right correction is now plain ; it is ISThi D^D^^r rf\^^ . "lOTK fell
:v • T :
14 THE PSALMS.
out before lOThi ; VD^ and ]V^j; represent the two parts of D^D^W • We
now obtain a complete antithesis to /. lo. As for the improbable ^JlpH*
it is surely miswritten for "^ph^l^ ; K and H confounded (cp. 2 K.
xvii. 21).
21 ff. M ^3 '"^"'J^^i^?- Read nin^ ^^^'^yO.— M n'lam. Read
TDB^^ (Gr.).— M rt^B- Another readingls T^'^S, but K^D here, as
t:~; '-:: • L vt 1 *v
in /. 27, can be taken collectively. So also ^^1J9 m /. 22. The vss.
give plurals.
25 f. M '^yr^ ty"552 DTt^K- An obscure and very questionable
expression. B'L renders 'p2 *'hehr' (majestic); Duhm, *im heiligen
Nahesein ' (accompanied by the divine presence ?). Strained interpreta-
tions. Surely something more definite, more suggestive of a historical
background is indispensable. Such definiteness has been restored to
the opening ; must we not look for it also in the closing stanza ? ]inp
is frequently miswritten for tt^O, and D^H/i^ often conceals some other
word. Comparing (for '^h^) xxii. 23, read "1 tt^OS ^^Hhi.-- M ^^i•^D
D^n?K3 /I13. This is certainly possible, but in Ixxxix. 7 similar words
turn out to be due to the editor. D^"T^^^ has sometimes come out of
^NOmv Read here probably—^iiJQnTn ^HJI D^•7tJ«.
27. Read *7K"nn>^ ; H in ^^7] is dittographic.
29 f. Bickell has recognized that 7/. 16 and z/. 21 are variants. It is
tempting to seek to restore the original text by combining elements from
both forms. ]KiJD , for instance, may seem to be confirmed, rather than
ynO, by the apparent fondness of Asaphite psalmists for the figure of a
flock (cp. Ixxviii. 52, Ixxix. 13, Ixxx. 2). But at the best the result is not
very satisfactory. Can we easily imagine a poet closing his work with
the couplet,—
Thou hast led thy people like sheep
By the hand of Moses and Aaron, —
or even with any improved version of this ? And how came Jacob and
Joseph to be supplanted by Moses and Aaron ? The latter question can
be scientifically answered. It is certain that both 2py^ and ]')")nK have
occasionally grown out of ^KQni^, and both ntt^EI and cj^v out of
^WDIC^^ (cp. Cn/. Bid. on Mic. vi. 4), and it is quite possible that ynt
may, like "lyiS (sometimes), have grown out of ID'^D . Knowing how
the editors were bent on removing traces of contemporary history from
the psalms, we can hardly hesitate to read (as the two original variants), —
PSALM LXXVII. — I, 2. 15
In the latter form we assume (i) that JITTJ comes from phtl2 s and this
from phM , (2) that ]t^^2 has come from ;mD , and this from •Ti::00 ,
and (3) that "1^3 has come from yiJ^Q. It is possible, however, that
'Z/. 21 is in its original fonn, and that it grew up as a variant to z/. 16 in
its present corrupt form. It only remains to add that rwD in v. 16
(end), as elsewhere (g.^. Ixxxi. 8), is a corrupt fragment of ^KDm^
PSALM LXXVII.— 2.
1 RIMBTERS. This IS a fragment of a psalm ; il falls into stanzas of three lines,
and so contrasts with lxxvii.<^\ which is m stanzas of six lines. It is a description
of a theophany, and as W.H. Ward, after Hitzig, has shown {Affier. Journ. of
TTuoL, i. 136 ff.), is closely parallel to passages in Hab. iii. The parallelism be-
comes still clearer when a keener criticism has been applied. The key to the poem
in Hab. iii. is supplied by the same theory which has cleared up so many other
dark passages in poetry, prophecy, and narrative. The foes of Israel referred to
are the N. Arabians who, in the restored text, are repeatedly mentioned by name.
It is also probable that Ps. Ixxvii.(-), though a mere fr^ment of a psalm, also
mentions these enemies. The idea of both psalms {i,e, that in Hab. iii. and that
preserved in part in Ixxvii.W) appears to be that Yahw^, in the midst of his wrath
remembering mercy (Hab. iii, 2b), will renew that great catastrophe of old time —
the overwhelming of the guilty Jerahmeelites by a deluge (see £nc. Bib.^ * Sodom
and Gomorrah'). Suggestions are also taken from the story of the overthrow of
Pharaoh's host in the Red Sea, and the song ascribed to Moses. The psalmist
realizes the future as if it were the present.
I The Jerahmeelites fear thee, O Yahwfe ! 1 7
The Jerahmeelites fear thee, they are anguished ;
The Maacathites also tremble.
The Misrites and Ishmaelites are alarmed ; 1 8
The skies give forth a peal,
Thme arrows dart hither and hither.
Thy thunder peals over Jerahmeel, ig
Thy lightnings shine upon Bethel,
The land trembles and quakes.
10 The Jerahmeelites [sink] into the sea, 20
The Ishmaelites into the great waters.
And their places are no more known,
1-4. The N. Arabian neighbours original story of the Deluge (see Enc»
of the Jews (who are also their tyrants Bw., * Sodom and Gomorrah ').
and oppressors) are terrified at the 6. Tblne arrows* i,e. lightnings
approach of Yahw^, indicated by (xviii. 15, Hab. iii. 11).— 8 f. Cp.
thunder and lightning. Cp. Hab. iii. xcvii. 4. — 10 f. Cp. Ex. xv. 5.
7, 10 f., and partly Ex. xv. 14-16. 12. Cp. xiv. 13^, and see introd.
There seems to be a reference to the and crit. note.
l6 THE PSALMS.
Critical Notes, i. M D^D ^K") (twice). In /. 3 M gives niOnn,
apparently as a climax (note C]ji^), but too tautologically. For D^D,
Hab. iii. 10 reads DHrT ; G, however, D^D^ (Xoot). Gr. adopts DHrT ,
but D^D and Dnn are too unlike, and according to rule we have to look
out for some suitable word out of which the three variants D^D , DHn ,
and D^DJ7 may have arisen. From Hab. iii. 7 it is plain (see Enc, Bib,,
* Cushan ') that the people interested in theophany are (besides the Jews)
the N. Arabians, and, as Perles has seen, there is a confusion in the M
of that passage between Hi^T and K'1^ Thus we have a double clue
to the reading and interpretation of Ixxvii. 17a, We should probably
read D^^^Dn^. ^hi^)^ . On I^H^ , cp. Kon., § 154.
3. M niDfTJ|) . On the analogy of Hab. iii. 7b we expect an ethnic.
Remembering that lyQlH has sometimes (^.^^. Ixxvi. 11) been miswritten
for JIDJJD , it is reasonable to restore D^/^DJJD . Thus the description
which once appeared so dead begins to burst into life.
4. M nS:!^ D)Q *)0")f. Hab. iii. 10 gives in^ D)0 0*1? (G
aKopni^iov vbara wop€ias). Both in Hab. and in Ps. Wellh. and Now. adopt
M Hab/s text in the main, but read ^DIT ; Du. retains the Poel. Note,
however, that D/1D1T in xc, 5 is corrupt, and that Pasek after D^D in Ps.
warns us of uncertainty in the text. The fem. plur. JHIDJ^ occurs again
in 2 S. xxiii. 4, but the context needs much correction. Apparent fem.
nouns often conceal verbal forms in ?|. Unless we seek a possible
emendation from Judg. v. 4, we should read (in harmony with //. 1-3)
^nrn^ D^^NDH-l^l DnSD. 1D1T = DnT = Dni:D; for D^D, as a
mutilation of 'ni^, cp. * Abel-maim ' = Abel-meholah in Judith iv. 7,
vii. 3 = Abel-jerahmeel.— 6. For ^^iJijn read Tf>-ijn (Hab. iii. 11).
7 f, M 73745' *Thy thunder sounded in the whirlwind^ (Ges.,
Hitz., 01., Del*, Kau., &c.) ; or *with rolling' (Now., Du.). All the
ancients (G 'A 2 e J S T) explain ':i as * wheel,' i,e, the wheel (2 wheels)
of the divine chariot (cp. Ezek. x. 2, 13; Ps. xviii. 11, Hab. iii. 8.?).
Hence Ba., *The thunder of thy wheel sounded.' Houb., Kenn., Gr.,
^Jl'^HS* *likc a wheel (or, wheels).' But (i) there is a warning Pase]^
close by ; (2) the obscurity of the phrase is much against it ; and (3) the ||
line leads us to expect a mention of the place where the thunder was
heard, or whence the awful sound proceeded. In the latter case Kimjii's
explanation * heaven ' {sphcera) would not be unplausible. In the former,
^i*?3 in the narrative books being so often the representative of ^J'^DITI^ ,
we should read 7KDrn^^ . Most probably this is right. This, however,
involves an easy emendation (by transposition of letters) in /. 8. — M
^3/1 . In spite of the quotation in xcvii. 4, we should probably read
^n3l» or *?K^n3, or ^Kn^3. The southern Bethel is meant, unless
indeed 7l<nO in i S. xxx. 27 should be ^3W (against which would be
the fact, if correctly assumed, that Jeroboam's ' golden calf was placed
PSALM LXXVII., LXXVIII. I7
at a place in the Negcb called Bethel But certainly, if I^^D in Gen.
X. 2, Ezek. xxvii. 13 (?), xxxii. 26, xxxviii. 2 f., xxxix. i, should be read
Dtt^S » it would seem probable that the accompanying h^D should be
read '?J12 (or ^^IJin, or ^NJI^a). Cp. Enc. Bib., 'Tubal.'— 8. Read
^P*)^ with G (see Swete) and xcvii. 4,
10. M '^ayi 0*5. Insufficient. Hence W. H. Ward inserts D^'^^K,
Bi. and Du. mH^. This, however, is only a makeshift. On the analogy
of ^:i^:i (see on /. 7) and ITITT (Zech. ix. i ; see note in Cn/. Bib,) from
^KDn*)^» and remembering Ex. xv. 5^, we may probably read 0*3
D^*?NDrn^ HT; 1T)^ fell out as a supposed dittogram (n = n).
Clearness and symmetry are now restored. Hab. iii. 15 is also probably
corrupt (see Crit, Bib.).
11. M •p^OlCr* (Kt.), f^^n?^ (5r.)- ^yO is not found ; 'h^1^0 (so
Kt. ; Kr. '^^2l£^) occurs in'jer! xviii. 15. On the analogy of ^^E)tt^^ for
^WDltn in Ixxv. 8 read D^^WDtth.
• •••!••
12. M I^JHtaj^yV The traces of an ordinary traveller are visible ; not
so those of Yahw^. But what poet would make such needless statement ?
Read TpJltapQ!) (cp. Nah. iii. 17).
PSALM LXXVIII.
JL RIMETERS. A poetical Midrash, or popular exposition of the history of IsraeU
from the events preceding the Exodus to the building of the temple. The object
of it is not so much to stimulate the people to grateful praise for past mercies
(cp. Ps. Ixxvii.) as to warn them against the ingratitude of their ancestors which
had necessitated such severe judgments. Specially strong censure is given to the
northern Israelites, whose ' high places ' and images so greatly displeased Yahwe
that he allowed his temple at Shiloh to he destroyed and the ark to be carried into
captivity. It is true, Yahw^ interposed at last, and put down his enemies the
Jerahmeelites {v. 66), but he would not again dwell among the fickle Ephraimites.
lie placed his permanent sanctuary in Ju&h, and chose David, a man of Judah,
to be the shepherd or ruler of his people.
The text is not without serious corruptions, which have been too superficially
treated, and even not always observed. Another unfortunate characteristic of the
psalm is the weakness of its chronology. Two series of wonderful works of
Yahw^ are described — the first relating to the journeyings of Israel in the wilder-
ness, the second to the plagues of Egypt, or rather Mi^rim, the overthrow of
Israel's enemies in the sea, the successes of the Jerahmeelites (including the
destruction of the temple of Shiloh) and their subsequent humiliation, the choice
of the tribe of Judah, and the building of the temple. Last of all, out of due
chronological order, comes the selection of David to be king. Saul is either
passed over, or mentioned only as one divinely rejected, while David is treated
with high respect in harmony with the idealistic tendencies of later writers.
It will be noticed that the account of the plagues of Eg3rpt (Mi^rim) in tw.
44-51 agrees with that given by the Yahwlst, and that there is no trustworthy
evidence (see on v, 28) that the poet, in writing this psalm, was influenced by the
Priestly Writer. This is remarkable in a poet whom on other grounds we must
regard as post-exilic. It may be conjectured, however, that we no longer possess
Ps. Ixxviii. in its original form. That it has been amplified by additions b plain,
partly from considerations drawn from the structure of the poem, partly from
II. C
l8 THE PSALMS.
the necessities of exegesis ; that omissions have been made in it appears from
7'. 17, where the Israelites are said to have * sinned vet more ' before any special
sins have been mentioned. The probability is that there was once in existence a
very long poetical Midrash on Israelitish history, selections from which constitute
the first half of our psalm {tnf. 1-39). After this selection had been in use for
some time, the same writer, or rather compiler, or another member of the same
school, supplemented it by a fresh selection, introduced by three opening verses,
which also serve as a bridge between the two parts of the psalm. It has been
rightly observed by Rothstein that in the second part of the psalm the second line
of the couplet is not always on quite the same metrical model as the first. We
cannot, however, lay any stress upon this. Occasional deviations from the strict
metricsil scheme can be found in part I (see g.^. z^. 31, 33). Long words, as
Rothstein hesitatingly admits, appear to be susceptible of two strong tones.
Rothstein's own view, that the original poem was a shorter work of pre-exilic
origin, is defended with great subtlety, but has no striking argument in its favour
except that drawn from the dependence of the psalmist upon J for his account of
the plagues of Egypt. Duhm's theory, however, goes too far in the opposite
direction. He thinks that the psalmist's real object is to attack the * heresy * of
the Samaritan;:, which already existed in nuce under Moses. This is not only in
itself very far-fetched, but opposed to the practically certain fact that the psalmist
had the narrative books before him in a more correct form than that afterwards
current, ue. he refers (in part 2) to Cush of Jerahmeel as the source of Israel's
idolatry (/. 112), and to the people of Mi^^ur and Jerahmeel (/. 129) as the worst
enemies of the early Israelites and the captors of the ark — not, as later writers
would have said, the Philistines. On this ground, we must place Ps. Ixxviii. —
or, at any rate, the poem on which it is based — in the Persian and not in the
Greek period.
On this psalm see J. W. Rothstein, ' Psalm Ixxviii. als Zeuge fiir die jah-
wistische Gestalt-der Exodus- tradition und seine Abfassungszeit,' in the Zt, f,
wissensckaftl. Thtologie^ 1900, pp. 532 ff.
Deposited. Of Asaph. ^ i
I Hearken, O my folk ! to my lore,
Bend your ear to the words of my mouth ;
I will open my mouth with right things, 2
I will pour out true things with the lyre, ^
Yahwfc's deeds of renown, and his strength, 4^
And his wonders which he has wrought, ^
That the next generation may know it, 6
[And] the children to be born [unto us] ,3
And may put their confidence in Yahwfe, 7
I o And not forget God's exploits, *
And not sin (?) like their forefathers, 8
[Like] that froward, rebellious race, —
^ That which we have heard and known, | and our forefathers have related
to us, I we will not keep secret from our children, | to the next generation we
will relate them (yv. 3, 4a).
" His righteous deeds in Jacob, | and his judicial acts in Israel, | which he
commanded our forefathers | to make known to their children {v. 5).
' That they may arise and relate it to their children.
^ But keep his commandments.
PSALM LXXVIII. 19
A race inconstant in heart,
And fickle in spirit toward God, '
Who kept not the covenant of Yahwfe, 10
And refused to walk in his law,
And forgot [all] his exploits, 1 1
And the wonders that he had showed them.
Before their fathers he had done wonders, 1 2
20 In the land of Migrim — the country of Zoan ;
He cleft the sea, and made them pass through, 13
And piled up waters like a harvest-heap ;
He guided them with a cloud by day, 14
And all the night through with a light of fire.
He cleft the rock in the wilderness, 1 5
And made the desert overflow with an ocean ;
He brought forth streams from the crag, 16
And made waters run down like rivers.
But they sinned yet more against him, 1 7
30 Provoking the most High in the desert.
In their heart they put God to the proof, 18
Requiring food for their craving ;
And spoke against Yahwfe,- * Is God able 1 9
To furnish a table in the wilderness ?'^
Can he indeed supply bread, 20^
Or provide flesh for his people ? '
Therefore * '-' * •:• 21
Yahwfc heard it, and became furious ;
A fire was kindled against Jacob,
40 Also anger rose against Israel ;
Because they believed not in Yahwfe, 22
And trusted not in his succour.
And he commanded the clouds above, 23
And opened the doors of heaven :
He rained manna* for food, 24
And gave them corn of heaven.
Bread for his hunger each one ate, 25
He sent them provision in abundance.
* The sons of Ephraim. They were overthrown like Cusham-jerahmeel (v, 9).
- They said.
'lie smote the rock, so that waters gushed out, | and torrents overflowed
{v. 200). * Upon them.
20 THE PSALMS.
He caused the east wind to blow in the heaven, 26
50 And by his power he led on the south wind ;
He rained flesh ^ like dust, 27
Winged fowl like the ocean's sand ;2
They ate, and were well filled, 29
That which they craved he brought unto them,^
For all this they sinned yet more, 32
And believed not in his wondrous works.
So he brought their days to an end in vanity, 33
And their years by sudden calamity ;
When he slew them, they would seek him, 34
60 They would turn, and become zealous for God ;
They remembered that Yahwfc was their help, 35
And the Most High God their redeemer ;
They enticed him with their mouth, 36
But they lied to him with their tongue.
Their heart was not constant towards him, 37
Nor were they faithful to his covenant.
But as for him, when his compassion [is moved], 3S
He cancels guilt and destroys not ;
Ofttimes he takes back his anger,
70 And arouses not all his wrath ;
So he bethought him that they were but flesh, 39
A wind that passes, and comes not again.
PART ir.
How oft did they provoke him in the wilderness, 40
And cause pain to him in the desert !
Time after time they vexed God, 41
And stirred the Holy One of Israel.
They remembered not his hand, 42
The day when he set them free from Mig^ur ;
^ Upon them.
^ He made it fall within their camp, | round about their tents (v. 28).
Not yet had they turned from their craving,
Their food was still in their mouths,
"When the anger of Yahw^ rose against them,
And made a slaughter among their strongest,
And cut off the noblest of Israel {v. 30, 31).
PSALM LXXVIII.
21
How he set forth his signs in Mi^rim, 43
80 His prodigies in the country of Zoan ;
He turned their streams into blood, 44
And their rivers, so that they could not drink ;
He sent among them dog-flies which devoured them, 45
And frogs which destroyed them.
He gave their produce to the caterpillar, 46
The fruit of their toil to the locust ;
He wasted their vines with hail, 47
And their fig-trees with hot coals ;
He gave their cattle over to the murrain, 48
90 Their flocks to burning sickness.
He sent them against them * 49a
* * * •-:? .1:
He gave charge to a destroying angel 49^, 50
To lay low the sons that- they delighted in ;
He kept not back their soul from death, 51
But gave their life over to pestilence :
He smote every firstborn in Misrim, 52
The firstlings of strength in Jerahmeel,
But he led on his own people like sheep, 53
100 He guided them like a flock through the desert ;
He led them safely, so that they were fearless, 53
But the sea covered their enemies.
He brought them to his holy territory, 54
To the mountain that his right hand had acquired ;
He drove out nations before them, 55
And allotted their domain as an inheritance ;
And caused to dwell in the palaces of Ham,
The tribes of Israel [his people].
But they provoked Yahwfc the Most High, 56
1 10 His precepts they observed not ;
They swerved and became traitors like their fathers, 57
They were overthrown like Cusham-jerahmeel ;
They vexed him with their high places, 5^
And made him jealous with their images.
When Yahwfe heard, he was enraged, 59
And altogether rejected Israel,
22 THE PSALMS.
So that he cast off the habitation of Shiloh, 60
The temple where he had dwelt in Ephraim,
And gave up his strength to captivity, 6 1
120 His glory to the power of the foe.
He abandoned his people to the sword, 62
And was enraged against his inheritance.
Fire devoured their young men, 63
And their virgins made no wailing ;
Their priests fell by the sword, 64
And their widows wept not.
Then Yahwfe awaked as one that had slept, 65 ,
As a warrior who rouses himself from slumber;
He smote Mis^ur [and] Jerahmeel, 66
130 He put upon them an enduring disgrace.
But he rejected the temple of Joseph, 67
He chose not the tribe of Ephraim.
He chose the tribe of Judah, 68
The mountain of Zion which he loved ;
He built his sanctuary like Hermon, 69
Like the earth which he has founded for ever ;
[He rejected Saul as king,] 70
And chose David his servant.
He took him away from Ishmael,
140 From those of Jerahmeel he brought him, 71
To tend Jacob his people,
And Israel his inheritance ;
So he tended them with an honest heart 72
And with guileless hand he led them.
The exegetical difficulties of this psalm are removed in our translation.
Perhaps we may refer on the Exodus to the Eftc, Bib.y ' Exodus' and ' Moses/
and on the site of Shiloh to the Enc, Bib,^ * Shiloh,' 2.
Critical Notes, 3, 4. M mTH ; but what are the 'riddles'? Mt.
xiii. 35 gives K€Kpvfji,fi(va (airo kotq/SoX^j), i.e. JliTTTD^. This reading
seems implied in the HHX K^ of the first gloss ; but* is unsuitable. It
suggests, however, that an initial ^ has fallen out. We might possibly
read jm^JJ^t comparing Prov. viii. 6; but since for D^T<D^ we should
read, in Prov., DTTD^ (Gr., Toy), it is plain that the psalmist wrote
/linD^ . This correction involves another. ^tTto^ , though possible, is
PSALM LXXVIII. 23
not very probable. Prov. viii. 6, 9 suggests the true reading Onitf^DS.
For Dlp^^D read ')\^^2, (xlix. 5).
Glosses in in;, 4-7. Observe the Paseks after the second word in 7/7/.
4, 5, 6 respectively ; also the imperfection of the metre and the prolixity
of the style. G implies THDJ vh . Rather read ^T^^D 1^3^ vh »
and (for DnSJDD) Q")9D3 (S and Gr. nSDJ). In v, 5 the PaseVfoUows
PrnV as in the corrupt passage Ixxxi. 6. Surely neither Jlliy nor
iTllJl can be right. We expect phrases suitable in a gloss on v. 4^.
Read certainly ^Kllt^a VJDQlt^DI 3pjr3 VillpTl^l . Dislocation and
corruption. Cp. ciii, 6. YXSiT ; see on Ixi. 8.
7 ff. Read ^yT"] (metre) and W^y\ (1 absorbed). Insert ^t>
(metre). Read TViTVi (Bi.).
1 1 f. Vn^ , though weak, may be right, but . Pasek suggests a doubt.
Comp. cvi . 6, and read WDH^ (?). Read -)^T3 .
Verse 9 inserted. As it stands it is a riddle. What is the * day of
battle ' ? Where is the parallelism ? Why are the * sons of Ephraim '
singled out ? The text cannot be right. It is an editor's attempt to
make sense out of a corrupt form of v. 57^ (see note), inserted in the mg.,
with the prefix 0**13^ *J3 as a note on DJll^ND in v, 8. The passage
should run t^NOm^ Dtt^DD IDSHJ 'N '2- Of the last two words
r\V\r^Ur\ "^ttn^ is a corniplion ; 'J comes from \^3 (= QlthD), '")
from ^l^DmV rW\> from DK^D- 2")p DVn also represents 'T 'M .
Cp. Crit, Bib, on Zech. xiv. 3^. Duhm's correction is too superficial.
15, 17. Read iTliT ; insert ^3 (metre), mistaken for a dittogram.
20. Point On^iD. So l^sp, /. 78; On^D, //• 79» 97; cp. on
/. 129.— For ]j;S we'might read "IjrS. But yff^ niay = b^t^ir (/. 139 f.).
26. M "3 picrn. Read pip\yjl(lxv. 10). M nS"} ; read nn^JU
(Gr., Du.). The former correction removes Ba.'s objection that the
water was not to quench the thirst of the desert.
30, 33. M Jli*)07, a possible form; cp. Isa. iii. 8 (Konig, ii. i,
§ 112, i). Olsh. suggests rt")D*?- But TT^O is not the most natural
verb. Read IID^ . G iraptmKpavav (so S). — Read iTIH^ (also in /. 41),
and omit yV2H .
: T
Verse 20a inserted. An immetrical and unchronological amplification.
The striking of the rock came afterwards.
37. Pasel;: favours the view that words have dropped out (cp.
Num. xi. 1).
47. M D^T3N Urb' Too singular a phrase for this psalmist to
have coined. The ' true Jewish realism ' of the view that the angels
24 THE PSALMS.
lived on manna is also very suspicious in a psalm. The parallel line
suggests ^i^31J1 D^^5 ^P- ^^"- ^^"- '9*
49. M 1*52. • Rather perhaps 2;^*1 ; y and 2 confounded.
Verses 30, 31 inserted. The mention of a judgment (cp. Num. xi. 33)
is out of place. For T)\ read T\V , and for D%"I^K read TWtV • For
ynDH read JT»-tDn (Gr.J; || yrV^.
61 . M Uyfl . G iSoiytfiff avrwp, t,e. here at least U^Xp . (In xciv. 22
"1!)2t is much more suitable than it would be here ; Porf66s of course is
vague.) ^W and lil]^ are both titles of God ; for Ity see cxv. 9,
cxlvi. 5, cxviii. 7 (corr. text), also Dt. xxxiii. 29. See on xxxiii. 20, and
cp. Geiger,yii^. Z/., '72, p. 88.
67. M Dim WTD' Not enough for a line ; obser\'e Pasek. Read
VDtl') nODJ K^m ; Hos. xi. 8 (reading 'Dm). Of two similar groups
of letters one fell out.
73. M ^m"lD2' ^^^^ irm^O? (^^"- ^^^^ 23); note parallelism.
Cp. on //. 30, 1 1 5," and cvi. 33.
75 f. ^DT^; Less suitable than JlD^yp^. (^o /. 115).— -M ^^nr\,
' caused to repent ' (Aram. KHijl) ? The true reading must be Vl^DH
(i K. xxi. 25); cp. G S.— 78.^M 12^-^30. Read IS^D (xliv. n).— 79-
Point On^Q.
87 f. M y)TV . It is rash to retain this word. Nowhere is HIH used
with reference to plants ; interficc messes (Virg., Georg,^ iv. 330) is not
Hebraic. Houb. noticed the corruption, but could not heal it. Read
2"|rr.— M ^Ojrr, *an unknown word' (Duhm). Mich., Ges. {TJus,
499rt), and Kon. (ii. 402) suspect a connection with 7D3 = VilfOtl »
T T •
* mouse.' But there is no sure instance of n as a formative prefix.
Tg.'s X3inn suggests DUDH. The right word, however, is D^*?!!]!
{Exp, r., July, 1899).
89 f. M T)3^. The strong expression "lilD^T^ (cp. /. 102) favours
■)^^7 ; pestilence is no common mishap, but an imaccountable malign
agent. Read ^y^ (2 and some MSS.) ; so Ew., Dy., Bi.t*^, Gr., Du.—
M D^Slt^'n*?, rendered * to the flames,' i.e, lightnings. But C);£n by itself
does not mean * lightning ' (see on Ixxvi. 4) ; ^Jt^ 'SlC^l would be required
(see Budde on Ct. viii. 6). If Tt^l*? were right, the parallel should be
D'S)2^")*? 'to glowing stones' (i K. xix. 6; Is. vi. 6). "IQ^^ requires
^^^ ; cp. Hab. iii. 5. Thus we gain a reference to Ex. ix. 3 ODI).
'V ITT * ^ «=» ^ y
Cp. * Hail,' Enc, Bib,
91 fT. Note Pasek after D3.. The following words in M seem to be
an editorial substitute for the true reading. — M XT\"3^ . Sense and metre
PSALM LXXVIII. 25
require a verb ; read 12^^ (Gr.).— M D^H ON^D JTdtD ; cp. Kon.
— •— •T»«~:z","":» »j
•STyw/. § 2676, 244^. A combination of improbabilities. Read '^^^/D7
/ITrttto • D^jn represents ^h^DDTH^ (cp. on i S. ii. 23), a marginal gloss
on cn (v- SS^)'
98. MQ^^N. GTc5v7rdwBjravTcw. Read W*IN (Gr.).— For DTT '»S1^^2
read ^h^OrriU-
106. The Pase]^ in 7/. 55 is placed a little too early. ^^TO D*?^S)^
n^ro is untranslatable. Duhm reads DJl^TO* transferring D from
DT9^, but TwH^ in such a context must refer to the Israelites. Read
n7TO3 D/^H bB^^ ; cp. Num. xxxiv^ 2.
107 f. For DiT*?nK2 read DH '»*?]D^rQ (DH , a popular form of
^h^Dn*)^), and insert IQj; (metre), which may indeed underlie the super-
fluous 1*)D^1 in V. 56. Perhaps IDy was inserted by a corrector,
and afterwards misplaced and corrupted into I^ID^V
109. On 1*)D^ see above. M's 'Wy) is a corruption of -ID^W^T
(/. 81).
112. M rTDI /1t£^P3, *like a bow which does not respond to the
T. : V 'v:
archer's aim ' ? The same phrase occurs in Hos. vii. 16, where the text
is suspicious. In Ps. cxx. 2 f. 7VD1 ywb is certainly a combination of
/WDtCT with X, The doubtful word TV121 now becomes clear ; it can
only be ^XDm^- Cp. the proper name rPD"), Ezr. x. 25, which,
close to iTD^D, must needs be another of the current distortions of
^NDm^. Cp. on V. 9.
118. M D*T^^3 pl£> bni^' The versions only differ as to the verb.
TTT '•• • V
M 2 betray a religious scruple (cp. Geiger, Urschrift^ 321) ; G e imply
yyO' This is plausible, but produces a mere gloss on y)V pK^Q, and a
very poor one, for it repeats ^/pl£^, and gives the vague D'7^^ for yTD
(perhaps ^^ was intended). The psalmist is so careful about
parallelism that we are bound to suppose a great accident to the text —
not greater, however, than has occurred often elsewhere. Read 7^^1
0^*2?^ tCTlp ; transposition and confusion of letters ; 3 in ^D\"T lost.
Loefrs yik^ for D^X2 is impossible ; independently, I had at first
thought of ^D*T^^2l. Gr. has already suggested D^SN^, but 2 evidently
represents S)» and we need a parallel to 1^;^^.
124, 126. M JJ^^in. 'A v/ii/^^o-ai', 2 e E fViyvf^iyo-av, as if l^^n, with
reference to the marriage- songs. Cp. Talm. )X7i^T\ * a wedding.' So
T •
Wellh. 'undoubtedly.' More naturally (cp. Gr.) G has €7r fpOri<rav ; J
{fumo) luxit\ i.e. ^^^>n.— M ™>3ni=), rightly; so 2 T. But G J S
• •• T V : •
roOSi'^ . So Duhm, Yiho asks why the widows and the virgins should
not have wept. Because under the oppressive sense of Yahwe's anger
26 THE PSALMS.
all religious ceremonies would be suspended (Jer. xvi. 4-9, Job
xxvii. 15?).
128. M ]^-JD pilJlO. G K€Kpaina\riKais t( otvov ; J post crapulam
vini. Tg XX\>^ncr\^ suggesting •Yl^j^JPID (Gr.). But the corruption is
not fully accounted for. To heal it, we 'must dig deeper. Read certainly
HD^iijlD liy^, improving the parallelism and getting rid of the unseemly
figure of intoxication, lij;^ of Yahw^, as Zech. ii. 17. Perles ingeniously
but vainly defends M (AnaL 79).
129. M ")^^^^ in^^ ^. This involves a slightly veiled coarseness,
which, experience warns us, is due to corruption of the text. Even Ba.,
who considers 'ySu^ (G €U ra otriira) to refer to the wb^V of i S. v.,
supposes inconsistently that the victories of Saul and David must (some-
how) be intended. Read ^XDHl^ n^SO ^^V
135. M D^D")"1DD; G m fiovoKtpan^p (so J). Street D^0T1D3 (Job xvi.
19, XXV. 2, cp. xxxi. 2); Hitz., D^DnDD ; Bick. DI'^DD. None of these
readings are satisfactory. In xxxvi. 7 a the divine righteousness is
probably compared to Mt. Jerahmeel (|| * the great deep'). Probably
here too either ^l«iDm^, or some popular distortion of that name, such
as T^/'D")n , should be read.
:v
139 f- J^n'pDOD and Tvhv ^Hl^D both represent D^t^NOm^D- t»S,
like ]^S, probably comes from ^NyDtt^^ ; so too perhaps even in i S.
xvi. 1 1, 19, xvii. 34, and Gen. xxxvii. 2. Cp. on ]y2{, /. 20.
144. M /T1313/131 cannot go with V3D. From Gen. xx. 5 we see
that ]Vp331 must have been the original reading, p and /I, ^ and 2
have been confounded ; transposition of the letters accounts for nearly all
the rest. The final /I was added under the impression that the corrupt
form before the scribe (which must have ended with *)) was a fern, plural
forni, and that the mark of abbreviation had fallen out. Montfaucon
represented S as giving Kara ttjv KaBapiorrjra ra^v X' ovtov, but Field
questions the accuracy of this.
PSALM LXXIX.
1 RIMETERS, but the appendices are in tetrameters. It is a psalm of complaint
on the defilement of the temple, the destruction of Jerusalem, and the slaughter of
many of the pious around the capita], after which comes a prayer for vengeance.
We are somewhat reminded of Ps. Ixxiv. (cp. v. 5 with Ixxiv. i, 10), but quite as
much of Ps. xlii.-xliii. (cp. v. 10 with xlii. 4, &c.), and one interpolator has
introduced (as v. 4) a passage from Ps. xliv. {v, 13 ; cp. Ixxx. 7), while another
(w. 6 f.) has copied Jer. x. 25. All these passages relate to the same period,
though not to the same part of the period, viz. that of the N. Arabian oppression
of Judah. Certainly Pss. Ixxiv.t^^ and Ixxix. are not in all points parallel. In the
former the temple is destroyed ; in the latter, it is onl/* defiled. In Ps. Ixxiv.,
moreover, notning is said of the bloodshed round about Jerusalem. In the
PSALM LXXIX. 27
original fonm of Ps. Ixxix. the word used for the enemies of Judah may have been,
not D^IHCn], but D^^i^Dm* , or the like. The later editors of the psalms
sought to efface historical colouring which no longer conduced to edification.
In 7. 7 it may be possible to restore the ethnic name. For a probable view of the
real or supposed historical occasion of the psalm, see on Ps. Ixxx.
Marked: of Asaph, i
1 O Yahwfe ! the heathen have entered thine inheritance,
They have defiled thy holy temple,
They have made Jerusalem heaps +of stones+.
They have given the dead bodies of thy servants 2
As food to the birds of the heaven,
The flesh of thy loyal ones to the wild beasts ;
[The Edomites] have shed their blood 3
Like water round about Jerusalem,
And there is none to bur}'' [their corpses], ^
10 How long, O Yahwfe ! [wilt thou hide thyself] ? 5
Wilt thou be angry at thy loyal ones ?
Will thy jealousy burn like fire ?-
Remember not the guilty acts of our princes ! 8
Let thy compassions quickly come to meet us,
For we have come down very low [we have come down].
Help us, O God who art our succour, 9
Because of the honour of thy name,
And cancel thou our sins !
Rescue us because of thy name ;
20 Why should the heathen say, 10
Where is [Yahwfe] their God ?
Mayest thou avenge on the heathen in our sight
The blood of thy servants that is shed !
• • • * *
' We are become a ^.mark for^. insult to our neighbours,
For derision and mockery to those round about us (v, 4).
^ Pour out thy wrath, upon the nations that know thee not, | and on the
kingdoms that call not on thy name : | for they have devoured Jacob, | and made
his dwelling desolate {yv, 6, 7).
28 THE PSALMS.
Appendix I.
Let the sighing of the prisoner come before thee, 1 1
Thy might being great, loose those that dwell in gloom ;
And pay our neighbours back sevenfold into their lap 1 2
The insults which they have put upon thee, O Yahwfe !
Appendix 11.
And we, thy people, the flock that thou tendest, 13
Will give thee thanks [O Yahwfe] for ever,
Will tell out to all generations thy deeds of renown.
1-3. The writer of i Mace. vii. 16 f. 93, 104). The application was ren-
found in w. 2 f. (how read ?) an dercd possible by the effacing of
anticipation of the massacre of sixty the references to Jerahroeelites and
leading Asidoeans (Dn^DTf) by Al- Edomites (see introd.). Elegies like
cimiis (see Etu, Bib,, *Alcimus'). this always can be applied to parallel
The quotation is introduced by 6 circumstances. Cp. the lamentation
ypd^as ; the Syriac inserts * the pro- of the priests of Uruk (Erech) over the
phei/ perhaps assuming, like Theodore desolation of their city and temple
of Mopsuestia, that the psalm refers to about 228$ B.C. (Maspero, Struggle of
Maccatxean times, but that the psalmist t^e Aaiiofts, 37 ; Pinches, Bab. and
spoke prophetically in the character of Or. Record, Dec., 1886, pp. 22 f.).
nejews of the early Maccaba:an age. It ^^t^. — /-t
has been asked whether orno (following 4-^' ^p. Dt. xxvni. 26, Jer. vii.
the Greek text) the writer of 2 Mace. 33» xvi. 4. xxxiv. 20.
quotes the passage as a Scriptu.e. Of ^^^^^ ^ j^^^j^, i, 10 ; also xiii.
course, he found Ps. Ixxix. m the ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ _,6, Cp. Neh.
Psalter, but what has this to do with j^J ^ ^ ^' ^
its date ? It is also true that the same • ' •J'*'
historian indirectly applies vv. i and 3 20 f. Cp. xiii. 4, &c., cxv. 2,
to the earlier cruelties of the Syrian Joel ii. 17.— Appendix i. Cp. cii. 21.
Greeks in the time of Mattathias (OP, — Appendix 2. Cp. Ixxiv. i (flock).
Critical Notes. Verse 4 comes from xliv. 13 ; verses 6, 7, from Jcr.
X. 25 (see introd.).
7. Metre requires an insertion, such as D^D'Th^ , which may easily
have fallen out before or after UCH •—9. Similarly here we may insert
DmilB- I^ written '^^13 , this may have dropped out after •13p.
10. Insert "l/IDi^ (Ixxxix. 47).— 13, 15. In /. 13 omit ^^ (so Du.),
and in /. 15 insert a second Jlj^l. ^'^ seems to be a misplaced
fragment of IJ^T. DOtC^l^*^ is inappropriate here ; Israel had sins of its
own to get forgiven {v. 9). Read ^y^^D (or ^i^^H).
19' IT'^^iim is misplaced in M ; metre gains by transposition
(so Du.).
21. Insert 7\\\V, which fell out after n*K, but was (perhaps) restored
from marg. after '7M, but became corrupted into the very improbable
PSALM LXXX. 29
22. Duhm reads Up^ (for M's IV2pi) on account of the masc. verb
yiV . But there is a better solution of the problems, jni^ comes from
mrP, which belongs to /. 21 (see note), and JlDp3 is probably a cor-
ruption of D'ipin ; Dp3 with 2, as Judg. xv. 7, &c.
App. I, /. 2. For IJlin read ^fST} (cxivi. 7^), with S T, Bn., Kau.,
We., Herz, and for TMVDD ^^2 "read JIIO^S ^JDICT. HmOJI is
suspicious. See cvii. 10, and cp. on cii. 21.
PSALM LXXX,
1 Ri METERS. A beautiful specimen of parallelism. The psalmist appeals for
divine help against the N. Arabian oppressors (//. 4, 27 f., ^5 f.), who have as it
were rent asunder and burned the flourishing vine, or (/. 32) oak, of Israel.
Ps. Ixxx. is parallel to Pss. xlii., xliv.C>, Ixxxix.**', and to Isa. Ixiii. 7 — Ixiv. 11 (see
on z>zf. 6, 7, 13, 15). The arguments as to date, drawn from certain readings of
M, naturally fall to the ground if these are incorrect. The psalm was neither
written during Pharaoh-necoh's occupation of Judah (Gr&tz), nor in the early
Maccabaean period by a Jewish-minded Samaritan (Hitz., Gesch.^ 3^7). Nor is it
a tenable view that w. 2-4 are derived from a pre-exilic psalm used by northern
Israelites in the temple of Bethel ( Peters, y.5Z, 1893, p. 59) • It is also needless,
on our view of the text, to put w, 13 f. after w. 15 f. (so Bickell), or ». 17 after
V. 14 (so Schroder and Hupfeld). It is possible that there were changes in the
attitude of the leading N. Arabian power towards the Jews — that the king mis-
called Evil-merodach really permitted a number of captives to return, and, in
conjunction with those Jews who had never been carried into exile, to rebuild the
temple, and constitute something like a Jewish state, and further that fresh
politicsd difficulties supervened, followed by fresh calamities, which are described
in Pss. xliv.(^>, Ixxiv., Ixxix., Ixxx., Ixxxiii. If we could make this reasonably
certain, it would be the easiest explanation of the language of these psalms. But it
is barely possible that the psalmist throws himself back by imagination into the
time when, as we know for certain, Jerusalem was destroyed, and its inhabitants
slain or carried captive, so that all that is real {i.e. not imagined) in the psalms
would be the strong passion of resentment against the N. Arabians, which was still
kept alive by continued acts of N. Arabian oppression (cp. on Pss. xlii.-xliii.).
Deposited. Of the Ishmaeiites, Of'Arab-ethan. Of Asaph, i
I O Shepherd of Israel ! cause +thy face+ to shine, 2
Let thy splendour shine forth from Zion,
O Cherubim-enthroned One ! do thou punish
The sons of Jerahmeel and Missur. 3
Stir up thy heroic might,
And come to succour us !
O Yahwfe [Sebaoth], refresh us ! 4
Cause thy face to shine, and we shall be succoured !
O Yahwfe Sebaoth ! how long 5
10 Wilt thou reject the prayer of thy servants ?
30 THE PSALMS.
Thou feedest us with wormwood for bread, 6
And givest us tears of gall to drink :
Thou makest us a scoff for our neighbours, 7
Our enemies jeer at us,
O Yahwfe Sebaoth, refresh us ! 8
Cause thy face to shine, and we shall be succoured !
A vine didst thou transplant from Misrim, 9
Thou didst expel the nations and set it :
Thou didst clear the ground before it, 10
20 It took root, and filled the land :
The mountains were covered with its shadow, 1 1
The cedars of God with its branches ;
It sent forth its tendrils to the sea, 12
And its shoots to the river.
Why hast thou broken down its fences, 13
So that all that go by lay it bare ?
Jerahmeel tramples it down, 14
Cush and Asshur break it.
Look +down+ from heaven, and behold, 1 5
30 And take notice of the vine of thy possession.
And the garden which thy right hand planted, 16
And the oak which thou madest strong for thyself.
They have burned it with fire, they have torn it ; 17
At a threat from thy mouth let them perish !
Let thy hand be against Asshur and Jerahmeel, 18
Against the sons of Edom and Missur !
[Refresh us,] and we will not swerve from thee ; 19
Revive us, and we will call upon thy name !
O Yahwfe Sebaoth, refresh us ! 20
40 Cause thy face to shine, and we shall be succoured !
I. O Blieplierd of Israel. 15 (Isa. xxxvii. 16) ; cp. Enc, Bib.^
See xxiii. I, Ixxviii. 52, Gen. xlviii. 15, 'Cherub,' § 4.— 11-14. See crit. notes,
and cp. Ass. r^/a, 'shepherd, * ruler' ^^ ^ ^ ^^^ allegorical picture of
(properly a participle). nV*! in Gen. Israel as a vine ; cp. Isa. iii. 14, v. 1-7,
xlix. 24 is probably corrupt (see * Bless- \^^\}}' 2i» Hos. x. i. Among the pecu-
ings on Asher, Naphthali and Joseph,' l»arities of the vine, the psalmist was
" ^ It— /. struck by its capacity for bearing trans-
PSBA, June, 1899).— 2. y^BIH of plantation. The history of Israel.
Yahw^'s appearance in glory, xii. 6 (?), according to him, begins in Egypt
1. 2, xciv. I, Dt. xxxiii. 2.-3. Cherw (or rather D"'")i{D . * Misrim,' cp.
bim^auhromd one, 1.^. seated on the Hos. xi. i). Cp'.'i«^. Bib,, ' Vine.'
(heavenly) throne which is guarded by
the cherubim. So xcix. i, 2 K. xix. 21-24. Do the ' mountains' represent
PSALM LXXX. 31
the soathern, the ' cedars of God ' (cp. vcS/y, is doubtful ; the words may have
the * cedars in the garden of Elohim/ arisen out of a corrupt various rcnder-
Ezek. xxxi. 8, and see on Ps. xxxvi. 7) ing of the preceding figure (see Klost.
the northern frontier ? If so, the 's^a' ad he). And the text of IxviiL 31
is the Mediterranean, and the river being corrupt (see note), we cannot
the Euphrates, Le, the W. and E. refer to it in justification of the reading
boundaries.— 25 f. Cp. Ixxxix. 41a, 42a. * the wild boar from the Nile.' Pro-
27 f. See crit. note. There is no bably, therefore, it is correct to say
valid reason why an oppressor of the that the wild boar is nowhere referred
Jews should not have been likened to to in the canonical O.T. (cp., however,
a wild boar (cp. Adonis and the wild Nestle, Marginalien^ 18).
boar). In 4 Esd. xv. 30 the Csr-
monians are compared to *■ wild boars 29. Cp. Isa. Ixiii. 15. — ^31 f. Garden.
of the forest' ; in Eth. Enoch Uxxix. Cp. Isa. li. 3, Iviii. 11. — Oak, Cp. Isa.
72, by * wild boars ' the Samaritans Ixi. 3, * that they might be called
appear to be meant. Whether in 2 S. -«^«»^ «U%«a ^. -Y<t«%^ . c
xVir8 we are justified in foUowing G, Pl?'3 T^--34. myj ; cp. ix. 6,
which inserts kxCL &s 5f rpax*1o. iv r^ xviii. 16, Ixxvi. 7, civ. 7.
Critical Notes, i. HTTMH (preceded by Pase^). The context is
against this. Read Hl^lin ; cp. lines 8, 16, 4a
T • T
2. M t)DV ]5i2{3 3ni • But where is the imperative required by the
parallelism ? And is it certain that 'Joseph' can be a synonym for * Israel'
(see on Ixxvii. 16, Ixxxi. 5 f.)? Read ySV ]V^D TD?^ » ^ dropped (as if
dittographic), y and D confounded (as often).
3 f. The verse division produces an opening tristich, which is
metrically wrong. ny^BIH is plainly corrupt. So also is Q^")3M ^JS)^
rro^DI 1D'»M1 (PaseV after D^'^^^^). Why do Ephraim, Benjamin, and
Manasseh receive such a prominent place? Is it because of the
proselytes from Galilee (cp. 2 Chr. xv. 9, and see Bertholet, Stellunir^
178)? But should we not expect rather Zebulun and Naphthali (d?y^
148) ? Or is it a result of the pan-Israelitish sentiment of the Persian
period (OP^ l,c,) ? But if so, why is Judah left out ? The key is furnished
by Ix. 9, where * Ephraim ' and * Manasseh ' conceal names unfamiliar to
the later scribes. ]D*^2 does not occur in that passage, but ]^D^ (of
which the 10^32 of the text is an expansion) is a pretty common cor-
ruption of 7KDnT (i S. ix. I, Ac). Who the foes of Israel were, we
know from Ps. Ixxxiii. and many other psalms. Read, therefore,
"VJIJD^ ^^OTT. ^¥?^- Q^"^9^ ^^ 10^D3] are variants ; underneath
both'lies ^WOIT)^ .'"^Iq^ is found in some MSS. (de R.). '^yn should
probably be nn^D^H .
7. For DwK restore, of course, mn*, and insert m^^22^ (//. 15,
39). See on lix. 6.
10. M TOV /1^S)/12l i^^t^ ; the perfect as in Ex. x. 3, xvi. 28,
Hab. i. 2. But (i) the elliptical use of ]lCfy (contrast Ixxiv. i, Dt. xxix.
19), and (2) the idea that Yahwfe could be angry at the prayer of the
pious community (Isa. i. 15 is, of course, not parallel), are intolerable.
Hence Lag., Now. (?) read 7110^33 . But HJD^S) occurs nowhere else in
Pss., and elsewhere no use is made of the idea of the ' escaped ones of
32 THE PSALMS.
Israel.' The chief error lies in the verb, which should be VK^i^ (Lam. ii.
6) ; transposition and slight corruption. Omit 2 before '9/1 ; it was
prefixed to help the sense after the verb had become corrupted. For a
parallel see /. I2. For ^Dy read probably f^Ziy, or rather ^H^JJ (for
both see G).
1 1 f. Read suffixes of i plur. (G 2, Gr., Du.)— M Ty^iy^ . In itself
possible enough (cp. xlii. 4, Job iii. 24, where read ^9 7)1 but here unsuitable
(see /. 12). Jer. ix. 14, xxiii. 15 guide us in correcting both lines. In /. 11
read ,13^^.— M )^^^ J1^yDT3. Read tt^ji") JliyO^. On the prefixed
3, see on /. 10. Nearly so Gratz (he retains 2). Del., in commentmg on
'^'hVy involuntarily shows how unlikely the word is. Cp. also P. Haupt.
13 f. M ]^nD. Read li^D (Lag., Now., Bevan, J.ofPJtiL, 1889, 144 ;
cp. xliv. 15) ; I^jl") is unnecessary.— M ioS. Read JjjS (G S J, Houb.,
Kenn., Gr., Du.).
15. M 'yi D^n^K- '^^< is carelessly substituted for mn^ (but
cp. Kon. § 285^).
26. M |"TJ")^^^. But * pluck it' is an unsuitable sense. S interprets
* tread it down ' \v^- But clearly n^*)jn is intended.
27. M niJDD"JD% for 'ODD^? See OP 478, and Kon. i. 202. The
vss. paraphrase. G eXu/ii/vaTo avTy\v (cp. Acts viii. 3) ; T njn^lJ^- DDD
occurs again in Ezek. xliv. 20 (of hair), and is not the right word. Read^
with Herz, HiJDDT. The D in 'D^ is dittographed (-f-)7).— M ^^m
"ly^O . The y suspensum in •^JT has been much discussed. Was the j;
omitted by accident and replaced above the line? Or had the text
originally TD, which might mean either ly^^D or •^^i!lD. There is
indeed a Talmudic statement (Kidduskin 30a) that the y suspensum
stands in the middle of the Psalter. But Wayyikra ralba 13 and the
Midrash corroborate the view that there was a variant ■)^i^D, and
Pesahim \iU affirms that TOP JITI (Ixviii. 31) and "^li^O i^'tn are
equivalent. See Ginsb., Introd.^ 338 ff. ; Gratz, MGWJ ^ 1874, PP-
394 ff., but also Geiger, Urschrift, 259. Gratz and Herz prefer ■)^^I»0 ,
but is it likely that the hippopotamus was ever called * the wild boar of
the Nile * ? We may even go further and question whether it is probable
that, when much nobler symbols than the wild boar were close at hand, a
psalmist would have selected this animal in preference. We, at any
rate, who have found the enemies of the Jews so constantly referred to
by ethnic names, may naturally scrutinize the text to see whether such an
ethnic does not underlie both "IJTD (■)^<^D) TTH and the still more
puzzling niC^ V\ in the second part of the same verse (14). When
examined closely, one becomes i^Dl^ and the other ")Dn (^T = D) ; in
short, both represent fragments of ^^^D^")^— M HiC^ TV. G tvo^ (B),
or /Li€(rowoy (B^), or /novcdr (^^*'•*■AR*T), aypios. Pt is too mean and too
PSALM LXXX. 33
late a word (see on 1. ii). Herz, 'Kf DID. But we expect an ethnic or
ethnics. Read probably llt^KI 0^3; >11SfSt = ■)')rTltf»= "^ni^il.— M
naip;. Readrny*i\
29 f. M 1^3 2^^ '3S DN"1^i^- Plainly 1^2 2W comes from
IJ^^il. The scribe began to write the refrain (w, 4, 8, 20). But this
was not the poet's intention. A more impassioned appeal was needed,
such as we find in the passage beginning with D^OIC^ 233!! • [So now
Duhm, who, however, omits v, 16^ as a mere variant to ?'. 18^, and
transfers t/v, ijb and 19 to Ps. Ixxix., placing the former after 7'. 7 and
the latter after t'. 13, a view with which a more thorough textual criticism
enables us to dispense.] — M J^^^T. Read ^Jl-TnM (cp. crit. note on
Ixxiv. 18).
31. M niJ3 with 3 majusculum; perhaps the original text had
some other letter, which being indistinct was erased by a corrector.
Certainly n^D is confirmed by T S J, on the supposition that it is a noun
= * plant' (so Ibn Ezra, Kim^^i) ; G also supports 3, but apparently
reads nj33 (leardprio-at am\v). But evidence for such a noun is deficient,
and the imperat. does not give a good sense. Ibn Janata rightly corrects
njD into nim (so also Gr.).
32. M 12l"7y^ . Clearly either this alone, or the whole stichus, is
wrong. £w., Bo., and Lag. suppose that v, idb is an erroneous repeti-
tion of T/. 18^ ; G inserts Diht (avBpwtov)^ harmonizing with v, \Zb (?) ; so
S and some MSS. A right view of the poetical structure, however, does
not favour this view. If 7/. 16^ is wrong, some other stichus must have
been displaced by it. But considering that "]^ n/12iD2>^ makes a very good
parallel to 'D^ nyiD3 » on condition that the preceding word is the name
of a tree (cp. Isa. xliv. 14), it is enough to suppose that p'^y (from the
corrupt V, \%b) is incorrect. Looking closely at it, we can easily detect
underlying it the very suitable word pVtft.
33 f- M rOnto, nrnD3. To suit /. 34 read Tm^y mnD3 (cp.
S), with Kenn.^Ve. ; Street, not so well, VX^'W^ TXr^2^—^ ^y^ ,
Read TpQ. So Prov. xv. 14, Kt. ^JS), but ?r. rightly ^; cp. also
Num. xxxviii. 8.
35. M Tf^Q^ ;c^ • Hitz. divines an allusion to Benjamin (cp. M's
r. 3). Such an allusion may have been fancied by the scribe or editor to
whom the present reading is due ; or he may have taken ]^D^ in the sense
of 'contract' (cp. cxliv. 8). But neither view is satisfactory. Read
certainly either ^l^Om^ itf^i^ , or (better) 'm^ «h3 O and ^ con-
founded).
36. M 1^ mai^ D1i^"12l"ba;. 'Israer called *son of man'?
Clearly ^^raO^'has comVin^'from /. 32. Read I^ISJOI D*T^* ^5^"^?i
(cp. //. 27 f.). T^ may be a fragment of ^h^Dm^ (/. 35)»
34 THE PSALMS.
37. Prefix ^Jl^tt^n (note |[ line), and for ^^D^ read perhaps ")^D3.
•• • ": T T
;i^D in Kal seems doubtful. In liii. 4 we should perhaps read ID (as
3tiv. 3), and in Pro v. xi. 14, y)02 •
PSALM LXXXI.
1 wo distinct psalm -fragments, as Olshausen first observed, are here combined,
like jewels on one thread. Both consist of trimeters. The first is a conventional,
however earnest, liturgical song of praise to Yahwe as King (cp. xlvii., xcv., &c.).
The second is a solemn protestation of Yahw^ in the tone of Deuteronomy ; see
d.,!^r, on //. 9-12, 23 f. There is an equally rhetorical passage in Mic vi. 1-6,
where, according to the most probable and defensible text (see Crit. Bid,), the
early subjugation of the Jerahmeelites (in the Negeb and in Canaan proper) is
referred to, certainly not for an ornamental purpose, but with a view to point a
moral. The warning against foreign gods in v. 10 is no reason for assigning
Ps. Ixxxi., with Baethgen and Kirk pal rick, to the last years of the kingdom of
Judah. The imitative character of both parts of the psalm is enough to forbid
this. In zm. 14 ff. we even find the psalmist imitating Isa. xlviii. 17-19, which is
itself probably a late insertion {/n/r. Is. 302 ; cp. Marti) ; i.e. he knows Isa.
xlviii. in something like its present form. It is no objection to this view that the
post-exilic Jews did walk in the * ways ' {i.e. religious laws) of Yahw^, for there is
good reason to think that Ezra by no means succeeded in putting down at once the
inveterate Jewish tendency towards heathenish practices (cp. Inir. Is. 316).
Among phraseological points, note /11*)^*)tC^ (eight times in Jer., once in Dt.).
The omission of v. i la and the transposition of v. 6b seem to justify themselves.
LXXXI. — I.
Deposited. 0/ the Ishmaeiites {}). 0/ Asaph. i
I Give acclamations to Yahwfe our Rock, 2
Shout for joy to the God of Jacob ;
Make melody to his name with the timbrel, 3
With the sweet notes of the lyre and the harp.
Blow the horn in the sanctuary, 4
Sing to Yahw^ our king ;
For he is the marshal of Israel, 5
Our judge is the God of Jacob.
3 f. Cp. cxlix. 3, cl. 3 f. — 7. For these titles of Yahw^, see Isa. xxxiii. 21 f.
Critical Notes. Ixxxi.^*) i. M^W- Read i)J")1i» (see on xxviii. 7).
3 f . M 5lh"13ri^ n^Qni^i^r . "The idioms are not Hebrew (Job
xxi. 12 is corrupt) ; WF's' translation is much too free. Read !|")3t
^h^ yO^ ' M's ^yjy\ probably arose out of a dittographed "liilD.—
M ^IITU}} -)i33. Read b2y\ "1*153 JID^WB. Cp. on cl. 4^.
vT ^ • vt: • - . J .
5 f. M I^n3 , *at the new moon ' ? G iv p€ofirjvia. In the || line M
gives nD3B(so Baer,Ginsb.). According to the Talmud (see Levy), 'D=the
V V -
PSALM LXXXI. — 2. 35
covering of the moon, />. the new moon, which produces a perfect parallelism,
but is obviously a poor guess. G cy cuo-^/i^ (favourable). Most moderns,
however, hold that 7TDD (Prov. vii. 20, KD3) means the *full moon' (cp.
'A J) ; for supposed derivation see BDB, and cp. Toy on Prov. i.c. It is
also usual to render 'n DVj? */or our feast-day.' But several points
remain very uncertain. That the poet means that the horn was to be
blown on two occasions, is the reverse of probable ; that HDD is another
way of writing KM is unproved ; the reference of I^H is obscure ;
and against the proposed rendering of TT DV^ we may refer to Hos.
ix. 5, Prov. vii. 20. Lines 5 and 6 must be corrupt. Let us take each
part separately. Plainly (see vv. 2 f.) we have before us in tti/. 2-5 a
fragment of an * accession- psalm' (cp. Pss. xlvii., xcv., &c.); and not less
plainly, w. 4, 5 are not appropriate for such a poem. The remedy is not
far to seek. For "IBW Wm2 read ^^2 "ISVit^ (cp. cl. i). And what
V - T
of riDDZl ? V22 represents a dittographed IC^lpH ; H should be attached
to vb which follows. V does double duty. First, it represents ^^ , so
producing 17 /H • Next, it is also a fragment of HIH^ ; perhaps it arose
out of ^^ , an abbreviation of the Tetragrammaton. The final O in OV?
(final letters established themselves but slowly) should be connected with
132in , so producing I^^HD , i-^- ^J3 /D » a word which could not fail to
occur in this context.
7 f. M N^n ^l^"lto^^ ph ^3 . The reference of l^n is obscure
(see Hupf.-Now.), and\ow can bti^V'* be || to 2py* ^nbl^b ? What we
expect is a glorification of Yahw^. Remembering Isa. xxxiii. 21 (and
Ps. Ixviii. 27, corr. text) emend pfl into pphD-— M l^BpD- Read
nj:OS)'«t^ (Isa. xxxiii. 22); = 1^.— M Nl^l*'?. "Omit first '^^((iittogr.).
LXXXL — 2.
I I released thee from the hand of Ishmael, 6a
I brought thee out of the land of Misrim ;
I delivered thee from the toils of Ishmael, 7
From the snare of Mis^ur and the Arabians.
Thou didst call in trouble, and I rescued thee, 8
Amidst issuing lightnings I answered thee :
Thou didst prove me at the waters of Meribah ;
Thou didst open thy mouth wide, and I filled it. ua
Hear, O my people ! and I will warn thee ; 9
10 O Israel, if thou wouldst hearken unto me !
Let no strange god be in thee, 10
Do not thou worship any foreign god.^
^ I am Yahw^ thy God, who brought thee out of the land of Misrim (z^. iia)-
36 THE PSALMS.
But my people hearkened not to my voice, 12
Israel was not compliant unto me ;
So I let them go in the obstinacy of their heart, 1 3
That they might walk in their own counsels.
Oh that my people would hearken unto me, 14
That Israel would walk in my ways !
Right soon would I subdue his enemies, 1 5
20 And turn my hand against his foes.
Those that hated him would seek him eagerly, 16
And would become his servants (?) for ever.
From those of Jerahmeel would I rescue him, 1 7
From Missur and Zephath would I deliver them.'
1-4. There is a contrast between 16, 18, Hab. iii. 4.— Af^r/^o^, &c. See
the ancient deliverance from Miflrim Ex. xvii. 1-7.
and the present long-continued Misrite ^ _, ^^ r»f „ , ., /i?.. ^^ ^\
oppression, (cp.. . ll 19-24). - Toils, ^. ^7",,,%?^o ' ^ ^ ^^'
sfuxre. Cp. xviii. 6. cxxiv. 7, &c. ^^' ^ '» ^^^' '5 20.
lihmael^ &c. Cp. Ixxvii. 16, Ixxx. 3. 13-16. Imitated from Jer. vii. 24.
The received text (G nearly agrees) — 17 f- Cp. Isa. xlviii. 17-19.
gives, *I removed his shoulder from 21, Cp. xviii. 45. On M'sltt^HD*
basket,' which is taken to be a vivid nuance of hypocrisy. But it is some-
description of the change from servitude thing that the nations affect submission,
to freedom. See, however, crit. note. and these lying flatteries are only a
— F. 6^ in M G has no connexion. stronger proof of the power of Him
Hence 01. supposed a lacuna in the who imposes them ' {La HitSraiure des
text. But see crit. note on /. 7. pauvres, p. 97). See, however, crit.
note. — 23 f. Corresponding to //. 3 f.
6-8. &ifflitiiliiffs. Cp. Ex. xix. See crit. note.
Critical NoUs. Ixxxi.^^ i. M toto 5]Dirr2 I JI^ITy. Note the
warning Pase]^ after 'y. If the whole of Ps. Ixxxi. is really one psalm,
jnnjj (if correct) will naturally refer either to the * day of our feast,' or
to the precept of the * blowing of the horn ' (v. 4). Gratz renders, * as the
festival-time he appointed it in (Judah) and Joseph/ comparing cxxii. 4,
^N")tC^^ nny , which he renders, * an assembly for Israel.' Both here
and in cxxii. 4, however, JXHy , if right, ought to mean * law.' But is
there any sound evidence that it does mean * law.' Then, what is to be
said of C)Din'2 ? Resolved verbal forms like 'IfT are very suspicious
(see on xxviii. 7), nor can ' Joseph ' be a designation of the entire people
of Israel (cp. Enc, Bib., col. 2582, note 2). Gratz would read
5|DV[T n"n]n^2 . ^>. in S. and N. Israel. But if the poet had meant to
speak of S. Israel as * Judah ' and N. Israel as * Joseph,' he would have
distributed these names in two parallel lines. It would be better to read
ITDlCfrT nttto"T2 Any, at least on the assumption that we may keep
* [From] Zephath [and] Jerahmeel would I deliver them {v, 6b).
PSALM LXXXI. — 2. 37
DTiy f explaining it of the admonition beginning, *Hear, O my people'
<see Enc, Bt'fi., Lc). Certainly the resemblance (noticed by ?lin^^O
between "\y\ 1/1^2^2 and Gen. xli, 45 cannot be held to prove that
'Joseph' is here referred to. It is, however, at least as easy and
decidedly more natural to take a hint from zn'. 7, 8, and look beneath the pre-
sent text of z/. 6a for a statement of Yahw^'s great deliverance of his people
in the olden times, and to read ^MyOtC^^ "PO ^'JIHSl (cp. Mic. vi. 4, CriL
Bid.), n in 5]Din^ niay represent, not merely T , 'but ^1 , and cjpv (as
probably in Ixxvii. 16, Mic. vi. 4) come from ^NiyDK^ • lOlC^, as in
numerous parallel cases, may be a fragment of a correction of the
preceding false reading, />. = 'Dl^^
2. M Dn^^o y-)«-^y iji«2in. g j t (ait.) '^^ Pnd; so
Dathe. The MSS. of Pesh. vary (see Barnes, J, of TheoL 5/.,"ii. 191
[1901]). y^h^O is surely right; '\X^y may have arisen from a remi-
niscence of Gen. xli. 45. '2^2 should probably be ^/IX^^fT (f was
indicated by a stroke). M adds yDty^* ^i^JH^'ji^ J19to , "l hear (or,
heard) an unknown discourse * (cp. Baumann*, Hebr. Relaiivsdise^ 39), or
* the discourse of one unknown.' Duhm, * when he (Jacob- Joseph) had
gone to Egypt, (and) heard a language which he did not understand '
(reading 7X and yDlC^^ ; cp. G, yXwo-o-ai^ i\v oIk cyi'o) iJKov<Ttv), He com-
pares cxiv. I, Ty^ qj^D . * living among a people with a foreign language
was bad for Israel's religion.' But see crit, note on cxiv. i. Remember-
ing that glosses and variants not seldom get into the text, sometimes a
good way off from the passage to which they refer, we may read —
UTtrk SxDHTO ra^O, a variant to /. 28 (v, lyb), Cp. ^JI^T ^^t> in
XXXV. 11^.
3. M *IDDl£> *?3DD ^DiTDn. A somewhat strained expression,
: • V -:
and the more doubtful on account of /. 4. In this context it is plain
that byO (cp. ^3?^N) comes from t>l<i»D\2;^ . ^'0'2V might come from
ttfSD'l , but more probably we should transpose, and read 'DtC^^ tt^DO ;
'on should perhaps be ^iiy^H .
4. M n^niy/n T^ID V93. VSD cannot be right. We should
expect VS)jn3 (II lODlC^). The ambiguous word T)^ is also very im-
probable. The usual theory is that a basket for carrying clay to the
brick-kiln is meant. But why is nothing said of the brick-making?
Some MSS. and edd, have ^T\72 • Probably 'TD comes from ll^i^ , a
name which the editors often do their best to efface. To produce a good
parallelism read D*3")in "11-^0 HBD .
I* r-;
6. M UV^ 1J1D3» *in the covert of thunder,' />. *in a storm-
cloud'? See xviii. 12, where, however, such a phrase is more natural
than here. Read DV"^!! /l^<2i3 (p and y confounded). Cp. Hab. iii. 4.
38 THE PSALMS.
7 f. M Tl3^3^^ . Surely we require ^^^nnn .—Read ^9 jnnmrr
'7i2H^ . — y- 8, end. nTO. as in Ixxvii. i6, Ac, may represent WDHT,
a correct gloss on H^HD (Meribath-kadesh=r Jerahmeel-kadesh).
12. M G insert, as v, iia, the greater part of Ex. xx. 2 (Dt. v. 6).
This spoils the structure of the poem, and the passage reads better
without it.
21 f. Read VW\ra (so too Du.), and for ^W^y read ryrW\ (see
on xviii. 45).— M D^V^ DDy '••T1 (so too G). A reference to Israel
is altogether out of place. Herz and Dubm (after S) read Di^H, * their
terror' (?); Gratz, OniTN . Surely the corruption lies deeper.. One
expects VT^ VH^I . liut this is a bare possibility.
23 f. M niarr a^rrO nn^Dgn. a very improbable change of
person. Hence Houbr, likthe/Def., Bi., Che.<", Ba., Kau. read 'D^<^J^ ;
Duhm, 'D^KI; while G S give 3rd pers. in both a and d. But the
difficulty lies* deeper. Can *the fat of wheat ' (cxlvii. 14, WJSn TT)
possibly be right.? In Dt. .xxxii. 14 (M) the phrase becomes *the fat of
kidneys of wheat.' Worse and worse. Corruption is the cause of it, as
shown in Crit, Bib.^ ad loc. In the passage before us we should read
[JIDPD] ^KDm^D ^rr;^/^n»l, where jnDyO is a variant to ^KOniV
There are few better specimens of the quaint ingenuity of the editors in
dealing with corrupt readings, and few more cogent disproofs of the
theory that the simplest emendations are always the best.— M 112JD^
rm^2toNJ "^y^ . I MS. de R. has Cji^^jq , and 01., Lag., Dy., Gr.,
Brustbn, Nowack, Wellh., adopt this (cp. Prov. xvi. 24). On the other
hand Ba. and Du. invoke the || passage, Dt. xxxii. 13. But surely this
passage is deeply corrupt (see CriL Bib.\ and a keener methodical
criticism compels us in our passage to read py^lt^Ji JISS^ 1^2{QD.
This is confirmed by v, 6^, a variant to v. 17b, under which the original
text can clearly be discerned. Wellh.'s note {Skizzen, vi. 179) seems to
miss the main point.
PSALM LXXXII.
1 Ri METERS (except the appendix, which consists of two telrameters). The
traditional text suggests that Yahwe, the supreme head of the assembly of the
heavenly ones, has summoned the angels (conventionally called the * divine ones '
and * the sons of the Most High ') to hear an expostulation and a warning of the
gravest import. The charge brought against these patron-angels of the nations is
that they nave (in the persons oT their human subordinates) committed acts of
such gross violence and injustice that the moral bases of the earth are shaken.
Unable to answer the charge, they are threatened with the one great evil common
to princes and peasants alike among their human subjects. In Isa. xxiv. 21 f. the
celestial patrons of the earthly kingdoms are represented as 'visited* {i.e,
punished) for their offences ; it would be in harmony with this that when the
tyrannical earthly kingdoms were overthrown, their heavenly patrons should, like
PSALM LXXXII. 39
the transgressing inhabitants of the mountain of the gods (Isa. xiv. 14 f., Ezek.
xxviii. x6), be expelled from the divine abode and suffer th'e punishment of death
(see /'j.d J, 229 f.; OP^ 1 20 ; Smend, A T Rel.'geschS-\ 45 1 ) ; cp. Ps. Iviii. It would
be strange, however, that the conception of the patron-angels of kingdoms should
appear only in two of the psalms, and a keen criticism disallows its right of
existence. The judges so severely chastised are human judges ; they are oppres-
sive Jewish rulers * of the down-trodden pious Jews, who show that they deny
Vahw^ by rejecting the fundamental precepts of his law, and, as other psalms
enable us to add, by acting in concert with still more powerful oppressors of non-
Jewish origin (cp. xciv. 3-7). Yahw6 solemnly calls them to account for this,
declares them to be D v33 , 'impious ones* (= deniers of God) and *sons of
Belial,' and threatens them with a violent death in the very land from which their
leaders in wickedness came. Summing up the offences of these men as ' profana-
tion * of Yahwe, a liturgical appendix calls upon Yahwe to cany out the great
final Messianic judgment. Cp. Ps. xiv., where Yahw6 is said to * look down from
heaven ' on the oppression of his people (without any reference to patron-angels).
Marked, Of Asaph. i
I Yahwfe stands in the assembly of Israel,
He judges the league of the impious :
* How long will ye judge unjustly, 2
And show Y)artiality to the wicked ?
Judge the down-trodden and the orphan, 3
Do justice to the sufferers and the needy,
Deliver the helpless and the poor, 4
Snatch them from the grasp of the wicked.'
They neither perceive nor give attention, 5
10 They go about Avith deeds [of violence],
*****
All the foundations of the earth are tottering.
*+This+ I declare — that ye are impious ones, 6
And workers of utter ruin are ye all ;
Surely in Edom shall ye die, 7
In Jerahmeel, O ye wicked ! shall ye fall. '
Liturgical Appendix,
Arise, O Yahwfe ! judge the earth, 8
18 For thou art profaned among all the traitors.
I f. The * league of the impious* Ixxiv. 2); this agrees with xxvi. 4 f.,
is here represented as a section of 1. 18, lii. 3. Impiety may be shown in
. . . , CI 1 * /-• j-i-»»» different ways ; here, it is exhibited by
the 'as.sembly of Israel (^n^lj, acts of judicial injustice.
' Unless, indeed, we suppose that 7^^^l£^^i^ v. i is mis written for ^KyDiC^^
(Ishmael), an error which has now and then occurred.
40 THE PSALMS.
3. Bow long. The cry of the community (cp. xciv. 5 f.).— 17 f. The
impatient Yahw^ (cp. Ex. x. 3, xvi. 28, appendix is recognized by Duhm and
Num. XIV. II, 27). -5-8. The terms Gnmm (Li'/ur^. App,, 19), though its
'orphan, &c., represent the Jewish purport is not quite correctly stated.
Ctiiical Notes, i f. M ^JJ'/Tiyi . Read probably SKTCf^-/)Tj;3 .
Cp. Hos. X. 15, *?K no, G oSof rou*'7«r/)ai;X.— M O^H^K i^p2 • Read
probably D\^3p 13n . The initial 2 in nnp3 may perhaps represent
n in D^*?3y~5- M' I?'^. Read probably •sf '7 ; so Gr., cp. x. 18. ^
follows in /. 7. ^ ''
10. M HDl^^nn. Read [DDH] '•IC^yDa. Similar correction in
Ixxiv. 20.
13 f. M DT1*?^<• Read D^*?:i3 (/. 2).-M ]V^V 1^3!). Read
^T^;i ^33 (cp. Iviii. 3^0. '^' •'
i5f. No poet would have written thus. M DTNS . Read D*TN2.
Less obvious is DHIiaD (cp. on xlix. 13).— M Dni'rt THNS • beer,
D^If^Krr ; G. Margoliouth {Acad,, March 18, 1893) and Duhm', Dn:^'."!.
Read probably D^y^n *?KDmO (written 'HTl .').
18. M D;'i:)rr^D^ t^mn. For ':n Gr., Hal., We. and Du. read
Vl^Or) 1(1) because *bra does not have 2 after it, and (2) because Israel
is Yahw^'s H^nj , not the nations. This is too bold ; Herz seems to
have a better though not a perfect suggestion. For hTMPi he would
read 7n3 ; /I he views as a virtual dittogram (H precedes). Rather read
jp^TO . Cp. Ezek. xxii. 16, ^I^TO (in a speech of Yahw^ ; see Cornill),
xxxvi. 20 (Yahw^*s name profaned).— 18. M Q^inn . Read Onillin (cp.
on ix. 6, and see G, Hab. i. 5, 01 KaTafppovrjrai = DHJ^n).
PSALM LXXXIII.
1 RIMETER. A passionate cry towards heaven in response to the words of the
foi in V. 5. The N. Arabian peoples, whose ancient names give an archaic
colouring to the poem, are represented as having combined against Israel, whom
they have resolved to sweep away from the face of the eirth. The psalmist prays
that Yahw^ will bestir himself, forit is a A^nr, not only of peoples, but of religions
(v. 3). May he destroy the enemies as in the time of Deborah and of Gideon.
Many commentators Iwth in antiquity (especially Theod. of Mops.) and in
modern times (Hiiz., Ol., Gr., Duhm) have found the occasion of our psalm in the
events related in i Mace. v. i ff. Cp. Bertholet, Stdlungy 216 ; Cheyne, OP, 98.
That the virork is of late origin, is undeniable. This appears, not so much from
the drchaistic suffixes in vi\ 12, 14, or from the appositional locution in v. 12, as
from the passionate resentment which pervades the psalm, and which presupposes
the overthow of the kingdom and the oppression which followed, and is confirmed
by the reference to early history, and by the extraordinary combination of ethnics
in vv. 7-9 (see note). If * Gebal ' is right in v, 8, it is specially corroborative of
this view, being the Arabic designation of the mountain-range of Seir, and
PSALM LXXXIII. 41
pointiDg, therefore, to the Persian and Greek period, when the Nabatsean Arabs
became masters of the land of Edom. To tnis question we shall return in the
crit. note on /. 13. There is, however, no need to seek the occasion of the psalm
among the events of the Maccabsean rising, nor indeed do we hear at that period
of a coalition of the peoples understood to be referred to in w. 7-9.' As we have
seen (on Ps. Ixxx.), there may well have been an earlier period of Jewish history,
when the expressions of this psalm were fully justified. Would that there were
external evidence justifying us in using more confident language ! Ps. ii. is in
several places parallel to our psalm, and may perhaps be regarded as an imitation.
Marked. Of Asaph. i
1 O Yahwfe ! hold not thy peace, 2
Be not still, rest not, O God !
For lo, thine enemies are in an uproar, * 3
Those that hate thee lift up their heads.
They range themselves in order against thy people, 4
And take their stand against thy poor ; '
* Come, let us extinguish them as a people, 5
And let the name of Israel be mentioned no more.'
For those of Jerahmeel have consulted, 6
10 Against thee they make a covenant,
Edom and those of Ishmael, 7
[The people of] Moab and the Hagrites,
Gebal, Ammon, and Amalek, 8
Pelesheth with the dwellers in Miesur ;
Asshur also has joined them, q
They have become allies to the sons of Peleth.
O God ! deal with them ^ as with Sisera, 10
As with Jabin at the torrent of Kishon,
Who were destroyed with none to survive them, 1 1
20 Who became as dung for the ground.
Destroy them like Oreb and like Zeeb, 1 2
Like Zebah and like Shalman extinguish them,
Who have said, * Let us take in possession 1 3
All the habitations of God.'
^ As an indication of the date of the psalm (see v, %b) Rol^ertson Smith
(OTJC^^^ 439) refers to a notice of Pseud o-Scy lax (written under Artaxerxes
Ochus) which makes Ascalon a Tyrian possession. But the correctness of the
rtading ' Ascalon ' is doubtful.
* They say.
' As with Midian.
42
THE PSALMS.
O my God ! make them as stubble,
As stalks of straw before the wind.
As fire burns up the forest,
. Or as a flame sets mountains ablaze,
So pursue them with thy storm,
30 And with thy hurricane affright them.
Fill their countenance with disgrace,
Let them be ashamed and affrighted together,
Until they desist and serve thee,
And seek thy name, O Yahwfe !
And perceive that thou — thou alone —
Art the Most High over all the earth.
H
IS
16
17a
19
I. ^b ^DT btk , as Isa. Ixii. 7.—
3. nOn , as xlvi. 4, — 6-8. Cp. Ixxiv.
//. 7, 17 f.
II fF. The list of peoples \& partly
conventional. Cp. the list in Ivi., //.
5-8, where the names are Arabians,
Asshurites, Zare))hath, Jerahmeei. In
Iv., //. 21-24, the list is longer. See
also xcii., /. 13 ; xciv.H), /. 13 f . ;
Sirach 1. 26. The last of these pas-
sages specifies three * hateful ' peoples.
For the Samaria of the Greek we
should, as most J^ree, read * Seir '
(= Edom) ; * Philistines,' i.e. Pele-
sheth, should be ' Zarephathilcs' (see
below), and Shechem (see Enc, Bib.^
*Shechem,' 2) should be *Cusham.'
