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The Brazil of To-day

WORKS OF THE SAME AUTHOR

FOK SAI.IO AT IjAI']MMP"RT & Co's, HOOKSTOKK

Kio-dk-.Taneiko, Brazil

0 Dr. Rodrigues Lima e sua administracao < l^r()|i:igan(l;i ropublicnna).

— lialiin. T\|Mi-iaiiliia Wilkc I'icanl ^ (1. 1890.— 1 volume
nun I'.).') jiaginas.

0 Problema Naval. — lliu dc .laiicii'". Ty|inf;ia|iliia da Eslalislica. 1885)

— 1 vuliinic (le ^Tl-xxv (lafiiiias. ('.(Hii inn [H'cfacio dc Sonador
Fliiy Barbosa.

Do Rio a Buenos Aires, i lliiisddios c iniiii-cssfio dc unia viai-cni ao
I'rala). — Kin dt' Janeiro. I'.IOI. Iinprcnsa Nacional. — I i^rosso
vohimc oniado com cerca dc ^200 csplcndida.s giavuras.

Ills I ACI I I |.^(•.^ |)r AI'loNsd I'l \\\

CHI ^Mil M III III! IIIIA/II.IAN IIII'MII IC

Arthur DIAS

THE

BRAZIL OF TO-DAY

A hook of Commercial, Political and Geograpliical Information
on Brazil

Impressions of Voyage, Descriptive and Picturesque data about the Principal Cities

Prominent men and Leading Events of our Days

with Illustrations and Statistics

L A X X E A U & D E S P R E T

PRIMERS

X I V E L L E S (B E L G I U >r)

GIFT OP

JPO' i

^ ^,

^iMT EARTH
U*»* SCIENCES
LIBRA,, f

GEOGRAPHT--DEPT;-

THE BRAZIL OF TO-DAY ,

I. — Introduction. — Politics. — Administration.
Federal Services.

II. — Sciences. — Fine Arts. — Litterature. — Progress.

M130739

The Brazil of To-day

This great country, already one of the largest in the world when
it made its appearance as an independent nation at the beginning of
the last centnrj^ has since added to its map several regions, both at
the North and South, not by means of military conquests, butthrough
the decisions of international judges. At the beginning of this cen-
tury there were only four flags unfurling their colors over communi-
ties larger than the Brazilian Republic and they were : England,
which is the largest empire of the world, with its colonies and pos-
sessions all over ; Russia, with its Asiatic annexations ; the immense
China which we may compare with a well, as it seems to grow at
the proportion other nations take away from it some territory: and
the United States with its four million of square miles much enlarg-
ed by the victories won in the war against Spain. Of all these great
countries , however, none has territorial homogeneity, and what is
still more important , none has the homogeneity of its race as

Brazil has.

That enormous English empire is by itself a map of peoples with-
out anj^ other ties but its powerful instruments of administration,
so that, what we admire it for, is not its tendency towards desaggre-
gation nearly exposing itself b}' the independence of the Australian
federation, but for its aggremiation, as it exists to-day, conglome-
rating artificially ethnic disj)Ositions, habits and customs, languages
and social inclinations of impossible assimilation.

The massive Russia is an aggravation of the English heteroge-
neity we referred to : is like the English empire but more crowded
with antagonistic races — the Slavonic, Polish, Laplanders, Finlan-
ders, Estonians, Armenians, Siberians, Parminiens and Georgians,
Tartars and Tchoudians, in short, « iine monstriieuse et disconhinte
agglomeration de penples, « as a certain geographer put it.

— . 8 —

About China, empire of Tartars and Mongolians, it is enough to
say that only half of its enormous population is really Chinese.

The United States, as a nationality, is the least heterogeneous
of the four. It encloses within its boundary lines English Conti-
nental States, French States, Mexican States, without speaking of
the Spanish-Philippine ones added after the last war.

In a word : Brazil is the only one of the gigantic countries in-
habited by a single mition. The Brazilians to counter balance the
many incriminations justified by their inherited faults, owe to Por-
tugal the inestimable benefit of the unity of the race , unity main-
tained and strengthened through the evolution of the nationality,
mainly by means of these two factors : language and religion.

The religion adopted by the population of the country generally,
without either fanaticism or intolerance, but rather with the legal
consecration of the freedom of creeds, is one and the same in all the
twenty States of the Republic. The small number of non-Roman-Ca-
tholic churches, is not sufficient to alter faith in general. It is just
like the case of that law of the impenetrability, in phj'sics : there
is no room.

The language is, in our opinion, still a more valuable factor of the
national cohesion. Any one travelling in Brazil, as I have done, from
North to South, and from the cosmopolitan cities of the sea shore,
with a high degree of European culture, to the most obscure villages
of the interior, will not hear anything else but the same latin voice,
harmonious and tuneful, expressing the same feelings, their folk lore
and traditions, the same thoughts, the same philosophy, the same
ideals, in short, l)y the productions of their poets, their journalists,
their orators, any one will understand most plainly the truth of that
DoImk^'s jiidgnii'nt saying : « the luni>'uuge is the only charucte-
ristic of :i nulion which cannot be iululterntcil. »

'I'his docs not mean that the language si)oken to-day in the vast
territory of Brazil is strictly the language of Portugal and its philo-
logqrH. — To say that would be not to understand, in its quantity
and in its variety, the contingent with which the messoneist action
and the collaboration of tln^ aboiigiual dialects intervene as irresis-
tible modifiers and regulators, in the transfiguration of the prosody,
of the syntax and f\«'n of llic Icxii'ology, of (lie voi-abnlary, in the
diffcri'ucc of the speaking of tlu> two ix'oples, 'i'lic mother tongue
was providentially sow M in evei-y cornel- of the Brazilian territory
and iIh re was preserved tlnoiigh all the aiteinatives of the history
of Brazil, in spite of the piesenee of the diverse elements that ap-
peared in the foundation of several cities, by Spaniards, Frenchmen,

— i) —

Dutchmen , Germans and Italians, either in the cok)nial period, or
even after the political independence of Brazil.

This double tie arranged in such a way the unity and the iden-
tity of the Brazilian people, that, political superveniences which were
great modifiers as the one that in 1822, by the monarchy, changed
the a Capitanias w, into (c prouincias », and the one that in 1889,
by the republic, changed the « provincias » into federated states do
not succeed in shaking in tlie least the joints of the body of rela-
tions and interdependences, which transform the political-social life
of each of the States into the life of only one national organism
perfectly indivisible. The phenomenon, ^^ Inch is observed, by all
foreigners who visit Brazil, with astonishment, has caused no little
amount of envy on the part of the neighbors of Brazil.

With such proportions, occupying an area of over one half of the
continent, Brazil presents itself as a true collossus, if not comparing
it with the territory of European countries , at least comparing it
with the nations of the same continent.

The most curious conjunction, j^et, and the one presenting itself
as casual in its most surprising consequences of the evolutional
syncretism of the race, is that, to that physionomic-social unity
corresponds, at the bottom, a most varied ethnic amalgam, a human
compound, notably mixed, in which there interfered with uneven
coefficients the European latin-born, the Neerland European, the
African, the Autochtone , already mixed by the fusion of diverse
tribes and nations.

The intermingling of these elements, for a long time elaborated,
gave in result the alloyage of to-daj^ in which took part also the
Polish, Teutonic and Latin of the peninsula, giving to the Brazilian
population of our days the character of a race of transition , in a
continuous process of purifying itself by the predominance of the
white types.

That community received, with the phj^sionomic characteristic
of its ancestors, its psychic inheritance equally mixed in the fusion
of a sole type which is none of them being at the same time all of
them : the blind and solid virility of the Luso-Iberic, the imagi-
nation and enduring resistence of the indigenes, with the sentimen-
tality of the African and his affective capacity,

Theophilo Braza, a Portuguese writer of renown , wrote the fol-
lowing paragraph in the introduction of a book Contos Popiila-
res by Sylvio Romero, a Brazilian litterary man, considered the
best litterary critic of the country :

(( The co-operation of the three human races, the arica by its

— 10 —

spcciihitivc capacity, tlic negro one by its affective superiority and
the inditrene by its active tendencies, unified in the social fact of
the lii-a/ilian nationality makes us to au<jur what will be the extra-
ordinary greatness of the South American civilisation in which
Hra/.il will predominate »; and that greatness we can already feel ii
in the figures with which the Brazilian nation increases its nume-
rical total so rapidly.

In ITTf) the number of inhabitants was estimated at 1.900.000,
but at the time of the independence of the country it was already
:j. 000. 00(1; in 18.")() there were 8.000.000 in round figures, though it
had separated itself from that colossus called (Jisplulinu Province,
as it was the only strange part of it under the view point of race and
language, history and customs; in a short while, after the Para-
guayan war it was 11.000.000, and the census of 1890 showed offi-
cially 14.;333.91.5 though did not comprize quite a number of cities
and villages of the interior.

To-day the pojjulation is estimated at "20.000. 000, of which more
than half are whites; the other half is subdivided into a mixed breed
\\ iili an indefinite number of degrees of crossing by descendants of
Africans, in smaller number, and by some Indian tribes.

New arrivals of Europeans, principally latin ones, (Italians,
Portuguese and Spaniards) as well as Anglo-Saxons, Polish and
Syrians, in small numbers land in Brazil every year to share the be-
nefits of this beautiful and happy country, collaborating at the same
time in the rapid gi'owth of the nation, which, some day, will have
as France, Germany and Belgium, all its territory recognized and
(*xpl()it(Hl. It w ill be then (hat, upon these deserts of the AVest, upon
these melancholic fiehls and mountains, the noise will be heard of
the active and struggling communities and the music of civilisation
marching with its industries and earnest life; and in this future age,
instead of 18 or 2O.(X)0.O()0 inhabitants speaking the language of the
Brazilian writers and poets there will 100.000.000 or ,".00.000. 000
doing it and lliey will be (here ready to defend the flag that past
gcncia(ions have delivered (o (hem spodess, beloved and powerful.

W hat |{i-azilians have done wi(li (ha( large territory in (heir
poHSCHsion, is not all tlicy aspired for in their j.atriotic dreams. No
other people has done more, if are to considci- (he small number of
its popiihKion. (he conditions (if climate and other drawbacks. Its
popidadon is and has been unsufficient to exploit its vast territory.
Aftci- the iialional in<lepen(lcnce. evei-ything (hat tlicre was ])ossible
of assimihiting from the con(|ues(s of scienci's, arts and industries,
is well in e\idence in \\w ailniinis(rativ(^ organiza(ion of the nation,

— 11 —

in the liberal and humane principles of the Brazilian codes, in the
activity of the commerce and newly born industries, in the railroads,
schools, churches, libraries, newspapers and many other evidences
of progress. Man}' European countries have been excelled in the
proportion of those exteriorities of the evolutive capacity of peoples.

The capital of the Republic, the beautiful city of Rio de Janeiro,
which represents the pride and the hopes of the Brazilians, by its
gigantic proportions, though it may not be celebrated by its buildings
and monuments it is one of the largest in territory and even in popu-
lation. The improvements it is now undergoing, opening avenues,
bay-side-drives, constructing public buildings, theatres and beau-
tifying its squares and parks give the assurance that Rio will shortly
be one of the best cities in this continent, no doubt, the first in South
America. The Harbor Works and the Avenida Central now under
way, the latter being nearly completed both began by the adminis-
tration of President Rodrigues Alves and Dr. Lauro Muller, Secre-
tary of Public Works are two magnificent improvements which are
causing no tittle amount of envy to the Argentines, always jealous
of the Brazilians.

Before going any further we wall now speak of the administration
of the country. Since 1889 when the Republic was proclaimed, the
20 Provinces began to be knowm as States, with full liberty to govern
themselves both economically and politically at their own free will,
of course, under the surveillance of the Federal Government. Among
other things they can elect their Governors, vote their taxes and use
their revenue in the best manner they deem it wise. Besides this
they received all grants of land, the largest portion of national
grounds, mines, the power arbitrating the legislature on railroads
and rivers navigation, once they are within the boundary lines of the
State, and other advantages.

If some of the States have made some mistakes of administration,
the majority have been administrated with great wisdom and pros-
pering thereby.

We must say that the 20 States were not by any means on the same
level as to their capacity development and material improvement, to
justify such liberality to be granted to all at the same time. On the
other hand, it would have been convenient to have established a new
territorial division retailing into two, three or four political-geogra-
phical unities the largest part of the big States, and maintain under
the Federal administration those constituted after that sub-division,
State of international frontier. The simple intuition of self-defense
suggests it.

— 12 —

To be sure siu-li mistakes will be remedied in a revision of the
constitution which, it is believed, some day will be done. The prac-
tical good sense of the Brazilians so often demonstrated in several
historical periods of their evolution warrant our assertion.

At the moment of tli is writing Brazil is at complete peace with
foreign powers and in the most pacific tranquility at home. Thus
Brazilians are engaged body and sole in developing the material
progress of the Federal District and the 20 States forming their
fatherland.

Protected by the propicious shade of the liberty expressed in the
Brazilian laws there can be seen the speedy progress of sciences,
litteraturc, fine arts, and that multiplicity of exteriorisations of the
commercial and industrial activity. Brazil is representing an impor-
tant role in the concert of civilized nations and the manner in which
the rest of the world is getting interested in its affairs speaks for
the recognized importance in which this great country is had bj' the
foreign powers.

By reading the following chapters of this book it will be realized
that the progress of Brazil in all its branches of activity has been
considerable and we may say right here in a spirit of fairness that
Brazil at the head of all the South American republics, offers from
this very moment an undeniable assurance of the happy future of
the civilization of this continent, laying claim, for the neo latin races
that occupy it, to those attentions and sympathic demonstrations
that the Giant of the Xorth knew so well how to conquer for that
portion of the continent it dominates.

IsBrazil yet a little away from that progress ? Tt maj' be true, but...

Pelit jjoisson deviendra grand,
Pourvit (jiie Dien lui prete vie...
fSm:ill fish will l)(!coiiio large, so long as God give tlicni life...)

Brazilians have no reason to be discouraged, neither is it woith
while to think of how much they have yet to overcome. If the road
to travel is long, it is nevertheless a glorious (me. They have con-
(|iMTcd a good deal since the starting point of their colonial freedom.
Tlicy received a (piite weak and disjointel nation, and from it thoy
made a great an<l homogeneous nationality with immense future pos-
sibiliti(^s. They will have to work a good deal more, they will have
to engage themselves in the struggles for civilisation and nature has
endowed them with every element of success. Brazilians to-day
Hi'v.iu to be w.ll imbibed in that thing, which, as Kmerson said : —
« is tln^ only serious and roniiidahle thing in the world » — tlu' will
powei".

COMPARISON OF THE AREA OF THE FIVE LARGEST COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

Square kilometres. — Scale i lulm — loo kilometres

English Colonial
Empire

25. 052.900

China

II . ii5.65o

Russia

22.430.000

United States

9.212.300

Brazil

8.337.018

COMPARISON OF THE AREA OF THE DIFFERENT SOUTH-AMERICAN REPUBLICS

Square kilometres. — Scale i mjm = 100 kilometres

Brazil

8.337.212

Argentine
Republic

2.789.400

Bolivia

1.33i.200

COLUMBIA

1.330.873

Perc

Vene-
zuela

i.oin.soo

CHILI

7.=i3,216

Equador

Paraguay

Uruguay

— li —

For the peoples just as for the individuals, progress is just that :
to work and to struggle, as for them, using the words of a Brazi-
lian poet,

Vioer e liilnr.
A vida e combiite,
Que OS fracos abate,
Que OS fortes, as bruvos
So pucle exallar.
iTii live is 1(1 sU'iigglc. Life is a jjatlle, wliercMlie weak arc llirowii ddwii Ijiil wlicre llic
strong and brave can only be elovaleil. i

But, let us go on. We ^vill try to analyze in a eoncise form the
Brazil of to-day.

Before passing in review the diverse aspects of Brazilian life of
to-day, 1).\' means of a trip to each one of the twenty States, in which
the reader will be kind enough tot let us escort him, we must write
a few remarks about the Administration and several branches of the
civil service of the Republic, leaving that descriptive exposition of
tin; States by their geographical order to follow afterwards.

TELEGRAPH AND RAILROADS

The telegraphic net of Brazil, is the most advanced and the most
extensive, under the technical point of view , of all others in the
south American republics. Its installation and its initial improve-
ments ar(! due to a Brazilian of great worth, the Baron of C'apanema.

The telegraph was operated for the first time in Bi-azil in ISlU.
The apparatus used then wei'c those known by the name of A, 1>, (',
with a small show case and which worked by means of Breguet 's
electric hattcries being in use also at the same time the Stochrer 's
d<iiil)lc ciin-ciii apparatus. These lasted for some time but right alter
the Paraguayan war tln-y l>cgaii to use the electro-magnetic current
apparatus the currents of which were used l)y means of magiu'tic-
iudiictors lit the house SienuMis »!v: Ilalske.

The Mppaialiis of the first jx'riod t»f the telegraph service in Hra-
zil were replaced in 1S77 by those of Morse, which Brazil was com-
ix'lled to adopt since then once it had joined the St. Petersburg
con\ cii lion.

At the same lime wires were, heing si)read all lhroii<;h the coiin-
II- v.

— 15 —

Until a little before the republic Avas jiroclaimed the telegTai)h
was living a slow life. An official document says in that regard :
« in the decade 1880 to 1889 the average dit not exceed 420.000 tele-
grams with about 6.000.000 words annually. The maximum being
(557.000 telee-rams with 8.100.000 words in 1887. There existed the

Hio DE Jankiko. — I'liiia « Uiiiiizc-.Novembre ».

circumstance that the public educated with the slow work of the
telegraph did not exact very much as to the quickness of transmis-
sion. »

This we quote from the report of the General Telegraph Depart-
ment, published in Rio, in 1902, p. 72.

From 1900 on, however, the volume of telegraphic traffic deve-
lopped in such a way that the government was compelled to dupli-
cate and in some places increase four fold the leading lines. The
Morse apparatus were replaced by those of Baudot, which are in
operation in the leading stations of the sea-shore, from Recife to Rio
Grande do Sul.

The telegraphic movement in the federal lines in the year 1900
was as follows :

Telegrams Words

Private 1.134.653 13.261.189

Otficial 83.211 2.628.439

From the States 39.690 1.231.215

Pre.ss 34.145 3.087.012

1,291,699 20.227,875

— 16 —

To these figures we have to add those who belong to the traffie
of the States, as some States have telegraph lines of their own. built
and maintained by their treasuries as it happens with Amazonas,
Para, Maranliao, Ceara and Rio Grande do Sul. In the schedule
above are not also included the figures regarding the submarine
telegrams, English ones, agencies being established in the principal
cities of Brazil.

The Brazilian telegraph is extended and distributed through all
the States of Brazil with an extension of 12.008.000 metres with 100
stations new lines being under way of construction.

The follow^iug table shows the progress of the telegraphic net of
Brazil from the last year of the monarch}' :

Years Metres I Years Metres

1889 18.92o.30o I 1896 39.779.133

1890 20.299.194 j 1897 40.128.045

1891 28.268.739 I 1898 -40.232 849

1892 31.229.4,38 | 1899 40.332.404

1893 34.231. .393 1900 41.677.980

1894 33.494.383 | 1901 -42.902.244

1893 37.218 000 1902 -44.383.2-49

This number goes up to 50,000 kilometres including the States
telegraph lines, those of private railways concerns, etc.

As we see, Brazil can be placed among the States possessing the
most extensive telegraphic nets, of which we now give an account :
the United States has 6."50,O0O kilometres, Russia 130.000, German j^
118.000, France '.Xi.OOO, Austria-Hungary (•)<»,-200, English India
(53.000, Mexico 01.000, Great Britain and Ireland 55.000, Canada
52.000, Italy 30.000, Turkey .33,000, Argentine Republic 30,000, Spain
20.000, ("hili 2."J.()<)0 kilometres, etc, the other countries being below
these figures.

The Bai'ao de Capanema for manj'^ years managed the service of
Brazilian telegraphic lines, always assimilating to the official instal-
lation the ])r()gresses introduced in the most advanced European
countries. 'IMiis way the national telegraph has always been able to
rcMulei- good servu-es, 'IMie successors of the Barao de Capanema in
the administration of the service followed his example, not only
devoloi)i)ing the lines, but a('(|uiriug newer api)aratus, some orwliich
arc manufactured in liic work shops attached to the Ceuti-al Station
in Kio de .laneiro,

W lien they closed in Ji<mdou the International Telegrai)hic Con-
vention in .lune 11(03 deciding to adopt the apparatus of the Baudot
Hystem, I'oi- the international Telegi-aphie service (as the St. Petei-s-
burg adopted the Moi-se apparatus 30 years ago) they found Brazil

— 17 —

already adopting- the Baudot system of Avliich 25 installations of tlic
most improved had been made representing four varieties of that
ingenious system, in types, that soon will become models for the
other administrations. By means of this system there were operated
then nine of the leading stations between Recife and Rio Grande,
connected by over-head lines with more than 5000 kilometres.

Of those installations foui- are between Rio de Janeiro and Sao
Paulo and are in operation from November 15 tli., 1897. Nine work
between Rio de Janeiro, Caravellas, Bahia and Recife from the
beginning of 1903, the inauguration having taken place in July of
that year and 12 installations were made between Rio de Janeiro,
Corityba, Porto Alegre, Pelotas and Rio Grande. The president of

Railways in Brazil. — The Grola Fiiiula Viaducl S. Paulu.

the Republic, Dr. Rodrigues xVlves as well as the Secretary of Public
Works, Dr. Lauro Muller were present in the Rio de Janeiro Cen-
tral Station.

From Rio de Janeiro we can communicate directly with Buenos
Ayres, Montevideo, Santiago and La Paz which is at 7.000 kilometres
distance via Buenos Ayres.

The Brazilian teh;grapli lines which work with all regularitj^
have been built bj^ civil and military engineers natives of Brazil.

1«

Railways. — The first railway built in Brazil was officially
inan^^urated on the :{0 th. of April, 1854, representing the efforts of
one of the Brazilians who moi-e useful were to their father-land, the
Barao de Mauii. It is the railway line that starts from the Bay on the
other side of Rio de Janeiro and goes up the hill to Petropolis. The
fii-st locomotive, the one was used at tliis inauguration, is still kept
to-day at the C'entral Railway Station. Its name is « Baroneza » and

it was built in England and
rendered good services dur-
ing several j'ears.

From that small start to
the great feats of engineer-
ing built by Brazilians
there was a great lapse of
time. The first feat of Bra-
zilian engineering was the
plan of the Central Railway
which starting from Rio had
to cross the Mantiqueira
chain of mountains. It is a
series of dear and trouble-
s()n)e work of art : collossal
cuts , successive tunnels ,
etc. The price of this road
with 1.301) kilometres went
ui) by the end of 1903 to the
amount of 167.590.756 mil
reis and this is explained
by the nature of the ground
it liad to be open tlinnigli.
Another i-aihvay whose constructi(m was worthy of note also due
to till? elTorts of Brazilian engineering, is the one from Paranagua to
C'orityba, cutting its way through a wihl i-idge of mountains by tlie
sea. 11 is extraoi-dinai-y wJKit tliey did there. Sui-eessive tunnels,
many and large viaducts, some pt'rfeelly superb under the tci'linic
view ptijnt and the daring of llie engineering feat , form this short
railway lu-aneh with hut one Imndred and odd kih)niet i-(>s.

The Coreovado railway is also woillix of note. No loui-isl, (>ven if
tlic steamer stops in ITio Ixit a few liours, g.ies away without going
'•' ""• '"!» "'' <l':'l l)eaiitil'nl hill with a -Jii •■ ,, iiKdiiiat ion. This railwax
was planned and hiiilt l.y the Hra/ilian engineer 1-'. Rassos who is
to-day MaxMi- n|' tin- citN ol Kio d,- .laneii-o.

IvNMNKKItl.M. WllKkS IS HitAZII..

Hri(l{,'(' over Hit' rio V|»iraiig;i, in Parana.

Another railway worthy of mention is the one between Santos

and Silo Paulo, ol' which we will write further down though this is

not a Brazilian road.

The present condition of the railways in Brazil is as follows :
Five States : Amazonas, Piauhy, Sergipe, Matto Grosso and

Goyaz — have no railways as j^et. All the others have more or less

as can be seen by the following list :

Slates. Kilom.

S. Paulo 4.136

Minas 3.650

Rio lie Janeiro 2.335

Rio Grande do Sul 1.610

Bahia 1.511

Pernambuco 813

Parana 645

Ceara 449

Slates.

Kilom.

Alagnas

353

Espirito Sanlo ....

258

Paralivba

141

Rio Grande do Norle . .

. . 121

Santa Cat liar ina . .

116

Districto Federal . . .

107

Maranhao

Para

In 1896, when Dr. Prudente de Moraes was president, by reasons
of reduction of appropriations in the Budget all the works under
way in the line of railway building were suspended, a great deal of
material and work began being lost.

The present government, however, recommenced with great
energy all the work of prolonging railway lines and building new
ones.

As can be seen by the table we print above the Brazilian railways
are very unevenlj^ divided hy the different States. Some have not a
single mile of road, others have quite a good deal, so that, as it was
already remarked by an observer, in the three States of Sao Paulo,
Minas and Rio there are 9.372 kilometres or 62 per cent of the total
of the whole country. In seven Southern States and the Federal
district there are 11.998 kilometres against only 3.000 kilometres in
the eight Northern States that have railway's what represents a pro-
portion of 3 to 1. We can, though, very easily explain that state of
things : the road is the function of the traffic, it is built where acti-
vity demands it. In countries like the United States the inverse
often happens and the road is built to create or provoke traffic.
Brazil will come to that soon but needs to encourage foreign capital
to be invested in those ventures. Unfortunately capital is the great
drawback for a more rapid growth. The country is extremely
wealthy but it requires capital to work up that wealth to the point
of producing and start the motion that has made the United States
grow so immensely fast during the last fifty years.

— 20 —

The four largest railways of Brazil are :

Till' I.(M.|M.l<lina. Willi "^-258 kilumclres.

riic Cciilr.il. » '-J^S »

Till- Mnny:iii:i, » i -3-2:3 »

The I'aulisla, » 1-O^i:} »

Tlio raihvays in Brazil have not developped in the i)roi)()rtion of
the lar^c sums inv('ste(l in theii- oonstrnction, beeause, as it is well
known, the lar<j;est number of them are built along shore, where
the commereial and industrial activity of the country first started
and expanded and the sea shore belt is the most hilly. That explains
everythini;-. I^ater on when they will spread towards the west, in the
interior, they will be no longer long shore roads but roads of pene-
tration , running over the
vRjwgK; !K'ji;v^'3aH immense fields of the plains,
.kS-.:^, -;^^m the cost of building will be
•>afi • .■ ''^>^i^r greatly reduced and rail-

•'^IB^ •^^''■^'wi^B^^^ roads in I>razil \\ill undergo
t'J^ '"-*':>. a larger and far easier devo-

id'* ^ V lopnient than it has till now.

^ The same liappened in

■'&:j0( A^ v' Argentine , when they be-

V''W '' * ' ^'^'^ building their roads in

gj^jlfv'--,^ ^ ' • ihe plains.

■^li, ' ■••'r ■" The dcsiilcriiluni of the

., BfeJ'r- -^ ir:y--f'^ ])resent day, is to connect

- '^ PB^iffl i ^'"^""^^^^.^'^^ the several branches alrca-

mBBp^LI T '^A:J4i jP dy built, arbitrarih, w ith-

■'^ mr^^ -^m^' ■ t'" ^ '^"*^ '^^^-^ other systematisa-

KJ* ' 'W-*,.* ;- T jj^^^j^ but the instinct of the

local peoples, expressed by
, , tQK ihc fofuis of the isolated

i«-^w^^„^...j^,,„^„i,««,^^^ j.,«tovi4l necessities , but there being

llMiiMiHiM; WdithsiN Hiuzii.. Tlii'iriciiiaicdCai- ''^ the bottom a prescience

valhn \i,„|i„i nil III.' I>aiaiia liaihvav. of the national sense, tO

which the connection work
now very iniicli adxaiieed brings its explanation and sanction. \\ ith
tliis I do not nic;in to say that, the most provident politii-s is always
Ihe one that waits for pri \at(^ inil iat i ve to t ranshite and satisfy l)\
itself, Ihc necessities of the commnnion.

Be as it may, the spread out roads of the llspirilo Santo, Haliia.
.\la;;oas , I'ciiiaiiilMic.. . Tarahyha. U io ( ; i'an<h' th) NoiMe and Ceaia
are l.cing connected and in a short w liih- all these Slates w ill be con

— 21 —

nccU'd to one anollicr l)y railways, l)eing also fonnccted with Rio de
Janeiro, Silo Palilo, Minas, Parana and Rio Grande do Sul.

The V^'av Department contemplates to build a long strategic-in-
dusti'ial railway line in the direction of the central regions of Matto
Grosso and Goya/, employing in its study and construction a com])a-
ny of army engineers.

During ll'0 1 were initiated the following roads, sanctioned by
laws decreed by Dr. Rodrigues Alves : Timho (Bahia); Sei-gipe,
the prolongation of the Eaturite in the Ceara : the prolongation of the
Mogyana to Catalao and many others.

The i^resent Secretary of Transportation, Dr. Lauro MuUer, in
whose program of administration is included all possible expansion
of railroad building has not neglected any efforts to execute his pro-
gram both at the Xorth and South of the country. The total length
of Brazilian railroads in 1003 was IG. 359 kilometres, and with new
inaugurations went up to 17.000 kilometres. The States that opened
extensions to their lines were : Sao Paulo, Minas, E.io Grande do
Sul, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and Para.

ARMY — NAVY — MERCHANT MARINE

Just like all the other South American republics, Brazil main-
tains a small army, and in case of war would have to improvise eve-
rything as it happened
in 1864 when the Para-
guayan war broke out.

Brazil is one of the
nations spending the
least money with their
military forces in rela-
tion with the total of
the Budget.

Though as to the
value of its exports
Brazil is in the ninth
place, as to the amount
spent with the army is Rio di: Janeiro. — Iinbuhy fort,

in the thirteenth place.

The following table shows, in pounds sterling, the total of the

— 22 —

expenses of each country and the amount they set aside for the
organization of jxiblic defense :

Xulionul I'Xju'iisc, iolal and

Greal-Hrilaiii .
Germany .
Frami'
llollaiul .
Iliissia

Aiislria-Hungary
Belgiiini .
Italy . . .
Spain

Switzerland .
Turkey .
Portugal .
Greece .
United States.
Japan
BitAzn.

nilitary, of several countries.

|-2(;.i80 000

li)8.800.000

13o.-i.i0. 000

11.040.000

l.'Jd. 810.000

102.480.000

Io.o20.000

67.000.000

31.830.000

6.200.000

17.080.000

12.320.000

3.960.000

87.760.000

16.516.236

18.464.890

40.640.000

35. 080. 000

35.200.000

3.280.000

.36.720.000

16.160.000

2.080.000

13.480.000

7.400.000

2.520.000

6.240.000

1.960.000

2.000.000

16.120.000

3.495.670

2.384.367

By tliis table we can see that no other country having expenses
nearing the amount of Brazil spends less with its army than this lar-
gest of the South American republics does.

Itio 1.1 .l.vsi mil. — l.ai'nc ltl;ilcni;(i carlrid^c lacl(ir\ dl' Ilic \Vai- .Miiuslrv.

At i)n'sriit the total ol llu- land forces of lirazil composed of the
f(Hlcral aiiny and police troops under military orj^ani/at ion and
iiiaiiilaiiicd hv llir respect ivc slates is of about .".(l.tlUd men of the

— 2S —

three arms. This excludes tlie civilian guards and fire-men, semi-
military organizations maintained in many oi' the 20 States of the
Union.

The active military force is regulated Ijy the Legislature every
3'ear. The law for 1901 fixed the following numbers :

28.100 privates.

800 military schools cadets.

1.120 officers.

In case of war this force is doubled.

In Brazil there is not as yet the military compulsory service, as
there is in Chili and Argentine, so that the vacancies are filled with
volunteers. There is a law to the effect that while military service
is not compulsory the time of service for a volunteer is three years,
with facility to renew the enlistment as often as wanted but alwaj^s
for a three year term.

The privates who at the expiration of the service time continue
without interruption in the ranks, with three years engagement,
have right to certain favors in cash ; and those who so wish it are
placed in the colonies maintained bj^ the war Department in certain
places of the territory, where grants of land and agricultural imple-
ments are given them free of any charge.

The figures of the Brazilian arm}^ divided by the different
arms is :

Two engineers battalions ; 14 regiments with four divisions each
of 231 men and a company for transportation service, all of cavalry ;
G regiments and 6 batallions with four batteries each, each of the
regiments having 229 men and each of the battalions having 187
men, all of artillery.

Fortj^ battalions of four companies, each with 241 men, infantry.

The arms used by the infantry are Mauser improved.

The artillery material is all from Krupp's works. Studies ai'c,
however, being made now for the adoption of a superior t3^pe in
order to reform the whole artillery of the Republic.

Congress voted 500 contos for the establishment of a smokeless
powder in Rio de Janeiro.

The chief objection that could be made as to the organization of
the Brazilian Army is the lack of reserves, which might fill the
number to reforce the first call. As the different States, however,
have all organized x)olice under a military sj'stem just alike the fede-
ral troops, there Brazil will find a first class reserve, with the
advantage that it is, we might say, mobilized, ready as they are in
their barracks to march fully equiped at the first call.

— 24 —

The organization ol' those police forces in their majority com-
njan(hMl \>y rc<;iihu- ann.v oflicci's and armed w itli mauser rifles is
as follow s :

Ani.i/HM.is 1.200

l';ii;. l.:JOO

Miirjiiilifin •!•.")(»

Piaiiliv .111(1 Hill (iraiide do .Niirte J-.jo

Coara 40(i

I'araliyiia 2oit

I'crnamhiicd l.SoO

Aldgitasaiid Sergi|tt' 800

Haliia 2.500

Hio dt' Jaiieiiu 1.200

Clapilal Koderal 4.800

S. l>atdo 5.000

Miiias 2.000

I'araiia 460

Uiu Grande do Sul 5.000

Espirito Saiilo, Santa Catliariiia, Guyaz and Malto

Grosso 1.075

28.185

These forces, in several of the States, have an elevated dej-ree of
instruction and military solidity, as it happens with the regiments
of Manaos, lielem, I^ahia, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul etc. and
arc divided in tln-cci arms infantry, cavalry and artillery.

Iiir;inlr\ i ;iiii|i (luring iiKUuriu rt'.>.

Till- naliiiMaJ •;uai(l. ;i kind of Lumliiwlir or tt'rritori:d militia is
getting better organized cvcrv day and in sonu' States as KiotJrandc
do Snl and tlie JM-deral Capital il has been called upon more than
onee to assist the regnlai- aiiii\ .

The wai- ilepai-lnient maintains several leeliuieal establishnu-nts,

as the cartridge works, the Estrella and the Caxipo powder works,
the « Brazil )> Military College, the « Reulcns>-o » and the (c Porto
.1/e^'Te )) Tactics Schools, the Military School, where the children
of military men are brought up, the Serjeants School, the Army
Library and several others.

The forces are spread out through the territor;*' of the liepu-
blic which under the view point of military administration is divid-
ed into seven districts with headquarters in the principal cities
and commanded bv Generals.

School-cruiser : Benjamin Constant.

At present the Army Major-State is drawing a map of the coun-
try and the engineers companies are busy , some extending the tele-
graph net through the \yestern States, and some studying plans for
the building of strategic railways. An engineers company is now
building a railway starting from Lorena city to the mountain region
where a large militarv Sanatorium is being built.

The Navy. — Until a certain time Brazil was the only South-
American power and in all this continent , only the United States
could present a navy excelling the one of this Republic.

Lately Argentine and Chili at the cost of enormons financial sa-
crifices succeeded in disputing this supremacy and to their navies,
which, however had not the glorious traditions of the Brazilian his-

— 2f. —

toryof its navy, tliey added a uuniber of cruisers and battle-ships
superioi- to the Hrazilian ones.

The navy or^^ani/ation of Brazil at the present date is a modest
one and is not in i)rop()rtion with the long- coast it has to defend.
The federative system adopted increases the responsibilities of the
navy.

The existence of a powci'ful navy in the federative system cor-
responds to the necessity of great links of cohesion between the
States which may neutralize their disaggregating tendencies, and
establish predominance of the ideas of the great fatherland. Tliere
is not, in fact, and we have already once said it, among the links of
national stability, none tactile, none more dominant because of its
representative power neither more efficient in multiplicity of its
objects, than it is the naval power of the Republic. The present

:^'^-''^!:^p' '■'- '^ ^ ^^'TiU.-U

'•i^ — .1-1*?-

-— ~ — ■«

/ .•/n(,///(/.-i/-c ,CniiMT liiuii I., Iiiiill 1(1 Ilic lliii (!,• .hiiic

rscniil

fleet lias Til vessels, couiiling hii-gc and siuall, many of w hich arc
ulinoKt useless under the \ iew point of modern war value. They
(•an oidy be used for patroliiig in the ports and inti'rior rivers. They
an; classified as follow : Seven battle-ships, eight eruiseis, three
torpedo boats dcKtro.Ncr, five gun boats, eight dispatch boats, thrt'C
Hteamei-s, nine tori)ed() boats, iliree tugboats, auxiliary steamers,
a yaelit (the « .S/7p.'< ./;</v////j », the old 1 lupeiial galioti, two brigs
and thre(! putaches.

— 27 —

The headquarters of the Navy forces is composed of several
pavilions. The present commander is Commander Marques da
Rocha, to whom the discipline and military garb of the navy infan-
try forces owe a good deal.

The principal establishment for naval production and repairs is
the Capital of the Republic — the Rio Navy Yard — and employs
2.000 working-men. In its ship-yards several ships, cruisers, small
river battle ships and others have been built. During the Paraguayan
war this yard in a few months built and armed several armed moni-
tors, which were of great assistance in that campaign. Lately were
built there two small river monitors for the defence and patroling
in the frontier rivers.

There are two other navy establishments of this kind, one in
Para and the other in Ladario. They assist in the work of repairing.

,-'.s»»»»'*-~ y-

Battlo-sliii) Deodoro.

There is also in the Capital of the Republic the Navy College, an
establishment of technical instruction which is an honor to the
country and is piobably the best in all South-America. Its present
director is rear-admiral Duarte Huet de Bacellar one of the most
distinguished and ablest sailors of the Brazilian Navy. A man who
has discharged with great honor to the country he represented
important commissions all over the world. He is not only an able
man in navigation, he is a competent man in gunnery, ship-building
and every department required in navy activity. As a practical man

l'« —

he is he is improving vcrv iniu-h the Xiivy College under his admini-
stration to keep pace with modern progress.

The other Xavy departments are settled in small islands in the
bay. In one of them is 'rori)ed()es School organised by rear-admiral
Alexandrino de Alencar and the woi-ks established there for torpe-
does and mines repairing arc worthy of note.

Wav ti;itis|)()i'l Curios (ionics.

The National Sailors ('omiKiny Barracks is a series of buildings
in the small island of Villegaignon, where is the fortress of the same
name. This fortress does not serve any strategic function now and
is all illuminated b\- clcclricitx'.

I';illlr s||||, /,■;.■;,/,,/<■/<

'I'll.- S:iil(.is CtMiipaiiy is cnMstihitcd h\ sea nicii. that coiiic lioiii
tlic S<-li(.()ls for appreiitiecs or from the offices of the Captains of
tlie Port in Die diffcreiil Slates where they enlist. The largest num-
ber of iheiM arc rnluxltis (native lii.liaiis). oi- rather, a mixed breed

— 29

of those native Indians crossed with Europeans, with a number of
blacks descendants from Africans and whites. As a ruk', they know
how to read and write, having- received in school instruction relati-
vely liberal, learning- geography, arithmetic, civilian rights, music,
drawing, elementary history, a little manual art appliable tho the
sea life, and the needed professional instruction : gunnery, signal
service instructions, torpedoes, marine engines, etc. (Generally the
Brazilian sailor is a man who knows something and when they come
from the Apprentices ScJiools they are prepared to sti'uggle for life
in the cities when they finish their enlistment time.

This way tho Apprentices Schools in Brazil render a double ser-
vice to the community and to the man : they not only prepare sai-
lors for the Navy but men for practical life at the same time.

Cniiser-toi'pcdo Tymbira.

The Company of Marine Infantry is an imitation of the colo-
nial and landing troops of the European navies; among Brazilians,"
however, this company has a capital function on board — ^ it is a
modifier in the permanent service of the discipline of the ship, an
aiixiliary actually indispensable to the moral force of the officers.
This company has a tradition as an orderly organization and its
services have been highly praised in the Naval history of Brazil.
Its barracks are at Ilha das Cobras (snake island) , one of the many
in the Rio bay, near the north east part of the city.

In the schedule of the officers, the number of those of high rank is
rather large if we consider the limited requirements of the floating-
material. The schedule comprises :
1 admiral, 2 vice-admirals, 10 rear-admirals, 20 Captains, 40 Com-

— 30 —

manders, 80 Lieutenants-Commanders, KiO 1st. -Lieutenants, 150
2nd. -Lieutenants =^ 4(53 Officers in active work.

Besides these there are 120 ensij^ns; 1. 000 men of the National
Navy ('oiiij)anies; inchiding- loO men of the engine firemen compa-
ny, and 1(K) of the .Matto Grosso company; 000 contracted firemen;

I.TjOO Navy apprentices; 500 mm
of Navy Infantry Company.

In time of war the naval for-
ces will have the double of this
number.

The privates or sailors and
ex-privates or ex-sailors who ha-
ve been engaged over three years,
and following- that, two or more
years have a right in each enga-
gement to the value in cash of
the uniform which is distributed
free of charge to the recruits, and
this because the military service
in l^razil is not compulsory.

In neai'ly every sea port there
is an Apprentice Sailor School,
a curious institution under the
view i)oint of its civic. -military
nature and of its utility and its type is a creation of the Brazilian
administration. Some of them deserve special mention because of
the correctness of tlieir oi-gani/.ation and discipline, and among
these are tlie ones of Cean'i, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro,
Santa Catliarina and others.

(Iniiscr linvrozo.

Maniir luaclice, slidnliiin .il ;i l;iinfl.

— 31 —

References to them ^vill be made in the descriptions of the seve-
ral States which will be published somewhere else in this book.

The seat of the Navy administration is in Rio de Janeiro, where
the Navy Council is compelled to be. The Navy Council is a Board
comi^osed of Navy generals and high officials of the Navy Depart-
ment and is settled where the Sailors quarters, the Navy infantry
barracks and several departments of the same Ministry as well as
war material are also settled.

Rio ui; .Ianeiro. — One of llic pavilions ot the Marine iiifaiili'v barracks.

To-day the Brazilian Navy is largely improved and on a fair way
to be greatly enlarged. By the end of 1905 the Brazilian Congress
authorized the appropriation to execute the following naval pro-
gramme which is beginning to be put in pratice in England with
the construction of

Three 13.000 ton battle-ships.

Three 9.700 ton cruisers.

Six 400 ton destroyers.

Twelve 50 to 130 ton torpedo-boats.

Admiral Julio de Noronha, the Secretary of the Navy, the au-
thor of this programme, is also building at Ilha Grande, near Rio
de Janeiro , a large military port like the one of Spezia or Pola,
with arsenal, dry-docks, ship yards and everything needed for a
powerful Navy- Yard.

Besides the ships above mentioned the 1905 programme com-
prises also 3 submarine boats, a large coal-transporter and a school-
ship.

At the present moment Brazil is developing a great activity

— 32 —

which \\ ill soon place the c(mntr\' in a prominent i)Iace after the list
of nations liavin"- first class navies.

*
* *

Mkkchant Mauine. — The fact of many Portuguese officers and
ship-owners having settled themselves in Brazil, after its indepen-
dence, explains how tliere was already a considerable nucleus of
mei'chant niai'ine right at the beginning of the national organiza-
tion. Besides the extensive
line of coast filled with nu-
merous ports most accessi-
ble, contributed towards the
great development of a sai-
ling ships merchant marine,
served by daring ships fur-
nished by the sea-shore ci-
ties and thus soon the new
Brazilian flag was carried
to the peoples of distant
lands.

This relatively jxjwerful
marine had, however, a pe-
riod of difficulties and al-
most reached paralysis : and
that was when a l)ill voted
in 18()1 permitted foreign
ships to engage themst^lves
in tlu' coastwise trade, tak-
ing thus away from the
Brazilian flag a i)rivilege it
was enjoying till then and at
whose protection it was dexeloping in a considerable way its mari-
time activity.

It was onl\ in \S\u\ tliat the l!ra/,ilian ('ongi'css l)y means of a
liill coiiiplei iiig a ('(Mist il ul ional disposition, gave back to Brazilian
ship-(»wners (lie ohi rigiil of onlv coiiseiil iiig coastwise tradr to Ite
caiMMcd on hv sliijts willi llic nal ional flag and llins was opened a
more dclinile and nioic compensal i ve horizon lor the country's
mercliani marine.

During the .\-ear of iSl'.i steamship na\igalion licgan ti> he intro-
ducMMJ in J{razil and the ollu'r South American countries. If was on

*.rr

Scli(»ol-slii|i (tiitir.iriijtc's.

— 33 —

tlic 1 th. October ISIO lliat General Felisberto Caldeira Brant, later
on Marquis de Barbaceiia, started a line between the capital of
Baliia and Caclioeira employing- in that service a small paddle
steamer and that was the initiation of the Brazilian merchant marine
using steam-boats.

When the privilege of coastwise trade for the national marine
was decreed in 1890, the Brazilian merchant marine took a great
impulse, occupying to-day the seventh place among the nations with

Merchant Marine. — Model of river steamers of oOO tons of tlie « Compaiibia Maranhense ».

largest number of ships in their merchant marine, being right after
Japan.

According to an official publication of the Commercial Statistics
Department the movement of Brazilian ships engaged in coastwise
tirade between the 52 ports of the Republic during I'JOl, 1002 and
1903 was as follows :

1901

Ships.

11.554 .

Entrances

Sailings 11.246

Tons.

5.874.529
5.870.505

— u

1902

Kntraiifc:
Sailings

Ships.

ii.Ti:;

II.CSl

Tons.

■t.:;67.266
-i.:j()8.579

1903

Knliaiicfs.
Sailinijs

Ships.

li>.i>.V2
!-».:» 1 7

Tons.
i.n'J!».780
.ftoH.OOO

My tliese statistics we sec the progressive growth ol" the luer-
eliaiit marine maritime movement. According to official statistics
the Brazilian merchant marine has a fleet of 336 steamers with a
total of 2*.)().000 tons displaccmonf. and oil sailing vessels with about
30(J.000 also displacement.

From I'.iol to 1002 the niovcincnt of tlic lii-a/ilian coastwise trade

navigation increased 3()l) in the number of ships and over (iOO.OOO

tons, in the entrances and sailings to and from the 52 ports of the
country.

These steaniei's belong to companies and j)rivate shij)-owners

residing in several sea-side cities of Brazil. The principal companies

.Mlikiiam .M,\I(1m. MimIcI of .sicaiiicrs of -2,W() ions of llic Iti-Mziliaii l.lovd.

to-day arc : the Xono Lloyd lirnzilciio which jxjssesscs ;V2 steamers,
some of |,()(H) tons, chu-tric lights, I'cfrigi'ralors, etc., but this com-
paiix is l)cing reorganized by l)i-. ManocI Huarcpu' dc Macedo, a civil
engineer dI' leiiow n and ;in industrial genius ol' no small iinporlance,
and the sei\ ice of iha' company is going to l)e largely improxcd not
omI.n with better coast w isc sci'vicc i)nl ha\ ing a line of lai-gc steamers
])lyiiig l.eiwci-n Ura/il and llie I'niled States, a large nnnihiM- of stea-
mers bein^ now under coiisl rin-l ion foi- llie new ser\ ice, sonu" of

— 35 —

^vhicll will be (5.000 (on boats; tlic (Joinpaiihia do Anuizonns, willi
40 small river steamers from 500 to DOO tons, plying between Para
and the different points of importance in the Amazon river and its
affluents; the (^.ompnnliin (u)sli'ir:i, with 12 steamers from 800 to
1.500 tons, maintaining' regular navigation between the capital of the
llepublic and the Southern ports of the country; the Companhia Sal
e Xavc^-acao, which possesses large cargo-boats employed in coast-
wise service; the Companhia Pernambucana, with 10 steamers; the
Companhia Maranhense; the GriTo Para and the Paracnsc, both with
main office in Belem, capital of Para State, and with steamers from
800 to 2.000 tons; the Esperanra Mariliinn with six small steamers;
the Via^ao Central do Brazil, with nuiin office in Kahiaand its stea-
mers navigate in the S. Francisco basin between the States of Minas,
Bahia and Alagoas; the Companhia Bahiana with internal and inter-
state navigation and many others of smaller importance, which we
will give an account of while speaking of the different States in the
second part of this book.

INVENTORS AND MEN OF SCIENCE

It will be seen that hand in hand with the material development
of the country, and parallel growth of the energies of the race, there
is springing forth with vigor the blooming of the literature, arts
and sciences.

No other country in the American Continent, the United States
excepted, can present a group of superior men , inventors, men of
science, artists and literary men, so conspicuous as that host of
celebrated men who have honored Brazil with the wide publication
of their names all over the world since the middle of the last century.

In accordance with the plan of this book, dealing in it, as we
do, only with the Brazil of to-day, of the Brazil of this very mo-
ment, we jnust not write but about those of the present age. Men
who have been intellectual glories for Brazil in the past, artists,
military men who won reputations worthy of mention in the days
that are gone, will not be reviewed in this presentation I am making
to the reader of the contemporary things, men and events.

But, even leaving aside the names of those illustrious dead,

— 36 —

aiiKtii^^ wliicli \<)u would linil individualities "tluit do not ])c'lon<; only
to the i!;\oi\ of Brazil, but to the whole world, we will have to write
about most interestin<;- i)ersonages, notabilities of our days, some of
whicdi arc. no doubt, known to the reader. We will begin by Santos
Diiiiioni. thf extraordinary air navigator.

This name which introduces a South American notability has
been applauded in France as well as in all the other Kuropean coun-
tries with the same enthusiasm that l>ra/ii has done it.

Santos Dimont. — lie is the son Ilenri([uc Dumont a I'ai-mcr of
the State of Minus, whose name is connected with the largest coffee

l)antation in the S. Paulo State, or,
for that matter, in the whole world. He
was born in a plaee known as Rio das
Yelhas, (Old women river), in the then
l)rovince of ^linas, in July 187o. Weal-
thy and well educated he devoted him-
self since his young days to tlie study
of air ships. He went to Paris and
there had a balloon of his own invention
made. Since then he has kept on modi-
f\ing it and each modification he
makes, manufacturing a new balloon
gives it a higher and suecessi\e num-
ber. It was with the Xo (') that the da-
ring aeronaut obtained thc« I)eutsch»
pri/.e whii'li marks the solution of the
problem of the direction of air-ships.

It was in llS'.'S that he made his first ascensions with his baloons
« JirnzH )) and « Anwrirn », of spherical shape. In those experiments,
wliicli had no iiitercsl to llic jjiihlie, lie uudei'slooil that the splieroi-
dic sliape was not iisel'iil ami had one made, cigar shape, wilh
Kerosene oil as fuel.

lie has made since many trial trijjs and the l"'reneh ]>ress has
written about lliem in the most ene(»ui"aging wa,\ anil I'l-oni Paris the
tclcgi'aph has kcpl on infoi'ming the w hole w oild of t lu' succi'ssiv c
improvements Santos hnnioni has been introducing in his air-ship.
Several engineers and iii\enlorsin l!ra/iMia\(' de\.>led ihemsel-
vc-' lo this inlercsling prol)lcni, the first being Uartholomcu ( ;usman.
wlio went in his iialoon Inil ncvi-r solved the i)rol)U'm of its dii-ection

Samu.s Dl.mum

— :{7

and the last was the uiilorliniaie Aiigiisto Severo wlio died in Paris,
victim of the exph)si()n ol' is air-ship « Phx ».

Mello Marques

Mello Makques. — From those who travel in tlie air to tliose
who ti'avel under water tliere is really a great distance but there is

no space so long that thought cannot over-
come with ease.

Several Brazilian inventors propose to
build a model of submarine boat fulfilling
all the requirements of the navigation of
such boats. None, however, has made a
more decisive experimental demonstration
than the inventor Mello Marques. The Rio
press wrote in the highest terms and most
enthusiastically about tliose experiments,
made, as they were, before the President
of the Republic and a committee of techni-
cal experts.

Among other things the Tribiiiin of Rio,

in its edition of the 27 th. September 1901

said about Mello Marques 'submarine boat.

« The model used in these experiments demcmstrated to have a

long-itiidinal and transversal stability as well as complete stability

in its trip.

» Both the immersion and emersion are operated with the stron-
gest safety as to its results ,
and by means of a most
simple manoeuvre.

» To avoid a minucious
and detailed account we may
say that the experiment we
arc wi'iting about consisted
ol' two different parts :

)) P'. — The boat without
longitudinal, translation.

)) -2'"'. — The boat with
longitudinal translation.

)) In the P' part the
boat made the immersion,

emersion and stop between tivo waters, everything with the most
strict practical precision, obeying perfectly well to the operator.

Tlie submarine boat Mello Marques.

— :m —

» In llie •2'"' part Mr. Mell<» Marciues showed to have solved the
iniporlaiit pioldein of the suiliji^- sluhility.

» Thus it was tliat once the boat phieed between two waters and
in perleet qniet or static equilibrium, when placed in motion its
pi-opelling- niaeliine, it slided forward without deviatino- in the least
from its fluctuation horizontal plan. »

Landell I)K ]Moi'RA. — Is another Brazilian inventor of our days.
He is the learned elect ricist Father Landell de Moura, and is now
residino- in the United States. His inventions are the result of a
patient investigation and scientific knowledge perfectly solid. He i
was ])orn in Porto Alegre, where he has two brothers, one a physi- i
cian, the other an apothecary. In S. Paulo he has another brother
who is a uierchant. The Xcio York Ilcruld in its edition of the TJ th.
()ctol)er l'.)()"J published his picture with a long article headed
« Jiinzilinn Priest's Invention » giving the following information
about his inventions :

!>'■ Robert Landell invented his apparatus
in Porto Alegre, and as soon as he reached
SJio Paulo in l.SOci, he began with preliminary
exi)erinients, to obtain his object — to trans- |
niit human voice at a distance of 8, 10 or 12
kilonu^ters, without using any wires.

After several luontlis of hard work he
ol)tained excellent results with one of the
apparatus he made.

I'hicouraged by the results of his exi)cri-
iiuMits, Father Landell tried to improve his
invention, which is tlie outcouu' of studies
and discoveries of sonu' laws relative the
propagation of sound , light and electricity
through the space, the earth and water. i

Thus, he invented several apparatus : the '
l<l;iii.\i()i>lii>n(\ the /.•,(/ro/>//o/jr, \\w uiicmutophonr, the Iclctilon, and
the ((tijilionc.

The Inlniixioplittnr is the hist word of the telephone, not only
because of tlie force and inlelligibilily whitli whit-h it transmits tlu'
Wdids. l)iil also hecatise wilh it teh'phoning at gi'cat dislauces beco-
mes a i>raetical and econoniical reality.

'I'he h:ttrnjth,,iu' works also witli wii-e. and presents the (U-igina-

t.AMtt.l I. Ill Mm IIA

— :U) —

lity of not needing to ring the bell to call, to lieai- the articulated
sounds, or that of the instrument.

The Hncmntophonc and the Iclctiton are wireless telephones. The
perfect operation of these apparatus, according to what their inven-
tor says, reveals laws entirely new and is altogether most curious.

The cdiphonc is useful to purify and soften the plw)n()graplied
voice of the parasitical vibrations, reproducing it just as the natural
voice.

The wireless telephone is reputed the most imporUxnt discoveiy
of Father Landell, and the experiments made by him in the presence
of the English Consul in Sao Paulo, Mr Lupton, and many other
parties of high social position, were so satisfactory that Dr. Rodri-
gues Botet, giving an account of those trials wrote the moment was
not far when Father Landell would be consecrated as the author of
marvellous inventions.

In a Porto Alegre daily paper we saw the following biographical
notes about this inventor :

(( Father Robert Landell de Moura was born in Porto Alegre in
the year 1862.

He is a son of Mr. Ignacio de Moura and a brother of the apothe-
caries, Joao, Edmundo and Ricardo Moura, of Dr. Ignacio Landell,
a physician and of Mr. Pedro Landell de Moura a well known Sao
Paulo merchant.

Having decided from his childhood to become a priest, Robert
Landell went to Rome while yet quite a young fellow, there he follow-
ed the theological course with distinction and was ordained. By
this time he was already studying with special care physical
sciences. »

HuET DE Bacellar. — Tlic clcvcr and
illustrious Rear- Admiral Huet de Bacellar is
another contemporary inventor and is one of
the most distinguished officers of the Brazilian
navy. As a Captain , commanding several
men-of-warj he had occasion to observe the
defects in the tubes of the submarine torpedo-
throwers, which, in fact, are far from giving
satisfaction, in their practical work, not only Huet dk Bacellar

because it is impossible to regulate the charge

of the cordite, or the pressure of the gas inside the tube, but because
of other defects verified every time use is made of the torpedo-

— w —

throwers, sometimes eansiiig disasters as it liappened on board the
men-of-war <( Aijnidabaii » and u Deodoro ».

While eommandinf": the small battle-ship « Floriimo », rear-admi-
lal lluct (le Haccllar attempted to put in practice a modification of
the apparatus Scliwartzkopf, whieli lie had in mind to realize after
lon^- studies in other ships. He ordered in that German house the
nianiiliuMur*' of a torpedo-thrower as he invented, and experiments
were made the result of which representing a great triumph for the
clever sailor.

In a lecture delivered in the Xavy College on the 23rd. May 1002,
with tlie i)resi'nce of the President of the Kei)ublit' and high authori-
ties of the navy, he said :

The apparatus works by means of compressed air, and in that
there is nothing new.

What is really new and what characterizes this invention is the
peculiar disposition of tubes themselves and the arrangement of the
valves which let the compressed air pass to the cylinders from the
external to the internal tube, making it go on till the end of its
course when the torpedo is expelled. In the initial movement only
the cylinders of the external tube receive the air, but after the air
having; gone a certain course the torpedo gets loose from its safety
links automatically, the valve that gives the double entrance of the
air in the cylinders is then opened, the air that enters oft hastens ,
the movement of the internal tube and the air that enters fore passing 1
thi-ough the stems of the embolus causes the firing of the torpedo.
The remaining air, that stays inside the cylinders, in their fore part,
serves as a kick-stopper.

Once tli(; torpedo fired, the internal lulx' gxits in autonuUically to
its initial position by the external pressure of the water and when by
some circumstance! this does not happen, it is taken back from the
battery \>\ llic compressed air, or l)y hand, l)y means of a nu'chanical
device.

lira/.ilian and luuopean experts recognized the importance of the
invention lo which liic gcrman manufacturers gave tlu' name of
liacellar-Schwarlzkopf ami which was adopted by the Brazilian
navy, the battle-ship a I'loriuiio ». commanded at tlu' time by the
inventor being the first one to adopt it.

l{.\i>i.i;i{ i)i: At^riNo. Is a young navy ollieer w lio invented an
ai)iiara1us of practical use wliicli proxcs how well prepared in scien-
tific studies (he l!ra/.ili:iu u;i\ \ ollieers are.

— 41 —

His invention is thus described by the oll'icial ()r<;an oT the
Navy : « It consists of an apparatus in two different parts a trans-
mitter and a receiver where are a number of copper contacts corres-
ponding- to tlie different orders to be transmitted or received.

IJoth receiver and transmitter have a
lever and not only this has a wire connec-
ting it to the other, but the contacts that
correspond to the same indications, in this
two apparatus, were also connected by
means of a metallic conductor,

A current running through the wire that
connects the two levers, can, indifferently,
circulate through either of the elementary
circuits.

But the electrical communication can
only take place by one of the mentioned
circuits, when the lever of the receiver is Lieuioiinnt Radi.ku dk Aquino
in symetric position with that of the trans-
mitter, that is, it is necessary that the two levers should mark the
same signal.

It must be said : when that takes place, two lamps, one of the
receiver and the other of the transmitter, placed upon the wire that
connects the levers, will prove that the general circuit has been
closed.

On the other hand, the lever of the transmitter is built in sucli a
way that while one of the extremes slides by the contacts above
mentioned, the other extreme, passing over the contacts tliat are
between it and the other contact indicating the order, produces tlie
closing of a special circuit, causing that way the vibration of a bell
in the receiving section. »

Lieutenant Aquino's device is worthy of mention mainly by the
simplicity of the apparatus, when compared with those of Fiske,
used by the United States Xavy and those of Barr and Strond used
by the English navy.

Besides, he has also invented a chemical indicator, to substitute
Lord Kelvin 's mechanical one, in the average soundings of hydro-
graphy or rapid navigation.

Radler de Aquino C(mtinues in his scientific studies, and besides
the above described apparatus has several other inventions, among
which is the velocimetre, destined, as its name indicates to measure
the speed of the ship, based upon, in the live pressure of the water

— +2 —

caused h\ the presence ol' the boat, tlie apparatus having- been named
by its autlior « pieso-velocimciro. »

Kxix'rinionts made in July and August lUOO on board tlie
(( liiirroso », a Brazilian man-ol-war, produced excellent results.

lillliiliccr I'Ulll.llU) DA (Uj.STA

KiiuMKo DA (k)STA. — Is tlic uamc of another Brazilian inventor,
also ol" the navy. He is an engineer with the i-ank of comnumder and
is at present in charge of the Work-shops of the Rio de Janeiro
Navy ^'ard.

This intelligent jBrazilian [scientist, devo-
ting all his spare time to the problem of the
life-saving service, invented and built a life-
saving boat very curious and original. It is a
small open canoe, unsinkable destined to the
lifes-aving service of passengers and crews
of wrecked boats. It offers the greatest facili-
ties of being placed in the water and has abso-
lute safety of fluctuation.

The Commander Ribeiro da Costa's life-
saving boat is patented in Europe, and in the
last Paris exposition 1900 received the highest
award, the jury of the ex[)ositi()n having recognized the merit and
true value of the ingenious apparatus destined to represent a promi-
nent place among the useful collections of the life-saving societies.
Commander Costa has two different models of his boat.

An article written on this invention states that for the landing of
trooi)s in case of war, any of the two types will be of great moral
effect for the soldiers, since they will know immediately that they
can't die diMwned even should the boat receive any number of shots
from th(i (iuemy.

He also invented the construction of a i-alt appiopi-iated for the
ships witli lai-ge ci-ews. 'I'his raft is built witli liimlxT and canvas
and was tried w itii great success as well as picsented lo the Pollock
comp(!tilion in JMii-opc. lis model, as liic (uu> of (he otlier saving
boats is on e\liii)ili(.u in ihe Naval Museum of Uio de .laneiro.

Kngineer Kibeiioda Costa enjoys a gooil reputation as an intel-
lectual man. lie keeps on devoting himself to that branch of naval
construeli(ui. but lias invented otliei- apparatus for seviu-al other
ap|)lieal ions.

|{esides the two life-saving boats and tlie new raft <> rii:inl », the
appai-alus <i />//r(//,./(/;,)/,e .. (l,>voted to know the dii(>eli(Mi of the

— 4-:< —

sound oi" a steam whistle in lof^j^y weather and the practical and
inlallible I'ules to avoid collisions in the high seas during ioggy
weather, he has several inventions, all of them original patented in
Europe, and submitted to the Brazilian (lovernment, such as :

A semi-submarine torpedo-))oat with great advantages over the
other ones used to-day and ordered to be built by the government at
the Rio Navy Yard. Unfortunately it was not built the material
having disappeared during the revolution of 180IJ.

A rotatine steam engine, patented and tried in Brazil.

A steam engine, completely new in all its devices, with great
advantages over others, patented in France, Belgium, Germany,
England and United States, devoted specially to navigation, built
and tried in Havre in 181)1, received the prize in the Modern Inven-
tions Exhibition in Paris, receiving great praises in several maga-
zines as well as the gold medal « Jaceg-iiay » in the Xaval Club of
llio de Janeiro.

A new distribution of steam, without excentric, patented in
several countries.

A new sucking treading pump, oscillating movement also patented.

An apparatus to feed boilers automatically.

A new steam engine for navigation purposes.

A new four concentric tubes boiler patented in several countries.

A machine to make tooth-picks.

A very original engine working by means of compressed air, all
automatic, the result of 28 years study, built since 1807 in Marseille,
lacking yet a few small details to make experiments.

An hydraulic turbine, for navigation purposes.

A new apparatus to feed automatically any boiler even a ship one
about to be tried soon in the llio Xavy Yard.

A new submarine torpedo.

Francisco Przewodowski. — Is the name of another Brazilian
inventor. He is a navy officer as is fatlier was. He was born in
Cannavieiras (Bahia) and as his name indicates is Polish descent.
He was educated in the Naval College and devotes himself to the
study of physics and mechanic. The invention that placed him in
evidence among professionals and which won a 15 year privilege
from the Brazilian Government was his apparatus « Przewodowski »
destined to the self direction of torpedoes against movable or fixed
aims.

This apparatus, result of patient studies, is a series of pieces

— 44 —

disposed so, tluii it permits the use of the iman or ma<-neetie needh'
to give self direetion to the torpedoes. Aeeording- to tlie patent the
apparatus lias two parts, the first with an iman, the following- with
boltiiies where the eleetro-iman necessary is obtained. They are
separate, caeh oeeupying its ehauTber and the second is lined with
china except the discs of the eyes were placed the extremities of tlic
bohincs. 'JMic only communication between the first and the second
is 1)V Mires, sufficiently isolated crossing the intermediary wall
allowing (uily the passage of the electric current that is going to act
upon the helm of the torpedo making it take the direction of the aim
or target. The inventor received proposals lor the purchase of the
invention fiom an English house but refused to sell it which he is
still improving every (la.\' in Rio. lie also applied for patent in seve-
ral iMiropean counti-ies. Lieutenant Francisco Przewodowski is a
pei'sistent and intelligent investigator and a hard worker, and
expects yet to improve considerably his own invention.

The experiments he has made have, so far, l)een most successful.

•JS-

\i.n I'iMo
i\ fi- i'latc. A mil hci' one v.

A DEL Pinto. — lie was
born in S. Ciabi-iel, Rio
(Jrande do Sul. He first
studied in the Militai'y
College of Rio , finishing
in the Polytechnical Colle-
ge of the same city. In the
army reached the rank of
1"^' Lieutenant of artillery.
Since his youth he has de-
voted himself to speeial
studies on electricity and
its ai)plications. Several
(liscoNci'ics and iiicclianic-
nl inventions gixc him a
prtuuincnt place am(»ng
l>ra/iliaii iiuciilors. We
must inciil ion spceiallv : a
new process for pri'scrva-
I ion of meat and fish, \\ hit'li
is being exploited by an
exporting enlerpri/e in the
I'liriniis ap]>aratiis to a\(»id railroad

collisions by means of a new Hlock-syslem ahsoliilrly auloniatie,
elect fical-inechanical, simple, sale and economical. It was tested
and tried by the Central of Brazil Railroad and judged as i)osscss-
ing splendid and sale conditions to guarantees its objcu't. Another
o^ie ol" Dr. Adel Barretto Pinto's invention consists in utilizing- the
j)ower ])roduced by the column of air dislocated by any vehicle in
motion, such as trains, ships, automobiles, etc., transforming this
power in electrical energy in benefit of tlus same vehicles, multi-
plying their motive power with economy of fuel.

This transformation of power is made hy means of a compressed
air turbine, constituted by eight paddles in screw form, a(la[)ted to
the front of the vehicle, the turbine becoming a special generator,
forming a system, by means of a combination of pulleys with a small
dynamo of electro motive power proportional t') the power of its
reversibilitv.

Gomes Pi':reira. — (An-
tonio Coutinho ) Another
military inventor. He be-
longs to the navy. As the
reader can sec this class
gives a good contingent of
inventoi'S thanks to their
initiative intelligence, and
to the excellent scientific
culture acquired in the Xa-
vy College of Rio , Gomes
Pereira was born in Rio,
graduated from the Navy
College where he was al-
ways one of the first in all
the classes he had to go to.
After a few trips, both in
the Atlantic and the Paci-
fic, having visited the prin-
cipal Arsenals and Xavy
yards of Europe , he was

commissioned as sub-commander of several ships , and later on
commander of the torpedo-boat « Tanioyo », where he revealed
himself a sailor well posted on modern warfare. After the Rnssian-
Japanese war, he invented, taking advantage of what he learnt in

Gomes Peueira

— +6 —

tlial war, a most ing«'ni()iis apparatus an unfoinalic coiunmter Un-
the circuit of the firing of the ««uns on board. This apparatus,
patented already by the Hrazilian ( Jovernment has as an object to
avoid the deviation of the bullet and loss of the shot caused l)y the
motion of the shij) and is being- adopted by the Brazilian Navy with
great praises from tlie authorities in this line. He has still other
inventions but this niitomutir commuter is the one worthy of
special menticm in this chapter of our book.

Oliveiua i)k Mknkzks
fAugusto Xavier). — He
was born in 187*.». When he
was 13 years old he entered
tlie National Gymnasium.
He followed his preparato-
ry studies with distinction.
He had great inclination
for the study of physical
and natural sciences , re-
vealing an inventive ge-
nius , preparing exponta-
neously most curious ap-
paratus to be worked by
electricity. He has a bat-
tery of his own that works
with (MMumou kitcluMi salt.
Later on he was professor
at the National Ciymna-
sium. He entered after-
wards as student to the
Medical College, in I".KI-J he wrote a work with the title « Xorocs siic-
cintiis tic (Ihiin'uii I'hilosopliicnn which made a name for him. In l'.H»;>
he piiblislicd a new w ork on chcmislry w liich adopt t'd by nearly every
onc! (»f llie Uio pi-ofcssors. in luor) he took i)art in the Scientific Latin
American Coiigi-css where he pi'csented a iKttable (( impcr » on <( .1
Aliiiosplicr.i r:ivtfcH:t u presenting Iiiglily importaul piicnomciion.
Mis wojk was unanimously approved by llic Icaiiicil men present at
tiie meeting both foi'eign and natives. 'I'his nu'eting was heM in the
I'olyleehnical College nl ilio. lie was then but -J") yeai-s old. lie has
se\eral i ii \ eiil ions worlliy (»l note, wliieli lie lias not put in praeliec

Oi.ivKiHA i>i: Mknkzks

— 47 —

loi- luck of material elements as it is : a;? elcctro-multiplycv^n i-e}>-ul-
iitor of the incandescent lumps intensity, an electrical accumulator,
searched by the use oi" a metal not as yet exploited, and wliich accoi-d-
in<>' to his theories will be the ideal of modern electricians : small
weii;ht and volume, lari>(^ capacity. lie is now writing- a work on
physical science entitled « Xocoes succintas de Physica Elementar.

Eduardu Ci.audio

Eduardo Claudio. — He is another engi-
neer, born in Rio de Janeiro, to-day at the
head of tlie technical section of a tramway
company. He contributed towards the good
name of the Brazil of to-day, inventing a pro-
pelling aj)paratus destined to substitute the
helix of the steamers, just as Ihe helix sub-
stituted the wheels or paddles. The Brazilian
Admiralty inueli interested in the new pro-
peller, made strict experiments adapting it
to a port torpedo boat, the « Sabino ]'ieira »,
obtaining results that encouraged the order

to adapt it to a large ship which is now being done. All the technical
world accompanies wath an interest that can easily be imagined, the
trial proofs of the ingenious apparatus to which its in\entor gave
the name of Trochoidal Propeller, or simply Trochoide.

^__^ Dr. Eduardo Claudio is a

serious man , an investiga-
tor, and endowed with large
theoretical knowledge. His
invention is not a casual
discovery, but the result of
much thinking and untired
studies of several years ,
luckly crowned with good
results.

The construction of the
new propeller obeys to a new
theory absolutely opposed to
the theories of the lielix.

These theories claim that

the propelling action of the

helix is due to the reaction produced upon the water by the fore side

of the helix paddles, which would be equivalent to saying that the

trochoide ouglit not to work efficiently.

The « Ti'ucliuitle »

— 48 —

Xolw iilistamlinj; llic 'I'roclioidc not only proved its economical
siipcrioiit.v over the helix in experiments realized with a torpedo-
l)o:il in the hay of Rio, hut also proved that the vibrations tliat seem
unav()ida!)le in the ships of ^reat speed propelled hy helix have no
reason to exist, ami will ahsolutely disappear when propelled hy
the trochoide.

In si)ite of the imperf(H'tions of the first apparatus experimented,
comparing it with one of the best helixes, an economy was realized
of 30 "/,..

Tlie Brazilian Government has ordei'cd the construction of seve-
ral of these apparatus, in the IJio Navy Yard, to he used in the first
boats to he made which will be propelled by the trochoide, puttini;'
aside the helix wich does n()t come up to tlie same perfection. It is
the eternal work of the; indefinite progress.

ortlcrt
difical
lo Ihc

mcrch
many
iiiM-iit
(o the
W i
ill I lia

ToKQiATo rj.v>rAKAO. — .Vn elec-
tricist of renown, a native of Para,
has become quite i)r()minent with
his work on electrical oscillations,
ai)plied to the wireless telegraph
and to the direction of submarine
war torpedoes. For this torpedo —
submarine torpedo directed by tlic
hcrt/.ian electric waves — the Bra-
zilian Congress has voted a subsidy
of twenty contos for an apparatus
to be built .

This torpedo has in its favor the

approval of all the Board of (Migi-

neers of ilic War Dcpartnu'ut. that

declared officially, after studies

m1 hy the Si'cretary of war <( that the invention with slight mo

ions, indicated by the Hoard, could render (he highest services

defense of (he Hrazilian ports. »

l)erimenls made on boai-d the steamer k Ihihyn of the Brazilian
ant marines in r.KK), and others made in \W.'>, in Kio, ln'fcMc
experts, showed the i in poiManee of eleeti-ieist Laniaran'-
ion. I''or the last If. years M r. Lainai-ao has (le\ oled liiiiiseif
study of physics and eheinistr,\ .

til his apparatus, 1 ransmitler of hert /iaii w a\ es, t he in \ eiitoi'
i test pill in operation tlie watching tm-pedoes wliieli e\|)lo(le(l

'l'ur(|ii;il(j l.aiii.iiM

* —te-

as soon as tliey recoivod tho waves. AftiM-wards Ik^ mad*' four of them
explode siniultaneously by means of waves sent also simidtaneously.

The wireless telegraph, invented and built by him, it is a device
so arranged that assures safe and perfect work.

This ingenious inventor and electricist has still other instruments,
of great utility, invented by him, as the Snndngnipho, devoted to
register on a dial the soundings in navigated canals, and the Electric
\Varnci\ to denounce the presence of water in the hold of the ships.

His most important invention is the tor])edo ai)])aratus, examined
by military engineers, and, as has been mentioned above awarded a
l)rize by the Brazilian Congress. The press wrote extensively and
enthusastically about the success of the experiments made on the
l(3th. Jt^n-il in Rio where the advantages of his invention were plainly
seen.

PLKKIKA 1>L l.YRA

Pereira de Lyra. — Here is the name
of another Brazilian extremely fond of the
natural-physic sciences, a name that has
just won fame for the invention of a motor,
extremely ingenious. Dr. Antonio Alves
Pereira de Lyra was born in the ex-pro-
vince of Pernambuco. He became a i)hysi-
cian but kept on studying with the greatest
love and care pliysics and mechanics mak-
ing searches appliable to these sciences,
and in this work he is always patient and
clever.

He invented several apparatus and industrial devices, devoting to
this work all the spare moments of his clinical occupations and his
functions as a member of the Brazilian Congress where he represents
his native State. Xone of those inventions, it seems, will meet the
success which is apparently reserved for his Motor-Turbine, of a
system entirely new, wdiicli will substitute the steam, gas and water
engines in use to-day in the industrial establishments. In a compa-
rative experiment in which it was put side a side with the Cnrtia
turbine, it was shown that the new turbine is so superior that it does
not stand comparison, being besides much simpler and clieai)er.

Being unable to give here a complete description of this invention
we limit ourselves to transcribe from the Jornal do (Aunmercio, of
Rio de Janeiro, the following paragraph in which they referred to
this invention at the time granted a three year patent to the inventor.

« Entii-cly (lilTciviit from all the others by its shape and disposi- ^
tion <>r its ])a(ldles, the iww turbine may be made with one sin<;le
wheel, which is capable ol' rcduciiif^- its speed to the limit exacted by
l)racticc. It is a rctin-nablc engine, which, by the simple movement ol"
a cock, <;()cs inditTcicntly to the i-i<>ht or to the left, without any alte-
ration in its delivery. It avoids completely shocks and whirls,
because of tlie special disposition of the i)addles and the direction of
the throw. The admission is made by means ol" automatic valves,
moved by the steam itself, which maintain always the same pres-
sure, never mind what the charge and sj'stem of the engine may be.
In short, it is a simple a])paratus, light, economical, offering resis-
tance and able to substitute witli adxantagc the motors of its kind,
in a large number of ap])licati(ms. »

t ioni/c 1 1
II i>
currents
t imc a re
sci'i<'s of

OswALUo Fakia. — A\'c will now
mention a name \\ liicli w ill be often
re])eate(l in futui'e as everything*
now indicates. It belongs to the
youngest of inventoi's as he was
l)ut ].") or K) years old when he made
his a])i)earance before the scientific
world as an inventor. He was born
in Rio de Janeiro but is now in Pa-
I'is finishing his scientific studies.
TIk' i)ress of the whole world, and
niucli spcciallx tlic l-'rcuch one w rote
cxtiMisiN cly about his discovery.

Morales dc Los Ivios the well
known architect of Kio w rote t lius
about Oswaldo I^'aria the great in-
xcntor, our confrei'e :

II Oswaldo l''aria "s in\(Miti(U) is
really, if we arc to bciicNC tlu' ncws
that are reaching us, a most lu(d<y
discovery and is dcstiiu'd to revolu-
le electrical nicchaiiics, industi'y and econoinw
no nMU'c or less tiian a t ransftu-nici- of the altei'nalixc
into conlinnal ciii'rcnls. This I ransrorniei' is at the same
gulator of power, which permits, or rather, oi'iginales a
new appbeations for (lie ciccliic euirents.

().S»\A1.IMI I AlllA

— 51 —

It is the solution of the most sought of problem by electrical
experts.

Its author until now has reduced these new applications only to
seven, and among these are more prominent, the suppression of spe-
cial works and machinery to produce ozone, the suppression of spe-
cial apparatus and shops to charge the accumulators, the enormous
and most sought of advantage of becoming fix and steady the light
of the arc-light lamps, which, as it is known, has been from its
beginning till now very imperfect. I'hat fixidity of the electric light
produced by that lamp gives (o the vitascope views a firmness which
they never had until Oswaldo Faria "s invention appeared and par-
ties who were present at the experiments of the vitascope with
Faria's regulator, assure that the views are absolutely firm and that
the absence of that inconvenient trembling observed until then in
the reproduction of the views of the vitascopes, is complete. The
invention of the young Brazilian promises to regulate the power of
the light, either in the arc-light lamps, the incandescent one, what
offers the advantages of the ordinary lamps being able to furnish
light weaker or stronger, at will.

The same apparatus originates other important improvements.
We may say it is going to revolutionize in an extraordinary way
the electrical production under its varied forms of light and power. »

Through the intervention of His Excellency Barao do Rio
Branco, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Piza e Almeida, Brazilian
Minister to France, in Paris, gave the aid of his prestige to safe-
guard the interests of the young inventor, protecting his rights, and
to that effect had experiments made by experts of recognized com-
petency.

The repercussion of this discovery in the Euroj)ean scientific
world was such, that the French government wanted to offer the
young inventor the graduation diploma of one of its Academies.

Dr. Vidal Brazil. — This inventor has followed quite a diffe-
rent kind of investigations from the others above mentioned. His
name is connected with one of the most precious discoveries of the
medical science and most important to the life of the rural population
specially those who work in the field or in the woods.

He has discovered the antidote against the ophidic poison. Some
time ago, another Brazilian, Dr. Lacerda, discovered a preparation
having as basis permanganate of potassium, which was a most use-
ful remedy when applied in time for the bites of certain ophidions.

Dr. Vidal who is at present the director ol" tlie Insiitnlo Scrum-
th('rui>i((>,oi S.Paulo, gave the last word applying the scriimlhcnipy
to the cure of snake bites, and in Brazil there is a large number of
mighty poisonous ones. Dr. Vidal had to make experimental studies
most accurate and rigorous during several years.

In all the medical centres, investiga-
tions of this kind have progressed but
little, to be precise, have note advanced
any.

The same is not the case in Brazil. In
this country there are many kinds of sna-
kes, some most poisonous ones and quite
^^^ ( i^ a number of men fall victims to them as

^^^^^^^MH^i^^Hfej^ well as do domestic animals several

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B To

^j^^^^^JN^HyP^^ had resisted to the efforts of physicians

^^^^^ and quacks, Dr. A^idal Brazil has disco-

^ii'^i i:i.v/ii vered that remedy with .ser»/7}s prepared

by him of three different kinds : the anti-

(•rotiilic, against the bite of rattle-snake, the anti-bothroi)ic, against

the bite of the jnrarma-^nako, and the anti-o])]iidic, fornu'd by the

jiiixtiii'c of these two against the l)ite of the other kinds of suaki's.

'i'liis way Dr. Mdal put well in evidence the name of Brazil in the
medical world, and giving credit to the institution he is director of
in Sao I^aulo.

Aiiotlier Hrazilian invention, though not of great seientifie value
as the preceding ones, is the inniohihic scul, inxcnted hy an eni-
l)loyee of the I'ost Office, Mr. Marcpiesde Souza, eliarged with the
l)raneli of the Post Office in the l-'ederal Congress Building.

Il consists in a kind of a holt or lock nnuh' of cai'd and h'ad and
in which al'lcr closing nuiil bags, enveloix's or an\ other postal
j)ackage, \)\ nu'ans of an ingenious ap])aratns couhl Ite piinted any
signals, dales, niimhers, anything wished.

I he si ni pi icily of I lie invent ion can only l)c com pa red with iis prac-
tical use and [efficiency for the work, as il is i»ro\ing its real value
in the post offices of the c(.iinlr.\ . Soon after il was patented, il was
:'"'"l''''"l ''.\ 111'- I'osI olTicc adniinislralion aii.l il can he seen that
before lung the //in/o/.;/./r Nc,// iiivciilcd hy Mr. Martpn-s de Souza
will make disajipcar frMm ;,1| H,,. |„,sl offices, llie use of wax. inuci-

— r,:{ —

hig'cd seals iind nil the other ))riMiitiv(' pi'occ^sscs used until now to
assure the inviolability of the mails.

Besides this seal and an original mail bag' to eariy tlie mails from
l)ort to ])ort, Mr. Marques de Souza invented sevei-al otlier devices
among- which is the Brazilian Grenach', a war ])rojeetile, snl)mitted
not long- ago to the appreciation of the Major-State of the army, and
the characteristic of which consists in that, much to the contrary of
what happens with all the other projectiles used, it is open, that is,
it has a longitudinal opening ramified with three lines running in the
direction of the drilled rays of the inside barrel of the gun. The air
introduced in these openings when the projectile is in motion it
escapes, impressing greater velocity to it and more penetrating
energy.

Should we have time and space we could give a long series of
inventions, discoveries, scientific applications, etc., of our days, all,
the work of Brazilians, but the list would be rather long. We would
have to speak of :

Freire de Aguiar. — New process of manufacturing extracts of
hull.

Angelo Borges. — Rotative motor engine.

Marao Ferreira. — New^ flat-irons.

R. de Carvalho. — New process of metal stencil work.

Antonio Salles Ferreira. — Improved coffee-pot.

Bemvindo a. Brandao, of Rio. — Hydrometre.

Francisco Gon^alves Ribeiro, of Sao Paulo. — Improved coffee
sheller.

Bernardo Cagmari, of Rio. — Paste board made of peri-peri
fibre.

D'" Francisco Cintra, of Sao Paulo. — Apparatus for trigonome-
tric calculations.

Jose Vincente Marella, of Rio. — Acetylene gasometre.

OcTAVio Teixeira Mendes, of Sao Paulo. — Cooler by compres-
sed air.

AuGUSTO Barbosa da SiLVA, of Miiias Geraes. — New process
for the manufacture of pig iron, steel and an electric oven for that
purpose.

JoAO FiGUEiREDO RocHA, of Rio. — Meclianic-cxplaining map
for the study of geograi^hy.

J. A. DA SiLVA GouvEiA, of Rio. — New style flat-iron.

A. Costa Sampaio, of Rio. — Oiler to prevent rust.

IsiDORO J. Machado Lapa, of Rio. — Acetylene apparatus for
light-houses.

- 5i —

Antomo F. dk Cak\ ai.ho, <»t' Rio. — Disinl'(H'tin<; inachim* lor
barbers inslniiiiciits.

Caklos M. 1)K Lackkda, of Rio Grande do Sul. — New jjrocess
to jjrepare dry salted beef making- it iin<diangeable.

DiAs Die Olivkiua, of Haliia. — Ai)paratus to lift heavy weights
from the bottom of the sea.

JoAo T. Vascoxckllos, of Rio. — New night lam])s named
(( lirazileiras ».

Maximo P. de Cakvaliio, of Minas. — Hoi-se-shoe nails, named
a Brazil ».

Miguel A. Buino, of Rio. — Original drink with therapeutic
ai)plieation.

Antonio F. V. da Fonseca, of Rio. — Ingenious deviec called :
« Automatic Fisber ».

Jose Kmilio Reiciiardt, of Rio Grande do Sul. — Apparatus to
cut clotbing- named « Adjusting Ray ».

Kdiardo J. S. Proen^a, of Rio. — Fishing apparatus.

JoAQiiM Leocadio Freire, of Siio Paulo. — New system to pro-
duce sugar, by means of the air and heat.

AuGLSTo C. S. Telles, of Sao Paulo. — Utilisation of the resi-
due of araminc to manufacture paper, etc.

Kdiardo Gomes Ferreira, of Rio. — Improvement in cotton
weaving, linen, etc.

Manoel Antomo Guimaraes, of Rio. — New carriage models.

Arthur O. F. R angel, of Rio. — Photographs by a new process
called (( celluloidinos » and an Electric Drill.

Luiz 1"'reike de A(;uiar, of Rio. — Sanitary apparatus named
« Simplex ».

Kduardo Gomes Ferreir.v, of Rio. — Improved weaver's shuttle.

Andre Framu, of Rio. — Substance and process to tan skins,
named <( Frama preparation ».

Oscar Si»aldin(;, of Rio (Jrandc do Sul. — Machine to scrai)e
Mitiulioat. (A Rrazilian plant out of which flour is made).

.loAo N'asc^uks, of Rio. — A very curious lamp named « Progress. »

(Jermano !•;. \'ii)\i, , of Rio. — Industrial advertisements by
means of slercoptii-an views.

Manoki. (ioMEs, of Rio. — Incandescent alcohol street lamps.

Oari.os Sii.VA. - Oi-iginal stove.

Rail HA !•'. Iviioiko, of Rio. — Station indicator for i-ailway
service.

Pedro A. |{or(;es, of S;h. I'aiilo. Aiil kilici' machine.

Pedro J*ekegrino, ol" Rio. — An ai)i)aratiis uuukhI « Flexcmoto »,
to neutralize the shaking- of cai'i-iaf^cs.

B. F. Costa k Sousa, of Uio. — A process to cool tlie air suddenly.

Affonso C. Seabra, of Rio. — A motor turbin(\

Dr. Francisco Mourao, of Minas Geraes. — Ai)i)li('ation of man-
ganese and its compounds to a ceramic paste.

Bento M. Sa, of Rio. — Machines to clean knives and forks.

Arthur D. Lagerde, of Rio. — Process for cloth to become im-
permeable.

Bernardino A. Soares, of Rio. — iVIotor by means of c<)mi)ressed
air.

Affonso DOS Reis, of Evio. — Machines for wall paper manufac-
turing.

F'ernando Xavier da Silveira, of Minas Geraes. — Brick mak-
ing machine.

JoAQUiM LouRENgo RiBEiRO, of Parana. — Hj^draulic automatic
motor.

Antonio Ayres Ferreira, of Rio. — Traction machine.

Dr. Joaquim Leocadio Freire, of Sao Paulo. — Improved dis-
tiller.

JoAO XoGUEiRA Malheiros, of Rio. — Xcw maritime vehicle,
named « Velo-helice ».

Dr. Francisco Alves de Lima, of Rio. — Air pump, for land
and sea.

And an endless number of others, which proves the inventive
energy and capacity of the present generation.

It would require two large volumes to describe, even in a con-
cise form these discoveries and inventions. By what we have writ-
ten, by what we presented in the above lines, we can affirm that the
time is gone when the dense forests, the indians, the missionaries
and the slaves were the essential subjects of the Brazilian social
scenery, the common reference places for the European traveller to
write about Brazil as a large lot of tame savages.

Now, let us have a look at Brazilian investigators, scientists,
thought workers, etc.

Among the Brazilian men of science the following names occupy
pre-eminent places :

Barbosa Rodrigues. — Is the name of the learned director of the
Botanical Garden, author of several important photographic mono-

graphics, a work in two volumes (c Miiiriikytnn unci the Symbolic
idols », iind numy other \vorks, the most noted of whieli being- a cle-
ver treatise on palm-trees, entitled a Palmeiras do Brazil », a work
for the publication of which the Brazilian Congress voted an appro-
priation of -JdOiOOOSOUU or aboul seventy thousand dollars.

Dr. A. J. Ferreira da Silva, pro-
fessor of the Polytechnical Academy
of Oporto, Portugal , writing about
this Brazilian scientist, who devotes
all his spare moments to botanical
and ethnological studies stated : «Make
a great mistake those who are thinking
that Brazil is indifferent to the civili-
sing progress of the world, characte-
rised by the development of sciences.
An impulse of no small importance
lias been given, and we can even as-
sure that it will be one of great future
1;- s possibilities, if the Brazilian Govern-

ment does its duty.
Joiio Bai'bosa Rodrigues represents one of the most valiant
im])ellcrs of that movement of sci(^ntific emancipation in Brazil. His
magniriccnl botanical stu(li(^s, especially about parnsHes iiud ])uliii-
/rccs give him one of the most distinguished places among the bota-
nists and his ethnological studies have thrown light on many i)ro-
blcms concerning the i-aces of the American continent )>.

liarbosa Ilodrigiics is the ty])e of a true fi'iend of science : he
nev»;r devoted himself to nor allowed himself to be attracted by any
other thing but scientific researches. In 1S71 he enteri'd the Amazon
valley to study tlic forest, lie lived tlicrc for years. He then founded
the Bonatical Museum of Manaos, and from there he was invited by
the Fcdci-al ( JoNci-nment in 1800, to take charge of the Botanical
Garden <>f Kio dc Janeiro, whei'c he introduced thousands of new
l)lants, classifying every one he found there. Twice European men
of science perix'tuated his name in botany, as a recognizance of his
scientific work : they classified a genus of the palm-tree family
" liuihosit I) and a genus of parasiti's »* Rodri^uczivlla ». Besides
these lliere arc some ten other siH'cies devoted to him bearing the
name of I lie wise Bi'azilian. He has gotu' over every bit of the
Hra/ilian (eri-ilory in his sciciil ific excursions.

In IS.SI-IS.S.") he pacified 1 he 1 ndian I li be of I he /•."/•/(7).</;.-i.s, that
he nii-l wilh and was highly jnaised liy llie i>ia/.ilian jn-ess.

— 57 —

His work on parasites was lii<;lily appreciated \)y Eiii'opeaii sei(Mi-
tists. Ill tlie luteriiatioiial Botanical Con<;i-ess, lield on the
9tli, Septeniber 1892, where the ceh'brated professor Cogueaux sent
a great number of drawings from Earbosa Rodrigues manuscript a
hotter was read in whicli the well known ])rofessor had written :

« It was then that , at //jy jwrsistcnl nujuesls, Mr. Barbosa Ro-
drigues, i)romised me all his collection, consisting of nearly nine
hundred colored drawings. )j

And the letter ends thus :

(( Some of these drawings that I took, at hazard, will permit to
appreciate the artistic talent with which those drawings were made,
and above all, the great care with which the minutest details of the
analytical drawings of this i-ich and i)recious series were represented.

Closing these lines a comparison im])oses itself before my mind,
between the behaviour of the two old competitors to the editing of the
parasites monography for the « Flora Brasiliensis »; a (Reichembach
son) revenged himself for having been set aside, ordering, by his
death, that his important collections should be closed during 25 years,
so that they could not be utilised in the editing of the wairk; another
one (Barbosa Rodrigues), though he could not have been selected
because of the position in which he was placed , he wanted however
to render services to science and permitted me to utilise the best way
I could the fruit of his active researches during many years. I believe
that this latter botanical scientist will thank his abnegation, and from
my part I take advantage of this opportunity to publicly present my
most profound gratitude. »

He has also some works of gi'eat value on experimental physio-
logy. His study on the curare was the most interesting that has been
done in Brazil. A monogi'aphy on « Fecundacrio vegetal » is equall}^
one of the most noted works on experimental physiology in Brazil.

Often have researches made by Dr. Barbosa Rodrigues appeared
in Europe attributed to other learned men, as it happened with pro-
fessor Aberdeen, J. W. Trail, to whom Barbosa Rodrigues had to
write revindicating the right of priority in the classification of certain
vegetable specimens, as well as wdth professor Drude, later on, w^hen
he wrote about palm-trees in the « Flora Brasiliensis »,

Barbosa Rodrigues has wi'itten many other monographies ,
pamphlets and books on archeology, ethnography, and several other
subjects. Here is a list of these works, though incomplete, sufficient
to give to the reader an idea of the productive energy of this learned
Brazilian :

Iconog-raphie des erchidees du Bresil, 1869-1882; La vallee des

— 5a —

Ainnzoncs. 1X7-J-1875; Scrluiii Pulinaruin ; lSl-2-\8\n ; Kmuncratio
piilnuiiiiin novurum (juhs onllc /luiuinis Amazonum invcntas et ad
Scrtiiiu Palniariiin collcrlas, dcscripsit ct iconibus illustravit, 1875;
Idolo aiiia-oiiico , achado no Rio Aniazonas , 1875; Explora(;a() c
cstiido do oallc do Ainazoiias : rio Capim. Relatorio, etc., 1875;
Explorarao c cstiido do ualle do Amazoiias. Rio Tapajos, 1875;
Explora^ao c cstiido do vallc do Amazonas : rio Trombctas. Rela-
torio, 1875; Exploragad do rio J amunda. 'Relsitorio , 1875; Explo-
rai^ao dos rios Uriibii e Jatapu, 1875; Antig'uidades do Aniazonas,
1870-1880; Monostychosepalum, }>-en. nob., (Rev. de Ilori.), 1877;
Genera et species orchidearum (juas collcgit, dcscripsit et inconibus
illustravit, 1 vol., 1811 ; Estudos sobrc a ii-ritabilidadc dc uma I)ro-
scra, 1878; Protesto appcndicc ao a Eniiincratio palniariui} nova-
rum », 1870; Palnieiras do Amazonas. Distribui(^-ao g-eograpliica,
1879; Attalea oleifera, palmcira nova dcscripta c dcsenhada, \88\ :
O canto e a dansa selvicola, 1881 ; Lendas, cren(^-as e siipersticocs.

1881 ; Elora da Scrra do Lcnheiro, 1881; Resiiltado Botanico de uma
breve excursao a S. Joao d'El-Rey, 1881; Species orchidearum nova-
rum, ISSl ; Xolas a Liiccok sobre a Elora e a Eaiina do Brazil, 1882;
() Muirakytan, precioso coevo do homcm anti-columbiano, 1882; Les
palmiers, observations sur la monographic de cette famillc dans la
a Elora Brasiliensis », 1882 ; Catalogo dos objectos expostos na Expo-
sigao Anthropologica, 1882; Tetrastylis, gen. nob. das Passifiorea-
ceas, 1882 ; Genera et si)ecies orchidearum novarum quas collegnt,
descripsit et iconibus illustravit, TI vol., 1882 ; Diversos artigos na
Revisla A nthropologica, 1882; Orchidav Rodeienses et alteras inedito',

1882 ; Structure des Orchidees, Xotes d'line etude, 1883 ; Escmbechia
fasciculafa, (jrumary, 188;> ; 0 Muirakytan ou aliby (Revisla Ama-
zonica), 1881 ; Esterhazia superba. Espccie nova da familia das sci'o-
j}hulariaceas, 1885 ; Rio Jauapery. Paci/icai^ao dos (Jrichanas, 1885 ;
Catalogo de productos do Amazonas, 188(5 ; .1 necropole de Mirakan-
gucra (Mxtr. da Velloisa), 1887; () Tamakuare, especies novas da
ordem das I'ernstro'miaceas, 1887 ; Vellosia, 1' od., 1887 ; Ecloga'
plantarum novarum tjuas descripsit, 1887 ; Palma' Amazonenscs
nova-. 1SS7 ; Viagcns ;'is Pedras Vcrdes, ISSS ; .1 lingua g-eral e o
Guuntiiy. Annotai^des ao alphabcto indigcna, 1SS8 ; () Muirakytan c
o Jurupari, 188».» ; Les reptiles fossiles dc I'Amazone (Kxtr. da \'ello-
sia '. iSS'.t ; lU'cudn dc Slrychnos novos (Kxlr. da \'cllosia - 1S8'.I ; />/-
gn:ini;i(c<r novo- ( l-lxh". da \'cllosia}, 18S«t : Noras dc luzcr, uoi-.xs,
18.S'.»; Poraniluba Amazoiwnse (Publ. da Hil)l. Nar. ). IS'JO; Os idolos
syudu>tici)s c o Muirnkyhui, 1S«.I1 ; Plantas, novas cullivadas no Jar-
dim lloliinuo, 1 vol., I.S'.M ; Vellosia.!' cd., IS'.U ; Vocabulario indigc-

— 59 —

na coinparado { Publ. da l>il)l. Xac. ), 18'.)^ ; Plunias noviis ciillivadas
no Jardini Botaiiicu, 11 vol., 181)3; Plantas nouas cultiuadas no
Janlini Botanico, III vol. 1893; Vocabnlario com a ovlo^raphia
corncia, 181)3 ; Plantas novas cultiuadas no Jardini Bolaniro,
IV vol., 181)1 ; Ilorins I'lnniincnsis, 181)1; Planlas nonas cultioadafi
no Jardiin Botanico, V vol., 189(3 ; PaUnae Matto<>rosscnse nouoi,
1807 ; Plant a' Matto<>resscnsc novai. O Muirakytan c as idolos
synd)olicos (2 vols.), 181)1) ; Tratado das Palmeiras do Brazil, 11)03.

Barao de Capanenia

Barao de Capanema. — Is without
a doubt one of the most uotcd Brazi-
lian intellectual men. He was born in
Rio de Janeiro.

His life is a continual series of ser-
vices rendered to his country, and it
suffices to point out among them the
one of having introduced in the South
American continent the electrical te-
legi-a])h service which were under his
direction for nearly 20 years. He star-
ted his public career as a professor of
physics in Rio de Janeii-o. A little
before the Paraguayan war, he was one of those charged with the
study of improvements to be ado])ted in the Brazilian ai-my, by order
of the Imperial Government. By that time the Estrella powder
factory in Rio de Janeiro had been destroyed by fire and he was
charged with re-establishing it. While in that commission he intro-
duced some novelties, completely ignored in South America one of
them being the Tourneiron turbine, that he himself had built in the
Rio Navy Yard. He invented and installed in the factory an appa-
ratus to carbonise wood by means of over-heated watei- steam. The
pulverisation of tlie powder elements was also obtained by him by
means of an ingenious apparatus also of his own invention, a very
simple one but which substituted with advantage the old crushing
primitive process ado^^ted in the factory. By his own initiative
were introduced in the Brazilian army the breech loading rifles,
the first ones that were sent to South America.

He also invented some sky-rockets to be used in time of war, and
which were used in the Paraguayan war with the best results. Those
sky-rockets were of cylindrical shape and contained explosives.
But Barao de Capanema did not devote his deep genius to war

— «0 —

appliances only. Some years a^o he eonccived a eheniical eompound
forthe exlini-tion ol' tlie .S'.'u/i;a.s a species of ant which has been a true
plaj-ije to Brazilian agriculturists. He gave it the name of « Foiinicidii
Cupiuicmay. An enormous factory estal)lished in Governor's island
in Rio hay furnished for many years tons and tons of that ant -killer
to the farmers of the country. In 1803 during the Floriano revolution
this factory was destroyed during one of the military engagements
and with the factory also disappeared several most rich conchiologic,
geologic and mineralogic and industrial chemistry collections which
represented the result of 38 years of researches made by the learned
Brazilian.

He made the plans and began the construction of the Rio Custom
House Storage houses. He reorganised the Ipanemairon factory. He
initiated an itinerary maj) of Brazil which could not be finished
because of the Government having denied the needed funds to do it
with. He was the founder of the Polyteclniical Institute that lias ren-
dered such good services to the country.

As a member of the international committee for the establishment
of a universal standard he was the introducer of the metric system
in Brazil.

The first paper factory established in Brazil was founded by him
40 years ago taking advantage of a water fall near Petropolis.

He spent several years going through the province of Ceara to
make some geological studies. He indicated there the existence of
coal and iron mines. In the mountain chain known as Carisis lie
found the formation of cretacea. In a place known as Crato, he dug
up and classified some fossils finding one belonging to the Jurassic
formation.

Later on he directed a committee charged with the deiuarcalion
of the boundary lines that separate Brazil from the Argentine Repu-
blic as well as he represented the progress of natural sciences in
Brazil in different Congresses and Conferences held in European
capitals.

In the medical and natural sciences lira/.il has a huig list of nota-
bilities, many known abroad but (he limited space of (his hook
comi)cls ns to cite only a few mos( pi'omincnt. There* is no doulM
that (lie first place belongs to Dr. Clmpoi-IM-cvosl , i)i-ofessor of (lie
IJit) Medical ( 'ullege. 'I'o give an aecounl of his successful chirurgii'al
operations wliicli ujeant life and deadi to (he operated would fill i)a-
gCH and pages of (his hook. It suffices (o mendon (hat as audacious

— 61 —

as skilful operation made on the thoroxipliopag sisters, Maria and
Hosalina, separatinig tlicni. This operation was cause of gi'cat won-
der to the scientists all over the world. Dr. Chajiot is about to
perform an identical operation on two little thoroxipliopag girls
which have just arrived from Ceara at the translating' of this book.

Other prominent medical men are Barao Pedro Affonso ; Dr. Paes
Leme; Dr. Baptista Lacerda; Dr. Pizarro; Dr. Oswaldo Cruz, the
great bactereologist and energetic Director of the Board of Health
and Dr. Pereira Barreto the wise propagandist in Sao Paulo.

Dr. Baptista Lacerda.
— "SVe must write some bio-
graphical notes about this
learned Brazilian very much
spoken of in the scientific
world of late years for his
studies and researches, ha-
ving discovered among other
things the anti-ophidic ac-
tion of the permanganate of
potassium.

He was born on the 12th.
July 1846 in the city of Cam-
pos, province of Rio de Ja-
neiro.

His father, who is now
dead , worked for many
years as a physician in that
city having acquired a good
name both for his skill and
charitable disposition.

In 1864 Dr. Baptista La-
cerda graduated in letters
and sciences after a brilliant course in the Collegio Pedro II. In
1870 he graduated in the Rio Medical College and in 1876 was
appointed vice-director of the zoological section of the National
Museum and later on was for several years its director.

In 1881 with the collaboration of L. Conty founded the physiology
laboratory of the National Museum the first institution of its kind
then in Brazil.

Baptista Lacerda

— «2

He piihlislKMl scvcriil works ol' valiu" about authroi)olo;;y, pliy-
siology and iiii('rol)iol()<;y.

In the same ,\ cai' 1S81 lie discovered the antidotisin of i)ernianga-
nate of potassium for tlic juiison of the ophidioii. Tliis discovery
j>av(' liiiii a ^dod name not onl>- in l^ia/.il but in foreij^n countries.
The Imix'i'ia! Government condecorated him with tlie title of Coin-
niendndor <lu Rosa, and lie received a prize voted by the Parliament
as a compensation for his liumanitai'ian discovery.

During two years he was pi-esident of th(^ Medical National Aca-
demy and in 1895 was a])pointe(l director of the National Mu-
seum.

He was charged with several scientific committees, in Brazil and
abroad, and several times he was honored w ith the nomination of
vice-president of foreign congresses.

He is coi-rcsponding-member of many scientific associations both
national and foreign.

He wrote several pajxM's on the yellow fcvi-r, hcri-hcri mid syinpto-
iinilic carhiinclcs in Minas Geraes, I lie ciirurc, on some Brazilian
toxic and medicinal i)lants. Ueforming the National Museum he
reconstituted there the Biology Lal)oratory the direction of \^hich
h(^ took chai'ge regardless of any comi)i'nsati()n.

He is one of the Brazilian men of science most known abroad.

Aliout tlic Icaincd man Pkiumra Hak-
UKTo, that we mentioned above, it would
not be exaggeration to say : there is one
of the giants of the thought in South Anu'-
I'ica. This noted physician was born in the
old province of Kio dc .laneiro , but after
graduating in medicine in Hi-iissels , esla-
l)lislic(l his I'csidciicc in Sao I*aul(t contri-
l)Uting as few have towai-ds tlic moral and
material progress of (hat state and the
country. He is an earnest and active e\pe-
rinientalist of iiidiisti'iai and agiaeult urist
biology.

He is llie aiitlioi- of tliat tlu'oi-\- that the epidemic lexers of some
loealilies of Sao I'aido are due to tlic eon>|>ureat ion of tlie slieets n{
water, lheor\ originated after t lie most waiinly debated coni ro\ ei-
sics, the series of nicasui'cs taken for the improxing of the sanitarx
(•(Uidilions of those places, the dry ing of t he soil, hax ing t hus Sao

IM lu lu V liAiiiii 1 10

— 63 —

Paulo improved and transformed the majority of its cities in the
hist 15 years.

Another lai'ge part of the good work of that man of science was
the campaign of rehabilitation of the weak soil , in Sao Paulo. I£e
resolved then sevei-al ])rol)lems of public economy, the ])o})ulating of
several districts and the multiplicity of culture. The latter because
of the State farmers devoting- themselves to the cultivation of coffee
exclusively. The large agricultural establishment he founded as an
experimental demonstration of his ])ropaganda, it is to-day a good
school for all those of that region who devote themselves to such
questions.

Dr. Luiz Pereira Barreto maintains an earnest })ropaganda for
the introduction of the vines in Brazil. His farm in Piritul)a near
Sao Paulo is transfoi-med in a large demonstration field where the
precepts of the scientific cultivation, preached by the propagandist,
in successive works, have their best illustration and the most
eloquent in thousand kinds of vines, coming from all over the world,
and there they are acclimatized and blooming.

He is also a philosopher.

Sociology and i)hilosopliical critic take up the balance of his
spare time, after attending to his medical work, the agriculture and
journalism.

Among his books and articles published in the Belgium , French
and Brazilian jjapers has acquired a just reputation his book (c The
theory of the three States », which provoked endless and aninuxted
discussions and is a vigorous book of philosophical critic.

But we can't delay any longer with this chapter. We must go
ahead! There is a good dealto be written.

Dr. Lauro Severiano Miiller (Secretary of Industry and Public
Works). He is the youngest of all the members of the Government.
Was born in the province of Santa Catharina in 1864. He is a man
of su])erior mind, has a strong will power, is calm, i)ersistent and
determined. He soon took a prominent place among the politicians
of note, though he does not resemble them at all, detesting as he
does politics.

We maj^ say of Dr. Lauro Miiller what H. Taine said of one of
his fellow-citizens : he prepared himself for politics through sciences
and morals. He is an enemy of all this : quarrels, conspiracies, dis-
putes and little subtilities, that constitute as a rule the profile of
politicians by profession, here in South America, Dr. Miiller never

— f>4

wanted t(. un.l.Mstan.l tluit the object of the preoccupations of a
pul.lic man Nvcre lin.ite<l l>y eternal <iaarrels of the political parties
and elec-ti<nis disputes. His military education, - he is a major
belonging- to a military enoineers c()nii)any - his scientific instruc-
tion, explain fully well the reason why he places before the cogita-
tions of the party, before the unending- inana'uvres of internal poli-

l.Aimo Si \ I lUAMi Mm 1 1 it

tics, a pcrsislcul care and he iicxcr gels lii-cd of looking allcr tli(>
matci-ial i)r()gr('ss so miicli needed l>y lliis as well as all the other
count rics of Latin Aineriea.

Due lo this pai-tieiilar eliarai-leiisi ie lie has lieen eleeled in spite

— 65 —

of political differences by all politieal i)ai-ties of his native State in-
distinctly. He has represented his State both as a Congressman
and a Senator and was nominated candidate and elected governor.

It was while he was (Governor of his State that Dr. Rodrigues
Alves invited him to assist him in fiiirilliiig tlie programme of woi'k
and material i)rogress that he had promised to the nation.

]\ragnificent selection it was. For a long time Brazil has not had
a man like Dr. Mliller and he will be replaced with difficulty should
he not be invited to continue to serve with the new president as it is
rumoured.

Dr. Miiller is not only a man of good judgment and pi-ogressive
ideas, but he is a hard worker, energetic and the work of his de-
partment is going on under such an active management that many
call him Yankee. He visited several points of the country, he opened
new railroads, he called meetings of scientific Congresses to examine
de visa questions of importance in charge of liis department and
last but not least he opened the Central Avenue, Bay-side-drives,
contracted the harbour works, called experts from the United States
to study the future possibilities of the coal mines regions and others.

It is to Lauro Miiller jjrincipally that Brazil owes the starting-
stream of investing capital inclined to come from the United States
to Brazil for the benefit of both, the capitalist who will multiply his
capital and Brazil that will develop its industries. Dr. Miiller is a
hard worker and he supervises and investigates personally every-
thing of interest running through his department.

Though every one of the Secretaries of the Government have
been attentive to the work of their departments, Dr Miiller has been
particularly so. He does not confine himself to go to liis office, give
orders and sign papers. He inspects railroads, examines mines,
studies agriculture problems and is a tireless worker.

Another characteristic of Dr. Muller's moral profile is the little
importance he attaches to what the papers say about him, either in
his favor or against him. And was a newspaper man himself one
day. He is a clever orator ; we often heard him speaking in Con-
gress. He despises theatrical effect in his speech. He is discreet and
the delivery of his speech is slow and calm. He is, however fond of
a little humorism which is the basis of a good practical sense. He
was always listened to with considerable attention.

As a Secretary he has been more a man of action than a man of
words. When he took charge of his office instead of looking for his
political friends and political bosses, he went to the technical centre
of engineers and scientists where he had occasion to declare that

— fi« —

« in (he <><>iu'rnin(-nl he mould ninkc ('ii<^inc('rin^- irork n and this
phrase became celebrated and %vith some reason because there were
quite a number of civil engineers struggling for lack of work and the
material progress that Dr. Midler has developped during his term
of office brought work to the majority if not all of them.

Secretary Miiller has done during the four j^ears of his admi-
nistration 1002 to 1900 everything that could be expected from a
good administrator of public affairs and a clever and wise man that
he is. When he took charge of his Department he found the railway
system almost paralyzed all through Brazil. lie went to work and
not only gave new life to the lines in operation but created new
ones. He built some 14 to 17.500 kilometres of new roads and there
are contracts signed for the building of 5.000 more kilometres.

But it was not only in this line that he developped his activity.
He also looked after the mining districts. He contracted from the
United States, Mr. J. C A\'hite, a mining engineer who made two
ti'ips to Brazil for mining studies, S2)ecially the coal industry. Thus
Secretary Miiller has promoted the industrial exploitation of the
coal mines so rich and yet so abandoned in Brazil. He also reorgan-
ised the Xew Brazilian Lloyd Steamship Company which was
going to pieces. Xow that company is in the hands of the firm
M. Buanpie & Co. The head of that firm Dr. Manoel Buartpie de
Macedo is one of the most clever of the Brazilian captains of indus-
try and now the Jjloyd is becoming a modern and powerful enter-
prize devoted to the coastwise service and international navigation
undci- tJK! Brazilian flag.

Secretary Miiller also contracted the Rio Grande bar improve-
ments, a problem which has been waiting for centuries to be solved.
He also sohcd the other no less difficult problem of the internal
communications whitli Matto Grosso, by means of a 1.200 kilometrts
railway. He promoted yet the great achievements of the Harbor
Works of Rio de .Jaiuuro, Bahia, Kio (irantle, Nit-toria, Kecife,
I*ai-:i, l<'loi-iau()polis and Laguna. lie put an end to that ciulless
coiiiplaint of unsurficiciu'y of water supply in Uio de .laneiro,
tliiough canalisations from far away i-ivcrs. He soUed yet llu'i)i()l)-
Iriii ol tlic supply of clcclric light and power for the iudustrics aiul
city illumination, lie ordered tlic const luct ion olaiMisian wt'lls and
penetration roads, a system of i)ul)lic works to i)ievent famine in
tljo States that lack ii-rigation duiing the dry season, lie increased
the federal Iclcgrapli lines uiorc than l.ixio kilometics. lie prouiolol
the first industrial census ever taken in this republic and got
intcroHtod in ev«'rything that contribul(^d towards makinji- Bi-a/.il

— 67 —

better known abroad. It is not necessary to write here the good
results obtained there from. It suffices to mention the St, Louis
Exposition where Brazil presented a beautiful exhibit. The country
owes to Secretary Miiller the important improvements Rio de Janeiro
is undei'going as the destruction of some of the hills, the prolonga-
tion of the Mangue Canal with its two avenues, a pernument
Museum, the Central avenue, the uniformisation of the width of the
Central Eailway of Brazil tracks and many other improvements.

Paulo de Frontix

Paulo de Froxtin. — Andre-Gustavo-Paulo de Frontin was
born in Rio de Janeiro in 1800. He was but 19 years old when he

— 68 —

graduated as a geographic engineer from the Rio I'olyteohnical Col-
lege. One year afterwards lie was a professor of that same college.
Later on he graduated as a Bachelor of Mathematics and Physical
Sciences and Civil Engineering. In 1882 he obtained by competitive
examination, which he passed with high distinction, the place of steam
machinery iji-ofcssor at the Polyteclmical College. He was teaching
at the same time philosophy at the Pedi-o II High School and me-
chanics and astronomy at the National Gymnasium. He has i-ealizeil
some most notable pieces of engineering work, railroads, water
works, etc. Among this we must mention the Gold mines of Assu-
rua, in Bahia, lU kilometres canalisation; the bringing down to Rio
the waters of the Xerem and Mantiqueira rivers, for the capital
water supply, work that made him a celebrated man; the Melhom-
mcntos of linizil vaWw'ixy 150 kilometres that he studied, projected
and built all alone in .5 year; the project of the port and docks of
Ivio; the plan of modifications for the improvement of the sanitary
conditions of Rio, opening avenues and throwing down hills, and

many other works of im-
portance. The opening of
Avenida Central in Rio
which was executed in 'J','
months perpetuated his
name. He is a man of rare
intelligence and phenomc
nal capacity for work and
is , without a doubt tlu'
ablest engineer of South
America.

I'llANCISIO ItliAIIKI
IH'iin ( 'fill l';ll ( 'olicuc 1 11

Francisco Buwlho.
He is one of the most uo
(able civil engineers. lie

was boi-n on tlic IS tli.
.Iiil\ , IS 17 in S. .loaod'Kl-
Kcy, in the State of Mi-
nas. lie gradnalcd in IST I
as a liachclor in Mathc-
Miatii'sand I'liysical scien
CCS, and Civil iMiginecr
ing from the Kio de .la-
S7:; he was a])])ointed chiel' cnginiMM- of

— «9 —

the Mucahc and Campos Canal. In 1874 he was appointed chief of
the traction department of the Pedro 11 Railway. After that he has
filled the positions of engineer of the Eaturite railway, first
engineer of the celebrated contractor Gabrielli, engineer of the
Pedro II railway prolongation, director of the new water supply
works in Rio, engineer of the central railway of Brazil, director of
the hydraulic section of the Public Works department, engineer in
charge of the project for the construction of a Custom House in Juiz
de Fora and director of the public works of the municipality at the
same time, and afterwards held the same position in Rello Hori-
zonte, where to they moved the State of Minas capital. Xow he is
directing the Mangue canal works which is a complement to the
Harbor works of Rio de Janeiro. Dr. Bicalho is one of the most
notable professional men of Brazil.

J. MuRTiNHO. — He is
one of the best minds in
Brazil. He was born in
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, in
1848. He graduated in engi-
neering, law and medicine.
His notoriety is due to the
latter aptitude. He has no
rival in Rio that can come
near him in Homeopathic
treatment. He is one of the
few foreigners who was ad-
mitted to the group of the
Hahnemanians , of New-
York, and the only South
American that has had that
honor. He is a notable man
also as a biologist and his
knowledge of geometry is
deep. Some years ago attract-
ed by politics was Secretary of Public AVorks, later on Secretary of
Treasury (1899-1902) where he introduced original theories of his
own with the applause of European men, like J. Guyot and Herbert
Spencer and European papers, like the Financial News, the Times,
the Independance Beige, etc. To-day J. Murtinho is a Federal Sena-
tor and as a statesman he enjoys in Brazil a great prestige. He is
one of the liveliest intellectualities of to-day.

.1. MURTIMIO

— 70 —

ViKiKA SoiTo. — Another strong member of the mental aristo-
cracy of Brazil. Tie was horn in Kio and is professor of the Poly-
technical College where he teaches political economy. He is a scien-
tific man and one of the leaders in the present progressive move- ^
nu'iit in lira/il. He is director of the protectionist school and chief
of one of the sections of the improvements that being executed to
modernise the city of Rio.

(\\UI,()S MoKIilUA. —

Is one of the most nota-
ble scientists of South
America. He was born in
Rio in 18()lt. There he
studied, becoming promi-
nent for his ajititude for
natural history investi-
gations. He is a Zoologist,
an entomologist and he
has devoted himself to
patient studies on the
classification and habits
of Brazilian insects and
liis collections arc disput-
ed at high i)rices by
the European specialists.
From 18'.)5 to li»Ol he did
study deeply Atlantic ich-
thyology and his works
have found a place in the
Annals of the Rio Mu-
scuiii. lie travelled thi-ough all the South in connnission with tlu>
geologian engineci- White. Carlos iMoreira while only 1".' years ohl
was already a draftsnum and shortly after prei)ai-aloi- of natural
histoi-y of the I si. section of the National Museiiui of Kio, ol which
he is (!ven to-day tlu; vicc-diicctor. I<'roiii his works we mention the
following translated into other languages.

(;<»MUIIII ir.oKS I'VUA O i'.OMIKClMKN'nt i»A IMNA ltltA/llllU\.

Caui-os .MoiltlllA

< Iriishucos (III lii-;i:ll I'liiirufosl i-.-iccos, v. .\ 1 of the Archives ol
I lie Miiscii .\;i<it)ii:il (Id l\iii tie .hinciro.

— 71 —

Nota appendice a publica<^ao anterior, v. XII of the Archives of
the Mil sou Nacional.

Criistaceos da Poiita do Pharol em S. Francisco do Sal, Estado
de S"^ Catharina, v. XII of the Archives of the Museu Nacional.

Vermes Oligochetos do Brazil, v. XII of tlie Archives of the
Miiseii Xacioneil.

Uma espccie nova de Amphipodv Orcheotideo (jiie vive a 22^0 m.
sobre o nivcl do mar, v. XII of the Archives of the Miiseii Nacional.

Campanhos de pesca do (c Annie » Criistaceos ; estiidos prelimi-
narcs. A a Lavoiira «, da Sociedade Nacional de Agriciiltura n°^ 1
to 3 of 1903.

Campanhos de pesca do « Annie » Criistaceos, \. XIII of the
Archives of the Miiseii Nacional.

Relatorio das exciirsoes ao Rio Branco em S. Paulo e ao Itatiay^a,
V. XII of the Archives of the Miiseii Nacional.

Contra os inimigos, (c Lavoura, » v. 2' serie ag'osto de iSgcj.

THINKERS AND WRITERS

For a large country like Brazil the list of its deep thinkers and
writers is quite a long one and represents a gathering of intellec-
tualities who do honor to South America and would constitute the
motive for worthy pride should they belong to any Eui'opean nation.

Keeping, -however, within the limits we mapped out for this
book, we will only mention the facts and the men of to-day writing
of nobody else but contemporary celebrities.

RuY Bakbosa. — Of all the Brazilian litterary men, of all philo-
sophers of the age, of all the great thinkers and authorities in law
and statemanship, we can say without fear of making a mistake
that Ruy Barbosa is in first place. This assertion of ours is perfectly
useless, should this book be published to circulate only in Brazil,
as everybody in this country knows he is second to none in the
whole nation. He is , to be sure, a good specimen of intellectual
superiority and the true type of the moral blooming of the social
surroundings where he moves.

It can be said about him, most appropriately, just the same that
H. Taine said of a philosopher of his age, Mr. Royer-Collard : « As

to kn()\vl(Hl<;i' or behavior he does not lack any natural acc-omplish-
iiKMits wliifli confer tlio title of authority : he was horn a conciueror
a (loiiiinalor of the mind of others ».

\\e can speak of Ruy Baibosa intimately as we have had tlu'
good fortune for some time past of enjoying- his pleasant sociabi-
lity and we have been able to study that great difference that goes
from the home intimacy to the public life at large. So we have been
able to observe him closely, to sound his moral organisation, if we
may be permitted to thus express it. And the result of those obser-
vations is, that we believe, everj' day with stronger faith, in the
predestination of the Brazilian people.

Writing in the most impartial way
of Ruy Barbosa, we can assure that he
adds to the most astounding and decj)
knowledge a moral nature affirmed
by all the prestige of an exemplary
behavior. He is a whole personality
before the public — who often do not
understand his intentions — just as
they would before his own self, in his
own home. He has that politeness and
sensibility proper of the first phase of
life in spite of his forty years contai't
Avith society, which the multiplied
role he has been called to perform in
the country, as a lawyer, a senator, a
statesman, and other capacities , has
iUToi-ded him to oljserve it throui;li all
its inuiginable features. With a gooil
experience in journalism, i)olitics. coiiits, each one of tlu'iii ([uite
sufficient to sjjoil the i)urest of naliires, Ku\ Barbosa is not only a
learned man but a good and honest man as well.

Ills knowledge is varied and he has shown it well in every
l)rancli of Iniman activity : in mathenuitics (of which he has a
nianiiscripl treatise), in medicinal science, in public, juivate and
inlei national law, in histoi-y, religion, finances, strategics, diphv
mucy, sanitai'v legislature, pedagogy, ])arliamentary s])eaking, and
ollu'rs,

A list of his works will speak better for the varietl cai)acity of
this polygiMphei- and thinker : (Irimc u^uinst iiuliisli-iui jn-Dpctlw
Hahia, 1S7I; Chief d/' I he ciishim I louse I nspeelors ilefeitse. Hahia,
bST'.l ; l\()<lt;i \i;iiin:i's defense, IS.SO; I'he street iii-oloiii^itlioii, iwo

lit t ItAIIIIUSA

— :;{ —

volumes (a treatise on disappropriations lor public us(;), Rio, 1887;
Crime review, Rio, 1888; C. Monse^ur's mercy petition, Rio, 1888;
The state of siege, its nature, its effects, its limits, Rio, 1892;
Unconstitutional acts, etc., Rio, 1893; Religious liberty, Rio, 187G;
The Pope and the Council, (translation and introduction), Rio 1877;
Instruction reform, Rio, 1882; Primary Instruction reform, \H8'.^:
Slaves emancipation, 1881; Lessons of things, 1S()(); Direct election,
\SH; Castro Alves, Baliia, 1871; The Marquis de Pombal, 1882;
Drawing- and industrial art, Rio, 1882; Jose Bonifacio, Sfio J*aulo,
1877; The political year, 1887;— Swift — 1888 ; The Provisional
Government, Rio, 1891; The servile element; lectures on slave
freedom; the situation of slave freedom; commemoration of the j th.
September law i83i ; The freedom of slavery in Brazil; Ilomag-e to
the Dantas Ministry; Republican finances and })olitics, 1891; Letters
from England, Rio, 189G; The conservative jtarty, Baliia, 1896; Visit
to the native land, Baliia, 1895; Inverse Amnisty, Rio, 1897; Opinion
on the Civil Code, Rio, 1902; Answer to the defenses, etc., Rio,
1903, etc,, etc.

But where we can better study the capacity of this great man is
in his journalistic work, spread by the different dailies and maga-
zines, the Diario da Bahia, Diario de Noticias, of Rio, Jornal do
Brazil, and Imprensa where we worked with him in 1902. All this
journalistic work constitutes a solid bibliography, which future
generations, will surely collect and publish in a complete edition, as
the best and most beautiful litterary monument received from the
present age.

