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BREEDING,
Training, Management
AND
DISEASES
: OF THE ~ ts
-HORSE|
ho Geum PS
DOMESTIC ANIMALS,
With Ninety-five Illustrations.
at OF CONG
a Oey RIGHT oN
Syoy 23 1893.|
B &)
J. M. HEARD, MAR.C.V'S8277 6, yusu8
Late Professor of Veterinary Surgery in the New York Collegeof Pr
Veterinary Surgeons ; Member of the New Vork A cademy of
Comparative Medicine and Surgery.
aa hie
Author of “Horse Shoeing, Pastand Present,” “How to tell the Ageof a Horse,”
‘*Chart for Ilorse Owners,’ etc.
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR.
NEW YORK, 1893.
COPYRIGHT, 1893,
Bee. BY
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PREFACE.
LTHOUGH there is no dearth of books which treat
iy on the subjects contained in this little volume they
are, for the most part, so expensive as to be out of the
reach of the average American farmer, who must, after
all, when considered in the aggregate, do the great
bulk of breeding, and they must necessarily be the own-
ers of a vast majority of the domestic animals contained
in the whole country.
Again ; they treat, for the most part, on special cub-
jects and, therefore, contain a great deal of matter that
is useless and not clearly understood by the average
_stockowner. Neither has he the time to devote to a
complete and detailed study of each of the subjects
treated in this work. It will also be found that most
books on Breeding and Diseases of Animals that are
PREFACE.
written in plain, every-day language are very ancient
and, therefore, have not the information contained in
modern books, which may be based on the vast ad-
vance which has been made in scientific breeding, and
on the great discoveries which have been recently made
in medicine and surgery.
It has been my aim to give the average stockowner
the information that he must necessarily be continually
seeking, in language so plain, that any common school-
boy can understand it. I have, therefore, avoided tech-
nical terms wherever possible.
Another reason which has impelled me to arrarge a
book relating to diseases of animals, is the fact that in
a large extent of our country, the services of an educa-
ted Veterinarian are difficult to obtain by the average
stockowner who resides, for the most part, at a con-
siderable distance from large towns, and even when ob-
tainable, it will be only at a considerable expense, be-
sides the loss of valuable time in checking serious dis-
ease and thereby avoiding a part of the losses which in
the aggregate, are enormous. A recent bulletin issued
PREFACE.
by the Department of Agriculture, placing the annual
loss of live stock in the United States by disease, at
more than $100,000,000. From experience, I am sure
that a large part of this immense loss can be avoided,
and it has been my aim to give the necessary advice
which will eventually lead to the saving of a very large
percentage of the domestic animals which at present
die from preventable or curable diseases.
The insertion of the section relating to the adminis-
tration of medicines, with an alphabetical table of dis-
eases and their remedies and the table relating to medi-
cines and their doses was suggested to me by Dr. J. A.
Breakall, for which I thank him. My brother, Dr. A.
M. Heard, has also rendered valuable aid in many ways
which I cannot here specify. I also thank Mr. George
Kittredge for the interest he has taken in making the
drawings for several of the illustrations, and Messrs.
Clarke and Richardson, for the loan of valuable cuts.
J. M. HEARD, M.R.C. V.S.
NEW YORK CITY.
Copies of this Book
may be ordered through any
PUBLISHER, BOOKSELLER ~
NEWSDEALER
in the
UNITED STATES AND: CANADA
or will be sent free by mail on receipt of price
(One Dollar)
by
DR. JOM: HERAR'D, M ROC yi
1190 WEST 56TH STREET,
NEW. YORK ‘CITY, oni
PART I. BREEDING.
INTRODUCTION.
I am well aware that there is no royal road that will
lead to the highest degree of success for all who may
attempt the task of becoming profitable breeders of
high class animals, whether of horses, cattle, sheep,
swine, poultry, dogs, or in fact any of the domesticated
animals. In fact it may be generally stated that the
failures will outnumber the successes as ten toone. On
looking over the field, however, we can see many man-
agers who are successful, and on careful inquiry it will
be found that nearly all of them have attained success
because they have acted on lines which are entirely in
accord with proven biological facts. It may be as-
serted that success in breeding will not be achieved by
any hap-hazard method, but by careful plans, laid out
after great deliberation, and according to a certain
standard of action which breeders have set up for their
guidance. I am aware that an occasional hap-hazard is
sometimes temporarily successful, and this may occur
apparently in spite of the violation of what many suc-
cessful men would call positively correct principles.