The passage may or may not l)e Ben
Sira's work, but at any rate it shows
the persistent hatred of £dom and (in
* Zarephath ' and * Cusham *) the fond-
ness of late writers for archaic names.
II. Bdom. Here, at any rate,
there is no conveniionalitv. hhmael^
a synonym for * Jerahmeei.
13. Oebal. See on xiv., /. i.
The name may be an indication of date
(see introd.). But it is just possible
to connect *Gebar with *Gebalon,*
which appears (no more than this is
claimed) to be sometimes used for the
Jerahmeelite mountains. Cp. Crit.
Bib. on D^^3]in , I K. v. 32, and note
on xxix. 6. Hommel {Aufsaize, iii. i,
p. 280) doubtfully reads ^^12!!, *the
borders (of).* Amalek^ i.e. Jerahmeei.
Properly the less advanced, predatory
portion of the race is thus designated.
But the writer merely uses this archaic
name to swell the list of ethnics.
14. Veleilietli. The poet means,
not Phiiistia, but Zarephath in N.
Arabia. We keep the incorrect name
because of the shortened form Peleth
in /. 16. Pelcsheth is grouped with
Mi??ur as in Joel iv. 4 (see Crit. Bib.).
15. The troublesome Asshur (which
W. R. Smith, 0TJO'*\ 439, supposed
to refer to the satrap of Syria) is a N.
Arabian region, near Mi§§ur, otherwise
called Ash^^ur and (cp. Enc. Bib.^
* Geshur,' 2) Geshur. For other views
see OP, p. 109, notes aa and bb.^ — TAe
sotu of Peleth. The text has * the sons
of Lot* (Dt. ii. 9, 19). This would
be the only reference (but see Crit.
Bib. on Isa. xxv. 7) to Lot outside the
Pentateuch. But the reading is ques-
tionable. It is very improbable that
the poet meant to give precedence
1 It is there stated that * though " Asshur" may mean Persia, represented by
the satrap (Ezra vi. 22), it is more natural (Babylon being out of the question) to
take it as equivalent to Syria.* It is probable, however, that in Zech. x. 10 f, and
Isa. xxvii. 13, and also in Ezra vi. 22, it is neither Syria* nor Assyria, nor Persia,
that the writers meant, but a N. Arabian region called by them, archaistically,
Asshur or Ash^^ur.
PSALM LXXXIII. 43
among the confederate peoples to that they, may become convinced that
Moab and Ammon. Pele[sne]th, how- the God of the Jews is the Lord of the
ever, or Zarephath, is a qprnmon whole earth ? Hengstenberg thinks
designation in the psalms for the N. that * seeking Yahwe's name ' means
Arabian foe of the Jews. See crit. the forced subjection of those who, like
note. Pharaoh, are not able any longer to
, _. ^ . . , . , hold out against the inflictions ol God.
17 f. The poet is acquainted with Hupfcld-Nowack apparently hold that
the contents of Judg. iv ~2I f. Oreb, the utter destruction of the foe may be
&c. Sec Judg. VII. 25. viii. 4 fT. prevented by a timely recognition of
23 f. Parallel passage, Ixxiv. 8.— Yahwe's supremacy. Duhm prefers to
25 f. Cp. XXXV. 5, Isa. xvii. 13. alter W\)y into IJH^ , on the theory
25-36. Perplexity has been caused 1^^,^ J.^^i' J?i,i1^L^r t^Ji^^^Vh^
di{fiih:^£^^^^^^^ ^iefhe^re'fd^^^^ Th'at
f5f ?f ^«^^?o How !ifL Ti ^-^^^^ ^^ have taken in dealing with
1^ uTter r tpe^S^t "Z. Z ^^^ '^^^^t.^^Z^l
the true faith) seek the name of \ anwe ^:*,:«« 4^ v«u.«i. /«« :: «/%^«l Te«
{Le. apply to be admittetl to the wor- ,™tV "^J^ ^"^'^^ ^^P* "' ''^"' ^'^'
ship of Yahw^), and next that they ^''
may be put to a perpetual shame, 29. Note the recovered parallel
and even cease to exist, and, after this, in Ps. ii., /. 10.
Critical Notes. 5 f. T^D ID^TJ^* 'they hold crafty discourse
(Driver) ? Construction as in Iv. 15, 11D p^J^M (but see crit. note). It
is strange, however, that the ' uproar ' and the proud self-consciousness,
spoken of in v, 3, should lead up to a session of crafty plotters ; we need
something stronger than TID '^y^- Besides, the consultation comes in
7'. 6a. Read probably "IT^; O"}^ (cp. 2 K. xi. 8, 15). Cp. on ii. 2.— M
yiTTK"* Read 122J*ri^ ; "cp. ii. 2.— M ^^3^3^,* thy hidden (/>. protected)
ones'; cp. xxvii. 5, xxxi. 21. J, however, * arcanum tuum.' But this
does not suit the parallel, * thy people.' Nor could it be said that the
enemy persecutes Israel as ' Yahwe's protected ones ' ; Israel indeed
knows himself protected, but the enemy deems Yahwe to be practically
non-existent, and cries, * Where is thy God 1 ' What we require is
evidently ^^JV2K, cp. Ixxii. 4, Isa. iii. 15, xiv. 32.
9. M Yirr n*?. Ol., Dy., Bi., Che.(», Now., Kau., Du., ^TWk '±>
T : - •• T V ••
(i Chr. xii. 38). If so, transfer 1 to /. 10. But, apart from the question
of the text of i Chr. xii. 38, we may fairly doubt whether Tni^ 3^ is the
original reading here. Why should the unanimity of the debaters be
specially emphasized t Hence presumably Haldvy reads (for 2^) 0^3 .
But metre requires us to claim IITI^ 3^ for /. 10. It is possible and
appropriate to read D^^KOm^ ; cp. similar errors in lx.\iii. i, Ixxvi. 6,
xciv. 15, Jer. Ii. i (Leb-karnai).
II f. M inserts ^S"T{>^> which is unsuitable, and, as in many || cases
(e,^. I Chr. iv. 4i)» represents bi^Dm^, a correction of HIT 37. To
render "hrx^ * families ' is needless audacity. Before 3N1D insert Dy >
which fell out after Q^ — .
44 THE PSALMS.
14 f. M niCr^S— "IVi. Cp. on Ixxxvii. 4. For 11^ read nnjJD ;
Lagarde, 1>{^ or rn^2 • ^^ represents J1S)*)1{ . See exeg. note. —
"llll^i^ . Lagarde, needlessly, IWJji (cp. on 2 S. ii. 9).
16. M ly/r^^^b' More suitably (see exeg. note) jn^S)"^J2^ . Cp.
Ivi., /. 7, where ^% = D^E) = /IS^S .
17. n7D at the end of v. 9 comes from D*n7i^ , which should open
7/. 10. Omit ]nD3 (Du.). For Midian, see v. 12.
19. M 1ti^"Vy2l . See the full treatment of this passage in £ftc.
Bid., * Endor.' ■T*^^7"r^^a is an inadequate correction. Read THttf WV
21-24. 1D3^3 lOJl^ltf is clearly wrong. It is a weak remedy to
omit the ID in ^DJV^ (so Hu.-Now.), or even 1D3n3 (Du.). The latter
course involves bringing 10D^3"^D into /. 23, and 1J^"rW1^3 into /. 24,
and so putting a great strain on the metre. Two other words besides
'^3 'ttf must also be wrong, viz. IDD^DJ and /^^^^J. It was surely not
only the 'princes' who uttered injurious words against Yahw^ (see Ixxiv.
8, where the subject of the verb is * thine adversaries '); and it is very
doubtful whether /^^^^J could be used of Yahw^'s sanctuaries. The
parallelism of Ixxiv. 8 suggests that 1DD^DJ"^D represents a phrase
meaning * all the dwellings (of).' It is now easy and safe to read "73
nODlC^D ClC^D is a word specially liable to corruption), which is no doubt
an early correction of mS3 . ID^H^ , a reading due to the influence of
the corrupt I^D^DJ , ought to have sprung out of some verb (with plur.
sufl;). 1D/1^12f and 1DIin3 must, therefore, be emended so as to be
parallel. The best corrections appear to be ID/l^nttfJl and ID^HKJ^ .
To this Duhm may object that yjD^^JDI requires two beats. But y^ob"^
is a wrong reading, which it is not certain that the true text of G favours
(R* has aakfjMv), and which at any rate we may without rashness emend
to ]Dbv (see Enc. Bid., 'Shalman,' *Zalmunna').
31-34. The transpositions and textual changes seem to justify them-
selves (cp. exeg. note). In v. 18 ^y^^TJJ is evidently wrong. The right
adverb to be attached to imprecations like that in v. iSa is surely Tn^ or
nn^ (cp. xl. 15), which, therefore, should be substituted for ny . K i83
appears in M (G) as TTIK^I llSn^l • On the grounds mentioned in
exeg. note we should hesitate to adopt this reading, which not improbably
arose through editorial manipulation of "pi^y^l 1D*V (cp. xlvi. 12).
PSALM LXXXIV.
In symmetry of form this reminds us of Ps. xlii.-xliii. ; each of the two strophes
consists of six pentameters together with a refrain of two more. The view taken
of the meaning of the psalm depends of course on the reading of the text, which
is much disputed. The points of contact with Ps. xlii.-xliii. which even the re-
ceived text presents, suggest that in emending the text we should use that psalm
('
UN'Vt }■''•■ . '
PSALM^ttxiy^ .. 45
as a guide. Both psalms appear to have been written for pious Jews (not
necessarily those of the Diaspora) who, in trying times, were prevented from re-
sorting to the temple. In other words, the historical setting is probably imaginary ;
the writer assumes the position of Jewish exiles in N. Arabia who were unable
to join their brethren in Palestine. The * I ' who speaks is a personification of a
company. Detained in *JerahmeeP (see introd. to Ps. xlii.-xliii. ), they cry for
help to Yahw^ ; it is a cry of pain, like that of the thirsty hind (xlii. 2). With
the N. Arabians they have no sympathy. Zarephath and Jerahmeel (both names
are archabtic) reject the house of Yaliw6, but the altars of Yahw^ are to Israel the
most sacred objects. To dwell beside them is true happiness ; even to be on the
road to Jerusalem opens in the heart a well-spring of praise. For those fortunate
exiles who have started on the homeward journey God will so transform the barren
places in their way that they will drink, or seem to drink, of fountains and rivers.
At present indeed they pine with regret and cry out in pain. But their faith con-
soles them, for Yahw^ is ever true to his lovingkindness and faithfulness. Israel's
life is blameless, and a recompense is sure. Happy, then, are those who dwell in,
and happy too are those who journey to, the true home of the heart. Cp. also
Ps. lxiii.(0 — An insertion {^w. 9-1 1 ) was made in the second strophe by the
editor. It is apparently a fragment of another psalm, and is in trimeters. The
time referred to may be the same as in Isa. Ixiii. 18 ; cp. also Ps. Ixxiv.
On the textual criticism, besides the commentaries (see especially Olshausen),
cp. van Gilse, TAeoL Tijdschr, 1896, pp. 455-468 (he supposes w, 6-10 to be a
later insertion). For the present writer's earlier view, see PsS^^, and cp. OP^
Ii9f., 132 (note ^), 479.
Deposited, Of the Ishmaelitesi^). Of the sons of Karah. Marked,!
I From Jerahmeel-cusham I call upon thee, | O Yahwfe
Sebaath ! 2
* * *
My soul longs, yea pines, | for Yahwfe's courts, 3
My heart and my body cry in pain | to the God of my
life.
Though Zarephath reject thy house, | and the race of
Jerahmeel, 4
Thine altars do I choose, | O my king and my God !
Happy are those that dwell in thy house, | that praise thee
evermore ! 5
Happy are those that journey to thine altars, | in whose
heart are songs of praise ! 6
Passing in the midst of plains I they will drink from a
fountain, 7
10 Even in the deserts * | he will set streams.
They pine [in the ♦ of] Jerahmeel | for the God of their
life, 8
They cry in pain to the God of gods- 1 [who dwelleth (?)]
in Zion.
46
THE PSALMS.
For lovingkindness and faithfulness are dear | to Yahwfe
our shield ; 1 2
Favour and glory^ he will not withhold] ' | from the blame-
less in life.
[Happy are those that dwell in thy house, | that praise
thee evermore 1]
Happy are those that journey to thine altars, | O Yahwfe
Sebaoth !
Inserted passage,
O Yahwfe,^ hear my prayer ;
Hearken, O God of Jacob !
Behold, O God, the Kenizzites,
And look upon the sons of Cusham !
For they trample ^ upon thy courts, —
Zarephath and the house of Jerahmeel.^
13
lO
II
I. Cp. IxL, /. 3, lxxvii.('), //. 1-3. —
4. My heart and mv body, Cp. xvi. 9,
Ixiii 2, and ('the God of my life ') xlii.
3. — 5. OH refers to the whole clause.
That fippor^ * bird,* should rather be
$arephath is highly probable. If we
adhere to the received text, we must
interpret thus (filling up a supposed
defective portion), 'Birds fail not to
find places to build their nests in, but I,
less happv, am far from the home ot
my heart. The ordinary interpretation,
however, is, * If even birds love to build
their nests in*the sacred precincts, how
much more reason has the believing
heart to find its home in the house of
its God.' But the words 'H^
T-nirrHTD obstinately refuse to be
brought into relation to the birds. It
it is true that trees were planted in the
outer court of the temple, we might
suppose the birds to have built there
with impunity; but surely this was not
possible in the temple proper (cp. Jos.
B.y,f v. 5,6). But were trees planted in
the precincts of the temple ? This is an
unproved assertion (see on lii. 10, xcii.
14). The passage is evidently corrupt
(see crit. n.), and the interesting state-
ments of Robertson Smith {Rel. SrfnA^\
225) throw no real light upon it. DMD
and Hn2 represent respectively the
initiation and the severance or repudia-
tion of a mystic religious bond such as
that between Yahw? and his people.
The same antithesis in xli. 9.
7. The temple is rqgarded as the
house of praise ; cp. xxii. 4(?), cxi. i,
Isa. Ixiv. II.— 8. To thine altar, Cp.
xliii. 4. — In whose hearty &c. Songs ot
praise are stored up in the heart of the
pilgrim, ready to find utterance as soon
as he stands within the temple-gates.
9 f. Old prophecies receive new ap-
plications. Cp. on Isa. xli. 18, xlviii.
21 . The riddle of the Baca-trees seems
to have arisen out of corruption of the
text. Granting the correctness of K33,
it was natural to see a play on the root-
meaning of KD3 , • to weep * ; cp.
Ges. Thes.^ * O^KD^> arbor quiddam a
lacrimando dicta.' But see crit. note.
1 1 f. Cp. on 7rv. 3 f. God of f[ods^
as in 1. I (?), Josh. xxii. 22, cp. Dan.
xi. 36.
13. See crit. note. ^DH and
T\0)k as in Ixxxv. 11 f, xlii.-xliii., U.
7, 20, 28. — Our shield^ as xxxiii. 20
(lix. 12 and Ixxxix. 19 are corrupt) ;
cp. iii. 4, xviii. 3, 31, 36, xxviii. 7, &c.
Insertion, 5 f. Cp. Isa. Ixiii. 18.
' Yahwi gives. * Good. ' Elohim. Sebaoth. * Jerahmeel.
* Mif^ur, Jerahmeel, Asshur.
PSALM LXXXIV. 47
Critical Notes, i. M TJ1^33ttto D^in^TID . One of the numerous
cases in which apparent simplicity does not exclude corruption. To
produce a connected view of the meaning of the psalm it is presumable
that the opening words express the longing of a captive to be free. In
xlv. I JHT^^ is a corruption of pjl^^ (on which see Introd.). Here,
however, it seems to be corrupted from J^bH^ , />- ^NDllT. The next
• s
word 'DIC^D is probably made up of ^^/^^^1jp "^tt^D » where *|K^D , as in
cxx. 5 and constantly (see Enc. Bib.j * Tubal ' and * Meshech '), is a dis-
tortion of D'^3 . * Jerahmeel-cusham ' is as natural a compound as
* Cusham-jerahmeel.' Cp. Enc. Bib., * Tower of Shechem.'
4. M 2133"^^ • This produces no parallelism ; nor can heart and body
very well be said either to 'shout for joy 'or * to wail ' (cp. n31 , xvii. i).
Gr., Hal., I^J^ ; rather IIW^ (see on xlii. 2). Easier, but less forcible,
f * •
would be ^yyV* Aramaic^ (m T xlii. 2 = ;ny ; in Ixxxiv. 3 = S)ODi). —
Read ^T\ ^kV ; see on xlii. 3.
T- - :
5. M "\y\ "lte2i'D3 • That this does not cohere with l^/linatD'/IK
is clear (see exeg! note). Next, as to M's n'n*19K T\rW IK/K (ov
TvrvTTvr:
6ii<r€i Tu voavla avrijO. The objections to this are (1) that it destroys
the symmetry of the stanza, and (2) that a reference to the young
nestlings is out of place here. It is God who tends his own, like the
mother-eagle (Dt. xxxii. 1 1 f.) ; God, who places the Levites in a house
where they can 'ever praise' Him. In another context this could fitly be
said. But when a psalmist compares a band of pilgrims to a bird, we
feel that to bring in the young ones of the nest obscures and mars the
poetical beauty. We have a right to expect something like xlii. 3^, xliii.
4^. It will be noticed that there are two Paseks in M's text. Here, as
elsewhere, we cannot be sure that they are placed with perfect accuracy ;
misplacements would easily happen. But so much at least we may infer —
that in early times the proposed reading of the text was felt to be doubtful.
"1[1]2)2{ for J^S)"1}{ is a not uncommon error ; cp. Enc. Bib.^ * Zippor,' and
note that 13D /inp probably comes from [/l]9")X 'p . For jn^3 HKikD
read possibly ttj-|^:i D^^0^ and for H*? p -)*nT1 read *?^^C^-)^ y^T)
(cp. xlii. -xliii., //. 14, 24). nnttTlIC^g, prosaic and unmetrical. Probably
from n9")>{, originally a correction of 11S)S. '9i^ may come from
^iinna . nW^S '^ is a gloss on ^■^^^^1 O^O . [For other attempts to
deal with this passage see Bickell, Che ^*', and Duhm. The two former
suppose words to have dropped out before 'TD"J^K ; the latter transfers
those words to a stanza produced by the union of v. 3^ and v. 4^, which
is followed by a stanza consisting of t/. 4a ; he reads *y^^ Jl^S.]
7. At the end ofv. s M gives n^D (G dta^aX/ma). This comes from
^bhiV dittographed. See on Ixviii.^i), //. 9 f., Ixviii.^-', /. 33.
8. M ^3"^^ rty D'T^< . For D"T>< (a word which is often wrongly
48 THE PSALMS.
read) we require some participle which can be || to ^11^ in /. 7. It is
both possible and suitable to read yPOn^tob JTH^}^ nl£f^< (or
inntD^).— M n*I^DD, 'highways'? Neither Hupfeld's r)*\bV3 , t.e,
' confidence' ? nor JlNiVD (Ba., We., Du. ; G dpot^aeis), i.e. * pilgrimages,'
produces a natural sense, or a suitable parallel to "Iv^H^ (/. 7)- Read
D'bnrs ; cp. on phv , /. 7.
• :
9 f. M ^^^2^ pOya nny (PaseV after y). Duhm retains the
* Baka-valley,' but recognizes that the text of v, 7 is ' not altogether in
order.' But ought not this fact to make us distrust the enigmatical
phrase K32n pl2V ? The ancients with one voice explain * the valley
of weeping,' and the Massora remarks that ^^ stands for H, which indeed
a few MSS. read. Most modems, however, render * the valley of baca-
trees ' (cp. 2 S. v. 23 f , i Chr. xiv. 14 f.), and since G gives KkavOfiutv, not
only here, but in Judg. ii. i (where M has DOJl)> we might be tempted
to read D^^<^2^ , so that the Valley (Plain) of Rephaim, usually placed
near Jerusalem, might be meant. But it is extremely difficult to identify
the ' baca- trees' botanically, and the question arises whether both D^^OIl
in 2 S., I Chr., and K32 in our psalm are not corrupt. See Enc. Bid,,
' Mulberry.' In the present passage we should probably read yf\T}3,
jy\yp3, . The misreading pDy was produced by the proximity of KD3.
Cp. Isa. xli. 18.— M iirrn^lC^ ryO. G presupposes inJI^i:^"^ (so Kt.),
which We., Du. adopt. Some MSS. iniJlICf^, *bibunt eum'; so Michaelis
and Hal^vy. Read probably ^Pip^ VJl^^ (Herz, independently,
^r\fi ];yD).
10. M T)1f\D iTOjJ^ Jlton^*D3, which J renders * benedictionem
quoque amicietur doctor' ! Clearly impossible ; but mDlH , * reservoirs *
(Derenb., Hal., Duhm), is no improvement. JlID")^ was made up by an
editor out of fragments of n^^^nH (Isa. xlviii. 21). For miD tllK^
read D^"in3 jl^ltf^ (cp. xliii, 19) ; V and tff , JO and jl confounded.
11. M b'^rrbU ^TTO O^. whether ^TT means * strength ' (^TT),
or * rampart, vporeixio-fia O^Wt the sense produced does not suit the
parallel line. Some part of the passage ought to contain a parallel to
D^n^i^ in the next line, and Gratz acutely conjectures 7K byph ^Db\
TT . This, however, is not only weak in itself, but insufficient for the
long line which the metre requires. It must be confessed that the next
line in the received text is liable to the same objections. But we are
freer in dealing with v, Sa than with v, Sfi, because ]V2{1 D^H^K (v. 8^)
is self-evidently right, and this determines the general sense of v. Sa. It
appears probable (more cannot be said) that lines 11, 12 correspond
PSALM LXXXIV. 49
to lines 3, 4, and that /. 11 should run— ^>^^ ^^^D^T [ ♦ 2] ^by
Drr»n.
12. M ]V2:i D^1^^^**?^^ ^^<")^ G S 'a, however, presuppose
D\1W 7^^ , which Gr., Du. rightly adopt. But this is surely insufficient.
To satisfy'metre, let us, with Bickell (doubtfully), read 'M [2lCM ; Du-
is content to insert m»T. It remains to deal with n^n\ It is too
V t^
slight an improvement to read 1^^■^^^ (* that they may see ' ; Duhm). In
accordance with the preceding note one may suggest D^'^^K bt^b ITVJ^
'2J2 2^' For "Ty!l see on 7\ 4. After :i had dropped out, it was
natural that "ly should become KT .
13 f. M DTT^i* '^ POI ^r2t ^3 (Paset after 'ICf). Nowhere, how-
ever, is Yahwfe directly called 'sun'; the expression may have seemed to
the O.T. writers equivocal. If 'tff is correct, it surely ought to mean
* battlement' (cp. DMlJOVy Isa. liv. 12); so Derenbourg (/?£/, vi. 163),
Gr., Ba., Du. Still, even this is not quite satisfactory, and Pasek warns
us to be cautious. Is. Loeb arbitrarily reads D^tip ; but G has on tXtov
Koi dkriBtiav dyana Kvpios 6 Btos, which suggests ^ill"^ J^D^^^ TDH ^3
M V V V V V •
mn^ , i.e. ^DIC^ has arisen out of DDt^ • yoi seems to have come out
of ^^-lyo , which should stand after mn^ (rather than D^'^^^<). Omit
••• T
'' li^^ and ^iJO , disturbing insertions of a scribe.
15 f. Complete the refrain. In /. 16 D■T^< should be UTT^Vt (A 8).
^2 niOll comes from "1/11130 , a fragmentary form of ^^Jin^TD^ (^ 8).
Insertion, rho (v* 9, end) may come either from D^H/i^ , or from
^KDrn^ (marginal note). In /. i omit D^'^b^< » a variant to TWTV ^ and
also either niK2X or ^/1^9n (metre). In /. 3 ^^^^Q cannot be right*
'Shield' cannot possibly be a synonym for * prince ' (assuming provisionally
that "jn^l!^ in v, lob is correct), while if used metaphorically as a title
of God it ought to stand after D^'^7^> - In two other passages (lix. 12
and Ixxxix. 19) IJ^HD is certainly corrupt. Surely it must also be so
here. In £zek. xxiii. 24, xxvii. 10, xxxviii. 4 f., xxxix. 9, pO appears to
represent Op (see Crit. Bib.). In this context 1^330 probably represents
D'Wp 03 =D). For nrr^ ^39 read DlChD ^33. So a poor verse is
strengthened. Out of z/. 11 (awkwardly long) we have to extract the
material for //. 5, 6. The words in M which are most clearly wrong are
P)^^^D, ^/)in^, ^Sinon, and nno. Nor must we underrate the
difficulty of connecting v, 11 with v. 10. To remedy the first two
difficulties Bickell and Duhm would emend ^rnnH into y^inii, thus
producing the sense *a day in thy courts is better than a thousand
(spent) abroad.' But the emendation is too violent. C)9inDrt, *to
busy oneself with the threshold ' ? But why not C^wrr ^b^'^S ? And if
■)n in inO means * to sojourn,' how are the two words parallel ? As to
II. E
50 THE PSALMS.
IDl great doubt exists. Nowhere else in the O.T. is this Aramaic verb
found. Perles {Ana/., 76) conjectures that it is a late correction for the
Heb. y\3i ; cp. xv. i, •]*?^^^2 'y)T ^D . But why should ')^^ be cor-
rected just here? To evade the last-mentioned difficulty Bickell and
Duhm would give z^. 11 a fresh place, the former after v. 3, the latter
after v. 8. It is clear, however, that some keen textual criticism is
necessary. The prosaic ^rnn3 is a fragment of [^]^n")Sn2 ; so also,
most probably, is 21© = 'Jlin-^jn^ . ^^KD comes from ^KDm% a
marginal note ; cp. the corrupt place-names Ha-eleph (Josh, xviii. 28),
Irpeel (Josh, xviii. 27). 'JIDH is a corruption and expansion of /IBIS
^^ from T , D from ^). "TITO comes from 11>{D . Let us now fill up the
gaps. DV must represent a verb ; the subject is the N. Arabian
oppressor. 1DDT seems to be the verb required; cp. SBOT on Isa.
Ixiii. 18. \T^K n^22 = *?»DnT mi; D\-|*?K for 'm^ is not un-
common. ytC^*^S"T^<2 comes from 1Wi«^ ^^<Dm^ ; Mi^^ur, Jerahmeel,
and Asshur (Ash^ur) are a scribe's insertion, as an amplification of
'Zarephath and the house of Jerahmeel.'
PSALM LXXXV.
1 Ri METERS. A prayer for Messianic deliverance, which is described, in the
spirit of Ezekiel (xxxvii.) and a later eschatological description (Isa. xxvii. 17 fi*-)>
as a restoration to life. There is here no passionate complaint of present misery,
but an importunate pleading for speedy restoration. The opening stanza (with
its perfects) has even variously interpreted, i. Is it a retrospect of the mercies
of the first century after the fall of Babylon, reflected through an idealistic
medium ? This is conceivable if we put the psalm late enough for idealization to
have taken place (cp. cxxvi.). But the transition to the melancholy present in the
second stanza is, on this hypothesis, extremely abrupt, and the poet has even made
this more painful by using the same verb ^^iii to expre<;s the divine mercy in both
stanzas, and by distinctly staring (as l^imhi has pointed out) that the divine anger
has never had pause or remission {v. 6). 2. Are the perfects in //. 1-6 ' prophetic,'
i.e. does the poet open his poem with a prophetic vision of the future, and then
pass on to a prayer for its realization ? This is Smend's view (p. 86, note). 3. Are
the perfects precative (see on x. 16) ? The precative perfect expresses the energetic
movement of the will towards the object desired ; the speakers wrestle, like Jacob,
with their God. When it is legitimate to suppose the precative perfect — which is
closely akin to the prophetic — it is in the interests of intelligibility to do so. In
Ixxxv.t'J it is possible to do so.
Ps. lxxxv.('' is also in trimeters. As the text stands, the community personified re-
ports a revelation which it has just now received, to the efiect that the Messianic
prophecies are about to he fulfilled. Originally, however, the opening stanza
referred, not to righteous Israel, but to guilty Jerahmeel ; the prophecy contained in
it seems to be based on Zech. ix. 10. The second stanza, in like manner, is de-
pendent on that fine prophetic passage, Isa. xlv. 8, and the third on Isa. Iviii. 8.
The editor of the preceding poem ought to counteract its melancholy by some
gracious and soul-reviving promises, taking care, however, to rewrite the two
opening lines relative to the foes of the past.
Deposited, Of the sons oj Korah. Marked,
I Oh that thou wouldest become gracious to thy land, 2
Wouldest restore Jacob to life,
PSALM LXXXV. 51
Wouldest take away the guilt of thy people,
Wouldest cancel all their sin,^
Wouldest withdraw all thy fury, 4
Wouldest restrain thy hot anger !
Restore us +to life,+ O God our deliverer, 5
And turn aside thine indignation at us !
Wilt thou be perpetually angry with us ? 6
10 Wilt thou prolong thy wrath for all time ?
Wilt thou not now restore us to life, 7
That thy people may rejoice in thee ?
Make us, O Yahwfe, to enjoy thy lovingkindness, 8
And grant us thy deliverance ! ^
LXXXV.3
I Yahwfe will bring down those of Ishmael, q
Will bring down Ishmael and Jerahmeel ;
His deliverance is near for those that fear him, 10
That his glory may abide in our land.
Lovingkindness and faithfulness meet, 1 1
Righteousness and welfare join together ;
Faithfulness springs out of the earth, 1 2
Lovingkindness looks down from heaven.
Yahwb also will give generously, 13
10 And our land will yield its increase.
Righteousness will walk before him, 14
Welfare will run after his footsteps.
lx3EXY.<^) if. The original text has angels in human form (cp. Ixi. 8, Ixxxix.
been finely rewritten. The community 14), which wander delightedly about
is introduced as a prophet (cp. Ixii. 12, the places of concourse (contrast Isa.
Hab. ii. i), who, in w, 10 ff., gives a lix. 14 f.). 'Faithfulness,' by a change
free reproduction of the revelation of figure, is also represented as a plant
which ne has received (as Ixii. 12, (cp. Isa. xlv. 8), for it is God who
bcxxi. 6, &c.). enables Israel to be 'faithful.* From
4. Hl» rlory, ,-.«. the manifested 'righteousness' (or, prosperity) to
pr^ence of Israel's God. See Ix. i f., ^^"-^^ ««??^"« f *? ^^ V''?*\V°'^-
zxA cp. Ps. b«xiv. 12. * His deliver, ^f'^""^ "" ?3 f- Increased fertUity
ance & almost a synonymous term ; cp. f ^*>5 .^^^ is a constant feature of
^'z.™; « f descriptions of Messianic bliss (cp.
Am. IX. 13, Isa. xxx. 23 f.l.
5 ff. AoTlarkladaess and
finely represented as 11. Cp. Isa. Iviii. 8.
O God. ^ The last four lines of the stanza have perished.
52 THE PSALMS.
Critical Notes. Ixxxv.O) 2. Read probably nplT tt^3:i i^naV^ .
Cp. on xiv. 7, Ix. 3 ; cxxvi. 4. — 4- H^D , as often, comes from D^■^^^^
(a gloss).
6. M /ita^'ktfrt ; G dntoTpf^as. An * inwardly transitive * verb
(Hengst., Ba. ; comparing Ezek. xiv. 6, xviii. 30) is not natural here. Nor
does "^3 in /. 5 allow us to take ID as partitive (01.). The phrase is * hybrid*
T
(Hu.), but it is a scribe's fault. Schrader and Duhm read rT/Tl3^lt^n
'K 'n ; but another occurrence of ^W would be intolerable. Probably
J^D\W1 is right. M's error may presuppose a still earlier error JlUlt'n
(interrogative), which, in fact, Gr. reads by conjecture.
7f. M ^22r\t' Read probably ^^^^ (Ixxx. 4)~M nsn. Read
"IDH (Gr., Bi.rChe., Du.).
II. M tirsU* Rather Hi^y, *now, at length' (suggested by
iTi yiby so^Gr.— M nrnr) iic^jn. Rather i^aanii^^n ; ^yiin is a
gloss. For l^^n , G, Ba., Now. read bikH (cp. v. 9), less naturally.
■I •• T
Ixxxv.f*) I f. The difficulties of this passage in MT admit of no
adequate solution. Why ^KH beside iDTV? And why IH^Drr'^NI
beside tojT^K ? And how can a suspicion be expressed of the loyalty of
the Dn^DH? twDD too is questionable (see on xlix. 14). G gives
something quite different for v. gd ; see Bathgen, Studien u, Kritiketiy
1880, p. 762. Evidently there was considerable doubt among the early
Jewish scholars how to read and explain this passage. Anyone, however,
who has followed the scribes in their attempts to understand miswritten
forms of ethnics, or perhaps to get rid of them, will not long remain in
perplexity. The key is given by Zech. ix. 10, where Dl^lt^ *)21T means
*?WDttr T"»V. no rVi^'^D)^, then, comes from Zsh\<V^V \ b^r\ is
a fragment of ^^^D^T, a correction from the margin. IDV^K*
'^^^D^^^^<, and Xhvd^ come from ^^^D^1^ (O and confounded),
milt^K (in accordance with many parallels) from ^KyDlCT .
4. M ^ih* T ]3t^ (see on Ixxviii. 60).— M 1123. Read
VT^na (S T), with Geiger'(6Vjc^r., 318).
:
8 f. M pi2i1 . Read TDni (/. 5)- For the confusion see on
cxliv. 2.— M ni^n . Read Hinii (3 precedes).
10. M Dter^l . Schrader {St. Kr. '68, p. 639), I&IC^I . But parallelism
requires {j^tth'U^y.^We., Du.). yg^l (Bevan,/. of PhiL, xviii. ['89], 144,
and ^mtxi'di^ AT Rel.'gesch.^ 419) is against /. 6 ; ^ sprang from ^ . For
yrb read C]^")^ (Du.).
PSALM LXXXVI. 53
PSALM LXXXVI.
1 RIMETERS. This psalm, like others, has had a history. Originally it was. a
psalm of persecution, or at any rate written in imitation of psalms of persecution ;
It is gratuitous to suppose that the original writer mixed up supplications for
deliverance with thank^iving for mercies received. The community, through its
psalmists, is the real author both of the psalm of supplication and of the inserted
thanksgivings. For though some scholars (Stekhoven, ZATJV, ix. 132; J.
Robertson, Croall Lectures on the Psa/ms)deny that the phrase ^JIOM ]^ .(v. 16)
can have been applied to itself by the community, yet others of not inferior reputa-
tion (Stade, ZA TIV, viii. 126 ; Ba. ^adloc, ; Beer, Ituiiv. -ps.) find no difficulty in this.
The present writer agrees witti neither school. There is the strongest probability that
another and much easier reading underlies our text. Nor, indeed, is it a priori
likely that such a very unoriginal psalmist would have coined such a phrase. The
possible literary reminiscences of the psalmist, or psalmists, are collected by
Kol)ertson Smith in OTyC^^\ 435-437 5 it is true, textual criticism may modify
details of the list (see notes) . Verses 14 and 1 5 seem, from the metrical irregularities,
to be a later insertion. On this psalm, cp. Coblenz, pp. 63-65 (who shows the
speaker to be the community).
A prayer. Of ^Arab-eihan, i
I Incline thine ear, O Yahwfe ! and answer me,
For I am one that suffereth and is needy.
Guard my soul, for in thee I take refuge, 2
Deliver thy servant who trusteth in thee.
Have pity upon me, O Yahwfe ! for unto thee 3
I call from those of Jerahmeel.
Sustain the soul of thy servant, 4
Guard me from those of Ishmael.
For thou, O Yahw^ ! art good and forgiving, 5
10 Rich in lovingkindness to all that call upon thee.
Give ear, O Yahw^ ! to my prayer, 6
Attend to the sound of my supplications.
In Jerahmeel I seek thee, [O Yahwe !] 7
I call upon thee, for thou answerest me.
There is none like thee among the gods, 8
O Yahw6 ! no works like thine.
All nations of the countries shall come 9
And do homage before thee, O Yahw^ ! *
For 2 +thou art+ great and a doer of wonders, 10
20 Thou art God, thou alone.
* And shall glorify thy name. *^ Thou art.
34
THE PSALMS.
Show me, O Yahwfe ! thy way,
And I will walk on in thy faithfulness.
I will give thanks to thee * with ail my heart,
And will glorify thy name for ever.
For great is thy lovingkindness towards me,
And thou hast rescued my soul from Ishmael.^
Turn thou unto me, and have pity upon me,
Grant thy help to thy servant.
II
12
16
30 Give succour because of thy faithfulness ;
And my haters will see with shame
That thou, O Yahwfe ! hast helped me and comforted me.
17
2. y)'^2w ^ij;. As XXXV. 10,
xxxvii. 14, xl. i^ Ixxiv. 21.— 4. On
%1^J^ nni^ see crit. n.
6. Vrom tbose of Jerabmeel.
Cp. Ixxvii. 2 f. ' All the day lon^, is an
edifying substitute, or rather disguise
(cp. XXV. 5 &c.).
7 f. Sastaln, t,e, lest I faint in
the long stru^le. Cp. Ixiii. 2, Jer. iv.
31. — Guard me, &c. Cp. on xxv. i.
9 f. Cp. Ex. xxxiv. 6 f. The mercy
of God was strongly felt in post-exilic
times. A similar feeling in Babylon,
in Nebuchadnezzar's time, prompted
the application of the epithet rtm(nu
(cpi DVT^, V, 15) to the great god
Marduk.— r7?p, * forgiving,' here only ;
but cp. nrTvD, cxxx. 4. On the
linguistic points see OP, p. 479. The
Targumic equivalent of H^D is p^'p'
12 f. ^milin/l (fern, ending), as
cxxx. 2. — 13 f. Cp. Ixxvii. 3, xvii. 6.
15 f. Cp. Ex. XV. II, Dt. iii. 24. —
17 f. Cp. xxii. 28 flf. — 19 f. Cp.
xlvii. 3, xlviii. 2, Ixxii. 18, IxxWi.
14 f., Ixxxiii. 19.
21 f. Cp. xxvii. II, xxvi. 3. At
the end of v. 11 the received text gives
a fine prayer for the ' union ' of the
•heart' with a view to fearing God's
name. This is usually taken to mean,
' concentrate all my powers and aflfec-
tions on thy service' (cp. Augustine's
Confessions, L 3, I, ii. I, i). G gives,
'let my heart rejoice,' &c. Neither
rendering, however, gives a natural sense
for a Hebrew prayer; satisfactory
parallels are wanting. Appearances
point strongly to the view that the
passage is a misread and misunder-
stood gloss (see crit. n.) on the word
* Ishmael ' in /. 26.
26. For 'from Ishmael' the editor
has given * from the lowest Sheol ' (see
crit. n.). This is due to a reminiscence
of Dt. xxxii. 22. Captivity in a foreign
land and sore oppression in their native
land seemed like death to the Israelites
(cp. Ivi. 13). Verse 14 in M (taken
from liv. 5, Ex. xxxiv. 6) describes one
of the experiences which, collectively,
are described sometimes as 'death.'
Verse 15 comes from Ex. xxxiv. 6.
28. Help, i.e. as shown in victory
over the foe. See on Ixxxix^*}, //. 1-4,
and cp. Ebenezer, * stone of help.'
* O Yahw^myGod!
' Jerahmeelites, Cushites {v, 11^).— (From Sheol) the lowest (v, 13). —
God ! the proud have assaulted me, | a crew of violent ones have sought my
soul, I and have not set thee before them. | But thou, O Lord ! art a G(xl com-
passionate and pitiful, | longsuffering, and rich in lovingkindness and faithfulness
(zT. 14 f.).
PSALM LXXXVI. 55
30. Beoaase of tliy fktlfliftiliieBB. the inner circle of the U*^2V* his-
As cxvi. 16. The text has * (to) the , . ,, « i_ ** * ^ 1
son of thy handmaid/ where Yahwe's *°"«=*"7 g«^- ^ee, however, introd.
* handmaid ' may possibly be taken to and crit. n.
mean the people of Israel, out of which
the pious community, and especially 31. Cp. xl. 4, lii. 8, vi. 11, xxxv. 4.
Critical Notes, 3. M "^y^ TDfT O . Elsewhere the more modest
expression TTDn is used. Another ^J)K — O is also surprising. Read
perhaps ^3 '^ly'VIt^ O . OiN due to editor.)
4. M ^rr^l"^ TMy^ , superfluous, but not to be omitted without ex-
planation. Possibly it represents D^^SDm^D ; D^H^i^ often stands for
/J^Om^ . If so, it may represent an early correction of DViT^D (/. 6).
6. M DVrr^D. Read D^^J^Onn^D (see on xxv. 5, xlii. 4, lii. 3,
Ivi. 2, &c.
7. M nsto, cp. xc. 16. The context favours ^'OD ; cp. liv. 6.
8. OIK T^l^ O is superfluous ; )^)0)k ^K^3i , as in xxv. i, may
represent D'»*?WDl£r»D OlDtC;.
13. For >rrci DVn read ^ritt^l"^ ^»Dm^n, as in Ixxvii, 3.
Insert \y\TV ; '^ was lost after '^/llC^^l .
17. For the prosaic Jl^lCry llCfl* read probably DHIJ^H (cvi. 27,
Gen. xxvi. 3 f.).
18. M adds "JDtC^^ HIO^I , against metre.
19- ni^K is metrically superfluous ; it can be supplied in thought
from /. 20.
22. Read "J^nh^l ; G Koi irop«v<rofuu. At the end of v, 1 1 M gives
TOtt> n»^T^ Un^ irv. This is usually illustrated by Jer. xxxii. 39,
*v: t:*:«t: ••- ,
where, however, G reads Ul^ 2/ . Gr., Bi., Che.<'^ following G S read
^ny. But see exeg. note. It is to be feared that we must read
D^lfl^3 D>^J^Oni* . The former word is doubly represented. The cor-
ruptions are of a recurrent type.
23. M inserts ^•^^^^ ^yiH' We might, however, keep Olh^ ; so Du.
26. M Tv^pttn bSi^'j)D. Cp. Dt. xxxii. 22, D'pnr) b^i^^iv,
The deliverance, however, is always represented as from Jerahmeel or
Ishmael. ^M^V and ^KIICT or bl^yOViT' are readily confounded.
Read ^J^yDlC^D ; rPnnn is probably a rhetorical addition to "TM^V -
28, M ?[n*. Rather ?pty (Gr.) The phrase TV ]n would seem
to say too much for the occasion ; contrast Ixviii. 36.
30. M ^/10l^"12^. This passage and cxvi. 16 have been har-
monized. The true reading is ^J^OK ]yDb . The error was caused by
the occurrence of ^12V close by [\n both passages). The proof of the
correction is in v. 17a a, where DiX ^ay'Ttyy is unintelligible, and does
56 THE PSALMS,
not connect with '^2) 1NTV 7WV ^r Jf^H occurs in xxii. 32, &c.
Read ^/IDl^ U^D*? nyUfin (dittographed). 7)2')^^ comes from
b^2T)lk = ^N^Dttr , a gloss on "hjiyzf . Cp. Cr/V. 2?/A on D^SniD , Ezck.
xxiii. 15.
PSALM LXXXVII.
1 ENTAMETRRS. A psalm of the expanded Israel, which is to include all the
converted remnants of the neighbouring peoples (xviii. 44-46, Ixxvi. 11, Zech. xiii.
16). A prophetic writer looked forward to the time when Misrim should
1->e acknowledged by Yahw^ as his people, Asshur as the work of his hands, and
Israel as his inheritance (Isa. xix. 25) ; but the psalmist goes beyond this, though
not beyond the prophetic writer of Isa. xliv. 3-5. The prospect which both the
psalmist and the Second Isaiah open to us is that of the adoption by Zion of a
number of N. Arabians, hitherto known as Asshu rites, Rehobites, Jerahmeelites,
Zarephathites, Misrltes, Cushites, as her sons. Respectfully these new children
address Zion as their mother and Israel as their father, and Yahw^ ratifies the
adoption by a note entered in the heavenly register of peoples. Happy is the city
thus enriched by an enlarged spiritual citizenship. No earthly or heavenly power
can subvert it. Well may the local congregation of Zion burst into choral
songs of praise. The Holy Land, once thought to be the region of Horeb, is now
the country whose centre is Zion. Here are the holy mountains ; here are
dwellings dearer to Yahw^ than those which gather round the once venerated
shrines of the mountain-land of Jerahmeel.
It has been remarked by Wellhausen (/sr. u. yud. Gesch, 163), that the Judaizing
of Palestine began with Galilee (2 Chr.xxx. 1, 10 f., 25), then passed on to the coast-
districts (* Philistia and Tyre,* I*s. lxxxvii.4), and later on advanced to Bashan (Ps.
Ixviii. 16, 23). It has also been remarked that the choice of Tyre in our psalm as
the representative of Phoenicia suggests that the destruction of Sidon by Artaxerxes
Ochus (350 B.C.) was in the past. Accordingto .Duhm,'the * dwellings of Jacob '
in V. 2 are (cp. zrv. 4fr,) all those places where Jews are settled, Alexandria,
Tyre, &c. He regards this psalm as an expression of the feelings of the Jews of
the Dispersion. One would gladly follow these able critics, but their theories are
ba^d on the corrupt traditional text. With regard to 2 Chr. xxx. i, 5-1 1, it can be
made probable that the Chronicler used an older document, in the original text of
which reference was made to Jewish inhabitants of the Negeb.
Of the Korahiies. Marked, i
I Happy the city whose foundations | are on the holy mountains 1 •
Yahwfe loves the gates of Zion | more than the dwellings
of Jerahmeel. 2
We glorify thee, we bless thee continually, | O thou city
of God ! 3
Ashhur, Rehob, and Jerahmeel — | they are thy sons ;^ 4
Zarephath, Miesur, and the people of Cush — | Israel is
their name ;
Zion they address * my Mother,' | Israel * my Father.' 5
Yahwfe notes in the register of peoples | * Israel is their name.' 6
[Happy the city whose foundations | are on the holy mountains !]
Yahwfe [our God] doth establish her, | the Most High [doth
support her]. 5^
* Those of Asshur and Jerahmeel arc thy sons {v, 7).
PSALM LXXXVII. 57
1. The sure foundation of Zion, Qm\ i.e. ^NDriT. IHere, how-
and the divine protection which it ever, nm seems to come from im
enjoys, are repeatedly referred to (xlvni. ,
2 ff., cxxv. I f., cxxxiii. 3, Isa. xiv. 32, =JmrT1 . * Rehoboth ' plays such
xxviii. 16). a large part in the traditions of
2 f. See introd. ; Mai. i. 2 f. is not Israel's wars with the border-lands of
parallel. — We glorify thte^ &c. Cp. N. Arabia that we cannot be surprised
Ps. xlviil. ; cxxii. 6-9. at its mention in a psalm which
4 f. See introd.. and crit. note. celebrates the annexation of those lands
Ash^ur, Rehob (Rehoboth), and Terah- ^^ Canaan.— p<r are thy sons. The
meel are virtual synonyms. Zarephath adoption of these peoples among the
was sometimes r^arded as in Mi$§ur 5 ?°"^ ^^'\ "*' '9) is equivalent to their
* Cush,' inasmuch as it adjoined Mi9§ur, incorporation as citizens of Zion.-
is used as virtually synonymous with it. i'''^^^,'' ^^^"^ ««''^- Precisely as
ITie view that *Rahab' (M gives ^^Z*!?- 5- ^ r,,u j .
•rnn r ««««> ;. tKo tt1k,-»,J «. 6 flf. My mother. Theodoret
nni. G pauff) IS the Hebrew or niustrates the passage, as rendered by
Hebraized name of a mythological G, by Gal. iv. 26. — In the register of
monster applied to Egypt is plausible peoples. For Yah we is the king of all
(cp. Enc, Bib., * Kahab *). There is peoples, though none is so near to him
also another theory, ^m in Ixxxix. as Israel.— 2)tfM establish her; as
II may be a sarcastic modification of xlviii. 9.
Critical Notes, i. Many have thought that the opening of the
psalm is incomplete. Very possibly, however, 1^ in the title is a
remnant of 1^ mtfjjt . — M ^/TTtD^ The existence of ilT^D^, however,
is doubtful. G 01 BtuLtkioi avrov. Read probably n^P*7b^ .
T r I
2. M npjT D^i3^D ^3p. This is rather much for the shorter
half of a pentameter.' Nor is there much force in the statement that
Zion is dearer to Yahw^ than any of the (ordinary) dwellings of Jacob.
It is, however, highly probable that 3py^ has sometimes arisen out of a
corruption of ^J^Drn^ , of which word ^D[D] may also be a fragment.
We thus get, as /. 2^, ^J^DTTT mjlDtC^DD , to the great advantage of the
sense. See introd.
3- M 1T3 "inD /)^iaD^. Harsh in the extreme. Bathgen
renders, 'Noble things arc to be said (dicenda sunt) of thee,' and
criticizes the lKxiKr\Gri of G. Gratz would emend 12 ^I^lViK ; Duhm
711 "^330 (partic, Arainaizing, instead of verb,' fin.). But it is a col-
lective expression of Israel's love for Zion that we expect. The trouble-
some TO-n is probably TDil . Read IT^-ini TD^) TT3D3 .
4. ^jn**^ by^ nnn|T3Tl^. The exact meaning "of nTT is
disputed ; does it mean * as those who know me,' or ' with reference to
those,' Ac? Shall we rcadTDW (M) or-)V)tr^ (G)? And how comes Egypt
(as is supposed) to be mentioned by the obscure title ' Rahab ' ? Indeed,
the whole sentence is unnatural. Gr&tz proposes to read '^ ^i^T^^j
rendering, * Shall I mention Egypt and Babylon [foes of Israel] as the
friends of Yabw^?' Almost more unnatural. A ray of light, however,
shines from ^JTT^ , when we remember the prop, name ^KJ^^T , which,
from a study of i Chr. xii. 20, we can see to be a corruption of ^l^Dm^ •
58 THE PSALMS.
most probably this word was written in the margin as a correction of ^22.
That ^211 is frequently written in lieu of some popular corruption of
/l^Drn^ we shall see again and again as we revise the text of the Hebrew
Bible (see e.g. on cxxxvii. i). HH"! (see exeg. note, and cp. Enc. Bib,^
* Rahab ') is probably an editorial modification of 2m (Rehob). 10W
(followed by Pasek) probably comes from TlfWi^ (Ashljur) ; cp. i Chr.
ii. 24, where the Tekoa referred to is a place in the Negeb. Read, there-
fore, ^l^Dr7"tn nnil '\^TW^ .— M r^^r\ . This should be a fragment of
a statement respecting the three peoples just mentioned. The context
(see V. la a in G) suggests ^^2 TVSHy and this is supported by v, 7,
which, when carefully examined, shrivels up into "J^ D^*?i^Dm^ DHtS^l^l
(*^^D ^D represents two fragments of ^J^om^). This is probably a
variant to the opening of v. 4, and it enables us to complete the text of
/. 4 by inserting ^n, U. yy^i .
5. M ;th3*Dy ")il r\&>^ . '3 and 1>{ are so often miswritten for
/19^2{ and "ISJD . that it would be rash to build a theory to account for
the strange combination, * Philistia and Tyre, with Ethiopia.' QJ? should
be pyi (Gr., Bi.). Cp. on Ixxxiii. 7, So, on the main point, Wi. (Afufn\
ii. 9) and Hommel (Aufsdtzcy iii. i, p. 307), Enc, Bib,, col. 3164 (written
early in 1901). — M Dtt^ ^^^ HT . A corruption which has had theological
consequences ; see Delitzsch's note. Read probably DOltf ^l^'^ttT .
6. M IDl^^ TV»>{S. G ftijnyp cTfiwv rp«, whence Wellh. and Duhm,
IDJ^ U^ '2rSv** Better TO)lC ^QW '2r^1 . ^Dl^ easily fell out before
DJ^^ .— M n2"n^^ tt^^J^I tf"^ . 'The repetition ttTJ^I itni^ paraphras-
tically expresses'" the 'whole'"' (Ba.). Read probably Ul^ ^l^lto^^V
So parallelism is restored (cp. on /. 5^).
7. Note that v, 5^ should come after v, 6. For 2^/133 read
nnD2 (cp. Du.).— In /. ^b read again DDtt^ ^J^^ttn . xho is probably a
corruption of 7i^"llC^ (originally a correction).
9, Wellh. omits ]V^y ; it should, however, be a remnant of v, gb,
^^rx) = rr\rv. Read [:r>iby^ v^bv^ T^yi^y [.i:)7t^k] mn^.
TV : ; -: * tv-j j
As V. 7, Wellh. and Haupt suggest D3*iyD D^3 D^J^D^HD On^lMD
7^ . See, however, end of note on /. 4. With regard to G's ^ KorotKia iv
aui, note a similar confusion of S in Ixxxiv. 7.
PSALM LXXXVIII.
1 RIMETERS. The speaker, excluded from Yahw^'s presence, seems to himself like a
dead man, — ^like the dishonoured corpses of Israel's ancient enemies (see on //.9 f.).
In language reminding us of other elegiac works, he complains of his rejection by
Yahwe, and describes his sufferings. The psalmist sees no ray of nope ; no
liturgical poet has corrected him byan encouraging appendix. As Bishop Hare long
ago pointed out, the close of the psalm is wanting (so also Olshausen). The
speaker is obviously (see w, 5, 6, 16) pious Israel; so iu early times TS, Theod. of
PSALM LXXXVIII. 59
Mops., Rashi, ^fimfei. Cp. Smend, 126 f. ; Beer, 68 f. ; Coblenz, 127 ff. A
closer criticism of the text confirms this. In v. $6 'a man without strength ' is
corrupt (indeed, how could the speaker, who is at any rate imaginatively a person,
say that he was hJ^e a man ?) ; and in z^. 16 ff. N. Arabian ethnic names probably
reappear.
There are many literary reminiscences. But we need hardly s^, with
Kirkpatrick, that the community identifies itself with the typical sufferer, Job. If
there are points of contact with Job, this is only because it was still felt that Job
was a personification of righteous Israel (cp. Lam. iii.). It is certain, however,
that the speaker is the pious community, a view which was current in early times
(see Targum and Peshi^ta). There is no occasion whatever to suppose that the
primary reference of the psalm was personal.
The title is given in three forms. Note that D^X^/ probably comes from
jy\Dby, and that JIID^y and n^HD represent either HD^t^T and D^t^l^Dm^
respectively, or, both D^^J^DITl^ (cp. D'^TDV). See Introd.
Marked, Of the sons of Korah. Deposited, Of the Jerahmeelites (?) .
Deposited, Of Heman the Ezrahite (or Ashhurite ?). i
I O Yahwfe my God ! I cry for help by day, 2
In the night my calling is before thee ;
Let my prayer reach thy presence, 3
Bend thine ear to my wail.
For my soul is sated with troubles, 4
My life is on the threshold of Sheol;
I resemble those that have gone down to the pit, 5
I am become like a dishonoured corpse.
I am accounted as the dead Jerahmeelites, 6
10 As those mortally wounded by the sword,
Whom thou rememberest no more.
For they are banished from thy sight.
Thou hast made me to dwell deep down in the pit, 7
In dark places, in gloom +of Deathland+ ;
Thou hast poured out upon me thy wrath, 8
All thy floods thou hast made to sweep over me.
My familiar friends thou hast put far from me, 9
Thou hast made me an abomination to them ;
Wasted and terrified is my frame, 10
20 Mine eye is quenched from sorrow.
Yahwfe ! I invoke thee daily, 1 1
1 spread out my hands unto thee.
Wilt thou perform wonders for the dead ? 11
Will the Rephaim arise and praise thee ?
60 THE PSALMS.
Can thy lovingkindness be rehearsed in the grave, 1 2
Thy faithfulness in Perdition-land ?
Can thy wonders be made known in the darkness, 13
Thy righteousness in the land of the sleepers ?
Unto thee, O Yahwfe ! do I cry for help, 14
30 Early does my prayer go to meet thee.
Why, O Yahwfe ! dost thou cast off my soul, 1 5
And hide thy face from me ?
Wretched am I and exhausted because of Arabia, j6
I bear [the hatred of] Jerahmeel :
Tents of Arabians encompass me, 17
Terrors of +deathly+ gloom beset me.
Jerahmeelites, like water, surround me, 18
They all beset me together ;
My friends thou hast put far from me, iq
40 My neighbours and familiar friends thou hast with-
holden.
(Cofulusion wanting^
9. See crit. 11.-13. See on Ixxxvi. 24. The &epliaim, equivalent to
13, and Lam. iii. 55. — 14. In dark * the dead.* See -ff//f. i?i^., * Rephaim.*
places. So cxliii. 3, Lam. iii. 6. The 25. Perdition - land. Heb.
land of darkness is Sheol, Job x. 21 f. < Abaddon.* Like * Death ' a syno-
So the Babylonians call the underworld ny,n for Sheol (see Job xxvi. 6, xxviii.
• the land where one sees nothing.* 22). Abaddon was one of the seven
-id All AWw «^^wi- c^« - hells in the Talmud (cp. on xl. 3).
x.iil.\ '^l t^l^r^..^^. Z Milton wen renders. ' ii^rdition.'
meant ; cp. Ex. xv. 5, Ps. Ixviii. 23. 39 f- See Job xvii. 14, xix. 13, and
cp. the oppressive description of the
23-28. The speaker repeats his Egyptian Amenti, 'The country of
dailjr prayer. He has perhaps conceived heavy sleep and of darkness . . . They
the idea of resurrection, but no more wake not to see their brothers, they
dares to cherish it than the speaker of recognize no more father and mother.*
Job xiv. 14. (Maspcro.)
CHHcal Note., i f. Read ^TS^ \^^» (Hare, Kenn., Bi., Weir,
Che.ti^ Ba., Kau., Driver, &c.), and* take DV^I or rather DDl^ (cp. G T),
from /. 2. Cp. /. 30. Read ^J^p^SV
7. M ^ipnit^TO. Read ""Tbttyi ; 'TO is wanted for /. 9. The con-
fusion was easy. See xxviii. 1. *
8. M TK^l^K 13^3 • G ft) J uvBpomos d^orjOrfroSf unphiloloefical and
I TVS •• W ! . » o
poor. JIITN m xxii. 20 is corrupt. Read 7ypi 1^93 (Isa. xiv. 19).
^^X, however, represents not only a part of ^W^ ,"but\iilso t^J^DIlT (see
next note).
PSALM LXXXVIII. 6l
9 f. M'D^^^n iD3 ^Jt^Sn D'na2l (Pase^ at close). Driver is
• T-; : .:t ... -'
content with reading ^IC^SJ) for ^K^QH . Duhm remarks that neither ^K^Sn
nor 1M gives a sense, and reads ^Ji^'^QH (Job xl. 13). Probably
^3J12l£^n would be better. But the corruption certainly lies deeper.
D^/ID and D^^/H should have awakened thoughts of £zek. xxxi. 17,
xxxii. 20 ff., XXXV. 8, and the whole context should have suggested cxliii. 3,
and perhaps xxxi. 13a. As to WSTl , it has clearly come out of ^/iniCTT^
(see on /. 7). I do not follow Duhm's objection to IDD ; it is surely
right, only we must read [D]^/1DD , to match it. A keen investigation of
the passages of Ezekiel referred to will show that the poet-prophet
alludes to a slaughter of the Jerahmeelites in early times, which was so
terrible that it became typical of the heaviest misfortune for fallen
warriors (see on xxxi. lyi). Taking over '^^K, />. ^^^D^^^, from v. 5
(end), read t>J^on"t^ ^JIOD ^nniWlJ .—After W'bbn M gives U3';Cf
"i;ilp — a weak phrase not found elsewhere. ^2Dii^> however (G gives no
help), is simply a corrupt fragment of a second ^/)3lCTTi, which originally
perhaps stood in the margin as a correction of W^H . 13p is mis-
written for nin. Read, therefore, as /. 10, 2in ^b^H IDS.
12. M no^ ^TD. Not Hebrew. Read W^^2 T^VD (see on
xxxi. 23).
13 f. M ''^Dt' G ^jntC? {idivrd fif ; so in v. 9). Read ^^pnitf^H
(cxliii. 6, Lam. iii. 6). — M /)vSD21, as if the ocean were meant. Read
mOt^i^n (G S, Houb., Kenn., Gr!), to suit TTDn.
15 f. M riDOD. Kenn. compares £zek. xxiv. 2; so too Siegfr.-
Stade. But the passages are hardly parallel. Read i^DSllC^ (Ixxxix. 6). —
M Tjnutfto; highly questionable. Read Tj^^Stt^ (see on xviii., /. 9).—
M nbV 'rVSV- G S express ^bv ;n")3i;n ; "though B ^^ have ata^^oXpi
as well. A* omits it. Gr. rightly* adopts this. (Bo., Du., T^'^^il^ ;
We., n>n:{).
18. Duhm reads naj^ii^ ; cp. iD^"nDrT , Iviii. 5 (Kon., § 336 w, z).
19 f. M J^^h^ }iS ub^ . Obscure, and against parallelism. Read
probably '*D)lv"h^2y) ^^2 (cp. vi. 3 f.).— M D2H1 ^rjT. Noun and
verb do not match; H^hn would require ^^^33 (Jer. xxxi. 25). Herz,
nDjrri ^yy. But why not n321? G vaguely fiadfiniaav, 2TS
connect 2vH with Aram. 2T, * to' melt.' — M ^Ji;"^3D . More suitably
r\yD (Herz).
T •
28. M rrtt>;i Vl^? > «*' yi «ViX€X»;(rftfV7 (so S J) ? Or, as most
modems, *in the' land of Lethe' (* where all things are forgotten,' E V,
cp. Job xiv. 21)? n*lC?Ji however, is a an, Xcy., and even if it existed,
T. :
and meant * oblivion,' it would not be a good parallel to '^^OH . Clearly
62 THE PSALMS.
the right reading is D^^lt^ YM^2 (cp. /. 24 and Dan. xii. 2)". The ^^J^l
which opens the next clause, and which is metrically superfluous, may
have arisen out of D^J)[tt^]^ 1 which perhaps stood in the margin. Paset:
follows.
29. ^iKI has just been explained.— 33 f. Jp5, as Schultens and
Gratz saw, should be VT (so G S presuppose). TJjSO, I formerly
thought should be 'fJUJ^^D (Duhm, independently, ^1^50). But this
makes the line (verse) too long. See next note.— M ^Dh^ ^J^Ktoi
n3^3M . G iTOTTfiv^v = "SpDN (a supposed imperf. of '^^ti) ? Accord-
ing to Herz, who adopts "spOK , i$rjiropr)$rjp in G also represents "pDK ,
since in Lev. xxv. 47 this version gives diroptj$«is for ^D. If so, G must
have found nj)1S){^ untranslatable. Michaelis long ago suggested {^JlSh^
(cp. xxxviii. 9), which 01., Hu., Gr., &c., favour. ^121^ is, of course,
wrong ; * thy terrors ' might be ^^JllD^h^ , though the plur. form Jlto^K
only occurs in a corrupt passage (Iv. 5). Formerly I ventured to read,
3^3K1 fDyt ^DNtoi. It seems to me now, however, a grave question
whether so deeply melancholy a psalm must not originally have contained
some historical (or quasi-historical) references. The statement in z'. i8
that a mysterious something surrounds the speaker ' like water ' suggests
comparing such a passage as xviii. 5 f. (also xvii. 10 f., Ixix. 3-5 ?).
Must not lyiD come from y^^D and yot^ (Dl^T) from *?KOm^?
And If so, ni13J^ (which is surely not a synonym for Ijip , from Ass.
app^nama^ as Frd. Del. thought \Prol, 135 fF.]) may more* plausibly be
corrected into ^^1331^ than into J^^Sl^ (see below).—-?? f. M's TJlllH is
• T~: T " » V "I
hardly right, the plur. form not being in use, while ^>irina2{ is a self-
evident error. Most read ^^V1Q2{ ; a reason for the Ig^ibbii? m M is given
by Konig (ii. i, p. 584, n. 2). But is this enough ? DVrwS is no doubt
possible, but is it not rather weak ? Is not D^Q? ^^^^ugh qualification of
0^30 ? If historical references in the style of those in other psalms arc
necessary, the following restoration of //. 33-37 is, at any rate, plausible: —
n^^i ^ji^iyn ^:)nr^3
It is important to notice that, as in parallel cases, ^D2^tC^^ does double
duty, ue, both for itself and for DW;tf . That nWD and f DK are both
disguises of ethnics, we have seen already. ni13N (/.^. '^J)133K) would
seem to be, here at least, a correction of ^i13^pn (cp. G's wipuaxop
in xviii. 5). 'bv ^^ xl»* 7 stands for ^H^K ; it may equally well here
PSALM LXXXIX. — I. 63
represent "hnU . In TJIIll , easy transposition and corruption must be
•• T! T
assumed ; n comes from Jl ; the final 3 should become the initial letter.
^^1J1J102{ is due to a scribe who wrote Sy\OD^b^ (for /lID^ji) in error ;
O represents D > as often. DIVrtD is a disguise of D^^^^D^7'^^ (xliv. 23.
Ivi. 2).
39 f. Read ^ml^ . VII makes /. 39 too long. Read n^l ; ^ belongs
to the next word, which should be ^^J/TQI . ^^01112 is puzzling. Konig
(Syn/. 312) suggests 'Sptfn DTTTO. B^, partly after J S, TTiOT D^ITTD;
' V • TNS T T
the readmg •?flW10 is also found. Independently, both Herz and the
writer have thought of ^MnD'i^ (D = O) ; cp. Job xix. 14.
• Ml
PSALM LXXXIX.— I.
1 ETRAMETERS. As Olshauseii almost saw, and Bickell has expressly main-
tained, Ixxxix. 2-19 (excluding in/, 4 f.) and tfv. 20-52 are two distinct psalms (or
parts of psalms). The conjecture of J. P. Peters (y B L, 1893, p. 60), that
2/v. 10-13 (or 15) may come from an earlier poem, written in Galilee, is a bold
inference from an ol^cure and doubtless corrupt passage (v, 13). Bickell and
Duhm think that both psalms are by the same author. But they are not in the
same metre, and if we admit that w. 4 and 5 were inserted later as a link between
the two psalms, it is surely most natural to assume that originally they had no
connexion whatever. That pious Israel is the speaker is plain from v. 1 compared
with z^. 16-19. It is not so obvious, from the traditional text, what is the occasion
of the psalm. According to Baeth^en, trv. 2-19 are a song of praise for the
promise given to David, together with an eulogium of the fortunate lot of Israel,
who has such a mighty and gracious God. Duhm's explanation is not very
dift'erent, except that while Baetbgen supposes the poet to mean in v, 19 that the
Messianic king, though not yet visible, is ideally pre-existent, Duhm thinks the
meaning to be that the existing Asmonrean kingdom is under Vahw^'s protection.
The truth, however, appears to be that no king at all was spoken of in the
original text of v, 19, and that the psalm is really an epinikion. The poet takes
up his position in the future, which by faith he realizes as if present (cp. Ps. ix).
The great foes of the Jews, called Jerahmeelites, or Ishmaelites, or Cushites, will
then have been overthrown, not by Israel's might, but by the prevailing right
hand of Yahw^. Ps. lxxiv.<*> supplies a striking parallel to w. 10-13 » both
passages have been very much misunderstood. On the curious Talmudic
ascription of Ps. Ixxxix. to Abraham (the true ' Ezrahite,' or man from the east)
see Driver, Introd.y p. xxxiii., note. Vv, 10-15 are treated by Gunbel, Schcpj^
pp. 33 f. ; see also note ^ on the composite character of the psalm.
Marked: of Ethan the Ezrahite {or Ashhurite ?). i
I Thy lovingkindnesses, O Yahwfe ! I will sing for ever, 2
Age after age I will make known thy faithfulness.
For thou hast destroyed Jerahmeel in thy lovingkindness, 3
The sons of Ishmael thou hast bowed down in thy faith-
fulness.^
' (For thou hast said, *My kindness is built for ever. . .) I have made a
covenant with my chosen one, | I have sworn unto David my servant, | thy seed
will I make firm for iever, | thy throne will I build for many ages {yv, 4 f.).
THE PSALMS
And thy wonders became known among the Jerahmeelites,' 6
Yea, thy faithfulness in the assembly of the Cushites.
For who in Cush can encounter Yahwfe, 7
10 +Or+ confront Yahwfe among the sons of Jerahmeel ? —
A God who has proved his terribleness in Asshur and
Cusham, 8
Great is he and fearful towards all those of Ishmael.
[Thou art] Yahwfe, the God of hosts (?), 9
Who is like thee (?) * * *
Thy lovingkindness [thou hast magnified] at the cost ot
the Jerahmeelites,
Thy faithfulness at the cost of the Ishmaelites.
It is thou that rulest the pride of the sea, 10
When its billows roar, it is thou that subduest them ;
Thou that with thy might didst crush Jerahmeel,- 1 1
20 That with thy strong arm didst break down thine enemies.
Thine is Ishmael ; yea thine is Missur ; 12
Tubal and Jerahmeel, thou didst form them ;
It is thou that didst create Zaphon and Yaman, 13
Rehoboth and Hermon, Cusham and Rimmon.
Thine is help, with thee is might, 14
Prevailing is thy hand, triumphant thy right hand :
Righteousness and justice are the base of thy throne, 1 5
Lovingkindness and truth advance to attend thee.
Happy thepeopje that know thy fear ! 16
30 In the light of thy face, O Yahwfe ! do they walk :
At thy deeds they exult perpetually, 17
At thy righteousness, [O Yahwfe !] do they shout for joy.
For thou art our glory, our fortress, 18
By thy favour it is that our horn becomes high ;
For the Jerahmeelites thou hast given over unto us, 19
Those of Cush and Ishmael we have taken.
* Ishmaelites. ' Rehob.
PSALM LXXXIX. — I.
65
I. M's text closely resembles Isa.
Ixiii. 7 (opening).— 3 f. M partly sug-
jirests a comparison with xxxvi. 6, cxix.
89, but the strange phraseology com-
pels us to look deeper into the text.
With the revised text cp. ix. 2 ff. — 5 f.
The false reading ^/IIOK for JTaK
in V. yi went together with a theory
that the whole psalm (which is really
composite) was a poetic expansion of
2 S. vii. 8 ff. Cp. on Ixxxix. W. Vv, 4 f.
may possibly contain, in a misread form,
fragments of the true text of //. 5 f. — 7.
1S/9 . Cp. Ixxvii. 12, 15, Ixxviii. 12,
Ixxxviii. II, Ex. xv. 11, Isa. xxv. I.
The great deeds of redemption, in the
past and in the future (cp. Isa, Lc), are
referred to.— 8. Sip, 'concourse,
multitude,' as Jer. xxxi. 8, xliv. 15, &c.
M's D^ltnp 'p is vague; it might
mean 'the assembly of the holy (Is-
raelites),' like UnVn 'p, cxllx. I,
cp. VlCnp, xxxiv. 10. This would
at first sight seem to be favoured by v, 8,
which, apart from the context, we should
certainly take to refer to the Israelites.
But D^OIC^ in V, 6a and D^^l^ ^Jl in
V. 6& (M) may compel interpreters to
fx plain D^lCnp 'p, as well as 1^V
"^P , of the assembly of the angels (cp.
Job v. I, XV. 15, Dt. xxxiii. 2 f. ?,
Dan. iv. 14). A closer examination of
ihe text relieves us from these obscure
phrases, not the least peculiar of which
is D^DlCf for * the heavenly ones.'
9. / Tiy> 'instruxit aciem in
aliquem,* Jer. 1. 9 ; so 7]^ y, Jer. I.
14, nNip*? y, 2 S.x. 9, 10, 17.—
10. The inferior divine beings have
supplanted the bne Jerahmcel in the
faulty traditional text. — 1 1 f. Cp. on
/. 8, and see crit. n. ; also Ixxvi., //.
23 f. — 14. Cp. Ex. XV. 20.
17. Tlie sea. See on Ixv. 8. —
19. Dufst crush, TM^TH . So Ixxii. 4,
T • • '4
where the object of the verb is Cush,
as here Jerahmeel or (see crit. note)
Rehob.
21 ff. See on Ixxiv. 16 f., xcv. 4 f.
See £nc. Bib., *Zaphon.' 'Yaman'
is the ]V of Gen. x. 2, Ezek. xxvii. 13.
TT
Isa. Ixvi. 19 ; it is a corruption of
/J^DrTT*, but probably became the
name of a special Jerahmeelite dis-
trict. — Hermofi and Rimmon too, which
are also disguises of 'Jerahmeel,' are
probably districts of the Negeb. For
the former cp. Josh. xi. 3, 17 (the
scene of the events in the original form
of the narrative in Josh. xi. was the
Negeb; cp. Enc. Bib.^ 'Shimron').
For Rimmon, cp. ' En-rimmon.'
27. So xcvii. 2b, cp. Prov. xvi. 12,
xxv. 5. — 28. Cp. onlxi. 8, Ixxxv. ii.
29. TI17 fear* in an objective
sense (xix. 10), = the precepts of the
religion of Y ahwe.
33 f. JT^^^^J^ , often of the divine
glory, as Isa. xlvi. 13, and (of the ark)
Ps. Ixxviii. 61, here, however, of
Yahwe as the pride of Israel (cp. Isa.
XX. 5)- — Our horn. See on Ixxv. 5. —
35. lilD, as Gen. xiv. 20, Hos. xi. 8.
CHHccU Notes, i f. M vrrpQ. Read T^^D (G» ^r.). M's ^92
has grown out of a dittographed O (^' 3)*
3 f. Plainly w. 3-5 in M are not in order. V. 3 justifies the state-
ment in z/. I by a reference to a promise of everlasting favour to Israel.
The phraseology has poinis of contact with that of w. 6 and 9. Vv. 4
and 5 introduce a special reference to David and the prophecy in 2 S. vii.
13, 16, which does not fit well into the context. Olshausen partly saw
the difficulty, but Bi.(*^ was the first to attain a nearly adequate solution.
He thought that w. 3-5 were inserted later to link the two parts together
and that the two parts were really independent psalms. This solution is
in the main correct, but the form needs modification. V. 3 may seem to
II. F
66 THE PSALMS.
be connected with v%', 4f. by the word nj3\ But it is at any rate (as
we have seen) much more closely connected with vv, 6, 9, and it must
be evident that T\y2^ is wrong ; there is no parallel for the strange
VT»
comparison of Yahwfe's IDH to a building. The reading T\^^ is con-
nected with ^TK^y^L in z/. 5 ; the underlying original is probably ^331 •
Having the key to the Psalms in our hands, we have a right to expect a
reference to the Jerahmeelite background of the Psalter. D^iy, as else-
where, comes from [D'*]^h^Dni\ and D^DIt^ (followed by Pasek), as
occasionally again, from ^^^yDt!^^ Cp. on 7/. 38a. Read, —
' v: - z T t- • •
' V T w V ^ • : - •• I
[Houb.'s view deserves to be better known. He begins v. 3 with
D^iy^ Of and v. 4 with ^JlID PTSty^ O- By an error, the scribe
inserted /TlDl^ after the first instead of after the second O- This is
plausible. ^JinD and /1"1DM have a certain resemblance, so that JT^IDK
might easily fall out ; a corrector might as easily supply JTIDh^ after the
preceding O by an error, j^ — is supported by G J, and adopted by Bi.<*^
Che.f'), Ba., Du. Houb.'s view, however (with which Bi.(*', Che.t»), Du.,
agree in essentials), is only a makeshift ; the context remains ill-
connected. Moreover, w, 4f. were plainly meant to consist of trimeters,
but prefixing J^"^D^^"0 or JIIOK to v. 4a makes it a tetrameter. Ba.'s
reading, —
* For thou hast said, " For ever shall the building of grace endure,"
The heaven — like it thou establishest thy faithfulness,' —
is hardly a great improvement on the traditional text]
7 f . M D^DIC^- But we expect either a class-name or an ethnic.
Dn^DH would be a good || to D^tCTTp* but is too far removed from
D^DIt^' '^i however, has sometimes arisen out of [D^7WDIC^» and
tC^Tp is often miswrjtten for K^O. TXSTV might stand, but the occurrence
of '^ twice over in the next couplet makes us doubt its correctness.
Sometimes it is a fragment of D^^MDn'1\ and that is probably the case
here. Thus we have two variants, "tO^ and TTI^ ; the latter is to be
preferred (two beats). Read (as /. 7)— ?[^N^9 ^^^01:^2 W^^ and in
/. 8, for D^ltnp read D^tt^lS-
9 f . M prW2i *a poetic sing, for the already in itself poetic QpPlC^
(Del.). Surely not. Both here and in v, 38 pniCf comes from t£h3-
M HDT. Read Dlp^ M D^^^N ^^23. Read ^XDHT ^^32 (see
crit. note on xxix. i).
II f. M D^lC^lp mon. Read Dl^^DJ iV^y^.— M Hin, adverb?
G yAywi, Read KM 3*], Gr., Ba.— M* vi^Op. "Read D'^NJ^Dl!^^ (see
on Ixxvi. 12).
PSALM LXXXIX. — I. 67
13-16. The material is scanty for a quatrain. In /. 13 insert tir\^'
In /. 15 ]*Dn (followed by Pasek) is an Aramaizing an, X«y., and very
suspicious (but see Del., and cp. ]bn Am. ii. 9; not correct in Is. i. 31).
The neighbourhood of 'y)Ul^ suggests 'pDn (so Bi.). -|^/na''2D should
be ubl^yDW^2 ; cp. /. 12. This suggests that n\ just before, should be
D^^J^Dm^n. But this 4th stanza, including lines i and 2, is uncertain.
G's dvvaros c?, icupif, is no real reading.
18. M N^lCf3. Read probably mj^^l (Gunkel). Gr. X\tkp2L ;
Herz, ]^Ktth. G* koL t6v (or t6v be) a-d\ov. — M DnSttfP- G npaCvtis^z
Qp'^nVD ?' Better to read DtC^BDJl. Cp. on Ixv. 8. '
.. : ; •
10 f. . M nm bbviy why hhr\2 ? Experience too warns us
- T T TV
to distrust ^TD (title of Egypt). See on Ixxxvii. 4, Ezek. xxxi. 17 f.
Read— li^n] ^>JDrn^. ^in ; nni is a variant to 'HT.— M ri-ljtp.
Read probably f\:fiB (ix. 3). '
21 f. M gives a sense which in any other context would be satis-
factory. Here, however, we. do not expect generalities about God's
universal lordship. The case of Ixxiv. 16 f , xcv. 4 f , is exactly parallel.
Read—
Di^n:{> 7)r\ik ^xonn^i b2r\
T :-x T - - \
22 f. In this context 11S)'i and ]^^3^ (G, however, OaKda-aas or -av =
D^Q^ or D^) should be N. Arabian districts, and this consideration also
determines the reference of "112J1 and ^ID"^?!, if both these words are
correctly read. But how can they be right ? It is usual to suppose that
Tabor represents the west, and Hermon the east (so 01., Del, Cooke in
Enc, Bid., * Tabor'); J. P. Peters, however, takes Tabor to mean the
south, and Hermon the north. These views imply that Palestine, and
not N. Arabia, is referred to. But apart from this, how can Tabor,
which is in the north-central district of Palestine, be used for one of the
four quarters, and even coupled with Mt. Hermon.^ (It is not in itself
a high mountain, though it may strike us as such as we approach it from
the south; Tabor, 2018 ft.; Hermon, 9050). II^A as perhaps in
Jer. xlvi. 18, and as 11^10 in Ezek. xxxviii. 12, should be ni2ni.
