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THE LIBRARY
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THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
THE
BRASILIAN LANGUAGE
AND
ITS -A-<3-C3-X,XJTIlSr-A.TI03Sr
AMARO CAVALCANTI, L. L. B.
COIINSF.LLOII AT LAW, FRLLOW OF VARIOUS LITERARY
AND EDUCATIONAL SOCIETIES, EX -INSPECTOR GENERAL OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
AND DIRECTOR OF THE LYCEUM IN THE PROVINCE OF
CEAIIA (BRASH.), ETC, ETC., ETC.,
_,
RIO JANEIRO
TYPOGRAPHIA NACIQNAL
1883
ft
J
Bibliotlu ..
N \ CIDADE DO RIO GRANfrti £ |
^äo concedidos <*ias| « i
,ara a leitura externa. | |
H
THE
BRASILIAN LANGUAGE
ITS ^G-G-X/UTTIISr^TIOlXr
/ c7 r'
AMARO CAVALCANTI, L. L. B.
COUNSELLOR AT LAW, FELLOW OF VARIOUS LITERARY
AND EDUCATIONAL SOCIETIES, EX -INSPECTOR GENERAL OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
AND DIRECTOR OF THE LYCEUM IN THE PROVINCE OF
CEARA (ERASIL), ETC., ETC., ETC.,
/
1062—83
RIO JANEIRO
TYPOGRAPHIA NACIONAL
TO
-7H
in-
HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY,
DON PEDRO SEGUNDO
Sire !
It is a well known fact, that Your imperial
Majesty,during Your reign has been the constant
Protector of the intellectual development and the
general instruction of the country. Numerous in-
stitutions, which Your Majesty's private liberality
has so often assisted, give the most authentic
proof of our assertion in this respect. Therefore,
publishing this insignificant work, presently,
the object of which is to contribute to the in-
struction of the country and facts concerning it;
I fulfil the agreeable duty of placing it, respect-
fully, under your Majesty's August protection,
178; »
Sa-'O'
in the hope, that your Majesty's generosity may
not decline its acceptance.
It is, Sire, a sincere expression of the respect
and profound veneration of Your Imperial
Majesty, whom God may preserve.
YOURS VERY HUMBLY
tjz/matc icam/cana.
PREFACE
The principal object of the present elementary
book is: (1) to verify if several opinions suggest-
ed by philologists and linguists, as the peculiar
characteristics of the so-called « agglutinative
languages » are, indeed, found in the Brazilian
language ; — (2) to contribute, by some infor-
mations on the grammatical elements and pro-
cesses of this language, for the progress of Com-
parative Grammar.
« We use the terms « Brazilian language »,
as embracing the several dialects spoken in
Brasil by the savage tribes, since the discovery
of the country.
Among those dialects, the Guarany and the
Tupy are the most important. They hold the
same close relation, as is found between High
and Low German. — Guarany was spoken,
principally, in the South-part of Brazil, and
Tupy, along the coast, at the time of the
discovery, and now, in the central parts of some
provinces of the North, especially, in Pará, Ama-
zonas and in the border-territories.
« — The language of cultivated people, as it
is known, is the Portuguese*.
Rio de Janeiro, December, 2, 1883.
KEY
TO THE PRONUNCIATION AND READING
VOWELS
a, e, i, o, u, ( unmarked ) have short sounds,
sometimes scarcely perceptible in ending syllables.
,A, (upon vowel) markes long sound,
\ ( » » ) « broad sound.
u (upon u) • a guttural sound, like the
Greek u.
tot (upon any vowel) markes nasal sound : — am, em,
im, om, um.
? markes stress of voice ( accent ) upon certain
syllables of words.
CONSONANTS AND DIPTHONGAL SOUNDS
"will be indicated afterwards"-
PRINCIPAL ABREVIATIONS USED:
Lat Latin.
Ger German.
Eng English.
It Italian.
Fr French.
Sp Spanish.
Port Portuguese.
Br Brasilian.
Sing Singular.
PI Plural.
Pers Person.
Prep Preposition.
Adv . Adverb.
Conj Conjunction.
Interj Interjection.
Nom Nominative case.
Gen Genitive case.
Dat Dative case .
Ace Accusative.
Abl Ablative.
i e Id est (that is).
Adj Adjective.
Pron Pronoun.
Poss Possessive.
Lang Language.
Pref Prefix.
Sf. . Suffix.
rad radical.
cf confer (compare).
lit. literally.
ex: for example.
on onomatopaic.
BRASILIAN LANGUAGE
CHAPTER I
CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
1. — Glottology divides the numerous lan-
guages of the World, according to the peculiari-
ties of their grammatical structure, into three
classes : (1) Monosyllabic or Isolating ; ^Agglu-
tinative; (3) Inflectional or Polysyllabic.
These terms also represent three periods in
the growth of languages, that is to say, that
language, as an organism, may pass through
three stages, as follows: (*)
l1) Dr. R. Morris, English Accidence, pag. 2.
(I)
— The monosyllabic period, in which roots
are used, as words, without any change of form.
In this stage there are no prefixes or suffixes,
and no formally distinguished parts of speech.
The Chinese is the best example of a language
in the isolating or monosyllabic stage .
« Every word in Chinese is monosyllabic;
and the same word, without any change of form,
may be used, as a noun, a verb, an adjective, an
adverb or a particle . Thus, ta, according to its
position in a sentence, may mean great, great-
ness, to grow, very much, very.»
« We cannot in Chinese (as in Latin) derive
from ferrum, iron, a new substantive ferra-
rius, a man who works in iron, a blacksmith ;
ferraria, an iron-mine ; and again, ferraria-
rius, a man who works in an iron-mine ; all this
is possible only in an inflected language. » (2)
In the languages of this last kind, the various
relations of thought are declared by means of
certain formative elements (suffixes and inflec-
(J) Dr. R. Morris, English Accidence, pag. 2.
tions) joined to root or to theme, as we see in
the examples above.
In Chinese, on the contrary, such relations
are declared by the simple disposition of words
in the sentence. Thus, ngo tá mi, means
« I strike thee, » and mi tá ngö means, on
the contrary, « thou strikest me ; » fu, father,
mu, mother, and fu-mu, parents (Fr. parents);
shi, ten, eul, two, and eid-shi, twenty; i. e:
two ten ; gin, a man, kiai, many, (collection,
assembly, etc.), gin-kiai, men; küö, empire,
cung, middle (or midst), kuo-cung, in the em-
pire; i. e: — the word, cung, joined to a noun,
converts it into the locative case of the Indo-
European languages. (3)
(2)
ÍÍ. — The agglutinative period. — In this
stage two unaltered, or scarcely modified roots
are joined together to form words; in these
compounds one root becomes subordinate to the
other, and so loses its independence : cf:- — man-
(3) Max. Miiller, Science of Language-
kind, heir-loom, war-like, which are agglu-
tinative compounds.
So long as words keep their radical meaning,
the language remains in its first period, that of
roots .
But, since certain words, by losing their
original or etymological import, have become
mere signs of derivation, the language has
reached to its second period, that of desinences,
(terminations of word). (;)
The greatest portion of the languages, spo-
ken in the World, remain in this second stage;
and all of them form the so-called Turanian-
group, which, in the present condition of science,
might give the explanation of most important
problems, if it were better studied by the liv-
ing philologists.
According to Prof. Townsend, this group of
tongues is found, first and last, to have rang-
ed from Norway almost to Behring's Straits; (3)
and according to the opinion of Mr . Müller, it
embraces two great divisions : that of the North
that of the South.
('<■) Max. Muller, Science of Language, cit.
(s) L. T. TowDsond (Prof, in Boston Wuiversity) — The Art of
Speech.
The former, called sometimes the Urdl-altaic,
is again divided into five sections: the languages of
the Tonguses, the Mongols, the Turks, the
Finns, the Samoyeds.
The latter, which occupies the South-part of
Asia, is also divided into four sections : the
Tamul, the dialects of Tibet and Bhotan, the
dialects of Siam and those of Malaca and
Polynesia.
With the group of the agglutinative lan-
guages are classed the African tongues, so-call-
ed atonic, the words of which are mostly form-
ed by means of prefixes, a characteristic, that
distinguishes them from the Ural-altaic tongues,
which, as a rule, do not admit of the root of a
word occupying the second place.
Still there must be considered, as belonging
to the same agglutinative group, the numerous
dialects or tongues of America ; and among these,
those, spoken by Brasilian savages, present
undoubtedly all the supposed essential charac-
teristics of an agglutinative language, as we
hope to prove beyond contest by our further
illustrations.
3. — It is, certainly, too difficult for the lin-
guist to establish a distinct and uniform clas-
sification out of the speeches of those multitudes
— 6 —
of scattered races and tribes ; but it is just this
want of uniformity in their grammatical forms
or in their usages and applications, which con-
stitutes one of the fundamental reasons of this
group .
« They are speeches of nomadic people and of
savages, and only, by this characteristic, they des
tinguish themselves from the Aryan and Semitic
languages. In these two families of tongues,
« Aryan and Semitic » the majority of words
and their grammatical forms were produced, at
once, for all of them, by the creative force of
one generation ; and it would be very difficult
to abandon them, though their primitive clear-
ness had been obscured by further phonetic
alterations .
« The transmission of a language in such con-
ditions would be only possible among people,
whose history flows, as a large river, and among
whom religion, laws and poetry serve, like dams,
to bound the current of speech.
« But we know, that among nomadic people
there was never established a true nucleus of
political, social and literary institutions.
Their, so-called, empires were no sooner found-
ed, than they were scattered, like sand -clouds
in the desert : — almost no laws, legends, stories
and songs have survived the generation, that
saw them rise (6) .
(3)
^. — The inflectional period. In this stage
roots are modified by prefixes or suffixes, which
were once independent words.
In agglutinative languages the union of words,
says Dr. R. Morris, may be compared to mecha-
nical compounds, in inflective languages to che-
mical compounds.
« I call period of flections, adds Prof. M. Mül-
ler, that one, in which roots are blended in such
a way, that none of them keeps a genuine and
total independence, as it is found in the Aryan and
Semitic families.
« The first period does not admit of phonetic
alteration, at all.
« The second period does not admit of such al-
teration in the principal root, but admits of it
in the secondary or demonstrative elements.
« The third period admits of phonetic altera-
(6) Mr. Muller, w. cit.
— 8 —
tion, both in the principal root and in the desi-
nences (flections). »
In most living languages we find traces of
all these processes, and thus are enabled to
see how one stage leads gradually to another.
Take, for example, the following.
He is like God, = monosyllabic
He is God-like, = agglutinative. (")
He is God-ly, = inflectional.
Mann ist frei, = monosyllabic
Er ÍBtfrei-mann, = agglutinative
Er ist frei-mannes (gen.), == inflectional.
By carefully inquiring, we should be able to
discover similar instances in the Romance-lan-
guages, although not so frequently, in relation
to the monosyllabic and agglutinative forms.
2>- — The very learned American linguist,
Prof. "Whitney, in his important book — « Life
(') Dr. Morris, book cit. — pag. 3.
and Growth of language, » discussing on the
subject-matter, says, as follows :
« Proceeding by analogy and taking, as a
starting point, the Indo-European languages, we
can state, — that what the remaining languages
of the World may contain about the matter of
flections and of formative instruments, has
all been elaborated, as in these languages, from
the mass of a rude vocabulary, formed with
entirely concrete words, which constitutes the
primitive period of languages.
« If, however, it were possible to demonstrate
the existence of languages, — which were brought
forth at once, as inflectional; then, this opinion
should be renounced . But very rigorous proofs
would be required for making good such a de-
monstration .
« Language is an instrument, and the laio of
the simplicity of 'beginnings is applied to lan-
guages,as it is to any other thing.
Each root must have begun by containing,
(as it is still noted, now-adays, in certain mo-
nosyllables under the character of interje-
ctions,) an affirmation, an idea, a question, an
order, etc., — and the tone and the gesture or
the circumstances would complete their signi-
fication. »
— 10 —
THE STUDY OP LANGUAGE
C — Among all languages, the Aryan or
Indo-European family is the only one, which
has been well studied by linguists, in the present
condition of our knowledge of the matter. This
preference of studies, which has brought forth
the best results to science, is quite justified by
the capital reason, that in that family of lan-
guage sare found the richest scientific and literary
monuments of the three classical languages of
mankind, — Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin.
«In relation to the study of the other languages,
«Semitic, monosyllabic and agglutinative » we
may affirm, that our scientific knowledge about
it is yet entirely unsatisfactory, and does not
enable the philologist to profer a conscientious
decision on the very important problem of their
reciprocal relations among themselves, and to the
Aryan family.
« Leaving aside the group of isolating lan-
guages, represented by the Chinese and by the
Indo-Chinese, who lead their lives, separately
from other people ; it is true, that the greatest
ignorance prevails, relating to the agglutinative
tongues, although these be spoken by innume-
rable nations in the five parts of the World.
The only circumstance, which may somewhat
excuse such a fault, is the lack of literary monu-
ments, that provoke the curiosity and wish to
know them .
T. — By reading, sometimes, the best authors
on the subject, we have found frequent hypothe-
ses, the ones, suggested by mere logical indu-
ctions, the others, based on informations, not
well established, and most of them, wanting of
every scientific criterium. And although it may
seem strange to some, these facts, which came
under our observation, have constituted for us
the primary motive for writing the present ele-
mentary book .
In comparing the grammatical forms and the lo-
gical processes of some other languages, with the
usages and manners of the common speech of
Brasilian savages ; we arrived at the well esta-
blished conclusion, that in the uncultivated lan-
guage of these people, not only are there found
grammatical forms, used regularly and in accor-
dance with logical principles ; but also, that the
same language offers an evident confirmation of
the various hypotheses, which have been ad-
12
vanced by philologists, when intending to cha-
racterize the agglutinative family.
We have not yet any settled fact, relating to
the ethnographic origin of the Brasilian savages,
nor to the particular point of their primitive or
derived speech. No accurate inquiry or suc-
cessful investigation exists on this very impor-
tant matter.
It is, however, a fact of the easiest intuition,
that an immense result would issue for history
and science, if it were possible to prove, in a
satisfactory way : — « from what country these
millions of individuals who came to live in Ame-
rica emigrated ; — in what century this great
event happened ; — and what speech, what
religion, what degree of civilisation they have
brought with them to the lands of their new
abodes. »
For want of these important data, the only
way to obtain some regular information, relating
to the language of our savage tribes, is, undoubt-
edly, to study and analyse their forms and
processes in the state and conditions, in which
they have come to our knowledge and actual
observation. As a guide, or as auxiliary instru-
ments, to such work, we have nothing more,
than those books of prayer or instruction, pre-
— i3 —
pared by missionaries, about four ou five gene-
rations ago, which have become in a great part
antiquated .
Words and their uses arise to meet some wants
of the time ; they disappear, when no longer
needed .
From all these circumstances it results, that
this elementary work will be framed from no
abundant materials ; and, therefore, not only it
will be of more difficult execution, but also, as
a natural consequence, not entirely satisfactory.
Notwithstanding, we hope to be able to avoid
every error in the statement of principles and
their dependent facts.
THE BRASILIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS POSITION
S. — The Brazilian language exhibits itself
under an aspect, quite uncultivated. The people,
who speak it, do not possess, at the best, the
knowledge of the aphabetic signs; they are,
simply, savages, the most complete type of
human ignorance.
Nevertheless, by studying all the organism or
— 14 —
the structure of such savage speech, and making
rigorous analysis of its forms, used regularly in
the expression of thoughts ; it results, to envi-
dence, that it has passed the monosyllabic period,
and has kept itself, long since, in the agglutinative
stage, which is owing, perhaps, to the want of in-
dispensable culture, which enables it to reach the
richest stage of a language, — that of inflection.
It is a fact sufficiently proved by experience and
by the existing writings on the subject, that the
morphology and the syntax of the Brazilian
language have been kept unaltered, since the
discovery of the country up to the present days.
The grammatical elements and forms in usage,
which, in this respect, were soon noted by the
missionaries, at the time of their catechising
among the savage tribes, so far back as the 16°
century, are still almost identical with these,
which may be observed in the speech of the
remaining people of the same race.
It is certain, that the greatest alteration is
noted in its phonetic forms, and, consequently,
in its vocabulary which is, now, very different
from that of the times of the discovery and the
conquest of the country.
Besides the natural phonological laws, which
govern the frequent changes of every vocable;
— i5 —
with respect to Brazilian savage people, there
occurred another circumstance, that ought to
influence and to increase this result, that is : —
that these people were, in general, composed of
nomadic tribes ; and it is easy to imagine, —
how gradually from differences of climate and of
natural scenery, — from differences in the various
objects of perception, each day renewed, wha-
tever they might be, there should result diffe-
rences of speech, especially with respect to the
words, already in usage.
9. — As a point, deserving especial remark,
we must declare, now, that in various instances
of usages of the Brazilian speech, there are
still found certain processes, pertaining to the
isolating period, — as for example, — the in-
variable place of words in a sentence, which,
as it is known, constitutes almost the entire
grammar of the languages of this kind. But
this circumstance, though important, is not
sufficient to decide against our opinion, given
before; because in Brazilian tongues are found
also all the other characteristics, which are,
generally, required in the very agglutinative
languages.
— « Agglutination, writes Mr. Müller, does
not mean only, that in the grammar pronouns
— lb —
are, so to say, glued to verbs in order to form the
conjugation, or prepositions to substantives to
form the declension; — because it would not be a
distinct character of nomadic tongues, only, for
both in Sanskrit and Hebrew the conjugation and
the declension were originally constituted, accor-
ding to the same principles.
But that which distinguishes the Turanian
languages (agglutinative) is, that the words,
which form their conjugation and declension, are
always susceptible of easy decomposition ; and
although in many cases the terminations keep
their modificative value, as independent words,
yet one sees, that these are modificative sylla-
bles, quite distinguished from the roots, to which
they are joined. (7)
— The hypotheses advanced by the very
learned linguist, M. Miiller, are entirely identi-
cal with those, which Prof. Whitney has veri-
fied in the Scythic tongues, that he considered,
as a complete type of the agglutinative family.
« By this term, adds Whitney, one means to
say, that the elements of several origins, which
compose the Scythic words and their forms are
(?) Science of lung, cit,
17
less blended, less closely aggregated ; and that,
therefore, they keep themselves more indepen-
dent, than in the Indo-European languages.
« The root, as a rule, remains invariable in
all derived words, and each suffix also keeps
its form and invariable application : — and from
this results, on the one side, great regularity of
forms, on the other, great complication .
For instance, in Turkish, larfor ler) is the
form of the plural; — to it are joined terminations
or particle-suffixes, — which form the cases of
the singular number, and there may still be
inserted pronominal elements, indicative of pos-
session ; thus: — ev, house, ev-den, of a house;
ev-üm-den, of my house; — ev-ler, houses;
ev-ler-v.m-den, of my houses.
« The verb presents an analogical and still
more striking example. — There are a few modi-
fying elements , that may be inserted , either
isolated, or grouped in different ways, between
the root and the terminations, to express pas-
sivity, reffexion, reciprocity , causality, nega-
tion, impossibility, etc.
« The distinction between verbs and nouns is
not quite so original and fundamental, as in the
Indo-European languages. The words used, as
verbs, are scarcely distinguished from nouns, that
— 18 —
are used predicatively , on their appearing com-
bined with subjects or possessive pronouns.
« The Scythic adjective is deprived of flection,
like the English adjective; and there is the same
lack of gender in nouns and pronouns, as in
Persian .
« Words, which indicate relations, and con-
junctions, are almost entirely unknown; the
combination of the terms of a sentence is made,
as is natural, «wherein verbs are not quite dis-
tinguished,» by means of declensions and verbal
nouns . » (8)
— Except this last observation, relative to
the words, which express relations and con-
junctions, which are very numerous in Bra-
zilian languages; we think, we are enabled to
affirm, that in this speech are clearly and,
perhaps, better realised all the characteristics,
that Mr. Whitney has reputed essential to
every agglutinative language.
From the clearly made analysis and the ex-
planations, which will be given in the following
chapters, we hope, the truth of our proposition
will be firmly established.
(8) Life 4 Growth of L,ang. cit.
— i9
CHAPTER II
PHONETIC PRINCIPLES
lO. — A fact, generally noted by linguists, is
— the rapidity or facility, with which the dialects
and tongues of people, deprived of literary monu-
ments, are altered or changed.
Literature serves, so to say, as the standard,
after which the spoken language is modelled in
order to be preserved in its integrity.
— In relation to the savage tribes ofBrasil,
the frequent change of their vocabulary was
one of the leading circumstances , which were
noted by the catechising missionaries, who, very
often, expressed their admiration at the fact, that
a dialect had undergone, within a short time,
after it was knwon, so many alterations, as to
become quite a different one.
They have observed, that the names -of the
most common objects themselves, as, for in-
stance, — father, son, etc, were, sometimes, so
much altered by pronunciation, that they form-
— 20 —
ed different words, and, sometimes, were
replaced by synonyms of remote relation.
All this was, indeed, very natural.
« One must not, says W. von Humboldt, con-
sider a language, as a dead product formed, once
for all : it is an animate being and ever creative.
Human thought elaborates itself with the progress
of intelligence; and language is a manifestation
of this thought.
« An idiom cannot, therefore, remain statio-
nary .
« It changes, it develops, it grows up, it forti-
fies itself, it becomes old, and it reaches decre-
pitude. »
11. — According to these principles, it is rea-
sonable to admit, that there must be many
words, used among each class of the Brasilian
nomadic tribes, which were not understood by
the rest.
Besides this, simpler causes, such, for instance,
as result from the use of synonymous terms,
would be sufficient to produce radical icord-
changes.
We know that, when there are several equiva-
lent terms in a language to express the same idea
or object, it is very common, that the dialects,
— issuing from this language, select diversely,
among such equivalent terms, and, as a rule, one
of these becomes the prevailing one in one dialect,
another in another, to the neglect and loss of all,
but the one selected. (l)
— We insist on this point, though sufficiently
proved by constant observation, as the funda-
mental reason, or the cause, that most con-
tributed to the formation of the numerous dia-
lects, which composed the Brasilian speech, at
the time of the discovery and conquest of the
country.
According to our humble opinion, all Brasilian
tribes spoke tongues of one general family, al-
though much altered by frequent phonetic chan-
ges, owing, principally, to the above-mentioned
causes.