These facts show to some extent the great difficulties
with which the breeder has to contend; especially will
the difficulty appear very great if we bear in mind the
10 BREEDING OF
almost fabulous amounts that are yearly spent by some
of our wealthy men in efforts to become successful
breeders of one or more species of domestic animals.
On close scrutiny it will be found that there are certain
well defined principles which it is necessary for all
breeders to adopt if they wish to be permanently suc-
cessful, especially in a pecuniary sense. And perhaps it
may not be out of place here to sound a word or two of
warning against what seems to be a tendency to the
production of a degenerate race, so far as horses are
concerned.
{ presume it will be admitted that the aim of select
breeding in the domestic animals should be to obtain
an animal that is most suitable for the accomplishment
of the labor that is required to be performed by that
species. Of course it is too much to ask breeders to
forego a prospective present profit for the good of the
future generation of horses, for there are very few men
with public spirit enough to refuse to breed horses
that can run a fast half mile, and for which they can
obtain an exceedingly profitable price, notwithstanding
that in most cases at the present time those same
horses are entirely useless for any other purpose, not
even making good hacks or hunters, and certainly
useless on a farm. And the numerous small race tracks
in the neighborhood of large cities where short races
are being run all the year round seem to increase the
evil to a tremendous extent, and will probably lead to
the development of immense speed for short distances,
to the detriment of the general advancement of all
breeds of horses that would naturally take place were
speed and stamina combined to be the qualities necessary
to profitable ownership. After all, it is perhaps easy to
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 11
exaggerate the presumed ill effects of such periods of
fashionable aberrations as above described, for nearly
all of the vast numbers of animals that are annually
bred in all civilized countries must necessarily be
raised for practical purposes. This will always be the
underlying basis for the general breeder, no matter
how some breeders may succeed in specializing a cer-
tain number of animals, and this assertion holds good
in the case of all domestic animals. A horse that may
be considered a typical animal for general purposes is
seen in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Hackney.
12 BREEDING OF
GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
TERE are certain biological laws which relate to Re-
production, to which all animals are subject. Many of
those laws have only been formulated within the past
half century; in fact, to the influence of Charles Darwin
more than any other man, or perhaps any ten men, is
due the formulating of reproductive laws and the
grouping of facts relating to them.
The two underlying principles each of which is op-
posed to the other and by which all breeders are
guided, are Heredity and Variation.
HEREDITY.
Wuerever we look in the field of Natural History,
the one fact that stands out more prominent than any
other is the strong tendency for like to beget like; yet
if this were an invariable rule there could be no change
in types of animals, and there could be no advance-
ment in breeding. Again, unless the principle of
heredity was exceedingly strong, there would be no
permanent fixity of any improvement which might be
produced by any scientific breeder. But under the
strong influence of the law of heredity any chance
improvement which may occur in any breed of animals,
can almost certainly be reproduced in future individ-
uals that may be born as a result of pairing the animal
in which the improvement has appeared, with another
of the same species. The failure to reproduce this im-
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 13
provement in the progeny will frequently happen, but
by suitable pairing the improvement can generally be
reproduced. If we can lay down arule to guide us in
accomplishing this very desirable object, a great ad-
vance will be made in scientific breeding. This we
shall now attempt.
It has been found that in some families of animals a
tendency to reproduce their like is much greater than in
others. I will only mention one which will be familiar
to breeders all over the country, namely, “ Rysdyk’s
Hambletonian.” It used to be a very common observa-
tion: “ How much like the old horse he or she is,” even
to grandsons and grand-daughters of this horse, in
form and style as well as in action. This horse had a
great individual tendency to reproduce this improved
form, style and speed, even when mated with very in-
ferior mares. This tendency in one parent to overcome
what is lacking in the other is called “ prepotency.”