Amaro Cavalcanti. — He is a Statesman, a financial writer an
author and a jurist. He was born in Rio Grande do Xorte in 1849.
When only 20 years old was a professor of languages aud founded
the public library of Baturite. He graduated from the Albany Law
School, of New-York. Later on he was principal of the Lyceum of
Fortaleza, capital of Ceara State and Director of the Board of Educa-
tion in the same city. From there he went to Rio where he has
been a lawyer, a professor, a journalist, and a politician after the
proclamation of the republic. Since then he has become a notable
man. He was a Senator in the Constituent Congress after the pro-
clamation and in the first ordinary legislative session. When his
mandate ended he was appointed envoy extraprdinarj^ and plenipo-
tentiary minister to the Plate Republics. Later on he was Secretary
of Justice and Public Instruction, juridical counsellor of the Foreign

— 74 —

Relations Department, etc. He enjoys an excellent reputation all
over Brazil. He published the following works :

.1 Relifj^irto , Ceara ,
1.S7 1; -4 Mens Discipiilos,
Ceara, 1875; Liuro Popu-
lar, Ceara, 187U and Xew-
^■()rk , 1881 : Kdiicacru)
JJlciiicnlHmoH E. Unidos
(la X. America , Ceara ,
1881 : Xoticia Chronolo-
ii'icii (ht Kdiiciwrn) popular
no lirazil (incomplete) ,
Ceara, 1883; Ensino mo-
ral e rclig-iosonas Kscolas
Piihlicas, Rio, 1881); Meio
dc. (h'sciwoluer a inslruc-
rao j)riniaria nos mmiici-
pios riiraes , Rio , 1884;
The lirazilian Lan<>-nag-e
and its agg'liitination ,
Rio, \884 ; Finances [dn
Hresil), Paris, 188<); Re-
wnha I'^inanceira do ex-
Inipcrio, Rio, 18'.t0; Pro-
jeclo dc Constiluicrio dc
urn Est ado, Rio, 18^.10; .1
Rcforma Monetaria, \l\(), \S\^\; Politica c Einancas, Rio, 1892; ()
Mcio Circulanfe Xacional, Rio 1893; A Sitnacao Politica oil a inter-
vengao do Govcrno Federal nos Estados da Uniao, Rio, 1893; Ele-
mcntos de Einancas, Rio, 1896; Tributa(;rio Constitiicional, Rio, 1890 ;
Regimen Federal iuo, Rio, 1900; Sobre a nnidade do direito {troccs-
4.//a/ (Relatoiio ao Congresso .furidico Americano), Rio, 1900: Di-
reito das obrigaroes (Relatorio sobre os arts. 1011-12:?7 do Proj. do
Cod. Civ. Hrazik'iro), Rio, 1901; O Arbitramento (no direito inter-
iiacioiial), Rio, 1901 ; Taxas Protecloras nas larif'as aduaneiras, Rio,
VMi; Res])onsabilidade Ciuil do Estad, liio, \\K)o; and many other
litterai-y, i)olilical, economical and other works.

AmAHO r.AVAIXANTl

Rak.\(» oo Rio Branio (,losc-Maria da Silva Raranhos) (.Sccrc/.-jrr
of Foreign A /Jairs). It is a name known cslccincd and respected by
two generations of Hra/ilians.

— 75

His father was one oi" the most illustrious statesmen of the Bra-
zilian Empire, and from him his son inherited the highest qualities
as a diplomat respected in Brazil as the ablest man in international
questions.

The Baron is 50 years old. He made his preparatory studies in
the Pedro Segundo School Nvhere he studied with distinction until
the 5th. year. He entered then the Silo Paulo F.aw College where he
was graduated. He always revealed himself a n)an of advanced ideas
fond ol' progress and work. He abhors all domestic petty ([uestions
of the political parties and devotes himself entirely to litterature
and sciences.

He took his first prac-
tical lessons in diplomacy
with his father who was
Minister of Foreign Af-
fairs and later President
of the Cabinet at the time
of the Empire.

He was elected deputy
to the Lower House by
Matto Grosso province
which his father was then
representing in the Sena-
te. He was a journalist
and editor of a A Naciio »
with Dr. Gusmao Lobo.

When Admiral Grenf-
fel died Barao do Rio
Branco was appointed
Consul General in Liver-
pool, in his stead.

While there he was sent by the Government to defend the inter-
ests of Brazil in the Arbitration Tribunal at Washington. After that
he was the stern defensor of Brazilian rights in the boundary ques-
tion of Oyapock. Two extraordinary victories.

The remarkable services rendered to the country in these two
glorious missions and on his i-eturn to the country he received a
public manifestation as few have taken place in Brazil.

From Berna he went to Berlin as Envoy Extraordinarj^ and
plenipotentiary^ Minister, from wiiich office he came to Rio as Secre-
tary^ of Foreign affairs. In this high office he has rendered great ser-
vices to the country. The acquisition of the Acre region, which was

Barao de llio Braiico

in dispute was the ono that proved his wisdom and line tact as a
stateman. He also solved and is solving with equally ability, settled
and pending (pieslions with Bolivia, Peru.

During the short time of office, as Secretary of Foreign Affairs
his work has shown many and good results in favor of Brazil acquir-
ing for this country a large amount of international prestige as it is
clearly proven by the creation of the North-American Embassy, in
Rio de .laneiro, the concession of a cardinal, Rio de .Janeiro being
the first South American capital to have one, the termination of all
the boundary questions, the man\' treaties with the object of closer
commercial and diplomatic relations as well as arbitration treaties,
being worthy of special mention those with American nations. Bariio
do Rio Branco is most justly had as the ablest stateman of South
America having liold the office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs in
this continent.

Arthur Orlando. —
He is a jurist, a writer, a
news paper man. He was
born in Recife in 1858, He
graduated from the Law
College of that city in
1S81. His first work of
note was the Philocriticu,
188(), a 220 page volume.
He has been the editor of
the .loriiid do Recife, tlir
Rcvistii Brnzilciru , tlic
Prouinciu and at i)reseiit
the Diuriodc Pernunduico
having already represent-
ed his State in the Fede-
ral Congress in more
than one legislature ses-
sions. llispi'ineii)al works
are, besides the ont> abo\ r
mentioned : Men Albtiiu,
1891 ; Propedeuticu Poli-

tiei) Jiiridien; J-^nsuios de crilieu, I'.H) I ; iVopo.s luisnios, \V()~): Memo-

ri:t :i() (loii^ress Lidino Aiiwrienno, 1<.>()5.

Ai-thui- Oihiiido is ;iii oiMgiiial ihini^er he is a iiieniber of t he

Iiitterar\ Ae:i(h'iii\ ol IJeeife,

Altllll 11 OUI.ANDO

— 77 —

Syi.vio Komkko

Another philosophic brain is Syi.vio
KoAiEiio, who has distinguisheil him-
self mainly by his analytical works on
Brazilian mental evolution. lie wrote
the History of the Braziliiui Liiicra-
tiirc, which is a true monument of
scientific criticism applied to ihe
study of Brazilian litterature, under
all its features. He possesses a spirit
of action which fights and builds, that
works and assembles, so that among
Brazilians he has become the most
noted ensign-bearer of that new flag

of superior and clever nativism filled with pride for his country, his
race and their history. He preaches peace, work, solidarity, haughti-
ness, and confidence in the country's destiny. That spirit, which
I will call — spirit of intellectual nationalism — dominates all the
work of Sjdvio Romero, giving it a social and positive character,
which distinguishes it so stronglj^ from that of any other Brazilian
writer and philosopher. He is a true and sound polygrapher. He
has written on jurisprudence, philosophy, art criticisms, ethno-
graphy, history, litterary criticisms, politics, national folk-lore
investigations, poetry, etc. These works, though apparently not
associated, are, nevertheless constitutive parts of one only whole,
needed implements of one single work, and w^ork of the greatest
cohesion and homogeneity, broad work, deep and complete in its
conception and in its object, animated all through by a live senti-
ment, subsisting- on any of its pages as the atomic affinity in the
smallest particle of any organism : it is the sentiment of the intellec-
tual autonomy of the country.

The following list gives a sample of the complexity and abun-
dance of the intellectual w^ork of this learned man : Philosophy in
Brazil, 1878; The Brazilian Litterature and Modern Criticism, 1880;
Essays on Parliamentary Criticisms, 1883; Contemporaneous Litte-
rature studies, 1884; Brazilian Ethnography, 1888; Xew Studies on
contemporaneous litterature, 1897; Machado de Assis (study), 1897;
Martins Penna (study), 1897; Luiz Mu rat {study), 1890; Valentim
Magalhaes (study), 1895; Introduction to Brazilian Litterature s
history, 1882; History of Brazilian Litterature, 1888; Brazilian
History told by its heroes 'biog-rai)hies, 1880; Xational Lam History

— 78 —

(in preparation): Pojnihir S(>n<>s(>fBru-iL \8S-2: Pojnihir Son^s of
linizil, 1SS:{; Studii's on BrnzUiiin popuhir songs, 188N; .1 trUkl
liopnlur songs and siorics of linizil and Mr. Thcophilo Bragu, 18S7 :
The Poriugiicsc clement in lirnzil , 1<.K)2; Parliumentarism and
Pi-esidenliiilisni in the Brazilian Republic , 1893; Provocations and
Debates (in tlie press); The Knolutionism and Positivism in Brazil.
LS'.M: Law Philosophy Essays, lH\^o; End of Century songs, ]H':S:
The last harp sounds, 1883; (Jaxias and the integrity of Brazil, l'.K)l.

.loAc^uni Xaiuco. — Is another noted man, l)el()n<;in,<; also to tlic
deep thinkers. He is as tliose wo have just written about a good
orator. He is an altruist strnggler who distinguished himself most

prominenily during the
propagand for the slave
freedom, lie never was
and never will be a popu-
lar man. His personal
(pialities don 't make him
very accessible to the
masses. Tic is a polite and
ii()l)le man. He is not a
nobleman because of use-
less and valueless titles,
but because of his noble in-
telligence and noble cha-
racter, a nobility which
separates men far moi'c
than that of titles. The
masses of the vicious and
ignorant cannot make any
alliance with t he superior
types. A characteristic
that shines as a star a-
round t he moral profile of
.loaiptim Nabuco is his
patriotic gratitude i for
the sake of the ohl slaves ) , to the crown that gave them freedom,
.loatiuiiii \al»ueo iiexcr was a friend of the Imperial Court, but
when the lira/ilian nuuiarchy effected, with the sacrifice of its own
inslilut ions, the freedom of slavery this defender of the iinfortunale
considered himself enshiNcd li\ liic j- r;il i I nde he ow ed foi' 1 iiat act

.l<(.\(,)tlM \aU1

— 79 —

of grace and mercy devoting- to the new victims all the love that
survived from the former.

The recognizance of the oppressed race made him become a
friend of the crown, but that ^^•as when he saw the royal family con-
demned to exile. When, later on, the protected friends of the
crown, turned their backs to the royal family to look for beneficial
advantages in the new government, they found great reasons to
criticise Joaquim Xabuco because he had accepted from the Republic
a commission of patriotic responsibilities, representing the country
as Minister to England without, however, repudiating his gratitude
to the crown. They had forgotten that Xabuco, as every man who
has reached a certain degree of superior i)erfccti()n, could not
identify either his fatherland or mankind with this or that transitory
form of government. For this great writer and philosopher a inter-
est, love, zeal, patriotic ardor, must be directed to the national
substance — the country. » He « would never establish a dilemma
between monarchy and fatherland, because fatherland could have
no rival. )>

These quotations are from his own book « Minha formacao )> pu-
blished in Kio in 1900.

As a writer, J. Nabuco, observed through his works, presents
himself as one of those advocates of virtue, of whom Emerson
writes, and who in their apparent isolation, are yet so useful to the
social community.

He seems, in fact, to be isolated from his people, he speaks to
them in a quite independent language without fear of displeasing
them.

(c Balmaccdn )>, « .i;; intervention », and the other books of his,
look like a defiance to the times in which they were published. « I
got used to consider the historian 's judgment, as a definite one,
what is equivalent to saying a final one, and consequently the one we
must have always in view. » This was written b^^ Joaquim Nabuco
and added : « The judgment of the masses which elevates us to-day
and lower us to-morrow, that represents only the dust of the road. »
In full military dictatorship, when, in Rio de Janeiro, the multitude
made display of their devotion to the military work , he went to
the press to claim that « Paraguayan tyranny had been revived in
Brazil at the point of the same bayonets that had put it down. »

In his books transpire a little of that melancholj^ that Schopen-
hauer classifies as sound.

His books are not many but they are substantial ones : Balma-
ceda, Rio, 1895; Minha For macrw, Rio, 1900; Um Estadista do Ini-

perio, tliree volumes, Rio; Camdes and The Lusiadas, Rio; Eleigoes
Libcnu's, Rio, 18(58; Umn intcrvcnrrio, Rio, 1894.

Mkllo Moraks

Mello Moraks. — We will write
about that active investigator of the
past, a chronicler of popular traditions
of Brazil — Mello Moraes Filho. —
This poet and historian is a passion-
ate lover of his fatherland, and he
sees no better means of displaying
these sentiments but singing in his
verses its traditions shaken more and
more every day by the growing euro-
peanisation, spreaded out through the
maritime cities and from there to the
interior, with its new customs and
its noisy iconoclast progress. In the middle of this transformation
that drags everything and everybody, Mello Moraes is faithful to
his affections sings his legends the primitive modes of popular life.
He writes his chronicles with the colors of nostalgia, and in an
effort that we are compelled to respect he speaks to us of the attrac-
tions of the past, fixing his passing images, those shadows of other
shadows. Mello Moraes' books will survive and our grandchildren
will find ill them a sweeter pleasure than wc appreciate, « because
in them lives the great soul of Brazil, because in them he sings and
l)]ays, or groans and cries that mixture of enthusiasm and melan-
choly, remembrances and courage, which is the Portuguese genius
transformed in America. »

This was written by Sylvio Romero in a preface to M. Moraes'
book « Festas e Tiadicoes. )>

Wc cannot give a complete list of Mello Mi)raes' works as a large
number have been published in newspapers spreaded all over the
counlr.x , yet wc can ])oint out : Cantos do lujnudor; ICduca<^'rio
Cioicn; J'csius c 'I'lndirncs Poinilurcs do liruzil; Mythos c Pociuns;
() Cnncionciro Pojnilur; (hirso dr Lillcrnliini lirnzilcini : P:u-nuso
linizilciro : () Dr. Mello Monies; dinjciontiro dos <!ii^:tiios ; Oiindros
<• ('.liroii'uits ; On cii^iuios no lintzil , Sciu-nulus c Snruos; dnncionciro
J-'liiniiiiciisc : ()l)i-;is i>ocli<;is. WC do not include here a long nnd
good collalioration in K io papers on ethnogiaphy, Bi'u/.ilian /o//r-/(»/-<',
colonial chi'onicics. (lociiinciil s and iiiciiioii's.

- 81

Mello Moraes was born in Bahia, and is one of tlie most popular
writers in Brazil.

Macmado Dli Assis

We will now speak of Maciiado de
Assis, in wliose enormous literary ]u<>-
gage we will find versus, novels, tlieati'e,
and light stories. As it is well known he
started by his verses, what was fai' fiom
indicating the brain solidity of the gianls
of the thought. What compels me to
select a prominent place I'or this great
spiritual pioneer, in my worship for the
prominent leaders of the mental race, is
the art with which he created, in his
novels, Brazilian types of social charac-
ter, as 0 Carlos Maria, o Major Li<jucira, a Fernanda, o Palha, and
others, which appear in his psychological novels Qnincas Borba,
Braz Ciibas, etc.

Machado de Assis was born in the city of E-io de Janeiro.
Adding to the natural talent of a stylist, an instruction which he
does not cease to -add knowledge to, each day that goes by, thus he
became the prince of Brazilian literature. That fine humour Sterne
and Lamb style, skeptical and calm, which goes through the philo-
sophy of his books, it seems to me, makes part of his psychic consti-
tution, translates a congenial propension.

In the age of enthusiam , when he was but 20 years old, the con-
temptuous rapture of the philosopher of the future, through the
mouth of one of the personages he created , expressed himself this
way in a poem of his entitled (( Pallida Elvira » :

Depots de ter nprofiindado tiido,
Planta, homeni , estrellus, iioites, dias,
A chou esta U(;ao inesperada :
Vein a saber que nao sabia nada.

(After going deep intu everytliiiig, jilaiits, men, stars, iiiglits, days, lie met with an un-
expected lesson : he eame to l<now tiial he knew nolliiiig.)

It is the spontaneous melancholy, the skeptical witticism of
Thackeray, the same philosophy of the Vanity Fair or of the Snobs
Book, which had to be crystalised later on in the celebrated book of
his Braz Cabas, and never more abandoned all his works accentuat-
ing itself more and more with the age.

For this very reason, just as it happens with the work of the

— 82 —

Calcutta writer amoiij; tlie Kuglislimen, tlie novels of this Brazilian
humorist enjoy a high esteem in the Portuguese literary circles.

The character of Machado de Assis' philosophy can better be ap-
preciated in his novel liraz Ciibas — and it is a compound of a half
liuinorisni, soniewliat ironic, which the reader devours with a dis-
creet smile to the last line. We affirm as did a critic speaking- of
Machado dc Assis that « against current opinion, the best chapters
of his books are those in which he reveals his qualities as an obser-
ver of customs, and as a psychologist, those (qualities in which he
describes Brazilian life, customs and social habits. » Machado de
Assis works are read in Brazil with an interest that does not cool
off and that we can see by the successive editions that appear. He
has written : Phnlenas (verses) Rio, 18()9; Varias Ilistorms; .Uc/7io-
i-ins }H)sthumns <Ie Braz Ciibiis ; Qiiincas liorba ; Anwi-icaiias (ver-
ses), 1805; Yaya (larcia; Chrysalidas (verses), ISiil; Pajjcis Avulsos;
Helena; A mao e a liiva; Resiirreieao ; Cantos Fluininenses ; Ilislo-
rias (la Meia Xoite; Deiiscs dc Casaca. For the stage: 0 Caniinlio
(la Porta (The way to the door); O Protocollo ; As Foreas Cauilinas;
Debaixo <le Ruini Capa; O Espalhafato ; Quasi Ministro; Tii So,
Tu, Puvo Amor (comedies); .1 Familia Bcnoiton (translation); Mon-
tejoie (translation); Anjo dc Mcia Xoite (translation); Barbeiro
(translation); Pipelet (translation); Supplicia de uina Miilher (tran-
slation); As Bodas de Joanita; and several others.

.1 aiH'iro

Carlos de Laet. — He is another
Brazilian whose name has a place of
honor among the litei'ai-y men and
])liiIos()phers, tliougli like Machado de
Assis, he nuiUiplies his talent into
fragments : critic, i)olemies, philoso-
phy, travels, history. In his book,
« Fill Minns, » Rio, IS'.M, (lie reader
will gel acquainted with him \u (he
ligiil of these different prisms of his
tidenl. lie also piiltlislu'd .1 Iiiij)rcnsa
( Ki'publii'an decade). Kio, IS'.i'.i; and
several olliei' woiks of merit both in
foi'iii and liasis.

("arlos de Laet was born in Rio de
he livis in a courageous struggle as a public teacher
of literature, cai'ning that way his daily bread.

('.AIM (IS Kl. l.AI I

w her(
cssor

— 83

His opinions are sentiments and his sentiments have compelh'd
]iim to renounce many sources of revenue, as he reserves for hiniseir
tlie right to criticise and lanoli a little at the events of to-dav.

Oliveira Lima

Oliveira Lima. — He belongs
to the list of those who are at tlie
same time writers and diplomats,
and he knows how to take advanta-
ge of the spare time he can dispose
of after his diplomatic duties devot-
ing himself to historical , social and
political investigations the publica-
tion of which has always been receiv-
ed by the Brazilians with applause.
His works are most consciencious ,
reveal great patience, are not limit-
ed to literary or rhetorical preoc-
cupations, they are written in a grave style though fluent and clear,
the style of a man who is used to deal with loyalty and impartiality.
It is this way he writes history.'

Manoel de Oliveira Lima, was born in Pernambuco. He entered
the diplomatic career in 1890 having been appointed Second Secre-
tary of the Brazilian Legation in Lisbon and later on he was trans-
ferred to the same position in Berlin. It was in 1892.

When promoted to First Secretary he was sent to Washington in
1896. From there he went to London 1899. After that he was charged
with the affairs of the Legation in .Tapan.

He published in 1901 , Rcconheciincnto do Impcrio, c Mcmorin,
Hobre o descobrimcnto do Brazil; in 1894, the book a Pernambuco »
— sen desenvolvimenio hi.storico ; in 189(3, Aspectos da littcratura
colonial brazileira, and the pamphlet Sept ans de Repiiblique an
Bresil; and in 1899 a thick volume — In the United States — political
and social impressions. He has written for the Jornal do Recife,
Jornal do Commercio, of Kio de .laneiro , Rev ista de Porta gal e
Revista Brazileira, as well as m Jornal do Brazil and other papers.
He is pul)lishing 0 Secretario d'El-rey which it is said is an historic-
al investigation woi'k of no little importance, as well as it is a liter-
ary work of merit.

In 1903 he published a book on social observations and studies
in Japan, with the title « No Japao » and written by him during his
stay in that countrv.

— 84

Assis Brazil

Assis Brazil. — He is also a diplomat
and a writer. He is an expert in everything
he professes and cultivates. He is one ol"
the best fencers in Brazil and is the best '
shot in the country. Nobody excels him as
u marksman. At the same time he is also
a diplomat of great ability and tact, as he
proved to be in the recent Acre (piestion
between Bolivia and Brazil.

He has written on politics, law, i)oetry,
as well as some works on industrial vul-
garisation. Here is a list of his works :
Chispas — a volume of verses of the youth,
about 200 pages, Ilio Grande do Sul, 1877;
O Op])nrtiinisino c a Revoliicao — public lecture delivered at the
Club Republicauo Academico, about 40 pages, Sao Paulo, 18<S():
.1 Republica Federal, 304 pages, Rio, 1881. Several reprints of this
work were issued for free distribution , by some republican clubs.
The first one was of 10.000 copies, by order of the executive com-
mittee of the Sao Paulo republican party ; History of (he Rio-(jran-
dense Republic, one volume (preparatory edition), Rio, 1882; .1 Uni-
dade Nacional, about 50 pages, public lecture delivered in Porto
Alegre on the evening of March 15th,, 1883, Porto Alegrc, 188;>:
Dais Discursos, delivered at the Rio Grande do Sul province Legis-
lative Assembly, Porto Alegre, 1886, 153 pages; Assis Brazil aos
Seus (loncidadaos (to his fellow citizens) Porto Alegre, 1891 (a manl-
iest about tlie political events that followed General Dcodoro's
roup d'elal on the I th. Xovembcr, 18111 ); Dciuorraria Rcpresriiln
linn, do doIo <• do inodo de volar, Rio, IS".';!. This l)ook ^\as trauslat-
(•(1 iiiio (be Spanish l)y Mr. Bartolome ]\litre e Vedia, Chief Kditoi-
of L;i Xucion, of liiienos Ayres, in IDOI under the title « La Deino-
rracin Representativa, del volo y del luodo de volar. The editiim has
33U i)ages; Do C.overno l^residcncial no licpuhlica lirazilrii-a, ;i7(>
pages, Lisbon, bS'.td; (Uillura dos ^'.-j/zj/uj-s, general notions of agri-
cult tiic and special uolion on sonu' cultivations of pressing interest
in lli'a/il, Lislxm, IS'.IS. This work was printed (Ui account oltlic
Sociediiile Hrazileira para aniiiiarait da a^riciill ura , lor tree distri-
l)ution in Ura/ij. This society is composed of lirazilians, the laigest
niindxr lesidiiig outside of Hra/il and its seat being in I'aris. .\ssi^
llra/.il has been its president ever since il was louniled in \S\C,.

— 85 —

Among the proper jni-ists, we could cite many names of renown,
because in Brazil the juridical-social sciences have many people
devoted to their study and just now, some of the most vigorous
talents, that have become ripe in the study of that speciality, form a
numerous and clever group. But we will speak bvit of few. The most
noted of them all by the variety of jurisprudence cxuesti(ms he has
written about is Ruy Barbosa about whom we have already written.
Ruy Barbosa has become better known as a philosopher, a writer,
as a politician, it seems that the first place among specialistic jurists
belongs to Conselheiro Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira, the author of
« Direito das- Coisas e Dii-cHos do Familia » (Things and Family
Laws) two books that are two monuments of juridical science and
scientific method upon sjjecial branches of private law and which
might have been signed by any of the highest foreign authorities on
the subject of the present day.

He was born in Minas Geraes, he began his political lite, at the
time of the Empire, defending the Republic, engaging himself most
earnestly during years in its propaganda. With reflection and juri-
dical culture deadening his republican enthusiasm, he accepted some
offices from the monarchical government, having acted several times
as minister, deputy and senator.

He has been charged with an international commission of great
importance in Chili, and we believe he was Plenipotentiary Minister
to the United States at the time of the proclamation of the Republic.

As a deputj', as a senator, as a minister he always discharged
most brilliantlj^ his duties, being a talented and competent man, as
he proved to be. As president of the second Cabinet to which he
belonged, being at the time the Minister of the Treasury, he wrote a
report which was highly appreciated by the authorities in financial
subjects.

While in the discharge of the duties of these higli offices he
revealed besides his juridical knowledge special competency in
finances and literary studies.

We remember yet how fortunate he used to be in his ironical
attacks against his adversaries during parliamentary debates.

Clovis Bevilaql'a. — It is the name of another jurist, who dis-
tinguished himself by many books he wrote on jurisprudence, liter-
ature, etc. Just because of his writing so many works, he was
selected by the Government to write a Civil code for Brazil , task
that he fulfilled most cleverly delivering it to the Brazilian Congress

— 86 —

that is (liscnssiiio- and improvinj;- the project of the code. He was
l)orn in Ccaia and spent his youth among books and papers. He
made his journalistic appearance in the State oi" Rio de Janeiro writ-
ing lor scvei-al papers and establishing a newspaper a Aurora de
(hiissnnirt. He was a pupil of the celebrated Tobias Barreto, and he
inhei'ileil from this giant some oi" his mental audacity, some of his

enumcipated spiritual na-

,^- — : ~,^ ture , some of the solid

criterion of that great
Brazilian thinker.

Clovis Bevilaqiia has
^^^HBll^ published the following

/ "' ^^ works : Philosophia Posi-

kf„n ^y- . fl tiua, Kecife, 1884; Triuys

|IP^ ^** |r^ (h) Desembargador Frei-

tns, Recife, 1888; Licocs
de Legislacno ConiparadH.
Recife, 1890; Phrases e
Phantasias, Recife, 189I:
Ej)()cas e IndUndiialida-
des, Bahia, 18<)5; Direito
das obrig-aeoes , Bahia ,
18U5; Direito <Ia Faniilia,
Recife, \8\)()\Jiiristas Phi-
losophos , Recife , 1897 ;
Esboeos e Frai>-meiitos .
Bahia, 1896; Criiniiiolo-
gia e Direito, Bahia , 189(i ;
Jesus e OS Evangelhos
(translation), Uecife, ISSC); Hospilalidade uo Passado, Recife, 1891;
Esludos de Direilo e Eeououiia Pol idea, Recife, hSSt).

Many jufisls shine as stars of the brightest in the l>ra/.ilian
social sciences sky. W'e would like to write here a few lines about
every one of (lieni, oi- at h'ast about the leading ones, but our s])ace
is I'allici- narrow. Audrade l^Mgueira , Hulhoes de Carvalho , S;i
\'i:iiina, HaiTadas, Sousa Kibeiro, Coelho Kodrigues, Duarte de
A/.eve<lo, Candido de Oliveira, .loao JNIonteiro are some of their na-
mes but there ai'c many more. As we said, however, we will end
here the jurists section and will take another <lirectiou.

(j.ovis Hkmi.aoua

*
♦ *

— 87 —

Josk-Caulos Koduigues. — Dr. .Josr-Carlos Ivodrigues is the
cliiel" editoi- and pul)lisliei' of a Jornal do Commevcio », tlie leading-
Rio daily, the best knoAvn and most powerful paper in Brazil. He is
a self made man, with broad ideas and a determined character. He
was born in Rio where he
made his first studies.
While quite young- yet he
went to Xew-York where
with energetic work and
encyclopedical knowledge
he founded the « Xooo
Miinclo )) un illustrated
Magazine printed in Por-
tuguese devoted to com-
merce, literature and fine
arts and he thus rendered
good services to his coun-
try abroad. In 1890 he
came back to Brazil and
became the managing-
editor of the « Jornal do
Commercio ». With alive
experience of affairs and
commercial tact he gave
a new impulse to that
paper, opening a wider
field of prosperity and giv-
ing it a moral prestige as

to its opinions. He has published quite a number of studies on reli-
gious criticisms , finances and literature. Among the many great
services that Jose-Carlos Rodrigues rendered his counti\v is the deal
of re-j)urchase of railways which netted several millions profit in
benefit of the National Treasury. Dr. Carlos Rodrigues is a man of
progressive ideas and being, as he is, at the head of a great newspa-
per, though somewhat conservative in its ideas, he has been a bene-
ficial element in all generous and liberal movements. He is necessar-
ily the president of all the civilising- undertakings, and progres-
sive initiatives wicli have of late characterised the social and politic-
al life of his fatherland. Another trait of his moral i^rofile is the
generosity with which he contributes towards the support of charit-
able institutions. He is a writer of merit and a consciencious one,
and is to-day one of the most popular and esteemed men in the higher
circles of Brazilian society.

JoSE-CaIILOS IIODRIGUES

— 88 —

AiAiNDo GiANAHAUA. — Oiio <)f tlio iiiost Tiotablo Brazilian writ-
ers, orator and journalist. lie was born in Mage, State of Rio, in
1805. In 188." he was already a well known man in tlie Rio press,
editing then the « Gnzeta dn Tnrde », where he worked for the free-
dom of the slaves. In 1887 he founded the « Xovidades », which
lasted but a few days. After that he was editor of « Correio do Po
DO », the only republican paper then in Rio, the <c Jornal do Com-
motio )), the « Rcpuhlica », the a Tribiinu » and to-day he is the
editor of the « 0 Pniz ».

He has been a menibei- of Congress and has represented the go-
vernment in several commissions abroad. As an orator he is one ol
the most applauded ones. As a journalist, to-day, he is second to
none, in the Brazilian press for the pi'ofuse variety of his knowled-
ge, for his deep resources in polemics, for the brightness and vigor
of his style concise and to the point, always at the side of liberal
and i)atriotic ideals. He is the chief now in the cami)aigns in favor
of the working classes, the tuberculosis as well as in the campaign
against the parties enemies of public order. Alciudo Guanabara is
the chief Editor of « O Palz », the great organ of the conservative
and intellectual classes of Brazil.

JOAO RlHKlRO. — He

is a great thinker, a phi-
lologer, a historian, a liter-
ary critic , a poet and a
journalist. His full name
is .loao Ba})tista Kibeiro
(Ic Andrade de Fernandes,
and was born in 1800 in
the city of Larangeiras.
State of Sergipe. AVhen he
was "Jl years old he went
to Kio di' .laneiro where*
he came immediately into
prominiMU'C as a writer,
lie is one of i)ropagators ot
(Jerman culture in Bra/.il
and a hachelor in social sciences, lie repi'esented Hra/il in the I)re>
<len Conlei-ence (((discuss literary propcrtx in I'.HC) and in t he fcdlow -
ing yeai- in a Congress held in London lor the organisation ol the
inlcrnatioiial catalogue, lie is one ol' the Id memhers of the Rio Li-

Joiiii Kihi'ii'd

— 89 —

tcM'iiry Academy and lias publislied tlio I'ollowing works : Tcnehrosa
Lux, poem, Aracaju, INTO; Dins dc Sol, poetry, llio, 18<S1; Philolo-
i>-icnl sliidics , Rio, 1<S85 and ll'OJ; ADcnn c (^yihnrn, poetry, Rio,
[^^() ; Moi'pholo^'iu c (Jollocucrio dos pronoincs, Rio, 18(S('); (iiamiun-
licii Portugiieza, Uio 1888 and 11)01 was in its 27tli. edition. This
grammar is for the 1st year study. For the 2nd year he has one in
its i;>th edition and lor the ;3rd in its r2th edition. Diccionario
(jruniinulicul, Rio, 1881» and lUOt; .1 Inslriiccao Ihiblica, Rio, 18U0;
VesHOi, 2nd edition of works mentioned above, 18U0, Rio; Ilisloria
Antig-a, East and Greece, Rio, 1802; Auctorcs (lontcmpovaneoH,
Rio, 181)1 and 181)5; Hisioria do /Jrar//, 1st and 2nd volume, 1900,
Rio; O (A)racao, translation of the well known work of E. d'Amicis;
Mcmoria dos siicccssos occoridos no (iyinnasio Xacional em kjoH,
Rio, V,)0\\ Select a (^lassica, ^io, 1905; Pa}>inas Escolhidas (Acade-
mia Bra/ileirade Lettras) Rio, 11)01, l^a^^inas dc Kstlwtica, Lisbon,
IDO.'k

Joao Ribeiro has been editor of several papers both in Rio and
Sao Rank), such as « O Globo )>, « 0 Ihiiz », a a Revista lirazilelra »,
etc.

RocHA Po^NiBO. — This
Brazilian historian is one
of the ablest literary men
in the country. He was
born in the small town of
Monetes in the Parana
State in 1857. His first
works were short stories,
poetry, novels, published
in the Parana and Rio pa-
pers. He is living in Rio
now. His best books are :
Historia da America, Rio,
1890; 0 I'arami no Centc-
nario, Rio, 1900; O Gran-
de Problcma, Rio, 1902;
Resiimo da Historia Ame-
ricana, Rio, 1904 ; No Hos-
picio, novel, Rio, 1904;
Historia do Brazil, Rio, 2 volumes, 1905.

Rocha Pombo is considered the best historian of the modern ge-

ROCHA I'OMBO

90 —

nenition :iii<l hv is a journalist of no small merit. He writes for the
« Cdircio (lit Munhu » a Uio daily of the opposition party.

ViKGiLio Vakzea. — Is a
writer. He was born in Ca-
navieiras, Santa Catharina
in 1864. He was brought up
in G. "NMllinoton American
School and afterwards in
the Rio de Janeiro Navy
College. He made several
trips as mate in the Atlan-
tic. Later on he was elected
State Congressman and dis-
trict-attorney in S. Jose. In
his writings he became ce-
lebrated for his inclination
to select marine subjects,
which helped him to become
popular. He wrote the fol-
lowing works :

Tracos Aziics , i)oetry,
Desterro , 1883 ; iropos e
Phantasias with Sousa Cruz,
short stories, 1885; Marcs c
(lanipos, short-stories, 18il5; Rose-C.astle, novel, 181Ui; Cantos dc
Amor, 1901 ; Suntn (hitharina, historical monography, 1000; .1 \oiou
<lo Pahulino, midiWe age novel, I'.'Ol; () lirig'ue Flihiislciro, novel,
l<.M»;i; (inribnliU in America, translation into Italian by Clcmonte
Petti, I'.ioi; Ilislorias Riisiicas, short stories, i'.K)l.

ViKGii.io Vakzea

NiosToii Vi( roK. — He is a hard worker and a clever literary man.
He was born in Parana. There he l)cgan to work as a journalist,
pod, novel writer. Later on he began to write lor the Uio press and
aftcM'wards in I'ai'is. His works are (juite original, beautiful phrases
and lively ideas. As a novel writer Nestor Victor, is following with
some success the |»sychological foiMu of analysis and social criti-
eisMis, but he does not allow himself to be dragged by exaggerations
of novels of gi\('ii schools. lie has written a good deal foi' newspa-
p«!i's, and writes well, lie has succeeded to j)riul in book form the

— 91 —

following- works wliicli liave imposed thomselves to the modern cri-
ticism : Si^-nos , short stories, Aminos, novel of observation; .1
Ilora literature and art criticisms, Rio 1900; Transi'igura^'oes, ver-
sos, 1V)04 ; Cruz e Souzu , mono<;i'aphy, Rio.

We will now speak of
the literary writers, the
poets, novel writers, cri-
tics, chroniclers and jour-
nalists.

Among the untired and
witty scouts of history ,
philosophy and social
sciences as well as the li-
terary men of the poetry,
of the I'hetoi-ic , there are
a host of names, represent-
ing the divulgers of know-
ledge, the journalists, the
writers who brought po-
pularity to the events of
the day , the notions
brought from Europe by
evei-y steamer. These wi'i-
ters whom we see at the
head of the Rio papers as
well as those of the diffe-
rent States are men of ta-
lent and vast knowledge,

and are in the majority authors of books with poetry, short stories,
literary critic, theatrical plays, speeches, etc. Without wishing to
go very deeply into any subject, they perform a most important role,
giving to the masses of the population the spiritual daily bread, that
speculative high science, on one hand, and poetical inanity on the
other, cannot give.

Araripe Junior, Barao de Loreto, Eunapio Deiro, J. Verissimo,
are at the head of the list.

Nestor Victou

Medeiros e Albuquerque. — Strong, clever and emancipated
mind, he is a true journalist of the age — an encyclopedia. — Like
Beaumarchais he seems to like to boast himself of the fact that he
was not born a nobleman, neither an abbot, a capitalist, nor any-

— 92 —

Mi:m.iK(is i: Ai.RuyuERQUE

tliinj; beeauisc ho hates witli an intellectual and oompassive

hatred , ^vitll equal dislike, the titles, the proud capital , the servi-
lism. In a woi'd , Medciros e Albuquerque is a revolutionary soul

checked by an analytical brain tliai
linds pleasure? in lighting lornied opi-
nions, be ^vhat they may, with science
arms which he handles so cleverly.
Though, young, Medeiros e Albuquer-
que is one of the strongest minds oi
Brazil. Through journalism he has
paved his way in the road of life
reaching the highest social and poli-
tical positions without favors from
any one. Unfortunately, politics, the
eternal disturber , has overcharmed
him, so that his wonderful assimila-
tion and mental production cai)acitie>
not finding the peace of the work desk,
so favorable to the building up of great
intellectual monuments, devote them-
selves to journalism, and thus Medeiros e Albuquerque writes daily
al)out local (luestions and subjects needing discussion or editorial
presentation.

Wi'ap|ted in this atmosphere he has not been able to publish but
five or six books, dealing merely with literary subjects : poetrv
and short stories or novels, while it is well known his comjit'-
teney and authority to write on many subjects as philosophy,
])sychiatry, psychology, legal-medicine, history, pedagogy, religious
criticisms, international law, private constitutional law, and criti-
cisms on literature and art, and Lord knows what else. About all
these subjects he has written time and again in his daily journalistic
\\(»ri< thai spi'cad and h)se so many teachiitgs that could be so niucli
more beneficial in book form.

His work in the daily pai)ers and magazines has a personal stamp
lliat (lisiinguishcs it fi-om the olliei- writers. As a rule he does not
show any prcililcction for a theme, an objective subject, he \\ I'ilo
on a variety of topics, scientific, social oi- those of mere entertain-
iiieiit lot- the reailcr, as it happens willi an hnmoristic chronich'
thai he w rites weekly foi- k .1 Xoliciu. >> His style is clear, fluent,
always rcspcclful towards the grammar, l»iii always joking about
tin* giaiiiiiiarians. lie has no pit\- for tiie inipostor, ncNcr mind of
what kind, but al the same time he is a friend of all thosi- who are

— 93 —

good. In the literary critic that he writes in the « Notlcia » he ma-
kes of it a kind of i)ublic audience receiving the actors Avhith hisses
or api)lauses according- to their merit, lie luitcs conventicmalism so
much that he doesn 't admit it even in oraloi'v. It is cui'ious to see
him in Congress. Each one of liis speeches, never mind liow animat-
ed the debates may be, is simply a talk with his hearers : he substi-
tutes natural eloquence for the rhetoric, the brilliance of speech for
the novelty in ideas, in which, either w i-iting or speaking he is per-
fectly original.

At present, of all the editors writing steadily for Rio papers,
none has won credit for a stronger and richer intellectual capacity
than Medeiros e Albuquerque. He was born in Recife, began his
career as a teacher of primary studies, in Rio, where he is to-day
General-Director of Public Instruction, Federal Congressman, pro-
fessor of the Fine Arts College, etc. He published : O Remorso,
1888, a pamphlet on republicanism, the sale of which was ijerseculed
by the police; Cancdcs da Dccadencia , verses, Rio, 1801 : Peccadoa,
verses, 18*.>4; .4 Practical Man, novels and short stories, 180(5; Mae
Tapiiia, stories; Os Protocollos Italianos, patriotic pamphlet, 1807.
Besides these he has executed considerable newspaper work and has
edited several papers : « O Tempo «, « O Figaro :» and others. To-
day he writes for Rio, Sao Paulo and Para papers.

A curious note : Brazil being the country of the poets, he is the
only one whose name is in the legislature of the country as he wrote
the « Hymno da Repiiblica m, which was decreed by the law under
N° 171 of 20 th. January, 1870.

Affoxso Celso. — He is an
uutired literature worker and is
still quite a young man , being a
monarchist he has been set aside
by politics and thus is that he is
entirely devoted to his studies now.
He can present a larger production
than the majority of Brazilian liter-
ary men of to-day. He was entirely
devoted to his studies when the
liberal party of the Empire involv-
ed him in politics. With the repu-
blican form of Government he re-
turned to his studies. It seems that

Affonso Ciaso

— 94 —

every evil is a beginning- of some good. We must explain our ex-
pression that lie was set aside by politics. It was his noble scruple
that made him abandon politics, fighting, encouraged by the impul-
ses ol" filial devotion , the Kepublican Government that ordered his
father's exile when he was the president of the Cabinet of the Impe-
rial Government at the time of the proclamation of the republic.

But, speaking of Affonso Celso, we must say that nearly every
year he publishes a book, and as a rule, a good book : Some of these
are a true success, as the one he wrote with the title : « Porqiic inc
iifano do men Paiz. » (The reasons why I am prond of my father-
land.) He also published : Vultos e Faetos ; Minha Filha; () Impera-
dor no /•,".v/7/o; Lnpe ; Xotas e Fiecdes; Riinas de Ontr'ora, (versesi;
Cm inoejado; (inerrilhas ; (j)ntradietas Monai-chicas; (iionanina;
0 Assassinate) de (ientil de (lastro, a pam})hlct on politics; .1 Imila-
eao de (Ihristo (Poetical translation of the famous book); Oito annos
de parlanwnto, (historical and political memoirs). He has also writ-
ten considerably in the newspapers both in Brazil and abroad. He is
an excellent orator, earnest and deep, a man of advanced ideas and
fighting convictions. He evidenced most firmly these qualities while
in the I'arliament fighting wliith all the earnestness of his great soul
for the freedom of the slaves.

I'llllS l>l. AlMllllA

BiREs DE Almkida (Josc Kicar-
do). — He is the type of those wri-
ters who are always at their desks,
in their studios, nobody knows him
l)ersonally, and notwithstanding he
his always before the public by
means of his constant work , deep
and varied work.

He is a polygraph. He has ren-
dered services with his brilliant
work to the medical sciences, the
stage, the i)octry, the statistics, of
which he is a great w orixcr, t he plii-
lologv, the history, (picstions of pu-
l>iic iiistniction and ////// ijuanti.
\ lie sluils liiiiiseil' up in Iiis libfarv,
ill the morning, al night , an<l pcn'io- m
(lically hut with the sih'iit regula-
lilv ol' a sanil-clock, lie appears in

— 95 —

the columns of the a Jornfd do Commercio » where he has been a
writer for the hist thirty years, ehicidating- tlie most vai'ied subjects,
W'itli a number of informations and knowled<>'e whicli denote liis
untired and investigating- patience, livery now and lh(ui lie presents
at intervals between those journalistic works, almost mechanic by
their persistence, some thick l)o()k of historical investigation and
analysis, pedagogy, theatre and other subjects.

Typically modest, backwards, or indifferent he produces, builds
his extensive intellectual work, without even feeling or realizing
that lie is doing it. He does not frecpient the centres of bohemia in
Ouvidor Street, neither any of the mutual praise grou]). lie has not
deserved from the critics but a polite tolerance and some flying-
praises.

Pires de Almeida was born in Rio de Janeiro. lie is a graduated
from both the Medical and Law Colleges. From his many works we
now remember : ///.sfo/'/a do Drama; L' Instruction Pulyluinc an
Brcsil ; O Theatro no Brazil; Tiradentes ; A Edncarflo; A Fcsta dos
Craneos ; Liberdadc , O Mnlato ; Scte dc Setcmbro ; O Trafico; Mar-
tyres da Libcrdade ; Tcmpestades do Coracrw; Phrynca e Pasclioa
{dvumaH) ; Retrotos a penna; Centenario do Sr. Semprcviva, Bapti-
sado na cidade nova.

CoELHo Xetto. — He was born
in the State of Maranhao, (in the
city of Caxias in 1864). Maranhao
is well known as a State who has
furnished a large and great contin-
gent of literary talent, it is as they
say — the eagles' nest.

Coelho Netto came to the South
and began his work writing- for
newspapers and afterwards some
books. He is a quick worker and
no writer has in the same space of

time sent more books to the printing press than he has. Each one
of his works would suffice to establish the reputation of an author.
He has books of all kinds : novels describing habits and customs,
naturalistic novels, romances of all kinds, extravagant ones, histo-
rical, psychological and so on. He has written comedies, tragedies,
poetry, words for the music of operas, criticisms, history, entertain-

CoELHO Netto

— 96 —

ill-; clironicles, lias written on oratoi-y, on education, on art criti-
cisms, eti'.

lie went to Sao Paulo in ISS.;, alter having- pul)lislied in tin-
a (uizciinhn >> his I'irst literai'V essays. He wrote in Sao Paulo for
several Academic i)ul)lications. From there he went to liecile, capi-
tal ol' PernamSuco Stat'-, where he rrecjuented the first year of the
Academy, came hack to Sao Paulo and devoted himself body and
soul lo literature. He published a paper with the title of « Meridiu-

no » which lived the life of a rose. Having taken part in tlie

campaign in favor of the freedom of the slaves he was persecuted
ami had to run away to Recife in INN.") where he i)assed his examina-
tions of tlie 3rd year Law College course. It was his lot that he
would never become a lawyer or a judge. He came to Rio de Janeiro
and was invited by .Jose do Patrocinio to work in the « (iuzct:i da
Tarde » and there he worked most actively. Later on he left this
paper to establish one of his own « () I)ia », that lasted but a short
while, and then he was invited to manage as editor the « Diario
IlluslrHdo )). In this paper he started the publication of his novel
« .1 liohemin » written day by day, « O Diario Illnsti-ado » had no
resources, and though its editor was working ^\ ith earnestness he
did not succeed in overcoming the great difficulty of public indiffe-
rence. He was then invited by the « (lidadv do Rio », in the exc of
the freedom of slavery. In that i)a])er he jjublished A tapcra, a great
numlx'iof short stories, and began to write () Rei-Faniasma. In the
<( Diario dc Xolicias » he edited a section .1 Fiiinar (smoking i and
wrote Sunday stories. In 18U0 he married w ith Miss Maria Ciabriella
Codho Mcllo. l"\)r a while he abandoiu'd news])ai)er work, and wa>
appointed Sccrclary of the (Jovernmcnt of the Rio State, dui-ing
the administration of Dr. Francisco Port(dla. On November 'Jord he
went back (o ncwsjjapei- work, w ith () Paiz and in that pa])er he dex c-
lupcd his actixity xxritinga daily chronicle, lUlliclrs Poslacs { Postal-
cards), Sunday stories, and other ai'liclcs. In that paper he publish-
ed also writing them dax' by day the folloxxing ronuinces : .1 ('.itpi-
tal l'\'d('r;il ; Mir;i<>i'in : Inocrno cm /lor and Rci l';ii}t:isia;i. l-'iom
that papci' he xvent lo the (Inzchi tic Xolicins xxhcrc he had a daily
section under lh<; title of Fa<^iilhas besides articles on all to])ies and
shoi-1 stories with Ihc lilies of (icorf^icas, exotic stories of the \lhitin
d<- CdilKin, and t lie nmiances : O P.-iraiso: () Moiio: () Rnjnli <lo
I'ciidjah and the no\cls ^r;,'-,/ ; On \'cllios:iA' I lie xdlu nn- published
later on with the title of Scrlno. In another paper, the Rcpuhlica he
puhlished. I CiiiKiiiisl.i. and in (he licnisht lirnzilcir;! he liegan
O .l^'.(/(7/o |'rnrmcnl:i). lie xxmie the I'cio I /;/(>/•.' d I'a mat ic poem

— 97 —

and Saldiines both witli music by Lcopoldo Miguez ; Arlcmis, in one
act, music by A. Nci)()muccn<), and IIoslui, also in ()n(^ act, ^music by
Delgado de Carvallio. All these works wore ])ut on tho stage by the
(A'litro Artistico, of which Coolho Nctto was one of the Tonnders.
For the stage he wrote : Neve no Sol, (Snow in the Sun) play in four
acts ; Ivonia and Ao liiar, one act plays; .Is estardes, lyric episodes,
in one act and in verse; and the comedies : 0 Dinbo em (hisa, O Rcli-
cario, in three acts, and ()s Raios X and Fim de Raca, in one act.
With Olavo Bilac he w^rote several school readers, Terra Fliimi-
nense ; Coiitos Patrios ; Patria Brazileira and these books are
adopted in the public schools. Coelho Netto wa-ote also a book
Viag-em de iima familia ao Norte do Brazil. lie writes for « Correio
da Manila », Rio daily, 0 Estado de S. Paulo, A Revista Medica de
S. Paulo, and Jornal de Noticias of Bahia. He is at present professor
of literature of the National Gymnasium of Campinas. He is a
member of the Academy of Letters (A literary institution admitting
only 40 members representing the cream of Brazilian literary men.
Besides the books we wrote of above he has yet : Rapsodias ; Balla-
dilhas; Fructo Prohibido; America ; Inoerno em /lor; O Morto; A
deacoberta da India; Ronmnceiro ; Lanterna Mag'ica; Seara de Ruth;
A conquista; Por Monies c T^a//p.s-. Edited by Domingos de Magal-
haes, he published Memoria on art, in the 2 nd volume of the Livro
do Centenario, Viagem de unia familia ao Norte do Brazil; Fim de
seculo; a bico de penna; {Ag-ua de Juventa; Ruinas; Bom Jesus da
Malta). Edited by Delloz brothers, of Oporto, Portugal, he has
Apolog-os, tales for children. He edited w^ith Paula Ney and Pardal
Mallet a pamphlet a 0 Meio ». He wrote for « .4 Vida Modcrna » and
« A Bruxa » literary magazines. He was professor of Art History
in the Fine Arts college for one year and editor of the debates in
the Federal Senate.

He is a literary Proteus. His style is pow^erful and brilliant, by
the sweetness of its form, as well as for the opulence of its ^ ocabu-
lary. In this particular excepting Buy Barbosa, no other literary
man exceeds or even equals him.

He is a true nabob of the vocabulary.

Coelho Netto has w^ritten on every subject, of re omne scibile, hut
the most solid base of his literary glory is the romance.

Once we spoke about romancists w^e will mention some other
names, but only the most populai- ones, as the space is rather limited
to write about the whole family of those cultivating novel writing-
literature.

— 98 —

Aluizio Azevedo

We will incntion before any
other Aliizio Azevedo, who like
Coelho Xetto was also horn in
Maranhiio.

He differs entirely from Coelho
Xetto because lie devotes himself
to one single kind of fiction :
'i'lie natural ronianee. He has i;iv-
en his work a stamp of perfection
which gives him the right to a
place of honor among the other
writers. His style is concise, neat
an<l bright. He gives the jjrojx'r
name to everything, withoutlook-
ing for euphemisms , as others
usually do. He is most minucious
in details, and in his descriptions
we have first the notion of the details of the accessories and after-
wards the altogether. The great nnnit of his work lies mainly in this
analytical predisi)Osition, which enables him to that descriptive fideli-
ty and j)recisi()n so convenient in a romance that needs observation.
He knows how to select his types in the local atmosphere and in
preference in those classes less cosmopolitan.

He has also written for the stage, though with not so much success
as when writing novels. Here is a list, though incomplete, of his
works : — Cma Ingrima de miilher, Maranhiio, 1870; () miihito, 1<S80
(several editions); Mciuorius de urn condcmnudo, Rio, 1881 ; Myslc-
rio (hi 'rijiicii, Rio, 188L*; C.usa de /V/j.s-.lo, Rio, 188;>; l^hilonicnn
Hordes. Rio, ISN.;; O Coiujn, Rio, 188."); (> hoincin, Rio, 1887; <> Car-
tiro, Rio, IS'.MI; (f Miilulo (drama), 188 1; Cusu de Ornlrs (comedy
with Ai-lhur de Azevedo), Rio, 1882; Flor dr IJ: (operete, collabt)ra-
tioii), l.ssj; Ph'doinrnn Ii()r}>es (ccmiedy in one act), Rio, 1881;
\'rnrii<)s tjiic Ciiruni (comedy), Rio, 1885; O Cuborlo (drama), 1880;
On Soiihndorrs (comedy in three acts), 1887; Frilzinuk (comical
review, (•onal)()ration), Rio, 1887; Forn dr horns (short stories);
Linro ih' iiiii;i so^;r:i, Kio, 1887; Deuuniios, Rio.

Xwiii; MxKiiii-. II,. is aimtlier iioxcl writer w il li ;i lii'iii

repuliilioii. Il is ;i mind (jiiiie (lilfei-eiit Iroiii Ahii/io Azevedo. lie is
not inferior lo hini, in some points is even his superior, lie started!
in Jirazil a reaeli.Hi against Zola's school, basing the observatioiij

novel on local forms, in which provincialism, the pcculiaritien of his
community are introduced in the novel. Studying-, imdci- a Feature in
which psychology and idealism do not repel each other, men and the
people's habits and customs, he succeeded in creating- national types,
national scenery, a naticmal work, in short, in his elaborated
romances, written in a sound language, very rich and noted above
all, by the propriety of its application, by the full measure oi" its
vocabulary. His style, not having the
unevenness of Coelho Netto's, is as bright
and charming as his. His books denounce
a careful attention in its writing and we
do not notice a simple mistake not even
a lapse, or an unapropriated term; much
to the contrary he is fluent, exponta-
neous in his narratives and in the
exposition of his novel.

As we say, Xavier Marques, is a
contrast of Aluizio Azevedo, both in his
physical as literary personalities. He
never wished another scenery for his
heroes but the normal moral atmos-
phere. Vice, blood, aberrations find no
room in his books, and he does not

devote himself either to the idealistic kind and the honnetete of
G. Ohnet's novels. He limits himself to fix simply the truth, which,
in this, as in everything else, is always in a just term. He was born
at Itaparica island, Baliia, and had no great trouble to isolate
himself in literature as he isolated himself socially, as he isolated
himself geographically is his province, and he never wanted to
deviate himself from this programme. Xavier Marques each day has
more readers and each day is read with more interest. The editions
of his books sell out and this proves that the public is not such a bad
critic as it seems. vSome of his books are destined to gain a reputa-
tion even abroad as that delicate idyl Joanna e Joel. He started his
intellectual life as editor of the « Jornal de Xoticias », in Eahia, and
worked afterwards with Diario da Bahia, Diario de Noticia.s and
A Bahia. He wrote : Thenias e ]'ariacdes (verses), 18S i ; Simj)les
Hisiorias (short stories), 1886; Umafamilia Baliiana (romance), 1888;
Bofo & Co, romance on habits and customs, 1897; Joanna e Joel,
Bahia, 1899; Holocausto (romance), Bahia; Pz/u/ora/jja, historical
I romance wdiich won the prize of the Historical Institute of Bahia,
in 1900; O Sargento Pedro (episodes of the war of independence);

Xavier MAuyuES

— 100 —

0 urpoador and M;tri;i Rosu. Tlicsc two hist books belong;- to a
collecticm iiiidcr the luunc of « Pruicira » to which also beh)ni;s
JouniiH c Joel, a series of stories of maritime and sea-shore life a
poelieal woiid pieturesque and novel shown to us by X. :Mar(xues in
Joanun c .loci.

.1 I I.I A Lol'KS I)K AlMKH' \

— oeeui)ies one of the first
])laees anionj^- Brazilian ro-
iiianee writers, proving the
tiutli of what Stael said to
Napoleon : genius has no
sex. In fact Julia Lopes de
Almeida because of her in-
ventive capacity, her talent
to tell, her beautiful lani;ua-
<;■(! rich in colors and attrac-
tiveness, is one of the grea-
test names among those who
are elevating the fiction
literature in Ilra/.il.

She is a daughter of \'is- :
conde and Visi-ondessa of j
S. \alentiin and was born
in Kio in 1<S(')'J and here she
slarteil her studies.

When she was hut 1'.'
years old she was the cliirf
ediloi- of the » (iazcla dc
('.aiiijtinas >> and was writing ;:
for other i)apei's. Slu' I hell i;
ilinlo de Aiiueida, a jouniali-t

Julia Loi'Es ui: Au!t:iDA

made a li-ip to [•Inrope and inarrie(
and literary man of repute.

W riling consl;inl ly and freiiiu'iilly lo llic papers and niaga/ino,
she saw Ju'r nanic respected niid applamled as an inleHcclual nolal'i
lil,\' and she was at the same lime appicciated for her \iiinesasa

iiolde mistress of her charming 1 le.

NN'liiie she was yel a litllegirl iier golden dream was llie stage,
bill family and IxioUs look dial away from Ikm- liead. llei'liooks
lia\ e, lo l»e sure, ol)tained for iier l)el ler applall^^es and a lieltei' name
ami repiilalion Mian llie stage, il may l>e less nois_\ . luil is also less
epliemei al.

— 101 —

Xol long' Ago, a roreign writer of her sex, wiote in « Ln Miijcr »,
au Argentine niagaziiie, (( .Julia Lopes de Almeida has an e([uall.\'
delicate mind and intelligence. She is kind, sweet, as the Iruit of
her native country, to which she has robbed the juice and sugar
taste, that emanate at one time irora her phrases and lier eyes.

At the same time that she i'ecls that she is in love with litera-
ture, and writing, enjoys, as she lun'sell" says — and that compared
with me makes a sensible conti'ast, just as with our physical person,
in which we are a live contrast — she takes care of her children
with endless love, and surely from them she receives her l^'st con-
ceptions. »

She has published: — Trucos e Illiiininiiras (tales); A faniilui
Mcdciros (romance i; .1 Vinva Simdcs (romance); 0 Livro das Xoivas ;
.1 Fallencia (romance); two editions; . I nc/a e^er/ia (short stories);
Memorias do Martha, (novel); Ilistoria da nos.sa tci-ra; (Jontos In-
fant is. This last one she wrote it with her sister Adelina Vieira also
a writer, both in prose and verse, much appreciated in Brazil.

AVe do not wish to cite all the romance writers of Brazil, neither
would there be room for all of them if we were to write the remarks
to which they would have a right. We must, however mention, Xestor
Victor, a strong talent as a poet and novel \sriter, who has been writ-
ing considerably in the newspapers. He has published with great
success : Signos (a beautiful book of short stories), Rio 1807 ; Crnz e
S'ozzca, (study on the poet Cruz e Souza); Amigos, Romance, Rio, 1900;
A Hora, (criticisms), Rio, 1901.

Other names worthy of mention in this branch are : Rodrigo Oc-
tavio, the bright author of the Cabanos, and other books ; Inglez de
Souza; Affonso Arinos; Graca Aranha; Garcia Redondo ; Euclydes
Cunha; Leopoldo Freitas; Viveiros de Castro; Lucio de Mendonca
and many othei'S.

It is about time to write something about the stage, about the -play
witers. This kind of literature has at present but few men who de-
vote themselves to it seriously. Of those few some have their repu-
tation established but others are just learning how to fly. Of the
former the first one Arthur Azevedo, a native of Maranliao, who
came while quite young to establish his residence in Rio de Janeiro.
He first started his career as a journalist. He is one of the most ta-
lented men of the present age and there is hardly any branch of lite-
rature that he has not devoted himself to with brilliancy meeting
always with success. But his strong-hold is the stage and to that he
devotes himself body and soul.

— 102 —

Akthuk Azevedo

He has wi-itten a large mimbcr of plays both in prose and verse,
huinoristic chi-onicles, poetry, art criticisms, etc. He is a superior
mind not accessible to the small egotistical passions. He is a loyal

friend and a kind man, so kind that
he would lift from the ground his
enemy should he fall.

His first theatrical essay was
when he had 15 years of age. It was
a comedy. The success of the play
was such that he became immediate-
ly a popular man, and his comedy
has been produced ever since bj'
every theatrical manager in Brazil.
Its name is Amor por Anexins (Love
by quibbles).

No writer in South America has
seen his name oftener in the posters
and in the newspapers.

He is also an inspired ijoet and
dramatic critic of high compentenc3^

Here is a list of his principal w^orks, onlj^ the ijrincipal ones : —
Comedies : — .1 joia; Liberato; Casa de Orates; Badcjo; Fantasnui
nn Ahlcia; Industria c cclibato ; Fernando o engeitado. Reviews : —
() Mandarini ; Bilontra; Mcrcurio ; Viagem ao Parnaso, Plays on
habits and customs : — Vespera de Reis ; Os noioos. Comic Opera : —
Donzella Theodora; Princeza dos Cajiieiros. Parodies : — Maria
Angii; Mascolle ]iaRoca; Abel Ilelana; Casadinho de fresco; Amor
ao pello; Dramas : — O Anio do mal; Diias irmas, Magic plays : —
A Filha do Fogo and several others. Monologues : — Ilellar c Fa-
g-iindes; () Alfacinha. Translations and adaptation: — Xinichc :
Gilelle de Xarbone; Flor de Liz; Falca; Genro e Sogro ; Tres lH)(i-
carios; (Uxjiielicol ; I)ia e noiie; Fillio de Coralia: Mascara de
lironze; MiilliOres do Mercado; Perola Xegra; Proezas de liichclieu:
Novels and short stories: — Contos ephemeros; Contos possiueis:
etc., etc.

Now we will speak of the Hrazilian poets, they are numbei'less
and an nn<'ven lot.

'I'licy (Mmipi'lse (;v('ry one in tlie country. One of tliem asked on-
ce : II //(* is I here lli:il docs not ivrilc verses ivhen ao years old'.' And
he was iilxinl right. Nearly every man is a poet in this fatherland of
the oratois and poets, and nearly (ncry writer has start eil hiscareei-
w lil i ii;; a lio(»k of poet ry .

— lo:{ —

Some of the poets, liowevcr, have elevated tlieraselves far above
the multitude of verse makers, and among- those there are some great
individualities who are real poets and from those superior personali-
ties the critics give the first places to :

Olavo Bilac

Olavo Bilac. — Was born in Rio de
Janeiro where he lives still to-day, devot-
ing most of his time to journalism. He
devotes himself entii'cly to literature and
lives from it. He is a young, flexible, ex-
pontaneous, delicate and genteel writer.
He is a magnificent and charming spea-
ker, he dominates the word spoken with
great ability and in the delivery of his
speeches one will notice the same fluent
and expontaneous facility that he shows
in his verses so sweet and so natural.
His name is disputed by newspapers and
magazine editors as a good advertise-
ment for those who are lucky enough to
secure his collaboration. He is one of the
Editors of the « Gazeta de Noticias » and

through its columns he fights daily with enthusiasm for all the good
causes that may help the progress of Brazil.

His chronicles run away systematically from grave subjects but
selects any light theme more artistic in its slyle and at the same
time more natural. This does not mean that in any way he avoids a
subject never mind how grave if he deems it necessary to present
his criticism that a moral lesson or a warning might be deducted
from it, but never mind how circumspect the subject may be he will
treat in such a light form so that he may use that soft but convinc-
ing style that he so cleverly masters.

He has published stories, verses, and text books. We are now
going to give our readers one of his beautiful poems and we are
sorry that pressing time to prepare this translation does not permit
but to give, here a rough translation of it :

MALDITA SEJAS...

Se por vinte annos, iiesta fiirna esciira
Deixei dormir a minha mahUqao ,
— Hoje, velha e cangada da amargura,
Minh'alma se abririi como um uiilcao :

— 104 —

E, em torrentes de colern e loucnra ,
Sobre a tun cnbcc^a fervertio
Vinte annos de agonia e de tortura ,
Vinle anno.s de silencio e solidiio .'

Maid it a seja.s pelo Ideal perdido '.
Pelo inal que fizeste sem querer !
Pelo amor que morreii sem ter nascida .'

Pelas horas viuidas sem prazer '.
Pela tristeza do que teiilio sido '.
Pelo fulgor do que deixei de ser .'

(CuRSKi) Mayest Thou Bk — If during twonty years, I allowed my curse to sleep in tliis

dark den, — to-day, old and tired of that billerncss, my soul, like a vulcan, will huisl
open : And then, twenty years of agony and torture, twenty years of silence and solitude,
over thy head will pour boiling in a stream of passion and madness I ("-iirsed mayest thou
be for the lost Ideal I h'or the evil thou hast done unwillingly ! For the love that died with-
out ever having been born ! For the lively hours spent without any pleasure 1 For tlie
sadness of what 1 have been ! For the splendour of that 1 could nut be !)

Magalhaes de Azeredo. — A bright and a young poet is Maga-
lliacs de Azeredo. He was born in Rio, in January, 1872. He was
brotiglit up in Europe but finished his studies in Brazil. While yet a
student in the Sao Paulo Law College was already the editor of the
Esiado de Suo Pniilo. Later on in Rio he worked witli the « Giizcia

de Xolicias ». In 1891 he was appointed
Secretar3^ of the Brazilian Legation in
Montevideo and from there he was trans-
ferred in 189() for the same position in
Rome. In January 1897 the Acadeniin
Brazileirn elected him to be one of his
10 members to which number the mem-
bership is limited, just like in the French
Academy. The books he has published
•AVQ : Alma. Primitiva (story); Procclhi-
i-ias (verses); lialladas e Plianiasias {wv-
ses) ; Jose de Alencai- {Mndy): () Portu-
gal no (A'nleiiavio das Indias. He has
written very miicli in ne\vspai)ci-s and
magazines, mainly in Jornal do (auh-
merrio; Reuisia liia:ileii-a : Renisla Mo-
deina, of I'ai-is; etc. lie is about to pn-
l)lish ; — Iloineiis e Linros ; Poesias ;
Asjieclos d:t llalia; Melaiicladias (story); O .S';</j/o (rt.mancc); liiisli-

Magalhfics dc A/.crcdo

— 105 —

cas e Marinhas (verses); FAogio historico dc 1). J. (lon^-alocs de
Magalhaes.

Here we give now a sample of liis verses :

A IJM POKTA

Que o ten iiinor de Ideal no eiujienJto iiuo consistn
De cultivar em ti somente o jnivo nrlisla.
E o Homeii? Nuda vale; e diveitos nfto tern '!
A verdade condiiz ao Bello e o Bella ao Bern.
Segue essa lei : qnaijoia espleiuUda, lapida
Tiia alma ; e nisso poe tal zelo e tanto ardor.
Que eiitre as obras do ten espirito creador,
A mais perfelta seja a tua j>rojjria vida.

(To A P01.T. — May lliy lovo for llio lik'al not consist in tlje earnestness to make of yon
only a simple artist. And the man? Is lie worth nothing? Truth leads to the Beautiful and the
Beantifnl leads lo the Good. Follow thai law : lapidate thy soul just as if it were a splendid
jewel; and do it with such zeal and such eagerness that, among the works of thy creative
mind, the most ])erfect may be your own life).

AuGusTO DE Lima. — Is one
of the most noted poets of to-
day, but lie is so modest and
backwards that few know him
personally. In oiir travels
through the States I had the
pleasure of meeting him in
Bello Horizonte. He was intro-
duced to me as a noble and fair
spirit. We became good friends
and to be sure I am not the
least enthusiasmed of his ad-
mirers. Augusto de Lima was
born in Minas Geraes, where
he is to-day the Director of
the Public Archives. He is a

member of the Rio Academy of Letters, but this will not give him a
better reputation than his verses will. He photographs himself in
his works. He is a learned and i)hilosophical poet, a little skeptical
and a little melancholic. He has published but lew books. They
are : Contemporaneas (verses), 1887; Synibolos (verses), 1892 and A
Vida (poem) and several pamphlets, speeches and Brazilian History.
The first work of Augusto Lima, Contemporaneas was published in

Augusto de Lima

— lOli —

Rio and in it he revealed himseli" a true i)oet not only because of the
form as by tlie.vi«;()iir ol' the tliought, novelty of ideas, and stronu,
beauty of the eoueeption. He does not sing like tlie spring- poets
foolish love affairs and fancy flirtations. His themes are luiman ami
social and is just that that shows him quite different from the majori-
ty of the Brazilian poets. In his book the Contemporaneas and for
that matter the Symbolos each piece of poetry is a gem, not one
single inferior production can be found among them.

Here we give a sonnet from his book Symbolos, as a sample :

RISO E P RAN TO

Duus fraci'ues o g-rnnde todo hiunano
encerra : iima (jiie ri, onlru que cliora.
Diijilice monstru, contrantado Jano;
tern iiiiina fare — a noite, e noiitra — a aurora

Mas em seu seio eleriiameute mora,
como o j)olypo no prof undo oceano,
a dor (jue o riao menliroso eiiflora,
a mesma dor que verte o pranto insane.

Basta que riso ou lag^rima recume

da contraccao de um musculo irritado,

temos amor, jtezar, odio ou ciume.

Nem semjire o riso e uma exjjressaode agrado,
e as vezes quern niais chora se presume
feliz, por parecer mais desgrarado.

(Smilks and Tkaus — The {ircat liiiinaii whole oiich)ses two fractions : one lliat laiijihs.
anollKM' lliat weeps. Douhle iiKiristcr, like .laims, wears on one eheek — nij-ht, and on Ihe
oilier — (hiwn. lint in ils bosom, there lives lor ever, just like the |iolypii.s in the deep ocean.
the pain thai the lying sniil<> enihellishes, the same pain shed by the maddeniiij'- tears. It
sulliees that a siniU; or tear shall oo/e from the eontraetion of an irritated mnscle for us to
ftMil love, regr(M, hatred or jealousy. It isn't always that the smile pleasantness expresses,
and sometimes those who mo.st weeji happier seem to fei'l, for the thouj^ht of lookinj; tn
othei's more unfortunate..)

FoNTouRA Xavikr. — He is a poet and a writer of reputation. Ih'
is to-day ('onsul (Jeneral of Bra/.il in Xcw \oy\i. city, lie was born
in Kio (iiandc do Sill. He \\ riles well several languages and had tlir
pleasiiiu" of seeing his best pit'ces of i)octry. translated, by pocis of
renown like Bliss Carnian, \V. Wafson, and others, inlo other
langiiagrs. lie Ims inililislied several works the most celebrated of
which is the u (tpuhts >,, Poi-to Alegre, 1S81. He also published the
A{-iii!t Ainrriiiiint, mIk! .\iiierican i-lagh;) ; the ]'ci)iis dc \Viislui\<i;tou ;

— 107

Es{r()i)hes a Baby Mcc : () F^a^-cm ; As Monliinhas; As (^aturatas
do Niagara, Spleen de liaiidelaire ; and ICl Dorado de Poc;

FONTOURA XaVIER

As a sample of his high degree of fine humor we publish here one
of his sonnets with its translation in prose.

A MULHER DO PALHACO

En ando triste, mudo, nlndnlinrio,
Persegue-me a vistio de urn soiiho vago ;
Tenho as triste::as tetricas de Mario,
E as solidoes sinistras de Carthago.

Nem saiba o mnndo... Tiibido sudario
Envolva-ine a paixao que em mente afago...
Vou em meio caminho do (Jalnario
E desconheco a criiz que aos hombros trago .'

Desconfio de algiiem. De loiiga data
Canto entre as minlias relacoes ignotas
A graca esculptiiral diima acrobata...

Muita vez, a saida, dei-lhe o braco,
E inda tenho presents as cambalhotas
Que ella dava iia ausencia do palhaco !...

— 108 —

(TiiK Ci.owv 's wiiK. — I ;mi sad. iliimli, mclainliiplii-, iicrscriitcd Ity llic visidii ul" a
vagin' (Ircain, I liavo llic liillor sailiicss of Mario and the sinislcr solitude uf C.arlliago.
I doiil want till' world to know... Let an lieetie shroud wrap u|t the huinini" love 1 eai'ess
ill my mind... 1 ami hall way to the calvary. .\nd ignoi-c the eross that my soulders hears I

I suspeel .some one. For a long time I have had among my unknown aeciuainlanees. The

seulptiiral graee of an acrobatic woman... — Often, going out, she left arm in arm with me,
And 1 can still remendn-r thi" luiid)lings she gave when the clown was away :...j

Mucio Teixi;ii{.v. — He
is one ol' tlic Brazilian
writers who lias worked
tlic most. He was boi-ii in
Porto Alegre, \HoS. AVlien
he was hut '2\ years old
he was Seei'etary of the
Esj)ii-ito Santo jjrovince.
Afterwards he went to Ye-
ne/Aiela as Consul Gene-
ral. He was editor of se-
vei'al papers in l^ahia.
Sao Panlo, Rio Grande,
and Rio de Janeiro. Liv-
ing- as he does hv his
l)en he has quite a num-
ber of ])rodiu'tions many
of which have been trans-
lated into other lan,i;iia-
ges :

Poetry : rocr.v 'I'rcinii-
lus , 1 vol. : \ iolclus , 1
vol.; Oiidns c Xiincny;, 1 vol.; Sombi'us c ^dhu-ocs, 1 vol.; \oiios
idciu's, 1 \(»1.; I'lismus c Vibnu;ocs, 1 yol.; IIiii>()ni:in:is, 1 \<il.;
Pocsins c P()ci)t:is, 1 xol. ; Cchijcs (in Spanish) 1 vol.; Iii:isili'iius y
Lnzihuins, 1 vol.; I'ocsins dc Mucio 7'e/.vr//;(, '2 \(»ls. ; ('.;iinjt() Sunlo
wilii 12 illustrations.

I'oems : Cerebri) c ('.orm^rto, I vol.; /'/(//.s/o c M;u\^;iri<hi, I \(»l.;
(Umlos cm (!;tnl()s, 1 vol.; ['in sou Inulor do Scciilo. 1 xoi. ; <) Inferno
l*olilic:i, 1 \<)1.; () Tribuno lici, I \(>1.; () (iirnfn, 1 \(»1.; O.s niinnnnos,
I \<»l.; <) Inconl'nh-nlcs, l\ol.; () Mest re de Sunt iniio, 1 \()1.; /'cf/z/e/ios
jiocnnis de Cnniponnun- , 2 vols.; () Drnnm Ininersnl, 2 \()ls.;
Mnlhcres do l^nnn^cUio, I vol.; \'er;i Ci-n:, Uciiig finished.

Dramas : O J-'ilho </o linntjueiro , '> aels; AInnro o I'\ui:ijio, in

.Micio Tkixkika

— 109 —

5 acts; .1 Flor de iim din, 1 acts, verses; Tcinpcsludcs monies, '.i acts;
.1 virludc no crime, 5 acts; () Sobrinho pclo Tio, .'5 acts; Moiihiloo,
."Jacts; (^himicn (JonJii<>-nl, 1 act, verse; (^Hridtidc, '.\ acts;

Wofks in prose : Mcmorins di^-nns de //jc/jjo/v'.j, ■"') vols. ; .S'y/i-
(liese historicH da Litenitiiru Brazileiia, o vols.; Foetus de Venezuelu,
1 vol.; Poetus do Me\'i(:<), 1 vol.; Poetas dii liolioni, 1 vol.,- Poelus da
America Lalina, 1 vol.; Poclas do Brazil, .'3 vols.; ]'ida e Ohras de
dastro Alors, 1 vol.; a I\eoolii(;ao do Rio (irande do Siil em lS()'i,
1 vol.; La administraccioii del Doctor Jiian I'ablo Jiojas l*aiil en
Venezuela, 1 vol.; Ln aho en Venezuela, 1 vol.; () Brazil Marcial,
syntliese liistoi-ica das guei-ras, i-evolucoes e revoltas, desde os
Icmpos coloniacs ate a actualidade, com biograpliia e os retractos
dos lieroes. (Historical resiimnm ol' wars and revolutions from
Colonial times up to now, with biographies and pictures of the
heroes, and others.

Lucio DE Mexdoxca. —
He is a judge and a poet.
He was born in 185 1 , in
the city of Rio. He stu-
died in the S. Pauh) Law
college. After his gradua-
tion he devoted himself to
journalism. He was also a
poet, like all the students
of his time were. He re-
vealed great talents in his
writings and soon made a
name for himself in Sao
Paulo which might have
been of far more advan-
tage for him if he had

been writing in Rio. To-day Lucio de Mendonca is a member of the
Federal supreme court and one of the 40 members of the Literary
Academy.

His books are a Xevoas Matutinas )), poetry; « Cancoes do
Oiitomno », poetry; a Esbocos e Perfis », short stories 1889 ; « Ver-
gastas )) ; a Haras de Bom tempo », Rio 1903.

Lucio de Mendonca worked as a journalist in S. Paulo, Minas
and Rio, writing for « Provincia de S. Paulo », « Gazeta de Noticias »,
« Estacao n, « Semana », and others.

Lucio de Mendonca

— 110 —

Lui/. (JriMAKAEs iFillu)). lie was horn in Rio in 1877. He went to
Eiir(»i)(' with liis fallicr wlio was a diplomatist. lie <>ra(luateil in l.s'.>7
from the Coimbra I'niversity, in Portuoal. Rcturnino- to Kio was
given tlie i)osition ol" PMitor of the « (jhz( la dc Xoticins ^>ii Rio daily.
He wrote for nearly every one of the Rio dailies. He published
seven volumes of poetry : Idyl has Chinczes, Ave Mnria, Unui Pngi-
mi do Quo Vudis , and Pcdrns Prcciosas. These are the four best
ones. The edition of his books are as a rule sold out.

I.uiz (Miiinnrrics i Killidi.

Liiiz (Jiiiinaraes (Kilho) is a (lii)h)iiiatist. He was the secretary of
the Hrazilian Commission to the 'Jnd I'aii-Aiiierican Congress,
Secretary of the Brazilian Legation in Montevideo and to-day he
lioMs (he same place in Tokio. His verses have been tianslated into
Spanish, l'"reneh and Swedish.

liiiz Mdmindo. lie is a most clever wrilci- and a poet of no
litth' merit, lie was l)orn in ivioon the "Jdth .1 une 1S7'.".

In I.S*.lX he. published his first book (( Ximbos ». Since then he

Ill —

pnhlislicd another one « Tlinrybulos », in 1809; and a Turris
Kbnrneaw in 1902.

In 1899 lie founded a nuv
gazinc « Revista Cont(Mnj)ora-
nea » ol" \vliicli he is the chief
editor.

This magazine has in its
staff of writers the best wri-
ters of this generation : A. de
Guimariies , B. Lo|ies , Luiz
Guiniaraes Filho, Mangal)eira,
Xestor Vietoi', Carvalho Ara-
nha, liuiz Pistarini , Paulo Par-
reto Azcvedo Cruz and others.
It is published in Rio de Ja-
neiro and has attained success
as an artistic and literary ma-
gazine.

Luiz Edmundo is preparing
now another book. This as all
the others he has written are
poetry. He is writing, however,
his first essay in prose « Im-
pressions of a trip to Central
Europe. »

He has written for eveiy daily and every magazine that has been
published in Rio since 1897.

Raymundo Corrka. — We do not in-
tend to fill these pages with the names
of that large host of Brazilian poets, as
we wrote before. Their number is too
large and should tliey devote the time
spent in verses making to more useful
exercises in agricultural , industrial or
business pursuits much better it would
be both for themselves and the commu-
nity. But since we have mentioned a few
of the cream, we can't leave outside the
name of that most inspired poet Ray-
mundo Correa. He is a true poet. He
was born in Minas , and is at present
judge in one of the Rio de Janeiro courts.

Luiz Edmunuu

Raymundo Corre\

112

He can't bo iinitaled in the perfection of the conception, the
inventive <;enius and tlie melody of his verses. It is enough to read
the sonnet below, a sonnet known by heart by every Brazilian from
one end to the otlier of the country and in it you will see the great
soul of the jioct :

AS POM B AS

I'.ie-se.T j)rimeirii /lonihit <les/>criufi{i...

T'.'<e-.S(' oiitru nuiis... iiitiis niiirti... enifim dezeniis
Dc jiombas luio se dos jtoinbiws, iijtenns
Jiain, sanguiiieu e frescn, u niiiilrii-rndu.

Et a tardc, qiiando u rii^idu iiortnda
Sopra, ao.s j)Oiubae.s tie novo ellu.s seremis,
Jiii/Iaiulo UN azan, tmrudindo as jjcnna.s
VoUain todas em bando e em revoada.

Tainbem dos curat^oes, onde aboloam,
Os isonltos, iim jxjr iim, celeres voam,
Como voam an pumbas do.s j)ombaes.

Xo acul da adolesrcnria as azas snllam,
Fog^em... mas aos jiombaes as /lombas txiltam.
E dies aos corat^bes nao I'ollam mais ..

(«Thk Dovks ». — Tlicre goes llie first dove tliat awoke... there goes another one... slill
anotlier... well, dozens of doves lly from the dove-houses, wiien dawn, reddish and fresh,
hardly begins to appear. — And at the sun-set, when the Northern strong winds blow, there
they come again living bark in bands to the dove-houses, .so serene and eheerful moving
their wings, shaking their fealh(!rs. — ^ Thus also, from the hearts, where the dreams are
fastened, one by one, they swiftly fly, just as the doves do, from the dove-houses. — In the
blue of the adolescency they spread I heir wings, they lly... but the doves return to the dove-
houses, and (he di-canis never come back to the hearts.)

AVe could yet mention other names of ])oets who have won a just '
notoriety as Lui/ Murat, Luiz Delphino; Lucio de Mendoura,
Alberto de Oliveira, Mucio Teixeira, Joao Ribeiro, — who is also a :
writer of no small reputation, but we have no space.

We need now to review another feature of Hra/iliau talent. They'
are the artists of to-(la3^ •

n^ —

MUSICIANS, PAINTERS AND SCULPTORS.

This feature of Brazilian artislic life is not less brilliant llian the
ones presented in previous seetions. AVere it not ihat our i)rooramme
binds us to write only of tlu; men of to-day we would have much to
wrile about great men, among- whom is one who won fame abroad as
well as in the country. He is Carlos Gomes, the immortal author of
« (jiinrtiny », opera that has been and will continue to be sung all
over the civilized world. And he is not the only one of our dead
notabilities. We had Miguez, the author of the a Sulduncs » Jose
Mauricio, the great composer and others.

But we will write only of the men of to-day, the space being-
limited.

Alberto Xepomucexo, — AVe owe the first place to the author of
(( Artemis ». He is the onl^^ maestro now in South-America who
deserves to inherit tlie glorj^ of Carlos Gomes.

He was born in Fortaleza, Capital
of Ceara, on the (3th July, 1804 and is
a son of the great musician Victor Xe-
pomuceno, well known here. With his
family he went to Recife, the capital
of Pernambuco, where he was much
esteemed, devoting himself to music
lessons being the most sought after
professor in that city where he was
the introducer of classic music.

Under the direction of his father
and obeying to self inclinations, Al-
berto Xepomuceno, day bj^ day, accen-
tuated more and more his artistic per-
sonalit}^ and he kept on enlarging his
circle of friends and admirers, succeed-
ing at the age of 18, in substituting

the maestro Euclides Fonseca, as director of the concerts at the
Carlos Gomes Club till the time of the death of his father.

He came then to Rio, without any protection and without
resources. Here he lived and strengthened his artistic talent. Later
on he went to Europe where he perfected himself. On his return he

Alberto Nefohuckno

— 114 —

was appointofl <iri;an i>rofossor of the Musical Tnstituto, of Rio. and
afterwards director of that Government establislinient.

Among liis many compositions of true merit, and in which he
reveals a prodigious fecundity of brain, wo note the RoimuiceH
liruzik'iros a series the words of some of whose pieces were written
by Juvenal Galeno; the opera El ret ra, a Greek subject translated in
verse by ('hal)ault, and which was performed in Paris in the hall of
Saint-Iiarbe des Champs; Syinplumics , he wrote a number for
grand-orchestra; the Suite liresiliciinc, on national subjects; sever-
al pieces for piano and singing; sacred pieces for orchestra. The
words for his opera Artemis were written b}'^ Coelho Netto and the
opera was sung with great success in the S. Pedro theatre in Rio.
lie has just written two other operas, the Abnl and Riherto. The
latter is going to be sung in Vienna.

, Henrique Oswai.do. — He re]3rescnts a

great personality in the artistic world at

f^ ^l^P ^^ i least in South America. To give the bio- j

/ graphical profile of Henricpie Oswaldo it is '

sufficient to give an account of the follow-

) • li^!i;i ^'^» episode : Le Figaro, a French paper

published in Paris opened a musical contest

■^ in which (500 comi)osers from every country

in the world took place, sending the pieces

in sealing envelopes and without signature.

IlKNRIOUE OSWALUO ^.^.^^^^ .^^j ^j^^^^ ,,^3^^) COUipOSitlOUS , tllC SClCC-

ted one to receive the prize was Ilenri(iu6
Oswaldo 's. Referring to the composition that Parisian paper wrote :
We made allusion \esterday to the hesitations that seemed to pre- ,
vent our jury from delivering the prizes. As to the // neige ! (is the j
composition of Henrique Oswaldo) , there was not the least discus- ,
sion about it. Only one vote and absolutely spontaneous! AVe remem- '.
\)V.v yet that charming surjirise and flying and delicate artistic sen- ,
sat ion we felt when we first heard the composition of Heniitiuo '.
Oswaldo.

Sainl-Sat-ns, h'aure and Diemer, grouped together, for many .
hours around the piano had already exhauste<l a good number of
c/i/jo/.s ant] ilie session was al)out to end when Diemer getting hold
casual of a i-oli of paper said : And if we should liy this one? It was
the. // iici'^-c !

Tlieii, under the lingers of llie pianist, ihert; rose an extpiisiie mo-

— Uh —

lody, tlie intense poetry of wliieli with the beaiitil'iil sound of the swee
and \vrai)])ing dreams evoked to the imagination something of a ])ale
w inter landscape, tlie monotonous and sh)\v fall of the wliite snow
flakes under the mysterious silence of the desert field, 'c Xoiis ctioiis
comjuis I ') (We had been con(iuei'od) thus ends the pai'isian i)ai)er.

ncnricpie Oswaldo was born in Rio in 1853. His father was J. -J.
Oswaldo, a piano merchant in Sao Paulo, and his niothei' D. Carlota
Cantagalli Oswaldo, was of Italian descent.

Fi-om 1854 to 1870 Henrique Oswaldo lived in Sao Paulo, studied
in the Episcopal Seminary, in Bart 's German Lyceum and I'eceived
music lessons fi'om professor Girandon, considered then an excellent
pianist.

Fi'om there he went to Italy to imi)rove his musical studies in Flo-
rence under the direction of imicsiro Grozzoni, ex-director of the
Benetto Marcello Conservatory of Venice and professor of the Flo-
rentine Musical Institute, and he was lead through mysteries and
the secrets of harmony and counter-point.

He has devoted himself mainly to the camarii music, an aristocra-
tic and fine kind, having published : sonatas, concertos, inorceaiix
diucrs for the piano, and symphonies for grand-orchestra, con-
certs for string instruments. In all he wrote thirty different pieces.
His music is elaborated with high care and is perfect in its minutest
details, of broad inspiration , transparent, it reminds Beethoven's
school. At present he is director of the Rio National Musical
Institute.

Meneleu Campos. — He succeeded
Carlos Gomes in the Belem Conservato-
ry, in the capital of Para state, and we
cannot say that he does not honor the
inheritance. He was born in that beauti-
ful city and from his youth he revealed
decided aptitude for music. His first
teacher was Adelino do Nascimento, a
violin virtuose of great fame in Brazil.
Later on he went to Italy in 1891 , enter-
ing Milan Conservatory,

He has written music for piano, sing-
ing , and orchestra. He has composed
good many pieces, all of one thought and

original one perfectly distinct, somewhat melancholic. And much ean
be expected yet, from the author of Noitiirno of the romance T'amo

Menellu Campos

lift —

He wrote miiiucttes and symplioiiies that give a i^weet and
untranslatable sensation of ti-an(iuility, of broad and ti-ansi)ar('nt
insi)iration. They are a language for the soul ingeniously I'xpressive
and sweet, and the musical drawing and richness of accords show
a noble and classic make up. Meneleu Campos cannot be imitated in
these intermezzo pieces that he so ingeniotisly intercalates in liis
greatest works. In his minucttcs and .syinphonics he sometimes hides,
like Xai)omuceno the originality of i)opular themes, liandling and
transmuting them so beautiful as he does in the Minintiirn dedicated
to the Para ladies; sometime he throws himself to spontaneous stream
of the ins])iration as he did in the Murclui Funcbrv, dedicated to the
memory of Carlos Gomes, or yet in the (ionics, a thick, rich, har-
monious music, in which we cannot say what is more- beantiful, if
the beauty of the melody of thought, or the greatness of the harmo-
nious checking. In our o})ini()u Meneleu (yampos is one of the nu)st
inspired musicians of Bi-azil.

Francisco Braga. — Here is another
much a])plauded name. He is a man of a
sympathie figure and he knew how to make
room for himself in the arena of the struggle
for life, having no other means of defence
but is talent.

He is a born musician and has vocation
for that art. He prefers the orchestral mu-
sic for his productions , having i)rodui'i'd
and executing in i)ublic concerts some beau-
tiful symphonic pieces, poems, ouvertures,
episodes. H(^ was born in Kio de .Janeiro
where he received liis musical education.
He went also to Paris to continue his stu-
dies under the direction of Massenet.

He comi>osed in tluit city several i)ieces
which were played in two concerts : ^,';h/-
r//r'///,//' s.\ inplionic prelude; Pnysu^i' , symi)honic ])()t'm , both foi'
orcliestra; Mnrionncltrs , gavotte (which is known all over the
world); I'rirrc, Miiiiii-llo for ([uartc^ttc. lie i)roduced also while
there: Lc Icnci- ; /•.'.v/./.sr .• I >c<l;tr!il ion : ('.linnsan ; Sri-cnndc loin-
Ininc , for singing. Scherzo; Wtlsc n)iii:inti(inc : Mini: Mchtnro-
li:t, for y'wwuK Hoiu;n\(c ; Clinnson </'.! ///<>////;(• , foi- NJoloncello ; and
man\ ol licrs.

I IIAM.ISCO iJllACA

— 117 —

In Germany he composed : Jiruzil, solemn mareli tor martial
band: ^/a/'a/ja, symphonic poem tor orchestra; Aiibn(I(',iov quar-
tetto ; Oh! si tc ninci ! ; Di'i-mc ns pchilas dc I'osa, romance for
singing, and his first opera Jui)yra.

In Dresden several of his pieces, which the musical critics
referred to in the highest terms were executed in several public
concerts in 1808.

He is now awaiting the opportunity to put on the stage of the
Imperial Theatre of Munich, his opera Jupyrii, which has already
undergone the criticism of one of the first celebrities in Germany —
the maestro Hermann Lev3\ This critic among other things said
that his advice was : « do not strike out a single note from this
opera )> — so perfectly identified with the ijoeni did he find it.

Abdon Milanez

MiLAXEz (Dr. Abdon Felinto). —
Is perhaps the most popular of all
the composers of popular music.
His compositions are executed in
every theatre of Brazil, as if he had
jH-omised to himself not to do any-
thing else but write music for all the
audiences and all the people of the
country.

He was born 10 years ago , in
Areias, a modest city of Parahyba
State, which can be proud of having
exported great artists for the other
corners of the counti-y. He distin-
guished himself as a railway civil engineer having been graduated
in the Pol 3- technical College of Rio de Janeiro, in 1881, he was in
office seveial times, as land inspector, director of the emigration
service, in Europe, and other capacities. To-day he is a Congressman
representing his native State in the Federal Congress.

His notoriety, as it is natural , was acquired mainlj'^ by the
inspiration of his theatrical compositions, which were always execut>
ed with success. He had alreadj^ composed a large number of pieces
that had become popular, when in 1886, his comic opera, in three
acts Donzclla Theodora was sung in the Sant'Anna theatre in Rio.
The music of this operette so light and original was received with
groat applauses, and the success was complete.

Encouraged by this triumph, and having become the idol of Bra-

— 118 —

zilian audiences, lie \vas inspired witli the full p«)\ver of liis noted
humour and gaiety and wrote some quite original plays : Ilcroc ,i
fovi^a, comic opera in three acts; .1 Dunui dc Ksinidns, t-oniic opera
also in three acts; Moenia, lyric drama in one act; O linrbeirinlu) dc
Seoilla, operette in three acts; the spectacular magic plays : Flor dc
Maio; A Fada Azul; O Bico de Pajut<>ai(), all in three acts, and sever-
al other plays. All of them met with great success all over Brazil
some being performed hundreds of times and some pieces from these
comic operas are most popular and are executed all over in concert
halls and whistled in the streets as a live expression of the rare and
of the people 's sentiments.

With popular music, no comjjoser national or foreigner ever
achieved such success in Brazil.

He is for the Rio theatres what Planquette was for the Parisian
ones for many years, and Abdon Milanez does not devote himself
entirely to that light music.

He also wrote for the Church and writing sacred music he un-
dergoes such a transformation that one of his Tc-dcunis is the one
most frequently heard in the Rio chuches.

Here is a list of the musical works of this noted Brazilian ope-
rette composer with the names of those wo wrote the words : Don-
zella Theodora (o acts), Arthur Azevedo; Hcroc a Forca (3 acts),
idem; -I Damn dc Espadas (3 acts), dr. Moreira Sampaio ; 0 Barhci-
rinho dc Scoiiha {'.i iH'ts), E. Garrido; Pintar o Padre (1 act), I).
Castro Lopes; .1 Lotcria do Amor (3 acts); Coelho Xetto; Xinon (3
acts), 1). Castro Lopes. Magicas — .1 Princcza Flor dc Maio (3 acts),
E. Garrido; .4 Fada Aziil (3 acts), idem; () Bico dc Papagaio
(3 acts), idem; A Cliauc do Inferno {'.i acts), D. Castro Lopes; ^
Mosca Aznl ('.', acts), Valentin Magalhaes. Reviews — O Zc Povinho
(3 acts), dr. N'incente Reis; (^oincu I (3 ac(s) Arthur Azevedo. Opera

— Priniizic (1 ac(j. Ilcilor j\Lihigu((i. I )raiiia w il 1 isic — Mocina

(y> acis), ("oiichi ('oaracy.

Abdoii Mihuicz has besides tliese p.lays composed a nunilier of
songs, romances, daneiiig and military piei'CS, etc. Some have not
been published but tliey all have; been often and often i)layed and are
(|uite popular, w liicli cdiisl ilntes in a eci'laiii way the definite I'onse-
cration ol (he nmsieiaiis.

Caiu.os ok Mix^iiia. — lias a long list o1 ('(unposil ions and an
(>|)era l\siiicr;ild;i. Hesides biiii we lia\c yet a niiinlxT oldtliers :
ileiiri(|ue de Mesijiiila who lias emiiposed so iniieli music lor tlie

119 —

Carlos dk Mesquita

stage, gay pieces in the Offenbacli style. Dclgado dc Carvalho a
grave composer of liigli music wlio wrole a slioii op(M"a Ilosliii and
anoilier one Mocnui botli ol' \n liicli ^^•el•e siiccessrully sung in Kio de
Janeiro. There arc yet A. Vianna Pacheco, Earroso Xetto, Nicolino
Milano and many others, ^^ilo
are musicians of great merit
sustaining the good name that
in the world of Art Carh)s Go-
mes won for Brazil.

It is well known abroad
that, outside of Europe, the
only country that sncceeded in
having an opera of its own
performed all over the world
in the leading cities, was Bra-
zil with that famous and ma-
gnificent Carlos Gomes' opera
« Gucirany ».

The cultivation of music as
well as of other liberal arts is
maintained with care. The go-
vernment supports officially Music and Fine Arts institutes in llio
de Janeiro, and some of the State Governments of this Rei)ublic fol-
low the example, and this explains the number relatively large of

good artists to be found in Bra-
zil. In this regard no other South
American country comes near
this republic.

V^^G will now speak of the Bra-
zilian Sculptors :

The place of honor belongs by
right and in fact to Kodolpho
Bernardelli , the celebrated
sculptor who has populated with
statues the capital of Brazil. The-
re are here in Rio and elsewhere
statues made by European artists
of reputation, for large sums of
, yet confronted with the work of this Brazilian they do not
that preference and are not in anything superior.

RoDOLPuo Bernardelli

money
justifv

— 120 —

Bcnardi'lli was bi)rii in IS.'/,' and in 1870 he entered the Fine Arts
Academy ol" Rio. Three years hiler lie had executed his first work —
Dnoitl, soon afterwards he sculptured a Saiidadc fin Tribii and
A'csprcilH, both of which received prizes at the Philadelphia Exposi-
tion. In 1870 he earned a prize annually given to the best student
of llic Academy wliicli pi'ize consists in going to Europe to continue
the studies at the i^overnment expenses. He stayed nine years in
Europe perfecting himself and ])rodiieing.

On his retuin he executed a monumental grouj) dhrisfo en n(lul-
tcni, whicli belongs to the Academy, and the Fiucini which excited
the art critics with enthusiasm. Later he sculptured ScHito Kstcnam,
and three statues: O.sorio, Alencar and Duqiiv dc (Jaxius, all of
which are to-day in Rio's public squares, all of them of bronze and
two of them, those of Generals Alencar and Duque de Caxias, on
horseback. His last work is that magnificent group in l)ronze,
representing the discoverers of Brazil inaugurated during the festi-
vals of the celebration of the fourth centenary of the discovery of
Brazil. This work of art by itself is enough to give him the great
name as an artist he has and so richly deserves.

Bernardelli is fond of naturalism,
in art; in his work he i)laces himself
at the disposal of the plain truth and
he doesn't deviate from this happen
what it may:

His statues are always a theme I'or
discussion among the critics, whom,
as it is usual, never agree in their
opinions as to the artist. The scidptor
doesn't i)ay any attention to them. If
sucli an hero used to mount his liorsi'
in a manner that was not correi't, he
repiodnces him just so in the bronze;
if another had his stomach distiMuled
somewhat more than it is idealized by
the standai'd fixed by tlu- legends for
their idols, he cai'cs litlle lor that, he
I'ounds the marble true to his model.
And as to con\ cnidonalism, whiidi is
a ci'iterion for the art of the crowds,
that expands ilselT in repro\ a! ions, in strong criticisms in the news-
pap(us — Ic jiiijiicr stm/J'ic loiil.

Not w itiistanding all that, JJei-nardcHi has also his admirers.

ll I'll i;n Mill 1 1 Clirislit V ii iultilicru

121

and, besides, nobody can rciuse his title as a genius affirmed by
immortal bronze statues.

The list of \vorks executed by this first of Brazilian sculptors is
a long- one. Besides all these statues to be seen all ovei" the city in
itspul)lic squares, there are numbci'lcss low rclier l)ns(s, nicdallions,
and other works in bronze and marble sculi)tured by him. Of late he
executed a statue of Ca/-/os' (ionics for Campinas and two others of
Teixeira de Freltas and Mscoiidc dc Mciiia for Rio.

In Brazil artistic circles Bernardelli is the
most respected personality of all the artists in
the country. He has imposed himself by his
talent and if he is not a millionaire he can say
as Emerson did : real i)i"ide is worth an inco-
me of £ 1.50U.

CoRRKA Lima. — This name is another
document of Brazilian Fine Arts culture. Is
a revelation and a promise. He has the sense
of the beautiful and by energetic work has
acquired the snvoir fnirc of the sculptor, who
perpetuates himself, by periDetuating others
in. his marble.

The certificate of his genius was seen in the Bio Fine Arts Exhi-

CoRREA Lima

CoRitEA Lima. — Mater Dolorosa, belonging to llie Fine Arl.s Institute.

122 —

bition, where he exliibited liis bronze statue Pu>>c powerlnl in its
natural expression.

Correa Lima is one of (he most beautiful and best defined artis-
* tic personalities of South America. Though quite young he has l)y
himself acijuired the reputation of a superior artist. lie was a pui)il
of Bernardelli nnd frecjuented the Fine Arts College in Rio. He was
born in the State of liio, in the small city of S. Jofio Marcos, in
1878. lie followed the full course of that college during three years
and it was a surprise, not only for the public, but even for his college
mates and professors, the exhibition of his work in marble « Kc-
morso )) which won for him the jiri/.e of a trip to Europe at the
expenses of the Government. AMiile in Rome he develoi)ed a fever-
ish activity, producing among othci- works the (( Pi'isioijciro >> a
great w ork in bi-onze, where he exhibited his independence and sell'
individuality qualities, well evident in a more or less vivid manner,
in all his works.

In the Fine Arts expositions of IVKM, 1*.»02 and lOOo, in Rio, he

won the first prizes with
his works, Page, S. .louo
Bnptisln, Rcmorso and the
Pc'sviulor, and others.

His chief work of art,
the one which won for
him the celebrated repu-
tation he enjoys was that
painful group Mater clolo-
I'osu , a genial association
of the classic art inspira-
tions with tlu' prc()i'cui)a-
tion of natural art, lull of
emotions and truth.

lilDOVU'O 1)KKNA. —

lit' is also a young artist
and his uaiiic is being 1 lie
objci't of aiticles in I lie
lei'hnical periodicals and
daily pajxMs.

lie is an arcliilcrt of
talent, 'riic altar he l>uilt

Liiiiovicd Hi UNA

for llic llcnjaniin Constant clitiich is a real gem ol work in llicgo-
thic style worthy of great i)iaise.

— 128 —

BiTTKNCOT-RT DA SiLVA. — The uiitired woi-kcr Direcloi- of tlie
Arts and Trades Lyceum d(jes not need any better prool" ol' his tahmt
than the Iront of the J^^xchangc Building. The ^vhole building is the
])roduet of the purest Rcnnissiincc school, adding to the nobility of
its lines, the elegance of the decorative details.

In Sao Paulo the Brazilian architects fill that city \vi<h Ixiautiiul
mansions, affirming Bi-a/.ilian advancement in arts. In the North we
can mention :

Hans Schleiaer, of Bahia. — He has had to struggle against the
sraallness of the centre where he lives, yet succeeds in impi'cssing a
sign of his renovating spirit in a few private buildings he has built
up. Ilis best works are the residences of Messrs. J. Gama and Costa
Santos in Mctoria and that of Mr. F. Hasselman in Victoria Square.
He also built the large business house of Mr. Deoc. Alves at Prin-
cezas Street, the City Hall in Sao Felix and several others. He has
also worked in several cities of Germany where he now is.

SousA Aguiar (Fran-
cisco Marcellino). — This
is , no doubt the best
known of Brazilian archi-
tects and he is as well a
General belonging to the
engineering company of
the Federal- Army. He
was born in Bahia. From
his very youth he revealed
notable qualities as a mi-
litary man and an admi-
nistrator. He was for mii-
ny years the Chief of the
Fire Department in Rio,
which is one of the best
in the world, there being-
no equal to it anywhere
else but in the United
States. He was also at
the head of the telegraph
system of this conntry. In
both of these offices he discharged his duties in a most clever way.

SousA Aguiar

— 124 —

He is a highly educated man a cultured scientist and a linguist which
is ol" great help to him while on commission in foreign lands, that he
has done several times representing his .country with great advan-
tage. He represented Brazil in the Chicago World's F'air and in the
St-Louis Exposition. In tliis latter exposition, the Brazilian pavil-
lion, as tlie American press said it, excelled those of all the other
foreign nations. Sonsa Aguiar has "many aptitudes is a man of strong-
character and superior mind. The feature that can most easily be
appreciated by the people is his talent as an architect. He is now
building a beautiful Palace for the Rio National Library, the Fire
Department barracks, the St. Louis Exposition building which was
brought from the United States. He has in project a building for the
National Congress. We need not mention the Brazilian lUiilding at
the Chicago World's Fair which was a fine building.

Sousa Aguiar is in fact a great artist. His works are beautiful,
original and up-to-date.

'rrciism
i'olicc I

Ramos i)e Azkvi;i)().
— (Francisco de Paula
Ramos de Azevedo) is the
most notable architect
fi-om Siio Paulo of those
living' tlicre to-day. He is
an extraordinary artist.
He has built souie 100
Ixiildiugs bolli pultlie and
private ones in the State
_of Sao Paulo. We might
say tliat it is to him that
Sao Paulo owes its arelii-
tectural transformation.
Among tlie buildings he
projt'eted and built we
must mention \hc I'oly-
lecliuieal college. perliai)s
the nieesi in all Hiazil.
He himself is a professor
of ai'ehileelure. He also
built the Secretary of

\ 's l)uil<ling aixl the one of tlie Agriculture's Secretary.

Iead(|narteis. Noi'uial enllege, I'ltideiite de Mm'aes Sehool.

Hamos I)i: A/i;viim»

— 125 —

Municipality Palaoe in Campinas, tlio large huilding- of the Santos
Docks Company in Rio, the Biuy School, the Military Hospital, both
in Siio Paulo, and many line residences and some millionaires man-
sions in Sao Paulo, In a word, he is the most enthusiastic jiromoter of
(he intellectual and ai'tistic movement in Sao Paulo in the last few
years. AVe had forgotten to mention the beautiful building of the
Fine Arts and Trades Lyceum, of which he is the President and to
the organisation of which he gave a practical character, transform-
ing the Lyceum into many shop works lor artistic and industrial
production.

He is a good and patriotic man, clever and progressive in his
ideas. He is also a philantropical man charitable and generous. He
is to-day one of the most popular and respected men in Sao Paulo.
Xot long ago a journalist writing about him said : « AVe know not
a man in Siio Paulo with a better heart or a superior mind to his. »

Oliveira Passos

Oliveira Passos. — Son of the celebrated engineer and admi-
nistrator Passos. He was born in Rio de Janeiro, but followed his
studies in Germany where he was always distinguished as a good
scholar.

— 126 —

Rctnniini;- to Hi-a/.il In- made liis career as an iii«lusirial man and
an architect occupying; t()-<la.\- a prominent place among- liis
colleagnes.

In a competitive examination foi- the selection of i)laiis foi- tlie
Mnnicii)al Tlieati-e his won tlie prize and were selected. 'I'he build-
ing is iiearl,\' finished and with it he made a name.

IIeitor de Mello. —
He ^is a Brazilian archi-
tect of recognised ability
in the artistic circles of
Rio. He is a son of the
late celebrated admiral
Custodio de Mello. This
young but already well
known architect was born
in Rio in 1875 where he
made his first studies.
Afterwards he travelled a
good deal in Europe and
returned to Rio where he
followed the Fine Arts
College course, with high
distinction graduating as
an architect, a diploma
not easily obtained in
that college.

IIeitor de Mello has
ever since devoted him-
self to his professional work with enthusiasm and has built some
most beautiful buildings, as the Navy Infant r,\' barracks and many
l)rivat(; mansions, being woi'thy of mention some beautiful liuildiui^s
in the A venida Central.

Ilcil i»i- de Mello ranks to-day w il ii l lie best of his class and is had
as on(! of ihe al)lest . His works recommend him by its sii'oni; fealni'es
that bring forth harmony, distinction and novelt\ .

llinoK UK Mil. 1.0

r.M l..\ l''i{i;rr.\s. "11 is name iseonneeled with (.';//j(/(7.<;(.M'lim cli
in Ivio. (Iniuh-lnint is tlic ricbest and most arlislieally Imill cliiircli
in Sonlli Amei'ica.

J'iiiihi I'icihis ga\t' I lie plans and exeeult'd I lie arciiiteeture of its

— 127 —

interior. He also built the National Pi'inting Office building with a
most original iVont, popular already, having been, as it has, in
mostly every magazine published in the country. He built yet the
Gonrnlncs Asyliiin at S. Christovam scpiare and other buildings.

Let us now \vrite about IJra/.ilian artists — the i)ainters.

Not many months ago Brazil lost his most celebrated artist whose
renown did not limit itself to Brazil, Ix'ing universal. lie was living in
Europe at the time of his death. His name was Pedro America.

AuuELio DE FiGUEiREDO. — He is Pcdro Amerieo's brother and
is also a painter. He is untired with his brush and most audacious
in the coloi'ing, alive and bright in the whole make up. He cultivates
with success historical themes. He paints with ease and on all sub-
jects, landscape or any other. According to the art critics his best
work is his painting Paulo e Francesca where the fundamental qua-
lities of an artist are in evidence.

Nearly every one of his paintings are in Rio in the hands of
amateurs, in pul)lic buildings , a few in the Fine Arts College and a
few others in Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic. His two last paint-
ings « .1 (lescoberta do Brazil « and « Um capitiilo da historia patria »
are, one, in the President's palace, and the other in the House of
Deputies where the congressmen meet.

RoDOLPHO Amoedo. — One of the most fa-
mous of the Brazilian artists, having, not-
withstanding, devoted himself to a most dif-
ficult kind of work — historical painting. This
does not mean that he has not done some other
kind of work because he has painted quite a
number of landscapes , marine pictures and
others, but history is his favorite style and in
that line has produced far more than in all
others. He belongs to the new generation and
was born in Rio de Janeiro.

His artistic education began at the Arts and Trades Lyceum, of
Rio, continued at the old Fine Arts College and he perfected his
studies in Europe, where he went at the government expenses,
having received the prize offered yearly by the Fine Arts college.

His paintings O Tamoyo, Mar aba and others representing
Brazilian history subjects, belong to-day to the State Government

RoDOLPHO Amoedo

— 128 —

arc stronj; ('vi<Ienc('s ol' liis prowei-riil inspiration and i);itri()lisiii as
^vc'll as iruc woi'ks of art. I Morlc do Abel is another painting- with.]
wliirli Uodolpht) A uioedo answered to the rlassic tendencies of his
surroundings at the time he did that work.

i(. Amukdo. — .1 nnmtrho ile PJtilelus; lu'loiiyini; lo Iho llin .Miisfiiiii.

The best reputed of all his works, however, is .1 Xnrrucuo ile
Pliilc'fns, eelebi-ated painting acquired also by the government for
the colhM'tion of the State Museum. The softness of the lines, the
relief of the figui-es, tb(> sublih^ jxjetic sentiment of the scene in this
j)ainting, give altogellun' a real and harmonious coloring. This
picture; is consichn-ed the gem of all those at the official Art (lallery.
Rodolpho Aiiioedo is ininucious in the anatomic study of the
figures, — as it imist l)c done in historical painting, — and he
knows how to i)lacc them in position with artistic taste ami as a
master will. He seems to possess the secret to do it with pcrfei-tion.
Add to these virtues the complete cont loi of I he ln-iisii and paints
for the soft marvels of the coloring and there remains explaiiuMl the
success of this artistic celchrity, to-day professor of tin- Fine Arts
Collei^c where he was once a student.

Amom.i r akijiik as.-- ■ Honi in U io de .1 ;ineiro, h;id :is his teacher
the celehrated (lernian landscape painter .lorgi' (irimni. l!ut it

120

seems that above his professor he loved this iiuirveHous nature of
Brazil. He has abondoned a Ion*; time a<^() the sfyle of his teacher
and created an independent individuality of his own. 'I'he landscape
will however continue to be his
love, his inspiration. At present it
would be difficult to find a lands-
cape artist so faithful, ^vith such
adoration and care for the repro-
duction in his pictures of the trees,
the woods, the mountains, with
such delicate coloring copying the
charming pieces of sceneiy that
nature in Brazil offers to the artist.
He knows how to see his original
and how to fix it in his painting.

His monumental painting Scr-
tanejas, is in one of the drawing-
rooms of the President's palace.
He has a large number of smaller
paintings , which are disputed by

the experts in art. They are , most all of them , pieces of Brazilian
scenery. The painting .4 Derriibada, which was sold for a high price,
is one of the most beautiful ones as it is the one — Yentania, — both
of which will some day adorn some celebrated art gallery. Some of
his beautiful paintings decorate the walls of the Court Room at the
Rio de Janeiro Supreme Court.

Antonio I'arreiras

RoDOLPHO Chambellaxd. — Rodolpho Cliambelland is an artist
of reputation, though he is quite a young man. He was born in Rio,
and received his artistic education at the Xational Fine Arts College.
He became popular by exhibiting paintings of Rio scenes at the
Fine Arts College everj' year with greater success. One of these —
« A'Sahida do Baile » (Leaving tlie ball) won for him the prize of
one year's trip to Europe at the Governments expenses. Another
canvas which won a great triumph for him was the « Ar Ijivre »
(Bachantes em festa) exhibited at the annual Salon of Rio in 1904.
According to a critic, who is not a very lenient one, what distin-
guishes Cliambelland is the harmony of his compositions, always
original, with excellent effect of light and dai'k light, the free move-
ment of the figures, the landscape always broad and well illuminated,
the happy perspectives, and the fine sky. which proves the neatness

130 —

of liis hrnsli, and the attention he pays to the minutest of details.
Ro(h)lpho Chanihelland is besides all that a hard worker, producing

ROIIOI.I'IIO Cll.V.MIIKI.I.AM)

a good deal, appearing- in all exhibitions of fine arts, held .\ early <<
at the College where; he is always sure to win the best prizes though
he has eonipetitors of great merit.

IIiONUK^ii': 1^i;knaki)i:i,i,i. — Is ;ilso one of the most noted eulti- ^
vatoi's of ])ure art in Jira/il. At the service of a legitimate artistic!
temperament lu; has a solid intellectual cultivation, and as a result
of that we see the sujjeriority of his work anu)Ug which we recou)-
UH'ud the ficsco paintings of the ceiling of the Musical Institute
Mall. .\nu)ng his most a])plaud(Hl paintings is the 'r.-iinnlclhi , ii
strong study on habits and cnstonis, of gay eoloring and in('|u-ehcn-
sible execntion, M((lil;m<l<i, S)ii;i, l\iiiii;is cm l\;incll(i, nostalgic
lanilsciipes, of soft coloiing. (!;is;is Hntiicns, I'rui.i ilc ('.oiincnhniiil,
are delieate landscapes because of their subjects, but they were
treated by a strong and warm l)i'usli, wliicli lea\t's in t he pici iii-c a
bright impression ot lite, attracting and i)al|>i lat ing.

— 131

But landscape is not the only
style in which H. Bernardelli re-
veals himself as an artist and a
creator. The intellectual history of
Brazil has charms for him and in-
spire him most enthusiastically. We
see that in his paintings Jose Mmi-
ricio deante do Rei whose pictures
have the animation of real life ; o A-
Icijadinho (the cripple) in our opi-
nion to the latter in the disposition
of the figures, in the cn.scmble and
in the coloring ; the Extasc, that
seems an introduction to the s^m-
holism in painting. It is a revolu-
tionary painting, under the view
point of classic art, and is a docu-
ment of the audacious soul of this Brazilian artist

HiiNKiQUE Bernardelli

Elyseu Viscoxti. — A student of the Xational Fine Arts College,
studied also for some time in Europe. On his return he presented
some paintings that made a name for him among the most noted
artists. He tackles all subjects and every style. He has worked on
oil paintings, water colors, jjastel, religious and historical subjects,
landscape, decoration and others.

Decio Yillares, artist of great merit ; Zcfcrino da Costa, sacred
painter whose talent is in evidence in the (c plafond « of the « Cande-
laria » church ; rc/;?ji>7'i/*//JC7-, the inspired son of Rio Grande State
whose paintings are so minucious in detail, so carefully treated
and so patiently finished. They have been all sold at high prices.
./. Baptista and many others though not so popular as the above are
all artists that contributed considerably towards the impulse Fine
Arts have received in Brazil.

STATES

Historical, Geographical, Com:mercial and Administrative Data;

Description of Cities and Places worthy of note,

Churches, Monuments, etc.

THE STATE OF THE AMAZON.

Once finished, as it is, in the preceding pages, tlie review of the
Brazilian intellectual world, we must now deal with the physical and
political one in the complexity of their many aspects : — industries,
commerce, public instruction, railroads, etc. What we are about to
write, is the result of personal observation and study, during' our
travels all over the country, going from city to city. We will begin
by the Xothern States. At the extreme north, as the doorway of
this great nation we have the Amazon State, well worthy of the
grandeur of this beautiful country, being its northern boundary line.

Dr. Constantino Xery, governor of Amazon Stale

Just as Rio Grande does at the extreme South, the Amazon opens
with a marvellous and exquisite majesty its frontier to the new-
comers from all over the world.

As to its frontiers, Brazil has really much to thank God for the

— 13fi —

generous way it was treated while the distribution of natural
greatness was nuule among the people ol' this i)lanet. But this
Amazon region has not as yet been exploited, only a small part of
its territory and of its wonderful waters being dominated by man,
bv tlie Hra/ilians, we miglit say, as the Europeans seldom go there.
Every one of the explorers, scientists and travellers, who have pene-
trated some of its thick roads., its endless rivers, come back
astounded, and praise enthusiastically that infinite and calm wealth,
that is waiting foi- the future generations, and spreading in flowing

\)v Sii.vKuio NiiiY, cx-govonior of Ain;i/nii SinU

stream, a variety of tilings, that cause the envy of men, tlii'ougli a
teri-itory larger than the majority of the different kingdoms of the
earth. Its enormous surface surpasses that of luigland, (Jernumy,
France, Italy, Holland and Belgium put together.

'IMiis ])arl of the Brazilian dominion, taking the name of a I'ivcr,
th(! largest rivc^r in the world, rendered a poetic demonstration of
homage to the most jxtwerful abyss of fresh water that there is on
this planet. It is iuii)ossil)le for us to rejx'at lu-re what 1 1 iiiiiltoldt .
Agassiz, (Jondreau, Osculati, Wallace, Castelnan and many others
have said about tin; Amazon. The trip alone from Belem. the eapital
of l*ara State, (o Manaos, t he capital of t he A mazon State, is in
itself a pauoraiiia thai can't easily be forgotten. We made this trip
once and we w ill iiexcr sloj) bringing to the eyes of our mind t he beau-
tiful images of that magnificent scenery. On the olst of Jidy l'.K)-J,

— 1:17 —

on board of a sleainci- llying- at its stern tin; Brazilian Hag-, « O
. 1 /;jji>"OcJ.s )), Nvc sailed i'roui Para, in the direction ol" Manaos. It was
live o'clock in the afternoon and the weather was splendid bright
and not too warm.

We had to sail some *.•()() miles. A short section of that colossal
river.

The mute riverside landscajje is of itself perfectly charming-, but,
bending- over the deck railing we were completely wrapped up in the
contemplation of the whole scenery, a synthesis of unseen coloring
and light changes.

•iki^sy^S^^^:

View of the town of Manaos.

Until we reached the bay of Marajo, the steamer was crossing a
large moving surface of pacific waters, shining and clear as a
looking glass , from the bosom of which were brought forth green
streams of a loving and solemn vegetation : gay and round islands,
quite wet, as coming out of the bath, otliers symetric in their green
dresses, but an even green, thick, without shades treated as if with
brosse-carre. Those particles of tranquil land, are sown here and
there but a little every where, and sometimes they appear at the

— \m —

right, sometimes at the left, looking sometimes as if they were
encircling- the steamer, or floating anywhere as if suspended between
the light and the moving waters. When the boat seems to advance
towards one of them, and makes close by the contornation of the
green silhouette, suddenly they divide themselves in two, and we
then see that they were really two and not one. The vegetation so
full of damp and bi-ight vigor, is understood in the inexplicable
poem of its details, of its trunks and branches, of its epyphites and

.Mai);i(j.s. — lldiiaido liilx'iiMs Avnim

of its i)arasit('s. l>y(^ and l)ye the ishmds seem to disapi)ear, they
hi(h' themselves from view. The boat runs swiftly and smoothly in
large ti'aets of free sea, the sea-shore, the l)anks of the riviM-, are
faraway, witli a grayish color brought by the wei fog llial rises
between, and every! liing seems to soften in a \ asl and nielaneliolie
Kilen<!e, in a solemn solitude of the spreaih'd tint waters. And this,
not because the banks are desert. In a little while, when Iheiivei-
becomes nai row er b\' the sudden eniei'sion of new islands — and

— 139 —

thev are numberless — we discover liere and there , si)ots argil
color, noisy sounds in tlie harmonious neutral green of the trees.
Thev are the houses : — A brick factory, a k burraca ». Going
nearer we distinguish everything : — a defiant factory chimney.
Sheds covered with reddish tiles, or a zinc root" house shining with
the sun. When, through the thick islands, the boat reaches Marajo,
the horizon runs again in circle, and a tired rest fluctuates upon
the vast sheet of water; there are no waves, there is no noise, one

.iim !!!!

ggS!?""

Maiiiios. — State 's Treasury and Receiver's office

would think we were before a picture of the geologic period of the
dominant waters .

The following day we ran early in the morning to the deck rail-
ing, we wanted to see that sea-river, as very properly they call it
there. The Marajo bay has been left behind, quite far now, and by
this time, the steamer was sailing already through new islands, new
groups of islands, through extensive corridors, now wide, then nar-
row, in that great maze of the Amazon river.

— ltd —

A\li('n it li:ii)i)cns tluit tlie (( AUigoas » ruus soltly a Utile closer
by one of those islands, what hai)i)ens at every moment, from the
ship we can distinguish with full detail the different kinds of vege-
tables which abound in the most variegated assortment of kinds,
and tlie thin and tall gems of the mirilys and of the ussuhys arc
swiftly remaining behind the boat. Some of the eehoes of that live
symphony of the forest reach our ears. With such points of refe-
rence we re-enter in the conscience of the speed and the road that
has been covered, but the more we advance more waters appear to
that requested vision. In the places where the i-iver becomes
narrower, by the development of the islands si)readed all over, and
which never allow us to see the true banks of the colossal river, a
thick sheet of algas hixuriant and impenetrable, together with
trunks and branches of enormous trees, ones intermingled with the
others, close the waters in a longitudinal and endless line, opening
every now and then the breathers of the muddj' igarapes, melan-
cholic })ai'anas, of the fiivos in whose sinews divagates the gray and
nostalgic magiiavy.

Each division of that maze is visited by the inoniarias — as they
call the small canoe boats used by the humble inhabitants of that
region, busy in the fishing of the turtle, the tasty Jaraquy, the
prime fish of the Amazon, the laciinarc, the acarao-assii, the pacii,
oi- of the i)opular tambaqiiy. But the high road is the streamy river,
always miuldy and dirty, in spite of the poets singing ])hautasti-
cally its crystaline waters. It is that way that the unemi)eachcd and
triumphal boats, large and small, go on in their pilgrimage,
noui-ishing the ever growing commercial traffic of the Amazon
States and neighboi-ing nations.

From among the steamers we will refer to the i^-aiolas, steauu'rs
of a peculiar type, appropriated for the sailing in those waters.
They are wide open, well ventilated, flat bottom. They are auda-
cious and their number is large. They run in all directions the
vast hy(li"ograi)hic ni't of the ,Vmazon, carr\ ing lilV, and ci\ ilising
activity of the commerce, under the national Hag, to the most
hidden corners of the inhabited region.

A large number of them belong to the Mauaos market, the
nuijority, however, belong to firms of Belem, capital of Vava.

'IMie Amazon, wc will repeat, is the great i-oad, the only road of
those wetdthy and inunense regions to tlu^ inlei'coursc with the
ci\ilisc(l world. There arc no i-ailways in the slate of Amazon,
neither are tliere even any cari-iage roads. Thci'c is onl.\ , and that
in excess, a lai-ge sea of fresh \\al<M-, noisy and rapid, which, with

— 141 —

its many affluents, forms the most complete and stupendous system
of roads open to the communication fury of the commercial and
industrial life of to-day,

The peculiarity of locomotion in this system, are the gaiohis,
the affirmation of a deep human initiative in the enterpr-i/.e of
dominating- the aquatic desert, the first document of the ability of
the Brazilians, the shipowners of Pai'u and Amazon, for the
achieving of that conquest of a world which is yet closed, a conquest
that represents the most daring- geographical feat of the century
just ended.

A Part of Eiluardu Kibeiro's Avenue

That fleet, which has not as yet reached its possible develop-
ment, is already this day the largest of the South-American conti-
nent, and can only be compared to the other one that dominates in
the north the other great river, the Mississipi.

These boats navigate about 10.000 miles, transporting the great
treasures of the Amazon — the rubber gathered in the many
sering-aes and sent to the ports of Manaos and Para which export it
to markets of the whole world.

Xavigating in all directions , they take sometimes one, two,

— 142 —

three monllis, going' I'rom burnicn to hnrrncn at the docks or storage •

houses of tlie principal pUices, unh)a(Ung their cargoes where the ,

owners of Ihc scring-acs get their provisions from so they can supply [

their men during the rubber harvest. Coming down they call at the |

same places if it is time to receive the rubber already prepared. ,

' . ij. I, im.*jii

Manaos. — Moiiiiinfiil ol oipciuii}; of Aiii;i/.(iiiii,s rivci' In the niln ii;iliiiii;il 1 r;iilt"

These docks ai-c wooden l)ri(lgcs sonicliiucs willi :i huge wootU'U
storage-room caUcd — harracAo — .

As this name of huirucn or huirnciio given to these estal'lisli
inents situated in Mie river-banks can induce to a false notion, we

— 143 —

will state right here that they are no tents, as the vvoi'd might ini])ly,
but a shop and storage-house, some of them with a h()us(; for tin-
proprietor's family just with the same comfort as the houses of
fanners in Europe. In the Puriis and the Madeira rivers we can see
many of these houses which would cause the envy even of residents
of many a city.

But the ^'•a/o/a,s do not do all the traffic of this river. Nearly
every week a steamer goes from North to South of the country.

Maiiaos.

Piiljlic Martlet

from Rio de Janeiro to Para, and from there to the Amazon. Calling
at Ceara, Piauhy and Maranhao there is another line with a
monthly steamer. Twenty English steamers are working, sometimes
two and sometimes four a month, in this line, taking the Amazon
rubber to the ports of New' York, Havre, Liverpool, Hamburg,
Lisbon and Oporto. There is also a steamship company belonging
to the Portuguese house Andresen which is engaged in the same
trade to New York, Liverpool, Lisbon and Oporto.

— \u —

Thus is that the Amazon region is in rixMjui'nt and swilt contact
with the principal European and American ports.

Until a certain time, 1S()(), the Amazon river was not oi)en to the
commerce of the world, but in that year an Emperor's decree opened
it to the traffic of all flags, which, attracted by the wealth of that
region, began to explore it, slowly at first, but in large scale after
a while.

Jn 1805, Agassi/, who visited the mighty river, wrote about it :
<( In these waters, in which we met but two or three ships in six
days, steamers and ships of all kinds will go up and down and life
will animate these regions. »

This pro^jhetic assertion was realized. To-day wc can't go up or
down that river without meeting every short awhile some kind of
boat, filled with people and loaded with cargo, running in all direc-
tions. The local government spends annually l.'.tSO contos with
subventions, in order to augment more and more the maritime
activity of this region.

Besides the Brazilian steamers, large and small ones, navigate
these waters German, English and Italian transatlantic steamers,
but it is right to say here that the majority arc Brazilian
boats.

To have an idea of the navigation traffic, we give here a tal)lc of
the movement in Manaos port in I'.'Ol.