Among the leading reasons, which enable us
to emit such a proposition on the nature of Brasi-
lian tongues, there exists one, that, as we think,
should be regarded, as of the most legitimate
inference, viz : — that in all Brasilian dialects,
of which there are grammars and vocabularies,
some of which were composed, since the colonial
period, we find the greatest agreement in gram-
(') Townsond, book cit .
— 22 —
matical forms. Especially, with respect to the
morphological and syntactical processes, their
identity is an evident fact, beyond all possible
contest.
SOUNDS AND LETTERS
1Ä. — The letters of the Latin alphabet,
which may be used to represent the phonetic
elements of the Brasilian language, are the
following :
a, b, d, e, g, h, i, k, (=c, q,) m, n,
o, p, r, s, ( = g,) t, u, x, y. (2)
« The letters — f, j, 1, v, z — find no employment in
this lang. »
When we have well understood and compared
certain little discordances, which are found in
the authors, most of them owing to diversity of
characters, chosen, as representatives of sound,
for instance, the one having used the Spanish
alphabet, the other the German, another the
(2) Wo call Latin alphabet — in the state, wherein it passed to the
Romance languages.
— 23 —
Portuguese, and yet another, the French and so
on ; — we can, rightly affirm, that the alphabetic
characters, above indicated, have been, as a rule,
considered sufficient and quite apropriate to the
phonetic usages of the Brasilian language. (3)
Consonants
13.—- We preferred this letter — s, instead of
— c before e, i, and c, which have been adopted
by some writers.
It is observed, that the hissing of s is contrary
to the savage's pronunciation. But we cannot
admit of such a reason, as a good one; because
it cannot be denied, that the syllables ga, ce,
ci, have the same phonetic value, as, sa, se, si,
in Latin pronunciation.
Moreover, the s has in itself the advantage of
replacing the two characters — g, c, ( the latter
before e, i), and, therefore, it will be used in
this book, as representative of the sound c, in
the word city.
(3) Cf:— A. G. Dias, Did. ofTupy Lang ;Montoya, Arte, Vocabulary
and Treasury of Guarany Lang ; Figueira, Gram, of Brasit. Lang ;
Dr. Couto Magalhäes, The Savage; Mamiani, Gram, of the Kiriri
Lang., etc. etc.
— 24 —
G g, is only used, with a hard sound, before
a, o, u, as in the word — garden. This letter
keeps the same sound in ending syllables, and
sometimes becomes nasal, as we shall see here-
after.
H h, before a vowel, is the sign of a soft aspi-
ration.
It r, has always a very soft sound, something
like the r in the French word — f aimer ai, I will
love.
X x, is pronounced, like sh in the word she,
or the German sch, in the word schaf, sheep.
Y y, is used to represent a sound, like ii, as
the i consonant in Italian, or the German j in
the words — Jagd, Jäger, Jeder.
Nh. This compound sound is perfectly equi-
valent to the French gn in the word mignon,
delicate.
« The other consonants, respecting which we
do not make any observation, will be pronounced,
as their correspondent ones in the English al-
phabet. »
Ba, be, bo. — These syllables, in some words,
are nasal, that is, they are pronounced, as if
they had an m before :=mba,mbe, mbo.
Na, ne, nh, no — are, also, pronounced with
— 2D —
as strong a nasal sound , as if they had a d be-
tween the consonant and the vowel :=nda, nde,
ndi, ndo.
Vowels
A
14. — a (unmarked) has the brief sound of the
Portuguese a in the preposition para = to and
for, or of the final a in the word — America ;
ex: marika, the belly. In final syllables, this
short sound sometimes becomes almost undistin-
guishable, as : — menclra, to marry.
á has a long sound, as the a of the Portuguese
word fado, fate, or of the a in father; em'. —
taud, the town.
« has a broad sound, almost like two aa ; ex:
— para, the sea (or a large river); aba, creature.
ä has, finally, a nasal sound, like the Portu-
guese compound am ; ex: — Tupä, God ; kunhä,
woman.
E
e (unmarked) has a brief sound, sometimes
almost undistinguishable, like the e in the word
some ; ex: petima, tabaco ; moäme, to arm.
— 2b —
é has the long sound of the French é in the
word eté, the summer ; ex: ike, here, keté, to
or for (prep.)
é has a sound, like the first é in the word
where ; ex : ipéka, the goose ; — eté, much
(excellent) .
e has, finally, a nasal sound, as the Portu-
guese compound em ; ex: — hche, yes.
i (unmarked) has a brief sound as in the word
ill; ex: ibdk, heaven.
7 has the nasal sound of the Portuguese com-
pound in, ex: — mirT, small.
[ See y, before. ]
o (unmarked) has the brief sound of the Portu-
guese o in final syllables, almost undistinguish-
able, as in the verb — amo, I love ; ex: ixebo,
to me ; — yo (particle, which expresses the reci-
procal action of the verb.)
— 27 —
6 has a long sound, almost — u, as in the verb
to go, or rather in to prove; ex: mo (particle,
formative of active verbs) ; pd,the hand.
Ö has a sound, like the diphthong aio in the
word — law; ex: sökö, Brasilian bird; ikö, to be,
(=Port. estar).
0 has, finally, a nasal sound, as the Port, com-
pound— on; ex: — möclá, to steal.
u
u (unmarked) has a short sound, like u in
full; ex.: mu, brother.
ü has a long sound, something like oo in
too (adv.) ex: tasüba, fever.
u has a very peculiar sound, something like
the German ü, or rather the Greek u ; ex :
müra, wood.
« This sound of ä is, generally, represented by
the grammarians of the Brasilian language by y,
which they have called the full i. »
M has, finally, a nasal sound, like the Port,
compound — um; ex: pitüna, night (dark or
black.)
28
Diphthongs
IS. — The principal diphthongs of the Bras,
lang. are the following : —
Vi
It sounds, like the German diphthong ai in
Kaiser, the emperor ; ex : mairi, city.
\u
It sounds like ow in the adverb — now; ex:
aud, who ?
Ei
It sounds, just like the alphabetic sound of a,
in the word fate ; ex: — eima, spindle.
Ku
It has the sound of the Portuguese diphthong
eo in the words céo, heaven ; véo, veil ; ex :
monbéu, to confess.
— 2Q —
Oí
It has the sound of the Italian oi in the pro-
nouns noi, we ; voi, you ; ex : mokoi, two.
ui
It has the sound, which results from the two
short vowels u and i, being pronounced toge-
ther ; ex : pui, slight or delicate.
[ We find in Brazilian words other examples
of two or even three successive vowels; but
they are, in general, pronounced distinctly, and,
so, do not make diphthongs or triphthongs pro-
perly so-called.]
TABLE OF THE ALPHABETIC SOUNDS
Consonants
Gutturals.
Sharp
Flat
Aspirate
Nasal
Trilled
R=(p, q)
G
H
Y,X
S
Nff,Nh
N, Nd
M, Mb
R
Dentals . .
Labials . .
D
B
T
P
— 3o
Volwels
a
á
á
a(')
e
e
e
e
i
0
%
ö
6
ö
u
\u
11
u
(*) [ See Key to tbe pronunciation and reading,
PHONETIC ALTERATIONS
16. — It is to be recollected, that the Bi*asi-
lian language is the speech of savage tribes,
destitute of every notion of letters and of their
representative value in pronunciation; and, the-
refore, it is unnecessary to premise, that we
are not able to state all the rules, which govern
the phonetic developments of their language.
Yet, by making a patient analysis of its vocabu-
laries, grammars and other literary informations
we could obtain ; we have come to ascertain in
this language some of the general principles,
which are of frequent application in its phonetics.
— 3i —
For instance, although it is a language spoken
by savage people, as we said, it is liable to gene-
ral laws, which produce phonetic alterations ;
viz : greater facility of pronunciation, and
better harmony of sounds : — the former, a
physiological principle; — the latter, a eupho-
nical principle.
From these two principles results, that har-
der sounds pass successively into softer, and
unpleasing sounds become sonorous or eupho-
nical.
So far as we can see in the matter, in the pho-
netic alterations of Brasilian languages, prevail
the following rules :
PERMUTATION OF SOUNDS
(a)
IT- — The savage tribes of Brasil very often
confound certain consonants in pronunciation,
especially, when they belong to the same organ,
as p, m and b ; n, and d; r, s and t.
It is also necessary to note, that the most fre-
quent changes take place in the processes of
agglutination (composition and derivation by
— 32 —
prefixes, and suffixes, or juxta-position ) ;
ex: Tdpe = Taba, town, + pé, = supé, (prep.)
to, — to the town ; — moraukepé = moräuke,
work, labor, H- pé — yepé, one or the first, —
Monday, that is, the first working-day.
(e)
IS. — When the pronouns of the first and
second persons sing. — xe =se, f/and my) ; —
né = re, (thou and thy) — are followed by some
word beginning with t, this is changed into r ;
ex: — tatci, fire, — se or xe-rata, my fire ; tuba,
father, ne-ruba, thy father.
(«;
10. — If the possessive pronoun i, his, her
and whose, etc., is followed by a word, begin-
ning with s, this is changed into x; ex: Siyra,
aunt, — i-xiyra, his or her aunt; Siy, mother, —
i-xiy, her or his mother ; sö, to go, — i-xd, his
going ; sui, of, — i-^cui, of him or of her ; supet
to, — i-xupé, to him, etc.
OJ
(o;
íiO. — When, however, the s is preceded by
another vowel of different sound, it is frequently
changed into r, ex: Sana, hair,— se-raua, my
hair; — ré-ráua, thy hair;— saisü, to love,
— Tupä raisü, to love God.
(U)
Nasal sounds are very frequent in Brasi-
lian speech; and, as a general rule, when a
preceding vowel is nasal, the following must
also be nasal ; ex :
Nahä, that, amo, other ; — nahä-ämö, that
other. As it is seen, the a of amo becomes
nasal, because of the ä of nahä.
SUPPRESSION AND ADDITION OF LETTERS
(1)
SI- — Aphoeresis. Sounds (letters) are dropt,
very frequently, in the beginning of words. —
« Accent plays an important part in these chan-
ges; unaccented syllables, which precede the
accented one, are the most liable to drop off. »
— 34 —
Take, for example, the following :
Urdpdra, bow ,=mur dp cir a; — «murd, (wood)
+ para, to bow, bowed or crooked); — pé, (prep,
corresponding to the dative and locative case,)=
supé, in, or to ; né or ré (pron.) = iné or ire,
thou or thy; — xé (pron.)= ixe, I or my, etc. etc.
22. — Syncope. There also are found various
instances of letters dropt in the body of words,
most usually in the agglutination of roots with
suffixes or prefixes ; ex : täuasü, a hog, =
tanhäudsü (tanha, tooth + uasu, long) ; koatia-
sdba, painting, = koatidra, -+- sdba ; kameri-
kdra, a kneader, = kamerihe + dra [38, 39] .
23. — Apocope. The suppression of letters in
the end of words is most generally noted in un-
accented syllables ; ex : akdn, the head , =
akdnga; — menfdjdr, to marry, = me nddra; —
pötdr, to wish, =potare ; etc. etc.
(3)
24. — Prothesis. Letters, as a rule, are added
at the beginning of a word, to produce a nasal
or more euphonical sound; ex : — mbaé, thing,
=bae; — ikatü-reté, very good, = katu, good -h
eté, much or very; imiira, wood, =mi(ra ; —
epya, the heart, =pya; — epo, the hand, =pd.
35
S^- — Epenthesis. As exam pies of addition of
letters to the body of a word, we are only able
to present the cases, in which some euphoni-
cal letters are used to be intercalated, either
between the root and the suffix, or between the
personal prefix and the verb. These cases are,
indeed, very numerous; but regularly depending
on certain rules.
— Thus, in the verbs, which begin with one of
these syllables — ra, re, ro, ru is intercalated the
suffix gué, between the personal prefix (*) and the
verb in the third person sing, of the Present
Indicative ; ex: oca rasa, I carry ; re-rasö, thou
carriest ; o-gué-rasö, he carries ; etc.
— In many other instances it is found, that a
word ending in a vowel and followed by an-
other, beginning, likewise, with some vowel, one
euphonical letter is also intercalated, most
commonly an r ; ex. : — sé, my, — oka, house ;
— se-(r)oka, my house; ne, thy, — okér, to
sleep, ne (r)oker, thy sleeping, etc.
'2 G. — Epithesis. It can be affirmed, that the
addition of letters at the end of words are, either
modifying elements, as suffixes and preposi-
tions, or some distinct words by juxla-position.
(*) Sec in the n. S3 what means ptrsonai prefix.
— 36 —
CHAPTER III
PARTS OF SPEECH
ST. — In order to give a more complete infor-
mation about the grammatical forms and pro-
cesses of the Brasilian language, we will treat
of each class of words, separately.
According to their distinct functions in a sen-
tence, the words of this language may be arrang-
ed under the following headings :
(1) Noun.
(2) Adjective.
(3) Pronoun.
(4) Verb.
(5) Preposition (rather, — Postposition).
(6) Adverb.
(7) Conjunction.
(8) Interjection.
— All of them are indeclinable.
There is no article, definite or indefinite.
- 37-
ACCIDENCE OR THE FORMS OF WORDS
28. — The changes, which words undergo to
mark case, gender, number, comparison, tense,
person, etc. are called infections.
The inflection of nouns, adjectives and pro-
nouns is called — declension; when applied to
verbs, it is called — conjugation.
In the inflectional languages, as Sanskrit,
Greek, Latin, etc, the various relations, which
a word may express in a sentence, are indicated
through different changes in the ending-syllable
of the word.
Thus, in order to declare the various rela-
tions, in which the word — God — may appear in
a sentence, as : —
— God is love ;
— God's love or love of God ;
— love to God ;
— oh ! God ;
— to love God;
— love comes from God, etc ; — in such a
language as Latin, for instance, all of them
could be plainly expressed in this way :
— 38 —
— Deus (nominative. )
— Dei (genitive.)
— Deo (dative.)
— Deum (accusative.)
— Deus (vocative.)
— Deo (ablative.)
If , instead of these logical relations, we had
to express the gender, the number and the com-
parison (degree of quality) of a noun, it would
be, likewise, sufficient to change only the no-
minal inflection, as, for ex:
— Deus, God, — Dei, Gods ;
— Vir, a man, — Yiri, men ;
— and so also : —
Deus, God. — Dea, Goddess ;
JEquus, horse, — jEqua, mare; eto.
ÍÍ9. — In the modern European languages,
as German, English, Italian, French, Spanish
and Portuguese, although of the same stock,
as the Greek and Latin, but not so thoroughly
synthetical themselves, and which are, therefore,
called — analytical languages, the various ideal
relations of nouns in a sentence are expressed
by the use of prepositions, whilst the other
relations of gender and number, etc, continue,
in a great many instances, to be destinguished
likewise, by nominal inflections ; ex :
39
— It. sing, amico, friend, — plur. amici,
friends; — sing, figlia, daugther, — plur. figlie,
daugthers ; cf :
— Fr. sing, ami, — plur. amis;
— Sp. & Port. sing, amigo, — plur. amigos;
— Fr. sing, fille, — plur. filles ;
— Sp. sing, hija, — plur. hijas ;
— Port. sing, filha, — plur. filhas.
— « The letter — s — , which we find in English,
French, etc., replaces the inflection of the ori-
ginal coses.
— Gender is equally indicated, in many in-
stances, by regular inflections, which distin-
guish the masc. & fern; ex :
— Ger. Gott, masc. (God) ; Gottin, fern .
(Goddess) ;
— It. amico, masc, arnica, fern.; cf :
— Fr. ami, masc, amie, fem.;
— Sp. & Port, amigo, masc, amiga, fem. etc.
[The Italian words "given as examples"
have the same meaning, as those
taken from the other languages ; and
so, it is unnecessary to repeat the
corresponding translation in English
to each example.]
40 —
Gender, number and case of nouns
30. — Such changes at the end of nouns,
as the aforesaid of the Indo-European languages,
are entirely unknown in Brasilian languages,
the morphology of which is governed by quite
different principles .
Nouns are always invariable ; and, therefore,
number, gender and case can be only expressed
by adding some especial words, called — forma-
tive elements or suffixes .
31. Gender. — In the Brasilian speech the
distinction of gender is only applied to living
objects; and can be marked in two regular ways :
either by different words, designating each one
sex, or by the use of postpositive words, which
mean essentially the male and the female.
(1) — By distinct loords, for each sex; ex:
Apegdua, man, kwihd, woman ;
Mu, brother, rendéra, sister ;
Tuba, father, siy, mother; etc., etc.
(2) By postpositive words; ex :
Idudra- apegdua, the dog; Idudra kunha,
the bitch ;
Tapir-apegaua, the ox; Tapir-kunlxä, the
cow ; etc., etc.
— 4i —
S2. — The latter way of marking the gender
is also used in the modern European languages,
when the names of animals are epicene, as
for ex:
— It. aquila maschio, a male eagle, — aquila
femmina, a female eagle;
and likewise : —
Port, aguia macho, aguia femea, etc, etc.
In English the process of agglutination in this
respect is kept in its original form ; ex :
— He-goat and she-goat ; man-servant and
woman or maid-servant, etc.
The only difference of the English form con-
sists in placing the demonstrative of gender
before noun, and not after, as in the Brasilian
language .
SSS£. — Number. Nouns may be applied to
one or more objects, and this constitutes the
singular and the plural.
In the Brasilian language the plural is express-
ed by the use of a postpositive particle — étá,
which means in itself a collection or multitude
of things ; ex :
Oka, a house, oka-éta, houses ;
Anäma, a relative or friend, anäma-étá,
some relatives or friends ;
Apegdua, a man, apegaua-étá, men.
— 42 —
« It must be added, that the suffix étä is un-
doubtedly the same word sétá (by aphoeresis)
which means multitude, or great quantity, as a
noun, and many or several as an adjective. »
34. — Cases. The noun being always in-
variable, as we said before, in the Brasilian
language, there cannot be of course such in-
flections, as the cases, to express the various
ideal relations of the words in a sentence.
These relations are only expressed by means
of prepositions, which are always placed after
noun, and, therefore, might rather be called
postpositions .
From this general rule we must except the
possessive case (genitive), which is expressed, as
in English, by placing the name of the possessor
before that of the object possessed.
In the folloving table we give a complete illus-
tration of cases :
Nom. Deus Go 1 =Tupa
Gen. Amor Dei God's love or love of Goi=Tupä-saisu
Dat. Deo to God =Tupä supé
Ac. Deum God =Tupä
Abl . Deo from Go 1 *=Tupä sui
« The especial relation, which is expressed in
Latin by the so-called, ablativus de materia,
is equally expressed in the Brasilia n language
by the same process, as the possession; ex :
Oha, house, itá, stone, — itd-oha, a house made out
of stone, or a stone-house. »
Diminutive and augmentative
3^- — In the Brasilian speech, no diminutive
nouns, properly so-called, are found, as eaglet,
gosling, etc; they are, however, expressed,
either by means of suffixes, or by regular adjec-
tives, placed after the noun modified.
The only suffix, which denotes diminuition
is — y or i, and the adjective, used with the same
signification, is — miri, small ; ex:
Pirä, fish, — pirdy, or pird-mirl, a small fish;
Putyra, flower, — putyra-mirl, a small flower.
« The suffix i or y seems to be a contracted
form of the same adjective miri : [See Aphoe-
resis, Q 1 .]
36. — The augmentative is, likewise, formed
by an especial adjective, placed after the noun.
This adjective is turusu, great, large or broad,
— 44 —
which, according to euphonical principles, takes
the forms — asü, osi'i, uasu, goasü; ex :
Pirá, fish, — pirci-uasu, a big fish ;
Pará, the sea, —pará-goasü, the Ocean, that
is, a broad sea.
DERIVATION AND FORMATION OF NOUNS OR ADJECTIVES
3^"- — « The primary elements and signi-
ficant parts of words are called roots. A root
or radical is that part of a word, which cannot
be reduced to a simpler or more original form.
According to their origin, roots are, either pre-
dicative or demonstrative . (*) »
These terms correspond to the expressions —
verbal and pronominal roots, used hy the learn-
ed linguist, F. Bopp. (2)
The root may be modified by endings, called
suffixes, which form derivatives, as, rich-ly ; by
particles, placed before the root, called prefixes,
(4) Dr. Morris, English Gram.
(2) Bopp. Gram. Comparte des hug. Indo-Europeennes v. i.
- 45 -
as, for-hiá, un-tvue ; two words may be placed
together to form compound-words, as, black-
bird. (3)
All these processes, in the formation of words,
we find operating in the Brasilian language.
Although we are not quite able to distin-
guish and explain the roots of many words of
this speech; yet, we hope to present numerous
examples, which shall illustrate the subject-
matter .
Noun-suffixes
3^. — Aba or äua (usually with a s, as,
säba, säiia) means the place, or the mode, and,
sometimes, the time and the instrument of an
action ; ex : —
« Moseröka, to baptize,— moseroka-sclua, the
occasion, or the place of the baptism (baptistery);
« Katü, good, — katüsába, goodness ;
« Möeté, to respect or to venerate, — moetésá-
ba, respect or veneration ;
« Petybon, to help, — petybon-sdba, help, or
assistance, etc.
(3) Dr. Morris, cit*
- 46 -
39. — Ara or uad (sometimes, also, preceded
by an s,) joined to verbal root, means the actual
agent or subject of an action ; it corresponds to
the Latin participles in ans and ens, as, amans,
regens; ex :
Moseroka-sdra, or moseroha-uad, the person
who baptizes.
At othertimes, it means the action itself, as the
English Present Participle, as, for instance, —
the thinking persons, (=who think) and also the
act of thinking ; ex :
Morypdra (moryb = toryb, to caress), a
loving man, or the act of loving itself.
40. — Bora or pora (b = p) means: (1) a
person who lives or exists nabitua!ly in a place,
or doing the same thing or office; (2) an object na-
turally contained in, or depending on another; ex :
(1) Kaa, wood, — kaapöra, who lives always
in the wood ;
» Mbasy, sickness, — mbasij-böra, a diseased
man ;
» Mondd, to steal, — mondapöra, a robber;
(2) Monde, prison, — mode-pora, a prisoner ;
» NamT, ears, — narrií-pöra, ear-riug.
» Py, foot, — py-pöra, afoot-step.