We say therefore that in Hambletonian his prepo-
tency to produce his desirable qualities was very
great. It may also be said that the prepotency
of Electioneer was also very great, in fact, so great was
it that it seemed to make no difference scarcely what
kind of mare he was mated to, a fast colt was sure to be
the result. Even to thoroughbreds his influence was
so much greater that fast trotters were almost invari-
ably the result of the pairing, a result of such a mixed
union being the celebrated Palo Alto 2.083—Electioneer
himself, being a son of Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, thus
inheriting a very strong tendency to reproduce fast and
well formed trotters, as we have seen. How are we to
tell with reasonable certainty, whether an animal is en-
dowed with unusual prepotency or not? If it were pos-
14 BREEDING OF
sible to tell with certainty, we could almost class breed-
ing with the exact sciences. Unfortunately we cannot
do this except in those cases where the prepotency has
been proven, as was the case with Hambletonian, Elec-
tioneer, and others after a trial at the stud for three or
four years. But the following rule will be found. use-
ful; viz.: that the longer the line of descent in which
the desired trait can be traced, the more likely is the
desirable quality to be transmitted to offspring; so that
any quality which may arise in an individual, if trans-
mitted for several generations, will become stronger and
stronger with each generation, and will soon become
strongly inherited, and the prepotency of each descend-
ing parent will be increased in the direction of the al-
tered character. Hence, all other things being equal,
there would be much better chance for obtaining a
very fast thoroughbred, with lots of stamina, by mating
a female with a male that had proven fast for long dis-
tances; and this chance would be greatly strengthened
if the male progenitors had also inherited great speed
with good staying powers. Therefore, the greater the
number of progenitors in which can be traced the de-
sired quality, the more likely is the quality to be repro-
duced in the offspring. This rule applies to all animals,
whether wild or domestic.
Unfortunately we have a prepotency to reproduce
undesirable qualities as well as desirable. This is one
of the great drawbacks that breeders have to contend
with. For instance: a sire with small, thin feet—espe-
cially if it has been inherited for two or three genera-
tions—will be likely to reproduce in a large proportion
of his progeny this very undesirable quality. There
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 15
are many other imperfections and many diseases and
malformations which are inherited. The following are
some of the diseases which are strongly inherited:
Anchylosis of Joints (Stiff Joints)
Broken Wind.
Cataract.
Curb.
Diarrhea.
Hemorrhage.
Imperfections of Feet.
Navicular Caries.
Ophthalmia. (Moon Blindness).
Ostitis or Sore Shins.
Rheumatism.
Rickets.
Ringbones.
Roaring.
Sidebones.
Spavins.
Staggers.
ANCHYLOSIS of JOINTS.—As a result of various
inflammatory diseases in bones and joints we very fre-
quently get a complete union between the two or more
bones that enter into the formation of a joint. There
are some joints in horses that are peculiarly liable to
this abnormal condition. The hock joint is in a high
degree susceptible to this change, and I have often
made dissections and found all the bones of the hock,
except two, strongly united together by this bony
union, and in which not the least particle of motion
could take place except between the astragalus and
16 BREEDING OF
tibia. The inflammation which precedes this condition is
very frequently the hidden cause of lameness, and that
of a very chronic character. This condition may be ac-
companied by an outside swelling (Bone Spavin), or it
may not. If there is no outside swelling, there is no
way of making a positive diagnosis of this condition.
Therefore any lameness in the hind limbs that is of a
chronic character, and cannot be definitely located,
should be a sufficient cause to prevent the animal from
being sent to the stud for breeding purposes.
BROKEN WIND.—This disease is well known to be
inherited, and any animal suffering from it should be
avoided by the careful breeder.
CATARACT.—This is a chronic disease of the eye,
and can be easily discovered by looking into the pupil.
If cataract is present there will be noticed a light col-
ored speck of varying size, from that of a pin head to
a spot large enough to fill up the entire pupil. This
disease is inherited beyond a doubt, and is a frequent
cause of blindness, and if a breeder wishes to obtain an-
imals with perfect sight there should be no horse with
a cataract allowed in the breeding establishment.