ENTRIES

Steamers 696

Laiinclies 328

Total I.O-2i

SAILINGS

Steamers "II

Laiiiiclies lill

Total I.Oi-J

NATIONALITY OF THE BOATS :
ENTRIES

Brazilian !I0:5

Enjilisji 101

('itTiiiaii 11

Italian !l

Inllil I O-Jl

S.MI.INC.S

Rra/iii.in '.KM

KiiUlisli 101

riciniaii II

Italian !•

lulal l.Oi'-J

— 145 —

Tf Agassis could verify to-day the size of his prediction, he would
liave no small sui-prise in looking- at these figures.

This enormous develo})ui('nt of (he navigation in the Anuizonic
basin is fed nuiinly by tlu? large i)roducing cai)acity of tin; two States.
The rubber production is worked by national laborers.

iMaii;i

Ediiardi) llibciio's Aveimo — Commercial liouses

The Rubber. — The rubber, sering-a, or gomnia elastica, is
made of the juice of several trees of the Amazon valley as the sypho-
nia clastic, sYj)honia cabuchii, Jatropa clastic, hevea g'uyanensis,
syphonia raythidocarpa, etc., the most common being the best —
t\\Q havca and the .syphonia clastic. They attribute to a catholic mis-
sionary father Manoel da Esperanca the discovery of this substance
of common use among Amazon inhabitants. He came to know it in
his pilgrimages among tliose people and brought it to the knowledge
of the civilised world.

Later on, the astronomer La Condamine took it to France, pre-
senting on this sul)ject, in 1745, a paper before the Paris Academy

— ur, —

of Sciences. Only later on the English thought about their India
rubber.

The \vay to gather or extract the juice ol the s('rin<>ueir!i has so
often been described that we will not lake up the readers time
with it.

In the beginning the exploitation of that product was insigni-
ficant; some 20 years ago, however, with Ihe multiplicity of indus-
trial applications, increasing as it did, the demand in Kur()i)c and
North America, the States of Para and Amazon began to develop
in a large scale their fonest industry, and the export of scrii}<>n
reached figures never dreamt of.

A fact must be accentuated most emphatically : It is most exclu-
sively to Brazilian labor that this conquest is due. It was the native
laborei", mainly from the State of Ceara who penetrated more auda- \
ciously this mysterious solitude of the large rivers, establishing, I
organizing the « scrin^'iics », the first base of the con(iuest for the |
universal intercourse, for the exploitation of that wealthy i)roduct ,
of the mighty river I'cgion. j

Some statistic data will reveal in a better and plainer manner !
the development attained :

Rubber exported bij Para and Amazon States : j

Years Kilogr. [

1858 a 1862 997.280 j

I80;5al868 3.365.348

1877 a 1881 12.280.o32 '

1887 a 188!) (three years) only the port of Maiiaos . 9.511. 9»i

1890 a 1892 id. id. . II. 272.934 ;

189:5 a 1895 id. id. . 27.671.456

An interesting table for the verification of the productive pro-
gress and energy of the Amazon State is the following official sta-
tistic :

Rubber export from the Port oi' Manaos :

Aniios Tons. I Annus Tons.

1880 374 I 1889 ll.iliS

l«8l 307 : 1890 3 693

IK82 430 1H9I 3.991

1883 065 1892 3.812

1884 1.013 1893 4.745

«88o 1.462 1894 3.753

1886 1.574 1895 5.4;«

i>^«7 I.H8K 1H96 6.827

IH«« 2.141 IH97 first si\ m.Milh-, . . . 1.285

I'l'oiii t lial lime oil the picxhicl ion f(»Ilo\\s a constant ])rogr('ss.

— 147 —

According- to official declarations the production in the Amazon
State alone in 1000 was n.5<Sl.,S,S0 kilgrs., in 1901, reached
l(i.851.;343 kilgrs. of the three qualities, fine, sernmuby and cniicho.

Vet, the reader must not be led by these figures 1o think that
rubber is the only product of the exploitable wealth of the Amazon.

In the following table, from a reliable publication, we will see a
full variety of goods exploited at present by tlie Amazon people
exported from the port of Manaos, In this table are excluded goods
that come from neighboring countries, and pass in Manaos only in
transit increasing its commerce. We will afterwards give a table
of those goods in transit.

Goods produced by the Amazon State in 1001.

Enlcrinff S.iiling

llie port from the port

Rubber (dinaj) .... kilos 1 1. 893.237 9.087.179

Rubber « sernambv » . . » 2.231.-433 1.873.547

Rubber « caucho » . . . » 3.798.029 3.490.566

Piraracii dried salted lish . » 489.8.">4 ,"54.3. 0.50

Tobacco ), 57.852 —

Copahjbaail » 7.594 9.182

Ueer skiiis » 2.489 2.478

Cattle skins » 3.35 1 155.077

Cocoa )) 60.701 55.525

Piassava „ 210.016 180.099

Corn „ 1.750 _

CuaraiKi „ 678 678

Jutahysica » 15.185 18.520

Piixury „ 822 167

Parseley « 405-' 260

Precious shells . . . . » 82 '

Sheepskins » 6 1.628

Pig skins » 14

'"^l^'Jis » 1(9 180

Garajuru j, 5 5

Murure )> ^

Cumarii » 7 ^g

Tucum » 40

Birds featliers » .5900 98.-,fl

^lixira tins 5053 251

Butter litre 144 5.697

Lumber lathes dozen 2.400 —

Lumber boards .... moire 128.989 41.512

Chestnuts heel. 57.969 57.666

Due to this varied and valuable production the Amazon State
'an already take the third place among the different States of
Brazil that export the most, comes right after Sao Paulo and Kio
le Janeiro in the following proportion :

— UP. —

Exports from thk princip

Sfnt Paulo ....
Hi(t tit' Jaiioiro (capital)
.Vinazonas ....

Para

Bahia

\L States of Brazil in 1001
. . . .-oi:7G8.$.in:j

. . . 1:j5:!>-2().«;72:}

. ... !)0:OH."i.i;i"i."

. . . 7U:0o-2S5!i7

. . . GI:GH(;.*;7G4

The total of exports and imports from and into the Amazon
State in lliOM was lOO.OOo : OOO.sOOO.

Maiiaits. — finnlfMi of llic GovtM-iior's l'nlaci>. — llic \\i>i mi

'I'Ik! j-oods ill transit through Maiiaos, coniiii';- from l!()li\iaaii
IN'ru ill IN'. 11 was ;

Itiililiri' i< lina » .
ill. '< l".\lra-liiia »
ill. " S('i'ii;iniliv ))
id. « Canrliii » .

Piassa\a ....

DiM'r .ski IKS. . . .

Tiihai'iM) ....

r.liili Icits ....

KiiIi'IimI Sailing

l>.Krr,SH(>' l>.8.i.i.««G"'

7!l.l'!»!» 7!l. •_•!•!»

.">!»i.l.l7'-'" .")!t'2.l!t.i'-''»

Vt.'.Wi 1.-1. !M:i

1':; -r.i

1 7.. ';().->""' l7.."iG.V"»

7G(1 TCd

— 14.9 —

The ])r()duc'ts of tlie Ania/on State expoi'ted in 1<S'.)1 paid to tlie
State Treasury :

Expurl diilics lo.207:460$529

Taxes for MaiuKis rAchimgc. . . . 5I.i:.i00$6S7
Storage li.";') 1 7$ 1 8^2

The rubber exported during the year oi' I'JOl had the i'oHo wing-
destination :

Rubber

<i Fine » « Sernaiiiby » « Cuuchu »

Para 10o.I(j7-' 22.400 ir).r;78

llio de Janeiro ... — — —

Havre 600.180 94. .-."JG .■>ir;.r)76

Liverpool.^ .... 0.772.556 607.4..''J8 1.05!). 037

Hamburg 04.956 11.371 0.532

New York 5 586.040 1.137.962 1.515.943

9.987.179^ 1.873..547 3.490.566

The Climate of the Amazon. — The Amazon is one of nine
States of Brazil wliere there are Indians yet to-day. These primitive
inhabitants of Brazil are disappearing at the proportion that the
natives of Ceara and other Northern States penetrate into valleys
and accessible forests. And this beneficial invasion grows larger
every day. Then it is not true, as they nay, that the climate of this
region prevents the existence and the extending of the population.
Most assuredly this is not so. The expression — torrid region —
doesn't mean anything but a geographical paradox for a long time.
The (( unbearable heat of the tropics. » in w hat concerns that
region washed by the great brazilian rivers in the northern part of
the country, it is a legend, a fiction that remained from the stories
told by the travellers of old, and that i)rovcs the truth of that French
saying : A bean mentir qni vient de loin

The heat in this region is neither in excess nor is it constant, we
say that a result of our own experience having been there for a
whole summer month. The great surface in evaporation, formed by
several currents of water of that hydrographic system, the prevailing-
winds during the summer season, besides other causes, explain the
relative mildness of the climate and normal temperature, reasonably
bearable of that region.

The learned Maurj% whose statements on such subjects can't
be but respected, assures that : « there is always there (in the Ama-
zon) a pleasant weather, in spite of frequent showers in certain
seascms. »

By its turns, one of the men who treated with more seriousness
the Amazon subjects wrote in a book which deserves the respect of

150

being considered authority : « The lieat is strong-, but never as in
New-Vork, or even in I'oitugal or Spain where the men working in
the fields are suffocated by it. » And liirthei- on he adds these words
written by Herbert Smith wlio travelled through a large part of this
i-egion : <( 1 went all through the Ama/.on during four years and never
had a fever, yet 1 caught it in Ohio, in the United States where I
was l)ut three days. It is about time to put an end to these fancy tra-
ditions, it is about time to tell the truth, repealing firmly these false

iMiinaus. — (lathcdi'ul cliurcli and Square

notions, admitted and repeated, about the climati^ and health in
these regions.

TIh! Harao dc Marajo, n\1io registered tluMinonu'tric ()l)siM"va-
tions, (luring scvci-al years, al)out tlie climatt- of Manaos, (thscrva-
tions made w ith all care three times a day, asserts that hi' never
()l)taiued annual averages of more than 'J()".;!ri oi- •_*()", ST what can, in
no way, l)r coniparcd |o thai temperature that two yi'ars ago we had
occasion to feel in Huenos-A\res, w hen the many eases of insolation
caused the suspension of work in the stri'cls, men and animals fall-
ing dea<l in the capital of the Argentine Republic.

— 151 —

In the siunmor oi" h»Ol, in Now York in one single day died over
100 j)e()i)le, because of tlie liigli degree of temperature. Manaos, as
well as Belem, capital of Para State, is another patient victim ol"
the terrific legends of the geographers who sit at their desks all the
time, as insolation is unknown there. There is, to be sui-e, a summer
season, and it is hot, but from that to the descriptions of certain
bonlvviivd informants there is a world of difference. Dr. L. Cruls is
right when he says : « The Amaz(m climate has been and is much
injured. »

In Manaos after the many improvements that ])lace has gone
through, the malarial fevers are becoming more and more scarce every
day, and the few cases that appear are far milder. The same fact is
observed in other small cities of that State. As to the rivers, nothing-
will affirm plainer their present sanitary conditions than the great
number of rural establishments, the Storage houses, Stores, resi-
dences, which appear everj^ day at the banks of the navigated rivers.

We will yet present the testimony of a man who has spent ten
years in that region and who resides and has business there. He
wrote to us, not long ago thus : « The rivers I know in my constant
travels as the Tarauaca, an affluent of the Jurua, (or Jurura, or
Hyurua) and the Envira, affluent of Turauaca, as well as other
smaller ones, affluents of the Jurua, enjoy a most healthy climate,
and we notice there very few cases of malarial fevers and absolutely
no cases ol' beri-beri. In the rivers Muru and Acuran, affluents of the
Tarauaca, and in the Jurupary, Diabinho and other affluents of the
Envira, when there ai)pear any cases of malarial fevers they are
relatively mild and are easily cui-ed.

Between tlie months of May and June and some years in July a
metereological phenomenon takes place causing a cool season very
well known to those living in that region. It consists this pheno-
menon in a sudden fall of the temperature during three or four days
in which the therm ometre accuses depressions worthy of a Euro-
pean winter. But that is a passing thing, though sometimes repeated
with persistence. Our friend Carlos A. Noli assures us that one year
when he had to experience, in the Envira river, the disagreeable repe-
tition of the cold phenomenon, he suffered afterwards a rigorous
summer and his thermometre reached to 36 degrees in the shade.
But what are those 36 degrees compared with the infernal summers
in Buenos Ayrcs and New Ycu'k.

We must now publish a few of our notes, jotted down during our
travels, on the life of the residents in the banks of those rivers.

Those who travel in the Amazcm and its tributaries will find in

— 152 —

the bunks, licrc and llicrc, some l)iiililin,i;s .s/n' _i,'7'/(r/7'N hnilt lacing
tlic river, with their woofh'n bridges, and sonic small canoe, or inon-
tiirin as they call it, alonosi<ic of it.

It is tlie htirnicn of the nil)bci- nianiifacliircr " the srrin>^iti'ii-(> »
'I'he bnildin.i; oi' the ])roi)rietoi's is all made ol' wood — and covered
with pacliiiiba leaves. The paehiuba sometimes give trunks of 20 to
25 feet in length and tliese eat in boards of some !."> to '2Tt eentinie-
tr(;s thickness also are used for the walls of those l)ui!ilings. Many
houses are covered with boards of tlie same i)acliiuba, othei's aie
covered with zinc, as tlierc are very few tile factories and common
til(!s are sold at very liigh prices. In the njjpcr .lurua, the cedar trees,
so abundant in the neighboring woods substitute the palm trees ior
such uses. The houses and bnrnuHs of the serinf>-iiciros who are
poor, are oi-dinarily covered with straw, most always furnished by
palm tree leaves, l)ut in i)reference by pacliiiil)a, nrucury, jacy or
jarina.

A\'e have been rather long writing- about the Jurua river and its
affluents, because of its being one of the tiibutaries of the great
basin, the one most noted our days, as the seat of an extraordinary
productive power, attracting to it most energetically the sorin^uei-
ros, the i-c^'ntdes (ambulant merchants going from place to place in
small boats) the coinmis-voyn^^-curs, and even the tame iiulians, who,
once in a while, rea])pear to do business.

On the other hand, these details are good to document the [)ro-
gress realized in those regions. Twenty years ago there were hardly
10 houses in the .Im-na river and the Tarauaca, the most important
of its affluents, wliose course was then almost unknown. Mven Harao
(hi Mai-ajo.whom 1 have referred to as the leai-ucd geographei- of the
Amazon, in IS'.m; wrote : « I can't say much about this rivei', Ixn-ausc
as it hap})ens with so many others neither this one nor its tril)utaries
have bccm ))roperly studied, it has hardly bci'u exploited by the
nil)l)cr makers, and its botanical, zoological an<l mineral wealth has
not Ixicn observed at all.

Xothiug less than Hi) nations, or Indian tribes, with more or less
odd iiauics, inhabited by that time tlie i)anks of the llyapur;i, and its
alfliUMils, but a( the proportiou that the ent hiisiasl ic mill uiu-imil ii in{^)
in\ aded t lie sol it ude of those I'cgions. spieading around t he ei \ ili/ed

(•) Miihiiii iiiiiiiiiii is Die word willi wliidi Iln' Imliaiis (li:ilf civili/i'il il('sij;ri;ili' llif
Kt<Niliiliii:il. :illii(liii|^ Id lli(> iioisr ol' the ciigiiirs

- 153 —

iiKin, full ol" aml)iti()ii, and thivKty for adventures, all those savage
crowds run away hiding' themselves in the far away cornei's of the
forest wiiei-e soon the invad(!rs will surely go to trouble them.

Let us now see what these new landowners have done, and the
inaiiner in whieh, Jurua with its suite of small rivers, contributes
towards the country wealth. Here is a table of the production in 1901,
in the prineii)al rivers exploited.

RUBBKK « FINA »

RUBISKR
« SKRNAMltY ))

RUitBCK
« CAtCHO ))

Lower Aiiiazuiias
Uio BraiR'O . .

)) lea Brazileii'o

)) .liiriia .

» Javary . .

» Jiitaliy . .

» JIadeira . .

» Xegro .

n Piiriis . .

» Soliniues

Kilops.

Ivilogs.

Kilogs.

ui>.«20,5

17.270

495

4..i43

88.'i

—

I05.u:i8

22.055

16.529

3.018.S61

550.046,-'

2.624.278

447.956

0.87.=)

21.. 570

2-2.142

5.654

214

1.6IG.091

294.285,3

241.025

568.."5,'i0

146.6.57,3

—

4.128.274

624.551

556.060

i.52.j.()75

315.058

160.999

11.177.248,^

2.075.127,2

5.600.968

We have spoken about the Jurua, which is one of the newest
fields of the rubber exploitation. We will now write about the (ddest
of them the Purus.

The exploitation of the Purus seringaes date awa}^ back, when
the steamship service was introduced in the Amazonic bazin.

A Brazilian who was an enterprizing genius and whose name often
appears in connection with the history of the Brazilian progress of
the last 50 years, Barao de Maua, was the initiator of the improved
navigation in the king of I'ivers organizing a company under the
name of « Companhia de Xauegacrw do Amazonas ». Tlie first
steamers of this Company were called, Marajo, Rio Xeg-ro and
Monarcha, and inaugurated their trips in 1852.

It was the Brazilian flag that won the glory of being the first to
bring the steamship navigation to those waters, as well as the glory
of having established a regular traffic from port to port. But, as soon
as the river was open to the commerce of the whole world, the
Danes were the ones to initiate international relations with the
Amazon. It w^as in 1874, on the 25th. march, that a sailing ship
unfurling the Danish flag reached Manaos from Hamburg. In his
book (c // Pae.se (/e//e Ainazzoni » Sant' Anna Nery said : « The

- 15t —

impulse had been given; and on April the ;!Olh loUowing an
Knglish snuill steamer of .'/,)5 tons sailed iVom Liverpool and inaii- '
giiruled the stibsidied navigation, the promoter of that improvement
having been liiitio dc Amorim, a Portuguese «.

The Ania/onic colossal basin can easily be the rendcz-Dous place I
for the mcetin"- of all the fleets of the whole world. It suffices to say ;
that, accoi'ding to Maury, it has an area ol no less than 'J. 018. 180 i
scpiare miles. K. Reclus gives ita surface of ."i.."/.!!. ()()() kilometres, i
and Bludan 2.722.000 miles. We know of no other fluvial basin that i
could be compared with this. « The Mississipi one wich is the i
largest after the Amazon has only 984.000 square miles. The otlier :
ones like the Plate, the Xile and the Ganges, are much inferior. 1

Some of the colossal i-ivcrs which are affluents of the Anmzon, '
arc little b^' little, being travelled by the northern i)i<)neers — anil)M- ,
lant mei-chants and s('rin<>iicir()s — but they ai"e almost unexplored
as yet. The Purus was the first exploited.

The conquest history of this tributary of the Amazon, by itself one
of the greatest streams of water of this planet, it is worth avhymn in
honor of the enterprising capacity of the northern Brazilians. The
Portuguese knew of its existence and some committees went through
l)aii of its course. Later on the English audacious and broad minded,
paid it a visit and studied it. The Spanish descendant nations of the
ncigliborhood also timidly navigated somewhat through it.

Bui, noiu' of them did anything in the way of calling to the civi-
lised communion the wealth of that region. It was only some time
aftei'wards that Manoel Urbano, one of the most finished types of
the Amazonic persistency and audacity, made frequent trips exploit-
ing tjic rubber, the wealth of Ihc forests a', the river banks and then
lh(! active work of the natives of Ceara was trained to that wealthy
and unexploitcd shores. Manoel Urbano at the head of natives of
Pai'a, in large nuinlxMs, aiul later on at the head of nat i\ cs of Ceara,
pcnelraled the i-iver in different directions in search of rubber, and
in a short while there ai)pear numberless hurriuncs all along the
livei- which were the beginning of the installation of small villages
to-day transformed in beautiful cities, as Ho;i \ista. Arimary. Canu-
lanui, Herury, Labrca, and others. Three millions of tons of merchan-
dise, i)redomina1ing the rubber, descend each year, lo Manaos. Tho
:ttilii<lilt)iH's tribe tlic liyiniriiuis, the most powerfiii of the Puriis,
which were also in the Acre, the cuiKi liiiiiins who lived in the inte-
rior, and the (:in:tin;iiys, so well known of (he scriiiiiiicims, all of
the Ml were forced to hide lliemsclvcs in the deep intcriiu' alKUuh)ning
t lie I'lirus ;iinl its vallcN's.

— 155 —

This curious river, united to the Amazon by no h'ss number of
mouths tlian live, iorming- in its coui'se liundreds of lakes, is exploit-
(h1 in all its coui'se, the sijringueiro has Ijccn iu cveiy inch of its
lianks. The i)orts at which the steamers call are many and multiply
themselves, and civilisation is going up penetrating in the affluents
on both sides. The trip from Manaos to the U])per-Purus takes
(iO days and over 50 steamers, all of them Brazilian , not counting
the steamlaunches and small sailing boats, are sailing up and down

Manaos. — A part of Eduardo Ribeiro's Avenue

the river. This gives a good idea of the importance of the explora-
tions that have been made.

What makes the Purus river more noted is its tributary — the
Acre river.

It is untired civilising task the Cearense has for some years domi-
nated the exploitation of these regions on the North-East of the
Amazon, called Acre. This region was for a long time in dispute but
was peacefully settled with Bolivia.

— 15B —

TIm' (iiit'stioii ncai-ly br()nj;lit rtl)<)nt ii wai- between Bolivia and
Brazil, but thanks to the wisdom of Barao do Rio Braneo's diplo-
raaey and to the patriotism of the Brazilians the Acre makes i)art
to-dav <>r thr li'iiitni-y of Hra/.il. The exit of lliis (juestion owes
much to riacido de Castro who, when Bolivia elaimed Aere as its
territory, was at the head of the revolution on the Brazilian side,
and Dr Sylverio Xery, governor of the Amazon.

We referred above to the Cearenses that emigrate from their na-
tive State to the Amazon region. And they do not form the whole of
the total that immigrate into these two states Para and Amazon,
niauy <;o from other northern stales. Many thousands of passengers
enter the i)ort of Manaos _\eaily and the number is increasing all
the time. In 18*.»7 the number of them was 20.<.K):>, but in ISUl it went
up to l(S.'.t;il, more than the double, antl nearly all Brazilians. Tliai
that immigration which is the rich seed of the Amazon grandeur,
goes there to stick to its soil, work and flourish, it is proved by the
figures that represent the acquisition of lands which have been pu-
blished in official documents.

Lands sold to Brazilian Workmen from ISOB to HKH)

Years Anst sold Il.?veniie for the slalf

1896 .... S15.217,t2-2 66:.^o0§2."i

1897 .... 5().").")t),7!)() 8(;:0().",<i;i)()T

1898 .... — r)'.l-2:.";!M,s()07

1899 .... .">..-)8H.707,i:i9 :2M:()70.^().Mt

1900 .... (•). 188.(5:27,7 1() i9."):7l(;,s(jl)0

The data we print al)ove has a good deal of meaning, demonstrate
the encM'gy with which (he jjrogress of that region is l»eing elalxt-
rated.

Taking the number of entries in the princi})al port of the state,
and deducting those who remain there, the remaining, which con-
stitute the great majority, entered the interior con(iuering the w ild
forests, and consequently they will be ever so many eonti-ibutors
towards the ti-ansformation and its prospeiity.

lint we must show now, the numbei' of foreigneis and Hiazilian
travcMeis who remained in Manaos, in its "Jii hotels . in the year IS'.'l.

|{r:i/.ili:iiis ."i.lHiO

Ainciicaiis .".I

Arnciiliiu's 20

.Vriliiaiis 7

(icniKiiis 11

Aiish'i.iiis 10

Hi'luiaiis ■_>(»

In Ill-inn "^'''" ■ • t>.089

— 157 —

broiijjiil over. . . 6. OKI)

Bolivians 107

Col<niil)iaiis H-2

Frenclinioii :2!)K

Spaniards -i75

llnni^arians ^

EnjilishnitMi .""

Italians 7M7}

pL-rnavians 100

Porlugueso I.Ool

Russians 165

Suisses 9

Dutcliiiien 4

Uruguayans 10

Total. . . O.iOi

The large crowds of the newly arrived go at once to the interior
and engage themselves in the promising task of extracting rubber
from the trees. Seldom, very seldom, indeed, do they take with them
their wives and children. What they most always have with them is
the classic viola (a kind of guitar) which is the inseparable compa-
nion of the native of Brazil.

As we repeatedly have written, the natives of Ceara are the best
and most numerous contributors for the populating of the Amazon
and the progressive development of that region. The native of Ceara
who leaves the Amazon does it only to come back a little later on.
He repeats to-day with the same heroic tenacity, the role of the ban-
(leirante from Sao Paulo in the history of the evolution of Brazil in
tlie seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The political-social pheno-
menon which took place in the south is now reproduced in the north.
The scenery and the actors have been changed, but the nature but
the human motion is the same, the history of each generation is no-
thing else but the reflex of the agitations of the preceding ones.

What explains sociologically si^eaking the predomination of the
native of Ceara in the phenomenon of the migration of to-day is the
famine of the constant and regular dry seasons to which is subject
periodically a large portion of the State of Ceara, as well as of some
neighboring states, consequently we have explained the moral phy-
sionomy characteristic of the new populating element, whose lines
of melancholy or hope transpire in their songs, in their activity at
work, in their intimate customs and even in their vocabulary.

In the names they give to their seringaes scarcely is there a name
not suggesting a melancholic idea, or an aspiration of hope and im-

— 158 —

provement. In every nonk of the i-iver banks of those invaded re-
<;ions, thai note signifies the prcsenee of the native ofCear;'i,or
other norlliern 15i'a/iliaii. Tiie <Ie!ioiiiiiiat ions lUmifim i;(»o(l end),
lion KspcrHn<;n (good hope), lAvriuncuto (delivranee (from evil),
Xoou Sor/c (now h)t), lion Xonu (good news), and otliers which de-
note e()nfi(h'nee, good augury, or these others : Dcscni^itno idesil-
lusion), Dcixii Fiillar (kit them speak), Muhjiu'rcni^u (bad wislies, to
wish unsueeess to others), Sobral, Kortaleza (tliese two are names of
Ceara cities), sad and allusive to the things left behind, which are
rei)eated, so often, here and lliei-e, are the wliole profound history of
the soul of the native of Ceara, of the intelligent man, of the suf-
ferer and the hero, and to whose irresistil)le audacity it is dui' the
finding of the Amazonic hidden treasuries.

When he finds himself in the i)lace he selected to start his life in
tract of land hidden in the interior, — at the side of an i^^iiniiic, going
to work (m his account, or for some one already established — he
takes charge of so numy csirndas (roads), as many as he can exploit :
Each c.s7/';K/a has generally from 100 to \~>i) isvrini>-iicir!is: rubber
trees.

Vov mei-eantile purposes each estrada is worth more or less l(K)
or 500 milreis if the seringueiras arc well preserved.

The Aoiudor, that is, the merchant in Manaos or IJelem (capital
of Para) furnishes all the needed goods, material and food to the pro-
prictoi- of llie .se/"//?ji,>tj/. This one sells them again to the working-
man, on credit, to be paid at the time of the harvest thus remaining
tied lip to the owner the newly arrived. It is easy to undei-stand
what effoi-ts the patient workman has to employ to free himself
eeoiU)mieally, and in the metamorphose of workman to propriettu",
reap])ear some day in Manaos, or in Helem, or in his native Slate
I'icli and ind(;pendent da/.zling with his i)rodigalit_\' lliose lu' left in
the niiserv of the old native village.

Those who (lei)art are in much larger number than those who
come back, to be sure. Yet, life there is monotonous quite even in
their cares for the work of cM'vy day, year in and year out - apjta-
I'cnlly calm, filled with i)eace either in the houi-s he strikes the ti'ce
t,o gather his i-ubbei-, or at their hours of leisure sjxMit at the door of
the hni-nicit listening to tlii' songs, very long ami wvy sad ones, tlial
the,\' are, aeeoinpanied hy llie melancliolie and ]»lainli\e soimtis of
the sweet nioLi. II is 11 fe companion puis llie eiiild losh'cp singing
some old song, after having gi\<Mi llir lillle one a lialli in llie rixer
anil pill (III hliii Ills night shirt with strong perfiinie of the piripi
liiKu la sceiileil plant alMiiidaiil In llie northern states).

— 159 —

On a sunny Saturday, it was the 2nd July, 1002, wlien \v(; wcro
o-oing- througli tlic Breves narrows (wliicli, l)y the way, looked to nie
quite broad) we began to diseover in the afternoon some mountains
at the distanee and at our ri,L;lit. On one of those mountains is the
city of Monte Alegre, belonging- to the Para State.

Afterwards, a few leagues further ahead we saw the establishment

Manaos. — Court of law Palace — Principal front

known as the Cacaiial Grande, a vast plantation of coeoa which, as
they told us, had just been acquired by a Paris diocolate factory.
Then, on the other bank, we saw* the city of Santarem, near the spot
where the confluence of the Tapajos river with the sea-river takes
place.

It is a beautiful scenery. The earthen dirty waters of the Amazon
are filled with greenish spots which arc confounded and transform-
ed into a voluminous stream, ample and deep, which is the Tapajos

— 160 —

river, one of tlie most Ijcuutirul rivers of the world. Pacifie and '

solemn, smooth and sliiiiin*;- like an emerald, the Tapajos enters j

into tlie Amazon, witlionl mixinj; with those of the colossal river its ,

dark j;reen waters, absolutely clear if placed in a glass. |

Six hours from that time, at night, we were passing in front of ;

()l)i<l«is, at the right going up the river. This modest city which will ;

be soon loi-tified, as it is the key to that Ama/onic ma/e, was deep i

asleep in the silence of the night, under the mystery of that land- |

scape deep with dai-kness, some lights, drawing the lines of the city, j

throw their shade in the water trembling and darkish. !

The steamer goes straight on her way. AVhen she reaches nearer j

any of the banks light-bugs follow the boat entering the cabins flying i

around the electric lamps. ,

Sunday morning, at three o'clock, we had in sight two cocoa i

plantations, which lend to the landscape a characteristic shade of ;

green. This one of the many Amazonic treasuries is cultivated al- j

most without any trouble spreads itself with exuberant ostentation j

showing the wealth of that soil. There are even some varieties that j

grow spontaneously without industrial work, as it happens with one \

known as the caciuninuia, which is to be found in the wild woods. '

The aspects of the banks are, in a general way, identical, perhaps j

monotonous, specially after we see the first tracts, after one day's j

sailing in the narrows, and then there is oidy real cnjoynieut when \

the steamer gets very near the shore, as often does. Then we distin- !

guish perfectly well the details : — that unending wall extended on !
either side of the boat, shows itself in a gigantic shape near us,

spreading out lowaids the water thick and long branches of frondous ;

trees, we see inflexil)le silvery white trunks brought forth amidst ,

the thick foliage, and a])i)ear above opening the upper bi-anehes like j

an iiiiuieiise umbrella, some ligh' ihmI some green as if o\ cr t hem w ere |

passing two seasons of the year at the same time. The palmtrei's i

are also seen elevating their high trunks above all the other \(>ge- i

tation, sometimes here and there isolated, sometinu's in groups. •
Here, we see the uss;iliy loug and thin seeming rt'ady t(» burst

with the first blow of tin; w iud, lh(u-e, the Incumri w i(h a solid tiunk |

defying (everything. We find in one place the skeleton of the hniiiry l

leafless and dry reddish as it' il were an old rusted iron frauie, in '
another place a group of trunks i)UudKMl ;il the i)asis as if they w anted

mutually snpiM»i-t each other, and tall, \eiy tall, in perpendicular I
line as if avoiding a drcadl'iil effoil in the sti-ugglc f(»r light, which
they wauled to drink beyond, abo\ c the lop ol the si longest trees.

And as life and death embrace each other e\ei'\ where, al ex'ery '

— 161 —

<>reat distiinee wo see some dead tree fixed to the soil by brutish
roots that can't be destroyed assuring its j)osition for a century.
Shades that tliey are of a majesty, those majestic remains resist hall"
di-owned in the steel net of cipos in a forest struggle, suspending
from its naked arms a whole lot of parasites, gravatas, orchideas,
and others.

In the ocean of eternal and renewing foliage which grows in
those valleys, covering the stones, filling empty places, those soli-
tary trophies have in their dominating and silent impassibility a
noisy expression of an unfinished struggle, permanent and persis-
tent, formidable struggle, struggle that goes beyond death. This is
the scenery in which everything agitates and everything seems
immoable, in which everything makes a noise and everything seems
dumb, everything exists and everything seems dead, living, growing,
blooming, dying, renovating, each tree, each stone, each insect, each
germ engaged in the renovating struggle of the fratricidal life, in
which everything and everybodj^ find itself on the ground without
attempting,

sin saber qiiiza

ni por que la inuerte da,
ni por que pierde la vida.

(without knowing also, neither the reason why the death gives, nor
why loses life.) as was said by the inspired poet Nunez de Arce.

At last, at 9 in the morning of the fourth August, we landed at
Manaos,

Manaos. — Those who have never been in Manaos and have their
heads filled with all kinds of untruths |»ublished by a lot of foreign
books written on Brazil, telling all about the impossibility of inha-
biting the tropics, the backwards condition of these countries, etc.,
etc., will surely be much surprised men when they see for the first
time the capital of the Amazon.

Nobody would imagine it in the condition it real is to-day, that
modern city of Manaos. Why? Is it possible that after a 000 mile run
through the heart of the South American deserts, with the most
inaccessible and thick woods, there may exist a city like this one?

To be sure it is possible. And not only it really exists, but pros-
pers and grows every day, and then it is evident that the people wiio
build it up, who nourish it with the vigor of the large cities, have
done, to be sure, something worthy of note, their has been an im-
portant one.

— 162 —

The capital oi' tlu* Amazon, seen as a whole, has the physiognomy
of a city just built.

To be true, it is a new city. It is built by an imuiense afl'luenl of
the Amazon, the Rio Xegro, (Black river) thus called because of its
(lark color, something- like coffee color, and no learned man as yet has
been able to account for that explaining- the cause. It is situated in
an ample bay of the river, offering thus to the navigation a safe port,
'i'hey are nearly finishing the great harbor works whii-h will make
of Manaos a landing place of first class.

As he enters the city, the traveller finds himself in a (piitc large
squai'e, treated with care, with a pretty garden, and its grounds
somewhat inclined. In an angle at the other end of the square is the
Cathedral, dominating the square, on an elevated gi-ound which is
levelled to take away the inclination of the square, there being stair-
way on both sides to enter from the lower })art of the square. From
there, beautiful streets run in fi'ont and at both sides, all of them lined
with buildings of modern construction, the business houses disj)lay-
iiig pretty show windows in which the products of the world's arts
and industries are exhibited.

The area of the built part of the city grows larger every day, and
as the topography of the place is somewhat inclined the inhabitants of
Manaos, undertake daring- works, opening great cuts, filling in tracts
of ground, putting down hills, attending to the sanitary conditions
of shallow places, while the pi'ivate buildings keep on occupying the
gi-ound thus compiered. The new streets, wide and in straight line
give an asi)eet of fe;is(, a modern atmosphere to the new cai)ital.
Amongst other streets, the following struck us most favorably :
Municipal street, 30 metres wide, built on a ground that before was
marshy, is one of the most beautiful streets of the north lined with
fine buildings; .lose Clemente Street, Uemedios street, (^uinze de
Xovembro Street and othei-s. Xone of these however cxcells Kduardo
Kibeii'o Avenue wliicli i-eminded us of the Maio Avenue of Hucnos
Ayres, tliougli it has not the fine buildings the latter has, it is well
paved, and profusely. In the afterntxui and evening the liigli-life the
wealthy pai't of the population walk \\\) and down l-'.duardo Kibeiro
Axt'iiiic. Ill tlic diinking places they drink their vermouth and com-
ment upon the c\(>nts of the day. The public buildings with their
beauty and arcliitccture prove the excellent installation, the progres-
si\(' slate of (lie city and newly born power of the Aiiiaztm metro-
polis. We will mention some of them.

h'oi- the new-comer, one of the things tliat at Ira els Ii is at I en! ion I ho
most is the magniliccnl tlieaire llie » Amazonas », whose conslruc-

— 1()3 —

tioii luis just been Tiiiislied. It is built on ii ciiuseway all ol" mason
work, and its dome of light colors raises itself above the whole city.
The external lines are majestic, and while not obe^'ing to no special
classic order of architecture is a ha])py conception, if though a little
too able details. Inside this theatre is a beauty with all those
rows of columns sup])orting the four floors of boxes yet they disturb
somewhat the perspective of the whole.

The foyer has no equal in all Brazil, it is large, light, surrounded

Manaos. — S. Sebastiao 's Square and the Amazonas Theatre.

by columns imitating rare marble and decorated with De-Aiigelis
paintings of rare artistic value, as those that represent Cecy e Pery,
Uni trecho da Selua Amazonica, (A piece of Amazonic landscape),
the Siin-Set, and others. Between the paintings there are marble
busts of the celebrities of modern theatre. The electrical installation
of the theatre, can serve as a standard, and is worthy of note, as a
work of art, the large lustre which illuminates the audience hall.
The Palace of Justice, also lately inaugurated, is another orna-

— 1«J: —

luent of Manaos. It is liouKin stylo, its stairway made ol' brouzf and j
marble leads to the large halls where the judges have their offices and ,
Court rooms. The parlour of the judge who pei'forms the marriages I
could serve as a model foi- Rio de Janeiro, and is decorated with j
furuitui-e of gothic style. The .Tury rooiu, the Supreme Court Hall .
are severe in style and imposing and are all in accordance N\itli the
external beauty of the building.-

'{"lie rjyinuasium has a lordly as])cct. It was inaugui-atcd in ISSO

.Maiiaus. — I'lic sahnpii nl Aiiiazoiias llifalrc

fliiriiig tlic Adiuinistiat ion of Dr. l-li-ncsto Chaves, w lio w as ihcii
the president of the [)i'o\ ince.

The liuilding of K Institute) Hcujnuiin Conslaiit ^ wliirli w c \ isitei
in all its dfpait ukmiIs, is placed at the end of ;i beaut ifiil garden
'riiei'f tin y cdiu-atc young girls and tiicN arc ( rained by Sisters o
Charily.

'I'hc cat hcdiiil is a vast Icniple of siniph' architecture anil modes
interior, all white. Tiie (dinrtdi is flooicfl wiili hiuilicr and has oi
both sides sliuu' platfoi'ins, ( I/isbon style nias(tn worU in high relief

— 165 —

wliercfrom tin; scimoiis arc prcaclied. This fliurch is under the
saint iKunc of Our Lady of the ('()iu'e])t ion.

One oi" the visits that h'ft on us the best impression, was the one
\ve])aid to the police regiment l)arraeks, a hii'ge buihling two stories
liigii lacing- the Oonstituieao Square. In the upper story are the
fencing parh)rs, the Major-staff-room, the library, where we admir-
ed a beautiful painting « Lihcrtaruo do Amnzoniis » (freedom of the
ximazon), and in the lower floor are the spleeping rooms of the pri-

Manaos. — Beiijaniiii Cdiistant's Institute

vates companies, guns store rooms, and at the end the stables,
tilled with splendid River-Plate horses.

The Military regiment of Manaos is one of the best organisations
of its kind in all Brazil. It is composed of two battalions of infantry,
with 500 men each, and a detachment of 10 men cavaby. The infant-
ry battalions are commanded l)y majors, who are officers of the
regular army. Each battalion has a band of music not inferior to
those of Rio de Janeiro.

We must also speak, among the nice buidings of Manaos, of the

— 166 —

public miirkel, an elegant structure ol" iron and lumber by the river ..
side. Wlien tliis building was erected, not manj' years ago, everybody ^
tliought its dimensions exaggerated and far beyond the necessities
of Manaos. Now everybody complains that the market is altogether (
too small. The city grew much ciuickor than it was ever thought of. .

'i'lu; same thing happened about the Sundudc ccmctcrv. Some |
fifteen years ago tlic municipality designated that place for a grave- j
yard. There were claims from all over to the effect that it was too far, ]
that there were no means of conveyance and many other i)rotcsts. j
To-day the cemetery is surrounded by buildings, the city growing !
up in that direction and it will be soon necessary to remove it from !
there.

And as we have spoken about means of conveyance, we must i
say that to-day lew cities in the North have so c()mi)letc a system of |
tramways, except the City of Sao Paulo which has also a very good
tramway system. There is also in Maiuios a regular service of cabs •
and carriages. The Silo Paulo as well as the Manaos tramways are !
of American manufacture, large, comfortable, clean, and run through j
the city in all directions. The main line in Sao Paulo is called |
Avcnida-cinuilar, and surrounds the coutornation of that beautiful ;
city, going over a beautiful bi'idge which crosses a stream (as strong,
as some Juiropean rivers) which has escaped from the number thati
have been filled in to build up streets and houses. j

No visitor comes away without often repeating that trip, as well
as the one that goes to Flores, a district a little way off filled yet of.
thick and wild woods but threatened with the invasion of city
buildings, lining with beautiful residences the road tliat is cutting;
the forest.

The bridge we rcfen-cd to above is called Cacliocira (iiaiulc,
made of iiou, divided into thr(?e sections, and is an excellent point
of view to ol)serve the magnificent snii-omiding i)anorania. Other;
bridges and viaducts, as the Remedios and the C'achoi'iriidia,
mounted on stone columns embellish other sections of Manaos.

In fidiii of the (Jovernor's palace, which is a modesi building*
the^N ha\(; l)uilt a pretty garden named licimhlic. where charming
mominits can be s])ent .

()n(' of the most noted things of tlie city is its si)lendid illumina-
tion second to none in the whole l>ra/.il. The reader can have an
idea of what that branch of j)ublie service is, knowing that r»J7 arc-
ti;4hls, "J. ()()() candle jiowci- I'atdi, are lighted at a cost of ir.OconldS
\carl V.

This l-;ieetrie li^hi company furnishes also I .S()(» sixteen candle

— 167 —

power lights to private houses wliicli work sinee the coiiipany
installation all over the eity.

Tlie pumping- work of waters taken from the Ciichocirn Grnndc
falls and plaeecl in the reservoirs built speeially for it in Moeo and
Castelliana, is also made by eleetricity. The water is not as good as
the Rio de Janeiro water but it is not much inferior and its disti-i-
bution to the population is abundant. They furnish daily (lOOO.OOU
litres and the State government spends annually with this branch of
public service about 400 contos yearly.

Part of Rio Acre

By these simple notes we have printed here the reader can
calculate the progress of the beautiful metropolis of the Rio Xegro.
But this is not everything. Any of the improvements and services
of a large European city can be found in that city, which is in the
most hidden corners of this continent between the base of the Andes
and the corridors of largest mass of fluvial waters in the whole
world. The telephone and telegraph (either the subfluvial or the
overland one that the State built at its expense until the frontier of
Para), the newsi^apers, the libraries, an active commerce, everything
indicates that civilisation installed in that region of the semi-cultiva-
ted continent a new land mark of its evolution,

With the colossal works that are being finished for the adaptation
of its port to the requirements of the large international commerce
of which Manaos is the centre in this jjart of America, it is impossi-
ble to foresee the impulse this metropolis will receive as it had been
impossible ;^0 years ago to foresee the present development it has
attained.

— Ifi8 —

"SVhat Brazilians can be more proud of, is, tliat all the i)rogress is
the work of themselves. Manaos is a product of Brazilian activity,
faith and energ}'. It was disputed, conquered and enriched by
Brazilian arms. To-day Manaos is a cosmopolitan city, as it is a
centre of strong navigation and commerce, because the aliens look
for it, conic to it with their work, industry, deep ambition. Hut the
roots are energetically national, the work that circulates thi-ough
the interior rivers, which discovers the hidden corners of the desert,
which explores the wealth with tenacity, wliich transports to the
solitude of the internal spots the seed of ideas and sentiments, is all
the work of the patient native of the North of Brazil, with his incon-
quered resistance, his strange customs, fine as gold, firm as steel.
It is above all the work impelled by their trusting and ingenious
soul, dreamy and strong, poetical and warlike that defies the storms
of the Atlantic in a raft and penetrates the solitude of the interior
without any other tools but his boat and a row.

The dominion of the world will be, eternally, in any sense, of
those who dominate the waters.

Since Humboldt, many prophecies have been made as to the
magnificent future which is reserved for the Amazonic region.
Certainly, however, few of these prophets calculated that in the
present generation the existence of a city like Manaos, right there at
the month of Rio Negro should already be a reality.

This phenomenon would be impossible 50 years ago, when the
Amazon was not dominated yet. At that time, it represented nothing
else for civilisation but a stupendous geographical marvel. Referring
to it used to be said : « // is the ini<>hti('sl of rincis, » and every thing-
had been said. The tri])S through its waters were cntcrprizcs consi-
dered as dangerous as a voyage to the poles. From Para to the Kio
Negro and back it meant then ten to twelve months. Those who
made that trip, in small sailing boats or little canoes with rows used
to be received with sky-rockets on their coming back. ^^'IH'n the
steamer began to make these trips everything was changed.

The sea-river was conquered and with it Manaos, then a simple
group of small houses, just a stopping and resting place in the Kio
Negro. From that time on it gathered strength, and grew up
suddenly.

After that tlu; Purus river was concjuered with several other
affluents, and each victory against the savage nature of the continent.
in those (rolossal roads, coii'csponded to a new impulse towards the
pi-ogress of Manaos. 'I'he most recent of those \ ictories was the
(h)iniiiion of llie .hinia, w ith its trihutaries, al>out which we wrote

— 169 —

above. Over 5.000 tons ol" merchandise goes yearly to the <;reat
capital augmenting- its world commercial intercourse with the wliolc
world. But, what does that rc!i)resent in that infinite incognito world
that is there defying man? Yavy little indeed.

What does that matter? The steamer is there now and the
natives of Xorthern Brazil will do the rest. On its turn the native of
Amazon is also in a hurry to complete his work of civilisation.

Bank of Rio Pums-Landscaiie at the lime of floods

The administration of the last few governors has been as good as
could be wished for and the Amazon has now entered an era of
activity and work aided by an honest government.

The governor of the State to-day, Dr. Constantino Xery is a
brother of the last one who was Dr. Sylverio Nery, a perfect gentle-
man, a militarv engineer, a broad minded man, a learned man and

— 170 —

animated by tlic inosl patriotic sentiments. He has re-established in
the Amazon an honest ]H();^ramme, an orderly one in the ailministra-
tion affairs.

He made <;reat im]H'()vements in the financial conditions of the
State and fi^avc quite an impulse to the commercial and industrial
activity of Manaos. llis government marked an era of noted progress
for the State. It suffices to remember his wise and intelligent inter-
vention contributing towards the realisation of the colossal harbor
works of Manaos and towards the supi)ort of the Hra/.ilians in the

.Mani'ios. — « Ainii/dticiisc » ';\inri;isium

Acre region dining the disputes with Holivia. On this subji-i-t it is
not known yet liow much Brazil owes to tlic attentive aiul discreet
action of Dr. Sylverio Nery's i)olitics, hut in time it will l>c known
so that justice may be done to his ])atriotism and intelligence

The cstahlisliing of schools, the inauguration of scvcimI pulilic
estalilisliiiicnis , the tci-miiiat i(Ui of political pci-sccut ions , the
recovering of the financial credit of the State, in a word, tlic decisive
cut in the pi-aclice of ;il»uscs, w hich seem to exist unfortunalch- in

— 171 —

previous administrations, arc the titles that Dr. Sylvei-io lias to im-
pose himself to the gratitude of his State and the respect of all tliosc
who care for the welfare of the country, repudiating private inte-
rests.

He made quite a number of improvements and some of them
of high importance. He inaugurated a Sanatorium in the most
healthy spot of the State.

On the 9th. February, 1901, he installed officially a Laboratory of
Analysis for analytical chemistry, bromotalogy and texicology. As
an annex to this Laboratory there is a small bactereological arsen-
al, which is the beginning of the foundation of the respective
laboratory.

He also installed in a new building the City Hospital which was
not in very good conditions in the old building. He inaugurated also
a Model School to serve as a kind of normal colle'>-e, furnished with
all the pedagogic material needed and prepared as well the esta-
blishment of an agricultural school in Paracatuba.

In 1903 there were in the State IGT Grammar schools, with a fre-
quency of 5.911 students, but in this number is not included a large
number of private schools.

In Manaos there are 45 schools all of them in fine buildings
nicely appointed with adequated pedagogic furniture.

One of the beauties of Manaos is its port always animated , al-
ways filled with boats , loading and unloading. We see there not
only the small river boats, steam and electric launches, as the big-
transatlantic steamers which stand still pefectly motionless so calm
are the waters. In front is the quay with its enormous lifting ma-
chinery ever busj" loading and unloading the lighters that come
alongside.

The constant movement of small boats, the whistles of the steam-
ers and their echoing voices, the variety of colors of the flags un-
furled in the masts, everything gives to the port of Manaos one of
the happiest and most picturesque feature. As the city is built on
ground slightly inclined, from man 3^ points of it we can enjoy the
contemplation of the most beautiful panorama one could imagine,
looking at the port and the active life that animates it from sun rise
to sun set.

Formerly just in the place where Manaos is to-day, there were
two tribes of Indians — the Passes and the Manaos — the latter

— 172 —

liavinf;- f;iven tlic nainc to llio city. P^ven as far back as 1S:>0 a Brazi-
lian writing on ilic i)riniitivc city, scat of the Rio Negro i)oi-i and
district gave some very curious informations. Among other things
he wrote that tlicrc were '2'.i'^ liouses, witli straw roofs, and even tlio
governor 's i)ahicc! liad a roof made of the same material , as well as
the soldiers barracks and nearly all the other public buildings. There
was a small ship yard to build lighters and canoes. There were a
lew i)rivate houses covered with earthen tiles, but they were very

Munaos. — Public Scliool

few. The ])owder magazines were roofed with the same material.
There were two churches : Tlie Matriz, built by some C'arme-
litas missionaries in 1H95 and another very small one of little im-
portance. The i)opulati()n of (he city was ."MT nu'u ;nid .iJT women
(white), 115 men and -150 women t nuuucliirosi — (chiUlren of l-lui-o-
l)eans and negroes), T'.UI men antl l.(i|-,' women dark mulat toes. -J-,*.')
iiini and |(.| wmncn slaves, 'J'Si men and JOii women, (mongrels or
mixed ln-<'ed). 'IMie whole city hail but II small streets and one
s(|uarc. That is jtist what Manaos was in ls:;o.

— 178 -

'I'o-day this l)Cciutiriil ciU' luis an iire;i of 10 scuuirc kildiiu'tres
tind about (),00() liousos, in (he majority two story hi^h, villas, pala-
ces, built on the ground wluH'e the extinct Indian tribes were. The
streets are long and wide, with trees and well paved, going from
one end to the other of the city, tearing the space through hills and
rivers and from neither one of these two there is not the slightest
vestige, except the openings and Ihe filled in placets. 'I'he commerce
opens each day new houses, displays in the avenues luxury and
comfort. The industries begin to appear here and there making
noise with the machinery of the factories and darkening the sky
with the clouds of smoke from their chimneys. We had occasion
during our short stay in Manaos to visit factories of several products
as ice, matches, electicity, incineration of the city garbage, parasols
and umbellas, rubber goods and others, and we can affirm in the
most convinced manner that we have great faith in the future possi-
bilities of Manaos.

Yet, it is not only in the capital that the admirable luxury of
that true El-Dorado — the Amazon, — is displayed. Neither is it
there only that we can see that conquering work transforming and
civilising of the Brazilian race. Besides Manaos there are 20 other
cities and villages, by the banks of those enormous rivers of that
State and they show how much activity the inhabitants of the nor-
thern States of Brazil have developed in that effort to perform the
social work of civilisation in that region.

The principal ones are Barcellos, Borba, Boa- Vista do Rio Branco,
Humayata, Labrea, all of them with an active commerce ; Manicore,
a very i^rogressive citj' founded in 1877, its budget being then about
£30 and to-day is of over £ 20.000; Manes, Olivenca, Antimary,
Caqueta, Teffe, Villa Bella, Silves, Serpa, Rio Branco and others
are so many marks of civilisation spread through the territory of
this colossal State of the Amazcm. We regret that the limited space
of this book does not allow us to write about each one of these cities.

If we could do so how much couldn't we write about the munici-
pal district of Rio Branco, for instance. But about this place we
cannot avoid writing a few lines even if for nothing else but to dis-
pel from our readers' minds the erroneous idea people have to sup-
pose that in the Amazon State there is only the forest industry.

The valleys of Rio Branco intermingled with beautiful ridges of
mountains until the frontier of Brazil with the English Guyana, are
a magnificent field for cattle raising as well as for the cultivation
of corn and wheat and we even go as far as stating they are probably
better fitted for that than Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catharina.

— 174- —

It is ciik'tihilcd ill one tliousuiul square leagues this beautiful
region, proix'r tor catlle ruisiiig and dairy industries and yet at a
distance relatively short from the capital. Were it not for the Water
falls of Kio Bianco, the trip from Manaos to these valleys could be
made in two days. A railway would resolve this problem, and not-
withstanding the difficulties to be met in an enterprise of this kind,
the local (iovernment is thinking seriously of building one. As to
cattle raising, a i)arty competent to speak on the subject said that

Manaos.

Publii' School

cattle can Ix; raised wild and the beef can compete with that of Kio
(Jrandc and Kiver Plate. The only fault with the <>x is not crossing
with supeiior i-aces and that can be easil\- remedied oiu-e that the
Government should train iniungrati(Ui helping the eattle raisers.
Th(^ inconvenient for the dairy industry is the cxccssixc length of
the fai-m lands. Oidy oiu^ of them, kiu)wn as S. Marcos, occupies an
areaof dozens of scpiarc leagues and can contain if necessary one
hundi-ed thousand heads. Similar elements of greatness ai'c found in
otlu'r niunici[)alities.

— 175

What ^^■e have written on Manaos is sufficient, we think for the
reader to calcuhite the importance and progress of that vast tract
of the Brazilian territory, to l)e sure one of the most prosperous
federative entities of the Brazilian Republic.

THE STATE OF PARA

Of all the Northern States of Brazil, the State of Para is the most
important as to its population, wealth, external commerce, and
the progressive condition of its capital , the city of Belem. Even

Belem. — Building of sc-liolar's gnnip on i>lie Baptista Campos place

comparing it with all the other states of the Union, its present value
and growing progress assure for it a superior and glorious place in
the Federation.

And yat, this is not one of the oldest states , neither did it dis-

— 176 —

in)se of, to altaiii its present development, ;iii.\- of tlie j;()vei-iiain('ntal
advantages other States had either in the times of the sovereign
nationality or in the colonial ages.

Visited fioMi time to time by English, Dntcli, French and other j
adventurers, who never could establish there a firm settlement of
conquest , it was only in KJK), nearly three centuries ago, tliat a j
Portuguese, the Commander Francisco ('aldeira Castello Braneo, ,
was sent from Maranhao to found a city in Beleni , tlic first founda-
tions of whicli were placed in the ground in January of that year, ;
as the chroniclers of that time assure us. ,

We n)ust count from tliat date the initiation of the national exis- .
fence of this great Northern State. 1

Until 1()40, however, Para had no political personality, it was a ,
part of the Maranhao government , but from that date on it was ;
constituted a political district, perfectly aside, having concurred to '
that result not only the fact of the Dutch invasion in the Maranhao [
province, as well as the degree of material importance to which ;
Belem had reached, and that can be ascertained by the document of .
that time.

Later on it was incorporated to the Maranhao government, but ■
it got independent by the end of the seventeenth century, though I
with great struggle, considered as a province then and to-day a State ;
under the new form of Government — a republic. — \

The great advancement of this Brazilian region, in the way of '
l)rogress, became more evident, however, just as it happened with !
the Anui/on, with the development of the making and exporting of '
rubber. So that if we look for a point of histoi'ical reference, to fix
in a plain way, the initiation of that trajectory, just as it happens •'
with the Amazon, we will have to adopt the date of July lUst., 18G7, •
th(; happy date of the opening of the Amazon river to the interna-
tional navigation, as the progress and prosperity starting point of ;
the State of Amazon.

Tin; rapid i)r()gi'ess of that region from that time till to-day can
l)c seen by th(^ iiu-rcnise of its rcn'cnue. \\'hal Para was then, and
what it is to-day can he seen by these figures :

I'lof^icss of I he rcDcniic of the Slulc of l':ii;i cihtv fine ycurs.

Vtarg Atci'ii^f III till- ti\i' >('ai's ■

IKU7 a IK()« .... ;27-t: ii'7g;ti()S

IHTi a 1H7."> .... .'7S:t;(i.".§.~()7

1H77 a IH7H . . . . 7s:i:'.t7()^7ti."i

IHH-J a iHHTt .... 2.ri()-2:t-Jl.<;77t

IHHC. a IHH7 .... ■J.7l.".:(i«f.$()MI

lM!li» a IHJKI .... r..0()0:()ii(i5;0(m

1«!»7 a IKilK .... l(.7(l:2r2.">ISI«l

— 177 —

This progress does not i-epresent an increase in the taxes, l)ut
simply the increase of production, exjjorted from llie State. It is
well known that the main importance of revenue is obtained hy the
exportation taxes.

The folk)\ving' tal)le will show that the importation of European
and American industrial products kept pace with the cxpoi'tation
progress :

Importation ix the Port of Bklk.m.

Years

189-4 a U.j
1893 a 90
1890 a 97

1897 a 98

1898 a 99

It is worth while, since we ar

Valup of Ihe iinporlalion

8.o06:.j08§non

9.001 :887S0n0

15.97:;:8i:i.S000

I8.5ee:450§000

21.502:7o4$000

e dealing with figures, to register

also the total revenue of the state in the laste decades :

Rkvexue of the State of Para ix the last decades.

Years

Official value

1831 ....

2.291 :9o5|;9oD

1801 ....

. 5.000: H7S471

1871 ....

. 11. 790:40785 10

1881 ....

. 10.907.491^140

1891 ....

. 21.2,3.3:730§090

1901 ....

. 50.958:8308000

As that revenue, as we have said , comes mainly from the exj)or-
tation of the products of the State, it is natural that we should show
the reader the figures of that exportation, and so much so because
they prove a i^rogressive scale as seldom as been seen any where
else. We will see then :

Exportation of products exclusively from Para, exported

BY the port of BeLEM.

Years

Value of exportation

1858 848:.377$8e9

1810 . . .

1.25e:8.'i7$059

ih:;i . . .

1.98e:.^42SI75

1801 . . .

5.307:0.38$77.">

1871 . . .

9.548:29o§8iin

I8S1 . . .

ly.701:072$7(i0

1891 . . .

27.7:>.3:007.$00i

1901 . . .

90.052:597$000

Just as it happens in the neighboring state the main factor of
I progress , worthy of note, is the rubber which Para has in endless
I quantities in the banks of those mighty rivers.

— 178 —

The large amounts of capilal and the hirge number of \vorking- ;
men emi)loye(l in the extraction of (hat source of wealth grow larger
day by day.

To he sure, lliat const ilutes a disagreeable contingency to fix the i
financial situation of the State, because any alteration in the value
of (hat mei-chandise, in the buying markets, will make its effects in i
the disturbing oscillations of the official revenue, robbing from the '
budget its necessary character of j)revision and method.

Let us see what happened several years ago 189t> and 1897 when j
the depression in the rubber prices caused a violent and uncomfor- j
table condition of the whole economical and commercial life of ;
Para i

'J'he State however is exporting other products, as cocoa, which \
is largely produced in its territory, there being two harvests yearly, i
chestnuts (Brazilian chestnuts), tobacco, oils, rosin, etc.

No other State of Brazil , excepting tbe Federal capital, shows,
such a maritime activity as Para does. Its geographical situation!
iustifies that fact. It lias, with the port of Belem, the kev to the vast:
noith. There is the natural meeting ot everything that is coming'
down, — men and goods — from the beginning of those great rivers'
already exploited and those to be exploited, so that , each one at its
historical moment , will come to increase the relations of the!
Belem Emporium. Not long ago, we heard a traveller expound'
the strange thesis that the civilisation of Brazilian northern cities!
is being dislocated from ^Slaranhao towards Belem and thence to;
Manaos, so that each point of the scale of that march ^^ ill come back
to i-uin suei'cssivcly, at (he pro})ortion its neighbor will gi'ow larger
and rieluM".

Only those; who look to i)henoniena of that kind ^uperfii-ially
can admit such a conjecture.

Bi;i,i;m. — I-light days sla.N' at this capital of (he Para Slate will
suffice (o teach enough to the visitor to eiiahle him to see thcsi
subjects in a hel tei' light.

Let us open a map of the State, and we w ill immediately see thai
(he pro\ ideul i;il jiosition of ileleni, in the place it was huilt, seem"C>
for it cxcry possihility and ])rol)al)ility of a future similar to thai
of thegicat historical metropolis. Belem is alri'ady today a power-
ful city, grow ing rapidly, st i-o ugly and so far it has (inly >er\ ing it ^l^
organs of ajipropriat ion and nouiislnneni a \ei\, very small par'
of its rixers, of its islands, relalixfly, compared with what can 1»
jdaced in the field of exploitation in the future.

(^Miilc olten w hen w c w cnt ihrough ihal capital, (piil e ecuUcnlct

— 179

looking at its active commercial movement, at its port filled with
masts of ships and smoke-stacks of steamers we asked ourselves :
"NVliat a capital will this one be when the ccmtinent island — Marajo
— and the other small islands, the small and large rivers, everything

Belem. — .Mudorn Cuban Buildings

in full bloom of exploitation, populated and navigated, shall empty
itself here, with those unknown fabulous treasuries, which are
reserved for its opulence !

It is silly to imagine that the developement of Manaos will shake
in the least the greatness of Belem, The former has its economical

— 180 —

role as the key to tlic rej;i(>ns it encloses, in that hei<;lit of the Ama-
zon. l>ut Para will always be the natural outlet of everything exist-
ing between the Toeantins, Xin<;u , Tapajoz and the other rivers,
not to speak of the larger rivers. This on one hand, and on the /
othei-, all that big number of islands, rivers and lakes, that are
spi-ead towards the North and Northeast, belonging to tlu' lower j
Amazon system. All of this large world relatively unexplored, which i
could contain ;j00.000.000 people, and feed the whole of Kuropc, has
and will always have as its natural head the city of Belem, which i
will keep on growing at the proportion civilisation and industry will ;
dominate those vast and mostly desertisd fields. >

We can already place Belem at tlic side of the large cities of this I
South American continent. According to the census of 1*.)02 it has jiL
120. ()(>(> inhabitants, and the statistic data of the competent depart-
ment i)ublished in a rei)ort written by the ex-governor. Dr. Paes dc
Cai'valho, gave the number of inhabitants as nearly 'JlMhhi in IS'.'ii.

l*0PrLAT10X OF THK ( ' 11 ^ OF BfI.FM.

Years Iiiliahilanis

1720 i.dOO

1820 9.000

1852 12.467

\mO 40.080

1882 00.122

189(5 01.00.-)

Yei, here it is the manner in which a well known historian des-
cribed that c:t_\- in 1700 : « nobly built up and having sumptuous
churches : Matriz and Misericordia, the large temi)les of the Nossa
Senhora do Carmo, Merces, Redemp(;ao de Cai)tivos, Religiosos da
Companhia, Capuchos de Santo Antonio, and Cajiella dc Santo
Christo convents; barracks, beautiful residences, the fortress of|f
Xossa Senhora das Merces, and the nu)uth of the bar, u])on the'
rivei', with many pieces of good artillery of great ('alil»rc. of iron

and l)ron/.c. " ('hiirchcs and fortresses, monks and soldiers how

far away that age is!

Hut let us leave the am-ient Peleiii , liie icadei- will leel more
interested I'cading about the Helem of to-da_\ .

\\ (■ had alreadx stopped a xcry short while, on our wax up, at ,
that eil_\', l)iit it was in .Xugiisl I'.'iO that we weiil tliere with the iil-
O'litioii (»f ^toppiiii; there to examine it ami L;el ae(|iiainled v\ith it.

Those who go from the S(»iilli, eiir\ilig the point where the Sll-
riipy light house is, enters in the Par;i route, goes liiroiigh a majestic
ii\er of silvci-y waters, vast as the sea, trancpiil and filled with pic-

— liU —

turc.stiiio and o-rocii islands. At ri,i;lil and Icl'l, oncn w(! pass Salinas
city , where they liav(^ ])la('(Ml a li<;ht-h()use-b()at those; islands arc in
hir^e number until we reach in i'l'ont ol" l^eleni.

It is beautiful the aspeel ol" the port!.... The city ean't \cA-y well
be seen from tbe outside, as it ^vas built in a re<;ion of plain and low
gi-onnds very little above the level of the sea.

This circumstance is in favor of the port, which prescmts itself,
to the examination of the new comer before the citv does it.

Belem. — Slatiio of llic ijisli()|i IVei (laetano Braiidao

It is a forest of masts and smoke-stacks, steamers and boats of
all shapes, large and small, black, gray, white or green, the majo-
rity of them with the Brazilian flag, anchoied motionless by the
city, and others alongside the docks and bridges. Among them we
can see by their color the many steamers of the Companhia Ama-
zonas, painted of light yellow, an original color which contrasts
strikingly with the dark green of the waters.

The movement, the noise of the whistles and lifting machinery,
the running of the steamers arriving and sailing, all this gives to
the port of Belem a characteristic aspect.

— 182 —

Tlic port is a tnni(|iiil liigoon, formed by the Para river, which is
jotted down in the nuips with the luime Giiajara bay. It is liiie<l by
thick woods wliieh at distance ai)i)ear as a grayisli green band.

At the side, in the eontinent, is the eity, an extensive one, as j
ample as Madrid or Lisbon, phiin and h'veUed with the neij4lib()riug
woods, appearing only with more prominence the towers of the i
cathedral or the roof of some one or other building a little higher, ;

When we land we have a beautiful impression. The quay, where j

IJelciii. — Froi ('ai'laiiD Braiuirui's Siinarc

arc by the water side, the market, the Custom House, llie docks and
storage houses of the Bra/.ilian Lloyd and Ama/oii steamship I'oui-
l)anies, is lined by a magnificent bouh'vaid . pa\i'd with stone
blocks, and the conimercial activity to be seen in that river side part
of thtr city is \\ ondeiful. 'Vho (Juinze de Noveml)ro and .loao Alfredo
streets whicli I'lm paralhU to llie ipiay , ai-c t hici-, coinmci'cial ai"to-
lies, with hauUing houses, hixurious stores, iai'ge tliree and foui
story huiidings, in genei'al sti'uelui"es of siujple architect un' .
altogetlier I'ort iigiK'se styh' , l»iit _\ el a few ot them of motlerii
slvh^

— 1«3 —

Tlie most boautirul avenues ave, how cvei', in tluiti)art ol' the eity
most recently built, and the buildings in them are of more artistic
taste. They are all the work of the last twelye years.

If the visitor takes a tramway ride in tlie (^ars that go to the
distant suburbs as : Umarisal, S. Braz, Baptista Campos, Nazareth,
Marco da Legua, he can then appreciate the extension of the city.

The most central city districts are, just as in Rio or in Sao Panlo
occupied by the stores and commercial storage houses. There the
streets are narrower, although straight and clean, quite clean. Even
in this business quarter, constantly modified by Ihe progress of the
city there are squares which have no equal in all the other northern
cities and we might say in all Brazil.

The Square Frei Caetano Brandao, which some find quite sad,
we found it poetical. It is one of the first to be visited when we arrive
at Belem, attracted by the cathedral that is on it.

There is in the centre of the garden of the square a monument
with square basis, of white marble, with the brcmze statue of the
Bishop I). Frei Caetano Brandao after whom the square was named.
The bishop is with clerical robes and his face is full of expression.
He must have had Just that venerable type, the good prelate, who so
much loved that city, that he built the first hospital there for
the poor.

Let us have a look at the cathedral. It is a large, vast construc-
tion, heavy and grave, just in the style of the Portuguese buildings

— 184 —

of the eighteenth century nvIkmi the tired stykM)!' I). Manoel time,
had already disapix'arcd Iroin the mind of tlic ai-cliiteets. The I'ront
oi" the chureli is imi)()sing- with the severity ol" its lines and parsi-
nxmy of its oi-iiamental eiirves. It is composed of an ample face, the
trunk of the building open wilh three main windows which let the
light in, at the upper part, and some smaller ones for ventilation
purposes as well as the light. They are disi)Osed, liowever, without
any regard to the harmony of the external expression of the build-
ing. In the ('(mlrc! ui)per part has what in church architecture the
Portuguese call criijciro with two small decorative pyramidcs and
to finish two towers, one on each side, souunvhat elegant, and
everything is quite harmonious, the height of criiiciro and towers
being pretty nearly the same.

In the interior the cathedral was treated with great care and we
see that it was a church huilt in the good times of i-eligious faith. It
was built in 1771. ^'j

The painter, the high relief carver, etc, they all disi)uted the l'irs€el
place and as a result the interior work is of a most brilliant effect.^
There is perhaps a little exaggeration in the coloiing. The main altai
is all of marble, the platforms for the preaching of sermons are o^
bronze, nicely bui-ilated, the great organ, the gas fixtures, the paint
ings in the ceilings and walls of great artistic value, everything con!
tributes to the beautiful effect of the wdiole. There are ten altars on
both sides and two are of uuii'ble, with the images of Jesus' Heart
and Mary's Heart. The sanctuary is one of the most important ones ,
in Brazil.

On the other side of the square is a large two story building
which used to be the War Arsenal and to-day is an hospital. Next to ,
it is another hospital called Bom Jesus dos Pobrcs (Good Jesus of ')
the Poor) which was founded in 17.S7 by tlu' good nnuik l-'rci
Caetano Brandao.

On the bay side closing the s({iiarc we see a grim wall which has
the damp api)earance of old ruins. It is in fact a ruin prescrxcd res-
pectfully for its historical value.

They call it the « (histcllo » (C'astlei. It was fiom Iheie lliai ilie
defense; was made. It was there from tlu' xcry foundation of the city,
saw its Itirtli, protected it in its days of weakness and now sleeps at
the shade of its victoi-ious i)rogress.

'I'he bishop's i)alace, a large mansion. Ihree storii's high, w itli
windows all over and connected wilii liie left side of the Santo
Alexandic 's church, occupies the oi)i)osite angle of the s(|nare,
<-oucuiriiig thus to that sti'ong inq)ression of the whole.

— 185 —

Wo will now write about another important square ol' this capi-
tal ol' th(^ I*ara State — the Praea da Tndependencia. —

I^elem, just as all the othei" South Aniei'iean capitals has one —
I'l-aca da Tndependencia. It is one of the most beautiful in Para
which is equivalent to say one of the most beautiful in Brazil , as in
no other capital of Brazil we find more eare and love for the city
(gardens than in Belem. The inhabitants of Belem , judging by what
we observed, love nature, love flowers. There the parks and public
gardens are not enclosed, we do not see those heavy railings as we
see in many cities. Everything is open in Para, the green lawns, the

Belem. — Monument to General Gurjao, on the Independoucia place

beautiful gardens are quite open, there are no railings around them
and nobody ever steins on the grassy lawn, nobody cuts a flower.

There is the reason why Belem can keep in perfect order the
prettiest gardens in all Brazil.

The garden at the Praca da Independencia is worthy of note. It
IS divided in different sections, some kept as lawns, some as flower
beds and some with short and delicate bushes intermingled with
flower trees. The garden streets are well paved and there are ben-
ches for the public to sit down. In the centre surrounded by a circle

— 1!!() —

ol' real palm trees there is a monuiueut ereetcd in honor of
General Giirjao.

Ill onr excursions through Brazilian cities we have noticed tliat
the majority of the monuments have been erected in honor of mili- (
tary men.

Tliere are Generals in bronze and marble, a little of it every-
where, but Carlos Gomes the great late musician, with a single !
piece of music made Brazil better known of the whole world than
all of those great warriors put together. So did Cayru, who led
Brazilians by his hand to the advanced state in which they are
to-day, by the opening of the Brazilian ports to the universal com-
merce; Maua, tlie inti-oducer of the locomotive in Brazil; Gusmao,
the inventor of the air ship ; the late princess daughter of the
Emperor Pedro II who put an end to slavery in Brazil by the simple
signing of her name to a decree ; and like these many other person-
ages tied lo the national civilisation by celebrated deeds and they are
forgotten l)y the public, and they have not even a line engraved in
the base of the statues of the lucky soldiers that are in the jniblie
squares. That is not just

Our remarks, however, do not embrace Para, because if they
erected that superb statue to the soldier who so richly deserved it
and who died in a fight against the invading enemy, exclaiming :
(( Soc how a BrnzilUui general dies I », they did not forget the other \
meritorious citizens, and they built statues in honor of Caetano
BrandiTo, Sama Malcher and others.

But speaking again of the monument of the i)raca Independencia
we must say that it is of marble. In the basis are a fi'w steps with
lions, one on each side. U})on this there is a scpiai-e trunk with a i,
statue on each corner, then there is a cover with inscriptions and ^
on top General (iurjilo 's bronze statue.

I'lider the esthetic point of view the monument is far from being
reputed a work of art, it lacks unity of conceplion, yet it is much
decorative and it harmonises well witli (he scjuare that ncetled rt
monunienl like I hat one liigli and of iniposing ai)i)earance.

The prara Indeix'iulencia is much frecinented, not onl\" bi'cause
it is a central i)lace l)ut because of the buiUliugs that suri'ouml it.
These are :

The ( «o\ cniement palace, a noble mansion two sioi-ics high and
with an cxli-a one in the centre body of the huiltlini;. willi a trian-
gular Iront, l.~) w indons on each st<u-\. of siniph' ai'cliitcct urc . its
interior decorated willi taste, and with a l)cautirnl and Itroad stair-
way cnli'ancc of I/isIjou stone. Il is di\iih'd in two big halls where

— 187 -f-

tlie secretaries ol" the State have their departments. There is also an
important bi'omatoh)oy hiboratory, excellent creation of President
Augusto Montenegro.

The building is Avell preserved, in spite ol" having been built in
1776 and has telephone, telegrapli and electric light installations.

Near it is the City Hall built in the Colonial times by order ol" the
Marquis de Pombal. This building is also two stories high, paint-
ed of blue on the outside, and very well decorated on the inside. In
the Main Hall richly api)ointed is a beautiful painting i-epresenting
the death of Carlos Gomes the immortal musician to whom Para
soothed his last moments. In the same building is provisorily install-
ed the local Legislative Assembly. The municipality of Belem is a

Bek'in. — Palace ui llie Stales Governor

model of honest clever and advanced administration. The present
Maj^or, Senator Antonio Lemos, a true gentleman in his manners, is
a wise and honest administrator, a man of an enterprising mind and
a practical man.

Belem owes him a good deal and his contribution towards the
progress and transformation of the city doesn't admit of any doubt.
As the Mayor of the city he has been wise in the two needed
characteristics : he knows how to promote revenue, and knows how^
to apply it.

Another central square beautifully decorated is the one named
Vhconde de Rio Branco, formerly known as Merces. It is a little

18!! —

smaller tlian the olliors, but it is vci-y well taken care of, ami like
the others lias no railinj^-. The moiiniiicnt in the centre oC this scjuare
is ])i'(»l)al)lv the most artistic ol'ihc wiiole city. It is simple in its
composition, is not ycry original, but harmonious and suggestive.
Standing upon a marble l)asis oi" square form is the bronze statue of
the great Brazilian i)atriot Jose da (iarna Malchei- in a noble l»ut
natural position. In the principal face of the basis is the beautiful
figure of a young girl with her knee upon the step in the position
of one engraving the name of tlie hero. The monument is suriounded
by an elegant railing.

The new sijuare tliat the i)resent Mayor ordei'ed to be fixed with

1{(;1l'iii. — iSiiiidiiig (il Un' I'licn .Miiiiit'i|i:il

trees and a gard(;n is the one named Baptista Campos, and is one
of the beauties of the modern part of the city.

It was an enormous field quite abandoned in one of the t-ity
corners where the grass grew with a vigor wortliy of troiiical fame.
This was not long ago. The ma\-or Antonio Lt'mos transformed it in
a little ])ara(lise, with fountains, little lakes with miniature islands,
bi-idges, lawns, fiowci- Ix'ds, fane\ bushes an<l rai-e plants, well
paved streets, a pei-fect paradise. Well invested the money spent in
that jxiblic impro\ cmeiit .

I " llie oilier end of IJeleni, bexond the line of city luiildings.
the good tasle, or we woidd saA' IxMler llie enninion sense, of those in
power, idealized a pnlilie re<-rea(ion nniipie in its kind in all Brazil

— !«!> —

wliat poiit'irms wliat we luivc suid bctoi'e, when we arrinnod that the
l)o()i)lo ol' Para were the best h)vers of nature aiiioiij;- all others who
live in the large eities of Bi-a/il.

That publie plaee is a tract of ])riinitive I'oi-est bright in its
vigorous structure of sc^cular trees spreading their long bi-anehes
^^ith shady foliage.

'IMie city grew up devouring the woods around that preceeded it,
that were squeezing it. Later it gi-ew more, annihilated to spread
itself, but reached the place called Marco da Legua; and finding
that square of powerful trunks in rows* tight together in a som-
bre way , as the last witnesses of a cataclysm , its destructive
expansion stopped, admired and respected the mystery. Wanted to

Buieni. — A part uf llie .Miiiiici|ial I'arii

spare it. Spread its avenues by its margin, it went on growing, but
closed that piece of wild woods that was there at the very beginning
of the city ; encircled its four sizes with railing, opened streets to
disclose the intense poetry of its bosom ; placed green houses,
booths, cascades, fountains, all kinds of artistic embellishments here
and there. Spread through its thick foliage many drops of white
light from arc lamps. And then they named it (c o Bosque » and thus
« The Woods » has the right to live for many years, who knows !

This marvellous piece of Amazonie woods, preserved with filial
love by the municipality of Beleni, before the victorious expansion
of its constructions, is a motive of pride for its inhabitants and of

— lt»0 —

praise to tlie ^vise ami honest mayor, Senator A.Lemos, from all the
strangers who go tliere.

The same we might say about the rigor with wliieh the precepts
of good taste and hygiene are respected there, with regard to the
arborisation not only ol" the avenues, but the streets as well. Among
those we can cite Dezescis de Xonrnihro, Brnt^niira, S. .Icronymo,
Indcpendencia and others.

The ancient .S. Jose Street, to-day Dezescis de Xoi'einhro avenue,
quite long and straight, has two rows oT imperial palm trees which
give it a graceful aspect, and remind us of the Paysandu in 11 io de
Janeiro.

Belem. — IiHli'iic'iuk-inia Avriiue

Longei' yel than the Avenue Dezeseis de Xonemheo are the
Vjcautiful Avenues denominated ]irii'>imeu and IndeixMideueia ; the
latter is 10 metres wide, with three side-walks between two rows of
nuinf^ereirn trees, and electric light lamp posts in the centre. It costs
a good deal of money to the municii)ality, but it is well worth the
money spent. The former follows that one after a slight curve, and
prolongs itself until the Bosijiie in the same ])ropoi-tions of the olhei*
though it has not as yet been paved. Heauliful \illas and suninuT
resiliences line both sides of this avenue which have also, like the
other, two rows of ti-ees. All these iinpi'o\ cments ai'c the rcsidt of
senator A. Lemos' efforts and he deserves all credit lor ilie many
impiovenients and changes the city has undergone.

— 191 —

There are other squares we did not write aljout, some with gar-
dens, others being fixed now, all oi" them illuminated with elcetric
lights. We remember the names of these : Floriano Peixoto, crossed
by l>raganea avenue, the Saldanha Marinho and Trindade in front of
tlu^ ('hui'ch of the same name, embiillislicd with high palm trees, the
.Fnsto Chei'iuont, ^vhere the chureh of Our Lady of Xa/.a-retb is and
whieh is one of the nicest of the city.

The heart of Belem, its very first S(|uare, howevei-, is the one
where the « Pac » theatre is situated, in the most elevated part of
the city. Formerly its name was Largo da Polvora, because it exist-
ed there, in olden times , a i^owder storage house. Now with the

Belem. — Republic Monument, on the Republic Square

adoption of the new form of Government wanted also to have a
Praea da Republica (Republic S(iuare) just as nearly every city in
Brazil has and the historical Largo da Polvora was once more chris-
tened. But the change was not onlj'^ in the name, it also greatly im-
proved its appearance.

They made a large garden, which can serve a standard for others
m Brazil. There are powerful electric lamps. All visitors must not
leave Belem without going to this garden. We would like to add
that it is treated with all care and is extremelv clean. In the centre

— li>2 —

there is a l)('iintiriil in;ul)l(' iiioniiinent, \vitli bronze figures, to com- j
iiicinorale the i)i-()chuiiati()n of the Repuhlic, and in the streets run-
ning diagonally with wide si(h'\valks with benehes, there are always
to be seen large crowds of people and carriages moving in all j
directions. 'Iliey are going to the aristocratic districts, wide and
well paved avenues ilhnninated by electric lights and adorned with i
pretty trees.

The main street of the square is filled with coffeehouses, drink-
ing saloons, concert lialls and all kinds of places of amusements.
The cafe « Pac », under the hotel of the same name, a beautiful i
building, is alwaj^s filled with people not only inside, but also sitting ;
at the tables placed on the sidewalk in front of the hotel. It is parti- |
cularly so in the evening, when the scene animated by the music of
orchestras in the places of amusements, the noisy voices of the news-
hoys and the movement of passers-by. The life in the evening
always earnest in cosmoj)olitan cities, finds there its field of action
and a most animated one it is. We can hear the sweet sounds of
music mingled with the noise of the carriages passing by, the mono-
tonous wheeling of the tramways always filled with people and if
there is any theatrical company in town there is the display of the
high-life, ladies richly dressed, the multitude of the wealthy in
luxurious apparel, expensive overcoats and cloaks, because in cer-
tain seasons, the evenings in Bclem are not less cold than in Kio do
Janeiro. The cafes we speak of above are establishments (juite dif-
ferent from those of Rio, they are a kind of combination of Candy
stores and barrooms. There are also in the stjuarc the Apollo cirt-us j
and the carroussel Paz — the classic mciTy-^o-roiuKl and many ■
other places of amusements, where people gather always gay lend-
ing to that district of Belem a j)eculiar feature. Among the flowery j
and artistic bushes of the garden in the square is a beautiful foun-
tain of bronze, making pendant with the luonumcnt of the Republic,
which we referred to above.

This one is conq)os(Hl of an elevated coluniu of white iiiarhle over
an ample basis on the sides of which there are (H)lossal allegoric \
figures in bronze, and on the top of the column there is the stately ■
figure of a woman symbolizing the Brazilian repul)lie. Tliere are
several steps at the basis, surroun<led by a pi'elt\ railing, also of ,
bronz(^ The avenues Indio dc lii;i-il, Xnzurctli, S. .liron\iiio nud
Rcpuhliru, ^^hich start from the centre in the direction (»f the four
carcliii;!! points of t lie city are profiisel\ illiiniiiialed . with ln'oad
sidewalks, and I ramways running back and foith all day and night.
The buildings lining these avenues are [)rctty ones, though here and

— 133 —

tlicre can be scon several stnu'tures maintaining- tlic I^ortuguese
lieavy style ol' arcliitectnrc, iKU'ause llie Portuguese colony in Belem
is quite a large one. We insist in praising the illumination of these
avenues even because we can't say as much of the streets in the
commercial part of the city which is most unsufficient.

We must not finish the description of Republica Scpiare without
referring to the building which completes the pers])ective, and
which in its kind is one of the best in Latin America. We si)eak of
the Paz theatre, a large structure of white marble, dominating the

Belem. — « Da Paz » Tlicalre (afler ils restoration).

gardens both at the front and back, appears to the visitor as an
evocation of the Greek architecture of classic times.

It has more or less a parallelogram , elevated on columns of
corjmthian style, fine, even majestic, of fine lioz stone, with a trian-
gular front, imposing through its simplicity. It has no needless
details, no over ornamentation. The impression is gathered from the
austere and harmonious whole which has an expression of tranquil
grandeur and cannot be found in any other theatre in South
America.

— 194 —

It was built during the rcij^n of the second emperor of Brazil. It
belongs to the State Government, who lets it to national and
foreign companies, taking care of it and improving it all the time.
It does not lose value as to architeture in its interior. It has four
rows of boxes, held on steel supports artistically decoi-ated. The
plafond holds suspended from its centre a Ix^autiful electric light
lustre and is decorated with valuable and artistic i)aintiiigs, jiainted
by the famous artist De Angelis, and is exquisitely surrounded by
high relief golden carvings. It is a theatre that honors the culture
and importance of the city.

The same can be said of the foyer with beautiful inlaid floor,
artistic paintings and well appointed furniture. Besides, it has a
complete installation of electric lights, with machinery of its own,
and all other improvements of a modern theatre, as really there
is none in Rio de .Janeiro.

A Portuguese writer of repute visiting this square two years ago,
said : « The Largo da Polvora shames our Avenida da Liberdade
in Lisbon. It has three times its width, it has nothing of that forced
and uneasy ai)pearance of that double row of simple houses of
which the inhabitants of Lisbon become so proud, it has an immense
statue of the Rcpublica in the centre, well made, loosening from its
bronze animated cries of victory and it almost can't bi' distinguish-
ed from the faces of the square. If they could place there the
Triumpho Arch it would rivalize with the Champs Elysees. Through
the street on the right, tramways, carriages and bicycles cross them-
selves with liorseback riders and pedestrians in an animated confu-
sion. On the asphalt of the broad sidewalks drinking places, bnissc-
rics, serve their customers in small zinc tables on the sidewalk.
They drink, speak, laugh, with joy and with life. The Universal
Club with its windows wide open displays its hall aiid reading room,
wher(5 the profuse electric light throws its rays upon the luxurious
furniture and beautiful paintings. At the end of the entrance hall we
guess a dining room by the snow-white covers on the small S(iuare
tables, awaiting the members of the ditb w ho once in a w hilc enjoy
a tete-a-tcte with their friends. And at tiic low verandahs the grace-
ful h(!ads of I'ara's fair sex seem to wraj) in their jet black haii- a
whole wave of smoke. Human voices, noises of striking balls at the
billiai-d tabh^s, denounce> tlu^ billiard i-oom. Then further down in
front of th(! central roiid-poinl is the majestic P:i/. theatre, dotnimit-
ing the space with its ciicuhii- line of terraces and rails. Once in ;i
while a eoiieert . ail Italian opera coiupany, a rare comic oi)cra
eom|taii\ makes the I'a/ thealrc abandon its monunieiital sei-<Miitv. "

— 19a

Tlicre is no exaggerulion in the ('()l()rin<; and aiiiiiuition of this
description made by this writer in the above lines. \\'e, onrselves,
\vho have visited a respectable number of cities in Brazil and abroad
experimented that strong impression of admiration and pleasure,
when for the first time we were on one of those boulevards
that, passing- by the large scjuare, show us the splendour of
its unequalled perspective. It was in the evening of the 15th.
August, 1902, and as this date is celebrated in Para, (for the reason
of its integration to tlie Brazilian fatherland), there was special
aspect of rejoicement and movement, which overflowed from the
park and invaded the avenues in conjunction with that multitude
of carriages and pedestrians coming from them to the centre. The
superb theatre was open, and through the thick foliage of the trees,
over its decorations, its monu-
mental greek columns whiten-
ed by the arc lights, we could
feel the poetical inspiration as
springing forth from an an-
cient and noble sight.

An act of justice, in spirit
of fairness , compels us to
repeat our praises , making
known to the public, the name
of that Brazilian who has
c(mtributed the most towards
the greatness and embellish-
ment of the capital of Para ,
sparing no efforts, sacrificing
everything , popularity, per-
sonal interests and sometimes
even his health, in his ambi-
tion to Europeanize the beau-
tiful city of Belem. This name

is Antonio Lemos and its owner is popularly known as Senator
Lemos. He is the mayor of the city to-day and its inhabitants owe
him all the great recent improvements, its modernisation, its supe-
riority, and he is well worthy of having his statue in one of the
public squares. For many years Senator Lemos has mortgaged his
activity to Para. Everybody recognizes and proclaims the services
he has rendered to the city his patriotic collaboration, but in our
opinion as a visitor of the cifc}^ we believe, nothing equals this great
task he took on his shoulders, for some years past, and is realizing

Belem. — The Cemeterv

— 196 —

with Icnucily, uuiking- the triuisl'i^iirulinii of llie old Belem city into
this powerful and modern metropolis, wliicli is becoming- in all its
leatures, appeai-anee and habits, quite European.

From tlie theatre to the eliureh, the least it un\\' seem, there is
not a great distance. A\'e want then, to write about some of the
ehurehes since we have written about the theatre.

In a small s(|uare where a beautiful gardeu has been arranged
and where cabs and cai-riages for public hire are always to be seen,
there is one of the city cliui'ches. It is tlu; Sunt' Anna cliurcli. niucli
frecpiented by the people because of its position in the centre of the
city. It was built in the eighteenth century, we believe in 17()1. It is
simple in its exterior as it is inside. What we find worlliy of. notice

■Inn. — I lie

lllll'rii

Our l.;iil\ <.| llir (.;iniii

is t!ial in spile of bavin*;- been l)uill in olden times, il is not in the
heavy style of those times. Its front, (|iiile siniph-, of straight lines,
its two s(|uiii"e towers, ils modest dome, coxcred with glass to let
the light in the iulerioi- oi the church, arc traits w oil h mentioning.
In the interior besides the main aitai-, Ihci-e ai-c two others at the
sides and in tli<; choir is a good organ.

AnolIuM- chnrcii is tiie one of Our Lady of the Carmo. of coh)nial
tinn-s. it is of ohi slyh- w it h a sliglil i(h'a of llalian arl. il ha-^ a
curious stone fi-ont finisheil in Ki'.r.. Il has a w ing i)uilding on the
right, facing the s(|uai'e, and w hicli formerly was the convent of that
eongregalion. l»eh>nging (o the founders of the chni-(di.

— 197 —

In tlie s(j[iua'(', ;i large out', ciillcd Justo ( "hci'iuout, is aiiuthcr
I'liurcli luuc'li spoken ol" in Pai-d. It is the one ol' Our Lady ol" Naza-
retli, wore yearly they hold a traditional feast that lasts several
days, in which the entire population of the city take part, with great
joy and enthusiasm. The church was built recently, 1802, and has
been enlarged in successive reforms, because the municipal author-
ities, taking in great consideration the popular catholic sentiments
of the inhabitants , surround of all care that church. It is quire
curious to look at a department of the church where the sea-men
for many years past come to bring presents offered to Our Lady of
Nazareth in moments of danger. These are wax miniatures of boats
and other objects of maritime life. That large collection of offerings,
which, unfortunately, is being destroyed to make room for the new
offerings that are arriving every day, forms an instructive and
curious museum of nautical art, which, if collected by an intelligent
amateur, would afford later on valuable information for the recon-
struction of the history of Brazilian activity in maritime customs,
in that part of the country.

We could write j^et about other churches all of them with histo-
rical value, as the one of Trindade , recently rebuilt, the S. Joao
Baptista one, the Santo Alexandre, and others, but we have other
important subjects to deal witli.

Public Instruction. — We will start this department by accom-
panying our reader to the celebrated museum of natural history and
ethnography, named Museu Goeldi, a richly deserved homage on
the part of the State Government to the name of a learned Swiss
scientist who for many years is the director of that well known
scientific institution.

That homage serves at the same time to enoble the wise scientist
and to prove the highly cultured spirit of justice of the Brazilians
of the North, who thus show that they ki.iow how to recognize
the merit of any one irrespective of nationality or any other
condition.

The Goeldi Museum is one of the most noted of Latin America.
It has natural history collections classified with all the rigor, a rich
anthropology and ethnographic department , preserved with all
care, and in the zoological section, a really curious one, they
exhibit live specimens, mainly of the Amazon, in cages, and the
public are admitted free to see that exhibition twice a week. There
is an horticultural-botanic department annexed to the museum,
worthy of being visited for the careful selection and organisation of

198 —

the.catalogiu; ol" the greal vai'iety ol' phytological si)ccimons there
planted both in tlie open air and hot liouses.

The publications of the museum are disputed by tlie studious
ehxss of the country and abroad, thanks to the abundance of infor-
mation of investig-ation and studies that tliey contain.

The public library of the State is one of the best organised in the
country. It was founded on the 25th. February, 1871, by Dr. J. P.
Machado Portella.

The State governor Dr. August Montenegro in 1901 annexed
to that public department, the public archives, and to-day under the
direction of Arthur Vianna, a patient investigator and l)il)liogTapher,
native of Para, the two departments are in the same building. \\"('
visited it in August of lOOJ.

The library had 25.000 volumes, having a well organized cata-
logue, and the ])Ooks well arranged in iron bookstands disposed in
the rooms so as to receive lots of air and light, according to Ame-
rican system, and not placed against the walls, lining them as it
used to be done foi'merly.

A publication of value Os
Annncs <ln Bibliothecn e Ar-
chivo Publico completes a se-
ries of good services rendered
to the public instruction by
that excellent institution.

We will now speak of an
establishment of manual work,
obeying to the orientation of
modern educators and to the
necessity of i)ractical teaching.

Tt is the Lanro Sodi-e insti-
tute installed in a splendid
mansion , in the district of
Marco (la Lcgna and which is
one of the most elo(|ucnt])r()ofs
of the scu'ionsncss and ])atrio-
tism ollhc ( io\ (M-nmentof Para.

liesides the !()(» Ijoarding
pupils to whom the establish-
ment furnishes instruction ,
lionsc, clothing, food and cvci-y 1 hing, it accepts yd loi i jtiipils who
sh'cp outside and follow (he agricultural coursi-.

The instruction adminislei-ed in the institute lias iwo gencial

Belom. — hVoiit view (if ilic l.imni Soiliv
iiislitiitc

— 199 —

courses : the primary, mid that ol" apjilication or professional.

Tlie primary course is just the same as in the (Government Gram-
mar scliools, and the application course is subdivided into industrial
and agricultural courses.

The industrial course comprises arts, trades and industries, pro-
perly speaking. The agricultural course embraces the study of
agriculture, in any of its branches, cattle raising- and daiiy indus-
tries.

The industrial courses are : book-binding- , compositors and
printers work, graphic arts, stenography, painting-, decorating- of
buildings, earpenting-, iron-smith work, boiler making, tin-smith
work, shoemaker work, leather tanning- work, tailoring, electrical-
telegraphy, joiner 's work, dyer 's work, and machinist work.

The agricultui^al work which confers the diploma of Agricultural
Regent, is a six year theoretical course accompanied by the school
practical work in experimental fields, and laboratories, the student
before receiving- his diploma being compelled to have one year prac-
tice in an agricultural station, or in the same establishment.

The Institute has !!• professors who teach : five of them the pri-
mary course, equivalent to the grammar school, one gymnastics, one
instrumental music, one French, one geography, one chronology and
history, one arithmetics, one algebra and plain geometry, one geome-
try in the space, one trigonometry and elementary mechanics, one
physics and chemistry, one agriculture and industries, one zoologj',
elementary botany and agriculture, geology and mineralogy, one
geometric and free hand drawing, one mechanical and architectural
drawing, one cultivation of trees and horticulture, one agricultural
engineering, rural buildings, rural and forestry technology, one
vegetal entomology and microscop3\ economy, countability and rural
administration, and one animal hygiene, zootechny, and elements of
pathology and siderotechny.

Visiting this instruction establishment, one of the best in Brazil,
we had occasion to see among other things, great quantity of
school furniture manufactured there for the public schools.

The local government doesn't buy any more furniture for its
public school. Everything is furnished by this institute as it
furnished all the uniforms for the state troops, etc.

It completes the practical demonstrations of the utility of this
institute a well organised band formed by its students.

The Escola do Commercio , another institute of practical
teaching, is also worthy of mention, and modeled after the Business
Colleges of the United States. It was installed on the 13th may 1899.

— 2<MI —

The frcciiiency in tlic Kscola do Couiiiierfio is or was last xcar ol'
•113 students.

The fine arts study was not iiegloetfid in this state. There is a
Conservatory named Carlos (ionies, dii-ected by the Hrazilian maes-
tro Meneleu ('ami)ns, and this is a school w oi-thx- of all pi-aise. It
is installed in a Government building, and the government spends
witli this institution forty eontos yearly. When we visited this
establishment the number ol" i)upils was loii.

The Fine Arts Academy, founded by a nuinbei- of illustrious
natives of Para, fond of arts, though it is a private; school, is render-
ing high services to the artistic education of the population. There
are 30 pupils in it.

aprtL*^- T *• ■-•.^MMtSfS^'

'i'herc are a nnmlx'r of other institutes devoted to inst iMU'lion.
The nature of this book does nol allow us but to i-ilc I iieii' names.
W c would lia\c lo w rite si^veral Noliimcs if \\c wanted to entci- into
tJM' descrip(i(»n of all llic pul)!ic inst i-nc( ion insl it ules of rar;i and
the other Stales of l>ra/il.

W <■ will mention the (Jentil liitteneoiirt Institnle, devoted to the
oi-phans and poor, and foi- it, a large building is ix'ing »'onstructed
at th(! govei-iuneni 's expenses. 'I'he Orphcnihilo Purucnsc, also for
the poor and orpiians. The Benjamin Constant Lyceum, an arts and
trach's institnle, dcxotcd lo the w ork in^classes and i lie poor and
mainlained by a private society. Institiilo Paes de ( ".ii\ allio , tiie
exp(!ns«!s of which are made by the nainicipality. The Asylo de

— 201 —

Santo Antonio. () Scminario I'^piscopal, tor theologk-ul inslniclion,
and others the names of which I can't remember now.

Among the private establishments, receiving boarding pupils and
outsiders , teaching primary and secondary instruction we can
remember for boys : O Atheneu Paraanse, one of the best of private
schools, disposing of an excellent board of professors ; the Collegio
Minerva, an establishment with but four years existence, and is in
excellent conditicms of prosperity; The ('ollegio Immacnlada Con-

Bol(Mii. — Scliool group BiiiUliug of Nazareth

cei^'ao with a branch in the Amazon State ; and the S. Jose, and Onze
de Agosto Colleges.

For girls there are many schools and colleges, among which we
can remember : Collegio Perseveranca , under the direction of a
normal school teacher D. Carlota Pistacchini; Collegio Yalmont,
entrusted to anotlier normal school teacher D. Maria Yalmont; the
Our Lady de Nazareth, Franco-Americano, Santa Clara, Internato
Immacnlada conceicao, Collegio Lisbonense, S. Luiz Gonzaga and
other establishments.

— 202 —

As to tlic piiiiuiry iiisiiiict ion or gnuiinuir srliools we giitluTcd
the follow iiii; notes :

In the eupitiil tlie schools arc gathered in groups, splendidly
installed in government buildings. Kacli group, is composed of six
or eight schools of both sexes. Are worthy of noti- those of the
Kaptista ('ami)os squai'c , magnificent building, Too pupils, the
Nazareth one with (JOO pupils and a splendid building.

Dr. Amazonas de Figueiredo, secretary of the Para government,
who is the president of the Public Instruction Department, is a man
of advanced ideas, a liustler, just like an American, has been a
powerful factor of the progress this branch of public work has had
lately. We owe to his kindness and to the care he devotes to the
public instrnction ])rol)lem all the iufoi'iuation we have gathen-d
here and the following data :

Para has to-day besides the groups, 577 isolated schools being :

Kloni(Mitai> OIK'S 041

(jitiii|ik'ni('iitary (iiics 36

Tolal o77

The elementary ones are thus divided :

Siihiii-bs 30o

1st class (villages) 90

2n(l class (cities) 80

.3nl class (capital) 60

Total . . . . oH

Besides these there are school gi-oups in the cities of Alemquer,
(■inu(;a, Braganca, and Santarem. Sixteen elementary schools and
eight c(nn])lementary ones, being divided in „* c(uuplementary and
four elementary in eacdi gi-ouj).

The school statistics of the State in the yeai-s lS'.t7, IS'JS and 18U'.»
show ilic rollowing data excluding tht; ])upils of the sclu)ol groups
in the c;ipil:il uiinihering 1.000 :

III iHltT et.OTI

In iKilK 'Hi.\)lH

111 iHit'.t :u.or>G

Para spends witli piiblit- instrnction about two tliousauil contos,
gohl, and gives besides a subsidy for a jjcdagogic publication named
.1 h^scoln which is the lie^t of its kind in South AnuM-ica.

— 208 —

PruLic IIklp. — Other iiisLitutious tliiit give- proof of the i)ro-
gress and greatness of Jielem are among the publie help ones, the
following :

The City Hospital, known as the Santa Casa da Misericordia,
one of the best of Brazil, is an enormous building, pavillions system,
isolated, but near one another w^ith different wards, disposed under
a scientific view^ point around the Central building consisting of two
tall structures. It is splendidly situated, in a position to receive the
winds fresh breeze, and in its whole reminds one of the Bahia city
hospital, facing the ample fields.

Belem. — Asylum lor llie pour. Interior Garden and Refeetury ; Mens Side

The Insane Asylum, is in the same conditions as the above, with
regard to the make up and situation. It is a modern building, as it is
modern, all the interior installation ordered from Europe by the
present Governor. The vast construction, with Ihree prominent
bodies, and its small dome, can be distinguished from among the
neighboring buildings and gardens, as a monument raised by piet3'
and science to relieve the misfortune of others.

The Asylo de Mendicidade inaugurated in 1902, is one of the best

2(li —

\V(,' luivt! SL'cii. It is in the luiliuii Classic style, sober, elegant and
cdsts one tliiiiisand and tlii-ee hundred contos.

It is situated on the right hand side, kilometre 11 of the Bra-
ganea railway, hetwoen Mareo da Legua and Sou/.a. The Asylo de
Mendieidade has Tii ni. I'l-ont ?:.',()<> metres deptli, and oc<'ui)ies an
area of ri.r)17j»i> square metres.

Thi^ building- has three wings jx'rpendieular to the main build-
ing. It has in the central wing accommodations foi' the Chapel,
Pharmacy, Mess room for the employees, clothing storage rooms,
pantry, kitchen, where there is an immense iron stove manufactu-
red by the licrta firm of Rio Grande do Sul, sleeping rooms, bath
tubs for the directors and employees.

We will not say much about the other buildings as the Asylo
1). Luiz I, belonging to a Portuguese association, and others. There
is no space for it.

Vet we can 't help it but to speak of some now under consti'uc-
tion, and which when finished will constitute so many more improve-
ments for the city of Belem. They
are : The Penitentiary a large
building ; the Arui)aro College,
and the Exchange liuilding, all
of nuiible on one of the sides of
the Independencia Sijuare. These
are works that will show the
importance of the city.

It woiihl be unjust not to men-
tion here the New Market , biiili
in- Senator A. Lemos.

It is of iron and slate, and
situated on tin; Boulevard da Ke-
pul)lica in a place known as ]'cr
(> Peso (see the weight). This is a
traditional name that tlic inhabi-
tants of l*ara have i)reser\ cd ,
while Senator Lemos does not
reali/e his improvenicnts ])ro)ect in the rivei' side, t i-ansfoiming
tJK^n things, places and names.

'I'he new mai'ket was inaugurated in Decemlicf l'.K»l. It occiii)ies
a surface (»f J.oiiS scpiare metres on a parallelogram of ;'.1"'n itT'".
with towers im the corners, and doesn't alisolntel\ i-eseniltle t he
other mark»•l^^ in the Soiit hei'ii.i- Stales, and worse yet tlie old Tar;!
market, wliiidi is \i'\ up in Una 1.". dv NoMMuhro as a U'gilimate

Sknaidu a. I.imks. — iiil('iHl:iiil
Miiniiipiililv

the lirli'iii

— 205 —

representative of old arcliifocJuru Uiougli it is (^iiite 1;ii\l;(; and (dean.

The front measures I'", 10 until the superior lin(5S ol" the eornice
which completes 8'", *ir> lor the total height ol' the building.

There arc other markets in Belem, but none is frequented as
this one, neither is there any with such a fine aspect.

Tnfe Commerce. — Once wc are speaking of markets it occurs to
us to say something al)()ut the commerce of Belem. This ca])ital of
Para State, everyone knows it, is a large commercial market. And
it couldn't be otherwise if we are to considci- its geographical posi-
tion. In the main streets of the active Inisiness district wc see
magnificent stores, displaying large and beautiful show windows.
A visible opulence testifies the power and the credit of the market.
The merchants have, genei'ally, advanced ideas, but they all have
the same complaints to make, which are heard from the commercial
class, about the crisis, dull Inisiness, scarcity of money and all that
kind of talk, just the same as in Rio, in Bahia, in S. Paulo, and yet
the importation grows at large pace, and the volume of business in
all branches becomes larger every day. It is an eternal custom
inherited from the Portuguese, this one of complaining for ever of
business.

One who listens to a Brazilian lamenting national decadence, the
crimes of the government, the adversities of every day or the bad
condition of everything, the inferiority of the present, the bad
business, would believe, that there is going to be a tremendous
crisis, a serious misfortune threatening the nation. But after all the
truth is that the country goes ahead. The figures take charge of
speaking to us a language which is not so sad, and we become calm,
in the end when we glance over them.

This is the reason why we prefer to jot down those figures than
listen to the complaints of those people.

Until 1897 the banks of Para used to give a dividend of (3 and 7
per cent, and does the reader want to know how man}- banks operate
there, not including private banking houses?

Here they are :

BaiiKs. Capiliil.

Do Para i:j.00n:000,$non

Commercial do Para li.000:00n$000

Norte do Para :2.0(lO:OnO.SOOO

Belem do Para ^2.000:000^(100

Do Credito Popular l.000:000$00()

London & Brazilian Bank £1.500.000

River Plate Bank £ I. .500. 000

~ 20fi —

Tlie shijjs wliicli c'n(erc(l tlic port of thai capital in ISSl were
;!1 1 w itii J,'.". IS I tons (lisi)lac('nu.'nl. In 1801 there entered HIO sliips
with 17*J.o(»(i tons displacement I Over the double increase in a
decade.

The importations which in 1881 gave a total of IG.'.K)? : 011.?0(X\
in I8'.M went up to ;j 1.740 : .jOoSOOD.

A side of the commercial development grows the local industry,
and though all the activity is devoted to the exploitation of the
forests and its kindred industries, sawing mills etc., tliei'c begin to
appear different factories.

^IpTyTTVTSO^^J

Holeiii. — .Maiisdicimi of (iciicriil (iiirj;i(p in llic SoliilMiii' Ccini'lcrx

Some of llicsc arc installi'd in the capital itself, otlicrs in otiicr
cities. The most imporlant are tlu^ ropes, shirts, rcad.\ made chjthing
and paper ones, all of thcin working with steam, 'i'lici-c arc yet
others manufacturing sanitary crockei-y, biscuits, candles, soa[). ii'i-.
masses, cariMag(!s, sugar refineries and alcohol (list illcis. In Saula-
icm and Hragam-a and oihci- cities there art' sawing mills, lime
factories, small ship yards etc.

— 207 —

The transportation service, is made by cabs and cai-riaf^cs and
horse cars, bnt the raiinicipality has already signed a contract to
change the animal traction of the tramways for electricity. The old
tramway company belonged to a Brazilian enterprize, and its cars
not only run through the city, but go to the suburl)s like Marco da
Legua and other places.

One of those lines goes to Jose Bonifacio street where one of
Beleni cemeteries is situated.

Let us go in. They call it the Santa Isabel cemetery. It was inau-
gurated in 1880, on the 15 th., August.

When we visited it, there were lots of flowers. From the gate runs
a wide street filled with trees crossed by narrower ones lined with
marble stones with the conventional inscriptions — Here it is, —
about which a writer once said to be the biggest of lies. The grave
yard occupies 99.085 square metres in a part of the city looking
towards the Guama river. It has a railing all around and small
chapel in gotliic style is one of the most interesting we have seen.

Inside in mute squares there are the rows of tombs. AVe noted
one where Eusebio Martin's familj^ lies, having on top an angel white
as snow. We noted yet another belonging to the Pacheco family in
old style, but none had such a striking appearance as one at the
right representing the Eyffel tower, in iron, with this simi)le word
— perpetual. —

The keeper couldn 't explain the meaning of it. There were quite
a number of private monuments, some rich and artistic ones.

The State troops. — The regiment of the State of Para is one
of the best organized military bodies of Brazil. It is composed of
two battalions of infantry with 1.000 men, a squadron of cavalry
with 200 men and an auxiliary artillery company with 100 men.

The uniforms are similar to those of the State troops in Bahia
and they have modern guns and the horses are from the River Plate.

The different companies under the command-iu-chief of a Fede-
ral Army officer who is to-day Colonel Sergio Fontoura. We saw
several fencing drills, rifle target-shooting and general manoeuvring
drills, and we can assure that even in the regular ■a.vmy no better
drilled men can be found than these State troops soldiers of Para.

Besides this military force, charged with the police service of
the whole state, the municipality maintains under the form of mili-
tary organisation a fire company with 120 men, well disciplined.

— 208 —

Tlieii' miit'ornis are olof;aiil of tliick grayish clotli, llic material lor
the lire ilc))aii incnl woi'k is execllent and they have a heautirul and
adequate building lor their (quarters. It has two separate pavil-
lions, eonneeted by a central areh quite pretty. This fire depart-
ment eompanN' lias a band ol" musie that has won reputation all over
the country, and is one of the prides of the eity whose ninnieipality
spares no exi)enses to keep up its rej)utation.

The narrow i)lan of this book prevents us from going into small
er details about this Ix^autiful eity of Helem, to speak of its many
and fine soeial elul)s, its police service, ])ublie hygiene, henefit asso-
ciati(uis, its most important press, undoubtedly the most advanced

Ty|ie of iTvolvor guns as used hv tiic Slate Mililarx llcj^iniciil at I'ar.i

in the Xorth, having- as its leader the « Proviuvin » the best Xorthern
paper not only for its make up but lor its influence and prestige. It
would do honor even to a large European or American city. It lin-u-
lutes all oNcr the country and no othei" provincial paper can rivali/.e
with it.

\'\n' the same reason \\ c abstain from writing al»ouI a niim-
bt'r ol' inlei'ini' cities wortlix of mention, some just springing
lip, olhei's already in lull (lc\ clopnu'iit . Opening an exception
we will speak al)()iit two ol them. They are Hraganca and
Santarem. The la( tei' as we said above is (uithc liglit l)aiikorthc
Tapajo/ river, one of those Amazon tril)iilarics that cause wonder
to the foreigiK!!-. It is tlic seat el' the. municipality of the same name.

— 209 —

it has pretty official and private buildiiif^s, a beautiful palace where
the Municipal Council meets, as well as are held the Court sessions.
It was built in 18(37 and is in the centre of Sao Sebastiiio S(|uare.
There is also the municipal dock and storag'c house strongly built
according- to the necessities of the local commerce, Ihe new market
built in 1807, two catholic churches, one of which is quite large,
named Our Lady of Conceica;). There is yet a theatre — the Vic-
toria — situated in Rcpublica Scpiare. It was built in 18'.i5 by a i)ri-

Belem. — Building of Aveiiiila Dooiloros sclioiar group

vate association, that offered it unconditionally to the municipality.
The production of Santarem is the cocoa, Brazilian chestnuts, fish,
rubber, tobacco and cattle, all of which is produced with great abun-
dance. It has among other agricultural and industrial establishments,
steam sawing mills, lime and brick factories, and sugar cane brandy
distillers, as well as shipyards well mounted for repairs in ships
and steamers, and belonging to rich enterprizers. Due to these
present conditions of development with large future possibilities,
Santarem is an accessible and to-day much frequented port, not only
by the steamers of regular lines calling there, but by those which run

— 210 —

up tlie Amazon iii long- trips witliout having to call there, but to
Santarem tlie.v go after the many and abundant products it exports.

When \vc visited that important interior city in July 1002 , its
mayoi- was Mr, Raymundo E. Correa an intelligent and clever man
and great worker ol" the local progress.

The municipality of Bragan^a has as seat the city of the same
name which will soon be connected with the capital of the State by
railway, i)ai"tly constructed and already in operation. This is a great
commercial municipality situated in the oceanic region of the State,
and extending itself from tlie river (;^)ualipuru until the Boranonga
river.

11 is bounded in the North by the ocean, in the South by the Ourcm
municii)ality, in the East by the Vizen municipality and in the West
by the municipality of Matipurn. Besides those two rivers it has
the Caete, Arumajo, Aturiahy, Imborahy, Peroba, Arahy, all navi-
gated by small boats. It is one of the best municipalities from the
agricultural stand point. Everywhere we can see sugarcane planta-
tions, rice, beans, corn, tobacco, the latter being a source of wealth
as it is considered as one of the best in Brazil.

Cattle raising is carried on to considerable extent in this muni-
cii)ality, where besides its immense fields all along the Xortli and
^^'est, has magnificent marines by the seashore which can l)e used
to advantage for that purpose.

The seat of the municipality, the city of Braganca, is on the left
side of the Caete river, on a tract of land slightly inclined. Two
rivers that limit the city on the North, South and West, — Rio
Grande and Riozinho — furnish the city with the best desirable
water.

The city has 11 streets and 13 lanes. Four of these streets,
inchuling tlic N'isconde do Rio Hranco one, were lately paved and
the sewag(i exits cimented. Five of the lanes uuderwent the same
improveuient and that work keeps ou being done iu the other streets.

It has six s(iuares called : Generalissimo Deodoro da Fronseca,
S. Px'uedicto, Matriz, Rei)ublica, Conceiyiio and Santa Rosa de Li-
ma. 'IMiey are all filled with trees. The Deodoro da Fronseca oue.
where the municipal palace is, Republica and Conceiyiio have rows
of beautiful innni^iicii-os trees.

Tlu! S. hcneijicto, Rcpul)lica, Matriz and Deodoro da I*'onseea
are surruuded by Ix-atitiful private l)nildini;s.

Recently an aveiuie was opened, called Anguslo .Moutciu'gi'o,
nn^isuring :»()() in leiiglh and 1 I in \\i<llli, Ix-giuniug at ixcpublica
sipiare, and i-iidin^ in the ii\er iJi(t (Irande. Anotliei- aveuue is

— 211 —

about to be opened, in a beautiful district and it will be called Sena-
tor Lemos. That avenue will be crossed by the public; roads : Bacu-
rytena, Campo de Cima, and Canipo de Baixo.

For the loading and unloading of cargoes and landing of passen-
gers, Braganca has four bridges, two in use, one being rebuilt and
the other in construction.

The municipal building (City Hall) has 22 metres front, 1>,5() in
height and 30 metres deep. In it are the courts, the municipal
council and the different departments of the same council in the
upper floor and on the ground floor is the jail and the barracks.
This building was erected in September 1901.

Dr. Augusto Montenegro. — Governor of the Para State

Besides the municipal building above mentioned, there are yet in
the city the building of the public market and the pretty building of
the school house « Correa de Freitas ». The city is illuminated by
196 kerozene lamps of an improved model.

In the municipality of Braganca the local Government established
a colony under the name of Benjamin Constant, with national and
Spanish workingmen. This colony was connected with the seashore

— 212 —

])y a laihvay nine kilometres long, Decouville system, and is pros-
pering a good deal. '1' lie mayor of Braganga is Mr. Antonio Pedro
da S. Pereira, to whose kindness we owe the information we
gathered.

This eity will improve a good deal more when the railway which
runs in lull operation Ml kilometres shall reaeli there.

'JMic state of Para lias seriously attended to the colonisation pro-
blem, being worthy of jDraise the interest the Gorvernor of the State,
Dr. Montenegro has taken in this regard. Here is a list of the
colonies already emancipated in the several municipalities of the
Stale of Para.

COLONIAL NUCLEUS

Santa Rosa . . . .
Kerreira I'eiiiia . . .
Jose tie Alt'iicar.
liilianga|ty . . . .

Janctaina

Benjamin Constant. .
(Irarija-Aincrifa . . .
A II nit a (iaribaldi . .
.Marapanini . . . .
Jambu-assii . . . .
Santa Hila do Carana .

Outt'iiu

Monte Alegre . . .
Acara

Total.

184

155 1

721

482

2-21

221

1.511

i45

143 ,

890

138

97 1

555

527

442 i

2.r)51

270

151

130

727

158

157

925

.-)77

569

1.980

(.1w>

I.-.9

tiH

100

:i32

181

2.194

1.995 11.312

111 this moment Para disembarassed from that great commercial
(k'picssion from 1V)00 to 1U02, re-enters an ei-a of activity. Its a<lmi-
nistration has found the right man in Dr. Augusto Montenegro, llr
is a clt'\ cr and w ell cducatcMl man, a patriot, niterpri/iiii; but calm,
tolerant but ciici gctic. This illustrious Ura/.ilian gave to the govern-
ment of that part of the Ivcpublic a new and sountl impulse, correct-
ing what was to he corrected, awaking what was tliere to he
created, clcMitiiig that way the name of the State of Para, in the
giMicral opinion of the country and placing it in the place it had a

— 213 —

right to occiip}' I'or its social, political, economical and commercial
importance. Tlianks to this able and discreet governor, the great
northern State went through the events ofa tremendous financial cri-
sis which the country suffered for over three years without feeling
much of its bad effects, and now the wealthy State lias recuperated
its traditional habits of work and productivity, and presents itself
before the Federation as a model to be followed, and example to sti-
mulate others.

The following words with which Dr. Montenegro closed his mes-
sage to the State Congress in 1902, explain better than any othei-
document, the miracle of the excellent administration that saved Para
fi-om the dangers and adversities, which have threatened it of late,
placing it on the solid ground we found it on those days of our visit
to that region :

(( I have employed, he, said, my activit^^ in all the branches in
which public service is divided. None of the administrative subjects
have been neglected by me, as I understand that only order and me-
thod can serve as guides to an administrator, in the midst of the
complications of a government excessive difficulties brought about
by a crisis which caused wonder to many and disturbed everybody.

I have an unshakable faith that the way I traced for myself to
follow is the only one which will lead us to the raising of the econo-
mical and financial level of our State and I have confidence that the
earnest efforts employed will soon be crowned by complete success.

We must convince ourselves that this is an age of sacrifices, and
our strict duty is to do them. Later on we will gather the fruit of the
sound, modest and reflected and at the same time energetic and
honest politics, that we are at present following. »

We were eye witnesses of all sorts of results brought to the Para
State through this benefit polities. The existing anarchy ceased,
the disturbances that dreamt of dominating the streams of Belem
ceased also. The laboring tranquility has been re-established, that
tranquility that generates the public wealth and the welfare of the
population. The commercial classes recommenced their work of the
expansion of business, of the re-edification of the credit shaken by
the late crisis.

In short : Para by its constant progress, by the political and
administrative order that presides to-day under the care of a young-
patriot, learned and honest, as Dr. Montenegro is, occupies now a
beautiful place at the head of the 20 States of the Brazilian federa-
tion and everything indicates it will keep its place.

214 —

THE STATE OF MARANHAO.

On a Monday of July, 1902, in the morning we were entering the
bar of Marauhao on board of the « Pernambuco » of the Brazilian
Lloyd company.

At the entrance of the bar there is an ancient bulwark of circular
form, the work of the Portuguese. The horizon around is lined with
humble green hills. The city is at the bottom on the left, upon a hill.
The port is not a favorable one, at least for a ship of deep
draught. They told us, howevci', that l)ig ships have alreadj' entered
there.

What we saw was that the bottom was low. The color of the
water indicates it. Thick spots delineate from side to side, the neu-
tre green of the tranquil basin, marking the presence of large sand
l)anks. The mud thickens with the time and the banks grow larger
and spoil the port and narrow the canals.

Our steamer could not penetrate, we
anchored outside awaiting the high tide.
From there we could see high ravines
of red earth, cut straight down. In the
anchorage there is some animation, there
are several steamers unloading. A boat
is starting. It l)elongs to the navigation
line between S. Lui/. and Caxias.
Later on our steamer went in.
XoNV we can sec from near the city,
that agglonjcratiou of buildings of all
colors, rose, yellow, blue, white, all lean-
ing against the mountain. Several
chimneys let out clouds of smoke that
dirty the pretty blue of the sky, sing the hynm of industrial labor.
At the proportion grows nearer the city wc discover other fronts of
houses, some large, some small, some grouped together, some isolat-
ed, in the same attitude of going up the hill, sonu' coming down,
some going up.

'IMiis city was at one time the most important in the North of lira-
zil, l)ut UelcMi, the capital of Para State, exceeded it in poi)ulation
and wealth. It <li<l not exceed it, however, in the lov(> foi' the sciences

Scniitor Ui;m:I)I(.to Lk.itk

— ai5 —

and literiiturc, wliicli the native of MarauliiTo keeps willi jealousy
and pride, the just pride of i(s intelleetual traditions, that ^ave to the
capital of the State the title of lira/ilian Athens, title disputed also
by the State of Bahia. And — curious thing- — it isn't only in that,
that S. Luiz, capital of Maranhao resembles Jiahia. Its streets and

S. Luiz. — Tl)e Municipal AduiiiiisUaliou

inclined plan, its large number of buildings of Portuguese style etc.,
bring recollections of Bahia, the old capital of Brazil,

There are two capitals of Brazilian States which are not, properly
said, in the State, that is placed in its continental territor3% but in an
isolated fragment of it, inside of islands, which more or less geogra-
phical belong to the State, but, after all, separated by the sea, such

♦ s

— :J17 —

cities present (hat loeculiarity : lliey are insular capitals, heals sepa-
rated from the bodies they dii-ect : one is Desterro, in the South, the
other is S. Luiz in the North.

Like Desterro, also, S. Liii/, lacks the aspects of modern capitals.
It is, however, the most imi)ortant sea coast city between Recife and
Belem.

It was built by the French. A certain Mr. La Ravardiere, founded
it in KUO and in honor of Louis the thirteenth gave it the name
of S. Luiz, name it has preserved to this day.

The city is placed on an uneven ground, with some places lower
than others. We go up, as we land, b}^ a steep inclined street which
leads to the Marnnhense avenue. At the left is the governor's palace
and that of the municipality (the city hall), modest buildings, of the
time of the Portuguese , and preserved by the administration that
deems it wiser to invest the State money in schools, gymnasiums,
etc., than in reforming old buildings. When the conditions of the
public fonds are better the i-eform of the buildings will be made
from top to the bottom.

The governor's palace was formerly a convent. It is an enormous
building with two floors, treated with care and clean. The main hall,
decorated with sobriety and decency, is on the upper floor, and
awaj' inside are the different departments of the Governor's office.
In the front a large door opens showing the splendid stairway
entrance of Portuguese marble. The stairway leads to the j^rivate
office and the different departments of the Government.

At the side of this building is the City Hall, also with two floors,
with a front which doesn't display luxury but doesn't cause a bad
impression to the visitor. We went through the whole building in
August of 1902. The mayor of the city was Colonel Xuno Alvares da
Cunha, a pleasant gentleman to whom the city owes great improve-
ments. Everything we saw was praise worthy. In a part of this
building is temporarilly installed the local legislature.

The buildings in S. Luiz have noth ing characteristic, but the
modern buildings, which are not now in small number, are modi-
fying in a gaily yvay that tone of antiquity- of the active capital of
Maranhao.

The streets are paved and much cleaner than the streets of many
a city in other States. A large number are of pleasant aspect, and
unexpected, thanks to the inclination of the soil.

The administration of the last years , has emploj^ed earnest
efforts, which the natives of Maranhao must thank for. It ordered
the transformation of the empty fields into gardens.

— 218 —

The licucdicto LciLc sqiuire, lor instaiice, though small is an
expressive homage to the patiiot whose services to Maranhao can
never he over compensated. It has a beautiful garden, and is really
charming in its leal lire of park million.

In front of the old Carmo convent Nvas also an empty square,
abandoned, but to-day has been levelled and planted with pretty
bushes and trees. They call it Joiio Lisboa square, in homage to the
great Brazilian writer of that name.

S. I.iii/. — Itt'iit'dicld Lt'ili' Siiiiai't'

Aiiollicr s(|narc is tlic — Odorico Mcndcs — which prcst'uts the
same charming asp(»ct.

Our i)refcrcn('cs, liowevcr, go to the large and beautiful (MUiralvi's
Dias s(|uarc.

We \\ ill now make a lilMc opening :

In (Im! South the s<|uares ai-c christcnt'il with nauics (»r generals
and admirals. Tln'i-c in S. laii/ ( licy prefer 1 lie uanu's of i»()»'ls and

— 219 —

literary men. It is a little exteriorisation ol" the son! ol' lliose people.
Ex-abiindancisL enim cordis os loquitur, (the mouth speaks of the
one whose heart is full), says the book of books.

But, going- back to oar subject, none ol' those city 's sc^uares pleas-
ed me as much as the one dedicated to the celebrated poet. It is
surrounded of palm trees, through which can be seen the figure of
the poet that so much loved that city.

S. Luiz. — Goni,alves Dias Momimoiit

It is placed on an original marble column erected in the centre
of the square, standing in the attitude of one who contemplates the
sea. We said original column and will explain why : because it is
different from all others of its kind, because the column instead of
surrounded of acantho and oak leaves, has palms as we see in the
egyptian constructions. It is a new type of column. But let us leave
the troubadour where he is surrounded by his favorite palm trees,
as he said in his verses

— 220 —

.\esse logiir solilario

Sen fudario
I)e ver o mar se recreia ;
De o ver a tarde dormenie,

Doceiiiente
Suspirar na braiica areia

(III tli:il Iniii'ly |ilace liis Intal lol liiids rcL-rcalion in (•oiilcmiplaliiig llic sea: in iodkiny
al il in swccl sici'ii sij^liini; on llic while sand.) -

Let us go on visiting the city.

In one of the angles of the square they are finishing a pretty and
large church of gotliic stj^le, which is going to be one of the deco-
rations of the citv and \\ ill he called our Lad\- dos Renicdios.

-di^^^j^.

-«^

S. I.ni/, — domes ile (lasli'u Avenue

Cotilrasling willi Iho old streets, new streets ar(> hciug torn wide,
witli rows of trees and they will sjx'ak in the riiture well deserxed
l)ralses to tlii^ prescuit administration.

Among them we mention the (Jonies de Castro Avenue, wide and
level, with a nice display of illuminat itui and preltx ti-ees.

Among lh(^ hnildings worthy of note we will eite tlieS. liUi/
theali-e, a large Imihling reeentlx rehiiill, with e;ii>;ieily to seal IdOi)
people and nieel\ riirnished. 'The enrlain was painted l>y Coliva a
seenographei- ol' repute in Kio de .laneiro. The inleiior has a fine
UHj)ect un«l four rows of hoxcs.