113'in too may stand as a Negeb name (a popular corruption of
^^^Dm'•).--M J):):"t^ nnU^a. How can this be ? The phrase belongs
to Israel, not to natural objects like mountains. Nor is a good
parallelism produced. Read (comparing DDK? in Ix. 8, IIC^D in cxx. 5)
rtDm Dlt^DV *Rimmon' is a Negeb name.
' •: T \:
25. M ;piT. Read nty.— M D^. Read TjQy (Ges.).
29. M nWli?. Read ^jn^n" . "^niiin is less probable.
68 THE PSALMS.
31 f. M TfDt2>3. Read probably ?ptt^D3 (cp. on cxxxviii. 2).—
M ^:yn\ Parallelism requires .•)ja-)\ "So Ba. ; Gr. ^^•l\ Insert
mn^ (metre).
33 f. Read probably !)>TyD1 ^^^l^S)^"'^-— ^''- 0**"^^ '^ better
than Kt. DH/I (cp. v. 25^). T apparently reads UTip-
35 f. M and G both presuppose an impossible text (cp. Ba.). To
take the initial b in TDTVb as asseverative (Grimme, OLZ^ June, 1899,
col. 195, Wellh.) is farfetched ; on Eccles. ix. 4, see Siegfried, but also
Haupt, in Oriental 5/«^/Vj (Boston, 1894), p. 264, n. 3. Read probably—
:-T • ^ : : •:
PSALM LXXXIX.— 2.
1 RIMETERS. A poetic version of the promises to David and his house in 2 Sam.
vii. 8 ff., which serves to point the contrast of present calamity and distress. The
very people which the ancient revelation mentioned as the destined subject of
David and his house now tyrannizes over the heir of the promises, viz. pious
Israel. The host of Israel, which, according to another psalmist (xviii. 38 — 43),
was to put the armies of the aliens to flight, has been discomfited ; Israel is no
longer an imperial power, but a mark for the insults of his neighbours. Where is
God's old lovingkindness ? — Here, as elsewhere, the question arises. Does the
poet throw himself back imaginatively into the time of the £ei11 of the kingdom, or
does he refer to some almost forgotten episode in the later period ? We need not
embarrass ourselves with finding out some one who could be called Yahwi's
anointed, whether Jehoiachin (Sellin), or Zerubbabel (Sellin, formerly), or
Sheshbazzar (Winckler, virtually) ; for in^lt'D {yv. 39, 52) is most probably
corrupt. It is possible, however, that there was a temporary revival of the Jewish
nationality, and that the occasion of Ps. Ixxxix.f') is the disappointment of the
hopes excited by this short-lived renascence. The psalm may be grouped with
xliv.^'^ and Ixxx. Cp. introd. to Ps. Ixxx.
I 1* * * * 20
4c 4c * 4:
I have sent help to a hero,
I have caused to triumph a young warrior from the people :
I have found David my servant, 21
From Jeshimon-kadesh I have drawn him,
Whose hand shall make peoples bow down, 22
Yea, his arm shall wound them ;
The Arabian shall not oppress him, 23
10 The son of Jerahmeel shall not afflict him ;
I will shatter his foes before him, 24
And smite down those that hate him ;
1 Then thou spakest in a vision | To thy pious ones, and saidst.
PSALM LXXXIX. — 2. 69
My faithfulness and lovingkindness shall be beside him, 25
Through my name shall his horn become high ;
I will lay his hand on Yaman, 26
His right hand on the streams.
He shall call upon me, * Thou art my father, 27
My God, my rock of deliverance ';
I also will make him my firstborn, 28
20 Sovereign among earth's kings.
My kindness will I keep for him for ever, 29
My covenant shall be stedfast towards him :
His offspring will I make eternal, 30
His throne as the days of heaven.
If his sons forsake my law, 31
And walk not in mine ordinances,
If they profane my statutes, 32
And keep not my commandments,
I will punish their transgression with the rod, 33
30 Their offence with strokes ;
But my lovingkindness I will not withdraw from him, 34
Nor will I become false to my troth :
My covenant I will not profane, 35
Nor alter what has passed my lips ;
One thing I have sworn by ray holiness, 36
1 will never become faithless to David :
His offspring shall endure for ever, 37
And his throne as the sun before me :
The Jerahmeelites shall bow down unto him, 38
40 Cush and Ammon shall serve him.
But now thou hast spurned and rejected, 39
Thou hast vented thy fury on thy loyal one ;
Thou hast profaned the glory of thy servant, 40
His diadem thou hast hurled to the ground.
Thou hast broken down all his fences, 41
Thou hast brought his fortresses to ruin :
All that pass along the road lay him waste, 42
He is a mark for the insults of his neighbours.
70
THE PSALMS.
Thou hast lifted up the right hand of his foes, 43
50 Thou hast made all his enemies to rejoice ;
Yea, thou tumest his host backward, 44
And hast not held him up in the battle.
Thou hast removed his glorious sceptre, 45
And hurled his throne to the ground ;
Thou hast made him drunken with wine that bewilders, 46
Thou hast covered him with shame. ^
Where are thy lovingkindnesses, O Lord ! 50
Which thou didst swear unto David in thy faithfulness ?
O remember the contumelies of the Arabians, 51 (52)
Forget not the insults of the Jerahmeelites.^
Subscription to Book III,
Blessed be Yahwfe for evermore. Amen and Amen.
1-4. The opening words, though
of doubtful origin, state quite correctly
that what follows is based on 2 S. vii.
8-16. ptTT; so in I Ch. vii. 15;
p>rr in 2 s. vii. 17. -mna = -)u:i ,
as Ixxviii. 31, 63, Am. iv. 10. D^^H,
to * cause to triumph,* cp. D^^ > Ivii. 6,
12. Note "^tj;, ' help* = * victory.*
6. From Jesbimon - kadesta,
i.e, from the wilderness where David
wandered before the change in his
fortunes. Cp. i S. xiv. i, 'Behold,
David is in the wilderness of £n-gedi *
(rather * En-kadesh'). See crit. note.
— 7 f. Cp. xviii. 39.
15 f. See on Ixxii. 8. The streams
are presumably the 'widys* of the
Negeb. The term is conventional ;
cp. PHB ira (PerSth = Ephrath).
19 f* My flratbom. Israel
(Ex. iv. 22) or Ephraim (Jer. xxxi. 9)
is called Yahwe s 'firstborn son.* —
Sovereign (pvy). Israel too is called
*ely6n^ Dt. xxvi. 19, xxviii. i in relation
to the goyim, or * nations.' — 24. As the
days of heaven. So Dt. xi. 21 (of the
duration of Israel).
35- One tbinr, /IHM, indicat-
ing the solemnity of the statement.
Cp. Ixii. 12. So Del., Duhm, &c.
Ba. prefers * once * ; G fiira(.
41. Here begins the psalmist's
complaint of the non-fulfilment of
Yahw^*s promises. — 42. Thy loyal one^
i.e. pious Israel. The reference of
*■ thine anointed * (so M) is disputed.
According to Hitzig, the Jewish people
is meant. Certainly the p>eople must
be referred to in all those passages
which speak of long-continued suffer-
ings. Moreover, in «/. 51 we have
' thy servants,* and w, 41 f. are clearly
based on Ixxx. 13, and refer to the
people. It is quite possible for an
imperial people, such as Israel, ideally,
was, to be described as having a
* diadem,* a . * sceptre,* and a * throne *
(cp. Isa. Iv. 3), and it would be only a
step farther to call this people Yahw^*s
* anointed.* Still it is very doubtful
whether this last step was actually
* How long wilt thou hide thy lovingkindness ? | +how long+ shall thy wrath
burn like fire ? || (v, 47).
* O remember the Jerahmeelites [Ishmaclites], | the contumelies of all the
sons of Edom. |! The contumelies of the Jerahmeelites, the Ishmaelites, the
Asshurites. ^v. 48, 49, 50 (part). || The Cushites (v. 52).
PSALM LXXXIX. — I, 2. 7 1
taken. The terms ' king * and * anointed illusion, and that the period of national
one/ when the people of Israel are independence seemed to onvr who Ian-
referred to, both seem to have arisen guished under a foreign yoke a time
through corruption. See on xxviii. 8, of youthful vigour which might have
Ixxxiv. 10, and see crit. note. lasted on indefinitely ? At any rate,
xf f c^« «--*^^;«« ««f-. r,- ^^« parallel line does not favour this
* thou hast shortened the days of hia ^ ^ „ . i, •• « «.
youth.' The meaning is not clear. 57 f- An allusion to 2 S. vii. 8 ff. ;
Can we say that there is here a pathetic cp. Isa. Iv. 3^. inOH ^ as v. 2.
Critical Notes, 1-4. M*s '^y\ m^l W may contain fragments of
the true text "jn^DH ; so the Gk. vss. (roit 6(riots trov ; G's vlo« must
be a corruption), except S', which has roli irpo(t>ffTats trov ; so too TSJ,
Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Baer, Ginsb. Some MSS. and many edd., however,
have the sing, suff., which suits 2 S. vii. 4. Cp. on xvi. 10.— In /. 3 read
lia:!"'?^ no; ^n^lS (cp. '2i, xlii. 9, xUv. 5). Most (Venema, 01., Hu.,
Kau., Hal., Du.) change MG's ITV into 10 (cp. v. 40^). But the text-
v»«
reading suits ll^l^ better.
6. M rrVTlC^D ^^CTrp IDt^^a (cp. Ex. XXV. 6), implying that the king
was consecrated as a priest; cp. 'Weinel, ZATJV, 1898, p. 59. But
nothing is said of this in 2 S. vii. 8. Most probably in that passage (see
Crit. Bid.), as in Ixxviii. 21 f., the true text specifies by name the district
or region from which David was taken. Read yrS2"i)D ^0 P*J5^^ .
• I - I -'t ' • •
7. Read D^Dy X^'^^D ^"'^ ^^^^ ' ^'^ '^^^ 'f^^^ *^ "°^ ^"^^^
justified by Ixxviii. 27' Besides, something stronger is required. —
8. Read DOTO^ *!y*l1f«llj .
9 f. As Herz remarks, M's W^Z^^^b has very little sense, whatever
meaning we give to the verb. He would read /1^DN"S^ (cp. 1 S. xxvi.
19), and thinks that G*s ov rrpoa-Bria-fi implies a marginal gloss or a second
rendering of Jl^OK as /l^J^M , which is represented by npo<rri6rjfii in Ixii.
II, ci. 3. * Of course, the difficulty in this hypothesis is to account for
the third person.' I agree that h^ is dittographic, but think that wc must
read it^3'^"ji^ . 2"^, too, should probably be ^^'Tg; (as often), and in
/. 10 n9urp (so in 2 S. vii. 10) should be '^KDHT ]2-
1 5. M D*2 . Read 1D3 = ^NDHTa ; see exeg. note.
T- TTi
31. M .T31*. Read TON (01., Hu., Gr., Bi., Ba., &c.). Cp. 2 S.
• T • T
vii. 17, I Chr. xvii. 13.
39 f. M*s D^^y 1^3^ m^3 is an editor's correction of a corruptly
written D^^KDIl")^ ^^ V")D^ . ' Cp. on /. 7. The n'^D which closes v, 38
comes from a fragment of bsDHT (a correction). — For pHg'^ ^V^
]DW read beyond doubt ]by[ tthD imi2j;;. Cp. on v. 7. For
another suggestion see yew. Rel. Life, p. 109 f. Duhm is content with
reading IQh^i pHlJ^n Tl^^l, *and as long as the sky lasts, it (the
Tv:v '. - - - ^ :
throne) is constant.'
72 THE PSALMS.
41. Read nrjjri (Gr.).— 43- M rTJJ»")^p^. Read probably nr)"}3D
(and so in Lam. ii. '7), transposing this word and ph^H . 2 tlf Korapav
?d«)icaff,as if njn*nK. Herz, nmDy or nrhyy--M nnn. Read
jnh^Bn , as in Isa. xlii. 6 (see CrrV. B/6,),
vv : •
47, M -irrDlJ^; G Biripnaa-ap. But just before, breaking down and
ruining is referred to. Read ^^^71 (Ixxix. 7). Transposition ; confusion
of D £Lnd D •
51. M tain ")1X ; G TTjv poffBtiap Trjs pofi<l>aias avroii. Del., with
insufficient justification, * the edge of his sword ' ; Ba., * with his sword
which is as flint.' For -)1S, Duhm >SQ, Gratz 'fyntk- Both rightly
refer to xliv. 11, but neither sees that idlH has also to be corrected.
That Gr. should not have noticed wAere linW lies hid is really strange.
Read *\l^2^ "linK . See xliv. 10^, iia.
T : T
53. M liniSltD ; G dno KaffapiCfiov avr6v (avroii) ; A2 r^v Kadaponyra
T TJ •
avTov'j cp. Kon., 6>w/., p. 35. Read iTn tltS^D (Herz); cp. Zech. vi. 13,
I Chr. xxix. 25* Dan. xi. 21. Less easily and less elegantly, Ba. and
Sellin read *)1»Q nt90 .
T • V -
55 f. M rtybv ^D^ 'H'^^pn. No doubt, God may be said to
* shorten days,* but in this case VDI^y is not a natural qualification. Gr.
proposes VD1^1£/ or ^Jihv . But the || line suggests that the corruption
lies deeper. Read probably nby'^n V^D '\m2'ifn (cp. Ix. 5). [G^ rov
Bpovov avTov ; G^ xp^^ov, t^. 1D7^J^ .] The TwD at the end of w. 46 and
49 represents ^[h^]On[")^], which was probably a marginal correction
belonging to v. 48. [In v. 47 read probably ^Dn Ti^DJFi ; cp. on
Ixxiv. I, Ixxix. 5 (xiii. 2).]
57a, 59 f. M gives us these two lines in two forms (laA = 7/. 5 1 ; 2 a.d,
= V. 52). The beginning of/. 59 is given nearly correctly in v, 51a ; it is
JlSnn Kribr. in v. 52a IDT has given place to ll^rK , and J1[l]9in
has become 19111 . The beginning of /. 60 has to be recovered from
^p^HTJIKlC^ in 2/. 51^. Parallelism suggests TlDVr) ^Ki and (omitting
>p as = a dittographed ^D) we can without violence extract this from
[^]n2^J1Kl£f . The ^D which follows ^pTTi in v. 51^, and the r\)2pV in
V. 52^ both represent r)i2i^3 ; see on vi. 8, and cp. Perles, A/iaL^ 14, 28.
• s
(Bo., Bi., Ba., Kau., partly agree ; see also ST.) It remains to find out
what are the nouns with which /lt)")n and Jlb^D are in construction.
V, 51 gives ^nnjj and D^ay D^ai; 'v- 52 ^^2^^^ and ^'itfD. *The
contumelies of thy servants ' is, of course, a possible phrase, but it is not
so natural as * the contumelies of thine enemies,' or rather (for D^211^ is
clearly the common original of ^HHy and ^O^X), * of the Arabians.'
If so, both D^Dy D^21 and "^n^lC^D must conceal some ethnic or ethnics.
The key to the former is supplied by D^ ^^HD in xviii. 44^ ; both the
groups of letters compared are corruptions of D^^KDTT")^. The key to the
PSALM XC. 73
latter is identical with the key to "^DQIC^ in v, 13 ; both words are most
probably corruptions of D^t2^^3 . To the couplet now restored v. 48, in
its true form, appears to be a variant, while v, 49, in its true form, is a
variant to part of v, 48, and one word in v, 50, viz. D^JK^Win , or rather,
Dmntt^K is an additional gloss on (D"nK) DTK"^J2'^D .^ Duhm omits
^pTT2 in v.^ib as a late insertion, and reads D^QJ/Q 2n"^3 , and in
V. 51a I^ZIJJ = ^^tJ^D ^. 52. 'The heels of thine anointed one'
implies, according to Duhm, that the king (Alexander Jannaeus) is a
fugitive, rbv, like ^"t^V {v, 49), is a fragment of ^K^QKn.
BOOK IV.
PSALM XC.
1 Ri METERS. Verses 1-12 are so difficult that we may do well, in forming a
view of the psalm, to start from verses 13-16(17). From these it is plain that,
unless the psalm is made up of two distinct poetic fragments, the theme of the
work is Yahw^'s painful desertion of his people during a lone-continued national
misfortune (cp. Olsh., Wellh.). It is, therefore, plain that tor the psalm in its
present state a later editor must be held responsible. The actual incoherence is
indeed very great. The everlastingness of God is the subject of z^. I, 2, 4 ; the
perishableness of men that of w, 3 and 5a ; the shortness of human life that of
w. sbi 6, 10, 12. In w, 7-9 the misfortunes of the nation are explained as a
proof of the divine anger, and though this is not directly stated, we are allowed to
infer from the concatenation of the verses that the shortness of life itself arises
from the divine anger at sin. What religious poet would have written thus?
Neither as a contemplation of the nature of God and of man, nor as an appeal to
Yahw^ de profuudis^ can Ps. xc. be pronounced a satisfactory poem \ and if we
look at Ps. xxxix. (which in its present form has considerable resemblance to
Ps. XC. , but in the light of criticism becomes a composite poem, in which the
original part has been both manipulated and, in its tendency, modified by the
alterations and additions of an editor) we shall see that the solution of the problem
here proposed is by no means strange or unparalleled. (Cp. also on Ixxxix. 48f). The
solution referred 10 is that the original psalm had a definite historical background.
It was an appeal of oppressed Israel to Yahw^ for help and (see v. 15) compensation,
based on the close relation between itself and its God. The greatness of the
Jerahmeelites may be of ancient origin, but the protection of Israel by Yahw^ is
still older. Much of the text, however, became illegible, and much perhaps failed
to s.itisfy the editor, who, therefore, recast a large part of it so as to convey a more
permanently valuable message. The rewritten portion contains w, i-X2, but
w. 1-4 can with considerable probability be restored to their original form.
The following are the chief points of contact between this psalm and other
literary works : —
Line i : TJ^Q , rt^D , * shelter, fortress,* xxvii. I, xxviii. 8 (?), xxxi. 3, 5,
xxxvii. 39, xliii. 2, Ixxi. 3 (c.t.), xci. 9 (c.t.), Deut. xxxiii. 27 (c.t.).
'^ Vv, 48 f. should run thus (cp. the parallel corrections of corruptly written
ethnics elsewhere, eg, in xxxbc. 5), —
As in Ps. xxxix. , G presupposes an already corrupt text.
74 THE PSALMS.
Line 2 : ")*T1 ")*T7 , see especially Ixxxix. 2.
3 : Antiquity of Jerahmeel, cp. Num. xxiv. 7, 20a [in v, 8, i7 DM*1
is a corruption of 7^^C^1^ , parallel to DHJiD]-
7 f.: Cp. xciv. 4 f., and other parallels (crit. note on //. i-8, end).
9 f. : Cp. xxxvU. 2, ciii. 15 f., and especially Isa. Ixiv. 5 [6], *we all
fade as leaves.'
12: /ilZU of anguish such as precedes death ; cp. vi. 3 f.» 11, xxx. 8,
civ. 29, &c.
14-16 : See crit. notes.
17-20 : Cp. Gen. xlvii. 9, Job ix. 25 f., Isa. xxxv. 10.
22: Cp. Joel ii. 11^.-25. Cp. vi. 4, 5. xciv. 3.-26. Cp. Dt. xxxii. 36,
Ex. xxxii. 12.
27 • ")p35 ' *^P* ^^^' ^» ^^^^' ^» cxJi"- 8 (not xlix. 15).
29 : nto^ (for ^Q^), again only Dr. xxxii. 7 (as here, beside /ll^iCt 1
assonance, therefore).
31 : 7jJ& , of Yahw^*s historical * working * for his people, as xcii. 5,
xcv. 9, Ixxviii. 13, cp. xliv. 2.
Prayer. Of the Ishmaelites \^Jerahtneelites\. r
I O Lord ! thou wast our stronghold,
Our God age after age,*
Before thou didst exalt Jerahmeel, 2
And didst magnify Mi^^ur and Ishmael.
Mayest thou put Ishmael to flight, 3
And say, Be disappointed, )re sons of Edom 1
For the Jerahmeelites tread thy people down, 4
The Ishmaelites, the Arabians, and the Misrites.
Editorial (JL 9-22).
II Like grass which in the morning sprouts, 5, 6
ID But in the evening fades and withers,
So through thine anger we perish, 7
Through thine indignation we are affrighted.
Thou hast set our iniquities before thee, 8
Our treason in front of thy countenance ;
Our doings are like spiders' webs, 9
Our works have been crushed like locusts.
The days of our pilgrimage have fled, 10
Our years [have been swifter] than eagles,
They have fled through trouble and calamity,
20 For kindness and piety are at an end.
' Before the mountains were brought forth,
And thou hadst accomplished the works of the earth (z/. 2a).
PSALM XC. 75
Who can withstand the violence of thine].anger, 1 1
Or abide the fierceness of thy fur}' ?
Show the Jerahmeelites their iniquities, 12
Yea, punish the sons of Jerahmeel.
Turn hither, O Yahwfe ! how long ? 13
Relent over thy servants.
Satisfy us early with thy kindness, 14
That all our days we may shout with gladness.
Make us glad as many days as thou hast afflicted us, 15
30 As many years as we have seen misery :
Let thy doing appear to thy servants, 16
And thy magnificence to their [children's] children.
Liturgical Appendix,
Let thy brightness, O Yahwfe ! be +seen+ over us, 17
The work of our hands do thou establish.
3 f. Before tlion didst exalt, the much-loved commonplaces which
&c. * Jerahmeel/ in the haze of tradi- he once more repeats to edify his
tion, took vast proportions to the people.
Israelites. Cp. Num. xxiv. 7, * his r «« , ,1 j 1 •* >
king shall be higher than Agag'%. 20, ^9 f. Ihe trouble and calamity'
• Amalek was the first of the nations ' fPol^en of are the result of the prevail-
(sce also on Am. vi. i), Cp. introd. i^g cruelty and impiety.
5. One's impression is that the N. 21-24. The N. Arabians may be
Arabians had combined to overpower Yahw^'s agents, but they are none the
and oppress Israel (cp. Ixxiv., Ixxxiii., less transgressors of his fundamental
xciv.). It is the purpose of destroying laws, and have exceeded the limits of
Yahw^'s people which those who sang their commi^ion (cp. Dt. xxxii. 36,
these words prayed might be *dis- Isa. xlvii. 6, li. 23).
appointed.' 29 f. Yahw^ being a * God of justice '
9. There is a marked change in (Isa. xxx. 18), a proportion can be
the subject, whatever. interpretation we expected between happiness and misery;
put upon w. 1-4. ^XV I Del. renders at any rate, the latter should not exceed
•sprouts again.' This is strictly correct, theformer, for the Israelites are Yah w^'s
but the emphasis is not on the succes- * servants.
«>» of generations, but on the brevity j £ bVBl see introd.— lin.
of Israefs life as a community. Pro- _, , ^7, , i.i ir -r . .• «
bably the writer thinks, not of Moses The glory of Yahw^s self-manifestation,
and the Exodus, but of a more recent —34- The work of our hands, 1.^. the
foundation (cp. v. 17b). He is only a full establishment of a law-obeymg,
* supplemenier,' but he sincerely feels righteous community.
Critical Notes, Title. Titrih has not been adequately accounted
for. There is so little plausibility in the view that Ps. xc. has Mosaic
authorship (see Hupf.-Now.), that one is bound to look farther for an
explanation. Saadya {ap, Neubauer, Studia Btblica, ii., 12) understood
rWD as=ni:^0 ^J2*? (see i Chr. xxiii. 14, cp. PHN^ in Chr.='K ^J2)
76 THE PSALMS.
i^e, the psalm was to be sung by the bne Mos^, who were at the king's
court. It is presumable, however, that the true title was one of those
current elsewhere in the Psalter, and if so, considering the title of
Ps. Ixxxix., and remembering numerous analogous corruptions in the
titles, it seems not impossible that D^r6MrT"I£^M may be an editor's
conjectural emendation of a corrupt form of the words ^niTMH IQ^H^ .
, •t:vt't-:
rWD7 may be another such emendation of the corrupt Iti^DI or
'W'chf the original of which was DIIi^T = * marked ' (see Enc, Bib,y
col. 3945). More probably, however, y^^"^ TW'O = ^NJ^DIC^, and
D^n^KH = ^K0^^^ Cp. on title of Ps. xcii.
1-8. The commentators have naturally found this passage {vv. 1-4)
in M (with which G in the main agrees) very difficult. In w, i, 2 two
ideas seem to be interwoven, to the great detriment of the sense,
viz. the close relation between Israel and its God, and the eternity of
Yahw^. In 2/. 3 we apparently have a statement of the perishableness
of man, based on Gen. iii. 19, but the phraseology is very strange, and
V, 3^ in particular is susceptible of more than one interpretation. V, 4
does not continue this subject, but goes back to that of the divine
eternity, which it illustrates by two figures, where one (as Duhm justly
remarks) would have been more effective. The position of Ps. xc.
between Ps. Ixxxix. and xci., xcii., xciv., leads us to suppose that Ps. xc.
is by no means such a vague composition as it may appear. The
original text must have contained references to special historical circum-
stances, and instead of following Duhm, who omits the words in v, i
concerning Yahw^'s relation to Israel, we should rather omit those in
V, 2 concerning the eternity of Yahw^. It is noteworthy that the
distich in v, ia suggests a reminiscence of Prov. viii. 25 f., and that
it would be more appropriate in a description of the antiquity of the
divine Wisdom than in a hymn on the eternity of the divine Creator ; for,
since both the mountains and the earth in general were created by
Yahw^, it is a poor thing to say that before anything had been created
the Lord was. This suggests that the distich referred to was not a free
composition of the editor, but based upon genuine material which bad
become indistinct and obscure. Can we detect the underlying genuine
words ? We have a right to be hopeful, because in w, 2^, 3, and 4,
there are several words which, as experience shows, are very likely
to be corruptions of ethnic names. These words are (cl) Q^iyDi which
in Gen. vi. 4, i S. xxvii. 8, Isa. Ixiii. 19, Ezek. xxvi. 20, Mic. v. i, is a
corruption of [D^l^MDm^; ip) DTK, which can be as well DTK as
DIK (cp. on Ixxxbc. 48) ; (c) *?1D/1K, which in Mic. ii. 8 (see also' on
I S. iv. 7) is a corruption of ^KQIIT^; {d) T2y\ which may be
illustrated by DHDJ^ = DOiy in Jer. xxii. 20, and elsewhere ;
{e) i-niDK^K, which is not far from Dn2iQ; and (/) n^^^, which in
xci. 5 (cp. xvi. 10) comes from ^MDHT^. The only solution possible
under these circumstances now comes into view. We must read //. 3
and 4 thus, —
PSALM XC. 77
/NDni^ jnbnn dim
••T : •: • .rf- s -
yiK for -)12iD, as Ixxvi. 13. &c., cp. Ixxxiii. 8 (-)12J). 72/1 for 'tt?^ ;
cp. biy2/1Mi I K, xvi. 31, for Ahab's wife was really a Mi?rite (see
Crtf. Bid,). b^ry2, or ^K/10 (Josh. xix. 4, i S. xxx. 27) is less probable ;
indeed, this name itself may perhaps come from ^h^yoit^. We are now
free not only from the awkward n^> and 7^irT/1, but also from the
impossible ^2/T) V'^^*- (^^ ^^^^v. viii. 31 read yr\)K T\2Vh^\ on
Job xxxviii. 12, see Duhm.) We also understand the propriety of the
Pasel^ in v. ia.
The closing words of v. 2 must have grown out of D^TyQ > which
is a corrupt dittogram of *?KDn"1^ (or perhaps a corruption of a
marginal correction) ; they may be disregarded. The metre of lines
3 and 4 is now perfect. But what of lines 1 and 2 ? Since p^D does
not mean 'refuge,' Houb. long ago proposed Tiyo (so read in Ixxi. 3,
xci. 9). But this is not enough. To preser\'e metre and parallelism,
read —
n;^N n>TyD ^jn^
-)*ri I'm ij^iw
T ; •• v:
We now pass on to lines 5-8. ^^r\ clearly ought to have a jussive
force. t£?13M is too vague, nor can h^3^*Ty (* unto atoms,' Driver) be
safely admitted. Tj; tt^ljh^ is more than probably ^KJ70t£^^ (cp. on
Ivi. 2, Jer. xvii. 16), while h^Dl may possibly have come from ■)i^^^
(cp. ix. 4, Ivi. 10), and Dlh^ should no doubt be read DTM' Lines 5
and 6 should therefore run thus, —
v: -: - :
Lines 7 and 8 are more difficult. The subtlety of the first comparison
in M may be admitted, but, as we have seen, there is a second less
effective one, and even as the last stands one is surprised at a reference
to God's superiority to the illusion of time at this point. *?1D/1h^ DVD
may be our starting-point; why the superfluous DV ? The probability is
that «)^M and DVD = D, D=n) are both corrupt fragments of
D'^KDrT"l\ that Wyo represents a verb (take over D, and read D^l£fDD)i
and that ^^yy should be Tjqj? ; also that O ^ID/lh^ and vbh^
are corrupt repetitions of Dvl^Dm^i and that IDJ?^ and rmDi:;i<
represent DO")y and D^"1}iD respectively. We may account similarly
for rrv T\1^ DJ1D1T in v, 5 (plausible as Herz's JIDim for 'IT
certainly is) ; it represents not improbably D^^NJ^QICT DH^iD, two
corrupt repetitions or corrections. Read, therefore, as //. 7, 8,—
nay D^ti^D^ D^^i^Dm^^D
• I • • : - : • •• : z
78 THE PSALMS.
and compare the parallel lists in Ixxxiii. 6-8, and perhaps in Iv. ii f., i6,
Ivi. 7 f., Ixiii. Ii f., xciv. 20.
9 ff. A double reading follows : (a) C)^n^ I^^^IID ")p2n, (^) "^pm
^*?m y^2fc^ . («) is apparently correct, except that l^HD should open
the clause. — M ^71."^^*, surely not 'completes fading* (a * direct-causative *
sense), as Kon., § 324 d,3. Read probably ^D^ (xxxvii. 2) ; ^ was ditto-
graphed, Gr., b)B] .— M ^3 . Read p .
14. M ^^^bVj 'our youthful age'? Read nj^;^ (cp. Isa. Lxiv. 4,
SBOT), with'Cr., Herz.— M -)*I«D^ ; G «iff (^©n^^Jv. Vague. Read
b^S^h (Num. xii. 38).
t
15. M ?T/my2 -139 n^D^^D ^3. nj9 at any rate is wrong;
' V T :. V : . T ..T T • T ' ^
Dl^n rT39 (Jer. vn. 4) is possible, but hardly D^D^il -IJS, metaphorically.
The imperfect parallelism suggests corruption ; there ought to be a
figure in both lines. L, 16 (z/. 9^) is represented in G by i^tXiiroiifv ra
f-nj riy^v ms dpdxvijv ^/xcX^ro»u. In o>r dp. and c^cX. Gratz finds a double
rendering of njnnQD . This is a mistake, ms dp. (so also S) is a relic
of the reading ly^iSSJJ np3 (Isa. lix. 5), and this should be read for
iniOyn bD O^in'/. I'sTcp. O^nniC^ O in Hos. viil. 6, which, as
Ruben, Cn't Remarks^ p. 1 5, shows, following E' (TrapatrXiyo-ieof t« dpdxvrjf
lOTw), should be 'DJT np3 . The final y is dittographic. ^T0'* should
be ^y''V^?2t and 1J9, which springs from IJD, represents the same
word (a dittogram). — Let us now leave the unfortunate spider (see on
cxl. 4, and Merx and Duhm on Job xxvii. 18;, and pass on to /. 16.
16. M n:irri03 ^yy^ ^yb2 . n:imDD, properly *like a rumbling,
VV : "T . . Mr r J o»
groaning, moaning' (see BDB), This is supposed to mean ' like a sigh,'
or (01., We.) Mike a thought.' G ifitXtroiv (Pws 6 fitXtTuiv) ; J sicut ser*
monem loquens (njfl ?). Again corruption ; and since Herz's n^nO'lDD
V Vt" J
is too obscure, and we know how often the scribes split a word into two
parts and put the second part first, and we need a suitable parallel to the
spider, we may undoubtingly read QO!in3 . Cp. Isa. xl. 22, Num. xiii. '^^
(IDforD^^HH; see J?«^. i?/^., * Locust ') ; see also on xxxvii. 41. yyiy
is also wrong ; men do not bring years to an end ; years fly by necessity.
Parallelism suggests ^i^^ys. For yyyo (very suspicious beside
lyjn^tt;) read perhaps V^^jj^j .
17-20. V, 10 was known in our text to the writer oi Jubilees (xxiii.
12, 15, Charles). It consists, however, of reminiscences of Gen. xlvii. 9,
Job ix. 25 f., Isa. xxxv. 10. The first passage suggested the phrase
ir"^^JO ^D\ 'JD, however, has been extruded in MG by lyjll^l^T, which
stands more correctly at the head of /. 18. 'y^ >0^ is more fully repre-
sented by J1*1^3II3 DM^ (which Pasel? follows)— an untranslatable
phrase (if Wellh. will pardon me). DHl is not a portion of DH^H (Du.),
but an editor's attempt to make sense of 11112 miswritten for IHI^ (cp.
♦ PSALMS XC. 79
Job I.C.). U^VI^ and D^JIDIC^ are both emendations of a corrupt form
of DHIC^JQ (parallel to the corruption J")K">JD in Job vii. 6). JlVj5— the
required parallel to ^TV^2, — became effaced. — M 11K1 biSS DBIT^I, a
stilted phrase. Like Dn2 » is not D^TI a corruption of ^TD2, ? ^or
^Oy read 701^2. — In v. lob nQVill *iCtTr is plainly impossible, nor is
Gratz's correction nS)')D31 (see MGWJ^ xxvii. [1878] 130) satisfactory.
G has QiTi €nfj\3fv Trpavrrjt (<f>* Tjfias, Koi iraib€vSria6fK$af where npavnjf and
7rai8€v6, not improbably represent two variants, viz. HUK and H^^D^J.
Of these TT^^y is to be preferred as a substitute for HSiyj , while I^TT
(apparently neglected by G) may well be a corruption of "IDH. We now
attack the improbable reading TJl . The root seems to occur in Num. xi.
31, but Oi»1 can hardly stand; it is corrupt, and possibly came from
MtoJ, corrupted also into yD^- Herz's suggestion D3 is therefore
plausible ; but, though a little more remote, I prefer IDH (T and ") con-
founded). Thus /. 20 becomes PP^yi TDH ")D^*^3 , which clearly
TT-:- V » - T •
resembles the phraseology of xii. 2.
21 f. iri'nij:^ 'friNnOI ^3^ ty Jf'^rV-^Q . a strange question.
For who * knew the power of Yahwe^s anger * better than the Jews ? And
how enigmatical is the qualification ' according to thy fear ' (Del., ' thy
fearfulness,' but HMT in £zek. i. i8 is questionable, see Comill) ! Wellh.
would correct IJIh^^O") into * * WV ^D1, suspecting "]/! to conceal
some word analogous to \y. Certainly he is right in analyzing '")01
into a verb and a noun. But he overlooks the fact that a group of
letters often does double duty by representing two words or a word and
a part of a word. Thus TD in '")OT represents (i) ^O^ (cp. Joel ii. ii),
and (2) 1321 in Jll^;} . The parallelism is now perfect. Read '^O^
• V t: V -\ t
23. M VTin 13 ^J^D^ Ji\2^b, i-e^ 'teach us to ponder the short
" •• ••T S •
duration of our life (cp. xxxix. 5 f.) as thy religion (Hitz.) or thy wrath
(Driver, Par, Ps.j 269) requires,' unless indeed, with Ew., Ol., Ba., Kau.,
we take ]3 to mean ' such knowledge.' Surely most unsatisfactory.
For p ^yiy G presupposes ?frO^. This is certainly plausible.
P might be the transposed ^2 in 'D^, while IJ, if attached to yTIH,
would produce I^J^mn . * Make us to know the • * of thy right hand '
would be possible, if /. 24, which is certainly corrupt, could be so restored
as to give a parallel sense, e.£. 'the exploits of thine arm cause us to
see/ or * and we will sing praise to thy name for ever.' This, however,
would be hopeless; and since one or two more references to the
N. Arabians, underlying the present text, may well be expected, we
have now to ask if anything in our present text is favourable to this
anticipation. The answer may be given with some confidence. As
'^yU^ in I S. ix. 6, and elsewhere, has arisen out of vKJDrT)^ , it is even
more possible that p 1J>D^ represents D^^KDnT, since p may, on
8o THE PSALMS.
the ground ot many analogies, represent 1 H i another fragment of
'PKDm^ (See also on Ix. 7 ; Ixxx. 18.) We have still, it is true, to
emend Jll^Q?, and also to show that /. 24 may legitimately be so
corrected as to furnish a suitable close to a short prayer against the
Jerahmeelites. As to Jll^D^f a perfectly certain emendation is im-
possible, because D7 is obviously a fragment of ^KOm^, which has
extruded the two opening letters of the first word. Very probably,
however, we should read DJ^^^^JJ.
24. M HMn 22b ^k2^^; ?r. l^nj^,, but 'as E' J S presuppose
lia^l. T implies K"*^ (* prophet M). G^ perhaps ^:ii:nj {rovs ntnaid^v-
fuvQvt). So much IS clear — that M*s text cannot mean *that we may
attain wisdom.' Yet if v, 12a in M is correct, the text of v. 12b
ought to have this sense. Hence Wellh. reads for 22/, M/, and
renders *that we may enter the gate of wisdom.' Surely most im-
probable. *Gate of wisdom* (We. compares np/1 H/lSt Hos. ii. 17)
is not in the style of a psalmist, and 22 is a New Hebrew word
(Ar. bob). Now that we have the key, however, the correction of
the faults cannot be difficult. Read probably rP2i*T ^WDm^ [^]i2^-
That 722 can represent ^MDrD' we have seen already (note on
Ixxxvii. 4). It is true, this gives us a double mention of the Jerah-
meelites. We might avoid this by reading ^23 ; but perhaps '1^ ^^2
was sufficient variation to satisfy the psalmist.
31. T^S» ^^^ ^^^' except Jerome's; f^VS, most MSS. and
edd., and so Ginsb. (note sing, verb, and analogues of other passages,
for which see introd.).
32. Read, for metre's sake, 011^^2 [^^2]"^JJ. Cp. ciii. 17.—
33- li^n^N is merely a variant to i'y^V. * pj^i (2 leaXXoy), which
cannot properly be applied to Yahw^ (see on xxvii. 4), has possibly
arisen out of ^H^i ; G has Xa/xTrponyf, which in Isa. Ix. 3 represents n^i.
34. M adds ^n^^ia n^n^ ntoirDn ^ybVy a dittogram added
at end).
PSALM XCI.
1 RIMETERS. The psalmist, whose work is fitly placed as a contrast to Ps. xc,
describes the felicity of Israel in the Messianic age. This is made to consist in a
satisfied sense of justice, Israel being rewarded for his perfect trust in Yahw^ by a
secure and glorious existence under angelic guardianship and of indefinitely long
duration, while his oppressors, who are not only described symbolically as serpents,
adders, vipers, and dragons, but realistically as Jerahmeelites, Ishmaelites,
Arabians, and Maacathites, are destroyed by thousands and by myriads. The
psalm naturally falls into three parts : (a) //. 1-18, {b) II, 19-26, {c) II, 27-34.
Each of these begins with a reference to Israel's trust in Yahw5, and closes with a
PSALM XCI. 8l
reference to hU deliverance from his enemies ; the close of the third part, however,
is expressed with more reserve than thai of the two preceding parts, so as to avoid
leaving an unpleasing impression. The ordinary view (that the psalm is a general
expression of faith in a nghtcous and faithful God, cp. Job v. 17 ff.) must there-
fore be abandoned. The psalm, like so many others, was originally full of point.
For Israel to enjoy his future happiness without the assurance that this would not
be rudely disturbed by his restless and malicious foes, would be impossible. For
devotional use we cannot but estimate the work of the later editor highly ; it has a
value of its own, and the best right of existence in the Church's hymnal. On the
reference of the psalm, cp. Coblenz, pp. 189 f. It is only the psalm as modified
by an editor which permits a doubt as to whether the pious community or the
individual Israelite (so Duhm) may be supposed to be addressed. But cp. Smend,
ZATpy, 1888, p. 87.
I Happy is the servant of the Most High ! i
In the Rock of Israel doth he abide.
I say of Yahwfe, V He is+ my refuge, 2
My fortress ^ in which I trust.
* For he will rescue thee from the sword, 3
He will deliver thee from the insults of the Arabian ;
With his pinions will he shelter thee, 4
And under his wings wilt thou find refuge ;
[For with] his favour will he encompass thee,
ID [And with] his faithfulness [will he crown thee].
* Thou wilt not fear the sword of Jerahmeel, 5
Nor dread the arrow of the Ishmaelites,
The Arabian who roves in the darkness, 6
The Maacathite who ravages at noonday :
* Thousands will fall among thine adversaries, 7
Myriads among thy haters ;
Thine eye will gaze at Jerahmeel ; 8
It will behold the recompense of the Asshurites,
* For thou hast made Yahwfe thy refuge, 9
20 Thou hast taken the Most High for thy stronghold ;
No misfortune will befall thee, 10
No calamity will come nigh thy tent.
* For he charges his angels concerning thee 1 1
To guard thee in all thy ways.
On their hands will they bear thee, 1 2
Lest thy foot strike against a stone.
On serpents and vipers wilt thou tread, 13
On vipers and dragons wilt thou trample.*
* My God.
II.
82 THE PSALMS.
* Because in me he takes refuge, I will free him, 14
I will make him secure because he knows my name :
When he calls upon me I will answer him, 15
30 Tn trouble I myself am at his side.
I will rescue him and bring him to honour,
• • • • •
With prolonged days will I satisfy him, 16
And grant him to enjoy my succour/
I. Tbe serrant . . . JDWO Jer. xlix. 35 (d'^^JT from ^^l^DHT).
indicates the priestly office of the ^^^- '^' 20.
person referred to. That person is 20. Thy •tronrbold. Cp. xc.
pious Israel (cp. Isa. Ixi. 6, Ex. xix. 6). i.— 23.— ^m angd/s, * Yahw^'s mighty
ones {gibbortm, ciii. 20, Joel iv. ii).
No trace here of the behef in a single
4 ff. My fortress. See xviu. 2. ^q trace here of the behef in a single
From the sword, viz. of Jerahmeel (/. angelic guardian of a nation (Dan. x.
11),^ From the imults . . . Such ,3^ 20). Duhm, who explains the
msultsas'WhereisthyGod?' (xln. 3, ^^ as belonging to the pious Is-
10, Ixxix. 10, cxv. 2). raelite, illustrates the passage by Tobit
7. With bis plBiOBS. Per- ?"^ ^^"- i"' J^ef^^ however, a single
haps a reminiscence of Dt. xxxii. 11. heavenly guardian is referred to.
But cp. Ixi. 5. 25. Symbols of deadly malignity.
. ^ ,_ - ^ Cp. Iviii. 5, cxl. 4, Dt. xxxii. 33. The
9 f. See v. 13 -II Tlu sword of . ,$;„ and adder 'of M T are, Is Duhm
yerahmeel,, . i-or the fear inspired remarks, *a singular pair/ The lion
by the Jerahmeehtes cp. cxxi. 6, Cant. ^nd the dragon, however, are combined
111. 8 (see Cr//. ^1^.). The J sword of in sirach xxv. 16. Sec crit. note.
Jerahmeel, or of 'the Arabian,' was
proverbial (see Ixiv. 2^, Ixxvi. 4, and 27. A sudden and eflfective transi-
Crit, Bib. on Jer. vi. 25^, IIos. ii. 20). tion, as in xlvi. 11 j cp. xii. 6. — 29-34.
—12. The arrow, &c, Cp. Ixxvi. 4, Cp. 1. 1$, 23.
Critical Noies. i. M ^yhv "IJIDI IICJ^, the subject to n*I^J1\
making this warm, devotional lync begin with a tautological maxim.
Grimme proposes to read 2l£^*> and inv,2a to point ")Di«^, thus provid-
ing a subject for the two verbs 2'^ and '7JV . 2l£^ had already been
suggested by Krochmal, who attached v. 1 to the heading of Ps. xc, as a
pious ejaculation in honour of Moses. This, however, is without a
parallel in Jewish poetry. A step in the right direction was taken by
Kennicott, who proposed to prefix H^K (so after him Ol., Hu., Reuss,
Dy., Gr., Bi., Che.<i^, Kau. ; Hal. ^^1^1^), but this produces a tetra-
meter. A little more experience of the errors of the scribes would have
shown that Hti^h^ may underlie 2^^ ; and if this is possible, we have no
alternative but to adopt the view, for no other introduction is well con-
ceivable (cp. xli. 2, cxii. I, cxxviii. i). It follows from this that IJIDII is
wrong, in spite of the parallelism with 72{2« No result of experience
is more sure than this — that the words which look the most certain are
often the most questionable. On the analogy of the parallel passages*
the clause with >1ttfK ought to describe the class to which the * happy >
PSALM XCI. 83
person belongs, and the clause with "^jy^ the nature of the happiness
which he enjoys. Either IDDD, or (if 2 is to be prefixed to \\'^bv) "V1D
ought, therefore, to represent a participle. By no possibility can ^DV
have arisen out of njDil ; it would seem then that the initial 2 must have
come out of the preformative of the Piel participle. Read, therefore,
2. M ^^ b'^2 . The only strongly suspicious feature of this is Hti? (see
Enc. Bid.,* Sh2^iidsi\% Remember (i) that this rare divine name only
occurs once again in M of the Psalter (Ixviii. 15), and that there it is
corrupt. Notice also (2) that v, 2 presents points of contact with xviii. 3 ;
we do not expect a reference in v, 1 to the shadow of Yahw^'s wings (cp.
xxxvi. 8, &c.) here, whereas in i/. 4 a reference to these wings is quite
natural. Read 7^^"lto^ ^^2 (Isa. xxx. 29, 2 S. xxiii. 3).
•• T : • s :
3. M IQi^ ; this seems to be right. G ^pcl = "IDl^ ?— so Hu., Dy.,
Gr., &c. But this is consequent upon the corruptions in //. i, 2. Bar-
hebraeus (Bl), Hi., We., 1bi»^ .
4. Either ^JTDi^DI or '»^^^^ is an insertion ; probably the latter.
Thus we get a better parallelism. The writer thinks of xviii. 2 ; cp. v. 9.
5 f . Verse 3a is too long and z>. 3^ too short for a tetrameter. We have
also to ask whether * the fowler's snare ' and * the destructive pestilence *
are likely terms for the great national trouble. And altogether one may
have considerable doubt whether the large amount of space given in this
psalm (according to M G) to danger from pestilence is in the least
probable. In v. 5a we find T^b^b IHBD , where HT^ (which again and
again in Pss. has grown out of another word ; cp. on xvi. 7, xlii. 9,
Ixxvii. 3) is certainly a corruption of 7^^D^■)^ , and in v, 6a "l^^D for
^'^2^ . It is surely plain that JIBD has come from inSD, and natural
to correct this word both here and in v, Ka into ^'^HD • And what of
tthp** ? Parallelism suggests the correction ^^^tt^^ 1 which corresponds in
sense and in position to ^7^2^^. rfVH 'IQ'^D should probably be
^2"2? /itenriD • rn^n is a priori likely to be corrupt (cp. on Ivii. 2).
G S 2 suggest n^TO (cp. xxxviii. 13) ; so Kenn., Gr., Ba., Grimme.
Inadequate.
9 f. M Sra^ '"'■JD^I •^i?- So 'A T J and perhaps 2 ; T has
J^y^jn ^^DnJ^*Tcp. T, xxxv^2). But mnO, 'buckler,' is hard to
defend, and corruption from nDHJl (cp. Tharsi, the surname of Simon
the Maccabee [S, i Mace. ii. 3] ) is improbable. G presupposes ^3Db^
(cp. Dt. xxxii. 10). So Whitehouse ; Kenn. badly TIIID^ . This, how-
ever, is not enough. Dt. xxxii. 10 suggests that, not Yahw^'s truth, but
Yahw^ himself is the subject of the verb. Note also (i) the omission
of 2 before X\yi , (2) that we do not expect a triplet, and (3) that we have
04 THE PSALMS.
already had cause to suspect n32{ in v. 13 (see note). Taking a sugges-
tion from that passage and from xxxii. 10, let us read —
t' V : -: • -:-
II. M n^^^ inDD. Read ^NDH-^^ n'inD (see on /. 5). For
a nearly exact parallel, see Cant. iii. 8 (armed warriors, *for fear of
Jerahmeel/ read ^^^D^'^^ for vh^b)- IPfSD in Ps. is really a confusion
between 3*1110 (2 became 3) and lIlBil. Line 12 should begin
nnSJl }^b (||^^Tr) nb; cp. xxvii. i); the l^b fell out owing to the
preceding Plbw' DOV ^^y^ needs correction ; DOV is hardly less
suspicious than n^**^. The words evidently represent some ethnic,
surely D^^ WDttf** (two corrupt fragments).
• •• • ; •
i3f. M IDID- Read ^^IJJD. The corruption is paralleled else-
where.— M iibr£ * Read •JJ^n; (Prov. vi. 11).— M l^pD ; cp. Dt. xxxii. 24.
Read ''Jiaj?l3D* The final d in 2^pD comes from *D ; D from Jl ; p
from 3 . Cp. Enc. Bib,^ * Maacah,' place-name, end. — M *lrW^ . Read
IWJ (Ba.).
15. M ^"l-iJDj followed by Pase^, Vague: also, if the speaker is
Israel, unsuitable. Read ^fHjiD.
16. M ^rO^D. Read ?T^^^it£fl3D. Omit ttfi)> ^b T*?^^» which
implies the wrong readmg liy^ m v, 6, It seems to be due to the
editor, who gently manipulated the relics of two marginal corrections,
viz. ^KDHT, represented by \iih T^K, and Un\m ( = DnW» or
D^liniC^i^), represented by ]iJT. See on L 18.
17. M D^an ^TjrS p"],. A poor parallel to /. 18. p") too is very
odd, and "l^J^y^ very weak. The two first words are clearly an
attenuated form of ^><Dni^2 '^TV' For an early (partial) correction
see preceding note.
18. M D'^yi^l. This might be an epithet of the Jerahmeelites (/. 17).
But bearing in mind xcii. 12 (corr. text), and considering that we have to
account for y^y^ in v, 7b, we cannot help restoring D^^tfi^i^ .
19 f. rtillj is plainly wrong. We might read "h TMTStM'"*'^
(similarly Grimme) ; see /. 3. To insert JllDl^, with 01,, Hu., Gr.,
Kau. &c., before or after HJlKi would make a tetrameter. Merrick,
Lowth, Wellh., propose "^DnDi i.e. *as for thee, Yahw^ is thy refuge*;
but comparing Ixxiii. 28, why not read ^DrjD '^ T]r\^2 ? So Perles,
Anal,, 86.— M ^i^JTD. Read Tfnyo (ol/Gr., Che."»>, Kau.). Cp. on
Ixxi. 3, xc. I.
PSALM XCII. 85
27. The combinations * lion and adder,' * young lion and dragon ' are
improbable. For bll^O G (wr* dairida) presupposes ^HT. This should
be restored, and for n^QS we should probably read C)l3 or the like,
agreeably to G's rendering of Dn^S)D ^3ttf in Job iv. 10 (yavpiafia
dpoKdvTiDv), which Beer explains by a reference to Ass. kurfa, *asp, viper.'
29. M ptt^rr ^n. incredible. Read PTDn ^2 (cp. //. 3, 21), with G,
Kennicott.
PSALM XCII.
1 Ri METERS. A hymn to the faithful God who has so wondrously interposed
for his righteous i)eople. So at least it appears at first sight. But the point of
view is only imaginative ; ' we see not yet all things put under him ' (Heb. ii. 8).
As in the case of other psalms (especially xlvi.-xlviii.), the descriptions of
triumph over Israel's foes are anticipative. Whether any minor political event,
fortunate for Israel hut disastrous for Edomites, supplied fuel to the flame of faith,
we know not, nor is the supposition at all necessary. For Israel had learned the
lesson of patience ; God's mill grinds slowly, and the * end ' will come suddenly.
True wisdom consisted, for the pious, in ability to realize that Yahw^ permits his
opponents to proceed to an extreme of arrogance in order to make his vengeance
the more strikingly complete (cp. Isa. x. 32-34), immediately after which Israel
will receive the righteous reward of his piety. We may, with Gr&tz, compare
Ps. Ixxiii. (cp. w. 6 f. with Ixxiii. 22), except that the writer of our psalm gives
no hint of the mental agony which many believers underwent in endeavouring to
reach or to keep this wisdom. See also xciv. 8-10, and cp. the neighbouring
psalms in general. In all these psalms there has been great editorial activity in
the correction and adaptation of the text, and if there is really an allusion in
I Mace. ix. 23 to the traditional text of v. 8, it is' clear that the text must have
been transformed not later than the Maccabsean period. The corruption of the
original title (see on z;. i) led to the appropriation of this psalm to the sabliath.
and consequently to that of Ps. xciv. to the fourth, and of Ps. xciii. to the fifth
day of the week. This liturgical arrangement involved some raiher artificial
applications of the text. Thus the Targ. gives this title to Ps. xcii., * Praise and
song which Adam the first man said upon the sabbath-day,' and even Delitzsch is
so far influenced as to interpret * thy works* (xcii. 6) of the works of creation.
Marked. Of the Ishmaelites, I
I Good is it to give thanks to Yahwb, 2
To chant praise to the name of the Most High,
To declare his lovingkindness in the sanctuary, 3
His faithfulness in the house of our God,
To the sound of the horn and the lute, 4
To the sweetly-sounding notes of the lyre.
For thou hast gladdened me, O Yahwfe ! by thy doing, 5
At the works of thy hands I shout for joy.
How great are thy works, O Yahwfe ! 6
10 Exceeding deep are thy designs.
A dullard cannot discern this, 7
A fool cannot understand it.
86
THE PSALMS.
For those of Ashhur and Maacath were in league, 8a
And all the clans of On stood in array.
The hosts of the Ishmaelites perished, 8^, 9
All the clans of On were scattered abroad ;*
And the castles of Jerahmeel were consumed, 1 1
And the palaces of Ishmael were broken in pieces ;
Mine eye beheld the fate of Ishmael, 12
20 It had pleasure in the fate of the clans of On.
The righteous springs up like a palm-tree, 13
Waxes tall as a cedar in Lebanon ;
By the goodness of Yahwfe they are safe and sound, 14
By the lovingkindness of our God they ace healed.
They are still vigorous in old age, 1 5
They are full of sap and luxuriant ;
To make known that Yahwfe is just, 16
That in my Rock there is no unrighteousness.
I f., 5 f. Cp. xxxiii. I f.— 7 f. TAou
hast' gladdened me, as if ia answer
to the prayer in xc. 15. 7^3, of
Yahw^'s great deeds for his people, as
in xc. 16 (see introd. to Ps. xc, end).
— The works of thy hands ^ synon. with
* thy doing*; cp. cxliii. 5. Del. ex-
plains of the works of creation, but the
reference to national foes is too marked
to allow this.
10 f. Thy designs^ ue, thy plans
for training and establishing thy people
(cp. xl. 6, Isa. Iv. 8 L).—A dullard,
"nj^^, as xlix. II, Ixxiii. 22; cp.
D^2 Dnj3 , xciv. 8. See introd.
13 ff. The difficulties of the text are
really insuperable. Nevertheless, the
editor deserves credit for suggesting a
meaning which must have commended
itself to many readers. The old re-
tribution doctrine has been modified.
The righteous, as experience shows, do
not always flourish. But when the
wicked seem to be at the height of their
glory we may be sure that a sudden
catastrophe is at hand (cp. xciv. 13).
The ori|;inal text, however, referred to
the anticipated confederation of N.
Arabian peoples (under archaic de-
signations) against Israel. See crit.
note. Cp. on Ixxxiii. 6-9, xciv. //. I3f.
— For On, see on xiv., /. 7. — I'he
castles of Jerahmeel, See on ix, 7, and
cp. on xlix. 12, Ixix. 26, Am. i. 12,
Isa. XXV. 2.
21. p^^^i «-^' the 'righteous
nation ' (Isa. xxvi. 2) personified. So
Isa. xxiv. 16, Hab. i. 4, 13, ii. 4.
Naturally enough, the plural soon steps
in (//. 23 f.). — Like a palm-tree. Trees
are symbols both of the long life (Isa.
Ixv. 22, cp. Ps. xci. 16) and the pros-
perous activity (i. 3) of Yahw^'s
people. The Arabian poet Labtd has
a similar comparison of God's blessed
ones to fruit-laden palm-trees. Cp.
also Crit, Bib.,, on Num. xxiv. 6.
24. Healed, i-e. brought into a
condition of soundness (/. 23). Cp.
Ex. XV. 26, * I am Yahwe thy healer * ;
Ps. ciii. 3, cvii. 20.
» The hosts of the Arabians perish, | all those of Jerahmeel are scattered
abroad (v. 10).
psaLm xcii. 87
Critical Notes. Title. JIH^ DV^ (so too G) may have come from
n^TD^rr^y, which represents uh^vi^wb- See on title of Ps. xxxviii.,
and cp'. the psalm-heading, * of Salmah.' See General Introd.
2f. M TfDitf, TfTOn nn^iDh^. Read \oty non, ^ny^^)^,
because of mn^*? (see on /. 3) ^J^rt/ii* ^ and "T are easily confounded.
8 VS '
3. M in!ll3, /Iv^^H. jyh'h occurs again in xvi. 7, cxxxiv. i ; in
each case it is, for a special reason, suspicious. Here too it surprises us,
(i) because it forms a poor parallel to 1p3> and (2) because the line
produced by it is metrically incomplete. Cp. cxxxiv. i f. (corr. text), and
read tCTrb:! and nr.i^S^i IV3,.
»' - •# v: -
5. Read ^3^1 13^^; b^\>2, (see on xxxiii. 2).
6. M -)i3D2 iVan ^Sy . 'jn is thought to mean • loud music ' ; but
• S T • •• •
see note on ix. 17, the only other supposed authority for this sense^
Read -)i33 /^fa^W ^^p2l. See on cl. 4^.
13-16. There is considerable difficulty here, though not of the kind
which strikes the superficial reader. The figurative description of the
wicked as * springing up ' (m3) and * blossoming * i^l) is not what we
expect ; the wickedness, as Ps. xciv. shows, was very concrete.
"Ty"^Ty D*^CI£fn7 also stands in strange isolation ; we should at the
very least have to prefix ^h^. Then, how improbable is DY1D n/lK !
And apart from the repetition (not found in G^), how impossible is the
vagueness of v. 9 ! Surely the mystery spoken of \n v.y has a definite
historical reference. A probable solution of the problem can be offered .
Read—
I ... - ^ 8 - 8 ^
..: - T 8T 8 •-
This result is reached by considering w. 8, 9, 10 together. Verse 8« gives
us a complete distich, but the text needs correction. U^yw'l probably
comes from Tll^K * Asshur'^Ashljur or Geshur (see on Ixxxiii. 9). 1DD
is a fragment of /ID^DV 2!^V ^"^ ^2{'*}{^1 are both corruptions of
IQ^i^n^V T)K "hy^ is, not certainly, but very possibly p^^ '^^b^i^ (see
on xiv. 4). Next, as to w. 8^, 9 ; these represent another but not a
complete distich. The material provided is — T^^\ti^^ TJ^nj^ U^iyVTv)
TWIV ^yh UT\0 ; most unnatural. Here v. 10 gives invaluable help.
Omitting a dittogram, together with the inserted mrT*, and correcting
n^n O into 'jnO, and ph^ ^^yS)"^D as proposed, we have—
88 THE PSALMS.
We now see what U112V7V and ly ny must have come from, viz.
D^^WDICr'* and nn^. To the former word D'2")y is a variant. "^TtO
has fallen out before 'DIV"*. With regard to D1"^D nnKI and D^P^
TX\iTf the former appears to represent mS)/!!*"), the latter D^^i^DHT
(the two halves of the word transposed), 'm^ is a variant to pi"^ ^^/^^•
For TT^h^ we might read Mjn, * shuddered.'
17. M >i1p D^><n3 D'^ill ; G Ti however, presuppose DIJ^T (so too
• :'- - :• vT- TiT-
Hi.)- D^KT is usually taken to be inaccurately written for Ul^l; cp.
Dn, Job xxxix. 9 f. But both /. 17 and /. 18 are suspicious, and the ^ in
Q^KHD is rather to be viewed as an indication of corruption. Assuming
that the destruction of the enemies is still referred to, it is not only
possible but probable that we should read ^l^Dm^ niiD"lK ^QJ^)^! (cp.
ix. 7, corn text). That ^ and 3, 1 and ") may be confounded, is well
known. The final r\ in "li^ was probably once marked by a sign of
abbreviation. ^J*)p comes probably from Dp") (0 = D)» one of the
current mutilations of ^^^Dm^ (cp. E.Bid.y * Rekem').— M lOtt^B ^7^^^
, » V V : • ■
W*!. The usage of 772 in Leviticus does not favour the reading of M ;
besides the word is elsewhere transitive (hence 01., Du. ^JJi^3). And
if Py") were right, should we not require tt^i'l^S, or the like ? G 2 J
presuppose ^jy?21 'my waxing old' (? Gen. xviii. 12), which is adopted
by Hu., Bi., Ba. It should be added that 2 also presupposes IDli^O, for
he renders ^ TrdXaiaxris fiov ms tXaia tvBaKris. Plainly, however, ^'O^ cannot
be equivalent to ]Dttr]3 (Isa. v. i, 2 ikaia). Sense can only be restored
by reading ^y^^i^ b^yO^'' ^^T^^l ^^^^ ^^^ '^^'' ^^ ^^^' '^' '' ^ ^^' ^"^
elsewhere).
19 f. M mi^S. The vss. presuppose ^1^3, which Gr., Hal., Ba.,
We., Du., Buhl adopt. But this is a very doubtful form (see on v. 9), and
we require here an ethnic. Read ^J^yDtt^B.— M D^yiD "hy D^Dp2,
••Tl«! •••X "T •'T"
which Hitzig attempts to account for by comparing i Chr. xxvii. 5, i S.
xxxi. 3. Other critics (Ley, Ba., We. and 01. ?) arbitrarily expunge
D^yiD as a gloss on i^y D1Dp2, while Duhm deletes ^bv D^Dp2, and
Gratz'is content to read Dp2. But there is surely a better remedy.
D^Dp2 and jyy^D 'by (cp. on xcii. 12) both represent D^'^KDm^ : no
correction could be more abundantly justified by parallels. — M ni^Dtt^/l
^JW» an unexampled phrase. Read certainly tiyp^PipfS (cxix. 16, 47,
and corr. text of 147).
23. M nb^D^X}' But were any trees planted in the temple courts ?
See on Hi. 10. Besides we require an independent clause, parallel to
/. 24, not a mere subject to inHB^ in that line. The text must be
incorrect. Read probably -ID^If^^ ; cp. on H^iniC^, Hos. ix. 13. 'Continue
mn^ y\m (cp. Hi. lo).
24 f. For nnsrra read "10113 and for JinnE)"* read ^^^^")^ So a
: - : vv : • : ■ •• T"
natural sense is recovered. — For ]'!)y\y read T)2Ly (Gr.) : cp. on Ixii. 11.
PSALM XCIII. 89
PSALM XCIII.
1 RIMETBRS. This IS usually regarded as one of the 'accession-psalms/ and
classed with Pss. xlvii. and xcv.-c., most of which, according to Prof. Briggs, were
originally parts of one great hymn on the theme ' Yahwe doth reign ' {Messianic
Prophecy, 449 f.; similarly Gratz). It is, however, strange that Fs. xciii. should be
separated from Fs. xcv., and the difficulties of the little poem are so great that one
is obliged to test the traditional text very strictly, in case it should have arisen by
editorial recasting of an older text. The result at which we arrive is certainly
disappointing. We should have been glad of a psalm on a perfectly new theme,
and if, as Hommel {Exp, T, x. 48. [1898]) suggested, it was derived from a
primitive Babylonian hymn to the god Ea, only those who think it essential to
religion to isolate Israelite literature from external influences would take offence.
The conjecture, however, b a gratuitous one. Nor can we even hold with Duhm
that the original theme (cp. the title of Fs. xciii. in G) was the victory of Yahw^,
at creation, over the primitive sea of chaos (a weakened form of the dragon-myth).
Nor can the psalm be said to commemorate the restoration of Israel and the
rebuilding of the temple regarded as a manifestation of Yahw^'s royalty. It is, in
its true form, a song of praise for the humiliation of Jerahmeel, which is the first
act in the great drama of the final judgment. It is eschatological, and, copying
Isa. xxvi. I, we might well prefix to it the formula, * In that day shall this song
be sung in the land of Judah.' That the editor should have at all succeeded
in recasting the psalm deserves high recognition. The vagueness and obscurity
which envelop the psalm as it now stands is not without effectiveness. Some
one has called it ' an echo of Niagara.' A similar echo can be heard in xlii. 8, a
recast passage. The first part of the title in G (B2>^), r^erring to the peopling
of the earth, is in accordance with Jewish tradition {Rosh ha-skdnd, 31a). Cp.
on Ps. xxiv.
I Yahwfe [has laid low] Jerahmeel, i
[By his] chiding he has extinguished Ishmael,
Yahwfe has destroyed Asshur.
He has also laid low Tubal and Maacath.
Cush and Edom are abolished, 2
The Jerahmeelites thou hast made to vanish.
The Jerahmeelites are desolated, 3
Consumed are the Arabians and the Ishmaelites, 4
Yahwfe has shown his glory on Jerahmeel.
10 Thy purposes are abundantly fulfilled, 5
The courts of thy house we shall enter,
O Yahwfe ! for endless days,
1-9. The description is anticipa- 10. Parallel: Isa. xxv. i. — 11.
tive. Cp. ix. 5 f., and xcii. //. 13-20. Cp. xcv. 6, xcvi. 8, c. 2, 4.
Critical Azotes, The difficulty of the metrical arrangement of w. i, 2,
as the text stands, is obvious. The double k;^ / in v. 1 is also suspicious.
The difficulties are largely caused by corruptions of ethnic names —
corruptions which are common enough elsewhere. The following may
approximate to the true text,—
90 THE PSALMS.
^KDny [Tin] nin^^
...::-: -t
-It: • :- T
: : vv ' V ••
• T ' V :
In z/. I the second l£f2^» according to rule, should be ^MJ^DlC^^ ^2
is evidently dittograjihic. ^2/1 being of course b^Dy lOID/1 should be
I^3V0 (xcvi. lo). The other alterations are, in this context, very
probable. \)2D (but G &c. ]^r\) is a mutilation (see above). In v, 2
^lkV3=llk^ ICnD ; WD=D*Ti^. The dittography in v. 3 is manifest.
The unexplained and inexplicable DOl , like /^TlHi and D^IJ^D > is a
perfectly regular corruption of [D'^l^KDITl''- Note Pase^s after the first
iTI"inj and after jyhpD* The latter word might have come from
D^/KDm^, but as we require a verb, we must look for the nearest
possible verb. Omitting Q as due perhaps to dittography, and r\ as
arising perhaps from a mistaken assumption that the preceding ^ was
abbreviated from JIT (plur. ending), we get l^p, t.e. -1^3. In D01 D^O
and D^^^^ we have three corruptions of D'*2iy. 'VD is too trans-
parent to need comment. IHi* = 'Tli^i> cp. Ex. xv. 6, 1 1. Note Pasefe
after T»JTTy, plainly a corruption of Tnijy (Isa. xxv. i) ; cp. Job x. 3
mv from r^Tj; (Gr.) ; Ps. xxix. 2, M r)-)irT3, G S msra. ICHp
may come from Vl'l^jn ; the idiom thus becomes more natural. Such
interchanges of letters are abundantly paralleled. That TDM is wrong,
is very evident.
PSALM XCIV.
1 o understand the material which comes before us as Ps. xciv.we must undo the
work of the redactor. Reluctant as one may be to admit this, it is a perfectly
necessary hypothesis that our Ps. xciv. is made up of two psalms, both in
trimeters, and both dealing with the problem of the oppression of Israel, but
differing in this important respect, that while xciv.(^) calls upon Yah we for
immediate vengeance, and records a moment of despairing scepticism, xciv.^'
PSALM xciv, gi
rebukes the ' dullards ' who fell into this error, and gives fruitrul suggestions for
the justification of the divine dealings. The latter psalm, which may be regarded
as a correction of the former, also assures! Israelites that Yahw^ cannot forsake
his people, as the continued existence of Israel provisionally shows. The true
believer will not give way even to the strongest temptation. Yahwe always
interposes in time, and the final extirpation of Israel's foes, which will be the
supreme and decisive theodicy, will not be refused to the prayers of the believing
community. According to Duhm, Ps. xciv. (as a whole) belongs to a group of
psalms (including Ivi.— lix., Ixxxii., cxl.) in which the party of the Sadducees and
the reigning Asmonaean family are attacked, especially on the ground of their gross
misconduct as judges and rulers. This, however, is based on the incorrect Massoretic
text ; Duhm even lets the phrase /l^lH KD3 (v. 20) and the not less improbable
context pass uncriticized. The fearless critic of the text of Job should not have
treated us so badly, and such an able exegete should have scrupled at giving this
annotation on Q^'jJ in z/. 10 (which certainly seems to prove that the foes spoken of
are, either in part or altogether, foreigners). * The meaning is, not the nations or
the heathen, but the people, as is shown by D1^^ in the parallel.' Olshausen is
at any rate more plausible when he indicates as the occasion of Ps. xciv. the deeds
of violence committed by Bacchides and Alkimos according to I Mace. vii. 8 ff., ix.
23 ff. Cp. OP 72, where the cruel conduct of the soldiery of Artaxerxes Ochus is
proposed as an alternative ; also Delitzsch, p. 647, who suggests the later Persian
penod. The psalm, however, should be explained precisely as such parallel
psalms as Ixxxiii. and xcii. See on Ps. Ixxxiii.
XCIV. — I.
I O God of vengeance, Yahw^, i
O God of vengeance, shine forth !
Lift thee up, thou Judge of the earth, 2
Give their due to the traitors !
O Yahwb ! how long shall the wicked, 3
How long shall the wicked exult ?
The Arabians speak insolently, 4
All the clans of On plot craftily.
Thy people, O Yahw^ ! they crush ; 5
10 Thine inheritance they afflict ;
The widow and the orphan they slay, 6
The sojourners they butcher.
In league are Gush and Maacath, 20
MisBur, Ishmael, and Jerahmeel ;
They are passionate against the soul of the righteous, .2 1
They plot together [against] innqcent blood.
And I said, * Yahwb doth not see, 7
Jacobus God doth not observe ;
Who will rise up for me against the Misrites ? 16
20 Who will stand forth for me against the clans of On ? *
92 THE PSALMS.
XCIV. — 2.
I O ye dullards among the people, be observant ! 8
ye fools, when will ye understand ?
He who stretched forth the ear, can he not hear ? 9
He who formed the eye, can he not regard ?
He who possesses the nations, can he not punish ? 10
Can he not teach Edom knowledge ?•
Happy the man whom thou disciplinest, O Yahwfe ! 12
And teachest out of thy law,
To be quiet before evil-doers, 13
10 Until the pit be dug for the ungodly.
For Yahwfe will not abandon his people, 14
He will not forsake his inheritance ;
For the righteous will yet trample on the Zarephathites, 1 5
And all the Ishmaelites will be cut off.
Unless Yah we had been my help, 17
1 should have become a dweller in the Gloomy Land.
If I say, *My foot wavers,' 18
Thy lovingkindness, O Yahwfe ! holds me up.
When anguish within me is great, 19
20 Thy consolations delight my soul.
Let Yahwfe be to me a sure retreat, 22
Let my God be my rock of refuge ;
Let him requite them for their wrong-doing, 23
And extirpate them for their wickedness.^
xciv.<i> 2. Bhine fortb, ITSin i 17-20. The complaint of believers
the language of theophanies (see on ^^^^ for a moment have lost their faith
1.2).
(cp. on ixxiii. 1 1 fr.,cxvi. ii). ' Yah-
we is blind or unobservant, and there
II f. The phrases * widow,' * or- is no human champion of my right.'
phan,' * sojourner/ are to be explained
symbolically. They are meant to sug- , ^^^ «. . , .
gesi the helpless condition of Israel. xciv.(2) i flf. A rebuke to those
Cp. X. 14, 18, btviii. 6, cxlvi. 9. who are represented by xciv.d), //. 17-
20. It IS Israel who is unobservant,
13 f. Cp. on Ixxxiii. 6, xcii. 8 f. — not Israel's God. First, the writer
15 f. TAe rtghUouSj intiocent bloody i.e. appeals to the argument from analogy,
members of the pious Israelite com- 'God (you admit) planned and made
munity who are barely slain. the curious mechanism of hearing and
* Yahw^ will make the clans of Edom to know that they are but vanity {v, ii).
' Yahw^ our God will extirpate them.
PSALM XCIV. 93
seeing ; is it possible that he himself is 7-10. It is doubted whether the
without the faculties which he gave ,^^^, (^^^) j^^^ ^^ i3 ^l,^ .^„3
you? Must he not hear those cries vv '^ '^
and see those outrages which ye, his Israelite in general or the Israelite
creatures, see and hear ? ' It is much community. Probably Smend is right
less probable that Israel's unprincipled (ZATIV, 1888, p. 128) in taking the
rulers are addressed (Duhm, comparing latter view, cp. Lam. iii. i, ^3J^
Ixxxii. 5, xiv* 5) : Dy]! can only mean i<««^ . ^u
•" j/» •^f— J Ijan, where the community speaks,
•in the people at large.' Then the ^ *i*r * *u * *i. u
psalmist ^s on to Is^lite theology. J'^f. °^*,^ ^^f ^J"^ P^'^^ ,^^^,,^^8, ' If
¥he ' nations ' belong to Yahw^ (Ps. \ ^J' f^^ foot wavers/ &c. (U 17 f.),
xlvii., &c.); can he fail to punish them « ^J^^l^ °"^ ^^° J^ ^f ™«d Yahw^'s
when they violate his holy heritage? Jovingkmdness to Israel from his law.
Edom in particular -for"^ the 7oet ^^^ P'«^i°^ T 1"^ / • '" >^- r^''
means the nations of N. Arabia, shall he ^^^^mary channel of the divine disciplme
not learn from Yahw^ ihat of which his or admonition ("IDID). The legal and
own wise men 0«- xlix. 7) are igno- prophetic Tora both inculcate the
rant— the duty of reverence for Yahw^ doctrine that sooner or later punish,
and Yah w^*s people? The gloss in z^. 1 1 ment will overtake the wicked, who
(see margin) closely resembles part of will fall into the very *pit* which he
a gloss in Ps. ix.-x. (ix. 21, end) which made for others,
incidentally throws light on our pas-
sage, because 'Jersiimeel' is the 16. Tbe Oloomj Aand, i.e.
parallel to *the nations.' Sheol (as cxv. 17). See crit. note.
CHtical Notes. xciv.^D. 4. M Vt'^l. Read VT^^ (see on ix. 6).—
7. M py»a2- ^®*^ probably DUIJf (see on lix. s'/.— 8. M .1-)aN/1\
G y<a>J)ism}iii. Ba., * talk together'; BDBy *talk proudly'; Driver,
* bear themselves loftily.' All very improbable. We might read "^n^JJ/l^
(Ixxxviii. 21, &c.), but this would be too strong. Read probably ^DHP^
*deal craftily ' (Ixxxiii. 4, with 1^0).— M pj* "^^JJD"^?). Read probably
1^^^ ^S^ti^"^3 (see on xcii. 8).— 11 f. For -lil read D^/1^1, and for
DW/lVread Dnjl (Gr.). The order as in Ge. HiD^K and n:i are
• • • ••{
never combined.
13 f. M rf^Xy ^^D^ 'pDn^n. G,fifi<rvv7rpo<Ti<rTaiO'otSp6vosd»ofua£;
J, numguid particeps erit tut thronus insidiarum. WF^ * has the throne
of wickedness thee for an ally ' ; Hitz., Ba., ' can the throne of destruction
ally itself to thee ?' The clause itself, and each word in it, are suspicious,
(i) The form '211^ cannot be satisfactorily explained; see Kon. i. 257,
ii. 254a ; Ges.t^^, § 63 m ; Perles, Anal. 74 ; (2) T\y\X} KD3 is most
improbable. Vf^X^ 12^ (xci. 3^) is possible, because MlH describes
the nature of the 121 ; this cannot be said of Vf^T} KD3 . Why did
not the writer say nViP >^D3 ? (3) The use of KD3 for * one seated on
the tribunal is extremely awkward. (4) Verse 20, as commonly under-
stood, does not fit into the context ; nor is there any part of the psalm
where it can conveniently be placed. In such circumstances we have
before now found that the text disguises and distorts ethnic names.
Assuming this to be the case here, two names at once suggest themselves
in V. 20a and d respectively, viz. ^^3 for D3, and bi^yoV^ or ^l^DrT")^
for ^Oy. Two other ethnics arc possible, and become even probable.
94 THE PSALMS.
through their juxtaposition with groups of letters more distinctly intel-
ligible. The first word in v, 20a might come either from ^*l^n (Gen. xiv.
3) or from !)2'*inV The former suits the context best. Taking the K
in M's ^^D^ with /1Y)n, we get /^")")^^^. We may plausibly correct
this into ^)l:^^^^, t-e. D^UtiK* Passing on now to /. 14, -)::^
presumaTily comes from T)2{, i.e. "l^SD (see on Ixxxiii. 8^), and the
unintelligible pTVwV from ^^^D!T1^. Thus the whole couplet (which
probably stood between v. 6 and v, 7 till the supplementer, for editorial
purposes, put it elsewhere) should probably run (cp. xcii. /. 13),—
- : : - • ~ T : •:
15 f. M rf\T' Read .1T|"J> (see on Ivi. 6).— M !)y^ttf'V. Read
17. M JJlJOJi'n. *The wickedness breaks out in words expressing
the usual fancy of immunity from punishment (cp. x. 11, 13), which is
then refuted in w, 8 ff.' (Hupfeld). The objection is that v, 8 expressly
refers not to those who * crush ' and * afflict ' Yahw^'s people, but to a
section of that very people, that v. 10 as expressly relates to God*s
conduct towards the nations as something which is misunderstood by the
unintelligent Israelites, and that vz/. 12-15 contain the assurance that
Yahw^ will not forsake his people, for the pit of retribution will soon be
dug for the wicked. Evidently there is an error in the text; for an exact
parallel see Ixxiii. 11. The true reading must be IDik')- Cp. ^n■)D^^,
7/. 18.
18 f. Read probably 'U^'b^ DP^"^D.— M DT"\0, P^^ ^*?y6-
Read DH^^O (xxvii. 3, Ixiv. 3), rts ^S)^^^%ee on /. 8).' "'
xciv.'2) I. Read perhaps W IJ^:! (Bi.) ; G trvvtrt 3^. K^ would
fall out after IJ .
3. M y^pin . Read n^JH (Gr.). Cp. Isa. li. 16, where for;;;^^ read
r)Ji2 (Houb.). • * "*
5. M ID^n. Du., ^D^On. But a recognition of God as the
universal Teacher is not to be expected here. According to /. 7 it is the
righteous Israelite whom Yahw^ * disciplines.* Read, not H^^n as We.
and Roy, p. 58, for an obvious reason (see /. 4), but ^'VH- It is as the
possessor of the nations, not as their former, that Yahw^ punishes them.