CURB.—This is a disease that very frequently causes
lameness. When present, even if the animal is not lame,
the selling value is very materially lessened, even in a
common grade of horses. How much more would be
the depreciation if it was a cause of lameness, and
thereby decreased the speed of a racing animal, the
animal being probably made worthless. I have known
a sire affected with curb to get colts, three-fourths of
which were affected with this disease before they were
six years old. In fact there are numerous instances
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. oe
showing the strong tendency of this disease to be in-
herited. Never breed from a sire or dam that has a
curb.
DIARRHEA.—There is a form of diarrhea which is
sometimes present in trotters, that seems to be caused
by a constitutional irritation of the bowels. In many
cases the subjects of this affection cannot be driven in
a speedy manner for any length of time without caus-
ing diarrhea. Such horses are very liable to become
debilitated, and easily the subjects of chills and colic
and to lose their appetite for twelve or fifteen hours.
Such animals are often said to be delicate and unable
to stand any severe exertion, when frequently repeated.
An animal that is subject to this disease should not
be bred from.
HEMORRHAGE.— Many thoroughbred horses, when
made to run to the top of their speed, are affected with
this serious condition of bleeding from the nostrils.
This is also due to inherited and constitutional causes,
and if this condition is present in any proposed candi-
date for the stud, he or she should be rigidly excluded
from the breeding establishment.
FEET—IMPERFECTIONS OF,—The shape and
form of the feet tend very strongly to be inherited, and
any weakness which may be present in the sire or dam
will be very likely to appear in the offspring. One of
the worst faults in respect to the feet is seen when they
are small and cramped, and when the horn is thin and
has a tendency to become dry and brittle. This form
of hoof is especially liable to corns and quarter cracks
and are the easy subjects of- bruises to the soles, by
stepping on stones and other solid objects projecting
| 2
18 BREEDING OF
from the surface of the road. I have known a stallion
which had such feet to reproduce colts about half of
which could not be driven on macadamized roads for
any length of time without going lame from bruises to
the soles, or a cracking of the thin, dry horn at the
quarter of the foot. A large foot is not so objectionable
from a utilitarian point of view, but may be somewhat
objectionable in race horses. It may be said, however,
that a large foot is seldom to be considered an objection
in an animal that is otherwise suitable for breeding
purposes. Many horses that travel apparently sound
are seen with contracted heels, and although this is
frequently due to bad management of the feet, there
are many cases in which horses are predisposed to this
condition from thin, weak horn. When it is proposed
to breed from an animal with contracted heels, and the
cause cannot be plainly traced to bad management of
the feet, including bad shoeing, the subject should be
excluded for breeding purposes. Be sure that both
dam and sire have well formed and good sized feet.
NAVICULAR DISEASE.—Although this is not such
a common disease in this country as it is in Great
Britain, in consequence of our having softer roads, yet
it is frequent enough, especially in animals past middle
age that have been driven for any length of time in the
vicinity of towns, where there are stone pavements or
macadamized roads. Do not breed from any animal
that is the subject of navicular disease. All authorities
agree that it tends to be strongly inherited.
OPHTHALIIIA.—In March,1893,a gentleman sent, for
my examination (requesting a written report), a beauti-
fully formed cob mare that was then suffering from an at-
tack of inflammation of the eyes, and had been the subject
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 19
of another attack two months previous. The eyes
were clouded over, showing all the appearance of a
constitutional ophthalmia (moon blindness). He wished
me to report especially on the advisability of placing
her on his stock-farm for breeding purposes. Knowing
as I do how strong is the tendency for eye diseases to
-be inherited, I was compelled to advise against the
step he contemplated. I should have been exceedingly
derelict in my duty had I done otherwise. Whenever
an animal is the subject of cataract, or cloudiness on >
the front of the eye—thus showing the effect of ophthal-
mia—it should be rigidly excluded from the breeding
farm.
OSTITIS or SORE SHINS.—This may be consid-
ered almost exclusively a disease peculiar to thorough-
breds, and from the fact ;that many otherwise good
horses break down when young from this disease, they
are very likely to be sent to the stud for breeding pur-
poses. Now, inasmuch as the very fact of their having
broken down is a proof of constitutional weakness in the
bones of the limbs, it should be a sufficient cause to
prevent breeders from getting more of the same kind
of weak-boned weeds that are more than likely to turn
out to be useless as racers or for any other purpose.