4L\. — Räma or arama 'joined to the radical
of a transitive verb) forms verbal adjectives,
— 47 —
which correspond to the Latin participles in — rus,
— as, amaturus ; ex :
Saisü, to love, — saisurama, about to love.
If the root is of an intransitive verb, the verbal
adjectives correspond to the Latin participles in
dus, as, amanclus ; ex :
Yopuéka, to revenge oneself, — Yopuéka-
ráma, about to be revenged. — « Rama is a
postposition = to or for . »
42. — Yma, joined to any predicative root,
noun or adjective, expresses the want or lack of
the object contained in the word; ex: —
Sesd, eye, — sesd-yma, blind;
Katu, good, — katu-yma, bad, that is, without
goodness ;
Moserokaudra, a baptised man, — moseroha-
udra-yma, a man not baptised;
Akanga, the head, — akanga-yma, decapi-
tated .
43. — Oéra (often with some euphonical
letter, before) joined to verbal roots, means a past
agent, — the person who has exercized an action
in a past time; ex :
Kapik, to comb , — kapiköéra, the person
who has combed.
The same suffix, joined to noun, modifies it in
two particular ways; either converting the noun
-48-
into an adjective, or making it express a thing,
which existed once in a different mode or in
better condition ; ex :
(1) Soerum, jealousy or distrust, — soerum-
oéra, a jealous or distrustful man ;
(2) Akanga, the head, — akang-öéra, the
skull of a dead man ;
« Pi, the skin of a living animal, — piré-
ra, the skin, which has taken from a killed
animal.
« Taba, a village, — tapéra (p = b) a ruined
and abandoned village.
44. — Oclra or ucira, (joined to the original
form of a verb) forms the Past Participle ; it cor-
responds to the English — (e)d; ex: moseroka-
odra, the baptised person ; — iuká, to kill, iukd-
udra the killed man ; etc.
[The letters within()in a word are mere eupho-
nical sounds , which are very frequently
used in the processes of derivation and word-
formation of Brasilian languages.]
4». — We have just indicated the suffixes,
most commonly used in the Tupy dialect, almost
all of which are still in use, now-adaj-s.
In old language, « Tupy — Guarany, » we
find many other formative wordSi the most of
— 49 —
which, either were totally antiquated, or are
now very rarely employed.
For the better understanding of some deriva-
tive or compound-iuords, we will present several
instances of those other suffixes :
— Abá, means « creature », an human being.
— Baé or mbaé, — means « thing » = the
Latin res. When joined to verbal roots, it forms
the Present Participle. Besides , this baé
is the same demonstrative root — aé, which
serves, now, as the pronoun of the third person
singular.
— Pyra, joined to the radical of verbs, has
the same meaning, as the suffix uára, we have
spoken of before, [no. 44].
AGGLUTINATION OF WORDS
-4L6. — Rati. Ae (a demonstrative) he, she, it,
they, this, these, that, those, etc.
Aébaé {(b)aé, the same), himself, herself,
themselves, etc.
« The savage repeats the word to give greater
energy to its meaning or his affirmation. »
— 5o —
Aé-sui (sui, prep.), — from there, from that
place.
Aékety (kety—io), — to that place.
Aéramé (ramé=wheii) , — then, at that time.
Aéresé (resé = from or for), — for this, or
therefrom.
Aériré (riré = after), — after that or there-
after.
Aeriré-miri (mirT— small, little), — soon after.
47. — Rai Ar, to be born, to occur, to hap-
pen, to appear, or to fall, etc.
Ara, — time, day, hour, occasion, and also —
the World.
Araaybaeté (ayba = bad, + eté, much), —
storm. « This word ayba is pronounced some-
times, as — auba and ayua. »
Arakatu (katu = good), — opportunity.
Arakuá (kuá = the waist) , — at noon .
Arösü (ösü— great, much), — to fall or to grow
plentifully.
Ara-(r)angaba, — watch or clock; (ang, spirit
or life, + aba, thing ; = a thing possessing the
life of time).
— Ar, used as suffix: — to take or the act of
taking.
Ara (ara=iara) , — the agent, one who does
an action in the present time .
— 5i —
Idra, — the owner, the actual possessor of some
thing.
Ibytuar (ibytu, wind) — to fall the wind.
Ayurár (ayür, the neck) , — to take by the
neck.
Mar-äar, (marä=mbäasy, a pain or ache), —
to fall sick or to catch sickness.
Podr (pd, a hand) , — to take or to catch by
the hands.
Puar (pü ovpij, the foot) , — to catch by the feet.
Pitiiar, (pitü=pitüna, night), — to grow dark
or night.
Téköar (tekö,— custom or manner), — to imi-
tate or to take the manners of another.
Teöar, (teo, death or the act of fainting), — to
die, or rather, to decay, to fail.
Tapeydra (ta = taba, the town -h péyara,
the pratical man) , — who knows the way to
the town, the head, the chief or guide.
4L&* — M. Iby=ipy, — the land (earth), origin,
beginning, etc.
Ibykodra (kodra, a hole), — ditch, grave, etc.
Iby-kety (kety = toward), — downward.
Ibi/oka (oka, house), — a wall, a thing made
out of land.
Ibypéba (péba, long or flat), — a tract of
low lands.
— D2 —
Ibyreté (the r is a euphonical letter, + été,
much), — main-land.
Ibypé {(pé = in, prep.), — down, on the soil,
the ground.
IbyrirT (rirT, — to shake), — an earthquake.
Ibytyra (atyra, a heap), — a hill or mount.
Ipysuigodra (sui, prep . == from , + goára
=ara, byProthesis, an agent), — original, native
or primitive.
^4S>. — Rail. Ibdk, (also written Iuc'tk), —
heaven, the firmament, the atmosphere.
Ibaketinga, (tinga, white), — clouds, snow.
Ibakepora (pora, somebody ), — who lives in
heaven .
Ibákepé-o-sö (pé === to, prep, -j- o-sö —
he goes), — salvation, — i e: who goes to
heaven.
Ibakepétoryba (ioryba, merry), — the celes-
tial glory, i e: — merry in heaven.
Sí>o— RaÖ. Ig, (also written — If/), water.
Igdba (aba, suffix), — lime, a thing within the
water .
Igára (ára, suffix), — a canoe.
Igapö (ape, spread), — marshy.
Iggatu (gatu—katu. good), — fresh water.
Igse?-erusába (sererü = sarerü, to flow, to
slip,-H«foz, suffix), — a channel
Igkoára (koára, a hole), — a fountain.
Igyusei (yusei, wanting), — thirsty.
Igotü (tü, — onomatopaic, = imitating the
noise of the fall of water), — an waterfall.
Igtykir (tykir, onomatopaic, =the drip-drip
of falling water), — a drop.
S>1. — Rid. Pé, way, track, path, etc.
Pekoameéng (koameéng , to show or declare),
—to guide.
Peyara, ( (y) ára=dra, suff. ), — a pratical
man, a guide.
Péosü (osü, great, large), — a road.
Pékü, — long .
Pérupy (rupy, prep. = through), — by the
way.
£>i£. — Rafl. Po, the hand, a finger, etc.
Pöakanga (akanga, the head, or the end of
the hand), — the fingers.
Pöakanga-osü (see — osü), — the thumb.
Pöái, — to beckon.
Poapem, — the nail "of a finger or toe".
Pöápar (dpar, crooked, tortuous), — crippled
or lame.
Pöapyka, — the fist.
Popytéra, (pytéra, middle, the central portion
of a thing), — the palm.
Pöök (ok=to take), — to pick up the fruit.
-54-
^3. — Ral pya, the heart.
Pyakatü (katu, good), — of good manners,
peaceful.
Pyakatu-rupy (rupy, prep.= by), — obliging
man, or affability.
Pyakatasaba, — frankness, kindness.
Pyaosu, (osu= great), — courage, audacity.
Pya~yba, — (yba = aüba, bad, cruel), — bad
affliction or rage .
Pyubarupy, (rupy=by or for), — furiously.
&4L. — Rati. Söba = röba, — the human
face.
Söba(a.)pyra (pyra = atyra, a heap), — the
front.
Söbasy (sy =asy, to be in pain), — spleenfull,
or sorrowful.
Sobauba (ub= auba, bad), — pale.
Söbaosü (osü, great), — frown, or ugly coun-
tenance.
Söbapetéka (petéka, a blow), — a slap.
Söbapokéka (pokeka, — to wrap), — to muffle
oneself up.
^S. — Eäfl. Tekö, mode, rule, custom, state,
or condition, etc.
Tekö-asy — (asy, which causes pain), — rigour.
Teköayba (ayba, bad, cruel, etc.), — torment,
prison, peril, etc.
— 55 —
Teköayba-goara (goara = ara, agent), —
the guilty.
Teköayba-moapir (mo = to make or cause,
-\-pyr=pyre, more), — to aggravate the guilt.
Teköayba-pöra — (see para), — the condemned
to punishment.
Tekökatü (= good state), — peace.
Tekömönhä (mönhä, io make), to constitute, to
state.
Teköpöranga (poranga, beautiful), — good
fortune or success.
Tekbpoxl (poxi, bad), — vice.
Longer -agglutinative words
lid. — M. Abd, creature, human being.
Abá-angaypdba-osü-eté, — an tyrant, a cruel
man. (Aba, — creature, + ang, the soul or
the spirit of man, -f- ayp = ayba, bad, evil, -\-ba
= dba, — suffix — meaning thing, -\-osu, great,
+ eté, — very or very much ; — literally, = a
man of too great bad soul.
Abákuáuayma, — a foolish or silly man.
— Db —
(Aba, — creature, + kuduba, — learning, -\-yma,
without ; — lit. =a man without learning.
Abdmendasdrayma,—a. bachelor, unmarried.
( Aba — (as before) -f- menda = menddra, to
marry, -\-sara = ctra, an agent, + yma, not,
without ; — lit.=a man married not.
Abdöba-monhangdra, — a tailor. (= Aba (as
before) -+- oba, clothing, + monlia, — to make,
4- dra, an agent ; lit.=a man who makes clo-
thing.
Abápörobebya(r)yma, — a proud or an arro-
gant man. ( — Aba (as before ) H- poro, so-
mebody, a person, + be =pe, (prep.) to, -\-bya
=pya, heart, + ijma, without; lit.= a man
without heart to anybody.
Äbdpörohikására, — an assassin or murderer.
(Abd — (as before) + pbro (idem) + iakd, to
kill,+ (s)dra, an agent; — lit.=a man who kills
some body.
Abá-Tupä-moetésära, — a religious man.
(Abd (as before) + Tupa, God, -f- moeté, to
venerate, -+- (s)ara (as before); lit. = a man
who venerates God. And again: Abá-Tupä-
moétésara -yma, — an unbelieving, an atheist.
Abaybaosi'c, a destoyer. (Abd (as hefove)-\-yba
= ayba, evil,-f- osü, great; lit.=a great maker
of evils.
— o7 —
2>T. — M. ltd, stone, iron or metal, in general .
Itdpömondé (po, hands, -\-mondé, prison), —
manacles.
Itá(r)eté (eté, very or excellent), — steel.
Itá-Tupä-süi ('Tupä sui, from God), — an
aerolite, — a stone which has fallen from
God.
Itábaböka (baböha, — onomatopaic word), —
millstone.
Itábebüi (bebui, light, puffy) — the pumice
stone.
Itdkantim (kantim,& peak, or sharp-pointed),
— boar-spear, pike.
Itá(g)oasü (see oasü), — a rock.
Ita-yüa (yellow metal), — money.
Itd-yüa-ydra or Itáyubayára,{*) (yára,i\ie
owner), — a rich man.
Itáyubarerü (rerü, a vessel ), — treasury . a
coffer .
Itá-nimbö ( nimbo = inimo, a thread), —
brass-wire.
Itápéba (peba, flat), — a plate of metal.
Itápekü (pekü, long) a lever, an iron-bar.
Itdpuä (puä, standing up or erect), — a nail.
(*) In vory numerons instancos the b is found instead of u, and
erciproeally.
— 58 —
öS. — Rail. Müra, — wood, or tree.
Müraáka (dka, a point or peak) , — a
branch.
Müra-báka, — spinning wheel, made out of
wood.
Murakamblj (kamby = akdmby, the groin,
i e: the angular curve between the legs), — a
pitch- fork.
Mürakoréra, — brushwood.
Mura-y (y , diminutive), — sprig, or stick.
Murapéba (peba, flat), — a board.
Mürapekü (pekü, long), — a long wood.
Mura(r)akanga (akanga, the head), — the
shoots.
Murayra (yra, honey), — bee honey, i e:
honey of wood.
^O. — Mopya (mo, to do or to make do, 4-
pya, heart.) [53, 96]
Mopya-ayba,, — to aggravate, to offend, to
make one be sorrowful.
Mopya-katu, — to console, to make one be
satisfied .
Mopyá-katuaba-pupé, (pupé, prep. = in or
within), — to please, to be pleased.
— Monhä or monhang, — to make, to fabri-
cate or to create.
Monhangäba, — fabric, factory, etc.
_59-
Monhangára , — working-man , a manu-
facturer .
Yemonhang, — to grow, to prosper ; ( — ye,
(particle) . [ See no. 91?].
Moyémonhang, — to ingender, to generate.
60- — M Nhee or nheéng, to speak, to
discuss, to talk, to converse, etc.
Nheeng-dyba, (ayba, bad), — to injure, to de-
fame, or to reproach .
Nheengayba-eté, (eté, very, much, too), —
to slander, to curse.
Nheeng-santdn, (santan, — loud), — to
speak loud .
Nheeng-sese, (sese = rese, prep., by), —
to bind by word, to bespeak.
Nheeng-eté, (eté, much, excellent, etc.), —
to speak with power or authority.
Nheenga, — speech.
Nheengaiára (iclra, owner, an agent), —
interpreter .
Nheenga-o-meeng, (omeeng, to give), — to
promise, to compromise oneself.
Nheengapora-poranga (pora-poranga, nice
or fine thing), — gallantery, corteous behaviour,
polite address.
Nheenga-poxi (poxi, evil), — obscenty.
Nheengdr (dr, to take), — to sing.
ÜO
Nheenga-sára, — a singer.
Nheengaba, — a song.
61. — M. Nitio, intio, ti or ni, — no, not,
nor.
Nitiokangaba, the immensity ; ( — hang =
akanga, head, top, + aba, thing) ; = a thing
without head or end.
Nitio-paya-oaé, — an orphan ; ( — paya, — a
corruption of the Port, word páe = father,
+ oaé, he or she ; = a person without father.
Nitiogoasü ( goasü, great, difficult, etc., ), —
easy.
Nitio(g)oatá'Oaé, ( (g)oatd, to walk or to be
in motion ), — immovable.
Nitio -iap ysá-oaé (iapysä, to ear ), — a deaf
man.
Nitio-ipöroaé (ipor = pöro , something re-
siding within), — unoccupied, hollow.
Nitiomámé (mamé, where), — no-where.
Nitio -posanga (posanga, medicine), — irreme-
diable.
Nitio-posi/ (posy, heavy), — light, slight.
Nitio- oikö-katii, — to behave badly; ( — oiko=
to be, + katu, good, = to be not well).
OS. — Päna, corruption of the Portuguese
word — panno, cloth.
Päna-ayba, — clout, rags.
— 6i —
Päna-monhangaba, (aba, suffix , meaning
the place, the instrument of the action), —
weaver's-loom .
Päna-monhangara, — a weaver, the maker
of cloth .
Päna-petéka (petéká, to beat), — a washing-
woman, — who beats the cloth, in washing it.
63. — Rad. Tupä or Tupäna, God.
Tupaberába (beráb, to light), — a light-
ning.
Tupä-iandé-rekö-bebé-meengara, — Provi-
dence; that is, — God who gives to us the mode
of living.
Tupä-nheenga (see nheenga), — the Gospel.
Tupä-nheenga-kotiasára (kotiasára, who
discribs or paints), — an evangelist.
Tupa-nheenga~o-mosem (o-mosem, to pu-
blish), — a preacher.
Tupä-uatá (uatá, to walk), — a religious
procession.
Tupä(r)öka (Oka, house), — church.
Tupä-oka-mírT (miri, small), — a niche.
Tupä-rokára (rokára or okdra, street or
a line of houses),— church-yard.
Tupä-polába (potdba, a present), — alms.
Tupäratá (rata = tatci, fire ),— purgatory,
place of punishment.
- 62 -
Tupärayra (rayra=tayra, son), a christian,
a son of God.
Tupärekö (rekö = tekb, law, precept, etc.), —
religion.
Tupä-rekö-ydbisaba, (yabisaba, error), —
superstition .
Tupärekö-monhangára, — blessed, that is :
« Tupärekö, religion, -f- monhangara, who
exercises or makes ;=a man who practises the re-
ligion . »
Tapa-yi or Tupa-yg (yg, water), — holy
water.
Tapanár (ar, to take), — to communicate, to
receive the Sacrament.
64.- Rgfl. — Tdtd, fire.
Tatd-ar, (ar, to bring forth, to take, etc.), —
to set on fire, or to take fire.
Tatá-beráb, — flames.
Tatá-(g)oasü, (oasü, great), — a stove or bon-
fire.
Tatamirt, (mirT, small), — a spark of fire.
Tatdpunha, — live coal.
Tatapunha-osu, — a fire-brand.
Tatdrendy, (rendy, to shine), — light, illumi-
nation.
Tatdtinga (ting a, white) smoke, i é : white
fire.
— 63 —
Tatátinga-monhä (monhä, to make), — to
smoke or to be smoking.
<>£>. — Rail. Yurü, the mouth.
Yuruayba (ayba, bad), — slanderous.
Yurükanhéme ( kanhéme or kanhümo, to
disappear), — to be silent, or to grow dumb.
Yuruiäi (icii, interg. of admiration), — to
wonder, to gaze.
Yurüyib (yib = moryib, to caress), — civility,
courtesy.
Yuruosü (osü, great ), — foulmouthed, hard-
mouthed (horse).
Yurüpoxi (poxi, bad), the same, as yuru-
ayba.
Yurüré, — to ask, to beg, to pray.
Yuráré-hatü (katu, good), — to intreat.
Yurürésese (sése = rese, by or for) , — to
intercede .
Yururé-ruré (frequentative, — ruré=yururé,
to pray), — to insist, to urge.
Yururé-ruré-katü, (katü, good), — to pray
humbly.
Yurüré(s)aba, — a petition, deprecation.
Yururésära, — one that is always begging .
Yurüseem (seem, sweet), — civil, corteous,
affable; i, e: sweet mouth.
- 64 -
ONOMATOPAIC WORDS
66. — In the Brasilian language are, cer-
tainly, numerous words created by onomatopoeia ;
and we offer, as examples, the following : —
Akauä, — a bird, which, when singing, re-
peats this word .
Ae, — this or that, and there (=the voice of
one, who indicates a thing).
Bébé, — to fly, (the beating of wings) .
Güéne, — to vomit ( = the noise of one who
vomits).
lau-ara, — dog, ( = idu, the barking, + ara,
suffix, an agent, etc.)
Mdbabök, — to grind, (babök, the crack of the
cane crushed in the sugar-mill).
Moposok, — to shake a liquid (water) within
a vessel.
Mopok, — to break, (pök,=the cracking of
something, which is broken up) .
Mosdk, — to to dig up, (sdk, the blow of a
thing pulled violently).
Motcih, — to beat, (the sound of a blow).
Piocana, — cat, (the cry of a cat.)
— 65 —
Pipik,— -to sprinkle, (the sound of splashing
water).
Tata, — fire, (the crackling of flames).
Yurii-karu (yurü, mouth, -f- karü, the noise
of mastication), — to ruminate .
CHAPTER IV
ADJECTIVES
©^'. — In most of the modern languages of the
inflectional group, adjectives, in the same way, as
nouns, have different forms of endings (flections),
according to the gender and number of the sub-
stantives, with which they agree in a phrase or
sentence .
The Romance languages, principally, still pre-
sent almost the same inflections, corresponding
to the gender, as they were in Latin, from which
they are derived .
Take, for instance, the following :
Latin — bonus, masc; bona, fern.; bonum,
neutr. (good.)
— 66 —
Italian — buono, raasc; buona, fem.; (there
is no neuter gender.) (')
French — bon, ma.sc; bonne, fem.; ( there is
no neuter gender.)
Spanish — bueno, masc; buena, fem.; (there
is no neuter gender . )
Portuguese — bom, masc; boa, fem. ; (there
is no neuter gender. )
Latin — totus, masc; tota, fem.; totum, neuter,
(the whole).
Italian — tutto, masc; tutta, fem.; (the neuter
wanting) .
French — tout, masc; toutte, fem. (the neuter
wanting) .
Spanish — todo, masc. ; toda, fem. (the neuter
wanting).
Portuguese — todo, masc; toda, fem.; tudo,
neuter.
Latin— iste, masc; a, fem. ; ud, neuter, (that).
Italian — questo, masc. ; questa, fem. ;
(the neuter Wanting).
French — ce ou cet, masc; cette fem. ; ( the
neuter wanting) .
(*) The neuter gender was almost quite abolished in the Romanee-
iongues; nevertheless we find some casos therein, as the above mentioned.
-67-
Sp. — este, masc. ; esta, fem.; esto, neuter.
Port. — este, masc. ; esta, fem. ; isto, neuter.
We find the same equivalent forms of all Latin
adjectives or pronouns of three endings, which
passed into Romance tongues; — viz : —
« JJnus, a, um, one.
« Ullus, a, um, any at all.
« N ullus, a, um, none at all.
« Alter, a, um, one of two.
« Ille, a, ud, that other; etc, etc.
ACCIDENCE OF BRASILIAN ADJECTIVES
68. — But in Brasilian languages the prevail-
ing system in this resoect is quite opposite.
Adjectives are, without exception, invariable,
like nouns .
In this point they offer a complete likeness
with the adjectives of English , from which,
however, they entirely differ in relation to their
place in a sentence. In English the general rule
is, that the adjective is placed before the noun,
whilst the Brasilian tongue proceeds just in
a contrary way .
— 68 —
In this last language the word, expressing
substance, must precede the word of quality
or of relation .
Thus, for instance, this phrase : — a good
friend, in Brasilian can only be said — anäma
katü, = friend good .