— 221 —

In tlie broad vestibule we sec fine oil paintings, pictures of cele-
brated writers and actors.

The Campo de Ourique barracks, enormous building- is note woi--
thj^ because of its large proj^ortions, though it is not so for its arclii-
tecture.

The city is crossed by street railway lines, and though to-day the
trams are drawn by animal traction, arrangements are being made
to introduce electricity. There is a company supplying the water for

S. Liiz. — Reading-room of tlie Public Library

the city, conveniently sent through pipes, and another one furnish-
ing hidro-carbonic gas for the illumination.

* *

According to statistics data of 1899, there were in the city 29 dry
goods houses and groceries, 181 retail groceries, 5 hardware stores,
6 grain exporters, (3 sugar export houses, 18 lumber yards, 22 shoe
stores, 14 lime stores, 7 sewing-machines stores, H mineral waters,
1 powder, 8 crockery, 3 bric-a-brac, 3 coal, 10 cigar stores, 2 billiard

— 222 —

rooms, 'io bakers, 1 1 sugar refineries, 2 livery stables, o book stores,
I auctioneers, 5 licnior stores, 20 butchers, and 12 pork merchants.
There are also, 7 private schools for boys, 5 for girls, 29 professors
of languages and sciences, 3 of drawing, 2 of book-keeping, 11 of
music, ~> civil engineers, 1<) i)Iiysicians, 2 dentists, 8 pharmacies,
14 lawyers, 0 solicitors, 35 compositors, 3(5 book-keepers, 1 ste-
nographer, 23 tailor shops, 23 barber shops, 8 trunk manufactur-
ers, 20 tinsmith shops, 26 shoemakers, 26 cabinetmakers, 21 dress-
makers, 10 goldsmiths , 3 boiler makers, 4 stone-jewellers, 1 calker,
1 watch makers, 7 ironsmiths, 1 images maker, 1 wooden-soled shoes
manufacturers, 6 coopers, 5 music instruments manufacturers, 1
matrasses maker, 1 sadler, 2 engravers, 3 undertakers, 2 hotels and

S. l.iii/,. — S' Aiil(iiiini) s CImrcli and si|iiaro

boariling houses, 3 pliotographers, 8 pi-in(iug offici's, 1 i)ian() tuners,
1 gilder, 3 builders, 6 binders, 8 stevedores, 1 upholster, 2 iron foun-
dries, 5 lighters owners, 12 boat owners, 2 shipyards and (juitc a
number of factories.

Industry, Commerce, Navigation. — One thing that can't help
being referred to by tlie visitoi- if he has lo sjicak al)()u( the city, is
the number relatively lai-ge nf lactories workiug in S. Lui/. Cotton
mills alon(i we counted six, and still there ar(i two other threading
mills, one h'ad factory, oiu', crockiu-y, one matches, six rice, five
olive oil factories, three alcoholic di'inUs distiUej's, one shoe, two

— 223 —

candle, two hat and two umbrella manufacturers, two factories of
ladies liats, two chocolate, seven fire works, two hosiery, six soap
and six vinegar factories, and two steam saw-mills,

There are three l)anks in S. Luiz, and among- othci- entcjrjjrizes
there are two railway companies and the navigation ones which
carry to far away cities alongshore the proof of Maranhao's activity.

They are the « Companhia Fluvial Maranliense », and the « Com-
panhia de Navegaciio a Yapoi' ».

The latter the most important one, is sul)si(lizcd by the fede-
ral government, sends its steamers as far as Manaos and Rio de

S. Luiz. — View of a Part uf the u rua do Sol «

Janeiro, being the owner of the following steamers : Oriente, Occi-
dent e , Colombo, Cabral , and Continente , lately received from
Europe, and for the river navigation the tug-boats : Mearim, Gomes
de Castro, Caxiense, Ypiranga and Maranhense, and 26 boats to be
towed and seven lighters.

The Companhia Fluvial Maranhense, subsidized by the State
government with 36 contos yearly devotes itself altogether to the
river navigation for which service it has five small steamers :
Vianna, Victoria, Barao de Grajahii, Goncalues Dias and Lidador
and eight lighters.

The Grajahu river navigation not long ago considered impracti-
cable, was inaugurated two years ago, by this company. These two

— 224 —

enterprizes, that luivu rciidcred so iiian\- useful services to tlie pro-
gress of the State , sliow at tlie same time the aptitude of the
natives of Maranliao, for business and industrial pursuits.

We will now give a table of the enterprises established at present
in Maranliao according to tin; information of Mr. Fram Pacheco :

Local Enterprizes Capital realized

Banco do Maraiihao - 1.3o0:000§00n

Banco Criiiiiucrcio do Maranhao 1.551:."00Sii00

Banco Hypotliecario e Commercial do Maranhao . . i.0"20:000S000

Coni|iaiiliia Fabril Maranhcnse 1.700:OOn§(ion

Ciiin|i;iiiliia Fia(;ao c Tecidos do Rio Anil I ..")7o:()it0.5;OOn

Cdnipaiiliia de Navega(^ao a Vapor do Maranliao. . . {.."iOOiOOOgOOO

(lomiianliia Fiarao e Tecidos Marenlicnso I.200:000§000

Companliia Fiayao e Tecidos de Canliamo .... 900:0000000

Companliia Manufactureira e Agricola do Maranhfio . 890:n00§fl00

Companliia I iiiao CaxicMiso 8o0:000S000

Companliia Progrosso Agricola 7."i:200S000

Companliia (le lllnminarao a Gaz r)iO:000§000

Companliia Imliislrial Caxionse .■iO0:O0OSO0O

Cainpaiiliia (las Agiias S. Lni/. 4ti:000SO00

Companliia Fluvial Maranhcnse 15(J:000§000

Companliia FciTo Carril Maranliciiso i00:0n0§()00

Comiianliia Santa Amelia (aniiga I.anilicios) .... ,"500:0O0S0OO

Companliia de Seguros Maranliense 2r)0:000§000

Campanliia Industrial Maranliense 2."^7:7i0S()0O

Companliia Alliama 2I0:000,S<H)0

Companliia Popular Segnradora i'(iO:000§00(t

Companliia Fsiiia Caslello 1()0:000§0U0

Companliia Fahrico de Ciiiimbo i.-iOiOOOSOOO

Companliia de Segnros KsperaiK.a IOO:OnO§0(iO

Companliia Teleplioniea iOiOOOSDOO

Kiigeiilio d'Agiia, em Caxias ri.'iOindO^OOii

Fmpre/a Tecelagem S. Lniz o()0:000§;000

Empreza Fabrica de Phosplioros 270:000S000

Fsiiia Henaseoiiea, em Pericnman i:i0:000S()()0

Kmpre/.a Sanliaro, em Caxias 100:0(>0§00()

i8.416:830$000
As to railways there are two in Maranhao :

I''roin Caxias to Cajazeiras. . . . 7'.» kilometres
l''roni I'liigcnho Central to S. Pedro, it) kilometres

The one fi-om Caxias to Araguaya is now being eojist rnettMl and
will be 1S"J kilometres long.

225

PlIU.IC IxsTIilCTION AM) (J I'l/IT RK . — \\'(; will HOW l^ivc SOlllC

inroriiKition on the institutes oT puljjie instruetion in tlie capital.

Tlie first place l)elon<;s to the grand literary temple w Inch is its
Public Libi-ary. It is installed in a (Jovernment building-, the halls
are airy, roomy and well illuminated. They are tilled with wooden
bookstands containing 10, 000 volumes carefully watched over by
the librarian, Mr. Antonio Lobo, who organised its catalogue. lie is
one of the most competent men in Brazil for this branch of woi-k, not
only because of his scientific cultui-e, but because of his special
knowledge on l)ibliogra]>hy and librarianshi}), so well in evidence^ in
his work while directing that establishment.

S. Luiz. — Part of the « rua dos Kemedios »

One of the good innovations of the Maranhao Library, is the
ladies section, where a special collection for them is to be found,
consisting mainlj^ of vulgarisation books, fashion papers, books on
art and household affairs, etc.

Another institution we visited with great pleasure was the Model
School, founded by Dr Benedicto Leite, Senator, political-chief and
now governor of the State. We were there on a weekday, it was the
4th. of Septembre 1902. The establishment was filled with pupils. They
presented an appearance of contentment. The professors in the class
rooms, taught them wise teachings of universal knowledge, handled
the specimens of the natural history- cabinet', the complicated vases
of the chemistry laboratory, while in other halls the pedagogy profcs-

— 226 —

sors gave lessons ol' things by the Froebel system, explaining solid
bodies, its forms, etc., in a practical way showing the objects to the
pupils. And one hundred heads of all shades, from the light blonde to
the darkest brunette, attentive, with bright looks, accompanied the
rythm of that grave ceremony, the most grave and most beautiful,
of the State's performance of duties — to transmit ideas and notions
to the young brains thirsty for knowledge. They all listened with at-
tention and pleasure to the professors teachings. And how the State
cares seriously for the mission it undertookjto perfoi-m ! It suffices

l.;ii'LM' Miiiiiilaclorv of coHuii tissues i< .Mamil'aclnra C.axieiise »

<o say that (lie diriu-tor of tliat establishment is a man of prominciu'C
in i)oliti('s and in opposition to the government, but he was a compe-
tent man, and tliat drawback was overlooked, as comi)ctency was the
only i('(|iiircnicnl to be exacted from him to be entrusted with that
position. 'I'liis is an institution that lionors Maranhao. It has i-abi-
nets and laboratories for the study of natural history, physics, che-
niisti-^W it has a pedagogic museum, gymnast ie apparatus, (modern
gymnastic) sewing and ladies woi'ks section, ete.

'I'lie nnisie school I'cccutly founded is a good institute ft)r artistic
teaching and it is under the direi-tion of the maesti-o A, Kayol.

i'ui)lic instruction is administered thi-ongh tlu' State by "JIT gram-

— 227 —

mar schools, and a few high schools, in the capital, as t lie .Mai-anhense
Lyceum, Theological Seminary and others.
There are in the ca^jital Hi private schools :

For girls (j

For boys 10

Total. . .10
which were frequented in 1902 by 1.085 scholars :

Boys 180

Girls 605

Total. . . 1.085

S. Luiz. — Da Misericordia Hospital

The S. Luiz city is one of the Brazilian cities where the Portu-
gaese element has established deeper roots. Just as Rio and Bahia
it presents to the visitor in its buildings and many of its customs
and even in the large number of negroes in relation to the total of
population, just so many recollections not easily forgotten of the
passage of the Portuguese colonist in those regions. Xot long ago
J. Leitiio, a Portuguese journalist wrote : « In Maranhilo the vestige
of our colonisation is recognised even by the vices of Portuguese
language and by our provincialisms adopted by them. »

Another foreigner observer, Mr. Temple, the English consul in
his official report on the State of Maranhao wrote : (( There are in
the interior a large number of Indians in their primitive state, at

— 228 —

the same time that the proportion of negroesinthe cities and civilis-
ed si)Ots, due to the large importation of slaves in i)ast years, is
pei-haps larger in Maranhno than in any other state of Brazil,
('X('('i)ting Hahia. »

The illnstrious wi'itcr Fram Paeheeo, who so hriliiantly edits in
Maranhao the Renisla do Xorlc, eonimenting this remark of the
J':ng]ish consul in his report, wrote in his turn the following para-
graph , which corrohorates our assertion : «. The excess of negroes,
stated by the English consul, is, unfortunately for us, true, 'i'his
race, indolent and full of vices, though extremely affectionate, em-
bodies the main drawback of the progress of this State as well as
that of liahia, whereto even to-day a large number of negroes go.
'i'hese two States need an earnest irrigation of white blood, if per
chance they arc thinking of their future society. »

Then, the representatives of European descent, the most apt,
the most competent, emigrate, also go too in search of i)laces far
away from Maranhao, like Para, Amazon, Rio and S. Paulo to deve-
lop their activity. It is in that way that we see Arthur Azevedo,
Coellio Xetto, Aluizio, Aarao Reis and many, many others are fil-
ling with the l)rilliancy of their names the cultured life of the great
centres.

The same phenomenon happens in larger proportions in Hahia.
A\'e went all through Brazil from North to South and did not find
a city where in the group of prominent men there should not be at
least one native of Bahia. In some places they monopolise the good
situations and the most profitable professions, carrying thus the
contribution of their talent and their activity, to the work of evo-
lution and progress of the country, while their original i)rovince
marches slowly in such a feeble i)aee that it seems stationary.

'IMie remedy to count erbalani'e the inconveniences of this pheiu)-
menon, would be, in ouroi)inion, and in that of the writer 1 refer-
red to above, to increase iMiropean immigi-ation, to transfuse, into
the race; weakened by African crossing, a regenerating current of
Arian blood as Fram Pacheco very well said: The duty ol tliose who
govern, each day more urgent, each day more needed, is, to j)romote
a strong cun-enl of immigration from the people of latin civilisa-
tion, and also the germanic oiu^ as well. The centre, the West, and
the North of l>i'a/.il need, xcry much indeed, to he excnly distri-
buted through a general plan, in comliinat ion witii tlie l"'edera! and
t he diriei-cnl St at es govern men t s. »

* *

__ 225)

The State li-oops consist of one infanli'v batuUioii \\illi KIO men
commanded by a Lieutenant-Colonel, and a detaclimcnt of 20 men
cavalry. They liave fine uniforms, and maintain perfect discipline.

S. Luiz is illuminated by hydro-carbonic gas, but soon will have
electricity.

VTe hope that under the wise direct administration of Govei-nor
Dr Benedicto Leite, we will soon see Maranhao (juitc transformed
and improved, occupying- an honoi'abl(! place among the coast cities.
And we have so many more reasons for hoping so because we
know^ that State has resources, large and numerous natural resour-
ces to exist and grow larger and richer among the richest of thQ
Brazilian States.

THE STATES OF PIAUHY AND CEARA

Really, we ought not to include Piauhy in the number of the
maritime, or coast States. It has but a short extension of coast in
proportion of its territorial surface, and even in proportion of its
river banks having, as it has, the long and strong Parnahyba.

Whoever looks at the map of Brazil will understand fully well
what we mean : the Piauh^^ has the configuration of a bean shell,
crossed by ridges of mountains, and the stem of which, inclined
towards the Atlantic, is formed by that tract of coastland between
Amarracao and the mouth of the Parnahyba. This short coastland is
all that Piauhy can show to pretend to be included in the number of
the maritime States of the Union.

There is no large anchorage place — that of Amarracao being,
we might say , devoid of any conditions of development. — So
that , its true port, the actual organ of appropriation and outlet
of the State, is its small city of Parnahyba, in the fluvial coast
where also is Therezina.

All the territorial body of Piauhy, is an interior region, just as
Goyaz and Minas.

Piauhy has not been able to follow the progress of the other
maritime States, neither has it in the Federation the importance
corresponding to its territorial extension, larger than that of Sao
Paulo, Pernaml)uco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Ceara and
others, just to cite only the most advanced, Piauhy being the eighth
State of Bi-azil in the order of the total surface.

— 230 —

Its population, however, does not accompany the same propor-
ti(m. In all the State there are only .'iSO.UOO inhabitants. Although
the eighth in the list lor its size, is it the sixteenth for the density
of its i)oj)ulation.

The short shore of Piauhy ^vhic•h I went tlirough in I'.'d'J makes no
difference with that between the North of Parahyba . liio (rrande,
Ceara and South of Maranhiio. It is of one single physiognomy, low
and melancholic, developed in extensive sheets of sand interrupted
here and there at long spaces by small and poor carpets of that
lickety vegetati(m of the sandy land. The sea is relatively low, filled

Tlii'iT/.iiia. Aqiii(l;il)Mii Siiuari" and Oiialni t\v Sctciiibro Tlicatri,'

with sand banks, and unsteady crowns, but the waters are of peculiar
hues running all the full i-angc of the green color from the very
lightest to the darki-sl.

Tliat st retell of shoi'e l)elonging to Piauhy, is formed, almost
eompletely, by the, roast Of an island called llha (Jrande, which
closes, as il \\ ilh h cork, the narrow neck of the territory of Piauhy
iiinicd to tlie ocean, and it is in it, a little further alieail towards the
North, that the small bay called Tutoya, is to be found. This is a
forced point where the coast navigation calls, and h:is heen for some
lime dispuletl liy iwo States, MaianliHo and Piauli.\ .

It is a small shell ei-e<l aiiclioi-age w ilh green and low banks, w licr«'

— 231 —

there are but a few hamlet k, and a lew stores and stoi-a^^c Ii()iis(!s. To
be sure, before long- we will sec there a eoniinercial city, one of
those generated and developed by the navigation. Modern elements
for the blessed struggles of progress and civilisation.

Where does its name, Piauliy, come from ? The hisloi-ical name,
according to whattheoldhistoriansandgeographci-s wrote was Tiagui.
Thus it was also written by the celebrated Sebastiao da Rocha Pitta.

He describes, in that peculiar style of his whicli is a pleasui'e to
translate, the very beginning of Piagui or Piauhy, a follows :

(( By this time the extension of lands in which we had penetrated

Tliereziiia. — S. Benctlictu's Church

in the interior of this region was amplified still a little more than in
1671 when it was discovered the places denominated Piagui, a large
tract of land which is at ten degrees from the North , beyond the
S. Francisco river towards Pernambuco in the continent of that
province and not very far from Maranhao. It took the name of a
river which was so poor that it ought not to have one to give awaj'.
This river only runs when there is rain , and in summer dries up
leaving a pool here and there. The same liapi)ens with six other lit-
tle rivers which bath that region. These are, the Caninde, the Itaim,
the S. Victor, the Piiti, the LongajeH and the Piraciiriica. They,
however, through several ways, more or less contribute to the swel-

— 2:i2 —

ling- of the Parnaliyba, river, ^vhieh , with them, reaeh the opulent
ocean in the coast of Maianhao. »

The ex-provinee of Piauhy, aceording to the political statute
agreed upon all over the republic, was organized as an Estate on the
i;3th.()f June 1892, and divided its territory in ol municipalities, each
with a mayor, a legislative council, 17 districts with 18 judges (the
cai)ilal having two) 'W) wards and jJl judiciary districts : Amarante,
Amariacao, Apparecida, Alto Longa, Barras, Bom Jesus, Burity
dos Lopes, Belcm, Campos Salles, Campo Maior, Castello, Corrente,
Floriano, Itaniaraty, Jaicos, Jurumenha, Ijivramento, Ociras, Par-
nahyba , Parnagua , Patrocinio , Paulista, Peripery, Piracuruca,
Picos, Porto Alegre, Regeneracao, Santa Philomena, S. Joao do

Mew of a pari of the eilv of l'aiiiali>l)a

Piaiiliy, S. IJaynuindo Nonnato, Santo Antonio de (Jill)ocs, There-
zina (ca])italj, Uniao and \'alenca.

Its i)rincii)al ])roducts and industries arc : cattle iof all kinds),
cotton, grains, skins, dyeing estahlishincnls, tol»aci'o. sugar t-anc
hi'andy, siigai', l)ii(ter, cheese, building lumber, carnalnil)a wax,
manicoba and mangabeii-a-trees rubber, fowl, coj)ahyba oils, coitiMi
seed, I'osins essences and others,

'I'lic Stat(! Legistative Congress is composed of -j l iiicml)crs, serv-
ing terms (if foiw years. It has four Congi-cssmcn and three sena-
tors lo reprcseiil it in the Xalional ('ongi'css.

its Capital is 'I'lierczina, situated on the i-iglil l)aiik of llie
Parnahyha river. It is a small luil piclty eily, divided into bJ
districts and two |i:iiislies, .\ini)ain and Our Lady das Dorcs. It

— 233 —

has a population of about 25.000 inhabitants, and was founded in
185'2. It has about 2.000 liouses (not including- small hamlets),
20 streets, Avide and straight, some with trees, seven large scpuires,
three churches and several public buildings.

Among- those the best are : The Government palace, State and
Municipal legislature buildings. State troops barracks, Court House,
Board of Health, Public Works, Lyceum, Official printing Office,
Public ^Market, Jail, « (^uatro de Setcmbro )> theatre, Treasury,
Post Office, Telegraph (in a private house), Kegulai- troops barracks,
City Hospital, and two pretty cemeteries.

Piauliy. — Cily of Parnaliyba , rua Grande

There are : a cotton mill with 120 looms, in a building occupying
an area of 500 metres, a steam foundry, a soap factory, one shelling
and pressing cotton factory, a fluvial navigation steamship company,
having- three steamers, there being also other private steamboats,
one maritime insurance compan3% a Lyceum with all the privileges
of the Xational Gj^mnasium and which is frequented by 400 students.

The city of Parnahyba, which took the name of the principal
river of the State, is to-day the most important city after the Capi-
tal, onlj' as to its commerce which is developing on a large scale. It
is situated on one of the banks of the Igaussu river, one of the

— •234. —

affluents of the Parnaliyba rivei-, lo kilometres away fi-oui the river
and 80 from the Capital. It lias some pretty buildings, a good tele-
phonic net, and, lik(! the Capital is illuminated with kerosene oil.

Tiiei'e is a Custom House and Port Department, iind its popu-
lation is of aI)out 10.000 inhabitants.

In this cify amongst oth(;r good buildings, must be mentioned the
Charity Hospital, maintained by a private civil association. Parna-'
hyba, however, is not so young as Therezina and other cities of the
State. It was already a village in 1761 and was officially installed on
the 26th of August 1762. B,y a provincial law of the 16th of August
1844 it became a city, much before the foundation of the capital.

It has only one parish : Our Lady da Graca, whose image the
natives of Parnaliyba adore in the church of the same name, a
modest old temple, of no great value either as to its size or archi-
tecture. The city is divided into three police precincts.

Okikas. — If the above city is noted by its commerce, thanks to
its position, between the capital and the external markets, Oeiras
is noted by its historical past, its material advancement, and its
population, the largest of the State, excepting Therezina, having
about 20.000 inhabitants as per the 1902 census. It has had formerly
the honors of Capital.

.lust as Parnaliyba it is not one of the youngest cities. AVith the
peculiar name of Mocha or Moxa, an indigene name, was already a
village in June 1712, and in the year 1761 was elevated to city, the
metropolis giving it the illustrious name of a noble Portuguese city —
Oeiras, — which it has preserved until to-day, which is right. We
see no reason why geogra])hical names should be changed with the
feminine frivolity of changing fashion styles as it is done in South
America.

Regarding the foundation of that old city (ancient only in rela-
tion to the Capital) we find in a noted chroniclei* of the colonial

times the following interesting paragraph : cc it is a village

that the extremely serene king I). .loao Vordered to be founded by
Di". Vicente Leite Rijjado, Ouvidor do Maranhiio (ouvidor was an
ancient official position) and the latter did so in 17 IS invocating Our
Lady da N'icloria an<l Moxa tlit^ name of (he place where it was
built. )>

To-da,\' (>ciras is a jyicl urcsipu^ city witli the kind and calm pliy-
siogiioiiiN of I hose interior cil ies, when the cosmopolitan fcrmenta-
tioii has not as yet saturated its structure making l)ursl thrcMigh it
th(! n()is(; of the sea-shore cities entirely mixed up, disturbed and
clianged.

— 235 —

It is divided into ioiu- policial i)recincts : Oeiras, Sanio I^^iiacio,
Terceiro and Quarto, all iorniing- one sinj^h; ])ai'ish, nani(;d Our Lady
da A'ietoria, the same church of the foundation oT the city, the popu-
lation of which as ])er the 18'.)2 census was 1'.>.<S50 inhabitants, to-
day having- some 'J.'j.oOo. There are in tliis city 2689 houses, '.'> chur-
ches and 7 schools.

Amaraxte, — is the third city of the State. Its population is
of 15.525 inhabitants, 7.012 men and 7.U13 women. It occupies the
third place not only on account of its population, but l)ecause of its
active commerce in the region of which it is the seat. It is situated at
the bar of a small river called Mulato, and was elevated to the rank
of city in August 1871.

Yalexca. — There is also a city of this name in Piauhy, and
though in its size and industrial importance may be quite at a
distance from the city of the same name in Bahia, it is worthy of
mention because its population by the last census is I3.7(>1 inhabi-
tants. The last census was taken in 1900 and the above number
includes the inhabitants of the surrouding municipalities of which
Valenca is the seat. Situated on the bank of a small rivulet called
Catinguinha, it had this name for a long time, but in October 1701
was elevated to the rank of a village, and adopted the present name.
It is at 42 leagues distance from Therezina and consequently it is
easy to imagine how slow it will be in its development. It is divided
into three districts, forming the parish of Xossa Senhora do O'.
(Our Lady of the O'.)

Marathoax. — It comprises three districts; parish (Our Lady
of the Conception). Nossa Senhora da Conceicao das Barras de
Marathoan. Population 12.384 inhabitants.

Campo-Maior, — is one of the best cities of Piauhy, which, in
truth, if we are to be exacting it, has only one city which deserves
that classification — it is the Capital. — The others are nothing
but groups of houses, with a larger or smaller number, without the
least importance, and all of them with but little energy, contribu-
ting but little to the development of the national production and
wealth.

Campo-Maior, being one of the best cities of Piauhy, has no more
than 350 buildings worthy of the name, forming eight streets and two
squares which have neither garden nor jDavement. In the surround-

— 2:{fi —

ing neigliborliood is a place called Gcnipapo where on the 'Joixl
of Marcli, 1S2;> there Mas a friglitfnl encounter between Brazilians
and the Portuguese colonial troops of the metropolis.

The niunicii)ality of which Canipo-Maior is the seat, extends
itself thiougli a tract of land generally level, covered, in a large
poition of it, with cai'naiiba-trccs. From South to Xoi'tii it is bathed
by the I>onga ii\er, which starts from there and after a 50 league
course runs into the Parnahyba. In that Longa valley run the
following tributaries belonging to the municipality : — Sorubim,
Genipapo, Marathoan, Titaras, Riacho Fundo, Corrente, and others
of smaller importance. Its climate is warm and dry, cooled by a
most healthy constant ventilation. The soil is rich and fertile.

At present lliey cultivate there : mandioca, corn, rice, beans,
sugar cane, but these only for the maintainance of the population.
There are mines in these regions l)ut they never were exploited.
The principal industry is cattle raising, which is done in a lai-gc
scale, but by slow and backward i^rocesses. Often in the dry season
the dryness is such that it nearly exterminates the cattle which is the
only fortune of the State. In this like in other municipalities for
some years past there has been a rapid decrease in this industry,
and if it keeps on like that it is easy to foresee its end, and this is
due to the negligence of the population of the interior. Its com-
merce, nearly all done w ith ^Nlaranhao and Parnahyba markets, is
small, due to the lack of transportation facilities, which is all of it
made by animals. Its exports are — cattle, skins, cheese and other
dair}' products, and carnahuba-tree wax. This latter industry has
been somewhat developed. The Campo-Maior city is situated "JO
leagues at the east side of the Capital, on the banks of the Sorubim,
in the centre of vast fields of an indescribable beauty. It is one of
the oldest cities of Piauhy.

Campos Sai.lks, — is a small and modest village. It is named
after the last i)resident of Brazil and cousc(|ueutly of recent date.

11 was a small place settled l)y a i)ro\iuciaI law in August IS."."!,
under tluMiauie of Hatallia.lt was elevated to the rank of village
in 18*,i") and, as we said above, in honor of President Camjjos Salles,
whose term was 1898-1902, changed its name.

This pretty village is situated at (lie Norlli of the Stale of Piauliy,
and is Ixtiiud at the east l)\ tlie iimuicipalilies of Piraeuruea and
Piripei-y, at the North by lluiitx dos Loix's, at I lie W Csl and South
!>y Harr:is. It has a pleasant eliiiiatc. This !iiiiiiiei|)alit v is hallied by
the LoMgn liver, which comes from the upper Louga municipality

— 2'M —

and i-ims (lironoli the lumiicipulilics of (';ui)i)()-Mai()r, tlie Karras
river which serves i)artly to separate tliis municipality Ironi tlic last
one of the otliers and follows hy Harras do liono;', till the Parnahyba
rivei-. The other one is the river Mattos which bathes (his munici-
pality and runs to the Lon<;a river. The Piracuruea river is also an
affluent of the Lon^a, runnin<-- into it in a place called Barra, sei-v-
ing tliere as boundary line with Piracuruca municipality.

Piauhy Types. — A co\v-koe|)ei"

Xone of the rivers of the h)cality are navigable. The dry seasons
scourge this municipality destroying its agriculture, tliougli in some
places there are some strong springs of fresh water to wet large areas
of land. At a distance of one or one and a half league fi'om this
village are the places called Brejos de Cima, and Brejos de Baixo
and S. La/aro, which, if regularly cultivated, and in any of them
established an industrial concern for the manufacturine- of
sugar and sugar cane brandy, would produce sufficiently, not

238

only to supply that district but the whole State. Its poi)uiation.
however, just like the interior population of the other States laek
activity. Campo-Maior lias also (!Xtensive territory filled with rieh
woods, among- which are the followin<r varieties, yet none are
exported : cedar, piquiseiro , pan d'arco , jacaranda, tacajuba,
aroeira, violet, uniburana, tamboril, bacury and many others.

THE STATE OF CEARA

Ey the sea-shore in a stretch where it justifies the assertion of the
great poet : — brave green seas — there is an enormous sheet of
snow-white sands, a sad brightness of long shores, which arc tln^
coasts of old Iturema, to-day Ceara.

It is a desolate immense sea-shore , spreading for leagues and
leagues white sand, here lowly with slight ondulations, there in
hilly form, horrible with all its barrenness.

In that sandy band, surrounded by it, threatened each day by the
approximation of its moving ondulations, men settled a group of
houses in lOl'J, and it has resisted and grown, and to-day is Forta-
leza, the Capital of one of the Brazilian States.

Jt is not the Portuguese but the Dutch who are responsible for
that bad selection of that spot for a city which has to defend itself
from the sands.

It may l)e that the port was the cause, the motive of its selection.
It is possibly so. It maj' also be, that attlie time that Mathias Beck,
the foundei- of the city, came there, the Ceara coast offered in that
place a deep and sheltering bay, the ups and downs of sand which
dance to-day so horribly by the music of the southern winds, may
be that they were then firm, subjugated, pressed by the trium-
phal vegetation of the mango and cocoanut trees. All these are

guessings The reality of to-day is that the sea l)cats those sliorcs

spreading the dust of those sands, so fine, l)ut so Itarrcu and so
warm. The ti-ees dried up, its trunks <licd, tiic roots lia\ c disap-
peared and in an extensive baud of the coast, between the ridge of
mountains and the sea, dominates this arid, lyancn spot, um-on-
sc-ious of th(! rcsi(hu's from the old i-ocks and the lliirstN sands lliat
intimidate man and defy the ocean.

Once hindcd, the visitoi' cannot sec liic city williout o\crconiing
a kin<l of sand han-icr tliai separates it from the sea. lie goes over
astrelcli which is not yi!t, i)roi)crly the city, goes up an inclined

— 239 —

streetlike plan, leaving- at the right a large building of military
architecture, abandoned, but in perfect state of preservation, leaves
also at the side the Sailors School and walking a few steps more
he will be in a wide square filled with trees, and there the large
cathedral is, with its cross aisle in the middle of the churchyard and
surrounded by railing. i

The city spreads itself beyond in a plan which is several metres

Fortaloza. — I'ublic Market

above the sea, with its streets, all straight and wide, clean and
unobstructed.

About 50.000 inhabitants live there. The buildings have nothing
characteristic, but are well cared for, and in the majority tliej- are
one floor houses. In the streets Formosa, Marechal Floriano and
nearly all the others there are fine houses with upper stories. But
it is in the suburbs of Benifica, Mororo, and others, all very health}'^
places, that the best buildings of modern architecture can be seen.

— 24U —

Tlic t^encnil aspect of the eity is guy and pretty. To ii eertaiu
extent Fortuleza contrasts wiili the other caj)itals of the cohmial
times, \)y the synietrx' and alignenient of the streets whicli reminds
one of a chcss-ljoard.

As to the i)iihlic Ixiiidings, \vc can mention the foHowing which
pleased us most :

The public market, a new building of cast iron, built b\ the pre-
sent mayor is one of the best in the North.

It is a little largei- than the Manaos one, but is already becoming
unsufficient for Fortaleza, and has the peculiarity, (we don't know
if advantageous or incovenient), of being situated right in the centre
of the city, and not on a corner as it happens in Manaos, Belem,
Recife, Santos, Bello Horizonte, Porto Alegre and other cities.

As to its construction , is perhaps the most ai'tistic of all of
them, though not so large as any of them excepting the ^Manaos one.

The Xormal College, inaugurated during the government of
Colonel Bezenil, is an elegant two story, modern style building,
facing the square from which it is separated by i-ailiug and an aris-
tocratic gate.

The Patrocinio Church, a beautiful catholic church, the fi-ont in
one single body with a high tower at the centre.

Sagrado Coracao church, near the Liberdade park, has also
only one centre tower of squai'c basis, in the main body of the front
and in Uoman style.

Baturite Kail way station. It is formed by thi'ce different structu-
res, the centre one being a greek })ortic on four columns.

House of Deputies or Congress. It is a large two story building
with a simple form, but not without art and noble aspect.

Cily Hall building, is also a large two story building w ith six-
windows and six doors looking and leading to the street in which it
is built. A stpjare towerlike elevation with a clock and decora-
tions in the upper part complete the main body of the building, (he
iiit(M-ior installation of whicli h'aves nothing to be w islicd lor.

The government Palace, which is also tlu' residence of the
goxcrnor, as in Rio and in the otiier Stales, is a fine building
looking ((» (lie small s(]uare where General 'i'iburcio's slatui' is. In
its interior il is dccoraled with good taste and e\en somewhat
lu\iii'i(»ns.

The ('ily Hospital is an enormous buildiui; with windows all
arotiiid, with onlv one i'looi- but well divid('(l and vci'v neat and
<-lean in t lie inleiicu'. It has liygii'uic impro\ iMueni s which recom-
mend il (o public appreciation and praise.

— 241 —

Til tlie centre ol" Mar(inez de Herval square, a (iiiile wide sciiiarc
decorated witli fine trees and surroinided \)\ riiic l)iiildiiios ,
are tlie foundations ol" an enormous theatre now in (lie way of cons-
truction and which hu'kily was not finislied. We say luckily because
nevermind how magnificent a building they should i)ul up, il would
never be worth the hygiene and esthetics of a city the scjuare that
(m its account would be closed up. This mistake of obstructing the
large city breathers, whicli are the squares, is a crime that we
have seen commited in several cities of Brazil. Luckily they did not
finish the theatre so that the beautiful Marquez de Herval square,
is destined to be transformed some day into the favorite park of

Forlaleza. — Building of the Municipal AdniinisUvitioii

Fortaleza, and is awaiting tranquilly for a mayor who will do with
it, what the present one did with the Ferreira square, which is
to-day a beautiful garden named Sete de Setembro square.

AVe will not forget the barracks of the 2nd infantry regiment, one
of the best of its kind in the Xorth of Brazil , ^vhere is housed only a
detachment of soldiers. It belongs to the Federal Government.

The sight that made us feel happy was the Marine Apprenti-
ces School installed, however, in a second class building. AVe were
present at several fencing, marching, ship gymnastics and other
drills, and we were quite pleased with the degree of technical in-
struction given to its 170 pupils, who are being prepared, for the
navy, by their present director Ijieutenant Commander Luiz Lopes
da Cruz.

— 242 —

Descending- from that establishment, the rear part of which looks
to the sea, lollows that extensive sandy road that margins the
shore with a tramway line leading to the Custom House, a solid
stone building always in activity, because, in spite of the bad port,
Ceara's commerce gives a good income to the Federal Government.

Among the public gardens of Fortaleza, Ave must cite the one
called Liberdade, a charming spot; with its small lake and thick fo-
liage of its little woods. It looked to us that the park had been somc-

Forlalcza. — (Ivniiiaslii'-rooin of llic Marine A|i|in'iilicos Si-Iumi

what neglected lately , there were to be seen weeds growing up in
its streets and the ornamentation work was a little spoilt. They told
us that the municipality having finished the works of the Scte de
Setembro Square, was going to direct their attention to that poetic
si)ol named <( Lil)erdade )>, They ought to los(> no time doin<;- that
because that Ix-autiful hindscai)e is worth gohl.

I u the oil KM- augh' of the city thci-c is also a pultlic ^ardt'ii hiid out
ill three phius, deseeudiug, one after the othei- towards tlie sea. It is
a pretty litlh- park though more exjjosed to the dust llian theotlier.
Its streets cross oiu' auother pict ures(|uely aud liere and there some
uiarl)h' (II' liron/.e gcxhless fixed on a enlumu. is walehiui; us thrdugii

— 243 —

the palm fans and over tlic red roses. One of (lie pr(itti(;st of tlie
streets is the one called Avenida Caio Prado, having- in all its length
stone benches in the shade of the trees inviting- one to rest a little.
The vegetation, is live and green even if there is not a great variety
of it.

In the city squares there are two statues, the one of General
Tiburcio and another of General Sampaio. The former as an artistic
work is the best. It represents the hero in bronze, standing, on a
square stone basis surrounded by a pretty metallic chain.

One of the curiosities of Fortaleza which the new arrived sees
immediately is the numerical superiority of the feminine element.

Fortaleza. — Statue of General Tiburcio

Generally the families are large, and wherever there is a gathering
like public festival, the observer will at once notice that there are
more ladies than gentlemen present. The periodical emigration ex-
plains that, but the city has lost nothing- by that so far as its culture
and progress are concerned.

The gas, the telephone, the newspapers, the libraries, the several
clubs, give to Fortaleza an animated and aristocratic physiognomy,
which fits it very well in the role of Capital of the State.

The physical appearance of the people, though the population has
not, in the same degree of southern cities, received the crossing of
European elements, is, we can affirm, beautiful and noble.

The types of beauty are many, specially among women of white
race. They dress with the correctness and elegance peculiar to the

— 2U —

European descendants, cultivate their minds in noted proportions
and like the general type of Brazilian women are endowed with the
iioblest virtues. The prevailing Iiabits and customs have the beauti-
liil austerity of tlie cities not yet invaded hy the cosmopolitanism,
abundant l)()tli in good and evil.

PunLic Instruction and Social Culturk, — A\'e will now give
some information about public instruction :

It is administered l>y several institutes of learning, both gram-
mar and high schools.

i"(irl;ikv.;i. — Normiil Collci'L'

The Lyceum, just as the National (Jymnasium of Rio, has a I'om-
plete course of the preparatory programme. Tlie Xormal ("ollege is
exclusively devotetl to the training of teachers.

I'he Lyceum in llHKi had itU) students and counting the different
classes they fre(|uented the iuiiiib(M' is :'>().' enti'ies.

Tlie Normal (U)llege had in I'.K);;, year in wliich we visited that
institution, TjIS j)U])ils.

I*i'i\ate instriiclion is administcicd by tlie I'lpiscopal Seminary, a
college! established in Caninde , iiiuler (he ausi)ices of the monks,
anotiicf in Lstevao mountain ((^)ui\ada) un(h'r the IJenediel ine
monks and \>\ many edncalion establishments in the Capital . es|>e-
cially those of lniniacuhi(hi Conceierio, difeetetl by ladies of the
S. N'icente de Paulo Congregation, of Nossa Senhoia de Lourdcs, j)f
raithenon ( 'ea reuse, of (he Cearense ( iymnasiuin, ol the Commercial
School anil olhei's of smaller imi'oil ance.

— 245 —

Tlic ])ul)lic instruction at the oxjx'nse of the Sttit(i goN ('i-iiniciil
is riirnislicd l"re(5 oi' cliarg'c by 'i.")!) chisscs, lliiis distrihiitcd :

lu tli(! Capital -2\

in the citii's h:\

III the villai^cs Hi2

III IIk' smaller places 70

being' rre([nented tbns :

III llie male scliouls 71

III Hie feiaale seliools 711

III llie male and I'einale schools . . 100

The freqnentation ol" students in these schools was dui-ing- tlie
last five years :

Years

StiidiMils

18!)G . . .

. . . 9.1^2-2

1897 . . .

. . . 9.9rj6

1898 . . .

. . . I0.;;72

I8!l() . . .

. . . in.. 179

I'lOO . . .

. . . II. .-or;

The public library is in one of the State buildings, and is mu(di
frequented.

It has to-day 11.104 volumes, (i.092 are 1)ound and r).312 with
paper cover.

It is open from 9 a. m. till :> p. ni.

Among the literary clubs and societies, which lend to Fortaleza
the animation of their work, are the « Institnto do Ceara)), founded in
1887 and which publishes a magazine known all over the country ;
(c Centro Litterario », publishing another magazine the Irncenui,
((Tadaria Spiritual » which imposed itself with its extravagant name,
carried as a triumphant banner, by all talented young- men, all over
Brazil ; a Academia Cearense » , which publishes for the last seven
years a splendid magazine.

Of the papers published in Ceara we will cite the following- :

In the Capital : .1 Rcpublica, organ of the republican party,
daily; — A Rcoisln do Iihstituio do Cciini, quarterly publicati<m; —
Rcoistii da Aciideinia Cearense, monthly; — .1 Re for ma, fortnightly;
— A Gazetina, weekly; — Ceara Xii, weekly.

In Baturite : O Oitenta e Xoue, organ of the republican party,
weekly; — O Miinieipio, republican paper, weekly.

In RedQmpcao : .1 Redempeao, weekly.

In Maranguape : O Maran^'iiape, weekly.

In Aracaty : O Ja(]uard}e, weekly.

In Sobral : .4 Ordem, weekly; — -I Cidade, weekly.

In Crato : .1 Cidade do Crato, weekly.

In Acarahu : .1 Cidade do Aearahii, weekly.

— 246 —

Navigation, Commercial and Industrial Activity. — Once we
have spoken of the intellectual activity ol" Ceani, let us also write
something- about its material activity, in the domains of commerce,
industries and navigation.

There are in the Ceara State besides hundreds of sugar cane,
flour and other natural products factories, two cotton mills, the
(( Ceara Industrial » and « Pompeu & Irmao », one in Aracaty, the
other in Sobral. There are also two net factories, in the Capital, botli
with steam power, three biscuit and mass factories, all in the Capi-
tal, two oil factories, one in the Capital, the other in Maranguape,
eight cigarettes factories, two of them moved by steam, one ice
factory, three soap ones, several distilleries, sugar refineries,
umbrella factories, coffee roasting works and caju wine distillerj^
hat factories, furniture ones and others.

The city of Fortaleza ought to have a quay with apparatus to
facilitate its cominei'cial relations. Let us see its export relations
statistics :

Official value of goods exported through the port of Fortaleza to
foreign countries and ports of the Brazilian Union :

Years Ollicial value

1893 .'J.l.oTiririOS-iQo

1894 i.484:4.">4$481

1890 ().996:5o(5SioO

189(5 :;..'! 1 0.8:2:i$751

1897 7.1>ll:9l5Si0n

1898 1 1 .(j9:i:800|GoG

1899 l()..mi:ll.i$7-23

I9n0 I1.2S9:78.-S$G40

The Custom House revenue in the five years i)revious to the
proclamation of liepublic was :

Years Olluiiil value

188.") I.07i:9ii$518

188G 1.178:0rj3$r)38

1887 1. 88 i: 809^828

1888 1..47f):9.-;7.Si-20

1889 1.72-2:589§i97

In the five years from l<Si)() to 1900 (though a period of general
business depression in Hrazil) the (/ustom House revenue was :

Vrai'N Ollirlal valiie

IH9() i.49i:797§rM()

1K97 i.029:7G2$0G:;

1898 .l.ri.^G: lG7$o9()

1899 ....... .-).or.!l:G.".".SHin

1900 .■>.!> lii:Gl2§GG.l

— 247

Railways, Water si i'I'ly, etc. — Ceani luis Uic following rail-
wiiys built by the Federal Government :

Ijiiturite Railway, connects the Capital to the city of Ilmnayata,
2'.'? kilometres, rented to the civil engineer Alfredo Novis.

Esti-ada de Ferro do Sobral , goes from Camocini to the intei-ioi-
of the State, beyond Sobral, 210 kilometres. It is rented to the civil
engineer J. T. Saboya e Silva.

In the Capital there are tramways belonging to three enterprizes :

Foi-taleza. — Square and slalion of llic Baliirite llailway^

the Ferro Carril do Ceara, the Ferro Carril do Outeiro , and the
Ferro Carril de Porangaba,

Several steamship companies, national and Enropean ones, main-
tain communications between Fortaleza and external markets.

The State troops consist of an infantry battalion, called — Batal-
liilo de Seguranca do Ceara — with 23 officers, 348 privates and 12
aids, forming a major-staff, a minor staff, and four companies.
There is also a small cavalry company attached to one of the infan-
try companies.

All the police service of the Capital and in the interior is done by
these troops.

— 24^«

Till-: wA'i'KK sri'i'i.v. — In order to remedy tlie frequent dry sea-
sons wliicli bring serious consequences to the State, the Govern-
ment i)hinned the building of an enormous reservoir, called Quixa-
da, wliicli it is hoped, will render good services to the population.

rnfoi-tunately they have not had the necessary perseverance in
an attempt of this kind. When the winter sets in, the claims cease
and the government suspends immediately the works, what makes
one believe that such work is being done only to give work to the
population during tiie dry season.

Forlalcza. — Caio I'rado avt'iiuo

The works recommenced in June, 1000, had a greater inqjulse in
October of the same year in consequence of an extraordinary credit
of l()(i:()(iO.S()()() to aid indirectly the poi)u]ation sulfering from the
effects of the dry season, and they are still on. \Nhile the extraordi-
luiry credit lastiid, i\n' committee succeeded in employing 1.700 men.

The hydrograpliie liasin is constituted by the valleys of the rivers
know II as \Crd(!, ('araeol, and Satia whifh, when joined logj'lher
were caught l)y the central flow.

This flow is al)oiil .") kilometi-es fidiii the city of C^uixada , \\hi»-h
is served by ihc liatiiritr railway.

Tnlil to-day the I<'ed(!i-al ( io\ crnment has s))eni on this resei'-
voir nothing less than :{. l.S(t:".)(i|s(H)ii. There are other reserv«)irs

— 249 —

started; one in Baturite, tlie other in Marangiiape. None, however,
has the proportions ol" that of (^uixada, which has represented seve-
ral winters 50 million cubic; metres of water.

We had the oppoi-t unity of hearing- conii)]aints from every one,
as to the lack of comphnnentary works foi- irrij^ation jjurposes,
without which, they told us, the reservoir will not he able to
fulfil its object.

There are in Ceara SO districts, 29 cities and 52 villag-es. The judi-
ciary division consists of a c( Tribunal da Rela^iio », composed of seven
« desembargadores » , including- the attorney general of the State.
There are 31 districts with one judge each, and the (Uipital two, 72

Forlali'za — Formosa sli'col

judiciary districts, 40 of wdiich are served by substitute judges and
213 police districts.

The Budget of the State has grown gradually, for the last twelve
years, the one of 1903 was of about 3.000 contos. The revenue and
the expenses of the State are more or less equivalent.

Punished by the dry seasons, periodically, Ceara sees itself each
year abandoned by a great number of its active children, who emi-
grate to the West and North of the country, cai'rying the progres-
sive work of their arms to far away places.

In 1877-1879 and in 1888-1889 the emigration from Ceara to the
North and South of the country took wonderful proportions, being-
estimated at 150.000 the number of natives of Ceara who left their
native land running away before the calamities of the dry season.

— 250 —

There arc no exact notes Tor correct statistic data on cniii-ra-
tion. It can be .)iHlf>ed only by the i)eoi)le leaving- the port in the
Lh)yd Brazileiro Steamship Company, which statistics sliow the
I'oHowing- results from 1892 to 1897.

To I he To I he

Veiii's South. North.

1892 lo o9.">

1895 l.TOri 7.")8(l

I89.i 1.489 i.U7^

I89u --'.089 9.09-2

1896 1.894 9. 680

1897 1.787 ~.7,\-2

Total. . . 9.0o4 o 1.506

In 1900 a new dry season appeared in the interior of the State and
the emigration received new impulse. The Lloyd steamers entered
Fortaleza almost without any passengers, and sailed on with
hundreds , sometimes over a thousand of those, natives of Ceara,
driven out by famine , men who worked in the fields, of sound
habits, thrifting and hard workers.

Dui-ing that year sailed on their own account and at the expense
of the governments of the Amazon and Para, ;J2. 0(V2 people and at
the expense of the Federal Government 15.773, a total 17.8:jr).

'I'his number does not include hundreds of them who sailed on
their own account taking the steamer at Camocim.

Notwithstanding this, the population of Ceai-a has not decreas-
ed, and the State keeps on its place as one of the most i)oi)ulated
States.

A glance at the publications of the Statistics Deijartmeut, will
explain this : Ceara is the part of Jirazil where the most beautiful
cases of fecundity take place. It is not rare to find there a mariied
couple with 12, 11 or even 10 children.

Each blow of misfortune is followed by the natural compensation
of a new favorable impulse. After the crisis of the dry season, there
comes a period of wonderful abundance in which (he fields and the
woods seem to bloom with earnest efforts with an ovei-production
of everything. The crops grow enormous, the cattle multii)ly gene-
rously, milk, chees(^ and butter reach the point of not ha\ in^- tpiota-
tion in certain points. In the comi)etent departments the registry of
births and marriages is such, that in one year only, they registered
200 marriages jind al)oul 2(i(iO christenings.

This myst(!rious rythm of gains and losses constitute the liistory
of all IIh! vitality of (;ear:i, (he resistant and struggling lexer ol its
children.

251

THE STATES OF RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
AND PARAHYBA

The first atl'idavit of tho discoverj' and the Portuguese dominion
in Brazil was the monuiiient erected on the Rio Grande do Xorte
shoi'e on the place called Bahia Formosa, a small and poetic bay, at
the South of Natal city in the district of Canguaretama.

This monuiiient was placed there by the Portuguese Admiral
Christovao Jacques in the year 1503.

That stretch of coast of Rio Grande is the mother cell of the
Portuguese dominion in America. We will then in a rapid glance,
pass in review that sandy shore filled with sinuosities, near the
Capital of that State.

The coast of the Rio Grande State participates of the general
character of that region : sand, always sand, now in downs and hills,
then in infinite plains, and only from place to place interrupted by
short stretches of poor vegetation, oi- some cocoa-nut trees as in
Bahia and Pernambuco and a little scarcely towards the North.

Those who come from Rio de Janeiro will appreciate all that
landscape, as the most coast steamers always navigate close to the
shore with land in sight.

Those going down from Ceara i^ass near the Cayssara canal,
passing between the island and firm land at the right, quite near as
the canal is narrow\ The tiresome panorama continues : curves and
inclined stretches becoming white a little above the water. The
sandy shores extend themselves in vast white stretches towards the
interior beyond, spotted here and there by some cocoa-nut trees.

Here we are off Natal , in front but somewhat distant. Unless it
is alight draught steamer it cannot go near the shore on that part.
In front of the city is an enormous and long rock , which prevents
the entry of large steamers. Yet this same rock forms a kind of
protection breaking the strength of the sea waves, a kind of natural
artificial port affording a tranquil anchorage place, quite calm.

This reminds one much of the port of Recife. At the left of that
colossal anchorage, near a seashore place called Morcego (bat) rests
the valetudinarian of a fortress that was born with that settlement
some 400 years ago and of which the gray shade detaches itself from

tlie liori/on blue bottom, as u sciitrN', uiiiuovabh', ririned in its place by
tlie ice oltlie centuries. Rocha Pitta's history of Portuguese America
says : <( It is lounded Iiall' a league from its port (able to harbor all
kinds of shipsjat the (niti'ance of which is the Santos Keys fortress,
one of tlie best in P>i-azil as to situation, firmness, regularity and ai'til-
lery, built on rocks of enormous size, with four towers. » Thus sjjoke
Rocha Pitta al)oiit Xatal and its fortress, .this survivoi- of the hard
wai' constructions of the metropolis, which to-day preserves yet the
same name of Trez Reis Magos fortress.

They placed on it a light house, with a fixed white light, whicli
can be seen from a distance of 15 leagues. 'J'lius the light of the old
fortress whicli in olden times served the jmrijose of preventing the
navigation, serves now to protect it.

■tt::^/*'

Saiiltis llcis .M;ii>i)S Fortross ;il the ciitriiiici' of tlic Niil'al li;ii

To-day Rio Grande do Xorte has about 300.001) inhabitants with
;>(i municipalities and 3<) parishes and a surface of 57. IS5 scpiare
metres.

By the census taken in December I'.'OO the exai't population was
•J7 1.317.

'J'he names of tluj cities and villages of the Rio (irandc do Norte
State are :

Natal (ca[)ital), Macau, Mossoro, ('anguaretama, Parclhas, Maca-
liyba, ('(^ara-Mirim, S. .lose de >ripil)u, .lardim, Caii'o, MaiMins,
Assu, Apod_\-, Papai'v, (ioyaniulia, No\a ("ru/., Augicos, Santa Cru/..
Saiit'Anna dos Matlos, Ti-iumpho, Acary, Cuiraes-Novos , I'ort'
Alegre, ('arauhas. Pan dos l>'erros, S. Miguel, Sei-ra Ncgra, Patu,
Jjuiz (Jonies, Santo Antonio, ( 'iiile/eiras, S. (ioncalo, i-'lorcs. Ton-

— 253 —

ros, ]\rnriu, Poteiigv, Cnrinuitiiu, Arez, Taipii, Areiii Branca, Penha
and otlica* snialler places.

Of all those places, the one that seems destined to a more rapid
devel()i)ment is Mossoro, the centi-e oi" the prosperous salt indus-
try, \vhi('h is tlie principal industry of that region, and the one that
hrings the largest revenue to the State,

The production of salt in Rio (Jrande do Sul in tlie years of l.SC).")
to IStU-) was ;!;j.(XK) alciueires, a little over 5.000 tons. In IIKKJ tliat

Harbor and Citv of ]\atal

production went up to 700.000 alqueires, or over 112.000 tons, nearly
all exported to Southern ports.

The Rio Grande Salines occupy enormous stretches of shore and
arc a wealth much superior to all expectations. That is a just com-
pensation of the local nature , because Rio Grande has not like the
other Southern vStates that mild climate which makes agricultural
progress so easy. That State suffers the destruction caused by long-
summers which dry up tlie small rivers and burn its valleys. The

— 254 —

dry seasons repeat themselves periodieally prodneiiif:^ enormous
damages to the population and being a drawback to the general i)ro-
gress of the State.

Tliis explains the paralization of certain local industries , among
others that of the cultivation of sugar cane, the manufacturing of
sugar, brandy etc., so old in the Rio Grande State in which that
branch of industry has developed the most. Vet there are quitt' a lot
of old factories which will present quite a large production when
there is no dry season.

Recently the Federal Governm(>nt undertook several public works,
as water w'orks, railways, etc. to ti-y to neutralize the effects of that
evil.

Fortunately the spot where the Capital is, does not suffer from
the bad results of the dry season, having been a good selection even
if the port is not of easy access in comparison with the other sea-
ports of the country.

It was Jeronymo Albuquercpie who, after an agreement with the
inhabitants of Rio-Grande on Christmas day of the year 1597, placed
the foundation stone of the first building of the Capita! of the State.
When that city progressed a little thej^ placed at its head as chief the
Conde do Rio Grande and the province was elevated to the rank of
Condado. The Count was D. Lopo Furtado de Mendon^a the first
nobleman with a Brazilian title in the old colony.

*
* *

The Capital. — Let us cast a glance over the Natal city of to-day.

The bulk of the constructions in this city follow two different
plans : one part extended itself through the lower part and is calhMl
Ribeira, the other, called Bairro Alto (upper district) is occupying
the upper part of the sandy elevation ui)on which .leronymo de
Albuquerque^ had the fancy to settle the city. This sandy mountain
has as boundary line the Potengy river, the sea-shore with its
sandy ups and downs, which surround it in all its conference, the
banks being 21 in number, the city remaining just like an island,
WMlli th(! diffei-ence that on one side has the sea, on the other sandy

bllHl.

'JMie Cajiital comprises the following districts : Cidade Alta,
Cidade Haixa , Cajnjjiranga and I'onte Negra , all the ])arisli of
Nossa Scnhoi-a da A])rcsenta(;ao, having a population of IC. (».■")() inha-
bitants, l)eing : 7.<.i(.)() males and 8.15(i femaU's. As can l»c easily seen
this city is far t'l-oin having bad adcvclopment pioport ional (o its
age.

— 25B —

There are some nice buildin<;s in it, as the Pahice where the
State Congress meets, the Public Instruction Department, in Con-
ccicao street, the Charity Hospital, which is also the barrracks ol'
the police force in Silva Jardim street, the barracks of the '.ilih regi-
ment Regular Federal troops, the Marine Appentices school, the
Government Savings Bank, and other private buildings belonging

to rich merchants.

*
* *

Public Instruction, Police Force, Railways, etc. — About the
public instruction Rio Grande has developed but little as it has done

Natal . — Government Palace

with nearly everything else. There are in the whole State but 92
grammar school classes, while the population is about 300.000 inha-
bitants. In the Capital there are some high schools among which is
the Atheneii Xorte Rio Grandense.

The following papers are published in Natal :

Album (published by the literary group Frei Miguelino).

Diario do Natal, daily paper.

Gazeta do Commercio, daily paper, founded on the Isl of Octo-
ber 1001, and is published by an association, having as its editor
in chief Mr. Pedro Avelino.

Oasis, the organ of the Gremio Literario.

— 256 —

Tribiina, periodical.

Oiio dc Setembro, periodical.

The i)oli('e loi-ce is foriiicd by a battalion with oOO privates com-
luanded by a Lieutenant Colonel , the battalion beinj"- divided into
four companies. It is infantry and they are armed with Comblain
guns, 'i'hey do the police duty of the Capital and inteiior cities.

As to railway service, all that- Rio Grande do Xorte has in tliat
line is the Natal to Nova Cruz Railway, built with a guarantee of
interest on the capital invested, furnished by the Federal Govern-
ment and lately rented by the Federal Government from the (ii-cul
]]'('stern of Brazil liuilwny. It runs over 121 kilometres of track.

.Naliil. — ('.(inccirrio Slfcct

Princh'al CrriKS and MrMciPALrriKs. — The cities worthy of
special mention are among others the ones we are going to refer to,
it ix'ing understood beforehand that Kio Cirande do Xorte has no
city that can justly be called worthy of incnlioii.

"^riie most important are; S. Jose de Mii)ibu, on the K'fl bank ol
the Trahiry river, a little above the Rai)ary lake; Macao, at the
right of the Assu river, in a peninsula foiiued by I lie same river, the
Manoel (Jonealves strait and the island bay ; Assu, at the left sidi'
of the I'ii-anlias river; .lai'dim at the left of the Sei-id<'» livcr. a eon-
fhient (if t he T Iran lias river a lul ovci- ::i() leagues a l)o\(' t he eoufhuMU'e
(tf Ae:inh;"i ri\cr with the Seridnone; Mossoro at the left ol the

— 257 —

Apody river, to wliicli it <^i\c!S its iiainc ;i little aljove the eon riiicnce
of the Upaneiiia river \\ ith llu^ Moss()r(') rixer.

MossoRo. — Is but a small city but promises g'l'eat future i)ossi-
liilities. It has about 12.000 inhabitants, j^ood and hard workinj^-
people, peaceful. The city is divided in three i)oliti('al pi-ecincts and
one parish, Santa Luzia, name of a Saint to 1)e fouixl in a chiircli
that has no special eharacteristie, but that can boast of l^eing- tluj
oldest in those reaions.

Mossoro. — Seis de Janeira Square

Mossoro devotes itself to the salt industry. It is a pretty and
industrious city, and we might consider it the first in the whole
State. It is not inferior to the Capital in anything. If it has not poli-
tical preeminence, it has the superiority of its active commerce,
population, industry and buildings. It is 60 leagues away from the
Capital and seven from the sea, on the left bank of the Apody, to-
day, Mossoro river.

In Mossoro the following periodicals are published : .1 Idea, the
organ of the literary club ccDois de JulliO)) and 0 Mossoroensc, illus-
trated news paper, i)ublished twice a month.

TouROs. — Among the four cities of 13.000 inhabitants, that the
last census exhibited disputing with the Capital of the State the
record of the density of population in the Rio Grande do Norte, this
city of Touros (Bulls) in spite of its name is one of the most synipa-
thic though it is not the most progressive.

Ceara-merim. — It is a well built citv, with fine buildings, as

are : the Jail, the Atheneum, the City Hall, the Market, the Ceme-
tery and the Church which the principal one having no rival in this
State and that of Parahyba, having its equal in the church of Pcnha,
in Pernambuco, which is small in the length though larger in width.

There are also some nice private buildings. There are yet three
s(pmres named — Alegria, Mcrcado, and Matrix. This last (mo is
ample and with trees and in it is the church and the Atheneum. The
market is snuill, but neat and clean. There are 50 streets only one of
which is paved. There are two districts — Ribeira and Cidade Alta.

Compared with its territory, the State of Rio Grande do Xorte, is
one of the States that has the longest coast extension, having three

Mossoi'o. — Floros SU'ect j

ports for its external commerce, Natal, ^Mossort) and Macau, tliough
all of them are of difficult access.

All the imaginable wealth of the forest, of the soil, of the rivers
and of tli(^ sca-slioi'cs are in Rio (Jrande do Xorte waiting for the
i'liiropran arm, the immigrant and the capital, to develop, to raise
tin; fortune and the progress of that region. On the other hand the
climate is excellent, there are no ei)idemic diseases nor any evils
that may shake the proverbial quietness of those i)eople.

'i'lic l;i() (Jiaiidc do Ndiic, as the ucighb()ring States, is periodi-
cally siil)j('<'t to dry seasons, « Several times i> — says a writci-
has ravaged ()V(;r the Ajxxly river and all llic far interioi- of tlie
State the terrible plienoiiieiiou of the (lr_\- seasons, the ioHowing

— 255) —

having been tlie most dreadful : they are those of IdOT, 1()02, 1710-
1711, 1723-1724, which were extended from Bahia to Ceara, those of
173(3-1738, 1744-1745, 1777-1778, in which the cattle of the State was
reduced to the eighth part, and that of 1790-1793 called the great dry
season.

The same way that in Ceara, whose nature is analogous to that
of this State, once the dry season period passes, there comes a period
of compensative abundance. It is abundance and fortune without
measure.

The principal products of the State are : corn, beans, mandioca
flour, cotton, sugar, skins, butter, vegetables, oils, rozin, carnauba,
honey, brandy and building lumber.

Mossoro. — Da JIatriz church and Sfjuare

In those Kio Grande hills and mountains they have discovered
vestiges of the existence of several kinds of minerals such as : iron,
sulphur, saltpetre, chalk, and different stones. In one of the corners
of the Italiu lake, or of the Apody near the mountain of the same
name, has been seen for these last few years, a large quantity of a
betuminous and inflammable substance, which produces a light simi-
lar to the carnauba wax. They say that at leagues distance from the
city there is a layer, where, among other curiosities a kind of crys-
tal can be seen. We read about it that « the ground of this layer and
its neighborhood is a kind reddish blue clay which exposed to the
fire and diluted in water, becomes fine and soft so as to be moulded
in any shape for the manufacture of crocker3^ This reddish blue soil
is naturally cleaved in many places where a kind of light and very

— 260 —

fine mutter can be seen, that looks like looking-glass steel and
which is awful hard to gather ».

As to water, there are several mineral water springs which have
not as yet been analysed. The best known of these are the ajt>»a.s
ferrcas (iron waters). The use of these is good, generally, for the
diseases that requii-e iron preparations.

*
* *

Rio Grande do Xorte as to its manufacturing industries is just as
backwards as Piauhy and Goyaz are. Worthy of mention there is
only in its territory : a good cotton mill in the Capital ; a soaj) fac-
tory and a saw mill next to it in a place known as Refoh's ; a prin-
ting office, engraving shop and book-bindery in the Capital ; and a
cigar factory also in the Capital.

Its exijorts are still inferior to those of Piauhy notwithstanding
the fact of having three ports to communicate w ith the exterior, or
may be that, because of that, the volume of its external connnei'ce is
so small, as one can see by the figures of the movement during the
first eleven months of ll'Ol :

Exports 40,5:fi07.S0(in

Iniports .jol:i8o.$()n0

But, we must not desi)air as to the future of the progress and
wealth of this beautiful region. This territory has elements, every
element of prosperity, by the varied [)r()ducing capacity of its val-
leys, its most superb mountains as Borburema, .loao do Valle, Luiz
(Jomes and others. Railways and Eurojjean blood is what Rio
(Ji-ande do Xorte lacks to devcloj) its hilcnt wcaitli and pros{)crity.

THE STATE OF PARAHYBA

Sailing from Recife in the evening, we soon bid farewell to the
two light houses : Santo Agostinho (a large unmovabic while light)
and Picfio (changeable light white and red), and we awake in sight
of Cubedello the seaport of Raiahylia, eai)i(al nl the Stale of the
same nam(\

The shoi'e continues covered w itli trees and right there at tliO
enti'anee of CalxMlcJio there is an extensixc plantation of Hahia
Cocoa iiul trees. There is also a light house, linilt on a low plane

— 2«1 —

whicli in llic lii^li (iiU? i)r('S('iils a ciirioiis spcclaclc : uii ii'ou lower,
liigli and solid without any basis in si<^lit bill the ni()vin<;' waves. Il
is the J*edra Secca light liouse,

CabedeUo is an old village without any olhei- inipoi-laneci l^iit tlie
(me lent to it by the circumstance oi" being tin; landing- place of the
State. It is connected with the Capital by a railway. A wooden
bridge dock is there for the ships to come alongside.

The road, of narrow track, goes through the woods describing
curves, in an inclination sometimes quite steep, as Parahyba is
quite away up and there are only 18 kilometres separating it from
Cabedello.

Paralivba.

Das Merces (■Iiui'lIi and street

The Capital is a small historical city, a poor one and as old as it
is modest. It was built on the 5th of August 1585 by the Portuguese.
Oh!... 1585... How w^ell we can see that by tlie first buildings, which
we see as we reach the city. Its name is Parahyl)a, the name of the
river that bathes its territorj^ and must have some 180.000 inhabi-
tants. It was once called Frederikstad (Frederic city) while it was
under the Dutch conquest. At another time during the same period
it was also called Felipea, in honor of Felipe who reigned over
the Spaniards when these latter dominated the Portuguese.

Even to-day Parahyba is a small city divided in two halves quite
unequal : one margins the anchorage at the river level , full of
commercial storage houses etc., and its name is Varadoiro, the other
going up-hill and ending on the top of the mountains wherefrom a

— 2fi2 —

beautiful panorama is displayed before our eyes : mountains green
as they can be, enormous chay-pits, chimneys letting out a light white
smoke from the sugar factories, spread here and there, nice small
houses of delicious snow-white, and connecting this heterogeneous
mass as a conducting wire, the Parahyl)a ri\ cr runs , making the
contour of the reliefs, without waves, without noise until it loses
itself in the hesitating gray of the horizon.

The inclined street that connects the two districts, has at its
riglit the Europe Hotel, a grim and dirty looking large building, and
leads to another cleaner street called Baruo da Passagem, which
runs straight lined by nice houses, following yet another one called
Rua Nova and existing since IHof, the buildings, however, seeming
to confirm the new name of the street. Walking a little further we

l>:ii"ihvli:i.

Old (•(Hivciit i)t' S. l"r;iiicis('(t

are on the toj) of the main liill, where fine houses have been built.
There is the old Cluii'ch, a large temple devoted to Nossa Senhora
das Neves, which is the cathedral to-day.

'IMiis cliurcli was built away back in ICi;;.") and tlie S. l^'raiuMseo
(M)nvent, with its large church that has a characteristic front. Of the
rcjligious constructions this one is the best in l*arahyba. It has a spar
cious nave, at the sides dressed with mosaic, the entrance however
is of a more modern stylw, and in tlie eentic there is o cross-aisle of
iljerie mailjU', a eui-ious feature. Kven in the interior the I'hurch is
worth looking at, as it is the Ordem Tcrceira C-hapel which was
afterwards annexed to it.

When th(^ Duti-h took possession of the city they fortified this
convent and mad(! of it the (iovernor's residence.

— 263 —

To-day, liaving- lost its monks, tlioy made of the convent a school
which is frequented by 200 boys who make tlieir preparatoi-y
studies to enter tlie different Colleges and Universities.

If we take the tramway that o()es to the beautiful subiii-b of
Trinclieira where the extreme end of the city ccmfounds itself with
the woods, we go througli a pretty square with a beautiful garden
protected by iron railing.

In front of this gai'den there is another construction with the
charecteristics of respectability. It is an old convent and its church
with a tower of undefined color, which is the color of the centuries.

To-day the old building has an official function, being the gover-
nor's palace.

I'araliyba. — The governors palace.

At the side of the church, is the Parahybano Lyceum where there
are quite a number of classes in the two floors of the building.

The best buildings are in the upper part of the city, but, in a rus-
tic style square occupyng more or less the middle plan between the
two cities, are the largest ones : the Post office, of fair size ; at the
right, the theatre and in front of the Post Office the police barracks
a large two story building. The Italian Benificent Association buil-
ding, follow^ed by a row of small houses close the square, wdiicli has
the name of Bento da Gama. The Treasury a good solid building is
also in this square.

Industry, Transportation, Public Instruction. — The prin-
cipal industry of this State is the cultivation of sugar-cane, sugar
manufacture, alcohol, etc. The number of sugar-cane farms and fac-

— 264- —

tories is •JO'.), working- most ol' lliciu by old processes. There are, ho-
wever, some impoi-taiit factories : a cotton mill, two cotton shelling,
fine cigars, one oil and one cinient, bricks and mosaic factories, etc.

Regarding- the mineral ogical wealth of Parahyba, the experts
speak most highly. They say that the nnderground of this region
has extensive layers of coal, rich copper, lead, iron, gold and silver
mines, important feldspars and precions stones.

We can say about this State what can l)e said with all safety about
the balance of the country — it is most wealthy. It is most wealthy
but all the w^ealth and all the variety of its minerals remain tranquil
in its layers, w'here from nobodj^ seems tempted to lift them.

l':ir;ih\lta. — Fiscal Dclcijalioii

As yet, what is IxMug developed is the agriculture, and a little
the daii-y industry. The ground, in Parabyba is generally fertiU' antl
adapted to all kinds of cultivation, and above all : mandioca, I'orn,
ric(!, Ijcans, tobacco, sugar-cane and cotton.

'i'iic sugar-cane and cotton furnish the largest part of tlu' State
revenue.

'( The devclopnicni olColTee and wlicat cult i\ at ion, as well as the
extraction of i-ubl)cr I'rom the manicoba and mangalx'ii'a ti'ees, are
cxpontancous products of tlic soil, and w ill in the future be a rich
source of i)ul)lic wealth.

Tlic toi)ogr:i])liic:il position of the Stale, the large e\tcnsi(ui of
its clay pits and the lack of railways to connect Ihe agricultural I'c-
gion, favor a good deal, in spile of all the zeal of the fiscalisalion,
the exit of a great pari .d' the agricullui-al products of the State to

— 265 —

the iicigliboriiif;' ones, api)etii-in<;- in the exjx)!! statistics of the hitter
as production of their own. »

The railway of the State is called Esti-ada de Feri'o (Jondc d'Ku
with a capital of (i.OOOrOOOSOOO with a g-narantee of 7 "^1,, interest and
£ ()9.273 with a guarantee of 6 ^/o interest. This road connects Pai-a-
hyba with the neighboring- States.

The principal line, from Cabedello to Guarabira, is llii kilo-
metres and the branch that goes from Entroncamento to Pilar mea-
sures 25 kilometres.

It was rented by the goverment to the enterprizc who built and
inaugurated it in 1883.

This railway with its branches has the following extension of
trafic :

kilometres

Mninline (Parahyba lo Muluiigii) 76.000

Branch (Pilar to Iiidepeiidencia 47.000

Prolongation (Paraliyba to Cabedello) .... 18.000
Branch (Mulungii to Alagoa Grande) 24.000

Total. . . . le.'i.OOO

We said above that sugar-cane was the principal cultivation of
the Parahyba State. We liad better said it is the sugar-cane because
since colonial times they have never tried any other. When the Dutch
denominated this region Parahyba, they gave it as coat of arms
three Hiigav loaves. That w^as the idea of that talented Prince of
Nassau (whose beneficial dominion over that part of the country, it
is a pity, was not prolonged), wlio in that way wanted to express
the superiority of that product of Parahyba above all the other simi-
lar product all over the world. To-day, with its primitive processes,
with the humble large copj)er jjots it cannot prevent that even in
Brazil that superiority will go over to othei- States who have adopted
the modern manufacturing processes.

And its three-sii gar-loaves coat-of-arms signifies nothing else but
a beautiful historical allegoi\v.

Yet, even with the decadence of a great industry, Parahyba
succeeded in nine months, in 1903, to reach the following figures :

Exports l..-55.i:779S600

hnports 1.5.i7:76l.$09n

In proportion to the conditions of the State, the dairy industry,
in its different branches, is important, contributing with about one
third of the State revenue.

At intervals it is greatly diminished by the periodic dry seasons,
beginning a new and prospering period when the regular winters

— 266 —

appear lurnisliing with its abundant production tlie neighboring
State of Pernauibuco.

Tlie public instruction is administered by 102 classes with a
frequentation of l.UOO students.

There are also in the Capital : a Normal School whicli is devoted
to the training of teachers and the high school — Lyceu Parahybano
— having the same rights as the National Gymnasium by decree
2001 oT 1st. July, 1896. There are also the Model School and Marine
Apprentices schools as well as a Public Library.

The military force is constituted by a Safety Battalion with 200
men commanded by a Lieutenant-Colonel.

The telephonic and telegraphic nets connect with Mamanguape ,
Areia, Lerraria, Bananeiros, Alagoa Grande, Alagoa Nova and
Campina with an extension of 250 kilometres.

Other cities of the State. — Besides Parahyba there ai-e other
cities worth mention, though all of them are cities of third oi- fourth
order. As yet they are small nucleus, destined to api)car later on in
the list of the fine Brazilian cities, when the railway will afford
them the miraculous vitality of their services, bringing them nearer
the Capital, connecting them with the outside markets.
Here are some of those small cities :

Areia. — It is beautiful and well built, situated on one of Bor-
burcma hills, 25 leagues away from the Capital, 700 metres above
the sea level, a region with an European climate ; its streets are
paved, some of them inclined but very neat, buildings of modern
style, and pleasing aspect. It has a cathedral and another church, an
hospital, a theatre, a garden, a public square and the jail.

A i)art of the municii)ality is devoted to cattle raising, the other
to agriculture with fertile fields, irrigated by little rivers. It consti-
tutes the most powerful centre of sugar-cane cultivation in the
interior of the State, counting more than 80 sugar factories. Its prin-
cipal places are : Lagoa do Uemigio and Matta Limpa. In that city
were born Aurelio de Figueiredo and Pedro Americo, two notabili-
ties of the artistic w^orld.

Mamanguape. — A city, seven miles away Ironi the sea and 12
away from the Capital crossed by a little river where boats navigate.

It has two ciiui-ches, a jail, and some j)retty private houses. It has
a 'I'rcasiiry and Telegraph station. Its commerce is mainl\ with the
market of Keeil'e.

On the way from the C/aj)ital to MaMiangnape there an; vast tracts

— 2fi7 —

of man^abeiras , trees wliore rubber is extracted from. They say
there is a large ealcareons cave, wliich is one of the finest tilings
worth loolving at.

Tliere are many sugar factories and they cultivate grain, tobacco,
mandioca, and sugar-cane.

Itahayanna. — It is situated at the right of the Parahyba river,
15 leagues from the Capital and (>(i metres above the level of the sea.

It i)roduces corn, mandioca and cotton, they manufacture cheese
butter and prepare dried salted beef, which is sold principally in
the neighljoring State of Pernambuco.

Cajazkiras. — This city is situated 112 leagues at the west of
the Capital and has 9.000 inhabitants.

For its commercial activitj- and prosperity is considered one of
the principal cities of the State. Its soil is adapted to the cultivation
of grain, tobacco and specially cotton.

This Parahyba State has ten cities : Parahyba (capital), Maman-
guape , Guarabira, Itabayanna , Bananeiras , Campina Grande,
Areia, Pombal, Souza and Cajazeiras.

Tliere are thirty five municipalities : the Capital, Santa Rita,
Espirito Santo, Pedras de Fogo, Mamanguape, Guarabira, Pilar,
Areia, Serraria, Alagoa Grande, Itaba^'anna, Campina Grande,
Natuba, Ingd, Cuite , Araruna, Soledade, S. Joao, Cabaceiras,
Batalhao, Pombal, Catole do Rocha, Brejo da Cruz, Pianco, Con-
ceiccio, Miserieordia, Princeza, Patos, Santa Luzia do Sabugy,
Teixeira, Alagoa do Monteiro, Souza, S. Joao do Rio do Peixe,
Cajazeiras and S. Jose de Piranhas.

Sixteen districts : Capital, Mamanguape, Itabayanna, Guarabira,
Bananeiras, Areia, Campina Grande, Alagoa do Monteiro, Catole
do Rocha, Pombal, S. Jojio, Pianco, Patos, Souza, Borburema and
Princeza.

THE STATE OF PERNAMBUCO

The -Capital of Pernambuco about which we are going to write
noAv is one of the most important sea-shore cities. It is the fourth
as to its size, population and activity, of all Brazilian cities. Those
preceding it being Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Baliia.

There is a ridge running parallel to the cit^^ in the sea, in the
form of a majestic and solid reef and it was that what very properly

— 268 —

giiv(; il the name ol' Recite. The eeiisiis oi' I'.MIO gave it u popuhitioii
of ll;;. ()()() inliabitants.

Few fancies of the prodigious nature of Brazil are comparable
with the imposing and curious form of that platonic rock, placed as
a break-water, a long strong wall against which the waves with all
their furv doesn't succeed but in transforming in foam the water
stream, all that portion of sea beats against it.

What there is of artificial work in that break- water was the woi'k
of the Dutch, those celebrated collaborators of the sea, already
clever in the conquering science at that time. To crown their work
they placed at its extreme end, a few metres above the sea level, a

i{('ciri

Interior aiiclioi'anc and tlic iialniai reel'.

strong tower to be used as a light-house and which t-an be seen at
JO uiiles distance.

Seen from a great distance, the city seems buried in the water,
W(} might say it looks like a large, marshy village, half floating, half
sunk, whei'C we can discern the church lowers, thefactoi-y chiumeys
and th(i Xavy Var<l tower. It is that scene thai the gri'at Hra/.iliau
poet wauted to imi)ress in these verses :

Suloe .' term formosii, oh '. Pernumbiun,
Veiiezti iinii'iitiiiiii, IiiiiisjioiIikIii
Itoitmtr sohre us iiiftiiis .'

Mlail ! Iicaiitil'iil laiiil. oh ' I'l'i'iiaiiiliiii'd. Aniciirati Vcriirt', li'aiis|iiii'li'(l llnaliii^ cm llii

— 269 —

An impression of tlic first visit lo the city is expressed in llie iol-
lowing- paragrapli of a true observer :

« Those who on board of a transathmtic steamer, arrive Tor tlie
first time at Pernambuco have the impression that the city of Recife
raises itself from the sea growing larger and more beaiitilul at the
proportion we grow nearer.

This illusion, known by all those who have entered Recife In-
sea, though produced by an effect of oj^tics, is however based on a
true fact : the city of Recife, was, really in its greatest pari, con-
quered from the sea.

Those districts of the city full of movement, as the Recife (S. Frei
Pedro Goncalves), Santo Antonio and S. Jose, and a good part of
Boa- vista where places largely covered by marshy ground which the
high-tides fed and the human work conquered by means of quays
and filling in the ground, in order to architect the city of to-day
which is already a beautiful city, but has all the elements to become
still much nicer. »

So that the city area is nothing else but a series of small penin-
sulas and canals — happening that the oldest one of the districts, is
positively an island. All this, however, connected, embodied b\'
means of viaducts, built with more or less elegance over the mur-
muring, bright and reflecting rivers.

This peculiarity, proi^ortionating to the Recife, the most poetic
and unforeseen panoramas, was the cause of it having received the
popular name of Brazilian Venice.

Its geographical position, on the other hand, having impressed
on it an undisputable preeminence, assures for it also an auspicious
future, on the day that its port shall become a forced point for inter-
national navigation to touch on its w&y abi'oad as the shortest route
between the European Continent and Brazil.

Elisee Reclus, with all the weight of his authority said : « It is
one of the commercial emporiums which seem destined to a great
future. »

It is said that it was founded in 1536 by Duarte Coelho. Later
on in the seventeenth century it was embellished by Maurice of
Nassau, a Dutchman, who instituted it the seat of the Dutch do-
minion when they treated of the occupation of those conquerors in
Pernambuco.

Its port is then divided by the natural reef. The space between
this reef and the city is called Lingueta, and only ships of middle
draught can anchor there. The ships of deep draught remain beyond
the reef. That anchorage is not sheltered and they call it Lamariio.

— 270 —

When the government will realize any of tdie existing- projects,
(there is a French one, Foiunic and an English one, Hawkshawi, for
the improvement of the port, Recife will become a city of capital
imi)ortance, because, as E. Reclns said : « No point on the Brazilian
coast has more importance from a strategic point of view. It is
the advance point of the Republic and of all the Latin Ameiican Xcw
World, for that matter. It will not be long in the future, when ways
of direct communication will allow the line to the commerce to be-
come shorter and Pernambuco will be the most frequented i)ort of
all South America. »

r^x

- 4.'>> -f-aeuajfiia^»':-^.

liecil'c. — \ ii'w (li I'riiiH"

k" Mai'co sU'ccI

But we have said enough about the port. Our reader, to bo sure,
wants some notes on the city of to-day. ^\'c will please him. What is
there in Recife to-day?... Everything that goes to make a large ca-
pital : railways, tramways, hotels, theatres, arseiuils, superb chui--
ches, Academies, libraries, newsi)ai)('rs, clubs, factories, nici' resi-
dences, in all the islands and suburbs, a constant nu)\cuicnt in tlu'
streets, a joyful agitation of tlie active w<u-king i-lasscs, hcri' we
liave the Recife of to-day.

Let us see the princi])al sections of the city :

Tlic Recife pi-ospcrity, and that of Santo Antonio, from (lie purely

— 271 —

esthetic point of view are not up to tlie district of JJoa-\'istii, and tlic
new suburbs, lint, as in everything there is the hiw of compen-
sations, they have a constant animation and splendid l)usiness
liouses displaying- cliarniing- show-cases and windows. Tlie streest
are uneven, ({uite so. If we see some wide and stiaiglit streets as
Bariio de Victoi'ia, Imperatriz and a few others, which give a nice
impression to the visitor, we see many others narrow, tortuous,
regular lanes, lined with three and four story buildings, Portuguese

Recife. — Estacao da E. P. de Caruaru

Style with plain walls only disturbed in their simplicity by the mo-
dest veranunhs and windows. The monotony of the constructions in
these districts, are just like those of Baliia and Para, of all those
places where the commerce has Portuguese roots and virtues.

Just where we land, in the business district, is the building of
the Commercial Association. It is a fine building, though without
architectural style. It is situated in a place of the Lingueta which
was conquered from the sea, a stretch that is prolonged as quay
forming a pretty and pleasant boulevard. This building has two
floors, has a library, a reading room with newspapers and maga-

— 272 —

zines, which is iiiik'Ii lr('(nienle(l, und above these is tlie nu-ctiii^ hall
with the pictures ol' men, who have rendered services to tlie eoni-
inerce, hanoino- Irom the walls. A\'hen we were there the president
of the Association was Dr. Corbiniano da Fonseca Filho, an indus-
trial who has a large soap and caudle factory in the Blum district.

A little further ahead we see the pretty street called Cadeia which
prolonos itself over a bridge called Hecife, paved with stone blocks,
and wooden sidewalk on both sides; the centre for carriages and
trucks, the sidewalks for footpads. Two stone arches of peculiar
ornamentation give access to the extremities of this viaduct, one is
called Santo Antonio, the other Conceicao.

Following, always in straight line, another street of magnificent
perspective is seen. It is the Dois de Marco street, also lined with
large buildings two and three story high. The ground floors are oc-
cupied by stores, whose show windows and sigus of all colors and
dimentions lend to that artery of the city an European stamp.

Crossing this street perpendicularly runs Inipei'ador street, a
wide one ventilated by the fresh breeze with fine buildings on both
sides.

The aspect of that avenue is rigorously modern, not only by the
buildings but by the movement of people and vehicles of all kinds,
by its active commerce, by its brasseries filled with people, the
beautiful fashion establishments with the display of a world of fine
laces, feathers and other pretty futilities.

The i)retty street Barilo da Victoria, we referred to above has
also its C(mtinuation over a bridge, which is named Boa N'isfa, fi-om
which looking to the portions of the city on the river side we enjoy
a landscape that can't easily be forgotten.

Beautiful panoramas they are those we can contenipiate from
those bridges ! We see that the Capiberibe river returns as a new
looking-glass does, the image and the coloring of all the buildings
sto()[)ing over its Ijanks. The large buildings of the city, thanks to
the strange topographical arrangement of Kecife avc lining the
rivers.

One of them, which we visited only owing to that circumstance
was the House of Detention (the jail) l)iiilt liy the civil engineci-
Jose Manoel Alves Ferreira.

Leaving that section of the beautiful city lunning in another
direction we run accross a typical iron and glass l)iiil(ling. It is the
S. .lose Market. Twn enormous pa\ ilions with their icd roofs con-
nected by a centi-a! gallery. Inside, bathed by tlie irradiation of tiie
Kun, which jx-netrMtes by all sides, there mo\cs in all dii-ections like

— 273 —

busy bees a thick crowd of men and women, yoiino- and old, even
boys and girls, and the grain, the vegetables, the l)eantirul tropical
IVuit, everywhere, complete the picture of the large building, 'i'liere
is another market, superior to this oue in architectural style. It is
called the Derby.

*
* *

Now we are before a church. Let us look at it, dear reader.

It is one of the most beautiful in Brazil, though it is not so imjxjs-
ing and so large as Candelaria, in Eio de Janeiro is, nor of so
severe grandeur as the Collegio church of Bahia, nor of so elegant

Recife. — The market of Derby

architecture in its exterior as the Bello Horizonte and Curytiba
cathedrals, nor so majestic in its height as the Nossa Senhora das
Dores church of Porto Alegre, nor of so patient interior decoration
as the historical S. Francisco church of Bahia. It is, however, most
worthy of the fame it enjoys for its harmonious architectural style,
based on the corynthian order in which every part of the church is
moulded, from the simple front, in which predominates an Italian
taste, till the elegant dome of the spheric section, ending at the top
by an open lantern with a monumental image of Our Lady.

Another church of those 43 in the city, which pleased us a good
deal was the Boa Yista, unfortunately situated in a place that is not
favorable to its perspective. It has a stone front in two bodies, one
over the other, each one with its columns and two square towers

— 274 —

some 5<) metres high. The \vhole structure presents a noble appear-
anee with many ornamental accessories which do not diminish its
majestic aspect.

We will now write about the Santa Izabcl theatre which is one of
the fine buildings of the city, one of the best of Brazil, though of mo-
dest proportions. It is not as rich in its interior as the Manaos thea-
tre, and hasn't much less the architectural perfection in its exterior
that the Belem theatre has, yet, it is a most pretty building and well
worthy of the praises all visitors are i)rompt to make. The central

Ik'cife.

Suhiifl) i)f IJccilV :iiul Sctc (!<' Sctciiiliro Briilifi'

bod\- ol the buikliug in the form of parallelogram is somewhat impos-
ing on tlie outside, with two rows of windows having above them
two rows of windows, (like ships port-holes), remind one even of
a large ti-ansatlantic steannu*. Two different bodies complete the
whole, auuexed to the two snuiller angles, I he frout one being
decorated will) a portico and a terrace with columns.

II was liuilt l)y llie I'' rcncli architect L. N'authicr and inaugurated
on the ISth of May IS.")!), [devoured by a fire in Scplcinltcr ISti'.til was
re-ei'eclcd 1)\ a l)iiildcr .lose Auguslo dc Ai-anjo, under the direction
of the public works engineer I )r..losc Tibui-cio PiM'ciia do Magalh*ic>,
and it \Nas reopeiu'd on the jdlli of Dccemher ISTd.

— 275 —

In the rebuilding- the primitive plan of the building- was enlai-gcd
and has a sitting capacity for 1.000 persons.

There is in Recife another theatre, that of the Club Dramatico,
belonging to a private association, with a sitting ca])acity for 000.

In the same square where the Santa Isabel theatre is to be found,
there is the Governor's palace in the other angle. This palace is both
the State Government seatand the Governor's residence, and is shad-
ed by tall palm trees. As to its architecture this palace has nothing

Recife. — Nossa Seiihora da Penha church

worth while noting, it looks a little like the Pani State one, though not
so large and not so pretty. It has, how ever, an historical interest, as
it was erected on the foundations of the Prince of Nassau's palace. At
present, after successive reforms, it has the external appearance of an
old mansion residence of noble personages. It has two floors in three
of the angles of the building, in the fourth angle, at the rear there
are three floors and there is the Governor's residence. The front is
painted of dark red, with a triangle in the centre at the top and
faces the garden of the Republica Square.

This is the finest square of the city. Recife in this regard did

— 276 —

not keej) in pace witli its iniiiorttinee and grandeur. Tl has but few
squares, and those it has, liave (luite poor gardens. Von may run
througli the whole city and you w ill not find one of those pretty
parks as you find in Beleni, Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, perfum-
ing the atmosphere with the balsamic sweet scent of their flowers.

Another important building- is the Congress Palace, modern
style with a semi-spheric dome, the shade of wliicli pi'ojccts iisclf in
the looking glass of the river calm \>aters, as a large and trembling
image.

It is a fine building-, the foundation stone of which was plaeed on
the 2nd of December 1870, and was finished on the JOth of Januar\
1876, under the direction and according- to the plans of the civil
engineci- Dr. Jose Tiburcio Pereira de Magalhaes.

A little further ahead, also in the pi'etty street that lines the
river we see a large building-, the Crymnasium, possessing in its
large size what lacks in elegance.

At the end of the Imperador street is a white three stoiy high
mansion, of sober architecture — it is the Town Hall. — The muni-
cipality does not occupy the whole building. The second flooi- is the
public library which has nothing to do with the municipal service.

^\'e visited it with leisure and with all this patient crankness
that makes of us a library-maniac. Everything was in perfect order.
The books of which there are 20.000 volumes were in book-cases
with glass-doors, quite protected from the dust and leaning- against
the walls, according to the usages in olden times libraries. The
books were nicely kept. The catalogue is nicely ananged.

* *

M'ithout feeling it we started treating pul)lic instruction subjects
and as it desei'ves a separate chapter we now open it.

The ol(l(;st and most respected institution in this line is the Law
Co' lege. Not lia\ lug I hat famous I'cputalion I'oi- its glorious 1 radii ions,
nobody will say by looking at this establisliniciil , thai this l»uilding
is the nest and nursery whcM-efrom so many inlellectual eagles have
raised ils fliglil carrying the IxMicficial influx of tlicir know ledge to
(!very cornci- of I!ia/.il.

Tlie Alls and Trades Lyceum is a most sympathetic institute of
learning, ll owes ils existence to private initiative and ils expenses
:irc made li\ the piodiu-t of siibsci'ipl ions of |)ri\ale eoni liltnl ion>.
It IniN a liiiilding of its own, and a tine const rnci ion it is. wiili

classes where lan<;nu<>-es , sciences, arts and ti-ades, industrial
dra\vin<>- and other studies are taught free of charge both in day and
evening classes. We were there a couple oT hours examining some
curious anthropological, archeological and numisiuatic collections
which form its interesting museum.

This popular institute, based on the system of the establishments
of its kind in Rahia and Rio de Janeiro, was iounded by the u Socic-
dade dos Artistas Mechanicos e Liberaes », in the year l.SSl, the
State Government contributing with a yearly' subsidy.

The Ai-cheological Institute has a reputation wliicli has already
reached beyond the State] boundary limits, it has si)i-ea(l all over the

Kefife. — Loirislalivo ('.oii"ross and Gvniiia.simn biiildiiii's.

country. It is in a small building of a most peculiar architectui-e, in
which curve lines predominate, built at first for grammar schools
and later on reserved for this institution.

In the meetings Hall we saw a picture gallery with the portraits
of historical perscniages, and notabilities of the ex-province.

Charities Department. — The public buildings devoted to the
service of public aid in Pernambuco are worthy of note.

The D, Pedro II Hospital is the largest. It is a large three story
building — it is the citj^ hospital.

The foundation stone of the building was placed on the 25th of
March 1847 and before it was finished on the 10th of March 1861
began already' its charitable work of receiving patients to be treated.

It has nine wards for men and foui- for women, steam washing

— 278 —

machinery, a chapel, flower and vegetable gardens, observation
rooms for suspected diseases, livery stables, laboratories and every
department needed in an institute of its kind.

The Insane Asylum Ihouoh not as important as that of Para, or
that of Sao Paulo, is yet one of the best in the whole country.

The building is a modern one, situated at the Tamarindeira
Square, a most pleasant and healthy spot. It has four pavilions, the
central one being 1 15 metres awaj' from the ])ubli(' road, and is
occupied by the administration of the institution, measuring 30 m. 50
front by 22 m. 00 depth. The other two pavilions, are devoted to
the habitation of the insane, and have their fronts a little further
ahead than the central one and measure .'30 m. 50 front by 50 m. ()0
depth.

Recife. — Insane Asylum

'V\\(', nuiin front is of doric style and of Lisbon stone with a
stairway, a ])ortico and a garden in front.

When we visited this noted asylum in October 1002 there were
IJ insane i)atients from Pernambuco and neighboring States.

.Just as the Insane Asylum, the Pooi- House, known as the Asylo
de Mendicidade, is another document of the high interest that the
Government of Pernambuco takes in the public aid services of its
Capital.

Tli('r(; are yet in Recife the asylums and hospitals, Magalhiies
liastos, Lazaros, Santa Angela and othei's.

I'riM.K Instruction. — Incidentally we have already si)oken of
some public instinict ion establisliinents, as the (Jymnasium and the
I.yeeuni. We will now write about the grammar schools. The diffe-
rent nmnicipalil ies of rernainbueo sh;ii'e with the State (iovt'inmenl

— 279 —

llu^ cliarges of i)iil)lic ins! ruction. Just as it is done in lialiia, Miiias,
Sao Paulo, and other States.

The State maintains in its capital, Recife, 10 gi-annnar schools,
two in each ward — being- one for each sex.

The municipality in its turn supports 108 day schools and eight
night ones. There are also about 30 private schools.

Public schools in the State of Pekxambuco.

In the capital :

Day classes . . . . 108
Night classes ... 8
Private classes ... 30 140

In the interior 381

Total . . 527

There are, besides this, many private schools, both grammar and
high schools spread through the cities and villages of the interior.
The State government has also the Colonia Orphanologica Isabel,
(« Isabel )) orphanological colony), an important institute for orphan
children.

There are in Recife several libraries, the principal ones being :
a Bibliotheca do Estado ; Bibliotheca da Faculdade de Direito; Bi-
bliotheca do Gabinete Portuguez de Leitura ; Bibliotheca do Insti-
tuto Archeologico.

Nearly all the principal associations and learning institutions
maintain libraries of more or less importance.

The State Library has 30.000 volumes, the Gabinete Portuguez
one 20.000; the Faculdade de Direito one 10.000, and that of the
Archeological Institute 3.000 volumes.

As to secondary and superior instruction there are also the follow-
ing classes :

a Associacao dos Empregados do Commercio)) night classes of lan-
guages and other studies for book-keeping and commercial pursuits.

Normal College, — with a a four year course for teachers. There
is another school of this kind for the same purposes maintained by a
private association.

Engeneering College, founded by Dr. Barbosa Lima while Go-
vernor of the State, installed in a fine building, modern style, with
a physics and chemisti-y cabinet and laboratory.

We must not close the Pernambnco section without writing
about the magnificent press of its Capital. It is the State where
journalism is the strongest and most advanced. In the Capital alone
there are eight dailies, and some have won a reputation in all Bra-

— 280

zil, such as the Joinul do Recife published for the hist l."> yeai's; the
Dinrio dc PernnDibuco, i)ublisbed since 1825; the Pvovinvia; the
Estado; the Correio do Recife ; o Jornal Peqiieno, etc. In the interior
we rarely lind a city of some importance without a newspaper.

Indistuy ano (^OAr:\rERCE. — In spite of the largest part of l*er-
nambuco's activity and wealth being trained towards agricultural
industries, Just as it happens in nearly evcr^' State of Brazil, it would
be a mistake to imagine that there is not either in the Capital or in
other cities, an ever growing number of factories.

IU*cil(

(iniii|(rcssiiig colldii works dl \. Ncoscii rl (","

S])e;ikiiig oiil\- of important establishments there are in Ueeife
and siildiihs (lie following factories : :> shoe ones, (5 cotton mills, 1
oakum, '2i) cigars, 2 playing cards, 1 glassware, "J hats, 1 matches,
•J perfujiiei-y, 1 i)owd(n-, (i soap, 10 furnitui'e, ;{ oil, I candles, 'J glo-
ves, J bones coal, 7 ])icture fi-aines and looking glasses, 1 ice, 1 neck-
ties, 1 i)aste l)oard, 1 biscuits, 1 wire nails. 1 cement, I l)rick, ii to-
mato mass factories and 12 breweries and licpior distillers.

As to its lUider industry, the nninufacture of sugai-. (he State
not loud ago invested 1 1.000: ()ig;O00(^() to enlarge t lie instaUat ion of
some lactories and inlfodnce new ])i'ocesses in t he prei)ai'at ion of
sugar.

in the State of I'ernanibuco there, art' to-da\ .iS steam and

— 281 —

liydi'aulic suo;ir liU'tories, and l.iJOO suoar factoi-ics working- l,y tlu;
old processes, whieli give an avei^ige of l.",().0()0 tons of sugar eacli
crop.

Tlie total of the annual production of sugar-cane is estimated at
nearly 3.000.000 tons.

To-day none of the Brazilian States jjroduces bettei- (|ualiti('s of
sugar nor cheaper ones than ]*ernainl)uco.

On the other hand, its producing energy is astounding. The
following table of sugar export by the port of Recife serves as a
proof of the statements we made above.

Map of the sugar produced in Pernamuuco in 7 years 1894-1901 (in bags of 75 kilos)

MONTHS

1894-1895

1895-1896

1896-1897

1897-1898

1898-1899

1899-1900

1900-1901

September . .

.^4.5-20

13.542

19.090

12.285

13.87S

17.962

7.450

October . . .

2.51.042

78.258

104.200

117.445

146.546

1.53.711

92.2.50

November . .

40.5.485

2.58.784

2.59.481

279.944

293.432

511.549

276.6.53

December . .

440.128

249..550

266.166

291.129

272.211

554.667

286.842

January . . .

4!)i.4l6

547.6,59

285.737

206. 48 i

241.817

284.828

354.286

February .

.552.. •in2

.571.950

219.288

242.698

191.0.58

221.736

295.160

March . . .

.502.680

556.799

148.981

226.720

127.025

189.617

2^8.729

April. . . .

206.975

190.595

97.871

122.7.55

84.847

98.612

158.739

May ....

144.625

116.728

47. .599

116.415

60.672

67.1.57

121.2.53

.lune ....

86.9.56

75.975

24..521

.55.927

19.148

21.191

68.510

July ....

.59.510

55.. 542

11.118

19.565

7.297

6.983

47.806

August . . .

9.782

9.428

6.254

7.268

3.152

3.013

56.353

2.777.415

2.062. .568

1.488.106

1.758.421

1.461.980

1.712.826

1.974.013

It isn't sugar alone that appears in the list of Pernambuco
exports, there is also cotton, dried and salted skins, alcohol,
brandy, oils, caruaiiba, mamona (of which castor oil is made), and
rubber. All these articles are exported in smaller or larger quantities.

The production of cotton, for instance, which is the second arti-
cle in importance in the list as to quantity is quite large and the
table below representing the port of Recife exports of that article in
the decade 1891 to 1901 will give us an idea of it :

Years Bales

1891 a 1892 167.999

1892 a 1895 512.112

1895 a 1894 312.258

1894 a 1893 193.667

1895 a 1896 172.427

The importation commerce of Pernambuco is large, exceeds even

Years

Bales

1896 a 1897 . . .

. . 169.867

1897 a 1898 . . .

. . 240.572

1898 a 1899 . . .

. . 133.579

1899 a 1900 . . .

. . 289.826

1900 a 1901 . . .

. . 358.925

— 282 —

its exports, wiiat is easily explained because the ])ort of Recife is a
kind of intermediary of the imports of some of the small neighboring-
States.

In 1903 the international interchange of Pernambuco from
January to November was :

Exi.orts 2ri.998:571j

Imports ■ . 34. 194:821 SOOO

By the following list we will see that Pernambuco occupies a
prominent place, being second to none but Rio de Janeiro as to the
amount of its imports among the six States which import more than
thej' export. By the last official statistics data during the first nine
months of lUOl we see that those states imported :

Federal Capital ioG.?! l:8r3IS000

Pernambuco 54.I94:821S000

Kio Grande do Sill 20.1 98:2-268000

Maranhao 4.o29:.584S000

Parahjba 1.547:77 1 $000

Sergipe 5o0:GI9S000

The port of Recife is one of the principal ones of Brazil, as to
the entry and sailings movement in spite even of nothing having
been done materially to adapt this port to the requirements of
modern commerce. A committee of engineers which the Federal
Government maintains there, and installed to-day in the old Xavy
arsenal building, has made some dredging work in the })ort between
the Lingueta and the light house to clear up the channel.

*
* *

Police force, transportation, etc. — The police force of Per-
nambuco, which used to have 2.000 men, was lately reduced.

The map showing the expenses made with the State troops,
during the year 190;M'.K)1 go up to 852:300S550.

The above dncumcut was sent to the Slate; Congress by Di-. An
tonio (ioncalvcs l^'ei-reira, governor of tin; State, with a message t)f
wliicli \v(; extract(Hl the following paragraphs :

(( It is thus that by tlic proposed reform presented, the State
ti*oo])s will be reduced to l.:i();{ privates and 'My officers, distributed,
according to the tabh^ approved, by a regiment of infant ry and a
S(|ua(lr()U of caviilry, the former w itli I .'J II men and (he second with
."/.I privates under the general coniniand of a eolonel who will liaxc
full charge of the service. »

— 283 —

The city is crossed by the tracks of the « Companhia Ferro Carril
Pernambncana, » which inaugurated its service on the 21stor Septem-
ber 1871 with the Magdalena line. Then they started the AlTorgados
one, on the 20th of November of the same year, Santo Amaro, on the
14th of January, 1872, Capunga, (Muling in b^M-nandes Vieira, in the
beginning of the square in which they plan the construction of the
Aiiiorim i)ark, on 21st of September, 1872. The tramways are large,
in good conditions, comfortable, and the general service is good. In
lV)0;i this company carried 7.000.000 passengers in the different lines,
which run over a total of 2.5 kilometres.

Generally the tramway service is good though they adopt as yet
animal traction. It is noticed by the visitors why such a beautiful
and progressive city should not adopt electrical traction as nearly
all tlie important cities of Brazil are doing.

As to i-ailroads the State of Pernambuco has the following com-
panies :

Metres

Estrada de Ferro do Recife a S. Francisco 124.739

Estrada Sul de Pernambuco 19,i.908

Estrada de Ribeirao a Bonito 26

Estrada de Ferro de Cucaii 70

Estrada de Ferro Santos Dias —

Estrada de Ferro Central 178.900

Estrada de Ferro do Recife ao Limoeiro (main Hne) . . . 82.976

Estrada de Ferro de Carpina a Nazaretii (brancli) .... 15.069

Estrada de Ferro de Nazaretli ao Pilar (branch) .... 84.240

677.928

Besides these the State has other railways connecting the Capital
with the suburbs :

« Estrada de Ferro Trilhos Urbanos do Recife a Dois » with a
branch going to Varzea, the trains of which start from Republica
scpiare. The line until Apipucos was inaugurated on the 5th of January
186G. The branch that follows to Varzea separates itself from the
main line at the Entroncamento, crosses Capunga, goes over the
Lassarre bridge and thence through the new road near a place named
Zumby, following up to Caxanga.

From the entroncamento starts a new branch following by the
Arrayal, which connects again to the main line in Monteiro. This
railway belongs to an English Company : the Brazilian Street
Railway; its track is 1™20 wide and has 26 kilometres extension.

The (( Trilhos Urbanos do Recife a Olinda e Beberibe » Company
has its main station at Rua Yisconde do Rio Branco (Aurora) at
the South of Pedro II bridge. It is 12 kilometres long, its track is

— 284 —

r".>2 wide and belongs to a Brazilian eompany. The main station at
Rua Anroia was open to the public in ISTo.

For transportation and sea eoramunieations, Reeil'e supports a
coastwise navigation conipan}' (besides other enterprizes that call
there, belonging to o_ther States). It is the (cCorapanhiaPernambucana
de Navegacao a Vapors founded in 185.'{ which has eight steamers for
that service with 0.907 tons for cargo and accommodations for l.Kio
first and second class passengers.

Sundry notes ahout the city. — There are in Recife the follow-
ing banks with the following capital :

Banco de Pernambiico 8.0n0:000§000

Banco Popular l.-'iOmOOOitdOO

Banco Emissor 20.0nn.000.sn00

Banco Oedito Heal I.OOO:OiiOSOO()

The following banks have branch houses :

The London and Brazilian Bank Ltd.
The London and Kiver Philc Bank LicL

There is also an agency of the Banco de Republica do Brazil , of
Rio de Janeiro, and a new bank under the name of Banco do Recife
with a capital of 2.000:00()$000 has just been founded.

The city is illuminated by hydro-carbonic gas of which there is
an excellent factory and gasometre in S. .Jose ward. It receives its
water supi)ly through pipes and has a complete system of sewci'ag(\
It has ;m.5 sti-eets, 20 squares, 215 lanes and 07 alleys.

In January of 1902 the city of Recife and suburbs had 2<>.ll7
buildings, being 19.<S9.5 inhabited, 1(»9 under construction, and S;> in
ruins.

Of these buildings 1.092 didn't i)ay any taxation for the good
reason of having legal exemption from it.

Themunicii)al revenuecollected in 1902, amounted to 1 . 19,S:r)lS.i!9S."),
which after adding the balance left from tin; previous year went up

to i.20i.:m9$;{:{0.

The poi)ulation of the city has increased thus :

INK). . 2.").()()0 inhabitants.
IS 12. . 72.000 »

I.S72. . 97. .")()() ))

I.S90. . |-J'.i.07l inhal)ilaiits incliidiii-;- Oliiuh, Mild the otitci-
suburbs.

28.)

Other Citiks of Pkunambuco. — liesidcs Ilecile, one of the South
American jewels, tlie Pernambuco State lias within its limits some
very pretty cities, active nucleus of civilisati(m and progress, which
the net of railways is little by little unitin<;-, so that they become
homogeneous, let us put it that way, in the formaticm of that block
of national soul and conscience, which is so rarefied and so uncon-
scious once the sea-shore line is left to peneti-ate in the vast world
of the west — the interior.

Here are the names of those cities , whicli are spread here and
there, some connected by the railway, others that will be so in some
future date :

Bczerros at the right of the Ipojuca river, at the North, near Serra
Negra; Bom Jardiin, in a beautiful position at the right of the Tra-
cnnhaem river, near the State of Parahyba do Xorte ; Brcjo (hi
Madre de Dens, situated in a valley and just from this very circum-
stance its name originates. The valley is formed by the Prata and
Estrago hills. This city formerly was nothing but a large farm be-
longing to the convent de S. Philippe Nery in Recife. Cnbo is another
city at the right of Pirapama, crossed by the E. de E. do Recife a
S. Erancisco railway ; Cariiam is in slightly inclined but healthy
and dry ground, bathed by the Ipojuca river, and placed at its left.
That river is cpiite strong in winter; E scad a, alao at the left of
the Ipojuca river, high ground, many inhabitants, well mounted
sugar factories and a railway station of the E. de E. do Recife ao
S. Erancisco company, bathed by the Salgado and Goyta rivers
which run near by; Garanhiins, in the centre of a hill top near the
source of the Mundahii river ; Gloria de Goyta near the city of Pao
d'Alho bathed by a little river of the same name, with sugar factories ;
Goyanna between the rivers Tracunhaem and Capiberibe-mirim.
24 kilometres from the coast with sugar-cane, coffee and tobacco
agriculture; Gravata at the right of the Ipojuca river; Itambe at the
extreme end of the State in front of the Pedras de Eogo village, well
populated, with a magnificent climate and fertile ground; Jaboatao,
at 18 kilometres west of the Capital, with a good climate, bathed by
the river of the same name, connected with Recife by the E. de E. de
Caruaru'; Limoeiro, at the left of Capiberibe river, it is a beautiful
plain; Nazareth , w^ith 4.000 inhabitants at the right of the Tracun-
haem river, in high ground, rocky and uneven connected with
Recife by the E. de E. do Recife ao Limoeiro by the branch of its
name ; Olinda, only (3 kilometres away from Recife, built on a hill
bathed in the South bv the Beberibe river, in the Xorth by the Doce

— 286 —

river, in the East by the ocean, (It was formerly the capital of Pcr-
nambnco, then one of the most oi)ulent and rich cities of Brazil) On the
23rd of November, 18;31 the Dutch set fire to it. Among its build-
ings worth while noting is : the Church (Se) ; the Seminary, an old
college that belonged formerly to the Jesuits, the S. Francisco and
Sao Bento convents well preserved; the Carrao convent in ruins, the
Nuns Home; the terminal station of the E. de F. de Olinda, a large
building where in olden times were sheltered the soldiers. It was the
artillery barracks and to-daj'^ was reconstructed by the railway
com])any. The City Hall bnilding; the market; the S. Pcdio Martyi-,
the S. Pedro Novo, the Amparo, the S. Joao, the Misericordia, the
Milagres and other churches. Olinda's water supply is furnished by
the Santa Thereza Company, the water coming through ])ipcs from
the Boberibe river. In the Varadouro there is a pretty bridge.
Palnuires, at the left of the Una river, in the K. de F. do Recife ao
S. Francisco; Pcsqueira, at the bottom, of the west side of Araruba
hill where the Panema or Ii)anema river begins; Rio Forinoso, at
the right of the river of the same name, near the sea coast, with
8.000 inhabitants became celebrated in the days of struggle with
the Dutch; Taqiiar('tin<>H, elevated to the rank of a city in
1887; Timbaubii, but at a short distance from Pernambuco boundary
line, separating it from Parahyba; Triumpho in the Baixa Verde
mountain, cultivating largely coffee; Victoria, crossed by Natuba, a
little river, situated at the left of the Tapocara river, in the F. dc F.
do Recife a Caruaru , it was formerly the Santo Antao village.
liarrciros, crossed by the Una and Cariman rivers, near the State of
Alagoas; Scrinhacni, built on a hill at the right of the river of the
same name; Bonito, at the left of the Madre de Deus river; A^ua
Preta, at the left of Una river; Petrolina, on the banks of the
S, Francisco river , and in front of ,Ioa/.eiro, in Bahia ; .Sa/^'v/c/zv)
and Bom Conselho, at the bottom of Taboleiro hill, at the right of
the Lava-pes little river, which divides it into two districts, connect-
ed by two wooden bridges : Gamelleira, bathed by the Serinhfu in
river.

We persist in our opinion that this part of Brazilian fatherland
will play a most important role in the progress and civilisation of
the country. When we visited it, (hough wc heard repeated com-
plaints against the dull business, against such or such stal)ility of
local progress, we were convinced that wc can trust decidedly and
confidentiall.x in the future of Pernambuco, without iucinring in tin'
error of being oi)timist. Its principal cultivation, the sugarcane, is
not threatening it, as the impatient ones i-ry. rcrnambuco has a

— 287 —

sure market in the IH or IS million consumers right in the coiinti'v.
It suffices to close Brazilian markets to the alcohol, hrandy and
sugar imported from foreign countries, to amplify by industrial ap-
plications the use of the alcohol and the crisis of the State agricul-
ture will be fought. To be sure that all must be preceded l)y
the radical remodellati(m of the cultivation and manufacturing ])i'o-
cesscs. Those l.HOO sugar plantations where sugar is nuinu fact u red
by the old processes of large copper pans, have to be transformed
into modern factories, or disappear from the regions where these
new processes begin to be adopted.

The agricultural evolution will have to accompany inevitably the
general evolution.

But what assures firmly the future of Pernambuco is its magni-
ficent maritime situation between the two worlds, lucky position,
nothing lacking to it, not even the proximity of good anchorage to
help the access to the Recife one.

In fact, among other bays which make the coast navigation so
easy, we will cite the port of Tamandare , 120 kilometres south of
the Capital, which is reputed one of the best, if not the best of the
whole State. It is formed by a large baj'^ in the coast, between the
bars of the Una and Formoso rivers, closed in the front by the reef.
It has an easy entrance, a good anchorage with deep waters and
sheltered from storms.

The Federal Government instalJed there a (juarantinc station,
modern style, of which the building nicely painted and clean we had
to observe, even if against our wishes. The steamer in which we tra-
velled going to Rio, called at Recife at a time when the}' reported
the existence of the plague there. The steamer was sent to Taman-
dare for disinfections and other annoyances, with whicli they perform
all over the world the comedy of the official prophylatic theories.
We gained by the visit. We got acquainted with one of the most
beautiful anchorage places of Brazil.

THE STATES OF ALAGOAS AND SERGIPE

From Bahia to Maceio there are only 240 miles, and besides the
traveller will have always in sight the low lands of the sea-coast,
graceful in its curves, a little sandy, here and there, but fertile in
the largest part of its extension , and always dressed by the woods

— 288 —

in which predominates tlie crown oi' the palm-trees, cocoa-nut trees
in ondulating cultivations that have miles and miles of extension.

The first time we reached the port of Maceio, was on a June
morning- fresh and sweet, the diaphanous atiiiosphere left before our
eyes the vision of an infinite field. At the left of those which from the

*B8

M;ic('i(

Til.-;

-lll-liniis»i

sea look to the city, are awfully long plantations of cocoa-nut trees.
The sann^ moving bottom, is like a frame to the white l)uildings
affording a joyful and pleasant panoi-ama.

The liiiildings are spread penetrating tlie green liioek and seem
to be advancing in two dislini't columns, one low down lining thi'
shore, the otliei- going u|» the hill, a i)ict urescpie and reddish hill, not

— 289 —

vor\' lii^li luiil which serves as basis lor the liglil-lionse. Several
church-towers appear above tlie thick body ol" tlie l)niklingK h)oking-
for a superior atmosphere, spotting- the screnily of (h(i sky transpa-
rent blue. Towards the North and Xorth-east picturesque houses and
hamlets of humble i)eople are lining the roads always gi-een with (he
cocoa-nut trees till about a league's distance.

When the steamer anchors, an enormous quantity of boats gather
around i( , the boatmen shouting to offer transportation making a
tremendous noise. In ten minutes everything is done and we are
walking over the wooden bridges to enter the city. The landing
place is a sea-shore called Jaragua, filled with small houses without
any importance and large commercial houses, storage rooms, docks
and warehouses and navigation companies agencies. A tramway
takes the visitor to the centre of the city, passing by the Universal
hotel, a small hotel at the left, and a large building, painted in rose
color, at the right, a little above, this is the building where the
State Government was for along time. After this we see commercial
streets, squares, all filled of passing crowds of workmen, who consti-
tute the main local activity.

One of the peculiarities of Maceio is its light-house, erected in the
centre of the buildings. All the other light-houses are surrounded
by waves, this one is surrounded by houses.

The city has some 37.000 inhabitants, four newspapers, several
clubs , associations , etc. There are also factories, banks and elec-
trical illumination.

The general appearance of Maceio is pleasant. Elisee Reclus
found it so, and said : « it is a most graceful city. » In fact there is
nothing more picturesque than its agglomeration of white houses,
framed inside the greenish cocoa nut trees and resting by the bright
green looking-glass of its bay when the south winds don't revolt this
one into brave waves. The city has progressed considerably in the
last ten j'ears.

They inaugurated the electrical illumination and erected fine
buildings, both public and private. We will cite the Government's
palace , inaugurated in 1903, a large building of solid construction,
two pavillions of Italian style.

The Casa de Detencao, (house of detention or jail) is another
large and good public building of Maceio. It has a large central body
with three floors and two side galleries with lots of square windows.

— 290 —

The railway station always lull of life and in a central locality is

also interesting.

The church, a large building with two towers at the sides, ol
sober style, faces a public square with palm trees and other kinds
Nvith a modest religious monument erected in the centre.

iMaccio. — The <'.:illic(lr;il

The ^^rcasm-y is one of the prettiest buildings in Maceio. U is
(luite large, with three floors, based on a parallelogram , kept very
clean and sun-ounded by a pretty ircm railing.

Tlie h.iihlingoftlieuAssociacaodos Kmpregados do t\.mmercio »
is also a three floor house, but it has not, however, the app.Mrance
of the other building, being only noted because of its si/e.

— 291 —

There are some pretty and live streets, as Una do Coinmcrcio,
Rua Uireita (straight street), whieli is somewhat curved and even
tortuous, Rua Augusta, Rua Marecluil Floriano , wide and straight,
Rua Xova and others.

We didn't see any large square with garden as we see further at
tlie Xorth.

There was a large square, centrally located that could be trans-
formed in a public garden, but was spoilt by erecting there a large
building for a theatre, as they told us, and which can be seen j'et
there in the middle of the square unfinished and grim looking, wait-
ing for some clever mayor who will level the ground anew, deliver-
ing that square to its natural function becoming a fresh breather in
the middle of the citv.

Railways and navigation. — There are two railway' enterprizes
in this State : A Estrada de Ferro Piranhas a Jatoba, with 110 kilo-
metres both the terminal places being on the banks of the S. Fran-
cisco river.

This railway connects two stretches of navigable rivers which
are disconnected by the celebrated Paulo Alfonso falls.

The Estrada de Ferro Central de Alagoas, running from Maceio
to TTniao, with 88 kilometres and a branch to Vicosa city with 67
kilometres.

They are building a line from Uniao to Paquevira uniting this
road with the Estrada de Ferro Sul de Pernambuco.

There are also under study the following railways : Estrada de
Ferro de Maceio a Leopoldina; Estrada de Ferro de Maceio a Paulo
Affonso.

The financial movement of the branch only of the Central de
Alagoas railw^ay in the five years 1897 till 1001 was :

VKAUS

REVENLE

EXPENSES ! BALANCE

1897

1898

1899 .-..•.

1900

1901

I90:699S080
28l:22(5§7(jn
240:740Si.->n
28l:l21S5oO
506:1 27$ loO ,

I67:4()0§4I2 | 25:28980(58
2I8:(J05$740 62:625S014
180:527S988 ()0.il2Si42
20o:in9SI55 7:i:7l2.S247
249:960S556 oG:166S8l4

The revenue of the whole road in 1003 was of about 000:O0OS000
and the expense 720:000§000.

— 292 —

Besides, the State is crossed liy a lot of wagon roads and country
roads, in its majority badly kept.

In those roads the transjjortation is niado in waj^ons di-iven by
oxen, and on horseback, just as generally hajjpens in all the interior
of Brazil.

As to the water communications the State is quite far from the
progress it ought to have because .of its geographical configuration
and extensive fluvial and marine coasts. The coastwise navigation^
is supi)orted mainly by the steamers of the Hahiana Company. Lloyd

Macoio : do Cuinincrcio slroet

HraziliMro and Pernainbucana Company, besides several small boats
going u\) the S. Francisco river till the city of T*encdo.

On that rivei- is a line of steamers running between Pcnedo city
and the village of I'iranlias, and a section of the Coni])anliia Ter-
nanibueana is unchn- work.

On the Manguaba lake there is navigation l»et\\een the Capital and
the city of Pilar, the steamers I'unning there Ixdong to the .> Coiu-
l)anhia de Navega<;ao das Lagoas » with main office at Maccio.

'I'liey are small jjaddli^ steamei's. of 1(H) to ITiO tons like those
navigating between Ignape and the small fluvial cities of Sao Taulo.

— 293 —

Tlie port of the Ciipital, is visited by lar^e ear^o-boals, l)()lli F>ra-
/ilian and European. Seldom a Nvcck ^oes 1).\- wiilioiit al least a
iH)ui)lc of steamers calling- there.

Co:mmerce and industries. — While as lo its size this is one of
the smallest, being, as it is, the 17tli. On flic list of the 20 States, Ala-
goas can speak with piide of its pi'oduction and coinmcrcial aclivity.

Maceio. — Principal railway station

Its main industry is the sugar-cane cultivation and sugar manufac-
ture. Once known the actual crises in which this product has hardly
any value we can imagine that the State's Treasury is not becoming
overrich with its main source of revenue, neither the commerce and
industries of the country must feel very happy.

Yet, work goes on Just the same, the factories whistles continue
to be heard, the factory machinery makes the usual noise, and the
industrious population keep on developing their activity.

Tli(;re are in the State seven cotton mills all of them are moved by
steam, three vegetable oil, eight cigar, several leather tanning, some

— 294 —

paper, soap, cordials, vinegar, shoes, brick, rice, lime factories
besides 838 sugar making establishments by old processes.

There are several modern sugar factories as that of Mr. Van-
desmet, that of the Brothers Leao, in Utinga.

The State has 18 cities, 15 villages distributed among 33 munici-
palities. Of these cities we must mention Penedo which has a fluvial
port, a most important one over tlie S. Francisco river of which it
is the emporium. Unfortunately it can't harbor but middle draught
ships. The small boats of five States, Minas, Bahia, Poriianibnco,
Sergipe and Alagoas come there with their loads of cotton, sugar,
leather, lumber, etc.

Further on we will give some notes about the different cities of
Alagoas.

The production and commerce of those 18 cities and their respec-
tive municipalities have developed a good deal these last few years,
in spite of the low prices of their main merchandise — the sugar —
and the fact of its agriculture being led, by old processes, by routine.

Yet in the first six months of 1901, they exported 17.556.41)3 kilos
of sugar 1.384.050 kilos of cotton. The total value of their commerce
through the two ports of Maceio and Penedo was in nine months of

that year :

Exports 8..^29.8o8S900

Imports 5.2l9.o35S330

After the Parana and Amazonas States , Alagoas is the one of
most recent organisation as to autonomic political personality, as
the old capilania only was taken away from the Pcrnambuco pro-
vince on the Kith of September 1817 and by the declaration of inde-
jjendance on the 7th of September 1822 it was also considered a
province; of the empire.

W'itli the transition from tlu; (nnpirc into the republic in l>ra/il,
on the 15th of November 189U, the old province took the denomina-
tion of a State on the 11th of June 18U1 cmcc promulgated the State
constitution and definitively constituted the autonomous State on
the 1st of .July 1892, during the administration of the (iovci-nor.
Major (iabino liesouro.

TIk' area of the State is estimated at 28.5()() sepuxrc kilometres,
having tlic foim of a rectangle, the })riucipal sidi' of whicli is in the
month of the S. I-'i-ancisco rivci-.

()ii the Athiutic its sea-shore has an extension of 2('il kihmictn's,

\\\ its area wv. see it is one of the smalh'st Hraziliaii Slates, vet is
larger liiaii many I'lupopcau intlfiiciidcnl count liis. I n conscMinrnff
of its g('o;j,ra|)hical position it lias no vitv long inlcfioi' tci'rilory.

— 295 —

and that way, even from the farthest away points of its boundary
lines with Pernambuco State,, we can go to a port on tlie S. Fran-
cisco river, or on the sea-coast with a run ol" 32 leagues or 102 kilo-
metres, maximum.

The population of the State, according to the census taken on the
31st of December 1<)00, was (>H).273, being 31<J. 137 males and

333.000 females.

* *

Maceio. — Tlie Marlyis Square

Other cities of Alagoas. — After Maceio, the most important
city of the Alagoas State, is Penedo , built on the banks of the S.
Francisco river. It is in a very favorable position for its develop-
ment. It was elevated to the class of village on the 23rd of April 1636,
with the denomination of S. Francisco and to the class of city by
the provincial law, decree n° 3 on the 18th of April 1812. It compri-
ses the districts of Penedo, Mucambo , and Salome, parish of Nossa
Senhora do Rosario do Penedo, created by provincial law , decree
n° 7, on the 23rd April 1842. Its population is 18.421 inhabitants.

The Federal Government has there a Custom House. Its princi-
pal export product is sugar. It has three newspaj)ers : A Fe Christa,

— 296 —

catholic weekly ; O Siil dc .1/agoa.s, a commercial newspaper ; and
O Trabalho wliicli is the i)aper with the largest circulation in the
State, devoted to the interestol" the ajj'ricultural classes as well as
commercial and industrial ones.

The city of T?ene(lo is illuminated with kerosene oil, but there is a
project to substitute that system by electricity. It has 1.U12 houses.

Ai.AGOAs, — Tt is not of the cities of largest i)opulation. It has
only l,").;!;)*) inhal)itants as per the census taken in lOOU, but it is
ahead of the others by its wealth and production, consisting mainly of
sugar, manufactured in 20 factories, grain plantations, and an ex-
traordinary production of fruit. Its commerce is rather small and its
industry of little account, excepting fishing which is largely can-ied
on on the lake. Coffee is cultivated there in small scale.

Atalaia. ^— Is quite an old city created between 17H2 and 17(i5.
Formerly it had the denomination of Arraial dos Palmai-es.

It comprises the districts of Atalaia, Ingazeira, Sapucaia, and
Fazenda da Poranga, parish of Nossa Senhora das Brotas da Ata-
laia. Poijulation (of the municipium) 28.420 inhabitants, being 12.8»)2
males and 14.150 females. Their elements to earn a living are varied
and the city seems to have entered a new life, with the im})ulse it
received after the building of the railway branch line connecting it
with Vi^osa.

Sugar and cotton are the main sources of wealth, not speaking of
the enormous production of grain.

There are in the municipium 157 farms where they manufacture
sugar. Many are partly in the municipium of Paraliyba , lately
created. There are also important sugar factories, one of them worth
more than 1.000:000$00 belonging to F. et G. Vandesmet. They also
devote themselves to cattle raising.