6. M r\V^ Dl^ IDbOH' Neither in sense nor in form is this
- T T T .. - : -
clause satisfactory. The D^")^ of /. 5 are evidently the hostile nations
(as Ixxix. ijlxxx. 9, &c.), but whether D"TN can be limited to Israel's
enemies is extremely doubtful. Having regard to vv. 4, 20, we should
PSALM XCIV. 95
almost certainly read D*7i< (xc. 3). But the form of the clause still
v;
requires amendment. There is only one remedy; it is a perfectly
possible one, and it also improves the sense. Read D'^^^ "TD^^iiS"!
Jljn . Nearly so Wellh., but he weakens the case for l6^^ kSi by
retaining D1^^.
Now as to the gloss in v, 11. Why should any one have cared to
make the trivial comment, * YahwS knows that the devices of man are
but vanity' ? Sense is restored by reading, D'*T>^ D^rrSltto in^ [y^T^^
/2n nZDrr^3. The 'devices of the enemy are wicked; the enemy
himself is vain, nDH'O is a * constructio ad scnsum.'
9. M yi ^D^D "b O^^I^n'?. Very difficult. QplCfn*? indeed is
plain ; it is the lesson which the Torah constantly teaches (cp. Isa. vii. 4,
XXX. 15). But why ^ ? and why yi '^ly^'i We should expect the line
to describe the circumstances which make this lesson difficult to
practice. Line 10 suggests that these circumstances are the prosperity of
the wicked, for whom the * pit ' of ruin has not yet been visibly * dug,* and
the adversity of the righteous. Read D^y")D ^^S)^ 'IOTS and compare
.\xxix. 2. That ^iS)7 should become D17 is palseographically very
possible, and for the corruption y") \'3^ we have a parallel in xlix. 6.
13 f. M is rendered by Driver, * For judgment shall return unto
righteousness (from which it is now divorced, w, 20, 21)' ; by WF^ * For
in the end must judgment be given for righteousness ' ; by Duhm, * For
the rule will once more turn to the righteous ' (p^jj), i.e, to the Pharisees.
But is such a forced expression in the psalmist's style ? Duhm's p'^IJJ
(so S 2) is doubtless right, but much more correction is required. Read
D^r^SnS DU; i?^^ ■T')]r'»3 (I0S)1£^D = '2{, as vii. 7, Ezek. vii. 23). G
agrees with M, except that «»* oZ presupposes ^3"^j;.
14- M 2^ ^l^r^l '^^^Q^V * ^^^ ^^ ^^® upright in heart [shall go]
after it ' [or, as Du., 'after him'], but we need a verb to correspond to the
verb in /. 13. Wellh. suggests 2^ '^^tfh JinrTKl (cp. xxxvii. 37), but
the parallelism produced is insufficient. The text must be corrupt, and
on the analogy of 22^ nii (Ixiii. i), ^ nU^^ (Ixxvi. 6), and l-rm ^
(bixxiii. 6) for D^^^^D^^")^ we should most probably read "^3 V1"13^1
16. lOyDD and nOH both probably come from /11D^[2{], If
nD^^^f 'silence,' were one of the synonyms for ^IJ^K^, why is it never
found in Job? /l")D72f, on the other hand, is common in Job, and
occurs four times in Pss. (M). HDH occurs again, it is true, in cxv. 17,
apparently for ^IMIC^ , but when one of these already corrupt passages
had convinced the editor that Sheol might be designated Dumah, it was
natural that he should introduce this ' supposed name into the other
96 THE PSALMS.
passage. In both places G has 9817(9), which in Job xxxviii. 17 = JTID^.
non represents niD^ ; Di*DD comes from n^uby t\e, DDb^ (cp.
error in Ixxiii. 2). '^ , therefore, was dittographed ; or rather a badly
written '5{ was corrected.
19. M ^^'W . Read U:y;g (G S, Gr.). 'I^CT is usually identified
with D^Syto (Job iv. 13, XX. 2)"='u^ByV (i K. xviii. 21). Cp. Kon., ii. i,
p. 472. 'All very doubtful. In i K.'read D3D (Klo. ; cp. Che.,/2^, x.
568 f.; Jastrow, y^Z, xvii. 108 ff.). The Job passages cannot be treated
here. See also on cxix. 113, cxxxix. 23.
21. M *^7Vl; so G; cp. Hitzig. Rather *n^1 (Gr.). Cp. ix. 10.—
23. M att^V." Rather IltC^I (Gr.) ; G dirM<r€t. Omit repetition at
end of psalm.
PSALM XCV.— I.
1 RIMBTBRS. Rejoicing in the recovery of its land, to which the N. Arabian
border-land has been added (cp. Obadiah), Israel invites its members to praise
Yahw^. The psalm is eschatological.
I Come, let our cries ring unto Yahwb, i
Let us acclaim the Rock which succours us ;
Let us come before his face with thanksgiving, 2
Let us exult unto him with chanting ;i
In whose hand are the farthest parts of the land, 4
Whose are the mountain-ranges,
Whose is Jerahmeel — he made it, 5
Ishmael — his hands formed it.
Enter ye, let us worship, let us bow down, 6
10 Before Yahwfe our God let us bend the knee,
For he made us and led us on — 7
The flock of his tending and his people.
5 f . Cp. Isa. viii. 9, Jer. viii. 19. is a proof of omnipotence. N.Arabia,
The geography is archaistic. The poet otherwise Jerahmeel or Ishmael, is
has heard of the old kingdom of emphatically a mountainous land.
Meluhha (= Jerahmeel?), of which Hence, in Ixv. 5, 6, the mention of
that oiTMi^^ur was a vassal, and which Mi^rim and Jerahmeel at once suggests
seems to have extended as far as a reference to mountains.
Midian (Winckler). Perhaps, however,
the mountains in the Negeb itself may u. H© made us. In a special
have been regarded as relatively dis- sense (as c. 3, cxlix. 2, Isa. xliii. 21,
tant. The creation of these mountains xliv. 2, Dt. xxxii. 6, 15).
» For Yahw^ is a great God, | a great king above Jerahmeel {v. 3). |1
PSALM XCV. — I, 2. 97
. Critical Notes, Verse 3 interrupts, and seems to have been a marginal
note (see on xcvi. 4 f.). In /. 4, fory^U read perhaps Th^yi (Du.).
T • T
5. M nipnO ; a OTT. X«y. 'a i^ixviaa-fioi ; 2 Karwrara; J *funda-
menta.' * Lucus a non lucendo.* See Jer. xxxi. 37 (Ba.). G, by a good
guess, TO mpara. Ba., ^jJil^lO (Isa.-viii. 9).— M D^"»n nfejnn • Surely
Dnn answers to the intention of the editor, who supposes* a quotation
from Num. xxiii. 2, xxiv. 8. G, guessing again, ra vyfrrj rmv 6pi»v, Read
onn r)ten3 (cp. isa. xi. 14).
•T : •
7 f. M D^^n. Read bi^On*)'^ (cp. on Ixv. 6, Ixxxix. 26).— M r\^3,\.
Read !?i*yOl£r^"(cp. on Ixvi. 6).
9 f. Transpose I^IC^y (pointing ^^ttW) and ^TTh'^ . This is con-
firmed by c. 3, where the quotation gives the right order, and also
establishes our next correction, viz. siJ^Hi^ for Ijn^Kl. It is possible,
however, that when xcv.^i- and xcv.^*- we're combined, the editor found
the incorrect reading ^irPJ^I, *and brought us to rest' (Ex. xxxi ii. 14,
Isa. Ixiii. 14?), and devised a contrast between the ancient Israelites
whom God refused to bring to the *rest' of Canaan, and the pious
community which actually lives in Canaan, and looks forward to more
perfect rest when Yahw6 shall interpose in its behalf. For ^Jl^J^'lD D^
liiSI read 'la^l ^JJ^^ri? 1^*^ (so partly Bi.) ; see Ixxix. 13.
PSALM XCV.— 2.
1 RIMETERS. A warning against imitating the disobedience of the forefathers.
Cp. the last crit. note on xciv.'*^
I Yahwfe Eiohim [speaks] ; 7^
O that ye would hear his voice ! . 'jd
Harden not your heart as at Meribah, ^ 8
As on the day of Marisah in the wilderness,
Where your fathers tried me, ^ 9
Proved me, and yet liad seen my doing.
Forty years I had a loathing 10
For ^.such^. a froward and defiant race ;
They were a people of erring heart,
lo And were ignorant of my ways,
So that I swore in mine anger, 1 1
Never shall they come to my resting-place.
2. Cp. Ixxxi. 9^.-3 f. Meribah . . xx. i ff.— 7 ff. See Num. xiv. 21 ff.
Massah, Cp. Ex. \vii. i ff. Num.
n. H
gS THE PSALMS.
Critical Notes, i, M U\^T\ IT , mis written for D^il^i^ TX\TV .
Parallel cases, n^ for TViTW Ixxvii. 3 ; DV and DJP for D^H^i^ in Ixviii.
20. Prefix l^'l (1. i).— 8. M's ipSI should be moi ; the divine
speech comes later. Supply ")lb (Ixxviii. 8). For ITTi G gives
Tji ycve^ cVfiVi/; T K12*TD i^TD. Makeshifts which now become
unnecessary.
PSALM XCVI.
1 BTRAMETRRS interspersed with trimeters. The theme of xcv.(^) is resumed,
but the closest parallel is Ps. xxix., where, as here, the Jerahmeelites who are left
after the judgment are summoned to recognize their mighty and righteous
sovereign, Yanw^, by woi-ship and offerings in the temples, also by recounting
Yahw^s glorious deeds to more distant peoples. Like its companion psalms,
Ps. xcvi. has been recast by an editor, so as to adapt it for later use. In its
adapted form it has been used in I Chr. xvi. 23-33. ^P- ^^- ^ii* 10-12 (and
notes in Crit, Bib.), The additional verse (13) occurs again with a slight .
alteration at the end of Ps. xcviii. As Duhm remarks, it may be derived in both
psalms from the temple ritual.
I Sing to Yahwfe a song that is new, i
Sing to Yahw^, all ye in the land ;
Sing to Yahwfe, O ye of Ishmael, 2
Proclaim his deliverance, O ye of Jerahmeel ;
Tell of his glory among the nations, • 3
His wonders among all the peoples.
For Yahwfe is great and highly to be praised, 4
Terrible is he towards all those of Ishmael.
For [to him belong] all the Jerahmeelites, 5
10 It is Yahwfe who made Ishmael.
State and splendour are before him, 6
Strength and magnificence are in his sanctuary.
Ascribe to Yahwfe, O ye families of the Aramites, 7
Ascribe to Yahwfe glory and strength ;
Ascribe glory to Yahwfe, O ye of Ishmael, 8
Bring offerings, and enter his courts ;
Worship Yahwfe, O Rehoboth and Cush ! 9
Exult before him, all ye in the land.
Extol Yahwfe, O ye of Jerahmeel, 10
20 Yea, bend the knee, O Tubal and Maacath^ ;
* He will judge the peoples uprightly.
PSALM XCVI, 99
Let Ishmael and Missur rejoice, 1 1
Let those of' Jerahmeel sing praise ;
With the sound of the horn let Asshur exult, I3
Yea, with the sound of the trumpet let him shout for joy.^
1. }ffin l^tt^, as xcviii. i. Sec said that Y*lKn/0 has here (and in
... ^ ' ... -I -, , Ai, c. i) a weakened sense. The supposed
' vT T T analogy of ^ICf^^D, Joel ni. i, can-
in the land ' is better than * all man- not be safely urged (see Cri/, Bib.),
kind' (Duhm, a//j Wf//) because of 7 f, Cp. cxlv. 3, xlviii, 2% also
the references to N. Arabian peoples rploss^ xlvii 7—12 tO
in the sequel. Israel and his new —sji J^'°^i' J:j i\ ^' "' ^'
proselytcTare meant. Nor can it be ^1??^' ^ ^*'^^"- ^'•
Critical Notes. 3. M tol£> 0^3 . In accordance with D1'*^DVD
: XT
in V. 26, But this, as we shall see, must be altered ; consequently 'ICf '2
also needs revision. With the other psalms of this group before us, it is
probable that 1D12 represents D^^^^D^T, and that ytyv has come from
D^VWDIC^' Of these variants the latter is of course to be preferred
(on account of /. 4).
4. Dl^yOVD, like DV DV in Ixi. 9 is a makeshift. Read
8. M D^r6l^"^D"^y . This vague statement that Yahwe is terrible
in his superiority to all other divinities is not probable. The wonderful
works spoken of in /. 6 are such as human beings have experience of.
Read uh^'omrb^'by (cp. ixvi. 5).
9 f. Here and in xcvii. 7, M*s D^^^!?i^ should put us on our guard
(cp. Crit. Bib. on Isa. ii. 20). ' All the gods of the nations are idols ' (the
rendering ' vain ' is forced) is a gross tautology. Hence G substitutes
QniC>, bainovia. Comparing xcv. 5^, read Q^^l<Dn")^D l!?"0» and in
/. loTfor CTDtCf read b^ytS^.
13, 15. For D^ay read W^tSH^ , and for "JDtt^ read b^yUV^ (see on
xxix. I, 3).
17. M ;thb JTlin^. We cannot read JI^^WIS (cp. G) on account
of L 16. Parallelism and the frequent confusion of tfTTp and ISDD
suggest tthDI il^^lhn . This of course determines the right reading in
xxix. 2b.
19. M "Sf^O rnrP D^IQ ^")D^< • The context, however, requires
^KDnT3 mrV ["J1»] J)DD*7. For the correction of nn^ cp. xvi. 2.
20. M IDten-^a ^nri ]teJj>-«lN, but G S J read p/1 (defectively);
cp. on xciii. i. Read JID^OI !?in ^jnD/>"C]2j . Cp. on xciii. i.
* Before Yahw^, for he is come to judge the earth ; he will judge the world
in righteousness, and the peoples in his faithfulness {v, 13).
100 THE PSALMS,
21. Read probably 'l^m ^^WDltT inD'teT. yil^ , as often, may
represent IISKD; b^D (cp. xcvii. i) appears to have come from a ditto-
graphed ^a/1.
22. D^■^ and IK^D (cp. Ixxxix. 12) both represent [D^]*?i*Dm\
pyi^ may come from -Tiat^ .
23 f. M U"*«£rh^"^D'» ni^. Read ^^^}l} b^p^ ^^l^.—M's TK should
probably be c^lj (Ivi, 10) ; so 01., Gr., Bi., Che.^^^ Du., though it may be
a corrupt fragment of TTJ^ (written in error). Continue 7p2 ]Sy
msftrr . Cp. xcviii. 6. 13r*^2iy"^D is strange ; we should at least
expect clefinite trees to be mentioned as representatives.
In T/. 13 (cp. xcviii. 9) S2l O is dittographed.
PSALM XCVII.
i RIMETERS. Still the same theme— Yahw^. in fact as well as in right, sovereign
of Palestine and (north) Arabia, and Arabia recognizing her sovereign with
acclamations. Again cp. Isa. xlii. ro-12, a passage which enables us to fill up a
lacuna in /. 2. The later writers were fond of descriptions of theophanies (see
OPf 156, 344, 353) — descriptions which have to them merely a syqibolir value,
though the truth behind the symbol was never more firmly believed in. Literary
reminiscences abound in this psalm, which is one of those ' costly mosaic works '
too often overlooked by careless readers of Scripture (Abp. Trench on Rev.
iii. 1-6).
I Yahwfe reigns ; let the land exult, i
Let Arabia [and Ishmael] rejoice.
Clouds and darkness are around him, 2
Righteousness and judgment are the base of his throne.
Fire consumes before him, 3
And a flame makes Ishmael ^ to burn ;
His lightnings illumine Tubal, 4
Mi^sur sees it and is in terror.
The mountains melt like wax 2 5
10 Before the Lord of the whole earth ;
Ishmaelites declare his righteousness, 6
And all the peoples see his glory.
Disappointed are all Arabia and Ishmael, 7
Those of Jerahmeel do homage unto him.
Zion heard of it and rejoiced, 8
The daughters of Judah exult.
^ His adversaries. * Before Yah we.
PSALM XCVII/ lOI
« * * * *
Because. of thy judgments, O Yahwfe !
For thou^ art sovereign over^ Edom, 9
20 Thou art exalted above all Jerahmeel.
Appendix^
Those that hate evil doth Yah wfe. loye, .10
:ic :ic 4c :;: :jc •
He preserves the souls of his loyal ones,
From the hand of the wicked he rescues them.
Light rises for the righteous, 1 1
And joy for the upright in heart,
Rejoice, ye righteous I in Yahwfe, 1 2
And give thanks to his holy name.
Comp. the theophanies in Pss. xviii., Isa. xxxv. 2, xL 5, Hi. 10, Ixvi. 18, &c.
1., Ixxvii. For //. 9-12 cp. Mic. i. 4, For //. 15 f. cp. xlviii. 12.
Zech. iv. 14, vi. 5, Pss. 1. 6, xcviii. 3,
Critical Notes. 2. M D^a*] D^^h^. Both D^^l^ and DO"» occur
in the prophets as corruptions of Q^^iy.
5 f. M yhr\^ Read ^D^iJ51 .—Before ^rbr\ insert T^^rb (Hare,
Kenn.) ; cp. Ixxxiii. 15, cvi. 18. For 30D read, as elsewhere, 7WDlt^^«
Omit ins (? QniJD) as a gloss on ';£r\
7 f. Poiht ^5^» ^"^ ^^^ ^^^[n] read, as elsewhere, ISO.
9, II. niiT ^ysh is virtually dittographic— For D^DIWI read
uh^yrs^ (sec i. 6).
13 f. According to Duhm, v, ya and 3 is an ' absurd interpolation.'
* The makers of images, who boast of the idols, will not be led to doubt
their position by a storm ; besides the interpolation is specially ugly
before v, yc, where the D^^^^^ are treated like the D^^K 02 of Ps. xxix.
... .. I
(*'all gods worship him'')-' But experience of the disguises assumed
with considerable regularity by N. Arabian ethnics enables us to detect
another text underneath the present * absurd * passage. 12^ = 2*)^ ;
'?D9 = ^WQl£r; D^^St/ID, D^*?^^K[a] and D^H^K = D^^^OmV
Read therefore,
19. Omit mrr (metre) ; also yiKiT^D, as an insertion made at the
same time when DTK (Edom) became iV^D.
» O Yahw^. ' All the earth.
102 THE PSALMS,
21. Read Oilh and ^KDIC^ (We., Du.).
25. Read m? or mf (G J S T) with Mich., OL, Hu^ Bi., Gn, Ba.,
We., Du.
PSALM XCVIII.
Jl BNTAMETERS. Again poetical mosaic-work. Especially note coincidences with
Pss. xcvi., Isa. xliv. 2^, xlix. 13, lii. 9, Iv. 12, lix. 16, Ixiii. 5. Cp. Stade,
Reden u, Abkandi,, 72 (Messianic hope).
Marked. O/^Arab-etkan.
I Sing unto Yahwfe a new song^ | wondrous things has he
done ; i
His right hand has made him the victor, | his holy arm.
Yahwfe has made known his victory | • • • 2
In the sight of those of Jerahmeel | he has unveiled his
righteousness ;
He has remembered hislovingkindnessand his faithfulness |
to the house of Israel, 3
All the ends of the land have seen | the victory of our God.
Acclaim Yahwfe, all ye in the land, | break into a song of
joy ; 4
Sing praise to Yahwfe with the lyre, | with the sound of
melody. 5
[Shout to him] with trumpet-notes, | and with sound of
cornets, 6
10 Raise a cry before [our God] | Yahwfe the king 1
Let those of Jerahmeel sing praise, | Tubal and Ishmael ; 7
With lyres, with pipes, and with timbrels, I let the Jerah-
meelites shout for joy.^ 8
Critical Notes, Title. M has only IIOTOi but G adds r^ Aav«d.
Either insert m'? or omit IIDTD.
4. M D^Jin. The metre (which requires two beats) and the context
(which points to Jerahmeel) bids us, in accordance with parallels, take
'Jin as miswritten for D^^h^Om^ (J comes from Q).
5. After non G inserts 3py^^, but this leaves too much for the
short second hemistich. The Paset here simply separates the two V
In t/«/. 4 f. omit the first IIDT and the second IIJD^l*
* Before Yahw^, for he is come to judge the earth ; he will judge the world
with righteousness, and the peoples with uprightness (v. 9).
PSALMS XCVIII. AND XCIX. IO3
9 f. Prefix ^Tvhbjl (cl. 3).— Insert l^n^K.
iia. Read D^!?KOrn^ WSil^ (see on xcvi., /. 22), and continue,
^HVD?>M b^rS- D^aitfN Ultr &c. are frequently miswritten for
^K^DIC^'. M implies that * the world ' can * thunder * like * the sea.'
12. M co"nKnO^ Jl^irTJ. In Isa. Iv. 12 it is the trees that *clap
'v -: J • T :
their hands.' This is a possible expression because branches are called
il^53. It could not, however, be said that the streams clapped their
hands. Clearly we should read ^y\ ^*inonn Jli*rt3Da (xcviii. 5,
cxlix. 3, cl. 4). Either ^VlQ = b^btl * pipe,' or* it was miswritten for
^^n.— M onn irr. Read d^^kdhiv
PSALM XCIX.
ir* OUR five-line stanzas, each followed by a refrain of two words. Stanzas I and
3 consist entirely of tetrameters, but in stanzas 2 and 4 some lines are trimeters.
Few psalms, as banded down by tradition, have eiven more trouble to expositors
than this. The difficulty lies in v. 4 and w, 6-S. How is the opening of v, 4 to
be rendered ? And what is the event by which the administration of justice has
been restored in Israel ? Then, as to v» 6, why is Moses called a pnest ? And
what have Aaron and Samuel to do with the legislative communications {v, 7)
between Yahw^ and Israel I And what were the wicked deeds which called for
punishment ? According to 6&thgen. the present tenses in w. 6, fa show that the
psalmist's intention is not to give merely a historical retrospect. Moses and
Aaron and Samuel are heroes of prayer, who live again in their spiritual descen-
dants, in so far as these descendants pray as believingly as their ancestors. He
thinks that the suffixes in w, 7, 8 refer to the entire category of the V2J& *hi")p
(' callers upon his name '), V.^. the Israelites. Delitzsch, too, is of opinion that
V. ibc is to be understood, not only of Moses, Aaron, and Samuel, but of the
people which as mediators they represented, so that the IXOwV C ^^1 deeds ')
will be those of the people. These theories, however (not excluding Wellhausen's,
who has only one vigorous though too arbitrary correction— see on v, 4, and
Duhm's, whose emendations of v, 4 and v. 8 are far too slight), are based virtually
on the traditional text.
The psalm is parallel to Ps. Ixxxvii., Isa. xix. 18-25, Zech. xii., xiii. (see Crii»
Bid,), and the statement in /. 13 is in accordance with the probably correct text
of Isa. Ixvi. 21. The poet looks forward to the time when ' all the peoples [of
Palestine and N. Arabia],' i,e. all those non-Israelites who have not perished in
the great judgment, will have become converted to the true religion. The
expectation that some of the Jerahmeelites, in particular, will not only invoke the
name of Yahw^, but become his priests, has a historical justification, for it is a
well-grounded theoiv that the Levites came historically from Jerahmeel (see
£nc. Bid,, * Moses ). There is no occasion to bring the psalm down to the
period of the forcible Judaizing of the Idumseans by John Hyrcanus.
I Yahwfe reigns, the peoples tremble ; 1
He is throned on cherubim, the earth totters ;
Yahwfe is a great [king] in Zion, 2
He has sovereign power over all the peoples.
Let them praise thy name as great and awful, 3
Ifofy is Yahwl,
104 THE PSALMS,
Jerahmeel and Zarephath thou dost love, 4
Thou hast confirmed justice [and] judgment,
Righteousness in Jacob thou hast carried out,
10 Extol Yahwfe oiir God, 5
And do homage before his footstool.
Holy is Yahwh
Men of Jerahmeel [are] among his priests, 6
Men of Ishmael among those that call on his name.
That call upon Yahwfe, and he himself answers them ;
In the valley of Arnon (?) and in the wilderness of Jerah-
meel 7
They observe his monitions and the law that he gave them.
Holy is Yahwh.
O Yahwb, our God ! thou dost answer them, 8
20 A God that forgives hast thou been unto them,
And [a God] that had compassion from regard to their
prayer.
Extol Yahwfe our God. 9
And do homage before his footstool ;
Holy is Yahwh
Critical Notes. 2 ff. M ^IJi'^. lO^J is not known. G <raXo;^i7T<»,
whence Du. }^i:^, (01. :i^'Dn;'Gr. pjA)— Insert l(yr^ (xlvii. 3).—
For 0*^1 read Dl")^ (cp. Ivii. 6, 12), with Bi.
6. The refrain should probably be rTliT IC^ITp (Du.) ; cp. the closing
words in M. ^"\T\ and JUn^ are easily confounded.
7 f. M lODltfO "ST^D TyV Duhm omits nnK Ml^fD as an editorial
T ; • 'v V : .. T T J •
correction, and renders 'Royal power thou hast set up.* Read rather
T\Y^y^ ^>^?ni^» ■> ^"^T, S and tCf, ") and D confounded, &c. Cp.
Enc, Bib., * Shaphat.'— Read DBl£>Q1.
T • •
13 f. ihrjN) nitto. The improbability of this abrupt reference to'
Moses and Aaron, and of the representation of Moses as a priest, need
not be shown at length (see in trod.). TWO seems to be a corrupt
fragment of D^^WDIC^^ written too soon ; piHt^, of D^^KOm^ (note
Pase^.— M ^K!)Dtth. Why Samuel.? Read D^'^ND^STI (two beats).
16. M Dn^^y "):ay \Sjt l^ay^, most unsuitable, however we
may read v.V.' Read perhaps WdHT ISTDni l3"lh^ pOyS. The
second half of this is safer than the former.
PSALMS XCIX. AND C. IO5
21. M nrrfrh^^ OpiV by DpJ cannot be right. Herz
proposes "^30 'J. But the difficulty remains that /. 20 says just the
opposite. Hi., Ba. read Dn^> but this would not mean *that passed
T •
over.' Duhm emends UTvb^bVJyb'S DpJI, *but taking vengeance for
insults directed to them.* But comparing Hos. xi. 8, where for ^DITO
Wellh. rightly reads >om (cp. S), we should rather read DrHD l^Vty),
and continue the line with DJ1^5)i^vh^ •
PSALM C.
1 Ri METERS. A liturgical psalm, conventional in expression, but no doubt
sincerely felt. The persons addressed are Israel and Israel's new adherents from
N. Arabia.
Marked. Of ' Arab-etfian, I
I Shout unto Yahwfe, all ye in the land,
Serve Yahwfe with rejoicings, 2
Come in before him with cries that ring.
For Yahwfe — he is our God, 3
He has made us and led us on.
His people and the flock that he tends.
Enter his gates with thanksgivings, 4
His courts with songs of praise.
Give thanks to him, bless his name.
10 [Praise him,] for [he] is good,
Yahwfe's lovingkindness is for ever.
His faithfulness for all ages.
I. Y'^^^*"^^3- See on xcvi. I.— altered repetition of xcv. 6^, 7a, b (see
2. Serve, ue, with sacrifices (Ex. iii. 12. corrected text).
Isa. xix. 21, 23). — 4-6. A slightly
Critical Notes. (Title.) TTTSrhf G f iV ((ofioXvyrjaiv ; T ]a")p b^
K/TTIJl. Most assume miJl'? to have been suggested by HIM^ in
V. 4, but 'jl there has a perfectly general reference. But is the text
right ? 7 after IIDTD ought to introduce the name of the guild or
company in whose custody this and other psalms were. If so, mVl
should be a corruption of ]m"l[^], *Jeduthun,' i.e, perhaps ]JVl^ 2")y.
T T^
4. Omit l^n (perhaps from ^^^D^'^^ a gloss ; cp. xcvi., //. 3, 4), and
read IJ^n^l^ (G»<^-«at)^ « Acknowledge that Yahw^ is God ' is unsuitable ;
the context shows that those addressed (an expanded Israel) know Yahw^
already.
I06 ' THE PSALMS.
.5- l^n^K l^b^ is an editorial development out of an ill-written
•lij^nyV It is useless to dispute over the rival claims of l^^ (Kt.) and
i^ ($r.). The passage, as corrected, enables us to restore the true text
of xcv. ya.
ID. Prefix perhaps Hn^V^H (Du.), and insert l^in after 2)^- Thus
the stanza is completed.
PSALM CI.
X ENTAMETERS. The VOW of a prince. Let us look at the psalm from the
new point of view suj^gested by our revision of the received text. It is parallel
to Pss. xlv. and Ixxii., in which the Messiah is depicted in colours derived
from the legendary portrait of Solomon, but more especially to the latter, in
which, as we have seen, it is the combined tenderness and severity of the
Messianic king which is eulc^zed — his tenderness to the righteous poor of
Israel, and his severity to the N. Arabians who have oppressed them. The
' orphan ' and the ' widow ' ^ihe terms are of course collective) form a numerous
class in the Jewish community ; to care for them was one of the first duties of
a ruler (Ixxxii. 3, Isa. i. 17). The terms, however, are also used symbolically
(see on x. 14) for the people of Israel, and it is possible that in /. 2 the
speaker may mean that he (the Messiah) will avenge the wrongs of bis
oppressed people ; to do justice among the Jerahmeelites would of course
involve giving close attention to the interests of Israel. This may perhaps
be confirmed by the closing stanza in which, as a means of removing from
the holy city *all workers of wrong,' the speaker promises (as it seems) to
destroy all the wicked in Jerahmeel. 1'he rest of the psalm, however, seems
to refer to the character of those who are to be admitted to the king's court.
They are to be ideal Israelites, of the type described in Ps. xv. and xxiv. 3-6 ;
in particular they are to be free from the heathenish practices of N. Arabian
divmation.
Has the present text arisen at all through manipulation? According to
Budde (Exp. T'., Jan. 1897, pp. 202 ff.) the psalm was originally a monologue
of Yahwe himself, and was altered by an editor into a hymn suitable for an
earthly prince, as a standard of character. It is also possible to suppose that
it was originally intended for the perusal and edification of some contemporary
(post-exihc) prince, presumably one of the Maccabees--eithcr Jonathan or
Simon. This view may seem to be favoured by the coincidence in expression
between v. 8 and I Mace. ix. 73 (cp. v. 23), xiv. 14, 36 ; for a further con-
jecture see (9/*, 68, 80. The latter vi^w is more plausible, because it does
not involve such arbitrary interference with the text as Budde's view, to me
at least, appears to do. But the two parallel psalms xlv. and Ixxii., having
already turned out not to be based on earlier psalms referring to a Maccabeean
irince, one may well hesitate to adopt such a view here. The text is indeed
►y no means free from corruption, but even in the form given by M it admits
of an easy and unforced interpretation in a Messianic sense. — Bathgen rather
strangely understands the speaker to be the post-exilic Jewish community ;
he takes the imperfects to be descriptive of the present ; ^^K K12/1 ^DD
is also more easily intelligible as the longing utterance of the community
(cp. the promise in Ex. xx. 21). The theory, however, though held to be
possible by Olshausen, is unnatural ; it is best to adhere to the view expressed
above — ^i.e. the speaker is the Messiah.
0/ ^Arab-ethan : marked, 1
I Piety and justice will I practise | among the Jerahmeelites;
I will give heed to the cause of the orphan, | the desire
of the widow. 2
I
PSALM CI. 107
I will go about with an honest heart | within my house ;
None shall present himself before me | whose speech
is of ruin. 3
The doings of magicians do I hate, | it shall not cleave
to me ;
[The diviners of] Ishmael and Ashhur, | the soothsayers
of Jerahmeel. 4
He that slanders his neighbour in secret, | him will I
destroy ; S
Whoso has a high look and a proud heart, | him will I
not sustain.
Mine eyes are on the faithful of the land | that they
may dwell with me ; 6
10 Whoso walks blamelessly — | he shall serve me.
None that acts deceitfully shall dwell | within my house ; 7
No speaker of his shall stand | before mine eyes.
In Jerahmeel 1 will destroy | all the wicked of the land, 8
That I may cut off from the city of Yahwe | all workers
of wrong.
I f. The Messianic king, like racteristic of the oppressive rulers and
Yahw^ himself (Ixviii. 6), is a father judges ; q>. Iviii., /. 3, Ixxxu., /. 14.—
to the orphan. TDH and JD3lCfD» 5 f. The abhorrence of the early
however, are also required of every Judaism for soothsaying is well known,
true Israelite (Hos. xii. 7, Mic. vi. 8), Cp. Deut. xviii. 9-12, 14 ; Lev.
and the persons whom the speaker xix. 26b,
refuses to admit into his household
are precisely those who have no TDH 8. A high looky &c. Cp. xviii. 28,
or IDSICTE). These moral courses the cxxxi. i. Prov. xxi. i^.—Susiaftt, i.e.
Messianic king says, surely not that as a member of my household ; cp.
he will «sing,' but that he will 2 S. xix. 33.
'practise' (see crit. n.). In M the „,. , • » o .1.
vSw to Uke care of the orphan is ^^,"- ^''^"^ my house. So the
followed by an earnest appeal to * blameless Job provides against trans-
Yahw^ to 'come' (for the final act gressions m his household (Job 1. 5).
of judgment?). Those who regard apd so a very late psalmist makes the
the psalm as Davidic, actually com- nghteous man 'visit his house con-
pare the speech of David in 2 S. vi. 9. tmually to take away unnghteousne^ '
4. 7jr92 "l^^- 7Vva (see speaker of lies. See on xv., /. 4-—
on xviii., //. 9-12) is a special cha- 13 f. See introd.
Critical Notes, i. m^lC^i^ can only be defended on the supposition
that the divine IDTT and \SSVD are spoken of. But then we should
expect THOn and "J^IDSIC^O. At the end oiv. i we find n")OW, which
is suspicious because it injures the metre. Presumably it has sprung
from mOlt^l^ (cp. the opposite mistake in lix. 10), which was written in
I08 THE PSALMS.
the margin as a correction of m^lC^h^* Otherwise we might emend
rTTtt^K into iriK^K. [Duhm has a similar idea; he corrects m^lC^K
into niDlC^M, and deletes mOTK as an arbitrary insertion. The
coincidence is valuable.]
2 f. For D^Dr> T»Ta read USJV "1112 . Note P^sek after n^^lCTl^ .
• T ' vv: T - : •
The inexplicable interrogative ^JIO which follows comes from Uh\
written as a correction of D^D/l • ^bi^ l^^2^ must come from Jl^Kr)
TOO^K (cxix. 20).— ^jl*2. G (R*) has rov oUov aov. But see v. 7.
4. M nWl^'l^b (Pasek follows). Read n^^il^ (v. 6) ; X became
«;.— M ')y}. Read ')21 (Gr.).
5 f . M D^4OD"n*0P, a combination of difficulties. The vss. point
. . • •• "*
fll^^j;, which is the most natural course. D*^10D (G napa^datis) is usually
identified with D^lOto, Hos. v. 2, but the text of that passage has been
much misunderstood. Both for D^DD and for D^lOtt^ (rather Q^IOD), and
for DIJID in Ezek. xxviii. 3 we should read Q^DrOin, * magicians* (D
and D confounded). The * magicians of Mi^rim' (Gen. xli. 8) were cele-
brated. Read '-)n HWD. Z. 6 should run, lirmKI *?Kj;Ottf^ [^DDp]
^KOn-)^ '•iJWD.— nn*? (as 2b in Jer. ix. 25) = ^ND, t\e. 'DW^ or TTT ;
ICrpy and -)1D^ = ')Mim ; 1J0D = '^y)VD ; yiN IDN*? JH = ^NDHl^
The corrections are in accordance with analogy, and add colour to the
psalm.
7 f. Kt., 0;th^p (Poel, here only). Jr., ^^00, an unparalleled form.
Should we not' read '^y^D (Prov. xxx. 10)*?— M by\H* G tovt<^ ov
<rvtni<reiov =:z^2H ^b *ir>N .' "Rather ^3*?D» ^b i/li^/ Cp. on cxii. 5^.
- • ••:"■:
13. M D^^p2/» The morning is no doubt the time for justice (Jer.
xxi. 1 2), but why 'every morning ' ? Budde conjectures that in the original
form of the poem (see introd.) it was Yahw^ who asserted this claim
comparing Job xxxviii. 12-15. Clearly the troublesome '2^ must be a
scribe's error. Read *?KDm^a (cp. bolD from 'mM. Cp. /. i.
PSALM CII.
A COMPOSITE psalm (see crit. n. on zw. 12, 24-26). All three parts are
in trimeters, though now and then * the metre seems to be imperfect. The
third part reminds us of II. Isaiah; Hitzig compares Isa. xlviii. 13, li. 16,
Ixvi. 2, 22, li. 6, 1. 9, xlviii. 12, xlvi. 4. But the ideas were the common
property of the later writers, and an early editor may well have thought that
edincation required a reference to them. In its final form Ps. cii. was
endowed with a finely expressed and unique heading, appropriating the work
to 'the sufferer, when he faints,' &c. It is natural to suppose that the
individual Israelite is meant, but with the I2llin ^Jh^ of Lam. iii. i before
us, we cannot help doubting this (cp. Smend, p. 130), and the reference in
cii.t^J and cii.f^) to the nation is, apart from the heading, undeniable. That
the psalm is composite, will be clear from an inspection of the contents ;
PSALM CII. — I. 109
w, 2-1 1, together with w. 24, 25a, are altogether elegiac (cp. Pss. xxii.,
Ixix.) ; in the other parts of the psalm the writers soar above the miseries
of the present. As to the date of cii.^'), it is natural to derive a suggestion
from Nch. i. 3, ii. 3, 13 ff., iii. 34 ff. (see OP^ 70 f.) j the walls of Jerusalem
may, in fact, have been broken down at more than one crisis in the 'post-
exilic ' period. Besides the passages referred to, it is not impossible to compare
I Mace. i. 31, ii, 6-14, x. 10 (cp. Beer, Gemeinde-psalmen^ p, xxxix.)* This,
however, would require to be treated in connexion with a fresh historical
treatment of that period, and cannot here be assumed. Kirkpatrick's view,
that the psalm as a literary whole belongs to the close of the Exile, is only
supported by the gloom of one part and the idealistic aspirations of' another.
But the current notions respecting the 'restoration' of Israel under Cyrus
have received too severe a shock to permit us to hold this view. It is the
Messianic age to which the psalmist looks forward.
Prayer for the sufferer^ when he faints^ and pours out his
complaint before Yahw^, I
^ CII. — I.
I O Yahwfe ! hear my prayer, 2
And let my cry penetrate unto thee.
Hide not thy face [from thy servant], 3
Guard me from those of Ishmael ;
Bend to me thine ear,
From those of Jerahmeel deliver me.
For my body is eaten up as by fire, 4
My frame is scorthed through as by a glowing heat,
My palate is parched like herbage, 5
10 My heart is dried up like [grass] ;
I am bowed down at the sound of Jerahmeel, 6
Through Ishmael my bones are crushed.
I am like a pelican (?) of the wilderness, 7
I resemble an owl of the ruins ;
I am disturbed and tremble as a bird 8
Because of the revilings of Jerahmeelites.
Mine enemies ^ insult me continually, 9
• • • • *
Yea, I eat ashes as if they were bread, 10
20 And mingle my drink with tears,
Because of thy hot wrath and indignation, 11
For thou hast taken me up and flung me away.
My towers Jerahmeel has destroyed, 12, 24 f.
With the arrows of the warriors my dwellings.
^ Jerahmeelites, Ishmaelites.
110 THE PSALMS.
CII. — 2.
I ^Thou, O Yahwfe ! wilt be enthroned for ever, 13
Thy memorial is from age to age.
Now wilt thou arise and have compassion on Zion, 14
For it is the time to have pity on her, for the set time
is come.
For thy servants have affection for her stones, i S
And feel tenderly towards her dust.
And the nations will fear the name of Yahwfe, 16
And all the kings of the earth thy glory,
Because Yahwfe has built up Zion +anew+, 1 7
10 And has shown himself in his glory [within her], <
Has turned towards the prayer of the prisoners, 18
And not rejected their supplication.
Recorded shall this be for the next generation, 19
A new-born people shall praise Yahwfe,
Because he has looked forth from his holy height, 20
Out of heaven 2 he has beheld the earth,
To hear the groaning of the prisoners, 21
To loose those that dwelt in gloom.
The children of thy servants shall dwell ^in the land|., 29
20 Their offspring will be established before thee,
That men may rehearse the name of Yahwfe in Zion, 22
And his praise in Jerusalem,
When the peoples are gathered together, 23
And the kingdoms to serve Yahwfe,
CII. — 3 (an insertion),
I Of old thou didst lay the earth's foundation, 26
And the heavens are the work of thy hands.
They will perish, but thou wilt continue ; 27
They all will wear out like a garment :
As a robe wilt thou change them, and they will pass
away,
But thou art +still+ He, and thy days have no end, 28
' And. ' Yahw^.
PSALM CII. — I, 2, 3.
Ill
(Title.) rh^D; see v. 2a.
^1S]P O ; cp. Ixi. 3 ; 1 ^i' T^ kBviAUV
air6y. "^VfW ISICT ; cp. xlii. 5,
Ixii. 9, Iv. 3, Ixiv. 2 ; also I S. i. 15.
1-6. For the phrases cp. xviii. 7,
Ixix. 18, xxvii. 9, xxxi. 3. Afy body^
D"*©"^!!, as Job xl. 18, Prov. xvii. 22.
The vital juices of the body represent
the moral strength of the personality.
Whatever depresses this, may be said
to dry up the 'bones.' On the other
hand, Yahwe*s felt presence * makes
fat the bones' (Isa. Iviii. 11). For
•bones' our idiom requires *body,'
'frame' I see on vi. 3. On the text,
see crit. n.
8. As by fire. Cp. Jer. xx. 9,
'There is in my heart as it were a
burning fire shut up in my bones.'
To hold back a message of Vahw6 to
others has the same effect as being
deprived of his inward messages of
peace to oneself. In both cases de-
struction is the consequence of a pro-
longation of thb terrible experience. —
^^y:^, Mike a hearth' (Del., Siegfr.
St.), Mike a burning mass* {BDB).
Rather Mike a burning glow,' as Isa.
xxxiii. 14, D^y ^TplD. inj, as
Ixix. 4.
9f. Cp. xxii. 16.— II. Cp. xliv.
16 f., Iv. 4, xxxviii. 9 (^nXDID),
li. 10 (n^S"!). We must not, simply
to justify an altogether improbable
text, make ^llt^^l here, and in cix. 24
(M) mean 'my skin.'
13. I retain the conventional render-
ing * pelican.* But see E, Bib,^ * Pelican.'
17, Cp. xlii. II. — 19 f. It is the
mourner's paradox — ashes his bread,
tears his drink (cp. xlii. 4, Ixxx. 6).
Cp. £. Bib.f 'Mourning Customs.' —
22. Cp. Job xxvii. 21, XXX. 22.
23 f. The crushing calamities
brought upon Israel by the agency of
the N. Arabian foes were the con-
sequence of Yahw^'s rejection of his
people. Towers, as xlviii. 4, 14, Am.
vi. 8, &c. II^II ^n, as cxx. 4, cp.
cxxvii. 4. The text of lines 23, 24
appears to have double representa-
tion — ^in V. 12, and in w. 24 f. Between
these comes an inserted passage (cii.^)),
in which, for sufficient reasons, v, 29
must be included.
CII.f*> 1-6. The fundamental idea
in the early Judaism— Yah we's eternity
(cp. cii.(^^). For a time there may
not be one stone of Zion upon another,
but Yahwe's purposes are eternal. The
'set time' (IVto, as Hab. ii. 3)
must have come. Can God have less
pity on His people than Israel has
for the stones of Zion ? Lines i and
2 accord with Lam. v. 19, where,
however, *Th^D3 is read instead of
T^DH ; but cp. Ex. iii. 15. Lines
5 and 6 remind us of Neh. iii. 34, &c.
(but see introd.). — 7. The restoration
of Israel, the prelude to a general
adoption of the true religion. Here,
at least, a psalmist makes no special
reference to the N. Arabian peoples.
Cp. Isa. lix. 19, Ix. 3. The perfects
in w, 17, 1 8, 20 are of course future
or relative perfects.
II, 17. Prisoners, Cp. Ixxix. 1 1,
Ixviii. 7, &c.
13 f. lnn« ^ib ; cp. xlviii. 14,
Ixxviii. 6.— Knnj Oy. Cp. '2 in civ.
30, Ezek. xxviii. 13.
15 f. Cp. Isa. Ixiii. 15 ; also
Ps. xiv. 2, xxxiii. 13. — 23 f. The
Messianic age is referred to (see introd.,
and cp. Isa. xlv. 20, Ix. 3).
CII.^'' Notice the parallels in
II. Isaiah (xlviii. 13, cp. xliv. 24 ;
li. 6, cp. 1. 9). Usually the world is
represented as enduring for ever (Gen.
viii. 21 f., ix. 9 ff., Ps. cxlviii. 6).
It is possible to find here a reflexion
of the doctrine of the new heaven and
earth. The indirect influence of Zo-
roastrianism, to which this doctrine is
essential (cp. OP, 404 ff"., Ettc. Bib,,
col. 1065), was probably felt more
and more in the post-exilic period, so
that this view is quite possible, and
does not necessitate a Maccabeean
date (but cp. Charles, Eschatology,
p. 123, note). Yet it is aUo possible
that the language is merely that of one
who is being pushed by his strong
belief in the aivine eternity to the
conflnes of a new region of thought.
The idea that the appearance of Yahw^
would cause the hills to melt is found
in Mic. i. 4, Nah. i. 5, Ps. xcvii. 5,
dv. 32. Of these passages Mic. i. 4
at any rate seems to be ancient.
Babylonian influence is suspected here
by Zimmern {KAT^^\ p. 560).
112 THE PSALMS.
Critical Notes, (c\U^\) 3. Insert "p^yD.— 4- '''I'O'O* Read
probably ''J")DIC^. The text is in disorder, and we must begin to remedy
this by seeking for a verb. — v 12i DV3. We need mention of. those
who cause the speaker's anxiety. Following the parallel of 2 S. i. 26 let
us take "h ")2{ as a corruption of ^^^"^^£;^, and this as a scribe's error for
bh^yOlC^^ ; and as dse where let us regard U\ in DV as = D*, the plural
termination. Read D^^KyOtC^^D (so also by preference in lix. 17, Ixix.
18).— h^np» DVn. Read D^*7KDm"D (cp. on Ivi. 9)'.— Omit -^HD, a
dittographed 'Dm^ (and so best in Ixix. 18).— 03^ read ^jyu^h (as
Ixix. 18).
7. Read >D1]| tt^MD !^^3K ^3 . Cp. wy for KTK, xxxvii. 20. The
TT8.. TIN. '^I"
very defective parallelism is now cured. G at any rate supports J for ^
9 f. For T^y\^\ (=rT3rr?) read rT2"^rr, and insert ^3n, which, as
T TN TJT ••
well as "in, underlies HDin. Parallelism requires the insertion of
■)*2irTD ; strictly, two letters of this (D and ^) exisl already in the
superfluous O of M (and G).
11, O; see preceding note.— ^jnnDlC^. Read "/llfTt^ (xxxv. 14,
xxxviii. 7). '^ISnb !?iND, followed (v. 6a) by ^nra^* bSSD- The
ordinary text is surely most unsatisfactory. The two pairs of words are
to be regarded as variants. 7^pD is better than ^OKD, but *^^yT? is
preferable to '•Jinii^ because nearer to the original reading, which was
doubtless ^KDm^ (cp. on 2 S. xxi. 19). ^JinOM represents ]KDn-.
The scribe mistook D for Jl, and transposed the letters.
12. ^1te;Zl^ ^0?J? np 11^. We should have expected *my tongue
cleaves to my gums* (cp. xxii. 16). What we find is usually explained as
a reminiscence of Job xix. 20, where, however, the text is obviously in
some disorder (see Budde and Duhm). Read here *?hy?Dl£;»D ^D2QJ ^Tjy}-
\^2bf like wdh in Ezek. xxiii. 6, comes from '^KX'Dtt^ '^ H may
represent Q.
15 f. We expect some progress beyond the quiet melancholy
suggested in //. 13 f. ; something like Iv. 3-9 would be perfectly in
place. Linguistically and exegetically ^ybjf TTI^l is suspicious. Why
. * solitary on the roof ? A timid bird shrinks from the haunts of men.
And does such a word as 1113 exist elsewhere in the O.T. ? We
cannot appeal with confidence to Isa, xiv. 31, Hos. viii. 9, for in both
pass££ges corruption is suspected. Let us take an idea from Hos. viii. 9,
where (see note) 1^ 1113 probably represents ^KOmv Read
D^^KOm^ ^9ir*?y I n*l92{3 lin^l ^r^OI. The changes involved
.. s. • ' •: .-y:vT . s- T .
are quite regular. TT)3 and HH't'iy, it is here assumed, have changed
places, i.e. when 'ni* 'TJI /J? became corrupt transposition became an
PSALM CII. 113
cxegetical necessity. Tli is supported by T (alt.)i Pesh., and Heb.
MSS. ; cp. Isa. xvi. 2, Prov. xxvii. 8.— iy21t>i ^3 ^^^"ID. That the
first word is wrong, must be admitted. A parallel for the Pual part, with
suffix does not appear to have been found (cp. Kautzsch-Ges., § 1 16 i ;
Kon., Synt,^ § 23). G S imply ^^^HDi * my praisers.' Duhm, ^^iHD
(Poel), but would this mean 'those who mock at me'? cp. Isa. xliv. 25.
If the text is right, we should prefer ^^HD, 'those that profaned me'
(cp. Ezek. xxviii. 9). But is it right? 'Not only 'IHD but 13^212^^ ^3
excites surprise. This phrase is explained by the critics, * use my name
in their oaths' (cp. Isa. Ixv. 15, Jer. xxix. 22). But could the name of
Israel be used in imprecations of ruin except when a people was
referred to, and this can hardly have been a frequent occurrence ? The
analogy of ^J^^^HQ in Gen. v. 12 Ac. suggests that ^^^HD (cp. G) comes
from D^^NDTTIN and that of ^N13l^ in i Chr. xxiii. 16 for ^N')Dr=
^KyDtC^% and D^MS, i S. xiii. 18, also for ^HyDtCT, favour the view that
we should read uh^y'OV^ D'*^HDnn% a gloss on ^2^1^. In other
words, the gloss has supplanted a line of the true text.
23 f. According to Duhm, w, 24 and 25a are a quotation from
another poem in a different metre. But how can we speak confidently of
metre till the text has been thoroughly examined ? All that we can say
at once is, that either v. 12 is superfluous or w, 24, 25^. One could
more easily spare the former passage, which is not only commonplace
but deficient in parallelism. But the Hebrew of w. 24, 25a is not at all
smooth, whereas the psalm in general is smooth. Nor have we a clear
right to separate v, 25a from v, 25^; indeed, Duhm himself in his
German Psalmcn makes the ' quotation ' include v, 256. Nothing but
familiarity with types of textual corruption can help us. It is probable
(see exeg. n.) that i/. 12 and v. 24 f. have sprung from the same original.
One can see at once that ^J^J?n~^H "htk IDtk {v. 25) represents
^NOm^ (twice), and it then becomes very probable that "^O' both in
V. 24 f. and in T/. 12 represents ^ND^^^ Little less probable is it that
1^/11ilC^ in V, 25^ represents ^m^DtC^i and that '110^ in v. 12 either
represents this word or (preferably), in conjunction with OKI (= DN1),
'^/11iD*)K. In truth, we require both these words for parallelism, and it
is not impossible that y£I}}2 in v. 12 may come from [^^/^1]J^;WD. In
w. 24 f. 12{p and *3in2 clearly have the same original— probably
^2tn3, which may also underlie ^3^2 in v, 12. If so, D^ll 1113 (which
otherwise— see on Ixxii. 5, end— might represent IHIH) niay stand for
Dni3J. It only remains to explain t£^2^K in ^/. 12 and IHD 1113 H^y
in V. 24. Ur^^N (like 3lCr' often) seems to represent ^KJ^lC^i a variant
to '?NDm\ and "2 '13 H^y may come from in3 *?NDm^ ^JII^DIN;
Til, generally with some added letter or letters, several times represents
^NDHT {e,g, llin, Zech. ix. i). Read therefore as an approximation
II. I
114 THE PSALMS.
to the true text, which at any rate is partly right, and adequately conveys
the original writer's meaning,
Of course, the present form of v, 25^ was produced under the influence
of the inserted passage, w, 26 — 28.
(CII.w) I. Omit 'I before nriK (redactional). So Duhm. 3. Read
ni^J^, with Gratz.— 10. With Duhm, read nKl^l (G) and append
ni"i;5a (metre), which easily fell out after 111232.— n- M 'W'jyn ;
G tS>v Tcareivav (D^3^ ?) ; *A 2 rov fKK€KfPiOfi^vov, Gratz follows G, but a
better correction is b^■VD^^ (cp. v. 21a).— M D/1^9J1. A repetition.
• • ^
Read DJlHrTiH; G rrfv btrjaiv avr&v (cp. G, vi. 10).
TT • :
16. Omit the superfluous Yahwd ; lines 16 and 17 now agree
metrically.— 17. Read Dn^Dg (parallelism); cp. G.— 18. n/IID/l "•pil-
Read /11DS2i ^^Dt^ (Ixxix/i'i)?
• ■ •• I
(CII.^'O 6. M Tj^rt^'^. The verb being masc, read ?pD^ (Duhm).
PSALM cm.
1 RIMETERS. Thanksgiving lo Yahw^, whose characteristic attributes of
mercy and longsuflfering the reversal of Israel's unhappy lot in the Messianic
age (here represented as past) splendidly exemplifies. The original psalm
appears to have been manipulated with a view to adapt it to the wants of a
later generation, which had nothing to fear from N. Arabians. At the same
time liturgical doxologies were added, perhaps in lieu of some omitted lines.
Psalms dii. and civ. appear to have been used liturgically in combination.
Hence the closing line. The speaker, as Smend (p. 130) rightly sees, is the
community. So also Coblenz (pp. 68 f.).
0/ 'Arab-ethan, i
I O my soul ! bless Yahwfe,
And all that is within me (bless) his holy name.
O my soul 1 bless Yahwfe, 2
And forget not all his benefits ;
Who has pardoned all thine iniquities, 3
And healed all thy sicknesses ;
Who has delivered thy life from the pit, 4
And crowned thee with kindness and compassion ;
Who has brought thee home from the house of
Arabia, 5
ID And gathered thy survivors from Cushan.
PSALM cm. 115
Righteous acts doth Yahwfe perform, 6
And judgments for all that are oppressed.
He made known his ways unto Moses, 7
His exploits unto the children of Israel.
Yahwfe is full of compassion and pity, 8
Long-suffering, and plenteous in lovingkindness :
He will not contend perpetually, 9
Nor keep his anger for ever.
He has not dealt with us after our sins, 10
20 Nor requited us according to our iniquities.
For as the heaven is high above the earth, 1 1
So high is his kindness over them that fear him ;
As far as the east is from the west 12
He has removed our transgressions from us.
As a father has compassion upon his sons, 13
Yahwfe has compassion upon those that fear him.
For he — he knows of what we are made, 14
And bethinks him that we are but dust.
Mortal man,i his days are as grass, • 1 5
30 As a flower of the field, so he blossoms ;
For a wind passes over it, and it is gone, 16
And its place knows it no more.
But the lovingkindness of Yahwfe is towards them
that fear him, 1 7
And his righteousness unto children*s children,
Unto such as keep his ordinance, 18
And remember his behests.^
Yahwfe has established his throne in heaven, 19
His dominion rules over all.
Glorify Yahw^, ye Jerahmeelites, 20
40 Ye Ishmaelites, and all Arabians !
Liturgical addition to the adapted psalm (II, 1-38).
I Bless Yahwfe, ye his angels, 20
Ye heroes in strength, that perform his word.
To hearken to the voice of his word.
Bless Yahwfe, all his host, 21
* Jerahraeel. « To do them.
ii6
THE PSALMS.
Ye his ministers, that perform his purpose.
Bless Yahwfe, all his works,
In all places of his dominion,
O my soul ! bless Yahwfe.
22
I. O my sool, bUsB Tahwd.
Israel is the true *son of man,* *the
world's high priest,' who * doth pre-
sent—The sacrifice for all' (G. Her-
bert). Cp. a striking passage of Philo
{OP, 366).— 5 ff. The national sins
have been pardoned; as a pledge
of this, prosperity in its highest form
has been granted. Cp. Isa. xl. 2. —
7. /irrjC^ ; see on xvi. 10.— 9 f. Hoiue
of Arahia, rather than * house of ser-
vants ;' parallel here to * Cushan,* and
in Ex. xiii. 3, &c., to Mi^rim. See
crit. n., and cp. Isa. xi. 1 1 (note in
CnV. Bib,\ also Ps. cvi. 47, cvii. 3.
The received text labours under in-
superable difficulties, including that of
explaining how the eagle 'renews its
youth' diflferently from other birds. —
15 ff. Cp. on Ixxxvi. 5, 15.— 17 f. Cp.
Isa. Ivii. II, -Jer. iii. 5 0*119').—
21. Cp. xxxvi. 6.-28. Cp. Ixxviii. 39,
Ixxxix. 48. — 29 ff. Cp. xcii. 7, Isa. xl.
6-8. The writer thinks specially of
the powers hostile to Israel. — 35 f. For
this limitation of the divine hesed,
cp. Ex. XX. 6, xxxiv. 7, Dt. vii. 9. —
39 f. The surviving Jerahmeelites are
mcorporated in the community of wor-
shippers of Yahw^. Cp. especially
xxix. I, &c. (crit. note), Isa. xix. 24 f..
Ixvi. 21 {Crit. Bib.), and see following
note.
Addition, I. Te bis anfels- Cp.
cxlviii. 2. The reference to the angels
comes in well after v, 19a. At the
same time the original reference (?) to
the Jerahmeelites b also a natural
sequel to the declaration that Yahw^
from his heavenly throne rules even
over those who once denied his power
(cp. xi. 5 ff., xiv. 3). — 2. Heroes
(OmO:!), as in Joel. iv. (iii.) 11 ;
also of Yahw^, xxiv. 8, Ixxviii. 65. —
3. To hearken, &c. Awkwardly con-
nected (see crit. note on /. 40, above).
—4. All his host. Can the *host' be
distinguished from the angels? 01.
and Gr. think of the stars (regarded
as animated, cp. Job xxxviii. 7) ; Ba.
agrees, but would add forces of nature
like winds and fire, civ. 4. Hitz. and
Del. prefer the lower angels, the
' heroes ' of /. 2 being, as they think,
the archangels. The difficulty seems
to have arisen through the transforma-
tion of 'Jerahmeelites' into angels.
At anv rate, there is no reason to
think that the later editor distinguished
between * angels * and * host.* By both
phrases he meant the divine powers
of the beyond, the spiritual world,
called by him * heaven' (cp. OP, 314).
Critical Notes, 9, 10. (i) Our first difficulty is with TTHy. We
••IV
must remember that the soul is addressed, iny 1 therefore, cannot be a
paraphrastic expression for *thy soul,* even if, with G, we explain 'soul *
here as = 'appetite* (r^v imBvfiiav o-ov). Nor can * thy bociy* (S) be meant,
for if anything is to be called ' ornament,* it is not the body but the souL
The latest suggestion is that of Nestle {ZATPV, 1899, p. 182), who
supposes the reading "Spiy to underlie, S (r^i' tirifjLovfiv a-ov, Field) and
perhaps T ; cp. civ. 33, cxlvi. 2 ? This does not help. Plainly the final
letter is one of those which are or may be corrupt ; otherwise why is not
the form of the suffix the same as elsewhere, viz. O — or O^— ? (2) The
next difficulty is in lia^. With JTStoH we expect ito, without a
preposition. The third (c) is the change of construction in tCnnAD .
and the fourth (^ the exegetical one (/. 10) mentioned above. It would
seem that the corruption of the text must be deeply seated ; every word,
PSALMS cm. AND CIV. II7
therefore, must be scrutinized, and we must take the passage with Isa.
xl. 31, where the text gives a similar improbability respecting the eagle.
In both passages what we expect is a reference to the crowning mercy of
the deliverance of the Jews from a N. Arabian captivity. Suppose this
possibility to be a fact ; what must be the underlying text, having regard,
of course, to parallel cases in each case elsewhere? The only real
though slight difficulty is with 11:^33 , DH^CT^D . IW^D might come
from "IW^i^D (cp. Isa. xi. 11), but this key will not unlock DHIC?^ . To
explain both words, we must trace niCfD, D^tt^D to 'itt^D, DHtt^Di
which, as in so many other cases, probably came from an original l£DD 9
O^VHD • How to correct the rest of both passages is clear OllO some-
times comes from an original 71^3). Read in Isa., D^tt^SD 2*^0 •'1^J2
(a gloss), and in Ps. "sp-lHttfi t:h3D Y3pD | DOiy D'^^D ^tD .
22. For 15H read probably n^II (Hupf., Gr., Du.).— 33. O^^J^D and
D^IITTV both represent (it is a common type of corruption) 7^iD^^^ >
which is probably a gloss on ^ytk (/. 29), which (cp. xxxvii. 35, Isa. xl.
6 f.) refers specially to the wicked.
36. Omit DnVttm^ (Bickell, Duhm). Metre.
39. Probably the original psalm had- D'^NOrTT {^vhu and 'W?
confounded, as in 2 S. xi. i). This enables us to account for 1K32 (so
read) mv. 20, and for the troublesome last clause of v. 21. — 40. ^ti\tih
y\y^ ^2. This awkward clause may represent "731 D^^HyOtC^
T : » : t: . ~ : I .
Addition. 1,2. Altered from //. 39 f— 4. Read 1J^2S (Du.) ; cp.
cxlviii. 3, Kt.
PSALM CIV.
1 RiMETERS. To somc cxtent a poetic version of the cosmogony in Gen. i.
Cp. E. Bib,, 'Creation,' § 29. The bistoiical and geographical colouring has
been much toned down by the later editor. The scribes, however, were doubt-
less his predecessors ; ue, he had before him a corrupt text.
I O my soul ! bless Yahwfe. I
O Yahwfe my God ! thou art very great.
Thou art robed in splendour and state,
Wrapping thee in light as in a mantle. 2
He stretches out the heavens like a tent-curtain ;
He makes spacious chambers in the waters ; 3
He uses clouds for his chariot,
He travels upon the wings of the wind ;
He makes his messengers of winds, 4
ID His ministers of fire and flame*
Il8 THE PSALMS.
Thou didst found the earth upon its base, 5
That it might remain unshaken for evermore.
Ocean covered it as with a robe, 6
On +the tops of+ mountains stood the waters ;
Because of thy menace they fled, 7
At the sound of thy thunder they were scared ;
From the mountains they went down to the plains, 8
To the place which thou hadst appointed for them ;
Thou hast set a bound which they may not pass over, 9
20 That they cover not the earth again.
He sends forth springs into the valleys, 10
Between the mountains flow +the streams+ ;
They give drink to every beast that roams, 1 1
To find them the wild asses long.
Upon them the birds of heaven dwell, 12
From among the branches they sing.
To the mountains he gives drink from his chambers, 13
30 The earth has its fill from thy showers.
He causes grass to grow for the cattle, 14
And herbs for the food of men.
Bringing forth bread -corn from the earth,
And causing the wine-plant to grow in Ishmael.^ iS<»a
The trees of Yahw^ have their fill, 1 6
The cedars of Lebanon which he planted ;
There the vultures build their nests, 17
On the top of the asshur-trees is their house.
The high mountains are for the wild goats, 18
40 The crags a refuge for the marmots.
Thou didst make the moon for +measurement of+ times, 19
To the sun thou didst appoint his going down ;
Thou makest darkness, then it is night, 20
Wherein all the beasts of the forest are astir ;
The young lions roar after their prey, 2i
And seek their food from God ;
* Bringing forth vines in Ishmael,
Producing bread -corn in Ishmael (v. i^afi, b).
PSALM CIV. 119
The sun rises, they withdraw themselves, 22
And lay them down in their dens.
Man goes forth to his work, 23
50 And to his labour until the evening.
How manifold are thy works, O Yahw^ ! 24
3i: :{« <: Sk*:
In wisdom hast thou made them all.
The earth is full of thy mercy ;
Thou hast made the sea [and its fulness,] 25
Great and widely stretching,
Wherein are things that move past numbering,
Living creatures both small and great ;
There the dragons move along, 26
60 Leviathan whom thou hast fashioned.^
They all wait longingly for thee, 27
That thou mayest give them their food in due season.
Thou givest it them, they gather it ; 28
Thou openest thy hand, they are richly satisfied.
Thou hidest thy face, [they consume away,] 29
[Thou veilest thyself,] they are terror-stricken.
Thou takest away their breath, they die.
And turn again to dust.
Thou sendest forth thy breath, they are created 4afresh+, 30
70 And thou renewest the face of the ground.
Let the glory of Yah wfe endure for ever ! 3 1
Let Yahwe rejoice in his works !
Who looks on the earth, and it trembles, 32
Touches the mountains, and they smoke.
I will sing unto Yahwb, while life shall last ; 33
I will chant to my God, while I remain.
Sweet be my song unto him ; 34
As for me, I will rejoice in Yahwfe.
Let sinners cease to cumber the earth ; 3 5
80 Let no wicked be therein any more !
Addition,
O my soul bless Yahwfe.
* To sport with.
120
THE PSALMS.
3. mm ihn. Cp. Job xl. 10.—
TT :
4. In light. A unique statement ;
but cp. Isa. X. 17 (* the light of Israel,'
i|*his Holy One'), Dan. vii. 9. Cp.
in the Avesta the fundamental idea of
Ahuramazda who dwells in the 'endless
lights,' i.e, the highest heaven. See
Vendidad^ xix. 118 f.— 5. The heaven
is like a tent with its curtain (xix. 5,
Isa. xl. 22). — 6. In the waters y ue, in
the upper ocean (cxlviii. 4, Gen. i. 7 ;
strikingly parallel is Am. ix. 6). Cp.
Enc, Bib,, 'Creation,* §6. There
Yahw^, like an earthly king, has
spadous upper chambers (JlV^ /JJ) ;
cp. Jer. xxii. 14. — 7. Clouds his chariot.
Unlike those deities of the heathen
who ride on imaginary winged animals,
Yahw^ is borne along by the clouds
on the 'wings of the wind.* IHOn
may involve a play upon ^inD» —
9 f. On the three possible interpre-
tations of the Hebrew see Driver,
Tenses y § 195, Obs. ; see also crit. n.
11-20. The psalmist is clearer in
one point than Gen. i. 9 f . He de-
scribes the earth as already formed
with mountains and valleys, invisible,
because covered with the primitive
flood (Dinipf as Gen. i. 2), and only
waiting for the veil to be raised.
Gunkel {Sch'dpf. 91) observes that the
expressions used with reference to the
sea have a strong mythical colouring.
The Dragon which opposed the Light-
god, was, according to one myth, not
destroyed, but placed in confinement.
See E, Bib,, * Dragon,' § 4, and cp.
Prov. viii. 29, Job xxxviii. 8, Jer.
V. 22, xxxi. 35.
21. The vegetable life produced
on the third day presupposed the
kindly gift of springs and rivers, and
of rain. The former beautify the
valleys (rather wadys). See the de-
scription of Canaan (not of the Negeb)
in Dt, viii. 7, xi. 10 f. — 24. The wild
asses. When fiir away in the desert
(Job xxxix. 6), these wildest of beasts
long for the refreshing streams. —
27. Upon them, i.e. upon the trees to
which, in a lost couplet, the poet must
have referred ; note ' the branches ' in
/. 28. Observe that no singing-bird
is mentioned as such by name, not
even the bulbul, a songster which, as
Tristram says, rivals the nightingale. —
29. By the mountains the poet seems
to mean the highlands, where the
grass supplies welcome pasturage for
the cattle (see /. 31).
32. Barbs, Zllt^. Cp. Gen. i.
II f., 29 f. ; iii. 18; ix. 3; Ex. x.
12-15. The term includes all vege-
table products.
33 f. The reference to Ishmael
(=Jcrahmeel), i.e. the Negeb, must
not surprise us. In ancient times the
N. Arabian border-land must have
been brought by irrigation into a high
state of cultivation. In the case of
what is called * Jerahmeel,' those who
have studied Critica Biblica may call
to mind the ' wheat of Maacath * in
I K. V. 25, Ezek. xxvii. 17, and the
barley-harvest at Belh-jerahmeel in
Ruth i. 22 ; also, with regard to vine-
culture, Gen. xlix. 1 1, Judg. ix. 27, xv. 5;
Jer. xiii. 12; and in the case of Mi§rim
the definite language of Isa. xvi. 10, and
Ps. Ixxx. 9. Of course, there were
large tracts in this region (see E. Bib.,
* Negeb*) which were incapable of
improvement ; e.f;. in Num. xx. 5 the
wilderness of Kadesh is contrasted
with Mi§rim in being 'no place of
seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of
pomegranates'; but this does not
affect our general statement. And we
must remember that in the early
'post-exilic' period Hebron in S.
Judah formed part of Idumaea, f'.^.,
in archaistic language, Jerahmeel. —
DH^j * bread-corn * ; so Isa. xxviiL 28,
V V
XXX. 23. Similarly T*^, here 'the
wine-plant,' as, in Isa. xvi. 10, Jer.
xl. 10, 12, it means the fruit of the
vine. At Damascus grapes are, equally
with bread, a part of the people's food
from August to December.
35. Trees of Tabwk are those
which grow wild, especially those of
unusual size (so Num. xxiv. 6). —
Lebanon, i.e. the southern Lebanon (or
Gebalon). See on xxix. 5, Ixviii. 17.
37. Tbe Tulturee, D^IS). The
ossifrage, or Lammergeier, is meant.
Its nest is 'placed on an inaccessible
ledge of rocks ' (see E. Bib., * Ossi-
frage').— 38. The asshur-trees. The
'asshur' or 'teasshur' tree was possibly
the same as the *algum,' i,e, the
'jerahmeel' tree. It was one of
those trees which were used for build-
ing ; cp. Isa. Ix. 13.
PSALM CIV.
121
40. Marmots. Strictly the *hyrax
syriacus' (see E, Bib.^ 'Coney'). Cp.
Prov. XXX. 26.
41. Times (QnjnO). See Gen.
j. 14, Sirach xliii. 7 (llplH ^^DT,
* legal dates'). For the priority of
the moon, cp. 'evening and morning'
in Gen. i., and 'night and day' in
Assyrian hymns.
49. Man roes fortli. The poet
with wise reticence, only hints at the
work of the sixth day. God might
declare man to be His crowning
work ; but an individual man could
not dwell on this thought (except
in the manner of Ps. viii.). Observe
that the poet does not share the view
of labour expressed in Gen. iii. 17-19.
51 ff. The psalmist breaks into
an admiring eulogy of God's wonders
upon the earth, but soon remembers
that the sea, with all its stirring life,
has been omitted. In repairing the
omission, he gives a tribute (cp. Job
xl. I9fl) to the greatest of the tanni-
nim ('dragons'), to whom Gen. i. 21
only refers as a class (' the great
dragons'). The mythological character
of Leviathan (still clear in Job xli.)
is forgotten ; he has become merely
a wonderful animal. Gunkel (Schbpf,
57) adheres to the received text, m
which the words 'to sport with' are
added. These words are no unworthy
gloss. Popular Hebrew poetry (in
prose and verse) admitted a sense of
humour in the Creator (see Job i., ii.).
See crit. n., and cp. E, Bib,, 'Behe-
moth,' §3; 'Dragon'; 'Leviathan.'
For the Haggadic stories of Leviathan
see Griinbaum, ZDMGy xxxi. 274 ff.
67. Cp. cxlvi. 4, Job xxxiv. 14. —
70. Thou renew€sty &c., i,e, by the
constant production of fresh animal
life.— 79 f. A discordant note might
be held to be forced from the writer's
lips by that ' disproportioned sin'
which 'jarred against nature's chime'
(Milton, At a Solemn Mustek), Pro-
bably, however, the writer is thinking
of the N. Arabians, who to him were
the quintessence of wickedness; cp.
on Ps. Ixxiii., and see Jeunsh Religious
Life^ p. 144. — ^The editor makes the
psalm conclude as it began (/. l),
partly to soften the effect of the pre-
ceding words (K. J. Grimm, Liturgical
Appendices, 1901, p. 14), partly ^ to
make Ps. civ. resemble the companion
psalm ciii.
Critical Notes. 5. M mpDH ; G 6 <TTtyaC<^v. The sense is not
clear. Read 2^n"ian (H and p confounded) ; cp. Jer. xxii. 14. The ||
passage Am. ix. 6 has TOSH .—10. M \^fh ^}^ . But ;£^K is fern. ; the
text of Job XX. 26, Jer. xlviii. 45 needs revision. Besides, V/lltWD
implies a plurality of agents. Read JOnS tt^N (01., Bi., Du.).
- — T
II. M G ipv Gunkel {Schofif,, 91) ID^. But w. 8, 9 suggest
PnU* (written perhaps 'TD^).— Read r\tO'0 (Gunkel). Plural not used.
So'g't J.
13. M ^/1^D3 . But though DIH/I might be masc, yij^ must be
fern. Hence Ba. supplies rT^y after ITI^DD ; cp. Ezek. xxxi. 15. But
this produces a prosaic result, and spoils the metre. Besides, DVTJ1 too
is properly fern. 'A G J, Gr., Bi., We. read H/I^DD ; G, Street SrW2 ,
T • • 8
rh nfpifiokaiov avrov. Read tiPBD (Gu. ; Giesebrecht in GGA, 1895,
p. 596). Konig's objections are but slight (Synt., 162, n. 2).
17. M Onn ^bV^' Hltz. and Wellh. omit /. 17 as an unhappy
editorial substitute for an illegible passage. But it is better, with
Gunkel, to read DnPT^J^D (cp. D^liT^y, /. 14). D was worn down
into >, and then the clause was interpreted by cvii. 26.
122 THE PSALMS.
24. M D^^DS— niltt?^. The phrase * frangere sitim » is not Hebrew,
T T : : I •
G, npotrdt^ovrai ov. €ls bi^av avrav. Hence Herz restores ^HH'ttT (^. 27),
and suggests that DJT^i^ may have fallen out after DND2J as a dittogram
of the next word, and would point D^^^DS• We must, at any rate^
• •• :
accept 113l£f^, but metre forbids us to take more. G presupposes
DKDS*?. Should we not read DJ^SD^ ?
T : •
28. M D'^J^Sy Kt. ; Cray Kr. DV9^ is also read. If the reading
is correct it is an Aram, loan-word (seeBDB, s.v,), G, however, has
ircrpwv, i.e, D^33 or D^^^^^ (cp. Ruben, JQR, Apr., 1899, p. 446, n. i),
though >^* gives the correction irrcpcSi/ (whence Herz D^S)J3> assuming
iD to have fallen out as a dittogram of 1M2). Read probably D*S)^yD
(Isa. xvii. 6).
30. M 'p'aJJ^g nS3D. How can the rain be called the * fruit of
Yahwe's work ' ? The* two words are fragments of ^ITDID . Cp. on
Ixxii. 6.
32. M JTTij^. This ought to mean 'tillage,' *work' (v, 23).
Neither sense is suitable in this context. Read il^DJ^ ; cp. r6DN^ y
Gen. i. 29 f.
33 f. Hitzig would omit v. 15. His other omissions, however, are
unjustified, and we shall find the present omission to be equally uncalled
for. 1^, he says, is not, like Urh* drawn directly *from the earth * ; the
second reference to DH^ is troublesome ; and there are grammaticcil
difficulties in the construction of v, 15. These and all other important
objections disappear when a more thorough criticism has been applied
to the text. The second reference to on^ ought to have suggested that
V. 15^ was a variant to v, 14^. But if so, what are we to make of
V. 1 5^1/3 1 It is usually explained, *To make the face shine with oil,' as if
the line were parallel to v, 14^ (*to bring forth bread-corn from the
earth*). But this is unjustifiable. Had the writer meant, *and to bring
forth oil which makes the face to shine,' he would have said this, for he
is not addicted to forced phraseology. It is true that, if he had said this
he would have been laughed at, seeing that, as Hitz. remarks, it was the
head, not the face, that was anointed. On the other hand, ' more than
oir (Hitz.) is unnatural. Clearly pl^^D DOS ^nsn^ must be corrupt^
and the more so because the existence of a verb, SiS, * to shine,' in
Biblical Hebrew is problematical. And one ought to see at once'(i) that
^rHkn*? comes from Urh K^2Jin^f (2) that UVh is a (natural) scribal
error, and (3) that D*^2) must be miswritten for some word corresponding
to ]^' in V, iS^a, and meaning vine. The word required is [D^]^S)JI'
Lasdy, ]Dl£^D must also be miswritten, and experience warns us that,,
when corrupt, ]Dt£f regularly stands for ^KyDlC^^ , which is a synonym of
^KlSrn^ (=the Negeb). We can now turn to v, i^aa and v, 15^.
Obviously rTDlCP is not what we expect here. We require TOJt^' ^^^ ^^
PSALM CIV. 123
consequence l£niN'"M7 must represent words, or a word, stating where
the ' wine-plant ' (see exeg. note) grew. \0^2l^ sometimes (see on Ivi. 2,
xc. 3) comes from a corrupt form of ^J^yOlC^, which word is certainly to
be expected. Here, however, we have also 22^ to account for, and ^^,
t\e. bUf is, according to rule, a shorter form of 7iO« 1i» therefore, must
have been inserted later, and the true symbol for 'DtC^ here is ^31C^K
(see Cri/. Bid. on 2 S. ii. 8) ; the second 2 is the preposition ('DIC^B).
In V, 15^ TyO^ presumably comes from nlWl(cp. Gen. i. 11 f., xl. 47).
Thus the alternative couplets are, —
V"»»rrp urb »'»xin^ (a)
35. G has ro fvXa rov ircd/oi; = Htt^ ^^^ (?^^ ^^IJ).— 37 f- M
DnB2J. Objections, (i) ' birds' in general do not build their nests in the
cedars ; (2) 0^32^ usually has a fem. verb (Kon., § 252a). The remedy
is plain. Read, not D^ltt^^ (Gratz), but D*D*^9. See exeg. note. — M
r\JV2, D^lthnS rn^Drr. But the stork prefers chimney- tops to trees,
T-«JT.-:
and had a tree been mentioned in v, 17^, the poet would have contrived
to mention another kind of tree in a. The remedy is suggested by G,
which gives, for M's D^ICTJI^, fiyilrai avrtav, i,e, Dt£^^^^3 (Cappellus,
Critica SacrOy 286). This is right so far as tC^h^l^ is concerned. But there
is a deeper corruption to heal. IDH , like DHrrGudg. i. 34), may represent
n^rr^C^h^. We know of a lltC^Nri tree, and in Assyrian of a fragrant tree,
like a cedar, called hasDru (Del., Ass, HWB^ 295a). See exeg. note.
Read 0/13 Omrro'^Sin. PossiWy DlCT^l^J^ (which Street as long
T - :
ago as 1790 took for a combination of two readings) represents (1) Ql^,
(2) D^ltS^J^j a marginal correction.
41 f. M TiV^' Read n^'W.— M yv, *A2 e><»pi<r«, whence (not
very suitably) Ba. yT, referring to Job xxxviii. 12, where, however, read
njlTJf^. Here read PT^ (Gr., Herz, 1^^). Herz compares the faulty
'JljnV in I S. xxi. 3.— Read HJ^iO (/. 47) ; so Bickell.
52. The stanza is incomplete. — 54. M f i^ip (so Baer, Ginsb., with
Vss., most MSS. and edd., and Rashi ; not "p— ). The sense * thy
property' is not very suitable ; nor would the plural greatly help.