Gender and number
69. — For want of distinct forms to mark
gender and number the adjective can appear in a
sentence, with nouns of every gender and
number ; ex :
Mu poranga, fine brother;
Rendéra poranga, fine sister;
Oka katii, a good house ; oka-étá katti, good
houses ;
Kunhápoxi, a bad (or ugly) woman; kunhá-
étá poxi, bad women, etc.
Degrees of quality or comparison
TO. — Comparison is called that change of
form, which the adjective undergoes to denote
degrees of quality or quantity.
6q
The comparative is formed by placing the ad-
verb-suffix.— pyre, more, after the adjective, and
the postposition sui, from, after the latter term
of comparison; ex : Paul is better than Peter, =
Paul katii pyre Peter sui, — word for word : —
Paul good more Peter from .
As to the peculiar use of the postposition — sui,
from, to denote the relation between the two
terms of comparison, we find a very similar form
in the Italian language, in which the same sen-
tence above would be, as follows : — Páolo é
megliore del Pietro,=P&u\ is better from Peter.
If the comparative is of inferiority, as less
prudent, less fine, etc. it must be formed by
means of the word mirl, small or little, followed
by the same adverb pyre ; ex: You are less fine
than Jo\m,=penhe p? poranga miri pyre John
sui; — literally = You, yourselves, fine little
more John from .
This adjective mirl is equally employed, as an
adverb, in sentences, like these : — I slept little, =
xa ker an mirl; I walked little, =xa uatcl an
mirl, etc.
The superlative is, likewise, formed, by placing
the particle été, very or much, which takes the
euphonical letter r, if it is preceded by some
vowel; ex: poranga, pretty, — poranga(r)eté,
«- 7o —
very pretty; katü, good, — hatu(r)eté, very good,
etc.
— It is unnecessary to observe, that these
manners of forming the comparative and the su-
perlative are, in general, used in the modern
European tongues.
But the placing of the particle (adverb of
quantity) after the adjective is an idiomatic
usage, of which we will speak further on .
NUMERALS
Tl. — Comparing the authors, we find some
discordances of opinion in relation to the nume-
rals, which were used by Brazilian savages.
The question is this : — up to what number could
they count?. . .
— It appears, however, for sure, that, in
general, they did not count objects, individually,
above the number five, which was expressed,
among several tribes, by the word pu, — a hand
or the five fingers .
In the old documents, concernimg this point,
— 7i —
the writers affirm, that the savages used only the
following numbers :
BRAS. ENGL.
Iepe or oiypé one
MokoT or mokuen two
Mosapvr or mosapeire three
Irundy or mokoT-mokoin (repeated). four
P6, xepo (properly, — my hand) five
By repeating these numerals they could ex-
press greater quantities of objects, as, for instance:
pomokoi, ten, =two hands; xepo — xepy,tventy,
=my hands and my feet .
^'Ä. — Nevertheless we must add, that some
living tribes in North-Brasil, owing, perhaps,
to their commerce with white people, use, at
present, the numerals of greater quantity, as
we can see in the following examples :
BRAS. ENGL.
Oaxiny five
Mosüny six
Seié (apparent corruption of the
Portuguese — sete — ) seven
Oisé (apparent corruption of the
Portuguese — oifo — eight
Oisepé {=oisé, eight,-t-iepé, one) nine
Peye ten
Peiyéiepé eleven
/*
After ten begins the process of repetition,
as in Latin; ex: twelve — peyé-mokoT; — thir-
teen, — peye-mosapvr; — twenty, mokoT-peyé ;
thirty, — mosapür-peyé ; etc, etc.
Iepé papasdua, one hundred, (properly a
great quantity) — and again : — mokoT-papa-
sdua, two hundreds; — peyé-papasdua, one
thousand, and so forth
ORDINALS
13. — The ordinals are formed out of the
cardinals, by the suffix — uara [44]; ex:
BRAS. ENGL.
Iepé(r)uára first
MokoTuara second
Mosapurudra third
Irundyudra fourth
Oaxinyudra fifth
Mosunyudra sixth
Seyéudra , seventh
Oiséüdra eighth
Osepéüdra ninth
Peyeüära tenth
And so forth .
-73 -
CHAPTER V
PRONOUNS
7'4,— In the Brasilian language there are
found the pronouns — personal, demonstrative,
interrogative, relative, possessive and indefinite,
perfectly distinct, both in forms and in uses; the
most important peculiarities of which we are
about to note .
^^. — Personal pronouns . These have no dis-
tinction of gender.
There are three persons: — the person who
speaks, called the first person; — the person spoken
to, — called the second person ; — the person (or
object) spoken of, called the third person.
These persons are represented by the pronouns:
RRAZILIAN ENGLISH
Ixé or xé I
Indé, iné or ne Thou
Ianclé or iané (=ia, I -\-né
thou) We, = I and thou
Ore (exclusively) TT e, and not you
Pe2 or penhc You
Aetci or aitci They (")
(*} This second form of Iho plural — ore or oro is a peculiarity
of Brasilian languages, or rather of all American tongues ; it moans
—we exclusevoly, that is, we without you.
— 74 —
These forms of the personal pronoun are kept
identical, whether they be the subject or the
object of a sentence. It is true, that sometimes
the particle — bo is found, joined to the pronouns
of the first or of the second persons singular,
denoting the relation of the dative case; — ex:
Ixebo, to me ; — indebo, to thee .
But this particle — bo — , we suppose, to be
the same contracted preposition pé (postposition) ,
which is used to express such a relation ; cf: —
ixupé, to him or to her, = i, his, her or hers,
-+- pé = supé, (by Apheresis) — to ; — hope,
to the plantation, = ho, — plantation, + pé, to ;
tape, to the village,=ta&a, village, (by Syncope)
+ pé, to ; and also : — orebé (b=p) to us, =ore,
we without you, and bé=pé, to ; etc.
That which remains to be observed on personal
pronouns, will be treated of in a proper way,
when we have to speak of verbs.
Tö. — Demonstrative pronouns. There are
three demonstrative pronouns : —
Koahd, this ; = ho, here, + ahá = iiaá, an
agent, — the person here ;
Nhähä, that ; = ni, not, -{-aliá=hoaliá , — not
this.
Nhähä amo, that other ;—nhähä, íhsd,-\-amo,
— another .
-75-
These pronouns correspond exactly to the
Latin pronouns — hie, iste, ille, or to the Portu-
guese — este, esse, aquelle, which keep their
original Latin signification. They have no distinct
gender, but they take the plural form by the
postpositive particle — etá, like nouns; ex: —
koahdetd, these ; nhähä-etd, those : nhähä-
amoetá, those others .
When the demonstratives are employed, as
adjectives, they do not take the suffix of the plural
number; because, in this case, they are always in-
variable and must be placed before the substantive,
with which they agree in the sentence; ex:
Koahá (r)öka, this house; — koahd (r)oka-étá,
these houses;
Nhähä kunhä, that woman ; — nhähä ku-
nhäétá, these women ;
Nhahäamo kisé, that other knife ; — nhahä
amo kiséetd, those other knives.
IT. — Interrogative pronouns . The interro-
gative pronouns of this language are :
Aud, who ? — It is only applied to person, like
its correspondent in English, and is invariable in
every case ;
Mad, what ? — It is also invariable, and only
applied to things. — « Mad means, precisely,
thing = Latin res, or Italian — cosa .
— 76 —
It is known that in Italian the word cosa may
be used, as interrogative pronoun ; ex : cosa
fate, or cosa dite, = what are you doing, or
what are you saying? = in Bras. — maa-ta
peémonhä, or maá-ta pé nehce ?.
The particles td, tahd, sera are used, as mere
signs of interrogation.
18. — Relative pronouns. As relative
pronoun is found only this word — uad, who ;
it is invariable and serves for all genders and
numbers.
Uad is the same suffix, which means an actual
agent, as the Latin ans, ens, or it is the subject
of an action, as we may see in the instances,
given before; [no. 39],
The relative uad has yet another idiomati-
cal application : it is always placed at the end of
the sentence; ex : — have you the arrow ichich
my brother sent ? = re-rekö sera ouoa sé mu
mundü-an uad ? — word for word, — you have
the arrow my brother sent ichich ?
11>. — Possessive pronouns. These are iden-
tical with the personal pronouns, as follows :
Sé or xé, my and mine .
Né or ré, thy and thine.
Aé or i, his and her (s), its.
lane, our and ours .
Penhc or pec, your and yours .
Acta or aitci, their or theirs.
« The possessive of the third person is very fre-
quently represented by an i, which ssems to
be a contracted form of aé = at, he, she, or
his, hers, its, as was seen in the foregoing
example » .
Possessive pronouns must be placed before the
noun, with which they agree; but they do not
undergo any particular change to correspond
in gender and number. — [See no. gs]
£*0 •—Indefinite pronouns. It is our opinion,
that most of the suffixes, which are aggluti-
nated to predicative or verbal roots, are, un-
doubtedly, indefinite pronouns. It is certain, that
some of them have lost their original significa-
tion, but many others keep it still in a clear and
independent way. Thus, for example :
Aucl, used also as interrogative pronoun,
means, precisely, a person or human being; cf: —
« Inti-auci, nobody; — inti, not,-\-aucl, body;
« Maud, whoex er :=ma d , aught, -\-auci, body.
« Yepéaud, each one, —yepé, one, -{-awl body.
Abd, creature. We think this word, iden-
tical with — aucl, scarcely modified by pronun-
ciation ; cf:
_78-
« Nitio-abä , nobody, = initio , not, -f- aba,
person ;
« Amöabd , another ; = amö, other, + aba,
person .
— As inde finite pronouns , properly so-called,
we now find these :
— Amö, other, others. From this are formed
the following phrases :
« Amö-ara-pupé, on another occasion, =
amo, other, ?\-ara, time, -\-pupe = ope, on or at.
« Amö-mámé, in another place, = amo, -f-
mämé, where.
Amorupy, to the contrary, = amo, + rupy,
to, by, (prep.)
« Amo-ramé , sometimes, = amo, + ramé,
when, other when.
« Amo-iby-sui, from another land, =amo, +
iby, land,+si«, from.
— Yabé, each. From this are derived or
formed the following :
« Yabe-yabé, each one, = yepé-yepé, one by
one;
« Amö-yabé, so much or so many.
— Mad. aught, something. From this are
formed :
« Intimad, naught, nothing, = inti, not, +
mad, thing ;
— 79 —
« Yepémari, some-body, = yepé, oae,-t-maá
thing :
— Mira-y, few, a few; =mira, people, +
y = mirí, small, little. [35]
Pabe or opal, all, all together.
These indefinite pronouns are, as a rule, in-
variable.
CHAPTER VI
VERBS
SI- — According to their meaning, the verbs
of the Brasilian language may be classified, as
transitive and intransitive.
By the use of some regular particles (prep, or
suffix) the transitive may become intransitive, as
well as, the intransitive may pass into trans-
itive.
Transitive verbs are also used reflexively
and reciprocally, by means of certain particles,
joined to them .
There are found, yet, a few verbs, which may
— 8o —
be rightly considered, as causative, in view of
their grammatical functions in the sentence.
— All those classes of verbs are invariable
words, like the other parts of speech, that is to
say : — that their radical does not undergo any
change of form to express the various relations
of voice, mood, tense, number and person of
conjugation.
82. — Voice, (a) AVe think., we may affirm,
that in this language there are wanting, not only
the passive verb, but also the passive voice
itself. First, the Brasilian language does not
possess the especial verb, — so-called substan-
tive, — as the Latin esse, to be. Sentences, such
as ; Paul is good, are expressed in Brasilian
by the simple words, — Paid, hatü, that is,
Paid good, or Paul has goodness. [104]
In order, then, to denote something, like the
passive voice, it is, as a rule, sufficient to place
certain words, which have themselves the mean-
ing of passive participles, after the substantive
or pronoun serving, as the subject ; ex :
— « Paul was killed, =Paid iuhcludra, or
Paul iulia-pyra ; = iukcl, to kill, -+- udra or
pyra, suffix denoting the object of the action,
— as killed.
— « Thou art baptised ; = iné remoseroh-
— 8i —
üára ; = re, personal prefix of the second person
sing., H- moseröka, to baptise, -\-udra, suffix, as
the before said. [44].
S3. — (e) Reflexive or reciprocal verbs are
forme 1 from the transitive by particles plac-
ed, as infixes, between the personal prefix and
the verb. The most used of those particles are
ye, yo (sometimes, nhé or nho) equivalent to the
Latin and Portuguese pronoun — se (ace.) ; ex :
« Pé-iuká, you kill, — pé-yo-iukd , you kill
yourselves, one another ;
« Moapdra, to crook, —ye-moapdra, to bend
oneself.
When the subject is a pronoun of the first
or of the second person, it is usual to express the
reflexive form by the mere repetition of the
those pronouns, as in the Romance-tongues ; ex :
« Thou killest thyself, = ré iné iukd, or ré
yé-iukd ; lit. — thou thee killest.
« We kill ourselves, 5= ore-oro ye-iukd ; —
lit. — we us kill, etc.
84. — (i) Transitive verbs can, as a general
rule, be formed from the intransitive by the use
of the prefix mo, which sometimes works, as
a causative, and sometimes has the particular
function of converting nouns and adjectives of
quality into regular verbs ; ex :
— 82 —
(1) « A-ln, (or oca-in) I lay down, — a-mo-in,
I place or I cause to sit down ;
« Xa-ropare, I lose myself,— xa mo-ropare,
I make somebody go astray ;
« Xa-puam, I rise or arise, — xa-mo-puam,
I cause something or somebody to arise ;
« Sém, to go out, — má-sém, to make go out ;
« Tii/, to tremble, — mo-tilj, to make trem-
ble ;
(2) « Abaeté, renowned, — mö-abaeté, to re-
nown, or to make renowned ;
« Abyk, needle, — mo-abijliik, to sew ;
« Apdra, crooked, — mo-apara, to crook or
to make crooked ;
« Ayba, evil, — mo-ayb, to offend, to injure ;
« Péb, flat, — mö-péb, to flatten.
« Poxi, bad, evil, — mo-moxi (m = p) , to
viciate, to adulterate.
[ This prefix mo, we supple to be a con-
tracted form of the verb mánA«, which means,
exactly, to do or to make. ]
From the foregoing illustrations we majr judge,
how frequent must be the employment of this
prefix or root mo, which, indeed, is found in most
Brasilian verbs.
83
PRONOMINAL SUBJECTS AND PERSONAL PREFIXES
©55«. — We call « personal prefixes » certain
particles, which are invariably affixed to verbs
with the same signification, as the personal
suffixes of the Latin verbs .
In the following table we make a complete
enumeration of such personal prefixes, indicating
their corresponding signification in Latin :
BRAZILIAN
ENGLISH
Pars. pron.
Pers, pref.
Meaning.
Ixe or xé
a
— I or me.
hide, iné or né ré
= Thou, thee.
Aé
0
= He, she, it, or him,
her .
Ianclé or iané
(*) ia
= We, us.
Penhe or pee
pi
= You, ye,
Acta or aitd
0
= They, them .
LATI>
E.NGLISH
Pers si /fixes.
~~cf7-
Meaning
0
amo
= I love.
S
amas
= Thou lovest.
t
amat
= He loves.
mus
amamus
= We love.
tis
amatis
= You love .
nt
amant
s= They love .
— 84 —
[ (*) It must be repeated, that in Brazilian
languages, as in most American tongues, there
are two forms for the pronoun of the first
person plural, the one inclusive, the other
exclusive.
« The inclusive form is that presented above —
iandé or iané (= ia, I 4- né, thou, = wej, the
exclusive is — ore or oro, (we, without or minus
you) ; ex : we (exclusive of you) kill, oro
ia-iukd . ]
— As we see, the personal prefixes represent
the pronominal subject of the verb ; but, while
they can be used alone without the personal pro-
nouns, these, on the contrary, can never appear,
without them. We could say, for instance :
amamus,= ia-saisü, we love, — wherein is not
expressed the personal pronoun iandé or iané =
we ; but we cannot say : — iandé or iané saisü,
without the personal prefix — ia .
— The leading rule, in relation to pronom-
inal subjects, is this : — in the first person
sing, it is always expressed, and takes the con-
tracted form — xa, = xe + a . In the second
and the third persons sing, they are regularly
omitted, being in this case substituted by the
afore-said personal prefix; ex : amas , = re-
saisü; amat = o-saisu, thou lovest, he loves.
— 85 —
In the plural, the pronominal subjects need
not be, particularly, expressed .
86. — The most original form, in which
the verb appears in the Brasilian speech, is one
affirming the action or existence of an indefi-
nite subject ; that is to say, it has not the Infini-
tive mood, properly so-called, and always
expresses the action of a subject, — "determinate
or indeterminate". The word, or rather the
particle, which comes joined to the verb, as its
indefinite subject, is the prefix — o, and has a
meaning, just like that of the German man,
or the French — on in these phrases, — man
spricht, on parle == o-nhee, to speak, that is, one
speaks.
Now it must be remembered, that this con-
crete mode of speech is, doubtless, more natural
to savage people, who deal, very seldom, with
abstract ideas .
In the grammars and vocabularies of their
language, it is certain, that we find the verbs
used, as in the Infinitive mood ; but, when we
pay better attention to the practical applications,
86
it results, that the savages do not know the
use of such a mood.
[ An example of this kind is found in Arabic,
wherein the third person sing, of the Perfect
is th? simplest form of the verb; and this
is also liable to change into transitive or in-
transitive, active or reflexive, by means of
some particle?, use! as prefixes, as in Bra-
silian. ] (')
Nevertheless, as it facilitates the understand-
ing of the examples, which illustrate the matter,
we continue, likewise, to consider that indefinite
form of Brasilian verbs, as being their Infinitive
mood ; ex : — Saisi'i or o-saisu, to love ; —
iukd or o-iukci, to kill, etc.
From this simple form, which is always in-
variable, are formed — moods, tenses and par-
ticiples, or verbal adjectives, by the regular
use of some special particles, which occur, either
isolated or grouped together .
ST. — The simple tenses are : — Present,
Past (= the Latin Perfect) and Future.
(*'i William Wright, Arabic Gram. (Dublin, 1859.)
- 87 -
Present tense
The Present is formed by adding the pronom-
inal subjects, or the personal prefixes alone, to
verbs ; ex :
BRAS. BNGLISH
Xa (=xe+a) mehén . I give.
Re-mehén Thou givest.
Aé o-mehén He, she or it gives.
lane ia-mehen We (I and thou) give.
Ore ia-mehén We (minus you) give.
Penhl pé-mehén You give.
Ait a o-mehen They give.
The «Imperfect Present* can be also formed
by placing the verb ikö, to be [101] with its
pers. prefixes, after the other verb, to which it
serves, as an auxiliary ; thus:
BHAS. ENGLISH
Xa mehén-xa ikö. ... I am giving, = Igive-j-
I am.
Re-mehen-re(r)ikd . . Thou art giving, =thou
givest+thou art.
Aé o~mehén->o-ikö. . . He is giving, = he
gives+he is.
Iané ia-mehén-iaik<J . We are giving,= we
give+we are.
Pc-mehen-pHko You are giving, =you
give+you are.
Aita o-mehen-o-ikd.. They are giving, =they
give-4-they are.
— 88 —
— Another way of expressing the same thought
is to add the suffix ara (or baé = aé) to the
verbal root and to place it after the substantive
or pronoun, serving, as the subject; ex:
« M ehen-ára who gives at the present
time ;
« Paul mehen-dra, .... Paul gives or is giving
now [no. 3d]
Past or perfect tense
^S. — If we had to translate the Latin term
-amavimus, we loved, into Brazilian, it would be
necessary to employ the following words, — lane
ia-saisü-an, or at least, — ia-saisü-an.
The postpositive an properly means the past
time. Although it is added to verbs, as a suffix, it
still keeps its independent form and import, as
may be seen in the following instances :
LATIN BRAS. ENGLISH
Amavi. . . . Xa-saisu-an I loved.
Amavisti . . Inde re-saisw-an . Thou lovedst.
Amavit — Aé o-saisu-an ... He loved .
Amavimus lane ia-saisu-an . We loved .
Amavistis. Penh* pe-saisu-an You loved.
Amaverunt Aitri o-saisur-an. . They loved.
- 89-
Future
SO. — Now, let us suppose, that we wish to
express an action in a coming time, as the ex-
pression, — amabimus, we will love, which is
translated into Brasilian = Iané ia-saisü-kuri.
The above postpositive kuri is used, and it
means, when joined to the verb, that the action
will take place in a coming time, and therefore
it is the sign of the Future of verbs ; ex :
LATIN BIAS. ENGLISH
Amabo .... Xa saisü-kuri I will love
Amabis . . . Ine re-saisu-kuri . . . Thou wilt love
Amabit. . . Aé o-saisü-kuri He will "love
Amabimus lane ia-saisu-kuri . . We shall love
Amabitis.. Penh^-pe-saisu-kuri You will love
Amabunt.. Ait a o-saisu-kuri. . They shall love
THE NEGATION AND INTERROGATION
OO. — (1) The negative form of verbs is
rendered by placing the particle inti (=nitio) or
intimaá ( = inti, + mad, thing, == nothing )
before the subject of the sentence ; ex:
— 9° —
« I wish, xa pötare; I do not wish, inti, or
inti-maci xa potare ; word for word : =
not or nothing I wish .
— (2) The interrogative form of verbs is ren-
dered by the use of one of these particles — ta,
tahci or sera, which may be placed, either before
or after the verb ; ex :
« Have you some bread? = pe-reko será
meape ?
« Who is there ? = auá tahä o-iko ape ?
[ See no. »», 2 «,]
ANOMALOUS VERBS
91. — We call « anomalous », certain Bra-
zilian verbs, that undergo alteration in the root,
which is contrary to the general system of their
conjugation.
In our state of knowledge on the matter, this
kind of verbs is of rare occurrence ; and to speak
the truth, the only ones, the forms of which are
used irregularly, are the following:
(1) — The verb so, to go, which in the Impe-
— 9i —
r alive mood presents the anomalous forms: —
iko-en, go thou ; — pé-ikö-en ped, go you.
(n) — The verb nehel (in some grammars we
find — a1), to say, or rather, just equivalent to
the Latin — aio, is, I say yes, which changes
the radical in the Perfect and Future ; ex:
Perfect
BKAS. ENGL.
Xa in-an I said .
Re-in-an Thou saidst.