Camauagihk. — Or Passo de Camaragibe, was denominated vil-
lage in June 1852 and city by i)rovincial law n". 842 on the 14 th
of June 1880. It comprises the districts of Camaragibe, Matriz de
Camaragibe and Soledade, parish of Xossa Senhora da Conccicao
do Passo de Canuiragibe, created by a law, decree n". 117, on the
Uth of .June bSttl. Its population is 22. ('»<)(') inhabitants.

h is an industrious population and the Passo de Camaragibe is
quite an active; place. There are 51 sugar manufacturing places,
which shows that the sugar-cane agriculture is the largest resource
of th(; locality. After it is tlu; cotton, numdioca, beans, .corn, i-icc
and cocoa-niils, the latlcr foi-iniiig hcautiful forests on the sea shore.
The (!xpoi4s arc, vegetables, building lumber, iiiainlainiug in good
footing its internal eoinnu'rce.

— 297 —

MARA(J()(iY. — FoniHM-ly callctl ( Jiiiiiclla, when il was paiM ol'
the Poi'to Calvo imiiiic'ij)iuni. It was ranked as a village by pi'oviii-
eial law ii". 081 on the 21th oi" April 1<S75 with the name of Isal)el. ll
was installed on the :2nd ol" Deeembcr of the same year, Tlien was
denominated Maragogy by provincial law n", 7;>.'5, on the; .'!rd or.Iiinc
1<S87. It comprises the districts of Maragogy , Hara (Jraiide, parish
Sao IJento dc jNIaragogy created by i)rovincial law in Ai)ril IS.").",.
This city is the seat of an essential agriciddiral iiHinicipiuin, having
lo sugar factories. There are large fruit and vegetables [)lantations,
and extensive i)lantations of cocoa-nut trc(^s. It has a regular coni-
niercc, and its industiy limits itself to fishing and numufactui'ing
sti'aw hats.

PAL^rEiitA, — Installed by law n". 27 on the 12th of Marcdi \H:>H.
Suppressed by law n". 43 on the 4tli of May 1845, and restaured by
law n". 200 on the 2ord of June 1853. It became a city by law n".
1007 on the 20th of August 1880. It comprises the districts of Pal-
meira, Olhos d'Agua do Accyoli, Santa Cruz, Cabeceiros and (.'al-
deiroes, parish Nossa Senhora do Amparo da Palmeiro dos Indios,
created in 1798. Population 15.010 inhabitants. The resources of this
city and its municipium consists in cattle raising, its commerce,
which is s(>mewhat developed and its agriculture, producing large
quantities of cotton, as well as sugar manufactured in 10 farm-
houses, corn, beans and other vegetables. Its industry has only a few
factories to shell cotton, tan skins and prepare salt and lime.

S. Braz. — Village by provincial lawn". 1.050 on 28th of June
1880. Separated from the Porto Real do Collegio. It comprises the
districts Braz and Lagoa Comprida, parish S. Braz, created by
provincial law n". 702 on the lOtli May 1875. Population, 0.373 inha-
bitants. It lias considerable cultivation of cotton with factories to
shell it and pack it in bales. It has also rice, maraona and corn
plantations.

This city raises and exports cattle, has factories to tan skins as
well as soap factories.

Santa LrziA. — A pretty small city, an industrial one, with
15.000 inhabitants. Its municipium comprises 57 sugar factories, and
that is its largest revenue. It has two cotton mills well mounted in
Fernao-Yelho and Caclioeira, and one brick and tiles factory in
Satuba.

There are two other cotton mills under construction, one annexed
to the Cachoeira one, and the other in Rio Largo, between that place
and the branch line of the city of Vicosa.

The Cachoeira cotton mill, says a newspaper, distributed in 1893

— 298 —

over 40 "/,, dividend to its stock-holders. Business in tliis district is
becoming- prosperous, with the impulse received by the railway
(c Uniiio )) and that branch that crosses the same raunicipium.

Uniao. — ^^'as forniei'ly called Santa Maria, It is the head of a
fertile municipiuni, the principal wealth of which lies in the large
cotton plantations as well as those of niandioca, corn, beans and
other vegetables all of which give life to its commerce already im-
proved by the impulse it received with the A lagans Ruilwuy, which
connects it with the Capital and soon will be the terminus of the
Sul de Pernambuco railway branch, starting from Paquevira. It

I'ilar. — View o)' oiio of llio |iriiici|i;il streets

exports besides the above mentioned articles, the sugar manufactur-
ed in seven factories, the tobacco in strings, leather, skins, brandy,
cattle, pigs, etc.

This city has a factory for the extraction of the mamona oil, cot-
ton shelling, sawing lumber, preparation of mandioca fh)ur and
other works,

Tkaiim. — It is a pretty city with from 1'.'. (>(»<) to -JO.OOO iiiliahi-
tants. It is the seat of an inipctrtant municipiuni of which the i)riiici-
pal source of wealth is the cattle raising. It cultivates cotton and
graiu aiul has several factories to shell cotton.

Its coiuMU'.rcc is somewhat active and the dried salted hccf pic-
j)arcd there is (exported in (|uilc hirge (luaiitities.

— 299 —

Traipu while village was called I'orlo da l-'ollia, l)y a pioN iiicial
law of April 1835, installed on the 'iiid of August l<S;>S. It bccaiiic
Traijiu by i^rovincial law n". oKi on the .'{Oth of April ISTO.

Pilar. — AVith this name was installed in March 1<S72 the city,
seat of a most industrial municipium, the elements of wealth of
which, are varied and abundant. The principal one is the sugar ma-
nufactured in 27 factories. Cattle raising, however is (juite limited.
Its commerce is prosperous and the manufacturing industry has

I'ilar. — Coinmercio Street

grown considerably. It has four brandy distilling factories, one
working by steam and in a large scale, two cigar factories, one
cotton mill, tw^o shoe factories, and many others.

Population, 15.313 inhabitants. In Pilar they publish an instruc-
tive news magazine, the organ of the « Sociedade Fraternal dos
Caixeiros do Pilar », under the title of Vinte de Jiilho.

Porto Calvo. — This city has a relatively large population,
having 30.000 inhabitants. Its largest resource is sugar manufactur-
ed in 64 factories. Cattle raising is not done in a large scale. Its
commerce also could very well have a good deal more life, if the
natural resources this part of the State disposes of were better
taken care of. Its industry also is not much developed.

8. Luiz DO QuiTUNDE. — A pretty city with 18.26(3 inhabitants.

The municipium has 78 sugar factories. They also export lum-

— 300 —

ber, cotton ami otlici- products, ainoii^ wliicli are cocoa-nuts, in larj^e
(jiiantitics. It lias several alcohol and brandy distilling places, and
lor a larger develoi)ment in this line, a factory is going to be esta-
blished with a capital of 400 centos. They manufacture also bricks,
tiles, etc.

S. MiuuEL ni-: Campos, — This city \vith its munici])iuni has
2U.o2(i inhabitants. 17 sugar mills, and i)roduces in a large scale cot-
ton and many kinds of vegetables, which it expoits as well as it does

I'liiilu-AH'dnsu falls, view ut llic [iriiiciiial \NaU'r-juin|i

leather, skins and salt. There is hardly any industry , very little
cattle raised. It is, however, about to inaugurate a large sugar
factoi\v moved by steam.

There are still other villages worthy of nu'utiou, as Campos.
S. Luiz de Quitunde, Liiuoeii-o, Triumpho, Santa Lu/ia do N(»rte,
raiahyl)a, S. .lose dc Lage, Anadia, Cururipe, Helmonte, etc.

*
* *

We will not close tills chapter without speaking of Paulo Affon-
so, the celciti-atcd falls. Two collossal watei- falls, shake the elei-ual
silence of the woods, one at the North, the otiier at tlie Soutli. Tlu'

— 301 —

hitt(M" is the Snllo dus Sole Qncdiis Miimi) of the; S(!V(!ii I'^ills), al)()iii
whit'li \vc will speak later on when we shall write about the Parana
State, the former, is the Paulo ATfonso fall in the S. Franciseo
river, and just in the boundary line of the Alagoas State.

The S. Franciseo river, runniuj; with a speed of about a foot and
a half a second, coming suddenly across a uiountain of basalts, in its
violent stream, throws itself up, and pi-ecipitates itself down the
rocks into the waters 150 feet below. <c The principal water jump, »
says a Brazilian writer, « falls down forming a curve, at half way
from the stone canal through which tlie waters run, impels the
(iirrent north-ward against the waters on the other side of the
stream, mixing, or as we might say, crushing themselves. When
they meet each other we do not see the volume of (lie water in mass,
we see but foam, steam, a fog, and in a dreadful jump, those revol-
ting waters, all crushed into a fine spray fall into the abyss.

This fall is 15 to 18 metres wide and passing through such a
narrow channel becomes noted because of the impetuous violence of
its current.

THE STATE OF SERGIPE

Seigipe is the smallest of Brazilian States, its area being only
39.090 square kilometres. Yet, what it has less in territory, compar-
ed with the other 19 States of the Brazilian union it has more in
densitj^ of population. Even the total figures of population — 356.2(34
inhabitants — is superior to those of Espirito Santo, 209.783; Santa
Catharina, 283.769; Piauhy, 334.328; Goyaz, 255.395; Amazon,
249.756; and Matto Grosso, 118.025.

How many powerful people would dare to engage themselves in
conquest war, to round the figures of its territory to those 39.090
kilometres of the State of Sergipe !

Be as it may, the old province has to-day just as its sister States,
perfect autonomy a political organisation identical to those of the
most advanced and powerful States of the Republic.

Sergipe has progressed industriously and usefully, sufficing to
say — and for that there is nothing like figures — that, only in 1903,
the production exported to the other Brazilian ports and Europe
went up to 70.000:000^000.

We also verified that Sergipe excelled many of the other States
with its commerce.

— 802 —

Its capital, Aracaju, is a t-itv witli l*(>.()(H) inliabitants, but it is not
very accessible because of the Cotinguiba bar. Were it favorably
situated, by some large aud deep river, as Rio de Janeiro, Bahia,
Recife, Belem, or even Maceio, we can well imagine what propor-
tions of growtli it would take among the other Brazilian capitals.

Even the way it is, almost hidden, without a fre(|uent and rapid
navigation service, Aracaju is gi-owing. 'i'\v(;lve years ago it had a
dreadful aspect, to-day it is a pleasure to i)ay it a visit : the number

Aracajii. — A part of llic laii(lii)g-|pl:ice

of l)iiil(liiigs increases, new and i)rctty ones arc goiiii;- up c\cry
<lay, and the area of the city keeps on extending itself doiuinating
the small farms and uncultivated fields of the suburbs. It was only
in lUOl that the street paving work began, thanks to the energy of
the i)atriotic (Jovcrnor, Olympio de C'ampos.

When the visitor (mters Aracajii thinking he is going to see a
city in a stat(^ of decadence, he finds himself agreeably surpri/.ed
with the geiieial aspect of that Capital, its commerce, that life pecu-
liar to :i i)laee growing up and destined to become great in liie fiilure.

Among odiei- streets, all of which run straight , l)roatl and par-
ralh'l , (lie lolictwing cause a splendid impression : Laranj«'iras ,

— 303 —

Aurora, S. Christoviio, Japaratuba and Itaporaiiga, quite long ones
offering a pretty perspective.

Among the pubic squares are noted by its size, the one where the
Matriz clinrcli is and the Palacio square, wliicli luis not as yet any
garden, but embellislied witli imperial palm trees nicely planted in
rows.

Among the noted buildings we will cite : the Matriz cliurch,
which has some originality in its front with two side towei-s, sup-

Aracajii. — Aurora street

ported on square base. These tow^ers have three floors facing the
front.

This church has the form of a parallelogram, and all its exterior
obeys to an hybridism of the German ogive style with its heavy
lines of colonial construction.

At the front there are a few steps and a modest railing which
give the three doors that give entrance to the church.

The Government Palace is another fine two floor building, sur-
rounded by large windows, and having in its front the Republic
coat-of-arms. As to its architecture it is not worth much, but in its
interior is decorated with decency and good taste.

— 304 —

■ In li-ont of lliis iiiomiinent is a larj>e, light building, facing the
square willi colmniis of elassie order in front sei'ving as basis to a
triangular (op. 'IMiis is the Palaee of the Legislative Assembly.

'IMie charity hospital, a large building, all white, composed of
two lateral structures, connected one to the other by a centre one
serving of vestibule and entrance? to tlie hospital.

The Noi'inal College, a modern building, of only one floor, s(iuaie
but elegant, a double stairway giving access exteriorly to the main
enti-ance, which is lined bv railing.

Araciijii. — Malriz climcli

'I'he Jail is a solid building with small windows which give to its
exterior a characteristic aspect of the object for which it was built.

'I'he cotton mill, the police barracks, the branch office of the
Federal Treasury are, all of tluMU , buildings that contril)ute
to tlie enilx'llisliment of Aracaju in conjunction with the large
number of numsions, residences and business establishmcnis.

Pi r.ijc iNsTKiCTioN, Poi.icK AND I'^iXAXCKs. — Thcrcbeiugin
P>alii:i , (piite neai* tliis Slate, a numlx'i- of institutions devoted to su-
perior grades of l'ul)lic 1 list rue t ion. w liicli are (piite aci'cssihle to the

— 305 —

people of Sergipe, it is evident that tliere is no necessity for l ho
State Governement to make sacrifices In- more hixiiry keeping-
academies and universities in Aracaju. In this Capital, however,
there are schools to prepai-e the students for college. There is
the Atheneu Sergipense, which had in 1<)(I0, 75 students; in
1901, 08; and in 1902, 83, all of them pi-eparing themselves for
examination which will admit them to the different colleges in the
different States of the Republic. The Normal College had in 1902
one hundred and four pupils. In Maroira, the Institute Cruz
prepares boys for commercial pursuits. The latter establishment was

Aracaju. — Prison Place 'and Buildings

founded by a philantropist Mr. Joao R. da Cruz, an industrial man
who bequested an annual income for its support.

The Government also gives a subsidy to this establishment, and
has in Estancia, Laranjeiras, Maroim and Propria High Schools
teaching : national grammar, French, Arithmetic and book-keeping.

As to Grammar schools, there are in the State, besides the Sale-
sian and other private schools, 209 classes. Of these 4;> are for males,
56 for females and 110 for both sexes, being 22 in the Capital, 55 in
the cities, 44 in villages and 85 in smaller places.

The frequentation in 1900 was 4.110 students and the number of
matriculations was 0.167. In 1901 , the frequentation was 4.554, the

— 306 —

matriculation, (3.831. In 1003 tlu' matriculation went up to ijVX} and
the irequentation was 6.130.

'i'he police force is constituted b^' an infantry battalion, divided
into three companies, with 100 men commanded by a major.

The financial conditions of Sergipe are good. In 1001, Governor
Olympio de Campos who has been a most clever and discreet politi-
cal chief said in his message to the local legislators :

(c Jt pleases me to declare to you that Sergipe is one of the States
of the Union which is settled up to date regarding every one of its
responsibilities , paying all its expenses with the ordinary revenue
of its public administration sei'vices ».

In 1903, Sergipe had unforeseen expenses, founding new schools,
l)uilding bridges , improving roads in the interior of the State and
in spite of that, discharged all its obligations, including the two last
installments of the amortization of a loan it had raised in tlie « Hanco
da Republica of Rio de Janeiro ».

As to its municipal administration we may well praise the sjjiril
of order presiding to the finances in that part of the country, and
there is no municipality in the State that doesn't present a surplus
at the close of its fiscal year, modest as it may be in some cases.

The budget of this State is of about 1.800:000S000, revenue and
expenses being about even. The following table is very interesting
showing the constant growth of the revenue of the State in ten
vears, 1800-1001 :

1890 .

1891 .

1892 .
189.1 .
I8!»i.
1 895 .
189(5 .
1897.
18118 .
IH!)!) .

I '.too .

1901 .

54 1:891 $482
ri9o:5(5.i|;996
GG8:iG9$715

I .o90:on2,«;8r)n

I..V2():892,«!()ir)
1.I07:801$-2()I
l.tlJ):002<i!.w7
l..")|{):.'ir)l.$ri)9
2.ltr>:879,*;o.'):i
l.77."i:l7I.SI95
l.8,l():ir)9,$r)08
l.(K)l:n8r>S90;)

731: 551 $686

605:548$2I8

;i()i:86;)S2:ir)

7.V2::i7l§;8i:i

1 .n99:.'5:i-2§090

l.550;5(i2S184

!.()74:215S5I7

1. 70 1: 1 -M,*; 129

2.i2i:()9{.*;it8r)

2.2ii:i;75().«;:il0

i.7(iri:.".t)!»sor>()

I.(i82:i:>9$l8(5

*
* *

ruoDCi rioN , Imu'stkv AM) CoMMKiu'i';. — Sci-gi|)(> belongs to llie
;i-oiip of (liosc nru/.ili:ni States wliicli devote t luMnselves to a mono-

— 307 —

culture, and when it so luippens, if the prtxhict of tluil inonocultin-e
obtains liigh prices, nil is well, everything- is easy, hul if Dial ])i-o-
duction is depreciated in its value, as it has happened with sugar
and coffee, then the situation is a dreadful one.

Sergipe cultivates sugar-cane in a projxjrtion (hat almost means
exclusivism. The computation of the sugar-cane products and their
official value in the ten years, ISOO-lDOl, was : sugar 202. til? tons,
repiesenting the value of 5;>.796:483$995; brandy 10.057.85',) litres,
representing the value of 2. 124:713$;}()7 ; alcohol lliJ.iilN, liti-es,
representing the value of 7 1:.5(>1S0<SS; and melasses 225.178 litres,
representing the value of 11:.531$00(); this shows a total of official
value of 56.306:892$390, and the average sugar price was 201 reis per
kilo. The weight of the sugar-cane corresponding to the 2(52. (i 17 tons
of sugar exported, taking as a basis (3 "/„ of sugai-, is ecpiivalent to
1.37().948 tons of cane.

Sergipe has in several cities improved factories for the sugar
manufacture. We will mention among them the Riachuelo one which
belongs to the Assucareira Company of Rio de Janeiro, which has
another factory in Botafogo, in the Federal Capital, moved by electri-
city, having cost 5.000.000 francs and producing 18.000.000 kilos
refined sugar yearly.

The ccUsina Central do Riachuelo » is one of the best in Brazil, has
a blanch railway to connect it with the main line, has improved
machinery moved by steam and electricity, distilling apparatus,
vaste sugar-cane plantations, and gi'inds annually 20.000.000 tons of
sugar-cane, producing 3.360.000 kilos of sugar and 1.200 casks of
sugar-cane brandy.

The surplus of the local consumption is exported, not withont
difficulty, because, as we -said above, very few steamers call at
Aracajii. They manage, however, to export all its surplus by the
three small ports of the State : Cotinguiba (Aracaju city) Rio Real
(Estancia city) and Yasa Barris (S. Christovao eity).

By the following map we will show the export figures during ten
years, 1892-1901 :

Map of the sugar exported from 1892 to 1901

Years Kilogr.

1892 .: ... . 16.475. -WO

1893 16.8,39.38!

1894 50.694.902

1895 57.652.219

1896 29.115.8.J7

Years. Kilofjr.

1897 20.050.479

1898 59.4:i2.80n

1899 l9.5o8.783

1900 25.710.260

1901 29.315.714

Once we have written about the State exports, we must offer

308 —

data about the imi^orls. Unlortunatcly we have no dotamorc recent
than 1899. We will give then the tables of the three years 1897-1809 :

Sergipe exports from 1897 to 1899

In 1891

Direct iiii|i()i'lalioii

Coastwise iinporlalion :

Tlirouirii Estaiicia Ciistuni House

l.297:094.$6r)3
2.2I9:072.?040
1. 007:0 12,«;849

Tola!.

4.o23:l79$o42

In 181)8 :

Direct iiii|i(irla(i()n [.136:3I2§664

Coastwise ini|>ortalioii
Thi'ougli Estancia Custom House

Total

In 1899 :

Direct iniporlatiuii

Coastwise iinportatioii . . . .
Througli Estancia Custom House .

Total.

2.989: 46 U$440
1.839:887$972

5.965:662S076

G7I:509SI68
3.055:278.$ i65
1.879: 127.S60.J

6.083:7i5S286

These figures show how quickly the State is growing, as its im-
ports show, to a certain extent, its consumption, and consequently,
its growth. It would be interesting to C()mi)are previous figures.

We will take, for instance, the figures of the budgets of the
State, during five years of a remote time and five years of a more
recent period, and the striking difference will show us the i)r()gi ess
attained :

YEARS

REVKNUK

KXI'E.NSES

185.^-1856 . . .
1856-1857 . . .
18.57- 18,-8 . . .
1858-185!) . . .
1839-1840 . . .

145:6:j9$218

7.-):650§180
14i:G76$.'ilo
12!)::J45$013
122:641 $937

I4f):669S218
74:951.?6iO
145:2 i9g;701
128:84G§7G(l
125:308S4.ir)

1895,
18!)t .
I81»:i ,

iH'ii;

IK! 17
1898
I8!l!)

l.()!)0:0()2iS8.50
l..")2(>: !»2S;G15
I.1(I7:802S274
1.4i;i:(l02S;557
1.31f>::)5l$M>9
2.1l3:879$."i.')f)
1. 77.";: 1 7 IS 195

722::i71§!«i:;
1.0!)9:5:)2,?0!)0
I.;i:i0:.-i62$184
l.G71:2i.5S:il7
l.704:i:i.5Si29
2.424:()!l4g;985
2.2()."i:75GS:il0

— 809 —

Tlie above ligui-es arc (juite significant.

But let us go back to the sugar production, wliicli wo were; deal-
ing with before this retrospective digression, as S(M'gi|)c owes to it
the growth of its public; wealth.

We wrote about the sugar-cane facfoi-ies, some by old i)rocesses,
some w ith improved machinery, some in the sugar-cane plantations
farm-houses, some in the cities. We spoke of some with improved
machinery which were being installed in order to increase the manu-
factured quantities of sugar and cheapen the price of its production.

We will now present a list of these farm-houses sugar factories,
of all the diverse types, which are now in operation in the different
cities and municipiums of the State :

Sugar-Cane Factories now in operation
IN THE State of Sergipe

MUMCIPIUMS

S. Chrislovao .

Itaporanga . .

Laraiijelras . .

Riachuelo . .

Maroim . . .

Rosario . . .
N.a S.a das Dores

Capella . . .

Pacatuba . .

Villa Nova . .

Rlachao . . .

Espirito Santo .
Divina Pastora .

Itabaianinlia .

Siriry. . . .

Estancla . . .

Araua . . .
Itabaiana

Villa Christ ina .

Lagarto . . .

Santo Amaro .

Simao Dias . .

Soccorro . .

Santa Liizia. .

S. Paulo . . .

Japaratuba . .

Propria . . .

Boquim . . .

Aquidaban . .

Total.

33
2.5
16
32

31
1

t3
5

2
6
3

9
6
1

276

1
11

582

11
17
39
51
17
39

6
66
16
14
19
21
38
54
52
19
50

7
27

8
19
51

1
28
15
24

671

— 310 —

*rhe industry of the State of Sergipe , besides the OTl sugar fao-
toi-ies has : 2 cotton mills, one in Araeaju employing 5(»0 work-
men, the other one in ICstancia, with 3(50 workmen; 1 oil faetoi-y;

1 rice and 2 soap factories in the Capital; 2 oil and soaj) fac-
tories in Kstancia, and there ai-e a number of others of whicli we
cannot give an accurate account for lack of data. In tlie municii)iums
of Itabaiana and Xossa Senhora das Dores there are some cotton
shelling ones; in the Capital there is a foundrj'^ and iron works of
fair size; 1 mamona oil factory, 1 saw mill, 2 shoe and several cigar
factories, 2 sugar refineries. In Estancia, there is a shoe factory, and
iron works. In Laranjeiras and Maroini there is an iron foundry
and a cigar factory.

Other cities. — Besides Aracajii, thei-e are other cities in the
State of Sergipe that are prospering : Maroim, Estancia, Laranjei-
ras and Kiacliuelo are the principal ones.

Estancia. — Is one of the best cities of Sergipe, divided into four
districts : Estancia, Banco Alem da Ponte, Rio Branco and Rio Real,
with 14.555 inhabitants according to the census of 1892. It has about
2.000 houses and a church — Nossa Senhora de (iuadelupe, — w liicli
is one of the nicest churches in the interior of the State. There is
also the Commercial Club, the Uniao Caixciral clnb, both with fine
buildings in the Mnte e (^uatro de Outubro S(|uare , the Charity
Hospital, in the Hospital Street, 2 threading mills; 1 cigar factory:

2 shoe factories; 2 oil and soap ones; 2 alcoholic drinks distilling
works ; 3 hotels and a number of business houses.

In Estancia the\' i)ublish .-1 Razuo a newspai)er of large circula-
tion in all the State,

LAitAN.JEiUAS. — Is a city of 11 to 12.000 inhabitants, and is the
seat of the municipium with Itaporanga and Riachuelo. The latter
and Laranjeiras arc constantly disputing (he si'at of the niunicipiuiii
and have both alternatively had that honor.

Its commerce is all made with Araeaju, l^stancia aud Maroim,
l)y l)oats and canoes, and aniont lily trip of fluvial steaiui'rs w liich
take tlie i)assengei-s from the i)ort of Sape, and (hence they go to
Araeaju. It was village since March 1S73 and city by decree of 2oth
of I )eeeml)er 1S70.

To-day Lai-anjeii-as is the seat of t he MUinieipium, and tlitis lias
tlie liouor of having as its gui'ists the judges, couiM clei-ks, district
attorneys and other officitds. We believe, howi'ver, that its lai'gcst

— Hll —

advantages will come to it by tin; lai'gc; siigai- factory that some
industrial men have built there, where; I'l-oni a short brancdi railway
(the only one there) starts to connect it to the port of Sajx-. A nioni li-
ly fluvial steamer comes to this port of Sape fi-om Artu-aju.

Itabaianinha. — A small city with 'J.ooO inhabitants, or l(i.(Hi() if
we include the neighboring districts Geru and Umbauba.

It has a little commerce, many cattle ranches, sugar fa(;tories,
which is tlie principal branch of agricultural industry in this terri-
tory. It exports sugar to Kstancia and 'Pinib(') and furnishes the inte-
rior of Babia with flour and sugar. They are now building there a
telegraph line, and it is expected that the prolongation of the Timbo
railway shall go through that municipium. The water reservoir built
lately by the Government is one of the best public works of this State
and protects it from any famine.

The other cities, Maroim, Propria, Divina Pastora and a few
more are yet beginning to develop and present nothing worthy of
note as yet.

THE STATE OF BAHIA

Some 720 miles Noi'th of Rio de Janeiro is an immense gulf, deep
and sheltered, at the eastern bank of which lies the city of Baliia,
Capital of the State of the same name. It is the third city in all Brazil
and one of the largest on the whole continent. The optical illusion of
the sight around the bay is complete. Nothing disturbs it. The obser-
ver embraces it all in a glance.

It is not so pretty, neither is it so vast, (judging by what we see),
as that of Rio de Janeiro. It doesn't present either those natural
aspects in conflagration, those stupendous basalts, those curves and
accidences; of a large ridge of mountains, like pieces of scenery,
lining the entrance and the end of the other bay.

The panorama is quite different : it is not astounding, it is seduc-
ing, it doesn't dazzle our eyes, it invites us to contemplate it, it is
not the scenery of a battle, it is a painting of a charming landscape.

Every visitor has that pleasing sensation, looking at the whole
sight of the city, with its port, and expresses it by exclamations that
show his admiration. In fact, appreciating this sight, it is far more
the picturesque of it than its greatness that produces fascination
in that perspective of the Bahia bay. And the city, spread out in an
amphitheatre, opening itself in a half circle to the observer, between
the two blue hues of the waters and the sky, originates that im-

— S12 —

pression of a irtuisparent, liligree like Sevres ininiuture, a patient
composition of endless little details engraved in the green inclina-
tions of the mountain sides, a dreadful work of natural decoration,
like so much lace embellishing the hills, under a large and sweet
light that drops from above.

The first foundation in this capital was placed in 1549 by Thome
de Souza. It can boast of being the- oldest of all the Brazilian cities.
It is most probable that its sister capitals will not envy that i)riniacy.

For the visitor, when he has left at his right the Santo Antonio
fortress, and on his way to the anchorage place, he reviews that
multifarious spot of the city, spread from above upon the unmovable
gulf, as an absurd cascade of houses, towers, colors and confused
shapes, the sensation that his retina — that bearer of poetry —
transmits to his soul, is one of those to last impressed on man's mind
for a couple of generations.

The two rows of buildings, embracing the mountain at the same
time, at its basis and its vertex, advance in disorder to meet each
other, — at least is that what we see from afar, — in the green decli-
vity of the hillside, and pushing this way, pushing that way they
engage themselves in the busy task of conquering it.

Here, they get near each other, there , thej' separate again. It
seems as if iron rails were tearing furi-ows in the mountain exposing
its reddish flesh and its hard stony skeleton, with viaducts here and
there and roads that look like stony belts.

All this spectacle, which, after all, is nothing else but the history
of the city growth, is displayed there, detail by detail, in a long
panorama, that even in the configuration of the ground si)rings a
new optical element to wrap the whole soul of those who contem-
plate it.

*
* *

Let us land. Now we can distinctly see, divided in two. that mass
of buildings, one forming the <( down town », the other forming the
<( iip-lown )). We must confess that as we enter the city a large part
of the impression received vanishes. We jump on a small dock of the
Navy Arsenal, wherefrom, through an old, unstylish gate, we are
led into one of the oldest streets of the city. It is Kibcira street,
which preserves its name from colonial tinu's and its buildings of
real Portuguese style of construction. It is iu)t a very fine vestibule
foi- such a iKihlr Capital. The street is souicw hat straight , but wvy
narrow, (juitc; sliadcMl because of the tall buildings. It looks like a
street in Oporto or in Toledo. A little fui-ther ahead, at the right is

814- —

tlie entraiu-e to ii small tunnel with a strong- smell of engine oil and
steam. This tunnel leads to a mechanieal elevator, one of the con-
veyances for the i)opulation to be transported between the two cities.
Passing- that, the visitor finds himself in a better place, Alfan-
dega street and after that, Prince/.as Imperiaes street, a large and
p'rctty artery of the commercial part of the city with big buildings
with four and five floors. That row of houses face also the front
of tluMjuay and they are noted by their symetry and propoi-tions
which dissimulate their modestv and architectural design.

li:ilii;i. — ilic (ioveriiur's I'alacc

They are large buildings occupied by agencies, banks and offices
af all kinds, 'i'iicrc^ and in the neighboring- streets lies the nervous
system of the commerce of Bahia. From them slart many side
strec^ts and lanes, narrow streets crossing- in all directions, having
Other narrow and toi-luous streets as the others but in a longitudi-
nal direction from the basis of the hill, crossing in their course some
small s(|uares as the one of the Tamarindeiros, filled with ti-ccs and
the Ouro Scpiarc, not altogether i)aved. It is a perfect ma/.e for the
n('\vl,\ arri \ cd.

'JMiey do not,hing- but business, only business. So much so, that
in tin; afternoon, — as Ihi're is not in (his disti-jct anv of tliosi'

— 315 —

luxurious stores with show windows ;is (licrc arc, iu Ilio de JancMro
and Sao Pauh), briglitly ilhiniinaled iu llie evonino', — as soon as it
l)eeonies dark, every store is ch)sed, the sti-eets l^ecome almost (h!sert
and in i)lace of the noise ol' the day time movement, there eomes a
silenee enveloping those tall buildings and desert streets.

All that immense multitude of peoph^ woi-king hard from sun to
sun, immigrates at the sunset to the up Ininii districts, or to the sea-
shores as Rio Vermelho, Earra, Itapagii)e, and tlie commereial
district sinks into that silent sadness of a convent, wei'c it not for
the electric railway that from time to tim(^ brings back to this
district a little of its conscience, illuminating speedly on its way.

By this low plane and always surrounding the mountain, there
goes a road sowing the way with new buildings, new roads, ruins,
and of docks buildings filled with merchandise, coal depots, all this
intermingled with residence buildings, high buildings, old and new
churches, till the free, airy part of the city, where wider streets
appear like those of Mangueira, Jequitaya, Calcada and Dendezei-
ros, and afterwards new squares, new streets and new disti-icts as
those of Rome, Boa Viagem, Itapagipe and others, a sketch of an
augmented Babel.

Let us leave this district of which we will speak later on as the
transportation means are easy and quick, everything served by elec-
trical transportation. We will go back to our starting point, and we
will go to the elevator. It is not quite inducing that trip through the
interior of a high chimney, and a dark one as that. A box with space
for 15 or 20 people, lifted by a steel-cable, lifts its passengers from
down town and transports them to the top of the mountain, a parody
to that diabolic scene of the Temptation of Jesus.

This trip is made in a few minutes, and when the passenger gets
out he finds himself in a pretty square, on the top of the city, where-
from a beautiful panorama of the whole bay and the blue islands
beyond is to be seen.

In front we see a beautiful building — the municipal Palace — of
some architectural value and a national relique. It is an inheritance
from the metropolis. It was spoilt by the Dutch in 1030, afterwards
repaired and recently rebuilt being added to it a four face tower with
a clock ended by a piramid in sections. The principal face of the
building has a pretty effect, open in arches on the square. There are
in it several sections among which is a public library established by
Mr. Paula Guimaraes when mayor of the city.

The right side of that palace looks to a narrow street called
Visconde de Rio Branco, the inclination angle of which, just like

— 81(1 —

that of the other streets of S. Jose district, is not one of the least
interesting- curiosities of tlie okl city.

Foi-iiiing an angle with the municipal Palace, there is another
large building, also of historical origin, having been the residence
of Portuguese governors and of all the presidents of the ex-provincc.
It was rebuilt for the same purpose, but entirely built anew, cvery-
tliing but the foundation having, been pulled down. In this palace
is established the Government of the State , and another buil-

liahiii.

Miiiiicipal I'alaco

ding, in Coi'icdor da Victoria is tlu^ one used as residence of the
gov(!i'nors.

l-'rom this scpuire run to the right and left sonic \vv\ narrow
hiiics, odd years behind tlic age, as the Chili, M iscricordia and As-
scmlth-a sti'ccls invariably lined l)y ])lain buihlings. The Chili street
wliich runs in an inclined plan, ends in a bright and picturcsiiuc
s(|iiar«' which is divided into two small gardens, in one of whicli,
right in I'l'onl of S. .loao theatre, just al the sea side, is the statni' of
Colombo on top of ;i pretty marble fountain.

It is charming the situation of this public scpiarc, called Castro

— 317 —

Alves, some 50 metres above the bay witli a wall with railing and
streets with benches. That part of the mountain, transformed into a
fantastical stairway, whose degrees are the Montanha and Conccif;a()
streets open in longitudinal direction in the hillside under the up-
town part of the city. On the land side there are large buildings
suri-ounding the square. They ai-e the Paris and Sul Americano
hotels, the Diario da Bah in, a daily newspaper, a large building of a
pretty but trivial style.

If we take a tramway, (me of those crossing the town, to go to
Graca, for instance, we have the opportunity to see (piitc a different
section of the city. In this line the tramway-cars are driven hy mules

^,:. '^

Bahia. — Palace in the Victoria Street, Governors' ix'sidence

and it is not without difficulty that they go up the steep hill that
separates Castro Alves square from that group of streets preceding
the pi'etty public square called Picdade. Having gone up that tor-
tuous neck called Carlos Gomes street and those that follow it, we
are at Piedade. Excellent buildings, mixed up with some quite mo-
dest ones, line the wide public square, the centre of which is a pretty
garden surrounded by railing , with beautiful flowers and green
grass, with a nice band-stand, and in the centre an artistic marble
fountain having on top a native symbolism — an Indian stepping
on a serpent.

One of the sides of the square is formed by the Piedade Church,
one of the prettiest ones in the North, with its polished dome, a mi-
niature of that of Santa Maria del Fiore. In the other angle we see
the pretty Senate building, of Italian style. Following in the tram-

— 318 —

way-car and leaving- at the right the Police Department Headquar-
ters, we go through a pretty street not altogether straight , but all
of it lined with line buildings, in which they insisted in following
tlie Portuguese architectural style, however, here and there, appear
some transformations under a preoccupation of more advanced uit.
and the new and modern buildings are giving to the Pedro Luiz
street the healthy and joyful aspect it presents.

Further ahead is a charming public garden, the Passeio Publico,
a sweet place to rest awhile sitting under the delicate perfume of the
mango trees, with wideh- spreaded out bi-anches that prevent the

Baliia. — St'iiale building

sun light from shining upon the sandy ground of the garden
streets. It is pleasant to walk under that ancient canopy that an old
and noble count planted for us to enjoy, with all that perfunicd scent
of the flowers flooding the atmosphere and the murmuring sounds of
the foliage whispering a primitive but delicious symphony.

The lawns and the foliage of the mango and other trees do not fill
all the silence of the park, there is (luite a large spot covered with
shining tiles forming a kind of terrace just a little above the level of
the street, surrounded by a varandah with mythological marble
looking upon a deep and ample hori/on. The straight and open jiers-
pective, the inundating light, the picturescpu^ of the first jilan where
the city begins to appear, the mute company of the wandering but-
terflies showing us what is true hajjpiness in thcii lice flight, wi-

— 819 —

thoiit boundary lines and witlioul a time (able, — here; is a i)i('tiire
wortliy of the envy of that king Louis of liavai-ia.

In another open spot of the park, in a stretcli left \'vMi by tlic
mango trees, the past generations commemorated Ihc anival of I).
Joiio VI to Brazil, erecting an obelise in the shape of a pyramid
made of Lisbon marble with
an inscription engraved in gol-
den letters.

In the Afflictos square (cu-
rious name given after a catho-
lic church built there) ^vllere
the Passeio Publico ends one
of its sides, there are the thick
walls of a large Portuguese
fortress looking like a Bluidist
church. This fort is now trans-
formed into the barracks of
the Police force, for which ser-
vice the necessary adaptations
were made.

A tortuous inclined street
paved with large stone blocks
runs down following the lines
of the inferioi' plan of the Pas-
seio Publico almost masquera-
ded by the irresistible vegeta-
tion of the inclination and leads

to the Gamboa fortress — a colonial fortification at the bottom of
the mountain half hidden by the rolling waters.

Baliia. — Moiuiinont of thelliaoliuolo siinaiT

*
* *

From the S. Pedro fort square follows a bright street, quite a
busy thoroughfare, passing by the Polytheama, and leading to ano-
ther square, the best one in the Capital, formerly named X^ampo
Grande. This square has a pretty garden decorated by a noble bronze
and marble monument of large size and fine artistic expression,
commemorating the historical event of Dais de Julho (the second
of July) which sealed in Baliia the consummation of the national
independence of Brazil.

It is peculiar that in the Capital of Bahia there are no statues or
monuments of an individual charactei-, (excepting the bust of Dr.

— 320

Paterson, an English pliilantropist, and a physician of a most chari-
table disposition, devoting himself to take care of the poor). Be it
due to chance or to consciem-ions deliberation, the fact remains tiiat
all the monuments erected by the people of Bahia, in the squares of
its pretty Capital , refer to some national fact and they represent

allegories and symbolisms or
^ some allusion in a collective
and generic sense.

This monument Dots de
.Iitlho is eom])osed of a higli
column corynthian style with
the traditional Indian on top
dominating the despotism, re-
presented by a dragon. Colos-
sal bronze figures represent-
ing the big Brazilian rivers,
with several other decorative
accessories complete the mo-
nument which is one of the
nicest in Brazil.

The square built upon an
horizontal plan, has the shape
of an irregular square and
the space between the lateral
streets is a pretty garden, quite
large though not so beautiful as
those of S. Paulo and Belem.
There are some very fine buildings in the square, and the streets
starting from it are elegant ones, with modern buildings. Among
them the visitor must not forget the Corredor da N'ictoria, where
there are pretty mansions, and it is the favorite residence street of
the wealthiest part of the population. There is also the palace
that is the private residence of the Governor.

(jioing ahead we come across another square, without any garden
as yet. There is the Church of Nossa Senhora da Victoria, wliieli,
they say, was built in 1530, and further ahead yet we see Graca
Square, notable because of the church that is there, belonging to the
Benedictine monks, and which they say stands in the same place
where they first formed (lie city in the sixteenth eeiitui-y.

I'^rom there new streets start, as well as an inclined avenue lined
with l)i'iglit houses with gardens and modern palaces.

IJut, U)V us to conie to this place sd (piickly it was neeessury to

Baliia. — The |)yi'aiiii(l of the Passeio I'liljlico

— 321 —

leave aside other parts of the city of no lessei- interest than tliis one.
The Nazaretli district, with a large square, the garden ol" wliich is in
way of construction. It is surrounded by fine comfortabhi residen-
ces and has much to be seen. There is a trade school 'directed l)y
Salezian priests and the Misericordia (the city hospital) which is
one of the nicest of its kind in Brazil.

Bahia. — National Indepeiidance Monument. Duke de Caxias Square

On the other side, coming down through a valley, between the
hills on which the city is built, we go through a long street, paved
with little care. It is Rua da Valla (as that place was the bed of a
ravine which had to be filled up). That way we reach a topogra-
phical neck known as Baixa dos Sapateiros, a place of considerable
transit. There, fare always people crossing in all directions.

Every minute tramcars start in the direction of the four angles of

— 322 —

the city; from the market, which is situated in front, there comes a
noisy crowd, joyful with a free and easy air through tlie many doors
of the building ; the noise of wagons and trucks running in all direc-
tions is heard all day long, here and there the newsboys cry out the
names of the papers, and thus from sunrise to sunset, every day
of the week except Sunday, this place is kept (juite alive and noisy.
We take one of those tramcars( there are veiy few cabs and carria-
ges) and we take a ride to see what is going on in the other part of
the city. After half an hour of zig-zaggingwe are in an enormous field

Haliia. — S. Bl'iiIo SUx'ct and Conveiil

all covered with grass and surrounded by buildings on all sides. It
is called Barbalho field.

At one of the sides of this field, looking to the bay is the carcass
of an olden times fortress, built in the ages in which it was iiulis-
pensable to have the place lined with these protective structures.

We will not attempt to describe the whole city with its mauy sec-
tions and surrounding suburbs. Another volume like this one would
be necessary for that

Let us pay a visit to the buildings worth noting.

Among the chui-ches , which are in gr(nit nuuiber, there is
the S. l''rancis{M) on(^ of monolithic stvie of arcliiteclure both in its

— 324 —

front and in the other parts of the building, this being the peculiar
style of the temples built by the Franciscan monks. In its exterior
there is nothing worth admiring, and it suffices to say that it was
built in 1713, an epoch of complete decadence of the building trade
and artistic architecture among the Portuguese. In its interior, ho-
wever, no lover of expontaneous art, visiting Bahia, must go away
without paying a visit to this ehurcli,. Besides the cloister with those
colored tiles, style of that time, with drawings of biblic episodes,
just as in the City Hospital of Rio de Janeiro, there is the high relief
work on the rich wood of the country, partly gilt covering the walls
and ceiling of the church not only in its main nave but in the lateral
chapels.

That interior of the church, the whole of it, is an admirable mani-
festation of art on the basis of a touching religious spirit, and even
to-daj', those reliefs with flowerj- curves, coats-of-arms, angols heads,
birds and spiral lines columns put in vibration all our nerves of
aesthetic emotion.

That valuable treasury of retrospective art was deplorably threa-
tened with deterioration, when a group of German monks, all of
whom are Brazilians to-day, took charge of the convent, andrestaur-
ed it with care worthy of the gratitude that impels us to register
here that fact.

Another curious church, is the Collegio. It is a document of ilie
degree attained by artistic architecture among the Jesuits ol' tlie
Portuguese colonial times in Brazil. This church was built before
1572 what is hard to believe. It was built by the Jesuits to serve as
a college for them. That is the reason why even to-day the eliureh
has that name, having once been elevated to the lioiioi* ol' Catluulral
of the primate of all catholic Brazil.

Its front, though of a turgid style, with wide lines and massive
ornamentation, is imposing to a degree of making one's mind grow
tori)id and listen to its old and rude tradition. This church is of
stone and we can't deny a certain harmony in the whole of its struc-
ture. In its interior, all the details of ornamentation, from the design
of the main altar, to the work in the ceiling, perhaps tlie most
curious of all we have seen in Brazil, are worthy of study and leave
stupified those who have artistic vibrating soul.

The Benedictine monks also built a pretty church — S. Sebas-
tiao. — f*l(n'er nu^n they are, proven as it is by llie splendid
location of all the convents they have built everywhere, the monks
of S. Hento selected a spot of vei'_\' first order, within the city upon
a central eminence.

— 326 —

It is a church all while, inside and outside, iVoni the cundor of
the main altar marble to the Saints images, of snow-white Carrara
marble, the two open towers supported by white pillars, and white,
likewise, is the pompous dome which is the highest spot of the city.

There are yet a large number of catholic churches, some large

and well built, as the Matriz church, Sant'Annado Pilar, and others

of smaller importance as to the point of view of ai-t, though noted

by their historical value as the one of Nossa Senhoi-a da Ajuda

which is the oldest of Bahia, and others. Those we mcmtion alcove

ai-e the most important.

*
* *

Baliia. — Fine Arts College

Public Instruction. — The State of Baliia has been one of those
which have better understood the responsibilities belonging to the
title of State , given by the republican Constitution to the Brazilian
provinces. It is thus that it deemed to be its duty to apply a good
part of its income to the diffusion of Public Instruction.

The budget of the ex-province appropriated about 600:000$000 for
public instruction. In 1897 the State Government spent a little over
L000:000$000, and at present it spends over 2.000:000^000, the
State contributing with 1,800:000S000 and the municipalities with
300.-000$000.

In the State of Baliia the distribution of elementary teaching is
in charge of the municipalities. The State, however, gives a subsidy
of 800:000$000 to the poorer municipalities, thus contributing even
with more tlian the double of what the municiijalities themselves

— 326 —

spend. About 1.000:000S000 are spent with different institutes : Gym-
nasio da Baliia, Xoimal Institute, Law College, Normal Colleges
Caetete and Barra , Agriculture Institute, Fine Arts Academy,
Music Conservatory, and State elementary schools, and subsidies to
the Polytechnical Institute and Lyceum of Arts and Trades.

In the State there are to-day the following institutes of secon-
dary and superior instruction : Medicine Academy, established by
the impei'ial Government, and with a just reputation firmed by the
notabilities that have come out of that college to follow the medical
profession in other cities of Brazil. It is installed in a fine building,
much better than the building of the medical college in the Capital
of the Republic, it has magnificent laboratories, magnificent scien-
tific material and good electric installation.

The Fine Arts College, is a beautiful building, though situated
in an inclined street. It has many students, it has a beautiful picture
Gallery and sculpture exhibition , and a Music Conservatory is
annexed to it.

The Fine Arts College building is a large one, with three floors
in the main bodies of the structure, and of Italian stj^le.

After the Rio de Janeiro one, (capital of Brazil), the Bahia Col-
lege is the oldest, and magnificent results have been obtained.

The Law College was founded after the proclamation of the i-epu-
blic. It is in a building of its own, of fine construction and nicely
located.

The Agricultural Institute was founded by the imperial govern-
ment and is in the district of S. Bento de Lages not very far from
the Capital,

The Xoi-mal College is a large building. It prepares teachers of
both sexes. The ti-aining is the very best, and it is quite common for
those who receive degree there to be prefered for high pedagogic
functions in other States. In its large building there are scientific
cabinets and pedagogic museum, everything prepared with nicety
and even somewhat luxuriously. Annexed to it is the kindergarten
and complementary classes for practical training.

There are two other establishments of this kind, somewhat more
modest, in the cities of Caetete and Barra do Rio de Contas.

'IMic B:ilii;i ( Jymnasium , is an institute just like the Natii)nal
(iymnasiuni of Kio de .lanciro. It is in a beautiful building erected
by the (^x-governor Liiiz N'ianna, in one of the city public scpiares.
It hiis a good iiuiseuni and library.

Tli(^ (ilymmisium S. Salvador, is a first class institute, hut is
niaintain(Ml by pi-ivate people. We mention it liei-e bei-ause the exa-

— 827 —

111 illations passed there have the same valiuj as if lliey were; imsscid
in tlie National Gymnasium. It has a fine l)nilding of its own and
has a good reputation.

The Lyceum oi" Arts and 'l'rades,is an iustitute of which l>uliia is
proud. It was fonnded by private initiative as the Itio and Recife
ones. It has about 2.000 students, class rooms for languages and
sciences , several workshops for practical training, an excellent
librarj% picture Gallery, museum of architecture, a band of
music, etc.

There are yet other establishments of public instruction as tlie
Archbishop Seminary, the Salezian College , the Santa There/.a
Educandario, the two latter ones subsidized by the State, the Spen-
cer College, the S. Joaquim College, the Sete de Septembro College,
the S. Jose College and many other private establishments.

Several libraries and reading rooms complete the instruction
service in this State. The Medical Academy library has 15.000 volu-
mes; the rich Public Library founded in 1811 by the Conde de
Arcos, has 20.000 volumes ; the Municipal one, founded by I*aula
Guimaraes when Mayor, has 14.000 volumes; the one of the Gremio
Litterario has some 10.000 volumes ; that of the Gabinete Portuguez
has 10.000 volumes; the Benedictines one, 5.000; the one of the
Lyceum of Arts and Trades 12.000; the one of the German Club,
3.000. There are many libraries all over the State. There is no city of
any importance without having a library, most always belonging to
private societies and Clubs, but open to the public.

In short, there are in Bahia 56 Colleges , Academies , Gymna-
siums, etc. and 951 Grammar schools thus distributed :

Colleges for superior, technical and professional Instructoin . . li

Secondai'v insUuiction colleges in the Capital ....... 33

Colleges in the interior of the State 9

Elementary schools (of the State 128

» » (of the municipalities) 722

Schools maintained by private individuals 9*

Schools maintained by religious creeds propagandists . ... 7

Total .... 1007
Adding to this the number of private schools of the modest kind
to be found here and there , in the interior, we will have a total of
no less than 1.100 instruction establishments in the State.

*
* *

Police force, land and sea transportation. — By the orga-
nization of its public sei'vices Bahia occupies a first class place in

— 328 —

tlie Brazilian Federation. Its police force is, as the Para, Manaos,
S. Piiulo and llio Grande do Snl ones, organized in such a manner
that in normal times it fulfils the duty of maintainors of the public or-
der, and in case of necessity, serves as reserve of the federal ai-niy.

It is divided into four infantry battalions Nvith 2.000 men and a
cavalry squadron with 300 men. They have Mauser and Comblain
guns and Xordenfeld rapid fire guns. Their uniform is simple, of
dark cloth, just like the one used by the Pcrnambuco police. The
privates police the streets, armed with sword and the commander of

Bahin. — KIcclrif' tr.iiii\v:i\ station

the forces is a colonel. The regiment has two l)afracks , largo and
nicely kept; one is in the Mouraria square* in iVonl of (he (Jeucial
ll(!ad(piarters of the federal garrison, the other, near the Passeio
Publico, is a magnificent tyjx' of a building of its kiml, lia\iiigiio
better ones (ixccptiiig in Bello llori/ontt', S. I'aiilo, Porto Alegre
and K io d(^ .laneiio.

T1h5 ujiinieipality uiainlains a well organi/cid fire department.

W'e will now write soinething about nu'ans of coniinnnicat ion.

ilaliia, heing a State witli relatixclv inaii_\ cities ijias h'l.'i innnii-i-
])iunis an<l about 10(» cities aiul villages), had the necessity ot a wide
net of rail\\a_\s, l)ut unfortunately <loes not ))ossess it, as it hai)pens

— 329 —

all over Brazil where railways are never in the pi'ojxji-tions ol' tlie
requireiuents of progress.

In the Capital the tramway service is made hy several companies :
the Linha Circular, the Trilhos Centraes, the Transportes Urbanos,
the Ferro Carril Ondina (in way of construction) and the Carris
electricos, which, as the name indicates is moved by electi-icity. All
the principal districts and arteries of transit, are served by tram-
cars, and a great lack of public cabs and carriages is noted. We
can't very well understand this, considering that the population of
the city according to the census taken in 1900 was 205. 81. 'i inhal)i-
tants, and to-day, probably some 220.000.

In compensation there is that curious construction ol" mechanic
elevators, some through an inclined plan as the «. Ramos de (^uciroz»
and the one of « Graca )>, others in vertical line, like the ones ol"
Pilar, Taboao and Lacerda, all moved b^^ steam. These interesting
works of art of which no other Brazilian capital had necessity (there
being but a short inclined plan in Rio) , for its city transit, Bahia
had to build that in large number because of its peculiar topograpliy.

From the Capital starts an extensive railway till Joazeiro, a new
city on the S. Francisco river banks, with branch lines running to
Timbo, etc. We will now give a list of the railway lines running in
this State.

The capital is in communication with cities in the far awaj^
points of the bay and of the sea coast, by means of the steamers of
the Bahiana Company, an old navigation enterprize maintained bj'
Braziliau capitalists, and by sailing boats. These boats are another
typical peculiarity of the local life of Bahia. They can never be con-
founded with other types of naval construction as to their shape.
They form a unique gender of their own. They are built in a some-
what primitive style, in private ship-yards, of which there are a
great number in the bay and little rivers of the interior.

Another navigation enterprize, the « Viacao Central do Brazil »,
runs between Joazeiro and the cities of the States of Bahia and
Minas on the banks of the S. Francisco river. It has eight or ten
small steamers and the seat of the company is in Bahia.

The commerce of the Capital, internal as external, is very active
and one of the most important of Brazil. It is true that in its vast
bay enter every daj^ large foreign transatlantic steamers, ships and
steamers from everywhere , besides the national steamers engaged
in the coastwise service. From there sail also for the North and
South, as well as to the interior points in the bay, every day, the
steamers of the Comjpanhia Bahiana.

— 330 —

The number of ships entering- that port during I'.'Ol was (VJd with
8.000 passengers. The number of ships sailing was 020 w itli T.CtOo
passengers. In 1003 entered (iSC) shi^is with 30.0<)5 passengers and
sailed 071) witl) 33. 110 passengers.

In this is not included the coastwise navigation w hii-h w us in
the same year 706 ships with 14.957 passengers entering the bay,
and 704 ships with 14.784 passengers sailing.

Here is a list of railways existing to-day in the State of Bahia
and their extensions in kilometres :

Railway enlreprizes Kiloms.

Bahia ao S. Francisco 576

Ramal do Timbo 82

Estrada de Ferro Centi-ai 320

)) » Santo Aniaro 36

Tram Road de Nazareth 99

Estrada de Ferro Bahia e Minas .... 142

Santo Antonio a Ainargosa 63

Cent ro Oeste da Bahia 26

S. Francisco a Feira (in construction) . . 65

Total. . . 1.411

Hygiene and Chahities Department. — The hygiene and Cha-
rities Department services have been largely imi)roved in Bahia
dui-ing the last few years.

The Central Board of Health lias several branch departments
nicely established, as the isolation hospital, the disinfection depart-
ment, and tlie vaccinia institute.

The ])rohylaxy and disinfecti(m services are executed Just as in
Ri() de Janeiro and S. Paulo, with first class material, of every des-
crijjtion. There is a magazine published to disseminate every fort-
night dcin()grai)hi(' statistics data, and all the information in relation
with tlie sanitary conditions of the city.

Bahia ('om])lctes its service of public aid, giving sultsidies to large
establishments which render public aid both in the Capital and in the
interior cities.

We will mention some of them :

The first worthy of mention is the Hospital da Misericordia, (city
hosjiital) named also « Santa I/.abel liosi)ital », with a service id(Mi-
tical to that of the Rio de .Janeiro city hospital.

Thci'c is all conifort in this liospital as well as all the conditions
recoiiimc.nded l)y science. It was built ten years ago, thanks princi-
pally to a valuable inheritance willeil for that purpose by the Count

— H31 —

Pereini Marinlio, whose statue, in marble, is in the j)i(^Uy garden,
right in front of the building.

The Asylo de Mendieidade, (the poor house), is the most impo-
sing and luxurious oi" all the poor houses in Bi-azil. 'I'hei-e is hardly
any eity in Brazil tluxt has not buill a house for its poor, but none has
done so well as Bahia in this regard. Bahia has built a palaee for its
poor. It was built in a charming- sea-shore place called Boa Viagem,
and is surrounded with gardens and marble. It is a white building

Bahia. — Large Textile MaiiufaL-toiv da Boa Viagem

with statues on top of it, and in fact, it looks more like a summer
residence than anything else.

The Asylo dos Lazaros, (the leprous hospital), is another institute
of charity also receiving a subsidy from the State Governement. It
is a large building in a pleasant district called Quinta, as it was
there that the Jesuits had their recreation Quinta (farm).

The Insane Asylum is not a building so large as the Rio one,
neither is it so modern as the Para one, but is taken great care of.
It is located in the beautiful sea-shore place. Boa Yiagem, and was
inaugurated in 1874.

332 —

There are other hospitals and xVsyluras, as the Military Hospital,
the Foundlin"' Asvhini, etc.

Prodlction , coAfMERCE AM) INDUSTRY. — Tlie questioii a loiirisl
generally asks as he goes for the first time to a place is : What docn
this pliicc produce'/ — But the visitor in Bahia ought to invert the
oi-der and ask : What does Bahia not produce?

In fact, just like in Rio Grande do 8ul, Bahia is a city which can
supply itself \\ ithout outside aid, because of the rich variety of its
culture and production.

The soil rich , fertile , has everything all the otlier States of
Brazil have. Gold? Yes, it has mines now being exploited — those
of the Assurua and others which are going to be exploited, — and
what is more, with Brazilian capital. Mangane? Of, course. It is
not Minas alone that exports this rich mineral. Bahia is doing so.
Last year exported some 40.000 tons to begin with. Diamonds? "NVliy
not? In Bahia are the richest and most famous layers of dia-
monds in America. Every one remembers the noise made about the
discovery of some mines in Salobro, in the disti'ict of Cannavieiras.
One of the cities of the State is called « Lavras Diamantinas, »
(diamond exi)lorations,) because of occupying a certain region where
they do nothing but search diamonds. Copper ? There is also
copper in Bahia, and this State is to-day a competitor of Chili in the
copper market. They have discovered an enormous layer of this
metal. A Belgium syndicate was formed, so the papers say, to begin
the exploitation of that treasury. The American consul, Mr. Tour-
niss, not long ago wrote this in one of his reports, speaking of the
layers of diamonds in Bahia :

« The largest diamond carbonate ever found was discovered in
the district of Lencoes, in 1<S05, in a mountain rock which liad been
exi)loited some time before. It w'eiglied 3.150 carats and was sold by
the miner for 80:000$ (at the exchange of that time being the cciuiva-
lent to £ 1().000). One quarter of its price was paid to the owner of
the concession for the exploilatiou of the ground where it was fouud.
This ston(; changed hands and was at last bought by an exporter
of the Cai)ital of Bahia for 121:000^0()() (eciuivalent to £ •,*."). 100 at the
exchange of that time). It was sent to Paris whci't' it was tliviilcd
into siiKilh'T stones, to bcconu' moi'c marketable.

Another good find t(»ok i)la('c in I'.KH) , in another concession
ground of the same owner. 'JMu; dianunul caibonale wciglu'd 'u~

— 333 —

carats and was sold by the miner for 70:00(»§000 (at the cxclian-^c ol'
that time equivalent to £ 17.880), the miner, as in the preecdiii''- case
liad to give one fourth of its price. The average size of the diamonds
found is 6 carats.

The diam(mds found in Paraguassii are not so clear neither so
perfect as those of Cannovieiras but are reputed as having more
brilliancy. They appear mixed up with .the carbonates and often
contain small particles of non-crystalised coal what diminishes tlieir
value. »

Mr. Hen. Praguer, an engineer, wrote an article in a newsi)aper
called ,1 Bahia, saying :

(c Generous nature offered to Bahia extraordinary riches, coming
from certain minerals which of all this world can only be had in
Bahia, as there are the carbonates of the Chapada Diamantina, the
rich sands of the Prado, the famous and celebrated taiiA of the bay,
and finall}^ the soil and under-soil of the large and important city of
Bahia with enormous depots of fuel, composed of anthracite and
bituminous coal. »

The failure of the company organised for the exploitation of
kerosene oil in Marahu, failure that carried with it the loss of an
enormous capital, gave cause to strong a spirit of prejudice among
the capitalists of Bahia, so that, they have allowed the exploitation
of the wealthy under-soil to fall in complete abandonment.

The most recent of these exploitations is the one of the celebrat-
ed monazitic sands discovered as prodigious wealth in the shores
of the city of Prado at the southern part of the State.

Let us say something about the vegetable wealth of the State.
They are not inferior to the minerals in their wealth, The piassava,
the cocoa-nuts, the rosin, the exquisite lumber, the cocoa, the to-
bacco, the sugar-cane, the coffee, the grain, everything appears in
the list of the exports of this State.

During the first nine months of 1901 Bahia exported goods valued
in about (i 1.000:0008000 and its imports were valued in about
24.000:0008000. It occupies the fifth place in the list of the largest
expoi'ting States of the country.

S. Paulo (importation and exportation). . . .">76.060

Federal Capital .510.657

Aniazonas 99.900

Para 99.800

Bahia 86.700

•.iU

PUODLCTS EXl'OKTKl) 15V TIIK StATK OF BaHIA

(In kilograms)

Years

Sugar

Tohaoco

Cocoa

Coffee

1891

7.14^2.160

26.-400.880

:i.028.720

9.499.620

(3.118.25:;

.11.8.W.852

9.087.074

25.792.9;jl

1901

8.770.-404

34.612.511

15 524.765

25.281.980

The other merchandises which, increase the total of the exports
from Ealiia, though in a smaller scale have followed the same yearly
ascendencj^ :

Skins

Piassava

Rubber

Minerals

Years

(one)

(hales)

(Arrobas)
(lo kos. each)

kilos

1886

171.524

296.364

5.457

28.000

1891

212.858

268.849

2.359

516.410

1896

256.999

578.519

3.742

1.212.219

1901

507.584

271.084

52.865

1.617.960

General view of llie « Pitaiiga » sugar I'actory, in llie .Malta of S. .louo niuiiici|iinni

As to manufacturing industries \\itli llic i'\('('i)ti()n of Kio. Sao
Paulo and Rio Grande, no other State exceeds this one in nuuiher
and importance of its factories. We will not speak of the cxliaclioji
and forest industries (piassava, cocoa-nuts, etc), ncitlici- of tlic dairy
industries, nor cattle raising-. The State is a lillh' backwards in tliis
line, though tliey have just established ])raclical accliiuatatiou ins
titutes — the model cattle raising farm, at the Calii , and the \ iiw
expcriiiicntal school in .loa/ciro, — \v(^ will wfilc, however, altont
tlui uuiimfacturing imliistries, though in a concise way.

The sugar manufacturing industry is falling somewhat in Haliia,

— 335 —

though there are 1.800 manufacturing places by pi-iinitivi! ])i-()C(!sscs
and ~I large steam ones. But sugar at the preseut low prices doesn't
stimulate production, and farmers are p(;rlectly discouraged, and
limit themselves to produce for the local consiim])li()ii.

The sugar farms and factories in Bahia are, as a rule, factories
of some importance, with improved apparatus. Among tliem we
must mention : the one of S. Bento de Inhata, the chimney of whicli
is 36 metres high and is the pride of Santo Amaro district. It grinds
15.000.000 tons of sugar-cane each crop. It is owned by Mr. Pedro
Alexandrino, and its water reservoir, has 200.000 s(puii'e metres, and
is one of the beauties of the place always visited by the loiii-isls.

The Pitanga sugar mill owned by the Barao de Assu da Torre ,
with a steam railway and large machinery has capacity to grind
10.000.000 tons of sugar-cane.

The Rio Fundo one owned by a companj^ grinds 30.000.000 tons,
occupies large buildings, has its own railway and is located in
Santo Amaro.

The AUianga, also in Santo Amaro and owned by Sa Ribeiro
et Co. grinds 1.5.000.000 tons sugar-cane ; it occupies gigantic build-
ings, dominated by a 31 metre high chimney.

The Conceicao sugar mill and alcohol distilling place owned by
Dr. Jose Marcellino , Governor of the State, located in the Xazareth
municipium, grinds 12.000.000 tons a j-ear.

The Model distillery occupies a group of ample buildings, produc-
ing 100.000 casks of brandy and alcohol.

The sugar mills : Iguape, near the city of Cachoeira; B(mi Suc-
cesso, Capimerim, Malembar, Carapia, Passagem, Elspei-anca, Mara-
cangalha, Colonia and Botelho, all of them moved by steam, with
railwaj'S and improved machinery and in Santo Amaro district.
Pojuca, in Matta of Sao Joao ; Aratii, in Santo Antonio and Agua
Comprida in the capital municipium , as well as several others,
some belonging to farmers and some to companies with seat in
Bahia, — are so many other factors towards the progress and indus-
trial activity- of that section of Brazil.

There are, besides this, other industries both in the Capital and
other cities of the interior. There are 141 factories, large and small.
Of these, 12 are threading mills, by steam, and 2 hydraulic ones, 12
cigar and 6 cigarrette factories, 5 iron and bronze foundries, 2 ice,
12 oil, 3 shirt, 5 candle, 3 chocolate, 3 locks, 2 artificial flowers,
2 church ornamentations, 3 chemical products, 5 furniture, 4 car,
2 glove, 3 paper boxes, 10 trunk, 6 broom, 3 grease, 13 soap, 6 perfu-
mery, 1 confetti, 3 mineral, 3 biscuit, (5 coffee, 11 vinegar, 1 matches,

— 336 —

3 mncillage, 21 tile and l)rit'k, 11 lime, 1 piassava, 5 grain, 2 italian
mass factories, 1 skin tanning ones, \ b^e^vel•ies, 1 eordials and other
drinks distillers, 2 diamond lai)idating works and many others like
saw mills, hags and nets, umbrellas, flags, blank hooks factories,
ship yards, brick factories, foundries, preserve factories, vegetable
coal, oils, shoes and other manufacturing concerns.

Among the monuments of industrial initiative in Bahia, we must
not forget the large manufacturing company, Emporio Industrial, at
Boa Viagem sea-shore. It is one of the largest threading mills. It has
about 2.000 workmen, and all the necessary institutes needed to
better the condition of the workingmen : cooperative-stores and
societies, schools, savings bank, houses, gardens, amusements. The
founder of this small world, where all modern ideas of philantro-
pists towards workmen are practiced, was Luiz Tarquinio, a Brazi-
lian who died there not long ago.

Another concern worthy of note, belongs to the director of the
Banco da Bahia, Commendador Sousa Campos. It is composed of
vast Salines at a short distance from the Capital, in a place called
Margarida, with all requisites and modern European appliances for
salt manufacturing.

It is one of the largest South American industrial establishments,
and its products meet ready sale.

The great graphic arts establishment, Reis et Co, one of the best
of its kind in Brazil, is another establishment worthy of being visit-
ed. It is situated down town in the Capital.

There is also the large furniture factory, Marcenaria Hra/.ihMra,
the products of which can be compared favourably with those im-
ported from Europe, being much superior to the latter as to the
quality of the wood emplo^'ed.

Otukk crriRs of Bahia. — Those who wish to make a corrci't
judgment about the importance of the State of Bahia must not limit
themselves to the examination of its large Capital. They must go to
the interior, visit the cities si)read through the S. Francisco river
valley, tliose hidden there by the river side as if forgotten and also
those inteiiicd in the interioi- of the State.

('A('noi:iKA. — In a low valley of Hie i'aragiuissu river, exlended
Ihroiigli its icl'l iiank, I'lill of nice houses, churches and pretty shops
and sloi-es. It has rA).000 inhabitants, (> public S(iuares, TA) s( rei'ts,
connected by a railway with Sao Gon(;alvo de Campos, S. Felix, Cur-

— 337 —

raliiilio and other places. It is also connected, by steamers sailing-
daily, with the Capital. It has a colossal bridge, built on stone pillars
and c(mnecting- it with S. Felix. It has a large threading mill, three
cigar boxes factories and several others raanuiactnring mucillage,
vinegar, soap, candles, distilling works, sugar refineries. It has yet
good hotels, daily papers and other pei-iodicals, telegraph, tele-
plume, clubs, libraries and a city hospital.

S. Felix. — It is not as large as the one just mentioned, but has
this peculiarity : it is, we might say, the whole of it a cigar factory.
It is like some of those European cities that monopolise a certain
industry. It got used to improve cigar manufacturing and does
nothing else. Among all those large cigar factories there is one,
which is the largest in South America. It is the property of Geraldo
Danneman, whose products can be seen in every cigar store of the
countr3\

The population of this place devote themselves to the cultivation
of tobacco, its manufacture and exportation. Those who are not em-
ployed in those large factories, as Danneman, Simas, Cardoso, Mi-
Ihajes, Roedenburg and others, are at home working on their own
account.

The buildings of this busy city are not so pretty as those of its
neighbor. It is also on the banks of the Paraguassii river stretching
itself almost in one street only. The City Hall was planned by
an architect of Bahia , Mr . H . Schlej^er , and is a beautiful
building.

Santo Amaro. — It is another city of about 85.000 inhabitants.
The buildings show^ that formerly Santo Amaro was quite an impor-
tant social centre full of enthusiasm and life. The city has the cu-
rious feature of embracing the river, narrowing it between its streets
filled with ancient style mansions, covered with colored tiles import-
ed from Portugal, villas and other light cottages. A large church,
the pride of that region, is standing in the Purifica(;ao square where
also are the City Hospital and City Hall, solid and strong as every-
thing that was formerly built with the first money earned with sugar
cane plantations.

In another square is the theatre, a building hardly worth men-
tioning and the Poor House, with a school for girls founded in 1813.
There are tramw^ays in the city, as well as water supply, railroad,
hotels, factories, foundries, public illumination, everything that can
give importance to a modern city. A few leagues away is the « Insti-
tuto Bahiano de Agricultura » suj)ported by the State.

— 338 —

In the suburbs of Santo Amaro are some farms with beau-
tiful panoramas, and tlirough the municipium there are saw-mills,
sugar-factories, dislilling woi-ks, \vhere they work day and night,
and others.

Xazauktii , MAiiA(.o(;ii'E AM) AiiATinvPE. — Tliese are other
growing cities, each of over 20,000 inhabitants, with factories,
schools, clubs, newspapers, etc. ^They have daity comiiiunicalion
with the city by steamers.

Feira de Sant'Axxa. — Is built upon an esplanade of beautiful
hori/on. Its landscape is the prettiest of the North of Brazil with its

(liiriMliiiliu. — Dionysio Cenjueii'a Place. — Popular llnliday

streets straight and wide as the Senhor dos Passos, and Direita
streets. The fact of this Direita Street (straight street) being really
a straight one surprised us. In neai'ly every city there is a thorough-
fare with this name being generally the most tortuous street of the
town.

I( lias line private and i)ublic buildings. The City Hall, the (hea-
ti-c, the Kailway Station, the magnifii-ent City Hospital and (Jirls
Asyliiui. hs iiauii' \\asgi\en alter tliose colossal count ry fairs, cattle
exchange, that used to be held thei'c befoi-c there was any railway.
'I'en to twelve thousand heads of cattle conhl then l>e seen tlu'rt'.
There are I'oui- steam factories antl other smaller ones manu-
facturing \('getal»le oils, tobacco, soap, lopes. tiles ami other
l)ro(lncls.

— 339 —

Tlie principal commerce oi' the city lias as basis tobacco and its
preparation, there being- 13 business lionses by wholesale and H(> re-
tail houses. It also exports hides, lumber, gfain, etc., in smaller
scale.

It is a city of much future, with < J 1.000 inhabitants according to
the last census and dates, only fi-om the time of the political indei)en-
(lence of Brazil.

CuRRALiNHO. — Known also as Castro Alves, because ol" having
been the birth-place of the great Brazilian poet of that name. It is

Alagoiuhos. — Pago Municipal (square)

also a city with a bright future, built on the top of the Sairirii
mountains, and we must say, well built. It has 20 large streets,
four public squares and fine houses.

Alagoinhas. — Here is another city ow ing its existence to the
locomotive. Formerly there was a kind of a hamlet with that name
a short way from the place where this city is now. With the arrival
of the railway-bridge of the Bahia to S. Francisco railway, there
was formed a nucleus of houses, by and by a small hotel, a church,
a school, later on business houses of certain importance and soon we
saw formed a beautiful city to be added to the number of the 40
Bahia State cities.

— uo —

Alagoinlias grows everj' year , and is already a good city of
commercial activity. It has a public square, Paco Municipal, two
railway stations , a large market , pretty churches , eight public
schools, several clubs and hotels, soap-factories, brandy distilleries,
soda-water works, leather tanning factory, a newspaper, etc. Its po-
pulation is 32.276 according to the census taken in 1900.

From there starts a railway to Timbo and the prolongation line
to the S. Francisco river, crossing the cities of Bomfim, Serrinha
until Joazeiro.

The region crossed b}' this railway is most interesting wiih
variegated and exquisite panoramas one after another. At the begin-
ning endless tobacco plantations of small farmers intermingled with
corn and other cereals. The road goes through two green bands,
where the tobacco comes in line with small plants of one to two
metres. Afterwards near Bomfim, formerly Villa Xova da Rainha,
we enter a stony region in which predominates the Itauba mountain
(an enormous stone) rich in the variety of stones among which arc
the rosy ones, compact, which have already been utilized for monu-
ment making in the Capital. A little further ahead is the city of :

Bomfim. — This city has some 1.200 houses, 26 streets, o s(|uarcs
and looks like a hamlet built by chance with cross and tortuous
streets. Yet the houses are pretty and new, as the city is not an
old one.

Following the railway we find extensive open fields, with a pecu-
liar vegetation, the cactus predominating. There is even a stretch
of some kilometres of surface, where we can contemplate the impos-
ing panorama of a forest of cactus, with thousands and thousands
of specimens firmly standing up displaying their pretty green colors.
The bottom of that picture is the naked body of the mountains in the
neighborhood, a sad landscape with those broken lines of the nion-
struous rocks.

Skkui.vma. — Among tlu; i)laces that line the road before Hoinrim,
some are of some importance, as (^ueimadas, Santa Luzia, etc.
Serrinha is a city of right. xVs its name gives to understand it is
located in a small mountain. Right at its entrance there is a pretty
hotel, indicating that, being anew city, (it is another creation of
the railway), v(iry littU; worth noting can be present. Its houses
have as a rule only (n\(\ floor, only lately som(> being built with upper
stories. The main i)ul)lie scpiare is the Prai;a Manoel N'ictoriuo.

.loAzi'.iKo. — Alter the IJouifini slation, live hours of train lide.
we sec; Jo:i/.eiro, on I he saii(l\ l)anks of t he S. l'"i-anciseo liNcr. and

— 341 —

where from a beautiful ])aii()i-anKi can he observed. In front of
it is a city belonging- to rei-nanibuco State, tlic white houses of
which, there at the bottom, give a strong relief to the small Fogo
island (Fire island), situatiid between the two cities. Petrolina is the
name of that little gem , connected to-day by a telegraphic wire,
carried over-head by a high post on the island and tliat thus helps
to unite the thought of two cities thai the river in vain tried to
separate.

Joazeiro has grown up considerably after the railway reached
there. It has 22 wide streets running in the direction of the axle of
the river, crossed by several other side streets and public squares. A

Joazeiro. — The railway station of tlie line Baiiia to S. Francisco

pretty building is the railway station of this city. The Cit^^ Hall is
also a solid and large building. There are also two club houses, a
librarj^ a music school, some churches, a small theatre, and several
good commercial houses to give life to the city. The houses are of
modern construction, and among them are some of noble aspect.
The seat of the Yiacao Central do Brazil, — which takes charge of
the navigation on the river and its affluents, — is a large house,
not a very pretty one, painted white, a little ahead of the station,
having annexed its repair shops. The street lining the river is full
of business houses, but as it happens in every city of Brazil it is
not overcrow^ded.

Three or four kilometres from Joazeiro is a large establishment
devoted to the experimental study of vines, directed by Dr. J. Sil-
veira an entomologist and ethnologist of repute.

All that region margined by salinitrous ground, produces
excellent vines, with four crops a year, and the scientific establish-

— 342 —

ment has as its object to direct that new agricultural industry.
The wheat and the vine prosper wonderful in this region. Lum-
ber, cattle, apples, peaches, everything is produced there, promis-
cuously with the ec^uatorial plants, so as to place in disorder those
notions accumulated lor centuries about climatology.

So that nothing be lacking, a lew leagues away from Joazeiro in a
place called Sobradinho, the river arranged some high falls, and in
the near future all the neighboring cities will have j^ower, light and
heat without needing a single ton of fuel.

ValeiK.a. — Larse toxtilo Fabr'u- : h

>aiilus »

Let us leave alone this region the future of whii'li is depending,
as we said before, on the immigration, the iMiropean Mood and
intelligence.

We will give a jump back to the ('ai)ital and will lake a coastw isc
steamer to visit the sea-side cities. ^\■(' will go fii-sl lo NaliMu-a, the
industrial city as it is called.

Valknta. — At seven kilonieties from the bay of I'inharc, on the
hanks of a small river, the Ihiit, is one of the most intei-esting
cities of liahia, — Valen^'a, — with Jl.'.ir.T inhahitants, -JJoo houses,
81 larger Ixiildings, •-?(; sti'eets and :> i)uhlie s(|uares. with i)aveiiients

— u-.i —

and illuiniiKition, pailly electrical, partly with kerosene oil, two Iai-<;(;
lactoiies, (threading- mills), two saw-niills, waler supply, newspa-
])ers, telegraph, breweries, i'riiit-wine factoi-ies, soaj) ones, cordial
distilleries, candle-factories, shii)-yards, and 10 school houses.

Among its best buildings, Valenca can show the City Hall, the
Amparo Church, of modern style, and the Hospital. It is connected
with the Capital by a regular line of steamers and sailing vessels.

Further down on the sea-coast there are a lot of cities witli
bright future. In our opinion, this southern region has in its bosom
the greatness of the Bahia State because of its natural treasuries.

There are Prado with its monazitic sands, which, in one year
alone paid 0()0:000S000 (about $ 2.700.000) of export duties to the State
of Bahia; (^nrauellas, 291 miles from the Capital, the topography of
which looks like a chess-board on account of the way the streets
are disposed forming right angles. It has whale-oil and a railway
that goes to Minas. Cannavieiras, a strong centre of the cocoa trade,
built on big lumber stakes on account of the river floods, with fine
houses, newspapers, hotels, clubs, a large number of business hou-
ses, etc. etc.

All the streets of Cannavieiras city are sandy. The buildings
worth noting are : the City Hall and the Jail. It has a water supply
by means of pumps moved by wind.

The water is taken from the artesian wells and deposited in tanks
with a total capacity of 70.500 litres. These pumps work constantly
as the wind always blows in this region.

Since the moment we enter the Pardo river we see on the left,
immediately after the promontory south of the bar, the Peso river,
which connects Cannavieiras with Belmonte, passing through the
interior of the bar of the Peso. After this we see yet two other
rivers on the same side, the Jacare and the Boi rivers.

Ilheos. — Above Cannavieiras, going to Bahia we see a pretty
and wide bay called Ilheos much smaller, however than the « Todos
OS vSantos » one.

It is in the southern part of the bay of Ilheos that runs the
Cachoeira river on the left bank of which is the city of .S. Jorge ilos
Ilheos, constructed partly on a peninsula, extented southwardly and
ending at the Matriz hill with about BO metres of height.

Ilheos is in the bosom of a beautiful inner bay, behind some rocks,
like the Rapa and others, which make it as picturesque as it is shel-
tered and adequated to navigation. This city was founded by Fran-
cisco Romero, in 1530, which means to say that it is of the oldest in
Brazil. In the last vears of the monarchy it had attained the maximum

— :U4 —

of its decadence, even llie Matri/ Church — S. Joi-ge — was in ruin.
But the extensive cocoa plantations began to produce some twelve
years ago. The old Tlheos lately began to feel younger, there came
money, people, and everything was transformed. To-day it can com-
pete with the best cities of the interior of Bahia. It has good hotels,
stylish mansions, j)aved streets, an active commerce with large
stores and luxurious show windows, modern newspapers, as the
Gazetii de Ilheos , several factories of chocolate, cocoa, soap and
others. Some of the near-by villages, as Tabocas, which 10 years ago

Ilheos. — Panorama ol' a |)art ot tlic cil}

were stopping-places for travelers, to-day present the'aspect of i-ities
by themselves.

It is ])elow Cannavieiras, between a i)art of Bahia and the Spirito
Santo, that is to l)e found, a little way from the coast, the curious
archipelago of polyperas rocks, dark and rough, by the typical nanu'
ofAbrolhos. Some of these rock islands are visible fioui ;i great
distance, the most vohiuiiuous being Santa Bai-bara, halfcox cred by
rickety vegetation. On it they liuilt a Ix-aiii iful light-house. I'cw
people live i?i this piece of ground h)st in t lie iniineusity of the ocean,
and which the least noise of t lie li fe of I he cit ies, does not reach

— S4B —

noitlier I'roin any otliei- limnuii ('(uniiiunily. 'I'lic |)r(!S('ii1 keeper of
tlie light-house lonesoinely lives so, with ti small group of people, Inr
the last twenty yeai-s. Only once in tln'ce nionllis a coaslwise steamer
goes to the island, carrying provisions and I'uel lor the liglit-lionse,
whieli never stopped one single night from illiiiiiinating its silent
and desert horizon.

A number of sheep, goats and other animals, eoiiii)lete the group
of the live population imprisoned in the Abrollios, whei'e days and
nights slide without any alteration, well in harmony with the regu-
lar but unconscient rotations of the light-house ai)i)aratus \\hieh ioi-
the last 30 years lights the rocks without interruption.

We referred to the Abrolhos on account of the light-house cele-
brated to the navigation that there passes by.

It is impossible for us to give an account of every city. The
limited space of this book would not permit it.

Those we have mentioned suffice to give an idea of the wealth
of this large State. It continues to be at the head of the other States
in many respects, and taking into consideration the \ariety of its
production — being as Rio Grande do Sul and Minas, of the few
States that do not deliver themselves to the contingent prosperity of
monoculture — we have not to fear any crisis like those that have
suffered Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco and other States, not long ago.

The secret, however, of its great prosperity entirely lies on a
measure that its administrators have not, as yet, been willing to, or
did not know how to realize, and that is : the introduction of large
numbers of European immigrants into the lands of this rich State.

When Bahia decides itself to adopt this measure and receives
and disseminates in its beautiful territory some 500.000 immigrants,
Bahia will then have established the basis of its true progress so
vast and powerful, that we believe there is no other region in the
whole of Brazil in a condition to equal it.

THE STATES OF ESPIRITO SANTO AND
RIO DE JANEIRO

Between the two large cities of the Brazilian coast, one that was
formerly the Capital of the country, — Bahia, — and another that
is the Capital to-day, there is a sea-coast city which is the Capital of
one of the 20 States of the Union. It is much more modest than any
of the other tw^o, more modest even than many of the interior cities

— 34fi —

of tlic country in the S. Paulo, Bahia, Kio (Jrande do Sul or many
of tlie other States. Yet its name may sound as Ixdon^iiij;- to a ••reat
metropolis.

Victoria is the name of that small city, Capital of one of the small-
est States of the Union. — the State of Ksjjirito Santo,

Sailing from Rio de Janeiro in son}e of those coastwise steamers
that are in the habit of navigating nearer shore, in 20 or 21 hours
we are in front of that city, which is not visible from the sea. We
can only see it after peneti-ating into the port, behind a crown of
jnonntains at the bottom of which is the citN.

*
* *

N'icloria.

Tlic .Moreno and I he cliancl of I'cnlia

Entering the port, a little towards the east side of Villa Velha we
see a large rock of conic shape, (which one would think is threatening
to fill up the canal should it fall into it) and near this i-ock anothei"
one just like it but a little taller — they ai'c the two inside marks of
the estuary. This one is called Moreno and the former, ilic pi-etticst,
they gave tlu^ name of Penha, and th(\v built on top of ii a small
white chapel in tin; most ideal and poetical of sjiots.

We read that the little convent of Penha was started in 1558 and
finished in 1575, and it is not much to have spent ten years, cany-
ing stone by stone, to a height of 120 metres, to build that church
and its c(mvent, strongly enough to be able to resist, as they liaxc
resisted, during centuries, to the rigor of the w(\)ther with its stiong
winds on the sea-shore.

When llic linirisl wishes to go up (he hill, he I'iuds a regular
I'oad, i)ave(i with stones, in constant curves until the top where the
chui'cli is all dressed in white with its stone fonudati(Ui finnlv fixed.

— 347 —

The bay of Espirito Santo is wide, perfectly serene and calm, we
could not say it more appropriately in any other case, — ns in a
lookin^-^-lass.

The present Secretary of Public Works, I)r Lauro Midler, pro-
moted the construction of harbor works which will comi)l(jtely
transform this port at an expense of £ l.UOU.OOO.

In a curve of this bay and on the side of a hill is the city of
Victoria with its uneven buildings, its churches, its public garden,
which can be seen from the anchorage place. Its quay is not a pretty

Victoria. — A part of the city and anchorage

one, but a large number of boats are always to be seen there for the
service of the port.

Xotwithstanding it is an old city, it has had lots of time to
grow and acquire modern ideas. Numerous cities of the interior of
S. Paulo, others of Minas and others of Bahia, not to speak about
capitals like Manaos, Curytiba, Bello-Horizonte, Maceio, are far
more advanced, better europeanized, more progressive than Victoria.
AVliy so? It seems that it is the fate of the cities located in islands in
the Brazilian coast, not to conquer their way in the road of progress
as those on the continent.

Yet the citj^ is not so very ugly. Seen from the anchorage place,

— 348 —

the distance sIioavs it as a poetic rcliel", presenting- itself as a picture
for a drawing room, mild and tender, round, soft, half framed in the
long- green of tlie mountains that have not the ronghness of other
mountains, everything displayed in another inverted landscape in
that blue reflector of the waters.

The natural port is calm, sheltei-ed and vast as few are. The gay
panorama of the mountains surrounding it, correspond perfectly
well to the beauty and quietness of the bay.

Victoria is a small city active and industrious, having seven

mj»yp"!'-'».

Victoria. — Aiiotlier pari ol'jtiie i-ity and aiuiKnagt'

public s(piares, of which only one has a garden ; twenty odd streets
extending themselves in a longitudinal direction of the anchorage
line, crossed by other narrow and inclined side-streets, lined by
houses which in the great majority are there since colonial times.
There are, however, some of modern aspect.

The palace of the Governor is the old convent, wliii'h, as in tlu'
one of Parahyba, exhibits yet the church at the side.

The houses are disposed in irregular squares or blocks, lining-
streets disorderly arranged. They shelter under their roofs a popula-
tion of some '.>.()()() inhabitants, being I. I-*:! males and \.~>~~ t'emali's,
according to tlu^ census of lUO'J, only in (heeily proper. 1"',. Keelns in
his l)0()k — () lira/.il — says ;

— 349 —

cc Reveral years ago, Victoria Nvliili; luiving vet but little? com-
inercc, only small ships came to its bay. The improvement works
made in the channel of the port wliich is over live oi- six metre deep
permit the entrance even to the large transatlantic steamers. Its
commerce grows to-day rai)idly and the immigrants land thei-(! by
thousands. Hencel'orth Espirito Santa considers • itself indepen-
dent from Rio de Janeiro as to its ultramarine relations ».

In fact it is so. The agriculture of the State was backwards and
weak, its commerce, consequently, could not be very pros])ci'ous.
However, the immigrants came there from Poi-tugal, (Germany,
Italy and Spain. They went to the interior, to the river banks. (Joffee
began to appear in the market, in (jnantities growing larger every
year, and everything was done.

Victoria is already appearing in the list of the noted exporting
ports, in a progressive march which can be observed in the follow-
ing figures :

Coffee exports by the port of victoria

Yours. Kilogs.

1892 1(i.67.3.3(52

1893 21.703.109

189-4 23.217.101

1895 21.641.717

1896 2.5.201.568

1897 34.791.^88

1898 33. -4 19. 90 1

1.S99 27.379.764

1900 23.649.222

1901 41. •49.4.095

And this progression can be maintained. Everything shows that,
and it is hoped that the progression from now on will be much lar-
ger. The habit of working is extending itself to wider circles in the
interior, the railways will awake facilities of transportation and
exchange, and above all, stronger than everything, it will assure
progress to the fertility of the soil, acting by the entrance in the field
of work the enormous areas conquered on the wild forests

Espirito Santo has two railways : the Santo Eduardo to Cacho-
eiro with an extension of 90 kilometres and the Sul do Espirito
Santo with 80 kilometres in operation and 83 in construction.

The road that goes to Cachoeiro, belongs to the Leopoldina
Railway, crosses tracts of land most wealthy as well as thick woods
and forests.

Another railway quite extensive and which will mean the reali-
sation of an old aspiration of the people of the Espirito Santo

— 350 —

State, is about to be built soon, according to information I'lirnished
us by the Government itself in an official document. We refer to the
following topic of the message of Governor Muniz Freiie read before
the Legislative Assembly :

« I must also inform you of the pleasing impression 1 have
received by the i-ecent organisation of the « Companhia Victoria a
Diamantina », which proposes to realize the concession renovated by
art. 18, n" Kj of the Federal law n" 834 of Decembei- 30th. 1901, for
the construction of a railway that, starting from Victoria and going
through Pessanha, in Minas Geraes State, will go to Diamantina an
important centre of the same State, with an extension of TOO kilo-
metres. )) The works of this company have already started.

Public Ixstkuction, police, production, commerce, etc. — The
things that have reference to the public instruction of the inhabitants
of Espirito Santo have not been neglected, though they could not
have been treated as it would be expected to be treated in a State
with such a brilliant future. A Central Department with its seat in
Victoria, manages everything concerning public instruction under
the direction of a General Director. The instruction given b^' the
official institutes is divided into primary, — which is compulsory
and free of charge, as it happens in all the other States of Brazil, —
and secondary, distributed by the Normal College with 100 pupils,
and several schools like the Atheneu Santos Pinto, the Collegio do
Carmo, directed by Sisters of charity and installed in an old convent.

For the elementary instruction there are in the State I'.K) schools
in the Capital antl interior towns and villages.

The police force of Espirito Santo is a modest battalion of infan-
try, we might say a company, with 120 men, commanded by a major,
3 captains, 3 1st. lieutenants, (i 2nd lieutenants and a small band oi
music with 18 figures.

As to the sanitary j)ublic services, public aid, statistics, etc.,
thei-e are only rudimentary departments very simple f(n- the organi-
sation of a State.

There is hardly any manufacturing industry wortli writing
about ; there is one or other factory of soap, vinegar, beer and a few
others. The great industry is the agriculture and of this there is
only one important manifestation — the coffee cultivation. This docs
not m(;an that l''.spirilo Santo docs not export oilier products,
becausi^ it docs sugar, lumber and others, but excepting coffee all
th(i others arc sent in vei'y small ([uantities. 'IMiei-e is consecjuently
tlie monociill ure witb all of its inconveniences.

It ap])ears liow(;\er, tluit a new element, will come to modify,

— S5l —

though slig-htly, the situation tliat circumstance l)rings al)out, and it
is the discovery of nionazitic sand in tlu; sea-coast. The executive
Chief of tlie State wrote thus about it :

« As you know, it was only two yeai-s ago, in l.Sli.S, tliat the exis-
tence of that source of wealth in the State was knon.w. rnfii then its
existence was only known (m the coast of the Pi-ado nHinicipiuii., in
the State of Bahia. From that time however it was (lisc()v(!red that
we liave imi)ortant layers of those sands in Ean-a de S. Matheus,
Guarapary and Benevente n.

h-^

niwa^ " ^

#r^;pr^'i

••;_ ''''l'Mli'Wf*.,':l(WfeF:»:::^|i,

Caclioeiro de ItapLMiiorim. — Poaix of Ital)ira

Principal cities. — Espirito Santo is not large, neither in terri-
tory, nor population. The former is of 45.000 square kilometres, the
latter is 209.000 inhabitants, less than there is to be found in any
other large city of Rio, S. Paulo, Bahia. Under the circumstances
how could there be any city of importance ?

At all events we will see what can be ijresented as cities of rela-
tive importance.

Cachoeiro de Itapemerim — or only Itapemerim — is in first
place, thanks to the new^ vigor given to it by the immigration that
largeh' increased the number of its coffee plantations.

It is the seat of a large agricultural municipium composed of :
Conceicao, S. Gabriel do Moqui, S. Joao do Moqui, Castello, and
S. Pedro do Cachoeiro districts. Their population was by the cen-
sus taken ten years ago 5.000 inhabitants, and by last year census
19.592 inhabitants. It is a picturesque city cut into two halves by
the Itapemerim river on the banks of which it is built.

A metallic bridge resting on stone pillars unites those two parts.

352 —

In the soutliern part ol" the city are tlie railway stations. The
river makes a curve riglit where tlie city is, and the houses there,
nearly all one floor buildings ol" the simplest architecture, are spying-
at the sides supported on posts and pillars. On both sides are
ample woods on the inclined plan, of a deep green whose greatness
is being explored with the fall of the rich lumber pulled down b_\ the
active immigrants.

This city has progressed somewhat of late , inaugui-ated [its elec-
trical illumination and has built some nice houses and chalets.

jj. -t' 'i^s.air^f*^

Caclioeira dc Itapcincriin. — Soutliern |>arl of tlic ritv

Not long ago it was connected with the Rio dc .Janeiro State and
wlien they build the <S3 kilometres rails of the Sul do I^spirito Santo
i-ailway which goes down to Victoria it will be connected by railway
will) llie Capital of the Ivei)ublic.

Among other newspapers they publish « () (^nchociruiu) >> wliieh
is the oldest paper of the state.

S. Matukus. — It has relatively little t'ommeicinl iuipoiianee.
It is jiartly built on a little river with its stoui' quay and parilv in a
small mountain. The river that serves of decoration to it and w liieh
the city is named aftei- is a b(>auliful stream of clear and calm
waters, its passage is always reproducing in front of tlu' tpiay the
image of tlic; eitN' with its bigh ])alm-trees planted some ;>() years ago

— 35:{ —

in tlio down-town part of tlie city. Tliis part ol" tlic city is composed
of two floor buildings, plain walls and Portuguese style. In the
uptown part of the city arc also sevei-al two floor buildings. The
city is illuminated with kerosene oil and is the seat of the munici-
piuni of the same name created by law n"C) oh the JSth of Mai-eh l«:j."j.
It is situated on the right bank at the mouth of the S. Matheus
river, four leagues from the sea and from Villa da Barra, and 28" n.
of Rio Doce, altitude 18°. 53'. 34". longitude .3". <•>'. 13". It is 40 lea-
gues away from the Capital of the State. It comprises the district
and parish of the same name with a ])opulation of T.Tfil inhabitants.

Victiiria. — Local Scene, tlie Siesia

Cachoeira de Santa Leopoldixa. — (Port of). It is the seat of
a coffee municipium, where they are actively operating a renovation
of customs and habits as well as the whole agricultural life of the
State. To that city many Italian, German, Polish and other natio-
nalities immigrants have gone of late. It is a small city and quite a
simple one like all the others in this State. Its commerce, how^ever,
considered its territory is quite active and prosperous. It is a city of
some .5 or 6.000 inhabitants. Adding to it the neighboring districts
of Jequitiba , Mangarahy and Santa Thereza, its population is 9.867
according to the report of the statistics Department.

Bexevexte. — This is a municipium of some future. At present
has but little importance. It produces rice, sugar, coffee. This muni-
cipium was created bj^ decree signed on the 1st of January 1759. It is
14 leagues away from the Capital of the State. It comprises the dis-
tricts Alto Benevente and Piuma parishes Nossa Senhora da Con-
ceicao de Piuma. Its population was 14.638 inhabitants in 1892.

— 354 —

Other cities like Itubnponnn at the soutlR-i-u \r,xv\ of the State.
EspirHo Siiiilo — as old as an ago, — Suntn (Iriiz, and several others,
are spread here and there over the State. They have, however,
but a relative intei-est lor publie knowledge. And why to cite thein?
Cities, like so nuuiy hundreds ol' them sprt'ud through the vast ter-
ritoi'.x' of Brazil, still growing, cities without anything paiticular
about them, or as much as tliat terrace about which the Spanish

poet wrote :

Turn j)iirliriil;ir,

Que en lloiucndo se moju
Como los (lentils

( So |)ccii!i;ir, tliat wlioii it niiiis gels wcl. jiisl like tl tlicrs )

THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO

On account of its size and physical aspect the State of Rio de
Janeiro is the most hilly of all the other States of the Union.
Crossed by capricious i-idges of mountains, enormous lakes, it has a
marvellous maritime Ijoundai-y Hue \\ here the most beautiful l)ays, re-
fused by nature to the other States, were given to it with i)rodigality.

In this respect this State is in striking contrast with its neigh-
boring State — Minas. — This latter State has not the least commu-
nication willi the sea. Uio has so many and large anchoi-agc places
that it has no necessity to give commercial applicatiou to all of
them. It concenti'ates all its maritime activity in the bay that lays
l^etween the two twin capitals : Uio de .lani'iro. the Federal Capital,
and Nictheroy, the Capital of the State of Rio de Janeiro, l^vei-y one
of the great peculiarities that give fame and value to a tcrrilorx', this
Stat(; got them heaped up upon it by naiiiic. It lias ilu' higiiest oro-
grai)hic point, the Itatiaya: the largest and most marxcUous bay,
(liuanabara, ithe Rio de .Janeiro bayi; the most curious elbow of
land, o Cabo Vv\o, (the Frio ca])c;: the stupendous rock\- mountains,
o ITio do Assucar, (Jaxca, {''rade de Macahc; nioiintains ol iini\ crsal
fame for its picturesqueness, llic Mant icpu'ira, and os Orgfios. \\\c-
ryfliing in this Stale contributes to a glorious destiny. And as il all
was not sufficient, there came nicn adding to siicli great natural pos-
sessions, tlicif iKilicnl and \alnal)lc work. Tlicx Imilt there one of
thegrealesl com iiiereial metropolis of tlie world, tlie political iu'ad ()f
liie w liole nation, extended through t lie \ alle\ s a w hole s\ stem of

railways, installed on the toj) of Mk; iiioiintains, smiiiiicr rcsoi-ls
being- so many other cities, where the wealthy inlialtilaiils i-esidc.

Some by the sea-side, some in the interior places, some large,
some small, there is quite a number ol" cities all through the State
like Macahe, Araruama, Cabo Frio, Saquarema, Marica, Xictheroy,
Ivio de Janeiro (Capital of the Republic), Mangaratiba, Angra, l*a-
raty. These being the sea-side (mes. The leading cities oT tlu; moun-
tains are Petropolis, Xova Friburgo and Theresopolis.

The territory between Rio de Janeiro and tlie Ponta Negra, neai-
Cabo Frio, where a large light-house is since ISHl, is high ground ,
formed by enormous stones, sometimes bare like I'ocky mountains,
sometimes covered with green, lined with thick woods. Among these
superb stone bodies we see Ponta Negra (Black ])oint), thus called
because of the aspect and color of its elevation, on the top of which
we see, from tlie distance at which the steamers pass by, a white?
building, used as a semaphorical signal station. Away down on a
sandy hill near Saquarema city is the church of Nossa Senhora de
Nazareth, all white, like a sea-mew.

The shores we see from there at the North, and which do not
look at all like those of Rio Grande do Sul, are called Pernambuco.
A little further ahead we see a fine stone body called Cabo Frio and
there the coast seems to fold upon itself, abandoning its course from
West to East, to follow North-East.

The Rio de Janeiro is, as to its territorial extension, one of the
shortest States of Brazil, but its population places it among the most
important ones. It has over one million inhabitants.

Owning to this relatively large population , Rio de Janeiro, com-
pared with the other States , has developed very rapidly its agricul-
ture, industry, transportation and commerce. Its extensive coffeeand
sugar-cane plantations concentrated during the second half of the
last century the base of the national public wealth in that region as
they did in Bahia in the last century, and as they are doing in
S. Paulo. Thus has been dislocated the economical-financial hege-
mony, changing of seat, under circumstances, that as yet do not
seem to characterise a superior law or a definite form.

We only apprehend the material phenomenon : the dislocation
of the economical centre of gravity which we believe later on will
have to be taken from S. Paulo to the rubber States in the North.

Once the sceptre of the country's agricultural wealth dislocated
from Rio de Janeiro to S. Paulo, Rio began to exercise a very mo-
dest influence in the destinies of the nation , and the whole of the
State, in spite of its beautiful and some most important cities, seems

— :}5G —

to be supported by the life ol' the small disti'ict that makes part of
its territor}^ from the geographical point of vi(nv, but independent
and distinct as it has been reserved for the functions of acting as
the head of the wliole country — tlie Federal District.

Why it allowed itself to be thus supplanted by S. Paulo in that
privileged condition, is something that apparently can't vc-ry well
be explained. It was not inferior -in the richness of the soil, nei-
ther in the density of the population , neither in the variety and
excellency of the climate, neither even was it inferior in the geogra-
phical situation , number of ports, proximity of a large market cen-
tre, but much to the contrary, it had over S. Paulo all the natural
advantages, and above all, it had great superiority in the advaiice-
ment of jjolitical and social education of its land-owiicrs, as well as
in the develo])Mient of two agricultui-al industi'ies, coffeij and sugar-
cane, which was cultivating when S. I*aulo was but making ex])cri-
ments with them in the North and Xorth-west i-egions, the marvel-
lous West unknown at the time.

The Capital of the State had always been Nictheroy, the twin city
of the Capital of the Republic. In 1891, however, the local Govern-
ment transferred the Capital of the State to the city of I*ctroi)olis.
where it was but a short while, returning to Xictheroy in .luly 1*.U»H.
Nictheroy c(?lebrated then joyfully the recovering of its hisioi-ical
hegemony over the other cities of the State.

President, or rather Govei'uor Bocayuva (in Brazil some States
having the name of Governor, others President for the Executive
(yhief of the State,) was the one who reinstalled thei-e the Cai)iial of
Rio de Janeiro State, receiving the applauses of the entii-c ])opiila-
tion of the State.

Nictheroy is a small city l)uilt l)etween the i-idges of mountains
that line the eastern side of the large bay. It participati's of the soul
and moral economy of the neighboi'ing meti'opolis. Many of its inha-
bitants have their business and exercise their activity in Rio, on the
other side of the bay. It feels with Rio the same feelings as if it
were a part of it, and (piite often an event in Rio has its repercution
in Nictheroy (piicker than in the very suburbs of the i-ity. In fact,
besides the telephone, telegraph and ])ost office service, there is a
constant communication service by sti'am bc>ats (ferry boatsi i"un-
ning day and night bc^twecm the two large cities on the banks of the
Guanabara bay. This constitutes a synci-etism of life so intinuite, so
mixed with one anotiier that hardlN' can he thought, siMting aside,
tlic material sejjaration of the bay, tiie disiincliou tlial politit-al
geography causes between the two cities.

— 357 —

The true difference, the only difference, rests in tlicir active life :
Rio is a — whirlwind, — Nictheroy, — a resting; |)hi('c. TIk- asjjcct
of life in the streets of Rio is like that of the great conunercial cen-
tres full of activity, people in the streets do not walk, they run,
— do not speak, hut cry.

Nictheroy is just the inverse of it : there is an infinite quietness
in the air as in everything. Its population moves about at ease in the
quiet streets. There is a sound calm within the open city, without
walls, without barriers, surrounded only by its sandy shoi-es, the

Nichtheroy. — Tlie celebrated rock of Itapuca, and the beach of Icarahj

most picturesque sea-shores surrounding a city — Icarahy, S. Lou-
renco, etc.

Nictheroy has 35.000 inhabitants, tramways, electric illumina-
tion, newspapers, a large number of factories, ship-yards, etc.

Icarahy. — Is most interesting : one of its monoliths, the indi-
gene name of which was preserved, the — Itapuca — is a large,
isolated stone, a monumental feature, half placed into the water,
and the unmistakable beauty of which has already become celebrat-
ed in the art magazines, photographic views taken by the tourists
and post-cards.

— 358 —

Public instruction, police, means of communication. — In the
Capital as Petiopolis, Campos and other cities of the State, arc
excellent institutes of learning, some private, some belonging to the
government.

Among tlic latter we must mention the Fluminense Gymnasium,
the Campos and the Xictlieroy Normal Colleges, the Campos Lyceum.
Among the former we must mention : The Free Normal College, of
Petropolis, the Lyceum, of the same city, the grand Salezian College
maintained by priests in Santa Rosa, Nictheroy, and which is one of
the most noted institutes of professional education in the country,
and the Anchietu College, of Friburgo, directed by Jesuits, also repu-
ted as one of the best institutes of learning in South America.

As to the elementary instruction it is compulsoi-y and free of any
charge all over the State.

The State supports schools in Petropolis, Kezende , Xiclhcroy,
Campos, Valenga and Barra Mansa, and about 600 grammar schools
all over the State in buildings owned by the State.

The police force of Rio de Janeiro State is constituted by an
infantry regiment composed of two divisions, one militarized, an
organisation identical to the Federal infantry, devoted to maiiitain-
ancc of the authority and integrity of the State, the other a civil
organisation, to furnish detachments to different points, to do the
police service. Each division has 400 men. They have both Mauser
guns.

On account of its territorial extension, the State of Rio is the one
having the easiest means of communication. Two large railw ays
l)lace its interior cities and villages in contact with the exterior.
These railways are the Leoi)()l(lina and the Centi-al do Rrazil. Besi-
des these, other smaller railways connect two, three, or more cities
within the State, as the Estrada de Ferro Cami)ista, the Estrada de
Ferro de Theresopolis, the Estrada de T'erro Sapucahy. the I'niao
Valeneiaiia, the Rio das Flores, the Bananal, the \'assourense and
the Kio do Oui'o railway enterprizcs. The total extension of those
railways is '2.'.'>'S> kiloinclres.

I>esid(;s these, there are yet several stre(;t railway enterpi'izes in
sonic of Ihc i)rincii)al cities, as Nictheroy, Campos, Vassouras, etc.

()thcr cilics like S. .1 oiio da Barra, Campos, Macahe and oiIums
have flii\ial uavigalioii eom))anies.

I*i;tko1'oi,is. — The Slale of K io can boasl of possessing willi
thai pp<'t ly <'i1y of i'el ropolis one of I he most interesl ing cities of the

— 359 —

X('\v World. Tn tlu; l)('<;iiini,)o' W was ti colony conijjoscd of 'J.()00
Oermans, who came there in IN IT, to settle theiiisclvcs in groimds
belonging to the impei'iiil crown. Later on developed into a city,
havinobeeu during- tliree or four years Capital ol" (Ik; State. It is not
so high as S. Paulo, Bello liori/onte oi- ("nrityba, as it is built in an
esplanade ol" the Orgaos mountain, irA) meti-es above the sea level.

The fact, however, of being- so near the Capital of the Republic,
invested it with the prerogatives of a sanatorium and summer resort
of Rio, and every summer the wealthy population of Rio, the diplo-
mats and even the Executive Chief of the nation go to^that citv.

Petropolis. — The Municipal Prefects Palace

But it is not only on that account that Petropolis deserves the
importance it enjoys among- the cities of the Rio State. It is also a
pet in picturesqueness and construction. A very mild small river
runs in curves like a serpent thi'ough the interior of the city and over
it, are to be found many wooden and iron bridges, which contribute
in a large measure to embellish the gracious physiognomy of the city.
On the other hand, the wide and straight streets, with their rows of
magnolias, ever blooming, light but magnificent buildings , palaces
of varied ai'chitecture, form a beautiful panorama not to be found
in any other city.

The climate is charming. In winter it reminds one of Europe,
it is quite, cold, and cold weather may be hated in England or Ame-
rica, but is adored in tropical countries.

The streets and public squares are illuminated by electric lights,
incandescent lamps. There is an abundance of cabs and carriages to
be hired in the streets, and a tramway company is about to be orga-
nized to run street cars by electricity.

— 360 —

Everytliing- that a modern city may wish is there : telegraph,
ne\NSj)apers , hotels, theatre, libraries, telephones. And better,
there is an elegant society of what there is best in diplomatic and
political circles in the Capital.

Two railways connect this small paradize with the Capital of the
Republic, and two other cities of the Rio State. In the suburbs of
Petropolis are factories, threading, cotton and silk dairies, brewe-
ries, etc.

One season in the year, the rainy season, is monotonous and tire-
some to be spent in Petropolis. The largest part of moneyed people
who visit it, run away in a hurry at the first tidings of that season,

Nova Fribui'go. — General view^of the Aucliieta Collegiu

the winter. But , when the real summer begins, it is nice to see the
life that day by day the streets of Petropolis acquire. TiUrge number
of Rio families depart from Rio, to install themselves in the palaces
and many hotels and boarding houses in the city until then aban-
doned. Others, the merchants and capitalists, go up every evening
to sleep there, only to return in the morning to Rio to engage them-
selves in their daily labors.

Petropolis has 40.000 inhabitants witli its suburbs. It is in the
northern side of the mountains whicli incline themselves mildly
towards the Parahyba valley.

In its i)i'ivate l)iiildings we immediately note the predoniiiianci'
of beauty and comfort of the aristocratic cities, tliough there arc also
many Iminblc belonging to the first inhabitants of the colony.

Among the public buildings there are some beautiful ones, it
suffices to cite the City Hall, the best in the whole State, both on
account of its si/e and stvlish architecture.

— :iBi —

Nova Fribukgo. — Or simply Kril)iir<;() is u city very iiiiicli like
Petropolis as to its relations witli Kio. It is built in the noi-tlicrn
inclination of the Mnr mountain in that part in whieli the mountain
is known as Boa Vista (Fine View), allusion to Ihe horizon without
rival that can be observed around it.

It is not so new as Petropolis as it dates from ISI*.".

Its Xova Friburg-o name originates from the faet of having- been
founded by 1.700 Swisses belonging to a district of Switzerland
named Friburg , who settled there that very year and stayed
for many, many years, some abandoning the colony which little by
little assimilated itself to the native element, and to-day is (piite a

■W iX* ni^^^^^^^^T^^H^BSC^QSHBf

''§1

. ,^|

y/:

jorMmbra^"

Campos. — Quinze de Novembr street and Paraliyba river

Brazilian city though many descendants from the settlers are still
there.

It lias not that aristocratic aspect of Petropolis, neither has it
developed as much, but it has a beautiful climate, perhaps superior
to the one of that city, as well as a natural circumstance highly
pleasant, to which the country life of the suburbs give an exquisite
relief. A railway and an audacious one, from the point of view of
construction, conquering the mountain in strongly accentuated
inclinations, connects this city with Nictheroy.

Campos, is situated on the banks of the Paraliyba river, which at
this point has a width of over 300 metres, it is nine leagues from the
coast, and is a part of the Campos dos Goytacazes municipium which
is at the extreme North of the State of Rio de Janeiro.

As its name is indicating, it is a municipium formed by a vast
plain w^hich extends itself to S. Joao da Barra on the eastern side

— M2 —

and to the Atlantic, on the otlier side. On the western side the
f>'i'ounds ai'e nioi'e or less liilly , in sonu^ i)hices even nioiiiiiaiuous .
like all over the Mnrihe valley.

Two leagues from the city and on the right bank ol' the rrni-uhy
rivei', it can be seen rising-, solitary in this vast plain, called hy the
natives Goytaconiopi, that is, ('anii)os das Delicias (Delices field) the
large hill Itaoca.

The city ol" Campos has an extension ol' nearly three kilometres
in front of the Parahyba river, and about two kilometres towards the
interior. It has 3.680 houses, 38 streets, 8 public squares, and
several lanes and cross streets. It is divided into two disti-icts. It
was founded in 1()74 and elevated to the rank of eitv in is;;.". Its

.,,..1

Campos. — S. Salvador S(|iiarc

level is (> '/•■ to 11 '/s metres above the sea and its poi)ulation ;!."). dOO
inhabitants.

it was th(! first of all Brazilian cities that adopted the electric
light system of illumination and one of the first to adoi)t gas. Kven
squares to-day it has these two systems of illumiualiou.

The city presents a pretty aspect of neatness in the streets, some
paved with stone blocks, other with irregular stones, its pul)lic
squares hiuc fine; trees and some have even gai'dens.

In S. Salvador scpiare is the beautiful i)uiltling of the City
Jlall, one of tln^ Ix'st in the State, having at its right the Munici])al
Ijibrary with ovei- ir).()(H) volumes, and the Xossa Senhora Mae dos
Ilonieiis ha\ingat its lefl I lie lai'ge building of the ("ily Hospital
where about 'J. 000 pat ients ai'c taken care of annually, some of t hem
coming from the neighboring munieipiums, fr(un the States of Minas

— 363 —

and Espirito Santo ; the Grand ITotcl (i!asi)ar, the Post-Oltice,
and other buildings. On the other side of tlie s(iuar(; is iIk- Matri/
eliurch, S. Salvador, the telegraph Station, the printing olTice ol"
the Dinrio Popiihu-, a newspaper, and tlui beautiful buihling of the
Associacao Commercial, several lawyers offices, etc.

In a spot far away from the city , in tlie centre of spacious
grounds, there is the Isolation Hospital, where those witli conta-
gious diseases are kept.

Campos. — Lyceum of Humanities and .Normal Sclio

Besides a large number of grammar scliools kept by the State and
municipality, private schools and night schools maintained by sever-
al associations, as the Brazileira de Beneficencia, Uniao Artistica
Benefieente, several mason lodges, the Macodronio Club, Working-
men Centre and others, the city has three good institutes of learning
rendering important services to public instruction and the population
receiving it. They are : — the Lyceu de Humanidades, with its course
corresponding to the Xational Gymnasium one ; the Lyceum Bitten-
court da Sylva, of Arts and Trades, installed in a beautiful building

— fiCA —

of its own, expressly l)uilt lor that })uii)()S(', the beautiful arehitee-
tui-e, and solidity of which presented a fine palace, where day and
ni<;ht were classes, for both sexes, much frecpiented, and the Normal
College insalled with the Lyeeu de llunianidades in the palace
situated in the Pinheiro square. Each one of these three institutes
has a fre(|uentati()n of over KK) students.

Campos is a commei-cial and industrial centre of great movement
and impoi-tance. There are in it two banking-houses: «o Banco Com-
mercial H,ypotliecaiio de Campos » and the « Caixa Depositaria de
Campos,)) a Commercial Association, three good hotels, many otheis

('■;iiii|i()S. — Wiitcr reservoir

of smaller importance, manj^ restaurants and drinking places, four
music bands societies, a gas company, an electric light one, sewage
woi-ks, water works, a good street i-ailway service, animal traction,
going to the suburbs, and telephonic service.

The city of Campos has 15 catholic churches, a presbylerian and
a baptist one, and tliree masonic lodges.

Its public market is plentiful, abundant, with goods of all kinds.
In the slaughter house, in the lower part and away fiom the city, on
the banks of the Parahyba river, they kill the cattle needed for the
consumi)tion of the i)opulation, undei" the inspectioTi of the Cii.\ Hall
])hysicians. There is yel a llieatre with a capacity of SOU seats the
S. Sal\ ador theat re.

Tlii'cc newspajiers are piiUlished in ('ampos, liu' Moiiilor Cuiii-
/w'.s/.-/ one ot t lie oldest i)apei's in l>ra/.il, will) <il years of uninter-
rupted pubTK-ily, \\\v (iiizctii ilo Pova, with 'Jd years existence, and
the J)iuii() I'opiihir, besides other i)eriodicals like the Conihiitc and

3fi« —

the Idcul, lliis latter being tlie organ of the students ol' Campos, and
the Aurora a literary monthly magazine.

There are live railway stations with daily ti-ains starting and
arriving there. There is also a fluvial navigation company with
boats and steamers running to S. h'idelis, and S. Joao da Barra on
the Pai-ahyba river. There is a solid iron bridge o lo metres long,
connecting the city with the northern territory where a new city is
being I'ormed, or the present one extended to, in that half league
that goes between.

The municipium of Campos has 08 sugar-factories, some of very
first order.

Macahe. — In relation to the cities of the Brazilian sea-coast
cities, this one is a modern one. It was a village on the •J'.uh of Xo-
vembre 1813 and became a city by the provincial law n" 'MM of April
15th, 1846.

The geographical situation of Macahe is magnificent , at the
mouth of the river of the same name, in front of the Atlantic, having
a federal Custom House there.

The city itself is not large , it has not over 800 houses, anil by
the last census has but 7.000 inhabitants. It has no monument of
importance or building worth mentioning.

Its suburbs, however , are populated and its inhabitants arc
industrious. In all they constitute a population of 40.000 inhabitants.
The agricultiii'c industry exploited there is the sugar-cane. There arc
many sugar-factories among which is the (^uissama steam factory
one of the most important in the whole continent.

Macahe has railways connecting it with the Capital and the city
of CamjXJS.

Pakahyha do Sul. — Like the majority of the cities of the Rio
State, Parahyba do Sul is anew city. It was made a vilhigc l)y law of
Januai-y 15th, 1883 and elevated to city by provincial hiw n" [*'>:>:'>, of
the L'Oth of December 1891. The population of the whole municipium,
accoi-ding to the census taken in 181>0 was 27.351 .inhabitants, but,
the city itself, has not over 9. 000 inhabitants in the three districts
of Paiahyba do Sul, Braz and Kntrc Rios.

Barka do riiiAiiv. — Is one of the cities witli Itcttcr funirc in tlic
Rio (h; .liuuui'o State, not only becausi' it is the scat of an active
and inilustrious municipium, but because of its comnuinication faci-
lities with the Capital of tlu^ Rei)ublic as well as S. I'aulo and Miiias
Slates.

Barra do IMi-aliy was cli'valcd to the i-auk ofcit_\an(l scat of the

— 367 —

(lisirict by decree oi" the KKli of March l.S'.iO. TIic ciiy is hiiili in a
naiTow valh'v cinbrucino- the I*irali\' and Paraliyl)a ihai iiicci ilirro.
'Iliere are live bi-idges, three metal and two wocxh-ii ()n(;s. It is the
most important phice on the line of (\;ntral of ISra/.il railway as all
the lar<4e Minas and S. I'aiilo raiiiilicat ions arc crossin-^- tli(;re.
Besides these railway lines there arc the works and main station
of the Estrada de Ferro Sapncahy.

The first house of this city was bnili in bs:,;; and the inan<;ura-
tion of the Central Railway station (then Pedro II railway) took
place on August 7th. 186 1. The City Hall is a large neat building.

In this city are the barracks of the 2nd division of the ('ivil Po-
lice of the State with 400 men under the command of a major.

The commerce of Barra do Pirahy is active and in a relative large
scale and tliei'e are also several industrial establishments : Xear
the city is an important sugar-factory « Engenho Central Rio
Bonito, » which at present is stopped. Within the city of Barra
do Pirahy is a large machine shop for the manufacture of agricul-
tural implements, a sugar-factory, two lime ones, four tobacco
works, a large distillery, a large leather tanning establishment, and
others. Mendes, whicli is the most prosperous district of Barra do
Pirahy has some of the most important industrial establishments of
the State : The large Teutonia, de Preisse, Haussler & Co. brewery;
the Companhia Itacolomy and a paper-factory directed by Dr. Felicio
dos Santos.

The Mendes district is becoming the refuge of the wealthy ])opu-
lation of Rio. It is illuminated by electricity, has two newspapers,
and is about to be separated ])olitically from Barra do Pirahy, to
form an independent city.

Among- the w orks of art worthy of note in Barra do Pirahy,
we w^ill mention a metallic bridge 250 metres long, across the Para-
liyba river, built in 1903 by the Estrada de Ferro Sapucahy.

Rezexde. — Another interior city connected to the Capital of the
Republic by the central of Brazil railway. It is dominated l)y the
upper part of it called Mantiqueira. This is a coffee district, and
prospers when that agricultural industry also prospers, and falls
when the latter falls. It extends itself on the right bank of the Para-
hyba river, on top of three hills, each one with a church, — Matriz,
Rozario and Passos. — The panorama displayed before the eyes of
the observer is one of the most beautiful in the whole . country.
On the left bank of the river and in front of the city, are the
Eliseos fields, where is the E. de F. Central of Brazil, connected
with the city by a bridge. It comprises the parishes of Xossa

— 36« —

Senhora da Conceieao, S. Josr do Campo Bcllo, Bom Jesus do
Ribeii'ao do Sant' Anna, Santo Antonio da Vavgem (irande and
S, Vicente I''(;ri-(M'.

Rezendc; lias no less tlian Id. <»()() inhabitants. It has two newsjja-
pei-s and al)ont 2.000 liouses.

Rezende has developed of late cattle raising- and the dairy indus-
ti-ies. The farms of this mimicipinm are already sending cheese and
butter to the Rio de Janeiro market. The budget of this district is

\;iss(iiir;is. — \ icw nT ,i |i;ii'I of Ihc ril\ and llic BMi'fin i\t' .\iii|i;ir(i |i;iik

11."): llS.^OOii from all sources of revenue, and the expenses ni'c equi-
\alent to that.

N'assoi KAs. — ()eeui)ies an intei'niediary location between the
l*arali\l)a \ alley and mountains. It was foi-iiierly iiuieh more pros-
perous than it is to-day. And considering its churches and l)uildings
thatliiK^ its streets, the new comei' understands at once that N'asson-
ras is a city that ])romised a good deal more than wher aceomi)lished.
Il was (^'cclc'd in l.s;!:{ and was progressing so much that two years
later, in 18;{r>, anothei- d(!ci-ee nuide it head of the district. \vi only
was made a city in 1.S57. It has a p()i)ulat ion of TJ.OOO inhabitants.

— 3GJ) —

more or less. Tlie census of 1900 gave it '.ijiiiO, hcinn l.'.Q; uuilcs an. I
4.710 females.

Though it has lost mui-h ol" its opulence ol' o1(1(mi tim(;s, \assonras
is yet one of the i)retticst cities of the Uio Stale. A short i-aihvay
owned hy the municipality connects it willi the main line of the Cen-
tral of Brazil railway which runs five kilometres away from this
city. 'J'wo railways cross this muni(;ipium, benefiting a good deal
Vassouras city. They are the « Central of Brazil Ifailway » and the
« ^felhoramentos do Brazil ».

The cultivation of this region is : coffee, sugar cane, tabacco
and gi-ain. There is also a large matches-factory Serra do .]/;*rowned
by Dr. Aarao Reis. There are two newspapers in the city : O Muni-
cipio and the Vaasoiirense.

The city is surrounded by farms, mostly coffee plantations. The
budget shows a revenue of lll:555s000 3'^earl3\

*
* *

Barm Maiisa, a pretty city, Valenca Cantagallo, Paraty, Saqiia-
lema, S. Joao Marcos, Capivary, Rio Claro, etc. are so many other
cities about which we would like to write. Each one of them has
something worthy writing about. It is impossibe, however, to enter
into so many details and we will stop here as far as cities of the Rio
State are concerned.

As to the villages, many of them are as important as some of the
cities, others are still progressing and developing, promising to be-
come soon large centres of activity and commerce.

Rio de Janeiro is one of the most noted and most cultured of the
States of Brazil, but, owing to the sudden depression in the prices
of its main export products — coffee and sugar — it has crossed a
crisis these last few years, exposed to hori-ible contingencies of
financial anormal violences. The last thi'ee years however has consi-
derablv bettered its conditions.

THE FEDERAL CAPITAL

A tract of the State of Rio territory located l)etween two gigantic
bays, — Angra dos Reis and Guanabara, — ever since the eighteenth
century, has been the seat of the nation's government, with the
name of — Municipio Xeutro (Neuter Municipium), — and, after the

— 370 —

Republic — Districto Fodeial (Federal District). Foi- the geography,
however, it was, it is, and always will be known, as — IJio de Ja-
neiro.

Those who, coming down IVoin the Xoi'th, direct themselves to
Guanabara bay, as soon as they leave behind Ponta Xcgra and Cubo
Frio, which are GO miles away from Rio de Janeiro, will see at a
short distance from the coast, always lofty and pictiirescpie, a series
of islands, scattered here and there", some roun<l , some (piite bare,
and others covered with green woods looking like floating forests.

Dos Mincirds and Alliindcsi;! (iiuiys

Two of them especially, attract very much the travellers' atten-
tion : one, is Ilhu Rnzu (Flat Island), a large, flat rock, as its name
indicates, divided into two lobules with an electric light-house built
upon it , displaying a red and white light . 'I'lie other, is I'.sculnudu
(arid-sterile) , located at the west side of Raza Island, a very small
spherelike island, some six or seven meti-e high, with no vegeta-
tion, what justifies its name.

The Ra/.a Island is very mucli likeil l)y the passengers going to
Rio, as it is the first landmark showing its entrance, and its light-
house, the first sign of the civilisation that flourishes near by in the
grand organism of tlie city.

When the i)assengcr comes nearer the entrance of the bay, from
board the steamer he sees, on the right, a series of dark mountains,
coming towards the sea: it is the Itaypu point lined 1)\- ;i pretty group
of little islands, known as ///;.( ilo l';ic and Illi;i thi M'lc ( l-'athcr
Island and Mothei- Islaiulj.

On the left, beyond, where the horizon is, \vriii)ped in deep blue,
rises the phantastic figure of Gavea, with its liald head, constituted
by a mass of polished rock. This strange profile of niountain will
never more be effaced from the memory of the traveller, once he
has set his eyes upon it.

Further beyond, is the blunt peak of the Andarahy, of a soiiiI)rc
blue. Then towards the interior, the Corcovado needle, that stonv
line, here of naked i-ock , there covered with vegetation, accouii)u-

Hio. — Simla Ijizia cliiircli and plain.

nies the coast as a lively guard in the contortions of a cataclysm
that might have shaken everything, bringing up the mountain roots,
giving life to the i-ocks and tlu^ woods. Indeed, the wliolc seems a
lively one. One would say that everything is dancing before that
infinite light i)Oured everywhere. The steamer is getting neariM- and
the landscapes transform themselves. Nobody can conti'niplalc this
scenery without being wrapped by the unlimited grandeur of tlic
whoh' panorauia. None of tlu^ great writers or aiiists, natioiuil or fo-
reigner, who have appreciated this unctiualled speiMai'le of tlie Uio
entrance has been able to describe it cithci- with liis pen or his
l)i'iish.