Parallelism requires either * thy glory ' or some attribute of God. The
nearest suitable word is ^/^J'*i^ (Jer. xvi. 13).— 54. Insert ij^^^Q (metre).
—55. nr. Read TVD^ or /T»i£m. Note Pasek.
59 f. M nV'»il»>. But the ships do not wait for food, nor can the
Leviathan be classed with them. Gunkel, J^to'*^^ . Cp. the Silurian
poet, H. Vaughan, who calls the whale 'the shipmen's fear.' Rather
124 THE PSALMS.
U^y^HJ^ (Ixxiv. 13. cxlviii. 7). See £nc. Bib,, * Leviathan.'— Read \rf^ -
— M closes 7/. 26 with ^21"pn*^^ ; G ifinaiCnv avrm. This overloads the
line. It is also improbable that this humorous expression would have
been used here. If, however, the metre can be stretched so far, we
might read ^2l"tojj^ , z.e. Leviathan was the prince of the sea-animals
(see Enc, Bid., * Behemoth,' §§ 2, 3). Note Pasek after this second HT •
68. M D'^ajJ. Read probably 1S)y, as Job xxxiv. 15, with Budde
(on Job xix. 25). The D in M may be due to the influence of Drn*).
76 f. M •^'Tiya . Read 'HID^a ; cp. on xxxix. 2, cxlvi. 2.— M TTto .
Read probably n'^li^ (Gr.).— At the end, M gives TrbbT} , See Introd!
PSALM CV.
1 Ri METERS. Israel's history from the covenant with Abraham to the
entrance into the Promised Land. Cp. Ps. Ixxviii., which is here imitated.
Verses 1-13 = 1 Chr. xvi. 8-22. G places 'Hallelujah' at the head of this
psalm instead of at the end of Ps. civ. This seems more original. Cp.
Ps. cvi,, and see £, Bib., * Halleluiah.' (But originally * Hallelujah' seems
to have been *Of the Jerahmeelites' ; see Introd.).
Of the Jerahmeelites.
I Give thanks unto Yahwfe, proclaim his name, i
Make known his exploits among the peoples.
Sing to him, chant praise to him, 2
Discourse ye of all his wonders.
Glory ye in his holy name, 3
Let the heart of those rejoice that seek Yahwfe !
Have recourse to Yahw^ and his strength, 4
Seek his face continually.
Remember the wonders that he has done. S
10 His portents and the judgments of his mouth,
O offspring of Abraham his servant, 6
Ye children of Jacob his chosen.
He, Yahw^, is our God ; 7
His judgments are in all the earth.
He remembers his covenant for ever, 8
The word that he has sent forth, for a thousand
generations, —
p§^^4£j:y. 125
He whose covenant was with Abraham, 9
And whose oath was unto Isaac,
And who confirmed it to Jacob, 10
20 To Israel as an everlasting covenant.^
When they were yet few in number, 12
And sojourners in the highlands of Maacath,
When they went about from nation to nation, 13
From one kingdom to another people.
He suffered no man to oppress them, 14
And chastised kings for their sakes,
+Saying+, * Touch not my loyal one, 1 5
And do my prophet no harm/
And he called a famine upon the land, 16
30 He broke altogether the staff of bread.
He sent a man before them ; 17
Joseph was sold to the Arabians ;
They galled his feet with fetters, i8
His soul felt pain with the iron.
Until the time that his word came to pass, 19
When the saying of Yahwfe stood the test ;
The king sent and loosed him, 20
The ruler of peoples, and let him go free :
He made him lord of his house, 21
40 Supreme over all his possessions.
To correct his princes at will, 22
And to chastise the ancients of Jerahmeel ;
So Israel came into Misrim, 23
And sojourned in the land of Jerahmeel.
And he made his people very fruitful, 24
And made them more numerous than the Mifrites :
He turned their heart to hate his people, 25
To deal craftily with his servants.
He sent Moses his servant, 26
50 And Aaron whom he had chosen.
By his word he produced signs, 27
And portents in the land of Jerahmeel.^
1 Saying, To thee will I give the land of Kenaz, as your assigned posses-
sion (v. II). 2 Ishmael.
126 THE PSALMS.
He sent darkness, and they did not 28
See any one his fellow.
He turned their waters into blood, 29
And killed their fish.
Their stream swarmed with frogs, 30
[They came up] into the inner chamber of their king.
He spake, and the dog-flies came, 31
60 And gnats in all their region.
As rain he gave them hail, 32
Flaming fire in their land.
He smote their vines and their fig-trees, 33
And broke in pieces the trees of their region.
He spoke, and locusts came, 34
Cankerworms without number,
And ate up every herb in their land, 35
And consumed the fruit of their ground.
He smote every first-born in their land ; 36
70 The firstlings of all their strength ;
So he brought them forth with silver and gold, 37
Not a man stumbled among their tribes.
The Misrites rejoiced at their departing, 38
For dread of them had fallen upon them.
He spread out a cloud for a canopy, 39
And fire to give light by night.
They asked, and he brought quails, 40
And satisfied them with bread of heaven.
He opened the rock, and waters gushed out ; 41
So Streams coursed through the desert.
For he remembered his holy promise 42
To Abraham his servant,
And brought forth his people with joy, 43
His chosen ones with ringing cries,
And gave them the lands of the nations, 44
And they took possession of the gains of the peoples,
That they might keep his statutes, 45
And observe his laws.
PSALM CV,
127
7. Bave recourse, &c. This
applies surely as much to Jews who
were 'afar off"* as to those who were
'near* (Isa. Ivii. 19). In private
chambers and in synagogues experience
had proved, in the period of the Psalms,
that the divine lovmgkindness radiated,
as it were, from Zion to any dry and
thirsty corner of the earth. Q,^. Jewish
Religious Life, pp. 250 ff.
II. Bie eerrante. A forcible
reading (see crit. n.). * Seek Yahw^,
inasmuch as ye are his servants.' Cp.
I Chr. xvi. 13, where the reading
'Israel* instead of 'Abraham* is still
more suggestive of the plural 'ser-
vants.*— 15 f. Cp. cxi. 5, 9.
(Gloss.) To thee will I give, &c.
See Gen. xiii. 14 f., xxviii. 13, xxxv.
12. — KetMz, An archaic name for the
Negeb (see on Gen. xi. 31).
21. Tlie lilrlilande of Maaeath.
'Maacath* is sometimes used loosely,
like Ashhur, as a synonym for ' Jerah-
meel.* Cp. on xvi. 5, Ix. 8. Observe
that Maacah, Absalom's mother, was
a Geshurite, i.e. Ash^urite ; her father
was Talmai, ben Ammihur, which is
corrupted from ' Ishmael, ben Jerah-
meer (2 S. iii. 3, xiii. 37). The
psalmist has the tradition which placed
the wanderings of the patriarchs in
the Negeb. See on /. 32.
24. From one kliifdom. Cp.
cxxxv. II, 'the kingdoms of Kenaz*
(so read), and see Crit, Bib., on
Josh. xii. 7 ff.
26. Oliaetleed klarsv i^e. the
kings of Mi^rim (Gen. xii.) and of
Gerar (Gen. xx., xxvi.). — 27 f. My
loyal ofie. See on xvi. 10, and on the
reading crit n. Abraham is more
especially meant ; cp. 'Abraham my
friend ' (Isa. xii. 8). In the || line, he is
called my prophet (cp. Gen. xx. 7) ;
so in Ixxxix. 20 the prophet Nathan
is called * thy (Yahwe s) loyal one.' —
32. To the Arabians, i.e. to the
Mi^rites. Mi§rim is distinct from
the land of Kenaz (gloss on /. 20) ;
cp. Gen. xiii. 7, 'Whence come ye?
And they said, From the land of
Kenaz ' (so read). But not less than
the land of Kenaz (broadly speaking,
the Negeb), it can be called ' Arabia *
(cp. /. 32) and Jerahmeel (//. 42, 50).
34. Ble eoul, &c. Cp. ' lest he
tear my soul ' (vii. 3).
35. Bis word* i.e. Joseph's in-
terpretation of the dreams, which was
also the saying (cp. /mOK, xii. 7)
of Yahwi.
41 f. Frincee and ancients,
virtual synonyms. The text-reading
(against which see crit. n.) may in-
volve a contemptuous allusion to the
ill -justified reputation of the Misrite
princes for wisdom. Cp. Isa. xix. Ii,
but also I K. v. II {Crit. Bib.).
44. Tlie land of Jerahmeel.
See on /. 32, Ixxviii. 51. — 45. Very
fruitful. (Jp. Gen. xvii. 6.-46. More
numerous, Cp. Ex. i. 9. — 51. Cp.
Ixxviii. 43, Ex. x. 2.
53. The ninth plague (Ex. x. 21 f.)
is placed out of its order. See crit. n. —
57. Their stream. For IK^, see on
Gen. xii. i.
69 f. Cp. Ixxviii. 51 .—72. VlO^K^l.
The suffix should refer to Israel (Num.
xxiv. 2) ; a reference to Yahwe is less
natural. Cp. on cxxii. 4.
78. Bread of heaven. Cp.
Ixxviii. 24^, * com of heaven.* — 79 f.
Cp. Ixxviii. 20, 15, 16.— 82. Abraham
hts servant. So Gen. xxvi. 24.
Critical Notes. 9. Read mN*?93 (Du.)— 11 f. Ba., atfer G, reads
inaj; . This is plausible because of I^^TO in v. 6b. But the object of
the * beginning of the psalm is to glorify the patriarchs, especially
Abraham. It is better to keep Sl^'^V, and to read ^THB (so Du.). In
^- 43 (VTnZl) the object is to glorify Israel, in whom the promise to
Abraham is fulfilled.
17. M ryy^ TiC^K produces a very prosaic clause. Read probably
V112 (Du.).— 19. Omit pfl^, Jacob the patriarch being meant (Du.). It
probably comes from a dittographed ^pj^^^.
128 THE PSALMS.
Gloss {v. ii) ; prosaic and unmetrical (Bi., Du.) ; Ps. Ixxviii. 55
suggests a phrase. Valeton's objection to the gloss-theory (ZATU\
1893, p. 270, note) presupposes M's text.
22. M n2 Dn31 tDJ^3 . What does '3 mean 1 * Elsewhere
•'almost" ; here, as in Isa. 1.9! instead of QJ^D' (Hupf.). But D^DD in
Isa. Lc. is corrupt (see Crit. Bib,); for better instances see Lexx. Bickell,
Vl»n 'D ; Duhm, ]WDn 'D . Read probably rOS'O -)n2 Dn31 .
27 f. W33— TPlJto . Is there a true parallelism here ? There is
no evidence that the prophets were anointed, except in i K. xix. 16,
where Elisha is represented as succeeding Elijah as Hazael succeeded
Benhadad ; in other words, he was as much a king as a prophet (Weinel,
(ZATIV^ 1898, p. 57). But the traditions, as we have them, do not
assign a prophetic-royal character to the patriarchs. * Prophets* they
might be called in the sense of Gen. xx. 7, but surely not * anointed ones,'
i,e. princes. We have, therefore, no choice but to suppose that here as in
xx. 7, xxviii. 8, Ixxxiv. 10, XWU has been either miswritten for, or altered
from, TOn. Read ^8^23— n^DH (the sing., because God could only
refer to one case at a time ; Wellh.).
32. M IDy^- Rather 0^3");^^ i thus providing a subject for !)3y
(v. 18). See exeg. note.— 34. Read ^HSS (S, Ol., Bi., &c.), and for the
weak nva read n283 (Ixix. 30)-— 36. M inJlS)")* ; unsuitable. Read
^T T-tT
nS)")2{]3. The error arose from the two neighbourmg verbs with suffix in.
T t: •
41 f. M n&J^^. G TOW TraAdcvo-m, whence Herz and Duhm 1D^^. —
Read r*:fS)i3 (Du!).— M DSPT . Hal^vy, DHO^. But why the 'sukx?
Probably DHD^ is a condensation of HD^ DH . In w. 23 and 27 DH
represents DHl^ (= ^NDm''). Read, therefore, as /. 42, ^HDHT ^^}^
HD* . See exeg. note on /. 32.
44. Read om^ \n>*Il "ID^T • 3py^ is a corruption of D?T1\ which
is a correct marginal gloss on DH (see on /. 41 f., and on Ixxviii, 51). —
46. mSiD. Rather DnStDD (Du.). Note 'he turned their heart'
TT • • : • •
(/. 47).
51 f. M nni D3 MiV' Hupf., Del., Ba., &c., after G S 'A 2 J
read Dto (cp. ixxviii. 43). But this is not enough ; 'r\\i( HQ"! is sus-
picious (cp. on Ixv. 4). Read rf\r\)ik Dto *n373 .—M DH . See on
/. 41 f. For the gloss on DH see next note.
54. M in^T/IS T)3 Vb^ . Various explanations, all inadequate,
have been offered. Bickell with myself in PsJ^^), also Kautzsch in 1894,
cut the knot with G Sexta and S, by omitting X^ ; in this case J)1DM
will be a frequentative perfect. Hitzig, on the other hand, would read
y\tyD vh) • Of these two readings the former is the more adequate (cp.
PSALM CV. 129
Del. ad loc,)^ but how are we to account for ^ ? From our present
point of view, however, TSQ ^^ and i"7nj^ are possibly corruptions of
bi^DID^ and ^J^yDtC?^ ; these words may well have been marginal
glosses on DH in v. 27. Nothing is more common than for 7hi in TP^
to be separated from the rest of the name, and to be prefixed to a
corrupt form of Dil*!^ as J^^, while 2*7/18, following the parallel
of I S. xvii. 34 (Crtt. Bib.\ may possibly come from 'OtC^ through
^2/18 (cp. ^y3n>^» I K. xvi. 31). Can the possibility be made into a
probability? It can. The DH in v, 23 has an explanatory gloss ; it is
not improbable that the Qfl in v. 27 also has a gloss. Granting this, it
is also probable that if the writing of the original words of v, 2%b became
indistinct, only some of the letters being clearly legible, the scribe might
suppose "PNJ^DlCf^ bSDnr* , corruptly written according to some of the
extant types of corruption as 3"7Jnj^ \V2r\] T)D sS to be the marginal
correction of v, 28^, due to an earlier scribe. The original words were,
presumably, not a statement of the resultlessness of the * sign ' of dark-
ness, but, as in the other poetic passages on the plagues, a description of
the chief feature of the particular plague. Turning to Ex. x. 21 ff., we
find one detail which includes the necessary h>7 , and in other respects
too closely resembles what we must assume to have been the general
appearance of the original words. The words of v, 2300 are Wl"^^
•)TrN"/1>* tt/'N . These, with the exceptions that Syn has to be sub-
stituted for vnj^ and that ^ is prefixed, we must suppose to have become
so far illegible that it was possible for 3"7-nj< 11D vh\S\ to be adopted
as the true reading of v, 28^, with the addition of ^^ (from lyi) to 2"7 .
But this is still not a complete explanation of the phenomena. No critic
has stumbled at ^tWn , and yet it is decidedly very questionable. How
is it to be rendered 1 The natural rendering in this context is ' and it
became dark* (so Ew., 01., Che.^*^ Du.), and it is possible that this
(i.e, "^&y^) is meant by Kt., while 5^r. prefers T^IOT^I ; so too in Jer.
xvi. 13. This compels us to suppose that in later Hebrew the fem. was
not necessary in such cases. From our vantage-ground, however, we can
see that, however we point it, 'XV^ is superfluous. It has simply arisen
out of a dittographed "]t£^, and the right reading of the couplet almost •
certainly is lyT/IK ^^\^ IN") I vh^ T*W1 U^ .
57 f. See Ex. vii. 28. The verb being masc, for DiJ^N read D")h^
(Duhm).— Insert ^*?j;2. (01., Du.) or ^V (Bi., Che.t»)).— For DHO^D
read D37D (Briggs) '; Du., DH TtSd .
68. M b^)k^\ (repetition). Read ^5;^ (Du.).— 73* Read T(ti^ (see
/. 7A)'—77' Read ^'^'^p (G and all vss., Del., Bi., Ba., &c.),
80. Read n*i")n3 (G noTaiol) ; so Gr.
II.
130 THE PSALMS.
PSALM CVI.
1 RIMET£RS. A liturgical combination of prayer and praise (cvi.(i>), followed
by a retrospect of the early history, designed for instruction. Vv. 47 f. =
I Chr. xvi. 34-36.
CVI. — I.
0/ the Jerahmeelites. I
I Give thanks to Yahwfe, for he is gracious,
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
Who can tell out the prowess of.Yahwfe, 2
And utter all his famous deeds ?
Happy are those that heed duty, 3
And practise right at all times,
That they may experience the blessings of thy chosen, 5
That they may share the joy of thy nation.^
Remember us, O Yahwfe ! with +thy+ favour towards
thy people, 4
10 Take notice of us with thy succour,
Linking couplet.
We have sinned with our fathers,
We have done perversely, wickedly.
CVI. — 2.
Our forefathers in Misrim
Considered not thy wonders ;
They remembered not thy many loving-kindnesses,
And provoked the Most High by the sea of Suph.
But he delivered them because of his name,
That he might make his prowess to be known :
He threatened the sea of Suph, and it became dry,
He led them through the deeps as -i-through+ the
wilderness.
^ That they may triumph with thine inheritance.
PSALM CVI. — 2. 131
He delivered them from the hand of their hater, 10
10 He redeemed them from the hand of the enemy :
The waters covered their foes, 1 1
Not one of them remained.
Then they believed his words, 12
They sang his famous deeds.
+But+ soon they forgot his works, 13
They did not wait on for his purpose.
Lust came upon them in the wilderness, 14
And they put God to the test in the desert.
Then he gave them their desire, 1 5
20 But sent disgust into their soul.
They envied Moses in the camp, 16
And Aaron, the holy one of Yahwfe.
The earth opened, and swallowed up Dathan, 17
And covered the company of Abiram.i
They made a calf at Horeb, 19
And worshipped a molten image ;
And exchanged their glory 20
For the likeness of an ox that eats herbage.
They forgot God their deliverer, 21
30 Who had done great things in Mi^rim,
Wondrous things in the land of Jerahmeel, 22
Terrible things by the sea of Suph.*
And they rejected the desirable land, 24
They believed not his word,
But murmured in their tents, 25
They hearkened not to Yahwfe's voice.
So he lifted up to them his hand, +to swear+ 26
That he would cause them to fall in the wilderness,
Scatter their offspring among the nations, 27
40 And winnow them in the lands.
^ And fire kindled on their company; | The flame set ablaze the wicked {v. 18).
° And he resolved to exterminate them, but that Moses, his chosen one, came
forward into the breach before him, to turn away his wrath from destroying (v. 23).
32 THE PSALMS.
They bound themselves to Baal-peor, 28
And ate the sacrifices of the unclean,
And vexed him with their doings, 29
And a plague broke in upon them.
Then Phinehas stood forth and mediated, 30
And so the plague was stayed ;
And that was reckoned to him as merit 31
For all generations, for ever.
And they angered him by the waters of Meribah, 32
50 And it went ill with Moses on their account ;
For when they provoked Yahwe's spirit, 33
He spoke rashly with his lips.i
They mingled themselves with the heathen, 35
And learned their works,
And served their idols, 36
So that they became a snare to them.
And they sacrificed their sons 37
And their daughters to the Shedim ;
And they shed innocent blood,^ 38
60 So that the land was polluted with bloodshed.
They became unclean through their works, 39
And whoresome through their doings :
Then did the anger of Yahwfe burn against his people, 40
And he abhorred his inheritance.
And he gave them into the hand of the nations, 41
So that their haters ruled over them.
And their enemies oppressed them, 42
And they became subject to their power.
Many a time did he rescue them, 43
70 But they — they provoked him by their purpose,^
Yet he looked upon their distress, 44
When he heard their piercing cry.
^ They did not extenninate the peoples, as Yahwe had commanded them ( ^^.34).
' The blood of their sons and their daughters, whom they sacrificed to the
idols of Canaan.
^ They vexed him by their iniquity.
8o
PSALM CVI. — I, 2. 133
He remembered for them his covenant, 45
And repented, so abundant was his kindness,
And made them an object of compassion 46
In the sight of all their captors.
Succour us, O Yahwfe our God, 47
And gather us from among the nations,
That we may give thanks to thy holy name
And make our boast of thy famous deeds.
Doxology.
Blessed be Yahw6, Israel's God, from age to age ;
And let all the people say, Amen.
48
CVI.d' I. So cvii. I, cxviii. i,
cxxxvi. I. — 9- P^J") and HJ^W^
parallel, as in Isa. xlix. 8. — The
' linking couplet ' strikes a firesh
note; cp. I K. viii. 47, Dan. ix. 5,
Baruch ii. 12.
CVI.<^) 4. Tbe sea of Bnpli.
Commonly the * Red Sea.' But there
was probably an earlier view of the
' sea* in connexion with a very different
geography of the early migration of
the Israelites. See E. Bib,, * Moses,'
§§ 10, 12, and Crit. Bib, on Ex. x. 19,
but cp. E. Bib,, 'Red Sea.' The ||
in Ixxviii. 17 gives, for 5^')D"P23,
n*M.-8. /liDHDa. See Isi.
Ixiii. 13. The 'il of the yam-suph are
spoken of in Ex. xv. 5, 8. Properly
Qin/1 is the great world-ocean, but
the term can be applied to any
perennial body of water which * issues
forth' (Dt. viii. 7) from the earth.
Cp. onxxxiii. 7.— 12. See Ex. xiv.28.—
13 f. See Ex. xiv. 31, xv. i. — 16. His
purpose, i.e, his plan for leading them
safely to the Promised L4md. God's
'purpose,' as in xxxiii. 11, Ixxiii. 24,
cvii. II, Isa. v. 19, xiv. 26, xxviii. 29. —
17. Cp. Ixxviii. 27-31, Num. xi. 4. —
20. See crit. n.— 23 f. Korah is not
named ; i,e,, as in Dt. xi. 6, the
account of JE is used, not that of P. —
25. At Horeh, So Dt. ix. 8, cp.
Ex. xxxii. I fiF. (Sinai, presumably). —
27. Their glory, as Jer. ii. ii. —
31. See on Ixxviii. 51, and cp. cv.
23, 27.— Gloss (v, 23) ; cp. Dt. ix. 25 f.;
Ex. xxxii. 10 ff. ; Num. xiv. 11 ff.;
*in the breach,' as Ezek. xxii. 30. —
33. Alluding to the story of the
spies (Num. xiv. i ff.)— mDn yi8,
from Jer. iii. 19, Zech. vii. 14. —
35. From Dt. i. 27.-37. T i^tol
So Ezek. XX. 23 ; cp. Num. xiv. 30. —
39 f. From Ezek. xx. 23.-41 f. Cp.
Num. XXV. 2 f . ; see crit. n. The
unclean, i,e. the heathen (Isa. xxxv. 8,
Iii. i), with special reference to objec-
tionable rites and usages (cp. Hos.
ix. 10). — 45 f. See Num. xxv. 7 f. —
Mediated, 7^9^% viz. by slaying the
offender in the name of Yahw^.—
48. Cp. *the covenant of an ever-
lasting priesthood' (Num. xxv. 13).
49-52. See Num. xx. 3 ff., and
Dt. i. 37, iii. 26.— Gloss {v, 34).
p. Ex. xxiii. 32 f., xxxiv. 11-15. —
56. A snare, It^^D* as Dt. vii. 16, &c.
—58. DniC^, as Dt. xxxii. 17.—
59. Innocent blood, by oppression and
injustice. A common complaint (see
on Isa. i. 15, lix. 3, &c.). The gloss
is incorrect. — 69-72. The vicissitudes
of sin, punishment, pardon, and re-
lapse (see Judges). By their purpose,
D/liffi?' ^'^' ^y ^^®^^ obstinate bias
towards idolatry. Cp. Jer. viL 24,
where /1*l2{y& is a variant to /1J|")n\C^
(Duhm). "The glossator {v, 43^) ex-
plains, D]3ij55 *^y ^^^"^ iniquity.'—
The Doxol(^ closes Book iv. of the
Psalter.
^P
134 THE PSALMS.
Critical Notes, CVI/^J Arrangement nearly as Duhm's (in his
version he regards 7/. 6 as a linking verse). — 9 f. Read IJIDT , as Du.,
after G 'A 2 e E' S', which have fjonjaSrjTi fifiS>v ; G also (the other vss. ?)
^yipB , and so Du. Cp. v. 47.
CVV') I, 4. Point Dn>:D (so /. 30) ; read TflpH (G 'A J T, Ba.),
and for D^]^ read ]V^y , with Venema, Ba., Kau., Du. ; cp. Ixxviii. 17.
D^rt^hi (Houb.) is also possible. G avcfiaipovr^s = Dvl?.
20. M rt>{l unsuitable. Read J«^1T (G irXiyafioir^v), or the like, with
T TT
Clencus, Gr., Dy., Du. ; cp. Num. xi. 20.
27. 01^23 is one of the 18 Til:tune Sopherim, or * emendations of
the scribes/ aiid is said to stand for ^"fia? . G»«-»art also T (virtually),
and Rom. i. 23 presuppose i"fl23 1 i-^' the Shechinah. Geiger and
Gratz adopt this, but see Barnes, Joum, of Tkeol. Studies^ i. 387 ff.
39. For second b'^B'rh read y^Srfj (Ezek. xx. 23) ; so Hitz., Del.,
Gr., Bi., Che.^", Ba., Kau.' Hal., Du.'
42. M U^r\0 , usually explained as a contemptuous title for the idol-
gods, as opposed to Yahw^ the T^^^* (cp. Lagrange, Etudes sur les
religions simitiques^ 1903, p. 289). But there is no obvious reason for
such a title here ; there is no antithesis such as that in cxv. 3-8. Read
D^KDD (see exeg. note).
• •• 2
43. Read nmD^^TD^.' ^^^- ^^ ^^^ ^^^- 5 ^^ ^"- ^P" l^xviii. 58.—
51. For*im") read rTirP Hn (Bi., Du.),
70. M 0/12^25 . Pcrles and Duhm Sl^Sj^ (cp. v. 13). But the
superfluous explanatory clause D^TJ^J ^Sb^l, or rather ^3 -10^52
(D and D confounded), supports DJlij^^ . See exeg. note.
PSALM CVII.
i Ri METERS. A composite psalm, out of which, with much insight, Duhm
has extracted a pleasing and symmetrical hymn, with four triplets of stanzas
on a uniform plan. The inserted passages are duly noted below. The fact
(as, on metrical and other grounds, we must hold it to be) that w, 24, 26, 27,
30 are later embroidery ma^ be the tnie cause of the inverted Nuns (see
Ginsburg, Introd.y 343), which bracket vv. 23-28 ; so Duhm. In Ps.O) it
was remarked that the psalmist, *to Hll out his poem, included some scenes
not connected with that great turning-point ' (the Restoration), and that ' at
V, 33 the treatment becomes more meagre, the connexion less cared for, and
the thought less original; the refrains too are dropped.' A consistent critic
cannot stop here ; w. 33-43 require to be s^ apart as Ps. cvii.*'^ Verse 40,
where we again find an inverted Nun, is, however, an interpolation. In both
compositions a reference to the oft-repeated oppression of the N. Arabians can
hardiy be questioned.
PSALM CVII. 135
CVII. — I.
Of the Jerahmeeiites, (cvi,, end)
I Give thanks to Yahwfe, for he is gracious, i
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
+So+ let the released ones of Yahwfe say, 2
Whom he has released from the hand of the foe.^
Those who wandered in the wilderness, in the desert, 4
Who found no road to an inhabited city,
Who were hungry and also thirsty, 5
Whose soul fainted in them ;
Who cried to Yahwfc in their strait, 6
10 And he rescued them from their distresses ;
Whom he directed by the right way, 7
That they might go to an inhabited city :
Let them give thanks to Yahwfe for his kindness, 8
And for his wondrous works for the sons of men.
For he has satisfied the longing soul, 9
And filled the hungry soul with good.
Those who sat in darkness and gloom, 10
Prisoners of Ammon and Ishmael,^
Whose heart was bowed with suffering, 12
20 Who stumbled and there was none to help ;
Who cried to Yahwfe in their strait, 13
And he delivered them from their distresses ;
Whom he brought out of darkness and gloom, 14
And whose bonds he burst asunder :
Let them give thanks to Yahwfe for his kindness, 15
And for his wondrous works for the sons of men.
For he has broken gates of bronze, 16
And has cut bars of iron asunder.
Unrighteous ones, who for their course of rebellion, 1 7
30 And for their iniquities suffered affliction,
Whose soul abhorred all foods, 18
And who touched the gates of +the city of+ Death ;
^ And whom he gathered out of the lands, from the east and from the
west, from Zaphon and from Jaman {v. 3).
' Because they had defied the words of God, | and reviled the purpose of the
Most High (z/. 11).
136 THE PSALMS.
Who cried to Yahwfe in their strait, 19
And he delivered them from their distresses;
Whom, sending his word, he healed, 20
And whose life he snatched from the pit :
Let them give thanks to Yahw6 for his kindness, 21
And for his wondrous works for the sons of men,
And offer sacrifices of thanksgiving, 22
40 And recount his works with resounding song.
Those who went down upon the great waters 23
In the companies of Asshur and Jerahmeel,'
And there arose a stormy wind, 25
And it lifted up the waves of the sea -^
Who cried to Yahwfe in their strait, 28
And he brought them out of their distresses.
Stilling the storm into a murmur, 29
And the waves of the sea were hushed i^
Let them give thanks to Yahvvfe for his kindness, 31
50 And for Kis wondrous works for the sons of men ;
Let them extol him in the assembly of the people, 32
And praise him in the conclave of the elders.
cvii. — 2.
I He turned streams into a wilderness, 33
Running springs into thirsty ground ;
A fruitful land into a salt waste, 34
For the wickedness of those that dwelt therein.
He turned the wilderness into a pool of water, 35
A dry land into running springs ;
And there he made the hungrj- to dwell, 36
And they founded an inhabited city.
And sowed fields and planted vineyards, 37
10 Which yielded fruitful produce :
He blessed them, and they multiplied greatly, 38
And he gave them cattle in abundance.
^ These men saw the works of Yahw^, | and his wonders in the deep (v. 24).
' They went up to the sky, they came down to the abyss, | their soul melted
away in tne trouble.
They danced and staggered like a drunkard, | and all their skill was con-
founded (vv. 26 f.y.
• They rejoiced because they were calmed, | and he led them to a roadstead
of ships {v. 30).
PSALM CVII. — I, 2.
137
And if they were diminished and sank low
Through the Misrites, and those of Jerahmeel/
He made the poor safe from Ammon,
And made +him-f families like a flock.
The upright see it, and rejoice,
All unrighteousness stops its mouth.
Whoso is wise, let him observe these things,
20 And let them consider the lovingkindnesses of Yahwfe !
CVII.n) 3. "» >^j<3. Cp. Isa.
Ixii. 12. — Gloss. Cp. Isa, xliii. 5 f.,
xlix. 12. In the former passage, the
east and the west are first mentioned,
then Zaphon and Teman (N. Arabian
regions). In the latter, probably,
Jerahmeel, Zaphon, Arabia, Ishmael.
See crit. n.
5-9. Evidently the exiles are
meant (cp. Isa. xli. 17). C|J3y/i/^,
cp. Ixxvii. 4 (note context as revised).
39
41
42
43
17-20. The land of exile is (like
the underworld Sheol) compared to
a dark, strong fortress- prison. Cp.
cxliii. 3^, Isa. ix. i. — 18. Ammon, a
short form for * Jerahmeel.* See
crit. n. — The gloss in v. w is not
'foolish' (Du.) ; the men spoken of
are the Israelites, whose exile was
held to be the result of their un-
righteous courses of action. — 27. Isa.
xlv. 2 is fulfilled.
29-32. The sufferings of the exile
compared to sickness (as often in the
Psalms, e.g. vi., xxxviii., xli.^. See
also ciii. 4, and Job xxxiii. 19-26
(Elihu), where v, 20 closely resembles
our V. i&z. — The gates of Death. See
on ix. 14.
35. Sending Ills word. See
on xxxiii. 6, and cp. OP^ 321.
41-48. A scene from the ex-
perience of post-exilic Jews (see crit
n.). Those who, to save a long land-
journey, obtained a passage in mer-
chant-vessels, amidst the traders of
Asshur and Jerahmeel, i.e. of N.
Arabia (cp. Baruch iii. 23, 'the
merchants of Merran and Teman').
Suddenly, as in the case of Jonah, a
storm arose, but through prayer to
the true God the storm gave place to
a calm. Companies, as in EV of
Isa. xxi. 13, 'ye travelling companies
of Dedanim.' — There arose, TDy^
to come fon*'ard, to appear — i.e. in
the case of the winds, from the
chamber in which they are stored
(Jer. X. 13). Cp. E. Bib., ' Wind,'
§ I.— -4 murmur^ nDOT* Cp. I K.
xix. 12, Job iv. 16.— Note the glosses
in w. 26 f., 30, 40. D3n is to go
round and round, as in a festival-
dance (cp. E. Bib., 'Dance,* §2).
3^^2/1/1 from ii. 3^/2 'to confound.'
A roadstead of ships y i.e. a safe road-
stead. Harbourage was scanty on the
Palestine coast. See crit. n.
CVII.W if. Cp. Isa. 1. 2;
xxxv. 7.-3. nrPD. Cp. Jer. xvii. 6,
Sirach xxxix. 23 (fiX/;iij=n7D in the
Heb. Sirach, as the same word =
nr6p here).— 5 f. From Isa. xli. 18.
D'^d'^N^JD, like Ass. niM mi ^
channels.
10. HMI^Jl ^13 is strange, but
Du.'s excisions are too bold. — The
insertion in v. 40 is verbatim from
Job xii. 2i<z, 24^. — 16. Cp. Job xxi. 11.
— 17. From Job xxii. 19. — 18. From
Job V. 16.— 19. Cp. Hos. xiv. 9.
Critical Notes. G places * Hallelujah ' at the head of Ps. cvii. ; M, less
originally, at the end of cvi. ; cp. on cv., introd. — Gloss in v. 3. For
D^D (originally perhaps written 'lyo) read either |*D*0, 'from the
south,' with Clericus, Kenn., Mich., Hupf., Gr., Bi., Che.(»), or 1DJ»D ,
TT.
^ He leads captive the princes of Ishmael, | and makes them wander in a
pathless waste {v. 40).
138 THE PSALMS.
'from Jaman' (= Jerahmeel), or 0^3*1^0 • Cp. Isa. xlix. 12, where
D^D may come either from ]0*D , or from D^3*}JJD (see Crit. Bib.) ; also
on Jer. i. 14, iii. 12.
5. M r^rs. Read y'r\, with Ol., We., Du. ; cp. w.. 10, 17, 23.
Xy^ belongs to 7/. 4^ (G S ; also Schnurrer, Ol. (?), Gr., Bi., Che."J,
Du.f.
1 8. M ^na-l ^3y ^1'*D>*. usually illustrated by Job xxxvi. 8, but
'bands of misery' is a very different phrase from 'misery and iron.*
Considering that pj^ sometimes {e.^, Iv. 11, see Ps.^^) comes from ^^^1
and 7n2 {e,^- i S. xvii. 7, Crit Bib,) from ^8^01^^, we may plausibly
read ^WyDZ^^ pO;r ^^'Vi^ (see exeg. note).
19. Read W3\ G cVoirfiwi^ (Du.).— 29. M jrbtJ*. Read uh9\
the exiles are meant (cp. Isa. xlii. 22-25). See on xxxviii. 6. Neither
D^^irr (01., Gr., Bi., Chc.»\ Kau., Du.) nor D'*^^D^* (We.) is satisfactory.
41 f. * Those that go down upon the sea in ships'? But why men-
tion the ships ? DTT mV is sufficient ; cp. Sirach xliii. 24 (Heb. text).
* That do business in great waters ' ? But on the common theory the
business spoken of was transacted at the ports, not on the sea. Hence
Herz would read TTbl2 or nh^D , * (practising) seamanship.* A more
satisfactory and complete remedy for the hurts of the text is to assume
a reference to some neighbouring country, great in commerce. It then
becomes plausible to read, —
- : : - • - : I
nim« for /ir:», cp. C«V. Bib. on Jon. i. 3 ; nWU for > W ; 'HT
for HDJ^^D (cp. on OOK^D , 2 S. xi. i). D%"T either represents a ditto-
graphed 'm^, or comes from /. 44. 2 before D^D is editorial.
43. Read Ifayn , with G J; so Ba., Kau., Du. Omit 108'^ (from a
dittogr. IQtn), for metre.— 44. V^i) - Read D*n ^^3 .
47. M D)T, G Koi €(mjtr€v. Not free from doubt.— Gloss in v. 30.
D2l3rr nrro , Improbable (see Enc. Bib,, * Haven ') ; nHD ought not to
mean * haven,' but * city.* Herz, acutely, 0225)11 ^l^n . Better U^^ ^VT
(cp. Gen. xlix. 13). nHQ and DMH both represent this.
CVII.^) 14. M ^T] mn ■)2ii;D. Vague. Perles {Anai. 85)
y\2S^) Dm li^l^D, 'through scanty offspring and continuance in widow-
hood.' Vore^'probably D^^J^Dm^l Oni^aO . Tyi and X\T may quite
well be corrupt fragments of TTT ; for p5^'cp. |ipT (Josh. xix. 46).
Gloss on /. 14 (v. 40). Read ^^^yD•»£r• "^yi^ H^^^- m (here
by V)2)y like T;r2 is a much-worn form of 'Dl^^ (see on Gen. xxii. 21,
I K. vii. 21). Now we can see the sense of the interpolation.
PSALMS CVIII. AND CIX. — I. 139
PSALM CVIII.
A LITURGICAL compound of Ivii. 8-12, and Ix. 7-14. Observe that Pss. Ivii.
and Ix. were used in their Elohistic form, for the usage of Book v. of the
Psalter is not Elohistic.
PSALM CIX,
1 RIMETERS. The Psalm is usually condemned on the ground of the im-
precations in zw, 6~20, which are more startling even than those in Ps. Ixix.
We should rather perhaps pity the writer of this terrible passage for the
extremity of the national sufferings which must have led to it. We must also
take notice, (i) that one of the worst of the imprecations in M (v. Jb) is due to
textual corruption, and (2) that, however improbable it may seem to a
Western reader, it is very possible (cp. the Peshitta) that no individual was
intended, but the whole body of N. Arabian tyrants who treated Israel as
Israel now hopes that those tyrants may themselves be treated. We have
adequate parallels for this in Pss. lii. and Iv. Elsewhere {OP, 64 f.) it has
been pointed out that 'the element of true prayer [in Ps. cix.] begins with
the appeal to Yahw^*s name in v. 21,* and that ^w. 2-5 and 26-31 have a
genuine lyric note.* 'They, at least, were written under the inspiration of
love. It follows that the original psalm . . . was retouched and added to by
the author.' It is enough, however, to hold the composite character of the
psalm without insisting on unity of authorship. To understand the second
stanza of cix.^** we should do well to study Jer. 1., li. afresh. That prophecy,
in its original form, was directed against the chief N. Arabian kingdom, the
cities of which, by just retribution, were to be destroyed by the very peoples
over whom the supreme king had tyrannized (see li. 27 f., and Crit, Bid.
ad ioc,). The inferences as to date drawn from linguistic phenomena such as
D^KIJfD (cp. Eccles. v. i), and iTTpS) 'office* (a late sense in connexion with
the newly organized priestly functions, Stade, ZATIV^ 1885, p. 282) in v. 8,
and n^M («'. 16), will scarcely hold (see crit. notes). Ps. cix.<^^ is a late,
imitative psalm which (see //. 22, 25) presupposes the existence of cix.<*^ The
date of Ps. cix.W is at any rate earlier than that of the * Psalms of Solomon '
(as a whole), for the 4th of these psalms contains curses which, as B&thgen
points out, closely resemble those in our psalm. Here again, it is interesting
to remark, an individual — Alexander Jannseus — has been thought of (Wellh.,
Pharisder u. Sadducaer, 146), but here again appearances may be deceptive.
Dr. C. Taylor has pointed out parallels between Ps. cix. and the Book of
}ob, and agrees with those who compare v. 'jb (* Satan' or *a Satan'?) with
ob ii. He also thinks that in w. 6-15 the curses used by the psalmist's
enemy are quoted. So already Kennicott and Mendelssohn, and more recently
Gratz and B. Jacob. Against it see Kirkpatrick, Psalms, 654. Of course,
the speaker throughout is the pious Jewish community. Cp. Smend, pp. 132 f. ;
Coblenz, pp. 152%; Cheyne, OP, pp. 63-65 (where the age of Nehemiah is
suggested as the date ; cp. Neh. iv. 41., xiii. 25).
CIX. — I.
Deposited, Of ^Arab-ethan, Marked. i
I O God my hope 1 be not silent,
For those of* Jerahmeel snatch me away ; 2, 3
^Ishmael and Cush^ surround me,
* Asshur and. ' Arabia, ' And Arabia of Ishmael.
140 THE PSALMS.
Unprovoked they fight against me ;
Rehoboth and Maacath are at feud with me, 4
With evil do they requite me. * S
As for me, I am a sufferer and in need, 22
And my heart is in anguish within me ;
Like locusts when they settle, I am taken away, 23
10 I am gathered like the swarming locusts.
My legs totter because of Mifsur, 24
My flesh falls away because of Ishmael ;
Yea, I serve them as a mark for insults, 25
When they see me, they shake their heads.
Help me, O Yahwfe my God ! 26
Deliver me, according to thy lovingkindness ;
That they may know that thy hand is here, 27
And that thou, O Yahwfe ! hast done it.
They may curse, but thou wilt bless ; 28
20 They will be^ put to shame, but thy servant will rejoice :
Those that persecute me will be clothed with disgrace, 29
And wrap themselves in their shame as in a mantle.
I will thank Yahw6 continually with my voice, 30
And praise him in the midst of many,
For he stands at the right hand of the needy, 31
To deliver him from the judges of Ishmael.
Critical Notes, i. M ^Jl^rm . Read ^i^^Hjl (xxxix. 8 ; cp. on
xxii. 4, Ixxi. 6, Ixxvii. 11).
2. M :)rrr»9 'hv nD")D*^S)-1 VW^ ^S) ^3. The construction is
T T -T T:» • TT • •
awkward, and is only slightly improved by reading y^^ (Houb., &c.)
and TV\PB (G r)volxBri ; so Du.). There is also too much material for a
line, even if we omit nD')D"^9t • The probability is that ^Q and 111/19
both represent an original '1S)lOn, i-e. ^J1S)Dn (cp. x. 9). HDID some-
times represents ^J^om^j and that is the case here ; as if to make this
doubly sure, ^^y is added ; ^^y HDID has sprung from D^^NDm^ .
The prefixed ^3 is an editorial patch, y^'^ comes from 'yWt^ (=■)1^l:^^*,
the N. Arabian region called Ashhur or Asshur) ; this was written in
error for D^^J^Om^. For a parallel, see on cixj*', /. i. Read
- disgraced and.
PSALM CIX. — I. 141
3. M ^T\220 nwto nnTi : -ip^^ ^tb ^i^« ns^. very
T : T : • -: •: 'vt : • • : • ^
awkward phraseology. The editor did his best with corruptions of
archaic names of peoples. 1121 and ^13"7 represent HTj; or D^2"JJJ
(cp. Ixv. 4?) ; ipttr y\\i;b comes from t^2) buyOt] (cp. ixxi. 19 .?5 ;
HN^lCf, like TttC?^, represents '^mfDlt^. ^i^J^ remains unaccounted for ;
the underlying word is, at any rate, superfluous. Read probably
5. M TOQK nrir\. Read probably /ID^^ rtOhl. Cp. on
XXXV. II f., xxxviii. 19 f.— After ^^I^Qlt^ M G add nb^D "OJ^I . The
supposed parallels ex, 3, cxx. 7 will not bear examination. ^^K*) probably
comes from a dittographed 01 . H/BJl seems to have come from H^D,
which should have stood after v, 5. Hal^vy, n^^m, merely a superficial
improvement.
6. M "hV ^D^to=»V Read '»^y ^D^It^l Qoel iv. 4) or O^dW^I^CHu.
alt., Bi., and virtually Gr). Confirmed by xxxv. 12 ; cp. xxxviii. 21. Hu.
prefers '^V ^y^^O*^ (xciv. 2, 23), The closing words of v. 5 ('i;n r\tin)
are merely dittographic.
7. Read OT,*^. >3 was necessitated by the insertion of z/z/. 6-21,
when the psalm was reconstructed.
8. Read b^lT (Gr., Kau.). Cp. Iv, 5.
• T
9. M ^2^3 • * Like the shadow when it stretches out ' is not a
probable expression. Note the || word, and read b^OTlT) ; the same
• T S
corruption has occurred in Job xiv. 2. See £nc. Bid,, * Locust.' — M
^Jlto33. The key to the passage is Nah. iii. 17 (see £nc, Bib,^ lx.\
which suggests the reading ^rt^HD .— M ^r^DS'li (Nif. *to be made to
go' ?). Clearly the original must be ^pnhy
10. M \'=)"W]3i, G (((Tipdx&rjv. As if the wind had a garment, out of
which (Neh. v. 13) the locusts were shaken into the sea.? So Ba. But
how improbable! ^JJQnDi would not be clear enough either. One
word will do — ^r)1DW! See exeg. note.
• :-v:v
12 f. M tt^3 . But '2 in 5al, meaning * to be lean/ is only post-
Biblical. Read probably ]1}}£)V (vi. 8, xxxi. 10 f.).— DV2J0, * through
fasting,' and P'^fi^D, 'through oil' (so parallelism requires, cp. G), are
clearly wrong. Nor can we venture to render ni£^2 > * my skin ' (Ba. in
note, cp. on cii. 6). Comparing vi. 83, read ^^e^DD and ^J<j;Dt£^"»D (cp.
on plCf , civ. 15, cxli. 5). Gr.'s pOD'ifi^, * through amazement,'' would
not suit DBO .— M ^M*) (with Pasek). Read perhaps D31 .
-:
19 f- TVSin is metrically superfluous.— M !)0p (with Pase^). G (Gr.,
142 THE PSALMS.
Ba., Kau.), ^Dp, as subject of wy*. Rather read 1D^3\ a variant to
23. M ito. Read TDB (Gr.) ; see on xlvi. 2.
t • T
26. M ^l£^S)]3 ^DS){^0 • A weak expression ; one expects rather
ODn ^^S)tC^. But since the persons intended are the same as in //. 2-6,
it is presumable that at any rate W^2 represents an ethnic. The truth
is that we have before us here a rather strong instance of transposition.
^2^1)3 (G TTiv ylnjxn^ f^v) here, as sometimes elsewhere, represents ]QKP
written backwards, and ]'!2V is one of the current distortions of ^^^J^Dl£^
(cp. on Isa. X. 27). The opening of Ps. cix/^> now corresponds with its
close. Note by the way that iearadecDicovra>y in the MSS. of G should be
KaTadiKa(6vTav.
CIX. — 2.
I Appoint judgment, O Yahwfe ! upon the wicked man, 6
Let an accuser stand at his right hand ;
When he is judged, let him come out guilty, 7
And let his remnant be counted criminal.
Let his palaces be [for] Jaman, 8
His cities let Jerahmeel take ;
Let his children become orphans, 9
And his wife [become] a widow.
Let his children be vagabonds in Ishmael, 10
10 Let them be treated with violence in their broad places;
Let the spoiler take by force ail that is his, 11
Let foreigners plunder his wealth.
Let there be none that keeps friendship toward him, 12
None that shows pity to his orphans ;
Let extinction be the doom of his offspring, 13
In one generation let his name be effaced.
Let the guilt of his father be mentioned,^ 14
And the sin of his mother — let it be not effaced.
Let them be present to Yahwb continually, 15
20 That He may extinguish his name from the earth.
[Because *== * * -] 16
He remembered not to show brotherly love,
But hunted one who was a sufferer and needy,
And crushed one who walked blamelessly.
* to Yahwe.
PSALM CIX. — 2. 143
He loved cursing and chose it, 17
And took no pleasure in blessing ;
[Compassion] was far from him,
And he sought cursing, and delighted in it. 18
Then let it soak into his entrails like water,
30 And like oil into his bones :
Let it be to him as the garment which he dons, 19
And as the girdle which he ever girds about him.
Be these the wages of my persecutors,* 20
Of those that speak evil against me.
But thou, O Yahwfe !« deliver me,* 21
According to thy gracious kindness, rescue thou me.
CHHcal Notes, CIX.(«) i. M ^^ V^ Tj^SiT TpSH to appoint
to an office (Gen. xxxix. 4, Jer. i. 10, &c.), or to bring about a plague
(Lev. xxvi. 16). Hupfeld thinks the appointment of a * wicked' or
* unrighteous ' man as judge has the nature of a plague. But in /. 3 this
J^lt^l appears to have the interests of justice at heart, and not to sym-
pathize with the ytf^l when he judges. Hence Hal^vy emends ITIC^ID .
T T ~ • 8 ~
But in such cases as this a mere superficial correction is useless. The
error probably lies in y^y, which seems to come from ^yv , «>. by miT.
Yahw^ is petitioned to appoint an examination of a great unnamed
wicked man's cause. The wicked man is the personified people of the
N. Arabian oppressor. See introd.
4. M rTKlDnb XVT\r\ Srh^rs^- Surely no psalmist could have
T T-:- V I • T. :
written thus. It is one thing to declare that the formal prayers of wicked
men are an abomination to Yahw^ (Prov. xxviii. 9), and consequently that
this or that individual, or class of individuals, being wicked men and
mere formal worshippers, will not be heard (Isa. i. 15, Prov. i. 28, cp.
Ps. Ixvi. 19) ; it is another to utter over a man who, whether good or
bad, is in sore distress, a solemn desire that his prayer for mercy — this
time, certainly, no formal prayer — may be ineffectual. Nor can we hold
that the prayer of the ytt;") is a petition to the judge for leniency, for how
could an unjust judge be imagined to be open to such a request ? This
time it is a very slight change, suggested by experience of the ways of the
scribes, that suffices. Read nj^Dn^ iTHi^ ^ntOI^ST . For the use of
TT-:vj- T-l
'rr,cp. I K. 1. 21.
5 f. M U^^ VDn^7^. We should expect VD^ ■Tl^j5"» (cp. on
Iv. 24). *D^lDyD here faultily as an adj., as Eccles. v. i* (Hu.).
* Jerahmeel. ' Lord. ' for thy name's sake.
144 '^^^ PSALMS.
Evidently there is some corruption, and the more so as v, %b is equally
liable to suspicion. The person spoken of being either the personified
people of Israel's oppressors or the king of that people, it would be
suitable that the destruction of the cities of that king or people should be
referred to. Is there any possible correction of the text which will give
that meaning ? There is. Few words in the psalms and prophecies are
more often corrupted than /niD")>^ , * castles.' D^D^D may possibly be
an editor's conjecture on the basis of a corruption of VJl^JDll^ . To
complete this, we require TC^ to be a corruption of some ethnic to which
originally ^ was prefixed. That ]Q^ (]D^ or ]0^) was an early abbrevia-
tion of ^i^DTn^ appears again and again (see e.g. Crit. Bib. on Gen. x. 2).
In the II line we find IHl^ , i-e. ^KDTn^ . Late writers find no difficulty
in putting nearly side by side different corrupt forms of the same ethnic.
— M \n''Tp9 , his watch ? office ? punishment ? Read perhaps V/l^jp •
— M "IHK • * Read ^J^DHT . A common type of corruption.
8. Insert TX^T^n (metre).— 9. Omit y\S\ (dittogr.). For ^^KlCfl
(scarcely =* beg') read perhaps 7i^yDltf^3. 'D*Zf^ is very often cor-
rupted. — M ^IttfTll t * and shall seek . . ' .^ G c «c/3Xi7^i7ra>o-av ; hence
Houb., Seeker, Horsley, Hu., Bi., Che.^»>, Ba., Kau. read "^^O^ or 'y\.
But the sense is still not perfect. Lam. ii. 11 f. suggests that the
children were described as lying, faint and overpowered, in the rehoboth
of the cities. Read, as /. 10, DH^/l^^H IT'Ttt^ (Jer. iv. 13, Hos. x. 14).
II. M m£tt;3 It^r.* According to Perles (Anal. 81) ^U^l is a tech-
nical term (cp. Aram. ^£>j5;j * percussit ')=* claim possession of a property
till a debt should be paid.' This needs confirmation. But even if it
were so, the sense does not suit the || line. The initial ^ in rUCDJ may
be dittographic. Read HDlt^ (Judg. ii. 14, Isa. xviii. 14), and for 'J"» read
Titf^ (* ace. rei,' as Mai. iii. 5).
16 f. M iriK. G /iio = Tni*; so rightly Houb., Horsley, Du.—
M DDiy ; so GK. Read tolC^, with GB^ J, so Horsley.— Read Vll*
(Du.), and omit nin^7K (metre).
20 ff. M rrsy^, better than JT13n (G J). Wellh. places the line
after v, 13, which seems to injure the structure of the poem. — G^'^
wrongly avroO. — A line has fallen out (Bi.) ; Itt^K \^\ followed by Pase^,
may belong to /. 21, but is perhaps more probably an editorial link.
24. M r\r\yct> nn^ HKD^V W F, * But hunted to death the
wretched and poor, and the broken in heart,' but We.'s critical notes pass
this over. S suggests mD^ ; so Gr., prefixing ly. Neither r\T\yd>
PSALM CIX. — 2. 145
nor nV^h suits the parallelism ; besides the Pilel form would be too
strong. As to riKDi, the existence of nKD is very doubtful (cp. Ges.-
Buhl). We might, indeed, read K^^ (so at any rate in Isa. Ixvi. 2 for
n2i)'7 G has KoravtwyfjJvop, which Q has in Prov. xvii. 22 for 7li02
(rinn). 'a 2 give irtnXriyfievov, and *A has the same word in Prov. iJ.
Hitz. and Ba. adopt this way out of the difficulty. But it is really no
way out T)rf\Db 22^n KD3^ is no parallel to /. 23. Read probably
te/)^ "^T^ K3TV For KDl, cf. xciv. 5, Prov. xxii. 22 (of judicial
oppression, as probably here); and for ~7» 2 S. xv. 11.
25-32. If the text is right as it stands, it must be in disorder ; any
of the current translations will make this clear. Street (1790) and Bi.
(1882) therefore attempt some transposition, but without any quite satis-
factory result. An inspection of the text leads us to suspect corruption.
The double statement respecting the penetrating character of the spirit
of cursing, and the double use of the figure of the garment, can hardly
be original. Nor will the first of the two stanzas into which the whole
passage on cursing should evidently fall be symmetrical, unless we sup-
pose that the subject of pTHJll in v. 17 (/. 27) has fallen out of the text.
But all that I say on behalf of the following restoration is that the
changes proposed are possible, and that a quite satisfactory sense is
produced.
TOins van ^i'?1
' T T : • ■ -T :
V • t:v »-;.-
: morm rhbp tcnT"*!
T vs : V- tt': :• -
That Kian and 1111% V^b and tthl, HDD and monCl], might
be confounded, is evident. ^103, * as his robe,' is, at any rate, very
improbable, unless indeed we suppose that the imprecation is directed
against a priest.
32. M ntp . That this is an Egyptian loan-word (see BDB) is most
improbable. In Isa. xxiii. 10 (flTD) and Job xii. 21 (ITTD) the text is
corrupt. Like WHO in cvii. 30, riTD and rPTD, wherever they occur,
are almost certainly corruptions of ^KDTTT. In the present case 'm^
may have been originally a marginal gloss on ^^lO'tf; {v. 20). It seems to
have supplanted l^JTT, which G appears to have read in the Hebrew text
33. Gr. reads rh^FS for /iWs ; /I absorbed by JIKT. But if this
were right something more would have been said about the prayer not
entering the presence of God. Cp. Isa. Iviii. 4^ ; Prov, xxvi. 2.
35 f. Omit ^TTK and yyn lyD^.— M ^riKTTfey. Read ^ATt^H ;
cp. on xxii. 31.— M 2ilD"^3. Read 2^Q3 (HitV, Gr?) ;' see on bcix.''i7'.
• *
II. L
s
146 THE PSALMS.
CIX.<^> 9f. The *scttlinfi' of the introd. and crit. notes).— 2. At his
locusts is again referred to in Nah. iii. right hand, Cp. Zech. iii. i.— 4. See
17; their 'removal* possibly in Isa. crit. note. — 7-10. A man's family is
xxxiii. 4a. They were, of course, an regarded as part of himself (cp. £x.
article of diet to the poorer classes in xx. 5). — 17. Be tneiaioned^ i.e, to
the East. — ii f. Cp. vi. 8, cii. 6. — 14. Yahwe by heavenly remembrancers
Cp. xxii. 8, Job XVI. 4, Isa. xxxvii. 22. ^Isa. Ixii. 6), or by * men of God '
(I K. xvii. 18).— 29. Like water, Cp.
r>Tv m ««•»«-« A r *• Num. v. 22 ff.— 33- Note the plural,
CIX.C^) 1.;;^. Afacuonor ,,,^^„^^«^^„, and the probable gloss,
large body of men is personified (see 'Jerahmeel' (see crit note).
PSALM ex.
X ENTAMETERS. Two questions have to be critically answered, (i) What was
the sense attributed to this psalm by the redactor who brought it into its final
shape? and (2) what was the original fonn of the psalm, and what did the
original writer mean by the psalm? (i) It has been shown elsewhere {OP,
^p. 20-29) that, if the received text is approximately correct, no other Jewish prince
tut Simon the Maccabee can be the person addressed. This view is also held by
Duhm, Bickell, G. Maxgoliouth, and R. H. Charles, and independently both
Bickell and G. Margoliouth have hit upon the idea that the initial letters of w,
1-4 form an acrostic conveying the name ]yDtt^ {Shitn^on\ i,e. as is supposed,
Simon the Maccabee. In the form given to this theory by Bickell {Academy,
April 9, 1892) it has been adopted by Duhm in his Commentary and Charles
in the Expositor for April, 1902, p. 2^2. For G. Margoliouth's theory see
Academy, Feb. 20, 1892 (and elsewhere), and compare C^ter^s reply, Accui.,
March 5, 1892. At the same time Bickell put forward a similar theory for Ps. ii.,
where he found (w, 1-4) an acrostic representing ^^^ (/• K[7//«tf», *of Jannaeus').
Such acrostics, however, ought to indicate the author of a poem, not a personage
referred to in it, and for this and other reasons the acrostic theory has been
rejected by Kftnig, J. K. Zenner (Z/. /. kath, Theol,, 1900, pp. 578-584),
Grimme {Fsaim.-Prob,, 103), and C. H. H. Wright. Nevertheless, the theory
that the psalm refers to Simon is extremely plausible, as long as m e adhere to the
traditional text It may be urged that the poet implies that bis hero is about to
assume sovereign power, and that this exactly corresponds to the historical
position of Simon, who did not, it is true, claim the title of king, but lacked
nothing of the dignity but the name, and who by the conquest of the Acra and the
expulsion of its garrison (May, 142), completed the liberation of Jerusalem. It
may also be held that, as a king-priest, Simon desired to have his name coupled
with that of the ideal priest-king Melchizedek, and that, even if only by an
illusion, a psalmist who traced the hand of God in Simon's successes might well
claim a prophetic character for his impassioned addresses to his hero. That in
later times the psalm (in the form in which we now have it) was regarded as
Messianic (see e,g. Ber. Rabba, par. 85, on Gen. xxxviii. 18), can easily be
understood; cp. Mark xii. 35-37 and parallels,* Acts ii. 34 f., Heb. i. 13.
Nor is it impossible that the redactor, if an adherent of the Maccabees, may have
hoped that their family would furnish to Israel a line of Messianic princes, whose
victories would become more and more splendid, and more and more worthy
to lie regarded as Messianic. To these theories we will not deny plausiWlity.
And yet there is surely nothing in Ps. ex., as the text stands, which need make us
hesitate to resign a belief in its Messianic import, should textual criticism require
^ On the bearing of modern criticism on these passages, see Gore, Banipton
Lectures,^, 198; Sanday, Bamp, Lect., pp. 419 f. ; Chcyne, Bamp, Lect, (Origin
of Psalter), pp. 34 f., and especially Aids to Criticism, pp. 391 ff., and Christian
Use of the Psalms, pp. 231 ff.
PSALM ex. 147
this, and we even find a Jewish opinion, mentioned by Ibn Ezra and adopted by
Rashi, that the hero of the psalm is Abram, whose victo^ over the allied kings,
and honourable reception by Melchizedek are recorded in Gen. xiv.
(2) Does textual criticism oppose the above-mentioned Maccabaean theory?
As practised by Bickell and Duhm, it does not. Bickell, however {Acad.., /.c), is
too arbitrary, and supplies too much, to be a safe guide, while Duhm is highly
superficial in his criticism of w, 1-4, and with regard to w. 5-7 confesses that he
* can make nothing of them,' and has derived not the least help from other
expositors. Clearly there is a case for a more determined effort to solve the
textual problems. Such an effort has been made, and the result (which is
scarcely doubtful) is that the original psalm was a prophecy of the conquest by
Israel of the N. Arabian border-land. The nearest parallels are Pss. ii., Ixviii.,
because here too we find a divine oracle professedly quoted. If the text of Ps. Ix.
Sa were correct, this psalm would be as close a parallel, but even if it is not, as
an expression of Israel's confident expectation of the overthrow of N. Arabia, we
may refer to it here- Ps. xviii. is also among the chief psalms with which P&. ex.
may be grouped. Among prophetic parallels, the closing verses (19-21) of
Obadiah may especially be mentioned (see £nc. Bid., col. 3458, and Cri/. Bib.).
It is worth while to notice that in the immediate neighbourhood of Ps. ex. we
have a composite psalm (cxviii.), which includes the parallel prophecy of the
subversion of N. Arabia in Ps. Ix. The surest restorations in the text here
translated are those which yield N. Arabian names. The new text of v. 4^ is
very probable ; somewhat less so that of the closing words of v. 3. ' To his
servant ' in the opening clause is also open to some doubt. We might conceivably
read ' to Abram,' and view the psalm as a dramatically conceived prophecy of the
successes of Abram against the kings (Gen. xiv.), successes which might be
regarded as typical of Israel's future victories at the ' end of the days.' Cp. Enc.
Bid.f * Psalms, Book of,' § 29. The latest text-critical study is by S. Minocchi,
J^evue Biblique, 1903, pp. 203 ff.
Of ' Arab-ethan : marked. I
I Yahw^'s oracle to his servant : | I will break Jerahmeel,
Until I make thine enemies | thy footstool.
Thy strong sceptre will Yahwfe | stretch out from Zion ; 2
Have dominion * | in the midst of thine enemies.
Thou shalt conquer in the day of Maacath^ | on the
mountains of Kadesh ; 3
From Jerahmeel and from Ashhur | [thou shalt bring thy
captives ?].
Yahwfe swears [to his servant], | and will not repent, 4
* I establish thee for ever | because of my covenant of
lovingkindness.'
The Lord will shatter Jerahmeel | in his day of wrath, 5
10 He will judge mighty kings | because of their pride. da
[The Lord] will shatter Ashhur | on the land of the
Arabians ; db
In the valley of Hadrach he will destroy | Jerahmeel and
Ashhur.
* Jerahmeel.
148 THE PSALMS.
I. To liU servaatf i*e, Israel exact panLllel is the phrase *the day
(cxxxvi. 22, cp. Jer. xxx. 10, xlvi. of Midion,' Isa. ix. 3.— CTif the moun-
27 f., Ezek. xxxvii. 25). In ii. 7 taiiis of JCadcsh, ox ^ihsii^ * oi Cyi&Yi.*
Israel is called Yahwe's son, but the The idea is that the Israelites have not
difference between a favoured servant only expelled the N. Arabian tyrants,
who understands his lord's purposes but invaded their land. Or, if we read
and a son is not great. The psalmist 'on the holy mountains * (aslxxxvii. i),
places himself in imagination in the the neighbourin^i^ peoples have as-
* end of the days/ when Yahw^'s son sembled to lay siege to Jerusalem (cp.
or favoured servant will receive the Zech. xiv. 2). — ^6. Cp> evil, 3, Isa.
fulfilment of the promises in 2 Sam. vii. xi. 11.
(cp. Ixxxix. 20 ff.). — Break yerahmeeL .
Similarly w. 5, 6. Cp. ii. 9, xviii. 30, 7 f. The oath is immutable ; other-
39, Ix. 8, Ixviii. 22, Isa. xiv. 25 (As- wise there would be no security that
shur probably = Jerahmeel), Hab. iii. Israel's newly-established empire will
13, be eternal. Cp. Ixxxix. 5, 30, 36-38,
2 S. vii. 12.— h^2, as xiv. 5. See
5. The dajr of lEaaeafli (f*-^- crit. notes. — 12. Hadmch, See Enc,
Jerahmeel or Cusham, cp. Ix. 8). An Bib,^ s,v.
Critical Notes, i. M ^J^K^, *to my lord,' a unique expression in
the Psalms. Read probably TT2y/ (see in trod.); 2 and 3, y and ^ con-
founded.— M ^i^D^^ 2^. From a conservative point of view this is
inconsistent with v, 5. Apart from this, it is not natural to say, ' Sit at
my right hand, till I prostrate thy foes.' Read ^KDm^ "IBltfiJ (") in
'IC^K became ^). ]^D^ is a well-known popular form of ^KOm^. Cp.
/. 9.
5. M ^!faUJ. Probably from HgyD (cp. on pqy, Ix. 8). This is a
variant to "jTTy in same verse, and since TT, as in Ezek. xxvii. 11 (M
^Tf), comes from bVTV^ i.e. ^J^Dm^, and 'TTX^ occurs, under another
disguise, in /. 6, we may give it the preference. — JlilTi, 'liberality'?
*zeal*? An 'emphatic predicate'? Surely not. G, titra <rov apxh* whence
Duhm, rT2"T3 TDI^, * mit Dir ist Hoheit' {?). Read, perhaps, ")23in.—
M n^^rr ; see above.— M nXT^. Read 'nr\n3, (2 J. many MSS. and
edd., also Hare, Houb., 01., Hu., Gr., Bi.— M tt^p. Rather t£^ or
tth3 (sec exeg. n.).
6. M iniCto OniD. The ordinary explanation is very far-fetched,
T • • V »••
and Isa. xiv. 13 is no true parallel. The versions give no help at all.
But the remedy is clear. Dm . like Dpi represents 'TVX* ; ")n;tf (as in
Isa. Lc) comes from mrttW*. Read 'm^ry\ ^KOm^D.— M ^g) Tf^
TfrnV (note that ^1^ is not recognized by G). It would be convenient
to make IVh^^ mean * young warriors' (so 01., Del., &c.). But the word
lyHy is rare, and the assumed meaning unsupported. G S read
^Prtr (cp. M, ii. 7), which Herder admits, rendering, —
Vom Schloss der Morgenrothe, wie den Thau,
Hab' ich dich mir erzeugt ;
PSALM ex. 149
and so Houbigant, Kennicott, Kaulen,^ N. Peters, and Minocchi. This,
however, is very unnatural, while the conjectures of Gratz and Bickell
(in Acad,, /. c.) are sadly arbitrary. It is probable that 7ZD ^ merely
represents fragments of a dittograph of the word underlying "1^. This
word may possibly be IJll^JI, but is more probably ^KDHT* (cp. on ^ID,
cxxxiii. 3). [Haupt, however, in Johns Hopkins Univ, Circular, July,
1894, takes DfnO and irWO to be two coordinated participles from
Dm * to love,' and 'irW * to seek zealously.']
7. Insert iiaj?^ (metre).-M "^3^ ^jHini-^j; D^^j;^ inb-njJN
p"T}(. See introd. Objections : (i) The line is unmetrical; Duhm boldly
excises p^ST^D^D, without any plausible reason. (2) ^/V12T^i^ is
intolerably prosaic. We have to seek for an underlying text which, after
becoming corrupt, could be so manipulated as to produce the traditional
text. Such a text is— HDH /ina"^V D^iyS Tni^Dn. For r\'''\ly
see on 12^, xlv. 5. O7O represents 7KDm% a correction of 73^0 wK
(v, 5) which intruded from the margin. pTX is miswritten for TDH (see
on cxliv. 2) ; the suffix ^ was probably indicated by a sign of abbrevia-
tion.
9. Read 'm^ \T\ty^ >y^^\ !?y is redactional. For irD^=^KDPrT,
cp. '^yiS* , I S. ix. 4 ; where G (cod. B) has toKuyi,
10. Read, probably, Dn'l^U DO^D IH^ fO from v. 5).— M K^
• • • T : "T "-T
nV13. Loeb {La lift, des pauvres, p. 109), rnN3 'D- Rather \)ij^^
DmKU; cp. xxxi. 19, xxxvi. 12, Ixxiii. 6.
11. Again read \TTDV For tf^^S read -|J);6^K (=1^nt£>»). For n3")
read 21JJ (so 0^2*1 sometimes for D''2*iy).
12. Read probably, T)"Tn 7TO2 (see Crit, Bib, on Zech. ix. i);
nnicn should be n^nit^V— p"b|j; and Vr\^ both represent '^NDnT;
^)ICS should be IWjiV. Compare the result produced by criticism in
ii. 9 and Ixviii. 22-24.
1 Kaulcn {Katholik, 1865, ii., 129-174) holds the text underlying G to be
the original one, viz. rtprh nn;£to DmD tHp mn^ ny^y TOy.
In Theol. Qttarialschri/t, Ixxx. (1898), pp. 615 ff. N. Peters considers that S
presupposes just the same Hebrew text, except that the suffix of tYT is wanting ;
hi vlD ^ / > he thinks, is an intrusive gloss on the suffix in "J^/n 7**. According
to him, M is based on this gloss; tX*^]^ (' l^y,' * youth') being taken as
= '?l9,'dew.'
150 THE PSALMS.
PSALM CXI.
Jlss. CXI. and cxii. are twin psalms. Both are in trimeters, both are arranged
alphabetically, perhaps in order to be learned by heart. Ps. cxii. is a * sacred
parody ' (Ilengstenberg) of Ps. cxi. ; what is said in the one of God is applied in
the other to the pious. Probably enough they are by the same author, who knew
all the ordinary commonplaces of the psalmists and wise men of Israel. Ps. cxii.
(and originally Ps. cxi. ?) has, in G, the heading rrjs iincrpoipris *Ayya(ou Kal
0/ the Jerahmeelites, i
I I will give thanks to Yahvvfe with my whole heart,
In the company and assembly of the upright.
Great are the works of Yahwfe, 2
To be studied by all that delight in them.
Glorious and magnificent is his doing, 3
And his righteousness abides for ever.
A memorial has he made for his wonders ; 4
Full of pity, compassionate is Yahwfe.
Adornment has he given to those that fear him, 5
10 Of his covenant he is ever mindful.
The might of his works he has shown to his people, 6
In giving them the nations for a possession.
The works of his hands are faithfulness, 7
All his behests are sure,
Remaining unshaken for ever and ever, 8
Wrought in faithfulness and uprightness.
He has sent deliverance to his people, 9
He has ordained his covenant for ever.
Holy and to be feared is his name,
20 The fear of Yahwfe is the best part of wisdom, 10
A good discernment have all that practice it,
His praise abides eternally.
I. The speaker is, of course, not xii. 14). The expression is peculiar,
the community, but every religious and owing to the alphabetic arrangement,
patriotic Israelite.
3. Hl» rtrhteoaMeM. Cp. ^«7. Deliverance, 1.^. that of
cxii. 3, where man's righteousness is ^^^ txodus, smce the legislation fol-
credited with the same permanence. lows. — 19. h^ll^l ttHlp ; cp. xcix. 3.
4. See the singular rendering in —20. ilDDn J^^l»^1 . Similar say-
G ; such a plain writer as tiie psalmist j^gs ^re commonplaces of the sages of
would hardly have expressed himself m %
that way. Israel (cp. Prov. i. 7, ix. 10 {Tm^Pi
7. A memorial* viz. a constant 'H], and cp. Job xxviii. 28, Ecclus.
tradition (cp. Ixxviii. 3), confirmed by i. 20. Cp. Jacob, ZATH\ 1898,
observances like the Passover (Ex. p. 293.
PSALM CXII. 151
Critical Notes, 9. M Cj-^jg rendered *good' (Prov. xxxi. 15, Mai.
iii. 10, Job xxiv. 5 ; cp. 8j'»")j3n , Prov. xxx. 8). The sense, however, is
not very good ; the || line suggests something better than *• good.' Most
explain this weak word as due to the exigences of the acrostic. But
should we not read iT)l>^S)2D, a deliberate distortion of JTIJOJI for the
sake of the alphabet ? Cp. Isa. Iv. 5, Ix. 9.
13. Omit ^SICTDI (metre). So Sievers.— 16. M ^iQ^, Better It^
(xxv. 21). So G J S T, Gr., Bii., Du.
20 f. Read n^/1»"J^ (metre).— Read rV't^ (G J S).
PSALM CXII.
Of the Jerahmeelites,
I Happy the man that fears Yahwfe,
That delights continually in his commandments !
Mighty in the land +is+i his offspring,
The race of the upright is blessed.
Wealth and riches are in his house,
And his righteousness abides for ever.
[His] light gleams in the darkness.
To the upright full of pity and compassion. 2
Well is it with him that shows pity and lends,
10 He will defend his ways in the judgment.
For the righteous can never be moved.
Everlastingly shall he be remembered.
He fears no evil tidings, 7
Stedfast is his heart ^ in Yahwfe.
Unshaken is his courage, he fears not, 8
Until he looks +in triumph+ on his foes.
He has scattered — he has given to the poor, 9
His righteousness abides for ever.
His horn will be exalted gloriously ;
The wicked will see it and be grieved ; 10
He will gnash with his teeth and melt away.
The expectation of the wicked shall perish.
1 will be. ^ and righteous. ' trusting.
152 THE PSALMS.
2. Cgoalimimlly. This is no of pity and compassion is the righteous, '
conventionality, as cxix. 4, 44, 117, taking this to give the rea-son of the
Prov. vi. 21, sufficiently show. VSH , Pj;^™«t ?^ '"^ • ' /®"' c"^ ^^^. ^
' ^ ' - T adequately given m /. 9. So then it is
as cxi. 2. best to explain * light ' as a title of
3. Kifflity. 1*123, however, like Yahw^ ; cp. Isa. Ix. 21, ' Yahw^ . . .
i_ , • .an everlasting hght. Line 10 will then
TH 'H (Ruth ii. I, Ac., cp. Job xxi. 7) describe the divine character (cp. cxi.
mky mean « rich.'— 4. VTW as cxi. i. 4). See crit. note.
5f. Corresponds to cxi. 3. Here, 9 /• Cp. xxxvii. 21. The 'judg-
, _^-,.. _ *u:«^ ^K ment' (/. lo) is the Messianic ode
however, XX\PCl means something ob- .. \ ^ '
jective (so in /. 18), viz. merit, as
Ezek. xviii. 20 (Ba., cp. T, rrillDt). 14. Cp. Isa. xxvi. 3 (?). TOi ;
cp. on li. \2h. — 19, His horn. See on
7 i. The promise in /. 7 is like Uxv. 5.
that in Isa. Iviii. 8, 10, which is the
special reward of works of compassion. 22. T^NiH . See on i. 6, and
We might, therefore, be inclined to ^^^^ ^^^ correspondence of Pss. i.and
omit 1 before ^f^Tl , and render ' full cxii. in the first and last clauses.
Critical Notes. 2. For "TKO read T^DD (as xlvi. 2, cxix. 4). — 3. Omit
either yiK2 or JTTT (metre). Similarly Sievers.
7 f. Gratz, pn:^^ (cp. S); Duhm, p'^TX (without 1). But it has been
overlooked (save by Sievers) that the material in t/. 4^1 is too much for
a trimeter. Sievers would omit T^Wl^t but the || passage, Isa. Iviii. 8,
rather suggests reading HIK and omitting 0^*^12^^^ • This course, how-
ever, is not so critical as beginning /. 8 with D^'^tC^/ and omitting pn2{1 ,
as an insertion which was required after 1112^ had become *11H, and
consequently 'tCf^7 had been drawn to /. 7.
10 f. For mm bd^y read VDll TO*' (cp. Job xiii. 15). To give
hzhy the sense of rPDV is inadmissible. H and ^ must have been con-
founded.— -Transfer p^l2{ from V, tb to v, 6a (metre). So Sievers.
14. Omit rn03 as a gloss on \)2^ (Sievers).
22. For DIKD read TWD (ix. 19), Ol., Hupf., Duhm. The opposite
error occurs in Job vi, 8.
PSALM CXIII.
1 RIMETERS. Pss. cxiii.-cxviii. form the so-called ' Hallel * (see Ettc, Bib,^ s.v.^
and cp. Griltz, MGIVJ, 1879, pp. 203 f., 241 f . ; Buchler, ZATIV, 1900, pp.
131 ff.). Of this group of psalms, cxiii. and cxiv. form the introduction, the
former describing the condescension of Yahw^, the latter the wonders of the early
history. Ps. cxv.-cxviii. have been held (cp. OP^ pp. 16-19) to reflect the
feelings and historical circumstances of the Maccabtean period ; this, unfor-
tunately, cannot be endorsed from our new critical ]X)int of view. Probably the
name 'Misrite Hallel' (HKI^TO i^V**?n = H^Tan ^^H) is, however, un-
designedly, a true statement of the origin of the Hallel. The group of psalms so
call^ appears to have been made after some event which, though not decisive,
confirmed the Jews in their anticipation of a final and complete deliverance from N.
Arabian oppression at the approaching close of the present stage of human history.
PSALMS CXIII., CXIV. 153
Of the JerahfMeliies. I
I Praise, O ye servants of Yahwfe !
Praise the name of Yahwfe.
Blessed be the name of Yahwfe 2
From henceforth and for ever.
From the rising of the sun to its going down 3
+Be+ Yahwfe^s name praised !
High is Yahwfe above all nations, 4
His glory is above the heavens.
Who is like Yahwfe our God, S
10 • That is enthroned +so+ high,
That sees +so+ low down, 6
In heaven and on earth ?
That raises the helpless out of the dust, 7
And out of the ash mound lifts the needy.
To make him sit with princes, 8
Even with the princes of the peoples ;
That gives a seat to the barren housewife, 9
That makes the children's mother joyful.
1-6. The psalmist appears to pro- /. 11.— 13-15. A quotation from i S.
vide for the admission of proselytes; ii. 8. *Ashmound,' see on Ixviii. 14.
Israel is becoming a religious associa- The language is idealistic. At most a
tion. So cxxxv. i, cp. v, 20; so too dim foregleam of the fulfilment of i S.
Isa. Ivi. 8. Lines 5, 6 remind us of ii. 8 can have been enjoyed, and it is
Mai. i. II.— 9-12. Cp. cxxxviii. 6, Isa. not strictly necessary to suppose even
Ivii, 15. In /. 12, * in heaven ' belongs this (cp. Stade, Akad. Reden,^ p. 56).
properly to /. 10, and * on earth * to See cnt. note.
Critical Notes. 15. Read *ian:rin^ with Gratz, Nowack, Duhm.
G rov Ka$i<rai avrov, — 1 6. M St^V' Since the * helpless * or the 'needy* is
the Jewish people, read probably D^D}^> and note that 'princes of
peoples' still exist in the ideal or Messianic age. Cp. xlvii. 10 (?), ii. 2. —
18. With Duhm, read na\£; (article in D^iJ^H).
PSALM CXIV.
Of the Jerahmeelites. cxiii., end.
When Israel went forth from Misrim, i
Jacob's house from the folk of Jerahmeel,
Judah became his sanctuary, 2
Israel his dominion.