Ae-o-in-an He said.
Yané ia-in-an We said .
Pee pe-in-an. .: You said.
Aitd o-in-an They said.
Future
Xa in-kuri I will say .
Re-in-kuri Thou wilt say .
Aé o-in-kuri He shall say.
Yane ia-in-kuri We will say.
Penhe pe -in-kuri You will say.
Aeta o-in-kuri They will say.
[In these two tenses the verb, properly so-coll-
ed, is the monosyllable — in, and this is the form
use 1 by the liing tribes of North -Brasil] .
— 92 —
OS. — Now it is to be noted: — that in the
conjugation of Brasilian verbs the following ele-
ments concur regularly : — (1) the personal
pronoun, as the subject ; — (2) the prefixes, cor-
responding to the personal suffixes of the Indo-
European-tongues; — (3) the verb, or rather, the
verbal or attributive root ; (4) the postpositive
particles an and kuri, when the action is ex-
pressed in the Past or in the Future.
0*6. — Besides the three principal tenses —
Present, Past and Future, the savages yet use
other] secondary ones, which correspond to the
various and distinct relations of time in Latin
verbs. They do so, by means of some other speci-
al suffixes, (conjunctions and adverbs), which
express condition, mode, time, etc ; ex:
LATIN Bit AS. ENGLISH
Amabam . Xa saisü-yepé-i =Iwas loving
(once).
Amavero. Xa saisü-mairamé =When I will
love .
Amem . Xa saisü-kuüre = I may love
(now) .
Amarem. Xa saisü-ramé = I might love.
-93 -
[ The various particles, or modifying elements,
usei to express the verbal relations, miy
differ in forms from those above mentioned ;
but, as a rule, all of them are identical in
their functions and usual applications ].
1)^5. — It is a notable idiom of the Brasilian
language the use of the auxiliary verb potare,
(to wish) which does not take any personal
prefix, and is always placed after the principal
verb in the sentence ; ex : I wish to go, = xa so
pot are; word for word : — I to go wish.
The same rule is applied to causative verbs,
or rather, to some verbs in causative phrases,
like these : — I bid make, = xa mönhä kdri; —
literally: = I make bid ; — you can go, or you
know how to go, = peso kudu; — word for
word : — you go can or you to go know . [ioe]
[ The verb kudu means, at the same time, to
know how and to be able or can ; in Brasilian
the ideas — knowledge and power are iden-
tical ones ] .
Except this especial use of the verbs potare
and of the causatives, the general rule for two or
more verbs appearing in the sentence is, that the
personal prefixes must be repeated ; that is to
— 94 —
say, — the verbs must be used, as if they were
quite independent of one another ; ex : —
« I am speaking, = xa nehel xa ikö ; i. e: —
I speak I am ; [ sr ] .
« I have nothing to do, =intimaá xa reko xa
mönhä arama ; — literally: = nothing I have I
make to.
[ For better illustration on this point, see the
chapter " Rules and Remarks ".]
FORMATION OF VERBS
D£>. — As a general rule, ali predicative roots
may be converted into verbs, — by affixing to
them the personal prefix, by itself, or with —
the pronoun, as subject ; — ex : sém, the act
of going out or appearing, — xa-sem, — I go out ;
— kér, sleep, — o-ker, to sleep, that is, = he
sleeps ; — tog, the act of covering, — re-tog,— thou
cover est, etc.
Besides this, there are certain formative ele-
ments, which occur, very frequently, in the for-
mation or derivation of a great many verbs .
— 9? —
The formative elements, most ordinarily used,
are the two following : —
96. — Mo, particle, (prefix) which works,
either as a causative verb, or converts any pre-
dicative roots into transitive verbs.
It may, likewise, be joined to intransitive
verbs to transform them into transitive ones, [s-i]
Examples :
Aku, warm ; — mo-aku, to warm or to make
hot.
Asiih, the act of taking a bath ; — mo-asuk,
to bathe somebody.
Asy, pain, or ache ; — mo-asy, to ache or to
be in pain.
Ayba, bad ; — mo-ayba, to ruin, to waste, to
demolish, etc.
Pé, road, way, track etc ; — mo-pé, to level
the path or the way .
Pekit, long ; — mo-pekii, to lengthen.
Poránga, fine or beautiful ; — mo-poranga,
to trim or to attire .
Scli, sour ; — mo-sdi, to make sour, to em-
bitter.
Seem, sweet; — mo-seem, to sweeten.
-96-
Sardy, jest ; — mo-saray, to jest.
Tapy, deep ; — mo -tap y, to sink.
Yaseon, to weep or to mourn ; — mo-yaseon,
to make weep .
Ye-mombdu, to confess oneself ; — mo-ye-mom-
beu, to avow .
Ye-nong, to lie down ; — mo-ye-nong, to put
down.
Yo-yabe, to pair, or to make oneself equal o ;
— mo-yo-yabe, — to equal, to adjust, to compare.
Yokök, to lean upon ; — mo-yo-kok, to uphold.
Ye-mendra, to marry ; — mo-ye-mendra,
to make marry .
97. — Ye or yo (also rihé or nho), particle-
prefixes, denoting that the predicative root ex-
presses a reflexive, intransitive or reciprocal
action. — [83]
Examples :
Kapik. to comb; — ye-kapik, to comb oneself.
Komeeng, to indicate ; — ye-komeeng, to
appear, to expose oneself.
Koéma, dawn or morning ; — ye-koéma, to
dawn or to grow day.
Moasuk, to bathe somebody ; — ye-moasuk,
to take a bath .
— 97 —
Mo-ayba, to ruin something; — ye-mo-ayba,
to ruin oneself.
Mosaém, to divulge ; — ye-mosaém, to be
divulged.
Meeng, to give or to deliver ; — ye-meeng, to
deliver or to render oneself up.
Mo-tykan, to dry or to wipe; — ye-mo-tykdn,
to dry oneself.
Participles
The rules, by which in Brasilian the several
participles are, in general, formed, will be found
in the chapter on nouns. [3s to 4-±]
CHAPTER VII
POSTPOSITIONS
5>S. — The usual relations, expressed by
prepositions, as we see in the modern European
languages, are denoted in Brasilian languages
by means of postpositions. — They are various
in form and number, and correspond, in their
98
applications and meaning, to prepositions, in
general .
The principal postpositions of the Brasilian
language are :
Sui — denotes separation or removal from one
place to another, or derivation and motion from
the interior of an object ; it is equivalent to the
Latin prepositions — a or db and e or ex ; ex :
I came from the city ,=xa iur-an mairy sui ;
lit : — I came city from .
Opé, — in, (sometimes = upon and within)
denotes position of an object ; it corresponds
to the Latin prep . in with ablative ; ex : In the
Church, = Tupan (r)oka opé ; lit : — God's
house in.
Supé — denotes relation to an object, that is,
limitation oy destination, «= to or for, as in the
phrases — to me or foryou» — ; it expresses a re-
lation equivalent to the Latin dative ; ex : Give
this hat to my friend, = re-mehen iné koahd
xapéua kamarara supé; lit: give thou this hat
friend to ; — love to God, = saisü Tupän supé;
lit : =love God to .
Arama — denotes also the relation to an
object, but is especially employed, when we
desire to express a « destination or purpose », as
will be better understood from the following
— 99 —
Latin example : — Exitio est mare nautis,
(the sea is for a destruction to sailors), =
para porarasoba igatinijba aräma ; — word
for word: the sea, a torment pilots to ; — I want
her for my wife, == xa potare aé se xemerikb
aräma; lit: I want her my wife for.
Pope — denotes interior position, = within;
ex: Within thy house, = re (r)öka pope ; lit: —
thy house within.
Yma signifies without, as the Latin sine ;
ex: Woman without her husband, =kunhä i
mena-yma; word for word: = woman her hus-
band without.
Iromo — denotes company, as the Latin cum,
with ; ex: — With my brother, = se mü irömo;
lit := my brother with.
[ From this postposition iromo is derived
irömo-dra, fellow, companion. ]
Kite or kéty — denotes motion to a place, as
the Latin ad, to ; ex : I go to thy house,=
xa-sb ré (r)6ka kété ; lit: = I go thy house to.
[ In phrases such as : — eo ad te, acliit
regem, etc. the postposition, mostly used, is
piri = to ; ex : Paulus adiit fratrem, = Paulü
o-sb-an i mu piri; lit : = Paul went his broth-
er to ] .
Aärpe or áWpe — are used with the signifi
— IOO —
cation of « upon »; ex : Upon the table, = mv.ra-
peua aripe ; lit: = table upon.
Sesé or resé — denotes a cause or reason,
« on account of, for the sake of » ; ex : For the
sake of God,= Tupan resé ; — on account of bad
weather, = dra ayba sese\ lit: = weather bad
because of.
Rupy — denotes cause, instrument, and in a
limited sense, = « through either in space or
in time » ; a it corresponds to the Latin per ;
ex : He goes through the street, = aé-o-sö
okdra rupy ; — in jest,= mosardya rupy ; lit:
he goes street through ; — jest in.
Uérpe or uyrpe — are used with the signifi-
cation of the Latin prep, sub, under ; ex : Under
the table, = mürapéua uérpe ; lit : = table
under.
Renöné or tenondé (r = t, n = d),= coram
or ante, before ; ex : Before me, = xe renöndé;
lit : = me before.
Rehuidra,= « instead of » ; ex : Thou art
playing, instead of working, =re-porauke re-
kuidra, re-yo-mosdrai re-iko, — word for word:
=thou working instead of, thou playing thou art.
[We find yet other simple or compound-words used
as postpositions; but we think, they may be con-
sidered with greater reason, as pure adverbs.]
— 101
CHAPTER VIII
ADVERBS
99. — According to their signification, ad-
verbs may be divided into the following classes :
— (1) adverbs of place; (2) adverbs of negation,
affirmation and interrogation ; (3) adverbs of
time, "determinate or indeterminate"; (4) ad-
verbs of manner, degree of quality, etc.
(1)
ADVERBS OF PLACE
Mamé " ubi, where " generally used, as in-
terrogative ; ex : Where is your land, = mamé-
taá né (*) retáma ?
« This mamé is a derivative from mad, thing,
in its most absolute meaning, — as the Latin res
= an object, place, occasion, action, etc. -|- mé
= pé, in ; therefore, mamé = maapé, in a thing
or place. » The following adverbs will give
further illustration : —
Macl-sui (mad + sui, postp.= from), "unde,
(") Retama or tetama moans properly nativejcountry.
— 102 —
whence"; ex : Whence do you come, = mad-sui
tad re-iur ?
Mad-heli/ (maa •+■ kety, postp. = to), " quo,
whither" ; ex: Whither are you going, = mad-
kety penhe pe-sö ?
Mad-rupy ( = mad ■+■ ntpy, postposition, =
through), "qua, in what way" ; ex : In what way
does flow the river, = mad-rupy parand td
o-nhdna ?
Ike, and also ko, "hie, here (by the speak-
er)" ; ex : Here is our land, = iké yané ré-
táma.
« From iké are derived :
« Kisiy,= ike-\- sui, "hinc, from hence (from
the speaker) ";
« Ki-kité,= ike -\-kely, "hue, hither, (to the
speaker)".
Adpe, " istic, there, (by the person adressed)" ;
ex : He was there, = o-ikö-an aapé.
Mime, "ibi, there" ; ex : See my dog there, =
mime pe-maht se iau-ara .
« From mime are derived :
« Mi-xihy, = mime -4- sui, " istinc, from
thence, (from the person addressed)" ;
« Mi-kité, = mime ■+■ kite, "eo, thither".
Arpe, "above, upwards".
Uerpe, "below, down".
— io3 —
. [ These two adverbs are also used, as postpo-
istions, of which we treated before. ]
Okdr-pe, "foris or foras, out, without," ( =
okara, street, -\-pé, in); ex : I was out, okdr-
pe xa iko-an.
Sakakoéra, "pone or retro, hehind"; ex :
It is behind,= sakakoéra o-iko.
Ape-katu, "ionge, far" ; ex : Far from the
city,= ape-katu taud sui ; lit: far city from .
Poiterpe or pyterpé, " between, amidst ".
(2)
ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION, NEGATION, ETC,
Affirmative or concessive particles
Hehe, "etiam, yes".
Empo, "quippe, of course".
Hehe-empö, "in this way perhaps".
Katu-ente, "so so, or verily".
Ae-katu, "recte, quite right".
— io4 —
(e)
Negative particles
Nitio, intio, inti,tioT ni, "non, no, not, nor".
« All these forms are found, either in the nega-
tion of verbs, or as prefixes of other words ; ex :
Nitio-abd, nobody; nitio-mame, no where; —
inti-mad, nothing ; — inti-ape-kalu, not far ;
— inti or ti xa-potare, I will not; — ni-amo-
ara, never ;(= ni, nbr-|- amö, other -\-ara,
time.)
Yma, "minus, without. [ See the postpo-
sitions.]
(i)
Interrogative particles
One of these particles, sera, tafia, ta or pa
must always occur in the interrogates phra-
ses, which is to be placed after the verb in case
this be the modified word ; ex: Iné re-rekö
será meape ? = have you some bread ?
In case, another be the modified word, the par-
ticle must be placed after that one and before
the verb ; ex : Mad meapé tahd re-reko ? =
what bread have you ?
IOD
These particles may also be joined to a
simple noun, as for ex : mad, thing ; and mad
tahd ?== what ?
(3)
ADVERBS OF TIME
Mair-ramé, " quum or quando , when. "
Ara-pökü-sdua, " semper, always •'. — «Ara
time, -\-poku-saua, length ; == length of time.»
Inti-an-kuri, " never ". « Inti, not,+an,
particle denoting the Past, + kuri, another
particle denoting the Future ;=neither in the
Past nor in the Future . »
Ni-amo-ara, " never ". — « Ni, nor, + amo,
other, -\-ara, time ;= in no other time. »
Aramé or ramé, " tunc, then, " at that
time . «Ramé is also the sign of the Imperfect, as
in the Latin verb, amabam, facerem, I was
loving, I was making ; = xa saisu ramé, xa
monhä ramé . »
Kuür, — " nunc, now, on this occasion."
« It is also used, as the sign of the the Present
Subjunctive, as, for instance: — the Latin
verb amem, that I love, = xa saisü kuur . »
— 100 —
Amö-ara, — " in the coming time ". « Amö,
other, -\-ara, time.»
Ana, " now, just now " ; — and its derivative
— inti-ana, not yet.
Ranhe, or rat, *' still, till the present".
Oiy, — " hodie, to day".
Oiype-i, — "once."
Kuisé, — " heri, yesterday " ; — and its de-
rivative— amö-kuisé, before yesterday, that is,
another yesterday.
Kurl, "after, presently". « It is the sign of the
Future ; — and its derivative — kuri-miri, soon
after, = a little after. »
An, — " already". « It is the sign of the Past.»
Rete-an, " too late, " — « Réte, much or
too,+an . »
Riri or riré, "post, posted, after, afterwards."
« Riré is also used, as a postposition. »
(4)
ADVERBS OF MANNER, DEGREE, QUALITY, ETC.
Iaué, — " ita, so."
Tenhe, " item, itidem, likewise, " in the
same manner.
— 107 —
Katu-ente, — " so so."
Eté [or reté, " much, very much. "
Pau or pane, " so much, or so many.
My üre, " as, how much or how many".
Pyre, *' magis, more. "
Amo-yre, a little more; « amo,-\-pyre,—
other more . »
Xinga, — "minus, less, or hardly".
Anhü,nhön or nhonte, "alone, only, solely."
May, " as, so. "
Teipo, " at last. "
— There are yet many other words, used as
adverbs, which we have not mentioned.
The place of the adverb in the sentence may be
before or after the verb ; but always after the
adjective or another adverb ; ex: 1 go to-day, =
xa-so oiy, or oil) xa-so' ; ■ — very good, = katu-
reté ; much more, = pyr-été ; etc .
CHAPTER IX
CONJUNCTIONS
lOO. — The particles, which may be classed,
as conjunctions, are the following :
y,— •" and"
6,— "or"
— io8 —
Aa-resé (aa = maá, + resé), " ideo, quam-
obrem," for that reason, because of, etc.
A-suy, "ergo, therefore," — (ae,+ sui,= from
that) .
Ni, * ' nor " . [n . 6i]
Arery, " autem, however or but."
Aramé, " enim, etenim for, for indeed. "
Ydtir, ' ' neither, nor. "
May, — "quare, why, on account of"?
CHAPTER X
INTERJECTIONS
lOl. — The particles or words used, as in-
terjections, are numerous ; among others we
ill mention the following : —
{) Of astonishment : — Shi... .
2) Of inquiring : — an? . .= what ?
3) Of pain : un un ! ' . .. .
'') Of satisfaction and of praise: ape /. . . .
') Of encouragement : éré! . . . .
;) Of calling : höhö ! . . . .
'') Of reprobation : athié ! . . . .
!) Of profound disgust : aradn != oh tem-
pora
I !
— log —
(9) Of compassion : tuté ! aud-teité !
H Of doubt : id!.....
(u) Of approbation : heém !
(12) Of interrogation : serd ?
(13) Of sending away : atimböra ! = be off ! .
CHAPTER XI
MISCELLANEOUS RULES AND REMARKS
102. — Nouns of the Brasilian language,
as was noted before, have no inflections to
mark "gender, number and case" ; and therefore
can appear in a sentence, as the subject or the
object of verbs, without change of forms.
Syntax of the subject
(i) As a general rule, the subject" noun or
pronoun" is placed before the verb. The only
real exception to it, we know, is the peculiar use
of the relative pronoun — udd — , that occurs
invariably after the verb of the dependent sen-
tence ; ex: hast thou the arrow which my
brother sent me ? = re-rekö será auoa se mu
— I 10 —
mundü uaá ixé aräma ? — « word for word: =
thou hast the arrow ray brother sent which
me to ? » \_n. rs]
(ii) When the subject is of the third person and
the object of the verb is a pronoun of the first or
second person, and the verb is of the Imperative
or Subjunctive mood, the subject is regularly
placed after the verb ; ex: that f John kill thee,=
t-ine iukcl John \ [tiné = iné, thou or thee, by
Prothesis] .
(in) When it is necessary to use greater ener-
gy in the assertion, or in the expression of
feeling, they repeat the pronoun-subject and the
personal prefix ; ex: Ixe xa-reho, I, myself, have ;
— iné re-reko, thou, thyself, hast, etc .
(iv) In the sentences, in which verbal-phra-
ses occur, such as: — Lat. eo petitum (ad
petendum),= Port. voupedir, I am going to ask ;
— Lat. venio auditum{dA audiendum),= Port.
venho ouvir, I come to hear; — the repetition of
the pronoun, as the subject joined to each verb, is
indispensable ; ex: xa-sö xa senöi se mira,= l go
to call my people ; — literally: I go +1 call my
people .
(v) The same rule applies to the auxiliary verb
— ihö, to be, in the formation of the Imperfect
Present, as was said before [sr],-ex: I am
— Ill —
mak'mg,=xá morihä 'xaikö ;|i. e : I make+I am ;
— she is working, = aé o-paráuké o-ikö; —
literally: she works-j-she is, etc.
The syntax of the object
103. — In respect to the object, we find the
following rules :
(i) When it is a pronoun of the first or
second person, it must be placed between the
subject and the verb; ex: I kill jon, = xa pee
iukä ; — thou killest me,= ré ixe iukci, etc.
(n) But when the object is a substantive, or
pronoun of the third person, the most regular
use in the speech of the living tribes is to place it
after the verb; although it seems, that the general
rule in past times, was to place the verb always
after its object; ex: — thou hast the knife,—
ré kisé rekö, (old order) or re-reho liise (new
order); — the serpent bites him, — boia o-söu aé,
(new order) — or boia aé o-söü, (old order).
Sytatax of the verb
IO^S. — In the Brasilian speech, as in many
other savage languages, there is not the so*
called, « auxiliary verb », as the Latin esse,
— 112 —
to be, [sa] i. e: — a verb, which stands, as a mere
connective of assertion between a subject and
some word discribing this subject, and so has no
meaning of its own, except that of indicating
assertion, coupling together two words in the
relation of subject and predicate. — In this
language the simple union of a subject to a
predicate supplies the corresponding value of
such a verb; ex: xé katü, means — I am good,
I have goodness, or more strictly, my goodness ;
— ré pordnga, means — thou art beautiful,
thou hast beauty, or simply, — thy beauty.
For better illustration we present below other
examples of the kind :
BRAS. ENGL.
Sakü será iné ? Are you warm ? lit : warm
[90,2] you ?
Ixe saku I am warm ; i. e: I warm .
Ixé intimaá sakü. I am not warm ; lit :
» » » I nothing warm.
Ine ruy sera ? . . . . Are you cold ? lit :
» » » you cold?
Ixe inti-madseruy I am not cold ? i. e:
» » I nothing-|-I cold
Re sekv.ie sera ?... Art thou fearful ? lit :
» » » thou fearful?
Heheixexasekuie Yes, I am fearful ? i. e :
yes, I myself, fearful.
— ií3 —
» The verb ikö which has been considered by
some writers, as an equivalent to the » au-
xiliary verb to be, — meaning mere assertion,
is not so ; it signifies, on the contrary, a parti-
cular condition or situation of the subject, that
is ; it expresses a concrete mode of being and the
actual relation of the subject with the 'predicate
in a definite way.
» In English there is want of this special verb ;
because the verb — to stand, — which seems
like it, keeps, in general, the same particular
meaning of the Latin stare, to be erect.
» But in the Romance languages this verhstare
has not kept such a limited signification, and, in
general, means the existence of a subject in a
certain state or condition at a certain time. From
the following examples will be better understood
what is its proper use and import ; ex :
» It. — stö bene, = Sp.— stoy bien,— Port. —
estou bom, = » original Latin words » — sto bene,
which means precisely I stand well ; whilst the
actual meaning of this sentence in the above
Romance languages is : — I am veil, or rather,
I feel veil now .
» The meaning of the Brasilian verb iho
is entirely identical with the aforesaid stare
of the Romance languages ; and, therefore, if
— 114 —
we had to express the foregoing sentences, —
xé katü, re poranga, combined with such
a verb, saying, for instance, — xä-ikö kalu,
re-iko poranga, their signification, now, would be,
precisely, this : — I am » ' ell or I feel well, at this
moment, and thou lookest pretty, at this moment,
— which would be different from their previous
meaning.