.\t tlic hottoMi (»r those colossal uioiiutaiiis. ahiug slioi'c, there we
se(! spread out light plains, uiore or less lexclled. whicli eiul in
l)eauliful sea-shores, sonu'tiuies eoNcred with rocks souielinies willi
S1U)W white sand. On the left is (uu- of those heaelies, ( 'opaealiaua ,

— 373 —

wliic'li is already the beginnino- of the city, because Rio is a city
tliat spreads itself out with districts all over, some towards the sea,
others towards the curves, coiitemplatin<;- Xictheroj' on tlie other
side of the bay, towards Caju, others towards the hills and still
others accompanying the valley that lines the Central of Hi-a/il l{ail-
way road, as if the whole Capital were pursuing tliem. Cpon a
small light green rock, is the little white chapel Xossa Scnliora da
Copacabana. On the beach a row of summer residences witli roofs
covered with new tiles is seen in a beautiful display. And hardly
we leave behind this flying landscape, and the Cotiindiibn island,
then we sec on the left the great monolith , the PTio do Assiicur

Rio. — General Osorio's statue

(sugarloaf), enormous, conic shaped, isolated rock, which celebrates

the interior sea-entrance of the bay, with its projection covering

the channel's mouth.

Looking at it one seems to hear the poet's voice when he referred

to it in these verses :

Audiiz colosso,

Rolnisto veliulor, que no longe assombrn

Os genios do oceaiio, e brada ao mnndo :

— Em iiome do direito e da Jiisti(;a,

Podeis entrar no teiuplo do fiituro,

Sacrificar ao Deiis da liberdade !

(Daring colossus, strong watcher, that from afar frightens the Ocean's geniuses, and
cries out to the whole world : — In nauie of Law and .Justice, you can enter the temple of
tiie future, to sacrifice the God of Liberty !)

— 374 —

On the other side, the continental hand, extending- itself just like
a peninsula, advanees as if to meet the Pao do Assucar rock and
S. Joiio hill, forming- a kind of step to them. There, the seals nothing-
but a nanow corridor, walled on both sides bv rough rocks. This
strategic passage was modified by the building of foi-tresses on
both sides. In spite of all, the corridor is dominated, Iroin the insi-
de, by a colossal rock, llic Lagc Tortress. roofed witli steel, and
walled with steel like an armoured slii]), \\ ith open si)accs here and
there, through which the gun mouths watch as jif they were so many
attentive eves.

\\\i

riir ('.;illii>(li':il nriil (Id (liii'iiin ('.liiirih

Passing those narrows, on the right with llie Imbuhy and Santa
Cruz fortresses, and on the left the S. Joao and MalU't ones, and,
following- the channel, between Santa Cruz and Lage, tlu-ic we li:i\c
the (iiianabara bay. On one side, at the West the grand Capital, not
the whole in a lump, but in i)iei'es, appearing behind the curves of
the sea-shoi-c and green hills. Only one ])art of it, the one lining
the jxx'lical ciii-vcs of Hotafogo, Uussel and l-'lamcngo appc;ns in
sight.

Jn front, on the cast side, wc sec .1 iiniiiilia where is the llospit:d
foi' epid(Mnic diseases. Aftei- that is the ehai-iiiiiig l»e;ieh ol lear;diy
with its eelel)r;ite(| I'oeks, and riiilher alieatl is Nielheniy, the pretty

— 375

Capital of the State of Rio de Janeiro, lookin<;- towards Ihc oM pa,!
of the metropolis.

Between the two cities, but nearer Kio is a liltle island Willc^rai-
gnon, Avhich is to-day the sailors barracks, and in 1555 was tln^ ini-
tiation of the city when the daring filibuster, wbich gave it the
name planted there the seed of the first seat of the city.

The aspect of that anchorage place is charming for the new
beauty of its perspectives, for the harmonious tone of the colouring,
for the variety of the contrasts in the horizon outline.

E. Reclus speaking of tliat beautiful spot which he visited, said :

.. M « J

— ;»"Ul<!«llli.Wl|*jJlF

Hio. — S. Pedro dc Alc:mlar;i Tlicalro

« When the weather is fine, winni the abundant sunlight con-
trasted by the shadow^s, illuminates under different forms and with
changing hues the rocks, the grass and the woods, when successive
plans becoming bluish by the distance, project themselves upon the
blue horizon of the interior hills, as the Estrella hill and the row of
obelises of the Orgaos ridge of mountains, the massive Rio offers a
charming panorama by the beauty of the colouring and the indefinite
diversity of aspects. When, notwithstanding is a heavy gray lead-
like skj^ isolating the group of hills in front, and the clouds or the
showers hiding the pointed pyramids, the walls in the horizon farther
away, the landscape assumes the appearance of the polar i-egions :
it looks to the observer as if he were approaching a Desolation

— 370 -

island, as in the Groonlander arcliipelaoocs or in Fire Land and
asks liinisclf, liow is it that men conhl found in such a phice a hirge
city like that, one of tlie most chui'niiiii;- of tlic X'liiverse. »

Kid. — Fniiil ol' the ni'iij.'iinin ('.nnslant insliliilc

Quite often on winter-mornings the foi;- tliat sh)\vly goes up
forms tliiek sheets white at tlie basis and only sombre at the top,
away up, detached from the e\en bottom of the sky. «;ivin»;' the idea
of an inexplicable, subversion of all physical laws. On othei- occa-
sions, the upper })oints disappear under a mass of heaxy fogs, and

Itiii. — IriT.iic 111 I'.isscici I'uliliiii

tlic iiili;il)it;iiils of the city, liial look to liic 'rijuc;! Iiill as if it were
a Itaroiiicl re, say : 'rijiica has its caj) on, it is goiug to rain... And
ill fact w lieu thai Iiappnis, it rains.

— 377 —

But normally the light i)rcvails, in all its toi-cc, showing llic
pretty colouring of the vai-ions plans of the bay side, the ti-anspa-
rence and brightness ol' everything, the bluish ether making mil-
der and more poetical those rocks, and the woods whi( h drown
their depressions and dress their bodies.

The passenger steamers anchor a little nearer the city (piay,
between a place called Poco (well), whei'e the Brazilian men-ot'-war
are, and a small island in front of the Cnstom-IIouse and on which
they erected a beaut iiul Iniilding of gothic style \\ Inch is used as tlie
l)arracks or quarters of the Custom-House inspectors and is thus
called Fiscal Island. It is a most pretty building.

i'.io.

Initial slalioii of liic ('.ciilral of lira/.ii Itailwav

The space between tliat island and Ponta do Caju is completely
taken uj) by ships of all nationalities , of all kinds , from the
smallest vessels to the largest steamers, some coming and just
anchoring, others preparing to sail and among them a numberless
lot of lighters, tow-boats and launches, some propelled by steam,
others, by gazoline and others even b^' kerosene, sailing here and
there, some noiseless, some whistling and all with their flags aft.

By the quay, alongside the wooden bridges a number of small
steamers and sailing ships receive from the storage houses large
quantities of coffee to be transported to Europe and the United
States, and the thousand varieties of industries, the surplus of the
metropolis commerce going to the coast ports.

The forest of masts, chimneys, the stretched ropes, the noise of

— 378 —

voices of tlie hoisting' machinery, of steamship whistles, give to that
part of the bay a characteristic feature. Indeed it is quite a contrast
witli the vastness and profound silence of the waters elsewhere.

l^ut it is not only the Rio de Janeiro, or Guanabara bay, that
we see here, nor even only tjiat circle blue and wide which the
steamboats take one liour to cross in its shortest dianietrc.

Farther away from tliis part of the Capital and lllia das Coljras
(snake island), is an intei-ior sea wide open, deep and pacific, w ith

..'.i0§.

/■•*

.-^^^1

-^ _a^M

■|^H

.^A

-- c:

Hill. — I'cdcriil Oapilal : Sca-shon' of l.ciiii'

numerous small Ijiit charming islands , some poi)tdatcd , others
occui)ied as commercial, storage places, others nvo industrial esta-
blishments, souH^ small, sonu* as lai'gc as half of sonic kingdoms.

'^rhe t(>rrit(»ry lorming the curved contour lines of this colossal
gulph, the most hcautifid of all in this j)lanet, is the most important
of all Hi'a/il as to the density of })o|)nlalion and iuimi)ei- ami variety
of establishments.

We will i'(!vie\\, however, only that part near t he gnlpli on the
west side.

— 379 —

There we see the i)riiu*ipal military and civilian establishiiKmts
of Brazil, the lai-gest factories, ship-yards, dry-docks, stora«>-c-liou-
ses, the most earncsl coinmci-cial and iiidiislrial activit\- of the
conntry.

The Capitallias long ago overrun the limits with wliicli it was
i'onnd by the time ol' Brazil's independence. The old part of it I'ornis
one single district, and compared with the pi-esenl area of the city
is just like the seed is towards the fruit.

Ilio.

Staluo of I). Pedro I.

Considered by its frontier the city of Rio wonld be one of the lar-
gest cities in the world. But we must allow for the enormous spaces
that Santa Thereza, Corcovado and other hills occupy within its area.

The buildings and the districts have been spread out in an hazar-
dous way, through these accidencies of the soil. Some of the hills
have been pulled down as the Senado one, others will be in future,
but some never will be, and thus the city will keep on, filling with
streets and new buildings, the large empty spaces uniting with hou-

— 380 —

ses the (liffcrciit disti-iets now only connoctcd by the street railway
lines.

W'liocver ^vishes to judge Rio l)y llie architectural \aliic of its
buildings will not do it justiee, liio representing, as it does, such a
large citw The greatest efforts of nmn in this metropolis have not
been devoted to embellish tlie eity, but in preparing its foundation,
if N\ (' may say so. AA'hat has been done in ojjenings, filling up. level-
lings, has been gi'eat work. Millions of cubic metres of earth ha\ c
been taken away from the hills.

The extensive ])lain called Praia Formosa, \'illa ( Juaraiiy. etc.

Itio. — (Jiiiiize (Ic Novoiiil)!'!) S(|u;ii-i' aiid Itojinl nf Ti'.-idc liiiildiiii'

is the work of an enterprise. There was the sea, small little islands,
the names of which can still be seen on tlu' maps : ilha dos Meloes
(Melons island), ilha das Mocas (\'oung girls islandi , eti*. Among
othei's there were the marshy grounds of the Campo da Acclamacao.
l''orMierly washerwomen were seen there , just in the sauu' place
whci-e to-day is tlu; beautiful park with its artistii- grotio, little
lakes, etc.

The city in bS^-J had only ll.tHK) houses; in IS,")!) hail Ki.lKM); in
l.SC.I had Jl.oOO; in ISSOhad ."O.OOO and to-day has about Sl.OOO.

TIktc is not lung special to say about the imildiugs of Kiode
.lancii-o. The houses of tlu^ new districts are couifortahlc, souu' of
them of elegant architiu'ture and surrounded by gardens, hut those
of the coiuuu'rcial districts, have only very slowly in'cn undeigoing
some modificat i(»n , and if in one street oi' other appear some

— :{!{! —

nice buidiiigs, the niajoi-ity of IIkmii is an awl'iil sij^lit , iciniiMliii^
anti(inity, without any taste as to its oi-namcntation oi- arcliitecture.

Tlie main hmdino' place is tlio Pliaronx (luay, which the nuinici-
l)ality has now transl'ormed into a beauliiul and hir^c sciiiarc, willi a
pretty garden, and a hii'ge bronze fountain.

This square has as a pi-oh)n<>ati()n of it another smalhu- s(piai-(',
where is at one side the Okl Court of the; Kinp(M-oi', to-(hiy trans-
formed into the teh^gra])h (hipartmcMit. In the ('(;nti'e of tiie garden

Rio.

Seiiailur Daiilas Street

of this smaller square is General Osorio's statue, beautiful work
in bronze made by Bernardelli witli pretty lo\v relief at the basis.

This square leads to Primeiro de Mareo Street, one of the main
thoroughfares of Rio. There are some fine buildings in this street :
the Exchange Building, the Post Office, the Banco do (\)mmer('io,
the Supreme Court, and several other business and private houses.
The transit both of carriages and trucks as well as of foot-paths in
this street is vei-y lively.

— :IR2 —

It is from tliis wide but uneven street that start other narrow
cross-streets lined with tall buildings, paved with stone blocks,
filled with dust because of the lively transit. They all run towards
the centre of the main part of the city, where is one of tlie finest
parks of South Anun-ioa.

Of all these cross-streets one, that is a regular thoroughfare, is
tlie Ouvidor Street. This street is a deception to the visitois coming
from tlie different i)rovinces of Brazil and who heard so much
about it.

Iii(

l'"i'()iil (d' Ilic (i()ii(;il\t'.s dc Araiijo Asxlnin. in ('.;iin|Mi di' S, ('.lirislii\fii

If you have never been in Rio, just imagine a street 6 '/.■ metres
wide, beginning at the Quay and ending at S. Francisco Square,
whci'e .lose Honifacio's statue is. The street looks just like a coi'ri-
dor, lined with large and uneven buildings, some sjileinlid ones,
otluu's of the worst kind, keeping in mind colonial architecture. The
latter are fortunately in small number. The pavement is good, in the
(•('Ml re paving stones, in the side-walks coloui-ed mosaic. Owing to llu>
excessive transit and the narrowness of tlie sticets-earriages and
horseback riders are not allowed to go thiough. Mxcrv luuise in this
street has in its ground fhx)!' a store of sonu' kind and in the sliow
windows are t he most \ aried disphiys of speci mens of national and
foreign indiistrv. Tlie best tailoi's, dress-makers, jewelers, hi'ic-a-
brac dealers, the; most luxurious stores of the town arc there. This

— 383 —

sireet is the rcndez-oous phu'c lor the high-life, the unemph)yed, the
idlers, the politicians, the adventurers, the lawyei-s, the college hoys,
all that floating- class that is the live foam of the large cities.

This is one of the llio curiosities, tlie most (ixcpiisilc, tlic most

iiio. — rill' Post Ollic'C ;iii(l Km-Ikiiii'c niiildiiii.

individualised curiosity of Rio de Janeiro. To go there and not know
Rua do Ouvidor, is impossible.

Another thing that gives Ouvidor an exquisite feature is the
Cafe. These houses devoted to the sale of demi-tasses of black coffee
spread all over Brazil, in every city, occupy many ground floors in
this street and here, more than anywhere else, they are a place of
meeting and conversation.

— 384 —

To (•()nii)lele the noise of the street there ai'e tlie Music stores,
where tliey try a piano every iniuute, there are tlie phonograpli sto-
res, the bar-rooms with orchestra, and thus this all contributes to
that noise of the streets that voices and laughs heard Ironi all sides,
Iroin tlie crowds standing and chatting at the corners, and lioiu the
lively tiiinsients who walk uj) and down the street.

'I'he Ouvidor Street is also tin; forced witness of the stunqj-spca-

Uio. — Town Hall

kers, at the meetings, military i)arades, carnival feasts, rt'ligi»)ns
demonstrations, etc.

The first liini; we ci-ossi'd that strci't , some twelve years
ago, we had just arrived from the province, and it causcil a deep
im])ression in onr mind of shame and discouragement. And we
nnch'islood llial lliere was a good deal to be done , for t he count ry
to gel rid of (hose colonial buildings, and thai l»ack\\ards ai'tistic
stat(; in which the eighteenth century h'ft il. W f understood the
general abandonment of the old ilynasty ai the hour of its fall, by the

— HKr,

energetic necessity acting upon t\w. race, necessity ol" going ahead,
of progressing, doing away with a system tliat was hringing IJi-azi-
lians up accustomed to the contemplation ol" tliose antiquities, to
teach democracy which is knocking tlie crowds one against the otlier.

Ex-Presi(loiit Hodrigiies Alves (1902-1900) wlio inilialcd liic Ilio do Janeiro improvomoiils

The Ouvidor Street we heard of in our native town, was indeed
that narrow street lined with cohniial times buildings, heavy, filled
with dust, insignificant both as to style and comfort. It was a decep-
tion , an enormous deception !

A few years afterwards , in spite of the bad administration the

— 386

street was greatlj' modilied with some stone and marble buildings
substituting the old colonial ones.

The old district of the city, to-day entirelj" occupied by business
houses, which give it the appeai-ance of a colossal bazaar, with all

^jpi ^- -M:'

^^^

^H s^ ''.^^^^^^^Ir^^-^i

^HH^^H

B^^^^^-^. .

M/t/caric'

h' l'crcir;i l';iss(is, I'lclcel iif itin (Ic .l;iiii'iiii

kinds of goods, cnibraces the centre shores from tlic Cnstoin House
to llic cxtrcnic end of (jiaml)oa.

Sonic raniifical ions of llic cily liavc I'Xtcndcd ronsidci-ahly, I'ni-
l)racing areas in far awaN' phiccs, ai'ounil the interior hills antl the
shores that line a stretch of the beautiful bav. 'The districts settled

— B88 —

in those curves are incomparable as to their bright beauty, ample open
air, and they have in that transmarine picture, always moving, always
new, an enjoj^ment as nowhere else can be had. With electric tram-
way service the wealthy part of the population is transported to and
from the new districts of the modern Capital, (ienerally the streets
the cars go through are lined with fine houses with gardens. One of
those shores, appreciated both by the natives and foreigners is the
absolutely geometric curve dominated by two small hills at each one

Kid. — 'I'lic .\.ili(iti;il I'riiHiiiy (Mlicc

of till', e\t remit ics of tlu^ line. Tt is Botafogo. It is under the projec-
tion of tlu; Corcovado hill, that sluixMulons rock, tlark gi'cy, dressed
in rich vc^gef ;i( ion which wraps certain part of it , lea\ing hare (he
soiilhern prism.

Many of the newly arrived woiihl not hejieve that Hra/.ilian
engineering shoiihl iia\(' dared to hiiihl a ph'asiii-e railway going u|)
to 700 metres higli.

Seen from one of tlie sides of the eiiive fornu'd hv the liav, the

— 389 —

perspective of Botafogo is splendid, nuifvellous; I he I»;"i() do Assucar
lii 11 seems to take the entrance of the small little gulpli , pcrfccdy
calm, as a piece of crystal, as. a polished emerald. At Uh; basis
of this is a rose colour building of large proportions , half hidden
— it is the Military College built between two blocks of th(^ group
of rocks. On the opposite side is the original profile of Gavea.

The Botafogo bay is lined by a beautiful avenue which extends
itself full length with three different roads nicely i)avcd with pretty
grass lawns and flower beds between and lining the street side and
brightly illuminated with different rows of arc-lights. It is no doubt
a charming shore, the prettiest public gai-den that could be ima-
gined.

But the population do not seem satisfied, they keep on multijjly-
ing the fine mansions, the summer residences, and they are trans-
forming the lands alongside the Leme, Copacabana and Ii)anema bea-
ches into a large city, a beautiful summer resort. They have already
good hotels, telephone, telegraph, gas, all conveniences to make it a
comfortable place and the electric railway, trolley system, connects
these three places, that look only one city, with tlie heart of Rio.

While this prolongation of the city or formation of a new city in
itself is being operated, the same is happening on the other side of
the city alongside the road of the Central of Brazil Railway, each
one of those nucleus formed being well worth the name of city.

Large squares with gardens are reserving for the breathing of
the great organism of the city, large open tracts of land, but not
satisfied with their s^^ace, they have gone up the hills.

These squares are not in so large a number as one would think
considering the broad space of the city. Some of them, however,
with their sizes and beauty, compensate well the shortness of the
number. We will cite Dnque de Caxias square, in front of one of the
finest churches of Rio. This one is not so extra large, but has a real
beautiful garden, and in the centre of it, the Statue of Duque de
Caxias on horseback, a bronze statue which speaks highly for the
artistic work of the Brazilians.

The Tiradentes Square, formerly called Rocio, is a small but
pretty garden with a bronze statue of the first Emperor of Brazil
which is a great work of art.

The Passeio Publico is the most delicious place in Rio, for the
beautifulness of the landscape having the pretty flowers on one side
offering the sweet fragrance of their scent, and the sea on the other
side leaving wide open room to blow over the fresh breeze. It has
a fine terrace looking towards the bay. In the garden are good

— 390 —

specimens of a variety of trees, and some spots of it look like regular
woods. There are lakes also crossed by bridges, nice lawns, every-
thing to make it perfectly delightful.

But what must we say then of Jardim Botanico, (Botanical (Jar-
den)? There is not a foreigner, a tourist, even if only in Rio the few
hours the steamer is in the bay sailing on the same day , that
does not try to go to the Botanical (Jarden. It is supported by the
government for the purpose of liohtnicul Rcsatrclics and AcclinjiitH-

Thc l>nl\lcclinic;il ScIk

lion l'!.\j)criincnis. The admission is free, and tliert' is a lint' of the
trolley cars that passes by the door of the Clarden, so that there is
nothing uncomfortable in making the trip. As soon as we enter, Nve
see l)eaulifiil sti-eets lined with tropical trees. 'IMie I'oxal palm-trees
(ureal ohiuriu I axcnne whicli ci'osses the garden rioin lliegatein
(lianH^lrieal line, is a picture that we cannot easily forget . and it is
already well known all over by photography.

Another s(puire where a garden was latt'ly laid out is tlu' On/c de

— 391 —

Junho Square, named afler tlie ranioiis naval l)at11(> f()ii<;li< on tluu
day by tlie Imperial navy against Uruguay. It is situated at tlie
end of the Mangue canal, which runs tliroiigli <niite a long sti-ctch
of the new part of the city, lined by two straight avenues, nicely
paved with a row of superb palm-trees.

The most beautiful, however, is the Pra^;a da Republica, (Repu-
blic Square), a wide square transformed into a park enclosed l)y
elegant railing. The area of this park was nicely divided into small
little woods, grass valleys, small little rivers with ai-tilicial tiny
islands and dominated by artistic bridges. There is also a pretty
grotto with a beautiful cascade, which constitutes an attractiou not
common in public squares and gardens. Several thousands of speci-
mens of South American phytology are represented there in groups,
and spread out, making up a prodigious landscaping architecture.

A little farther ahead from this park is the enormous main sta-
tion of the Central of Brazil Railway wich connects the Capital of the
Republic with three different States, crossing forty cities and having
a yearly revenue, of 35.000:000$000.

Several other railways — The Lcopoldina, the Mi'lhonimcntos,
the Rio cVOiiro, etc. — start from Rio to the interior; none, howe-
ver, has the great role that the Central of Brazil performs in the
intercourse life of the Capital. This railway transports fourteen thou-
sand passengers a year, between the city and the suburbs. The ex-
treme ends of this railway are Bello-Horizonte and S. Paulo. Presi-
dent Campos Salles ordered the construction of the road in the
direction of Curvello and President Rodrigues Alves intended to go
beyond, towards S. Fi-ancisco river valley.

The districts where the maritime commerce concentrates, Saude,
Sacco do Alferes , etc., are the ugliest of the Capital : tortuous
streets, narrow, lined wdth old, ugly houses, filled with dust, grains
of coffee, and the transit through them obstructed by heavy trucks,
filled up with big piles of coffee bags , and the crowds frequenting
these streets are of the worst class, but during the day those who
make all the noise are the drivers and workmen who run about,
cursing and punishing the poor animals in a brutish way.

A strong odour of coffee, overpowers all others. The nice and
neat electric tramcars that make travelling so comfortable in other
districts could not be used through these streets. To go through them
in a carriage couldn't be done without running risk. There is, howe-

392 —

ver, a line of liorsecars, narrow track (CP60 wide) running tlirougli
this district.

Those who never knew this aspect of Ilio life, these dirty but ac-
tive and hard working- districts, that greatness of work and com-

Hio. — New Biiildint'S : Court (if Jiistici*

merce in one of the largest masses of contemporaneous wealth, will
not see it any more, as this primitive part of the city is disappearing,
thanks to the harbour works that the present administration has
started.

We love (he active cities, tlic. luird working districts as wc abhor

— 39:? —

the phuHis of idle peace, iiiul we have a iij;lil lo feel so, as — chuciui
pent, a son gre, disposer de son lunc. — But, wa will never ieel any
l()n<»in<>s for the dusty districts ol" »Sau(le, Sacco do All'er(!s and
others. Let them pull down all those old buildings.

In the same case ai'c the districts of Castcllo hill , Pinlo , Xhcco
and other hills where; the lowest classes gather. These; liills oughl
to be thrown down, not only for the horrible houses, but to allow
some fresh air in the city.

Capital Federal : The Municipal Tiieatre

The transfiguration of the Brazilian metropolis, initiated by Pre-
sident Rodrigues Alves, will be work for a long time, because Rio is
enormous in size, and everj^thing is to be done, in order that it may
become the Capital of Brazil as it deserves to be, and as Brazilians
would like to see it : that is, a city with gardens, wide open ave-
nues, parks, bay-side drives , taking full advantage of the magnifi-
cent position it is in.

Rio de Janeiro, like all the other cosmopolitan cities has not an
accentuated physiognomy, uniform and distinct. It is a monstruous

— 391- —

agglomeration of aspects, a gathering of cities, formed by its enor-
mous districts, some plain, some mountainous, some hidden among
the hills, others exposed by the sea-shore , or isolated in islands
spread here and there in the bay. All these districts are populated by
heterogeneous inhabitants, arriving fi'om all the States in the Union

i;i(i

(.l;is

windows (I

Mini

III lliiMln

and every conn I ry in the world, s[)cakingall the huigiiagcs inuigiiuihU',
In the moniiiig when the electric cars, that work without intci--
ruj)tion, day and night, anixc from the extreme ends of the city, —
Ciavea, Ipancma, l.cnn', Ucal (Jranck^/a, Hotafogo, etc. at (Uie of tlic
central points of the city, Carioca Square, and there i'mpt_\ that

— ."{gr,

crowd ol early workers, we see u eurious sight : mhm, of all Ivpes
white, negroes, mulatoes, indians, Kurnprans, a most phantastic
auxtnre, landing there, taking all di.vetions, .nainlv the coMunereial
streets, Urnguayana, Gonealves Dias, Sete de Scteinbro. And this
movement continues until ten or eleven. After that it slackens

Rio. — Glass windows of the Munic-ipal Tlieatre

a little , beginning anew in the afternoon ever since three
o'clock. Then the morning performance begins but in the other
direction. From the streets coming from the city and landing at
Carioca scxuare, comes a constant crowd of men and women ,
native and foreigner, looking for the cars to take them home. The

— 396 —

news-boys add to the life ol" tlie scene crying out the afternoon })a-
pers : the Tribunn and the Xoticiii.

In another square not far away, San Francisco w hich is another
terminus of tramway-cars running to other districts, the same sce-
nes as the Carioca ones, are reproduced. To that point come and
start tramways from and to 23 different lines, all belonging to the
S. Cliristovao line, with 00 kilometres of extension. There they
bring every morning thousands of passengers from all points : Tiju-
ca, Fabrica, Uruguay, S. Cliristovao, S. Januario, Itapagipe, Ale-
gria, Ponta do Cajii, Pedregulho, Catumby, etc.

The beautiful Tiradentes Square offers the same picture and in
about the same pi'oi^ortions. Another large street railway concern,
the Villa Isabel, empties its cars in that square and there receives
in the afternoon all that large crowd of workers, business men rich
and poor, working men of all classes who come from their day's
labour. Over the Santa Thereza hills is another tramway line,
also an electric and trolley line passing over the ai-ches of an old
a(]ueduct, thus the passengers while crossing it go over the city
streets with the houses below in wide open view, and it is interest-
ing to look at the people and carriages below looking like minia-
tures. But as to scenery what there is of unexcelled in Rio and
purely local is the ascencion to the Corcovado mountain, ^^'c hardly
feel going up, so softly the tramway runs. This line is a fine piece of
engineering, as we said abovf .

Indeed Dr. Passos found a way to plan that road, the cai-s start-
ing right from the basis of the hill, at the end of Larangeiras street,
and going up to the needle point, where, from an iron pavillion
we see the whole map of the city with its.boundary lines : the capri-
cious mountains, the lakes, the red spots of the groups of buildings,
cut through by the streets, the towers and domes, as the sentries of
tlu; different districts, the forest of active chimneys, giving the only
sensation of life of the wholes, and at last, framiug the conlnscd
painting of the city, some far away bluish hues of the ridge of
mountains, here, pointy-like towards the air, there, in sweet
i-ounding form, but everything far away, undistinguishable and
confounded into a sea of light, a blue lucid sea.

But this is not the only belvedere of the city. There, iu the first
j)lains of th(5 Tijuea mountains, are; parks, natural ones, woods never
trod upon, fine roads open and nicely kei)t by the nuuiieipaliiy,
grottoes, cascades, and splendid summer hotels. An electric i-oad
starting from Urugiuiy street takes the passengers and lonrisls to
the first plain of the hill. There, carriages can be hired to go further

— :J97

up. The spectacle of that mysterious forest is channing and <M)ni-
peiisates the discomfort of the louo- trip.

Considering- its political importance Rio de Janeiro has few large

buildings.

The Cxovernment Palace which is also the residence of the Presi-

Capital Federal - Cnstnicliua of ti.e Passos street

dent is located in Cattete street. Though inside magnificently deco-
rated, its exterior is severe, and excessively heavy. It was lormerly a
private residence. Its park, however, is worthy of a kmg s palace.

The House of Congress can hardly be called a palace. It is enougli
to say that it was the old jail in the colonial times. The Senate build-
ing is a little better, but is in quite a distant district from the one

where the Congress building is. , , • i hl-p -ill the

The Police Barracks is a good building but simple like all tue

colonial buildings with plain walls.

— 35)8

There are, liowever, some i)ii])lic buildings noted l)y llieii- aielii-
tectnral beauty and richness of material used. I cite, lor instance,
the Supreme Court, in Primeii-o de Marco Street, wliicli T referred
to above. It is a beautiful rose color stone and marble building, of
sumptuous architecture, not only in the nvIioIc, but sum])tuoirs' in

Hio. — l''()iinl;iiii ill ihr .1 Cloi'i.'i » C.irdcn

the ornani.MitulioH d, -tails, l.olh of l)ron/c and .nari.lc. as well as in
the internal d.M-or:itions wIhmv there ar<' good specimens ..f painliug
and sculpt ui-e \voi-k.

The Stock Kxehang.- near this building is also a jtalaee ..f im-
porlane(^ It n\ as ph.niied by;, i{,a/iliau archili'ct. Dr. liittencourt

— 400 —

da Silva, and is of Italian style. It is one of the finest buildings in
town.

The Candelaria church, unfortunately located in the middle of
narrow streets, is a place the visitor has to see. Externally it is like
one of those old European churches with a majestic dome painted
white to symboli/.e purity. It was planned and built by Evaristo da
Veiga a Brazilian engineer. It dominates all the commercial part of
the city. The three bronze doors with relief work are a true woi-k
of art. Inside it is the richest church of Latin-America, is all dressed
with marble and in its beautiful ceiling and wall paintings and
decorations, worked during twenty years the best reputed Brazilian
artists.

The National Printing Office is another pretty building. — desi-
gned by Paula Freitas, a Brazilian architect. The same can be said
of the Public Works Department which is one of the best in the city.
The new Medical College not yet finished in the Praia da Saudade,
in front of Pao do Assucar hill, will do honor to the city both for its
size and magnificent front looking to the street that separates the
building from the sea.

The Mint, large building in Praca da Uepublica, imposing front
with columns and broad stony stairway. There are some fine bron/e
ornamentations.

The City Hospital at Santa Luzia shore is the largest of its kind
in all South America. Its portic of stone, is of Greek style, and gives
a noble appearance to that numotonous symetric building. To have
an idea of the size of this hospital it is sufficient to read the follow-
ing figures showing the movement in that institution during 1«.I02-
1903 :

On the Isl ol'.liily 1902 tiKM-o wcro 1. 188 i.aliciils.

During llu; year, .Inly Isl '0210 .Inne ;30lli O:}, cntcri'd . . i:{.72<.» patienls.

Left the hospital during the same year 10.000 |ialienls.

Died (luring the same year 2. 8;>o patients.

Kemain(!d in lli(> llospilal lieing treated on .Jurie.'Mlh 1!»0:{. 1.102 patients.

Besides this main City Hosi)ital, maintained by a charitable
organisation there are, also maintained by the same organisation, the
Santa Maria and S. .loao Haptista hospitals, in Botafogo; Nossa
Senhora da Saiidc hospifal , (Jamboa; Nossa Scnliora do Socorro
li()si)ital, I'oiila do Caju; Nossa Senhora das Dores hospital, Casca-
dura. 'IMie number of i)atients in these hospitals averages Hot), being
:irA) in the Sande district, 120 in the S. .loao Hai)tista and the balance.

in the In'ginning of l'.io:{ llic total number of patients in charge

— U)-> —

of the institution WHS l.<)70 not counting- those in tlie wiirds of the
different asylums it maintains.

Anotlier building- worth mentioning is tlie Military scliool, a fine
specimen of archilectui-e, elegant, nicely decorated, but with general
sober lines as it is fit in an educational institute like this.

It is located in an awfully quiet district, right at the side of the
Babilonia hill which seems to frame it.

Another place worthy of a visit is the old Emperor's Court at

llio. — The .Mililiirv sriii

S. Christovno, in tlic disti'ict of the same name. It was tlu' winter
residence of the I<]mi)eroi', and the heaiit il'iil park around willi i)ietn-
res(jue lak(;s, avenncs of choice ti'ces, fine lawns, cascades, etc. is
now utilized b\- the National Museum which is installed there, with
ethnographic, archeological and natuial scieiu'cs sections, 'i'he visi-
tor will i)r()fit going in there, even if the modest external ai)i»eai"anee
doesn't please him much with its poor architccturi'.

Ivio de Janeiro has many scientilie establishments. One of iheni
is the Public Lil)iai-y with ."{(Hi. 000 \-olumes not c(Uinliug tens of
thousands of manusei-ipts, rare pictures, medals, precious docu-
ments, in a modest building at Lapa S(puue, iMinning great risks of

— 404- —

a fire. Tlie Navy Museum wiiere an inteivstiiig collection of
naval-military-history of the country relics is to be seen. The Navy
Library also is a modest building. The Public Archives so precious
to those devoted to the history of the country has a lai'ge number of
precious documents. The Xational College of Fine Arts, opens an
exception as to its external appearance, has a classical front, ^vith a
majestic portico, looking to a small square in the centre of which is
the statue of the celebrated Brazilian actor Joao Caetano. The buil-
ding, however, is getting too small for the large number of paint-
ings and marble works , which grows lai'ger every day. The

Hid. — llic Aiiricnl Kiii|ii'riM\ lloidrnrc ;il |iicm'iiI : N.iliuiinl Miisi'iim

Music Institute, wliicli is the institute of its l;ind willi tlie Ix'sl
ol'lieial reputation in tlie Soiilli Auiei'iean eonlinent. It is a large
building just at the side of I lie h'ine Arts l)uilding. On the outside
lias a severe ])hysiogn()m_\\ In tlie interior it lias a eoneeri hall
hall Ix'aiit il'ully decorated by Ilenriiiue Iternardeili, the l)i(>thei'
of the celebrated sculptor. 'I'he organ of this institute is the largest
in Sontii America and it was a doiniticui of tlie eeleltraled niiisician
M igue/.

Besides the colossal l*ul)lie iiibraiy, t here are many ot hers to
support the intellect II al of Kio, such as t he i-'liiniincnsc Liluary with

— 405 —

00.000 volumes, in a large four story building in Rua Ouvidoi-; the
Anny Library, which, like that of the Navy, also publishes a t(!cli-
uical magazine, edited by the major-stalT; the Medical College and
rolytcclinical Academy Schools with TO.OdOand lu.odo vohimes, r(;s-

Rio. — Momiinenl of tlio discovorers of Brazil

pectively ; the Senate Library which was founded by the late unfortu-
nate Manuel Victorino, with 30.000 volumes; the Congress Library;
the Gabinete Portuguez de Leitura Library (a Portuguese associa-
tion) installed in one of the most beautiful buildings of the city in
the D. Manoel historical style in Rua Luiz de Camoes near San
Francisco Square; the Commerce Library with 10.000 volumes,

— 40fi —

installed lately in one of the halls of the Stock Exchange building- :
the Munieii)ality Library; the Club Brazileiro Commercial Library;
as well as those of Germania Club, the Associacao dos Empregados
do Commercio one, and many other smaller ones.

There is no improvement or industrial lienefit that this city of
Rio does not enjoy : telephone, telegraph, over 100 periodical publi-
cations, important daily papers among which we must mention the
Jornal do Commercio, which is, for the material value of its daily
edition, as well as for the solidity of its economical resources, one
of the first journalistic enterprizes of South America. It was founded
about seventy-five years ago.

The city is illuminated by gas, having 1.5.000 lamps by the diffe-
rent streets of the city and many of the sul)urbs. There is also a i)art
of the city in the main part of it, illuminated by electricity. An
English Company called a City improvement)) disposes of the sewage
by a gallery system that throws it into the sea after being chemi-
cally treated.

The i)olice service is done by a brigade with 1.000 men command-
ed by a Geneial, the police force being a military organisation. The
l)ublic aid is exercised by the authoiities that maintain an Insane
Asylum, a Poor House, a Plague Hospital, a Children Reformatoi-y
and other establishments, and is also rendered by 40 private asso-
ciations as the Irmandade da Candelaria, nmintaining Asylums and
hospitals, the D. Pedro V, the Terceira Penitencia, the Carmo, and
otlieis, most of them religious institutions.

Rio de .Janeiro is proud, and has a right to be so, of its Charity
institutions, its asylums, its hospitals, its refornmtories and found-
ling institutions. Xo other city has them in so hirge a numbei- in
relation to its size.

It is woi-th visiting the Goncalves de Araujo Asylum in S. Clnis-
tovao Square, the Lazaros Hospital, by a charming shore, in a tine
building, the Reneficencia Portugueza, a\ ith large; wards sun-oinuU'tl
by gardens in Santo Amaro Street, the Horn Pastor Asylum,
the Unpi^otectcd Children, the S. Cornelio, the Koundling, the
S. I<'i-ancisc(), the Invalidos, the S. .lose, the Old and I'nprotected,
the S. Francisco de Paula, the S. Luiz, the Deaf and Diiml), the
Blind, and dozens of other asylums.

A vigorous trait of the Rio greatness is its nianufai-tiii'ing indus-
tiies, to which we must add the official establishments which arc of
industrial nature, such as the Military rifle, i)owder, cartridges and
other war matei-ial factories, the government shipyards and stock
of material for t lie na\\ . Sucli cstablislimcuts are as a rule bcNond

— lo;

the city limits, in islands in front of the city or in tlio most distant
suburbs.

The establishments of private industry, Iio\v(!ver, arc spread all ■
ov(!r, in the city and in the outskirts, in tlic coiniiicrcial streets as

Kio. — Statue of Buarque Maceilo

Avcll as in the suburbs, and they represent all that variety of common
industries. In the cities we see flat-iron factories, bone buttons,
paper boxes , strings and ropes, playing-cards, card-board goods,
cartridges, shot, and other factories. There are also breweries,
cordial distilleries, canned goods factories, threading mills, disin-

— 408 —

fectants, neckties, stockings, soap, oils, candles, suspendors, caps,
crockery, glass-ware and crystal-ware, perfumery, furniture, paper,
matches, shirts, preserved fruit, woollen goods, wagons and trucks,
and other factories. There are yet vinegar and soda-water works,
pharmaceutical products, mosaic and tiles, safes and stoves works,
book-binderies, cigar and cigarettes factories, fruit flour, iron
bridges and galleries, hats, shoes, lace, nails, lead pipes, rubber
coats, iron beds and chairs, wire "nets, medicinal soaps, acetylene
gasometres, coffee improving machinery, sugar, matte (Brazilian tea)
factories, rice and grain preparation Avorks, wooden boxes factories,
corsets, clothing, chocolate, printing type, trunks and travellers
material, rubber stamps and stencils, images, musical instruments,
incandescent light veils, cars, brooms, cane baskets, wooden orna-
mentations for buildings, wax candles, mica lamp chimneys, asphalt,
artificial marble, hai-nesses, biscuits, shoeblacking, wall paper,
picture frames, artificial flowers, leather tanning, jewelry , vege-
table oils, scales, ice, thread, envelopes, brushes, flags, bicycles,
umbrellas, fire works, tin boxes, cement « French » style and com-
mon tiles, bricks, collars and other factories.

We do not intend to make special references as to the banks,
commercial enterprises , navigation companies , railway's , public
works, insurances, etc. That would require a large volume, but the
city almanacs, some as good as the best in Europe, like the Laemmert
one, give detailed information about it. AVe will neither speak of
the primary instruction, in charge of the municipality, of the many
colleges and academies. AVe will, however, mention, the Xavy Col-
lege, Pilots School, Medicine College, Polytechuical Academy, Law
College, the Military College and other institutes, no doubt, of
importance, but our limited space would not allow it.

The tract of land where is the seat of the Federal Power, was
since the foundation of the Brazilian nationality, reserved for thai
function. There, have been accumulated, during the whole history of
Brazil's independent life, and even much before that, the national
official establishments, the barracks, the arsenals and ship-yards.
There, was centralised the mental, artistic and intellectual direction
of the country. To that Cai)ital run all the marine communications,
and railways connect it with several States. S, Paulo, Miuas, Kio
and Espirito Santo hav(; alrc^ady closed the circle af railways con-
necting tlieui with the great nu^tro])olis. 'I'he road of the Central ol"
iirazil Kailwa\- reaeliin<> the S. l''i'aneiseo Kiver, Haliia. Alai;t>as.

— 4-10 —

Pernambuco, Paraliy))a and Rio Grande do Norte, Nvliicli arc already
connected, will complete the whole sj'stem.

Soon we will see some southern connections. Parana and Rio
Grande do Sul on one side, and Goya/ and Matto Grosso, on the
other will thus unite themselves to the large net of railway system,

Suliurlis dl' \\\i). — Tijuca hn'ost

the centre of wliicli will al\\ ays 1)C the t'apital of the Kci)ul)lic, to
which nature giving- it one of the most advantageous location in the
l)lanet, assui'cd beforehand the destiny, the greatness of which, wc
onl,\' can conj(U'turc to-day.

'I'hc causes of great social phcnonicna arc numerous. l?ut ihcv

— 412 —

nover met in such a lar^t; numljcr to explain the supei-iority of a
city over others of its time as they have done in Rio de Janeiro,
since its orif»in, being- surrounded both by natural advantages and
prodigalities of cluuu'c.

* *

Until 1*J();> very little was done to improve in a satisfactory way
the conditions of this great city of Rio dc .lanciro. though many

Kio.

TIk> Mint

pi'omiiiciit Brazilians atlcmi)tcd to do it. W'c could cncu mention a
good number of proj(Hits, c^ach one the most worthy of l)cing appri'-
cialed, ])laniied by men of advanced ideas. Of all these the most
noted were those of the laic vice-president Manocl \ii'torino, whicli
would completely transform tlu' ohl city, shoiihl it l)c realised, those
of Senatoi's 'Ih'ovao and Alvaro Macha(U), being also projects of wide
sc()])e, the one of Dr. \iciia Souto, an engineer of iu)te in Kio, and
so many others \\c do not now rcnicnilx'r. All (hcsc projects, how e-

-- Hi —

ver , were posti)()ned rrom time to time I'oi- several causes, and did
iiotliiiig- else l)nt to activate the general anxiety of the population
that every day claimed loudei- :ind louder the solution of that f)ld
problem.

When President Rodrigues Alves was elected and went into po-
wer in 1U02, his first care was to select a man able to undertake
that achievement. He appointed for the place of Public Works Se-
cretarv. Senator Lauro Midler, an engineer, whose ideas on the

Dr. tiMliiii'l .luni|U('ii':i,

the constnictni's (it llie (liMilnil Avt'iuic

subject were already known for a hmg tim(\ Once decided that the
whole of work recpiired, ought not to burden the ordinary budget of
the Government, a loan was raised of £8.000.000, abroad, spe-
cially for those improvements, adding to this another home loanof
£ 4.000.000 contracted by the Municii)ality of the City of Kio.
With these two i-esources the Government l)egan the great imi)ro-
vements which are ti-ansformiug altogether the City of Kio de
Janeiro.

The Secretary of Pul)lic Works after having studied in detail ;dl
tlie |)rojectsand ideas until then in mind as to the sanitary imjjrove-

415

mentsand cnibellisliiDj^of UuM'ity, siil)iiii1 ted to President Kodiinnes
Alves the, general plan oi' the works, which tlio Decree n" l.'.iii'.i on
the l<Sth ol'Septenibcu-, lUlK! declared approved, giving- pow(!rlo desap-
propriate all <>ronnds and houses needed lor such woi'ks, and a spe-
cial fund was reserved to pay for the services.

Tlie S. Francisco cliiii'di

The main part of this plan was : 1st., the construction of a large
commercial quay for the ships to come alongside, in an extension of
3.500 metres ; 2nd, the construction of a large avenue parallel with
this quay with 3.500 metres length and 40 metres wide ; 3rd, the
rectification and prolongation to the sea of the interior canal known

— 11 (5 —

as (( Man^iie » in an extension of 3.000 metres lined by two avenues
witli rows of ])alm-trees, illuminated by electrieity with 10 metres
width each ; 1th, the elevation of the railroad-bed to a viaduct o metres
above the street level, and construction of an avenue on the Fran-
cisco Eugenio Street, straight until the Quinta da Boa Vista, the old
residence of the late Emperor; 5th, enlargement of water supply for
the city, taking in all the near by sources; Gth, general revision of
sewage piping, improving all that service by adopting all modern

)' l>t'l-\('lcliiii, Kiiniiiccr

iiiipi'()V(Mnenl-s; 7th., the consti'iict ion of an avenue of 1 .S()() meti'es
length and :>:{ wide; Sth, tin; throwing down of some hills in the i-ity
and improving of the (juay, (railway, elect i-ic illununation, storage
houses, etc.) and finally the enlarging of certain cross-st I'eels cros-
sing the great Aocnid;! (Ivnlrul.

On the other hand, the new Mayoi' of tlie city. X^^v. l-'rancisco
J^assos, selected l)y the President to help and conijdete the work of
his ScM'retary, l)i-. Laiiro Miillei', promoted the enlargement of other
streets, the construction of a beautifid avenue — bay-siile tlrivc.
along tlui riv(M' or bay front, with T.iHK) nu'tn^s hMigth and 35 nuMres

— n:

^vi(le, tlie substitnt(3 ol' tlu; old ])av(Mn('n( of (lie sd-ccts lor :isi)li;ili
and other modern ones, and scvtiral other woi-ks to aid rmlx-Hisliiii;;
the city, gardens, scliool houses, ete.

The rejoicement of the p()i)uhition was unusual, the i:u<;iii(U'rs
Ckib, noted association of teclmieal men, ordeied a bronze sij^n cast,
with the name of Dr. Ro(h-ioues Alves, the President, and liis Public
Works Secretary Dr. Lauro Midler, phicing it under great sob-iu-
nity in the seat of their meetings, on tlie 2.Stli of September ]<»(»:{.

Rio. — Pari (if llio New Avimhic

With promptness the luirbour works were contracted with the
Knglish firm Walker «& Co. of London on the "itith of Septeu)l)er, all
the work, how^ever, to be directed by Brazilian technical men, under
the charge of the noted engineer Francisco Biealho.

Afterwards the different services were distributed, taking inin
consideration the prompt execution of the work. Kngineer Souio
took charge of the administration ; Dr. Manoel Maria, the general
management of the service; Dr. Biealho, the chief, the woi-ks of the

— 41» —

Mangiie Canal, quite a complex work: Dr. Dcl-Veechio, has in
charge the building oC the quay and all the hydraulic woiks: Dr.
Frontin took charge of the Central Avenue.

Dr. Midler was the author of that beautiful avenue, one of tlie
prettiest sights of Rio de Janeiro. It was he who first had the idea
of connecting the projected quay with the central streets in the com-
mercial district by means of a large avenue and not by means of

liio. — New IJiiiMiiigs

tunnels as il was first thought when they considered tlie Ki<t projects
of reform.

On (lie Nth of March, I'.KH, l()oki)lacc, with great joy on the
part of the i)opulation , the inauguration of the work of that ave-
nue, in the presence of President Uodrigues Alves and other high
officials. Then was placed the foundation stone of the buildings
n" 2, 4 and (i of the new Avenue. All the Rio newsi)apers celebrated
this dati^ and the public joined them in that celebration, speaking
of nothing (ilse.

As \\v. said al)OV(^, tin; idem of Ihc^ o[)eiiing of that street w as the

— 420 —

outcome of the iiec(>ssity of allowing- an ontlet lor the niovenient of
the port, as the accumulation and crowding of traffic would he into-
lei-able in the old narrow streets once the quay would be finished.
The Central Avenue cost about 35.000 contos, owing to the high

II II ■ I

Uu). — Ni'w l!iiil(iiiij;s

price for desai)i)roi)riating the buildings that had to be i)nlletl down.
'Pheii' nmnbcr was (lOj, all of tlicni jjulled down in less than thi-c*'
iiioiilhs. It was canicst woi-k and was done bv double teams ol
worknu'u that substituteil (^ach oilier every morning ami <'\ening.
'i'liei'e were about :>. ()()(» woi-knuMi.

— \Jl —

Tlie open region, taking- tlie massive of (In- buildings ol tin; old
oity, had the length of 1.800 metres, and the width (.f7;j metres, being
:« for the bed of the avenne and 20 on eatdi side for the mtw buil-
dings. The plan is in perfect straight line, from sea to sea, which
affords a beautiful perspective.

The works run so quickly that on tlie loth of Xovembre I'MTj,
twenty months afterwards the new street was inaugurated. Dr. Fron-
tin executed with the greatest of successes Secretarv Midler's idea.

Rid. — Now ljiiiltliiii>s

The Avenida Central, which has just been finished, measures iV\)6
metres from sea to sea. Has So metres width, being 11» for the pave-
ment and- 7 for each of the sidewalks. The longitudinal profile of the
Avenue is as follows : Level in the first 40 m. beginning in Rua do
Acre (X.) ; it rises ^/i.ooo until Benedictinos street; follows level
until General Camara Street : between this street and Hospicio rises
\/i. 000 ; between Hospicio and Ouvidor is level; between Ouvidor
and Sete de Setembro rises V i.ooo ; from Sete de Setembro to

— 422 —

Manoel de Carvallio rises ''/i.ooo ; remaining- level in all the exten-
sion of the Municipal Theatre, where from at last lowers ''/i.ooo
until Bay-Side Drive.

The side walks have an inclination of 0"',lb, a little more than 2 %
which is sufficient for the waters outlet.

The pavement of the street bed forms a slight circle arch 0, "'32
high in the centre.

Ca|iiltil Federal. — Pavilion iri llie S. Louis' Exiiibilioii erected on tlie Central Avenue

In the centre of the Avenue they planted .")3 Puo lirnzil trees, in
flower beds 5 metre long and 2 wide, and at a distance of ;)3,'"33 from
one to the other. The Klectric light posts with three lamps eaclt,
are also in tlui centre and 55 in uuiuber, being at the same dis-
tance of each other as the trees are.

On the sidewalks they are also going to plant trees, IT.'i on tlic
odd sid(! and Ido on the even side. There are also the gas illumi-
nation ])osts 50 on (nich side.

The ])uildings lining the Avenue are of tine arcliiteel ure, li:i\itiu'

— J2:< —

on an average 20 metres lieight, there being however a IVw, with
10, oO, ()0 and even more. Tliosc ai-e buildings that would do honour
to any lai-ge European eitv.

Onee we have spoken of the Ceinlral A^(■nu(■, we must say soum-
thing of the other one — A Avenida Beira Mar — (liiver-Side Diive
or Bay-Side Avenue) projected after the Avenida Central, but
nearly completed,

This avenue has 7 kilometres in length, it is really a bay-side
drive. It begins just where tlie Avenida Central ends, and follows
along the river front througli the many curves of tlie city contour till
Botafogo bay, a beautiful curve enclosed by the green frame of
high hills.

This beautiful work is due to the Mayor of tho city who is in an
admirable way completing Dr. Miiller's system of improvements.

Another improvement now in via of realisation is the extension
of the Mangue canal. The works executed there are worthy of note.
The canalization of the little rivers in this part of the city is made by
means of a canal 3 kilometre long enclosed in stone walls crossed by
metallic bridges, of artistic style. The old canal had but 1 '/s kilome-
tre in length with 12 metres sections and only a little over 1"' 50 of
depth. Xow^ it was extended to 3 kilometres, the section 20 metres,
and depth 3 metres. As the ground through which it run was not
very steady, they steadied it by means of posts 19 metres deep. The
plan of the canal consists of two tangent lines forming almost a right
angle, connected by a nice curve. This canal acts as an outlet for
the rain waters as well as the waters of the small rivulets of that part
of the city. It could not be used for navigation except of very small
boats.

Besides the Avenida Central there are many streets worth men-
tioning, among which are : the Uriigiiayiina, 17 metres wide with fine
buildings and asphalt pavement; the Assembled., also 17 metres wide
probably prettier than the other , having a charming perspective
upon the sea; the Carzoca Street between the square of the same
name, at the end of Assemblea Street and Visconde do Rio Branco ;
they are almost in straight line, and form altogether a road of over
2.000 metres length ; the Floriaiw Street has 24 metres width and
nearly 1.000 length, with its natural extension /lc7-e Street; the Treze
dei\/a/o, 17 metres wide; the Passos Avenue, extension of the old
Sacramento Street; the Inhauma with 30 metres width. All of them
are paved with asphalt and were opened or widened at the sacrifice
of 1200 old buildings that wxre pulled dow^n. Such is the energy with
which in the last three years the habitation, sanitary conditions and

— 424 —

aesthetic problems of the Kio city have been taken care of.

The buildings follow the same vigorous impulse. In 1003 there
were 900 new buildings constructed in Rio and 400 reconstructions.
In 1904 there were 1200 new buildings put up and 800 reconstruc-
tions. Rio de Janciio had then 84.090 houses inhabited while in 1890
only had llJVM. Tliis illustrates the pi-ogress of the last few years.

.Just now the buildings, both private and i)ublic, in Rio, arc
undergoino- a considerable ti-ansformation, and while there are to be

Hid. — Ni'w l!nil(liii"s

seen yet in many places houses of the colonial tyjx', all the new
buildings are of the most modci'u designs, showing how the cily is
becoming Kui'opean like and how the capital is growing in wealth.
An)ong lh(^ new buildings we will mention a few, some finished al
time ol' w riling, others, nearly finished, others just started :

The Congress Palace, (he most notable one in all South Ameiiea.
occupying 12.000 scpiare metres, in fi'ont of Tiradentcs Scjuai'c, sur-
rounded 1)\' liio lintiico, r'o//.s7/7/z/c;"}(> and (ioincs 7'7t//'(' streets. Its
cost is estimated al l.^.OOOiOOOSiOOO.

— 425 —

The Municipal Tl.eatre, with n.arblo front, bron.e decorations
and a dome 1. metres high, vahied at :U)00:0(K.?(,„„ ],„il, l.v .Ih-
Brazilian Architect, Oliveira Passos.

The bnihling of the S. Paulo - Kio (irand,., a Hra.ilian Kail^^av

lliu. — Aew BuildiJias

concern, of gothic style, simulating a castle of middle age times, has
SIX floors, 30 metres of height, estimated at 900:0t)0S000 built b\-
the Brazilian architect, Silva Costa. It will be one of the beauties of
the city.

The Jardim Botanico Street Railway Co., French style, &2 metres

— i2fi —

front, 33 metres high, the eeiitre body with (i lloors, the side ones
four. It will oeeupy a whole block, is divided by a gallery, in the
style of the Passage Joffroy, in Paris, the Vittorio Emmanuele, in
Milan, and Umberto Primo, in Turin. Its cost is estimated in

Kid. — N<'\v ltiiil»liii}is

2. 000 :()00$( )()(). its iircliitect is ("aminhoa and it is the property ol
Brazilians.

The Naval Club uew-elassic style , five story high iu the luain
bodv and four in the side ones. Its ;ii-ehiteet is lUv/.i. It will l>e one

— 427 —

of the best buildings in the Avenida Central and its cost is cstiniatrd
at 800:0008000.

The Caixa de Aniortisaeao biiihlin<;-, ehissic styh', with a sei'ies
of beautiful \\hite and rose marble eolumns, ^vith bronze tops. Its
cost is estimated at 1.200:()00$000. Its architect is Gabiiel . I im(|iiein».

The Joriial do liruzil building, n)ai"ble front, lai'ge and original
dome, 50 metres high. Its architect is Mr. Berna, the i)roj)rietors
are Brazilians.

Rio.

New Buildings

The Jornal do Commercio building, seven floors, high tower, (TJ
metres high, stone and marble front. Its cost is estimated at
2.000:000S000, its owners, Brazilians.

Palace of the Exhibition, the same building as the one repre-
senting Brazil at the St. Louis Exhibition, 45 metres high, built by
the Brazilian Architect Souza Aguiar.

Guinle & Co. building, beautiful stone front, 8 floors 52 metres
high, owned by Brazilians and its cost estimated at 1.000:0008000.

Docas do Santos building, fine floors, built by the Brazilian Ar-

— 12H —

chitect Ramos Azevedo and owned by Brazilians. Its cost is estinuilcd
at 1.200:000$000.

Xational Librai-y, stone, marble and iron, five floors, 4~j metres
high, built by the Brazilian architect Dr. Aguiar. Its cost is esti-
mated at 3.000:000$000.

Kio. — .\»'\v Huildiiij^s. — I lie iialiice of llii' diiilv |i.i|i('r : « (t .hiiiial do ('.(inmicrcid ».

'I'he indication of nationality, wliich \\(^ have taken i)ains (o
show, serves to iliusti-ate to those who do not know Rio ch^ Janeiro,
the efficient contribution that native elements are l)ringing lownrds
the developjueni and transl'ormation of Kio de Janeiro wlierelo-
reign capital, intelligence and activity, will find a vast field to ope-

-- 429 -

1-ate ui)()ii, witli pi-ofitiiblc rosnlls l)y the adlicsioii :iiiil aid of tlic do-
minant ideas anion*;- the nalives.

We will not elose these few lines on the rapid i)ro^r(!ss Itio has
nndergone during- the last few years without speaking of an ent(M--
prise we referred to above, which lias initiated its work and will he
the most important of all lluMniprovemonts the groal ('ai)i(al is^nin^
to he presented witli.

AVe refer to the Harbour work tlic main feal urc of t lie plans ('(.n

|{i,,. — The New « li'('zt> do .Marco » Street

ceived and being- executed by the present Secretary of public Works,
Dr. Lauro Miiller.

Though Rio possessed one of the largest and best anchorage places
of the world, by the beauty, depth ami safety of the bay, its poi)u-
lation has been longing for the last (U) years for these benefits en-
joyed by nearly every sea-port city of the world — a dock system
alongshore, that the ships might come alongside to load and unload.

This was a general anxiety continually expressed, by every one,

— i-w —

but owing- to certain cii-cuiustances wliicli can all be reduced to this :
lack of a resolute and broad minded government, — the plans and
projects for the hai-bour works were being postponed from time to
time in spite of their pressing need. The situation was just this when

l^^rr^ ^

Itio. — Vi'W Hiiildiiii

President liodriguesAlves invited to/ tlie place (»!' Tiiblic W'ork^
Secretary Dr. Lauro Midler.

We will now give some detaihul information about this iinpr«>vc-
ment now under way :

The Rio dc; .laneii-o poiL improvements work comprisiis :

i:i2

FiusT. — T1h3 building' of ;i long stone (|niiy, with suiricicnt (l('])tli
for ships and steamers of any draught coming alongside, with a
large number of iron landing stairways attached to the (luay, fas-
tening ])osts, double stone stairway at tlie curves. This (juay accor-

Kid. — .Nc\N l!uil(liiij;s

ding to the adopted ])i-()iecl goes from the extension ol S. ( 'liristo\ ;U)
street to llic neiglilxu-liood of the Navy-N ard, eomprising tlif inner
bays in front of the Mo(;as, Meloes, Saeco do Alfeics, (iamlioa ami
Saude old islands and has ;{.r)(»() meti'cs in length.

Sia'OM). - The filling of all tlic area conipiiscd between i1h'

— 4-34 —

future quay and the river front. In some places the distance between
these two points is 2o() metres as it happens in the Saude inner hay,
the deptli of tlie water varying between 1 and 7 metres.

Third. — Dredging till 10 metres distance from the space destin-
ed to th(^ setting of foundation caissons, and quay wall, and a band

Hio.

.New Ituildiii^s

250 metres in width, forming the channel so thai ships can come
alongside without any ti-oublc.

Fourth. — TIk; oix'iiing of an avenue :ih)ngsi(h' the (luay, mea-
suring 100 nu^tres in width , of wliicli S) metres are rescrvcii for
i*ail way tracks, ;>5 metres lor tht; l)uiiding of imjjorts and exports

435 —

storage houses and administrations offices , and lo metivs iiicelv
paved and with rows of trees for public thorouglifare.

Fifth. — Construction of the quay, comprising- the most modern
macliinery used for lioisting, h)ading and unh)ading tlie ships. Two

Rio. — New Buildings. — OIliL-es of the daily \)i\\n'v : « o Paiz

stations in convenient places with the necessarj' machinery to furnish
electric power to the machinery and electric light for the illnmina-
tion of the whole quay.

Sixth. — Utility of the neighboring islands as deposits of inflam-
mable goods, coal, and other port exactions, increasing its area
if needed, filling up the space between them and near by i-ocks.

— 436 —

Tlie \vorks of Nvall building oomprising- the di-edgiiig and filling
were contracted on the 'iltli of September 1 *.>();], by the govei-nniont
with the well known house of C. H. "Walker & Co., of London.

The work was inaugurated on the 29th of March, IVK)}, initiating
on that day in front of Saude bay the service of dredging tlie i)oit.
On the first days of January ]'.»() 1 the bottom of the bay has been
duly di-odged all along the line of the 1st section of (|ua,\- measuring

l!i(i. — .\i'\\ liiiildiiii^s

."OO in(!ti'(?s and the contractors initiated the woi'k of the wail eon-
structiou selling llie first aiissoii with the order niinil)t'r -]'.'>-.

Uy llie end of April I'.Hi.j two sections of wall were* I'cady till the
average tide height. On May 1st, in i)rcsence of His I^xcellency Prt'-
sident Kodiigiies Alves, the Mayor of the City, the Members of the
(Jabinet, Congressmen and Senators, high officials both ei\ il and
military ones, business nu'ii and representatives of all classes,
the inauguration of the (piay work took place, fixing on the external
sid(; of tlu^ wallai)late coiniiieiiioiatiug this act. l''igui'e n" 1 shows
the sections we spoke of. as well as the inaugiiiat ion plate attached

— 437 —

to the Stone containinjr the record of the ixoccedinjrs, ncwspaix-i-s
of that day and several coins of the country.

According- to the clause XIV of the contract all ilic work must
be finished by June, 30th, 1<)10 obeying- to the following- progress :

On the 30th of June, 19n() ;J00 iin'tn-s.

» » » 15I0T ;iO()

» » » 1908 «()(» „

» » » 1900 7fi() »

» » » 1910 1(1(10 „ |,;,|;,|ic(;

to make up the total of niiOO moln's.

Rio. — Construct ion of the Canal do Mangue

To determine the solid layer at the bottom where the foundation
caissons have to be supported, which is a part of the construction
system adopted, as well as for the calculation of the total volume of
land to be excavated and recognizance of several layers of ground
placed upon the solid one, many perforations were made in the direc-
tion of the projected quay, and elsewhere in transversal direction,
in some points becoming necessary to find out the inclination or
profile of those layers.

— 438 —

The system of construction adoj)ted for the qua}' was, the com-
pressed air one, bj^ means of caissons made of iron, identical to
those used lately in the port of Antwerp.

Two large floating- scaffolds, constituted by two pontoons attach-
ed to each other by iron frames, carry suspended bj' two strong-
steel chaims, the respective dryers, measuring 12 metres high, 25

Kio. — Statuo of Viscdiinl do Itio Hraiici

metres long, and (j.(')0 metres wide. Underneath these apparatus they
introduce the ironra/.s.so/j.s or boxes which have the same dimensions,
with the exception of the height which is only 2, '"50. By means of
screws adapted to tlie internal walls of the dryer, ami holes in (lie
caissons hel])e(l by rubber between these (wo pieces, a close attach-
ment of the two is operated so that when it all sinks down into (he

— 440 —

water, the caisfion is water proof. When the lowering fails centri-
fugal pumps are put to work moved by electricity.

The caisson, the main part of the system of construction adoj)ted,
is formed by strong cramp-irons solidly united and supported by
steel beams 0,70 thick. The four outside faces are dressed by iron
plates as well as the inside under the beams. The caisson is
divided into two parts : one constituted by beams and empty spaces

Hio. — New l{iiil(liiit;s

left by the spaces of the cramp-irons, and the other slightly arclu'd
or vault-like roof, open at the bottom, forming the « work chamber »
where latei" on the working-men have to get in when charged of the
excavation of the bottom and of the provocation for the penetration
of the caissons through the layers at the bottom. For that reason,
tlic roof of llic work cliainbci- lias four circular oi)cuings 0,7(t m. in
dlametre, destined to receive the chiume\s t'oi- llie entranci' ol" tlic
workmen and material.

Protected by the first cliinmeys in t lie openings ol' the caisson's

— 441 —

roof, they immediately fill the upper part of the caisson with (•cinciit
or rather beton, forming thus the plate or ground on wliicli tlic first
stones of the ^vall have to be phu-ed. Then tlie masons l)egin ihc con
structicm of the wall in the intci-ior of tlic (liycr, always suppoitcd
by ropes and chains and at the proportion it grows llic dry(!r is lower-
ed to relieve the cargo that chains and ropi^s supi)or(. When liic
work reaches about t metres of height, they manoeuvre convenien-
tly the floating scaffold by means of the eight anchors of the
pontoons, and once in the alignement of the quay, they let the cais-
son down, with the work already done on toj) of it loosening the
dryer from everything that fastens it. During the sinking of the
caisson into the water they always heigten the chimneys to avoid
the entrance of water, so that when the caisson touches the bottom,
these reach their utmost height. On this occasicm they adapt an
apparatus, the machinery begins to work compressing the air in the
work chamber.

The workmen in groups of 12 to IS, who are relieved every eight
houi's, descend to that compartment and, helped by syphons which
expel what they excavate or dig at the proportion it gathers in the
chamber, they provoke the descent of the caisson through the seve-
ral layers of the bottom.

Once reached the solid layer and this one being completely clean
and levelled, it is immediately filled with cement concrete. When
this operation is finished they continue the work of the wall till the
height of the avei'age tide. They then loosen the screws that attached
the caisson to the drj^er, they allow the water to enter the dryer and
thus relieved, it is once more attached to the chains which suspend
it again and thus is the apparatus ready for the construction of a
new section of wall. Each section measures 23,50 metres in length.

The w^ork to finish the wall on its upper part is done during low
tides.

Figure n° ^. — Shows Ihe caisson inside the water ready to be
put in proper place under the dryer.

Figure n° 5. — Shows the caisson in the act of entering under
tlie dryer.

Figure n° 6. — Shows one of the floating scaffolds with the dryer
completely suspended , and the caisson already attached to its in-
ferior part.

Figure n" j. — Represents the hulk « Victor » of 25 tons used
for several kinds of work.

Figure n" 8. — Represents the two floating scaffolds and the
hulk « Victor » working.

— 442 —

The work of the compressed air once started continues without
interruption until the work chamber is completely filled with con-
crete. It takes about 10 days of 24 hours. The digging in the interior
of the caisson, is made according to the nature of the soil, by means
of syphons which work by the same compressed air action, or by
means of ordinary apparatus for such work, the diggings being taken
out in buckets through the chimneys. When they find rock which
needs to be partly levelled so that the caisson can be placed in pcr-

Porl ol' Hio. — Killing up of Hit- Sea Zone

feet horizontal level, they take the rock out in snuill stones, little by
little, and they make it burst with very small charges of dynamite.

Figure n" y. — Represents several sections of the quay with the
intervals left between them, where the connections have to be
filled in.

Figure u" lo. — Represents a hoisting barge, used to place the
stones on the wall and for prepai-alion of the concrete destined to
that porlioii oT llic wall that goes up Iroin the average tide height.

— u:i —

Figure n" ii. — Shows the interior of a hur<;(' working in a con-
nection of walls.

The normal type of quay measures ^'"oO hi<;li of foundation.
8"'80 from the top of caisson to the level of low tide, and :\"%() from
there to the top, representing' a height of 1 !"".»( ). As to its width is
6 metres on the caisson and 1:10 on the outside and 1:15 on the
inside inclination up to the height of the low tide, from there up the

I'oi-t ui" Piio. — Cuiislructiou of tlie .New (Juay. Cniiie-huat

external inclination is 1:20 and after a cut of 0'»60 goes up in vertical
line, the upper part of the quay measuring 3'"02 in width.

The wall has holes placed at intervals of 100 metres to be used
as outlets for the rain waters. On the top of the wall there will be
an opening covered with iron to receive the canalisations for the
light, water and power.

Until the lotli of December 1905, the contractors had built lO sec-
tions of quay representing 100 metres wall, up to the height of the

— 444 —

average tide or T"20 above the lowest tide. The connections, with
exception of 5 of tliem were all finished, and the part already con-
cluded, with to}) part and all has an extension of '2~'> metres.

All the si)ace comprised Ix'twocn the wall ;iii(l the bayside will
he filled and levelled with earth taken away from the Senado Hill
and sand from tiie bay. The Senado Hill will be all taken down and
its ground levelled. The sand will eome from the dredging of the
channel, sliouhl it be good enough to be used in filling in the ground

I'orl of llio. — (Idiisli'iiclidii <il' llic .New (>u;i\

ac-(!ording to the Fiscalisalion Committee, other wise the sand will
be taken from the bay sand-banks which this Committee may
designate, until a depth of lo meti-es water in the average tides.

The san<ls will be thrown into the inferior part and ui)on I hem
the Senado Jlill earth will b(^ ])laeed up to the h'vel of the wall.

l<'()i' the first sectioTi that must l)e ready on June ;'>(Mh, I'.HKi.
the earth to fill in is heiiin taken I'roni the hills iii;hl in li-<uil and

— ua —

which formed the two islands — Mocns and Meldes wliich can fur-
nish about 200,000 cubic metres.

Figure n" 12 represents a part of the work werheas fi}>-urc n" j.V
shows tlie disposition of the fastening posts.

Figure 11" i^ rejjresents the two floating- scaffolds in front of the
old Meloes island, the earth of which is being taken away to fill in
the quay of the first section. On-the top of one of the hills is an old

I'url (if Kill. — Cniisli'iii'tiiiii nf llic .New i^liiiiy

house that serves as the office and residence of the l<'iscalisation
(/ommlttee.

Figure u" /."> shows one of (he places where fioin the earth to fill
in tlie (luay is being taken out.

The contractors to make the iicci'ssary ri'pairs in llu' di'i'dn ing
boats and their aj)i)aratus, have two installations ; one on the other
side of the bay, in Niethcroy, in a place called I'onta d:» Areia :in<l
anotiier in lh(; ccnti'al jxiint of the woiks at Santa Harhaia ishiiid,

— 147 —

some GOO metres away from the shore. Tlie former belongs to the
contractors, the latter belongs to the government but lent to tlu;
contractors while the work of the building of the quay lasts.

In Ponta da Ai-eia are several lepairing work-shops where small
pieces of machinery are made. These shops are well mounted with
locomotives and freight cars, hoisting machinery, i)laces for bai-ges,
bridges, machine shops, stone cutters, machinery to break also smal-

Port of Rio. — Construction of the New Quay. .Vnciioring place

ler stones. There is a quarry back of this place which is exploited
by the contractors.

In Santa Barbara island are the stocks of cement, hardware of all
descriptions, to make the caissons (or boxes for the foundation of
each section of wall) and extra pieces for the scaffolds, etc. They are
always at work in this island preparing new caissons. These when
needed are taken to a place under a kind of bridge frame with
pow^erful hoisting and suspending apparatus on the upper part, run
by endless screws which take up the caissons, hoisting them up,

— W8 —

transporting them to the sea rolling over a track ; — and then they
are towed until the place where the quay is being worked.

Generally there are always four caissons in construction to be
ready for service emergencies.

Fi<>nrc' n" id shows the apparatus that hoists the caissons as we
just explained.

Fi^-iirc n" j- shows the quay on the loth of December of last year.

It is useless to add that the general plan of the woi-ks, as it liap-

I'(»r't ul' liid. - I'illiiii; ii|> i<\ llic Sr,i /.

])(',MS witli \\()i'ks of this mitui-(! and magnitude is siiljjccl to modi-
fications , uol only as to the alignment but as to the pioccss ol'
construction, wliich may b(^ suggested by the progii'ss ol' the work.

As a conipl(;incnl lo the woi-ks which arc being executed, (lu'y are
proj(MMing, to iis(^ the ishinds in front of the (|nay. emi)raeed hy tlie
great l)ay eontourning S. (Iirislovao shore till I'onta do Cajn, as
dry-doeks, coal dei)ots, inflammable storage-houses, and other hnild-
jngs needed in a first class commercial ixnt.

I'dil III' l!i(). — Ciiiislniclioii ol llir New Diiav. — \ iow of llii- works in Dt'feniljL'i' I'.JO.j

— ioO

THE STATE OF S. PAULO

The city of 8. Paulo, Capital of the State the same name, is
built on an uneven ground between the Tiete river (which is its boun-
darj' line in the Braz district), and the Tamandutehy, which, in
capricious curves goes through this part of the town between it and
the upper districts — Campos Elysios (750 metres above the sea
level), Consolagao (800 m.j, Liberdade (779 m.), and Villa Mai'ianna
(900 m.).

S. I'aul(

Miisoiiiii (if Ipyi'uiiga

Owing to those altitudes the passenger who goes from Santos or
Rio to S. Paulo is surprised, to find an unforeseen temperature
which requires gloves and an overcoat. So much the better. That in-
vites the people to dress better. We do not see there as we see in Kit),
Bahia or Recife, the tnu'kmen and hard working people on account
of the Iropieal climate neglect their clothes, orprcsenting thi'mselves
bare footed, with dirt\ lagged garments.

1 r

— u> —

Seen from an npper position the city looks like a sea in all the
greatness of its growing vitality expanding itseli. It lias the form of
an irregular polygon, filled with squares, streets and avenues without
anj' geometrical orientation just as Buenos-Ayres or Therezina, but
forming blocks which give an idea of several cities connected with
one another, bound the city exterior lines. From these grounds start
towards the fields and hills located in front unfinished streets which
ramify themselves going to new districts like Bom Retiro, Barra
Funda, Villa Deodoro, Perdizes, Sant'Anna, etc., and which the
electric railway, the telephone, illumination, and sewage net are
incorporating gradually to the central nucleus, in an inflexible work
of definite appropriation.

In the districts near the Tiete are large and numerous
stores, hotels, brassei-ies, workingmen houses, factories of all
descriptions, storage houses, etc. A forest of chimneys throw from
sunrise to sunset s])irals of smoke into the air crossed in all di-
rections by electrical wires. In the streets is a confusion of
vehicles , and men running here and there. There is the noise of
human voices, the rattling of the wagon-wheels upon the pavement
of the streets , the whistles of the factories all wrapped by dust-
clouds which spread themselves all over.

In the centre points boils all the effervescency of the brainy
city : — the elegant high-life, the active intellectual men, the
bankers, the lawyers, the multitude of the forum crowds, the gay
W'Orld with its fashionable women, the high tone families in their
carriages, the crowds of hasty ones and at last the multitude of the
obscure, of the nameless, all of them circulating in the district of Rua
Direita, Quinze de Novembro, S. Bento, Rosario Square and ajacent
streets, etc. This cannot be called the centre of the city, as S. Paulo
has extended itself so very much towards the new districts, where
the buildings grow up every day with a richness of marvellous art
and good taste.

In these business streets the old style buildings, the big Tortu-
gueK(! houses with jjlaiii walls are disai>i)earing under the victory of
tli(; evolution of art. The assimilating capacity of the Brazilian race
in contact with Italian genius, the Italian colony being one fifth of
th(^ population, affirmed themselves in an undeniable demonstration.

Many buildings now are planned and constructed by Bra/.ilians.

It is useless to say that the streets we mentioned above are not
the prettiest of S. Paulo, though they ])resent the most lively aspect.

— 45H —

either during the day or night time. The avenues and streets that aiv
the prettiest because of tlieir buildings and perspective, are tiiose tliat
belong to the new district of the Capital : the boulevard Hurchard, in
the Conceicao district, where from the largest part of the city area
can be obseived; the Paulista Avenue, open upon a lougiiudinal
esplanade, above the other districts, is not as yet all built uj), but it
already presents some very pretty palaces with different arcliitecio-
nic styles surrounded by gardens, — they are magnificent mansions.

S. I'atilu. — l.ariru ila 8r

princely residences; — the Barao dc Piracicaba street, a kind of
grove, straight and wide; the Glette street with magnificent build-
ings, among which is the Sagrado Coracao church with a 40 metre
tower with the image of Jesus on top in golden bronze, and it can be
seen from nearly everywhere in the city; the Tiradentes, a pretty
avenue of about two kilometres long, but very irregular in its width,
lined by superb buildings, some of them large ones, like the Polytech-
nical College, the vast Police Force barracks, the Model College and
others, this street is crossed twice by the Tiete river; the Bambus
(cane) grove, a wide street also lined with fine buildings; the Rangel
Pestana Avenue, with a width of 25 metres, an extension of

— 454 —

1,580 metres and prolongated with the name of Aveni(hi da liitcn-
dencia for another length of 1,500 metres and the same width.

Among- the public squares we must mention in first place the one
in front of the Luz Railway station, the enormous public garden,
beautifully and most carefully treated, with a profusion of flowers
pretty as dreams, and a pretty lake. This is the only municipal gar-
den worthy of the name.

The Rosario Square is not so wide as one would think because of
its fame, but it is a centre and the principal centre of the Capital,
surrounded by candy-stores , bar-rooms , cigar-stores and other
shops. This is the place where the active population of the city have
their rendez-voiis. This square and Quinze de Xovembro street are in

S. Paulo. — Tlie lake of the Public Garden

S. Paulo, just what S. Francisco Square and Rua Ouvidor arc in
Rio de Janeiro.

Another pretty and much wider square is the Republica one,
dominated by the pretty building where the Normal College is.
There are other squares like the Municipal, Paysandu, S. Fran-
cisco, — with the statue of Jose Bonifacio, — tJoyanazes, Cai-nio
and others, but lack the pretty gardens and arborization that cnibcl-
Hsh so much the s([uares of Belem, Capital of the Para Stale.

Excepting B(;llo llorizonte, no other Brazilian city has i)ublic
buildings with such an architectonic beauty, none also presents
such a large number of them.

It is imi)OSsible to do ahonl S. Taiild, what we have done about
the other cities we have spoken of in this l)o()k : — to describe niinu-
ciously their churches, monuments and buildings worth mentioning.

— 455 —

Only in the first 12 years of the republican forni of j^ovcrniucnl ,
S. Paulo spent in new buildings for its Capital 2()0.(J()():()(KJ$()()0 ac-
cording to official data.

And what has been spent in public works like railways, sewerage,
board of health, schools, etc., in the interior cities reaches an
amount over 300. 000:0001000 in ten years.

The general progress of the state represented by its splcndiil
Capital and by the principal cities of the interior, in the volume of
factories, farms, banks, large buildings, railways, etc., not only
places S. Paulo in front of all the other States of the Republic J)ut
its civilisation is over 20 years ahead.

S. Paulu.

da Liiz Station.

The city of S. Paulo had in 1850 about 30,000 inhabitants, in 1885
had 15,000 inhabitants, by the census of 1890 it had 65,000 inhabitants
and by the one of 1000 not less than 240,000. Its private buildings are
of modern architecture, the Italian style predominating. In majo-
rity are residences inhabited by one single family, there being very
few houses where more than one family live together.

In the modern part of the city, what means in the largest part of
the city, the houses have their gardens at the side or in front.

All the streets are illuminated by gas, 4.820 lamps, the central
streets being illuminated by electric light, having 5.000 incandes-
cent and 104 arc lights, and are all paved with stone l)locks.

In 1904, S. Paulo had 25,000 buildings in the city with a first
class water supply, the water dams and works being a monumen-
tal work of art. The tramway service by electric traction, is the

— tofi —

best ill all Urazil owned b\' one oT the most poweriul eoinpanies in
the eouutry — The Light and Powei" Company — an Anuiiean eon-
cern. This eoini)any plaeed 17 1 kilometres of tracks in the eity and
fui-nishes power to al most all the large factories of vS. I'aulo : — glass
works, threading mills, breweries (the largest in the country), eigar
factories, etc., with a total of <S,U(K> horse power.

There are also tramways by animal traction, ami lw(^ steam ones,
going to the suburbs, telephone service with over 1,(X)U suijsciibers.

S. I'aulo. — (jovoniiiu'iil |t;ilace|(il' S. I'aul(

telegraph, .'!0 newspapers: — dailies, weeklies, magazines, pcrindi-
cals of all descriptions.

Among its buildings worth noting are: llu' Ipyranga monument
unequalled in the whole country for its dimensions and imposing
arehiteetiire, the group of the Palaces of the different Secretaries of
the Government whicb are beautiful buildings : the Agiicuhnic
one in German style, the Treasury one, covering TOO scpiare metrics
made by the lirazilian architect, Ramos A/evedo, the .lustice one,
at the side of the Ciovernor's palace in roman-doric style also built l»y
a Brazilian architect.

The Luz Station is the most beautiful building of its kind in the
whole South American continent. It is as large as it is pretty an»l has

— 457 --

an elevated t(nvei-. It is made of red hi-icks ;ui<I tiles in the -(.thi,..
seotlish style. It is in I'l-ont of the public oai-d,.,), whieli is imirh
like the Brussels park. We were told this station cost over
l.000:000S00O. There is a constant movement ol' cabs and can-ia.i,n's
about the main entrances. The aspect of this building' is one of those,
that once impressed in the tiavellers mind, is not easily l'oro(,tt,.ii.
Tlie Luz barracks, occupies a whole square, is illuminated l»y
electric light, and this pretty architecture is a model of its kind. The
ample Polytechnical College, with its beautiful front, wide, euoi--

™^,„.... _,..„.

S. Paulu. — S. Beiito I'liicc.

mous with its three distinct bodies of Koman style. The Luz school,
the Normal College are true palaces, erected in honor of Art and
public instruction.

In no other South American city we find such a large numl)ei- of
beautiful buildings devoted to public instruction.

The churches are numerous, but only the modern ones present
artistic effect.

The public theatre, now being built will be in size and magnifi-
cence well worthy of the other monuments of S. Paulo. Its cost was
valued at ;j,000:OOOSOOO. It can be compared with the first theatres of
liluiope. Its front, rich in decorations, in the structure of its whole.

— 458 —

is classic and can be classified as Louis XV style. As to its architec-
ture, it preserves the traditions of the Italian classics by the sobriety
of the lines of its whole.

The i)lace for the musicians is placed below the level of the
orchestra seats in the audience, according- to the system originated
by Wagner.

The orchestra seats capacity, is a little smaller than those of
Euroi)ean first class theatres, as the Grand Opera of Paris and
Vienna.

The piogress of the scientific institutions, the culture of the cities
and the pul)lic instruction in all the State is notably superior, aud
in an elevated degree, to the progi'css of other sections of Bra/.il.

The late L. Couty, biology professor at the Polytechnical Aca-
demj^ of Rio, having promised some time ago that he would demons-
trate the equality of the S. Paulo ex-province to the Buenos-Ayres
province, wrote :

« En purhint (In recensement de In jirooinre de Buenos- Aires , nous nous
etions eng'age n faire voir que ceile province si fJorissante el si rapide au pro-
gres avail son egale au Bresil, S Paulo; nous nous elions Irompe ; S. Paulo
n'est pas seulement egale : ellc esl, a cerlains points de vue, sujjerieure a
Buenos- Aires ».

" Speyking of llie cx-iisus of (lie BiuMios-Ayros |iroviiico, wo were engaged in pn)-
viiig lliat Hint province so lilooming and of sUcli a rajiid progress liad its equal in Bra-
zil, S. I'aiilo. We were mistaken. S. Panlo is not oidy equal, it is from eerlain points
of view sii|)erior to Buenos-Ayres ».

lint, the speedy growth of S. Paulo is such that the economist
who is surprised of it having multiplied six times its producing
energy in :i() years, when Buenos-Ayres in the same period didn't sue"
ceed to do any better than double it, added : « If the other provinces
of Brazil had developed their work as S. Paulo did, that count iv
would furnish to-day (1884) 10,000,000 bags of coffee instead of the
5,000,000 it produces. »

Well, it was not necessary for S. Paulo to wait another 20 years
by itself, to attain that figure of agricidtural production, what liUi/
Couty didn't think possible to be obtained without the aid of the
other twenty pi'o\ inces.

1*1 r.i.K Instki ( rioN. — The Scientific Departments and Insti-
tutes, the technical ones or mere theoretical ones, have an iniixn-
tance in S. I*aido that they have not in any other part of the
count v\ .

— +59 —

Its Polytet'lmical College is even superior to llial of Kio, by iIk;
nuigniiieenee ol" its laboratories, by the practic-al cliaraclcr of its pro-
grams of study and even by the imposing feature of the building
itself. Its Agricultural Pratical Schools have no equal in tlie whole
country, andsome of them such as the school of Batataes, are exclusive
property of the municipality; its demonstration fields are so many
other piactical schools, and have nothing to fear when compared
with identical p:uropcan institutes. The Agricultural Institute is
also one of the best establishments of its kind. As to the Botanical

S^-H. ,^^^iT:

.v--;^^S5*i.isH«^*5^

S. Paulo. — Polytediical College

Garden it suffices to repeat these topics which Mr. Benjamin F. A.
Lima not long ago wrote :

(( S. Paulo is a lucky State.

All of its scientific establishments, all of its hygienic institutes
are a niceiiess of progress, with what there is of most perfect and
modern in its kind. Thus, the Polytechnical Academy, the Isolation
Hospital, the Vaccination Institute are witnesses of the great pro-
gress of the State.

We visited lately the Botanical Garden and while this establish-
ment is but a section of the Geographical Commission, the works
executed by Dr. Albert Loefgren are of extraordinary importance

— I«0 —

tor the BraziliaJi flora and sliow very well that it is under the
direction of a learned man.

The national and foreign plants nurseries, the hot-houses, the
grafting of plants, everything is arranged with scientific orientation,
offering the most methodic order in the several branches of cultiva-
tion practiced there, and leaving a pleasant impression in the visitors
mind even if he knows but little about botany.

Setting aside the importance of the new institute, the kindness
of its director and his family make a visit to that establishment most
pleasant.

S. Paulo. — « Prudente tie Moracsw Model school

Its library is a repository of everything there is of best in that
branch of natural sciences.

The collections of insects both harmful and useful to agricultui-c.
form already u large contingent of useful knowledge for the Kra/il-
ian farmei's.

Observations oi ulniosphcric conditions and soil lcnn)craturc ;tic
made by registring apparatus carefully installed.

The illustrious director initiated a series of microscopical obser-
vations u])on the contexture of the best Bj'azilian lumber, a most
interesting work. »

It is enoiiiious what S. Paulo has achieved running the expenses
of scicntifie depai'l ments and researches for the study of meteoro-
logy, g(M>h)gy, l)()tany, geography of tlu^ S. Paulo State. It (^xeeeds
the amount spent for this purpose l)y all the other States together. In
S. Paulo sueii services obey to an official , methodic and efficient
organisation. They ai'c services created and kei)t by the State.

The lil)raries and ne\vspai)ers appear in eviM_\ eily. ine\iM\

- Mil -

village iiiid every district ol' (he State. During I'.mi:; (tiily, ilic agricul-
tural and industrial departments distributed some UHJ.OOo copies ol
pamphlets , bulletins and eirculars containing practieal insinic
tions for the public. In this State are 212 newspapers and periodi-
cals. In proportion to the number of its inluibitants it is the state
that reads and writes the most. One fifth of all the lira/iliau i)ress is
within the boundary lines of S. Paulo Stale. No other has so niaii\
libraries or book stores. It is the largest l)ook market in the eouutrx
after Rio de Janeiro, the Capital of Brazil.

No other possesses such a large number of schools, i-elaliNcly to

.1.^i.;vr-. ;«K-HL' -i-f...^..

S. Paiilo.

Normal School

its population. Having only one third of the population of the State
of Minas, it has nearly as many public schools as that State has.

There were 2558 grammar schools in the State of S. Paulo during
last year with .57.002 students.

In each municipium tliei-e is besides those schools one high
school with professional classes for each group of ten gran)mar
schools.

The buildings for the grammar schools in the interior are true
monuments erected to public instruction. They are in Santos,
Lorena, Piracicaba, Itapetininga, Amparo, Guaratingueta, Pinda-
monhangaba and other places and they ought to serve as a stimula-
tion for the other States.

In the Capital there are the following establishments of instruc-

4-(>2

tion, i)rivale ami public- : J*]iui-ii)ucy (College, inaugurated on the
nth of February 1890; the Aiixiliadoru Orphmi Asylum; the
Christouiio Colombo Orphan Asylym; the D. Anna Rosn Institute;
the Sa^^rndo (loracao Lyceum ; the Lyceum of Arts and trades ; the
Seminnrlo das Kducandas : the (iymnasium ; the Model School,
annexed to the Xormal Colle^-e : the Prudent de Moraes, in Ln/. ; the
Maria Jose, in Bella Vista; and two other ones in Bra/, and Carnio.

Railways, navigation, etc. — Even in this regard S. Paulo is
one of the first States of Brazil. Xot long ago a Brazilian writer
said : « In the Brazilan federation the State in whieh private initia-
tive got ahead of the one of the other States, as to the develoi)nient
of their railways, is S. Paulo. » Notwithstanding, we must note that
that movement which is the advance agent of the progress of the
old province, took place, without precipitation, at the proportion
that the farmers arms were extending the coffee plantations whieh
cover vast tracts of land with their thick branch and foliage, as a
proof of the fecundity of the Brazilian soil in that I'cgion.

There are in this State 4.13() kilometres of railway, of wliich
only 1.1 IC) kilometres are railways belonging to the Federal Govi'rn-
ment. There are ."02 locomotives, 580 passenger-cars and (t.SS.I
freight cars.

There are in active construction oltl kilometres of railway tracks.

Here is tin; general table of the railway lines in the State of Sao
Paulo :

General Table oe Railway Lines, Both Federal
AND Belonging to the State , in S. Paulo

DKSIO NATION

KKIIKRAL
CONl'.KSSION

STATE
CONCKSSION

TOTAL

Itiiiiniii^

I.IK)
1.878

.■>.0'20,llHt

.■|t;,(Mio

280,000

i . 1 :((). 10(1

In ('.(iiisM

Colli r;ict<

:iiiil II

Ill-linn

il with slnilii's |)i-i>si-iili>(l

il ()lrs('lilc(l ....

Totals. . .

.".ic.oon
2.i:i8,oon

2.fl0i

:^.oi«,ioo

O.lil 0.100

liut till' following table furnished ns b\- .Mr. S. das Neves, a ci\il
engineer, is a better proof of the value of the S. I'anlo railways :

— ui —

VKAR 1900

INt;OMK liXPKVSKS ' IIAI AMI

5. Paulo Rail may . .

Paulisia

Sorocabana e It nana . .

Araraquara

Itatibense

U. F. Campineiro . . .
C. .\. Funileiisp ....

Diiniont

l{c'zeiide-Bo(>aina. . . .

Bananal

Dourado

Mogyaiia

Bragantina

20.1 22:02 iSG80

22.0I4:918$890

9.675:;i41§780

22rj:953S360

144:GG7$530

2.'i2:239S030

73:322S()90

22.-;: 1 80S 100

49: 1088420

G.'i:435SGuO

18:.578$.^i20

1 7.544:5488701

376:5o2:Si50

9.IGG:098SG0O

8.93i:499S702

G.GG9:98GS820

177:456$600

106:428S026

2lo:9l4S.i24

74:94«$990

I5G:48GS300

53:8978484

Gl:8328G:i9

20:9758850

9.430:0578572

295:816$79i

l0.9:i5:il2G80K(l

13.(180: 41 98 1K«

5.G05::i;i489G0

49;51G87G<)

38:2398304

3G;32485(i()

Def. 1:G2G8900

88:0938800

Def. 4:7898004

5:0008950

Def. 8:5958330

7.908:5118129

80:7558558

Total . . .

70.5.S9:852S121

54.755:8148859

55.806:0338329

These figures went away up in 1903 in the same roads, presenting
the following totals :

Incomes 84.293:6588280

Expenses 31.998:0008695

Balance

52.295:6578585

Besides its railways S. Paulo maintains some navigation li-
nes : the Mogy-Guassu (60 kilometres); the Ribeira de Iguape
(15 1 kilometres) ; the Piracicaba and Tiete rivers ones, not speaking
of the steamers foi' the coastwise navigation, starting from Santos,
the outlet of the State.

*
* *

Police force and Charities Department. — The police force
of S. Paulo is the best organized in the whole country. It is formed
by a brigade composed of two infantry battalions, a cavalry com-
pany, an organization of civic guardsmen, a firemen department,
with a section of nurses for public aid and ambulance service in the
Capital and two infantry battalions to do police duty in the interior.

There are in all 5.000 men under the command of a colonel of the
Federal army.

The uniforms are first class ones, and they are armed with Mau-
mser rifles. The civic guardsmen do their police duty gencrully unar-

— u;i- —

0(1 only boarino- tlx' police badge and by tlic selection of tbese
men, and tlieii" good beliavior while discharging their duties, this
organization enjoys moral authority towards the i)eople.

lltlicic is a South Ameri<'an State or ju'ovince where Sanitary
sciv ii-es and public aid are a reality, this State oT IS. Paulo is the
one. Not long ago an Kalian ])ublication said about this brancli of
public service : « The Slate ofS. Paulo has a sanitary service (ohich
am he comjinrcd with that of any other country even of those aui-
sidcred more advanced i).

Theri! is a i)ei"manent corporation oi' Sanitary jjolicc, conijxjsed
of physicians, well i)aid, inspectors and assistants, who keep a close
watch in the C.'apital and princi])al cities. There is a Sanitary code
regulating and deciding all the questions relating to public health.
There arc several establishments installed like in Europe, as the
Seroterapic Institute, the Bacteriological Institute, the Chemical
and Broraatological Analysis Laboratory, the Isolation Hospital,
the Demographic Hospital, the Central Disinfectory, the Pharma-
ceutical Laboratory, the Pasteur Institute and others, placing thus
S. Paulo the first on the list of the States having the best Sanitary
organization.

As to public aid, properly said, we must mention the following
establishments not needing any details, as it is well known the care
that presides the management of public services : Charity Hospital,
Insane Asylum, hospitals in all the cities of the inte«-ior of the State,
like : Bananal, Casa Branca, Campinas, Frfinca, Iguape. Guaratin-
gueta , .Tacar^^hy, Lorena, Mogy das Cruzes, Pindamonhangaba,
Piracicaba, S. Carlos do Pinhal, Santos, Silveiras, Taubatc, Itu.

iNnusTitv, I'KODiu'TioN, ("o>rMF; KCE. — Tlic most advanced State of
Brazil as to ils manufacturing indiistiics, I'xccpting llu' ('ai)italol"
the Ivei)ubli(', is y(;t S. Paulo. Its factories multiply tlunnsclvcs in a
progression and \ai'icty really I'cmarkablc. The number of fact(U*y
bauds, men, women and children at present working in S. Paulo is
more than no.UOO.

There are factories of the most xai'ied industry, mostly movecl by
steam, a considerable number l)y electricity, others l)y hydraulic
power, etc. i^vei'Nthing is worth noting iVom the hirgc sugar I'acto-
ries of I'ii-acicaba, Hal'fard, Mugcnio A rtagas, to those of mineral
wat(M-s, wines, vinegar, ])erfumes, chocolate, starch, biscuits, l)ccr.
preserves. In ilic li ne of glassware, crockery, cr\slals, bollles, etc.,

— t«r> —

tlio maiiiifacturers of 8. Paulo imposed tliomsclvos to the iJiazilian
markets by the superiority of their goods. The works in marble,
tiles, pipes, enamel, bricks, canm)t be exceeded. There are several
important cement factories, we will mention only, however, the
Rodovalho one, the products of which have won fame. The threa-
ding mills, cotton, silk and wool are imi)()rtant and there are also in
the Capital two large coffee-bags factories known as Pciitcuda with
about 1.000 hands. In this threading mills line there are : the Nossa
Senhora da Ponte, in Sorocaba, with 500 hands; the Mooca; the
Prudent, with 200 hands ; the Santa Rosalia, moved by electricity ; the
S. Roque, with 500 hands ; the Del Acqua, in Osasco; the S. Hei-nar-
do; the Reyman R. & Co., also in S. Bernardo; the Votorantin. in
Sorocaba; the S. Martinho and others. Working in furniture we
mention : the Santa Maria ; Laverias; Carlos Lohol & Co.; Kdward
AValler, school furniture; Brothers Reffinotte, also school and
domestic furniture; Antonio Masso, show-cases and closets; Almei-
da Guedes and others.

The breweries are : the Antartica Paulista, one of the most
important in South America. Its buildings occupy 8.000 square
metres and produces four million litres of beer. The Bavaria brewery
is as important as the Antartica.

It is not necessary to give account of the factories one by one, it
suffices to give the names of the most important ones : One arainina
threading mill, (the only one of its kind in South America); 1 glass
lapidation; 1, soap and grease; 1, blank books; 2, looking-glasses
and crystals; 1, toys; 2, shoe blacking; 7, shoes; 1, musical instru-
ments, (adopted by all the bands in the State); 1, statues; 1, pianos;

1, fruit flour; 5, book binderies; 1, nails; 5, leather tanning;
5, sweets; 4, sugar refineries; 2, fine soap; 1, artificial flowers;

2, chemical products; several, coffee roasting; 1, bronze foundry;
1, bells and brass articles; 1, hats; 1, sanitary pipes and tiles;

0, vegetable oils ; 2, flour mills; 1, slippers; 2, sawung mills; 1 , cement
and crockery; several distilleries; 1, canned goods; 2, powder; ;i,
agricultural implements; 1, matches; o, ready made clothing;

1, glassware and bottles; 1, marble articles and lime; 1, children's
food; 2, string and ropes; 4, gloves; 1, paper; 1 , priests apparel ;

2, apparatus for water and sewerage; 2, pictures frames: 1, card-
board; 7, tinplate goods; 3, trunks; 1, lead pipes: 3, iron works;
2, mineral waters; 6, men's clothing: <.», brooms; 1, baskets; ■{, food
products; 1, awnings ; 6, matresses , 1, candles; 2, optical instru
ments: 3, economical stoves; 3, straw or cane furniture ; 2 pulp
making; 1, carbon sulphureto; 2, candy. All these factories are me-

- ter, —

clianical ones. There are many others, smaller ones, all through the
different cities of the State.

Coffee. — The great strength of S. Paulo rests on the powerful,
ample basis of its agriculture, the productive energy of which has no
l)arallcl in the United States of America. The w calthy i)roducti\ ity
of the soil got for the coffee a reign , as it can never have in
Asia, Africa, Central America, and even in some of the Brazilian
States.

S. i*auh) knew coffee half a century ago, but that cultivation
began to receive impulse when the railways spread west-ward
in 1825.

CdlliH; lariii-lumse tii tlie wcsl ol' .s. l';mi(i

The initiators of tliis concjuest were Brazilians , natives of
S.Paulo, with which they gave a prominent place to Brazil in the
woild interchange, assuring for it a kind of monopoly of ihat
precious product.

From that date the production is for ever increasing. The far
mors, all Brazilians, in the beginning used the African slaves to
woi-k lIicirgroiUHls. hi ISSS lli(> slaves were free and lliework Ix'gaii
lo lie, doiH! hy I'iuropean immigiauts, niosl of llieiii llalians. The
latter is a good inimigranl.

A iJfa/.iiiaii, a iialive o\' llie M inas Stale, called I )iiiiionl . w enl

> 1

COFFEE EXPORTS

FROM THE PRINCIPAL PRODUCING COUNTRIES
Annual avera^^es by ihntisand baf^s wei^fliin^r do kilos puc/i

BRAZIL

AMERICAN COlMRUvS

ASIA

Java

875

625

IM^

500

1350

i50

000

675

505

I.X«HI'*W&^»nO

825

\. -"////'•

3750

1365

990

495

635

5080

WOO

1135

400

630

375

310

250

Scale 1 mm to iu,ooo bags.

away west in this State and there established the largest coffee
plantation in the world. Others imitated him, though in more modest
proportions, and to-day S. Paulo has 059.0(30.060 coffee trees of all
ages.

The area occupied is 300.4 1(3 alqueires and there arc yet, to be
disposed of, in the farms that are being cultivated, 392. 115 alqueires
of grounds appropriated for new -coffee plantations. This means,
that without needing to come out of the region where coffee is culti-
vated, within the limits of that part of the State already populated
and served by the best means of transport, it disposes of grounds
for the production of more than the double of what it produces to-day.

From 1880-1881 to 1884-1885, or, from 1895-1896 to 1899-1900 the
average annual production of Brazil increased from 5.900.000 to
9.690.000 bags, while in Africa only increased from 125.000 to 225.000
and in Venezuela Colombia, from 2,175.000 to 3.325.000.

Santos exported an average of 1.755.000 yearly from 1880 to 1885
and from 1895 to 1900 this average went to 6.020.000 bags (of 60
kilos) with an estimate for the crop of 1905-1906 of 9.500.000 bags,
the total computation of the whole Brazil being 13.125.000 bags, and
of the whole world 16.125.000. No doubt these figures illustrate in a
striking way the extraordinary coffee producing capacity of Brazil.

The development and value of the S. I'aulo coffee production
can be better demonstrated by the graphic exposition that we
print here.

It will show how the coffee exports through the port of Santos
(not computing then the exports from Rio, Bahia and Mctoria) was
increasing while those of the producing centres of Asia and Amciica
remained stationary or diminished, crushed by the S. Paulo compe-
tition.

In spite of that increase of production and exportation of coffoo,
tlic. Stale of S. Paulo, had yet tinu* and energy to send lo the markets
several otlier products, some in large (|nantity like rice, sugar,
tobacco and some grain.

\V(; hear llie noise of the discontented and pessimists cursing the
coffee, sj)eaking of iirisis, a curious crisis that sujjports lln' e(tst of
monnmenfal works and feeds an ac^tive commerce.

In 1900 S. Paulo exported products of its agriculture to the value
of 26 1. 099:577$ 1 i;;.

Do you want to know how niueh it ex]iorted in 1901 in the lieiglil
of the crisis?

The official \alue oi j^oods expoited by the p(Mt of Santos dui'in^

— Ki9 —

1901 was 291.07 1:103$295. These exports Irom Sunlos conn- ivoiu
different States in these proportions :

■'>• Paulo i27f;.0(;():i>l«.sO()..

Minas Goraes i:;.7-Jil:(i:;H.s;(;!)f)

<'<»>'•'»/■ MH:ll.-,^(i(K)

Other States 0(5:7 I5S000

Total. . . 29l.974:l05S2fl5
These figures would go over :300.000:000$0UU if we should add to
them the not small amount of goods that go to Rio de .Janeiro
instead of Santos by the Central of Brazil railway.
xVnd the manufactured products?

The principal port by which S. Paulo exports its goods is San-
tos, one of the best of the coast because of its docks and appa-
ratus for loading and unloading.

During 1903 entered this pout :

STEAM SHIPS

.NATIONALITIES

German .

Austrian ,
Argentine.

Brazilian .

Belgian .

French . ,
Spanish
English

Italian . .

Russian ,

Total

Quantity TONS REGISTER 1 CREW

137

303

■i

102

807

280.726

22.388

3.773

178.475

8.906

1.38.180

32.569

348.604

117.885

1.210

1.132.716

SAILING SHIPS

German ....
Americain. . . .
Brazilian . . . .

Danish

'Spanish . . . .
English . . . .
Russian ....
Swede-Norwegian .
Pontoons ....

Total

8
124

196

2.357
5.020
2.814

582
2.681
3.220

578
5.569

5.886

539

105

12.128

152

4.432

1 .204

6.986

4.075

9.1

35.530

•16
55

267
19
50
77
8
81

18.621

603

— +711 —

The loa(lin<>; and unloading- of goods on the Santos quay, during
that 3'ear was l.li7..S.">7 tons against TOO/.tri in lUOU. The Custom
House revenue was :

190") 30.o03:iiriS0()0

inOi r.-2.9."io:Gins(inii

VM) 5(i.82-4::«.iS(iOO

Always increasing, always progressing !

The Brazilian flag during HX)3 had an increase oT ;><) ships,
20.000 tons of goods more than the preceding year in the port ol
Santos,

S;mtos. — Hus|iil;il of S;uit;i ('.;is;i ili- Misericdrdiii

TiiR iMMKiUATiox. — The cause of the groat development
S. Paulo has had, is pi'incii)ally due to the immigralion of luirojx^iu
blood which has activated its general ciiculat ion lately . Tliis great
transfusion of l''m-opeiin hlood gave to tlic woik of S. Paulo a strong
im])ulse.

'^riie aspect of t lie ( 'apital of S. Pnulo is to a ceitain e\tenl tlic
aspect of an l-lnropean city, with its types, customs ;ind coiiifoit.

The sam<' happens llii'oiigli all the interior.

From IS','7 to I'.IDO S. Paulo received no less ilum '.Ml'. ».•,';{() inmii
grants from l-'.uropc. i ncliniiiit; l.".M.*,','r) t liird class passengei-s. Ahoul
seven tenths of these wcr*' Italians.

— 1-71 -

(( On account of its tiM-ritoriul sm-race, no oilier i-c^ion in Soiiili
xVmerica received so much immigration, » said Dr. Kugcnio Lciex re,
of the S. Paulo Agriculture Department, and added : u The; Arg(!n-
tine Republic with 2.885.620 scpiare kilometres of territory received
from 1857 to 1899, only 2.504.391 immigrants, which is less than one
per square kilometre, The State of S. Paulo during the same; time
with a surface of 250.000 square kilometres received in jjioportion
four times more than Argentine. »

The efforts employed by S. Paulo to attract to its territory an
efficient current of immigration from Euroj)e, were such that in
1871 from a Budget of 1.500:000^000, it devoted an appropriation of
r)00:000$000 to the immigration service alone.

During the years 1865 to 1898 the entry of immigrants in groups
of five years was as follows :

Years Immigrants

I860 lo 1869 1.160

1870 » 1874 1. 273

1873 » 1879 10.133

1880 )) 1884 13.899

1883 » 1889 168.289

1890 » 1894 320.513

1893 » 1899 420.296

Until to-day the percentage of those who go away is 34 */- "/c
The current of immigration is always in the increase, and the

State does not spare sacrifices] to keep on increasing it. Let us see

the statistics of 1900-1901.

Immigrant passengers.

Years. Entering. Sailing.

1900 27.639 58.141

1901 75.843 40.707

Of these immigrants 11.693 in 1900 and 22.133 in 1901, came to
S. Paulo at their own expense and this proves that the sacrifices the
State has made could be dispensed with and the European immi-
gration current will keep on coming of their own free will and at
tlieir expense.

The CrriES of the State of S. Pailo. — No other State pre-
sents such a large number of beautiful cities as S. Paulo does. We
can even say that some of its interior towns are moi-e advanced . far
more so, than certain capitals of the States of Brazil.

It has 22 cities illuminated by electricity and four by gas.

— 472 —

There are 25 places in the State with Water Works, l\)ur others
^vith this department under way, placing the pipes under ground,
three aniplilying tiieir service, and 11 with plans approved only,
awaiting the arrival of the material which is furnished by the State.

Have sewerage service : the Capital, Santos, Campinas, Arai'a-
quara, Jahu, llibeirao Preto, Piracicaba, Itapira, liraganra, Monte-
Mor, ten places in all. With sewerages initiated and working on its
installation there are Rio Claro, Sorocaba, Pirassununga, Taul)at('',
Limeira, and Amparo, six in all. With approved plans, eight : Espi-

SjiiildS — 7 Selt'inlnd Sliicl

rito Santo do Pinhal, (Juarctingueta, Lorena. Botucatii, Mogy da^
('ruses, S. .lose do Rio Pardo, Ca(;apava and Tietc.

Mogy-Mirini has the works initiati'd but suspiMultHl for several
years.

The MKilerial of ghissy eroekery mass furnished by the State to
the localities which are going to do this sanitary work, is all of
home manufaef Mi'e, and in its largest i)art made in S. I'aulo.

Nearly every one of the cities al)ove mentioned have i)ul)lie buihl-
ings of first class, hospitals, railway stations, newspapers, thea-
t I'cs, facl<»ries, etc.

W'e will speak only of the most inii)oitanl ones.

Santos. — Those who go ii-oiii liio Lo the South, always follow a
sea-coast lull of curves, with several little bays, some of them destin-
ed to perform a great role in the future, like Ubatuba, S. Sebastiao,
all that coast shaded by high and uniform elevations of the Serra do
Mar (sea ridge of mountains, which looks like an enormous wall de-
fending the coast in all its extension till tlic flout of the Bertioga
bar where a large tract of the continent, separated from it, opens
with the name of Guaruja, a sheltered passage lined with small

Santos. — Heals C.i'iilru Porliifjiiese building

islands, at the bottom of which is Santos, the oi'4Mn of :i])]M-o])ria-
tion and expropriation of all the S. Paulo State.

Jt is its safety valve.

It is not the largest city of the Slate, it is pei'haps ilic third, oi-
fourth as to the nuuilxM- of inhabitants. As a city, and as to its
urbane oi-ganization, its function of ln'ing an ontb't (»f the enoi-iiious
j)i-o(ln<-tion of the S. Panlo State, it has won a great i iii|M»riauir
before all the others. Besides, there are the hydraulie works built in
its port, i)laeing it at the head of all othei- lii-azilian ports, as to the
regularity of its coimnereial operations, cm do no W'ss than incirasr
that importanee, so that, as to tlifhnll^ of iis woiM inicichange,
Santos has Ijecoiiic one of Ihc mo-l noled |iorl-- of Soiilli Vuu'i'ifa.

- I7r. —

In Brazil is only second to liio dc Janeiro. It is S. Paulo's dooi- al
the ocean.

The city extends itself over plains with bcanlilul sea-slion^s like
.rose Menino with beantiiul j-esidenees, pictiiresciiu! huihlings , a
splendid hotel, which looks as if stolen from some beautiful Kiiro-
pean summer resort. The oldest part of the city is the one between
the docks and Quin/e de Xovembro Street. It is tortuous, filled with
lanes as in the old cities. The new part of the city spreads itself
towards the South, South-east and towards the enormous areas con-
quered from the sea by the Erapreza das Docas, around the nice
hill erowmed by the Nossa Senhora de Mont-Serrat church.

In the business streets, especially Quinze de Novembro one,
filled with banks, offices, stores, bar-rooms, is a whirlwind of
human waves, running here and there, as the largest part of the
business is done between the arrival and departure of the S. Paulo
train, because the majority of merchants go to S. Paulo in the eve-
ning, running away from the heat and the dust of Santos.

From 10 in the morning to 4 in the afternoon is the most
earnest activity, people do not run , they fly. The sweat dampens
the collars, the converses are resumed to the exchange of monosyl-
lables, as it is necessary that everything be finished before the last
train starts. Every foreigner notices on the first days, this social
aspects of the city impression, thus translated by a writer : — « the
city has the appearance of a person just finishing and closing all
his business for a long trip, for a rest, for a vacation, on the eve of
a holyday season. There is not that business almost regulated and
calm, of the Brazilian commercial markets. There everything is done
in a hurry, in anxietj', in earnest , it must be a fever if it is not an-
guish.

Through the other streets work is disputed with the same eager-
ness as in the Quinze de Novembro sti^eet. Heavy four wheel trucks
run here and there overloaded with bags of coffee, and from the
railway to the docks these wagons cross our way with all their haste
and noise threatning running over us. At the door of the storage
houses the horses have their rations of straw while the trucks are
loaded. Herculean Portuguese and negroes, sweating, half naked,
barefooted ^o about running in small but swift steps with one or
two bags on their backs over their heads from the storage house to
the truck at the sound of a singing tune monotonous and savage
like. We hear the noise of the wooden shovels handling the coffee
in the storage houses, » This is in the active centre of the city. Let
us see the other places.

On the Avay to that beautilul sea-sliore « Jose Meniiio » there are
extended in parallel with each other two wide and long avenues, —
Xebias and Anna Costa, with a length of nearly four kilometres,
well paved and illuminated with carbonic gas like the rest of the
cit3^ Pretty streets cross these avenues now only partlj^ built and
which will in the future be gradually taking active part in the mo-
vement of the central districts. IVamcars overloaded with passen-
gers take to this region of rest the people that ended their duties,
and come back running unceasclessly through the business streets,
filled with noise of the wagon-wheels , ambulant venders and

S. Vicente.

Monuineiit of ll)e -ith century of Brazil, civclcd wIk-ic
Martim AtTonso laiidod

newsboys. There in that district move around busy in their work
the anonymous workmen.

The Kmpre/.a das Docas wliieh built the improvement of (he i)ort
and nuide (lie sanitary rehabilitation of Santos, spoiled a little the
beauty of their work, building ugly storage houses covered with /.inc
in the entire front of the city, so that not only the city loses some-
what in i(s appearance l)iit those stoi-age houses prevent the air from
circulating in the streets that lead there.

But as « every evil is the beginning of good », that so little com-
fortable preeminence impelled the inhabitants of Santos to direct

— 477 —

their cares to the beautiful sea-shores : S. Vicente, Josc-Menino
and Guam j a.

The hitter is a sea-shore place in the style of tliose ol' tlie South
of Europe. To go there from Santos we take a small launch and after
a short sail, half an hour railway ride takes us to the most pictu-
resque summer resort of South America. A sea-shore of wliite sand,
pretty and long streets lined by chalets (wooden cottages) more or
less of the same style, (Queen Anne cottag-es), the Casino, the large
hotel with its wide verandah contemplating- the honest and dislant

Santus. — S. Paulo railway staliou

fury of the sea, that endless sea, and more pleasant than all that, the
aristocratic circle of summer residents in light clothes - that is the
pretty picture of that charming summer resort.

From S. Paulo, from all over Brazil, families and tourists pay
their visitto Guaruja the panorama of which begins to become cele-
brated as those of European resorts in travellers albums, postal
cards and magazines.

That charming and bright place by the sea, with its light and
beautiful cottages , surrounded by gardens , remind one of the
most picturesque scenes of Switzerland. It has also all the poetry of

— 1.7K —

tropical i)laces and is most accessible. Excepting during the Sea-
shore season when the houses are all taken and there is no room at
the hotel, any one without incurring in large expenses can visit this
pretty corner. And the place is well fi-equented.

The other sea-shore places are not less interesting, and lor all
of them are rapid and easy transportation facilities. To go to
S. Vicente, that pleasant city, there is a railway service. It is located

Campinas. — Railway Station

atone hour ride from Santos and has a beauliful stone monument lo
commemorate the discovery of Brazil.

Santos is connected with S. Paulo by a powtu-fiil i;iilway, which
had to overtake the difference of TOO metres over the Cubatao hill in
a series of five inclined plans, cacli of tiu>ni filled with works
of art, tunnels and viaducts. It was a marvellons feat of luodi'iii
engineering and it was the initiative of N'iscondc dc Mana.

When the train starts from the bottom of the hill, our first
thought is that the monster cannot go up thai steep hill, which rises
with all its majestic proportions filkMl willi al»ysscs of thicaicning

— isn —

vegetation. But the train goes on, advances with a group of ears, the
landscapes run away from us, tliere are endless banana plantations
like rough lakes by the side of the train until the first station. Then
begins the Uphill work until Ihc third stop. Then there is the fourth
and tlie fifth until the top where from through a level road the train
takes us to S. Paulo. It is a pretty scenery all along the road
with houses, chui'ches, plantations, factory chimneys, monuments,
woods, l^ridges over a river, all that variety of landscape that
charms the eye of the traveller without tiring his brain.

Campinas. — It was once the most important city of S. Paulo,
that beautiful city of Campinas, and it still keeps one of the first
places in the State. It was formerly called S. Carlos, and took the
present name after the green fields that surround it. It was elevated
to the rank of city in 1842. It is the seat oi" a most rich coffee dis-
trict. According to census of twelve years ago there were 33.000 inha-
bitants, to-day there must be lojOUO or more. A railway line con-
nects it with the Capital of the State. It has a learned and cultured
jjopulation, with several institutes of instruction. Its \\ide streets
carefully swept, with magnificent gas illumination, are lined with pa-
laces and fine nmnsions. A Brazilian writer wrote about it as follows:
« But what is to be admired most there is the neatness of the streets,
and even in the residences there is to be noted good hygienic
conditions and cleanliness. The yards are cemented, they can be
easily swept and washed, thus avoiding dirt and infiltrations, with
all its bad consequences.

^^'itll that sky of a perpetual blue, and a complete silence, the city
has the aspect of a wealthy spot sheltering an opulent court. »

It is probably due to that aristocratic appearance that they call
it Princeza do Oeste (Princess of the West) and must be a real i)rin-
cess the city that has the re(iuirements to ennoble it that Canipinas
has. Were it not for S. Paulo, Campinas would be a splendid capital
which would not lower its greatness. l']xeellent water, several
newspapers, a nice (Jymnasium, three- libraries, (ramway service,
are all elements of j)rogress to be fornuMl in Campinas.

From among its best buildings we admired the S. Carlos theatre;
the large vegetable market; the Com])aiihia Paulista railway station, of
nornuin style, with a square tower at the side, ending in a pyramid,
the main body of which having two floois and side galleries; the
City Hall, of simple but noble lines; the Nossa Senhorada Coneeiciio
chuich of Koman Stxle, imitating tlu^ (iloria Church in IJio, and
oue of I lie largest aud liehest churches in Hra/.il , iu ;i pul>lic
s(juai'e with four I'ows of trees carefully treated; the Correa de Mollo

— 1-ni —

School, anolhcf liiu; jxihlic l)iul(lin<;-, oT inodiM-n iigriciilttiri; ; (lie
Slaiij^htci- lioiisc, one; of (he best of its kind in S. Paulo; the public
garden and race track. Tlicsi! two are nnoiHi a \isit of the lou-
risls as \v(dl as tlu^ l)uildini;- of the Lyceum of Arts and Ti-adcs and
that of the Italian lieneficcnt Society, large an«l of coiinthian slylir
with a ('(Mitral body and two wings.

Ami'ako. — 'i'liis is one of the most progressive citi(!S in tlio
conntrN'. It has ;5(). ()()() inhabitants with all modern imi)rovcm(}ntK
which can give name to a ('apital. And this is the Capital, we may
say it, of an opulent municipium.

(lainpiiias. — faiiorania ol a part of the (lity. i:> Maio e Costa Agiiiar Street

The agriculture which is the principal clement of life of this
municipium consists in coffee. The export of this product in 1900
was of 2;3.351.00o kilograms and the imjiort of goods in 1<S<)9 was
10.512. 102 kilograms.

^^'e were told in that city that its name — Araparo — (protection)
came from an historical circumstance : several families (juitc
poor, a certain day wont to that plac(^ looking for protecti(m and
shelter that that rich and pretty spot could offer them. And there
remained and prospered. It was a beautiful place. From the city on
one side could be seen a ridge of mountains known as Caraquata,
rich and fertile as Brazilian mountains generally are, and on the

— 482 —

otlier side the waters, tlic river, that as Father Bazan said, are lor
tlie landscape what the (>yes are for tlie face.

It is a new city. In 18"2S it was a simple hamlet. It became a city
in 180.").

It is 135 kilometres away from S. Faiilo. The hills surrounding
it, all full of cultivation, are charming. Having progressed much in
the last ten years it can present to the visitor some beautiful build-
ings, as for instance :

The parish-church , a structure preceded of four corinthian
columns, ending in a front with a statue, two square towers and
l)olygonal pyramids, a central door and three windows fill tlic front
of the building, and in the towers are niches for statues.

(".aiii|iiiias. — I.yccMini of Arts and Mainifactures

The City Hall, a magnificent building has in its front rich
columns, in the two floors and upon the acrotei-ia a little steeple
with a clock and bells, symbolisms hM'l by tradition to the muni-
ci]>alities.

'Hat Am)>aro Hospital is one of the best wc have seen. Two
Ivxiics of two stories each, connected l)y a central pa\ illion in f(»rm
of portico, the entrance to which is made by a pretty stairway, all in
the ionic style, is the exterior of the building; in the interior, as all
mod(;rn liosi)itals, has wards ami)ly aired, full of light and with
complete hygienic and anti-sceptic conditions.

'I'hci'C! is a large and pi-etty school in a two story building, with
two distinct bodies, gei'man style, with terraces and pa\ illions at
the sides, forming all a beautiful whole.

— 483

The Joao Caetano theatre, with a pretty front, two floors, is a
small but artistic theatre with 600 seats capacity.

Tlie electric light works, are in a solid building. Tlicy i)ro\ ide
the motive power for the electric lights of the city.

Tlie street that pleased us most was Treze dc iMaio , wide,
with nice buiklings, of Italian architecture, as well as business
liouses.

Caiiipinas. — CJiiurli (il .\. I), da Coiifeiran

The public garden is pretty and good care is taken of, witli works
of art, pavillions, etc.

The city is connected witli the outside by means of the Mogyana
railway.

PiRACicABA. — It is on a river, as it happens with the majority
of Brazilian cities. This river is nice and clear, with falls, the
inliabitants taking full advantage of them.

Its river is the motive power for the light and moving of Piraci-

— +ftt —

cabu raotorics. Thus is tluit an industrial city. Its topo^i-apliy
is regulai-, the buildin^^s are modern ones, it looks like a ehess-
board. Its publie <;arden is very pretty. There is oreat animation
and material proj^ress in the city. It must have :{.".<hki inhabitants.
Ten years a^o when the last census was taken, it had l::.l'.M nial.'s
and J-J.nTl lenuiles, not inebidin<; the i)o])ulation of Santa Mai ia
district, \\hi(di really is not city.

It has pretty buildings both i)ublic and private, as :

The f'oraciio de Jesus'church, of Roman Style, in a large severe

(iii;iralingiii'l;i. — View (t[ a jKirt of Hit' (lily aiirl [lurl

body in two sections, with statues in the front. It has a classic and
harmonious appearance.

The Methodist clnu'ch. with its stcci)lc in llic form itf a coUossal
scniry-box and surrounded b\ palm-ti'ces.

The high school, new two story building, Italian style, with a
fine gai'den and artistic railing in friuii.

The gi'ammar school, a pretty liuilding of a solter and lianiio
nious archileel ui-e, golhie style; it is a proof of the care and gene-
rosity will) wliieli S. Paulo installs its institutes for instruction.

I'iracicaha has ^ome notable factories, moxcd 1>\ steam and hy-
draulic piiwer, llireadiug mills, hrewcries. (lislinerics, etc. \\ C cite
a sugai- factory, ])rodueing annuall\ '.i(t,ti(i() i)ags of sugar of lio kil«)s
(jacli. it is a large huilding with two chimneys. The d Arclhusinu »

— 48B —

is II cotton mill with all modern improvcmcnls with a valiiahlc pro-
duction both because of the quantity and quality.

GiARATixGUETA. — Thosc wlio travcl between S. J'aido and Rio
see at the kilometre ii°30() of that line, a j^ay city, the houses of which
lye reflected in the trembling crj^stal of the river watci-s. There is a
long- red bridge over this river. This city isGuaratingueta, l)uilt in JtlH
though it onlj' became in fact a city in 18M, two centuries afterwards.

To-day "it is a most active commercial city as well as an indus-
trial and agricultural one, with excellent ])iiblic l)iiii(liiigs and private
houses.

S. Joao da Boa vista. — Place of recreation

It could not be otherwise considering the magnificent location
where it is between two commercial emporiums, the two largest
markets of Brazil — Rio and S. Paulo — and connected with V)()tli
by railway.

It has a beautiful climate at a height of 530 metres above the sea
level, wrapped in extensive coffee plantations, another green sea,
which grows larger every year around tlie city.

Among its principal streets is Quinze de Novembro, wide, a little
cm-ve, w ith nice private houses and commercial stores.

Its City Hall is not worthy of note ; it is a solid tw o story struc-
ture, with seven window s in the upper story and three in the lower
one, and has a somewhat decorated front.

— 486 —

The church , the high tower of which can be seen from the train
is one of the finest churches in the interior. Its market is a lively
one and kept clean. The streets are wide and well illuminated. The
movement and animation of the people, everything there gives the
city the right to be called one of the first cities of S. Paulo.

Its population grew rapidly. By the statistics of 10 years ago it
had 1)0.000 inhabitants, to-day it has no less than J5.<X)0, of course, in
all the mimicipium.

SoRocABA. — S. Paulo having sijveral cities purely industrial
ones, hardly will be able to present another like Sorocaba, excepting
the Capital. Of its 30.000 inhabitants at least one tenth or about
oOOO devote themselves to the factory work. Located in a large hole
in the soil it takes advantage of its river, fiill of falls, known as «. tlw
river that dig's holes » and uses it as motive power for the factories,
cotton mills, etc.

Its public garden is the most picturesque in the whole State. It
has in the centre a pavillion or band-stand, country style but quite
pretty. Its church has also a countr^iike aspect, old architecture,
quite simple. We are not sure but we think it dates back the time
Sorocaba was a village in 1600.

Its streets somewhat tortuous, as those of all the old cities, are
lined with nice private buildings and stores.

Dr. Moreira Pinto twoy ears ago wrote about this city as follows:

« Sorocaba is to-day transformed into an industrial city, business
there now is taking a new turn, new houses built in large numbers
show a live awaking.

It has four threading mills, leather tanning works, brick factory,
hats, shoes, and other factories, and these are the best proofs of the
new economical feature of the municipiuui.

Besides the lime uianufacture which is done in large scale, and
preparation of marble at Dr. Nicolao \'ergueio's farm, there is 'the
culture of vines and making of wine, the latter finding easy market.

Yet, the business of Sorocaba preserves a more vast field
than that of the boundary lines of the municipium. All that immense
region at South-east of the State of S. Paulo until the frontiers of
the I*arana State gets its supply from Sorocaba that is tiiulcnialilv
the most inipoitant luarket ou this side of S. Paulo. '>

It has a ('harity hospital, a fine ])ublic theatre, lu^wspaptu'^, ma-
sonic lodges, the Sorocaba railway, water sui)ply, olectrieal illumi-
nation, etc.