154 THE PSALMS.
The sea saw it, and fled, 3
The stream turned backward.
The mountains skipped like rams, 4
The hills like young sheep.
What ails thee, O thou sea ! that thou fleest ? 5
10 Thou stream, that thou turnest backward ?
Ye mountains, that ye skip like rams ? 6
Ye hills, like young sheep ?
Be in anguish, thou earth ! at the Lord^s presence, 7
At the presence of the God of Jacob,
Who turns the rock into a pool of water, 8
Flint into gushing fountains.
I. lElsriiii — JTcraliineel. Cp. Arabian border-land, even if that ' sea '
the parallelism in Ixxviii. 51, cv. 23, 27, could no longer be pointed to. See
cvi. 21 f. See crit. note. E, Bib., * Red Sea.' The 'stream *
5 f. Tlie sea— fbe itroAin. For (Hh^** > see crit. note) was also in that
thc^j///-j/7/A see on cvi. 7 ; there must region; see Crit. Bib. on Josh. iii. —
have been a story of a * sea * in the N. 7 f. Cp. xviii. 8, xxix. 6, Hab. iii. 6.
Critical Notes, i. Point CriitO.~M Ty*? qjTD. G U \aov ^ppdpov
(*A, €T€poy\oiia-<rov). In New Heb. ty7 means * to speak a foreign tongue '
(Jastrow, Lex.), and in Isa. xxxiii. 19 ?j?13, which, others have suggested,
may be an error for Tn^. Certainly the two passages must be taken
together. In both we expect an ethnic, not a word meaning /3ap/3apo-
i^ttwr, and considering the passages referred to in exeg. n., we cannot
well doubt that either ^h^DIlT or ^h^yDtt^ is the right ethnic. In cvii.
30 we have found WID and in cix. 19 HTD, words which, by the inter-
change of T and "), have come to represent ^>^Dn")*. ty*? might, by the
same interchange, also represent this ethnic. It is slightly more natural,
however, comparing h^VH and 7l2T, to trace it to ^i«^yOlt;\ and the
same origin must undoubtedly be assigned to IJH!, />. IIHT in Isa. xxxiii.
19 (final ^, as often) having become ]. — 4. 'DD^ (b precedes), with Gr. —
6. Read "IjiNI (cp. on cv. 301), one of the boundary-streams of the
Negeb seems to be referred to. — 16. Read "*3TDa with Gr. (so G J S
probably).
PSALM CXV.
1 RIM£TBRS. This and the preceding psalm are, without any internal justifica-
tion, combined in G O S J and some Hebrew MSS. In the Hebrew text, too,
there is a trace of this practice, for the two psalms are not separated by a
* Hallelujah.' Cp. on Ps. cxvi., and for w. 4-1 1 cp. cxxxv. 15-20 (our psalm is
the original). The closing * Hallelujah ' belongs properly to Ps. cxvi. (so in G).
PSALM CXV. .155
I Not unto us, O Yahw^ ! not unto us, i
But unto thy name give glory :
[Thy name, O Yahwfe ! do we praise]
Because of thy kindness, because of thy truth.
Why do the nations say, 2
* Where, pray, is their God ? *
But our God is in heaven ; 3
All that he wills he does.
Their idols are silver and gold, 4
10 The handiwork of men ;
Mouths have they, but they speak not; 5
Eyes have they, but they see not;
Ears have they, but they hear not, 6
Noses have they, but they smell not;
Their hands — they feel not, 7
Their feet — they walk not ;
[There is no breath in their mouths,]
They give no sound with their throats;
Their makers shall become like unto them, 8
20 Every one that trusts in them.
Israel trusts in Yahw^ ; 9
He is their help and their shield.
Aaron's house trusts in Yahw^ ; 10
He is their help and their shield.
[Levi's house trusts in Yah we ;
He is their help and their shield.]
Those that fear Yahw^ trust in Yahwe ; 1 1
He is their help and their shield.
Yahw^ remembers us, he will bless, 1 2
30 He will bless the house of Israel,
He will bless the house of Aaron,
[He will bless the house of Levi;]
He will bless those that fear Yahw^, 1 3
Small as well as great.
Yah wfe add to you, 14
To you and to your children !
156 THE PSALMS.
Blessed be ye of Yahwfe, 1 5
The maker of heaven and earth !
The heaven is Yahwe^s heaven, 16
40 The earth he gave to the sons of man.
The dead praise not Yahw^, 1 7
Nor all those that have gone down into +the Land
of+ Gloom ;
But we will bless Yahwfe 18
From henceforth and for ever.
If. Cp. Dt. vii. 7 f., Erek. xxxvi. MG three-fold) division, * Israel/
22 £—5 f. From Ixxix. 10. Here, 'house of Aaron,* * house of Levi*
however, the question, Why do the (this from cxxxv. 20), and * fearers ot
nations^ &c., is not an utterance of Yahw^.* The ranee of meaning of the
complaint ; it is the opening of a con- last of these terms is disputed. In the
troversy with idolaters. But can we Psalter itself (see on xxii. 24) there is
not be more definite ? Here as in «„; j^«^. r^, „ ,„: j^ „„^ ^r >% «v%«h« .
II. Isaiah it is the N. Arabian idolaters ^^'^^^'^^ ^^^ * ^»*^^ "^ °^ ' '^^' *
who are meant J they are *tlie nations '^«'«> nowever, it is most natural to
roundabout * Israel (2 K. xvii. 15 ; cp. suppose that proselytes are meant (cp.
on Ps. Ixxix.), and have ever been i K. vm. 41, Isa. Ivi. 6). This enables
noted for their idolatry (cp. i S. v. 3, «s to account for the mention of the
2 S. V. ^i, Isa. xix. i). children of the * fearers of Yah we' ; in
the third generation the distinction
9-20. A piece of caustic humour, between proselytes and Jews disap-
copied in cxxxv. 15-18. The copy peared. Sec Bertholet, Stellung, 181 j
enables us to restore a line which has and on the other side, A. B. Davidson,
fallen out (/. 17 ; see cxxxv. 17b), For Exp, Times ^ 1892, pp. 491 if. Isroil^
II. 19 f. cp. 2 K. xvii. 15, Jer. ii. 5, i.^. Jewish laymen (Ezr. x. 25).
Isa. xliv. 9 f . /^ T ••• o r
^ 41-44- Cp. Isa. xxxvui. 18 f. —
21 ff. Note the four-fold (but in j^The Land of j^. Gloom, Seeonxciv. 17.
Critical Notes. 3. Insert mm 'fDttTjnK Hl^:, with Du. ; cp.
cxxxviii. 2. — 15 f. Read DiT^ T and DHS by\ (Du.).— 17. See exeg. n.
VT T VT V V
— 21—28. The imperatives, as Street (1790) pointed out, do not agree
with the suffixes in the second part of each couplet. Read of course
ni01» 1ITO2, as G. So Duhm. For b^'W^y G (as M in cxxxv. 19)
reads 'ICT* /T*^. — 32. Insertion from cxxxv. 20. — 40. iTD-l^. Read
n^D^ (see on xciv. 17).
T
PSALM CXVI,
1 Ki METERS. A thanksgiving song of faithful Israelites at the op>ening of the
Messianic age (cp. on Ps. cxviii.), which is doubtless supposed to be at hand.
The speaker is the company of D^*52 ^^^^^ ^^^ larger ^TX^ or * congregation *
(xxii. 23), which represents the true Israelitish ideal, and sometimes speaks in the
character of the people of Israel. It has been doubted whether the psalm is
perfectly consistent throughout as regards the tone and the point of time. The*
only passage, however, in which our text suggests a change of tone is in //. 15 f.,
where the psalmist certainly seems to imply that perfect security is still wanting
PSALM CXVI. 157
(cp. cxviii. 25). Here, at any rate, the psalmist does appear to desert the position
that he has imaginatively taken up at ' the end of the days.' Many have thought
that the psalm only becomes fully intelligible when assigned to the MaccabseEUi
period. The mention of the death of the Hasidim ( = Airiiatoi ? cp. i Mace. ii. 42)
is appealed to in favour of this. The text of v, 13, however, b highly doubt^l,
and a study of this and the parallel psalms, in the light of a Jceen textual criticism,
suggests a different theory. From a gloss which has found its way into v. 19 we
infer that this is one of the psalms which came from the chief centre of Jewish
religion in the Negeb. In a passage of ' Isaiah ' (Isa. xix. 18) which seems to
reflect the state of things after the so-called ' Return,' there is a reference to * five
cities in the land of Mi^rim speaking the language of Canaan and swearing to
Yahw^ Sebaoth, one of which was called Ir-haheres.' The latter name no doubt
comes from Ir-ashl^ur (see Crii^. Bid., ad loc), and belongs to the place where
there was an altar to Yahw^ (v, 20). There are numerous glosses in the psalms
which prove that Ash^ur and Jerahmeel (both archaic names) were often used
synonymously ; consequently, we need not doubt that this Ir-ashl^ur was the
same as Beth-jerahmeel or Gibeath-jerahmeel, a sacred city, again and again
referred to, where (as shown in Ps. cxxii.) there was probably a temple of Yahw^
more dear to many Jews than that of Jerusalem.
For the points of contact between our psalm and Pss. xviii., xxii., xxxi.,
xxxix., Ivi., Ixii., Ixxiii., Ixxxvi., cxviii., see on w, 3, 9, 10, 11, 16, 19. G is
wrong in dividing the poem into two parts (w. 1-9 and 10-19) each preceded by
AAX)}Aovia, but is doubtless right in prefixing the ' Hallelujah ' (rather ' Of the
Jerahmeelites '), which in M closes Ps. cxv., to Ps. cxvi. i (so also J), also in
the same formula, not at the end of Ps. cxvi., but at the head of
placing
rs. cxvii
0/ the Jerahmulites.
I I am confident that Yahwe hears | my suppliant cry, i
For he has leaned his ear toward me, | from mine
enemies I shall be delivered. 2
If snares of Jerahmeel have surrounded me, | if nets of
Ishmael have confronted me, 3
I will call upon Yahwe's name, | * O Yahwfe ! set free my
soul.' 4
Full of pity is Yahw^, and righteous ; | yea, our God is
compassionate. 5
Yahwfe guards the simple ; | if I am brought low, he
succours me ; 6
:;« * * * I s;: * * *
Return to thy rest, O my soul, | for Yahwfe has done thee
good. 7
For he has rescued my soul from Death, ] mine eye from
tears 3 ; 8
10 I walk in Yahwfe*s presence | in the land of the living. q
I repent that I was a dullard, | I did most foolishly ; 10
I said in my consternation, | * All piety is a lie.' 1 1
' My foot from stumbling.
158 THE PSALMS.
How can I requite Yahw^ | for all the good I have received ? 12
I will raise the ensign of victor)', | and call upon Yahwfe's
name.* 13
I will call upon Yahwe's name, | * Set free thy pious one, 15
Yah wfe, for I am thy servant, | because of thy faithfulness.' 16
Thou hast loosed my bonds, | '•' * '•'
1 will offer thee a sacrifice of thanksgiving, | and call upon
Yahwfe's name ; 17
My vows will 1 pay to Yahwfe | before the assembly of his 18
people,
20 In the courts of Yahwfe's house ' | '•' * * *
I. For the idea see Ixvi. 20.-2^. (see note). The startling utterance
Cp. 2 S. xxii. 4^. — 3 f. Note that this in /. 12^ is to be taken in connexion
represents the (probable) original with xxxix. 6, Ixii. 10, Ixxiii. 15, and,
couplet underlying xviii. 5 f. ^^I^^D ; of course, with parts of Job. It is not
cp. cxviii. 10 f. wonderful that the original Job was
supplemented, and that the psalm-
7- D^l^nS) here of those who passages were severely manipulated.
pL«:e no trust in their own wisdom, ,4. ^^ ^..^ ^^ vlotety.
and, therefore, trust implicitly m Yah- jhe * ensign » in this passage is not for
wd. A narrower sense in xix. 5, and assembling the troops (Jer. iv. 21), but
altogether a different one mProv. 1.22, to give notice of victory Qer. 1. 2).
*^' It is to acquaint the Jews of the Dis-
9 f. Possibly influenced by Ivi. 14. persion, and all friends and well-
(sce ad /oc), Cp. also Isa. xxv. 8, wishers of Israel, with the fortunate
and (for /. 10) Ps. xxvii. 13, cxviii. 17 f. turn of events in Palestine (cp. cxviii.
15)-
II f. A 1^5 is one who has no ,5^ gee on Ixxxvi. 16.-19. Cp.
spiritual insight ; cp. on Ixxiii. 22, xxii. 25. — Note the geographical gloss,
xcii. 7. — Line 12^ comes from xxxi. 23 See introd., and crit. note.
Critical Notes, i. M ^jnHTTS, G rjydnriaa (on). First, is this the
right verb, and next, if it is, what is its object ? That the psalmist had
Ps. xviii. in his mind when he wrote v. 3 is certain; possibly v, 2d also
betrays reminiscences of that psalm. It is plausible therefore to assume
that 3n>^ was substituted by the poet for the 'uncommon' DTR. In
this case we must cither read ^Jl^rTl^ O follows) or, transposing, read
VD^^^D iDiT '*n2n>*. Ba. prefers the former, Du. the latter course.
But neither here nor in xviii. 2 do we expect the verb * I love.' There is
deep corruption. Read, with Bruston and Gr&tz, ^j^iDMn (cp. xxvii.
13).
M l^nDH ^D'^y^, *all my life long (cp. 2 K. xx. 19) will I call' K')p
T':r -t: '
used absolutely, as iv. 2, xxn. 3, xxxiv. 7, Ixix. 4, This, however, can
hardly be called natural. Hupf., Du. read >^np>^ "» DttfUl (see w. 4,
13* 1 7)* 'I^he construction is certainly much easier, but the connexion is
^ V. 14 is identical witli v» 18. ^ In Maacath-ishmaeU
PSALM CXVI. 159
Still not natural. Read perhaps jnthK ^2^h01 (2 S. xxii. 4^). The
neighbourhood of h^lphi produced the scribe's error. So in 2 S xxii. 7,
by a scribe's error, K'^ph^ is given in two consecutive verse-members ;
in Ps. xviii. 7 the second verb is yitt>hi . "*D'*i1 is a good instance of the
way in which some sense was extracted by editors from an imperfect
group of letters.
3. Read bt^J^DV' ^tp^D '•pnO'^p bt^DTTV ^b2n 'J'^nnp. This
became partly corrupted, partly assimilated to the already edited text of
xviii. 5, 6, by the editor. See the Addendum on xviii. 5 f. ]')y^ rn2{
K2tDM is a corrupt variant to the corrupt words ^JIl^SD ^IKIC^ HS^DI.
]')y^ probably comes from \\TV, i-e, 7>^Dm^
8. The O in the suffixes is a scribe's error ; in each case O follows.
Similarly the initial ^ in M's 'IH** (an inadmissible form, see on xxviii. 7)
is dittographed ; ^^ precedes.
of. Read V^n (G, Du.) and omit TPTD "hTTTW^t an insertion
• .. . . y • • ; - y
suggested by/. 10 (Du., metre). — M /1^S"]lJ2l. The form is no doubt
possible, though, as Ges. points out, J^1S■^^J^ is used specially of the
regions outside of Palestine (cp. cvi. 27). But 'lands' is not natural
here. In xxvii. 13 the phrase is D^H V^h^H ; in Isa. xxxviii. 11, yiKIl
D^'^nn. We must read either pKi or J^IH'll^n (as Weir, Acad,,
July I, 1873, P- 251), though n^kil would be more natural, cp. Prov. ii.
19, v. 6, XV. 24. Cp. on Ivi. 14.
II. M n31>* ^3 ^i=>^ONn; G inuTTtvda di^ (pS) fXaXiycro (a guess,
•• — — 5 • •2"VST ••T
adopted unfortunately by Duhm, cp. 2 Cor. iv. 13). One thing should
be certain, viz. that the ordinary ways of explaining M's text are most
improbable. We can neither render, * I kept my hold (upon God, even)
when I spoke, (saying,) I am sore afflicted,* nor *' I show faith when (thus)
I speak (cp. w, 5-9), and yet I (the person who speaks thus confidently)
have been sore afflicted' (cp. the expression of alarm in 7/, 11, M). If
^/13Dh^n is right, it would seem that 131>^ must be wrong. It would
be possible to read *TQW O 'H , * I am confident that I shall sing
praise.' But this is not perfectly suitable to the context. We must
assume that both ^/I^Dh^Jl and 121N are corrupt. The passage can
hardly be explained from itself; it is doubtful whether the most
ingenious critic, limited to v, 10, would be able to detect the underlying
text. We must first of all correct z/. 11, which is possible in the light of
our previous work on Ps. xxxix. When we have done this, we shall
probably recollect Ixxiii. 13-15, 22, and shall be encouraged to read, as
the true text of z/. 10,
l60 THE PSALMS.
12. M 2T3 Dlh^iT^a, vat avBp, -^cuffi^y, *all men are liars' (AV).
'A J presuppose 2T3 . See, however, on Ixii. lo. That human alliances
were not to be trusted, was a discovery which the Jews had long since
made ; it was Simon the Maccabee who first renounced this conviction.
Something far worse must surely have risen to the lips of the psalmist
and his friends to produce the consternation of which he speaks ;
3T3 TDITT^S. Here again, no doubt, it may plausibly be said that the
TT » »- T
Jews must have had such thoughts and spoken such words before. But
they were thoughts and words which, rejected once, returned again with
all their horrible plausibility, and shodced believers as though freshly
invented by the evil one. Cp. on xxxix. 6^, Ixxiii. 1 5.
14. M jn^X^;tf^i3, referring apparently to a rite 'not mentioned
elsewhere in the O.T.' (Duhm). The parallel from CIS i. i (see Cooke,
Nortk'Sem, Inscriptions^ p. 19, cp. p. 7), suggested in /*j.^^', on the basis of
Clermont-Ganneau, Etudes d'archSoL orient.^ 1880, p. 12, is too far-fetched.
That d!D and D^ are liable to comparison we have seen elsewhere (see
on Ix. 6). — V, 14 (aa 2/. 18) is omitted in G^, and in Holmes-Parsons, 55.
15. The f/«V difficulty in v. is is YVVVh nniQil. The old accu-
sative ending is very improbable here. 01., Ba., Du. would read
n^ XMVSOl^f and explain ^ as indicating the genitive, as xxxvii. 16,
I S. xiv. 16. But this unusual construction with ^ is suspicious (cp.
Du. on xxxvii. 16), and the word il/IID/l itself is doubtful (see on Ixxix.
11). Nor is this all. How can the death of the pious be said to be
* precious' in Yahw^'s eyes? Jeremy Taylor paraphrases, * It is an
expense that God delights not in,' but in a psalm of thanksgiving we do
not expect such a strangely moderate statement. To suppose that "^p^
occurs here alone in the primary meaning ' heavy, grave,' is too fanciful ;
in Ixxii. 14 Ti^3 DDl np*** means, not * a grave thing is their blood-
shed ' (as if = Drroi), but * precious is their soul ' (see Dillm. on Gen.
ix. 4). The whole of v, 15, therefore, with the possible exceptions of
TV\%V and VT^Dn, labours under the suspicion of corruptness. In
emending it, we are helped partly by our experience elsewhere, partly
by consideration of the context. Comparing v. 4, I propose DtttZl H^pht
'P^^D *^^?0 TWTV . That ^ may come from CN and ^J from D need
hardly be demonstrated.
i6. Omit the dittographed ymy ^JK , and for ^^01^13 read
^J^Og UfO^ (see on Ixxxvi. 16).
19. M tejr'^^'? ^^3T^:i3. Read toy Sip i^^*?. 1:13 or 13^^
seems to have been dittographed ; the second 13^^ became corrupt.
^3 for ^ilp occurs occasionally.
PSALM CXVII. l6l
20. M D^tt^lT ODVll. Is this right ? The address to Jerusalem
is unexpected, and probably, as in cxxii. 2, is due to itiisunderstanding.
We might read 'yv ^7121, but this would be very poor whether for the
text or as a gloss. In Iv. 12 and Ixxii. 14 ^n or "p/l represents JlDyD.
This gives the key to ''M1/1ZI , for which (as in cxxxv. 9) we should read
/15yD2 0D = Q). D^l£^')*1'*i as e.^, in Zech. xii. 11, xiv. 14, comes from
^hQ^Dtt^. * In Maacath-ishmael' defines the situation of the * house of
Yahw^.' See introd.
PSALM CXVII.
1 RIMETERS. On account of its brevity, many MSS. combine this with the
preceding or the following psalm. M closes cxvii. with * Hallelujah'; G prefixes
it to cxviii.
0/ the Jerahmeelites, cxvi., end,
I Praise 'Yahwfe ! all ye nations, i
Laud him, all ye peoples (?) :
For his lovingkindness is mighty over us, 2
And Yahw^'s truth endures for ever.
Critical Notes, i f 1121^, an Aram, word (Ixiii. 4, cxlv. 4, cxlvii. 12,
and cp. on xlvii. 10 ; Eccles. iv. 2, viii. 15 ; Hithp. in cvi. 47, i Chr. xvi.
35). Sec Kautzsch, Die Aramaismen^ i. 87. — D^Dh^ only here. Should
we read rta« ? or D^DK*? ? or D'»*?«Dm^ ?— 3- "12:1 . Cp. on ciii. 11.
PSALM CXVIII.
1 RIMETERS. It has long been thought plausible to hold that Ps. cxviii.,
though not 'without a forward-looking Messianic element, was immediately
occasioned and dictated by some great public event, which mightily stirred the
heart of the Jewish community. Together with Ps. ex., this psalm has been
held to be distinguished from the other members of Book v. by the greater
distinctness of the historic situation, i,e. by its containing certain details which,
taken together, require us to assign it to the Maccabeean period (see OFt
pp. 16-18), and the repeated refrain, ' in the name of Yahw^, I will cut them in
pieces' TReuss), or * . . I will massacre them* (Brusten), or * . . I will mow them
down' \PsA^> \ Driver), in tjv. 10, 11, 12, has excited our pity for persecuted
Jewish sufferers driven to desperation. The case, however, is not so clear as
it formerly appeared. It is certainly not impossible that some recent event may
have given fresh impetus to the Messianic or idealistic tendency among the Jews.
But even if so, we must not limit our exegesis by a regard to this possibility.
It is most natural to assume that in w, 13-29 the poet of the believing com-
munity places himself in imagination at the bippy i^sue of the expected crisis
in Israel's history. If so, the * cry of rejoicing * (/. 29) is that into which Israel
will break * in the day that Yahw^ binds up the hurt of his people * (Isa. xxx. 6,
cp. 29), and the thanksgiving service in the temple which is referred to in /. 38 is
to celebrate, not * the return of the Jewish army from a victorious campaign '
(Wellh.), but the consummation of Yahw^'s past lovingkindnesses by the crowning
M
l62 THE PSALMS.
mercy of the great * day of Yahwft *— the day which, in the fullest sense, * Yahw^
has made ' (/. 47), The » stone which the builders rejected ' is not the Asmonaean
family, but poor and afflicted Israel. The prowess of • the right hand of Yahwi '
was not supported by a Judas or by any human warrior (cp. Isa. liiii. 1-6).
The other passages from which an inference favourable to the Maccabeean theory
might be drawn, assume a different appearance as the result of textual criticism.
D7^D>^ O in particular becomes something very different, and quite un-
suggestive of a sanguinary vengeance. — A close affinity between our psalm and
Pss, cxv., cxvi., is manifest even in the traditional text. It should be added that,
according to an old opinion (see Targum), the psalm was intended to be sung by
different voices. This is plausible ; a dramatic character is of the very essence of
the ancient cults. Cp. Zenner, Die Chorgesdnge itn B* der Psalmen (1896), and
Duhm's commentary. — On the practical bearings of the criticism of this psalm,
see Cheyne, Christian Use of the Psalms^ pp. 249-259.
Of the Jerahmeelites. cxvii., end.
I Give thanks to Yahwfe, for he is gracious, i
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
Let Israel extol him, 2
For his lovingkindess is everlasting.
Let Aaron^s house extol him, 3
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
Let those that fear Yahwfe extol him, 4
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
Out of the toils I called upon Yahwfe, 5
10 ' Deliver me from those of Jerahroeel.'
Yahwfe is my redeemer, I fear not ; 6
What can earth's race do to me ?
Yahwfe is my redeemer and my helper ; 7
Mine eye will look in triumph on my haters.
It is better to take refuge in Yahwfe 8
Than to trust in man ;
It is better to take refuge in Yahw^ 9
Than to trust in princes.
If all nations ^ have surrounded me, 10
20 On Yahwfe's name do I call ;
Have they ^ even surrounded me like bees, 12a
On Yahwfe's name do I call ; 11^
Have they^ flamed up like a fire among thorns, 12^
On Yahw^'s name do I call. 12^
* Jerahmeelites.
psalm' cxviii. 163
Hard was I pushed that I might fall, 13
But Yahwfe helped me.
Yahwfe is my rock, my helper ; 14
He became my deliverer.
A cry of rejoicing and of deliverance 1 5
30 [Is heard] in the tents of the righteous, —
* The right hand of Yahwfe has won preeminence ;
The right hand of Yahwd has exalted me.'
I shall not die, but live, 17
And recount the works of Yahwfe.
Yahwfe has indeed corrected me, 18
But he has not given me over to Death.
Open to me the gates of righteousness, 1 9
That I may enter by them and thank Yahwi.
This is the gate of Yahwfe, 20
40 Righteous ones can enter by it.
I give thee thanks because thou hast answered me, 21
And hast become my deliverance.
The stone which the builders rejected 22
Is become the principal stone.
This is Yahwb's appointing, 23
Wonderful is it in our eyes.
This is the day which Yahwfe has made ; 24
Exult we, rejoice we because of it.
Our redeemer is Yahwb ; he has succoured us : 25
50 Our redeemer is Yahwfe ; he has prospered us.^
Make melody with dancing and with timbrels, 27
Make melody to our King, make melody.
Thou art my God, I will thank thee : 28
Thou art my God, I will extol thee.
Give thanks to Yahwfe, for he is gracious ; 29
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
^ Blessed in the name of Yahw^ be he that enters !
We bless you from Yahw^'s house (v. 26),
164
THE PSALMS.
1-8. Cp. this prelude with cvii. 2,
cxxxvi. I, cxv. 9-1 1, Ezra iii. 10 f.
Note the repetition of Uturgical phrases.
9 f. Cp. //. 19-24. Both passages
resemble cxvi. //. 3, 4. — 11. My
redeemer. Similarly //. 49, 50. Deutero-
isaianic ^Isa. xliii. 14, &c.) ; cp. xix.
15, Ixxviii. 35. — 12. So Ivi. 12^.-14.
So liv. 9. — 15-18. Cp. cxlvi. 3. —
19-24. A hypothetical or rather anticipa-
tive description. The enemies of Israel
will make a final attempt at his de-
struction. But prayer, not a two-
edged sword (cxlix. 6), will be Israel's
deliverance. All nations = * all the
peoples round about,' Zcch. xii. 2. —
20. '^ Dt£t^; three times in this ps.,
as in Ps. cxvi. — 21. Like bees, Cp.
Dt. 1. 44 ; Isa. vii. 18^., and see E,
Bib,^ * Bee.' — 23. Anwng thorns.
Cp. 2 S. xxiii. 6 f. ; Isa. xxxiii. 12.
27 f. An appropriate quotation
from Ex. xv. 2 (cp. Isa. xii. 2). See
crit. n. — 29-32. Cp. xliv. 4, Ix. 14.—
33-36. The final inference ; Israel is
not doomed to extinction, but will
• recount ' the wonderful works of God,
to whom grateful praise is acceptable
(cp. on vi. 6).— 37 fT. Here there
seems to be a change of voice. The
procession has readied the temple-
gates where a pause is made. A voice
^om within states the conditions of
admission (//. 39, 40). Then the
former speaker (the festal procession ?)
praises Yahw^ for his deliverance. —
37. Gates of righteousness. Two
explanations, (i) There are many
sanctuaries, but only one with a
righteous law. One of the chief marks
of Jewish heretics was tliat they * forgot
YtUiw^'s holy mountain,' and resorted
to heathen sanctuaries (Isa. Ixv. 11^.
(2) * Righteousness * — * deliverance ;
cp. Isa. Ix. 18^, * thy walls Deliverance,
and thy gates Praise.* Only the
righteous can profit by Yahw^'s
righteous acts.— 43 f. Cp. Jer. li. 26,
and see Enc, Bib,, * Comer.' Israel,
despised by all the powers of the
world, has became the great world-
power. The psalmist has the eye of
faith, and looks to the Messianic age. —
46. Wonderful, i.e. exceptional, mira-
culous. Cp. Gen. xviii. 14, 'Is any-
thing too wonderful (h^/iD^) for Yahw^,'
Jer. xxxii. 17, 27.
49 f. Here the text is corrupt (see
crlt. n.). It runs thus, * I beseech, O
Yahwi ! pray, deliver : I beseech, O
Yah we ! pray, deliver,' words which,
though unsuitable to the context (see
next note), seemed to a later age to be
an appropriate expression of Israel's
thankful rejoicings at the Feast of
Booths (Mishna, Succa iv. 5). — Our
redeemer, &c. A passage of song
which expresses the exultation called
for in /. 48. For the divine title see
on /. II. It is naturally followed by
' our king ' (/. 52), for it is a king's
duty to right the oppressed. Now that
(to the eye of faith) the *day of re-
demption' has come, Israel rejoices,
not by uttering a prayer for succour
and prosperity, but by acknowledging
the succour and prosperity actually
attained. It is now possible to declare,
with the fullest conviction, that ' his
lovingkindness is everlasting.'
51 f. This iubilant passage is
obscured by fresh textual corruption
(see crit. n.). Assuming the text to
be correct, references have been
supposed in v, 27a to the illumination
which gave rise to the second name of
the Ilanucca or Dedication-festival
!' the Lights '), a name which Josephus
Ant. xii. 7, 7) r^;ards as a symbol of
unexpected deliverance, and in b and c
to the processions of festal worshippers
carrying and shaking branches of olive,
palm, myrtle, &c. (Neh. viii. 15,
Lev. xxiiL 40; cp. i Mace. xiii. 51,
2 Mace. x. 7), The first reference is
too vague to carry weight by itself.
Even the second, though apparently
definite, is highly obscure. If the
members of the chorus were summoned
to bind themselves with branches (or,
as Lagarde, with *an>^-trees), how
was this to be done? Dr. J. P.
Peters regards v, 27 as 'a prosaically
arranged direction — a ritual rubric'
interpolated from the margin. Surely,
a very unintelligible one. We may
conjecture that the direction meant
that a procession round the altar was
to be made, in the course of which the
horn-like projections at the comers
were to be touched (cp. I K. i. 50, ii.
28, and Plutarch's phrase, in the Life
of Theseus, ^x^P^^trc ircpl rhv xtparwra
fit»ti6y, where the context shows that
the efficacy of the dance spoken of was
connected with the numerous 'horns'
of the altar). In spite of K5nig {Styl,,
29) I doubt whether HH here or any-
PSALM CXVIII. 165
where can be held to mean ' saqrificial and cannot by any amount of learning
victim.' Still the explanation* here be made satisfactory (cp., however,
reported (see FsS^) ad he) is artificial, Grunbaum, ZDMGy 1886, pp. 276 ff.
Critical Notes. 3, 5, 7. l^i'^DK'' (H'TOl*^). Cp. cxxiv. i^, cxxix. lb.
Here, however, the phrase is surely too weak. Read !13DD^')^> ^mODI'lV
» r ' V I : : :
Elsewhere too (//. 49 f., cxvi. 4, 16) ^'^ as well as Sl^K is due to
corruption.~-G reads ^>^")tt;^ TVI^
9f. The couplet is painfully vague : "l^tDHi * the trouble which any
individual in the chorus may have experienced* (Duhm)? We might
point 12J0, but neither this word nor 0^2^311 is to be expected here.
Most probably ISDH has come from D^IC^QH, *the toils,' i.e. of
Jerahmeel ; cxvi., /. 3, is parallel ; cp. xviii. 6. — M JT^mQB, Baer.,
Ginsb., following the Westerns ; or n^"imOi> according to the Easterns
(see Ginsb., Introd.^ pp. 385 f.). [G 2 do not recognize the second rt*.]
The former, however, is not less doubtful than the iT^S)h^D of Jer. ii. 31,
even after the learned and acute explanation offered by Jastrow(Z-47'^,
xvi. 4 ff.). The latter is only tolerable if we remove the Ma]^]^eph, so as to
render (01., Ba.), * Yahw^ has answered me by giving me ample room,' or
* by placing me in an ample room.' But we expect some more definite
statement. Probably we should read, disregarding initial 3 as virtually
dittographic, D^t'?^^]DmKD '^'IV^- H^ and D^ can be confounded
cp. Kt. and 5r- in Prov. xx. 16). 'iCfH ; cp. on Ixix. 14.
II, 13. M ^^. Weak. Read vh^JI, on the analogy of xxvii. la,
• • "J
— I3f. M ^^TyS, * among my helpers ' (Duhm &c.), or*as my (great)
helper' (Del., Driver, &c.) ; cp. liv. 6^, Iv. 19, Judg. v. 13, 23. Gr. reads
njyH ; cp. cxlvi. 5. But the passages compared are most probably
corrupt. Read here ntyV G, cfwl i8Vos.— M nN")K ^3K1; awkward
and unusual. Read ^^^")n ^TS(^ (cp. liv. 9).
20, 22, 24. M D^^DJJ ^3 (on suff., see Kon. i. 495, 224 ; Ges.-
Kau.t26), § 26^/). There is a twofold difficulty, (i) The position and
meaning of O. To prefix mentally ^HS'yO^ , is unnatural ; Konig's
explanation, ^(it happened that) I hew.ed them in pieces ' {Synt. § 382/),
is not less unsatisfactory. For the position of O, Ewald and Hupf.
compare [cxx. 7], cxxviii. 2, but with doubtful justice (see notes). (2)
The meaning of D^Dh^. ^^DH should mean either *to circumcise' or
*to mow down.' But the word is not natural here. The r\\kvvaiur\v of
G 'A, has suggested to Ew. and Hitz. * ich wehre sie ab,' ix. * I repel
them;' but we must not justify this from the Arabic lexicon. That
would be a fault of method, and fifivpdfiriv has a different origin (see
l66 THE PSALMS.
below). Another error concerns the tense. Kon., Wellh., Ba. (following
G *A 2 S J) suppose 'Dh^ to refer to the past, though certainly Ba. regards
the action as continuing into the present. Clearly the text is wrong.
Hupf. reads D^DK ; Duhm, D^BIJ. Both retain ^D. All this is
superficial. The ffftvvdftrjv avrovs of G *A is much better ; it represents
DD^HKt ' I will strike them.' But even this is not original, (i) because
^D is not accounted for, and (2) because it is God, and not man, who
fights and who conquers. In such a case we must look underneath the
traditional readings. The true reading is D^^h^Om^. This underlies
both DDS*1K (cp. on cxli. 5, and Cn/. Bib, on Isa. xxviii. i) and D^Dh^
(cp. the names PD^y, ^K^Dy); it is a gloss on //. 19, 21, 23. Those
who surround, who surround like bees, and who flame up are * all the
nations (round about)/ i.e. the Jerahmeelites or N. Arabians. See exeg.
n. One question still remains, if the pious Jews do not * mow down * or
'massacre' their enemies, what kind of action do they take? The
answer will enable us to account for O- What should they do but *call
on Yahw^'s name ? For ^3 read K^pl^ ; cp. cxvi. 4.
21. Read OnilD ^J'^^lD'Dil. M opens v, 11 with ^^mO, and
: • • T :
repeats this in v, 12a, whence we get DH^ID. See, however, xviii. 6a,-^
23. M O^'t. Read llj/a (cp. T, Vpy?). G has (v. 12) (KvK\t»crdy fi€
ftMj-ci fi€ki(r(rai icrjplov rat i^€Kav6r}(rav, where icrfpiop Kai i^Kav6, really repre-
sents 1*1^2 13in, for 1 21^1, of which Krjp, koX is the equivalent, is merely a
misread IJljn ; i.e, nyi, a marginal correction of OJTT, found its way
into the text of G's Heb. MS. beside l^jjn. *]in occurs nowhere in
Pual, and 'extinguished' is not the right sense. Houb. has already said
this.— Read perhaps D^^p^ (Ba., after G).
25. Read ^J^^ITT^ 7VT\^ (similarly Kenn., Gr.; cp. S). G »<rd€iff
av€Tpdin}v. Konig (Synf., § 324^) explains M's text improbably.
27 f. Harmonized in M with the already corrupt text of Ex. xv. 2. —
M ijy. Read n2{. See on xxviii. 8, xlvi. 2.— M DIDh Read ^JTltyi ;
cp. xlvi. 2. Duhm, JTI^^D.— 30. Insert yiyO^, which easily fell out after
njnit^^— 32. M nOD^") ; difficult and improbable. Read perhaps
^inDnn. V, i6b is a repetition.
46. Point JIK^S)^ (Dt. XXX. n), with Ba. ; cp. G 'A J T.— 49 f. See
on //. 3, 5, 7. ,After M's 7V\7V TOK (G i Kvpu) stands a Pasejp. In fact,
these and the following words are corrupt. This accounts for the strange
fact that words of supplication became a formula of thanksgiving (cp.
Mt. xxi. 9). The true words are words of thanksgiving. They became
corrupt, and the formula used at the Feast of Booths was harmonized
PSALMS CXVIII., CXIX. 167
with the corrupt text of the psalm from which the formula was taken.
Read probably —
T - • : • --:
V, 26 is a later insertion (see above).
51 f. M prefixes ■1^'? -^J^si mm | blk* This statement, * Yahw^ is
God,' is very improbable ; ^KH or rather ^^>^ would be more natural.
The whole clause is a miswritten form of "^TIW tlDlk ^^h^, and is out of
place here. What follows ("\y) !im"1DK) is a most amusing editorial
attempt to make sense of an indistinct passage. Lag. {Psalt Hier, 165)
reads OU'^yl for D^^^W (Lev. xxiii. 40; cp. Hl'iy JIH, Buxtorf,
Lex. Ch,^ 1659). But in a passage so full of suspicious obscurities we
cannot deal with an isolated corruption ; a superficial correction throws
us back. Nor is it allowable to supply ^JTU^ before ly . The analogy of
other equally strange passages justifies and requires a thorough re-
arrangement and correction. The fragments of the true text have been
conjecturally restored by the ancient editor. It is for us to apply a more
methodical method of conjecture to complete the fragments which a
trained eye can still detect in the ill-restored text. Read certainly —
• \ : T : :-
PSALM CXIX.
XlEXAMETERS. Theme: the blessedness of a life ordered in accordance with
the tordf i.e. with the revelation of the divine will expressed (i) in statutes, com-
mandments, and ordinances, (2) in judicial rewards and punishments. These two
forms of expression are practically one, for the rewards and punishments are
announced in principle, and, for the earlier period, related as facts, in the same
sacred book which contains the statutes and their prophetic interpretations. It is
a remarkably wide conception of tordf and of this our psalmist is not unconscious,
for he declares admiringly to Yahw^, after speaking of the expected * end ' of his
foes in connexion with his close study of revelation, ' Thy commandment is very
broad ' (v, 96). In this respect, then, it is plain that the writer cannot justly b«
accused of narrowness of mind. That he is opposed to the admission of foreign
ideas into the religion of Yahw^ may be admitted. The traditional text makes
him speak with repugnance of unstable waverers or o-kcvtiko/ (so at least it
is usual to explain D^3^) v. 113), but more probably he refers to heretical
books such as are alluded to in the very late Epilogue to Ecclesiastes (Eccles.
xii. 12). His own deepest needs are fully satisfied by the tord, which forms the
kernel of the Pentateuch, and which is interpreted and expanded in the prophetic
writings (cp. Ezr. ix. 10 f.), and his faith in its divine origin is supported by the
facts of the history of Israel and of the ' nations round about,' which are re-
corded in close connexion with the t6ra. More especially he is influenced by
Deuteronomy (cp. Kirkpatrick, Psaims, p. 705). Deuteronomic ideas and phrases
l68 THE PSALMS.
abound ; see e,g, Dt. iv. 8 (singular righteousness of the law), v. 33 (the * way '),
vi. 7 (duty of bearing witness to the law), viii. 3^ (true life), viii. 19 (national
existence conditional on observance of the law). But it must be added that there
is ^ no imitation properly so called ; the ideas have developed in the author's
mind, and the phrases accordingly have assumed a fuller meaning. Nowhere too
has Deuteronomy such an expression as * loving* the divinely given law.
Doubtless, Yahwl is to be loved, but the * statutes and ordinances * are viewed in
Deuteronomy as something outside of Yahw^, which it is right to observe as a
proof of * love * to him, and not as something which represents or symbolizes
Yahw^, and which, being righteous and perfect like himself, is to be 'loved.'
'As it appears to me, the psalmist has a true spiritual love for the Maw' as
representing Yahw^. It is often said that his work contains the germ of
Pharisaic legalism, which is commonly considered a very unspiritual thing. But
how much accurate knowledge have we of Pharisaic legalism? Both the
evangelical and the Rabbinical evidence have, it would seem, to be studied afresh
with a keener and a more exacting criticism. Meantime scholars will continue
to follow their bias, or their sense of probability, and my own bias or sense of
probability leads me to question the still prevalent opinion very strongly (see OP,
P- 349).
The arrangement of the psalm is alphabetical ; the eight lines of each stanza
begin with the same letter of the Hebrew alphabet (cp. Lam. iii.). That the
psalmist does not speak as an individual is certain. In v. 9 the ' youth ' (*^J) ^^
not the writer, but any young member of the community ; the writer extols the
tori on the ground that young men can preserve their innocence by observing it.
Verse lOO cannot be appealed to, being corrupt. In v. 141 it is the community that is
* of no account and despised,' and the expressions of tw. 147 f. represent the
feelings and habits of the most religious members of the community. And if the
correction of the text of v. 83a here ofTered hits the mark, it is plain that Israel,
and not any individual Israelite, is meant, for it is only Israel who can be
intelligibly represented as ' like Eden-jerahmeel,' a district in the Negeb which had
lately beeh so mercilessly raided and laid waste as to have become as proverbial
in its wasteness as Sodom in the older period. The abundance of plural class-
names also points in this direction — class-names which are applied partly to those
with whom the writer himself is associated, partly to those who are on the
opposite side, including among the latter faithless, paganizing Israelites. Note
also D^*)l£^ 'princes* {v, 23, but see crit. n., 161), i.e. leading officers of the
• T
Oppressive government under which Israel lived. It must be admitted, certainly,
that in some verses the writer distinguishes himself from the mass of faithful
Israelites (see w. 63, 74, 132). Someiimes therefore he speaks in the character
of the individual pious Israelite, i.e. any and every one who faithfully observes the
Law ; sometimes as the personified community. Not all Israelites, however, are
equaUy advanced in spirituality as himself, and his main object doubtless is to^
propagate the type of character which seems to him the highest, especially among
the rising generation.
The reason why the stanzas consist of eight lines (verses) each, has been
discovered by D. H. Muller {Strophenbau tt. Responsion^ 1898, pp. 54 ff.). The
psalmist had derived from a kindred psalm— the 19th — eight synonyms for the
conception * Word of God,' and it occurred to him to impress these terms on his
readers by introducing them all into each stanza of his work. One after another
these eight terms occur in the successive lines of a stanza. They are, i. HIDh^™
\iyxov, 2. ■121 = ^<h'oi, 3. Qpn=8<«o«<^M«Ta, 4. /)12{D = ^•'toAo/, 5. D^(OS)lC^D
= KpifAara, 6. DX^y = fiaprCpia, 7. D^pS) = ^»^oAaf, 8. TTDD = f^/J^os, It
sometimes happens that in the received text the same term occurs tu ice, which
involves the omission of one of the eight terms. Consequently we are justified,
as Miiller points out, in emending the text so as to produce a complete representa-
tion of the terms. Cp this scholar's capital restoration in xix. ii (vol. i.,
p. 79).
PSALM CXIX. 169
ALEPH.
1 Happy those that are of blameless life, that walk in Yahwfe's
law!
2 Happy those that keep his admonitions, that seek him with
their whole heart,
3 Yea, those that have not worked iniquity, but walked in
his words !
4 Thou hast appointed thy behests to be observed continually.
5 Ah I may my ways be firm, that I may observe thy statutes !
6 Then shall I not be ashamed, when I regard all thy com-
mandments.
7 I will thank thee with an upright heart when I have learnt
thy righteous ordinances.
8 Thy saying will I observe ; forsake me not utterly.
BETH.
9 Whereby can a youth be innocent ? In taking heed to his
path according to thy word.
10 With my whole heart do I seek thee ; let me not wander
from thy commandments.
1 1 Thy saying do I treasure within my heart, that I may not
sin against thee.
12 Blessed art thou, O Yahwh ! [for thou wilt] teach me thy
statutes.
13 With my lips do I rehearse all the ordinances of thy mouth.
14 In the way of thine admonitions I have greater joy than in
all kinds of riches.
15 I muse upon thy behests, and regard thy paths.
16 With* thy laws I solace myself ; I do not forget thy word.
GIMEL.
1 7 Grant to thy servant that I may live ; then will I observe
thy word.
18 Uncover mine eyes that I may behold wondrous things out
of thy law.
19 A sojourner am I in the land ; hide not thy saying from me.
20 My soul cries out longingly towards thine ordinances at
all times.
21 Thou hast threatened the proud; cursed are those that
wander from thy commandments.
170 THE PSALMS.
22 Roll away from me insult and contempt, for thy behests
have I kept.
23 Even if the Arabians^ stand in array, thy servant muses
upon thy statutes.
24 Moreover thine admonitions are my solace, and thy statutes
are my counsellors.
DALETH.
25 My soul cleaves to the dust ; revive me, according to
thy word.
26 I recounted my ways, and thou didst test them (?) ; teach
me thy statutes.
27 Make me to understand the way of thy behests, so will
I muse on thy wonders.
28 My soul weeps from sadness, raise me up according to thy
promise.
29 Remove from me the way of falseness, and graciously give
me thy law.
30 I have chosen the way of faithfulness ; thine ordinances have
I not forgotten.
31 I cleave to thine admonitions; O Yahwfel make me not
ashamed.
32 I have pleasure in the way of thy commandments, for thou
enlargest my heart.
HE.
33 Show me, O Yahwb ! the way of thy statutes ; be so gracious,
because of Jerahmeel.
34 Give me understanding, that I may keep thy law, yea,
observe it with my whole heart.
35 Make me to tread in the path of thy commandments, for
therein do I delight.
36 Incline my heart to thine admonitions, and not to Ishmael.
37 Turn away mine eyes that they see not vanity ; revive me
by thy word.
38 Confirm to thy servant thy promise, which belongs to thy
covenant.
39 Remove the insult which I dread, for thine ordinances
are good.
40 Behold, I long after thy behests ; in thy righteousness
revive me.
* Princes.
PSALM CXIX. 171
VAU.
41 And let thy kindnesses come to me, O Yahwfe ! thy deli-
verance according to thy promise.
42 And I shall make answer to the insulters of Arabia, for I
trust in thy word.
43 And snatch not the word of truth from my mouth, for
I have waited for thine ordinances.
44 And I will observe thy law continually, for ever and ever.
45 And I shall walk in ample space, for I study thy behests.
46 And I will speak of thine admonitions before Jerahmeel,
unashamed.
47 And I will solace myself with thy commandments which
I love exceedingly,
48 And will lift up my hands toward thy statutes, and muse
upon thy statutes.
ZAIN,
49 Think on thy word to thy servant, seeing that thou hast
given me hope.
50 This is my comfort in my misery — that thy promise has
kept me in life.
51 The proud have flouted me sorely ; from thy law I have
not swerved.
52 I think on thy judgments +which are+ of old, O Yahw6 !
and get comfort.
53 Terror has seized me because of the wicked that forsake
thy law.
54 Thy statutes are the themes of my song in my lodging-place.
55 I think on thy name in Jerahmeel, and observe thy law.
56 This +good+ has been mine that I have kept thy behests.
HETH.
57 My portion, O Yahwb ! I say, is to observe thy words.
58 I entreat thy favour with my whole heart ; have pity on me,
according to thy saying.
59 I form a plan for my ways, and turn my feet towards thine
admonitions.
60 I make haste and delay not to keep thy commandments.
61 The snares of the wicked hunt me ; thy law I do not
forget.
172 THE PSALMS.
62 At midnight I rise to give thanks to thee because of thy
righteous ordinances.
63 I am a companion of all those that fear thee and of those
that observe thy behests.
64 Of thy lovingkindness, O Yahw^ ! the earth is full ; teach
me thy statutes.
TETH.
65 Thou hast dealt well with thy servant, O Yahwb ! according
to thy word.
66 Train me to judgment and perception, for I believe thy
commandments.
67 Before I had suffering I erred, but now I observe thy
saying.
68 Thou art good, and doest good; teach me thine ordinances.
69 The proud fasten lies upon me ; I, with +my+ whole heart
keep thy behests.
70 Gross like fat is their heart ; I, +however,+ take my solace in
thy law.
71 Well is me that I was afflicted, that I might learn thy
statutes.
72 The admonitions of thy mouth are worth more for me than
thousands of gold and silver.
YOD.
73 Thy hands made me and prepared me ; give me understand-
ing, that I may learn thy commandments.
74 Let those that fear thee see me and rejoice, because I have
waited for thy word.
75 I know, O Yahwfe! that thy judgments are righteous, and
that in faithfulness thou hast afflicted me.
76 O let thy kindness be +present+ to comfort me, according to
thy saying to thy servant.
77 Let thy compassion come to me that T may live, for thy law
is my solace.
78 Let the proud be ashamed, for they oppress me ; as for me,
I muse on thy behests.
79 Let those of Jerahmeel be ashamed, but [let] those that
know thine admonitions [rejoice].
80 Let my heart be blameless in thy statutes, that I be not
ashamed.
.PSALM CXIX. 173
CAPH.
81 For thy deliverance longs my soul; for thy word I wait.
82 Mine eyes long for thy saying, while I ask, When wilt thou
comfort me?
83 For though I am become like Eden-jerahmeel, thy statutes
do I not forget.
84 How many are the days of thy servant ? When wilt thou
do judgment on my persecutors ?
85 The proud have digged pits for me, who [walk not] in
thy law.
86 All thy commandments are sure ; faithlessly they persecute
me ; help me.
87 They had almost made an end of me in the land, but I
forsook not thy behests.
88 Revive me, according to thy lovingkindness, and I will
observe the ordinance of thy moutlu
LAMED,
89 For ever art thou, O Yahw^ ! thy word is fixed in heaven.
90 For all ages is thy promise ; thou didst establish it, and
it stood.
91 Jerahmeel stands 4appointed+ for thy judgments ; for [he is]
thy servant.
92 Had not thy law been my solace, I should have perished in
my misery.
93 Never will I forget thy behests, for by them thou hast kept
me in life.
94 Thine am I, deliver me, for thy precepts do I study.
95 The wicked wait for me to destroy me ; +but+ to thine
admonitions I give close heed.
96 To Ishmael I see an end ; thy cgmmandment is very broad.
MEM.
97 How I love thy law ! it is the theme I muse upon
continually..
98 Thy commandment makes me wiser than the Arabians, for
it is mine +to study+ for ever.
99 I have more insight than the Jerahmeelites, for thine
admonitions are the theme of my musing.
100 I have more understanding than ^the Kenizzites, for I
keep thy statutes.
174 THE PSALMS.
loi I have withheld my foot from every evil path, that I may
heed thy word.
102 From thine ordinances I have not departed, for thou hast
taught me.
103 How smooth are thy sayings to my palate ! +sweeter+ than
honey to my mouth.
104 Through thy behests I get understanding ; therefore I hate
every false path.
NUN.
105 Thy word is a lamp to my foot, and a light to my path.
106 I have sworn, and will make it good, to observe thy
righteous ordinances.
107 I am greatly afflicted ; O Yahw^ ! have pity on me, accord-
ing to thy word.
108 The freewill offerings of my mouth do thou accept,
O Yahwfc ! and teach me thine ordinances.
109 My soul is continually in my hand, but I do not forget
thy law.
no The wicked have laid a snare for me, but I have not erred
from thy behests.
111 Thine admonitions are my heritage for ever, for they are
the joy of my heart.
112 I have inclined my heart to perform thy statutes, because of
Jerahmeel.
SAMECH.
113 Heathen books do I hate, but thy law do I love.
114 Thou art my covert and my shield; I wait on for thy word,
lis Away from me, ye evil-doers ; I will keep the command-
ments of my God,
116 Uphold me, according to thy promise, that I may live, and
let me not be disappointed of my hope.
117 Support me, that I may be delivered, and may solace
myself continually in thy statutes.*
118 Thou rejectest all those that wander from thy statutes, for
their device is falsehood.
119 Thou accountest all the wicked in the land as dross;
therefore I love thine admonitions.
120 My flesh shudders for dread of thee, and I am afraid of thy
judgments.
PSALMS CXIX. 175
A YIN,
121 I have practised justice and righteousness ; leave me not to
mine oppressors.
122 Pledge thy word for good ; let not the proud oppress me.
123 Mine eyes long for thy succour, and for thy righteous
promise.
124 Deal with thy servant according to thy lovingkindness, and
teach me thy statutes..
125 I am thy servant, give me understanding, that I may know
thine admonitions.
126 It is time for Yahwfc to act ; they have made void thy law.
127 Therefore, I love thy commandments above gold, yea,
above fine gold.
128 Therefore, I observe thy behests ; every false way do I hate.
PE.
129 Marvellous are thy admonitions ; therefore my soul observes
them,
130 The interpretation of thy words enlightens, gives under-
standing to the simple.
131 I open my mouth wide and pant ; +even+ so long I for thy
commandments.
132 Turn toward me, and have pity upon me, according to the
right of those that love thy name.
133 Make my steps firm by thy saying, and let no wickedness
have no dominion over me.
134 Set me free from the oppression of Aram, so will I observe
thy behests.
135 Make thy face to shine upon thy servant, and teach me thy
statutes.
136 Mine eyes run down in gushing streams, because men
observe not thy law.
SADE.
137 Righteous art thou, O Yahwfe ! and just are thine
ordinances.
138 The ordinances that thou hast appointed are righteous and
very sure.
139 My zeal consumes me, because my foes have forgotten thy
word.
176 THE PSALMS.
140 Thy promise is well-tried, and thy servant loves it.
141 I am of no account and despised ; thy behests I have not
forgotten.
142 Thy righteousness is everlastingly right, and thy law
is sure.
143 Distress and straitness have laid hold on me ; thy com-
mandments are my solace.
144 Right are thine admonitions everlastingly ; give me under-
standing that I may live.-
KOPH.
145 I call with +my+ whole heart ; answer me, O Yahwfe ! thy
statutes will I keep.
,146 I call upon thee, deliver me, and I will observe thine
ordinances.
147 I arise in the twilight and cry for help, waiting on for
thy word.
148 Mine eyes forestall the night-watches, that I may muse on
thy promises.
149 Hear my voice, according to thy kindness ; O Yahwfe !
revive me, according to thy justice.
150 They draw nigh that persecute me with outrages, that have
gone far from thy law.
151 Thou art near, O Yahwfc ! and all thy commandments
are true.
152 From of old I know from thine admonitions that thou hast
founded them for ever.
RESH,
153 Behold my misery, and rescue me, for I do not forget
thy law.
1 54 Conduct my cause, and redeem me ; according to thy word
revive me.
155 Far from the wicked is +thy+ deliverance, for they seek not
thy statutes.
156 Plenteous is thy compassion, O Yah we I according to thy
judgments revive me.
157 Many are my persecutors and my foes; from thine ad-
monitions I have not swerved.
158 I beheld the traitors, and had loathing, because they
observed not thy commandments.
PSALM CXIX. 177
159 Behold how I love thy precepts ; revive me, Yahwfe !
according to thy lovingkindiiess.
160 The sum of thy words is truth ; all thy righteous ordinances
are for ever.
SHIN.
161 Princes persecute me without a cause; because of thy
words my heart throbs +for joy+.
162' I rejoice at thy promise as one that has found great spoil.
163 Falsehood I hate and abhor ; thy statutes do I love.
164 Seven times in the day do I praise thee, because of thy
righteous ordinances.
165 Great prosperity have the lovers of thy law ; for them
there is no +stone of+ stumbling.
166 I hope for thy deliverance, O Yahwfe! thy commandments
have I done.
167 My soul has observed thine admonitions ; dearly I love them.
168 I have observed thy precepts and thine ordinances ; for all
my ways are before thee.
TAU.
169 Let my wail come near thy presence ; have pity on me, O
Yahw^ ! according to thy word.
1 70 Let my supplication come before thee ; rescue me according
to thy promise.
171 Let my lips gush out with praise, because thou teachest me
thy statutes.
172 Let my tongue sing of thy faithfulness, for all thine
admonitions are right.
173 Let thy hand be +present+ to help me, for I have chosen
thy behests.
1 74 I long for thy deliverance, O Yahw6 ! and thy law is my
solace.
175 Let my soul live, that it may praise thee, and let thy
judgments help me.
176 I wander; seek thy servant, for I do not forget thy
commandments.
CHtical Notes. 3. For VDIll read ^1212 (D. H. Muller, Duhm).
—4. Read OnOK^^ (Bi., Du.), with l^or^ (Gr., as xlvi. 2).-8. For
^i5rrr)» read "^PnpiA (Mii., Du.).— 9. Read n^: TOP, '(Whereby
II. * ' N
178 THE PSALMS.
shall a youth be innocent,' or * obtain merit ' (the New Heb. sense). So
Halevy. Continue, ^^li^"n^* Iblt*^.— 12. Read '•^"ID'?/! ^3 , as v.
171b (Gr.).— 14. For ty3 read t^^D (We., Du.).--i6. Read ^m^m
(Mu., Du.).— 19. Read ^r^^OX (Mii.). — 20. HDliJ , *is crushed'
(Aram.)? 'studies' (cp. T, Prov. iv. 19; T. Jon. Dt. ii. 19)? Hilz.,
nO*^]J (cp. G, Prov. xvii. 22). Rather iTTJ^il (see on xlii. 2),— 22, Read
^^ (kw., Hi., 156., Gr., Kau., &c.), and Tfnnpp .
23«. * Yea, princes sit and talk together against me' (Driver). Duhm
thinks this absurd, and omits ^3 , thus turning the hostile plotters into
students. But ')1I1"TJ cannot mean * study.* 13tt^^ probably comes from
m2i^[J^'*] ; "121 , as in some other passages, from yil}J (y and 1 con-
founded). D^'^ is a gloss. Read D^l^Jp^n ^2T^' DJ.— 24^. G,
KOL ai avfi^ovXiai fiov ra dtKaio»fiaTd aov. Insert ^^1^)111 (so virtually Ba.,
Kau.). This makes DpH occur twice in one stanza, but since "pDlJ?
occurs in a, may be allowed. V. 24 is, in fact, a paraphrase of v» 23^.—
25. Here and elsewhere Gr. would read ^^^H (as w. 29, 58). Cp. on v,
107. — 26. M *^^ijVJ- ^^ ^^^ 'ways * which the speaker recounts are his
practices or courses of action (cp. v, 168^), we expect rather D^H^i^l
(cp. xxvi. 2).— 28. Read ^JinONS (Mu., Du.).— 30. M ^/^n^*. Read
^F\mt li*? (G). — 32. ForVini^ read n:jlN(We.). — 33. M HTi^W
2py . 2py is very puzzling. G here dianavros, cp. T, HTi2^ iy,v.ii2
KS)1D ny (cp. Onk., Gen. iii. 15, «S)1D= Heb. 2pJ^)' In v. 112, how-
ever, G, di* avTdfi€t\lnv. J htre Per vesti^um, but in v, 112 propter
(aternani) retributionem, BDB 2Sid Ges.-Bu., * to the end,' *for ever';
the former compares Sirach xvi. 3, where Jlllpy = JinHh? . This sense,
however, is at any rate improbable in the O.T., and no one, except under
compulsion, would think of giving it either here or in v. 112. In both
places the editor has had to do his best with a corrupt text. Read here
probably, ^NDHT 2\>V ^}''^'] '» <^P- v. 9, xxvii. 11.— 37. M ^D"n3 .
Read T)312 (Mu., Du.).— 38. M ^rV^y^ 1ttf» ; sense not* clUr.
Read probably ^r»^II^ ltL*K.— 41. Read perhaps ^^DPT ^Jhlll^ (G,
Du.); but cp. V, 77-— 4^- ^'"^97 '?1^- G S J '1 ^§-)f7 .'* Rather
yyy ^S)")n (cp. on V, 23). See xlii. 11, xliv. 17—43. Omit TtolJJ
(Bi., Gr., Du.), and attach it to ?/. 47.— 46. M W^t2 Ui . Missionary
journeys to foreign courts ? Read 'phlDm^ lii .' CpT on D^1^^* 'J,
cxxxviii. I. Jerahmeel may mock, may insult {v, 42) ; Israel will persist
in asserting the unique merits of its Maw' (cxlvii. 20).— 47. Append
"^^?"T^ (from V, 43)— 48. Omit ^r»3nK 'W'^ (repetition from v. 47).—
53- n£)|^^T. *0f obscure origin; perhaps a development of 5)J'T'
PSALM CXIX.
179
(Ges.-Bu.). Again in xi. 6, Lam. v. 10; also in the Hebrew Sirach,
xliii. 16 (if it is not miswritten for b^ybv^ 'whirlwind/ see marg.). The
word seems to have come from J^lit'pS ; the corruption probably first
arose in xi. 6, and from thence was copied into Lam. v. 10 and Ps. cxix.
by cultivators of literary Hebrew.— 55. M nb'*'?21. In the night of
trouble? But as in Ixxvii. 8, Isa. xxvi. 9, we should probably read
^KQrn^H. — S8. S presupposes '^ytl ; cp. on v, 25. Wellh. adopts this.
—61. Read •*in3J.— 65. Omit 2^ID, as an intrusion from v. 65 (so
Wellh.).
68. Read ^2092>O (Mu.).— 70. Read ^J^TJ; (Mil.)— 79. M ^2^""
'f^^^'^^ V ; sense not clear. Cp. the corrected text of Ix. 6dj, and read
D^^^Drrr* Wy ; append sjTTDtt;^ (cp. cix. 28).— 83. M -)rJTJ3 l^i^3 ,
* like a wine-skin in the smoke * (but G 2 S J presuppose l&B).
Sense not clear (see Hupf.). Read certainly ^Nom^ ITJ^?- 'Eder.'
(see on 2 K. xix. 12) was a district in the Negeb, which a N. Arabian
' king in Hezekiah's time laid waste. Presumably this desolation had
been renewed by some Arabian foe some time before the psalmist
wrote. "llJD^^a, like milOp, comes from 'TNOm' (D and 5D con-
founded). —8 5. Read IDSh 1^1/12 N^ IZ^N (Gr.).
89. Read riFSH Ub^vb (S ; Gr.).-9o. Read Tlr)nD^* (Mu., Du.).—
Read ni^^3*^3, and (with Du.) omit \nK, a misleading insertion
t:- ' vv
suggested by D^Dtt^^ {v, 89).— 91. M DVn T^DV- What is the
subject? and why not DVH'iy? 'VOb is also obscure, and the
following clause quite unintelligible. — ^''^^V ^SH ^3 — altogether
unintelligible. Surely we must read [^^^^] ^3 ^KOTH^ IW ^i^Bt^b
^ilJJ. DVn and bD both come from fragments of TTV ; cp. on
DVrrta, xliv. 23, Ivi. 2. The key to the meaning of the passage will be
found in Hab. i. 12. The Q^JOS)lWID are the interventions of the divine
Judge {w, 52, 75, 120), which, like the Scriptures, are revelations of the
divine will.
94. For 'rnpS) read 'ppH ; G 6iKaia>fiaTd aov. So Mii., Du.
96. M rODFrb^b' According to most, a air, \ty. = JVb^rSi which
T : • T J • : "
indeed Siegfr.-Sta. would read. The meaning would be that all earthly
perfection is limited and perishable, whereas the divine revelation, like
its Giver (Job xi. 9), is unlimited and eternal. G has aifVT€\(ia(s), which
in Job xxvi. 10 stands for J^vD/l. 2 gives the strange equivalent
#caTacric€ui;(ff), which in £zek. xxiii. 6 represents Fib^D (M D^Djn). Is
there no way out of the quagmire of improbability? Let us look at the
l80 THE PSALMS.
context. There is. The rest of the stanza is full of references to Israel's
danger from its foes, who are stated to be Jerahmeelites. What we
expect here is some significant word of faith, justifying the psalmist in
passing on to a somewhat different mood. The word yp gives us an
eloquent suggestion. It reminds us of xxxix. 5, which, according to the
most probable view, runs, * Make me, [I pray,] to know the end (yp) of the
Jerahmeelites.' This constant petition of the Jewish heart has, to our
psalmist at least, been answered, and it is through the written Tora (cp.
xciv. 12 f.) that the consolatory and uplifting assurance has come that
the * end ' of the oppressors is at hand. It is, therefore, exegetically, very
probable that H/DJlvD covers over some important ethnic. Is there
such an ethnic as might possibly become 'J1"^D ? There is one, and
one only— it is ^MyDlC^ (a synonym of ^KDHT). ^D is a fragment of a
dittographed H^DJl , and may, therefore, be left out of account. nb^D ,
in accordance with parallels, may represent either D^2/l or ubpD- Now
the well-known ethnic b^r\ is an ancient popular distortion (which
attained an independent existence) of blkyOI^^ ; we also find in Ezek.
xxiii. 6 a pair of corruptions of '0K^\ one of which is rwDD (see Crz/.
Bid. ad ioc), 7pn is only known from Dan. v. 25 (see Crif. Bib.) where'
it springs from b'OT^ (t.e. ^KyOt^^ ; cp. on b'^DD , i S. xx. 27). Read,
therefore, Vp ^D^K'^ D'^^l^Dm'*'? .
98-100. Duhm thinks it ' strange that Olshausen could suppose a
reference to the teachers of a foreign faith.' * If so,' he adds, * who should
the grey-headed men {v. 100) be, whom the writer surely took from Job
xxxiii. 6 AT., and who must have been as good Jews as himself?' Both
Olshausen and Duhm are wrong, but Duhm's error is the greater. The
wise men whom the writer refers to (probably by a conscious archaism)
can hardly have been religious teachers, but foreigners (N. Arabians)
they certainly were. In the chief productions of Israelitish * wisdom ' we
find Jerahmeelite sages (see Prdv.x. i,xxiv. 23, xxv. i, xxx. i, xxxi. i); cp.
also 2 S. xxiii. i,and for a brief but clear statement of N. Arabian wisdom
I K. v. 10-12 [iv. 29-31], and on all these passages see Cr/7. Bid.). The
opening words in v. 98, v, 99, and v. 100 respectively are D^2^^D,
D'''?NOm^D, and DM3pD.— 100. Read ^pn (Mu.).
103. Read TJ^•^0^^ (G, Hitz., Del., Ba., &c.).— 105. Read ^n*»DK
(Mu.).— ic8. Read ^'/l^lltO (Mii., Du.).-iii. Read probably ^Jl^nj (J,
Du.).— 112. Read ^J^DPn^ 2pV (see on v, 33).
113. M Q^SVO . * The exact meaning was not even known to the
• ■:••
ancients. According to i K. xviii. 21 those Israelites are presumably
meant who vacillated between the religion of Yahvv^ and heathenism *
(Ba.). But U^ByV is corrupt (see Crif. Bid.). G's irapwofiovs suggests
• • :
to Gratz D^IOD ; cp. ci. 3, where, however, again the reading is disputab'c
PSALMS CXIX., CXX. l8l
(see ad ioc). Metre suggests that D^QJ^D has arisen by the combination
of two imperfectly written words. Something characteristic of heathenism
(cp. w. 104, 128, 163) must be meant. A possible reading would be
D'ay nS)D ; cp. introd.
117. For 7\ypH read yWV^^^ (as w, 16, 47). So G S J T ;
Gr., Ba. ""* " ' '*
1 18. Read ^rmpSD (Mii., Du.), and perhaps Dn^jnri (G 8 E' S J),
• V • • T • 8 "
an Aramaism. So Du.— 119. Read F<y&l ('A 2 J ; Ba.) ; Bi., ^'l^tfi^ ,
t:~» •:-•
and Du., ^r^Q^H , both following G, and omitting pS .
122. M Tirr^y . Rather Tp2^ (Mii., Du.). 1^*T ought to occur in
the stanza.
128. Read '^PTSTyO T'^^p9"'?3 (Nowack). Ba., Du., 'psrb^b
^jp'JBr; (see G J), supplying TV^ from b ; Hal. W ^T)pp "7D .
130. M njnS, the pointing to indicate a derived meaning, viz.
* interpretation.* Too improbable. Read ^rS (Gr.).
131. Read ^/IlKJl (Gr.) ; cp. v, 40.— For ^3 read ]3 .
134. Read D'^^J.— 135. Read "H^y^ (Gr.).--i37. ")tt^ before the
plural TDS)l£^D is improbable. Read D'Ht^ (We.), or Itth (Du.).—
138. Read ?pj5n (Mu.).— 146. Read TpHpQ (Mii.).
150. Read ^Sl*) , Gr., Ba., Kau., We., Du., after G 2 S J.
155. Read UpH'^ (Isa. lix. 11).— 158. Read ^/li^D (Mu.).— 160.
Read rrnQy^ (G, Gni'and ^Mlt^D (G, Du.)
vt: •* I % •
163. Read TppH (Mu.)— 169. Read* >^\^ or '^TT\ (Gr. ; cp. S).—
172. Read frO^Dg (Gr.) and "^rfl^l (Mu.).
176. As metre shows, something must be superfluous. Bickell
omits D "n^y and reads ^^K^p^ ; Duhm omits 12K HiC^D. Duhm is
right, but does not account for the existence of T^M TW'^ • He calls it
a gloss. The truth is, however, that it has arisen out of a dittographed
PSALM CXX.
Jr ENTAMETERS. An appeal of the pious community, well-nigh exhausted by the
oppression of the N. Arabians, to Israel's God. It may be grouped with cxxiii. ;
both psalms are a record of deepening misery under the onen petty but always
humiliating tyranny of the N. Arabian oppressors in S. Palestine. It is natural
to compare Ezr. iv. 4, Neh. ii. 19, iv. 7 f., passages, which to say the
least, are reflexions of history. * False lips' reminds us of v. 10, lii. 4-6,
l82 THE PSALMS.
Iv. 22, cix. 2, and (Bathgen) the I2th of the Psalms of Solomon. When
open violence was imprudent, fraud and calumny supplied its place. Several
passages in Ps. cxx., which admit of no safe translation, have been, it is
hoped, correctly restored, and the difficulty of 'Meshech' and 'Kedar* has
been removed. Cp., however, OPy p. 55 ; Rosenzwc^, Das Jahrhundert narh
lUm Bah* Exil^ pp. 40 f. ; Coblenz, pp. 132 ff.; Smend, p. 136. j
Marked, Of the Ishmaelites. i
I Unto Yahwfe in my distress | I call, and he will answer
me. 2
Rescue me from the false lips, | from the deceitful
tongue.^
Rescue me from the warriors of Ishmael, | from the people
of Jerahmeel.2 4
Weary to exhaustion is my soul | with a people which
hates peace ! 6
And as often as I speak for peace | they +are bent+
on war. 7
Critical Notes, i. Read ^3^W (Bi.).— 2. Omit mrP.— The gloss in
V, 3 explains H^DH \\W7> Cp. Mic. i. ^b,
3. On w. 3, 4 Duhm remarks that the expressions are wanting in
naturalness. Of course, for they belong to a clever editor. >2{n is
probably a corrupt fragment of ^i'p^Stn ; D^^I^IC^ a corruption of ^^^yDl£^
(cp. 10i:^ = 'Dr», cxli. 5, 2 S. i. 21, Isa. X. 27). "^^m (like '»'?m. 2 S.
xxiii. 30) and D^OiTI (like DJll in i K. xix. 4 f., HDJll in Num. xxxiii.
18 f.) both represent Sj^DHlV Read 'Hl^ DyO I 'XyiT ^^'JSlip ^^l^^^n.
— The gloss in v, 5 seems to give two explanations of Jerahmeel. The
second is the more important, because the * Kidrai,' or Kedarites, did as
a fact become prominent in N. Arabia in the time of Assurbanipal.
O "**? n*W (note the improbable form) and ^S"T^^ QV are corruptions,
editorially manipulated, of ^J^OHI^. ^"li;i comes from njl2l (Gen. x. 23)
=111:^3. ll^TD, as usual, = Q^'^3, [/1]^Dr comes from 11^3.— 4. M
n^'rabt^^, very awkward after m-^. Read ^h'TX^^V (cxxiii. 4).
tt:t -- tt:t
Point qy (cp. /. 3).— Read ubt ")3"T^* O"*. UTW ^^^ comes from a
dittogi-aphed 'i:; J^^llCf. J. P. Peters (JBL, 1884, p. 31) is content with
reading O (cp. G S 2), and illustrates the inverted position of O both
here and in cxxviii. 2 (but see ad loc.) from Delitzsch^s Ass. Gram.y
P- 358.
* What is Jerahmeel? and what Ishmael? A deceitful tongue {v, 3).
- Jerahmeel: Geshur, Cusham [Cushan]. Jerahmeel: Kedar (f. 5).
PSALM CXXI. 183
PSALM CXXI.
XTexameters. Israel amidst the mountains of Judah (or perhaps of Jerahmeel)
waits expectantly for the messengers of good tidings (Nah. i. 15, Isa. lii. 7).
The psalm may have been sung antiphonally. The change of pronoun (*my
help,' * thy foot,* &c.) reminds us of the changes in the form of expression in
Ps. xci., which indeed is also the nearest parallel to our psalm in its ideas.
Smend (AT. ReL-gfsihS^^ 420) says that in Ps. cxxi. despondent and believ-
ing Israel are placed in contrast. This arises from his trusting the traditional
reading V?J^ ^* ^^* There is obviously no touch of despondency in the
psalm as presented here. Note Dv^D/ in the title ; elsewhere JlvyDH.
Cp. b^KXh, from "^XOnT, in Prov. xxxi. I (Enc. Bib. * Lemuel*).
Marked. Of tJie Ishmaelites. i
1 I lift up mine eyes to the mountains; | I am sure that my
help is coming.
My help is coming from Yahwfe, | the maker of heaven
and earth. 2
He cannot suffer thy foot to fail, | thy Guardian cannot
slumber ; 3
Surely he slumbers not, he sleeps not, | who is the
Guardian of Israel. 4
Yahw^ is thy Guardian, Yah we | is thy shade on thy
right hand ; 5
Cusham shall not smite thee by day, | nor Jerahmeel
by night. 6
Yahw^ will guard thee from all evil, | he will guard thy
soul ; -7
Yahw^ will guard thy going out | and thy coming in
both now and for ever.
Critical Notes, i. M nTi^ J^O^ ]*ND. A crux interpretum. * If
the clause contains a question, the Hebrew is of the choicest, but the
context does not render this view very probable. If the mountains about
Jerusalem symbolize the dwelling-place of Yahwe, the writer could not
be uncertain as to whence his help would come. But if we fall back on
the view that the clause is a relative one, we cannot acquit our poet of
writing in a rather corrupt style' (Giesebrecht, ZATIV, 1881, p. 284).
Read ^3 X^'^^-
• • •; "
6. M yQiyO. niV The expression, * the moon shall not strike,' is barely
V V - --T
184 THE PSALMS.
possible, but we cannot separate this passage from Isa. xlix. 10, where it
is said, * sarad and sun shall not strike them.' In both passages Hitzig
feels obliged to weaken the usual rendering of nSH. But can we
venture to say that sarad * strikes * ? The differences of the commentators
indicate great uncertainty, and if we further take into consideration
Ps. xci. 5 f. (see note) and Cant. iii. 8 (see Crt/. Bib.)^ we may be
forced to read DIC^DI JISI'IS in Isa., and U^3 (as Ixxii. 5) and ^KDTTT in
our psalm. (Or does ICrblC^ come from 'bl!r»?) The danger from Jerah-
meelite aggression in the Persian period is often referred to. — For HM^
G gives €KKav<r€i af, as if ^3^ (Niph. in Isa. xliii. 2, Prov. vi. 28). Herz.
PSALM CXXII.
Jt KNTAMETERS. Perhaps a song of returned pilgrims ; at any rate, w. i, 2,
6-9 are very suitable on this theory. Vv, 3-5, however, are obscure, and so far
as they are translatable, we can hardly say that the contents are suitable. "Why
should a pilgrim in post-exilic times bethink himself that formerly the ' tribes '
went up to Jerusalem, and that there was the chief seat of the administration
of justice ? Or if, with Wellh., we take the perfects in w, 4, 5 to be present
in sense, and ' tribes ' to be an archaism, it is ' curious that Jerusalem is here ex-
tolled, not as the place of worship, but as the seat of judgment, and that the
Sanhedrin, the great council of the Jews, not the house of [Yahw^], is de-
clared to be the object of the pilgrimage* (Psa/ms, SBOT, p. 211), and
that the phrase 'house of David' should have become, as in Zech. xii.
10 (?), *a name for the government' (A7. FropA.^\ p. 199). It is clear,
however, that the text of w. 3-5 is not in order, and, in order to get
further, we must use the experience which we have already gained by digging
below the surface of the text. ytrses 3-5 are most probably a long gloss,
which — in its correct form — states that the city referred to in v. 2 had been
rebuilt {i.e. by the Israelites) in the Negeb, that the tribes (of Israel) in
the Negeb used to *go up' thither on the festivals of Yahw^, and that there
was the seat of judgment of the ruling Davidic house. The name of the
city (to be read so, both in the psalm and in the gloss) was Ishmael. This
is a very frequent synonym for Jerahmeel, and refers to a city (Beth- or
Gil^eath-jerahmeel) where there was a noted sanctuary and where the kings
of Israel frequently dwelt (cp. on i S. x. 5 ; 2 8. xv. ii, xxiv.8). The prophets,
both before and after * the Exile,* were unfavourable to the cultus here practised
(see Crit, Bid,, part ii. passim), which was devoted partly to Yahwe, partly
to the Jerahmeelite god, but there is nothing rash (having regard to £zek.
xl. I f., xlvii. 13, cp. Isa. xix. 18, and see Cril. Bib.) in supposing that
psalms and other writings were brought to Jerusalem from such a famous
centre as Beth -jerahmeel or Beth-ishmael. Ps. cxxii. can scarcely be the only
psalm in the Psalter which, in its original form, was a psalm of Beth-jerahmeel,
but it is that which can with most probability be indicated as such, and next
to it stand Pss. cxxv. and cxxxiii., cxxxiv. in their earlier forms. Under the
hand of the redactor, both the original psalm and the explanatory gloss sustained
a few important alterations. 'Ishmael* of course became * Jerusalem' (the
two names are often confounded, but here probably the alteration was deliberate),
and the gloss— already corrupt in parts — was adapted to the use of orthodox
adherents of the Jerusalem temple. How the redactor interpreted the second
half of V. 3, it is impossible for any one to say. The glossator was of course
wrong (as the author of Prov. xxv. i was wrong) if he meant to stamp the
work before him as pre-exilic. There is nothing in style or ideas to distinguish
our psalm from those which accompany it. The large gloss in tw. 3-5 is
parallel to that in Ps. cxxxiii. Even apart from this, the two psalms — cxxii.
and cxxxiii.— may fitly be grouped together, as eulogies of the sacred metropolis.