« In short, the verb iko always implies the
idea of a certain state at the time spoken of. »
10£> . — Another fact, which we consider, as
deserving especial remark, is the use of adjectives
agreeing with verbs in the same way, as if these
were true substantives ; ex : — pah, to awake,
— xé pah, my waking ; — her, to sleep, — reker>
thy sleeping ; — so, to go, — i-xo, = i-so, his
going, etc.
In such a usage we discover manifest relics
of the preceding period of the language, when
words had yet no grammatical distinction among
them, that is ; when all words were the original
expressions of feelings and ideas, scarcely
distinguished, as predicative and demonstrative
roots .
I 10 —
The peculiar construction of some verbs
IOC — Avery notable idiom of the Brasi-
lian language is the peculiar construction of
certain verbs, which appear governing another
verb, as their object. Thus, for instance : —
« Lat. — volo viclere, I wish to see, =Br.
— xa mahepötdre; literally, = Ito see wish; —
« Lat. — jubetis ilium, occidi, you order him
to be killed , = Br . — pé-iukd kdre aé, or p 5 aé
pe-iukd kdre; lit.— you to kill order him,
or you him to kill you order.
« Lat. — scirnus Tupy loqui, we can speak
Tupy, === Br. — iané ia-nehe? kudu Tupy ; lit :
we speak can Tupy, &, &.
The verbs, which usually require this especi.
al construction of the sentence, are : potdre,
to wish or will ; kudu, to know or can \—maasy,
to need or to feel uneasy about ; kdre, to make
or to bid make. [04]
— The sentences formed with these verbs
also constitute an exception to the general rule
oi pronouns, as subjects, which we have treated
of already in the foregoing. [ 10a]
— lib —
To need and (to) will
lOT. — We cannot fail to remark the usual
distinction, made by our savage people, between
the two ideas, — expressed by the verbs (to)
will and to need. They express them by the
words « potare, and masy » — The latter is
derived from the root — asy, to feel pain or grief;
cf : — mo-asy, to be sick or to feel hurt ; —
ye-moasy, to be stimulated or aggravated ; —
ma-asy, to grow sick ; etc.
Now, let us see the distinction : potare is
used, when they mean to express a desire or
want, the satisfaction of which depends on
human power, as, for instance : I wish to go, =
xa so potare, or I desire to eat fish, = oca
v -potáre pircl, & &. But when, instead of a
simple desire, depending on their free-will or
choice, they speak of a natural necessity, as of
drinking, eating, sleeping, etc . , they never use
the verb — potáre, — but the verb masy only,
which expresses a necessity imposed on man.
Indeed, we can rightly say : — we wish to eat
fish, or to eat bread, & ; but we must say, — we
need eating, as it is a thing indispensable to life.
— "7 ~~
And it is for this reason, that sentences, such
as, — 2" need eating, and drinking, are usually
expressed in Brasilian by the verb masy ;
namely : xa-iu masy ; — lit : — I eating or
drinking need.
« As is seen from the preceding example,
this verb or verbal root masy is liable to
the same grammatical construction of the verbs
— potare, kudu, etc. [ See ios ] . »
Est meum, est tuum, etc.
108 . — As it is natural to their intellectual
conditions, savage people, in the most ordinary
way of speaking, use only concrete names.
It is clear, that abstract words denote a certain
degree of mental culture, to which, in general,
they cannot attain by their simple way of living
restricted to eating, drinking, hunting and the
like.
Hence results, that phrases like these : Lat. —
est meum, = Fr. — c 'est a moi, — it is mine;
and again: Lat. — est tuum, =Port . — é teu, it is
thine; — can only be expressed in Br. lang. by
— 11« —
the possessive agreeing with a noun, clearly
expressed, namely: sé mad, né maá, = my
thing, thy thing.
« The copula est (=is) is omitted, because
such a verb does not exist in Brasilian». [10-4 ]
DIVISION OF TIME
109. — Brasilian savage tribes did not divide
time into months and weeks ; at the most, they in-
dicated the space between the one moon and the
other, by the word — yacy, which means, pro-
perly, the moon.
a) But, afterwards, through being catechised,
or through dealing with white people, they have
come to designate the days of the week with
special names, as follows :
ENGLISH BRAS.
Sunday (*) Motou or metuü.
Monday ('-) Morauke-pé .
Tuesday (3) Morauke-mokoT .
Wednesday ik) M or alike -mosapur .
Thursday (*) Svpapaü.
Friday (6) lükuahü.
Saturday (7) Saurü.
— ii9 —
(*) Motöü,=mo (formative element of verbs)*
[ 96 ]-+- tuü=potuü, rest, repose ;=the resting-
day.
(2) Moraukepe,—morauke, to work,4-pe =
yepé, one ; =the first loorking day.
(3) Morauke-mokoT, =morauke, -\-mo~koe,
two ;=the second working day .
(4) Morauke-mosapur , = morauke , H- mo-
sapiir, three ;=the third working-day.
(s) Süpapáu, sü=söö , meat, + papdu =
opciu, to be finished ;=the day in which the
eating of meat is finished.
(■) Iükuaku,=uküakü, to fast, i. e: — in, to
eat or the eating, + kuakü, to put a stop to;=a
day, in which eating is suppressed.
(7) Saurü, = sabarü, is a corruption of the
Portuguese word sabbado, Saturday.
Days and nights
b) The savages divide day and night into sev-
eral portions of time, -after the position of the sun
in the day-time, after the course or the rising and
setting of the moon or the stars, at night .
— 120 —
We give, in the examples below, a complete
idea of this usage:
Space of time Names
From the sun-rise to 9
o'clock Koema (morning) .
From 9 o'clock to noon . Koarasj-uate, (sun
high).
— Noon Saié, or iandclra (tan-
dara,= iandé,our,
-\-dra, time,= our
time.)
From noon to 5 o'clock. — Ara, (time) .
From 5 o'clock to 7
o'clock in the evening Karuka, (darkening.)
From 7 o'clock to mid-
night Pitnna, (quite dark).
— Midnight Pi'saié.
From midnight to 4
o'clock Pitvaa poku ( long
From 4 o'clock to 6 in night.)
the morning Koéma piranga (mor-
From 6 o'clock to 9 ning red.)
o'clock Koéma .
— 121 —
SALUTATION OR GREETING
HO. — The words used by the savages, as
greeting, which may correspond to our ilgood
morning, good evening " etc, are these: — lane
koéma, good morning, that is, literally: — oar
morning ; — lané karüka, good evening, i. e: —
our evening ; — iané pituna, good night, — lite-
rally:— our night.
— The person, the salutation is addressed
to, ought to reply in each one of these
cases: — Inddué, that is, — thine also. This
word indaué is=Ind(e), thine, -f aué also.
111. — Those, which they distinguish ordi-
narily, are the following : —
White Murütinga (in compound
words — ting a, only .
Yellow Taud, (also yuba).
Black Pixuna or pituna (in
comp. words — {ma, only.
Red Piranga.
Azure Suikvra.
Green Iakura .
Grey Tuura .
— 122 —
REVIEW OF VARIOUS AGGLUTINATIVE FORMS
(I). —To mark number
IIS
Kurumi, a boy KurumT-etd, boys .
Rise, a knife Kisé-éta, knives.
Meapé, a loaf Meapé-éta, loaves .
P6, the hand Pö-étd, hands.
Putyra, a flower. .. . Putyra-étá, flowers.
Sesd or tesd (t = s)
an eye Tesá-étd, eyes.
Tama, a child TaTna-éta, children.
Koahd, this Köahá-éta, these.
Nahci, that Nahä-etá, those.
Nahä-amö, that other Nahä-amö-étá, those
others.
Amo, other Amo-éta, others.
Sé-maá, mine Sé maa-étá, mine(plur).
Né-mad, thine Né-maá-étá,thme(p\\ir).
I-mad, his or hers. . . I-mad-éta, theirs.
Yané mad, our Yane-mad-etd, ours .
Aé, he, she, it Aétá, they [33] .
— 123 —
( II ). — To mark gender :
<»>
Apegdua, man... (") Kunhä, woman.
Kurunii, boy Kunhä-tén, girl .
Mü, brother Render a, sister.
Tuba, father Sy, mother.
<e>
Anáma-apegáua, a
male relation Anarna-kunha, a female
relation.
Ydudra-apegdua,dog Yaudra-kunhä, bitch.
Pixäna-apegdua,h.e-
cat Pixäna-kunhä, she cat.
Suasümé apegdua, he
goat Suasümé-hunhä, she
goat.
Tapyra- apegdua, an
ox ... . [3i9 33] Tapyra-kunhä, a cow.
(") — This form, as we see, is not agglutinative : the gender is
rendered by distinct names.
— 124 —
(III).— To form augmentatives and diminutives
<a>
Apegdita, man... Apegäua-uasü, a tall man,
(=Port. — homenzarräo.
Kunhä, woman.. Kunhä-uasü, a big wo-
man, (=Port. — midhe-
rona .
Kurwrii, boy Kurumi-uasü,a. big boy , (=
Port. — rapagäo.
Oka, house Oka-uasu,SL large house,
(=Port . — casäo .
(e)
Apegdua, man... Apegdiia-mirT , a short
man , ( = Port. — ho-
mensinho .
Kunhä, woman ... Kunhä-mirT, a short wo-
man, (=Port. — mulher-
sinha .
KurumT ', boy KurumT-mirT , a little
boy ( = Port. — rapa-
ziriho.
Oka, house Oka-mirl ', a small house.
[ 33, 36 ]
— 125 —
(IV).— To mark degree of quality or to express
comparison
(a)
Kati'i, good Kutu-pyre, better.
Turusü , great ,
large, broad. . .. Turusu-pyre, greater, lar-
ger, broader.
Poxi, bad Poxi-pyre, worse.
Mirl, small or lit-
tle Mirl -pyre, less, lesser-
Poku, long Poku-pyre, longer.
Poranga , fine ,
prettv Poranga-pyre, finer, pret-
tier.
<e>
Katu, good Katu(r)été, very good .
Maracire, tired . . . Maraáre(r)été, very tired.
Poranga, fine. . . . Poranga-été, very fine or
the finest.
Turusu, great. . .. Turusu-etc, very great,
the greatest . [ to ]
— I2b —
(V). — To express state, condition, business or
office, etc.
[ 3^ to 6o,+9S to 0*y ]
KauT, brandy . ,
Kurihä, woman .
» »
Meapé, bread
Kaui-piranga, wine, (pi-
ranga, red.
Kunhä-koára-yma, a vir-
gin, (=kodra, " fora-
mine,+ yma,siné",— an
intact or untouched wo-
man, intrega ftlia.
Kunhä-iména-momoxika-
rd, an adulteress, (ime-
na, married , + mo-
moxi=mopoxi, to ruin
or to viciate,-|-^ara,an
agent, or person ; = a
woman, toho vitiates
matrimony .)
Kunha-oba, a gown, (oba,
clothes.
Meapé-monhangára, a ba-
ker, (monhang, to make,
-+-dra, an agent ;=a per-
son, who makes bread.
127
Mendara, to marry
or matrimony... Mendasára-yma, a bache-
lor ; « — mendara, -+-
(s)dra, an agent, -\-yma,
without or not ;—a man
not married.
« « « Menduba, father in-law ; «
mendara, -\-uba = tuba,
father; i. e: the father
of matrimony.
Mira, people Mira-resd-pe, publicly ; «
mira , + resd = sesd ,
eyes, -h pé (prep . ) in ;=
in the eyes of the people.
Mirá-reapü, an uproar, a mob ; « mira, +
reapü = teapu, noise ; = the noise of people.
Mira-rekb-rupy , popular, common; «mira, +
rekb, custom, + rupy, by ( prep. ) ; = according
to the popular custom.
Mo = monhä , to
make Mo-apyre-saba, increase,
augment « mo, -\-(a)pyr
=pyre, moYe,-+-(s)aba,
a suffix, like the English
ness in the word good-
ness; = to make some-
thing become more.
— 128 —
Mokciua or mo-
kaba, musket..
Mokciua or mo-
kaba, musket..
Okuciu = kudu, to
know, or to be
learned
Oyaby = yaby, to
miss, to mistake.
O-yok = yok , to
separate
Moka-oka-miri ', garrison ;
« mokciua, -\-dka, house,
-\-mirT, small ;=a place,
trhere - in there are
soldiers icith muskets.
Moka-oka-osu, fortress, «
moka-oka, + osu, great ;
i e: a place uhere-in
there are a great many
muskets.
Okuciu- y ma- osü, a savage
man ; « okuaü, + yfna
without, + osu, great ;
= a great ignorant man .
Oyapy-akanga-pupé , to
commit a blunder ; « ya-
py = yaby, + akanga,
head, -\-pupe, in (prep ) ;
— to miss with the head.
O-yoka-iakanga-sui , to dis-
suade ; « yok, -\- iakanga
— I2(j —
= akanga, ■+■ sui, from
(prep.) ; = to remove out
of the head .
0-pis\k, to hold, to
grasp O-pisik-tayra-rdma, to a-
dopt ; «o-pisik, + tayra,
son, + ráma or aráma,
to or for (prep.) ; I e:
to take for a son .
(*) Pay a, priest or
friar Paya-étü-roka, a convent ;
« paya-etd, ( plural )
friars, + (r)oka, house ;
i, e : a house of friars .
» » Paya-nongara,steip-fathev;
« pay a, + nongclra, like
or alike; = a man, like
father.
Potdre, to wish . . . Potare-uasu or potare-
opaT, ambition, covetous-
ness ; « potare, +■ uasü
great, or opal, every-
thing ; = to covet all .
(*) Corruption of Iho Port, word pae, father.
0
— i3o —
Taba, village or
town Tába-pöra, free -man, citi-
zen ; « pora, person
[40] ; = who lives in the
town.
Tayra, son Tayra-angdba, a god -son ;
« tayra, -+- ang spirit,
+ aba, (suffix) thing ; =
a son by the spirit.
Timiü, meal, re-
past Timiu-monhangdra , a*
cook ; « timiü, + mo-
nhangdra, who makes.
Tinodba,the beard. Tinodba-monhangdra, a
barber.
(VI).— To mark tenses of verbs :
Xa monök, I cut . . Xa monok-dn, I have cut .
Re-kudu , thou
knowest Re-hudu-dn, thou knewst.
Ae o-potdre, he de-
sires Ae o-potdre-an, he desired.
landé ia-pdu, we
finish Iande ia-pdu-an,\ve finish-
ed.
— i3i —
Pee-pé-saharu,yovL
wait Pe~ pe-saharü-an, you
have waited .
Aitd o-mahc, they
look Aitd o-mahc -an, they
looked .
Xa monhä, I make Xd monhä-kuri, I will
make.
Re-mo-aku, thou
warmest Re-mo-aku-kuri, thou wilt
warm .
Aé o-iko ike, he is
here Aé o-iko-kuri iké, he will
be here
lane ia-u, we eat
or we drink. . . . lane ia-u-kuri, we will eat
or drink .
Pé-rasö, you take
out Pe-rasd-kuri,yo\i will take
out.
Aétd o-mondü,they
send Aétd-0-mondü-kuri, they
will send . [st to so]
— 132 —
(VII) To express the present, past, future agent,
or subject :
Monhä, to make. . . Monha-sara, who makes,
now.
Monhä, to make . . Monhä-udra or monhä
pi/ra, that who has
made .
Karihem, to fly, to
run away Kanhem-bora or kanhem-
pöra, who runs away
very often or continually,
— a fugitive man.
Rasö, to take away Raso-rama, about to take
away .
— [ For further illustration on these last
words, seethe nos. 41,43,44]
ORIGINAL WORDS
113. — The list below contains several terms
of Brasilian speech, that we suppose to be,
with a few exceptions, original ones, both in form
and meaning.
— [ Besides, see "onomatopaic words" — no. 66 ].
— i33 —
A, formerly, the pronoun of the first person
sing, and now used, as the personal prefix
of the same person . [ss]
Aän (interjection), I say not.
Ab, to open, to cut, to divide, to turn up ; cf:
— iby-db, to break up the soil,(= iby, soil,+a£) ;
— o-ab puti/ra, the flower expands, (=o, pers.
prefix 4- ab, -f- puti/ra, flower ) .
Aba, creature, human being; cf: abá-nee, hu-
man speech, that is, — the speech of the natives of
the country, (= abd,-\-nee, speech) ; — abd-reko,
the state or natural condition of man,(=a&«,+re-
kö=tehö, state, condition, custom), [ss] ; — abd
rod, human flesh, (=abä,-\-röö=söö, flesh).
Abi/, to miss, that is, not to hit the mark, not
to reach or to attain.
Aé, he, this, that, etc. [46]
Aib or ayba, bad, evil, also an interjection, =
unfortunate ! poor-devil !
Aha, point; — cf: akuc'ii, pointed; — akab,
to fight, that is, — to turn the point of lance
against somebody, (=aka,-\-ab, to turn).
Akü, warm, to warm.
Am, to be up, to stand firm, to rise up, to be
over-placed or to over-rule.
— i:>4 —
Ambü (on.), sonorous, sounding, to sound.
Ami, to squeeze, to hold fast, to clinch, etc.
Ang, spirit, life, or the origin of life; — cf:
— mo-ang, to think, ( = mo, particle [n.90],
+ ang, spirit) ; and again : — mo-ang, to
engender, to give life to.
Apijk or apig, to sit down, seated, steady, to
be quiet, etc. ; cf: iby-apik, to sit down, that is,
to sit upon the soil,( = iby, land or soil, + apyk) •
Ar, to be born, to occur, to fall, to bring
forth, etc. [-*r]
Asy, to be in pain, to ache.
Asu, great, large, big, tall, etc.
Atir, hill, heap, pile.
Baé = aé, thing, this, that, etc. , etc. [-45,46]
Bag, to turn, to move the body; cf: bang,
turned up.
Bébé (on.), to fly. [ss]
Bög (on.), to cleave, to crack, to be parted by
force, etc.
Bobbg (frequentative), to shoot, to burst with
great noise.
Bür (on.), to spout, to spurt, to spring up or
to rouse, to gush out with noise.
— i35 —
Ée, (or a5), yes, I say yes; — cf: nhee, to
tell, to speak, or the speech.
E, (contracted form of aé), the third person,
= another ; cf: abdé, a distinct or different
person, (neither I, nor thou), (abd,-\-é=aé).
Em or éma, to empty, to become void.
Enoi, to call, to name, to call upon.
Eo or téo, to die, to finish, to succumb or to
yield, to fail.
Éu, (on.), to belch, or belching.
o
Goéne or guena{on.), to vomit.
Guéy or héy (on.), to toast, or rather, to frolic,
frolicking .
GueguT> (on. frequentative), to be hoarse, or
having a rough voice, — raucus, or husky.
T-I
Hääng, to measure, to compare, to confer.
Hesd =sesd, eyes .
Hiy, to depress, to lower.
Ho = so, to go, to go away .
i36 —
Iby, land, earth, origin. [4s]
Iké or iky, here, to come in.
Ir oryr, to get loose, to leave off, and also (used
as suffix) to raise, to pick up ; cf: aka-bir, to raise
the head ; — kaa-pir, to clear, to remove herbs or
trees ; — supir= tuplr, to take up, to lift ;— tipy-
kuir, to distil, to take out the liquid, etc.
Iar ( = ar), to take away, to take by force ;
cf : — iara, the owner.
Isig, to glue, to stick, to unite, to adhere, and
also to hold, to catch.
ltd, stone, metal, in general, [sr]
ly or yg, water, to flow, [so]
Compare: (*)
« Koriaihish ( Oriental Asia ). . . . i ;
« Semoyedish ( Siberia ) i', or iy ;
<.< Kamtchakish ( Oriental Asia ). iij, or ya ;
« Mandingoish ( Central Africa ) . . y\ ;
« Erse uisy ;
« Irish isg ;
« Albancan ( South Europe ) ui ;
« Arabic ( Oriental Asia ) mai ;
[L'étude comparative des langues pur le Baron df
Merian, Pariz 1828. ]
— - 07 —
Kad, herb, wood, leaves of tree, ; of: ipéka-
kuänha or pekad-guäna, medicinal herb, (pe
^=peb, flat, lovr,-\-kaa, herb, +grw£na, to vomit;
= an herb, which makes vomit, an emetic agent).
Kdb, to wound, to strike, to hurt, to tight.
[ See — akcib } .
Kar = kari, to order, to force to make, to con-
strain, etc.
Kau or haul, wine, (had, herb, +$, drink,
potion).
Kér, to sleep, sleeping.
Kudu, to know, to understand, etc.
KuZ'kul — « See — gu?gue » .
Kdi, to burn, to be ardent.
K6, the plantation, (the place planted).
Kui, far, at great distance
Kutr or kuir-kuir ( on . frequentative), to
rain, to drop, to trickle.
Kud, the waist; cf : ku-dr, to tie about, to
gird, to embrace, etc.
Kuk (on.), to beat, to crack.
— i38 —
M
Mad, thing.
Mae, (or make) to see, to look, (the voice of
one who indicates or shows a thing.
Mbaé, — « See baé » .
Mámá—maámaá (frequentative), to file, to
roll, to put a thing upon others, to make a bundle.
Mémé, the same ; that is, continuous, uninter-
rupted, as the two syllables repeated — mé-mé.
Meen or meeng, to give.
Mi or rnimi, to hide, or to abscond oneself.
Mo, to make. [96]
Mü, brother, a relation.
is-
Nhee, to speak. (See ee). To nhee belong the
derivatives :
« Nee-gu, to swallow the word, or to be
reticent. . .
«Necg-uru (on.), to mutter, to whisper ;
« Necgétá, to speak too long, ( — neeg, -\-étá,
much, many) ;
« Nec-taby, to speak incorrectly or to speak
non-sense.
— i3g —
Ob=tob, leaves, in general ; when is used as
verb, it means to spread, to stretch, and also, to
cover .
Og = ok, (on.), to take hy force, to pull, to
pluck off, and also, which is squeezed out or
sprung forth from one thing squeezed.
Pä (on.), to sound, toned, sonorous, etc.
Pa á (on.;, to entangle oneself, (the voice of
one who has something in the throat), to
choke, etc.
Pab or pau, to finish, all is finished, com-
pleted ; — cf: pabé, all, all together, (pab=
pdu,-\- é = aé, this or that thing).