Beware of an animal that shows the sign of having
been at any time affected with sore shins.
RHEUMATISM.—Although rheumatism as a disease
may not be directly inherited, the constitutional condi-
tion which makes an animal peculiarly subject to it is
probably inherited. I should therefore strongly ad-
vise against breeding from an animal that is the subject
of rheumatism.
RICKETS.—This is a constitutional disease and af-
20 BREEDING OF
fects animals while they are yet very young, The pecu-
liar condition of the bones which causes them to bend
or give way under the weight of the body has a strong
tendency to be inherited. It should therefore be the
aim of the breeder to pick out animals that have no ap-
pearance of having the long bones bent in early life.
RINGBONES.—Al]l authorities recognize that the
tendency to ringbones is strongly inherited. It is
therefore very necessary for the successful breeder to
keep all animals affected with ringbones from becom-
ing members of his breeding family.
ROARING. — Youatt gives some strongly convincing
instances where sires affected with this disease had got-
ten numerous progeny that were the subjects of roar-
ing. He says: “Facts have established the hereditary
predisposition to roaring beyond the possibility of
doubt.” A well known owner of horses said to me that
he dreaded an outbreak of distemper among his horses,
as it was almost certain to leave some of them as
roarers. There is no doubt in my mind that if breed-
ers were more careful in this respect thoroughbreds
would not be more subject to be left roarers after dis-
temper than are other breeds of horses. The rule should
be to never breed from a roarer.
SIDEBONES.—This is often a disease of the more
common bred horses, but nevertheless is strongly in-
herited and is a cause of making numerous animals
comparitively useless except for very slow work. The
breeding of animals affected with sidebones can only
result in a deterioration of the quality of horses when
considered in the aggregate.
SPAVIN.—This is considered by all authorities to be a
disease which is very strongly inherited, and as it isa
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 21
very serious affection and a great source of loss to horse
owners, it would seem to be the height of folly to breed
from animals already diseased, and which are almost
certain to reproduce in their progeny the tendency to
take on the same abnormal character.
While visiting in the country some years ago, a pa-
tron of mine called my attention to a foal about three
weeks old that had an enlargement on the inside of the
hock which I quickly found to be a true bone—spavin.
I inquired carefully about the sire and dam. I could
not find out anything about the sire that could be of
value in coming to a correct conclusion regarding the
condition of his hocks, but the owner of the colt still
owned the dam. On examination I found that she was
a plucky cob that had been worked hard to a butcher’s
cart for years; that she had two well developed spavins
on the hocks, which even then were a cause of the stiff
and stilty action so characteristic of horses with fully
developed spavins, and in which the inflammation—
which is always present during the period of develop-
ment of spavin—had previously disappeared. The owner
informed me that he had noticed the peculiarity at the
time the colt was foaled. I have never seen any but this
case where a foal was born with a well developed spavin,
but spayins frequently develop at a very young age,
and in many cases it will be found that the progenitors
were the subjects of the same disease. Therefore, in
breeding horses of every class care should be taken that
horses with bone-spavin should be excluded from the
farm.
STAGGERS.—This is a very serious disease and no
animal should be bred from that has at any time shown
any symptom of it.
oF BREEDING OF
While I have used the above strong protest against
breeding from diseased animals, it is not considered
that the progeny of diseased animals will all be affect-
ed; in fact a great many will probably escape, and this
will depend to a great extent on the degree of prepoten-
cy that may be present in the diseased parent.
Lehndorff, a great authority on breeding racehorses,
says : “The principal requisite in breeding a racehorse is
soundness ; again soundness, and nothing but sound-
ness.”
TEMPER.—I cannot refrain from uttering a warning
against the too frequent practice of sending bad tem-
pered mares—that are uncontrollable in ordinary occu-
pations—to the stock farm for breeding purposes with
the remark that “she is not useful for work, but she
will probably drop a gov! colt. There is nothing more
certain than the fact that the temperament of the par-
ent is very frequently reproduced in the offspring
and every breeder knows what a useless article a colt
with a vicious and uncontr i able temper will prove to
be; in fact, he will be more profitable dead than alive,
and will certainly be less dangerous to the lives of at-
tendants that might be brought into contact with him.