It produces coffee iu gr(nit abuudauce. it exports eattU*. sugar,
lime, etc. It i)roduces grain for the consumption of the wlu)le uumiei

— 487 —

pium and even exports a little to the neij^^liborhood. This district is
no doubt rich in minerals and there is the Ipanema iron foundry,
producing iron of a quality superior to that of the best foreign mi-
nes. Before the discovery of this important layer whicli feeds that
factory, several exploitations of gold and silver had been made in
the Aracoyaba hill. The iron foundry is situated very near fhis<>ity,
being connected with it by Uie Sorocaba raihvay which has a local
station there.

PiXDAMONHAXGABA. — When a long name like that is given in
Brazil, Avhat is not uncommon, people generally say : — n the name
is larger than the person ». In this case we cannot say that the name
is larger than the city. Large as the name is, the city exceeds it,
progressing with a speed that honors the S. Paulo State. It is also by
the Central Railway of Brazil road, 170 kilometres from the Capital
of the State. Just like Guaratingueta it is built on the banks of the
Parahyba river. It has an excellent climate, 540 metres above the
sea level , on an elevated ground opening the horizon of ridges of
mountains.

Its population is, perhaps about 25.000 inhabitants. The census
of 1892 gave it 17.542 of which 8.744 males and 8.798 females. It was
made a city by provincial law n" 17, the 3rd of April 1849. Its princi-
pal products are : coffee, rice, beans, corn, sugar, brandy, hides and
cattle. It comprises the Xossa Senhora do Bom Successo de Pinda-
monliongaba church. Its Sete de Setembro street is pretty, though
somewhat inclined, with a fine perspective with one and more
floors. The Francisco Romeiro public square is most beautiful.

LouEXA. — This city, as the previous one, is bathed by the waters
of the Parahyba river, and in the !280th. kilometre of the Central of
Brazil railway, not far, then, from Guaratingueta. From there starts
the small railway now in construction to Campos do Jordao, where
the War office built a military Sanatarium.

Lorena has a charming panorama, has newspapers and good illu-
mination. Its parish-church is pretty, middle age Italian style,
with a high steeple and surrounded by palm trees.

A building that awakes the attention of the tourist is the jail and
police barracks , with wide lines Italian style without losing
anything of its austerity and solidity.

The school, however, has not the architectonic beauty of those
of other cities of S. Paulo. It is a large building like a plain storage
house, in the style of the houses in the old metropolis square and
windows on all sides. A fine building in Lucena is its sugar factory,

— 488

two stories high, and in tlie main structure has a square chimney.
Jahu. — By the Estrada Paulista railway at ]'2 hours ride li-om
S. Pauh), there is Jahu. It is the seat of a coffee munieipium, a <;reat
Ijroducer. Its City Hall is a square building with two floors, simple
but elegant, with a stairway in its front, decorated with ionic style
columns. Its market is pretty, but of quite a different type from
other markets we see in the interior cities. It was built with stone
and lime but of an architecture (juite presentable.

Jaliii. — Muiiici|)al Cliainltor

One, of its newspapers the Corrcio dc Jahu, not loni; ago aiririiu'tl
that that munieipium is of all others of the State, the (mic where
more work has been done lor the cause of public instiMuMiou.

Not long ago it had only two schools, oue tor each sex, and now
besides private colleges it has ;>:> schools with l.d'Jl pupils.

.lahu has ten schools united in a group called " Or. I'adiia Salles ".
foui- isolated, iiiaiiitaiiu'd by th(^ go\ crunieul , |:; iiiaiulained by the
MHinieipalilx . a iiiglil school niaiulaiued by llie govenuiieut, an
Italian school directed l>\ jjrofessoi- Diaferia, a cliiiii-li school main
(aincHi by flic vicar , another night school installed in the mason
lodge building, one maintained l»y the Presbyterian church, one just

— 489 —

founded, — « the Maternal » — for litllc j^irls Irom l\v(» to five yciirs
old.

There is a good school Tor boys under the denoiuiiuitioii ol'
a Atheneii Ja/iHt'/7.sc », of \vhich Dr. Doniingos Magalliaes is the
director; another one under the direction of Dr. (Jnljiicl I'upo: and
another one for girls directed by the Sisters ol ('li;irit_\- of S.-loscph's
church.

Public instruction alone costs to the niunicii)alil> |.").<)0(is(M)O.

Tauhate. — The Catheilral

Araraquaua. — Pretty City, G40 metres above the sea level. It
7as progressing very rapidly, when a few years ago, the yellow fever
visited it in spite of its height and temperature. The population of
that region got frightened and Araraquara lost a good deal thereby.
It is at a 10 hour railway ride from S. Paulo. D is below the Piraci-
caba river and near a high ridge of mountains full of vegetation m
the 401 St. kilometre of the Santos railway.

It has a public garden, which is charming and is the pride ot the
inhabitants of that city, with artistic arborisation, full of small little
avenues with benches, and a metal pavillion or music-stand.

The Matriz church is somewhat modest, notwithstanding it does
not look bad : it is composed of a sole structure, with a nice front,
in the centre of which is a large clock. Elevating itself on the

— t9U —

front a little on the inside, tlierc is a square steeple ending in a
pyramid.

The eityof Araraquara is at the North-west of the Capital. It com-
prises the S. Bento de Araraquara and Boa Esperanca parishes. Its
inhabitants devote themselves to the cultivation of coffee, sugar-
cane, catllc raising, as well as pigs, horses and sheep which is expor-
ted, lis population, city and niunicii)iun), is of ;il.:!'J() inhabitants.

Ivio Claho. — As its name indicates, Kio Claro is on the Ijanks
of a clear and picturesque river, which geographically has the same
name of Rio Claro. It is a new city.

S. Paulo has them in large number, and besides it makes old
cities become new. This is a city of 20.000 inhabitants. Its streets
are straight and wide — a model. Its public squares are embel-
lished by palm and other trees. It has a splendid temperature and
fresh at its 620 metres above sea level.

It is a cit}' truly Brazilian, as it was founded after the political
independence of Brazil.

It has splendid private and public buildings, factories, schools,
colleges, newspapers and others. A newspaper man writing about
Rio Claro, as a foreigner, noted at once this circumstance ^- the
difference between the cities built by Brazilians and those inherited
irom Portuguese colonial times.

'I'liis newspaper man said : (( Cities like Rio Claro are beautiful,
because in these interior cities that are all built by Brazilians, the
creation is more perfect. Rio Claro, is a small city of the S. Paulo
State, a new one, with but few inhabitants, and it was born already
w ith a perfectly modern plant : The streets by numbers, like those
of American cities, and illuminated by electricity, and this was done
in six years ! »

This speed in construction , seems to be a secret of the inhabi-
tants of vS. Paulo.

Rio Claro develops day by day, thanks to its acti\e eonmu'ree,
the fertility of its soil, and the good habits of activity and w(Mk of
its citizens.

Besides all that it has the advantage of not being far from the
Cai)ital, only 180 kilometres. It has two lailways : the Paulista and
Rio Clarense railways.

Taubate. — This is one of the largest cities of S. Paulo, only
150 kilometi-es from its Capital. Iti is located l)et\\rrii a little river
called Covrvu) and the \v,U bank of the rarahyl)a, (lie liiuinplial rix'cr
that bathes a good number of [\\v best cities of (he S(a(e.

— 491 —

Tliis name of Tanbate, so they say, comes from the indian names
/a/7a, which means, (hamlet), and itc , wliicli means (low,. Others
are of opinion that it comes from Taybate or Itaboatr....

At the North of fjiis pretty city there is thfroii^Ii inclination of
the Mantiqueira, the tops of which can be seen from many miles
away. Its population is of :i( ).()()(» inhabitants, and comi)rises the,
8. Francisco das Chagas do Tanbatc parish and surroundings.

It has gas illumination, liamways, newspapers, hotels, clubs, etc.
Its streets are in general wide and straigld , and thci-c arc :i7 of

Taubatc'. — Co([uoiros street

them. It also has 12 public squares and several lanes. It has about
2.500 houses, most of them only with the ground floor, but nice
looking, several churches, schools, oil factories, threading mills, gas
works, etc. This is Taubate a well known city.

The most imj^ortant of the Churches is the Matriz a large build-
ing, simple but sober, with two towers alike.

It has excellent water, coming through pipes from the Manti-
queira springs to supply the population. It passes under the
Parahyba river bed.

Besides the tramwaj^ service in the city, by animal traction, there
is also a steam line connecting the city of Taubate with the poetical
suburb — Tremembe, a little village of some 1.000 inhabitants.

— 492 —

Iguape. — We visited tliis t-ily in May of 1U03. It is located at
the point of the sea-arm between the continent and the narrow sea-
island, which is in fi-ont of it (juite flat and dressed with humble ve-
getation. \\'li('n we enter the i)ort, and we look to the city, it seems
smaller, much smaller than it really is.

This is the Kniporiuni of the S. I'aiilo rice exj)orts. a most motlest
emi)oriiiiii, indeed. As a ei(y, l^uape, has nothing worth noting-. It
is a quiet group of houses of old style construction, above the i-oofs
of M'hich majestically rise the two towers of the Bom .lesus
clnirch, where they hold a popular festival every year, with the
assistance of all that mullilude of people from the neighborhood that
come there to join the city crowds. They have then a real fine time.

Outside of those festivals the city is a quiet one, only awaken
into activity with the arrivals of Lloyd steamers going there to load
rice.

In the port, so shaded and calm we saw several small steamers
for the fluvial navigation.

Cananea. — At the South of Iguape is another small city
also a port where the Lloyd steamers call at, it is Cananea. It is
built on a ravine a little above water. It has a few dozen of houses
with dark, old roofs, some falling, quite abandoned. "We go up to the
city by quite a steep i-oad, which leads to the public square where is
the church — a modest church with only a tower at one side, all
white. In front of it is a fountain, rose color, of simple archi-
tecture, and square in foi-m. Some boats and eanoes, do the jxti't
work, the bar of which, a little ahead of the Bom Abrigo island is
an awful one, with a long i-eef.

Among the other cities of this State we cannot helj) mention-
ing: Pirassununga ; Uibeirao Preto, which has ver.x niiich progres-
sed; S. Carlos do Pinhal ; S. Jose do Rio Pardo, seat of a very rich
niuni(upium; Batataes; Braganca; Descalvado; Botucatu; Itu and
several others. We must, however, maintain ourseht's within the
plan of the book. These references and descriptions would go very
far, should we sjjcak about every one of the cities. We will idose (his
chapter right here.

— 4-94- —

THE STATE OF PARANA

Tliat splendid region south ot llie S. l^iiulo State , from which
jurisdiction it was detached in 1853 to form a new province, is per-
haps the most beautiful sjjot in the South of Brazil, if not in the
whole of South America. It was discovered and conquered by the
Carijos Indian tribes in 1614.

They used to call it Para-mi, or Marann ithni looks like lite sen),
and the Brazilians called it then Purnnn.

Romario Martins in its « Historia do. Parana )> wrote :

« By that time the place of S. Vicente which was made village by
Martim Affonso was already beginning to flourish.

I>r. Vifcnlc MiicIkmIu. — (iuvcrrinr nT l';ir;in:i

Its inhabitants hungry for imaginary sources of riches, moved
around, evei-y where looking loi- those inexhaustible mines of i)rt^-
eions nuitals.

h]ne()urage(l, then , l)y the niiml)er and by the ideal of wealth,
ei'owds of I'orl iigiiesc^ deeichMl to go to sea , in a soiithwai'd dii-ee-
tion, following the coast -shores of Ararapira ami Siipt>i'agiiy , and
aftc)- a little work they siu'ceeded in going through the bar of I*ara-
nagua, in front of the beautiful i)anorama which made them sto]) in
ecstacy. n

— 49B —

Of our sea-coast States, Parana, is, after Piaiihy, the one that
has the smallest extension of coast, with only two ports : tlie bay of
Paranagua, — the largest of all the southei-n bays — and that of
Guaratuba, a small bay, us \et without any commercial importance.
But its river fronts are enormous. We can say that its territory
was indicated by the long- courses of those streams called Parana,
Paranapanema and Iguassu, which give it the morphology of a true

Piiic-lree, araiiearia lirasiliensis

island. It would be so if its population did not vindicate, in a dis-
pute, which is alread}^ a long time being discussed, the extensive
fields north of Santa Catharina State, till the thick ridge of moun-
tains named Fortuna which runs like an axle parallel to the Iguassu.
Dr. Vincente Machado is the present governor of Parana, one of
the most liberal minded politicians and one of the most patriotic
Brazilians of the present generation. A patriot, not in the vain sense
of declamations, but in a practical manner, as he occupies himself a

— IOC. —

good deal with material progress, publie order, public instruc-
tion, and very little or nothing with election disputes and other
political trifles. In a short period of public life, he has already
rendered great services to Brazil, giving iiuj)ulse to the progress of
Parana's civilisation. Curityba owes lo him its last improvements, as
the water works, sewerages, pavements, etc. In the interioi- he has
heli)ed commerce, colonisation, the local industries, public instruc-
tion which are receiving the visible benefit of his good politics of
woi'k and action, that he has exercised in his post of political chief
in the Parana State.

A small part of the territory of Parana is full of villages and
cities, here and there, in a region, lying between the sea-shore and
the Parana-piacaba ridge of mountains, and in the South between
the Iguassu and the Esperanca and the Cavernoso mountains. The
large remaining area, which represents four fifths of the surface of
the State of Parana, is still almost unexploited.

The pixe tree. — The aspect and mild climate of Parana, some-
times cold, going uphill, make of that part of Brazil a privileged
mansion. Its long and green fields are the sweetest fancy of Ameri-
can nature. Saint-Hilaire used to say that : « they were Brazil's
paradise. » AVhat, however gives to Pai'ana an unmistakable charac-
teristic are its pine-tree woods. These are the first curious thing of.
Parana. The /^//je-//('c, ariuicnriu brasiliciisis is the pride of the
fields in Southern Brazil. It is the seal of its flora sovereignity over
tlie other regions of the continent. It is the prettiest and most useful
of the coniferous and after the palm-tree is the most suggestive
specimen of ornamentation of all the flora individuals in South
America. It is a fruit-tree, it is an architectural column, it is first
class fuel, it i^roduces most useful rosin, it is the most beautiful
shade-maker in the vast plains it dominates, and it is above all a
pleasui'cto the observing traveller, never mind how little of tlie poet
and ai-tist there may be in his soul.

It participates of tlu^ intertro])ieal and northtuu pliytology
characters, it is a iMiropean aud American tree at one and the
same time. Botanist did well in calling it hrusilicnsis : (he tree, as
the lira/ilian people, is from Anieriea, yet they are from l!iii-ope.
Thei-e is no figure which will attract more tiie ti-avellers eye, than
th(! original pi-ofile ()( nu :iriiiic;u-i:i, rememliering oiu' of tlu)se favo-
I'ite motixcs caMcd :iii DoiiDrnu (\n'\\ art), .lust iMia_i;inea tall ami
vertical i)iece of lumber as if it wert' a I'olumn worked l>y the most
minucious artists. It rises fi-om the ground nakeil, in the fields to a
height of 25 or ;i() metres where it supports a series of branches also

— 497 —

naked like the collossal stem, spreaded out, a little e.irv.'d upwards
to the contrary ol" the European pine-tn^e, and endin- i„ ^lobc-s of
dark green crispy leaves. It looks like a candelahrinn, sometimes the
"stem divides itself into two and looks like (wo candelabnnns. i,po„
the same trunk. These are in small number. The other kin.) is tli.-
common type and is found sometimes isolated, sometimes in groups,
and sometimes in regular roi-(;sts of groups.

Rocks of red stone of villa Velha

Another curiosity of Parana are the .S'a/?j^af7^'r.s-, enormous o.strei-
ras of ^vhicll there are only 71 in the Antonina municipium. They
have the form of hills representing the work of many generaticms,
as the kjkkninoddings from Denmark, they mark and illuminate the
history of a prehistoric race in South America.

In regard to those material documents of first life in Bra/.il,
Dr. Ermelindo Leao a native of Parana, wrote :

« The vestiges of human existence that we note in them, just as
skeletons and pieces of vases, goods of polished stone, etc., make us
believe that they were accumulated in the fishery season by the
aborigines, in a long series of years.

— 4-98 —

And tlnis we oxi)lain ]iavin<^ now found rou«^li objects of si)linter-
ed stones, then articles ol' polished ones, more perfect, by and by,
craniums of ferocious aspect, later yet others much less accentuated
as to the facial-cranium moipholooy attributiiiji- them to <;enerations
left behind. )>

huliistry has destroyed inercilessl,\' those monuments of Bra/i-
lian paleonthology, which were not as lucky as those of the Lagoa
Santa, (Saint Lake). They are-waitino- for investigators be it a
Lund, be it a Brazilian, a lover of his past. The smnbiKjiiys give an
excellent lime, and that is all we know as yet.

A third curiosity of the Parana region, is the Villa Velhn (old vil-
lage), which becomes popular through i)hot()graplis and engravings.

What is after all that Villa Velhn !

The Villii LcZ/ja is a series of monoliths, or rather, an extensive
series of rocks, reddishlike, named by the geologists as oUl red
sandstone, of vulgar formation in some grounds, having over a kilo-
metre of dej)th. As time and water destroyed the carsiablc part
of the quarrj^ opening streets and regulai" squares, and the parts
that remained standing at certain distance look like houses, walls,
constructions in ruin. The low bushes covering the squares and
enveloping somewhat the lower jjart of the quarry, give it the confi-
guration of an abandoned city. In some places the stratifications
rise to a height of over 100 metres, imitating towers and castles.
I^ach street and each scpiare of those ruins has its name, or rather
nicknames given by the people, who frecpiently visit that cuiious
geological formation some 30 kilometres away from the the I'onta
Grossa Station.

Last but not the least, there is still another curiosity, the Setc
Quedas cascades formed by the Parana river, near the place where
used to be a celebrated Provinciu dc (luuyra, of the Spanish
monks. According to this they also call this colossal water fall —
Salto de Giiayrn (Ouayra jump). The Parana river, becoming thick-
er with the llio (iraude and Paranahyba rivei's meets with a spiiu'
of tlie Maracaju ridge of mountains, some .')00 metres of rocks upon
which the whole river narrowing itself suddenly throws itsi'lf, witli
a noise that can be heard some two leagues away. From the bottom
where the waters fall, forming seven cataracts, an cnornu)us cloud
rises.

These great falls, which w c Ix-licxc ((» be the largest of the
wli<»lc continent, having no sniall niiiiil>ci- of them, can only he
com])arcd with those known by the name ol' I'anht Affonso in the
S. I"'i'aneisc(» ri\ei', al»oiit whieli we w ii>le sev<'ral chapters ai)ove.

499 —

Unfortunately the trip to the Sulto dus sale Qiicdus, (seven lulls
jump), is, and will be for some time to come a ])ainriil and (lilliriili
one. This fact prevents tlie loiirists imd scientists, Iron. enj...vinj;
that dec])ly emotional pleasni-c, wliicli is lur^oly increased Ijy llie
fact of there beino- near the falls, the luins of some llieolof.ic;il
temples devoted to the ccmversion of the Indians, known as .< rcdiir-
cyes )), and destroyed, like the Guayra Province, by the hHiidcirmili's,
(those carrying the flag), in 1631, the ruins of which can be seen
tliere, in the desolation of dead cities.

Tiie (k'vil'.s peak tiiiiiiel in (loidilliora do .Mar. — Parana l!ail\\a\

The trip from Kio de .Janeiro to Parana must be made by sea.
The coast steamers make it in 24 hours, if it is a direct trip, or
tvi'^o to three days if they call at the intermediary ports, according to
the dela,y in the port of Santos and the small cities of Iguape and
Cananea. Be' as it may it is a delightful trip made ierrc-H-terrc.

The entrance of Paranagua bay is most charming. Three bars
formed by the interposition of the Mel, (Honey), and Pcras ,
(Guns), islands give access to the calm anchorage place, amply
illuminated by a cloudless sky. This port is to-day the vestibule
of Parana State. Those who wish to admire its Capital, the pretty

— 500 —

Ciirit_\l)a, must l)egiii there, first visiting the port and llic old
Paranaffiia city.

*
* *

A ( i:i.i:iiKAii:i) kaii.koad. — On tlie iStli oT May I'.'ii:;, a jirctiy
bad day, one ol' tliese grayish aftiu-noons, w ith a ceascdess small
rain and cold temperalure, we "took the l.;!() p. m. train start-
ing- from Paranagua to the Capital of the State. The Estrada de
Ferro do Parana, (Parana Railway), whicdi has there a (juite poor
station, is one of those things that tlie traveller congratulates him-
self on coming across with in his travels.

It is tlie woi'k of Brazilian engineering \\hi('h conccix (mI, plan-
ned and built it through those convex mountains till the toj) where
Curityba is.

On that rainy afternoon, the landscape, all wrapjied in a sheet of
clouds, cvei-y moment duller since tlu; time we left Paranagua, could
not be observed as it ought to be, so that I dindn't notice but uninter-
rupted succession of works of art that ai'e there in abundance to be
admired, especially in the second plan of the road , from Morretes
to Piraquara.

From Morretes on begin to appear, sometimes isohited in the
majesty of tlieir profile, sometimes in dominating groups, the
specimens of that variety of pine-trees, which are, because of their
ornamental power and industrial utility one of the signs of the
infinite kindness of God towards the Parana soil.

Starting from Morretes to the place where the road has a branch
line, we can only see a stretcli of little houses here and there, ohl
churches, somewhat indistinct because of tlie weathci'and thctli-
tanee.

A little before we had seen Alexandra, fornu'rly an Italians and
Brazilians (;olony, to-day an industrious and growing village, l)y llie
railway as a nest on the branches of the trees.

The ti-ain goes on. Porto de CMma that a little while before was
to be seen on the level with the road , is now below, and by and hy
disappears behind a ra\ine.

'I'hus we see now and again the same place, as that bright casca-
de, th(! ]'ri> (h- \oii);i, (bride's veil), which, the first time we discoxcr
far away up. lik<' a thin vein, a stony tear. an<l Iialf an houi' latei',
after .',() lui'us tlirougli luniu'ls and viaducts, we see it near the
li-ain with all the nois_\- greatness of its fall, which beats the massive
dark (piarl/. mascai-achul l)y surrounding vegetation.

— 501

Oh! but that nasty litlh' i-ain How il spoils the -ladtics^ of

these panoramas !

The train keeps on its speedy niarcli, goino Ihi-oiigli un.l n\ rr
narrow edges, deep holes, mountain after moiiutain , the locomotive
ciossing- all this through many tunnels and viaducts (piitc near one
another. An unexpected river with loaming waters now on the right,
the on the left of tlie track, appears and disappears, as a caprice, asf
a defiance to the road wliose I)ridges wrap it a hoit ronsliicloi- sii:ikr
— and overcome it going aliead.

Curitvba. — Parana raihvav SUitioii.

Sometimes the mountain opens itself into an abyss, or two sepa-
rate hills, in front of one another, open a solution oi" continuity in
then tortuous and inclined road, which the track describes, for many
kilometres, when it comes across with one of those mammoth open-
ing, a bridge connecting the two hills, one of those britlges that look
pliantastic and that the dreadful genius of metallurgy devised and
learnt how to put up, and upon it the train goes calm, strong and
firm over the danger.

One of these crazy fancies is the S. .loao bridge, a hard steel
web thrown from a hill to the other on pillars 40 to 50 metres high.

Another one is the Carvalho viaduct, (Carvalho being the name

— 502 —

of the Brazilian engineer who built it), painted red. It is a kind of
verandah tied to the mountain side surrounding it in its curves,
and leaning- over the valleys which describe their curves Ijelow.
The dark and wet top of those trees of the vegetation is below those
l)oin(s more mysterious still in its inferior silence. In one of these
precipices, in the i'CAh kilometre, we saw a simple but an expressive
monument , a l)lack iron cross, \vitli an nscription that could't be
read — and they told me that it was in that place that they murder-

f.iiiilvliji. — (loiii'iTss Cli.imlM'i-.

ed liarao do Cerro A/.al and four companions, at tlic time ol (he la>i
revolution,

it is near that place I lial is tbc Pico do Diabo, one of the hill tiip>.
(piilc i(Mi;4ii and I he hardness of w hicli had Itceii pcrfoi'atcd Iron) side
(o side by one ol (he i-oad tunnels. The panoiania is cxciuisite. The
rocks don)inate(l the \egetation, but this attem]>ls with energy I o
w lap I hem. 1 1 looks like a convulsive jiictnic. Kocks and Alivssc> '
All in a giandeiir thai deadens our minds.

l'"roni kiloinelre s:, on, (he multitude of araucarias increases.
There they ai'c standing firm, noble. nielaneln>lic and there also
appear ilie saw mills which wa;;e(l them a dreadriil war. Some <if

— 503 —

those saw mills, are establishments worlhy of note, inoveil In- slcuni
and of quite large proportions.

After several bridges, viaducts and It tunnels, —a string of
daring art works — we are at Piraquara station on the top.
From there on we meet but plains, large ones with irregular v(;ge-
tation, the beautiful pine-tree always predominating, as tlie Parana
diadem. Those plains prolong themselves till Curityba, where the
train arrives in the evening already under the irradiation of th(>

i}\

Curityba. — Ttie Governur's Palace

electric lights which announce the traveller that he is in the i)re-
sence of a modern Capital.

This Estrada de Ferro do Parana Station, is a beautiful three floor
building, painted yellow. It is as new as it is pretty.

CiRiTYHA. — Those who know political geography of Brazil must
have noticed that nearly every Capital of State is by the sea, either
at the entrance of a bay or at the mouth or on the banks of a river
bathing its territory.

Three of the Capitals, are exception to this rule, and they are :
S. Paulo, Bello Horizonte and Curityba, all of them being on high
places that dominate the narrow band of the sea coast where are the

- - 504 —

commeic-iul polls. Tliest- tlircc capitals are between 80».i and *.t(K)
metres above the sea level.

S. Paulo and Curityba which, bei'ore Bello Horizonte was built,
were the capitals with best aspect in the whole Brazil , presented,
several points of analogy : Both oi' them have their organ ot" commor
cial-eeonoiuic appropriation and exproi)riation, in the Atlantic coast,
of which they are both separated by a chain of mountains which had
to be overcome by railway. Both had to build their commercial
vehicle realizing notable works oi" art to connect them with their
l)orts.

8. Paulo had its inclined plans installed to go up the ('ul)atao hills
between Santos and the Capital; Curityba built its tunnel-bridge liin
to cross the Sea Mountain between Paranagiia and Piraquara. Both
are the most celebrated works of art in the construction of railways
in all Brazil. The road Ifom Paiiiuagua to Curityba, however, is the
most marvellous one, by its plan, its audacity in the viaducts it built,
and by the novelty ol" the aspects of nature it envolves.

We will now speak of (^'urityba, proper, if you like. While this
Parana region was still only a district of the S. Paulo provim-c.
Leodoro Ebano l*ereira founded a place at the foot of the Sea
Mountain, giving it the name of Curityba. It did not take long for it
to develoi) becoming a village in UWo.

The whole of the city is gay. The pure air of the pine-trees that
wi'ap it, the wide and clear horizon, the plain displaying itself in
all directions, the modern feature of the houses, the daring feat of
several constructions, the alignment of the streets, all of these are
details that form the festivallike and ti-nder i>Iiysiogn()iny of
Curityba.

Considering the difference of relati\e si/e , this city is the
S. Paulo of Parana. With its hard working poiuilation. luispitabh'
antl clever, with its nnmufacturing activity, its intellectual cultiva-
tion, its contribution towards progress and corresponding horii>r to
the routiiu' processes — Curit\ ha charms the \isil(U' who remains
with the impression that he is in a l-]uropeau city. An<l such an
imi)ression will ne\<'r be forgotten by the traveller.

Right in fronl of the railway station is an axcnuc of ;i bcnnlifnl
effect too. which they call Liberty Street, where the State Congres>
liuihling is, llic (Joveruor of the St;i(c imihling, severiil hotels, ;intl
inipiiri.iiil |iii\;ilc Ikmiscs. It is il 1 iiin inal cd liy cicci ricity like the
nuijority.

Curitybii is a \( i\ modern cil,\ in lis de\ clopmiuil . Oidy in
18(i;; it had but Si streets, L'.S'J houses (iniuibilable), aiul about 1(.K> in

— 505 —

conslructioii und ol' tliosc only -JiMiad upper stories. 'I'o-dii.N ( "iiri-
tyba lias 156 streets, lour beiiutilul and large i)ublie s(iuan;s, nine
smaller ones, iour boiileoards, not counting streets spreading them-
selves to the suburbs increasing the expansion of the future nu(deus.
Te streets of to-day are wide, lined with liouses on both sides
and in all its length , there being but few empty lots among them.

Ciii'ilvba. — .lose Boiiifacis sWecl.

Many are straight, all of them plain, as the city is on an esplanade,
the celebrated fields of Curityba. Among the principal streets we can
cite Quinze de Novembro (the date of the proclamation of the Repu-
blic, there being a street with this name in nearly every city of Bra-
zil). This Quinze de Novembro street in Curityba is like its spine,
it is extensive , straight, wdth large business houses,- newspapers
offices. Post Office Department, Federal Telegraph , candy stores,

— 506 —

bar-rooms, etc. The movement and transit in this street, which do
not cease till very late, fill the great artery of Ciirityba, lending to it
a seducing feature.

Xo man in Curityba has finished his days work if he has not had
his quarter of an hour rendez-vous, to which the elegant part of the
population, the business men, the politicians and literary men are
used to. A peculiar thing-, however, there is not in this street, neither
in the whole city, a coffee house, (one of those bar-rooms making the
speciality of serving cups of coffee, to be seen in every coiner and in
every city or village of Brazil).

Those dreadful centres of conspirations of all nature, — those cof-
fee houses — the Brazilian rendez-vous places, where reputations are
made, unpopularities decreed, where criticism of all sorts is made,
where they speak of science, art, business, are a regular pass-time
which gives great life to Brazilian cities, but there is not one of them
in Curityba. We find them, however, in Florianapolis a city much
more inferior to Curityba in development and iniportance, and in
Rio Grande, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, cities which are farther away
than Curityba to partake of the habits of Rio and the other nor-
thern cities of Brazil.

Instead of those coffee houses, there are clubs and the lack of
the former explains the frecpiency we always noted in the club-
roonis, in Curityba. We visited every one of them^ and there is a
good number of them. We were especially much pleased with the
Curitybano club, with wide and well appointed rooms, a splendid
library w itli 10.000 volumes. This is the oldest of the city, and the
Casin.) Club, as important as the Curitybano and also having a good
library. All of them give monthly parties in which the leading fami-
lies of the city take part and the brightness of which wc can well
imagine when we know that the fair sex of Parana are of the pret-
tiest in all Bi'azil, tlumks to the superior Iransfusion of l';uroi)ean
Vjlood (German, Italian and Polisli) that in strong propoiiion lias
collaborated in the formation of 1 he ])oi)uhitions south of S. Panh>
and Minas (Jeraes.

Curitj'ba, more than any other lirazilian capital, picseiits tlie
ethnic traits of the type of Brazil's future population : the whites,
somewhat fair, with vertical lines , well lormcd, give life to the
squares and eonnnereial streets with the activity characteristic of
the race.

A sphindid factor of work in Parana and eonse(|uently of the
progr(;ss of its cities, are those (Jeiiuan atul Polish elements,
collaborating towards a sound s[)iiit of work and order, the exolu-

— 507 —

tion of the colonies, the industry nud Liisincss. In ('iiiiiyl,:i, espe-
cially, a large portion of the l>iisiness houses belong- to Germans, and
in the signs are getting scarce the Almcidus, the Silons and the
Fcriuuides (Portuguese names), to give jdace to tlH> Meyers, tlie
Hauers, the Stahls, the Miillei-s, the Meissnei-s, tli.. Weisses,' and
other Ger-man ones.

He would be quite mistaken the one suj)p()sing iluu sneh signs
behmg to loreign liouses. Nearly all of Iheni belong to natives of Bra-
zil, s(ms oi- grand-chihli'en of (iermans, Poles and Italians, the

Ciiiritvjja. — OHiics ot Hie lirnii.lose llaiici- *S: Dross

Germans more especially fixing their residence in the country. In
Curityba, in Ponta Grossa, in Paranagua, the best business houses
belong to descendants of Germans. It is enough to cite the house
.1. Hauer & Sons, a very well known firm whose commercial honse
is a monument for Curityba. But this is not the only one. The match
factory of Eisenbaen & Hurliman, one of the most important in
South America, onl}^ in one year paid 1.000:000S000 of taxes. There
are many others.

Another peculiar aspect of Curityba is its unusual transit of eais
and trucks. As the city is surrounded by hard working colonies.

— 508 —

every morning the farm-workmen come down to the city to bring
tlieir products : they bring milk, cheese, butter, vegetables, fruit,
and other products. A multitude of wagons and heavy trucks witli
canvass covers, filled with goods, Bi-azilian tea (matte), or trunks of
j)ine, come to the Capital. Some go to the railway station, some go

%4i

"4(

^::

<;iii-ilvlt;i. — The Calliulic Catlirdial

fi'om street (o street, soinclimcs di-ivcu l>y counlry gir-ls w ho take
cluirge of their business. 'I'hoiigh the types and customs arc \('t at
the bottom entirely I>i-a/ilian, we note cci'tain I i-ails of dill'crciu'c
between this and the uoi-thern cities. The sei-\ ant . the Iruckuian.
the grocer, etc., are not Portuguese fi-om tlie continent or from the
Poi'tugnese islands, as in I*ara, Santos or Kio, but Italians oi- l'ol(>s.
("urityba of to-day is developing unceasingly.

— 509 —

Among its best buiidings nvc not(Ml : tl.<' ( 'utlic.lrul, .,f a iiu,„.<„is
gothic style, a reproduction of (he Harcelone eatliedral. Ixiiltl.y tlie
architect August Wenneck and inaugurated on the Ttli of SepteinbrT
1893.

In front of that clinicli is one of the most l)eaiil ifiil ( •milvlju
s<|iiares, — the Praca Tiradenles, — whnv th,-y ivcciiily rrc<-icd u
statue of the late president Floriano.

Jn that square was formerly a jail, to-day it is a public square.
Just where there used to be the ignominious pillory of the kings
justice, in olden times, to-day ondidates the beautiful vegetation
of the tree tops, and the perfunu' of the roses invites one to

Curitybu. — Cliarity Hospital

dream. He was right the prophet when he said : « When perfection
arrives, imperfection ceases ». — Cum aiitem venerit quod perfec-
tiiin etc. etc.

Another public place which is very pleasant is the public garden,
built in a place where the small river Belem, makes capricious but
interesting curves. The painter of landscapes sketching that sweet
type of garden, had no other art but to follow the local natural one,
only using the details. The river that passed there had not to be
bothered in its course, but was decorated and embellished by liglit
bridges, and other fancies of the landscaping architecture. The
public garden, has some .50.000 square metres, and is one of the
prettiest in Southern cities, though, it is a little abandoned when I
visited it.

— 510 —

But, going back to the noted buildings of the city we have :
The Hospital de Caridade, an identical institution to the other
city hospitals of the Brazilian capitals, it shelters and cures the poor
sick without distinction as to where they come from. It is a large
and beautiful building, the white structure of which is seen from
many places in tlie city, because, while it was built at a distance,
to-day the buildings have wrapped it, and iliat which was but a
suburb of Curityba, to-day is its centre. It was founded by Silva
Mauricy, a native of Parana, and inaugurated by the empeior
Pedro II, in May 1880.

^a^sssss^^^/

C.iii'ilvl);!. — l'i'('slistt'r'i;iii <;iiiircli

The Presbyterian church, in Matto Grosso street, is of a beautiful
effect w'itli its front of scotch gothic style, grave and austere as a
melody of reform. The trout of the l)uilding looks to a pretty little
garden, protected by the classical and decoi-atcd irou railing.

'i'lie Telegraph Stati(ui of the Federal (Jovernment is auot lici-
pretty building in the Kiia (^iiin/.c. it has tlii-ee floors, and looks to
that street .

The liarracks of the tUh legimcnt artillery, largi' and solid, witli
an imposing and artistic front looking to Praca da Kepublica. and
is of middle age style.

— 511 —

The Orphan Asylniu, hir^c iind ol" a nice archUcchii-c, it was
built by public subscription, and elTorts of its founder, Senator,
Monsenhor Alberto Gonealves, whom the Municipality aided consi-
derably in his philantropic work. Senatoi- Alberto (ioncalves is a
prelate of the Brazilian Catholic Church, highly esleemed in Ki(.
where he has been vice-president of tin; Federal Senate :uid bclov(;d
by his fellow-men in "his State who elected him to the Senate, and in
fact he would be to-day the (Governor of his State had he not (h-din-
ed that honor.

,—

•K

• •'««

1'^ ^

('<uritvba. — Police Ijarraeks

The barracks of the State troops, inaugurated in 1898, is a large
building in S. Jose Street, at one side of the city. The main front
is decorated and is somewhat majestic. The interior is perfect, every
department shows exemplary discipline and zeal. In the stables we
saw some fine types of Parana horses , which do not seem in
anything inferior to those imported from the River Plate. This is a
good example to the northern States that neglect horse breeding.

The State Congress has also a fine building, new and noble in its
lines, Italian style, with a poetical little garden around. A stairway-
separated from the street with railing of artistic iron, leads to the
entrance of the building open in arches supported by columns of the

— .-.12 —

coriiitliiaii order. The buil(liii<; is painted on ilie outside and inside
of ^•ris-pcrlc, color, Nvhieh brings it out in prominence from the grei*n
eoh)r of the surrounding garden. In a word, it is pleasant to tlie eye.
without being in disharmony witli the severe composition of a
bnilding destined to its ol)jeet. It was inaugurated in l.S'.Xl.

'V\n' Government palace also in the Liberty avenue, a little fui-
tlier ahead tlian the Congress building, but on the other side, is not
large. It is even smaller than that -of Santa Catharina, but it is in
entire harmony with the official installations of its whole. It has a
sober aspect, a su])erb fi-oiit, and inside is decorated w ith all care
and good taste.

('ill'il\li:i.

DiiiT.-irk-, ,,i iiic i:;ii

A characteristic of the official insiallation in Parana, is o that in
its buildings there is nothing to criticise. 'I'hey do not rei)resent
exaggerated expenses, but on the other hand they do not show nu'an-
ness, oi' neglect of official denu'anoui'. 'Clu'v arc in pcrfi'ct accord
witli tlie importance of the Capital and its pul)lie treasury, neither
more nor less.

The Guahyra theatre is another important l»uilding. li was alrea-
dy there IxM'ore tlui last progressive impulses tlie State lias reeei\«'(l,
but in I'.'OO was entirely I'cbuilt . giving it the featui-e it lias now.
with a beautiful two floor front.

'I'he Seminary is a lai-ge 1 )u i id ing erected by i lie ( "at! ioli<' Ui shop of
that Diocese in adist riet of the city know n as IJatel, with at raniw a\
line running to that jdaee. This district lias fine pii\ate houses,

— 513 —

buildings o I' varied styles, hcaulilul lanns and a brewery, mi tbr
terrace oi" which families meet who j^o tliei-e lor a walk, to listen
to some music and drink beer.

There are several churches, many business houses, private resi-
dences, which would be worth mentioning here but the lear of
making this chapter too long comi)els us to go ahead, treating of
other subjects.

Social Culture, Public Instiuction etc. — It would be diffi-
cult to find in a city of the size of Curityba sncli an active centre of

<'.uiit\li;i. — AsnIiimi oI N. I), da 1. 11/ I'ur liiDalics anil llic |i(mi|-

intellectualities and men of fine culture as it is to be found there.
The city by the general census of the country in lUOO had 1'.i.7.j5
inhabitants, adding the populations of Xova Polonia and Taboao
(2.998 and 3.509 respectively) Curityba ])resents a total of about
55.000 inhabitants.

The increase of population has been tlms :

Years Iiiliahilanls

1780 2.9.i9

1873 11.7:50

1890 ^-i.-joS

1900 -iy.Too

In that lot of 50.000 inhabitants we find scientists, writers, poets,
journalists, who make Curityba a noted intellectual centre : Candido
Abreu, the geagrapher; Sebastiiio Parana, the corographer: Ivoma-
rio Martin, the untired polygrapher, director of the museum ; Xestor

— 514 —

Victor, the novel writer and poet: Emilio de Menezes, tlie siitirieal
poet; Alfredo Ooellio ; Ismael Martins; Roclia Porabo, the historian ;
Domingos Xasciraento ; Leoncio Correa; Armando Paiva ; Rieardo
Lemos, E. Pernetta; Dario Vellozo; Silveira Xetto, Julio Pornetta;
Nestor Castro; Pereira da Silva; Rieardo Lemos; J. Moraes; Kiieli-
des Bandeira; Carvalho Aranha; Theodoro Rodrigues; Marianna
Coclho; IJevocata de Mollo ; Julieta Monteiro ; and a dozen more,
are names that produce echo oiitsnde, provino- tlie mental and litn-ary
activity oi" Curityba. Many of them found the place too small for
them and went to Rio and S. Paulo, carrying with them the snpe
riority of the fame of the Parana State, that precious piece of the
country. The local administration supports many institutes of puldic
instruction like :

The Paranaense Museum, one of the best in Brazil, tlioiiiili it has
not as yet an adequate installation as those of Rio, Bclcm and
S. Paulo.

The Public library that we had the pleasure of seeing open to the
public during the night, as those of Rio (irande do Sul and IJio de
Janeiro.

The Fine Arts Conservatory with a modest Musical Institute
annexed. We visited that beautiful establishment and congratulated
its directors for what we saw. ^^'e find there young ladies \\ ith real
artistic vocation. The institute is directed by a lady and is going to
have a building of its own at the State's expense.

The Industry and Fine Arts College, for tlie study of liberal arts,
was founded by i)ri\ate initiative of the professor Antonio Mariano
de Lima, in 1800.

Th(5 Gymnasium Paranaense, an institute of the sanu' kind as
the Rio one where the examinations are officially recognized.

The Normal College, the Theological Seminary, about 20 high
schools, classes of many private associations, like the Historical
Institute, the Archives, the clubs, with their libraries, etc. complete
the organisation of thc^ intellectual apparatus in Cui-ityba.

There are several papers published in this Capital, nice papers
and with quite a circulation. Among them arc : O l\('i)iihlii'n, O
Diiii'io (III Tarde, () Punimt clc. dailies. Among the weeklies and
fortnightlies are: OOilodc l)czciiihi-i>, () I*ci-nili)n^o, () Supo, A
(iiizclu l*()lsh:t, Jcriisiilcin, I) Esjthynf;;t\ Dcr Hcohuclili-r, and se\ cral
othcM-s.

As lo elementary instruction l*;ii'an:i is one of the most attentive
and most generous St:ites. It maintains il.'i",' graninuu" schools lor a

— 515 —

population of 322.000 inhabitants. Tliis j^ivcs it :i pi-oniinciii pl;icc :i(
the head of the other States of Brazil.

Keeping the same proportion Minas ou«;hi (o Iiav(^ !.•-.'( h» scIi.„,1<,
S. Paulo 2.700, Bahia 2.700 and Ternauibuco J.OOO.

According to its population, we repeat, Parana is tlic Si;iic ijuit
maintains the largest number of ])ublic schools.

Going to another subje(!t, the police force of tlic l>;ii-;iii;i State is
composed of 454 men forming RegiiiwuLo dc Sc^iintnru (Safety
regiment), whose barracks is the building we spoke of. It is com-
manded by a colonel of the Federal Army. They use Mauser rifles.

The city has good hotels, tramways by animal traction, and
around the city a number of colonies, Italian, German, Ilrazilian and
Polish ones. In one of these colonies, known as Villa Colombo, is
among other factories, a porcelain and fine crockery one", the real
artistic products of which we had opportunity to see.

The State of Parana, is the one that has adopted the best coloni-
sation system, on a rational basis, distributing the immigrants with
equality bj' the regions of its territory where the colonies raiglit
grow and flourish, avoiding thus the mistake of the compact grouping
of one simple nationality, as it happened in Santa Catharina, and,
though in a smaller degree, in Rio Grande do Sul. Jn Parana are
54 colonies, that, according to a magnificent topographic raaj)
drawn by Br. Candido Abren, I notice are located among Brazilian
population, near the railways or the rivers. Many of them are
already villages or cities. We don't include the military colonies the
expenses of which are covered by the Federal Government.

To facilitate communications among them and its markets,
Parana has railwaj^s, fluvial navigation on the interior rivers, and
nice country roadways, the best in the country.

Among these roadways there are two that had a just reputation
and are to-day in decadence hurt fatally by the locomotive : the Gra-
ciosa one, which connected Curityba with the sea, the Matto Grosso
one, between the Capital and Serrinha. The railway came and they
were abandoned. It is the fatal history of evolution everywhere.

There are two railways running in Parana : the Paranagua to
Ponta Grossa one, with 417 kilometres, and the S. Paulo-Rio Grande
between Porto Uniao and Jaquariahyba, with :3()0 kilometres follow-
ing the construction of the studied sections.

The interior navigation is effected on the Iguassuand Xegro rivers,

— 516

by a large number of small steamers, from 100 to 200 tons, belongino;
to c'ommei'C'ial firms and private citizens in Cui'ityba.

*
* *

Industry, PuonicrioN and Commerce. — Kven as to iiulustiial
activity, Parana, tliougli one of the smallest of the Union, is one
of the most advanced. We might even say that there is no brancli ot
industry of those that are exploited to-day in Brazil, that is not
represented in Parana. Its principal industry is the preparation of
Brazilian tea — matte — for export. Only in the municii)iiim of
Curityba alone there are 25 factories, modern ones moved by steam.
These factories are called c/j^>-c;?/?o.s-, the name that the farmers in
the Northern States give to the factories where they make sugar in
the sugar-cane plantations. The production of mntlc in these Curi-
tyba factories is 25.000.000 kilos. Annexed to this there are other
industries, an accessory of it, like the making of barrels, printing
offices, lithographies, etc. After this we have the saw-mills, some
moved by steam, some hydraulic;. The main bulk of lumber in these
mills is pine, but they also handle enil)rya and other kinds of wood
of Parana. There are also wine, soap, slioes , cigars, matches,
neckties, hosieiy, cars, silk, trunk, crockery factories etc., etc.

Curityba alone has : 18V) barrel factories, 83 shoe faetorii's, IS
mechanic shops, 25 engenhos, Brazilian tea; 11 brick factoiies, 12
leather tanning works; 11 breweries, 5 cordial distilleries, :i'.i rmni-
tui'e factories, I) printing ofiiees, I lythographing i>lace, ;! mass I'aeto-
ries, 1 ice factoi-y, 5 soda-water, 1 matehes, 1 neckties, J trunks,
4 picture frames, 1 chocolate, 1 china pipes, 2 corsets, 1 liats,
3 harnesses, 1 paper boxes, 1 glassware, 1 aluminium articles,
2 playing cards, 2 tile factories. We do not mention small tin-sujitli
works, coopers shops, iron-smiths, carpenters, etc.

What we see in Curityba as to variety and power of its industrial
activity — which is the most i)Ositive manit'estaticm of the social
evolution in a certain i-egion — we also see it in (he otlu'r cities of
that State, taking into consideration the resj^'ctive i)roporlions of
each one.

liut the princijjal merchandise which absorbs nearly all tli<' pro-
ductive energies of Parana, is the inultc, (Brazilian tea), and ii is
upon it that is based the strength of its maritime I'oiiimerce. Due to
niiillc, l*arana is in tlu^ list of the States that are e\])orters. It
exports, in fad, nuich more than it imports, as l'ai;i. S. raiilo.
Amazonas and liahia. In the list of llic Slates that expoft the most.

— 517 —

Parana is in the seventh place of those 18 exporting States.

Besides matte, Parana exports to foreign eoimtries aii<l otiier
Brazilian States, lumber, fruit, matches, etc. Its port I'arauagua is
the largest fruit exporter of the country to the River Plate.

When the Brazilian Republic was proclaimed the Budgc^t of
Parana \\ as 82(3:OOOeOOO and to-day it is l.(M)U:(X)0§U()(), not inrhiding
the municipal revenues. The exports from the State tcm years ago,
was :!.000:OUO§000, but in 1901 it went up to 1:>.8.j1:U(X»§00(» and in

m*M^9rkw*. m»m9..jiruiim »9m

Paranagua. — Da Praia Street and laiuliiig stugt

PtO-J was over 1().000:000$000 all proceeding from agricultural and
industrial wealth.

Unfortunately, as to mineral wealth, in spite of marvellous things
being said about the Parana soil, nothing has been done to take
advantage of it.

Other citiks of Parana. — Besides the Capitul there are no
other large cities in the State of Parana. In this respect Parana
looks well like the Para and Amazon States. Take Curityba away
from Parana and you will see how difficult it will be to find another
capital. Let us see, however, the best cities :

— 518 —

T'akaxagua. — Tlie second c-ity of the State, « is neat and ele-
gant, its inhabitants are generous, sociable, and hospitable, expan-
sive and hai'd workers. It is a city of commercial movement. Its
municipiuni is very rich, and its soil produces with aljundauce the
vegetables of that temperate region. » This was told us by an infor-
mant who is authority on the subject, and we found it all so on the
17th of March 1903, when we visited it for the first time. We have
also to add something of what we saw. This old Paranagua (derivated
from puranagiiii — bay, or sea bosom) is in the recess of a vast bay
of calm aspect at the entrance of which we see a long low island,
divided into two and covered with vegetation. In one of the sections
is the light-house and in the inner side by the water is an old fortress
about which a precious book gave us the following information : —
« During the reign of D. Jose I, the famous chancellor Pombal,
determined that the inhabitants shouhl l)uil(l the fortress at their
own expenses. The poor fellows went to work to raise the money
and built it, without saying a word, as such things were done at
that time, that is, on the I'.'th of. January 17(17. Yet, in April 17r)<.t,
when the forti'css w as finished the governor came there and ordered
the following inserii)ti<)n to be engraxed on the beautiful stone walls,
taking away from the people any co-operation in this woi"k altogether
executed by the inhabitants of Paranagua and to whom exclusively
its existence was due. And there remained the inscrii)tion engravi'd
in the stone as a remembrance of colonial injustice. Here it is :

177(1

HtlNAMtO KM POKTt»;.\l.

0 SIOKKMSSIMd SIMIOK l)0)l .l()SK I'K

IMHIKI MANDOU KAZKK KSIA KIRTAIK/A

0 ll.l.USTKISSIMO KCKI.I.KNTISSINC) S|;N

iiuR DoM Luis Antomo hk Souza Hotkiik*

MouuAO. SicNHon iiAvii.iA III; Ovki.iia Mokc;

AiK) UK Matiikls, 1"iiiak(;o iik (Iasa UK Sua M

ACKSTAUK C.OMMKMlADOK l>A K(»RTAI.K/.A l)K

ViANA ('■OVKIiNADOH K C.AI'ITAd (IkNKUAK
IlKSTA CiAI'ITASKV l)K Sa») I'AUKO N(» \\M»

giiAuro IX) SKU (ItiNKitso in 17()!t.

it is quite original (() note liow badly this insei'iption waswiil-
l(Mi, tile spelling as well as the division of the syllaliles in the \vonl>
tiial go o\ ('!• lo the next liiu' being all ^M•ong. Here is the tianslation :

' 1770. Kcijiiiiii^ ill l'nrlnH;,| ||is Musi Scitiic l.unl hdiii .lost- ihc lirsl. Ihs illustrious
Kxccll('ii(> Sciiliiii' Ddiii I, Ills Aiilitnio lie S()iiz;i Hiilollin M(iiii;i(i, Imil o\ the villiifrc OvtOli.i
Morni'dii (Ic .M;illi(Mis, Ncdilcin.iii uf Mis Mnjrsfy ('.(iiirl, ('.iiiiii>ii(l:nli>i- df the riulrcss of Vi:iii.i.
GnviMiior niiil (:ii|it:iiii (ii-iicr:il nj lliis |mii-| of S:iii I'miiIo oi-(lt>i-i>il this rortnvss to l)t> Iniill in
llir fiiiiilh Vf.'ir III his CkimtiiiiiciiI I7(i!)j

— 519 —

From that lortress to the uuclioruge place is still a Ion- dislanci'
and from the other side we see the iiha das Cobras (snake island),
where the qnarantine place is. This is a lar^e qniof Ixiildin- hx.king
as if it were abandoned.

At last, at the end of the ample bay all filled with roeky p<nnts,
shewing- that it is not so good an anchorage place as it looks, theic
lies the city, half hidden, behind the trees somewhat faded in its green
shade, as it happens with all the vegetation in the salt-pit banks.
Paranagua is not, properly said, cm the bay but al the month of
the Itibere I'iver.

Antouiiia. — General View of the cilv

The steamers with draught above the average cannot enter the
channel in front of the cit^', so that its modest stone quay is of no
use, as the passengers must disembark in boats, and the goods dis-
charged in lighters which bring them to the quay in fifteen minutes.

The city has no great importance. It is a group of houses, some
with tipper stories, a good hospital, and some old churches. In front
of the quay is a sad serenity like in a hamlet, and the point of sea
half confounded with the river takes the feature of a mild lake,
dead, where the vegetation and wdiite houses on the other bank
reflect themselves in a trembling fidelity, like a picture.

— mo —

Ainoiij^ oilier iudustrial estiiblislimenls there is a good match
liu'tory, not ol" the importance of the Curityba one.

'IMiis city was ioiindcd in l~AM) by a «>roui) of dwellers of Canaiica.
a I'ily of S. Paulo State. Later on llicrc was some woi'k in the
mines goiiij; as far as slai'ting- a goM foundry, and lliat from jti,';

lo i7;;o.

Antomna. — It was formerly culled (iuuntjiiiix :ih:i i lat fish l»a\;,
beautiful indigene name tliat they changed in honor of the name of
the i)rince 1). Antonio Nosso Senhor, as we read in the document

I'dil of .Morrc'tos on llio .Miiiii(li;i(|iiai'a

\\lien it became a village in 17U7. It Ix'came a cily in isr»7 and is
placed in ant)ther recess of Paranagua l)ay Ix-twcen the Miundia
quara and (.'achoeira rivers.

It is a city that once had more importance than it has to-da\ .

The (iraciosa road gave it life, making it the outlet of all raran;i.

TIk^ i-ailway, howt'vcr, took away the commei'ce fi-oui that diic'c-
lion, and now il has to grow dependent upon its own resources.

lis popnlalion, ipiitc select and hospitahic, luil \cr_\ palrit)lic
and with local partialities doesnl exceed tl.riSd inhabitants, ii.'JlS
mules an<l .'J.ofu' females. There are some good busim'ss houses,
several ciiurcdics, aflirmiug the (dd dc\ I'lopuienI of the eitv, about

— 522 —

1.000 houses, niany with upper stories. This is Antonina u port
where the Lloyd Brazileiro Steamers call at.

MoKRKTKs. — A little further ahead is Morretes on the banks of
the Xhundiaquara, and surrounded by pretty hills where the name
comes from. It is quite hot there, and is delicious for those who liki
strong emotions. The city is ai)parcntl_\- in decadency. Curityba kills
it with its absorbing- progress and its inexorable railway. Tlic
6.500 inhabitants of Morretes have to develop a most delicate energy
if they don't like to see their pretty little city disappear. It is neces-
sary that Morretes should not die.

Yet it has been a great deal worse and weaker than it is to-day.
Its 1900 census gave it 5.000 inhabitants and the last one (5.500. If it
increases it is because it is not falling. It exports an cx(iuisitc
brandy, m^iny bananas, oranges and other fruit.

Ponta-Gkossa. — One morning we were starling from Curityba
station in the Ponta Grossa 8 o'clock train. The landscape was quite
new for my eyes of Northern Brazilian.

Those who never went out of Rio de Janeiro and have only seen
the strong aspects of the mountains crossed by the E. de F. Central
can't have an idea, or imagine what these Parana fields are, with
its pine-tree woods, its ondulations to obey to the same ihytni. its
velvetlikc prairies with several shades of green whereby seldom a
soft river slides like a slow transparent rosin tear. The railway
extending itself through that region connecting cities and nucleus,
where life begins now gaily for the fair hard working and pleased
populations. The lethargic sadness made of la/iness and fatalism of
the mixing breed of the Portuguese- African that we see in the
interior of certain Northern States, run away frightened with the
passage of the railway and there appear those groups of new genera-
tion, those new colonies, villages and cities. This phenomenon of
our ethnical-social metamorphosis has in the railway one of its most
strong factors. This, however, is wiuil has liapi)cned in all America
and everywhere.

But, as we said, the train left (Jurityba in the morning. It was
full. The lime of empty trains is past. And where are those who
assured that that road would nevi'r give result? Last year it had a
balance in its favor of 1.000:0(»0.*;0()0 and it has had one for a long
time.

We went on. Every now and then there was a stop, a station,
there were great piles of merchandise, lumber, pine-tree trunks all
pilled up on freight cars. Wealth in elaboration. The huulscapcs

— 523 —

iollow one iiuotlior with ti variety ol" details, hut witlioiit breaking
tlie eontornatioii lines w liicli arcH lie seal of (liat unaltered nutiire.
Long- fields witli cattle in the i)aHturage, hands of i-eddisii carlii
bordering the savanna, pine-trees susi)ending a sweet dark green
canopy over the endless valleys; near the trucks, little handets,
covered with pine, cattle here and there, soniei inies lai'ge planta-
tions of grain with ears bending over tli(! road, and th(! constant
])ine-tree, the pine-tree straight and vertical, standiiig up erect, with
its majestic appearance and its lop like a enp turned u|) towai'ds the
sky, near and far, in front and behind, e\{'rywhere, as the origin.

j^j«K^i''«*«i^.*'* ^.■■'

l'(i|)iil;ir tvpL'S. — A lniskcl-iii.ilvcr fruni the iiileriur nl l';ii;iii.

the cause, the end of all that scenery.

At four o'clock we reached l^onta Grossa. It was in the afternoon
of the 25th of March 1903. We went to an Italian hotel.

Ponta Grossa has this name owing to the round thick ro(d< up<ui
which it is built. It was a bad selection for a city.

In 1871 it received the genteel name of Pitang-uy, but, we don't
know why, right after they gave it the name of Ponta Grossa. Owing
to its location <»47 metres above the sea-level it can be seen (iO kilo-
metres away. That same circumstance brings to it disadvantages
that are not to be envied. A large part of the year it is punished by
the strong winds, raising clouds of red dust.

The city of to-day is colossal compared with the small little one
of 1880, and the cause of this increase was the railway. It is built
on the top of the hill, but its streets and buildings rapidly covered

the elevation and extend themselves throuj^h the plain, over an area
each time larger.

The streets have no pavements. Its illumination is kerosene oil.
On the top of the hill they built a hii-ge ehureh of Roman style, not
yet finished and the dome of which is seen from \cry far. 'Inhere an
several houses with uppei' stories, modern style, good l)usiness hou-
ses. 'J'hose with best as})eet are o.f th(! Teulo-Bi-azilians and (Jer-
mans. In the small square where the ehureh is, is a quite mo-
dest building, ugly, square, which is the market, with one door on
each side, and six small half circle openings to take the place of
windows. The S. Paulo-Rio Grande railway, which passes near by
can be seen away down. It is a fine l)nil(ling. perhaps the best in the
city. The building of the Parana railway is inferior to that. It is
right at thfe entrance of Ppnta Grossa, painted lead-gray colour and
rustic style.

Xear the city is the large matte factory Santo Agostinho, well
known in the South of the country as well as in Rio da Prata.

Ponta Grossa has also its Club, the Pontagrossense Club, which
is in a one floor building decorated with good taste. Its principal
streets are : Santos Dumont, Quinze de Xovembro, Ribas. There is
no great movement in Ponta (Jrossa, but it is not that that makes it
nostalgic and oppressive : it is the sensation of isolation and exik',
which instinctively invades our minds when we contemplate that
even horizon, infinite, unique, which we see all around, nevei- mind
which side we turn, a green sea of vegetation over which there
seems to fluctuate islandlike, Ponta (Jrossa.

Lai'A. — It is 893 metres above the sea-le\('i and enjoys deser-
vingl_\' the fame of healthy city.

There is a good deal of life in Lapa in tlic ciiliixation of wine,
mandioca, beans, corn, etc. Lapa fniit is laiiious all oxer the State.
It exj)orts iindtc, lumber, hides and cattle in large (|uantil.\ .

It suffered a good deal with the civil war but it has reco\ cred
now and is once more progressive and lively.

Castuo. — Pretty city with 1 .tioo houses, and ll.:!77 inhabitants.
5.728 males and ."),(• ID females, when according to the census of ten
years ago it had i>ut;).(H)() inhabitants. We can see how it has grown.
What must we at tribute it to ? To no other element l)ut the i-ailway.

Castro, thdiigh more eh^valfd than I'onia (ii'ossa, as it i>
'.•r>7 m(!(res aboxc the sea-level . has not the disadvantage of the
dust and constant c_\clonical wind that sweeps the city, ("astro i> a
pleasant city on the left l)ank of the N ajx) rivi'r, and is connected

— 525 —

with its Santa Cruz district l)y a lonjif wooden bridge, at tlio sido of
wliicli is tlie elegant metallic, bridge belonging to the railway. TliiK
bridge goes over an open space 80 metres wide and cost about
800:000^00.

The place where Castro is located was formerly a i-esidcnce of
aborigenes. Tt is named after the king's minister McHo c Casli-o, the
same who ordered every factory and every indtistiy in IJi a/.il, except
thick cloth for the slaves, to be destroyed. We see that naming the
streets alter heroes is a mania that dates awav back in Brazil.

Castro. — S. Paiilo-Kii) Graniit? Hallway biidge uvor iln- li

Castro has good colleges and schools, catholic and Intheran chur-
ches, and some good buildings, which have been built of late, but
in general are of that solid but not elegant style of the ancient
times. Several lumber yards and suburbs decorate and extend the
city which seemed to us be destined to a great future, especially
when the S. Paulo-Rio Grande railway will realise its projected
connection with the Sorocabana railway, in the S. Paulo frontier.

GuARAPUAVA. — This is one of the highest cities of Brazil. It is
1.095 metres above the sea-level. D. Joao VI ordered an exploitation,
by missionaries, of the famous fields of Guarapuava in 1809, soon
after his arrival in Brazil, and this expedition, directed by Frei Cha-
gas, a native of Curityba, arrived at that place on the 17th of .June

— 526 —

1810. These fields, however, had been discovered on the 8th of Sep-
tember 177-1 by lieutenant Candido Xavier de Almeida e Sousa, of
Silo Paulo. Lately a good deal of business is converging to that
place and the buildings multiply themselves , there ajjpearing new
hotels, saw-mills, work-shops, and (iuarapuava is growing up.

Tlu* city properly said has not over lU.OOO inhabitants but its
municipiums are growing more populated every day, and altogether
(the districts : Pinhao, Reserva, €am]io IJeal, Capanoma and 'i'licrc-
zina) has over 21.U(X) inhabitants.

• '■ii;ir';i|iii;iv;i. — (".iinic:ic;i jiirn|i,j.lipr(iri(i livci'

Among the natural cui'iosities of the (iuarapuava muuicii)iuui we
will menlioii tlu; two falls of the .lordao river some ."O kilometres
away froiu the cily, of wliidi the most noted for its sizes, as foi- the
beauty of the scenery is the ShUo do (hinici'uii (C'urueaca jumj) .
Though it has not the stupendous greatness of the Salto do ( Ju;ili.\i;i.
the .loidao river one is celebrated on account of its locution uuiid
the fields and neai" a hill, fiom the (op of wliieli we can contempl:iie.
tlje wliolc of that pictures(|ue and beautiful Snilo do (iurucih-u.

('ami'() Laikjo. — This city is a niost i)ictures(|ue one and enjoys
a delightful ciiMiate. It lias ]()()(» houses. It eomi)rises the Nossa
Senhoi'a da IMe<lade de Cauipo Lai'go and S. iiUi/ do I'oruua pari-

— 527 —

shes. Its population is 10.0(58 inhabitants. The city is :j:; l<ilom.-trcs
West of Curityba, with which it is connected by a cai-ria^c road call-
ed Matto Grosso. It is inhabited since INI 1. In l.S-J(i it had a]r('a<ly a
good cliurch, the Piedade one. In l.STO it was considcic.! a miinici-
pium by law of the 2nd of April of the same year.

Its exports of matte and lumber aw. worthy of note.

TiBAGY. — It is the head of a rich miinicii)iiim, it is ii])on an
extensive plain, somewhat elevated, in relation to the neighboi-ing
grounds. It has g:ood water reservoirs and a climate worthy of envy.
By its houses, yet a little scattei-ed and modest, runs the river it is
named after. It has two churches, a catholic and a i)r()testant one,
several schools, fine mattg factories, many cattle ranches, all near
the city.

Palmriuas. — By the Paran;'i railway, at the left going- to Ponta
Grossa, on the top of the Campos Geraes mountains and by the river
Ignassu. The houses extend themselves at the shade of a catholic
church, the two towers of which, terminate in hemisphere form,
painted blue. There are two other catholic churches and a ])rotestant
one, eight schools, a masonic lodge, two clubs, and is surroundeil by
colonial nucleus which supply it with everything it needs. It is the
seat of a large municipiuni. The principal cultivations arc; the vine,
corn, beans, rye, potataes and tobacco. In all the municipiuni includ-
ing the seat there is : 1 physician, '2 lawyers, 12 cattle ranches
farms, 3 saw mills, 2 matte factories, 1 flour mill, 8 wine distilleries,
30 dry goods and fancy stores, 12 grocers and hardware stores, etc.,
3 butchers, 3 bakers, 1 billiard-room, 2 breweries, 3 brick factories,
C horse shoers, 4 carpenters, 2 joiners, a tinware factory, 2 tailors,
1 barber shop, 3 shoemakers and 1 hotel.

Besides these, which are the principal ones, there are other
villages and cities flourishing in the territory of the State which
has 38 municipinms.

A large part of Parana, however, is intact, ignored, and perhaps
it is the richest part, covered with odorous forests of pine-trees, the
providencial tree, the precious gift with which nature presented
that State, as a token of affection and prodigality, to its hard
working people and progressive development.

— 528 —

THE STATE OF SANTA CATHARINA

The first attempts luade lo populate this region were, very natu-
rally, undertaken by Spaniards who considered themselves possessors
of all the region comprised between the Prata and Cananea rivers.

Not only can we verify, by the studj' of the epoch, that this was
the dominant orientation in the Court of Castella, favoring all the
undertakings in that sense, but we also know that the dominion
became effective making contracts for the colonisation of the
S. Francisco and Santa Catharina rivers.

l''liil'i:Mln|i(ilJs. Miililllllcill In till' |>:ill'inlir Vnlllllli-i'l's ill lilt- I'lllilic d:!!'!!)'!!

The contract celebrated wilh .laynu; Kas(|iiiu is un important
document to clear tliis ])oint.

According to tliis cui'ions document, signed in Madrid on the
:iOth of December 1557, Ras([uin had to establish on the sea-coast
sevei-al sugar factories, as well as he ought to found foui- cities in
the following order :

Uii puclilo I'll III loslii (li'J Knisil. ih'iitvo ilc niicxtni (Irmiirriirioii, rii hi /mrle
que dicen Sun-Frnnvisro. y olio Ircinlu h'^iitis inns urrihu /iticiii el rio ilc In I'lntii,
(londe iliri'ii I'l Viiisii, i/iu- jior otro iionilirc si- llniiin rl Puerto dc Ins I'nlos; y t'li-
Irundo en iicl rio de In 1*1 u In, eir.

— o2» —

(A Village on ,heB,..ilia„e,,as., „..,,.,..,....,,,,.,,,,, ,,,,,,,, „„. ,,„,, ^ ,.^^,,

S^ i-rancsco and another thirl, leagues above towards ,1,,. hiver i-iale v „.ev"sav is

the Viasa. wh.ch has the name of Puerto de los Patos (I,u.-ks ,.or,; and en.ering in ih^e river
de La Plate (Plate River), etc.

It was this Rasquin, the first, as far as w«. k.u.w nvIm, IkuI u
regular establishment in Santa Catharina soil. These beantiful
lands, to-day, with the limits of the old province, yet subject to the
verification with Parana form a State, the sixth in the <,rder of the
smallest of Brazilian States, having- all the rights that the largest

strait of the isle of S. Catharina and fort S. Oruz

have and enclosing in its 74,156 square kilometres of surface a very
large number of natural wealth .

The true founders of Santa Catharina however, were Francisco
Diogo Velho and his sons.

A Brazil writer said about it :

(c Thus, then, in that abandoned and forgotten Santa Catharina
soil, in 1050 appeared Francisco Dias Velho Monteiro (whom others
call Francisco Diago) with four sons, victims of a dreadful wreck in
the North point of the island called Jurie-Mirim.

Being a religious man with great faith in Our Lady do Desterro,
as soon as he saw himself safe, having escaped such a great disaster
he built upon a hill, (which is to-day Quinze de Novembro) a little

— 530 —

eliapel, in adoration to the saint of that name, and the Capital of
Santa Catharina — Desterro — was named after that fact.

In the construction of the chapel and residences he Ijegan to
build he was aided l)y the natives, who soon familiarized themselves
with the customs and language of the Europeans, (juite astonished
and surjjrised at the use of domestic objects they did not know. The
houses were all built by the sea-shore, the first being called liini clou
PiitoK (Ducks Street), afterward"s called Run do Princi])e (Prince
Streetj, after the republic they named it Jose Veigii, and lately
changed the name of that native of Santa Catharipa by that of
Altino Correa.

The island had once tlie name oi Patos, (Ducks), name of an abo-
rigene tribe, which, with the carija Indians, and others, inhabited
there. They devote themselves to fishing and sea-life. Perhaps it
is an inheritance from those habits the inclination the natives of
Santa Catharina have for the sea-life , having had among them illus-
trious sailors, as Barao da Laguna and others.

It is really worth admiring the calm and courage with which the
inhabitants of the searshore in Santa Catharina defy the fury of the
waves, now in small boats, narrow and flat canoes, by and bye in
])retty yachts running the coastwise navigation of those ports.

'I'hc State received large crowds of German immigrants who
established themselves in a tract of land having no easy means of
communication. The lack of direct contact with the natives preserv-
ed among them, for a long time the language and customs of their
fatherland, which only slowly become nationalized.

The colonies with that attachment of preserving their native
customs have risen the suspicions of the Rio de .laneiro press. The
newspapers of the Capital do not want to listen to a word about the
work and useful value of those colonies, and only see in them threats
to the homogeneity of the Brazilian natioual coustihilion and even
to the integrity of the Brazilian territory.

There is notliiug, however, like a loeal exaniiuation to lorm a
judgment upon sui'li alh'gations. If we leave Rio, go to Itajahy or
S. Francisco, take a small fluvial steamer, one of those that go to
.Joinville, oi' to Blumenau, examine everything in close observation,
retaining \\ hat tliei-e is of good, aeeording to the prei'i'pt, \\<' will see
if it is worth while or not to speak about the (icriiiun iluniicr and
similar foolishnesses.

It was that what we haxc <l(»ne. \\ C weni thei'e oiirsehcs in
April, I'.Mi:;.

— :,'M —

Dksterro. — Istlie Capital of Santa (^idiaiina State, it is not in
the territory of the State properly said, bnt in a lar-^c islan.l in from
of it. The same case as in Maranliao and Kspirilo Santo.

Wlien we go to this poi-t, we have to cross a long channel foim.-d
by the Atlantic, a narrow lenoth of the ocean wliicli goes on getting
nari-ower l)etween tlie continent and Die island, nntil it reaches i1m>
minininni widtli of 100 fathoms in tlie place called JJslrcih, /Xurrows,
between the city and a point of the continent prolonged b_\ it .

The sail through this channel is most pictures(jue. At a certain
place w^e see two small islands the Rutoncs ones, namc^ that docu-
ments the passage of the Spaniards by that land. On the tight we see
the old fortress Santa Cruz, with a white light -house. There at the
shade of those walls were murdered, oi-, justice was eruclly done to
them, several prisoners arrested in the city in 1<S<M by the 7th bat-
talion commanded hy Moreira Cesar.

The city is in an elbow of the large island, looking towards the
continent. It occupies the flat parts, between the sea and tli<' moun-
tain towards the inclination of which th(^ houses arc getting higher.
The city is not a large one, neither is it ])]'etty. It is coinjxjsed of
narrow streets, which run in ])arallel with the sea-shore and othci-s
transversal ones, which start from the sea-side in dii'cction of the
inclination of the small hills covered with woods wliicli frame in
velvet green the whole city.

Looking from the sea, the city is really pi-etty and divided into
two distinct parts : the old city where is the commercial pait of the
city, the hotels, the storage houses, with their wooden doi-ks (or
bridges), and the Praia de Fora or the new city where are the fine
white residences and small farms of the wealthy i)art of the ])opn-
lation.

We heard a good deal of German spoken here, as we lu^ai- l<'reiich
in Rio, Italian in S. Paulo, Spanish in Southern cities, (iuuruny
(one of the Indian languages of Brazil) in Corumba. Nothing, how-
ever, either local aspirations or customs or anything else confii-med
the apprehensions of those who spoke to us in Rio about national
character disfigurement. We never saw people more patriotic, more
intelligent, more enthusiastic over Brazil than the inhabitants of
Santa Catharina.

The largest number of the streets are paved, though not in a first
class style. Some, however, like Altiiio Correa Street are paved with
stone blocks. In the central part of the city is a pretty public
garden, enclosed by an iron railing as they do in nearly every l^ra-
zilian city. This is one of the prettiest and best taken care of garden

— 532 —

we have seen. Tt is quite artistii- as lothejdisposition and order of the
flower beds, bushes, distribution of ornamental plants, etc. It has at
one of the corners a pretty and light pavillion of painted iron and in
the centre a monument in homage to the Volunteers of Para-
guayan war.

This is a stone monument with the names of the Santa Catharina
volunteers who died in the war written on the different sides of
the monument. On top is a pile of cannon l)alls in form of a
pyramid.

l'l()i'iaiiu)iulis. — I'.-iMoraiiiic view ui llie Cit)

Generally, in l''l()rianoi)()lis the construction is of old arcliitci'-
ture, pure colonial style, but they are now building some modern
houses, elegant palaces, especially in Praia de Fora, Malto-(Jrosso
(to-day Admirante Alvin) streets and in several others.

That part of the population whicli constitute what is called
])opular masses, is of good habits, good naturcd and hospitable. 'I'hc
other classes composed of the rich, tlic learned, the politicians, the
business men, the farmers, etc., do not diffci- in anything from the
])ublic of other capitals. They all nuike good friends with strangers
and foreigners. It is a population ojx'u to the cosmoi)olitun sociabi-
lity, but very jealous of tjjeir national pm'sonality. There nobody

— 5S3 —

believes or cares [for whiii tliev say about tlic (;rnn;,n .lander,
and Germans and Brazilians live in the best of harmony. Tlioro
are no banks , neither fashionable dressmakers , nor jewelers ,
concert-halls, nor any of those luxurious exteriorities, so eoimnon
in modern capitals, where the noise and i)omi)ons display of (-h^jrant
life reigns supreme. Also, crime hardly exists there, neilhei- are there
scandals, disorders, riots or great sickness. It is a simple and sound
land in the bosom of Abraham.

t tit

^^ - *

* ill j»

■**-H»lV,„,. Mil Jf

FloriaiuiiMiii,-

Maie (iii\ L'liini' > l-'akac

The Governor's palace , a large and noble mansion, looking to
the Matriz square, (to-da^^ Almirante Goncalves square), is located
at the side of the church. Inside it is full of good paintings, golden
and high relief decorations, having a marble vestibule and stairway
of sumptuous appearance. It is the newest and the best building of
the city, with gardens on the sides and illuminated by acetylene gas.
It has two floors and a beautiful front looking to the square. It is
beautiful appointed and decorated with good taste and even luxury.

The public market is a large building also of recent ccmstruction.
rose color, which gives it a resemblance with that of Santos (though
this one is much superior to it in size and architecture). It is a dou-

— 534 —

ble gallery on a parallelogram basis, with many doors, those of the
interior looking to a yard neat and clean. All the building is cover-
ed w ith zinc, at whose shade that multitude ol' buyers and venders
move here and there. It is in the centre of the city by the sea-shore
near the Custom-House.

Wii found the Custom-House well installed, in a two story build-
ing, in nothing having the mean aspect of those of Paranagua,
Maceio, or Manaos.

The City Hall is another good building, a solid one. If it is not
of a noted architecture, yet is easily distinguished from the other old

M^:-

l*'lori;iii()|iolis. — Da Santa (lasa llns|iilal and licach nf Saccn dos linoes

style l)uildiiigs with plain walls. It is loi-atcd at the corut-r of Tira-
dentes street and its front looks to the Public ( Jarden.

'J'he Charity Hosi)ital is upon a mountain and its snow-white
structure pi'esents a mild r(dief upon that gi-een bottom, the deep
green of the woods on tlie hill side. It was hiiiU in (lie same place
where the old hospital was l)uilt, in the eighteenth century. Its fun
damental stone was placed hy Petei- II in IS I.", as the latin insi'rip
tioii over the doorway, right at (lie entiance shows it.

It is diiticted i)y Sisters of ('harity, Irinris <Ui Piooiiivncin ( I'fo-
vidence Sisters), both (Jermans and Hrazilians. hi the main hall w e
saw a beautiful i)ainting, a true work of art, rejiresenting a specialist

— 536 —

on eye diseases operating a patient. Tlioii^h it has no .laic \hvy say
it is one of the first works of tlie celobratcd lii-a/ilian paiiiK-r \ict..i-
Meirelles.

The Xossa Senhora do Destorro cIhucIi is a hir^c hnildinj; plac-
ed at the bottom of a hill in front of tlu; jxiblic sipiaiv where there
is a garden, with a pretty stairway to go up to.

There is nothing worthy of note in the exterior of the church.
It lias the form of a parallelogram, a ])lain front, .looking to the

Kluriaiio|iolis. — Oatliudral

Public Garden. The entrance and the corners of the front are of
mason work. The basis and front is agood deal wider than the top and
ends by two square towers. Internally besides the main altar, there
are two others at the side and two small chapels. The choir is sup-
ported by wooden columns of octogoual sections, painted blue. The
walls are plain and white, withont pictures or golden decorations,
everything modest and simple. There is a rich image of Xosso
Senhor dos Passos.

This image, according to w^hat tradition tells us was not destined
to receive the catholic worship of the Santa Catharina people. It

— 53fi —

was sculptured in Bahia for Rio Grande do Snl, but the designs of
Providence didn't want it so.

It was in the year 1764 a boat sailed from Bahia to Rio Grande
do Sul, carrying the artistic image. Reaching the bar, tlie sea
was so strong that the boat could not venture to go in, and so
looked for shelter in Desterro. A new attempt was made with the
same result and still they tried a third time in vain, and the captain
seeing in this the will ol' God wishing the image to remain in Des-
terro left it there.

Flonano|)()lis. — Tlie purt and CuimiiiMvial yuaiU-i'

The city has other churches but all of fliciii willioiit any aiiistic
value as to their architecture.

Anothei" fine l)uilding is the Barracks ol" the Police loicc. It is a
large building with two floors and two side \\ings w illi many w in-
dows with iron railings. One of these wings is the jail.

The military hospital, the theatre, the Api)rcntices School , aic
other buildings of relative importance. None of them, liowcxcr,
impress«;d iis as nincli as the factory of Mr. farios iloi'pkc, in a
])lace called Santa Rita. It is a wire-nail factory, always active pro-
ducing enough to exi>oi'l to the nortluM'n markets of l>ra/il.

Th(^ city has some ix'antifnl places \vher(>froni charming lands

— 537 —

capes can be observed witli great enjo.viiu'nt, as Praiiiha. .losr.
Mendcs, and the pretty place called Sncco dos Limdrs (LciiHms ha^.,
which is the lap of the sea-shore ujjon the blue and pacific water of
the bay and there are no interjections of pleasure and ailinirat ion
being- able to translate what the eyes can sec and enjoy, l-roni any
high point of the city we find admirable i)crspectives of exentric
relief and mild hues.

The shores of Dcsterro are not muddy iis those <'ities with rivers,
neither are they of plain sand as those of some places in the Atlantic,
but are filled with stones large and small, standing here on the
shore, there half sunk into the water, some rough and some ])olish-
ed and some with a little vegetation springing fi-om tlieir corners.

P'luriynopolis. — Esleves-Jiiiiior Street

In the evening the city is sad, quiet and sleepy.

For those who are in the habit of hearing the noise of the great
centres, Desterro, is as its name indicates a perfect exile. There is
complete silence in the city, discreet lights speak to us through the
closed window-panes of that calm poetry of home which is a compen-
sation and a treasury. There is no wordly life, neither the noise of
the nights in a cosmopolitan city. One or other coffee-place and
billiard-room may be open till ten o'clock.

The kerosene oil lamps light the desert streets with a sleeping
dull light and by moonlight they are economically put out. On
the sea-shore the sea polishes the stones and rocks softly but
eternally.

Public Instruction, police force, industry and commerce. —
Speaking of public instruction in the State we must cite the Arts and

— 538 —

Trades Lyeeuin. It has Kio pupils and occupies an appropriate
building, having annexed a library with 5.000 volumes, and the
Museum, which is there provisionally and has good socticmsof archio-
logical curiosities, anatomic anomalies, important collections of
mineralogy, numismatic, shells and Brazilian woods.

The State has a Normal College, with 30 pupils; a Gymnasium;
one Veterinary and Agriculture school in Blumenau; a Gymnasium
in Tubanto, another in Laguna, at the expense of the municipalities.

There are in the State, IDO grammar schools, maintained by the
government, and 100 private ones.

The State police force is formed by an infantry company with
250 men Avith nice blue uniform and white belts and connnandcd by
a Lieutenant Colonel.

As to public transportation , there are several carriage roads in
Santa Catharina, and two railways. One is the short railway
Estreito to Palhoca, now under construction, the other is the
1). Thereza Christina railway connecting a place called Minas, in
the Tubarao Municipium, with the Imbituba and Laguna ports,
serving these two cities and Tubaiao with 1 l(i kilometres of tracks.

It is going to be extended till — Massiambu — a near sea-port to
aid the exploitation of great mineral layers in Tubarao.

Blumenau and Joinville, old Teuto-Brazilian colonies were
made cities. We give below the i)opulation of these colonies
in 1800 :

Bluinenail Ur.i/.ilians l".'iei;;inr9

Males 1-2.000 l.il'J

1-eniaies II 901 \ ^\ '

Joinville

Males 7.(i.i:j iOS

Females (J.jOl -1\\

Tit bur ho

Males 7. .till :il«

Females 7. 053 AlH

The production of these colonies as that of all the State is (piitc
varied. Industry progresses actively and many of Santa Catharina
products find mai-ket in Rio and S. Paulo competing with advantage
with similar home and foreign products.

Besid(>s the Rita Maria wire-nail factory, there are breweries,
canned goods factories, cane goods, artificial flowers, soap, lurni-
liire, carriages factories, dairies, vinegar and fruit wine distilleries,
coopers works, threading mills, wooih'u slioi's faelo!-y. cordials,
lime, matte factoi-ies, saw mills, brick w<u-ks,and others, estal)lished
in the Capital and in the interior.

— 539 —

The tri}) to the cohdiieK is easy and (•f)iiir(irt;(l)h-. W lim <;uiii|; to
Bhimenau we take in Rio tlie coast steamers eallin«; al Kajahy aiul
in this city we are Iransierred to a small rivei--sleamer that j;oes up
to Bhimenau. (Join--- to .loiiiville we take t lie steaiiie,rs calling al
S. Francisco, transportation facilities to that city heinj;- easily
found.

Principal CITIES OK THK Statk. — Those who want to expr«!ss
judgment on the value of Santa Catharina, on its jnonii.ss, on its

,•«'*«*'

BlmiKMKm. — Gigaiilic palm tn-c, palms 9 mclrcs jcni

capacity for evolution, without seeing- hut the island and its Capital
to be sure will make a mistake. It is necessary to go to the
interior to know Santa Catharina, and of all the interior no region
will show more evidence of economical puissance but these colonies
the seat of wliicli is Blumenau.

The little steamers going from Itajahu (o Blumenau take S to
10 hours. When we arrive the panorama of the city is very pretty,
though it has nothing of importance. It is a small city with L* I to
25.000 inhabitants, most of them Brazilians, Germans descents who
live there quite mixed with Brazilians, Italians and other nationa-
lities.

The port is a most picturesque one as in general every i)ort with
a river the stream of which is not strong. The banks almost disap-

— 540 —

pear under the vegetation oi" ever green and weed. On tliei-iver wesee
some yachts painted with gay eoh)rs, and two or three small steamers.

From there we see the City Hall a nice two floor building with
another story in the centre, German style, all white. The Mayor
(or superintendent, as they call him there) was when we visited it,
M. Alvius Schrader, a Brazilian German descent, and the president
of the municipal council M. Francisco Margarido.

The IT) de Xovembro street starts from this point neat and wide,
crossing near by the Doctor "Blumenau street. Dr. Hermann Bhi-
menau after whom the city was named was a German i)hilantr()pisi
who over 50 years ago obtained a grant of lands from the Brazilian

Blumenau. — .Muni(i|p;il ('.lianihcr

governement, placed a few marks in his pocket and with a crowd of
farmers went into the interior of Santa (Uitharina and founded this
colon \' ill IS.")!).

Dr. Blumenau was a generous man, tall, strong and a learned
man, doctor in i)hilosophy, full of courage and humanitarian ideals,

He did not pay much attention to money. His ambition was to free
the negro slaves. He was vei\v sober in his habits, a foe of anything
and everything dishonest. The I>ra/ilian government in ai)pointing
him director of t lie colony did a wise measure. Many eonlos ])assed
thi'ougli his hands l)iit when heh'lt his position was just as poor oi'
as I'ich as when he first took it.

in ISC)], tired and old, seeing his work (|iiitc ripe he was I hen
in that age when tlie remembrances of the first years Imist fi'om all

— 541 —

sides of our thought — ho wanted to see his old fiitlici laiMl and unit
back to Germany. His work had been completed tlic colony was
emancipated.

He lived there still fifteen years often i-cpeating : >> what a mistake
i to have left my dear Blumenau ! » and he used to receive with great
I demonstrations of contentment any aeciuaintance or friend who might
I bring him some news of his colony, to-day a free and lividy city.

Blumenau is always growing, its streets have fine arborization,
J palms and other trees, new houses with artistic fronts, nice veran-
1 dahs are built every day, here, we see a gothie church with its
I tower, a catholic one, there, a protestant one, both of them pretty,
and there are fine churches in this colony. Are worthy of note tlie
Gaspar and Rodeio districts catholic churches. The Santo Antonio
college is an important building with four floors, but as to its exter-
nal beauty the S. Paulo college of German style is not inferior to
it. Xotwithstanding, the commercial houses present models of archi-
tectural construction which can be compared with advantage with
the constructions of the old city. Even the residences of modest
families are so neat outside, so well taken care of, are relatively so
artistic, that it looks as if they could serve as model or standard to
many expensive constructions in the large capitals.

But that is not all. We take a little carriage and ride a little
through those fine roads. We see large fields and pastures on both
sides, fences, modest houses of the colonists showing in spite of
their modesty comfort and abundance. None of them would sell you
for love or money that house and lot maintained and enriched by
their work, growing better year after j'car, and treated with a care
that can hardly l^e believed. It is difficult to find an empty lot, and
much more so because there are no discontented colonists there.

Blumenau cultivates and produces everything : sugar cane, cof-
fee, tobacco, grain, vegetables, cattle, etc. There are settled as
small real estate owners, Brazilians, Germans, Italians, Poles,
who are only distinguished by the language and preferences they
devote to certain cultivations, while time and atmosphere did not
complete the unifying work. Like this one, though in smaller scale,
there are other colonies : Brusque, S. Bento, Rodeio, Aquidaban,
Sao Paulo, Cedros and several others. None, howev(M- has the impor-
tance of Blumenau.

JoiNViLLE. — We will say a few words about that gem of Santa
Catharina cities. It is probably the prettiest of the State. It has a
population superior to that of the Capital and a much more progres-

— 542 —

sive aspect. Its buildings are modern ones, predominating those of
German style, but not very large. The streets are wide and paved,
and th(;y are kept with perfect cleanliness. Its fire department is
worthy of a modern city. Its president of Municipal Council was
Mr. Bernardo Enzmann when we were there. He is an active and
energetic man who never feels tired, lie is always imi)roving public
services and the administration of the city as well as the Mayor
Mr. Procopio de Oliveira. There are many factories, several liotcls,
l)ook-stores, printing offices, good newspapers, etc.

Lii^ima. — I'iiiiornma ol' ;t |i;irl (»!' \\\v ciix

After Petro])0]is it is the best city of (Jcrman oiii^in in South
America.

TuharAo. — On the banks of tlic river willi iliis name is
Tubarao city connected to Laguna l)y a lailway the D. Thci-c/a
Christina). It is a progressive city destined to a great future with
the exploitation of the layers of coal existing in the ninnicipium
now beginning to be worked up and they have verified they are the
larg(;st of its kind in the whoh' world.

S. I^'rancihco. — Is a picturesijue city, one of the oldest in the
Stat(;, as it was a village already in Iddti. We were there and can
write with conviction of the greatness and cxi'cllenev of its poii.
certainly IIk; best, south of Santos, it is <*alled llabiionga l)a.\ ov

— 543 —

S. Francisco bay (as some call it). It is (|nitc dnop until near tlio sea
and there sliips of deep drauo-ht can aiiclu.r. Son..- .,f tl.c few pocUh
in the bay have buoys to point them out, allowing the navij^ators
to keep away from them even at night.

Through the south bar, called Aracpuu-y, the access is easy for
small boats as yachts, launclies and canoes. It is much sought for
especially by the boats coming f.oui Itapocu an<l Harm Nelha.
vessels that bring flour, ],e:uis. starch, corn and other grains to tin'
market.

\) Bliiiiiennii.

Foiirulpr (il tin- citv nf lii.-il iiaiiic

Every inch of the territory of this municipium is fertile, and
gives good returns to those working it.

Before reaching Babi tonga bay, we were anchored some time
before Gra^-as island, a high hill covered with thick woods. It is the
largest of a group of picturesque islands near the coast.

We left Gracas island at Oa. m. entering through the southern bar.
Turning round to the left there is the green point, peninsular t)ne,
on the hill of which is a light-house. AVe entered a little sea of free but
clear waters bound at the right by the hill. The bay is like a looking-
glass bright and iramoval)le. Several yachts are anchored there, others

— 544 —

slowly move by a weak breeze. The city is in the island, in
front of the continent. We see some new buildings, and the houses
constituting the city \vrap on both sides the hill quite green forming
the spine of the city. On top of it we see the ruins of a construction
abandoned before it was finished. It is a church of which we only
see four naked walls, its paneloss windows like an empty cranium
looking to the life which animates both the city and the port.

The white of the houses violently strikes the sober green of the
hill. Above the houses raises the old tower thin and tall, ending by a
blue half sphere. This is the Matriz church built for 5:000sOO0 in the
eighteenth century at the expense of the neighbors. To-day it would
cost no less than 300:000$000.

On the right, in a prominent place is the market, square, heavy,
yellow, with a central door and six windows on each side. There is
also the Commercio Hotel a two floor building, where the tourists
stop.

From this place starts a trans-Brazilian railway which is ])eing
built by the S. Paulo Rio Grande Companj'^ between this port and
Ignassu.

Itajahy. — This city which we have already referred to, is a
picturesque city located in a curve of the sea-coast and at the mouth
of the Itajahy river, but of difficult access when the season of the
southern storms comes on.

The point of land situated a little before the city, which is called
Cabe§udas, is an enormous series of rocks, on which they built a
light-house, supported on an iron column. It is one of the ports
with bigger commerce in the State and though it has only 15.000
inhabitants, it presents the following commercial movement during
the following nine years :

Exportation

Years

Interior

Exterior

1892 . .

l..")98.-2i6.840

1 ").«()( (.000

1894 . .

1. 2(11. ilM. 1(1(1

—

189.^) . .

1.218. 1?:;. 290

—

189U . .

l.990.19;i.99()

;»..■; 17.00(1

I«!)7 . .

i.9()9.7.';2.1H

119.719.100

IH!(« . .

2.217. ir;9. 042

l()2.."(i«.027

1899 . .

2.721.1 IK. 100

:iri.9i8..ioo

1900 . .

i.8r..(iiri.iii

S;i. 99.1.800

1901 . .

1.079.506.407

174.01 7.880

10.27 1.93t.3r>7 r;j59. 722.807
r()l:il ill iiiiit' yi'ar.s. 10.831:0r;7SI()l

.\iimi.il avi'i-agc. 1.870: 181iS;l2(>

— r,4r, —

Lagos. — This prosperous up-liill city, licad of a lidi catil.' rais-
ing municipiimi, was founded by S. Paulo people in 177 1 and was
formerly called Nossa Senliora dos Pra/.eres. It is SCKJ nieti-es al)ove
the sea-level.

It has now about 500 buildings, all iiiliabited b\ a i)()|)ulaii()n o)'
about 1.000 people.

It has some houses with upper stories of fine ai)peaianee. uiodern
construction and four churches as old as the city.

It has a fine market and a small theatre with a seating eajjacity
for 500 people in a quite nice building.

It has also a college directed by priests ot the I'raneiseau
order, where modern methods arcadoptcnl.

In the main scjuare of tlie city they initiated the construct idu ol'
a church to be the Matriz of the city. They also inaugurated a large
and elegant building all of it stone work which is the City JIall.

This city has 10 streets, several lanes and cross-streets, and four
public squares.

The municipium has but five public schools supported by the
State, a number unsufficient for the public instruction of the ])oor
children who wish to frequent them.

The municipium supports several other schools which are well
frequented.

Several private schools are spread in this region supported
by the chiefs of households and they are not in small number.

The wealth of the municipium is the cattle, which is far better
than that of Rio Grande do Sul. They export annually from 20 to
25.000 heads. There are enormous fields and endless forests. It only
lacks hands and railroads — the problem in all Brazil.

LaCjtUna. — A sea-coast city of large future ])ossibilities, for its
business. It is a pity that its port cannot always allow the entrance
of ships that run or call at this port. This city was founded by the
sons of that Diogo or Dias Velho about whom we spoke above.

Dias Velho Monteiro was killed by treason by the sailors of a
Dutch ship who put into the harbor of Cannavieiras. His sons fled
to the continent where they founded the place of Lagoa, to-day
city of Laguna, the first point which was populated in the Sanla
Catharina continent.

Laguna is the Spanish for Lagoa (lake); it proves the historical
occupation by the Spaniards in that part of the country. It is an
active and commercial city. Its aspect is pleasant for the regularity
of the buildings, and alignment of the streets. By the last census
it has some 10.000 inhabitants.

— 54fi —

Tlirongli tlie Lagnna port mercliaiidises were exported from 18<i2
to 19U1 as follows :

Years

Interior

Exterior

1892

fi(i0.729.8Tri

ir,.5.'i8.2.to

1894

847.704.u2:i

30.678.200

I89^i

(io 1.749. 69:)

27.357.200

1896

l.0ll.9;"J7.861

."..66().200

1897

l.ri68.9IO.-)2:i

I9u.068.iri0

1898

•2.069.470.94:;

205.294.980

1899

t .9o0.:io;i.:i36

298.801.600

1900

l.206..'i 10.860

245.282.500

1901

Total.

l.li>6.o-2i.l80

—

. 11.074.124.022

1.045.486.870

Total .

.... 12.119:610^892

Annual

avoragc. . I.."}!!

i:290.S099

Ararangua. — Is a village that already deserved to become a
city. In the same conditions are S. Sebastiiio do Tijucas on the
banks of the river Tijucas, Brusque, on the banks of the river
Itajahy-mirim, S. Bento, Bella Vista de Palmas, Uniao da Victoria,
Nova Trento, Palho^a, Rio Xegro, Curytibanos, Campos Xovos and
S. Miguel, cities that are being developed.

THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL

This is one of the most important States of Brazil.

Leaving the hillj' lands of Santa Catharina southward , the sea-
coast assumes quite a new feature. After those mountains of vege-
tation mingled with dark quarries and thick woods, come low soa-
coast lands with naked sandy shores, that seem not to cud any
more.

Shortly, sailing near the coast — what is only possible to be
done by boats of short draught — we see the shores called Fernam-
buco or Pernambuco , and afterwards the Mostardas, long white
savannas lining the short sea-coast on the extended contiiuMit as a
wall bt^tAvctui tlie ocean and the Lagoa dos Patos.

'I'liis band of hind has a narrow solution of continuity, at tlio
South, and that is the Kio (Jraiulc l)ar which gives access to the \ast
lake.

In that place precisely the coast is very h)w, but rcallx \ cry h)W
aiul sandylikc. The .Mahiia light-house marks the pi-oxiniily ol the

— 54.7

bar. But tlie channel is so cin-vcd and lonj^, (ov.-r 10 kilometroH) that
until we entei- the port Atalaia is always seen, thougli in seveial
positions. To the right and left in the eliannel there are in:iny
buoys, some witli bells, souk; wilb lights, other simple lliichuini
huoys. The sea there isg-eneraljy louo-h and s(ddoin a sicamn- .-m.-rs
without being violently rocked and it is always necessary to take a
pilot aboard. At last within the anchorage place, th<' port shows it>
beauty and the view of the city i)ays well for the discomfort of
the trip.

The State has a configui-ation of lines ])erfectly homogenioiis,
assuming a rhomboidal form, only one of the angles being the P>ra/i-
lian sea-coast, the other three being land fi-ontiers, thr largest i)ai't

D>" Borges de .Medeiros. — l^reseril (rovonior of Rio Grando do Su!

of which are boundary lines of foreign lands. This circumstance
I'orapels the Federal Government to always have a considerable
detachment of troops in this State.

This is one of the most populated and most advanced States of
Brazil. The European immigration goes there in large numbers,
especially from Germany and Italy, thanks to the similarity of the
climate and meteorologic analogies with certain portions of Euroj^e
to which advantages we can add the one of the fertility of the soil.
Its population is of over 1 .200.000 inhabitants. They are hard working
lindustrious people, and would share a good portion of national
jexports were it not the drawback of not having a good sea-port.
! Its Capital which is developing very fast cannot be visited by

— 548 -

the large transatlantic steamers and even some of the middling siz
steamers of the Lloyd Brazileiro get caught in the low tides whil
crossing Lagoa dos Patos on their way to Porto Alegre. This ha
haijpened to us when in May WOo we were going for the first tim
to Porto Alegre.

Gaiiiliu (losUiiiie

Though the Rio Grande peojjle do not differ from the general
Brazilian tyi)e, as we verified by self observation, as to their pliysi
cal appearance and moral standards, they have, however, habits aiui
customs in their field-life tliat arc not to be found in Pai-u, Haliia.
or any othei- i)]ace of Brazil.

Kvery hx-ality has its lit Me traditional habits, t hat can only hi
adopted in that very locality, and ai'c forgotten or disa[)poai

— 549 -

with the first contact with the railway and especially wiiii the
surroundings of city-life;.

In these everything- loses its personality and pecidiai- cliaracte-
risation, to be melted in the generalized and iinifoi-ni Brazilian type,
with common ideals, common history, laws and language, — <f the
infallible distinctive of national (diaracter, » — cpioling the o,\:u'[
expression of Mr. Dohne. This is what hajjpens in i;io (li-aiulr
do Sul.

But it causes an agreeable impression to \]\c hmrisl ;ind the oli-
server to find a cow-boy in the interior of Bahia, a cnipirn (tin; man
of the interior who never comes to the city) in the intei-ior of Sao
Paulo, or a Rio Grande ^■niicho (cow-boy in the cattle i-anches
of this State, Santa Catharina and even in Parana.

The clothes are different but none of them have the i)eciiliar
show'y dresses of the gaucho.

This type — o gaucho — is in southern Brazil, just what the
cow-boy is in the West, as far as his work goes and even a little as
to some habits.

He dresses bniirbiicha (a kind of wide trousers) tied at the feet
at the side of the shoe, the ponche, a kind of cape or rather a wool-
len shawl with an opening in the centre, through which he puts his
head, the shawl resting on the shotilders, and wide brim felt and soft
hats. The gaucho with his favorite clothes, his cow-boy habits, his
/??a/^c (Brazilian tea) without sugar, and his popular songs, is the
most chaiacteristic type of the interior of Brazil.

But let us w^rite about the physical aspect of the Rio Grande terri-
tory. We have already said that its sea frontier is relatively ungra-
teful — sandy and low — and had this peculiarity : it has not one
single island (not being the rock in front of the Torre do Xorte). It
has an extension of 950 miles.

In compensation, the interior region, with immense fields and
cattle ranches, with mountains, with enormous forests, is a nu)st
wonderful world. It is in this mountain region, called as in Parana
and Santa Catharina the regmo scrrnmi that abundant rain falls
and mark better the four seasons of the year.

A dreadful peculiarity is the strong breeze that blows, on the
sea-coast during winter, it cuts like a knife , very cold, which in Rio
Grande they call minuano, and in the United States they call cold
wave. We had to try it, against our wishes both in April 188«t and

— 550 —

May 1903. These winds come from the Andes and even the natives
suffer witli them.

The Rio Grande do Sul being the State that is further south is
the one having- the climate more similar to the European.

Its three large cities are placed in the interior margin of Lagoa
dos Patos, a true fresh water mediterranium, named after the
indigene family that together with the Carijos and others popula-
ted all tlie southern coast from Santa Catharina down. It is so wide
that from one side of it we cannot see the other, having, so they
affirm 9.000 square kilometres of surface.

The city of Porto Alegre separated from the ocean l)\ a harrier

■'^!^'

I'mlu Alcijri-c

isle 1)1 l'('(lr;is lir;iiic;is ;ill(l |Mi\V(li'r lM;ii;;i/ilii

a few leagues long can only be readied after an extensive dun alter
entering Rio Grande bar, and 'J I hours navigation northward
through tliat lake.

Porto Alegkk. — I'^or the loiirisi, however, llii^ enormous dis-
tance is compensated by tl,ie extraordinary ])an()rainas of tliis trip : a
most ample surface, ample and (ralm, of a grayish green evading hue
with large spots, marking (he differences of bottom, or the lU'csem-e
of sandy crowns that the steamer, steered by the pilot, traiupiilly
avoids. This is the Lagoa dos Patos.

A (juartcu" of an hour befori; i-eaehing the ( 'apital wc see in the riv(>r
waters a gay island formed with enonn(»ns rocks half d(>eoiate(l with
green trees, and if is in Ihal ishind that the Federal ( Jovermnent
keeps their powder maga/iues.

Th7'_\' call that pietnrescpu' spot Pedras Hrancas and. at least
wlien we saw it, it was of a snow-wliile pretty as sihcr retlcct-

— ool —

ing- its bright whiteness under a nioniin- sun in May <.n tin- Nsalers
below.

Since then we begin to see the Capital wliieh is eovering simw
low hills at the East of Gnahyba. In front a few islands and ramifi-
cations of other rivers gather together there gaily and picturesquely.
The buildings cover the hill side; as a cloak of vai-icgatcd colors, and
come away down lining the quay and extending a border of storage
houses and commercial docks upon the river waters running bright
and clear.

The nearest buildings can be distinguished at the cnlian.c of the

Porto Alej^re. — Lower part of tlic city

'port — they are the Menino Deus district — in an ample curve of
sea-shore. On the right is the large barracks, all white, seeming to
have its foundation sunk in the water.

When our boat was at anchor, and during the legal formalities
of custom house and board of health visits, we admired that char-
ming panorama of the ('ity. It was beautiful ! ft reminds one of the
scenery at Bahia, the buildings, however, being more modern ones.

We see an the right, at a little distance, the large buildiugs of
the Poorhouse with its white tower pointing towards the clear blue
skj-. Further, some houses mingled vegetation covering the plain
between the river and the hills. On a promontory somewhat elevated
is concentred the bulk of the houses, dominated by the two high
white towers of the Nossa Senhora das Dores Catholic Church.

Surrounding- tlie massive body of buildings, there are some pu-
blic squares and gardens, leaning towards the quay : one is the
Harmon^' one, the other Alfaudega. We do not remember the names
of the others.

In this pari of the plain, almost near the water, is the majestic
building of tlig municipality the front of which looks to the square
on the land-side.

Landing iwiir there, the visitor can see with pleasure this pretty
building. Jt has two upper stories and ground floor. The principal
body is a little inside, and crowned by a kind of tower, which used

i'ulO

.Miini<-i|i:il liiiililiii<.

to be the distinctive characteristic used by all the City Halls and
cliui'ches. The two side bodies are decorated with columns.

A stone (juay dresses this part of the city connected with the
anchorage place by several wooden bridges with their respective
storage houses. Alongside these bridges are a lot of yachts, steamers
and lighters, nuiking constant noise while loading and unloading,
and that lends a lively tone to the port , lliougli in a smaller degree
than is noticed at Rio (Jrande.

Thei'C, near Ihe <|ua\-, is (lie ])iiblie niaiket. a birge, s(|uai'e, stoiu^
building divided into small business houses, and in the centre a vast
yai'(l willi an oiMianienlal fountain completes the wliole. There is an

— 5B3 —

al)undance of fruit, dairy products, ve^etablos, fowl. rtr. Tl..- pricefi
are a revelation to tJmse who .•„Mi<. lV,ui, l."i.,:,,i.l u.,„l.I not 1... I„die-
ved in Belem or Manaos, so moderate an; they.

Porto Alegrehas water in al,undan<-e. TIm- piil.lir illnnnnatiou is
with hydro-earbon -as as in I'elotasand i:i„ (Jrandr an.l ll... privatr
illumination of the houses is by electrieilx .

The suburbs : Gloria, Navegantes at the Nnrtli, I'art.no,,, M,„„.
hos de Vento, Floresta, ete., at the South , are j^rettv and all
C(mneeted by tramway lines whiel. transp.,rl ii, one y.-ar about
2.(500.000 passengers.

Poi'lo Alegre. — 7 seteiiibro street

The nicest public place of the city is the Park, where not many
3^ears ago a general State Exhibition was held and where is to be
seen a pretty summer theatre , several arcliitectonic pavilions of
iron and wood, gardens, birds nurseries and menagerie, everything
illuminated by electricity. This is the attraction place where the
high-life of the town- meet.

The public squares with gardens in the commercial i)art are vi'ry
pleasant. There is the General Deodoio square where they built a
statue of the Conde de Porto Alegre, the brave general native of
Rio Grande.

The Alfandega Square (Custom House Square), is named (bus
because of the Custom House being near there. It is a drawing-ioom
of the city. It is there that we await for the tramw ay, that we reail

— 554 —

the papers, that we take a little fresh air, and it is the thoroughfare
for the circulating artery of the city, tlie Andradas Street.

The General Marques square, is propably the largest but has no
garden.

The most central square, and one with a bad history is the Har-
monia one, with benches, flow(;r-beds and ])lants. It was there that
tlie prisoners convicted to death were executed. Even as near as the
.'Jrd of November 1857 they executed there : Doraingos Baptista and
Sergeant Felix, who in 18.53 killed, foi- the purpose of robbing him.
Manoel Tavaies, a Portuguese, and they also executed then Floren-
tino, a negro, who killed Antonio Soares Leao his mastei- in Belem.
These were the last executions which took place in the Rio Grande
capital. At present people walk around there gay and free, without
remembering the sad celebrity of that sipiare.

Among the prettiest streets of the Capital, the newly arrived
cannot help noticing the Andradas street foi-merly called Praia
Street. In fact this street runs parallel to the shore, (praia nieans
sea-shore). It is a long street of uneven width, lined with nice
houses, carefully paved, with mosaic sidewalks, and it is a lively
thoroughfare. It is to Porto Alegre, what Ouvidor Street and Central
Avenue are to Rio de Janeiro. In this street are cafes, brasseries,
fashion establishments, jewelers, several newspaper offices, lawyers
offices, agencies, etc.

The Bragan^-a street is pretty, wide and somewhat inclined, lined
with nice buildings. The Voluntarios daPatria street is quite a long
one through which run the Navegantes line of tramways. This street
has many factories, whose chimneys are their best ornament, and it
lines the sea-shore. Generally the streets in Porto Alegre, are not
straight, neither are they wide. Many like those of Deus Menino
disti-ict ai-e tortuous forming both curved and broken lines. There
are many iii)-hill streets, what is naturally the city being built up on
a hill. It is not large like Bahia, Recife or Para. Its buildings are
old and as ugly as those of Rio or Bahia, but there are many new
buildings quite artistic in German and Italian styles which have lar-
gely contributed towards the material evolution of Kio Grande do
Sul.

The jHiblic l)uildings reflect the progress of the city and tlic fol-
lowing are the best of them. The Engineering College, a modern two
floor building, near the Park. The Catholic Scmiuai'y also a fine
building, "^rhe local Legislature building; (he Atheneuni ; the Normal
College; the Medical College; the Public Library; the Government
Palace; the Provisoi-y Palace, large square building of olden style;

— 555

the Charily Hospital, a large two lloc.i- l.iiiMino. painted yellow. I'..r-
tuguese slyle, divided into two bodies, eoniieeted In a central Iroiil,
and a modest eliureh, at the right end, the Iheutrt^ - S. I'edro, —
fine Imilding but of little arehiteetnral vahK- the Provideneia i)ank:
the Commereio and the English banks. The Insane As.vlnni; ilie Mi
litary College, a large S(piare building, rose color al Hh; <'nd of a
large square without any garden: the (Jerinan cliureli: the Catholic
Catliedral, an old elinreh, wvy pretty inside. i)nl with iininiportaiil
architectural style; tlu; Harraeks; llie <^ Jidio de Ca^tillio .. j.alace
and luany private n)ansions.

I'urlo Alcgre. — Sclioul (»l (;i\ il Eiij^iiicci's, Arts, and iiiatmlarlui'cs

This city has a great coniniereial activity, gi-eat niovemenl of
carriages and trucks, tramways, etc., many clui)s, first class newsi>a-
pers, Federal and State telegrai)h, telephone company, hotels. Inchi-
<ling the Pedras Brancas, Earra, Marianna IMiuentcl districts and
islands in front, the population of I'orto Alegre is of To. 571, twelve
years ago it was only of ~)'2. 121 inhabitants. This shows how it
progresses.

Yet this city is not one of the oldest in Hra/il. In I 7 TJ some H(»
couples from the Portuguese islands went there to foun<l a colony.
They were sent l)y the king 1). Joao V. This explains the nanu- of
Porto dos Casaes (caseas means couples). It became a village in
August 1803 and city in Novembre 182-2, with the title of Leal
e valorosa cidade (Loyal and Brave cityi. This lith^ was given to ii
in 1841.

— 55fi —

The great prosperity of Porto Alegre only began after the immi-
gration brought to the State tlie vigor of their impulse. It is tlie same
old story of the United States, Australia, Argentine, S. Paulo.

From there railways start, fluvial steamers, telegraiih and mails.
It is a oommereial and aetive eentre of first order.

I'nrlii AI('i;r('. ,Iiil;<» dc ('.iistillids |il;ic

PihIjIC Instruction, police force and transportation. — « On
the literary and seientifie side )>, thus wrote K. Reclus, « Porto
Alegre can be considered as a kind of ('ai)ital, thanks to its schools,
colleges, newspai)ers. » There is in Porto Alegre besides the Military
College, maintained by the Federal (Jovernment, the Fngine(>ring,
Medicine, Pharmacy, Law and Tlieology Colleges, Xormal College,
Gymnasium, sev(!ral schools for males and rcmales. and outside of
the C^apital : a Lyceum for agi'iculture studies in Pelotas, ami anotlu'r
in Ta({uary, etc., Pesides these thei'c are the district schools of
Porto Alegre, Taipiara, Montenegro, Taijuai-y, Santa Maria. Santa
Cruz, Rio Pardo, Livramento and Cni/. Alta, which had the frc-
(juentation of 1.100 students in I'.HK).

Vov the elementai'v instruct ion the State was »li\ided into seven
districts, counling '.'Ci.") |)nl)lie schools thus dist I'lixilecl :

— hhl —

3r(l deffree :

Tilled 171

Vaciiiit 0

'Jiid decree :

iMlled |i|(j

Vacaiil '■2

Jst degree :

tilled 07(3

Vacant \

Total . . . m:,

Tlie school population in U»0;} was moi-e or less 30.000 pupils,
the Porto Alegre municipium alone having {5.()88.

The Rio Grande do Sul State keeps a large body of troops : a
brigade militarily organised, with ;} infantry battalions , a cavalry
regiment, armed with modern rifles and well c(pii])ped, several pro-
visory infantry and cavalry companies on the Uruguayan frontier to
do police duty and protect it against conspirators who go over to
the neighboring country for the organisation of political fights.

The capital municipium maintains a battalion of guards, a kind
of French g-endarmerie, with light blue uniforms which are one of
the lively notes of the Porto Alegre streets. Each municipium in the
other cities has, in the same way, a little company of guards. The fire

— 558 —

department forms another militarized company in the Capital.

We spoke above of the Porto Alegre tramways. Thej- are driven
by animal traction as those of Pelotas and Rio Grande. As to
railways there, are the following' : the Porto Ale<>rt' to Uruouayaiui.
038 kilouKitrcs long-, but only '•'>'[ in oijnratioii, till Cacequy, and tlir
S. Gabriel l)rancli line, with 7(J kilometres. It starts l'i-r)in the right
bank of the Taquury rivei- where is the main station, called « Mar-
gem )) station. Yet there rnns between this place and the ('a])ital a
daily line of steamers of the Gompanhia Fluvial.

The Rio Grande to Bage railway, with J.s:; kilometres in opera-
tion, going- through Pelotas. It will cross by and bye, in Gacecjiiy
the Porto Alegre and Urnguayana railway.

The Porto Alegre to Xova Hambugo railway with :!1 kilometres,
going through S. Leopoldo city. The State Government is going to
extend it till Caxias village, which will take al)out i;>0 kilometres,
crossing the important municipiums of S. Leopoldo, S. Sebastiao do
Cahy, S. Joao do Montenegro, Bento Gon^alves and Caxias, with a
population of over 100. 00() iuliabitants, also serving tlie neigliboi-iug
mnnici]>iums.

Tlie Santa Maria to Itarare railway, with 2(V2 kilometi-es running-
till Carajinho, lOo kilometi'c^s beyond the Cruz Alta city through
which it goes, and soon it must reach Passo Fundo.

The Quarahy to Itaqny railway, with ISO kilometres, crossing
the ['ruguayana city.

The small railway whicli starts from the Junccao (.Junction)
station, crossing of the Rio Grande to Bage railwa\' with it. This
line goes to the summer resort Villa Siqueira a sea-shore place,
belonging- to the Yiacao Rio Grandense Company.

There are several railways under project, as well as the plan of a
canal from Tores to Porto Alegre, taking advantage of the immense
series of lakes being along this shore.

Of these roads one belongs to tlu! Federal Government, — the
Porto Alegr(». to Urnguayana one — all tln^ others belong to private
con(;ei'ns. Rio Grande do Sul has i-ailways running over a total t)f
I .(ilo kilometres.

Indusi'kv, Pkoi)1'i-tu>n ano Commkrce. — In relation to otlu'r
States of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul has an advanced manufacturing-
industry, not speaking of the dairy industry in which it is one of the
first pioducing States. It exports dried salted beef in large tpiantities.
What is wort h_\- of note is the variet\' of its manufacturing indnstries

— B69 —

either in the Capital or in oIIkm- cilies. We saw there fot ton mills,
mateheH I'aetories, threading mills, hosiery, lurniture, luits, shoeH,
combs, gloves, cigar, masses factories, canned goods works, glass-
ware, arms, safes, soap, candles, carriages,, harnesses, lurxmi fue-
tories, ready made clothing, pharmaceutical pi-odiicfs concrnis and
many others. There are yet factories fo rule ])a|jei'. l»ook liinderics.
printing offices, typographing estal)lislimriits mid ship-yaids lor iIm-
building of small boats.

The national wine is also maniifactui-ed in large scale, princi-
])ally in the Italian colonies, lacking yet the convenient j)i-ei)aration
to allow it to be exported. There are also, vinegar, cordials, and
brandy distilleries as well as brc\veri(;s.

The lard factories is an industry tlu^ repniation ol which is
already made, and there arc (piite a numlxT of factories in this State.

The cheese industry is large as well as the butter one, but only
for local consumption. It seems, however, that these indnsti-ies are
going to be largely developed.

Excepting Rio and S. Paulo no State has its industries so n)ncli
developed as Hio Grande do Sul. While it progr(;sses in these it does
not, at the same time, neglect its agriculture.

In the interior are large beans, mandioca, corn, i)()tatoes, rice
plantations, and ^others, which not only furnish the Rio Grande
market but are exported. Rio (Jrande do Sul, we might say, is the
grain storage house of Brazil.

Besides what it gives to the internal consumption, it sends to
Rio, S. Paulo and Bahia the excess of the production of onions,
cabbages, fruit, etc.

Cattle begin to be exported. Until now it was hardly enough for
the xarqiieadas (factories of xarqiie (c dried salted beef))), the hides
and residuums to the European industries. As to the sheep industry,
properly said, Rio Grande do Sul is the most advanced State, though
the sheep are not so good there as of other places like Lages ,
Campos Novos, Curitybanos and others of the northern neighboring
State. As to cattle the Santa Catharina ox is stouter and heavier
having an average of 30 kilos more than the Rio Grande one.

If we are not mistaken, however, both of them come from the
same origin, the iberic cattle. We refer to the wild cattle because the
product of recent crossing breed are from fine breeds that lately
have been introduced in Santa Catharina and Rio Grande.

Horses are also a source of wealth for Rio Grande, and the pro-
ducts of horse breeding are the best of all Brazil. They are not hor-

— 560 —

ses of fine lines, tall ones, but of middle height, humble aspect, of
great resistance to fatigue and of strong- muscle.

For the military service , campaigns and marches through the
roads, they are used by the Brazilian army in preference to the
horses imported from the River Plate and Europe.

It comes from the Portuguese (c Alemtejo )> province horses,
introduced in Rio Grande by the Portuguese, its first colonists, to
whom is due the country trucks, certain stories and popular le-
gends, as well as the goats, dogs, sheep and other domestic animals
to-day already modified and altered in Brazil.

With such agricultural elements and dairy industries it is easily
seen that this State must maintain an active work of exchange with
the remittance of its surplus to the markets of othei- i)laces of Brazil
and abroad, receiving from them what it lacks.

The exports and imports of Rio Grande is made not only through
these three large markets, Porto-Alegre, Pelotas and Rio Grande,
but by the southern frontiers and those of Santa Catharina. There are
no statistics to be depended upon, as to the volume of its interstate
interchange, but there are some data as to the external commerce.

About these the statistics show an importation much above the
exports. Thus is that in 1901 , Rio Grande do Sul imported (only
from January to Xovember) goods with the value of ■2().198:22tj§00u.
and did not export over 12.129:076S000.

According to the local statistics, the State has exported both for
home and foreign markets goods with the following values from
1897 to 1903 :

Years Oiliiiul value

1897 o->.93G:2:2oS000

1898 32.rj83: 1298000

1899 .•i4.09():8(H).Sn(i(l

1900 .^i0.03-i:171$000

1901 .■i4.l2«:9!2SnOO

1902 .^Jl.492:487Sn00

190.3 ■Jo.ll.3:300§000

The exports of dried salted beef during the same period corres-
ponds to the total of heads killed in the Pelotas, Bage, (^uaraliy and
other xur(iiicu(lus (di'ic^d salted beef factories).

Years Number of heads

IH97-1898 574.901

1K9H-1899 287.306

1899-1900 297.090

1900-1901 .->Gi.902

191(1-1902 472.378

*
* *

— oCl —

Rio Grande citiks. — Al'ler Porl.. Alcni-r, il,,. lidir^i mikI niur.-
advanced city of tlie State is Polotas, whidi l).v (lie hist .••■nsiis has
•J 1.000 inhabitants. Adding-, liowovnr, tlic popuhition ..f the other
localities of the mnnicipimn (of whicli it is ihc scat; \\.-m,.| the
luimber of l.-^.OOO inhabitants and by the census of I.S'.K) it liad hni
12.000. Tbe growth liere was not so lai-g(; as in Toifo Alr-i-.. nn.i
Rio Grande.

In fact, placed as it is between these two nuelens of iirl)ane assimi-
lation, one acting as political and indiisti-ial capital of the State, i he-
other as its organ of interchange with the exterioi- , I'clntas, ft-ds
its ninnicipium re([nested l)y the cent rifiii;al cuci-git's of radi one of

I'.'lol.-is. — \i("\v ul' a |iai-| uf I III- rii\

them, and it is not withont a vovy strong resistance that it snccccds
in not declining, in profit of any or both of the two.

Pelotas was made a village in 1S;50, and a city in Deceniher IS:;.").
In 1812 it was bnt a hamlet.

It is 300 kilometres away from Porto Alegre and r)."),.") kilometres
from Rio Grande by railway, and by sea only three hours in steanuM-s
making ten knots an hour.

It is not a river lined with woods as in the Noi-th of IJra/.il. in-
even in the marvellous central region. It is a river of low hanks,
dressed by bushes of light green showing that those are sandy
grounds. The river-stream is not a strong one, and its watei-s are
dark in some spots. The low banks allow the i)lains to be seen,
extending beyond covered with canes and bushes.

Here and there we see a xarqiienda (dried salted heef factoi-y)
with its string of smoke, they grow in number as we neai- Pelotas.

- - 5fi2

Tlie city in on the left banks of S. Goncalvo river, not very far
where it meets the lake waters. We land on a square by the river,
through a wooden quay. The port is filled with small boats. The
steamers do not come alongside the quay. To come ashore we hire a
boat. Lots of catraeiro.s (boatmen) come alongside the ship as they
do in Bahia and other ports. Thej'^ are generally Portuguese, in the
Soutli, while in Pernambuco, Maranliao and Bahia thej' are negroes
and mulatoes. This port is not so frequented neither is it so pretty
as Rio (irrande. The city streets are wide, straight and long, cut in
squares, modern style. The buildings have as a rule one floor as
in Rio Grande, having more houses with upper stories tliau this one

Pcliil:

View of a Bci'f I'ailorv

The c( l.^ Xovembro » sti-eet, is the liveliest of all. It lias nice
two story buildings, business houses, with nice show-windows,
coffee-houses, hotels, etc. At the left we see the new and i)retty
building — the City Hall — the front of which looks to the Public
Garden. — The Public Library, an institute which is the pride
of Pelotas is also in that street and it is a model of oi-dci- tiiul neat-
ness. It has 25.000 volumes.

This aristocratic street pa\s well I'oi- the imprcssiou we ici'i'ixc
entering the i)ort, as the i)art oT tiie city near the tinay (li)es not
awake favoi'ahle im])i'essions al)out the city.

'I'lu! region fi'om the garden u]) it compensates this impression.
In all the hoi-i/on line every side the observer may look to, we si'c the
chimneys emptying rolls of smoke towards the l)lue sk,\ and this

— 5(!:{

oives at once an idea of ihc iixlusi rial pow.r oi I'<-Ioi;is.

The Tublie aarden, is of all Llie piihlic sqiiaics. ihr pn-tH.-^t aii<l
most frequented. Large trees shade its nroiinds. if is s(|u:uv and lius
nice bushes, flower-beds, fine jdants, benclies, lawns, and an arti-
ficial grotto.

Among- the nice public buildings we will mention the theatre, a
large and elegant building ; the CUy Hospital, in certain points
superior to the one of the Capital ; the pretty railway station ; the
market in the central part of ihc city, a stone and lime, one fh.nr
building, old style, surrounded by small grocery stores, and with a
large door on each side of the building, dooi- that gives access to
the internal light yard; the S. Francisco church, heavy Ixiildin- of

I'f'lotiis. — l);i Misi'r'icortlia hiis|ijl,ii

colonial architecture, but not altogetlier of bad api)earancc, looks to
a pretty square, and has a portico witli ionic columns and two to-
wers somewhat dark with j^ears. In its interior it has six altars, it
is light, as are as a rule all the catholic cluirches.

The city commerce is quite progressive. There is life in the
streets. The newsboys offer the papers for sale. The horse-cars run
through the streets. There are many public cabs and carriages, and
their hire is not dear. For 3$000 (about one dollai-) they took us from
Rua Quinzeto Tablnda (a vast esplanade whci-efrom you can sec
5 to 6.000 heads of cattle in the pasture. For -JdOOO they go to the
Pelotense Park, charming public place due to the initiative of a well
known chemist and druggist.

The city is illuminated by gas. Its streets are paved and the
houses are elegant, unlikely many other cities of the country.

— 50+ —

Rio Grandk. — 'Plie third cify of Rio Grande do Sul is S. Rcdro
do Rio Grande. We • were there in l.SUi. In 19Uo we had to go there-
a second time and were quite surprised at the progress tlie eity had
undergone. It took good advantage ol" that decade. Its port has each
day more movement. It is a beauty. A well built stone quay,
lines the city, and allows middle draught boats to come alongside to
load and unload. In the anchorage place we see the transatlantic
steamers. All the flags have places in this rcndcz-uoiis of interna-
tional commerce.

Rio Grande city has much enlarged its area and has open splen-
did straight and wide streets. Its houses, genei-ally one flooi- ones.

fiiii'i

mmpn

Uio (ii-aiule

.Mai'c'clial I'ldiiaiio Slrcel

are modest, l)u( a few public and pi-ivatc Ixiildings avo ariirniing the
ti-ansfoi-niatiou power oT wealth in (lie physiognoui\- (»f llie cities of
to-day.

Certain striu^ts as (Jeneral I'Moriano one, are lined altogethei-
with fin(^ buildings with uppei- stories and nice architecture. In this
street w(^ can see the vai-iety and lichiu'ss of the Rio (Jrande com-
merce. In the evening it is a pleasure to go out for a walk, by the
light of the (c Auei- » gas-light, and look at the dry-goods and di'css-
mak(;rs windows, to sec the coff(M'-houses lull of natives and stran-
gers, tlu^ l)iHiard-rooms, the bi'eweri<>s, all ol I liese lively and gay
as in th(i cosnu)politan eiti(!s.

— 5fi5 —

Public cabs uiid caiiiaocs imim liciv and llinc in all .liirrtions.
loaded trucks o„ a„d ,.,„„(. ,„ .^„,, ,•,.,,,,, j,^^. ^^^^.^^.^ .^^^^j ^1^^^ n.-usboyK

cry out the names of the city papers and latest news. An.l Nvliat K"od
papers tills city lias. Some capitals of State hav.- not iu this srnsr
anything that can be compared willi if.