Pag or pak, to awake, awaked.
Pdnpdn (on.), to spring, to shoot out, to re-
bound.
Pé, way, path, track, course ; and from this:
pe-dr, to cross^oathuarta place, to hinder. [47-]
Peb, flat, low.
« Pebur ( is a derivative of peb ), to swell,
swollen, =to become flat.
— 140 —
Petég or peték (on.), to beat, that is, the
clapping of hands .
Pi, the skin.
Pig, to cease, to leave off, to give over,
to stop.
Pindd or pinci, to harpoon, or every thing
which is harpooned ; — (pindd is, precisely, the
hook or fish-gig).
Pipig (on.), to boil, to gush violenty, and also
to scintillate.
«Pirog (it is a derivative), to peel or to skin,
etc; ( pi, skin ,-\-rög=ög , to take, to pull off).
Pita, to stay, to rest in a place .
Ptu, soft, smooth.
Po, hand.
Pog=pok (on.), to break into pieces, to burst
with great noise.
Pukd (on.),' to laugh, that is, to expand, to
open one's heart .
Pong (on.J, to sound, to beat, sounding.
Pug (on.), to shoot out, to crack.
Püpíí or pupur (on.), to boil, that is, the
water of the pot boiling with noise.
Piipü orpüpung (on.), to wound with blows,
to strike buffets.
Py, foot, base, seat, sitting, etc.
Pya, heart, and also the thorax.
— 141 —
Rci, marked, painted, with stripes.
Rab, to loosen, to unbind or unfasten.
Ry = tiy, the liquid, the humor, sweat, or the
current of water, etc.
Ririy, {frequentative) to tremble, to shake
with cold or on account of fear .
Rob, bitter, to embitter or to be embittered.
Rög = tog, to cover, covering, etc., and also
to stop.
Säang, to ape, to imitate the voice of some-
body.
Sa-sdi (frequentative), to spread, to scatter
about, etc.
Sent, to go out, to be off. — [See Em.']
Sesd = tesd, eyes or sight, the sense of seeing.
Se-sem (frequentative of Sem), to shed, to be
dispersed, to empty.
Séy, to need. — [SeeAsy, 10» ].
Sir, sharp -pointed, keen-edged.
Sög—sák (on.), to pluck off, to draw violent-
ly, etc .
— 142 —
Sö, to go.
Sod, animal, game, flesh or meat ; and also, to
feed or to give for food.
«Sou (it is a derivative), to bite, that is, to eat
meat ; (söö, meat, -\-u, to eat).
Sy or sig, spring, fountain, origin, mother,
a well. [ See Ig ] .
Td, to abound, to exist in plenty, etc.
Tag=tak (on.) to beat, to make noise.
Tai = sdi, acid ou sour, piquant.
Tang (it is a derivative), new, vigorous, fixed,
hard ; (ta, plentous, -4- ang, life or spirit).
Tar, to take or to catch . [47]
Tata (on.), fire ;= the noise of fire burning
wood.
Tata, (on.), strong, solid, having the sound
of a well strung chord.
Toto (on.), to palpitate, palpitation.
Torib, merry, joyful, to rejoice, etc.
Tü or tuk (on.), to strike a blow.
Tutü (frequentalive), to wound somebody with
blows .
Tuba, father. " From this word, we think,
— 143 —
was derived : Tupcin, God ; Tupa — tuba, father
-\-an, elevation, superiority, or elevated, over-
ruling,— i. e: the father above:"
Tété or tuté, body, the human body.
Tim, the nose.
u
U, to eat and drink.
Ub, to lie down, to rest in peace ; (ub means,
precisely, the thigh.)
Un, black or negro; cf: — pitüna, night.
Ungd, to hand, to touch, to handlle, etc.
Ur = tur, to come, to arrive.
Xáxá (on.), to tear, to cut asunder, etc.
CHAPTER XII
BRASILIAN COMPOSITIONS
lly£.— Under this head we arrange " the
Lord' sprayer "and a few legends of the Indians,
written in Brasilian by Dr . Couto de Magalhäes
in his excellent work, 0 Selvageni, to which we
— 144 —
are already indebted for other references made
in this book.
We have endeavoured to be literal inbur trans-
lation imitating, as nearly as possible, the
originals, and the only alterations made are owing
to the orthography, that we have, especially,
adopted .
It is unnecessary to be recollected, that with
such a translation we mean, principally, to
give — " more complete instances " of the usual
speech of the Brasilian tribes and thus to enable
the reader to apreciate, by himself, the correct
application of the rules, we have stated before.
Accordingly, we will present : firstly, the
original Brasilian compositons, — secondly, the
English translation, — thirdly, the explanation
of the grammatical construction and the meaning
of each term separately.
NHAXE RUBA
llä. — (') Nhané Ruba o-ikd uad naha
uuák opé;
(2) Né réra o-yo-moeté (t)o-ikö;
(3) Re-mehe iané arnma v.uáka, mamé re-
ikö :
— 143 —
(;) Né remimutára (t)o-oyo-monhä üuá-
ka-pé, ipür (*) yüpe ;
(s) Ré-mehd oiy iané aräma iané remiü
ara yepé yepé sui-uära ;
(6) Be-mehc né yron iané angaipäua resé,
may-aué ia-mehe liurl iané yron aitá supé
inti o-monhä-na katu uaá iané aräma ;
(7) Inti rexáre, iané Iará, ia-monhä poxl
maá-étá ;
(8) Repüsürü ianeopai mad aüa sui; Amen.
TRANSLATION
The Lord's prayer
Our Father which art in heaven ;
Hallowed be thy name ;
Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven ;
Give us this day our daily bread ;
And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our
debtors ;
And lead us not into temptation ;
But deliver us from evil; Amen.
(*) J.OUT moans cither, or. and also, neither, nor. [jlOOJ
10
— 146 —
Literal Explanation
(1) Nhane=iane, our; Ruba = tuba, father;
o-ihd, is ; uad, who [ts ] ; nahä, that ; viw.k
or ybdk, heaven; ope, in.
(2) Né, thy; réra, name; o, pers. prefix,
yo, particle [ov] moéte, to venerate ; /o-z'&d ==
o-i&d, be (the £ is used to denote the third pers.
of the Imperative), that is, be hallowed.
(3) Re-mehe, give; iané, us, aráma, to or
for ; üuák, heaven ; mamé, where ; re-ihd,
Thou art ;
(4) Né, thy ; remimutara, will ; ( t sign of
the Imperative) 0 (pers. pref. ), yo-monha,
— be done; — vuaka-pé, in heaven; iuür,
as well as ; yüpé = ibypé, in earth.
(s) Re-mehe, give ; oiy, today ; iané aráma,
to us ; iané remiu , our bread ; ara yepe yepé
suiudra, day each one of.
(6) Re-me)i~, give ; ne yron, thy forgiveness ;
iané angaipdua rese, our debts for ; may-aué,
as well as; ia-mehc kuri, we will give ; iané
yron, our forgiveness ; aita supé, them to ; inti
o-monha, not do ; katü, well ; uad, who ; iané
aráma, us to.
— 147 —
(7) Inti re-ocare, not leave ; iané Idra, our
Lord, ia-monha, we to do; poxi maa-etci, bad
actions.
(8) Re-piisvru, deliver ; iané, us ; opal, all ;
maä, things; ava = ayba, evil, that is, all evil
things . Amen .
« May pituna o-yo-kudu an. . . .»
HO. Iupirungdua ranié, inii-maá pitüna ;
ara anho opaT or a opé.
Pituna o-kéri o-ikö iy rupy-pé.
Inti-maá soö-e-tä] opaT mad o-nhe^ .
Boia-Uasü membyra, ipahri, o-yo-menar
yepé kurwm-uasü irümo .
Koahd hurumi-uasü o-rekd masapür miasua
katu-rété.
Oiepé ára öpé, o-senöi mosapür miasüa,
o-nhee aitá supé:
« PekoT pe-uatd, se remirekd inti o-kéri
potare sé irumo . »
Miasua o-su-än.
Aramé aé o-senöi xemirehá okéri aráma aé
irümo .
— 148 —
Xemirekö o-suaxára : Inti räipitvna.
— Inti-maá pitüna ; dra anhö.
«Se ruba o-reko pitüna.
Re-keri potare ramé se irümo, re-mondü
pichno aé par and rupy .
— Aé o-senöí musapür miasüa ;
Xemirekö o-mundü aüáiruba öka piri o-
sö o-piamo aráma yepé tukuman-rainha .
Aitá o-süka ramé Boia-Uastiokaöpé, koahá
o-mehe aitá supé tukuman-rainha, oyo-sikináu
reté, o-nhee :
« Kusuküi äna ; — re-rasö tenhe ; inti pe-
pirári kuri\pe-pirariramé,pe-kanhumo-kuri !
Miasüa o-sö-an ; o-senön teapü tukuman
rainha pépé : ten, ten, ten. . . .= tuküra-étá
reapü, iüi-étd irümo, o-nheeg-ar uad pitüna
ramé .
Miasüa o-ikö ramé äna apekatu, oiepé
suiudra o-nheei iromo-udra~etá supé: «Mad-
tá koakd teapü ?
« la-sö ia mahö t»
Iakumäyua o-nhee ; «Inti-mad ; — kurumü
tahd ia kanhtimo kuri ; — pe-apukiä,ia~sd äna !»
Aitd o-so än.
Aitd 0"sendn o-ikö teapü ; inti o~kudu mad
nhähä teapü uaá.
Aitd O'ikö apekatu reté änaramé, aitá ö-yo-
— 149 —
mo-atiri igára-pitérapé, opirdri aramatuku-
man rainha, o-mahe arámamaá o-iko i pöpé ;
Oiepé o-modyka tat a, — aild o mo-yotyku
iraity, osikinau oihu uacl tukumdn rainha ;
o-kénar.
Aitct o-pirdri ramé, kuruty-udrapitüna-uasü
anal
Aramé iakumäyua o-nhe2 : « Ia-kanhümo !
«Kunhä mokü (s)öka öpé o-kuáu-an iané ia-
pirári hoahd tukuman-rainha ! »
Aitá o-sá än .
Kunhä moku soka öpé o-nhee i ména supé :
« Aitá opirari pitv.na. Kuyr ia-sá ia-sarü
koéma » .
Aramé opaT mad, o-sdin oikö uaa had rupy,
oyseréo soö aráma, uyrd aräma.
Opal mad, o-sáin oikö parand rupy, oyeréo
ipékd aráma, pirá aráma;
Uru-sakanga o-yeréo iáuára-eté aráma ; pira-
kasdra oyseréo i igára irümo ipeka aräma : i
akanga ipék-akanga aráma ;*— i igára ipéka
seté aräma ; i apukuitáua oyeréo ipéka-rétima
aräma.
Boia- Uasu membyra o-mahe raméyasi-tdta-
uasu, o-nhee imenasupé: «Koema o-iur oikö ;
xa sö xa mom ara pitüna sui. »
— i5o —
Aramé aé o-mamdn inimö, o-nhe^ : «Indé
cuyiibl kuri,o-nhe~gar aräma,koéma o-iur ramé
kuri.» Koái o-monhä cuyulñ : o-mo-piranga i
setima uruku irümo, o-motinga i akanga taba-
tinga iruiíto ; — o-nhe3 ixupé : «Re-nhecgar-
kuri opaT ard opé, kocma o-íur ramé !
Ariré aé o-mamdn inimö, o-nheé : — «Indé
inambu kuri.»
O-pisika tanimuka, omburi sesé, o-nhee
i-ccupé: — «Iné inambu kuri, onhe~ngdr arama
kuruka ramé,pitüna ramé,pvsaié ramé,pituna-
poku ramé, koéma piranga ramé.» [io<>, b]
Ad-sui uyrá-étá o-nhecgár dra katu öpé,
koéma o-ur ramé,omoröri arama ara.
Mosapür miasua o-si<karamé, kurumi-uasu
o-nhea aitd supé : «Penhc inti pe-supi-uána I
«Penhc pe-pirári pituna; Penhe pe-monhä uän
open mad okä-yma ! Aarsé pe-yeréo makakai
aráíaa opaí draopé: — pe-uatd müra-rakanga
rupy eatíre. . . .
' HOW NIGHT BEGAN »
In the beginning there was no night ; — day
only was all time;
The night was sleeping in the depth of waters;
There were no animals; all things spoke;
— i5i —
The daughter of the Great Serpent, they tell,
had married to a young-man ;
This young-man had three faithful servants.
One day he called these three servants and said
to them .
— « Go and walk, because my wife is un-
willing to sleep with me ; »
The servants went away ; and then he called
his wife to sleep with him ;
The daughter of the Great Serpent replied to
him :
"It is night not yet".
The young-man said to her : — There is no
night ; day only is all time ;
The young-woman spoke: — «my father pos-
sesses the night .
« If you want to sleep with me, bid seek it
there on the river . »
The young -man called the three servants ;
The young woman ordered them to go to her
father's house and to bring a stone of tucumän; (*)
The three servants went out, arrived at the
house of the Great Serpent ; — this gave them a
stone of tucumän, completely closed, and said to
(') It is a Brazilian palm-tree.
I ?2
them: — « Here it is; take it. — Take care!
Do not open it , otherwise all of you shall
perish ! »
The servants returned, and were hearing noise
within the stone of tucumán, thus : — tin, tin,
tin, xi... xi, xi..., it was the note of the
cricket and of the small frogs, who sing at night.
When they were far already, one of them said
to his companions : — « Let us see what noise is
this? »
The pilot observed : « No ; else, we shall be
lost. Let us go away ; — pull the oars ! »
They went on, and continued to hear that
noise within the stone of tucuman, and could not
understand what noise was that ;
When they were far off, they assembled in the
middle of the canoe, — lighted a fire, melted the
pitch, which covered the stone, and opened it.
Suddenly all grew dark !
The pilot, then, said: « We are lost! The
young-woman, at home, knows already, that we
opened the stone of tucuman ! »
They went on their voyage .
The young-woman at home said then to her
husband: —
« They delivered night ; Let us wait for
the morning. »
— i53 -
At this time all the things, which were scatter-
ed throughout the wood , became transformed
into animals and birds ;
The things, which were scattered throughout
the river, were transformed into goose and fish.
From the basket was engendered the panther ;
the fisher with his canoe was transformed into a
goose: — from his head sprang the head and bill
of the goose; — from the canoe sprang the body
of the goose; — from the oars sprang the legs of
the goose.
— The daughter of the Great Serpent, when
she saw Venus (star), said to her husband:
« Dawn approaches ; I go to separate the day
from the night . »
Then she rolled up a thread, and said :
« Thou shalt be a cuyubin. » So she made the
cuyubin. She painted the head of the cuyubin
white with tabatinga (clay) ; she painted his
legs red with urucü (a red fruit), and, then,
she said : « Thou shalt sing, for ever, when
morning breaks . »
— She rolled up, again, the thread, scattered
ashes over it, and said: « Thou shalt be inambu,
to sing during the whole time of the night and of
the dawn . »
— Thenceforward, all birds have sung at
— i54 —
their determined times, and all together sing at
dawn to rejoice the beginning of day . . .
— When the three servants arrived, the
young-man said to them : — « You were not
faithful ; you opened the stone of tucumán ; you
set free night; all things were lost, — and
you, yuorselves, who shall be transformed into
monkeys, — and shall walk, for ever, climbing
on the branches of trees !
Literal translation
Iupirungdua ramé, inti-mad pitvna ; ara
anho opai ára ope.
Beginning when, nothing night : day alone all
time at .
Pitvna o-kéri o-iköiy rupy-pé.
Night slept it was water's-depth within .
Inti-maá soö-étd ; opal maä o-nhee.
Nothing animals ; all things spoke.
— i55 —
Boia-Uassü mernbyra, ipáhá, o-yo-menar
yepé kurumi-uasü irümo .
Serpent- Great's daughter, they tell , married
one boy big with.
Koaha kurumi-uasu o-rekö mosapur miasüa
katu-reté.
This boy big had three servants faithful
very.
Oiepé ara öpé, o-senoi mosapvr miasüa,
o-nhe? aitd supé :
One day at, he called three servants, said
them to :
" Pekoe, pé-uatä ; se remirekö inti o-kéri
potare sé irumo . "
« Go, walk ; my wife not sleep will me with. »
Miasua o-so-an.
Servants went.
Aramé aé o-senöi xemirekö okeri aräma aé
irümo.
Then he called his wife sleeping for, him
with.
Xemirekö o-suaxdra : Inti rdT pitüna .
Wife replied : Not yet night.
Inti-mad pitvna ; ara anlio.
Nothing night ; day alone .
Se ruba o-reko pitüna .
My father has night.
— idö —
Re-keri potare ramé se irumo, re-mondu
piámo aé paraná rwpy.
Thou sleep to wantest if me with, bid seek it
river on.
Aé o-senoi mosapiir miasua;
He called three servants ;
Xemirekd o-mondu aitd i niba oka piri,
o-sö opiamo aräraa ijepé tukuman rainka.
Wife bade them her father's house to, to go
to seek for one tucuman-stone.
Aitd o-svka ramé, Boia-Uasu oka ope,
koahd o-mehd aitd supé oiepé tukuman-rainha
oyo-sykináu reté, o-nhee:
They arrived when, Serpent-Great's house at,
this gave them to one tucuman-stone closed
quite, she said :
' ' Kusukui ana ; re-raso tenhe ;intipe-pirari-
hurt; p2-pirdri ramé, pe-kanhvmo kuri "
« Here it ; take with you ; not open shall ;
open if, you be lost shall. »
Miasüa o-sö cm, o-seno~i teapü tukuman-
rainha pope : — ten-ten, ten-ten... = tuküra-
étd reapi'c iüi-étd irümo, o-nhe~gar uaá pitüna
rarne .
Servants went away, they heard noise tucu-
man-stone within: — tin-tin, ten-tem...= cricket's
noise small-frogs with, sing who night when.
— 1 57 —
Miasüa o-ikö ramé äna apekatü, oiepé suí-
udra o-nhe3 i irumo-uara-etá supé: " Mad
td koahd teapü ? — Ia-sö ia-mahe ?
Servants were when already far off, one of
them said his companions to : — " What this
noise ? We go we see ?
Iakumäyua o-nhee : "Inti-mad ; kurumü tahd
la-kanhumo hurl; — p~-apuküi, ia-sö ana!
Pilot said : ' ' Never ; otherwise we be lost
shall ; pull the oars, let us go away !
ATt a o-so an.
They went away.
Aitá o-senon o-ikö teapu; inti o-kudu mad
nhahä teapü uda.
They hear they were noise, not they understood
that noise what.
Ait a o-ihö apehatu-rete an rami, alia o-yo-
moatiri igara-pitéra opé, opiräri aráma mad
oikö i pope . . .
They were far off when, they grouped canoe-
middle in, open to tucunam -stone, see to what
was its inside.
Oiepé o-modyk tatd; aitd o-moyotiku iraity,
o-sikindu o-ikö uad tiikwnan-rainha ; —
o-kcnar.
One lighted fire ; they melted the pitch, cove-
ring was which tucuman-stone ; they opened...
— 1 58 —
Aitd opiräri ramé, kuruty-uara pitvna-uasü
anal
They opened when, suddenly night every
where !
Aramé iakumdyua o-nl\e~ : " Ia-karihvmo !
Kunhä-mohu soka ope — o-kudu-an iané
ia-pirari ko-akd tukuman-rainha I "
Then pilot said: "We are lost! Young
woman house at knew already we opened this
tucuman-stone ! "
Aitd o-so' an...
They went on .
Kunhd-moku soka ope o-nhe~J i mena supé:
« Aitd o-pirdri pitüna.
Young-woman house at, said her husband to:
« They opened night.
« Kuur ia-sö ia-sarü koéma. »
« Now, we go we wait morning. »
Aramé opaT mad o-sain, o-ikáuaákad rupy,
oyeréu sod aräma, uyrá aräma.
Then all things scattered, were which wood
throughout, transformed animals into, birds
into.
Opai-mad o-sain, o-iká ua ä par and rupy,
oyeréu ipeka aräma, pird ardvna.
All things scattered , were which river
throughout, transformed goose into, fish into.
— 1 5g —
Üru-sakanga oyeréu iáuára-eté aräma; pirá-
kasdra oyeréu i igára iromo ipeka aräma:
i akanga, ipeka akanga aráma; — i igára,
ipeka-seté arama ; -r- i apukuitdua oyeréu
ipeka retima aráma.
Basket became transformed panther into; fisher
was transformed his canoe with goose into : his
head goose'shead into ; his canoe goose's body
into ; his oars were transformed goose's legs into.
Boia-Uasu membyra o-mahe ramé yasi-tatd-
udsu, o-nhee i mena supé : « Koéma o-iür o-ikö;
xa so xa moin ara pitüna sui . »
Serpent-Great's daughter saw when star-fire
great, said her husband to : « Dawn comes it is,
I go I divide day night from . »
Aramé at o-maman inimd , o-vilie? : * Indé
cuyubi kuri, o-nhe^g-ar aráma koéma o-ur
ramé kuri. » Koai o-monha cuyubi : —
Then she rolled up a thread, said: « Thou
cuyubin shalt, sing to morning come when
shall » . So she made cuyubin .
O-mopiranga i setima urukü irumo, — omo-
tinga i akanga tabatinga irumo; o-nhee i-xupe :
— «Re-nheeg-ar kuri opal ara opé koema o-iur
rame.»
She whitened his head white clay with, she
reddened his legs urucü with; she said him to :
— iöo —
« Thou sing shalt all time at, morning comes
when .
Aramé aé o-mamäninimö, o-nhec: « Indé
inambti kuri.»
After she rolled up the thread, said : « Thou
inambü shalt .
O-pisika tanimuka , omlmre sesé, o-nhec
i-xupé: « hié inarabü kuri, onheTg-ar aroma,
karuka ramé, pitüna ramé, pvsaié ramé ,
püüna-pokü ramé , koema piranga ramé
[109, b ] .
She took ashes, scattered on it, said him to :
« Thou inambü shalt, sing to, evening at, and
during the whole night. . . [109, b].
Aä-sui uyrá-etá o-nhecgar ara katu ope,
koema o-iür ramé, omorory arama ára .
Thenceforward birds sing times determined
at, and morning comes when, rejoice to day .