A good temper is one of the most valuable traits in the
constitution of a breeding parent. This should be made
a cast-iron rule with breeders of all animals.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 23
VARIATION.
Wirnovut a tendency to variation there could be no
advance in organization or progress in results.
Variation is directly opposed to heredity, so that these
two directly opposite forces are continually warring
with each other for the mastery; and it is the object ot
the breeder to take advantage of any little change that
may be to the benefit of the animal which he is at-
tempting to improve. The improved animal does not
always show it in his physical proportions. Especially
is this true of thoroughbreds and trotters. It is impos-
sible to predict in advance the career of uy yearling
colt, either runner or trotter, from his form or shape,
and successful purchasers of horses at the breeders’
sales depend principally on the breeding of the animals
they buy, trusting that the force of heredity will be
stronger than the opposite force of variation. Yet we
very frequently find that the most carefully bred colt
has varied sufficiently in some particular character to
make him comparatively useless for racing purposes.
On the other hand, we occasionally find that a colt that
has been what may be considered rather carelessly bred,
will show enough variation from his parents in the
right direction to be an extremely valuable animal.
The tendency to variation is the force which is the
cause of those two anomalous facts. There is one
quality in the composition of horses and dogs that is
probably of more importance than any other, and 1s en-
tirely hidden,in a superficial view of an animal. I refer
to the nervous organization. It is to this part of the
24 BREEDING OF
animal system that is due the much greater strength
and endurance of some animals when compared with
other animals which resemble them in external appear-
ance. very horse owner knows that we may take two
horses that are almost exactly alike in size, shape and
action, that one will turn out to be a very valuable an-
imal for work, while the other, though subjected to ex-
actly the same conditions as to management, will be of
very little practical utility. The difference is due to the
better nervous organization of the useful horse. We
may also say that the nervous system is also subject to
variation in a high degree, and that this is a factor
that cannot be discovered by any observation of the
form of the animal. This fact will always make the
breeding of fast horses more or less problematical and
in consequence of its uncertainty, give it a speculative
character. It is by taking advantage of variations in
form or action that the different varieties of each spe-
cies of the domestic animals have been selected and
have now become distinct breeds.
In this short work, it will not be possible to go into
details of the best methods for breeding thoroughbreds,
neither is it necessary, as there are many books written
by men who have had far better facilities for observa-
tion than myself, and who have written very fully on
the subject of pedigrees and breeds of successful race-
horses. There are a few general hints that may be in-
serted for the guidance of those who have not the facil-
ities to obtain the more expensive treatises on breeding.
CLIMATE.—This has much to do with the results of
breeding. It may be said that steep hills, marshes and
low lands are not suitable for the successful breeding
of horses. In countries where there are periods of pro-
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 95
longed cold, the conditions are opposed to the breeding
of fine horses. Intense cold tends to stunt the growth
of the young animal. Young animals should be well
fed if we expect to obtain well-developed, full-grown
adults. There should be no over-crowding on the
stock-farm.
It is not sufficient that a sire should possess the for-
mation it is desired to correct in the dam, or that the
dam should have qualities likely to improve defects in
the sire, in order to insure the obtaining of a perfectly
formed product, but both sire and dam must be well
shaped to get progeny that may be better than the
parents. Young or middle-aged dams usually bear ani-
mals that have more vigor and stamina than old or ex-
tremely young dams.
William Day gives the following advice for the selec-
tion of thoroughbred mates: “Consider carefully the
external form of the mare, the relation of different parts
to each other, her capabilities, so far as known ; above
all, her breeding and that of her ancestors; then select
a sire on the same careful system.” It will only pay to
breed from the best stock, no matter what kind of do-
mestic animal it may be. This applies equally to
horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, ete.
It is usually considered that soils resting on a chalky
or limestone formation are the best suited for the loca-
tion of breeding farms.
ABORTION.