Another street of much life and moiv so dmin}- the day time is
the Kiacliuelo street, along boiilconni abm-sidr il„. p,„t. i)aved
with st(me blocks filled uith houses Nvitli upper stories on ..ne side
as the other is the quay. There is the Custom-House . liie d..me of
which can be seen above the i-oof of the other hons.-s.

-l""'","""" ^'■

IT rr
n r

>^w

I'lio GraiHle. — Mimicipalily "s S(|ii;iii

There are quite a few other wide and well paved streets as N'inte
e <^)uatro de Maio and others.

Several public squares have gardens and works of ornamental art.

As soon as we reach the city we see a garden in front of the
Post Office. In it is a column , a monument to commemorate the
freedom of the slaves, which, we believe to be the only monument
in Brazil erected to celebrate this great national date. That vei-y
pul)lic garden has a large fountain of great effect among the decora-
tive vegetation that surrounds it.

Another most beautiful square is the one called Tiradentes. It is
a new one. It was not there when we paid our first visit to that
city. It is a large one, surrounded by railing what neither increases
nor diminishes its beaut3^ Inside is a kind of lake or rather a
little river crossed here and there by bridges. Pretty swans populate
this thin little thread of water. The lawns and flower beds present a
charming display of colors.

— 5«6 —

At an angle of that hpaiiliful pul)lic garden, all surrounded by
nice buildings, is the Benelicencia Portugueza, with a rose color
front, manueline style, it is the pride of the district. A little farther
ahead is the vSalvador protestant church, of superb scottish-gothic
lines, surrounded by an artistic railing with a kind of a tower.

Once we have spoken of those buildings, we must cite the City
Hull, with two pavements and nice front of a sobei" and classic style.
It is one of the best in the State."

The Army Head (Quarters is next to that building and is also a
fine two floor l)uilding, and looks to tlie garden of the square. It is
a noble l)uilding with but little ornamentation.

The church is a solid piece of heav}' architcM'turc, two towers and
a fi ont with windows, of a type so common in the churches built in
the eighteenth centuiy. Gomes Freirc in 17.>j ordered it to be erected
on the foundation of the primitive church which had been destroyed
by a fire, caused by lightning, (iomes Freire built the front and the
main altai" and the people built the rest.

The old church was then away from the village.

There were then two chapels, the Sant'Aniui one, half a league
away, and the Lapa, a wooden one.

Besides the Matriz church and several others the city has the
Bomfim church, new in style and construction, all white as an
expression of purity.

Few institutions honor so much a city as the Rio Grandense
Libi-ary does. It is supported by an association of lovers of litera-
ture. It is admired b^' all the visitoi-s. It is installed in a large
though one floor building, owned by the association. It has large
halls for reading rooms and 30,000 volumes. When we visited it, we
noticed among the frequenters a numl)er of privates and petty offi-
cers of the army, and we were glad to see them there at night, em-
l)loying the best way they could have done their leisure liours.

In II io (Jrande, as in Porto Alegre and Telotas, several nice
pai)ers are published, of large size, modern features. There are two
morning and four afternoon newsjnipers. Of the morning ones the
Dinrio do Rio (irundc is the oldest of the State and excepting Joi-
nal do Conunercio of Rio de Janeiro, it is the oldest in all lirazil.
The « Artistu » one of the afternoon papers has no less than I'J
yeai's of uiiint('ri"ii])l('d i)ul)li('ation. 'IMie Rio (iraiidc city is a city of
much futui'c. I>y the census of IS'.K) its population was ICt.OOO inha-
bitants. The last census gives it 22.000 not counting the subuibs
(Porto Novo, Trahim and jVIangueira). With those would present at
least ."'>().( )!)(>. ThcrilN' is on (lie l);iiik of llic channel fitrincd 1)\- the

— 5fi7 —

ocean about 12 kilometres away iVom the bar, aiul :'.:!(i kib.mctrfH
away Iroin the Capital. It is built on a sandy and .|uit.- plain
peninsula.

Were it not for the port, we could not understand how man
shoidd have selected such a centiv of threatninj,- sands to huild a
city on. To be sure, an irrational and blind force presides the birth
of cities in this continent. Those who see Kio (hande for the first
time cannot help but think of the possibility of oiviiiH in or i-ather of
being- smothered by those mountains of fine sand wbi(di surround it
on all sides.

S. Jose do Xorte. — Is a small city in front of the ])re('edin;;
one. This one and Rio Grande form, each one on its side the ennui
where the Lagoa dos Patos empties itself into the Atlantic ocean.
Its soil is very sandy but it is very good for the cultivation of pota-
toes, tomatoes and onions, of which it exports to Santos.

Uruguay'axa. — Is one of the good cities of the Rio (irande State.
It has 13. 038 inhabitants by the census of lOOO. It is (m the bank of
an enormous river — the Uruguay. In front of it is the Argentine
village Restanracion. The Commerce of Uruguayana grows very
much just because it is in the frontier. It develo])ed a good deal
after the inauguration of the railway connecting it with Alegrete.

Soon we will be able to travel bj' railway between this city and
the Capital, that is, 710 kilometres. The best buildings of Ifuguay-
ana are : the Custom-House, the Carlos Gomes theatre, the large
Matriz Church, the City Hall, the municipium Public School antl the
Federal garrison barracks.

Bagk. — This is a most picturesque city. It is bathed by a modest
little river, after which the city was named. It is the most important
city of the interior because of its location, because of its commerce
and industry. Its main buildings are : The Charity Hospital in one
of the suburbs, the Beneficencia Portugueza, the Beneficencia Ita-
liana, the Matriz church, the City Hall, a beautiful theatre, the
Nossa Senhora da Conceicilo church, the large barracks, tlie market,
and the pretty railway Station.

Bage was a hamlet in lS4(i, became a village in the same \ car,
and city by law of 15 th December 1859.

It is 528 kilometres away from the Capital and has 1::. K'.;: inha-
bitants by the last census.

SantAxxa do Livramexto. — Is at the west side of Bage. It is
curious because it is the frontier more connected with a foreign na-
tion. It suffices to sav that only one street separates it from the

— 568 —

neighboring- Uruguay republic, tlie houses on one side belonging to
the Brazilian city and those ol' the opposite side belonging to
Rivera an Oriental or Uruguayan city. During the constant civil
wars in Ui'uguay, lAvrnmenlo justilies chiarly its name, treeing the
refugees i'rom the viohnices the\' would suffer if tlicy couldn't escape
so easily to a neuter teri'itory.

They sa\' that the hills are very rich in uiincrals, (|iiitc easy lo Ix-
exploited but remain intact.

It has a good conimerce and the dairy industry is well dcvel()])ed.
Among its best buildings we cite : the City, tlie Matriz clnircli, the
Barracks, the ('hai'ity Hospital and the Theatre.

It was a hamlet in 1848, became a village in 18."7 and city in ISTC).

It is 701 kilometres away from the Capital and 225 kilometres
away Irom I). Pedrito,

Cruz Alta. — It is a city of about 5.000 inhabitants. It is 500 kilo-
metres away from Porto Alegre. It is ceutrally located and is the seat
of a municipium very rich of matte (Brazilian tea). It was but a vil-
lage in 1850 and there were not over 60 houses, but to-day theie
are over 200 for a population of 4.000 inhabitants. Tlic buildings
worth noting ai'e : the City Hall, the Jail, the Railway station of the
road connecting it with Porto Alegre, the Carlos Gomes theatre, the
Matriz church, in which they are working and have been doing it for
the last 40 years, the Municipal School, the cemetery and a public
fountain .

Built on a high hill, we can observe from there the most beautiful
panoramas.

Its climate is unexcelled as to health, and it suffices to say that
weeks go by without one single death occui-ring.

"Two newspapers of small size arc i)ublished there.

S. (Jahrikl. — It is difficult to find a more pictures(iue small citx
than this one. It is on the left bank of ai'iver — (he \'accacahy. It
is a city with relative good commerce and a livel\' one and besides
the river has a railway.

It is the military centre of the State, and is served by the Kstra-
da de Ferro Porto Alegre to Urugunyana (railway) (hat has a l)ran<']i
line going there. It has S.OOI) inhabitants.

It became city iu IS.50.

It is 507 kilom(!tres away from Porto Alcgi'e by I'ailway.

Its ])rincipal buildings ai'(^ : the CilA' Hall, (he Mali'iz Clnn(4i. the
Rarracks and olhcis of sniallci' importance.

AiJMiKKTK. — A pi'ctlN- cil_\- with 1 I . I.'IS inhaltitants Ity a i-cccnl

— 569 —

Official rensus. Jt is on a hill „„ ,|,, |,.|( ImmU of tl,,. I l.in.j.uM.Mn
river.

Its principal huildinos arc: (he City Hall, the Mairi/ .•hur.-h. th-
Charity Hospital, the I'd.-ral tro„ps barracks, an.! Ihr I'.Mto Al.-
grc to Ui-iigayana railway slat ion.

This city owes its orio-i,, t„ the Manpiis ,lr M^rrlr uho in Isi;
<.r.lercd a church tube bnilt on the banks ..f (he !l,i,apnytan. uith
(he name of Xossa Scnliora da Apparecida.

Alcgretc has two nc^wspapcrs, Ik. (els. wine dis( illeiies. breweries
and other factoi'ics.

S. I.KOi'oijx). - it is one of (he pi-ettics( cities of i;i<. (iiande.
It used to be an old European colony. It has a po]>ulation of I l.(»l.-
inhabitaiits. It has wide and straight streets, carefully dean. Then!
is no great movement in the city, especially to those who go from
Porto Allegre, to which it is connected by one hour railway ride.

It is on the left bank of Sinos river and at the North of the
Capital.

It is a calm city. It reminds one of Germany. Its niuniei[)iuni
prospers because of its industry and developed agricuKurc. It has a
nice church, the noted Jesuits College, the City Hall, (he Kiieipi.
establishment and other nice buildings.

S. Leopoldo owes its origin to a German colony that settled there
in 1824. It is a city since 1864 and is 33 kilometres away from (he
Capital.

Its fame comes from an excellent high school — the S. Leopold
College — directed by some Jesuits and which was C(mstituted an
educational centre for the children of the wealthy families of these
southern States.

S. Lriz DE MosTARDAs. — It is an interesting village, placed on
the sandy sea-coast, which is seen by those travelling in the South,
near the Rio Grande de Sul coast. There is no traveller who doesn't
know this Mostardas sea-shore. The village is behind the sand
banks, seen from afar, looking like a flat shore. S. Moreii'a Alvcs — a
Brazilian writer — says about this place : <( After passing by Solidao,
S. Simao, etc., after crossing enormous sand-banks that ai'c to be
seen all along the coast of this State, how surprised will not the
traveller be, when he sees, far away, very far away, the tower of
the Mostardas church ?

Jaguarao. — It is a small city in front of Artigas, of the Oriental
Republic, -having I'.OOO inhabitants.

Among its public buildings it has : the City Hospital, small but

— 570 —

neat and in hygienic conditions, the Military Hospital, the Matrix
church, etc. In the central part of Jaguarao we see a pretty square
with a gai'den. The two clubs — the Jaguarense and Quinzc de
Xovembro are the animation points in the small city.

Jaguarao was a hamlet in 1<S1;>, it became a village in 1832 and
city in 1855.

It is 470 kilometres away from Porto Alegre.

Many other villages and cities are growing up settled by tlus
rivers. The Rio Grande is the only State that has its territory
evenly filled with villages and cities. It has no large tracts of empty
lands. The civilisation work impelled by the governments and haste-
ned by European colonies goes ahead every day. Industry grows,
business develops. Rio Grande do Sul is destined to i)lay an impor-
tant role among the other States.

THE STATE OF MINAS GERAES

Minas is the medulla (or marrow bone) of Brazil. It is its heart
not only in a geographical or material sense, but because the most
energetic characteristics of nationality are tliei'c crystalised as woU
as its faults and its best virtues.

Thus Minas is a miniature of the great fatherland. It is as if hid-
den by its proper mountains. Of all the other most important States
is the only one having no maritime boundary lines. We might say
that it selected this location in the interior of the continent (o keep
better the enormous treasures hidden in its bosom.

Of all the American countries, only five — United States, Mexico,
Argentine, Peru, ('olombia — have a total population suj^erior to
the one of this Brazilian province.

What has originated these advantages, as wc must attril)utc to
each fact a cause ?

The climate? The excellency t)f its waters? The wealth of the
territory ?

All those factors together? It is most })r()l)ably that. In fact
there is not a tract of Bi-azilian land disputing to the valleys and hills
of Minas the reputation given to this State by natives and foreigners.
It is a place woi-tliy of being the fii'st residence of man , as it was
idealized by biblic poetry.

In the State of Minas what doesn't hide gold, contains iron ; what

— 571

does not contain (.(,al, spreads diann.nds: - i,, a u..ni. Minus I.m. ;.
treasury in every inch of ground in all its ri<-li i<MTii..ry.

The physiognomy of the ground is very c.nnplcx and hrh-no
geneous. It suffices to look to a map of that region.

Thenortliern part of the State, the Nvi.h'st , is visil.K in.-lined
towards the valley of Sao Franeiseo. not as a ph.in. hut in.-lined.
filled with hills, now dispersed, by and bye in gi-onps.

The south-east part more crossed by roa<is. in spite ofthe liills. in

Dr. Joao Piiilieiin. — (iovt'iiior of the M:ilc of Miiias (ieraes

continuous chains and irregular tops, presents itself more crowded
with cities. The best cities of Minas are to be found there.

In olden times, in the ages of difficulties, when there were no

■ means of transportation but animal backs and the trucks pulled by

i oxen, Minas Geraes saw gathering in the valleys of its hills a race

that tore its stony bosom, removing earth and stone in such quantities

that after centuries had elapsed they could see with wonder the

ruins of such work.

Eighty thousand miners tired themselves to death in a task
of 100 years duration hunting the hidden veins, under the mountains.

— 572 —

•

Thousands ol' kilos of pure <;()I(l were lorn from the hard (juart/. and
sent to Lisbon.

The kings of I'oitugal received gold in abundance, enough to get
satisfied, but they never satiated their thirst for gold. Only one of
them, Joao V, I'eeeived from the inexhaiistil)le bosom of Minas ac-
cording to an histoi-ian : <f I'.iiKOOOMMJ criisudos, 100. (tOO gold coins,
ol5 silver mai'cos, 21,500 gold marcos, 8.."j(Hi kilos gold dust, .'SIKI oi-
lavos gold weight and 10 million crusados diamonds, not including
the product of the taxes in the value of oiu' fifth of all the gold
produced ! ))

Accoi'ding to a calculation made l)y the Harao de Kschewege, in
front ol" official documents « the quantity of diamonds taken from

licllo lldi'izonli'. — Pai'ao|it'l)a Avoinic

Minas Geraes until 1822 was 165.7(J0 ^/4 eighths, and it can be as-
sured that the smuggled portion amounts to as much as this. »

The whole province was like a gallery, a vast underground one,
where at the sound of the tools, free men and slaves, in the same
dust, the same pains, had to live that ungi-ateful life, at the king's
governors' services as well as of any man with the slightest portion
of2)ower. « Generally at that time Minas (Jeraes was avast conquest,
simultaneously explored by all ranks of dominators, from the king,
oiir nuisler, until the humblest of soldiers. To devour the i)ri/.e
without rest or commiseration, such was the common object, and in
that voracious anxiety it was not strange that one slu)uld invade tiie
ground of his neighbor, and sometimes even tlie governors would pe-
netrate th(^ king's dominions. When not even the kiiig was respet'ted
imagine how the people were robbed, the por)i- people, willionl any
giiarant(M's of rights, biii(l(>ned witli work, diit ies, tributes, without a
I'ight to (Milei- coniplainls, mute, day and night always tcri'ori/i'd. »

— 57:5 —

To-day the oold isnol ,ni„(,,l l,y tl„' kin.n l.iil hy I he in.l.isiry i„:m.
the private owner who can and wants to explore ii. Tlial t.-iritory
half liidden, among the hills, is the open shop lor all the exiles (if
the fortune, health and ])olities : to the first . turns into ;r„|,i and
diamonds, as the safe of a n)illi„naire at .iescript i<.n : for i he "<■<•., nds,
opens the 100 marvels of spring waters; and to the latter, the safety
of a refuge twiee advantageous; for the peeuliarities of the vast soil
and the system of laws and i)uhlie eustoms having tolerance as a
hasis as well as fii-mness and seriousness

It is singular. This populated territory of Brazil, notwithstan-
ding its density of population of 5,9 per scpiare kilometre, w hen
the general average is of not more than 2,1, has no large city. The
cities of 50.000 and upwards are in States far less important than
Minas Geraes. None of the Brazilian cities having over !(M».(mm)
belong to Minas.

But, the best cities in Minas are not the most populated ones,
neither the most populated are the oldest. Ouro Preto, the famous
Villa Rica of former times, was until lately the Capital of the power-

— 57+ —

fill State, wiiicli is woi-tli by itself, a respectable nation. Well, Ouro
Preto, as a Capital was a deception for the visitor. Placed in the
mountains it was a city without level, it looked more like a hidden
place for animals than residence for men.

To be sure the selection of such place was justified when they did
it, because of the wealth of the place and that can be seen in the

document of its installation. « supposed that did not find conv("-

nient place, taking in consideration the wealth promised by the

mines worked in these hills, the principal part of these mines it

is resolved so to execute » What profits came out of that selection?
Due perhaps to that improper localisation, Ouro Preto never liad
the appearance of a Capital, as either of the ex-province or of the
State deserved.

The State constitution having prescribed the removal of the
Capital to a place that detailed studies should determine , President
Affonso Penna charged the ('ivil Engineer Aarao Reis, to plan and
build a new Capital.

On the 1st of March 1894 Dr. Aarao Reis installed himself in the
unsheltered hamlet called Ciirral d'El-rey, the old name of Bello
Horizonte, and with a large committee undertook the work. First
of all a branch line of 14 kilometres track for a railway con-
necting the place with the Central of Brazil railroad had to be built.

The works began with such an activity that on the 4th of
November of the next year licenses were given for private houses
to be built. It is necessary to note that this was a mere little place a
hamlet, and everything had to be done to make up the city that is
there to-day.

The natives of Minas Oeraes spent w ith the construction of the
new Capital, including the branch railway to Bello Horizonte,
33.073:000$00(). Of this -iU.rjIitkOOO.Siar) was treasury money and reve-
nue collected by the building committee from the sale of grounds
3.537 :00l)$2«<). Of this total we must deduct 2. 800: 000*000, amount
for which the State sold to the Union tlie branch railway line, and
2.000:000$00() amount spent with the building of houses of officials
and public employees and which are mortgage to the State. When
we visited Bello Horizonte foi- the first time in 1*.)03, it was already
finished and in full period of enlargement. We were glad of it, as
they had informed me of the Contrary.

After crossing the (UK) kilometres of i-ailway that connects tiiis
city to Rio de .Janeiro, at ten o'clock on a nice bright and sunny day,
we arrived at the entrance of the branch line leading to the city, the
station of which is of oi'igiiial architecture, immediately indicating

— 67B —

that we are going- to see new things. It is lij... tl... a.lvrrtis..„H-n. .„•
poster m stone and lime about the next perlorniance t., appear.

From this station called General Carncir.,, to lU-Wn 1I„. i/„„t,. is
but half an hour railway ride and we ei.tei- the neu Capital by a
pretty portico which is the Minas station. This is au ample huihli,.^r
with a white tower reminding us of luiddle age times. This t„Nver
elevates itself above the houses with a four dial dock.

The station looks to a large square just finishing its ganh-n built
by Mayor Bressane when we visited that city. From the t..wer we

Bcllu Ildi'izoiili'. — Minus Slalioii, ol llic Kslraila ilc ht-nu (Ifiilial

can see a fine picture. What an excellent selection of a place for a
city of peace and liberty !

The whole city seems to rock itself in the balsamic breeze that
softly blows suspense between the surrounding mountains as a web
of light. Its streets run straight towards the green of the hills, with
that eternal beauty of order, and so large, so symetric as if they had
to let go through, all the people of this world together. These streets
are lined bj^ new and graceful buildings which are being ccmstructed
here and there.

Dominating them, under an enormous terrace that is like the
head of the city, we distinguish, lining the square, the white and
rose color buildings, the Government palaces and several Depart-

57fi —

ments ol" tlie Adniinistnition. Coming down Irom tliere to tlic limit
of the buildings, we see the bulky muss of light yellow of the police
barracks, in a i)osition of sentry of the city. In the centre of this in a
valley of a little river called Ai-i-adas, tlu^ (;ngineers made a park
(juite wide and artistic. This was an idea applauded by all visiioi-s,
for the way all curves of the river and accidences of the ground
were taken advantage of to bring out in relief the garden.

A street wider than all the others, the Affonso Penna Avenue,
divides into sec^tions from one end to the other, in two ecjual ))arts, all
the built region, and with its symetric rows of magnolias go to the
meeting of the motintain sides which ga\(' name to tlic old liamlet,
the Curral d'El-Rey mountain.

A (Idilc (iT llic Soi'i'a ild ('.iirijil on tin' w;iv lu Oiiro I'ri'ln

The t()pograi)hy of the i)lace where Hello llori/.ontc is slowly
accidented composing itself of the valley wIum'c the primiti\(» liamlet
was boi-n and died, and some hills, and souirounding mountain
base. There engineering was previously engaged in correcting
natui'c, filling in grounds, opening places, softening the lougli i)ai'ts
of it without giving it the monotony of a plain without contrasts.

This way IJello Horizonte has the i)hysiognomy of just centi-e
among the hilly cities and i)lain ones sharing of the advantages of
both these ty'i)es, without the cxaggeratif)ns of any cxt'lusivisui in
one sense oi- other.

The city is more oi- less in the altitude of S. I'aiilo city or
Curityba, some SOO meti-(is above the see-level. l>ul ('urityl)a with
its Kuropean cold, S. Paulo with its sudden changes of temperature
cannot give an idea of the mild and unexpected <'limate of Hello
Ilori/onte.

— 577 —

As to tlie public services they arc splcndi.!. Tlic ;ulM.,isaii<,n Jlic
most rational and the most artistic of any Soulli AnM-riran .-iiv. TIm^
sewage, the water supply, 1]h> illnmiiKilion. tl.r rlrririr i, an.svuv.
everything corres])ouds to flic id, -a ,,r ;, modnn Cupiial.

The arborisation about which we canuot say loo murh is a mar-
vel. The whole city gives us tlu; im])r(!ssion of a large garden.
I At night the city is melancholic. It goes to sleep very early, as it
is c(mvenient for a new city rcndly so young. Tin; illuminaiion is not
profuse. It is far from that bi-ightness of Manaos and even certain
sti'cets in S. Paulo.

iW%

pf'

Bello Horizoiile. — Seiialc-Ilousc

Only in Bahia street all lined with business houses, we notice
some life up to ten o'clock at night, crowds of loungers and now and
then a carriage going by.

After that hour the tramways become scarce, the crowds arc
dispersed, hardly one or other remains in the streets and cvi'n
Bahia street is wrapped in comi)lete silence as if it were at sound
sleep. The other streets look like the cloisters of a convent, wiih
suspended lamps, here and there. If it rains there is one more ele-
ment to put the city to sleep early. The streets that are not paved
have a kind of reddish surface which does not absorb as (piickly as
it receives the rainy water and makes a kind of stick\- and disagreea-

— 578 —

ble mud sticking to tlie shoes of those who have to go through.
Luckily the tramways and public carriages save the situation.

Excepting S. Paulo, no State has at present a better or more
complete official installation than this city.

The Palaces of the Government, Secretary of Interior, Agricul-
tural Dejjartment etc, occupy a large square in Liberdade square.
The first one with its small park looks to the front of the square
entirely dominating it.

It is an imposing building, with three fronts, the main one looking
to the square being of a most beautiful effect. It is all of stone with
a bust of the Republic,

It has two stories. The ground one has the vestibule, the barracks
for the guard. The upper story, the noble Hall in front, dining-room,
library, office, private appartments of the governor, and side galle-
ries in form of towers, round ones, with 7 metres diameter, surround-
ed by seven windows decorated by columns of ionic style (fancy
w'ork) and roof in half-sphere form with oil paintings decorations.
It occupies a surface of 1.898 square metres, with 30,50 metres front,
52 depth, and 20,50 height.

An ample marble stairway leads the way up. It is a piece of
artistic work.

The walls are decorated, the ceiling has the allegory to Liberty,
Order, Fraternity and Progress, and the whole is fine work in colors
and gold.

They told us that this building cost the State government about
1.400:000^000. It was well spent money. It is the first building of its
kind in all the States. The Palaces of the Government of S. Paulo,
Petropolis, Bahia, which are new and large cannot be compared
with it. Those of Florianopolis , Maceio and Curityba are new but
have not that size. Those of Belem and Recife are large but heavy,
ungraceful Portuguese colonial style, strong but ugly.

The President or Governor of the Minas State is Dr. JoasPinheiio,
one of the most noted of public men of the country. He is a captain
of industry, very clever and active, he is a lawyer and literary man.
He was elected by unanimous vote to the dignity of governor. He has
held other official positions. He has been a member of the State
Congress and Federal Senator, always acting with good judgment
and devoted to his duties. He is a young man of progressive ideas
and strong initiatives.

In the same square where is the Governor's palace is the F*alaco
of the Interior, a large building with three floors.

Leaving the Liberty Sijuare at the side of this building is the

— 579

rFinanoe Department, large .,,,,1 i,„|,„si„«. „.,,.„ , „„ ,,„„i,.,

I on a small stairway. Th, sn,,,,,,! I ■ is „r i,- MM,. .,,,1 .l,,.'

above are corintliian style.

The three bodies of 'tl.e l.uil.lino, ,,,i„„,, ,„„. ,.„,.,, ^^,.,. ^^.^^

in such a way that tlio centre is a little insi.l.. TIm- sl:.i,•^^uv in this

as well as in the other bnilding rests on an iron fra.n,.. with' artisti.

supporters of beautiful effect. Inside it is d(.(.„rat,>,l in a sober sfvl.

but ot o-ood taste. Tt cost 853:078§,),K) and ll.al of,!.,. h.,..ri<,r about'

900;000$000.

On the opposite side to the (iovernoi-s Palacr i. tin- A.-ricd)..-

wjJsst'^.

Bello Horizoiitc. — (iovoriior's Paliice

ral Department, a little similar in its general lines to the one I just
mentioned but in details obeys to the Toscane style and it is jjlea-
sant. Like the other has in its fi'ont, thi-ee distinct bodies witli tlic
centre one a little in. Like the other it also has three pavements.

It has on the first floor, two windows on each of the side bodies.
In the central bodj^ is a wide iron door of i)retty and of artistic
design, with two smaller and narrow doors also of iron at the sides.
On the second floor are two windows on the side bodies and five in
the centre one. On the third floor, five in the centre, one on the sides.
In the side bodies of the building are in relief the initials S. A.

It is on the ground floor of that pretty building that the City
Hall of Bello Horizonte is provisionally installed.

— 580 —

There wo saw beautiful oil paintings representing- views of that
place in olden times, the seed of the great city.

Other buildings worth looking at are the Bai-ra(^ks of tlie Police
Force. Its front measures 112 m. 50 length. It has five different
bodies. The central one has 28 metres and 15 m. height, two side
ones are lower and two are towers at the extremities. On the
gi-ound I'looi- at the left is the cavalry squadron and at the right
the 1st company of the 1st infantry battalion. In the centre is the
major staff and general headquarters, the guard rooms and jail and
storage rooms.

B(!llo Iloiizunte. — Home deparliueiit and Uevcmic

On the superior i);ivemi'nt are tlie rooms and offii-es of the com-
mander and secretai'ies, etc. i

The stables are at the rear. We visited them with interest andj
found them in fine oi'der. |

\ext to this barracks is a target firing establishment. Both!
civilians and military men can practise shooting tliere. j

A little before the bai'racks is Santa Fj)higenia elinreh a pretty |
cluireli ofgotliie style. i

The ('it\' Hospital is a beautiful building though not so large as!
the Pan'i, IJeeife, or Haliia ones and mueli less than the Kio de .lanei-
ro one. it is a bnilding of a r;inr\- arcliiteclure , a niixt ure of tin'

— 5R1 —

j.(.tliic and classical licllenic styles. The main .Mil ran. •.■ is .,f st.,,,...
The front lias a g-roiiiid l-JOmetres Ion-. .\1 the si.ie in .lilferrnt plans
forming Avings are vast wards eight by thirty n.eti-es. Inside i^ ^,,.|I
ventilated with curved ceilings and large windows.

The central building has an upper story and has a very largr d.i-.r
where ai-e going to be installed the chen.isti-y iaix.i-alcry. storage
rooms, and employers rooms.

The Eello Horizonte market has a severe aspect. Its licni |,a^

L' metres length by four width, and two sicU' wings nu'asnring
22 metres by four each.

^ In its front which looks to the Quatorze de Fevereiro square
are two pretty towers 13 metres high by four length and by four
width placed at the extremities.

The building which cost 200:000$000 is covered with metal and
surrounded by a sidewalk two metres wide, protected by an extend-
ed roof. The floor is cimented.

We must also mention : the fine church, Flemish style, called

« Sagrado Coraoao de Jesus; tlie Gymnasio Mineiro in a fine build-
ing near the Interior Department; the Law College, a fine build-
ing ; the Federal Treasury Department Branch and Government
Savings Bank, with its front in Scottish style without synietry but
of beautiful effect; the Senate a large building but of little architec-
tonic value; the State Congress; the Police Department, a most
elegant and appropriated building; the Official Printing Office of
aristocratic side, but without decoration; the Grand Hotel at the
corner of two large streets, painted rose color and last but not the
least the Matriz church now being finished — S. Jose — design of the

MM f !? r^F^' ill j ti_X»-l '>

Hello Horizonlc. — Barracks of the Public Force

Brazilian architect Xascentes Coclho. It is of niodorn nuinucliiw
style, 30 metres by (JO and the central Ur^er 10 metres high up to

the cross.

PUHLIC InSTRIU'TION , TrANSI'OH TATION , CoM^tERCK. — Miuas

(Jeraes recentl\' pr(!scnted the following about its schools statistics :
From '>:>{) districts: iuiml)er of ])upils 52.655 being ;>1.501 males and
•Jl.ir.l IciiKih-s. \v[ thei-e are 17.71.'. male children and 1 l,(vi;> fcnialf
ones, or ;i total of ;!"J.;ir)(» children wlio <h> not receive :iny instruction.
Receive instruction in State schools 1 1 .'.MS cliiidrcn, in private !inc>.
1. IOC) and a( lionic .SlT).

— 583 —

There are in the State 1.501 grammar schools. Of these 188 are in
the city and 1.013 in the interior. There are 671 for males, <i4r) for
females and 184 mixed.

During- 1903 there were ^.S.OiiS pupils registered in the schools,
ID.l'il males, 13.647 females. The fre<iuentation was iluis 1;{,I|;;.
being 7.556 males and 5.557 females.

There is a well known Miner Engineering College in Oino lM«'to
which renders great services and 15 professional schools in other
cities.

In that very city is a magnificent Pharmacy College with 300
pupils which enjoys a very good reputation all over the country.
In the Capital the State maintains the Gymnasio Mineiro, Law
College, several Normal colleges in interior cities. In Barbabaceiui
is the Internato do Gj'^mnasio ( Boarding Gymnasium with 100
pupils. It is a model institute. It has a library with lO.OCM) volumes
and i.i Juiz de Fora is the Commerce Academy.

We will not forget the Public library recently founded in Bello
Horizonte with 15.000 volumes, a good start. At present there are in
Minas 51 public libraries distributed by the principal cities. Of Nor-
mal colleges we cite : Ouro Preto, Sahara, Juiz de Fora, Campanha,
Diamantina, S. Joao d'El-Rey, Uberaba, Arassuahy and Montes
Claros with from 150 to 200 pupils each.

As to railways only one State is superior to Minas — it is
S. Paulo.

The ) ailway-net of the State of Minas in 1002 was 3.480 kilometres
thus distributed :

Minas railways Metres

Leopoldina 8i2.15G

Oeste de Minas .... ()84.000

Sapucahy 371.000

Bahia e Minas 233.800

Muzambinho 94.895

Cataguazes 48.180

Joao Gomes a Piianga . . 26.564

Paraopeba 12.000 2.3I21«,59:;

Federal roads Metres

Central do Brazil .... o74..')92

Minas e Rio 147.000

Muzambinho 144.000

Mogjana 502.000 U67k.o92

Total 3.480''. 187

The State of Minas has spent until now with railways :
In subsidies : 892:764$000.

— 584 —

Tn guarantees of intcirst 'J l.l():J:101S000 distributed hy tlic follow-
ing- roads :

l>cn|i()l(liiia. . . .
Ocstc (te iMiiins . .
Sapuoahy ....
Miizainl)iiilMi .
Jofid GoiiK's a l'iiaiii>a

Jn loans 15.875:412$051 being :

Sapncahv

Miizanihiiilio . . . .

Espii'ilo Saiil(j (■ Minns.

'Jnlal.

«.! 75:821 S-WJ

7.0'2-2:95iS165

H.il8:.'^2l$7io

140:438S;84:i

406:iooS67i

Tcilal. . 2 i. 162: 1 01 $938

(5.!)2n:OOOSOOO
;i.Gi4:412S05l
,-.oll:()00$nOO

i:;.K7;K5l-2SO.-il

IjcIIii llori/oiilc. I'lililu' mark

It s])(!nl w itli the K. V. Haliia and Minas (i)ui'eliase, loan, eons- j
truetion of extension till Tlieophilo Oltoni, studies till Arassiiali\l
IC). I'.M :<S()7$7,S<S, Altogether 57.rj'J:2;ir)§777.

Tlic total revenue of these State raih\ ays was in l.sS'.i, ;;.<is;{:'.»'.h),5; IS'J :
in lUOU, <S.2i:i:057$:>r,': in 1<K)1 , I (i. •,'•_>•,' :(iNS;S-J IT and in 1 '.>(>:' .
1:5.121 :50'J*()()0.

Mr I Its

'I'li-fiav llir cxlciisidii of i';iil\\;i\s ill (i|H'iali(iii is .".<518.277

I'lciii^ sulisidi/cii i}\- wilii rdiiicssidii iiniii the Mali' .... 2. 310.(58;)

Male r(iiiccssiiiii nr |ir(i|iri-lv iii llic I iiidii I.337..")i>2

lutai 7.2!K).;k>1

— 585 -

Tlierc ;ir(.' now in coiistriiclioii doo kildinclrcs in scvnul lines,
concessions li-oni tlic Stiiic an<l llic I'nioii. Only tin- ( '.■iili:il iJia/il
liiilway is ubonl to inaugurate loo kilonicli-cs.

• Thus by the close ol" this year r. IOC) the Mi nas Stale will >it its
railways with an extension of ovei- I.OOO kilometres.

The Police force ol' the State of Minas is constituted \,\ a Police
Brigade composed of 1.(100 privates and loO officers, forming iliree
infantry battalions and a cavaliy scjuadion all under the coniniuml
of a colonel generally a regular army officer.

The battali(ms have not an equal numl)cr of men. 'I'lnis is, thai
the first has Ol'.i men in the bai-i-acks wc (lescril)ed above. iIm-
second in the city of Ubcraba witli :iIO men, and tin- third in Dia-
mantina with 350 men. Only the eomijany housecl in tlic ilello
Horizonte barraeks has a band of musie.

The cavalry squadron commanded by a captain has -Joo men.

They don't all use the same rifle. They use Comblain. Mauser.
Chassepot, etc.

Xatural wealth, Industries, Manufacti:kixg. — None of the
Brazilian States except Bahia disposes of so many natural resources
and so valuable as Minas Geraes and none has had so deserving
fame of the abundance and excellency of these resources as the
laj^ers of the State of Minas.

Gold and diamonds have been for a long time the principal
wealth of Brazil. Recently, since some IH years ago they discovered
enormous layers of manganese which were immediately placed
under industrial exploitation as the^^ were by the Central Brazil
railwa}^ road.

In the Northern region of the State they recently discovered
layers of precious stones and according to the official paper, it has
increased much of late the exploitation of the toi)az, the anu'lhyst,
the turmaline and other precious st(mes, which have been largely
sought especially in the Bahia mai'kets.

The quantities of gold extracted from Minas Geraes at the time
of the Portuguese dominion seem incredible. It suffices to say that
in the period from 1700 to 1820 the taxes or duties collected on that
metal were 7.1o7,5 a. with a value of 53.529:750S000. « The gold
extracted during that period amounted to 35.687,5 a. with a value of
257.(i56:500$000, falling to the Ouro Preto district 22 "o, Sahara 23";„,
Marianna 25 % and the balance divided by the other districts. »>

From the message of Vice-president Costa Serra we transcribe a

Hi-"'

— 586 —

table of gold exported by Minas Geraes with its official value dnr
the years \S96 to 1001 :

(iranimes

li>-is

1896. .

1 .988.0-27

:;..")97.i(;9.s2.">o

I«'.)7. .

. -2.253.^211

7 ISS:(;8:iST()i

i«y«. .

5.090.2o:i

|n.8|i;:072S82.'5

1899. .

. i. 192.414

l5.(iH2:.-wl.Sit)7

1900. .

. 4. .■504.688

l.").51I:;ilH,?5.")."

1901. .

4.012.221

i(t.771:(i7l$HII

Total.

. 19..s21.2()9

(JI.!0r,:G72.«;i:;i

-: f

Bt'llt) llul i/,tililc. — 1 Tuiil \U'\\ 111 III!' .Miiia.s (.MiiiiMMimi

This does not inelude the gold-dust exj^oi'led duriug the same
period.

It is impossible in a book like this one to enter into details of
information about the gold-mines being worked now. They are not so
few that I n)ight give their list here with details.

Among them, however, ihei-e is the Morro Vellio, directed by an
able mine engineer Mr. Chalmers. This mine has all moderji
apparatus and tools for its exploitation out of which excellent results
have been obtained.

Inexhaustiblk Manganesk Mines. — As to the exploitation of

■

...V

— 587 —

manganese oxides we may say that not even 1 "/„ of tlie known and
discovered layers in this State is contrihuting towards the fortinu'of
the country, because until now they only arc exploit in^^ those by the
roads of the railway companies. Vet nothing is nioic int«M-osting than
to look at the activity in the work of thos(^ hiy(!rs as we cnss that
region in the Central of Hrazil trains. From the Laffayctc Station
on principally in Mignel Kurnier wo had the oj)i)ortiiniiy to Ix- pre-
sent to the shipping of enormous quantities of mineral in freight
cars that were to carry it to Rio de Janeiro wherefrf)n) it \\:i< '" l-e

Bello Horizonlo. — Tlio Law-Sfliuol

forwarded to Europe or Xorth America. The State of Minas is becom-
ing one of the large exporters of this important element of industry
of mineral extraction. These figures indicate the progress it has

had.

Quantities of manganese transported by the Central
OF Brazil railway

Years Tons

1900 92-fiOI

1901 «^-J«^-J

1902 111.542

1903 «««>'0t>

1904 21-.980

190o :J46.000

— 588 —

It is opportune to publisli lierc^ some remarks made l)y tlie
A noers- Bourse about the exploitation of manganese in Brazil ini-
tiated in Minas with great success :

(( Tlie manganese industry in Brazil, still quite recent, as it has
only some twelve years of existence, promises to become the most
sei'ious competitor of the manganese commerce. If they have delayed
exploiting the layers of manganese in Brazil it is because, with the
economical crisis conseiiuence of the forced circulation of papci-

Minas. — Tlif ai(;;il lalls ol luinlius dc ('-;ii;iiii'<il;i iiii llic rnuilici' nf Minas and liin

money, in this South American Republic, such brani'li d' imliisir.x
was absolutely onerous.

As it is known manganese is especially used by steel fac-torics,
and melallurgic indusli"i(;s are not yet developed in Soiitli Anu'rica.
It is, then, exclusively foi* expoi-t that wcciui base the exploitation
of the numganese lay(U's.

The first were discovered in ISSS by an engineei" eni])l()ye(l in
the constfuction of llie Central Railway of iiiMzil near the Miguel

— r.K«» —

Buinici- station (State of Minas (ieraes). A Brazilian .iipitalist was
the first to export manganese to Knoland and llic lUitcd Stall's
and a series of analysis made in those counti-ics showed that the
Brazilian mineral contains as an average ovei- .V, ■ ,, nl' niaiij,'aneHe.
Xowhei-e in the world is a licdiei- mineral of this kind to he found.
The Spanish mineral is the one that comes ncarei- toilie I'.razilian
with an average of .").■{ ",,, of metal.

liecently new layers of manganese; of consideral)le importance
have been discovered in the intei-ior Hahia, and thei-e they have also
initiated the exportation of that mineral.

The mineral exported from Greece, Chili, Cuha and i'rance con-
tains 52"/o of manganese. After these comes Caucasus with 'iV),,- 'i'he
Brazilian mineral has also the advantage of not containing phos-
phorus.

It is not surprising then that under these circumstances the
exports of the Brazilian mineral has increased in extraordinary pro-
portions, growing from 6.785 tons in 1895 to over 120,00() tons in
1903 only from the layers of Minas Geraes State.

Brazil furnishes now 350,000 to 100.000 tons of this mineral to the
universal market. »

Besides the gold-mines, diamonds, already being exploited, many
others, especially diamond ones are being bought in the Northern
municipiums, which, as it is expected, will soon be lively centres of
exploitation.

Another characteristic of the mineral soil wealth is the value
now attached to the reputation of its w^aters and summer resorts.

They are in large number, those fountains in several States,
some with an established reputation, principally the extensive
vulcanic basin of Caldas, Lambary, Cambuquira, Caxaml)u, etc. and
many others in larger number but not yet known. Lal(dy there has
been a movement of interest about this hydro-mincM-al extraordinai-y
wealth in the State of Minas.

Several enterprises have been established. The recognizance of
value of these waters is being, more rapid and more extensive. A
regular propaganda made by these enterprises organizing attrac-
tions to the visitors is calling more i)eople and making these places
more valuable, especially Oaxambu, to-day known all over the coun-
try for its excellent waters.

Dairy industries. — Another element of wealth in Minas is the
Dairy Industry and its respective exports. In the West and North
east of this region there are vast fields for cattle raising. In the
South, however, this industry is also explored.

— 590 —

Passes city in the South of Minas is one of the centres of the grea-
test activity in cattle raising, country fairs are held there every j'ear.
It is a beautiful sight the entrance of the cattle to the Passes fair
the most lively in the South of Minas.

« Tliis region is excellent for tlu; raising and faticning of the
cattle coming from the interior of Minas, Goyaz and Malto Grosso.
The surroundings of Passos are tlie largest contributors to the mar-
kets of cattle.

Having also fields for breeding and raising cattle, their conti-i-
bution to the general production of the State is not small.

The Passos Municipium buys to the people from the interioi"
35.000 heads of cattle j^early.

These are bought for an average price of 2,1()0:000S000. The num-
ber of heads raised in the municipium is of about 14.000 representing
a gross revenue of about 5G0:000S()00 annually. The ground I'cserved
for this is 50.000 hectares.

Yet the cattle exports has continually decreased as we see by the
table below :

Years oxen and cows Pigs

1897 lo5.9-28 -2-2.488

1898 151.648 —

1899 15.;. "259 IT.^mI

1901 127.124 21.171

1902 122.295 19.242

It is because the local consumption is increasing every year in
Minas and in the future this State will impoi-t instead of exi)orting
cattle.

Meanwhile the dairj^ industry is increasing.

In several places of the State there are many butter factories,
with products of excellent quality exported in large quantities to
neighboring States thus diminishing the Eui'opcan importation whii-h
brings to the Brazilian markets adulterated ])roducts.

To make an idea of the development this industry has had, il is
enough to see the exports of butter from Minas to Rio de Janeiro,
during 1903 came up to 247.886 kilos.

The total of products of this State expt^'ted ai'cording to the offi-
cial value was as follows :

Yfurs Ollicial valin-

1897 I8().:il7:2l4§00(l

1898 I;j:).50(l:i91l§00n

1899 I72.8I5:7."2S000

1900. l8().8.M:ti(;i$(U)()

1901 IS2.5ri(t;()08;j;0(l()

1902 I8;;.USH:772S100

1905 202. 5:it 1: 900^000

— 591 —

After Bahia, Minas Goraes is tl.o Brazilian Stale i)resontinK to-
day a larger variety of exports. Here is a list of llic jr, prin.-ipal
products exported by Minas by the order of its importanee in thr

market :

( -of fee, cattle, gold, i'lie(!se, I ohaeco. htu-on. lowl, niblxT. pigs,
manganese, corn milk, cloths, lumhcr, horses, dry hi.lcs. h-aihcr,
mules, potatoes, diamonds, beans, sugai-, hiandy, i-icc, salted skins.

This State as to the variety of its products can he divided into
five districts. The most impoitant in relation to the i)rodiicti<.n is
the routli region, aftei- that the \vcst. then east, centre and nordi.

Caxanil)U. — View ol' a part uf llic (lil>

Manufacturing industries. — The manufacturing industries are
not so varied in Minas as it is in Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro
or Sao Paulo, There are however, a large number of good factories,
some of them as good as the best in the country. We mean the iron
works.

One is the Esperanca on the left of the Central of Brazil railway
going to Bello Horizonte in a low place belonging to Itabira city.
There is a group of houses dominated by a chimney. The grounds of
the Esperanca factory cover a surface of 10.809.152 square metres
and the mineral has a wealth of 65 to 09 % metallic iron.

— 592 —

Tlie factory not only sends iron to the market but nianiifaotures
goods as grates, tubes, rods, axles, wagons, etc.

It is 838 kilometres away from Kio and 18 from Bello Hoi-izonle.
Its manager and owner is the young metallurgic engineer Dr. (^uei-
roz, a Brazilian who has im])rovo(l these works very much. This
factor^' supplies the iron for the wheels made in the woi-kshops of
the Central of Brazil Railway.

There is near the same Central road another iron factory known
by the name of Wigg factory, founded by the Brazilian engineer
Dr. Wigg the inventor of the first blast-furnace to ])rei)are ii'on
in Brazil.

While we travelled through Minas we heard many complains,
quite just, from the industrious iron manufacturers against the
heavy taxes imposed by the State government on an industry which
is beginning.

« The products » said Mr. Wigg, (c either from this factory or that
other that I have suddenlj^ established under the name of Wigg are
to-day overtaxed by the State most unjustly. »

It was in Minas, in a place called Morro do Pilar that they
founded the first iron factory in Brazil.

The cotton mills are to be found in several cities of the interior,
and import large quantities of cotton from the Xorth, while Minas
could well cultivate and develop that product. There are also many
butter and cheese factories, the principal market for which is Kio
where the products have made a reputation putting out Europe and
Argentine.

One of the most noted factories of the country for the excellence
of its products is one of Dr. Joiio Pinheiro exporting all kinds of
sanitary crockery in nothing inferior to the French and Knglish
one.

There are also breweries, soap, (uindles, hats, shoes, food facto-
ries and others existing in nearly all the cities of the State of Minas.

An official document published the following list of these facto-
ries in 1903 :

Fac'toriks and W'oitKs IN I UK Stai'k ni' Minas

CdIIcc lacldiifs , . I.<l7:} [ I'uinis HT

Siigitr caiir wdiKs "l.H'A'i Taiiiiiii{^ "'•

(Jol.l 1."!

Iron til

Diaiiioiul •}

Ijiin' de|in.sil !••>

('.rurkt'r\ I'"'

» » » aniiiial Iractiitii . l(l.:iK()

Mills 11.949

Mandioca facloi'v 9(5(5

Will' laciui'v 7i;{

Biill.T itH

— B93

Brewciii's .
Taylors. .
Shoes . .
Siuldli'i-y .
r.arriiij^cs .

Bricks 1. 133

Furniture Ijoy

Iron [-22

Threading mill ^^

Printing ollice l.iO

Bakers ;;5(j

There were also 19.590 col'lee r;iriiis, wilh 1 IS.:, I IiOiki
which produced in 1903, 8.1:38:000 arrobus (one arrobc is i:
about 30 pounds.); 5.832 farms of tobacco; 9.880 larins for
pigs. 5.960 for dairy industries ; 7.628 sugar cane ; 2(i.6,s-j,
846 fruit ; 150 vines and many small ones.

t;7i

f.lT

371

I-'

plants
» kilos,
raising
grain ;

BRT

.-•~-3

Uuro Preto to-day. — MoimnKMit of Tiradcnles in the Sijuare ol liic sjinn- ti.iini',
and the old prison (rebuilt)

Othi.:r cities of the State. — In spite of its large i)Oi)ulatiou
which to-day must be 4.000.000 inhabitants, (by the census of 1900
showed 3.594.471) the State has no large city with over 50.000 inha-
bitants. It has, however, among its 117 cities, about six, at least,
that could be capitals of States by the activity of their commerce
and industrial progress, and material develoi)menl and cnltiirc

— 594 —

OuRO Preto. — An old city, a peaceful one. Its streets and hou-
ses, seem to be rolling on \'illa Rica mountain \vliere its founders
placed it 1.20(1 metres above sea-level.

It is connected with Rio by the Central of Brazil Railway. In its
six squares is everything tliere is in the horizontal plan, but tlie 5'2
streets and lanes, go through tortuous and accidented jjlaces as if
they were acrobats.

The following words written by a writer who visited many Bra-
zilian cities, show well the impression of the newiy arrived contem-
plating the historical city of Ouro Preto :

« Entering the city, I uncovered myself, as a sign of res])ect

Ouro Pi'cloHo-dav.

S. Jose Sired and the « casa dos cuulos » on the l)ai'k-i' round

for its glorious traditions. Its melancholic aspect the bills upon
wOiich it is built, its immense district of houses, quite old, the
towers of the many clitirclies , the mountains , at one side the
great bloi* Ilacolumi, all (hose historical buildings, all tluit proiluci'd
in my mind an impression of respect aiul love for that legendary
city. ))

Ai'c intei'csting as aiil i([uit ies from colonial limes, its churches,
very large ones, w ithout any graceful architecture ; the Santo Anto-
nio Asylum, the Mineiro (^oHege ; the school of Mines ; th(M)uro
Preto Gymnasium, the Normal College, the Pharmacy College, and
otluu's.

— 595 —

We see among the buildings ol" rortiigiicsc origin ihr on.- iis.-.l as
Treasury before the Capital was transferred to Bello !loii/.(»iit.'. at
the end of Tiradentes street. Large building, two floors, and used
to be known as Ca.sa dos cantos and at the time Oiiro Tn-to was tin-
metropolis as Casa do Real contraclo d(> entradas.

Old Ouro Preto. — The Thomas Gonzago liouse, in the middle of the 18th Century

In a parlor of the ground floor under the main stairway was on.-.'
arrested the poet Claudio Manoel, some day they found him hanging.
Some say he committed suicide other say he was murdered. Tlie
truth will probably never be known.

The house where Marilia de Dirceu died, modest and ugly build-
ing, notwithstanding the poet calling it a palace, is yet in good condi-
tion. It is a low building suri-ounded with windows. Kvcry visit.n- ot
Ouro Preto must try to know it and to do it, he needs but to follow

— 596 —

the itinerary indicated in the |■oll()^ving• verses written by tlie poet
himself.

Toma de Minus a estrarht
\a Igreja nova, que fica
Ao (lireito lado, e segue
Sempre firme a Villa-Rica.

Entra nessa grande terra,
Passa uma formosn ponte,
Passa segunda, a terceira,
Teni uni palacio defronte.

Kile tern ao pe da porta
Uma rasgada Janella :
E' da sala, aonde assiste
A minha marilia bella.

(Take the Miiias road at the place known as Igreja Nova (new churh) on the right and
follow straight to Villa-Rica. Enter that great land, go over a beantiful bridge, go over the
second, the third and there is a palace in front. It has near the door a quile wide window,
the jiarlor one, where my beautiful Marilia is.)

(Ilil Oiiro I'rclo. - Arriiitciluinic loiinl;iiii in llif ISIh ('..•iiliir'v,
liMni'il ii'iiiiiisl till' Miirili.'i llnusc

— 597 —

In the same disiricl — Antonio Dias - llic visilor can set- the
house where the poet lived and that was his own. It is in Claiidio
Street (called Ouvidor Street in the XVIII ccnturyi in li-oni of tin-
old market. It is a two floor buildin<;-, a vciy lar^c one, bnt not an
elegant one. At that time it was onc^ of the Ix-si in ilic r'\\\. As ilic
street is inclined, the front of tin; house has one; side talh-r than the
other, but the Iniilding' is in good conditions as yet.

Ouro Preto has, besides these historic precious n-lics. a magni-
ficent monument erected in 1<S*.) I in honor of Tiradcntes, and which
is one of the prettiest of its kind in Brazil. It is of stone and
constituted by a tall obelise with bronze decorations wiili the statue

01(1 Ouro Prelu. — The house where Marilia ile Diireu diet!

of the Martyr Tiradentes on top measuring -J-'SO height, the whole
monument measuring 19 metres.

Besides these, there are yet other buildings of great historical
and archiological interest. They give a poetical physiognomy te) the
glorious ex- Villa Rica : undestructible bridges, old churches, foun-
tains, cyclopic ruins of extinct mining. Of the fountains, it is worth
mentioning the one near the garden of Marilia's house, because of
its architectonic drawing and ornamental drawings of which we
distinguish four faces, in stone.

The city had 11,116 inhabitants in the two districts, Ouro Treto
and S. Gongalo do Monte (census taken in 181)2.) Including, how-
ever, all the districts of the municipium of Ouro Preto its p<.pulation
is 65.383 inhabitants. It was founded in 16i»8, we might say on gold

— 508

ground. It was the Capital of Minas till 1897. With Sahara and
Marianna completed the name of the three first villages created in
the Minas Geraes territory in the year 1711. It was during two cen-
turies the historical centre of Minas « the greatest centre of work
and wealth of all the Brazil-colony, better known and spoken of
in Portugal than Rio de Janeiro the seat of the sub-kingdom of
Portuguese America )).

Now, without the honors of Cai)ital, is like a mother that has
siu'vived her children — sad and alone completely sunk in her
thoughts and the echo|of her traditicms.

.liiiz (l(^ Foni.

Jui'v-Ilonsc and Piihlic I'i'isdii

Ouro Preto has electrical illumination, water supply, newspa-
pers, a mining Academy, good schools, hotels, city hospital, etc.,
libraries, several factories, and now is being gradually transformed
into a progressive city, especially after the inauguration of its rail-
way, a branch of the Central of Brazil Railway.

Jui/ i)K I^'oKA. — It is the most important city of the Malta re-
gion , connected with Kio by the Central railway. It has also the
Piaii railway starting from there. It is an industrial city, illuminat-
ed by electricity and having a lively'' commerce, water supply, etc.

Among its factories we will mention : the Mascarenhas threading
mill in a building with 12 windows in the main front and a fine chim-
ney, the furnitui'c factory, a first class one, making r;is]iioiial)h'

liirniture of Brazilian woods; the nail laclory prodiKin-i three
tons of nails a day; the Mechaniea Mineira, occupyin};- T.-Soo s<|iiare
metres , produces iron works (cast iron) , wagons , agricnltiirae
implements, inaugurated in 1800; a shoe factory founded in ISO.'},
produces and exports shoes for the wliole North of Minas; l-iinpre/a
Industrial is also a recent installation with improved machinery,
it is a brick and tile factory, the building occupying an area of i.ti(H)
square kilometres; the Construccao Mineira , an cntcrjjrisc of city
and rural buildings and other factories of smaller importance.

Juiz de Fora has large public, and private buildin;;s -s (he Banco
de Credito Real, the Commerce Academy, the C. Andiade i<: ('o's
palace, the large building where the Jury meets, having the jail in

Juiz de Fora — Textile Fabric « Maseareiiiias »

the rear, and many others. It has newspapers, hotels, telegraph,
clubs, etc. Its population was 22.580 by the 1802 census, 12.131 males
and 10.452 females. To-day it has 38.000 inhabitants (1002 census.)

Uberaba. — It is the princess of the Minas triangle. It is the
head of the district and destined to a great future when the INlo-
gyana railway will extend its tracks to Goyaz. It is the seat of the
Goyaz diocese, and there is the 2nd battali(m of the State. It has a
normal college and 20 grammar schools, three newspapers, brewe-
ries, cigar factories, cotton mills, soap factories, etc.

Its population is about 30.000 inhabitants including the districts
of Uberabinha, Alagoas, and Campo Formoso, that arc located at
its sides. The Matriz Church (Cathedral of Goyaz diocese) is a large
beautiful church, gothic style, design and plans of Ataliba Valle, a
Brazilian architect, its front presents a homogeneous whole with

— 600 —

the central section which opens in a portico upon the stairway and
prolongs itseir towcrlike to a height ol" :iO metres ending by an octo-
gonal pyramid. A clironometric clock is placed in the front of the
tower looking towards the wide square in which the chui-ch is loca-
ted. The construction of this church began in 1818 and finished iu
I88t).

Other nice buildings are :

The City Hall, if not elegant, is a solid building, located by
the side of a pretty garden. It was built in 1837 at the expense of
the inhabitants. It has two floors and five openings (windows and
doors) on each.

LljeiuLa. — SaiiUi Ca.Mi ilc Miserifordia (llnspilal

S. Luiz theatre, large building, has nothing worthy of note as to
its architecture, it is located at the Matriz Square and has (lOO seats.

Uberabense College, is along building, on the top of a hill, and
is directed by the bishoj). It has 100 pu])ils.

The City Hospital built by an Italian m(mk, on :i hill. It was
inaugurated in 1820, large building l)ut without architectonic style.

Nossa Senhora das Dores (/ollege large two floor building, inau-
gurated in 18<.'.'j, simple architecture, has some boarding ])upils and
some outsiders, directed by French monks, 300 pupils.

Siivcral clubs aud Iil('i"ai'\ aud recreation societies animate
social life thcr(\ \\ C will cite the Sporl Club that l)uilt an eh-gant
race track ; the VniTiit rhcrnlunsc niaiutainiug a baud and music
chisscs ; (he Socicfhtdc I^spnhoLt, -.i nice biiihliug in a phicc calh'd
b"'al>ricio, on a hill ; The I'^nililhiiizit Il:ili;in:i \\ itli fine i)uil(lini2 inau-

— 601 —

gurated on Scpicniljci-, -JOIli, I'.iol ; the Cicinio liiiicnliDi) .ui<\
others.

Uberaba lately inslall('(l (•Ifctric illiiiiiiiiation. It luis ST sir«-fi>,,
17 s<jiuircs, 1 incliiK^d streets, I.S'.il houses, seven eatliolir rlmr-
clies, one proteslaiit luetliodisl (dinreli.

S. JoAo D'KL-RF-n-. — On tlu; <Stli ol" Xoveiiiher 1 7 1:; < io\ crnor
Balthazar da Silveira, a Poi-tiigiiese, arrive(l al llu! Ilio rias MoiMes
place and \vitli the usual solemnities (devaled to the rank of a

4^^,

Uberaba. —The imiuicipal Ildiisr

village changing its name lor that of S. Joao d'El-Rey which it has
kept until to-day.

Just like the majority of the colonial cities, in Minas territory,
S. Joao d'El-Rey passed through three periods (luite distinct before
reaching the present condition. Products of hypercsteny whieh the
discovery of mines stimulated in the first half of tlu> X \' 1 1 1 century
they grew up with the riches and the population that siura-famcs-
auri crowded in the centre of those mountains. Afterwards when
the nurseries and layers exhausted, they went down declining to
the position of abandoned cities, dead cells in the nation "s orga-

— 602 —

nism, until the time when with the natural evolution oi" Minus the
opening- of rapid communications by the appearance of railways
began to reanimate, and that is the third phase of that cycle — call-
ed gradually again to that commercial and industrial movement
that means development and progress.

S. Jose d'El-Rey is now in a phase of economical and commercial
growth. The city is divided into two by means of a very small stream
of water which empties itself in the Rio das Mortes (deaths river.

ll|)oial)a. — (iatliolic oliiurli

The two halves, have the names of S. Francisco and Matriz district,
connected by three bridges, one jjrovided with railway material
and two old ones built with stone and lime. The latter have a
respectable ai)pearance, three enormous arches resting on tlie clear
waters.

On both sides of this str(>am the city lias a solid (|m;iv, recently
l)uilt with i)aved sidewalks, beginning in the Oest of Minus ruilwuy
station and ending near the City Hull some 1550 metres awuy from
one anothei-.

The CU\ Hull like neurh ul! the others in >Hnus Slute is stylish,

— 604 —

wide and square and has two I'loors. It is an inheritance received
from the colonial architecture. It has, however, a liner appearance
than the majority of them, on account of the ornamentation of its
front, windows and iron verandahs.

As a custom the jail occupies the ground floor humiliating the
City Hall. Dreadful tradition roots ! But there is a mitigating con-
trast : thej' installed above a public library with 16.000 volumes.

The market, near })y, is a large building with plain front, unex-

S. .loao del Rev. — S. Fi'aiicisco chuirli

pressive, and it was inaugurated in 1893. A little further ahead of
the railway station is the public theatre a good new and solid build-
ing with 500 seats.

S. Francisco church is the most noted building there and one of
the most admired in Minas State. It is of stone, a kind of blue
stone, abundant around the city. It is '2i meti-es widcT))} mcti-es long,
and fi'om its basis to the cornice has o.'J metres height. Two cylin-
dric towers, one on each side, end the fi'ont which has some noted
high relief work in stone. It has six altars nicely worked in cai'ved

— 605 —

wood. Tt was Alcijndinho a pelel)ral('(l Brazilian artist of Ili<- Will
. century whose lame will last long who built this church.
I The Hospital is a two floor building; a tlireading mill and other

buildings give a noble appearance to the city strikingly contrasting

with the work of colonial times.

Besides this, S. Joao d'El-iJey has Ihrcc newspapers, telegmph,

post ot'lice, several factories, hotels, railway. It is surrounded by

hills and at the end by a bright valley, the vegc^latiou of which IVa-

mes the houses.

The population of S. Joao d'El-lley by the census of 1892 was

15.820 inhabitants, to-day must have over 25.000, as it lias much

progressed the last few years.

Marianna. — It is one of the oldest cities in Minas, founded one
year after Villa Rica, and the first in that diocese.

The creation of a new bishop diocese was motive for a great fes-
tival on the 8th of December 1748 of which memory was kept in one
of the pamphlets published at the time, one of the oldest of Brazilian
press. It was called : a Academic prayei* of congratulations and
thanksgiving for the most happy entrance of his Excellency D. Frei
Manoel da Cruz, first bishop of Marianna diocese, made solemnly
public in its Capital on the 28th of November 1718. » But that has no
great material interest. What we want to know is what is the city
to day. It is situated in the centre of the State, on the east-side of
Ouro Preto and near Carmo river. While the whirlwind movement
of mining was around Mirianna, it got rich and was notable. The
beatic king D. Joao V, used to call it my most beloved city. But
it went backwards , the noise of the axe and shovel ceased, the gold
disappeared and the beloved city began to ruin itself. Now is reduced
to 7.000 inhabitants, 4.329 males and 2.422 females according to the
last census.

In the suburbs they started the wine industry, cultivating vines
with success.

CuRVELLO. — In its direction runs the Central of Brazil railway
now well advanced in its construction until the S. Francisco river.

This city will be one of the most important commercial empo-
riums of the centre of Minas, because of its privileged location in
the crossing of the carriages roads, roads that on the East lead to
Diamantina, on tlie North lead to Montes Claros and Januaria, on
the West to the cities built by the affuents of the S. Francisco river.
Evervthing contributes to make of it a centre of commercial exehan-

— 606 —

go wiiicli operate repercussion till tlie extremes Xortli and Xortlieast
of the State.

Besides being- commercial (yiirvello is also an industrial centre of
considerable activity, tlie threading mills of the suburbs, the hat
factories, leather tanning works, and pasture of cattle ranches are
so many other elements of life and a foundation for prosperity on
which it can base its bright future.

Barbacena. — It is placed in the Mantiqueira mountains, just as
if it|were from a high window contemplating the other cities of that

City of Baibaoejia

region. There from comes the rei:)utation of its fresh air, being con-
sidered a natural Sanatorium. It became a city tn 1810. Situated at
kilometi-e ;J79 of the Central of Brazil railway and 1.1.50 nunres
above the sea-level. It is the city with the mildest climate in all the
State of Minas and remarkable because of its commerce. It has
excellent milk , good pastures grounds , neNvs])apers , telegraph,
electric illumination, nice hotels, an insane asylum, schools, facto-
ries and some buildings of good appearance as that of Dr. Rodolpho
Abreu in tlie centre of an enormous garden. The jjopulation of the
city is 27.409 inhabitants.

Sete Lagoas. — A city with 1*J.()00 iuhahitauts, r(H'eived this
nau](^ aft(;r the ncMghboriug lakes, it is located in the h»\\ part of a

— fi07 —

valley of the Velhns river (old women river) whicli ought lo Ix- call. -.I
Gold river because of the quantity of this metal which this liver
contains. Sete Lagoas is near the Central of Brazil railway.

Sahara. — It was one of those ruins of city wliicli diil not resign
itself to live its past. Sabai-a is located on the Central liailway load,
it is the tired type of the cities of olden Minas : churches, low
houses and houses with upper stories, up and down hill. It was once
important, « the most important centre of exploitation of the inte-

Barbacena. — Pomologic garden and House! of l)v. Uodolplio Abreu

rior of Brazil, with regard to the physical, geological, meteoroligic
and prehistoric geography, »

On the other side of the mountain called Piedade, is the new-
Capital of Minas. Sahara is as old as Ouro Preto and Marianna and
as nostalgic as any of them. But now it is renewing with vigor.

Cataguazes, — Its name comes from the Indian language (Caa-
ata-giia, which means a valley of thick woodsj. It is one of the most
prosperous of the cities in the Matta region. It has a good commerce
and is very progressive. We must note that some fifty years ago, it
was but a stopping place for the passers-by, a hamlet without impor-

608 —

tance. All the municipium is full of nice green plantations, coffee and
grain. There from the impulse that pretty Cataguazes received in the
way of progress. To-day has 1.081 houses and over 2.000 with those
of the suburbs. It has some pretty public buildings as the Forum,
the two banks, two coffee farms, a large theatre, (me of the best in
that region, a church , several hotels, schools, newspapers, tele-
graphs, etc. They are installing electric light system of Cataguazes,
as well as a construction of a branch railway line, connecting it with
S. Joao Nepomuceno, a pretty neighboring city. Cataguazes had
some 8.000 inhabitants according to the census of 1890, but to-daj-

Panoramic view of tlio (jtv of Sabara

must have the double, and it is llic one in llie Slalc of Minas with
greatest future possibilities.

Passos. — This city about which we s})oke above, had nothing
to do with the transitory gi'catness of mining. Its importance is
quite recent and came from the dairy industry.

Passos is the seat of a good region. It had to progress, as its
brancli of indiisti-y has been in full bloom.

Are worthy of note : the cattle fairs held in this city every year.

DiAMANTiNA. — It is named after the rich layers that were dis-
covei'cd ther-e and produced as niucli as three aud fom* millions a
year and are not as yet exhausted. It became a viUagc, iu October

— «Oft —

1.S21 iiiul city by proviiu-i;il hiw n" *•:; of dtli May l<s;;s. ||;is i-egiilar
commercial relations directly with Sete La<;()as l.y the Central
Railway of Brazil. It is the seat of a diocese with a hislicp. Has a
seminary and some public and i>rivate instruction establishincnts.
Its population is \2.\\ I inhabitants. It is an active city witli a hard
working- population. It has <;reat future possibilities and sej-ms to
be about lifting- itself rapidly from its modest situation. It has seve-
ral threading- mills, three newsjjapeis, clubs, hotels (*tc.

Gataguazes. — Ciediti) Real of Minas-Geraes Banks AgciuN

Itajuba. — Picturesque city of 8000 inhabitants, gay, lively on
the right bank of the Sapucah}' river. It is low, prolonging itself
over the hill-side among the Mantigueira mountains one of which
S. Joas is 805 metres above the sea-level.

Its buildings are of no great importance. It has a City Hall, old
and heav3' style ; the market 10 metres long; Santa Cecilia Theatre:
the Matriz church, not pretty in its exterior and without towers.
Itajuba is formed by five large squares, four smaller ones, 20 streets
and 700 buildings. It has water supply, several factories, one lilirary
with 8.000 volumes and a pretty public garden.

— 610 —

ExTRE Rios. — Small i)iotiiresque city. Its jjopnlation by the
census of 18M2 was 3.787 males and 3.894 females. To-day ir has pro-
bably some 10.000 inhabitants and rapidly develops its agriculTural
production.

But we must be excused the list with the names of the cities is
rather long- and w^ould bore the reader. There arc one hundred and
seventeen of them !

lialaguuzt's. — Imimi lniihliiiii

612 —

THE STATES OF MATTO GROSSO AND GOYAZ

The two lai'gest States of Brazil are those that constitute their
boundary lines with the othei* republics oi" this continent. Those
States are so large that two, only two, form the whole of the fron-
tier line, that is not on the ocean side and neither one of these two
States has the density of population of over 0,1 per square kilometre.

These two States are : The Amazon at the North and Matto
Grosso at the South. About the former we have already written in
the beginning of this section of the book, devoted to the 20 States
that together with the Federal District form the Federative Kepu-
blic of the United States of Brazil, and about the latter we will
now" speak to close the last chapter of the book. One as the other
also form the two largest territorial blocks of the Brazilian political
division, the former being the largest and the latter the next one in
size, of all the other States. From the whole American continent
only four nations exceed them in surface : — the United States,
Argentine, Mexico and Peru, and from Europe only Russia. Frauee
and England together could be placed within this one Bi-azilian
State and there W'Ould be room left to place any of the largest capitals
of the world or the whole of some small nations, as Switzerland,
Holland, Portugal or Belgium. That colossal tract of land reaching
1.379.6.51 square kilometres, constitute, notwithstanding, a small
world most of it hardly discovered and never tread upon, as we see
that only the lands alongside the large rivers where cities have
been installed here and there are known. The interior bulk coxered
with forests and affluents of otluM- rivers is, together with its nor-
thern neighbor, reserved for the migrations of future Brazilian po-
pulation, when the density of the region working the civilisation
alongshore shall have reached its phase of expansion searching the
interior. Until then, Matto Grosso, will be for the Brazilians of
the States on the Atlantic, a vei-y remote, far distant i)rovince,
though identified with the common fatherland by its histoi'v and
destinies of its race, by the language, by the customs, by the ideas,
which are the flesh and the blood of a nation. Until then will
I'eign over those extensive unknown places the mystery of their
stones, of their rolling waters, the murmuring rumour of the intact
woods, and in theii' peace the covered up gold and diaiuontls, which

— 613 —

some (lay will play its role in (h,. uiiivci-sal sl<.rrii of ciiv.w the damp
silence of the old grolloes and the lon<; and even noise of the water
falls lamentations, that to-morrow have to he siil)jn<rated, Iransli^iir-
ed and distributed in li<-ht thi-()U};h the cities ;md in intelligent
l)ower to the industries.

\\ hen will that be ? Twenty yeai-s from now, .".o years, a eentnrv ?
AVho knows it ?

The railways will be the instrument of the ruin ol tlial jieaee,
immense and dumb made by the mixin^olall llievoieesin thelil.erlx
of space. It will destroy the homooeueity of that peace and incorpo-
rating to the hurricane of the worldly life these tram|iii] remnants of

;;;;,';,.r.":^T;r' . ■ "; '^fcC*'

1 ^w

Cataguazes. — i-Onuu building

the planet entrusted to the aptitude of the race. To be sure that such
a conquest will not be the work of a man, nor of a life, but from the
height of our advanced age, however we can see the initiation of the
march in that direction. The railway systems of S. Paulo and Minas
are insensibly turning in the direction of those frontiers.

As yet communications are onlj' possible by water. No Brazilian
can normally penetrate in that part of Brazil without crossing some
foreign country, Uruguay, Argentine and Paraguay waters. The
trip from Rio do Janeiro to Cuyaba is m(jrc delayed and more
uncomfortable than a trip to any Kuroijeau country.

Half a century ago attempts were made to build railways between
this State and the sea-coast. After the Paraguavan war when the

— (il4 —

lack of good roads was felt by tremendous adversities , the idea of
the establishuient of those iuter-eoinmunieations stimulated the
thoughts of the governments and several attempts were made.

The railway is not impossible but the size of the work was not
in relation W'ith the resources of the country and has been always
postponed until lately when the present Public AVorks minister,
Dr. Lauro Miiller arranged for the initiation of that line.

Matto Grosso is the State that possesses less population in all
Brazil not having over 150.000 inhabitants, — the total of any second

(liiviilia. — S. Gomaln clmrcli

class city in other continents. We can say : it remains to be proved,
and if in the political form it is a State, it can't be helped but to he
judged a ti-ue desert with all kinds of mysterious suggestions of the
other deserts of tilt" planet. With this marked dilt'erence, howexcr,
— that it is a pleasant (U'.sert to tlu; traveller, a rich desert only
awaiting Cor the ])i()iieers to invest it and ])opulate it.

I'lnjoying a good cliujate, though somewhat Iiol, it woidd ha\e
three times as many cities as it has, and would largely contribute
to IIk; expoi'fs of the country, pi'(»l)al»ly as nuudi as Amazon and
I'ara, if the roads |)i'ojected .'>0 .\ cars ago had been built bi'twccn

— 615 —

its Cai)ital and raiaiia, oi- IVoiu tlir Madeira river to the Vma/onie
l)asin overe.oniinj;- tlu! lalls tliat ol)sti-iiet it.

'I'nK C.viMTAL AM) oiiiKij ( iTiKs. — 111 llie peculiar situation in
wliieh it is to-day almost sej)arated from the national soeiahility h,v
the diirieulty and ini])erreetion of its eommiinicat ions, Matto (Jrosso
elaborates out of its own vitality a progress, altof;ether a felaii\<'
one, slow but constant, which can be translated by the growth of its
modest Capital and other cities iu plain cpiiet phase.

Cuyaba is the name of its Capital in a concentri<! point almost at
the same distance from three points of the State, as Matto (irosso

(^iival).i. — ll;iil(ii(ir innl l.,iiicliii^>l;iy<'

has more or less the figure of a curvilinear triangle, embroidered by
the strong relief of the Pareeis, Xorth, Amarabahy, Maracaju and
other mountains.

Cuyaba has about 30.000 inhabitants , lining two kilometres
of the Cuyaba river on the left bank, and built we might say, in the
centre of the State, and a little also in the centre of South America.
It is not so hot as we might suppose, thanks to the circumstance of
being on a hill which gives it an altitude of nearly '230m. above the

[ sea-level.

' It is known that it was founded by a group of S. Paulo people

from Sorocabana and some Portuguese who settled there in 1719.

— file —

One of the Portuguese Cabral Leme said that he was a descendant of
the great navigator Pedro Alvares Cabral. About its climate as about
that of all the State says Dr. Joilo Severiano \vho knew a large
part of Matto Grosso, as he went there on a boundary line commis-
sion : (c composed of two wide regions the top and the lower part —
its climate conditions are quite different by its hypsometrism, nature
and influence of the soil.

The dry air, the atmosphere relatively lower than that of low
regions, is consequently more agreeable, and the waters the most
pure and sound, not only constitute a healthj^ and most healthy cli-
mate of the upper part where endemic sickness is almost unknown
and plagues hardly ever go there. And, then, if that region embraces
about two parts of the Matto Grosso territory it is not by the
balance that we must judge the climate and health conditions. »

Cuyaba city has an area of about four square kilometres, the
largest width about two kilometres, and the length three thousand
and odd metres.

A large part of the streets is paved, with irregular stones, gene-
rally this pavement is not good. Among the best streets is Treze de
Junho. As a rule those streets are narrow and not lively, as the city
has that physiognomy so common in the interior cities, customs very
timid and good but antiquated habits. It has several squares, among
which the (me where the Public Garden is, which is pretty, I'iUcd
with high palm-trees and decorated in tlie centre by a monumental
fountain. The heart of the city is the Largo do Palacio (Pahu-c
Square) where is the garden we have just mentioned and where
people meet on Thursdays and Sundays to listen to the concert
given by one of the military bands. The sociability is not so buck-
wards tliat they should not have their clubs and these open their
doors foi- nice and lively parties. There are hotels, tramways, tek'-
graph, newspapers, business houses, some factories, banking agen-
cies, everything a modern city slioukl have.

The buildings are yet old style, lately however, some new build-
ings of better appearance are going up.

Among the i)ublic buildings we mention, the Government jjalace
of simple but heavy architecture, the War arsenal, the Pyrotechnic
laboratory, the Charity Hospital, the Treasury I)ei)artment, Sale-
zian school, Lazaros Hospital, Diocese Seminary, Cily Hall, the
State tnjasury, the State C-ongress, the Jail, the Oi'ficial (Ja/.ette, ibe
S. Goncalo church etc.

Several churches embellish (he city : the ('athedral, the Kosario,
the Jjom Despacho, Ihe Boa Morte and the Passos churches.

— r,i7

Public Instruction. Tdlk k, Pkodi cti(»n, Commkim k. - Tin*
Stat(^ bus*. 11 ^raininar schools spread tliroii;;li (lie iiriiicipal loraliiicH.
In the Capital is (he Sailors Ai)i)r<'nl ice School, niMiiiiaiiicd h\- thr
Federal ( Joxcniincnt , (he Lncciimi, several m'IhioU, mic lil)rary
maintained hv a private association.

'I'he police is made 1).\- an inlaiilrN lialtalion with ;U)0 men. comj-
manded by a major. The present production of the State is misera-
bk% compared with the enormous riches it has in tin; j^n^atest variety
and abnndance. At present tlu! l)nlk of its exports is th(; inullr
(Brazilian tea), mosily all sent to the i;i\cr Plate. Larj^e tracts of
land are cultivated with plantations of ilcximrni^imyciisis, the lar-
<;est part of which l)elon«>s to a celebrated c^xport entcrpri/.i', with
factories in Huenos Ayres. thonoh it is IJra/ilian and has its main
office in Rio.

It exports also meal, cattle, rul)i)ei- and other products of tin;
forest. In tlu; nuinieipinms, Pacone. Kosario, Caceres ami oth(*rs
the cattle industry has considerably ^row n diirinj; tlie last few
years. In a place called Desealvado is a lar<;<' \:iii]iic;i(l!i (fac-
tory to prepare dry salted beef) and a ])ackin^ house, cannin<;
meats, with the name Produclos (libils exporting- large quantities of
powdered meat to London and other markets, wherefrom they are
re-exported after being properly i)ut uj) and labelled so as to be
placed on the shelves of Brazilian pharmacies. This enterprize kills
ilO.OOO oxen every six months, or we might say yearly, as the factory
only works six months in the year. Besides this. Matto (Jrosso has
a variety of mines.

Among the industrial establishments of Matto (irosso we must
mention the important sugar, alcohol and biandy factory, known as
Usina Itaicy on the banks of the Cuyaba river, not very far from
the Capital.

The building of the sugar factory is a large two story building
with 21 fi(mt windows, of good architecture. It measures 64 metres
length by 11 width and 11 height. The factory chimney measures
31 metre height. This factory grinds ino.tHH) kilos of cane in -J I hours,
its machinery being the most improved one and there l)eing an
installation of electric lights.

A Dqcauville line with R» kilometi-es extension runs through the
cane plantations. This establishment c(.st •J.;{0():(K)t).?(MH» and employs
."AH ) hands. Besides this, Matto (irosso has so other sugar factories
but smaller ones.

The city of Cuyaba is p.rogressing. There are :>() dry goods and
fancy goods houses, <S.") smaller stores, 81 l)ar-ro(uns, several good

— 618 —

groceries, 4 book stores, 5 pliarinaeies, .'J billiard rooms, 8 bakers,
breweries, soap factories and other stores and factories. It has a
small theatre « Minerva >>, 3 cemeteries, slaughter house, news-
l^apers, telegraph, post office, tramways by animal traction belong-
ing to the Conipanhia Progresso Cuyabauo, a War Arsenal of
the Federal government and a banking agency.

CoRUMBA. — In the opinion of many people the first city of Matto
Grosso is not its Capital but Corumba. At least this latter is more
modernised, has more movement and more commerce. Those who go
to Corumba just like those who go to Manaos are most agreeably
surprised wlien they get there. Nobody imagines after such a long
and tiresome trip like that through exotic landscai:)es to find that
document of European civilisation, isolated in that hidden corner
of the continent. Corumba is much smaller, and far less important
than Manaos but in many things they look alike.

Like Manaos, Corumba is a resting place for the civilisation and
commerce that marches to the interior of the continent. As Manaos
it has only access after a long sea and fluvial trip, which docs not
lack original scenery. At the Xortli orographic system of the Ama
zon, the liquid world, the impenetrable flora, at the South the lake
system, the woods, the swampy grounds. There the sea-river, here
the lake-ocean. The mosquitoes, in endless clouds complete the
seemliness of the two cities. But it doesn't stop there. Corumba repro-
duces the other even in the details of the constitution of the city. It
is a city with wide streets, straight ones and with ai'borisation. It is
a cosmopolitan city where we see different rat'cs and heai' every
language.

It is built on high ground at the West of the Paraguay river,
which there has a tranquil bosom, almost immovable. On the other
side of the city vast green fields are spread out, and afterwards
far away swamps. In front of Corumba on the bank of the lake
is a white building. It is a Bolivian Custom House station called
Aduana de Porto Suarez.

Part of Corumba is on that hillylike prominence, the other part
is lower and in it are the buildings of the Federal ('ustom House,
Storage houses, stores and i-esidences.

The city has more than ;>() dry goods, fashion, and fancy goods
stores, some of them import houses, 60 stores, over 100 bar-rooms
and small stores, grocers, etc, 1 billiard-rooms, 1 hotels, 1 brewery,
I bakeries, S l)ut('luu's, "J photographing establislimcnts , 1 ice.
2 powder and lire works, 1 soaj) factories, 3 watch makers, 1
jeweli'y establishinents, 1 hank, bi'aiu'li of the « Kio Ami Matto

— B19 —

Grosso » hank willi niiiin olTicc in Kid, :; i)Iia,i in:ici(!s, 'A lunvspupoi'H,
1 i)iil)lif lil)iary and other (^stahUsliiiu'tits.

Ainonj; llie hest streets are Dehiinaic which is etiiiivah-nt to
()nvi(h)r sirecl in Rio de .Janeiro, l)m innch w i<h'r and <;ayer tliaii ll»e
latter. There arc dry «;-oods stores, (h-essinakers, groceries. ni<*e hou-
ses. It is paved and is quite a lively street. .\nion^ the puhlir l)iiild-
ini;s there are the (Mty Tlall, the Han-aeks. the Arsenal, all of these
stone l)uil(lin,i;s w itli terraces on top aiici- tin- fashion of the old
Spanish const r net ions.

A <;()od portion of its popnliilioii nic rorci;;nei-s and there arc also
Indians, as (iiunnn}- (one ot I lie Indian dialeetsi is once in a while
hcai'd. This dialect is sumetinu-s also spoken not oidy by Hru/ilians
hut also by natives of Paragiuiy avIio reside there. This city is^row-
in.i;. Its port is visited by the Idoyd /^/•ar//<'//7> steamers and some
Argentine and Uruguayan ones and is to-day snperioi- to sonic ot the
capitals of the otlier States.

Corumba has three large squares ; Santa Thereza, Nossa Senhora
do (.'anno and S. Pedro. It has public and private sehools. It is, as
we said, a cosmopolitan city and because of that its progress is real
and rapid. Its main source of prosperity has not as yet been explored
and that is the ii-(m layers that sui-i-ound it, with enormous (pnintitics
of this mineral. They will be the nerve of the commerce of this cit.\
as it did for the manganese in Minas (Jei"aes, when capital and
explorers full of initiative will tui'n up.

Laj)Ario. — Some six kilometi'es away fiom ('ornml)a, also on the
banks of the Paraguay river is the village of Ladario, whcic the
Federal government maintains a large establishment for naval
constructions and which is the second in the country. It was Imilt in
1<S72 and there are large ship-yards and a lot of repairing material.
Thei'e are five fortresses : S. l*'iancisco, .Inn(|ueira, Conde (IVKu,
Duque de Caxias, and Major Gam a.

In front of the Ladario arsenal, is the naval station of the
Matto Grosso fleet composed of small war ships. The gunboats :
CariocH, Guarcwy, Cananea and the dispatch boat FcrnandcsVicira.

S. Luiz DK C.vcERES. — About 18 leagues from Cuyaba towards
the South-east is S. Luiz de Caceres, the seat of a munii-ipium devoted
to cattle raising. The city is on the left bank of the Paraguay river
and near the seven lakes of the mouth of the .lauru river. Its former
name was Villa Maria. Its present name is in homage to the Captain
General Luiz de Albuquerque e Mello Pei-eira e Caceres, who foun-
ded it in 1778. It was raised to the rank of city in 187<). Two leagues
away from the city is the national farm of Caissiira. Its population

— eao —

was 8.000 by the census of 1000, to-day it must have 12.000 inhabi-
tants. There are in the city two public schools one for males and the
other for females. Two public squares : Jacobina and Quartel square.
It has the following buildings : the Matriz church under construc-
tion, the jail, the 19th. infantry regiment barracks. It is one of the
best commercial markets of the State. The cattle industry as well as
the one of rubbei- extraction make this municipium a rich one with a
bright future l)eing all the present difficulty limited to the dearness
of transportation.

NioAC. — It is a small village without much importance, it has
seven streets, four lanes, a public square with the Matriz Church, as
in every village of the interior. There the 7th cavalry regiment
drills. This municipium is vast and devotes itself to cattle raising, the
matte industry, exploited by the Companhia Matte Larangeira.
These are the principal sources of wealth of this place. Of this as
of all the other villages of this State we can say they are asphyxiated
by the distances in the vastuess of the territory of the State.

Miranda. — Is another small village, obscure and forgotten with
400 houses and a little over 3.000 inhabitants. It is situated at about
1 kilometre from the Miranda river banks. It became village in 1857.
Its main industy is the Brazilian tea — matte — exploited by the
same « Matte Larangeira )> Compan3\

Matto Grosso. — Historical far away city. Its population in
1890 was 1)71 males, 1.078 females. To-day must have 3.000 inhabi-
tants. Formerly was called Villa Bella. It is located on the eastern
bank of the Guapore river at the Xorth-west of Cuyaba city being
115 leagues awaj' from it. It was founded in a place called I'oiiso
Alegre in 1751 by the 1st Govei'nor and Captain General Antonio
Rolim de Moura Tavares, Senhor de Azarabuja.

In 1818 it became a city and till 1820 it w^as the Capital and resi-
dence of the Governors. Seven leagues South on the banks of the
Barbadas river is the old national farm Casalvasco, to-day aban-
doned as it also seems to be the city itself.

There is not much to be said about the Slate of Goya/.. It is one
of Ihe few that hav(^ no railways, and the only one that lias no steam
navigation. It has already enjoyed that advantage fioni lS(i7 to 95,
when, the subvention granted by the government lia\ing ceased
st()j)ped their line of tlie three steamers that were I'unning in this
State, one of wiiieh is still there getting rotten — the u Ani'^iuiyu ».

— «21 —

Closed ill tlic intcfioi- of ilic (•(»iiiilry \villi(»iil am sca-shoro
fronticM- lo pill il in coiilucl with t lie ol liri- more :i(l\ aii.-iMl Sla(<-s,
(Joya/. enjoys tlic luippincss of (he foi-not ten nnrs.

Outside, liy the sca-sliorc. where ai'e in line the jn-iisperiMis
States, those who ^-et rieii w ith the iililisalion ol' the ellorts and the
])ro<;resses ol" evoi-y one nmltiplied by exidnm^e and reeiproril v,
(In)se \\li() pi-olit liy the din-et relations \\ ith l-lnrojie and the hahmee
of tin' wothi, oMtsi(h', we say. is wliei-e life ujocs on witli its jdeasant
Ol- disaj-J-ceiiblo subjeels, and of il oidy lightly and very late tJiere
rea(di (jovaz some slight vibrations.

Goyaz.

Suburbs of llii' tlilv and Market

Tlu! noise of a politieal storm, of a e<3mmereial eatastroi)he or a
lari;(' and collective jubilation , only sound their e(dio in (Joyaz
after a long' interval, sufficiently long- not to alter the calmness of
the Goyaz quietude.

The new life, the « earnest life », which, in cxidiange of a slight
opening- to enter civilisation will leave before us w ide open a whole
horizon, that painful life of tlie large cities, has not carried to (Joyaz
its disturbing elements.

There are several railway concessions, and some umler study are
inclining themselves threateningly upon the frontiers of the State.
The objective point is Catalao, a very small city, where only now
civilisation begins to arrive. This will be the breach. To reach
there, will be the thing, once Goyaz is invaded by the railway it will
lose all its first charm — the distance. To be far away, is a begin

— 622 —

nino- of poetry and ijo tract of tei-ritorv is so far U-.nn ns, at present
as Goyaz, as it is without transportation facilities to shorten its
distance. It is in Brazil, yet it is just as if it were in another conti-
nent. But this situation will not last lon<>-. The railway tracks have
already reached Araguary, six leagues away from its frontier and
i;') from Cataliio. The steamer, however, has not been able to reacli
there, though the State of Goyaz possesses Hy.'> navigable rivers,
according to Castelnau who explored a good number of them.

Yet, while the railway does not (^ross the Minas frontier in the
direction of Catalao, the inhabitants of Goyaz ai-e doing on theii' ])ari
everything possible to raise the material conditions of that portion
of the country in their charge to be looked aftei-, and i1 is not
without pleasure that we receive their newspapers, the bearers of
news information and statistics data :

Goyaz Exports in 1902

Cattle oxen and cows . . 60.216 I Sugar, kilos 21.816

Horses .592 Coffee, » 5.556

Pigs I .SOT) Marnielade, kilos .... 8.-526

Sheep 125 I Rubber » .... 14-.407

Tobacco, kilos. . . . 1.%.567 | Crystal » .... 25.084

Bacon ».:... 107.38.=i Hides » ..... 19.850

nice )) 60.600 i Other products 2.208

Grain, litres 10.090 !

In spite of the difficulties of communications and enormous dis-
tances, that its products have to overcome to reach the consuming-
markets, Goyaz succeeds in increasing each year the volume of its
exports. We can then foresee the development it will reach on the
day that the i-ailway will do away with those drawl)a('ks.

The State revenue was :

Yen IS

Value

1900. . . .

. . 7^0:829§2i»8

1901. . . .

. . 1.(I65:<J11$000

1902. . . .

. . I.002:100$660

1903. . . .

. . 1.1 06:6 i0$080

As it can be seen in the table we gave above, the cattle raising
industry is its main source of revenue and the government tries to
encourage it bcH-ause of the easy disposition of the luoducts.

The ci'ossing ol" i-ac(?s in the catth^ incn^asesin a considerable way
the selling j)rice, and that is an element of prosperity in many muni-
cipiums. •

As to its finances, never mind how modest they are and probably.

— «2:i —

because of it. (Joya/. Im-Ioh^s t(. Ihr min.l.rr of i|,,.s.. f.-w Slalcs u li.i
close their accoiiiiis with hahu,,-,. i,, favor ai tin- cud of tin- year.

The pi-(!seiU o<,v,.vnoi- dcchircd in his reports that the balanc..
in IliOl was I (•.():( »0( )«()(»(». I,, tlial year ihe Si:.h. n-v.-rmc uas of
1. ()().",:(•, I I s;(l(l(» Nvliich was the lii«;hesl till then.

Thei-eport states that the Stat e ul' ( ;()ya/ has no dchis ean^.-d hv
tlie issnes of policies or lonns exeeptin-; the one it nia<h> from the
orphans fiind.

( ioya/ is an eyeni])lar\ Stale in every hraneh oi its adnnnisi rat ion.

("■OVIIZ. — Alll);i(lill Mirrl

Its police is made by a sma.l inl'anlrx' com[)any commanded by a
majoi- and with '2\0 men.

Its pnblie insti-uction is furnished by 1(H) schools maintained in
its majority by the municipalities, but they do not seem to be in
sufficient number for a population of 'J I I. ")(>■) inhabitants.

(tOva/.. — The Capital is built on tln^ two banks of the Kio \'ei--
melho, (Red river), an affluent of the Araj;iuiya.

It had lo.OOO inhabitants in hUM^. It seems, at first sioht. to he a
low town, though •",")() meti'es above the sea level. This optical illusitni
comes li-om the circumstance that Goyas is among hills, quite near
and that don't allow it to develop. This circumstance too takes
away a little of its beauty.

For this reason the learned Couto de Magalhaes was of oi)iuion

— 624- —

that the Capital of the State ought to be transferred to Leopoldina,
on the banks of the Araguaya, a place destined to great future.

Lately Goyaz has progressed a good deal — in relation to what it
was ten or twelve years ago, having 2.000 houses, one floor ones, in
the majority. The public buildings are quite modest. The (governors
Palace is a square building only with a ground floor. The Congress
building has an upper story.

It is illuminated with kerosene oil and the lamp i)Osts are wooden
ones. There is no statue or monument in tlie city.

Catalao. — It is a small city of great future because of its splen-
did position, being the key to the South of Goyaz commerce. This cir-
cumstance will be far more advantageous when the Mogyana railway
will reach there. Its rails are already in Araguary 13 leagues from
Catalao.

Pyrenopolis. — Formerly was called Mcia Ponte and is built on
an eminence near the Alinas river. Some 10 streets and 3 squares,
which are not paved neither have they any garden, two other smal-
ler squares, some lanes and cross-streets and there we have
the city, which is the most important of the State after the
Capital. The square that offers prettier view is the one called
Matriz square, wdiich is the heart of the little town. Into that place
run the Bomfim, Deodoro and another street called Rosario, some-
wdiat inclined. They are generally paved with large stones. The
houses are simple, of a primitive architecture, pure colonial times.
Most of them have onl3" one floor, except one or other with upper
floors. One of the best bcloni^cd to a ricli mcrdiant M r. .Ii);i(|iiiiii
Alves Oliveira, and which they say is the biggest and nicest private
house in the State.

The Matriz chui-ch is an old one, built some SO or *,K) years ago, of
no architectonic merit. It is large, however, and is well preserved.
In the front has two towers at the sides and in one of them a large
clock. Besides this one there are the Nossa Senhora do Kosario,
Nossa Senhora do Carmo and Senhor do Bomfim churches.

There are also the ruins of another church half di-owncd in the
vegetation on a hill in front of the (aty.

Pyrenopolis is not a lively city. Its poi)ulati(m was .'(.old and to-
day must have some 10.000 inhabitants.

It has but little commer(^c. Business houses only open during
four oi' fiv(^ hours during the day. In 1892 when the general census
of the country was taken, there were 12 dry goods stores. Id bar-
rooms, 3 jewelers, 1 ironsmith, 2 carpenter shops, I tailor, etc.

— fl8r> —

The window -lollies of soinr liuiiscs ;ii»' ol iiiifii. During llir inuntli
of Au<>nst, ]*yrenoj)()lis lias a little iiiovt'incni. ila-rc is K«'i><5ral rxit
of its population, it is a festival for the devotion of XosBa Senhora de
Moqnem a little way from the city. To that plaee go during thot
month the larg-est i)art of the inhabitants.

Pakacanjuha. — It was formerly eallcMl Pouso Alto. It is a small
city witli 5.000 inhabitants with Soo hous(^s, built (m a pietureHque
hill, so that the central point of the city, the Matrix Square, is in the
highest plan of the hill, surrounded by tlie best liouses of tljat local-
ity and in the rear is the church, of a sinpilar architecture, the

Goyaz. — Bridge over the Kio Vermelho

front ending- in a low form, not elegant and two kinds of small towers
covered with tiles.

From this square starts the main street, crossed by another,
narrow and inclined, ending in anothci- stpiare, covered with grass
where is the old building of the City Hall ami Jail. There are two
other streets and some lanes of no importance, with eiglit stores,
two pharmacies, six bar-rooms and tliat is all.

MoRRiNHOS. — Formerly called Villa Bella, po])nlation 11. (HH) in-
habitants (including Santa Rita, Desterro, and Caldas Xovas) and
some 700 houses. A traveller in 1892 wiote thus about it : « Morrinhos,
to-day, is no more the old Villa Bella, is simply the Morrinhos city,
probably raised to that rank on account of its future progress,
because in the last five years, the only difference I noticed there

— 626 —

was the increase of one more business house , some new houses sub-
stituting other old ones. It is tlie same pleasant and hospitable
people. )) The city has somewhat improved after that and is becom-
ing an export centre of cattle and hides, which is the principal indus-
try of the Municipium.

Tt is surrounded by beautiful fields and fine woods with palm-
trees and other fine specimens. The climate is excellent.

We must not mix it witli the city of the same name in Matto
Grosso. This is a small city with 5.000 inhabitants, seat of one of the
richest municipiums of Goyaz. It is built by the river Corumba a
river of beautiful aspect, which crosses further ahead with a little
river called Bagagem. The panorama is picturesque.

It has as to its location the fault of the greatest part of the cities
of that State. It is built among hills that prevent its development
and hide the horizon.

There from the melancholic aspect of the city, aggravated by the
merchants who close their houses in the city many hours in the day,
while they work in the fields and farms.

Some 4 streets and 6 or 7 cross-streets, narrow and inclined form
the city. They are paved with irregular stones. It has 8 dry goods
houses and 10 bar-rooms. The people as happens in all the States are
hospitable and good natured, most of them farmers, cattle raisers,
others planters of tabacco and coffee.

LuziANiA. — Or Santa Luzia is another city of Goyana. It is
50 leagues awaj^ from the Capital. It was founded b^^ Bueno de Aze-
vedo in 1746.

It has the aspect and topographic disposition common to the
majority of the interior cities. The Matriz square is the for am of
those interior villages. That of Luziania is an ample one and inclin-
ed. The Matriz church, all whitewashed, with square towers ending
by pyramids occupies the rear side of the square. The houses are
very modest, spread without order a little everywhere, going up the
hill. The Rosario, Cadeia, Jambeiro, and Cotta streets are the prin-
cipal ones. In those we see 15 houses with upper stories. There are
also 11 streets and some lanes without an 3^ alignment or regularity.
In 1892 it had 3.000 inhabitants, to-day has about 5000, 'S chur-
ches, IC) stores, 8 bar-iooms, two i)harmacies, 4 schools.

The principal industry is the extraction of crystal and rubber
(manga))eira trees) of wbich a good deal is exported. The commer-
cial life of the city is insignificant. It happens there what happens
in most cities of the interior, the merchant only opens his store

— «27 —

during certuin hours of the (l;i.\ . and many .lays i|..«'sn't open
unless some one knocks at llie door.

Luziunia manuliw^tures exeellent marmc'ladc lis lame reachoH
S. Paulo and Minas markets. A curiosity of that municipiun is the
enormous vestige of the old mining, in the deeply excavated caves.
Between this small city and the Minas frontier are the Crystals,
ridge of mountains thus called because of the many cristal layers
found there.

Santa qruz. — This is the scat of the tobacco pro<Iii(iiij^^ imiiii-
cipiuni filled with gold layers, unfortunately unexplored.

There are the following buildings : the Matriz church and the
Rosario church , the former built by the provincial government,
the latter by the people. The City Hall, Court House and .Fail in a
fine building. It is of modern style, the best in Santa Cruz.

It has 6.000 inhabitants. As Luziania, its soil shows it was
mined. It is situated 180 kilometres away from Araguary.

Having in view the marvellous progress of other federative
entities of Brazil there is no contradiction that Matto Grosso and
Goyaz need to develop great efforts to succeed accompanying them.
Unfortunately they struggle with two dreadful enemies : the density
of population and the enormity of their territory. Matto Grosso in
itself is a nation and a great nation. Its 1.376.65 1 square kilometres
would furnish territory for three or four States. And the same can
be said of many of the ex-provinces.

AMiat we have said of Goyaz shows that it has not accompanied
the general development of the country. In fact that State and
Matto Grosso, Piauhy, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande in smaller
propoi-tions, constitute the group of provinces, wliicli were not, and
are not in the case of assuming at least in the same latitude as
S. Paulo, Minas, Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, Para, etc., the respon-
sibilities that the constitution of 1890 bears upon them with the title
of State.

But, if in that group the progress of Brazil, could be called mode-
rate and slow, in the latter ones, principally in S. Paulo, Federal
Capital, Amazonas, Para, Minas, Bahia, Kio Grande do Sul and
Parana, etc, the last 15 years has seen an evolution in agriculture,
co'mmei-ce, general industry, transportation, arts, manufactures,
development of public wealth , city improvements , and all the
expressions of culture, strength, power, and civilisation of the

— 628 —

country that, really Biazilians, can without ridicule or optimism
feel proud of the present situation of Brazil, and feel glad for the
anticipation of the future victories alreadj^ sketched.

k$ 5>r' .-^

z-";;^!^

/ ^ <1> s^

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tlie Brazil of To-day

Telegrapli and railroads .

Army-Navy-Merchaiit Marine .

Inventors and Men of Science

Thinkers and writers

Musicians, Painters and Sculptoi

The State of the Amazon

The State of Para .

The State of I^Jaranhao .

The States of Piaiihy and Ccara

The State of Ceara .

The States of Rio Grande do Xortt

The State of Parahyba .

The State of Pernambuco . ,

The States of Alagoas and Sergipe

The State of Sergipe

The State of Eahia .

The States of Espirito Santo and Kio

T^'he State of Rio de Janeiro .

The Federal Capital

The State of S. Paulo .

The State of Parana

The State of Santa Catharina

The State of Rio Grande do sul

The State of Minas Geraes .

The States of Matto Grosso and Goyaz

1 I'i

de .1

rah V

•J I

17r>
•JU
•JJ«>
2:w
•jr,i

•2(i()
267
t.'S7
;{()!
::il
.M.')

;U)«t

ISO

ill I

•VJS

r. ir,
r.70
rti-j

TABLE OF ENGRAVINGS

(liiin|):iris()ii ol' llio area ul tlir l'iM> lar

jjesl coiiiilrics ill tlie world. . . .
liio lie JaiU'iri). — Prai.a «t)uiii/t' No-

veinlno » . . .

Ilailways in Hia/.il. — Tlic diola I'limla

Viadiii'l S. Pallid

Ijijiinecrinj,' Works in Hra/.il : l{ri(lj,'c

over llic rio Ypiranjia in Parana .
Kngineerinji Works in Hra/.il : The

celoitraled Carvalho viailucl on Ihe

Parana railway

Uio (le Janeiro. — hnl)uliy fort . . .
» Larj^e Rialengo cartriilj;e fa<'-

lory of Ihe War Mini.sli-y . . . .
Infanlry canjit during' nianoinvres .
Sehool-i-ruiser : Benjamin Constant. .
Taniandare (cruiser) 4000 T., huill al

tiie Uio de Janeiro arsenal ....

l!atlle-slii() Deodoro

War transport Carlos Gomes ....

l!allle-shi|) ISiachuelo

Cruiser-torpedo Tynii)ira

Cruisei' Harrozo

Marine praclifc. shoolini; at a larj,'et .
Hio de Janeii'o. — One the pavilions of

the Marine infantry barracks . . .

School ship (iuararapes

Merchant iMarine. — Model of river

steamers of ."iOO tons of the « Com-

panhia Maranhense »

Merchant Marine. — .Model of steamers

of :2000 Ions of « Brazilian Lloyd »

Santos Dumonl

Mcllo Mar(|ues

The sulnnai'ine hoat Mcllo Mar(|ucs.

Landell de .Moura

lluel de Itacellar

Lientenanl Hadier de .\(itiino. . .
Engineer Kibeiro da Costa

Adel Pinto

Comes Pereira

01iveira.de Mene/.es

Eduardo Clauilio

The (c Trociioide »

ir.
i:i

17
l«

20
21

22
2t

26
27
28
28
29
,10
50

3i
otj

38
59
tl
42
44
4o
40
47
47

Toripialo l.aninran
Pereiia de Lyia .
Oswaldo Karia
Vidal Hr:i/il . .
Itarbosa Hodrigues
Itarao de Capanema
itaplista I.ai'erda .
Peieira Karrello .
Lauro Scveriano Mill
Paulo lie Kroiitin.
Francisco Hicalho
J. Miirlinlio
(Carlos Moreira
liiiy ISarbosa .
.Vinaro Caxalcauti.
Harao de Uio IJraiico
Arlhiii' Orlando .
Sylvio Hoinero
Joaquiin Nabiico .
Mello Moraes .
Machado de .\ssis.
Carlos de Lael. .
Oliveira Lima . .
.\ssis Brazil . .
Ciovis Bevilacina .
Jose Carlos Uodrigu
Jofio liilicii'o .
Bocha Poinbi) . .
Virgilio Varzea .
Nestor Victor .
Medeiros e AlriKiiiei
Allonso (ielso . .
Pires de Almeida.
C.oelho Netto . .
.Miiizio .V/eveilo .
Xavier Marijues .
Julia Lojics de Aline
Arthur Azevedo
Olavo Bilac . .
Magalhaes de Azereil
.Vngiislo de Lima.
I'dnloiira Xavier .
Miicio Teixeira .
Liicio de Mendonca

48
W

:;o

m
:,u

(\i
01
07
08

-■t

71
7.*)
70
I .
78
SO
HI
82
8.")
84
80
87
88
89
90
91
92
9.1
0(

9-;

98
99

too

«02
IDS
101
1 05
107
108
109

Liiiz (iuiniaifies (filho)

Luiz Edniuiulo

Ilnyiniiiuio Conea

AllxMli) Nepomuceno

Henrique Oswaldo

Menelen Campos

Ki'aiicisco IJraga

Al)doii Milanez

Carlos de Mesquila

Hodolplio Hernardelli

H. IkMiiardelli. — Clirislo e a adullera.

Correa Lima

Gorrea Lima. — Mater Dolorosa belon-
1,'iiii,' to the Fine Arts Institute . . .

Ludovic Berna

Sou/a Ai;uiar

Ramos de A/.cvedo

Oliveira Passes

Heilor de Mello

I5od(il|)h(> Amoedo

11. Amoedo. — A iiarraerio de Philelas;
belonging to the Rio Museum . . .

Antonio I'arreiras

Rodolplio Cliaml)elland

Henrique Rernardelli

Dr. Constan'tino Nery, governor of Ama-
zon State

Dr. Silverio Nery, ex-governoi' of Ama-
zon Stale

View of the town of Manaos . . . .

Manaos. — Eduardo Riheiro's Avenue .
» Stale's Treasury and Recei-
ver's oHice

Manaos. — A part of Riheiro's Avenue.

« Monument of opening of Ama-

zonas river lo llie inlcrnalional Trade.

Manaos. — Pul)lic Market

)) Eduardo Rii)eiro's Avenue.
Commercial houses

Manaos. — (jarden of the (Jovernor's
P.'dace. The west side

Manaos. — (L-ilhedral Church :uid
S(|uare

Manaos. — A part of Eduardo liiheiro's
Avenue

Manaos. — Court of law Palace-Princi-
pal front

Manaos. — S. Seliasti.'io's S(piare and
(he Am;izon:is Theali'e

Manaos. - The Saloon ol' Ania/onas
Thcatic

Manaos. — Itenjamin Constants Insti-
tute

Part of Itio Acre

110
111
id.
115
lU

ii:i

116
117
119
id.
120
121

id.
122
125
124
125
126
127

128
129
150
151

15.^

156
157
158

159
141

M2
145

148

i:iO

i:ii)
i(;5
i(;i
Ki:;

l()7

Bank of Rio Pums-Landscape at the

lime of llloods 10!>

Manaos. — « Amazonense » gymnasium. 170

« Pnblic-Scliool 172

)) Public-School 174

Belem. — Building of scholar's group

on the Baplista Camjjos place . . . 17;>
Relem. — .Modern Cuban Buildings. . 179
» Statue of the bishop I'rei Caetano

Brandao • .... 181

Belem. — Frei Caetano Brandao'sSquare 182

» Cathedral de Belem 185

» Monument lo General (iurjao. on
the Independencia place . . . IS5

Belem. — Palace of the Stale's Covernor 187
)•> Building of the Paco Municipal . 188
» A part of the iMuuicipal Park . 189
» Independencia Avenue . . . . 190
)-> Hepublic Monument, on the lie-

|)ublic S(iuare I'.)l

Belem. — « Da Pazj) Theatre (after its

restoration) 195

Belem. — The Cemetery 19.")

» The church of Our Lady of the

Carmo 196

Belem. — Front view of the Lauro

Sodreinslilute 198

Lyceu Paraense 200

Belem. — School group Building of

Nazareth 201

Belem. — Asylum for tlie pooi'. Interior

Garden and Refeclory ; Men's Side . 205
Senator .V.Lemos. Intendanl of the Be-
lem Municipality 201

Belem. — Mausoleum of tjeneral (Jurjao

in the solidade Cemetery .... 206
Type of revolver guns as used by the

Stale Military Regiment at Para . . 208
Belem. — Building of .\venida Deotbu'o's

scholar group 209

Dr. Angusto Montenegro. Covernor of

the i'ara Stale 211

Senator Benedicto Leite 211

S. Luiz. ■ — riic Municipal .Vdministra-

tiou 2i:i

Stiile of Maranhao. — Pantu'amic view

of the city and harlior of S. Luiz . . 216

S. Luiz. — Benedicto Leile S(|uare . . 218

» Concalves Dias Monument . 219

» Comes de Castro Avenue . . 220

» Beading-room of llie Public Li- •

brary .221

S. Luiz. — St- Anlouiiiox's cliurcli and
Sijuare 222

S. Liii/.. — View of ;i I'.iil of tin* << rii;i

do Sol n

S. Liiiz. — l':iil of ilif « rii:i ilos Hi'mr-

clios))

LarjiO .M;imil;iclon ol cotton tissm-s

« M;mnl':utofa (^:ixii'iiS(! » . . . .

S. Liiiz. — Da Misoriconlia llos|iital .

Tlicic/iiia. — At|iii(lahaii Sqiiarc and

Qiiatro (Ic Sclcnibro TlH'atrc .
riiofcziiia. — S. Bt'iicdicto's ihiircli.
View of a part of llie cily of Paiiiali\lia
Piaiiliy. — C.ity of I'ainalivha , rii.i

(ifaiidc . . ;

I'iaiiliy Types. — A cow keeper .
Forlaleza. — I'idilic Market ....
» BuildingofllioMiiiiici|ial Adiiii

nistraliuii

Kortaleza. — (iymnaslic-room id the

.Marine Apprentices School . . . .

Kortaleza. — Statue of (Jeneral Tihincio

» Normal Ccdlege

)) Square and station of I lie Halii-

rite Railway

Kortaleza. — Caio Prado Avenue. .

» Formosa street

Natal. — Santos Keis Maj,'os Korlress at

the entrance of the Nafal bar . . .

Natal. — Harbor and cily of Natal . .

» Government Palace

» Cionceii.ao Street

Mossoro. — Seisdc Janeiro Square. .

» Klores Street

)) Da Matriz church and Scpiare
Parahyba. — Das Merces chuich and

street

Parahyba. — Old convenlofS. Francisco
» The Governor's Palace. .
» Kiscal Delefj;ation ....
Recife. — Interior anchorage and the

natural reef

Recife. — View of Primeiro de Marco

street

Recife. — Eslarao ila E. P. dc Caruaru
)) The n)arkel of Derby ....
» Suburb of Recibe and Sele de

Setembro Bridge

Recife. — Nossa Seuhora da Penha

church .

Recife. — Legislative Congress ami (iym-

nasium building

Recife. — Insane Asylum

')) Compressing cotton works (d

V. Nee'sen el Co

Maceio. — The ligiit-house ....

'27,0
■27, \

-.'II

-2i-2
2i3
i2ii

2i7

-249

'2b'2

-255
2o»i

HOI

258
259

261
262
265
264

268

270
271
275

274

275

278

280

288

Maceif'i. — The Calhednd •J'lO

» Do Comin<T> io siiei'i Uti

» Princip:d railway >.|:iiion . itiS

» I III' Martyrs Square . iy;i

Pilar. — Nirw of oni- ol iIm> pritirip:d

''>rt'<'ls itw

Pilar. — Cninniercio sli-pel HW

Paiilo-AfVonso falls, \ietv of iIm- pnmi

cipal wati'r-juMip S(X»

Aracaju. — A part of the landing-place. 502

» Aurora street 5<>5

)) Matriz cluinli 50i

» Prison Place and Hiiildin-s. . 7/)'.',

Bahia. — yuaxs an<l Laniling Place , 515

» The (nivernor's Palace .... 51 i

» .Municipal Palace 5|t'.

» J*alace in the Vicl<iria street, lio

vernor's lesidence .'17

Baliia. — Senate building 5lK

» .Monumenlof the Riachuelo square 519

» The pyiamid of the P.isseio Publico 520
» National Independance Monument

Duke de Caxia Square 521

Bahia. — S. Benio street and Con\ent . 522
» The Catholic cathedr.d .tnd Onin/c

de Novembre Square 525

Bahia. — Fine Arts College .... 524

» Electric tramway station . . . 528
» Large textile Manufactory ila Boa

Viagem .551

General view of the <' Pitanga » sugar
factory, in the Malta of .S. Jofio inuni-

«-ipiuni .551

Curralinho. — Dionysio C^-rqueira Pla-
ce. — Piqmlar Holiday 55m

.Magoinhos. — Paco .MunicipaKsquaret 559

Joazeiro. — The railway station of the

line Bahia to S. Franci.sco . . . 541

Valen^-a. — Large textile fabric : « To-
dos os Santos » 542

lllieos. — Panorama of a part of the city 544

Victoria. — The Moreno and the chajtel

of Penha 516

Victoria. — A part of the cily and ancho-

i"«8»' ^»"

Victoria. — Another p.ut of the cily

and anchorage 518

Cachoeira de llapemerim. — Peak of

Itabira 551

Cachoeira de llapemerim. — Southern

part of the cily 5.52

Victoria. — Local Scene, the Siesta. . 5.S5
Nichteroy. — The celebrated ro>k of

Itapuca, and llie beach of lc;u-ahy. . 5.57

Pelropolis. — The AIiiiiici|i!il Prcfccl's
Palace oo'J

Nova Friburgo. ^ Geiicial view of iho
Anchiela Collt'iiio .KiO

Campos. — Quitize de Novcinhro strecl
and Parahyha river 561

Caui|ios. — S. Salvador Square . . . 56-2
') Lyceum of Hiiniaiiilies and Nor-
mal school 563

Campos. — Water reseivoir .... 564

Barra do Pirahy. — (ireal iron Bridju'e
across the Parahyha river .... 565

Vassouias. — View of a pail of the cily
and the Barao de Amparo park . . 568

Rio. — Dos Mineiros and .\lfandej<a
quays 570

Rio. — Anchorage and pari of the cily. 571
» Santa Luzia church and plain . . 57:2
» General Osorio's statue .... 375
» The Cathedral and do Carino church 574
» S. Pedro de Alcantara Theatre . . 57S
)) Front of the Benjamin Constant ins-
titute 576

Rio. — Terrace of Passeio Publico . . 576
» Initial station of the Central of Bia/.il
Railway 577

Rio. — Sea-shore of Leme .... 578

» Statue of D. Pedro I 579

» Quin/.e de Novembro .s(inaie and
Board of Trade building .... 580

Rio. — Senador Daiitas street . . . 581
» ^"ront of the Gon(,-alves de Araujo
Asylum, incampo de S. Chiislovao ■ 582

Rio. — The Post office and Exchange
Building 585

Rio. — Town Hall 384

Ex-President Rodrigues Alves (1902-
1906) who-initiated the Rio de Janei-
ro improvements 58o

Dr. Pereira Passos, Prefect of Rio de
■Janeiro . . • .586

Capital Federal. — Isle das cobras and
the Naval school 587

The National Piinliug office .... 588

The Polylechnical school 390

Rio. — New Buildings : Court of Justice .592

Capital Federal. — The Munici|)al Thea
ire 595

Rio. — (ilass windows of the Mimicipal
Theatre .594

Rio. — Glass windows of the Municipal
Theatre 59,";

(]a|)ital Federal. — Construction of the
Passos street .597

l$io — Fountain in the (f Gloria » (iar-

den 598

Capital Federal. — Part of tiie acclama-

Cao Pai-k 599

Rio. — The Pao <le assucar aud the

Morro da viuva 401

Rio. The Military school .... 402

» (iulf of Bolalogo 405

» The Ancient Emperors llesi-

■ dence, at present National .Museum . i04
Rio. — Monument of the discoverers of

Brazil Kt.'i

Rio. — Statue of Buai(ine .Macedo . . 407
Capital Federal. — The I® de Mareo

street 409

Suburbs of Rio —Tijiica Forest . . 410

Capital Federal. — The Public park 411

Kit>. —The Mint 4 12

Capital Federal. — Part of the Onlral

Avenue 415

Dr. Gabriel Junqueira, one of the cons-
tructors of the Central Avenue . . 41 i

The S. Francisco church 415

Dr. Del-Velchio, engineer 416

Rio. — Part of the New Avenue. . . 417

» New Buildings 418

Capital Federal. — Pail of the Central

Avenue 419

Rio. — New Buildings 420

» » » 421

Capital Federal. — Pavilion in the S.

Louis' Exhibition, erected on the

Central Avenue 422

Rio. ~ New Buildings 424

» )) /> 42.T

» )) » 426

n » » 427

)) » » — The palace of

the daily paper : « 0 Jornal do Com-

niercio» 128

Rio. — The New « Ire/e de Marco »

street 429

Rio. — New Buildings 450

/) Anoliier view of Bolafogo and Bei-

ra-Mar Avenue i5l

Rio. — New Buihiings 4.52

Capital Federal. — Bolafogo Avenue . 4.55

Rio. - New Buidings 451

» New Buidings. — Offices of the

daily paper : « 0 Paiz » i.55

Rio. — New Buildings 1.56

» Conslru('ti(ui of the Canal do Man-

gue " • 457

Rio. — Statue of ViscounI do Rio Branco 4."8

Hill, — (l;i|>il;il KciliMiil -. \\f\\ of (lie
():iii;il ilii M.inu'iii' i.V,)

Hi,,. _ .\,.w |{iii|,|iii;,'s .i-iO

I'lirl of Hid. — Killing' iipof iIi.'Sim Zone Ua
» » Ci iiistriii-lion of ihc New
Uiiay. (<i"iiU'-lH»al tl.">

Poll of Uio. — Coiislriiclioii of llic Ncns

Quay 1 i (

Hio. — I'liinilivc as|KMM of llic iilair
wlicrc llii' ('anal ilo .Maiij,'ii(' wascori-
slnictcil il.'i

Poi-l of Hio. — ('.onslriiilioii of llic .New

U"i:>.v lit!

Port of Hill. — (".oiisli'iiilioii of Ihr New
Quay. Arirhoriiij; place il7

Porlofl'.io — l-illiii';ii|iof IlicSca/oiic ttS

Poll of Hio. — (loiislnicloii of lilt' in>\v
Quay. View of ihc work in Docfiiihcr
l!)0o WJ

S. Paiilo. — Mii.siMini of Ipyranjia -iriO

» .Adiiiinislralions of .liislici',
Ai;riciilliir(' and (-uslonis .... i'M

S. Paulo. — I.ai'jio <la Se i.'i.i

» The lakoof liiePiililiclJardiMi i:;i

» Da Liiz station io.')

)) Oovornnieiil palace of S. Paulo ioti
» S. Henio Place ..... i.'iT
n Polylechiiical College . . . ioO
» « Prndente dc .Morae.s » .Model
school 4G0

S. Paulo. — .Normal .sciiool .... itil

(iofl'ee fariii-iionse to llie west of S. Paiilo itJO

(iOfl'ee exports from llie principal pro
diiciii^^ connlries 1(17

Santos. — Hospital of Santa Ca.sa de
Misericordia 470

Santos. — 7 Seteinbro Street. . . . 472
)) Panoramic view of a part of llie
city 475

Santos. — Keal's Centro l»orlui;uese
huilding 474

S. Vincente. — Monumenl of the 4ih
century of Hra/il, erected where .Mar-
tini AH'oiiso landed 47(5

Santos. — S. Paulo railway station. t77

Campinas. — Railway station. . . . 478

Santos. — Celebrated watering place of
Giiaruya 479

Campinas. — Panorama of a part of the
city; l3maio e Costa Aguiar Street . -481

Campinas. — Lyceum of Arts and Ma-
nufactures 48:J

Campinas. — Church of N. U. da Con-
cei?ao 483

('.iiaraliiiKiieia. — View of a |*arl of iIm-

cily and pori . ^f^^

S. Joao da Hoa M.sia. Place of it-.n'

:"i"" .18.1

Jaliii. Municipal I'.hainlier . (mh

laiiliale. — IIk! Calliedral l«y

(iO(|neiro.s slreei , j«(|

.s. JoM' do Hio pardo p.(7,

l)r Nireiilc Machado. - (Joxeriinr of
l':'iaiia (ui

Pine lice, Araiicaria hiasiliensis. 4H;i

Itmks of red .stone td villa vciha i!»7

llie devil's pe.ik liinnel in Cordilhera do

.Mar. — Parana railway .UJm

Ciirilyiia. — Parana railway Slalion . ',(){

" Congress Cliainlicr .... .'itif

)) The Coveriioi's I'alacc :,(i7t

)) Jose llonifacio Street . . .iO.'S
» Ollii-es of llie tiriii .lose llaiier

el Bross :,{)-

Curilyha. — The Catholic Callicdral . ."iUH

)) (iliarity llospiial .iOil

)) Preshyleriaii cliiirili . . .ijO

)) Police liana. ks .Ill

" Harracks of the l."»tji. ca\aliy

regiment .iji

<>urilylia. — Asylum of .N. 1). d:i I.u/ fur

Iniialics and the poor .il.")

Parauagiia. — Da Praia street and lan-
ding stage :i|7

.Viiidiiiua. — (icneral view of ihe cily . 519

i'liit of .Morretes on the .Miundi.ii|iiara. '.r2U

Panoramic view of the cil\ of ponia

Crossa .i:*!

Popular types. — A basket-inaki-r from

tiie interior of Parana :i-27^

Castro. — S. Paulo-Hio (Irande Hallway

bridge over the Yapo :r2:i

(juara|)uava. — Curucaca jump. Jordao

river 5-26

Florianopolis. Moiiument to the pa-
triotic volunteersin the Publictianleii ■'>28

Strait of Ihe isle of S. Catharina and for

S. Cm/ Ir2i\

Florianopolis. — Panorainic view of the

cily '.Cyi

Florianopolis. — Stale Covernois" Pa-
lace ivi^

Florianopolis. — Da Santa Gasa Hospi-
tal and beach of .sacco tlos linoes. . .•J54

Florianopolis. — Cathedral .... .')5;i
» The port and Commercial

Quarter .'ioO

Florianopolis. — Esleves Junior street 557

Blumeneau. — Gigantic palm tree ,

palms 9 metres long. . . . , . ;i39

Blumeneau. — Municipal chamber . . fAO
Laguna. — Panorama of a pari of the

city 542

D'" Blumeneau. — Founder of the city

of that name 345

Dr. Borges <le Medeiros. — Present

Governor of Rio (irande do Sul . . ^il

Gaucho Costume 548

Porto Alegre. — Isle of Pedras Brancas

and powder magazine 550

Porto Alegre. — Lower [)art of the city 551

» Municipal building . . 552

)) 7 Selembro street . . . 555

» School of Civil Engineers,

Arts and manufactures 555

Porto Alegre. — Julio de Gastilhos

place 556

Porto Alegre. — Santa Casa da Miseri-

cordia hospital 557

Pelolas. — View of a part of the city . 561

» View of a Beef Factory . . . 362

n Da Misericordia hospital . . 565

Hio Grande. — Marechal Floriano sli'eet 564

» Municipality's square . . .563

Dr. Joao Pinheiro. — Governor of the

Stale of Minus (leraes 571

Bello Horizonte. — Paraopeba Avenue. 572
» Building of Economic

bank and Treasury Delegation. . . 575
Bello Horizonte. — Minas Station, of

Ihe Estrada de Ferro Central . . . .wo
A defile of Ihe Serra do Curral on the

way to Ouro Preto 576

Bello Horizonte. — Senate House . . 577

» » Governor's Palace . . 579

» » Home department and

Revenue 580

Bello Horizonte. — Agriculture Palace 581

» » Barracks of the Public

Force 582

Bello Horizonte. — Public market . . .584

>■> » Front view of the Minas

Gymnasium .586

Bello Horizonte. — The Law-school . 387
Minas. — The great Falls of Tombos
de Carangola on the frontier of Minas

and Rio .588

Caxambii. — View of a part of the City .59 1
Ouro Preto to-day. — .Monument of Ti-
radentes in the Square of the same
name, and the old prison (rebuilt) . .595
Ouro Preto to-day. — S. .lose Street and
the (c casa dos contos » on the back-
ground 594

Old Ouro Preto. — The Thomas Gon-
zago house, in the middle of the 18th

Century .595

Old Ouro Preto. — .\rchilectomie foun-
tain in the 18th Century, leaned
against the Marilia House .... .596
Old Ouro Preto. — The house where

Marilia de Dirceu died 597

.luiz de Fora. — Jury-House and Public

Prison .598

Juiz de Fora. — Textile Fabric « Mas-

carenhas » .599

Uberaba. — Santa Casa de Aliserieor-

dia (Hospital) 600

Uberaba. — The municipal House . . 601

» Catholic church 602

Panoramic view of the oily S. Joao del

rey 605

S. Joao del Rey. — S. Francisco church 604

City of Barbacena 606

Barbacena. — Pomologic garden and

House of Dr. Rodolpho Abreu . 607

Panoramic view of the City of Sahara . 608
Cataguazes. — Credito Real of Minas-

Geraes Bank's Agency 609

Cataguazes. — Forum building . . . 610
Panoramic view of the city of Passos . 611
Cataguazes. — Forum building . . . 615
Cuyabi. — S. Gon^alo church . . . 614
» Harbour and Landingstage 615
Goyaz. — Suburbs of the City and

Market 621

Goyaz. — .Vbbadin Street 625

n Bridge over the Rio Vermelho . 625

{'i'.

14 DAY USE

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SEP 1 3 1966

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(04796810)476

General Library
University of California

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Full text of "The Brazil of to-day; a book of commercial, political and geographical information on Brazil; impressions of voyage, descriptive and picturesque data about the principal cities, prominent men and leading events of our days, with illustrations and statistics"

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