PSALM CXXII. 185
Marked, Of the Ishmaelites, Of ^Arab-ethan, 1
I I rejoiced when they said to me, | * Let us go to the
house of Yahwfe/
Our feet stood | in the gates of Ishmael.^ 2
Pray for the peace of Ishmael, | let those who love her
pray for it ! 6
Peace be within thy castles, \ prosperity within thy
towers ! 7
For the sake of my brethren and neighbours | let me be
zealous for peace within thee ! 8
For the sake of the house of Yahwfe our God | I would
seek happiness for thee. 9
Critical Notes, i. M D^HOKB ; G cVi rols tlpriKoa-t fxoi. Del., Ba.
&c. see here a prelude of a Mishnic usage ; cp, jnO)T3j * when one sows,*
Mishna, P^a ii. 6 (Kon. § 412a). But ought we to import a Mishnic
usage on the ground of a >? Read D"^DN3.-- 2. Read 'nviOli (Bi.,
Du.; metre), and continue ^NyDtC^ (cp. Crit. Bid, on Zech. xii. 11, xiv.
14). — In the gloss {w, 3-5), besides the initial correction (cp. in trod.), for
MTV rfrmnrw tjtd, read D^^Kom^ p»2. Both inn (nm)
V * vv :
and yiTV (cp. on Ixxxiii. 6) are regular corruptions of 7NCrn^. The
text-reading has never yet been shown to be intelligible (* very peculiar/
says Olshausen). For n*"^lDm2^ read 7KQ?n^ 'V* ^^- the tribes of
Israel established (partly) in Jerahmeel {i.e. the Negeb) ; cp. Crit, Bid.
on Judg. XX. 2 (D^1^N^ D;^). For bU^V'b nnV read ")^ DIV;
^ in 'lirh is dittographic. For nattf read ^^QrDtC^^3 (cp. Crit, Bid, on
Ezek. xlviii., 35) ; ^2,'V^ also (like 2!tt^ elsewhere ; cp. the place-names
tt^n^ and om^) represents 'Qlfif^. Grimme's emendations and interpre-
tations (p. 113 f.) are most unsatisfactory. niH^ for nn^ might pass,
but *0 du Stadt, mit welcher Juda so eng verkettet ist,' for ")J HU^n,
is surely not a good specimen of this scholar's exegesis.
3. M !»^^l£^. If this is right, we must read the next word "SP^ni^
T : • '. - T
(cp. Job xii. 6) ; so Ew., Du. But the dwellings are doubly represented
in the next verse. Read J)^>^Uh. The phrase * those who love her * is
characteristic (cp. Isa. Ixvi. 10). — Read rmni^. — 4. M "il^nn ;
^ Ishmael that is built in the land of the Jerahmeelites, whither the tribes went
up — the tribes of Jerahmeel, the congregation of Israel — to give thanks to the
name of Yahwfe. For in Ishmael were the thrones for judgment, the thrones of
David's house {w. 3-5).
l86 THE PSALMS.
Ba., * before thy wall.' But parallelism is opposed. Following the
parallels of xlviii. 14, Zech. ix. 4 read '?T'»^3*n.— 5. M HIjITK. *"To
'•"T •• t: •■:
speak peace on some one " means so to speak that he gets peace, as
Ixxxvii. 3' (Du.). Is this satisfactory? Ixxxvii. 3 is corrupt. Read
perhaps H'^^^ITK.
T : TV
PSALM CXXIII.
JTentameters. a psalm of complaint, to be grouped with cxx. A trans-
position is necessary both for the sense and for the poetical structure.
Marked. Of the Ishmaelites, i
I To thee lift I up mine eyes, | O thou that art throned in
heaven !
Have pity on us, O Yahwfe! have pity on us, for too
much I are we filled with contempt. 3
Too much is our soul filled | with the mocker^' of the
proud. ^ 4
Surely as the eyes of servants | +are fixed+ on their
master, 2
As the eyes of a handmaid * '•'' | +are fixed+ on her
mistress.
So our eyes are fixed on Yahwfe our God, | until he have
pity on us.
Critical Notes, 3. Read y^. In the gloss P^H (like the proper
names 112 and ?yn) comes from 'p^PK = '?l<yDlCr». D'^V"l<:i'? (so Kt.)
comes from D^^V y^ ; ]V=P^ = 'm'' (cp. CHt. Bib. on Gen. x. 2).
PSALM CXXIV.
Jt ENTAMETERS. Isracrs miraculous escape. The N. Arabians must have
made some determined effort to annihilate Israel, This fresh, bright lyric
may be grouped with Ps. cxxix.
Marked, Of the Ishmaelites. Of Arab-ethafi. i
I * If Yahwe had not been for us,^ | let Israel say,
*If Yahwfe had not been for us, | when Aram rose up
against us, 2
' Ishmael. The mockery of the Jerahmeelites.
PSALM CXXIV. 187
They had swallowed us up alive at the kindling | of their
wrath against us, 3
The waters ^ had overwhelmed us, | the billows had gone
over our soul. 4
Blessed be Yahwfe, who gave us not up \ to the men of
insolence ! 6
Our soul escaped as a bird | from the fowler's trap. 7
The trap broke, and we | escaped [and passed on].
Our help is in the name of Yahwfe, | the maker of heaven
and earth.
Critical Notes, (Title.) G^akt; jg without ' to David' i, 3. Cp. J.
P. Peters, JBL, 1884, p. y2.—2. Read D'^^J (cxviii. 6, cxix. 134).— 4.
M ^h) ; archaistic for TK ^ (Kon. ii. i, p. 245). But the case would be
unique. Metrically, ^TK in w. 3-5 is superfluous. It is probably a
corruption of D')^^, a correction of D^^^. — M n^j; nTn^. Such an
accus. form as vhn^ is very improbable, in spite of njT12J in cxx. i.
Moreover, ^Hi is not the right word ; the wild waters which sweep all
away, and destroy the life of the nation, should be either D^^3l£^ or
D^l (cp. xlii. 8). Here, uh^ is best (see on xviii. 5^) ; this requires
■"^n^V" Gratz proposes 7^;£^i or (Aram.) 7^tWTD * gale/ * storm/ but
neither here nor in Prov. xxrii.34, xxvi. 10 is it desirable to introduce this
Talmudic and Aramaic word. We have still to account for the seeming
omission oiv. 5. This verse consists of a part oiv. 4 dittographed, with
the addition of the strange word D'^^^I-TH ('T, 5ir. X«y.) ; see next note.
5. M Drr-Jlt^^ ^n^. Can this be right? (i) The victims were to
V •• • s V V
be * swallowed up alive ' (/. 3), and (2) the reference off the suffix is not
obvious. Certainly read ]^TT "^J^iN/. The two words became parted.
One was misread "*iJttP (i.e, with mark of abbreviation), and retained
(v. 6) with the addition of 5)110, a corruption of a gloss in the margin ;
the other was misread as ]1TT» and attached to the dittograph of /. 4,
with the addition of the article and plural ending. Now as to ^120.
This is simply JUS) turned round, and with r\ exchanged for 10 . rrSB
might mean the Euphrates, but we have no occasion to interpret even
the gloss so as to conflict with the other historical references in the
Psalter. As in Jer. xiii. 1-7 (notably) and in other passages (see criticism
in Crit. Bib. of the passages containing mS))i n')S=mS)K, which was
the name of a district in the N. Arabian border-land, with a stream called
the m^ '^™.— 7. Add ")21jat (metre) ; cp. cxli. la^.
* Perath (see on /. 5).
l88 THE PSALMS.
PSALM CXXV.
X ENTAMETERS. Another Jerahmeelite and yet Israelite psalm has been
adopted and transformed so as to suit orthodox worshippers at Jerusalem
(cp. Ps. cxxii.). The redactor has changed the place-name [Beth-]ishmael
into * Jerusalem,' and added an appendix, desiring Yahwe's mercy for the
good and upright, and prophesying captivity for those who adhere to the
heterodox community at Beth-ishmael or -jerahmeel. A subsequent editor
manipulated this appendix, so as to remove the reference to Ishmael which
had become superfluous. The final * peace upon Israel * is of course liturgical
(as cxxviii. 6d). So Gr., We., Jacob, K. J. Grimm.
Marked. Of the Ishmaelites. I
I Those that trust in Yahw^ are like mount Zion, | which
is for ever unmoved.
Ishmael — the mountains are around her, | so Yahw^ is
around his people.^ 2
For the sceptre of the wicked one ^ shall not rest | on the
lot of the righteous, 3
The sons of iniquity shall not stretch forth | their hands
[against] the righteous.
Appendix to revised psalm.
Deal graciously, O Yahwfe ! with the good and those of
honest heart. 4
But those who err [in] the assembly of Ishmael ^ | Yahwfe
will consume. 5
Peace upon Israel.
Critical Notes, i . ]*|*2{ . A very ancient corruption of IJ'S = ^NJ^Qiy*.
There may therefore have been a Mt. Zion at Beth-ishmael (see on cxxii,)
as well as at Jerusalem. Cp. on Am. vi. i. — 2. 2tC^^ (end of v. i) and
D/tCHT are both possible corruptions or alterations of 'OtC?^ ; cp. introd.
to Ps. cxxii. Omit D^linj^l niiyO, which is probably an interpreta-
tion and expansion of a misread ^ND^HT] Ty.— 3- Read J7l2^n, with
G S, Gr.— For *J^Q^ read ^NDPH^ ; cp. on Isa. xlviii. 11. Duhm has
already remarked on the awkwardness of ^i7 TV?? instead of p, and
Grimme (p. 115) even says that he finds |J?D*? unintelligible, however we
connect it. Following S, he reads li^l . From our point of view, ]yD7
comes from ^KDrn** (cp. Crit, Bib, on Isa. xlviii. 11), which is a gloss
* Both now and for ever. - Jerahmeel.
' The doers of iniquity.
PSALM CXXVI. 189
on ytthn.— For nn^V^ read H^V ^^3 (Ixxxix. 23 ; 2 S. vii. 10), and
to Dpnjtn prefix ^y. The passage has been edited so as to suggest
that worshipping at the sanctuary of Beth-jerahmeel was ' iniquity/
5. M nrf\2h2, Un^b\ Read 2b 'n^^ (xciv. 15, xcvii. II &c).
DJTQ72 comes from DiT17p7p[y]. This was written too soon, and
became corrupted under the influence of ^, which finally had to
disappear as dittographic. — 6. M DJy\b\^>\T^ D'*DQni» doubly obscure.
No satisfactory remedy is possible except on the hypothesis that the
writer glances at Jerahmeelite (Samaritan ?) heterodoxy which he abhors.
Ory\b comes from 710/1 (cp. on cxxix. 3), which is a regular corruption
of b|yO/1K = ^Nj;Oltr» (see on I S. X. II, 2 S. iii. 17). pbpV might come
from ^KOm^; cp. on npl^y, Prov. xxx. 15, but more probably
represents brV)^. For D'^^Dm read D^^lnm.— M Uyb^'y * shall cause
them to go' — ^whither? 'Cause them to perish' (Ges.-Buhl ; cp. ^^K,
xxxix. 14), is not natural. Read 0/3**. — VHtl ^/VDT)^ is a gloss on
--I 'VT T -^ V
PSALM CXXVI.
1 ENTAMETERS. A contrast between the former good fortune of Israel, who
for a time had seemed to be alive, but who now seems prostrate in Sheol.
Smend (p. 86, note) and Duhm take the perfects in w. 1-3 to be prophetic,
so that the passage is virtually a Messianic prediction. For 'prophetic perfect,*
Konig (Syn/,, § 133) proposes the term *^|^atal perspectivum,' but remarks
that the optatives in w. 5 f. would be inconsistent with the '^tal perspectivum.'
To the present writer, w, 1-3 seem parallel to cxxxvii. 1-3. It is a scene
from idealized past history that we have before us. The psalmist*s mind is
filled with the promises of if. Isaiah and the Chronicler's idealization of the period
of 'the Return' (see e.^. Ezra iii. ii-iv. i).
Marked. Of the Ishmaelites, l
I When Yahwfe restored Zion to life | we were as those
that dream.
Then was our mouth filled with laughter, | and our tongue
with shouts of joy. 2
Then was it said/ Great things Yahwfe | has done for
these.
Great things +indeed+ Yahw^ did for us ; | we were
right glad. 3
Restore us to life, O Yahwfe ! | raise up Jacob's sons. 4
Those who sowed with tears | will reap with shouts
of joy. 5
^ Among the nations.
igO THE PSALMS.
Weeping may a man set forth | who scatters his
seed, 6
With shouts of joy will he return, | bearing his
sheaves.
5. The loss of ' as the channels in pour water on the dry ground/ he
the south-land/ i.e. 'as torrent-beds might then have continued, 'as the
in the dry Negeb are filled by the rain channels are filled with water in the
of autumn/ can only be regretted, if Negeb in time of autumn.' What we
we prefer vagueness and inaccuracy to require after /. 4/1 is something which
distinctness and symmetry. There is will expand and explain the phrase
no parallel for describing a torrent-bed * restore us to life,' and the phrase we
as dead. Had the poet said, ' My soul want actually underlies the existing
longeth for thee, as a thirsty land. O text. See crit. n.
Critical Notes, i. Most read n^2.t or /lOltf for nyt (G
aiYuaXoxrtav). But this is not enough. Read rt«^ I£^3"j^^* '^ ^l^tt^i^.
' • VV V •• t
See on xiv. 7, Ixxxv. 2A— 5. Read ^IJ^rrtt^SmK '^ 23^* (orn^ttfrT?).
.. : - V •• • T
To take H^lltf as pass. part, from 31tt^ (Grimme, p. 115) is surely
most unsatisfactory. 5. M 2II35 DP*^^<^ • Sec cxeg. n. Read DpH
np2r'3? (cp. isa. xiix. 6^1). 's)N3=apr Dpn; nj:n=3pr 'oa.
7. Point If^tfO (Am. ix. 13) and omit K\t^^ as an intrusion from v, 6b
(We., Du.). "
PSALM cxxvir^\
1 HAT Fs. cxxvii. is composite was seen by Bickell (1882), J. P. Peters (1884),
Biitbgen (1892), and Duhm (1899). Both passages are in pentameters. The
former is primarily addressed to the poor who preponderate in restored Jerusalem.
Their houses were of weak material, and easily broken through. Nor was any
of the towns of Judah secure from a sudden attack of the N. Arabians (cp.
Neh. iv. 7 ff.). Watchmen were required to call the citizens to the walls.
But a secondary application lay close at hand. The term * builders' was used
for the secular and spiritual authorities of the Jews. Cp. Mt. xvi. 18, Acts
iv. II, and cp. Levy, Neuhebr. Worterb,^ s,v, *i^. Without the blessing of
Him who has promised both to 'build' (Am. ix. il) and also to 'keep watch
over' (cxxi. 4) His people, the sleepless anxiety of rulers (Eccles. viii. 16)
is in vain. Can we say that the psalmist recalls the 'builders' to a 'wise
passiveness* (= sleep) ? 'So he giveth his beloved sleep,* or ' . . . in sleep?'
See crit. note.
Marked, Of the Ishmaelites, i
1 Except Yahwfe build the house, | its builders labour in
vain.
Except Yahwfe keep watch over the city, | the watchman
vainly watches.
All in vain, ye who rise up early, | who sit down late, 2
Who eat the bread of pains | from fear of Jerahmeel.
cxxviii. 191
Critical Notes. (Title.) See Introd. HD^JC^^ not recognized in
(;(«AT) . it springs from ^WDIC^^, a correction of pS'^y^'H' i. Omit
13, a fragment of a dittographed VJI^. Not recognized in G. — 4. M
Wtt> \VTb \r^ ]3. For ]3 (scarcely translatable) Kamphausen and
Che/^> read ]0K (cp. xxxi. 23). Gratz. and Grimme, after G S J, read
nn^^. But what of Wt£>? Is it an Aramaism? Improbable; and is
not the interpretation * he gives to his beloved (in) sleep/ rather strained ?
And would a Hebrew writer have accepted the sentiment? Duhm
boldly omits l^yo as a gloss to J12t£t in v. 2d ; Grimme reads ]Hyi^
* double (gifts).' Really, MIC^, like ICDJK sometimes (e,£. ix. 2, Ivi. 2, &c.),
and like ]l^yv in Ixviii. 18, represents a common popular distortion of
^SyDlCP. This gives us the key to the passage, yi^b represents
^NDrrT* (cp. rnrrb, xlv. i ?), and comparing Cant. iii. 8 (read THgD
TIT) we^may probably trace ]n^ p (or O, G) to n»TO. Cp. on
cxxi. 6.
PSALM CXXVIIJ2>
X ENTAMETERS. A bodyguard of stalwart sons, a desirable blessing, and the
reward of piety (cp. cxxviii.).
I Behold sons are a heritage of Yahwfe, | the fruit of the
womb is +his+ reward. 3
Like arrows in the hand of a warrior, | so are sons born
in ybuth, 4
Happy the man that has filled | his quiver with them ;
They will not be put to shame, when they argue | with
enemies in the gate.
4. This presupposes a time of David they preface the fight by a
peace. Those who use the psalm are dispute or (Bevan ap. Kirkpatrick,
not themselves ^^5/fa« or * warnors ' ; ^^,\ u «u *• * i. » ri .l
all iheir fights'^ are for justice in the P' 753) by a boasting-match ' like the
*gate' (cp. Am. v. 10, 12, 15), and J/i(/^r^ra of the Arabs ?— Read l£^^^
here, when old and feeble, they need , -«-«««« o /^ •. /• t . x"
the support of a numerous family. Or ^"^ ^^iV So Gratz (m the mam),
may we suppose that like Goliath and Duhm.
PSALM CXXVIIL
1 ENTAMETERS. Again the blessings of the righteous in time of peace. The
close seems defective.
192 THE PSALMS,
Marked. Of the Ishmaelites, i
I Happy is every one that fears Yahwfe, | that walks in
his ways.
What thy hands gain thou dost eat, | happy, thou, +yea+
fortunate. 2
Thy wife is like a fruitful vine | in the recesses of thy
house. 3
Thy sons like offshoots of an olive | around thy table.
Behold, thus shall the man be blessed | that fears Yahwb ! 4
Yahw6 shall bless thee out of Zion, | '»' '^\ 5
And thou shalt behold the good fortune of Ishmael |
all the days of thy life,
And thou shalt see sons of thy sons, | * *. 6
Peace upon Israel !
3. Probably the seclusion of women olives which have sprung from its
was a custom of the capital. — 4. In roots become ready to take its place.
D^ilV "bnp there is a double plural For the phrase cp. UTW^ 'bDV
ending (cp. 'Ges.-K., § 125, 2a), but ]1}^?^, Sirach 1. 12, and the possible
the sense is the same as in /1*T wTW^ reading p12{n 'hrW in Isa. Ixi. 3
As the parent tree decays, the young (SBOT, Isa., Heb., p. 161).
Critical Notes, 2. Omit "^^ (not known to G) ; dittography. So
GraU, Duhm.— 5. Omit ^3 (from a dittographed p), with Gr.—
7. For '11^ read perhaps 'D^^ (see on cxxii.). Duhm suggests that the
first 7\tXy\ may have been miswritten for j;^^.— 9. Liturgical (cxxv. 5).
PSALM CXXIX.
X ENTAMETERS. A Companion to Ps. cxxiv. To the pious community which
speaks it appears as if the long series of N. Arabian outrages was finally
closed) or, as he puts it, as if Yahw^ * had snapped the fetters of the wicked.'
Still he knows that ' haters of Zion * are not extmct, and utters an impassioned
prayer against them. If we ask, who the 'haters of Zion' are, the answer
is that like the * wicked ' they are the N. Arabian foes, among whom Sanballat
and Tobiah (if these figures are historical) must be included. Cp. Neh. ii. 10.
For my^Di V. 2, used of Israel, cp. Hos. ii. 17, xi. i, Jer. ii. 2, xxii. 21,
xxxi. 19, xxxii. 30, £zek. xvi., xxiii. 3. For v. id, cp. cxxiv. lb (cxviii. 2a
is doubt^l). For v, $a it is usual to compare Isa. Ii. 23, but the parallelism
is imaginary. i^B"! *" ^^* ^ ^' ^ ^^^' ^» cxxiii. 4.
PSALM CXXIX. 193
Marked. Of the Ishtnaelites. i
I Greatly have they afflicted me from my youth up, | let
Israel say,
Greatly have they afflicted me from my youth up, | yea,
they have prevailed against me, — 2
The sons of Jerahmeel and the Ashhurites, | the Arabians
and the Ishmaelites,^ 3
^.Butf Yahwb, the righteous, has snapped | the cords of the
wicked. 4
Let them have to retreat with shame — ( all the haters
of Zion ! S
Let them be as grass on the housetops | which the east
wind has scorched ; 6
With which no reaper fills his hand, | no binder of
sheaves his lap, 7
Nor do passers-by give the greeting, | * Yahwe's blessing
upon you.' 2
Critical Notes, 2. M ^'p ^y^vh 03- But is this possible ? Again
and again Israel had been overpowered by its neighbours. Our doubt
will be confirmed by an examination of the text of v. 3. Most probably
N^ and ^^ are competing readings ; we have to choose between * yet
they prevailed not' and * they even prevailed against me ' (cf. the com-
bination of readings — vMj — in xxvii. 13). It is best to read ^ ^2^^ DD .
3. M DJni^ijD^ "^^IW °''?n^ ^^^ ^?r^X (^'•)» ^^ ^^''^^P^
(Kr.). The idea of 'ploughing on the back' is peculiar. Does 2^
really mean 'back'? BDB affirms this, and refers also to Ezek. x. 12,
a doubtful passage. If we had to insist on the meaning 'back' just here,
surely we should prefer to read '*1il"74f. But the figure presupposed by
M is most improbable. Isa. li. 23 gives only a distant analogy ; we
should certainly have to alter ' ploughmen ' into ' passengers * to make
it worth referring to. There are two clues to the mystery of v, 3.
(l) G renders eVi rov pwrov /jlov fTticrtuvov ol AfAapraikoly i.e. for D^IC^IH
it reads D^yiCH ; (2) Dil^J^D^* about which the ancients doubted
greatly, and from which modems have been far too hasty in deriving a
word n^iyO , * field for ploughing,' begins with a group of letters which
* Jerahmeel. ' We bless you in Yahwe's name.
II. O
194 THE PSALMS.
sometimes represents ^NDTTV* (see on cxxv. 3), while the final letters
UJy\ may have come from DJll*?, which occupies a corresponding
position in a suspicious group of letters in cxxv. 5, where it almost
certainly comes from ^10/1 = ^^^012^. This throws a light on the
Uy\in, which G read for D^ltnn. "1, as probably in some other
cases in the Pss., may represent D'^lll^hi. Now we can see what
V. 2 is ; it is a list of the names of the chief peoples which ' afflicted '
Israel and ' prevailed against * him. D'^lCnn VtHH represents a ditto-
graphed CrnrntfK. lOn^n, like nay inxlviii. 5, represents [r2•^i^
^2:i'by represents, not "^SHrbv (Houb.), but ^»Om^-^33. Read,
therefore, —
4. M jl^^y, according to Ba, the harness of the ox. From our
newly-won point of view we must read ^/I^^J? ("• 3 ^)-
6. M tt^n^ ej^ /1972*^- ^^ ^^« versions, see note in Ps.^^\ and
Ba. ad /oc. The true G had t^aySfjaai (cp. Theodoret). 2 has tKKov
Xrja-ai^ whence Ba, * before it shoots up in the stalk.* Von Ortenberg
(Textkritik, 30), Wellh., and Duhni would read c^^rif a more likely word,
doubtless, than ^Vy *to draw out, or off.' But /IQipiC^ is equally
troublesome ; is not Hebrew, but Aramaic. Targ. suggests a remedy.
It gives two renderings, (i) Y^SH Dip 1D1, and (2) KOTTp HT) ^nK
VyrX^-S rv:i n^n^. Hen. reading pro, suggests ^ldr\ W^
It^a*. But r^T\l% * blows (upon it),* seems a better reading, and
suggests C)"ntt, 'scorches'; cp. Isa. xxxvii. 27. Read ^^^ DHglt^. [So,
too, recently Marti, Jesaia^ p. 156, 'perhaps ')0 D^Tplt^.* Grimme
(1903) reads «j^\£>D D^j5{t^, omitting tt^^^ as a gloss. J. P. Peters
(1884) D^.]
8. The gloss (z/. Zb) is tautological, and metrically superfluous.
PSALM CXXX.
X KNTAMETERS. A fervent appeal for the destruction of those enemies of the
* lear of Yahw^ ' (i.«. of true religion) — Maacah and Jerahmeel (cp. Pss. cxl.,
cxlii.). The iron bad entered into the soul of the writer of this pathetic
poem. A later editor, working probably on a text that was already corrupt,
modified parts of it so as to make the psalm an expression of humble faith
in Yahwes coveuant-love suitable for his own and for each coming age. We
cannot therefore interpret this psalm in the manner of Luther and Wesley.
It is in its original form an appeal for help in special historical circumstances
(cp. OPy 54). There is no consciousness of any special sin of the pious com-
PSALM CXXX. 195
munity, but the sore troubles under which Israel still sufifers prove to him
that there are 'unobserved sins* (cp. xix. 13) which have excited the divine
wrath. The psalmist pleads for a restoration of favour ; for further success
of Jerahmeel would mean the extinction of true religion. ' Who will give thee
thanks in Sheol' (vi. 6).
Marked, Of the Ishmaelites. I
I Because of those of Maacah I call upon thee, O Yahwfe ! |
1 hearken to my voice, 2
Attentive be thine ears | to the sound of my supplica-
tion !
Didst thou keep iniquities in view, O Yahw6 ! | who, O
Lord ! could stand ? 3
Make an end of Maacah and Jerahmeel | because of thy
fear. 4
My soul waits for Yahwfe, | and for his word do I hope : 5
From Mifrim even to Jerahmeel | he will deliver Israel.
For with Yahwe is lovingkindness, | and plenteous
redemption, 6
And he will redeem Israel | from those of Jerahmeel.*
2. /italcp 'pilN . Cp. 2 Chr. is to be tem^red by the recollection
vi. 40, vii. 15^ NehT'iT 6, II. Duhm il!!' '^jj!r^,i"^1.7^^^^ ''' ^^^
doubt^theindebtednessof theChronicler "f^'^^l 1^^ ;t^Thi^'n^«<rf hCv^t'
for this phrase to the writer of Ps. cxxx. fi^' « T*^'* T.^f:r^f ' ^^^
But see on PS. cxxxii.-4. Tlie tradi- '' H^,,r°J"il*"h^
tional text is best expUin^ as a state- "'^tf^^^^'J^^T 1^. .^/?*
ment that the joyful kense of forgiveness »*'/'^^' '8«^' P' ^^)- ^ee cnt. n.
Critical Nates, Cp, Haupt's very bold restoration of the text,
Hebraicay Jan. 1886, pp. 98-106.
I. M D^pDgQD ; cp. Ixix. 3, 15, where the word occurs in a
figurative description of Israel's rapid approach to national extinction.
There is, however, no such figure here ; the speaker does not say that he
is ^ sinking into the floods.' Indeed, from the psalm in its present form
we get no clear idea what the trouble was by which the speaker was
perturbed. The historical colouring has to be restored. Considering
that ppy again and again (e,g, Ix. 8) represents /IDJ^Di we may reasonably
read here D^ilDJJQD » cp. parallel psalms (xxviii., xxxi., cxvi., cxliii., and
especially cxl.).— Omit ^J•T^^ with Duhm (metre).
1 O Lord. * Ishmael.
196 THE PSALMS.
4- M Ninr^ lyo^ nrr^Dn 'pDina. On the exegetical difficulty
of this passage, see above, and reference to Bathgen. (a) l^llil first
requires notice. Haupt {op, cit) would read N*l^in, *a rare synonym of
nsn^' (i-e. 'religion*). Jerome (Opp,, Migne, i. 865 f., Epist. cvi.)
recognizes a reading * Thira.' Gratz, ynpS ; Duhm, ?r^120 . Haupt's
word, however, is a fiction, those of Gratz and Duhm are too weak
What we require (see exeg. n.) is ^JINT- This easily became corrupted
into 'jmjl and rPlJl (cp. on i. 2) the former of which readings is
presupposed by 2 e, and may (cp. the case of G in Isa. xlii. 4) underlie
the traditional Septuagint rendering mKw roO, ovofjLaros a-ov (a scribe's
alteration of v6fiov «rov?). (d) nTvhDn ; cp. lorrn, v. 7. n^[^]^D
occurs in Neh. ix. 17, Dan. ix. 9 ; n?p in Ixxxvi. 5 ; while 1170, *to
forgive,' is common. It is odd, however, that the speaker, when in
such sore straits, should not directly beseech for forgiveness, and
the clause 'DH ^JH does not connect well with what follows. What
we expect is a petition, the ground of which would be given in 'IJI O^D^,
and if possible we desiderate an ethnic. Most probably rttvbvn
should be ^KDH")^ (or — ^^), and a verb with possibly another ethnic
underlies "^Dy O- (^) As to those two words we cannot have much
doubt. Idy, as so often, represents /l^ya ; O may come from '^3,
i\e. n^3. Read therefore, ^ilNT IJJD^ | 'm^ JIJ^D H^?.
5 f. This couplet (=^v. 5-700) has received dittographic accretions.
Read probably, —
^K-)t£?^ I'm'] v^rp I *?»DrrT-Tin oni^DO
Line 6 alone requires justification. D^"tDt^D * more than watchmen (look
out) for the morning ' is improbable. The ellipsis of a verb is strange, nor
is it clear who these anxious watchmen are. G renders dn6<l)v\aKTJs7rpt»tat
Kol fitxpi wKTos ; J, ' a vigilia matutina usque ad vigiliam matutinam.' G's
rendering presupposes nW"Un "IplH ri"1DlC^K0. Now both 1p2
and T&h are current corruptions of ^KDm% while mDIC^J* may
possibly come from ini£^K. Thus, rejecting a dittogram, we get *from
Ashbur even to Jerahmeel,' while the D^'IDK^D of M may (cp. "llttPD,
cxliii. 10) come from DHS^QD . In this case, ^^ must represent a verb
meaning *he will gather' or 'deliver.' Read y^fT, and insert "JIJ*.
miT"^N = 'nT, a marginal gloss. The whole context now becomes
clear. The prayer in /. 4 is sure of an answer, for it is based on a * word '
of promise, viz. such a prophecy as Isa. xxvii. 12. Then, in //. 7, 8 the
psalmist sums up. * For (=in fact) Yahw^'s lovingkindness and his
PSALMS CXXXI., CXXXII. I97
design to redeem Israel are eternal ; he will certainly redeem Israel
from Jerahmeelite oppression.' — M VJlWjJ ^3D, i,e» *from all his
iniquities'; 'punishments' would be arbitrary. In xxv. 22 (parallel),
rrinj ^3D. Read,however, D\^NQrn"»D. Cp. >r^y^ *?5), Ixxxvii. 7 ;
DilWD^, cxxx. 4. Both these represent D^^KDID^. D has dropped
out before y, or rather has become D.
PSALM CXXXI.
lENTA METERS. The Speaker professes his humility and self-abasement
According to S (also Gratz and Haupt), the psalm refers to the high-priest
Jeshua. The central portion probably contained some reference to Jerahmeelite
oppression. The editor received it in a corrupt form, but succeeded in making
out of this an edifying substitute for the true text. Cp. Smend, p. 138.
Marked, Of the Jshmaeiites, Of ^Arab-ethan, i
I Not haughty ! O Yahwe, is my heart, | not lofty are
mine eyes,
Neither move I amidst great matters, | and things too
arduous for me.
But I bowed down and quieted (?) | my soul * * 2
Jerahmeel * '•' | '•' *
Hope, O Israel, for Yahwfe | both now and for evermore.
Critical Notes. 3. M 5«i7''Dh^- This may be right (see Kon.,
5353.^''; §391^)' But Herz*s suggestion of D/W is plausible. —
M^Jl^-VZt, *I have levelled,' /.^r. 'composed'? Surely not. G, erantivo-
<^pdw)vv = ^n*in5t>; cp. ^jl^lt^, from ^JUn^Vt cxix. 30. What follows looks
like a series of attempts to read an ill- written ^KOm^ (^DJ corrupt, as
e.^. in Judg. viii. 21, 26).
PSALM CXXXII.
1 RiMETERs. Two sceues from the history of the temple, both psychologically
treated, i.e, with regard to what might be the feelings and sentiments of the
persons concerned. The scenes are : — I. David's zealous preparations for the
building of the temple, and 2. the dedication, or rather (since there is no mention
of David's son, and z;. 1 1 is plainly the reminiscense of a later, Scripture-loving
age) the re-dedication of Yahw^'s sanctuary. But what sanctuary ? The temple
at Jerusalem, or that which many passages compel us to suppose to have existed
at Beth-jerahmeel in the Negeb? The analogy of Pss. cxxii., cxxv., and cxxxiii.
permit, and the critical necessities of v. 6 require, a decision in favour of the
latter. See notes on //. 3 fif., ii, and Introduction.
19^ THE PSALMS.
Duhm denies the genuineness of zw. g (., which he holds to be interpolated
from 2 Chr. vi. 41 f., only with a slight alteration in accordance with v. 16.
Surely this is not the most natural view. We need not, however, suppose that the
Chronicler himself borrowed from our psalm. It seems probable that it was
a late redactor of Chronicles who introduced the passage referred to. For Dr.
J. P. Peters' view on Pss. cxxxii.-cxxxiv. (to which he assigns a different
origin from the preceding * pilgrim -psalms ') , sec/BL^ 1894. p. 39. On Zenner's
view on Ps. cxxxii., see Konig, Stylistikt pp. 352 ff. ; D. H. Miiller, Strophen-
baUf p. 7.
Marked, Of Ote Ishnaelites. i
J <: « * *
* * * *
* he swore to Yahwe, 2
And vowed to the Steer of Jacob,
* I will not enter the tent where I dwell, 3
Nor go up on the couch where I rest,
No sleep will I give to mine eyes, 4
No slumber to mine eyelids,
Until I obtain a place for Yahwfe, S
10 A habitation for the Steer of Jacob.'
Behold, ye Ishmaelites in Ephrathah,i 6
Ye Ishmaelites in the highland of Jair : 2
Let us enter his habitation, 7
Let us fall low before his footstool.
Arise, O Yahwfe ! to take thy resting-place, 8
Thou and thy victorious ark :
May thy priests be arrayed with +thy+ righteousness, 9
And thy pious ones sing aloud !
For the sake of thy servant David, 10
20 Do not thou repulse thy pious ones.
Yahwfe has sworn ^ in his faithfulness, 1 1
And from it he will not go back;
* Offspring of thy body [perpetually]
Will I set upon thy throne.
If thy sons observe mine ordinance, 12
And mine admonitions which I teach them.
As a recompense, their sons perpetually
Shall sit upon thy throne.'
* Ashiur-jerahmcel (z'. i). ' Gibeath-ishmael {v. i).
' To David.
PSALM CXXXII.
For Yah we has chosen Zion,
30 He has desired it for his own dwelling :
* This is my perpetual resting-place,
Here will I dwell, for I desire it.
Her princes I will bless,
Her poor I will satisfy with bread,
Her priests I will array with +my+ deliverance,
Her pious ones shall sing aloud.
There will I make a horn to shoot forth for David,
I have prepared a lamp for mine anointed :
His enemies I will array with dishonour,
40 But upon himself shall his diadem sparkle.'
199
H
15
16
17
18
I f. The received text has, * Remem-
ber, O Yahwi ! to David all the trouble
that he took,' though the last word
OJl^ilV) is difficult, and it is not easy
to see how David can be personally
rewarded at a future time for his long-
past exertions. May we then suppose
that David is to be recompensed in the
person of his descendant {w, 17 f.),
according to the later doctrine of the
merits of the fathers (Weber, yudische
TAeologie,^^^ 292) ? If the received text
is right, there is no better solution, but
how does this agree with y2XJ^ 112^K,
* he who swore * ? Clearly the text is
wrong. See crit. note.
3 ff. Bwore to Talawd, &c.
Duhm (p. 279) and Sellin (Serubbabel^
p. 185) lay great stress on the dis-
crepancy between the language of the
* vow ' here ascribed to cEivid and the
statements in 2 S. vi.-vii. 2 ; the pas-
sage commonly adduced as an illustra-
tion (2 S. vii. 2) Ls rather fitted to stir
up doubts as to the Biblical basis of
the psalmist's words. To explain this
difficulty, Sellin supposes that the
' David ' spoken of is really Zerubbabel,
who was regarded for a time as the
Messianic king ; Duhm, that the
psalmist draws from ' a l^end un-
known to us, perhaps in a life of
David, which kos not come down to us,
at least in the part with which we are
concerned.' The latter view seems the
nearer to the truth. In Crit. Bib.,
pp. 268 ft*. , reason is given for holding
that the place to which David brought
the ark was Beth-jerahmeel in the
Negeb, where (not less than at Jeru-
salem) the hill with the citadel was
called $iyydn (a corruption, most pro-
bably, of ' Ishmael '). The conquest
of this place finally secured his hold on
the Negeb— the *holy land' of the
Israelites. 'Obtain' (NSD) in /. 9
means * win by conquest. '-ilBJT* l^ilN-
So Isa. i. 34, xlix. 26, and especially
Gen. xlix. 24. In /. 10 the deity thus
designated is represented as dwelling in
the temple. This agrees with the view
that ")^^JJ is more properly pointed
T3» (cp/ Enc. Bib., * Names,' § 121)
and is to be rendered * Steer' (cp.
Ittf2 n^2K), and that this is con-
nected with the worship of Yahw6
under the symbolic form of a steer
overlaid with gold, which was specially
practised in the Negeb (see Crit. Bib.
on I K. xii. 25 fF.) ; also with the view
that the sanctuary * obtained ' by David
was not at Jerusalem, but at Beth-
jerahmeel. — The tent. In 2 S. vii. 2
David speaks of dwelling in a ' house
of cedar.' Here, he may speak as one
who leads the tent-life of a warrior
(2S. xi. II).
II. The critics have rightly seen
that this is the fundamental passage.
The text of M runs, * Lo, we heard o.
it in Ephrathah, we found it in the fields
(or, field) of Jaar,' which most explain,
* We heard that the ark was at Eph-
rathah, and (or, but) found it at Kirjath-
200
THE PSALMS
jearim.' Some think Ephrathah means
Ephraim, and that Shiloh is referred
to; others, reminding us (see Del.)
that in I Chr. ii. 50 Kiriath-jearim is in
the £unily of Ephrathah, suppose that
Ephrathah was the name of the district
round Kirjath-jearim. The latter place,
it is true, is prominent in the story of
the ark (see I S. vi. 21, vii. I f. ; cp.
2 S. vi. 2), but this does not justify the
theory that Kirjath-jearim also bore the
name of Jaar or S*de Jaar. And how
can the fem. suffix H — be made to refer
T
to p")K, which does not occur till
V. 8, and which is only exceptionally
(l S. iv. 17, 2 Chr. viii. 11) fem.?
Hence B&thgen has struck out a pecu-
liar view of his own — * We have heard
of it {t.e, of David's doings) in Eph-
rathah (Bethlehem), and spread the
news (mjNS^I) in the region of
woods ' ( = * in Wald und Feld ')• If.
however, we use our experience of
recurrent types of corruption, there
cannot be much doubt as to the true
reading and. rendering. The names
* Ishmael * and * Jerahmeel ' cannot be
mistaken, underlying three of the words
in M's text, and with this the undeniable
reference to ' Ephrathah ' is in perfect
harmony, * Ephrath ' or * Ephrathah,'
not less than * Beth-lehem,* being a
Negeb name (see Crit. Bib, on Gen.
XXXV. 16, I S. i. i). We might, of
course, suppose z;. 6 to be a gloss,
stating where the * place for Yahw^'
was, viz. in the Ephrathite or Jerah-
meel ite Ishmael. But some link be-
tween V. 5 and V, 7 is indispensable,
and this link is obtained by reading as
proposed in crit. note. Accepting this,
tlie sp)eaker of v. 6 is some prominent
Israelite who dwelt in the Negeb in the
post-exilic period, and who, like the
author of Pss. cxxii. and cxxv,, was
devoted to the temple of Yahw^ in the
Negeb— such a one as the writer of
Isa. xix. 18 (see Crit. Bib. ad loc).
He summons his fellow-Israelites-—
whom, in accordance with an archaic
usage, he calls * Ishmaelites,' because
tl»ey dwelt in Ishmael or Jerahmeel
(jc the Negeb)— to enter the newly
restored temple, and unite in prayer to
Yahw^ to take up his abode in the
sanctuary. Archaizing again, he couples
with the divine name a mention of the
f'x. ^^ * consequence of the presence
01 the numen he expects perfect pros-
perity alike for the priestly aristocracy
and the 'pious' lacy. ('Righteous-
ness ' in v. 9a means Yahwi's righteous
gift of prosperity — not 'moral inno-
cence,* or even 'ritual correctness.'
The latter interpretation would imply
that the psalmist made a side-hit at the
priests as deficient in 'righteousness,'
which is highly improbable). Lastly,
the speaker — as the spokesman of the
community — beseeches Yahw^ not to
repulse the hastdim (see crit. note), out
of regard to the merits of David. So,
then, the psalmist looks forward to a
Messianic age, when the central spot
in the estimation of true Israelites shall
be the temple in the Negeb. See Crit,
Bib. on Isa. Ixvi. i f., Ezek. xl. i f.,
xlvii. 13.
21-30. The psalmist summarizes
2 S. vii. 12 ff. No fresh divine oracle
is needed, for 'hath he said, and
shall he not do it ? ' But *how does the
psalmist understand the promise in v.
12? Surely his idea is that there will
be, not a single Messiah, but a line of
Messianic kings. And the reason
which he offers for this expectation is
that Yahwi has chosen Zion for his
perpetual abode ; a king is the earthly
guardian of the divine mansion. Cp.
Ixxviii. 68, where the choice of Zion
precedes the choice of David.
31-40. Yahwe is the speaker. Is
there, then, a fresh oracle after all ?
No ; the passage does but restate the
chief particulars in the Messianic pro-
mise. Abundant food for the poor
(Joel ii. 26) ; prosperity and warlike
power of the Davidic house (for
phraseolc^, cp. Ixxxix. 18, 25, Ezek.
xxix. 21). ITD2{h^ may allude to
Jer. xxiii. 5, xxxiii. 15, Zech. iii. 8,
vi. 12 (see Del.), yi^ {v. 16) defines
the meaning of pl^ in v. 9. Cp. Isa.
Ixi. 10. — 38. / have prepared a lamp,
Cp. I K. xi. 36, XV. 4, 2 K. viii. 19,
2 Chr. xxi. 7, Prov. xx. 20. As long
as the lamp shines, the family survives.
An Egyptian funerary text says, ' When
this flame is prepared for him, he will
escape perishing for ever ; his spirit
will live on perpetually' (DUmichen,
ZA^ 1883, p. ii-is; cp. Erman, ZA^
1882, p. 12). Cp. the Jewish custom
of keeping a lighted lamp in the death -
chamber for seven days after the
funeral, and the festival of lamps in the
Punjab, at which the souls of ancestors
visit the houses (Frazer, Goldeft Bough^^^
ii. 176.
PSALM CXXXII. 20I
Cniical Notes, i f. M ini3j;"^3 n» Tn^ mrr-^iDT. The diffi-
\ T •• .t: :
culty of this passage as a whole has been already pointed out (see exeg.
note). It has now to be remarked that this is the only example of an
infih. Pual with suffix. And what a poor sense it gives — * all his being
bowed down' (or 'afflicted') ! Perles (after G S) reads ^/^t^y, *his
humility *=* his piety.' But this is surely too rare a word, and the
general difficulty remains. Very probably the editor recast a marginal
gloss consisting of the words ^WDtCP /lyaj ^l^DTn^ "lirWN, t^e.
Ashhur-jerahmeel, Gibeath-ishmael ; ito? = 'Vt^ , ^ mn^ =^»i3n")^ ;
TIT = TWK (cp. on judg. X, I) ; im^j; = njro:! ; !?3 n»=^WDi£;^
(cp. ^j;2li1N)--the two last words are transposed. The whole is a double
gloss on //. II, 12. 'Ephrathah' is explained by * Ashhur-jerahmeel,'
* the highland of Jair ' by * Gibeath-ishmaer; i.e. * Ephrath' was equiva-
lent to *Ashbur' and *Jair' to * Ishmael.'--2. j;2lt^3 Tlt^J*, 'he who
swore'? or * because he swore'? Not improbably '^V^ comes from
")n;£^>J='Tinit^», a dittogram (see on //. i f.).— 4, 10.— M TnS ; see
exeg. n. — 1 1 f. Admit that the influence which on the whole dominated
both in the early and in the later history was N. Arabian, and all becomes
clear. ")y>, of course, represents Ty\ t-e. ^KDrD^ (cp. Crit. Bid. on
I S. xxii. 5); nmSIl^ = niS)l^ in the Negeb (cp. i Chr. ii. 19);
mjyOlt^ (cp. pir;, cxli. 5 ; D^^DIC^, Isa. xxviii. i, 4 ; and pyDlC^) comes
from uhW&0\ and mi^^^{D (cp. lN2r, Ixxvii. 21, and ]y:{, Ixxviii. 12)
also from this word. Read —
tt:ip; • •• ::•
For the second 'DICP we should perhaps read D^^KOHT* ; such a
repetition is most probably often due to scribes.
16. For ^TJ^ G erroneously presupposes TjTp (cp. on Ixxxix. 20). —
20. M ?frP;£>ip. An editor of Chronicles (2 Chr. vii. 42^; see introd.)
understood v. 10 as a petition for Solomon. Olsh. and Del. accept this
view. Hitzig and Hupfeld, however, think that (strange as it may seem)
David is meant, and Wellhausen holds that * the " Anointed," originally
referring to Solomon, is applied here to Israel (cp. xxviii. 8),' and the
present writer thought in 1891 that here and in xxviii. 8, Ixxxiv. 10, the
* Anointed' was probably a high priest in Persian times (OF^ 199, 338,
350). The three passages referred to must be taken together, and in
all of them the best sense is obtained by reading, not TVWU* but TDH-
21. Omit TTO (gloss), and read iP\Dhi3« JIDK cannot be accus.
202 THE PSALMS.
to y^lt^i, and is not naturally taken as the casus adverlnalis (T).
—23. Insert ly'Hg (^- 12), for metre.— 33. M HTSf. G (true text) rr^v
Biipav (corrupted in J^, cp. Vg., into x^P"")- B"t * nihil est in venatione^
sive ciboy vel adversum, vel simile pauperibus.' Read rrito (Houb.).
PSALM CXXXIII.
r ENTAMBTERs. Perhaps the most difficult of all the psalms. The ex^etical
problems are great, and the resulting critical problem — viz. how the psalm as a
whole is to be understood — is proportionally great. Assuming the correctness
of the text it has been held, (i) that the psalm describes the pleasure and profit
of the meeting of Israelites at Jerusalem at the great festivals, (2) that it is an
admonition to those whose constant residence at Jerusalem might lead to friction
(especially Zerubbabel and Jeshua). Kirkpatrick would connect the psalm with
Nehemiah's efforts to re-people Jerusalem (Neh. xi. i ff.), so that it would become
an ideal picture of the benefits of a ' strong and united metropolis, at once the
religious and political centre of the country.* This is in accordance with his
interpretation of cxxii. 3, where he thinks it possible *that the sight of the
restored city [HH^ H? mSHltf] is to the poet's eye an emblem of the mutual
harmony of its inhabitants or of the unity of the nation.' The two psalms are no
doubt jiarallel. But the conclusion at which we have arrived respecting the text
of cxxii. 3 may well make us doubt any inference based on the supposed accuracy
of the text. When we look into the details, this critical scepticism is more than
justified. • Aaron's beard ' is surely a needless importation of the ancestor of the
legal priests. Not less full of improbability is v. 3. Apparently the psalmist
mentions the points from which and to which the dew (that precious gift of
heaven, Deut. xxxiii. 13, 28) descends. The summit of Hermon is one of these
points, the *■ mountains of Zion ' are the other. Yet surely it is impossible to
maintain that the dew on the bare heights around Jerusalem are comparable to the
proverbially abundant dew on the range of Hermon. Attempts no doubt have
been made to explain and justify this unnatural combination (see £nc. Bib.,
' Dew,' § 2b) f as well as the strange phrase * Aaron's beard' in v, 2. But the
only real remedy is to criticize the text. Gr&tz, Bickeli, and even Duhm have not
been radical enough. Nor is it enough to suggest with Land ( TAtoL Tijdschrift,
1S72, pp. 572-575) that V. 3 may be an interpolation due to a later pilgrim, who
also inserted the reference to Aaron. But the second half of z^. 3 is indispensable »
and the difficult words Dli^ and D^^H can be accounted for by critical means.
T ^ .-
What, then, is the solution of the general critical problem ? What is the
object and significance of the psalm in its original form ? It is a statement of the
blessedness of dwelling in Beth-jerahmeel — ^a city already highly honoured by
Kzekiel (see on Ps. cxxii.) as the most sacred part of the Holy Land, based on the
ground that Vahwi had, for all ages, attached a special blessing to that spot. The
editor of course looked for something better.
Marked. Of the Ishmaelites. Of ^Arab-ethan. I
I Behold, how good and how pleasant it is | to dwell in
Jerahmeel,*
For there ^ Yahwfe appointed | a blessing for ever. 3aj8, b
* Ishmael. Ashhur. Jerahmeel. Kenaz. Hermon. Zion (v, 2).
[In] Jerahmeel*
PSALM CXXXIV. 203
Critical Notes. (Title.) TTT^ not known to G (A*T) J T.— i. M Dl^
TrP*"D]J D^n>^ J12tt^. Dil is awkward, and is not recognized by Vss.
According to Ewald {Psalmen), DJ strengthens ^TV ; but his reference
to his Lehrbuchy § 352^, does not justify this view. Apart from this, how
vague the statement is ! How is it * sweet ' for brothers to live together ?
To suppose a reference to the * brothers ' Zerubbabel and Jeshua (Gratz),
will not do. For these, it is supposed, were rivals ; we must not render
irr *in harmony.' Since there are other indications of names in
w, 2 f , it is probable that we have to read ^J^DTTTIl il^tt^. DTfN,
[*?]03, and TIT are all regular corruptions of fragments of 'm^
(Gloss.) The text refuses to yield a good sense. No wonder, because
the editor has had to exercise his divining faculty on a corruption of a
series of ethnics (partly repeated in variants), which were illustrative
of 'Jerahmeer (/. 1). ]DIC^[D] and *?y nilD[n] come from "j^yotr* ;
ICrKirr from iniC^hJ; bv "TT from ^NOm^ ; pT[n] and pT from Tjp ;
nnn«, bv Tl^Cttr], and >3 bv from 'HT ; VJIHO from CT/IDI =
•^^Dm^ ; *?DD from *?^^Dm^ (cp. "^Q T^, ex. 3 ; a^^S Isa. viii. 6, see
Crit, Bib.), ^-nn also from 'XW ; PD"VT and p'»X are both popular
corruptions of 'TW and 'DIC^> which were specially attached to
mountains in the Negeb.
2. Read probably HDIS (Bi., Du.).— D^*rr is troublesome. D*?1J^
T t: • "
is most naturally connected with TVi^i and D^Tf spoils the metre. As in
T •
xxxviii. 20 it springs from ^J^DHT. Probably a gloss on U^ (from
1DlCf=^KyOl£^). W) in M does not admit of a satisfactor)- explanation.
Cp. de Wette,*D;C^, daliin, naml. wo Briider zusammenwohnen.'
PSALM CXXXIV.
X ENTAMETERS. The last of the psalms grouped together by the common
title mTVOrr l^jtf. The title, if what we may regard as the best critical
theory be adopted, is as strikingly appropriate as in some other instances.
For from our point of view it is practically certain that v. \b defines the
situation of the * house of Yahwe ' as * in Jerahmeel * (see below). In other
words, the psalm was written for the temple of Jerahmeel (see on Ps. cxxii.).
A chorus summons the temple-ministers to praise Yahw^, and these, by their
leader, respond with a priestly blessing (cp. cxxviii. 5, Num. vi. 24). The
ordinary view, however, is that it was written for use at the nightly vigils of
the Levites in the Jerusalem temple. ' Cp. I Chr. ix. 33, where, as usually
understood, we read of singers who were occupied *day and night' (but see
CHt. Bib.), also Jos. c. Ap. i. 22, Theophrastus ap. Porph. de Abstin, ii. 26
(very vague, sec W. R. Smith, Enc. Bib. col. 3934, foot), and the Talmudic
notices in Delitzsch. But why should the night-servants of the temple be specially
favoured by a psalmist? Gratz has a new theory. He boldly connects the
204 THE PSALMS.
psalm with the popular rejoicing at the ceremony of the water-libation at
the Feast of Booths, and brings it down to the time of Salome Alexandra
(78— [69 B.C.). lyfrb^ (». i^) refers, he thinks, to the six nights of the
feast, during which the people remained in the temple-courts, and the Levites
sang the fifteen * Stufengesftnge ' (MGfV/j 1879, p. 241).
Marked. Of the Jshmaelites. i
I Behold, bless ye Yahw^, | all ye servants of Yahwfe,
Who stand in the house of Yahwfe * | * * *
Lift up your hands to the sanctuary, | and bless Yahwfe. 2
Yahwfe bless thee out of Zion,2 | * * 3
Critical Notes, It is highly probable that /Y)^^2 (^. 2) is a corrup-
tion of 7^^DmO• For a parallel, see on xvi. 7, and, for a similar gloss,
see cxvi. 19. Winckler (A OF, iii. 405) reads tlb'^b Jll^JH^, 'beim
Anbruch (?) der Nachts.' Verse 3^ is apparently an interpolation from
cxv. 15^ ; it is a trimeter, and therefore not wanted here.
PSALM CXXXV.^'^
1 RIMBTERS. An unoriginal passage (cp. cxiii. i, cxxxiv. i^). The form
of cxxxv. 3 makes it a necessary assumption that z^. i, 2 form an independent
little psalm (so Bickell and Duhm), which is in fact a companion to the
preceding psalm.
0/ the Jerahmeelites, i
1 Praise ye the name of Yahwe ;
Praise him, O ye servants of Yahw^ ;
Ye that stand in the house of Yahwb — 2
In the courts of the house of our God.
PSALM CXXXV.^'^
1 Ri METERS. A liturgical composition which received a number of additions
(cp. Bickell and Duhm), originally perhaps written in the margin. Cp. v.
5 with xciv. 3; v. d with cxv. 3^, Ex. xx. 4; z/. 7 with Jer. x. 13; v,
13 with Ex. iii. 15; v, 14 with Dt. xxxii. 36; w. 15-20 with cxv.
4-1 1. Verses 10 and 12 seem to have been copied by the writer of Ps.
cxxxvi., who introduced out of his own head a reference to Sihon and to
Og (the two most noted hostile kings), which a later editor of Ps. cxxxv.
imported into our psalm. On v, why see crit. note. In /. 2 0*373 refers
probably to the 'name' of Yahwe. In /. 16 * Ishmaer ( = Beth-jerahmeel)
is the name of the place in the Negeb where there was a temple of YahwS
in post-exilic times (see on Ps. cxxii.).
' In Jerahmeel. - The maker of heaven and earth.
L ;
PSALM C XXXV . 205
I Praise Yah, for Yahw^ is gracious, 3
Chant hymns to his name, for it is lovely.
For Yah has chosen Jacob for himself, 4
Israel ^ for his special treasure ; 2
Who smote the firstborn of Misrim, 8
Both of man and of beast ;
+Who+ sent signs and portents ^ 9
Upon Pir*u and all his servants ;
Who smote great nations, 10
10 And slew mighty kings,*
And gave their land ^ as an inheritance, 12
An inheritance to his people Israel.
O Yahwfe! thy name is for ever; 13
O Yahwe ! thy memorial is for all ages.^
May Yahwfe bless from Zion 2 1
[Every one] that dwells in Ishmael.
Critical Notes. 4. '/lyT ^J^^ (v^ 5)» l>ke ^JTjrT"N*? in xxxi. 11,
Ixxxi. 6, has probably sprung from ^KDHI^, a gloss on ^^^^ttf' (/. 4).
Gloss on /. 9. Read D^12^D /IOPDjI (see on cxvi. 19). Duhm also
• 8 • "■•" 8
finds a gloss here, but keeps the text-reading. He calls the gloss ' the
affected insertion of a writer who knew cxvi. 19.'
Gloss on /. 10. Read ^isn^r\- See Enc, Bib., * Og/ ' Sihon.'
Gloss on /. 12. Read Op /ito^DD ^3. This penetrated into the
text, and received the prefix 71 . Cp. cv. 1 1 (also a gloss).
15 f. Omit closing m^lH with G. There are two difficulties in the
* Jerahmeel.
' (For I know that) Yahw^ is great, | and that our Lord is above all
gods. II All that he wills, he does | in the heaven and on the earth, | in the seas
and in all abysses ; || Who causes vapours to ascend from the end of the earth, |
who makes lightnings for the rain, | who brings the winds out of his store-chambers
(w. 5-7).
' Upon Maacath-mi^rim.
* Sihon, the king of the Arammites, | and Og the king of Bashan {v. iia).
& All the kingdoms of Kenaz.
* For Yahw6 will right his people, | he will relent over his servants {v. 14).
Verses 15-20 nearly as cxv. 4, 11.
206 THE PSALMS.
text reading, (i) ]1^D> which seems to suggest that Yahwfe is not in
Zion, and (2) D^KTIT^- It is not usual to say that Yahw^ dwells in
Jerusalem. Read, with Bickell (except as to the closing place-name), —
TTTO mn^ T}?!
PSALM CXXXVI.
i RIMBTERS. A companion to Ps. cxxxv. ; to dotk psalms G prefixes
AAAtiAovta. The refrain which appears in cxviii. 1-4, occurs here in evei^
verse. A fuller refrain is preserved in the closing verse (see note). This
psalm is generally called the great Hallel, though T^mud and Midrash include
the whole of Pss. cxx.-cxxxvi. under this title (see £nc. Bib,, *Hallcl*).
Observe that Ps. cxxxvi. has served as the model of the hymn in fifteen
verses which appears in the Heb. text of Sirach after li. 12— a hymn which
is found in no version, and is presumably of very late date. Schechter {Cam^
bridge Ben Sira, p. 36, Introd.) draws exaggerated critical inferences.
Of the Jerahmeelites, cxxxv., etti,
I' Give thanks to Yahw^, for he is good, i
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
Give thanks to the God of gods, 2
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
Give thanks to the Lord of lords, 3
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
To him who alone doeth great wonders, 4
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
To him who by understanding made the heavens, 5
10 For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
To him who spread out the earth above the water, 6
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
To him who made great lights, 7
For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
The sun to rule by day, 8
For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
The moon and the stars to rule by night, 9
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
To him who smote the Mifrites in their firstborn, 10
20 For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
And brought out Israel from the midst of them, 1 1
For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
With a mighty hand and a stretched out arm, 12
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
PSALM CXXXVI. 207
To him who cut the sea of Suph into parts, 13
For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
And made Israel to pass through the midst of it, 14
For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
But shook off Pharaoh and his host,* 15
30 For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
To him who led his people through the wilderness, 16
For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
To him who smote great kings, '17
For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
And slew noble kings,* i8
For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
Who thought upon us in our abasement, 23
For his lovingkindness is everlasting ;
And rescued us from our foes, 24
40 For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
Who has given Jerahmeel for a prey, 25
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
Full Refrain.
Give thanks to the God of heaven, 26
For his lovingkindness is everlasting.
3, 5. Ood of ffo4Sf &ord of shorter refrain added to each stichus).
lrjS';^.np'?'prov!r ?9.f-^r^- -37. 39. ^Itr. again o„l, in Ecclcs.
waUr. Cp. ' the water under the x. 6 ; p19 * to rescue,' only in Lam. v.
earth/ Ex. xx. 4.— 13. DH^IJ^ here 8 (but cp. on Ps. vii. 3 and cxxxviii.
only for /l^-)to.-i9. The^MUHtes. 3); cp. Aram, p^p 'to redeem.'-
, ... ' ^ m%-%%- . 43 f- The fuller refrain. Bickell
See on Ixxviu. 11.— 25. DHt]^, again , ,u * .u o • j i- 1
^ .t: ^ remarks that the Syrian and Greek
only in Gen. xv. 17 (of sacrificial christians always put the responses of
victims).— 29. nyi, as Ex. xiv. 27. the laity at the end of strophes, and
-;-35. Insertion from cxxxv. 11 f. (with not of stichi.
Critical Notes, 19. Point 0^2^0.-29. Omit e^^p-Q^^ (gloss).—
35. Omit "inu 19 — 22 (see above) ; try singing these words with the
* Into the sea of Suph.
3 Sihon, kin^ of the Arammites, and O^ the king of Bashan; and gave their
land as an inheritance, an inheritance to his people Israel {yv. 19-22, with the
shorter refrain added).
208 THE PSALMS.
refrain ! — 41. A friend remarks, * It always seems to me that the psalm
would be much more beautiful (from a literary point of view) without
V, 25. The poet seems to begin a new stanza or section of which the
continuation is lost.' In truth, no more feeble close of a psalm of
thanksgiving could be imagined. Now, however, that it has been shown
that Dn*? often, and ^3 sometimes, represent a mutilated ^KDTrT,
there is nothing but a prejudice against the ethnic ' Jerahmeel ' to
prevent us from restoring the text thus, \yy ^KOm^ inj.
PSALM CXXXVII.
JL ENTAMETERS. Two sentiments glow with equal intensity in the psalmist's
mind— love for Israel and vindictive hatred for its foes, and Yahw^'s foes.
His hatred for the latter is, however, not expressed in such revolting terms
as the scribes have led us to suppose; perfect propriety of feeling from a
Jewish point of view is preserved. Nor is there any inconsistency in the
subject of w, 1-6 and 7, 8 ; here too the faults of copyists have led the
critics astray. In both parts of the poem the Edomites are referred to, ue.
those who occupied the Jerahmeelite Negeb and the south of Judah after
the Chaldaean invasion. The poem (see /. 12) might conceivably have been
written when Judas *went forth and fought against the sons of Esau in the
land toward the south and smote Hebron and the villages thereof (i Mace.
V. 65). More probably, however, it is to be grouped with Lam. v., where
the tyranny of the Mi^rites and the Arabians aifter the invasion is described
by an imaginary eye-witness, and with the 'vision of Obadiah,' to which it
appears to present some striking parallels. The band of post-exilic temple-
singers identifies itself imaginatively with those who had, as is here stated,
been carried captive by Edomites to the Jerahmeelite Negeb, where Yahw^
was not worshipped, and consequently 'songs of Yahw^' ought not to be
sung. These singers did not, as MT says, hang their harps on the willows ;
a worse fate befell them — they saw their loved instruments battered to pieces
because they had refused to raise the sacred son^ of praise for the amusement
of their triumphant captors.' Then the post-exilic singers (personified as an
individual) express their own fervent attachment to Jerusalem; never will
they forget to sing the praises of Jerusalem, as in Pss. xlviii., cxxii. (' because
of the house of Yahwi our God,' cxxii. 9). This view is confirmed by
the probably correct theory of Isa. xxi. i-io put forward in Crit. Bib,^ pp. 25 ff. ;
the corruption 7^^ for 7K0"1^(?) = /KDm^ is common to both composi-
tions. Attempts to make this psalm exilic (Hal., REJ^ i. 22 f. ; Bu., New
Worlds March '93; Du.); or contemporary with John Hyrcanus (Olsh., Beer)
presuppose that 'Babel' in w. i, 8 is correct. Winckler's new and ingenious
theory that a Jewish captivity in Antioch under Antiochus Epiphanes is
referred to (A OF, iii. 401 ff.), is based upon the theory that DO"^y (V' 2)
means the myrtles of Daphne near Antioch (see * Willow,' Enc. Bib,), and
that D^"T^^ in v. 7 should be D"lhJ (/^^ in v?/. i, 8 is consequently
emended). Winckler's reconstruction of the text is unhappy ; his historical
argument, therefore, however instructive, misses the mark.
G (2^ and B) prefixes r^ AauciS; the Hexapla text adds Up€fuov. F. W.
Mozley boldly accepts Jeremiah's authorship (David in the Psalms, '90, pp.
5 f.). Not improbably, however, the irPOl^ presupposed by the latter text
is a corruption of [D^]'?NDrn^[^], 'of the Jerahmeelites.' This would be a
natural variant to ]J1^K ^ly/* or whatever other N, Arabian ethnic may
PSALM CXXXVII. 209
be thought to underlie the corrupt title TI"T7 (see General Introd., and
cp. on Ps. cxlvi.). That the latter part of the psalm (w. 7-9) refers altogether
to the Edomites was seen by W. E. Barnes {^Expositer, March, 1899). But
* Edom ' could not possibly be called ' daughter of Babylon/ as Barnes supposes
(p. 206). Moral kinship with Babylon and political dependence on Babylon
are insufficient explanations of such a strange title. In v, 8 and elsewhere
there is deep textual corruption. Nor can we separate the two parts of the
psalm. If part ii. refers to the Edomites, so too does part i.
I On the heritage of Jerahmeel we wept, | remembering
Zion ; i
The Arabs in the midst thereof had beaten | our harps
to pieces. 2
For our captors had even asked of us | harp- playing
and song; 3
* Raise before us a Hallel, | ye harpers of Zion.*
How could we sing songs of Yahwe | on foreign ground ? 4
If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, | me +too+ may melody
forget ! S
May my tongue cleave to my palate, | if I remember
thee not, 6
If I raise not the Hallel to Jerusalem | with harp-playing
and song.
Remember, O Yahwfe ! against Edom's sons | the wicked-
ness of the plunderers, 7
10 Who said, * Let us cast lots | upon the sanctuaries
thereof.*
To thee also, O house of Jerahmeel, | the plunderers
shall come ; 8
Jacob shall uproot thee, and shall overthrow | all thy
palaces.*
I . Tbe heiitaire of Jerahmeel. and the pious singers of Israel hanging
The occupation of S. Judati, which their harps on ihe trees, and refused to
adjoined the Jerabmeelite Negeb, by discuss the improbability uf a triumphal
the Edomites excited the bitterest re- feast he id by the riverside (in a garden),
sentment among the Jews (see introd.). and the rebellious singers proceeding
The wrongdoing of Edom, not of solemnly to hang up their harps.
Babylon, filled the mind of the (Wellhausen banteriigly asks why
psalmist. One may regret parting they did not leave their instruments at
with the received text ; super Jtumina home.) See criL n.
Babylonis has become almost pro- « tv, . -«»«i:«f:«« ^r ♦k^
ve^l. One was pleased to imagine ^ ^ \ w!.,^"^,7 re ahation of the
the grand river-like canals (ndrdtT) of Arabs* {^^^1} . as Lam.v.8, cp. 6;
Babylonia, with the Euphratean poplars, see * Lamentations, Book of,* Enc, Bib. ).
» O Ishmacl.
II. P
210 THE PSALMS.
3 f. A banquet is in progress, and Jerusalem ' in compulsory exile leads
fresh amusements are required (cp. to weeping ; in the sacred land, to
Am. vi. 5), or, if the feast has a psalms like xlviii., cxxii.
religious character, the n^n/l is 9. See Ezek. xxv. 12, xxxv.,
demanded as a recognition of the Am. i. 11 f., Mai. i. 2-5, and especially
subjection of the Jewish god. Songs of Ob. io-i6, and cp. * Edom,' Enc. Bib,
Yahv^ are psalms (2 Chr. xxix. 27, ,0 ff. C«.t lot., as Ob. il.-To
I Chr. xxv. 7).. There being no ^^^ ^^ ^ ^a^^ .^^ 2i.^House of
sacnficesonaforeignsoil(Hos.ui.4), jerahmleL Cp. * house of Esau?
there could be no psalms. ^^^ i8.->r^^. in antitheses to Edom;
7. Here post-exilic sentiments are cp. Ob. 10. 17 i.^ Uproot and over-
expressed (see introd.). To* remember Mnw, parallel, as lii. 7.
Critical Notes, i. M *?M DT\n^ by. Why the plural? Accord-
ing to Haupt (Isaia/i, SBOT,y p. 109) * amplificativc' But bl'Z too is
open to question. It appears from v, 9 that Edom, not Babylon, was
the enemy referred to [Wi. also suspects ^^3], Read ^J^Drn** JI^TO"^.
So ^2^ for '?KDm% in Gen. x. 10 ; see * Nimrod,' Enc. Bib,) The con-
nuation is equally doubtful. Why did the Jews sit down and weep ?
Because the plashing of the waves soothed their grief (Del) ? Or
because they had prayer-houses there ? But a close inspection bids us
omity^lC^> OlCf. Dl£^ = 13K^, a fragment of a dittographed y^^W (not
^y2^ ; see v, 3a). Omit also d;| , a dittogram of the D!l (so read) in
V. 3/1.
2. M 'M r^yhrs nB*i/ia D^niir*?:^. if 'njrby is right, tovu
must be wrong. The willows (Euphratean poplars?) were beside the
streams, not in the midst of an undefined something. If ' in the land '
were meant, we should require at least nH. The mention of bn6 Ed5m
in V, 7 suggests reading D^^'^J?> * Arabs * (see above). b)f comes from
a dittographed iy. For ^T^ read ^npO (J=D, '*^=/l). Wi. gives
hingen (?) wir,' but remarks, ' the context seems to require '^ they dashed
pieces,"' and points out that ^yhT^ arose under the influence of
IT^bl/^i which word, however, he does not account for.
3. M Dtt^' Read D| (cp. on D3 in 7/. i) ; ;i and V confounded. —
M T2> ^IQ'T; G \6yov9 <^»v\ i,e, * songs.' A doubtful idiom in Pss.;
• •• I •
see on xxxv. 20. Read DH^lC^ iTTDT (bcxxi. 3, xcviii. 5) ; this is proved
• • •• t •
by the corrupt dittogram y\^V nTTDlC^ in M.
4. M n^^ nTtt> •^'f??^ '^^^^'^V '^^ ^°"8r for a line (verse). Bi.,
therefore, rightly omits ^'i^ ^H^IC^, but does not explain how it came in.
No scholar, strange to say, has questioned TVTldVi though this is not an
adequate parallel to 1^ n2*T> and though G gives vfivoi^. Most
PSALM CXXXVII. 211
(Hu. alt., Per., Gr., Bi., Ba., Kau., Herz) correct 'b^D into l^^^^lt^ ; cf.
T KJTD ; G ol dwayttyovrts fffuts (?). But this produces a tautological
statement which cannot be right. Read probably H^n/I ^J03^ ^^S"l.
(On TV^ ilTTDtt^, see preceding note ; 1^^ is clearly a repetition of
the preceding letters.) The three words 'Hi! '37 vH coalesced in M
into one O^^^^in) owing to the frequency of S In G*s text l^^n had
dropped out, and G perhaps misread 'ST^'Sh as !)y^3D (an easy mistake),
but kept n^n/1 ; hence it gives kqI oI dTrayayomrts r^iias v/mvov, (Hal.,
Che.,'^^ W*?*?^m, *and (of) our dancers'; Kenn. rVn^'V =^ vimvov?).—M
l^tfi^D . Gr., better, n^^D (cp. G S). Best of all, natO .
6. The text reads f^^^D^) rrDK^/l, i.e. either n^^fS (G J perhaps) or
• • 2 — T •
n^^OrS (M)? S Saad. imply ^ai^lCfJl. Ibn Ezra and Kimhi, *let
my right hand forget (its art),' t\ e. * Tart de harper,' as Marot (in the
Huguenot Psalter) puts it. Krochmal, Herzfeld, Gr. read either ^^fS
or }i;nr\ , The latter would do (Che^iJ)» but should be followed by ^21.
Weir n3 tt^^^. l^y. proposes ttf^TH ; cf. xxii. i6, where, as here, ^y*
and pyi are combined. Ibn Ezra mentions this view, and Schultens
(Animadversiones, 202) inclines to it. Nevertheless it must be wrong.
The physical theme is exhausted in /. 7, and we need something which
connects with /. 5«. Read, certainly, rTQ^yi *3n3tt^i^ (see on cl. 4).
T«» •••Tt •
^i fell out owing to the vicinity of >J . ^/1D'*W is also possible.
8. M ^nrvyD wrm bv '^^-/l^^ rhw »^"D^. what can'v vtn bv
mean? Ba., * above the highest joy which I could have.' And rhy^l
01., * I esteem,' but with the remark, * H^yn does not occur again in this
sense.' Ba. compares Jer. li. 50 for the form of the idiom, but there is
no real parallelism. Wi. renders, * If I did (do) not return to Jerusalem
with the highest joy,' which is the resource of despair. Read, probably,
Tit> nnarby 'n^/iN bbrw^ l^^•D^^; '^y,* accompanied by.' nuov
misread, as in v, 3.
9. M D^ICTIT DV i1>^, 'Jerusalem's day +of misfortune+.' But
* days ' come from the supernatural world. All that God can punish is
the conduct of certain persons on a fore-ordained day (cp. Ob. 11-14).
Read, probably, D^^^tfi^H JlinC^T (cp. Ezek. xxxix. 10, Zech. ii. 12). 'yv
is a condensation of the two words : D[1]^ TMk is a corrupt dittogram.
10. M na -rtD>n TJJ n;^ TQ^- something like Hab. iii. 13^, which
is clearly corrupt (We., Now.), and not what we expect here ; it is not
212 THE PSALMS.
enough to read nniD^. The latter part is certainly mi^D"[/1i^]«
1iy y^y should, perhaps, be n2l2f r)^t.
1 1 f. M's text is quite impossible ; but Wi.'s restoration of 7/v, 7 f.
is admitted by himself to be prosaic, and only worthy of an interpolator.
rn^"Tl£^n (G roXaiVopoff; cp. G^», Jer. iv. 30) is perplexing. Kenn.,
Or., We., Uu. weakly correct ITTTItfc^n (cp. S 2 T). Bi. and Du. omit
L T.. -
'1!I1 ^/^D3'"J^^^ as a gloss (these glosses are mostly treacherous things I).
Barnes has the credit of being the first to see that £dom was still
referred to, though he could not correct the text ; he explains ^22 n2 ?
'Thou moral kinswoman of Babylon,' which is impossible. Utilizing all
the relics of the true text, we should probably read thus, —
• -: - v:v ••::-: •• ' : -
It will be seen that there has been some displacement as well as corrup-.
tion ; the editor, in his wish to make some sense, may be responsible for
the displacement. ^'^IDJ n»=7^ DJ '^/^^*^ Ubv^^i/ niCf>^ appears
to consist of two imperfect forms of D^^K^H; 7/ is a dittogram. 7^^
yyVtl is probably a corruption of ^SyOltf^, a correct gloss on ^^2 /lM^ •
PSALM CXXXVIII.
1 RIMETEKS. The thanksgivings of the triumphant, and ihe prophecy of tlic
militant community. To the first part belong stanzas 1-3 ; to the second,
4-7. Sniend rightly sees that the speaker is pious Israel, and that the Messianic
future is anticipated (p. 139). Theodore of Mopsuestia, in the Syriac epitome,
refers the psalm to 'the (people) returned from Babylon, which thanks God
for its deliverance' {ZAT^V, 1885, p. 98).
Of 'Arab-ethan. i
I With my whole heart, O Yahwe ! I thank thee ;
Before Jerahmeel I chant songs to thee :
I bow down toward thy holy temple,
And give thanks to thy name, [O Yahwfe !]
For thy lovingkindness and for thy truth's sake.
For thou hast made all thy doings great ;
In Jerahmeel I called on thee, and thou answeredst me,
Thou didst rescue me from those of Ishmael.
PSALM CXXXVIII. 213
«
10 All those of Jerahmeel shall give thee thanks, 4
When they have heard the words of thy mouth,
And shall sing of the ways of Yahw^. 5
For great is the glory of Yahwe, —
For the haughty and the lowly he sees, 6
And that which is high he fells from afar off.
If I walk in the midst of trouble, 7
Against mine enemies thou wilt stretch forth thy
hand,
Thou wilt deliver me and bring me to rest.
Yahwb will have compassion upon his servants ; 8
20 O Yahwfe ! thy lovingkindness is everlasting,
Do not thou abandon the work of thy hands.
2. Before Jerahmeel. So Yakwey i.e, his manner of dealing ; cp.
cxix. 46. It is implied that, impressed Dt. xxxii. 4 (|| his work), Ps. ciii. 7
by the dealings of Yahw^, the surviving (|| his doings).— 14 f. Yahw^*s inspec-
Jerahmeelites will turn to Yahwe, tion is equally keen, whether an object
whom they will thank (/. 10) for his be high or low. The * high one * is a
compassion to Israel and to themselves. collective term for the enemies of
In fact, Jerahmeel will become a Israel; cp. Isa. x. 33, 'the high of
member of the great Israelite body (cp. stature shall be felled.*— ^rw/ afar off^
on Ixxxvii., Isa. xlx. 25). See crit. i.e. from the far-off height of heaven,
note. — 4. Cp. V. 7.-8. In Jerak- Cp. T, 'from the distant heaven he
rmei. Cp. Ixxvii. 2, &c. The idea is throws down the lofty.' The ' stretched
that the main body of the captives out arm ' (cxxxvi. 12) is super- terres-
from Judah were in N. Arabia.— 1 1. trial; cp. xviii. 17. See crit. note.
The words of thy m(nith,i.e,X\iQ Law. 16-18. Cp. xxiii. 4, 5a. The
Cp. cxix. 13, 72, 88.— 12. The ways of . rest ' of the Messianic age is meant.
Critical Notes, i. Insert mm, with Bi, Che.'*', Du., after G S J T.
S, however, reads mrt^^. — 2. M D^ri^K *T!I3, * before (=in defiance of)
V • v; vv
the gods' (A 2 E' J, Hengst., Hu., Hi., Stade, Du.) .? * Before God'=
* in the sanctuary ' ; cp. Ex. xxi. 6, xxii. 8 (Ew., 01., We.) ? * Before the
angels' (G, Calv.) } Observe, against i, that such a phrase seems a too
distinct affirmation of the real existence of the gods of the nations ;
against 2, that a combination of two senses of ^elohlm in one line is
improbable, and that we should at any rate expect ^y^ (Josh. xxiv. i) ;
against 3, that there is no sure example of D^n^K» * angels' (see on
Ixxxii. i). It is true, however, that "T;ii ought to mean * in defiance
_, vv
of,' and that D^rpj^ ought to refer to some conquered enemies of the
Jews. Who, then, were the chief enemies of the later Jews? The
Jerahmeelites. And, as a fact, we actually find that DN'l'PJ^ not un-
frequently covers over ^^^Oml^, The passage is thus brought into
accordance with /. 10 (see below).
214 THE PSALMS.
3. G inserts on ^Kovtras rh prifxara rov arofuiTos fiov. Hi., Du. accept
this. But the sense is poor, and we do not expect the cause of the
thanksgiving to be mentioned just yet. A line (verse) may have fallen
out.— 5. Insert ITirr.
7. At the end of v. 2, M gives 1i^*1D^^. This is merely a dittogram
of ^i^D^^ in /. 6. The preceding words are "^D^O^^'bv P^^'VT}^^^ *
most unnaHH-al. Clericus and Dyserinck read ^'Dtt^, and Herz pro-
poses nriDto (cp. Isa. ix. 2). But, as often, ^j; is a corruption of bj ;
the second ^2 is a dittograph ; "^OIC^ should be ^'WO (cp. /. 21).—
8. For UV2 read ]0^2 (Ixxvii. 3), *in Yaman' = *in Jerahmeel.'
9. M Tl; ^toSia '*ianii^. corrupt, am, *to rage' is a most
• :■:••••:■
unlikely root to find here. ^ja\'nn, in Cant. vi. 5, is also corrupt.