Mosapvr miasua o-suka ramc, kurunu-uasu
o-nhec aitcl supé: « Penhc inti pe-supi-uon!
« Penhc pe-pirciri pituna. Penhc pe-monha
uan opal -maä okayma', aarsé pe-yereu ma-
haluli aräma opatdra opé; pe-uaicl mv.ra-
rekanga rupy eaiire ! . . . . »
Three servants arrived when, young-man said
them to: « You not faithful were! You de-
livered night. You made all things be lost;
i6i
therefore you shall become monkeys into, ever
for ; you shall walk tree- branches over climb-
ed ! ... »
KUNHA-MOKU O-SO UAA OSIKARI MENA
Kunhä-mokü, Myküra
11T- Oiépé kunhä-mokü o-nhee i sy supé :
« Xa so xa sikari se ména ;
« Xa p war áre rété iu-masy ! »
Aé o-so cm ; o-suka o-an, mamé o-iko mosa-
pur pé, o-pwanu : maci-iá Inayé pe ? (")
Oiepé pé ope, aé o-mahc inambu-ráua ; ara-
mé aé o-maité-oän : — Koahá Inayépé.
O-sö-änaé rupy .
Opausápe, o-yo-iüanti oka, mamé o-ilio
yepé uäimi ö-apyh-oiho uad tatä remehüpe ;
o-nhee :
Iné será Inayé sy ?
Uclimi o-suaxdra : — Ixé aé tenhe.
(*) Inayé is the Brasilian name of a sparrow-hawk, Tory beautiful
and rapacious. And as it seems natural, what is fine and ablo to got
plonly of food is considered by the savage, as the richest arid iho best
ono.
4i
— IÖ2 —
Kunhä-mokü o-nhee : Xa iür aé piri xa
menar aräma aé irümo .
JJáimi o-nhee : — se mbyra mira poxi-reté
aé ; aa-resé xa sö xá iumimi iné.
Köahá uáimiintilnaye sy ; Myküra (')syaé.
Karuka ramé i mbyra o-süha-oán ; o-rure-
an xemidra, = uirá-etá.
I sy o-mongatw*ti aitä o-ü arama.
Aitá O'ü o-ikö ramé, i sy o-puranü i-xui :
O-süha ramé oiepé amo tetama-uára, máy tahá
re-reko aé ?
Mykura o-suaxdra : Xa senöiaé o-ü aräma
iané irümo .
Aramé uaimi o-senoi kunhä mokü, o-iumimi
O'ikb uad.
Kunhä-moku o-u-än aitá irümo.
Myküra sorib o-ikö,maa-resé kunhä-mokü
poranga réte.
Pitüna opé, myküra o- sö ramé, okér aráma
kunhä mokü irümo, aé ompü-án aé o-nhée :
Intixa ienöpotdrené irumo,maa-reséinéma
rété iné.
Koéma ramé, uaimi o-mondü ramé kunhä
mokü o-iuuka iepea, kunhä mokü o-iaudu-än.
{') Animal like a fox.
— i63 —
ii
KunM mokü, Urubu
O-suha mosapur pé öpé, o-sö amö rupy ;
O-sfíka öka öpé, o-iüuanti amö udimi irümo;
O-puranü i-xui: Indé será Inayé sy ?
Udimi o-suaxdra : — Ixe aé tenhe.
Kunhä moku o-nhee: xa ur aé piri, xa
menar aráma aé irumo .
Uaimi onhee : Xa sö xa iumimi indé, se
moijra poxi reté sesé.
Koahd uáimi urubü sy.
Karuka ramé, i mbyra o-stika ; o-rure
xemidra, = itäpurii mirlétá, onhrhe i sy supé:
« Kusukul pird mirTtd, se sy . >
I sy o-mongaturu ximidra.
Aitd o-u oikö ramé, aé o-puranu:
Audsupé o-suka uad amö tetdma sui, mad-td
re-monhd i-xupé ?
Urubü o-suaxdra: xa senoi ae o-u arama
iane irumo.
Aramé i sy o -senoi kunha-mohu.
Urubü sorib-eté an, kunha-moku poranga
reté resé.
— 164 —
Pitüna opé, aé o-soramé o-yenö aé irwno,
kunhä-mokit ompü-án, inema resé aé.
Arnö koema öpé, uáimio-mondü rarrik kunhä
hioku o-iuuka arama iaped, kunhä-moku
o-iauauäii. . . .
111
« Kunhä-mokü, Inayé »
Aé o-svka ramé mosapür pé öpé, o-sö cnno
rupy.
O-sííka oka opé, o-mahe yepé uáimipo-
ranga-reté, o-paranü i-xui : — Iné Inayé sy
serci ?
Uáimi o-suaxdra : Ixé aé terilie.
Kunhä-moku o-nhél : xa-ur aé piri xa
menar aratna aé irumo.
Uaimi o-nhee : xa sö xa-iumimi indé ; sé
mbyra mira poxt-reté !
Karuka ramé , rribyra o-svka ; o-rure
ximidra, = uirá-mrrl-tá.
I sy omon-gatwru uíra mirltá aitá oü aräma.
Aitá oü o-Íhö ramé, i sy o-puranü i-xui:
Auá supé o-si'ka uaä raraé amo tetama sui,
mfiLa iä re-monhä i-xupé?
— 1 65 —
Inayé o-suaxára : — Xa-senoi aé oü arama
iané irümo.
Aramé uáimi o-senoi kunhä-mokü.
Inayé sorlb reté, kunhä mokü poranga reté
resé.
Aetd o-keri-an ie'pe-uasü.
Amo ara-öpé, Urübü o-süka Inayé oka öpé,
o-sikari aräma kunhä moku.
Aitä omara-monhä-oan reté kunhä-mokü
resé.
Inayé ompük-än Urubü akanga.
I sy omo-akü iy, mo-astlk i akanga.
Iy sakü reté oan; aaresé i akanga-saua-yma
opitá ara opé
"the young- WOMAN who goes to seek husband"
I
" The Young- woman and the Fox "
One day, a young-woman said to her mother:
' ' I go to seek my husband ; I am feeling great
hunger".
She went away ; arrived wherein there were
three paths, and asked : — which is the Inaye's
path?
— 1 66 —
In the one path, she saw some feathers of
inambü ; then she thought: — This must be the
Inayé's path.
She went along this.
At last, she met a house, where was an old
woman seated at the fire-side, and asked to her:
" Are you the Inayé's mother?"
The old -woman replies: — I, myself, yes.
The young-woman said : I come to marry
with him.
The old woman said: — " My son is a very
troublesome fellow ! Therefore I go to hide you."
This old woman was not the mother of Inayé,
but she was the Fox's mother.
In the evening, her son came back, and
brought his game,= birds.
His mother tempered them for eating ; and
when they were eating, the mother asked to
son : — if now somebody came here from other
land, how should you treat him ?
The Fox replied: — I would call him to eat
with us.
Then the old woman called the young-woman,
who was hidden.
This ate with them .
The Fox became very content, because she was
very beautiful .
— 167 —
At night, the Fox went to sleep with the young-
woman ; but this expelled him, saying, that he
was too stinking ,
When in the morning the old woman bade the
young- woman seek fuel, this went away, and.. .
11
« The Young-woman and the Carrion-Crow. »
She arrived at three paths, and went through
another . . .
At last, she arrived at a house, where she
met other old woman, to whom she asked : —
Are you the Inayé's mother ?
The old woman replied : Yes, I am .
The young-woman said : I come to marry with
him.
The old- woman said: I go to hide you, be-
cause my son is a very troublesome fellow !
This old -woman was the Carrion-crow's mo-
ther.
At evening, her son arrived ; he brought small
worms, and said to his mother: "Here is small
fish, mother".
His mother tempered the prey.
— i68 —
When they were eating, she spoke: — If some-
body came now from other land, how should you
treat him ?
The Carrion-crow replied: I would call him to
eat with us.
Then his mother called the young-woman.
The Crow became very content, because she
was very fine.
At night, he went to sleep with the young-
woman, but this expelled him on account of his
stinking .
In the other morning, when the old -woman
bade the young-woman . seek fuel, she run
away . . .
in
« The Young- woman and the Sparrow-hawk . »
She arrived, again, at three paths, and she
went through another. . .
She arrived at a house, where she met a fine
old-woman, to whom she asked : Art thou the
Inayé's mother?
The old-woman replied: Yes, I am.
IlX) —
The young-woman said: I come to marry with
him.
The old- woman said : I go to hide you, because
my son is a very troublesome fellow !
At evening, the son arrived and brought his
game, = many small birds.
His mother prepared the birds for their eating;
and when they were eating, she asked to him :
« If somebody came from other land, how should
you treat him ? »
Inayé replied: I would call him to eat with us.
Then the old-woman called the young- woman.
Inayé became very glad, because she was very
fine.
They slept together.
In the other day, the Carrion-crow arrived
at Inayé's house, looking for the young- woman.
They fighted much on account of the young-
woman .
Inayé brake open the head of the Crow.
The mother of the latter warmed water,
washed his head ; but the water was too warm,
and, therefore, his head became bald, since then. .
— i7o —
Literal translation
I
« KUNHÄ-MOKU, MYKURA >
« The Young- woman and the Fox »
Oiépé hunhä-mokü o-rihee i sy supé: « Xa sö
xa sikari se ména ;
A young-woman said her mother to : « I go
I seek my husband ;
« Xa purardre rété iu-masy ! »
«1 feel great hunger. »
Aé o-sö an ; o-suha o-än, mamé o-ikd mosa-
pur pé, o-puranu : — Maá-ta Inayé pé ? (*)
« She went away ; arrived, where there were
three paths, she asked: — Which Inayé's path ?
Oiepé pé öpe, aé o-mahe inambu-rdua ; ara-
mé aé o-maüé-oän : — Koahd Inayé pé.
One path in, she sees inambu's feathers ; then
she thought : This Inayé's path.
O-sö-än aé rupy .
She went along this through .
(*) Inayé is the Brasilian name of a sparrow-hawk.
— I7I —
Opausápe, o-yo-iuanti öka, mamé o-ikö
yepé uáimi ö-apik-oikd uad tatä remehüpe ;
o-nhee :
At last, she met a house, where was one old
woman seated was who fire-side at ; she said :
« Ine sera Inaye sy ? »
« You Inayé's mother ? »
Udimi o-suaxdra : — Ixé aé tenhe
The old-woman replied : — I myself yes.
Kunhä-mokü o-nhec : Xa iur aé piri xa
menar aráma aé irümo .
The young-woman said : — I come him to,
I to marry him with.
Uaimi o-nhee: — se mbyra mira poxi-reté
aé ; aa-résé xa sö xd iumimi iné .
The old woman says : my son bad very he ;
therefore I go I hide you .
Koahd udimi inti Inaye sy ; Myküra (*) sy aé.
This old woman not Inayé's mother ; Fox's
mother she.
Karuka ramé, i mbyra o-süka-oän; o-rure-
an xemiára, — uira-etd.
Evening when, her son came back ; he brought
his game, — birds .
(•) Animal like a fox.
— I72 —
I sy o-mongaturu aitä o-u arama.
His mother tempered them eating for.
Aitä o-u o-ikö ramé, i sy o-puranu i-xui :
O-süka ramé oiepé amö tetama-uára, may tahá
re-rekö aé ?
They eating were when, his mother asked him
to : Arrives when one other land from, how
you treat him ?
Myküra o-suaxära : Xa senöi aé o-ü aräma
iané irumo.
Fox replies : I call him eating for us with.
Aramé uaimi o-senoi kunhä mokü, o-iumimi
o-ikö uaá .
Then the old-woman calls the young-woman,
hidden was who.
Kunhä-moku o-ü-än aitá irumo.
The young-woman ate them with.
Mykura sorib o-ihö, maa-resé kunhä-mokií
poranga réte.
Fox content was, because young woman fine
very .
Pituna opé, Mykura o-sö ramé, okér aráma
kunhä mokü irumo, aé ompü-án aé o-nhee :
Night at, the Fox went when sleep to, the
young woman with, she expelled him, she said :
Inti xa-ieno pot áre né irümo, maa-resé inéma
rété iné.
- i73-
Not I to sleep will you with, because stinking
very much you .
Koéma ramé, uainii o-mondu ramé kwihä
mokü o-iuuka iepea, kunhä moku o-iaudu-än .
Morning when, the old woman ordered when
the young woman to seek fuel, the young- woman
went away ....
ii
< KUNHA MOKU, URUBU >
« The Young-woman and the Carrion-crow »
O-svka mosapv.r pé öpé, o-sö amo rupy ;
She arrived three paths at, she went another
through ;
O-suka öka öpé, o-iuuanti amö uaimi irümo ;
She arrived house at, met other old-woman
with ;
O-puranu i-xui : Inäé será Inayé sy ?
She asked her: You Inaye's mother?
Uáimi o-suaxcira : — Ixé aé tenhe.
The old-woman replies: I myself yes.
Kunhä moku o-nhee : xa ur aé piri, xa
menar aráma aé irumo .
— 174 —
The young woman said : I come him to, I
marry him with.
Uáimi onhcc: Xa so xa iumimi indé, se
mbyra poxi reté sesé .
The old -woman said : I go I hide thee, my son
creature rude very because.
Koahd uäimi Urubu sy .
This old- woman Carrion-crow's mother.
Karuka ramé, i mbyra o-sv.ka ; o-rure
xemidra,= itapuru mirJetci, onhce i sy supé:
Evening when, her son arrived ; he brought
game, = worms small, he said his mother to :
« Kusukui pird mir7ta,se sy. >
«Here is small fish, my mother . »
I sy o-mongaturu ximidra.
His mother tempered the prey.
Aitd o-u-oikb ramé, aé o-puranü :
They eating were when, she asked:
Aud supé o-sv.ka toad arno tetania sui, mad-td
re-monhä i-xupé?
Him to arrives who other land from, how do
you him with ?
Urubu o-suaxdra : xa senoi aé o-u arama
iané irümo.
The Crow replies: I call him eating for us
with.
- i75 -
Aramé i sy o-senoi kunkä-moku.
Then his mother called the young- woman.
Urubü sorib-eté an, kunhä-moku poranga
reté resé.
The Crow glad very was, young-woman
fine very because of.
Pilüna öpé, aé o-sö ramé o-yenö aé írumo ;
kunhä-mokü ompü-án incma resé aé.
Night at, he went when, to sleep her with ; the
young-woman expelled him, stinking for his.
Amö koema öpé,udími o-mondu ramé kunhä
mokü o-iuuka arama taped, kunhä-mokti
o-iauau-än. . . .
Other morning at, the old -woman ordered
when, the young- woman seek to fuel /the young-
woman went away ....
ill
« KUNHA-MOK.U, INATE>
« The Young-woman and the Sparraw-hawk »
Aé o-stiha ramé mosapür pé opé, o-sö amo
rupy .
She arrived when three paths at, she went
other through .
— 176 —
O-sitka oka öpé, o-mahe yepé udimi poran-
ga-reté, o-puranü i-xui : — Iné Inayé syserát
She arrived a house at, saw one old-woman
fine very, she asked her: Thou Inaye's mother?
Uäimi o-sitaxdra: Ixé aé tenhe.
Old-woman replies : I myself yes .
Kurihä-moku o-nhée : xa-ur aé piri xa
menar arama aé irumo.
Young-woman said : I come him to, I marry
to him with.
Uaimi o-nhee : xa so xa-iumimi indé; sé
nibyra mira poxi-reté!
Old-woman says : I go I hide thee ; my son
a fellow troublesome very !
Karuka ramé , inbyra o-sv.ka ; o-rure
ximicira, = uira-mirJ-setd .
Night at, the son arrived ; he brought game,
= birds small many .
I sy omon-gaturü iCira mirTtcl ait á oil aräma.
His mother prepared the birds small their
eating for.
Aitd oü o-ikd ramé, i sy o-puranu i-xui:
They eating were when, his mother asked him :
Aud supé o-svka uaá ramé amo tetäma sui,
maä tá re-monha ixu-pel
Him to arrives who if other land from, how
you do him to?
— i77 —
Inayé o-suaocára : — Xa senoi aé oü aráma
iané irümo.
Inayé replied: I call him eating for us with.
Aramé uáimi o-senoi kunhä-moku.
Then the old woman called the young- woman.
Inayé soríb reté, kunhä moku poranga reté
resé.
Inayé glad very, the young-woman fine very
for.
Aetá o-ker-an iepe-uasü .
They slept together .
Amo ara-opé, Urubü o-süka Inayé oka opé,
o-sihari aräma hunhä mokü.
Other day at, the Crow arrived Inayé's
house at, looking for the young-woman.
Aitá omara-monhä-oan reté kunhä-mokü
resé.
They fighted much, the young-woman be-
cause of.
Inayé ompuk-an Urubu akanga .
Inayé brake open the Crow's head .
I sy omo-akü iy, mo-asük i akanga.
His mother warmed water, washed his head.
Iy saku reté oan ; aaresé i akanga-saua-yma
opitä ara opé
The water was too warm ; therefore his head
bald became, since then
1-2
— 178 —
CHAPTER XIII
CONCLUSION
IIS. — From all that has been said before,
we think, we are enabled to draw the following
general conclusions :
(I) That in the Brasilian language all the
words are invariable ; [sy]
(II) That the distinction of number and gender
in nouns, adjectives, and pronouns (except
the personal) are indicated, either by special
words or by postpositions, and other formative
elements ; [30 to 34, 67 to 69, 74 to 80]
(hi) That the persons of verbs are designated
by means of prefixes which are, so to say, glued
to them, with the same value and signification,
as the personal suffixes of the Latin language ;
[ss]
(iv) That the moods and tenses (the Present
Indicative excepted) are expressed by the use of
— 179 —
special particles, which are placed after the ver-
bal root ; [se to sa]
(y) That, although a noun or an adjective of
quality may be used, as a verb, and vice-versa,
still we find, in general, quite distinct, all
the parts of speech, such as : noun, adjective,
pronoun, verb, adverb, postposition (prep.), con-
junction and interjection ; [ar, os, ioe]
(vi) That predicative roots are entirely distinct
from demonstrative ones, and that they are never
confounded in their applications.
(vii) That in derivative or compound-words it
is always easy to make the decomposition of the
radical and of the formative elements, although
there may occur frequent euphonical letters.
— Therefore, we consider these facts and other
which were presented before, as a proof, quite
sufficient, that the Brasilian speech ought to be
rightly classed, as belonging to the family of
agglutinative tongues.
CORRIGENDA
Hags.
6...
to...
14...
19. .
23...
30...
31...
38...
45...
57...
59...
64...
68...
71...
7'...,
80..,
81...
91..
96..
10). .
103..
110..
111..
113..
1-21..
125..
140..
145..
147..
148..
154..
157.-.
159..
Errata
3 dostiogulsh...
6 language sare.
T indu-ctions. ..
lO knwon
13 can, rightly...
16 tho-roforo
» gene-ral
31) distinguished.
38.. ..
57
39
66....
f>9
VI ....
75....
as
erciproeally.
(partielo)...
to to dig...
kunhá
tventy
that
83 baptised;
» tho thoso
91 so-coll-
» ... ... liing
96 equal o
98 a it
99 postpo-islions.
103 t-iné iukd
103 ixé iukd
lOl au-xialiary...
vorbstare
HO...
113. ..
113....
115 C)
116.
lito-rally. .
lossor-
violenty...,
eithor, or,
meither
pekoi. .
pipe
yuorsolvos.
maä . . .
shcad
Corrected
distinguish
languages are
induc-lions
known
can rightly
there-foro
gener-al
distinguished,
: an s.
■ reciprocally
: particle)
: to dig
: kunhä
: twonty
: that,
: baptised,
: those
: so-call-
: living
: equal to
: it
: postpo-sitions
: t-iné o-iukd
: ixé re -iukd
: aux-iliary
: verb stare
z lit-erally
z lesser.
; violently
- either, tr,
z neither
- pekoT,
z pope
- yourselves
= make
z s head
XusTIDIEiX
CHAPTER I
CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES 1
(1) Tho monasyllabic period 2
(2) The agglutinative period 3
(3) Tho inflectional period 7
The study of language 10
The Bras. lang. and its position 13
CHAPTER II
FHONETIC PRINCIPLES 19
founds and letters 22
Consonants 23
Vowels 25
Diphthongs 28
Table of the alphabetic sounds 29
Thonctic alterations 30
Permutation of sounds 31
Suppression & addition of letters 33
CHAPTER III
PARTS OF SPEECH 36
Accidence or tho forms of words 37
Gender, number and case 40
Diminutive and augmentative 43
Derivation and formation of nouns etc 44
Noun-suffixes 45
Agglutination of words 49
Longer-agglutinative words 55
Onomatopaic wor ds 65-
II
CHAPTER IV
ADJECTIVES 63
Accidoncc of Bras, adjectivos 67
Gondor and number 68
Comparison 63
Numerals 70
Ordinals 72
CHAPTER V
Pr JNS 73
Personal pronouns 73
Demonstrative pron 74
Interrogative pron 75
Relative pronouns 76
Possessive pron 76
Indeflnito pron 77
CHAPTER VI
VERBS 79
Voico of verbs 80
Reflexive verbs 81
Transitivo verbs 81
Prono. subjects & pers. prefixes 83
Mood 84
Tonses 85
Tho negation and interrogation 89
Anomalous vorbs 90
Remarks 92
Formation of verbs 94
Participles 97
CHAPTER VII
POSTPOSITIONS 97
Ill
CHAPTER VIII
ADVERBS 101
Advorbs of place 101
Adverbs of affirmation, etc, otc 103
Adverbs of limo 103
Adverbs of manner, quality, etc 106
CHAPTER IX
CONJUNCTIONS 107
CHAPTER X
INTERJECTIONS á
CHAPTER XI
MISCELL. RULES & REMARKS 109
Syntax of tho subject 109
* Syntax of the object Ill
Syntax ofthc verb Ill
The construction of some verbs 115
To nood and (to) will , 116
Est meum, est tuum 117
Division of time 118
Salutation or grcoling 121
Colours 121
Review of agglutinative forms 122
Original words 132
CHAPTER XII
BRAZILIAN COMPOSITIONS 143
Nhané Ruba 144
May pituna o-yo-kuáu-an , 147
Kunhä mokü o-sd uaä & 161
CHAPTER XIII
CONCLUSION 178
CORRIGENDA 181
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