Nor can one easily accept Ty '3Z1, *in my soul is strength.* Both Vl^^
and ty are possible corruptions of [D^]!?WDtt*^, a word which cer-
tainly suits in such a context. "IJl may come from "^Jpn^Jl, miswritten
as ^^mnn .
10. M y^^^"0/D'"^^. Hupf. remarks, *This vague expression is,
of course, not to be taken historically of neighbouring kings (as the
Rabbis), but ideally.' But the evidence elsewhere is adverse to this
view. Except when something in the context dissuades from such a
course, it is best to assume that where DOte are referred to, either the
neighbouring kings are meant, or 'D is a corruption of D^*?^^D^^^. The
latter view seems the best. It is the conversion of peoples, not of kings,
that we expect. yiK will, in this case, be an editorial insertion. — Omit
nin^ (metre) — perhaps from '^'^^ = /^^D^^^ (as elsewhere).
14 f. Omit mn^ (sense and metre), and read yiTj with Duhm.
See exeg. note. Konig (i. 420 ff.) may be compared.
16-18. The first two stichi of z/. 7 are too long. '^ytlD (if correctly
read) should evidently be at the end of the stanza. First, Yahwc
stretches out his hand, then he saves and restores to full life. It is
true, 7i^D^ does not fit in well with >3Tin. But is 'D^ correct > We
expect a verb, and a verb it is still easy to detect underneath ^yi^^ ;
it is ^^Dn^r^ , which is no doubt a variant to ^i^njl . Probably, how-
ever, the true reading is ^^TOi^, with which the two other forms are
easily confounded (cp. on xxiii. 5). In /. 17 omit tjjj^, which has sprung
out of a dittographed 2^^^ .
19. M nya Ibpv But -|D:I and iy2 do not go together. Read
Vn^^ Dm^ ; note parallelism.
PSALM CXXXIX. 215
PSALM CXXXIX.
1 KiiiBTERs. No psalm perhaps more clearly shows the liberty taken by the
editors of the psalms, and the skill with which they ingrafted new ideas upon the
old stock. In the present instance the editor was also a poet, and though
traces of the corruptness of the text upon which he worked are abundant, the
psalm in its present form (especially stanzas 1-6) has deservedly attracted
the admiration of all thoughtful readers. Ibn Erra calls it 'very glorious,'
and says that ' in these five books there is nothing like it.' Erskine of Linlathen
would wish to have it before him on his deathbed. The drawback to it in the
minds of scholars is the debased character of the Hebrew in certain passages.
This, however, is solely due to texiual corruption, and this corruption can to
some extent be healed. The following may represent something like the
original form of portions of the psalm.
I O Yahwfe ! thou hast rooted up Zarephath, i, 2
It is thou that hast cut down Maacath ;
Ashhur and Arabia thou hast scattered, 3
All Jerahmeel thou hast subdued.
I thank thee because of thy wonders, 14
Terrible exceedingly are thy works,
Which thou hast performed in Zarephath, 15
Which thou hast accomplished in the land of Maacath.
O God ! how precious are thy works ! 17
10 How deep are thy purposes !
Were I to count them, they would be more than the
.^grains of+ sand, 18
Thy righteous acts and thy kindnesses towards me.
Shall I not hate those that hate thee, 21
And oppose those that oppose thee ?
With uttermost hatred do I hate them, 22
To me 4>too4- they are as enemies.
Search me out, O God 1 and know my heart, 23
Prove me, and know my deeds ;
See if there be in me the way of Ishmael, 24
20 And hold me guiltless of the way of Jerahmeel.
Now as to the later phase. Taking a hint from //. 17, 18, the editor
appears to have produced the following. Where he did not write out of
his own head he had to contend with great difficulties, having to work upon
a partly corrupt text, or indeed in some passages on a text that was no text
2l6 THE PSALMS.
at all. A still later editor effaced the references to N. Arabia and its
people, but it is not a matter of indifference to find out how the editor
and poet to whom we are mainly indebted for our 139th psalm, intended
it to be read.
Deposited, Marked : of ^Arab-ethan* I
1 O Yahwfe ! thou hast searched me out,
And known me * * ;
Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, 2
Thou discernest my thoughts (?) afar off.
Thou siftest my journey and my lying down (?), 3
With all my ways thou art familiar.
For before a word is on my tongue (?), . 4
Verily, O Yahwfe ! thou knowest it all.
Thou hast enclosed me behind and before (?), 5
10 And laid thy hand upon me ;
Such knowledge is too wonderful for me, 6
Too lofty, I cannot grasp it.
Whither shall I go from thy spirit, 7
Or whither flee from thy face ?
If I fied to Cusham, thou wouldest be there ; 8
If I went forth to Ishmael, +there+ I should find thee ;
•
If I dwelt in the east of Asshur, 9
And settled in the recesses of Yaman,
Even there thy hand would seize me, 10
20 Thy right hand would hold me.
And if I said * only let Shihor overflow me, 1 1,
Let the streams of Jerahmeel swallow me up,*
Even Shihor could not keep 4aught+ back from thee, 12
Jerahmeel would cause its streams to rise up.
For my reins thou didst create, 1 3
Thou didst weave me together in my mother's womb.
I thank thee because of thy wonders. 14'
Very glorious are thy works.
My bones were not hidden from thee, 15
30 When I was made in secret.
When I was brought forth in the nether parts of the
earth.
PSALM CXXXIX. 217
Mine unformed substance thine eyes did see, 16
And in thy book were they all written ;
Days were formed,
And not one among them.
God ! how precious are thy thoughts (?) ! 17
How vast are the sums (?) of them !
Were I to count them, they would be more than +the
grains of+ sand ; i S
1 awake, and am still with thee.
40 O that thou wouldest slay the wicked, O God, 19
And that men of blood would depart from me !
Who defy thee for crimes, 20
Who lift up (?) for vanity — thine adversaries.
Shall I not hate those that hate thee^ 21
And oppose those that oppose thee ?
With uttermost hatred do I hate them, 22
To me +too+ they are as enemies.
Search me out, O God ! and know my heart, 23
Prove me, and know my thoughts (?) ;
50 See if there be in me any way of pain(?),
And lead me in the way everlasting.
Critical Notes, Let us first of all consider the corrupt and artificial
second form.
I f. Certainly G helps by representing ^Ji^ljni. But even so the
couplet is metrically insufficient. There has been mutilation.
4. P^jI a rare form. "J^l (cp. v, 17) ; * my thoughts ' (so G S) is an
Aramaizing interpretation. The editor, who had a bad text, may have
meant this.
5. nn^ ^Vyy\ ^rn>*. it is usual but unnatural to take '1>^ and
T ••• • : • : . : T
'11*1 (Aram, for ^}i^1) as infF. with suff. Cp. Lag., Semitica^ i. 28. Barth
(ZDMG, 1887, p. 607) renders 'T *lhou measurest, detcrminest with
precision ' (cp. /TIT) ; the Tg. implies a connexion with IT * a stranger.'
W T
The truth, however, is that the editor had before him an unintelligible
text. G's f^ixviaaas (=Jinpn) seems to be a guess.
6. n/I^DDn ; a choice but here not a natural expression, which
would probably require after it the accus. of the jserson (see Job xxii. 21).
7 f. Possible but not probable ; cp. xix. 4, which is equally suspicious.
n^3> * every part of it,' is superfluous.
2l8 THE PSALMS.
9. ^ii?"?Jk- Not clear. G 2 S J imply ^^Jiny. Neither reading is
original.
1 1. Kt. n»K79 may stand, though *K^9, Kt., Judg. xiii. 18, is corrupt
(see Crit, Bid.)—Rt2Ld n^V] ; H was absorbed. G 2 S imply ^F\yi.
15 f- pD^^ and ny^2<t^ are not parallel. Besides the former is an
incredible Aramaism, and the latter is not plain enough (G ieara/3a», a
guess). But this is not all. The idea of a man*s ascending to heaven to
escape God, is surely most absurd. We ought to take a hint from the
story of Jonah, who * rose up to flee to Tarshish from the presence of
Yahwc' (Jon. i. 3). Now ly^KHJI is a frequent editorial substitute for
nitfi^K (nJ)ntt^JJ), and niK^K (Asshur), DIC^ID (Cusham) and bl^jm^
(Ishmael) are virtual synonyms, meaning districts of N. Arabia. That
DlCnD may be miswritten D^DIC^, and that ^HVOlt^ may become ^IKtt^,
needs no showing, now that we are approaching Ps. cl. Read therefore in
/. 15, Dt3 D^iK"DK, and in /. 16 *?>*VDtt^ K2{>*1. The later editor
thought probably of Am. ix. 2.
17 f. *The wings of the dawn?* Are we to infer the existence in
Hebrew mythology of a 'bird of the dawn.^' This can hardly be. If
the text is at least in the main correct, we must read D'^H (for HTW),
vv
and accept Goldziher's view (Hed. Myth.y 116) that /. 17 refers to the
rising, and /. 18 to the setting sun. The sun at any rate can be said to
have wings (Mai. iii. 20), and to alight in the west. This is the view
taken in Enc. Bib,, 'Earth, Four Quarters of But this hyperbole is
excessive, and it is more probable that '\TW should be pointed
■)hlC^=")in'4^JJ (Ashl?ur in N. Arabia) ; see CriL Bib. on Isa. xiv. 12.
Read therefore npi^t^ ^iS)*? attfK, and in the || line, for W jmnK3
read ^> ^J13")^a. Cp. on D^D'TT Jinrrj*, Gen. xlix. i, Num. xxiv. 14.
Gunkel's new rendering for /l^nHK (*Grund') — see Schoff, 53 — is
arbitrary, but it was well to question the old one.
19. M ^iTOJ^ * would lead me (at its will) ' ? Parallelism suggests
•»^rrj5jn(Gr.,Du.).
21 ff. Point "IDh^ (Driver, Duhm) ; 2 eav hk (utm ; J si dixero.—
M ^]5S)1lC^; G KaroKonffrm fit (cp. Gen. iii. 15). Most (Ew., Bi., Gr.,
Che.f»>, Ba., Kau., We., Dr., Du.) read ^;53D^ (^JDID^), but ^330^^ occurs
in another sense in /. 26. We have also learned to distrust hyperboles.
It is in fact not only "^^^W but y^i/tl, and in //. 23 f. not only ^y^y2 but
■)W pfrb* which requires such a correction as to bring the passage into
harmony with the preceding stanzas. The easiest corruption to heal is
n^v, which should, in accordance with a number of parallels, be
PSALM CXXXIX. 219
/KOm^. But in what sense could * Jcrahmeel* be here used? As the
name of a region it occurs in a shorter fomi in /. 18. It might be the
name of a people, but this is not at all likely in the expression of a wish
on the part of an Israelite. Can it be the name of a river? Let us try
this idea. The speaker's supposed object is to escape from God's eye.
Read ^iy*?n^ ^>*Dm^ n^i^^, and in the parallel line read ifTOITK
^JSIDU^. The latter reading involves two slight changes, viz. ") for T
• ••::•
and to for V The sense produced is perfect. 'Only let Shihor overflow
me, only let the streams of Jerahmeel swallow me up, and no trace of my
existence will meet God's eye. (Shihor and Jerahmeel are probably the
wadys bounding Ashhur and Jerahmeel respectively ; see Enc. Bib.y
* Shihor.') In v, 12 * Shihor ' again appears as TlMl, and * Jemhmeel' as
rbh^ Read—
For the DHK,^ of Jerahmeel, cp. Isa. vii. 18, xxxvii. 25, &c. For OP"* cp.
Josh. iii. 16. The closing words oi v, 12 come from TtC^PP and V*1K^
(D arbitrarily prefixed).
25 f. Hitz., Wellh., and Uuhm place v, 14^?, b before v. 13, lo
produce a better connexion ; v. 14 looks to them like the beginning of a
new section. Very plausible. But the editor did not so arrange it,
because he rewrote a passage which was really in its right place.
27 f. For ^nh^'^ Ba. and We. read n/l^^Si ; cp. G S J T, which
presuppose 2nd person. But ' I thank thee because thou hast been
wonderful ' is not quite satisfactory. Houb., Herz ^i^^pyW. Rather
read T^i^^Srby fp^J*. D'J^'PSi is a variant to niJ^Sli, which
should be D^N^'li. The closing words of v. 14, "TKD WT ^ICrS)]} have
grown out of li^D D^K'jii T^?**^-
30 f. G e S presuppose n/Y**5£^ ; for ^Jlpj51 , * I was embroidered '
{<tTsw,KikBj\Vy 'A 2), Ci gives ^ vnotrraais fiov=:^rwrf\F\- Possibly the
editor who rewrote the psalm put ^J^^^ITT. How Dpi may have come
to supplant bbMly we shall see later. How *the nether parts of the
earth ' arose, we shall also see presently.
32 ff. M >D^J) (Pasek follows), *my embryo,' z\t'. as 2 puts it,
a^6p<f>€arvp fit; J informem adhuc nie. No doubt it is a corruption. The
original is probably, not ^-)]|, but ^KDrTT*.— M 'W T\^> D^DV Ba.
would transpose, rendering v. 16 thus, *When I was still dough (i.e.
unformed), thine eyes saw me ; days were formed, and in thy book are
they all written, when as yet not one of them exists.' Hitz. and Del.
220 THE PSALMS.
make a slight improvement by adopting the Kr. ^^"J (referring to VJ^II ?);
2 ovK ivb€ov(Trji ovBffiiat (inserting "TIW ?)• Let us rather leave the editor
in his perplexity.
36. M >^V Needless emphasis. >^1+Dn = D'n^J*.— 40. ^tDp.
Again only in Job xiii. 15 (coiTupt), xxiv. 14.
41 ff. T S imply niDV— M ?pnD^ ; the Easterns insert K- Houb.,
Hu., Dr., Du., &c. point ?p1D^. Certainly not the original reading, and
yet perhaps intended by the editor. E' vap^irUpavav ; G^ ipitrrai core.
Similarly 'A 2 6 J.— M ^^m- Ol. and most Wl^fJ .—T'^y . Bo. 01.,
T : T ' VT
Bruston, Gr., Bi., Che.(>>, Kau., We., Du., correct '[Q^tf (sec Ex. xx. 7).
But see the underlying text.
45. Read DDp/lK ^DD'lpilM^ (We.).
We now turn to the text of the supposed original poem. In the
rewritten psalm there are certainly some passages in which the freedom
of an original writer can be traced. But there are others which baffle
explanation unless we suppose that in this, as in other psalms, the editor
has recast the partly corrupt material which lay before him, the contents
of which were widely different from the contents of the recast and
expanded psalm of which he was virtually the author.
In V, 2 of the common text we find '^^'S^'S "*n2t£^. Probably 'V
comes from DS^Ji, and 'p represents royU- The * terrible works'
spoken of in v, 14 (cp. Ixv. 6) are the *work' anticipated by a fervent
faith — the ultimate overthrow of the N. Arabian oppressor. The names
*Zarephath' and *Maacath* also appear to underlie two troublesome
words (iriD and JlVJinn) in 7a 15. Two other ethnic names (* Ashliur'
and * Arabia ') are probably^concealed under the two strange words ^mK
and ^Vil in v. 3, and in restoring them to light we account for the
othen/^'ise inexplicable verb /int. Of the other verbs in //. 1-4 of the
T •••
* original psalm,' one (ly^n^) Js suggested by xliv. 3 (corrected text),
another (JIWDH) is suggested by Ixxxi. 15, and confirmed perhaps by
cxxxix. 2^, where M's text may have come out of "^J^DHT riJ^JDn, and
by ^- '3> where the same origin may be assigned to (nJl>^"^D)
^n^^D /T*ip. Thus stanza i becomes —
nD;;D ryyn:^ njns*
nnr aim -ywwik
Verse 4 has been evolved by the editor out of 'TW 'TW '^KJ^Dl!^^ 'Hm.
In 7/. 5 both mn>^ and Dip represent ^J^DHT (so in Isa. ix. 11) ;
PSALM CXXXIX. 221
whether * bad shots * may account for the rest of 2/. 5 is uncertain. Verse 1 3^
is also uncertain ; on v, 13a see above. In z/. 15 ^DD ^"OIV IHD^ J^/
has probably come out of DDJ^D Y")>* ^KOm^, which may perhaps
have stood in the margin as a correction of y")>^ JlVJinn "IJID (on
which see above). We are now able to explain the troublesome ^lyop^^
instead of which the editor who recast the psalm (as we have seen) read
^Hiy^' The true reading probably is i1^^3. Probably Dp*l> i-c.
^KOnn^f stood in the margin as a gloss on J^^VD V^K. Read there-
fore as //. 7, 8, —
jiDro Y'^>*^ ^'^3
Between stanzas 2 and 3 comes, at least in M's text, a mass of
corruption, to which the editor has done his best (which is little enough)
to give an appearance of sense. It is v. 16, which opens with the
* jargon '-word ^Tj^^. The text before the editor appears to have given
(in a very corrupt form) the following ethnics, — rOi})D 'T JISIa 'T "1^
'T "T)XD 'T. In Dn2> at the end of the verse, 3 may belong to the
same group as TTTJ^M^I (under which his ^J^OH^"*), and DH may
contribute with "^ (v. 17) to represent DM^K-
Let us now seek to explain stanza 3 (w, 17 f.). ^V^ ought to mean
ot </)tXoio-ov (G); y) is not synonymous with IVJ^l. Nor is DiTlCn, * their
sums ' (or chiefs), natural. ^^"1 may be a fragment of T^S)J^"^;y (cp,
V. 23), and this to be a corruption of fiWO (D became 3, and 1 was
inserted ; cp. Ezek. xxxi. 5). The mysterious clause, •?fQy niyi ^/iSpn,
has probably been produced on the basis of a corruption of f^Jl^p'TS
• • ' vT-:-
Corruption has also accumulated between stanzas 3 and 4. Verses 19
and 20 appear to have consisted originally of the scribe's ' bad shots ' at
the following ethnics, viz. 'l^ D1K 'l!^ T^V^ 'T 'n^ 1W>^ 'T 1^
'1^ 'tC;i 't^ *^ '1^ nttrj^. Happily there is nothing fresh to mention
in stanza 4, and only three points in stanza 5. These are (a) ^9Tn\2^
(v. 23), which should probably be ^toVQ* ^^^ above on stanza 3 (z/. 17),
and cp. on xciv. 19, cxix. 113. {b) 22iy (v- 24). Most (Hi., Hu., De.,
Ba., Du., &c.) render *pain* ; cp. nil2{yD, Isa. 1. 11. Ges. and Siegfr.-
Sta., however, prefer * idolatry ' (cp. ^HJjy, Isa. xlviii. 5), while Gr. would
read jr}{3. {c) D^^y, * the ancient (way)'; cp. Jer.vi. 16. So Ol. (after
"V T
T). Or, 'the enduring (way),' so Del., Bii. (after G). These explana-
tions are makeshifts. Having before us the danger from Jerahmeelite
religious influences let us read (for y^y) ^J^yDXT'and (for D^iy) ^^*Dm^.
Cp. Isa. Ivii. 17, where (for XJ^2, PW) read ^J^yDlC^^ 11^3.
222 THE PSALMS.
PSALM CXL.
1 RIMETBRS AND TETRAMETERS. Israel supplicatcs for vengeance upon its
foes. The chronologically precise datings of Olshausen and Hitzig lack sound
basis. The foes are the N. Arabians, but there is an artificiality about the whole
poem which detracts from its historical value. The Arabian oppression may have
gone on, but though the Jews may have had good grounds for complaint, the times
were not as critical as a first reading of this psalm might suggest. Evidently the
psalm is late, but we cannot corrolx>rate this by arguments drawn from the plural
D^DDH, w. 2, 5, or from HDD, v, lO (Gratz, reading D21DD, 'their table*),
or from /113rTTO, v. I2, any more than we can argue for the existence of an
ancient substratum from the three * Selahs * {w, 4, 6, 9), which certainly owe
their origin to corruption of the text. Note also in this connexion the dis-
appearance of the suffix in ID as a result of textual criticism. On form of psalm,
cp. D. H. Miiller, Sirophenbau^ 61 ff. ; Duhm and Grimme agree.
Deposited, Marked: of ^Ardb-eilian i
I Rescue me, O Yahwfe ! from Aram, 2
From Asshur and from Cusham preserve me,
For they plan evil actions in the heart, 3
They stir up wars continually,
Ishmael, Maacath, and Cush, 4
Those of Rehoboth and of Zarephath.^
Rescue me, O Yahwfe ! from Aram, 5
From Asshur and from Cusham preserve me,
For they plan to thrust my feet,
ID The traitors have hidden snares for me, 6
Those of Jerahmeel and of Zarephath,
Those of Cush and of Ishmael.
I say unto Yahw^, Thou art my God : 7
Hear, O Yahw^ ! my suppliant voice !
O Yahwfe,* my delivering Rock ! 8
Destroy Ishmael as in the day of Cushan.
Rescue me, O Yahwfe ! from Aram [and from] Asshur, 9
From Ishmael, and from Maacath, and from Jerahmeel.*
Those of Jerahmeel shall give way, 11, 12
20 Asshur and Cusham, and Ishmael and Zarephath !
' Jerahmeel. * O Lord.
' Asshur, Ishmael, Zarephathites, and Cushites.
PSALM CXL. 223
For Yahwfe will plead the cause of the sufferer, 13
The right of the poor [he will maintain].
Verily the righteous will give thanks to thy name, 14
The upright will be satisfied with thy countenance. .
I, 5» 9. Aranit Assliiir. As usual, 16. Tk^ day of Cushan. Cp. ' the day
the southern Aram ( = Jerahmeel) and ofMidian/Isa. ix. 3. Possibly Othniers
Asshur ( = Ash^ur, and Geshur) are victory over * Cushan -risliathaim * (see
meant. — 4. They stir up wars. Strictly Enc. Bib. s. v,) is meant, or some
speaking, this is inconsistent with other great battle in which the N.
the description of the treachery of the Arabian foe was defeated. See critical
foes in //. 9 f . ; cp. Ps. cxx.— 10. note. — 19. Cp. on xi. 6. — 24. Cp.
Cp. ix. i6, xxxi. 5, Ivil. 7, Ixiv. 6. — xvii. 15.
Critical Notes. 1 f., 7 f. These two couplets were evidently meant
to agree (sec also on //. 17 f.). ^Jl!^in is miswritten (see on Ixi. 8) for
^^"IDKfn. Consequently 0")Diy, which opens v, 5, should be *32{Vn.
For DTKO read DIJ^O- 3^1 and tCTK together represent Tr^JJ ;
D^DDH comes from Dl£^301 (cp. on xviii. 49).
4. Read DVrr^3 (G, Kenn.), and nr with 01., Gr. &c. (cp. Ivi. 7,
Hx. 4).
5 f. 'Sharpened their tongue like a serpent'? 'Poison of *'?
^D^JISIC^ ought to warn us (cp. on xvii. i, 4) ; ]W^, too, may represent
bl^VOW^ (see on Isa. xi. 15).
• T : : . ;
nbVf at the end of w, 4, 6, 9, as often, represents ^J^DrrT*. *The
meaning of yW2V Js uncertain ' (Duhm) ; more than uncertain ! It
must be admitted, however, that ie;^33j; (for 2W2V)* presupposed by T
(so Merx and Gr.), is ingenious. See Enc. Bid,, * Spider.'
7 f* "^1^ comes from DIJ^D ; 2W^ and tt^^J^D from nil£,*>*0.— M
mkSi, Read Uny^ (sec on xciv. 2).
• •• • t
1 1 f. From D^^nm to n^D (v. 6) is a collection of corrupt ethnics, —
'T' bi^j^nur tyt2 'T 'IS Dsn^ ^Komv g's to^ woaiy ^w also
comes from ^KOm^. Read therefore—
15 f. For Tj/ read, probably, IS (see on xxviii. 8).— M HJllbD
^iWil^, a choice, but here not a very natural expression. Read
224 THE PSALMS.
'rWDlJ^ ^nit^n. bK^KT and bl^yoV^ are sometimes confounded
(like bi^-^V"^ and D^K^IT). — M p^^ ny^2y *on the day of armour'?
Read ]t3 DV3. See exeg. note.
'tn :
1 7 f. M ^*1N[D • ^ ^''■o '^f ^mBvfAias ; 'A iiriTrodfifurra ; 2 ray fwi-
^u^iaf ; T ^^•til'n ; J desideria. The double irregularity need not here
•• •
be discussed. The reference to the * suppliant voice' leads us to expect
a repetition of the prayer for rescue from Aram, and the other words in
z/. 9, including TODt are very possible corruptions of ethnics. In no
other way can pS)Jl"bK IDDT be explained ; DDT is an impossible Stt.
Xcy. ; and how can ••)D1T mean * (for) they would exalt themselves ' ?
On the vss., see Bathgen. Read —
K lo, as all agree, is most obscure. But, to an experienced eye, every
word in it is clearly a corruption of an ethnic ; for ODD> cp. the familiar
corruptions ^31!^ and ^DU'' (for b^'^'OV^)- The ethnics are— TllC^i^
WV^^ D'/IS)'):^ b^V^V^, a catalogue which exhibits the scribe's learn-
ing, but has no place in the poem.
19. Kt. ID^D-; better, as glr., !|Mia\ ^r\hy and uhny both
represent D^^KDH"!^ O and D confounded) ; both are scribes' attempts
to get sense out of a miswritten and perhaps dittographed 'n'^\ (The
conjecture Ti^D^ or ^JMO^ [Kenn., Hu., Gr., Ba., &c.] is derived from
xi. 6, which, however [see note], is corrupt). What follows is most
improbable in itself and metrically excessive. 07^3^ ttf^^2 simply
represents U^)XS^V. a variant to D^'^J^OmV Similarly JinDHDn
1Dp^"^3 (who can venture to defend 'HD ?) represents other attempts of
a scribe to make sense of a miswritten 'm^; we therefore disregard it.
Read D^^J^OH'^^ I^IDV
20. We also make no use of the opening words of z/. 12, for they
simply represent n^'yi ^J^DHT ^WOt£^\ which is dittographic. What
the psalmist wrote most probably was JIS')^') ^NyDK^^ Dl^^DI 'IWK.
Of these four names, a is represented by ^"^-Vy^^b by DDH, ^ by
liTi::^ (cp. D^iTX). d by ^ WDl:;^
22. Insert tOBty** (metre).— 24. M Utf^V Read nyilto^ (Schorr,
Geiger, Kroch., Gr.).
PSALM CXLI. 225
PSALM CXLI.
1 HE same subject continued. The original psalm (in trimeters) was rewritten
by an editor. There is nothing, if we have in the main rightly restored it,
which suggests a specially late date. It is only v. 4^ and v. 7 which have
appeared to favour a date in the Greek period, but these passages are not
safe enough to appeal to; indeed, the strong probability is that tiie points
to which critics have referred are solely due to textual corruption (cp. on
Ps. xvi.). The * scattering' of an Israelitish host mentioned in /. 8 of the
'original psalm' may have been an event in the period which preceded the
arrival of Nehemiah at Jerusalem. Coblenz (p. 190) remarks that the cor-
ruptness of the text makes it hard to decide whether the community or an
individual is the speaker ; he inclines, however, to the second view, interpreting
pvf^ in V. 5 not of God (as Ba., after Hengstenberg), but of any righteous
ifriend (as Del.). B&thgen takes the other view, basing this on the intelligible
part of the psalm— thoufjh v, 5a is surely not so clear as this scholar supposes.
He also approves Theodore's reference of the psalm to circumstances of the
Exile. Duhm finds no clear indications of date ; as usual he makrs the speaker
an individual. If, however, Ecclus. xxii. 27 is ideally dependent on Ps. cxli. 3,
it would seem that the psalm must have been written or rewritten before
the composition of the original Ecclesiasticus. We may (probably) with
general accuracy, and even with some approach to accuracy of detail, restore
the original psalm thus,—
I O Yahwfe ! I call upon thee, attend unto me ; i
Listen to my voice when I call unto thee.
Cause the Pelethites to bow down before me, 2
Destroy Jerahmeel and Zarephath. 3
O Yahwfe ! in thy lovingkindness correct me, 5
Let not Asshur deal with me as guilty !
For the Pelethites and Zarephathites shout in triumph, 6
For the Ishmaelites have scattered our host. 7
For unto thee, O Yahw^ ! mine eyes ^are raised^ ; 8
10 In thee do I trust, forsake not my soul.
Preserve me from Jerahmeel and from Cush, 9
From the plots of the Asshurites and the Arabians.
This psalm of highly wrought feelingf was modified by the redactor,
much as Ps. xvi. and other parallel psalms were modified. Corrup-
tion too suggested (in w. 4-7) some strange and at first sight striking
ideas — only the form of expression is so odd that the commentators are
to blame for assigning the ideas and the form of expression to the
psalmist. Apart from this spurious originality the psalm was greatly
weakened by being rewritten. On the text, cp. Grimme, Ps,'Probleme^
pp. 126 f.
Marked, Of ^ Arab-ethan. i
I O Yahwfe ! I call upon thee, attend unto me ;
Listen to my voice when I call unto thee.
Let my prayer stand +as+ a sweet smoke before thee, 2
The lifting up of my hands +as+ the evening oblation.
II.
226 THE PSALMS.
Set a \vatch(?), O Yahwb ! upon my mouth, 3
A guard(?) on the door(?) of my lips.
Incline not my heart to any evil thing, 4
Presumptuously to commit actions in wickedness,
With men(?), workers of wrong,
lo And may I not eat of their dainties(?) !
Let the righteous smite me in lovingkindness(?), and
correct me, 5
The oil of the wicked — let it not moisten my head.
For yet — my prayer is in their misfortunes(?).
Their judges are thrown down into the hands of the rock, 6
And will hear my words, for they are sweet.
As when one ploughs and cleaves in the earth, 7
Our bones are scattered at the mouth of Sheol.
For unto thee, O Yahw6 ! mine eyes +are raised^, 8
In thee do I trust, pour not out my soul.
20 Preserve me from the hands of the snare of those who
set gins for me, 9
And +from+ the gins of the workers of wrong.
Let the wicked fall into his own nets.
While I at the same time pass on.
The most secure corrections of the manipulated text are in lines
I and 12. In /. 1 riWH should be HTttpn. Winckler's root tCTin
* to give heed' (AOF^^^ i. 50) has questionable grounds.
In /. 12 {v. 5) G has tkatop dc d/iaprwXoO fArf Xmavara rrfv jcc^aX^ fnov,
ie, ^tr^iil 1¥^17^>? y^7 lOtth. The reading DrTDSTy in v. 7b pre-
supposed by G^ and S (see Ba.) is surely a mere guess. In ?/. 3 note the
words mDlC^f m^iJ, and ^1, which have not been satisfactorily
justified.
Turning now to the * original psalm,' we dwell first on //. 3, 4.
Evidently the gentle, poetic prayer in v. 2 is not the true successor of the
impassioned appeal in v, i. Nor is this prayer itself quite free from
difficulty; JIllOp is not a perfect parallel to JH}} JiroD, and then-
why mention the evening at all? pDJI, as in xciii. i, may come from
ITIDn, and the puzzling rnt^\> niay have the same origin. ^7)^S)J1,
both here and in v, 5, seems to come from ^JI^B (Pelethitc = Zare-
• MS
phathite ; see Enc. Bib, * Pelethite.') — K 2b is an editorial work, based
on a corruption of yy}f b^XOTVl^ ^NyDlC^% three ethnics, or rather two
CnT being simply a variant to 'KT), combined. ^^ (cp. Crit. Bib. on
^D^S), Gen. xxi. 22) and JITOD (from ^om) both represent ^KDm^
PSALMS CXLI., CXLII. 227
V, 3 has grown out of J1S)n2{1 'mn 'D^r) 'hTI 'Dl£?^ D'TWD.
Metre requires two of the ethnics to be chosen ; we naturally choose
* Jerahmeel ' and * Zarephath.' — V» 4 is useless, having been evolved out of
ubtkoni^ 'nn^ 'nv^^ -^wu 'm'» 'm^ nny lybxn 'm^ *?KDm\
in the middle of which is inserted the gloss pj^"^^yE). Note the two
Legarmehs and the Paset In v. $a OdSt (cp. on cxviii. 10^) conies
from DvJ^Dm*, a gloss properly belonging to v, 4.
y. sa comes from 'b^ ll^hJ t^W?^! '?T?^ T7P0? ^^'
^^JTtth^ (for ]r2V cp. on civ. 15); t/. 5^ from D^JlsS'^il 0^/1^9 IITI^D-
• •• • 5—
Notice that TDH and p"T2{ are liable to confusion. It is very possible,
however, and even probable, that pn2i (Pasefc follows) is a corruption
of ^^prn] ; at any rate, the sense requires this reading.
In V. 6 IIODIC^J and DiTlDDtt^ both probably come from D^JHS'IS: ;
^T2 comes from 21V I V^D and lyDtt^l from bWOtiT ; O* Hoi*
from ^J^On*)^; low from ISjJ^- This is merely a scribe's catalogue,
and forms no part of the poem. In z/. 7a, 100, 11/9 (once more cp.
^D^S)), and ypy\, all come from fragments of ^KOH")^. yiNO comes
from m2:0, or from D^l^i; z/. 7^ represents wbi^VDW^ -IJKn^i J)"HS) ^3-
In V, 8 ^Tlt^ is superfluous ; "lyjl probably comes from 2\VIj} (Gr.).
In V. 9 DQ n^O with >*?, comes from t^J^OHTO, ^Vp' from Ch301,
nWpDT (we expect ^lypo) from Jlinif^OOL In v, loa the editor has
done his best with two mis written fonns of DvJ^On*)^, followed by
D^jnCn=DnW>*. in v, lob "rrr and iy OiK both possibly represent
/J^Om^ ; ■)^^y^^ comes from D^ilJ7- As the conclusion of /. 12
D^my") DnW>* is preferable to \\'^ 'hv^.
PSALM CXLli.
1 RIMETERS. A more plaintive cry for help. Theodore's assignment of
this psalm to the captive people in Babylon has still more justification than
even Bathgen, who favours this view, supposes. It is indeed Israel which
languishes in prison (cp. Isa. xlii. 7), surely not an Israelite leader, as Hitzig,
Dehtzschy and Duhm, or the psalmist himself, as Coblenz (p. 184) would
have it But the place of captivity was not Babylon but Jerahmeel (cp. on
cxxxvii. i). Like Ps. Ixxvii. {v. 2), our psalm puts this fact in the forefront;
•in Jerahmeel unto Yahw^ I cry* {v. 2). Other parallel passages : v, 3a, cp.
cii. I ; V. 4/x, cp. Ixxvii. 4 ; v, 5^, cp. Job xi. 20 ; Z'. 6r, cp. xvi. 5, Ixxiii. 26,
cxix. 57 ; V. 8a, cp. Isa. xlii. 7.
Deposited. Of^Arab-ethan. \0f David ^ when he was in Jerahmeel, '\
A prayer. i
I In Jerahmeel unto Yahwfe I cry, 2
In Jerahmeel unto Yahw^ I make supplication ;
I pour out before him my complaint, 3
Before him my trouble I declare.
228 THE PSALMS.
For my spirit within me is astonished, 4
But thou knowest my desire.
In the path wherein I am wont to go,
[The Jerahmeelites] have hidden snares for me.
I look on the right hand, and gaze, 5
10 [And on the left,] but there is none to take heed of me ;
All retreats are cut off from me.
There is none that cares for my life.
I cry unto thee, O Yahwfe ! 6
I say, Thou art my refuge,
* * i'.i *
My portion in the land of the living.
Hearken, [O Yahwfe !] to my cry, 7
For, [as for me,] I am brought very low ;
Rescue me from my pursuers,
20 For they are too mighty for me.
Bring my soul out of prison, 8
That I may give thanks to thy name ;
The righteous will make their boast of me,
Because thou dealest bountifully with me.
Critical Notes, Title, myo and ubl^f (i S. xxii. i) both re-
present ^MDm^. See Crit, Bib, on i S. xxii. i.
I f. M '»*?ip. Read ^»DmU (as iii. 5, Ixxvii. 2).
5 f. Read 7\r^F\r\ ^j) (Ixxvii. 4), and (for ^^n^Jli) '»r\2X^F\^
8. Insert DvKOm^, which was probably written corruptly in a
form resembling ^7 HS (cp. on cxli. 9).
9 f. Point V:S^^^ and nhl (Ba.). GST express the first person.
In /. 10 insert ^KDIC^V
17 f. Perhaps insert miT and ^ytk- Grimme, ^ninJl"^>*.
23. For -•)Ti^51 (* surround,' as enemies) read perhaps I'lJ^Sil^ (Gr.).
PSALM CXLIII.
1 Ri METERS and dimeters. Familiar complaints and petitions of pious
Israel recast. Cp. e,g, v» 3 with vii. 6a, xxxi. 13 (?), Ixxxviii. 4-7, Lam. iii. 6;
V. 6 with Ixiii. 5 and 2; v. yd with xxviii. i, Ixxxviii. 5 ; v. 10a, cp. xxv. 4 f . ; v.
10^ (leading of the divine spirit), cp. Neh. ix. 20 ; v, 11, cp. cxix. 25, 37, 40, &c.
Theodore, as we might expect, refers the psalm to the captive people in Babylon
(ZATIV, 1885, p. 90). Cp. introd. to Ps. cxlii., and note the probable reading
* out of the land of Mi^^ur ' (/. 30).
PSALM CXLIII. 229
Marked: of ^Artzb-ethan. i
I O Yahw6 ! hear my prayer,
Give ear to my supplication ;
In thy faithfulness answer me,
In thy righteousness [rescue me].^
For the Arabian has pursued my soul, 3
Has crushed to the ground my life ;
He has made me to dwell in dark places.
As the dead Jerahmeelites,
So that my spirit is astonished within me, 4
10 My heart in the midst of me is appalled ;
I remember the days of old, 5
I meditate upon all thy doing,
I muse upon the work of thy hands,
I spread out my hands unto thee ; 6
I long as a thirsty land*
For thee, O God !
Make haste to answer me, O Yahwfe, 7
Hide not thy countenance from me,
[Lest, if thou spurn me,] I resemble
20 Those that have gone down to the pit.
Satisfy me early with thy lovingkindness, 8
For in thee do I trust ;
Make me to know the way that I should go,
For I lift up my soul unto thee.
Rescue me from the Arabian, O Yahw^ ! 9
' For thee do I long :
Teach me to do thy will, 10
For thou art my God.
Let thy good spirit lead me
30 Out of the land of Mis^ur, O Yahw^ !
For thy name's sake revive me, 1 1
In thy righteousness.
Bring my soul out of distress,
And in thy righteousness suppress mine enemies, 1 2
And destroy all those that afBict my soul.
For I am thy servant.
* And enter not into judgment with thy servant, for none that lives can be
righteous before thee (v. 2).
' My spirit pines.
230 THE PSALMS.
Critical Notes, 4. Parallelism and metre suggest the insertion of
5. M n-'^J^ (Pasek follows). Read ^311? (xxvii. 2 &c.).— ^. 2 is
omitted, because hardly metrical, and not exactly consistent with v. i^
which appeals to Yahw^'s righteousness (see, however, Ba. and Du.).
8 f. M xthS '/1D3. Read ^J^DIT)^ ^/IDD (as xxxi. i3,lxxxviii.6).
Read HDrii^]^ (Ixxvii. 4, cxlii. 4). HDJIJ^ has been restored in lv.«3,
Ixxiii. 2\a.
IS f. M >'^33 (PaseJ^ follows). Read ^n3DDi. So again in /. 26
• :-. •:-:•
(for ^Jl^DD). ^Vrn nn'?3 in v, 7, which is metrically superfluous, may
be a gloss on ^JISDDJ. H/D (^. 6, end), as often, comes from D^17^^•
19. Insert (from xxviii. i) ^iJDD TWX^^\ *19-
• ¥ • vv: V V
21. Read ^JJ^^a^H (Gr., Che.^^^ Du.).
25. Read ^3"iyD (cp. on /. 5).— 26. M ^7)^D3, surely not reflexive.
• T^ •• • • •
G «car€^vyoy=^;?^D3. Read ^ilS)DDi» which accounts for both readings.
Gr., ^il^*5; Bachm., Ba. ^/I^SH ; too arbitrary.
30. M l^ilthD rjlj?- I^ead probably -nsD VJ^?-
34. M Tf^n^'^. Read ^j5"T:il1. Here again we see that pTS
and ion are liable to confusion.
PSALM CXLIV.— I.
1 RIMETERS. A combination of passages chiefly from Ps. xviii., but also from
Pss. xxxiii. and civ. relative to divine dehverance from trouble, and an application
of these to pious Israel's sufferings from their treacherous N. Arabian (not Syrian)
enemies (v, 11). The parallel passages are — v. i, cp. xviii. 35, 46 f. ; v, 2, cp.
xviii. 3, 48 ; v, 5a, cp. xviii. loa; v. 5^, cp. civ. 32^; v. 6, cp. xviii. 15 ; ». 7,
cp. xviii. 17; V, 9, cp. xxxiii. 2 f. ; v. 10, cp. xviii. 51.
0/ ^Arad-etAari. i
I Blessed be Yahw^ my Rock,
[Exalted be God my succour,]
Who trains my hands to war,
My fingers to battle ;
My righteousness, my fortress,^ mine asylum, 2
My shield, he in whom I take refuge ;
• • • «
Who crushes the peoples beneath me.2
* My sure retreat.
^ Yahwe ! what is man that thou shouldest notice him ?
Frail man, that thou shouldest value him?
Man is like a breath,
His days are as a shadow that passes away {vz\ 3 f.).
PSALM CXLIV. — I, 2. 23I
O Yahwfe ! bow the heavens, and come down, 5
10 Touch the mountains, that they smoke,
Hurl forth lightnings and scatter them, 6
Shoot out thine arrows and affright them.
Reach forth thy hand from high heaven, 7
[Draw me] out of the vast waters ;
* * * :;:
'Ai * * :;:
O Yahw^ ! I will sing a new song unto thee, q
With lute and horn will I play unto thee,
(The God) who gave succour to his king, 10
20 Who rescued David his servant.
From the sword of Jerahmeel rescue thou me, 1 1
Deliver me from the hand of foreigners,
Whose mouth speaks falsehood,
And whose contract is a contract of lies.*
PSALM CXLIV.— 2.
1 RIMETERS. A fragment describing the felicity of the people tliat worships
Yahw^. Cp. cxxvii.**), cxxviii. How came the fragment here ? Probably by
mere accident. The passage had to be preserved, and at the end of this
composite psalm there seemed to be a suitable place. According to most, it
was linked to the preceding psalm by *12^h^* Possibly the editor meant us to
understand 'I will sing unto thee (v, 9) because,' &c., making w. 12-15 virtually
the *new song' spoken of, but 'A J E' J give HltfK the sense of * in order that.'
Cp. Kon., Synt,, § ^g6a. The truth, however, probably is that "IIC^K = "IH^K
(the N. Arabian Asshur), a gloss on z\ 11.
I Our sons are as newly planted saplings, 12
Full-grown, in youthful age ;
Our daughters, as fruitful (vines)
Maturing berries of a cluster(?).
[All] our stores are full, 13
Supplying both oil and corn,
Our sheep increasing by thousands.
And tens of thousands in our lields.
No breaking-in of Ishmaelites, 1 4
10 No cry of woe in our streets.
Happy the people that is in such a case, 1 5
Happy the people whose God is Yahw^ !
* Asshur.
232 THE PSALMS.
Critical Notes. (cxliv.<>>)- 2. Supplied by Duhm from xviii. 46^.
5. M non. Krochm., Gr., Che;^> ^JDH. Rather ^rm (sec on
xviii. i). Confusion of 1011 and pT2i (H for p, D for 2^).— Omit ^3^DC,
a variant to ^/ni^JO.— Read *£D^S01 (see on xviii. 3).— 8. M Tfin.
Read perhaps J^STOH ; see on xviii. 48. — M ^DJ^- Read '^Qjjf, «>.
O^D]^ (xviii. 48). So some MSS. and 'A J T S, but G ruv \a6v luw.
The insertion after v, 2 reminds us of viii. 5, Job viii. 9, xiv. 2.
9. Read D'OtCt, with Wellh., Duhm.— 11. Read m^^, (Gr.) ; so
xviii. 15. — 13. Read Tpp, with vss., and not a few MSS. (Ba., We., Du.)
14. All that follows D1")DD in ^- 7, except D^Hl D*DD, is erroneously
repeated from v. 11. Before '1 'D read ^^itfO (see xviii. 17), with
Duhm.— 18. ReadlS^tth ^232 (see on xxxiii.' 2 A
19 f. D^D^D probably comes from ^D^D> and this from ^S^D (sec
xviii. 51). — r^yi 3inO is an unparalleled phrase which, like TT
ny\'^il 0^*^' xlvi. 16 &c.), comes from ^SDTIT ^inO- Attach this to
"^y^^ (cp. G), and begin /. 22 with ^iy:im.
(cxliv.^^0- I- ^^^t^ should probably be printed Itfi^K, a gloss (see
introd., p. 231). — M rh^3 . 't seems to have much puzzled the ancients ;
G for instance renders jccjcaXXoifrco-fiCMii, deriving from VT 'brilliance.'
Most modems, * as comer-pillars ' (continuing, * carved in palace-fashion ').
But * pillars' is arbitrary, and what right have we to think of Caryatides
in palaces known to the psalmist ? Comparing cxxviii. 3, Isa. xvii. 6.
read Jin&3.— M *?D^n jmD /l^iniSnQ. For TlD ('striped'?
' hewn ' ?) G gives nfpiKtKovfujfitvai, But the text of the whole passage
needs to be revised. Read perhaps t>^l:^^^ UHV JliM^rrD. On ©^
cp. Del. on Cant. ii. 13 ; for "^"^ 'jy cp. Num. xiii. 22, ITIlg^ 7*l3tW^.
5. Insert "^3 (with Bi.), which easily fell out after ^3^,1 or ^DtC^J*.—
M •1i'*1TD, G rii Ta\ulai aurwv (the required sense). Such a word as ^TD
(BDBkz., \/ nW is unknown. Wellh., s|J'»iiD, *our foods'? Herz,
=tyDDhi (Dt. xxviii. 8, Prov. iii. 10). ^rW HQ. G (S) U roifrou «tV
Tovro = nr7N n^O ; cp. Ixxv. 9, G S. Surely a bad guess. ITD is
V V V •
probably from mt ; \\ from •,[;)]'??. Read XXT^I^ ptS^D ; cp. Dt. xi.
'VV' TT TTVV\»»
9. M prefixes to v. 5 D^t>3DD irSJI^K- ^}^ for ^I^K?— the
masc. as genus epicosnum (Dt. vii. 13) ? — 'DO * burdened '—with what?
with loads (T, ?iml?i) ? with flesh (G, traxfir) ? with the fruit of the womb
(Ge., Ew., Hi., We. with ?) ? All equally impossible. Can the text be
PSALMS CXLIV- — 2, CXLV. 233
right ? Besides, why should the kine have less space than the sheep ?
(Grimme^s reading ^T^'Q T^K >s a poor makeshift). The word which first
reveals its secret is D^^^DD* for ^2D» Hke ^DD, is a possible corruption
of ^KyDlC^ (cp. on Ixxxi. 7a) ; C^^K, too, sometimes comes from
^l<D[rn^], and ^^ often represents an original D- The 1 in "S)bl^ may
come from 1, unless indeed it is an interpretative insertion. Thus we
get Cr^KyDlC^ D^NOmv These two words are alternatives. Most
probably either 'tVV or 'OttT^ should stand after yns pi<. These words
too have exercised the older interpreters. But followed by TVH)^ X*H it
is difficult for a modem scholar to doubt ; y^H) means a breaking-in of
foes into the land or into a city. * There is no breaking-in of Ishmaelites '
records the fact that Ishmaelite raids were both before and after the
Exile one of the chief dangers of the southern Israelites.— But what of
nN2n^ (fW ? * Probably = '^ tt>E)i,' says Olshauscn ; but the explanation
of '1 '2 is not so easy* Metrically either 'DD 'bu or DHT^ T^l is
superfluous; our previous criticism leads to the decision that it is the
latter which is intrusive, and, if so, it seems plain that /IKSV T^t has
grown out of a dittographed nms fKI.
PSALM CXLV.
1 aiMBTBRS. An alphabetical psalm, of which one distich (that becinning
with Nun) is wanting in M ; see on v. 13. It is unoriginal, but well sums
up the Jewish conception of the character of Yahw^ ; hence, before praying,
said R. Jeshua ben Levi, repeat Ps. cxlv. It has an affinity with the next
psalm (v, 14) ; cp. w. i, 13 (Yahw^ as king) with cxivi. 10 ; w. 14, 20 with
cxlvi. 8 f. ; V. 15a with cxIvi. 5 O^lC^) ; v. 15* with cxlvi. 7. rf^TlJl (G e,
aXtffffis; 'A, dfAiffiirit ; 2, Hfiyos ; T, KJinZHtn/l) nowhere else occurs in a
heading, though D^^rTJl is the title of the whole Book (see also on Ixxii. 20).
I I will extol thee, my God, my King, i
And bless thy name for ever and ever.
Every day will I bless thee. 2
And praise thy name for ever and ever.
Great is Yahwfe, and highly to be. praised, 3
And his greatness is unsearchable.
One generation shall laud thy works to another, 4
They shall declare thy mighty acts.
Of thy glorious brightness shall they speak, $
10 Of thy wonders shall they discourse ;
The might of thy terrible acts shall they utter, 6
Thy great deeds shall they rehearse.
234 THE PSALMS.
The recital of thy plenteous goodness they shall pour
forth, 7
And shout for joy at thy righteousness.
Full of pity and compassionate is Yahwfe, 8
Long-suffering, and of great lovingkindness.
Good is Yahwb to all [who wait for him], Q
And his compassion is over all who take refuge in him.
All who take refuge in thee give thanks to thee, O
Yahw^, lo
20 And thy loyal ones bless thee.
The glory of thy kingdom do they utter, 1 1
Of thy might is their talk,
To make known to men Yahw^^s mighty acts, 1 2
And the brilliant glory of his kingdom.
Thy kingdom is a kingdom for all ages, 13
And thy dominion lasts for all generations.
Faithful is Yahwfe in all his ways.
And full of lovingkindness in all his works.
Yah we upholds all those who have fallen, 14
30 And lifts up all those who are bowed down.
The eyes of all wait upon thee, 1 5
And thou givest them their food in due season.
Thou openest thy hand, 16
And fillest all that lives with favour.
Righteous is Yahwe in all his ways, 17
And full of lovingkiiidness in all his works.
Yahwfe is nigh unto all those who call upon him, iS
All those who call upon him in truth.
He will fulfil the desire of those that fear him, 19
40 He will hear their cry, and will succour them.
Yahw^ preserves all those who love him, 20
But all the wicked he will destroy.
My mouth shall speak the praise of Yahwfe, 21
And let all flesh bless his holy name.^
* For ever and ever.
PSALMS CXLV., CXLVI. 235
I. Cp. XXX. 2, V. 3.-5. Cp. xlviii. 2. iii. 33, iv. 31.— 30. C^pT, so cxlvi. S ;
—9. Cp. /. 24. — 13. ^2^tD"n"^, as common in Aramaic. -31 f. As civ. 27.
• «^ T 1 • - .J^« «» " ^ —34. rtlS"^, either *with Yahwe's fa-
XXXI. 20, Isa. Ixiu. 7.— 3^3*11 as XIX. 3, ^ ^ ** t
lix. 8.— IS f. See ciii. 8, Ex. xxxiv. 6.— vour/ or * with each one's desire.' But
^ . . <«»%t-M.% , a pronommal suffix can more easily be
Compassuma/e{Urn), cp.on Ixxxvi. 15 dispensed with in the former case (cp.
(Babylonian affinity).— 25 f. Cp. Dan. v. 13, Dt. xxxiii. 23).
Cn'iica/ Notes, i. M f^on ^H^hJ. Read ^IlSp '^N (G). H is
dittographic. — 9 f. Read, probably, 'pp^lS yj\}'f tfcc superfluous TIH
may be from a dittogr. Til.— M nQTI . Read n^T (G S, Kenn.,
Bi., Ba., Che.ti), Kau., We.)— M HTflCrN. Read r\^ (G S, Kenn.,
T • T • T
virtually Gr.).
12. Read T/^'l^il or "^jrblSi (Kt.), with Kau.— M ^m^D^*.
Read nSD^ (G S, virtually Gr.).
17 ff. Insert VJp (Bi.). G, rols vnofxevovo-i, Cf. Lam. vii. 25.—
Read, probably, '* jl'imi (/>. I'n^ 'J). Four times again in this
psalm there is a transition from the address to Yahw^ to the mention
of Yahw^ in the third person (w, 3, 8, 14, 17). So Pedes (Ana/. 16),
Konig \T/i. LBlatt, Oct. 23, '96, cp. Styl. 248), and Duhm. The Tetra-
grammaton was represented by '^ ; cp. G, Judg. xix. 18. But G S J give
the 2nd sing. masc. suffix.
27 f. Insert VKr^D *?D2 TOm Vinil "• P«J (Grot., Cappell,
£w., Bi., Gr., Kau.). Repetition abounds in this psalm.
31, 33. Insert T\T\\^ (G, Bi., Ba.).
44. Omit IJD D^y^ (Bi.). Liturgical amplification.
PSALM CXLVI.
1 KIMBTERS. The subject is the essence of Yahwe's being — his creative might,
his lovingkindness (including justice), his eternity as king of Israel. The con-
nexion ofthis psalm with Ps. cxiv. has been noted. Their common tone of praise
led to the grouping of Ps. cxlvi. with Pss. cxlvii.-<:l., which were admitted into
the daily Jewish morning; prayer. At an earlier time Pss. cxlvi .-cxlviii. may
perhaps have formed an mdependent group by themselves. At any rate, this is
favoured by the fact that in G Pss. cxlvi.-cxlviii. (observe that, according
to the numeration of G, Ps. cxlvii. becomes two psalms) have the heading,
AAAifAovta. *Kyyalov KaX Zaxaplov. What G's addition to AAAiyAovia means
is no doubt uncertain. Does it mean that Haggai and Zechariah actually wrote
these psalms (together with Pss. cxii., cxxxviii., cxxxix.) ? or may we include
\0 and rrn3T among the words which cover over ethnic names of N. Arabia ?
If so, ' of the Hagrites and the Ashf^urites' (see General Introd.) will be a not
unsuitable variant to ' of the Jerahmeelites ' (transformed, not improbably, into
IT l77n). Cp. on Ps. cxxxvii. Note that v. 4 appears to be quoted in
I Mace. ii. 63.
236 THE PSALMS.
Of the Jerahmeelites, i
I Praise Yahwfe, O my soul,
ij! if. i,i ^:
I will praise Yahwfe while I live, 2
I will chant to my God while I remain.
Put not your trust in princes, 3
In one of earth's race who cannot deliver ;
When breath fails, he becomes earth again, 4
And all his schemings vanish.
Happy he whose help is the God of Jacob, 5
10 Whose hope is in Yahwfe his God,
Who made heaven and earth, 6
The sea and all that is therein !
Yahwfe watches over children,
He gives bread to the hungry ; 7^
Yahwfe looses those that are bound, 7^
He executes judgment for the oppressed ; 7<i
Yahwfe opens the eyes of the blind, 8*
Yahwfe raises those that are bowed down ; 8^
Yahwfe watches over the sojourners, 9a
20 He makes to stand the orphan and the widow ; 9^
Yahwfe loves the righteous, %c
But the way of the wicked he destroys. ^c
Yahwb shall reign for ever, 10
+Yea,+ thy God, O Zion ! from age to age.
I. A slight variation of the opening were exposed from barbarous captors of
words of Ps. civ.— 3 f. Cp. civ. 33. — cities (see €,g, Hos. x. 14). Matt.
5 f. Cp. cxviii. 8 f. — 7 f. Cp. civ. 29, xviii. 10 is hardly parallel. — 19 f. See
I Macc.ii.63(seecrit.n.). — 13. Children, on xciv. 6, and cp. £ertholet, Stellung,
Because of the danger to which children 182.
Critical iXofes. 4. M "'"rtyn. Read ^-rt^jrn (see on civ. 33^).—
7 f. With Grimme read yo^ TyT\ NSn , and omit the useless DV*2
)iCir\T^ , reading n^W . See i Mace. ii. 63, and cp. Bickell, Zt, /. katk.
7'^r<?/^i886,p.365. Bi. and Du. omit im") ^*S/^ altogether; so Che,t»),
inserting ^3 , which, however, is not enough to produce a clear trimeter.
— M Vjlii^ltfl^ . An imaginary word. Read V/lillWT (Eccles. vii.
T : V o ^ T : •
25, 27, 29, sing. ; 29, plur.). A similar correction is required in Jon. i. 6.
G, ot bta>,oyifryLo\ avTS>p,-^g. The ^ in IITy^ may be dittographed.
PSALMS CXLVI., CXLVII. — I. 237
13. M 0^16 r\D}k ^0*\8>n, against parallelism; note that the other
parts, have no article. Read, probably, D*7'?^2rrJK ^Dtt> rXMV ; tl is
a fragment of TTW-
20. M Trtjr ; G, dtfa\f|fl^frtTM, recognizing the same word here as in
cxlvii. 6 (note). ' Read, probably, TDJT. Herz, 'Spm^ ; Gratz, Itjr.
22. M /l!ijr, *he makes crooked*? Read TVV^ (Lam. iii. 9). G,
a^i'icZ. — 24. G S J omit the superfluous m^^H (so cxlvii.-cxHx.)
PSALM CXLVIL— I.
1 RIMETER5. A Call to the people to praise Yahw^ for his goodness to Israel
and to the earth. Observe (i) how the thoughts of what we may call nature and
of Israel are interwoven, and (2) how immediate is Yahw^'s relation to each
sphere of activity. In separating W. i-ii from the rest of Ps. cxlvii. (in M) we
follow the example of G (cp. on Ps. cxvi.). The division is at least a probable
one. Certainly w. 12, 13 serve the same purpose as 7n/. 1,2; note also that a
plurality of persons •is addressed in w. i-ii, but the collective personality of
'Jerusalem' or 'Zion' in mf. 12-20. As to parallel passages, cp. v. I with
cxxxv. 3, xxxiii. I ; v. 2^ with Isa. Ivi. 8 (time of Nehemiah ?) ; v. $ with Isa.
Ixi. I ; z^. 4 f. with Isa. xl. 26, 28 ; z^. 6 with cxlvi. 7-9 ; v. 9 with cxlv. 15,
Job xxxviii. 41 (unless with Bateson Wright we read 2iy /) ; z'- 10 with
xxxiii. 16 f. Heading in G as in cxlvi. (see introd.).
0/ the Jerahmeelites. I
I Praise Yah, for [Yahwfe] is good,^
Chant hymns [to] our God, for he is gracious.
Yahw6 is the builder of Jerusalem, . 2
He collects the outcasts of Israel ;
He who heals the broken in heart, 3
And binds up their wounds :
He counts the number of the stars, 4
And gives names to them all.
Great is our Lord and plenteous in power, 5
10 His understanding is incalculable.
Yahwe makes the sufferers to stand, 6
But abases the wicked to the ground.
Sing ye to Yahwfe with thanksgiving, 7
Chant to our God with the lyre,
Who covers the heavens with clouds, 8
Who prepares rain for the earth,*
* Praise is seemly. ' Who makes the mountains to shoot forth grass.
238 THE PSALMS.
Who gives to the beast his food, 9
To the young ravens who cry to him.
His pleasure is not in the strength of a horse, 10
20 His deh'ght is not in the armour of a man ;
Yahwe's delight is in those that fear him, 1 1
In those that wait for his lovingkindness.
Critical Notes. 1 f. The text of M is in disorder. G gives TV l^^H
twice over, which seems right ; one is the heading. It is possible to
read *|")aT (cp. xlvii. 7), continuing '^K^ (Bi., Che.<»^ Du.). G pre-
supposes mOT nito, continuing ThrSH HOTTJ J)i%'t^K^. But, then,
how shall we account for nW3 ? The affinity between the closing psalms
of praise suggests correcting //. i f. on the model of cxxxv. 3, and
reading— •
So far Kautzsch nearly agrees. Metre, however, bids us go further, and
suggests that the closing words in M, viz. n^H/l HIW . are a quotation
from xxxiii. i, where certainly they are much more suitable than here.
They are probably a gloss on yv^ O, inserted after %X\XV in /. i had
become effaced in the primary codex.
11. M Tl^yDi G avdkaijfidvtov. Read probably TDVD (see on cxlvi. 9).
Herz, T^l^O. — Read D^^JV, the special term for righteous Israelites as
opposed to wicked foreigners (ix. 6, 13).
16. M reads (v. U) l^n DHH XVOirsn, and G's Heb. text added
D"Tl^n rniV^ Dtoin ; both insertions from civ. 14, except that D^ITT
TTT -~- vSj
is substituted for PDnn?— 18. Insert y? (G Gr.).— 20. M pittf. By
itself it is strange ; if it were V^^13 Ip (Am. ii. 1 5) no objection could be
taken. Gratz VI2^^2 ; rather D2^^2- Sword and shield are needless to
'- 1 • : »^ v V :
the servant of Yahw^ (*my shield,' xviii. 3).
PSALM CXLVIL— 2.
1 RIMBTBRS. A summons to Jerusalem based on similar grounds to that in
cxlvii.(^> Heading in G as in cxlvii. *>, from which we may at least adopt
TT'^)/T^, or raiher the underlying D vNOni^?. As to parallels, comp. v, iz
with cxliz. 2&; V, 14a with Isa. Ix. l^b\ v, 14^ with Ixxxi. 17; v. 15 with
Isa. Iv. 10 f. ; V. 16 with Ecclus. xliii. 17 f., Heb. text (comparison of snow
to lightning-flashes, and of hoar-frost to salt)*, v. 17 with Job xxxvii. 10;
w. 19 f. with Dt. iv. 7 f.
PSALMS CXLVII. — 2, CXLVIII. 239
Of the Jerahmeelites,
I Laud Yah wfe, O Jerusalem ! 1 2
Praise thy God, O Zion !
For he has strengthened the bars of thy gates, 13
And has blessed thy sons within thee,
He who has set thy borders in security, 14
■fAnd-i- [from] Jerahmeel^ has delivered thee ;
Who sends his commandment to the earth — 1 5
Very swiftly runs his word,
Who plucks out snow like wool, 16
10 Who scatters hoar-frost like ashes ;
He throws down his ice like a coverlet, 1 7
By reason of his frost the waters stand still.
He sends his word and melts them ; 1 8
Let him blow with his wind, the waters flow.
He declared his word to Jacob, 19
His statutes and laws to Israel.
He has not done so to any of the nations, 20
His laws he teaches them not.
Critical Notes. 6. Correct in accordance with Ixxxi. 17.— 9. M ]jnin
a miserable || to "VtB\ Read pn'ijn.— 10. M D^i^S)3» *like pieces of
bread,' QHS omitted, as in Job xxxi. 17 &c.? 'Ice* instead of * hail-
vv
stones * ? Surely not. The parallelism shows that real ice is meant.
Read probably nHQlDD (>/ rTS)lD *to spread out'), Ruth iii. 15, Isa. iii.
22 ; written perhaps 'StOQ.— 12. M -fbjT "^O ID")? *JS)^. An in-
tolerably naive exclamation. Derenbourg (ZA TIV, 1885, p. 163), yiti^ ^
(cp. Job xxxvii. 10). But if we keep OSb, this will mean, *the waters
resist his frost ' (cp. Ixxviii. 8). Read therefore i/lTpD ; D fell out after
U*Jl!Qf together with the final letters of the two next words, and ^^3^ was
inserted to make sense. Similarly Duhm. Now we get a contrast to
/. 13.— 18. M D-UTP-ba CriDBlttol. Read QjrP"*?2l VJDSttfO-') (with G).
t:~ "Tt* ••• - tt:«
So Kau., Du., and partly Ba.
PSALM CXLVIIL
1 RIMBTBRS. An expansion and continuation of ciii. 20-22; cp. also the
* Song of the Three Cnildren.' Nature finds a voice through its high priest
Israel, and Yahw^'s vassals, the kings of the earth, join (for reasons not here
expressed) in a representative procession, chanting hymns to the only * exalted *
name, liie parallelism of 'kings' and 'judges of the earth' recalls ii. 10
in its later form (M G).
^ Maacath.
240 THE PSALMS.
Of the Jerahfneelites. i
I Praise Yahw^ from the heavens,
Praise him in the heights.
Praise ye hiro, all his angels, 2
Praise him, all his host.
Praise ye him, sun and moon, 3
Praise him, all ye shining stars.
Praise him, ye heavens of heavens, 4
And ye waters above the heavens ;
Let them praise the name of Yahwe, 5
10 For he commanded and they were created,
And he gave them a station for ever and ever, 6
He appointed a law which they cannot transgress.
Praise Yahwe from the earth, 7
Ye dragons and all ocean-floods ;
Fire and hail, snow and ice, 8
Storm-wind fulfilling his word ;
Mountains and all hills, 9
Fruit-trees and all cedars ;
Wild beasts and all cattle, 10
20 Creeping things and birds that fly ;
Kings of the earth and all peoples, 1 1
Princes and all judges of the earth,
Young men and also maidens, 12
Old men beside boys ;
Let them praise the name of Yahwe, 13
For his name alone is exalted ; ^
Let them chant with the lyre to our God, 14
Songs of praise have all his loyal ones.^
4. Cp. Josh. V. 13-15, I K. xxii. 19. v. 22, also Jer. xxxi. 35 f., xxxiii. 25.
— 7. Heavens of heavefis^ as Dt. x. 14, See crit. note. — 14. Dragons^ as Gen.
I K. viii. 27, 2 Chr. ii. 5. The highest i. 21. See on Ixxiv. 13. — 15. It is
heavens are meant, the Babylonian heavenly fire that is meant, accompanied
* heaven of Anu.' — 12. Cp. civ. 9, Jer. by hail (Ex. ix. 24).
1 His majesty is above earth and heaven,
s The sons of Israel, the people of Jacob.
PSALMS CXLVIIII., CXLIX. 24I
Critical Notes. 2. Read ^1<2S (Kt.), as in ciii. 21. l^r, was
(unnecessarily) suggested by the plural verb (cp. Scbrader, Jahrb, /.
prot, Theol,, 1876, p. 316).— 8. Omit "ItC^l^ (Grimme; metre).— 9. After
V ":
^3 G S presuppose ^rTI ^D^^ Wn from xxxiii. 9.
• V- - T
12. Read ni^l with Ol, Bi., Che. i), Ba., We., Kau., Du.— 15. M
"llIOpI H^tt^, *snow and smoke' (or, * vapour')? G xpi^oToXXof ;
similarly S J. Read Ty^\
26. M adds D'»DtCn V'^l^ ^V 1"nn, an editorial paraphrase of yS^^l
'SOV, Duhm retains this in the text with VTDn ^D^ n^HJI as the
parallel line. But the parallelism is not at all good, and this view goes
together with the assumption that v. \^a and c are a distich which has
come in from the margin, has no relation to the contents of the psalm,
and differs stylistically from its present context. But how came such a
distich into the margin? If it was an illustrative note, what is the
passage which it can have been meant to illustrate ? The truth is that
the case is analogous to that of cxlvi. 6^ and other passages, where
fragments of the original texts have been worked up conjecturally by the
editor. Read (comparing cxlix. 3) irn^N[*?] "^ap[3] na?, to which
'rr^D^ 'Jl forms a parallel. The closing words have also, not un-
naturally, puzzled the critics. What can ^2ip DJ^ mean ? * The people
of his neighbour' (or * relative')? G and J render as if they read Qj;
i^ i"^p' V3*lp DJ^ (Riehm, Gr., Ba.) is an improvement, but far from
adequate ; 2"lp is altogether unnatural here. Plainly there is corruption,
and as plainly '1l£f> ^Jl needs as its parallel (3py^) 2*lpjr Qjr.
PSALM CXLIX.
1 Ri METERS. Israel gives thanks to its divine Creator and King. Contrast-
ing with Ps. cxlviii., this psalm concedes no part in the general concert of
praise to the kings of *the nations,' who are only here mentioned as the
unwilling fettered subjects of Yahw^'s * pious ones.* Many think that the
D^'POn /Hp of V, I is the vvvarfvrf^ *Affi9ai»y of I Mace. ii. 41. Surely
some unusual stimulus must have been needed to draw the * pious ' from the
temple or the student's chamber to the field of battle (zn/. 6-8). Hence as
early as the time of Theodore our psalm was assigned to the Maccaboean period.
Theodore, however, found a reference in w. 4-9 to the struggles which fol-
lowed the return from the Exile — struggles of which we have, it would appear,
a very incomplete, tradition. There is perhaps no sufficient reason for separat-
ing Ps. cxlix. from Pss. ii. and Ixxxiii., and other similar works, which are not
necessarily of a Maccabaean date. The psalm is Messianic in the wider
sense ; the * vengeance ' spoken of in v, 7 is eschatological (cp. Isa. Ixi. 2,
Ixiii. 4, &c.).
II. R
242 THE PSALMS.
Of the Jerahmeelites , i
I Sing unto Yahwe a new song,
His praise in the assembly of the pious.
Let Israel rejoice in his maker, 2
Let the children of Zion exult in their king.
Let them praise his name with the pipe, 3
Let them chant to him with timbrel and l3n"e.
For Yahwe delights in his people, 4
The afflicted he adorns with victory.
Let them triumph at the glory of the pious, 5
10 Let them shout for joy at the blow to the Cushites,
Chants of praise to God in their throats, 6
Two-edged swords in their hands,
To execute vengeance on the nations, 7
Punishments on the peoples ;
To bind their kings with chains, 8
Their honoured ones with fetters of iron ;
To execute upon them the doom that is written, 9
An honour is this for all his pious ones.
I. A new sonff. See vol. i., p. overthrow of all opponents of Yahw^
138 (on xxxiii. 3). — 3. His maker, and his people. Cp. Isa. xxxiv. 2, 5 ;
Cp. xcv. 6, c. 3. — 10. The Cushites. Ixiii. 1-6.— 17. That is written. See
The crushing defeat (HSO) of the N. e-g, Dt. vii 2 (relative to the Rehoboth-
... c I c. J r - A ites, the Ashhuntes, &c. ; see Crtt.
Arabian foe (so often prayed for, and „..\ ^ '
now accomplished) was typical of the ^^'^'
Critical Notes. 5. "T^XX^ is either miswritten for '^'•^rT, or a synonym
for that word. So cl. 4—8. Read D'-'^^t ^^ before).— 9. M On^Dn
1^2321. 'DH is very variously explained. If correct, the word plainly
needs a complement ; 011232 or '> "T1222 would be clear, but 11232
is not clear. Jul. Bohmer is of opinion that ' used absolutely as here, '2
can only be a term for God' (Das biblische *Im Namen,' p. 48 ; cp. Exp.
7"., April 1903, pp. 334 ff.M. But what sound evidence is there for such a
use of 1122 ? The text must therefore be questioned, especially when
in the parallel line we find an equally obscure word, which even Bohmer
questions. The simplest remedy is to transpose, reading On^DQ 11222-
This fits in with a very probable correction of '^TO"7y. The alternative
is to read 11322 (cp. on xxx. 13) ; but note 11^2 in v. 3.
I Cp. Exp. T, May, pp. 382 ff.; July, pp. 487 f- ; Aug., pp. 526 f. (Kdnig).
PSALMS CXLIX., CL. 243
10. M D/mptCto'^y, 'upon their beds'? Cp. Ixxvii. 7, Job xxxv.
10 (songs in the night), but the text is disputed. Bohmer's doubts are
well founded. Read D^I£!3 n30"^y ; transposition.— 11. M niOOl").
Plural form ? or (Barth), singular ? If plur., cp. the sing, from U0\^ (but
Baer DO^"^), Ixvi. 17, but the text is doubtful. Read probably Jl^l^OT.
— • z
PSALM CL.
1 RIMETERS. ' The finale of the spiritual concert : angels and men praise
Yahwi.' Cp. Ps. cxlviii.
0/ the Jerahtnielites. I
I Praise God in his sanctuary,
Praise him in his strong firmament ;
Praise him for his mighty deeds, 2
Praise him according to his manifold greatness ;
Praise him with the blast of the horn, 3
Praise him with harp and lyre ;
Praise him with timbrel and pipe, 4
Praise him with the sweet notes of the flute ;
Praise him with cymbals of Ishmael, 5
ID Praise him with cymbals that clang ;
Let everything that has breath praise Yah ! 6
Praise Yah ! [Praise Yah !]
I. Bis sanotuaryt the heavenly instruments for the Levites. Themen-
or the earthly ? The parallelism and tion of the cymbals seems to have ex-
cxlviii. I favour the former view (so hausted the psalmist's list of instruments,
Del. , DuO* See, however, Ba.'s note. for the 'cymbals of Ishmael ' (see crit. n.)
— 5-10. The horn was for the priests ; were presumably those which gave the
the timbrel for the women ; the other loudest sound.
Critical Notes. 7. ^HD ; see on cxlix. 3.-8. M ^XTS D^ilOIl.
M0> like ^iO in xlv. 9, is surely corrupt, the meaning * harp-strings '
being quite imaginary, and suitable in neither of the passages in which
D^30 (00 in xlv. 9 being, it is said, = '>M) can be supposed to occur.
IT •
Read here npT?J)3. See Sirach xl. 9, Heb., and cp. on Ixxxi. 3^, xcii. 4,
and Nestle, Marginalien^ p. 10 (with remark in Crit, Bib, on 2 S. xxiii.
i). A late Hebrew usage need not surprise us.
244 THE PSALMS.
Q. M V:2^l}^b'^^^2* Most explain * with clear-sounding cymbals ' ;
- IT .. : z • :
RV, however, * with loud cymbals,' no doubt because of i Chr. xvi. 5.
But is jy*?2^r2 certainly right in that passage ? Kautzsch produces an
excellent sense by virtually reading TDJl UTPD^D ; but what right has
he to do this? Experience of the many corrupt forms of 7^3^012^
suggests that both yoifi^ and y^DtCfD may come from that ethnic name
('Ol£^ '3 and 'DIC^^ '*J1'?SD). As the story of Hiram shows (see Cn'/.
Bib. on I K. vii. 13 f., 46), the working of copper was a speciality of the
Ishmaelite or Jerahmeelite neighbours of the Jews.
1 2. Possibly the * Hallelujah * at the close of this psalm (M G) forms
a part of the text, and should be repeated to complete the verse.
END OK VOL II
INDEX.
^*^ The Roman numerals refer to pages of the Introduction.
Arabia, North, in history, xiii. flf.,
xvii. ff.
in eschatology', i. 4, 121, &c.
its products, li. 120, 244
Artaxerxes Ochus, xxv., Ixii.; ii. 91
Assyrian and Babylonian words and
usages compared, L 11, 93, 100, 148,
225, 247, 312 ; ii. 85, 182
Babely meaning of, xvii., xix. ; ii. 208,
210
Babylonian influences, xxiii.
Baca-trees, riddle of, ii. 57
Barnes, Dr. W. £., ii. 209
Bethel, the southern, ii. 16
Beth-ishmael,supposed temple of, xix .flf. ;
ii. 157, 184, 197, 202, 204
Bible-study in early Judaism, i. 2 ; ii.
167
Briggs, Dr. G. A., xli. fioU ^ Iv. ff.;
ii. 89
— Miss E., xli. note *
Budge, Dr. E. A. W., controverted by
Winckler, xiv. note ' (where * Jan.'
should be * April ')
Captivities, scenes of the, xvi., i. 184 ;
ii. 208, 227
Carchemish, mina of, i. 201
Charles, R. H. (on Pss. xlix., Ixxiii.),
xxxiv., i. 317
Chronicler, relation of, to Psalms, Ix. f.
Conversion of nations, xii.; ii. 103, &c.
Critica Biblica^ xv. f., xlii., 1. note *,
lix., Ixix. note ' (where add * also
Josh, and Judg.'), Ixxi.; i. 101 ; ii.
208
Davison, Prof., xiii. note *
Deniers, see Renegades
Driver, Dr. S. R., Ixii. noU > ; ii. 3, li,
13, 161, 201
Duhm, B., xi., xxxii., Ixiii., Ixvii. f.,
i- 3*3. 3'9; ". 18, 89, 9I1&C.
Edbn-jbrahmebl, destruction of, ii.
168, 179
Ephrathah, situation of, ii. 200
Ezekiel, on new temple, xx. note '
Gladstone, W. E., on Captivity, xvii.
God, Israel's, his glory in pardoning, xii.
name of, lix. f.
Gray, Dr. G. B., xxxiii.
Grimme, H., xlviii. note ^ Ixvii.; Ixxi.
Gunkel, H., xvii., Ixx.; i. 297, 333 ff.;
ii. 63
Heretical books, referred to, ii. 167
Hogg, Prof. H. W., xiv.
Hommel, F., on a Babylonian psalm,
xxiv. ; on the S. Asshur, xiv. fiote * ;
on ' Blr ' as a name of Yahw^, i. 8
jANNiCUS, Alexander, Ixiii.; i. 3, 284,
294 ; ii- 73f »39
Jeralimeel, traditional antiquity of, ii. 75
Kautzsch, E., liii. f., ii. 238
Konig, £., X., xli., Ixvi. note V: i.
282, &c.
Lagarde, p. de, xliv., lix., i. i, 9,
105, 294, &c. ; ii. 164, &c.
Lebanon, name and reference of, ques-
tioned, i. 123, 288
Legalism, not unspiritual, ii. 168
Leviathan, i. 334 ; ii. 121
Metre, Hebrew, Ixvi. f., Ixix.
246
INDEX.
MoCher-church of Jerusalem, ii. 56, 213
Musical instraments, ii. 243 L
Mythology in P^ms, i. 25, 76, 333 f.;
iL 121
Neubauer, Ad., xxxiv. f.
Pas£J^, importance of, IxviiL
Perfect, preoLtive, i. 28 ; ii. $0
Psalmists, the organs of a society, xviii.,
Ixv. f.
P&alms, of Asaph, xxxix., xlii.
— contents of, xxvi.-xxxii.
— of David, xxxv.
— of Korah, xxxvi., xlv.
— Maocabsnm, Ixi. f., i. 198^ &c.
— royal, xxxii.
— Solomonic, xxxvi.
— of the • step,' xxxix.
Psalter, Sahidic, Ixxi. (add reference to
Badge's publication of portions),
i. 165.
Rahab, riddle of, ii. 57
Ren^jades, hatred of Jewish, L 29, 31, I
45, 48 f.. Ill, 215 flF., 226 f., 317,
319; ii. 2 I
Sanday, Dr. W., xxxv., Ivi. noU '
Scepticism, early Jewish, xiii.; i. 170,
317; iL90f.
SeiaJk^ origin of, xl. f., xlviii.
Shcnazaur and Sheshbozzar, xix.
Shimion, the southern, xx.
Sievers, £., Ixvii. note '
Sirach, referred to, lix., bdi., IxvL;
i. 186 i ii. 178, 206, 225
Smend, R., ix. tioU ', Ixv. note ^;
ii. 50
Smith, Prof. Robertson, xxv. ncir \
xxxvi., Iv. rtoie*f Ixii., Ixx., i. 194,
384
• Son of God,* in Ps. ii., i. 50
Technical terms in text, xxxviii. if.
Temple-ministers, xvii., xxi. na/e \
xxii., xxxiv. if.
ViNDicTiVENESS, xi.; ii. 139
Wellhausen, Jul., Ixi., Ixiii., Ixxi.;
ii. 56, 209, &c.
ZoROASTRi ANISM, references to, xxiii. f.,
i. 49, 225 ; ii. 120
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