Tuts is a very important subject to breeders of high-
grade animals and in the aggregate, a source of im-
mense loss. Billings says: “that it causes an im-
mense loss to the agriculturist and breeder.” In some
26 BREEDING OF
statistics collected by the New York commissioners the
average number of abortions was about 5 per cent. of
the whole number of cows that were pregnant. Many
years ago it was estimated that the loss in New York
State alone was over four million dollars a year. In
mares it is not of such frequent occurrence as in cows,
but still frequent enough to cause considerable loss.
Causes.—The facts point to the certainty of an in-
fection frequently being the cause in cows, as the fol-
lowing will show: A German authority reports that
all the cows aborted in one stable, while none aborted
in another on the same farm. In another case abortion
continued after every possible change in the manner of
feeding. Other cases are reported where it has existed
for a number of years, constantly increasing until fin-
ally nearly every pregnant cow aborted. In another
stable one cow after another aborted, while none oc-
cured in a second stable on the same farm, until a maid
who had assisted at an abortion at the first stable re-
turned to the second stable and attended the cows
there, when abortion set in and continued for a long
time. These and other facts point to the absolute cer-
tainty of the infectious nature of the malady.
It is very frequently caused by violence in the mare,
and in fact this is a very common cause in all animals.
Falls, kicks, excessive labor, great exertion, any of the
violent inflammations of the internal organs, irritant
medicines, and diarrhea are all causes of this affection.
I have known it to follow the casting of a mare for an
operation, also from decaying animal matter, as the re-
fuse from a slaughter house. <A friend of mine, a
butcher, informs me that he has often tried to breed
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 27
mares that are stabled near his slaughter house and al-
ways without success.
The following medicinal agents are said to be acause
of abortion: Cantharides, Tansy, Savin, Cotton-root
bark, the various forms of ergot, and probably other
fungoid bodies that are frequently found in musty
fodder.
OF
BREEDING
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DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 29
PARTURITION—FOALING—CALVING, ETC.
Tuts is the act of the normai expulsion of the mature
fetus. In the higher animals it is a very complicated
physiological process, and fraught with considerable
danger to both the dam and progeny. And the more
we deviate in our standard of breeding from the origi-
nal wild type of the animal, the greater will be the dan-
ger of fatal accidents attending parturition.
Fig. 4. Cow in the act of parturition.
Symptoms.—The preliminary symptoms or signs of ap-
proaching parturition are an increased size and sen-
sitiveness of the mamme (udder.) The tenderness in-
creases until the fetus begins to feed on the milk of the
mother. The vulva becomes swollen and flabby. This
is followed by restlessness, the mother lying down and
getting up again in much the same manner as in colic,
and she often seeks a remote place to bring forth her
young. The pains now become more severe ; they are
more frequent, and they continue for a longer time; this
increases until the fetus is expelled, if it is a normal la-
bor. The naval cord is now ruptured and there escapes
perhaps a little blood. The time of expulsion of the
fetus after the actual pain varies in different animals,
30 BREEDING OF
but if the labor is normal the mare will expel it in from
five minutes to half an hour after the first actually visi-
ble symptom of pain. The cow from half an hour to
two days. Sheep from fifteen minutes to three hours.
*
‘4
.
-
—_
—
Soe
Fig. 5. Mare in the act of parturition.
EXPULSION OF FETAL MEMBRANES OR
AFTER-BIRTH. This may occur soon after birth, or
it may be delayed for a variable period. It is unusual
for the after-birth to be retained for more than an hour
or two in the mare, but in cows it 1s frequently retained
for several days. It may be generally said that there is
no great need of removing the retained membranes by
mechanical means for a week or more after birth, unless
there is a high external temperature of the atmosphere,
or unless the genital organs are abraded, or if there is
frequent straining, and especially if there are fetid or
bad smelling discharges from the vagina. In these
cases it is necessary to remove the decomposing mem-
branes as soon as possible.
Fleming advises that when necessary the retained
membranes be removed from the uterus of the cow by
passing in the hand and gently tearing away the mem-
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 31
\
branes from their attachments about the third day.
However, it is often possible to remove them by gently
pulling on the small string of membranes that usually
projects from the vulva and hangs down.
The following formula for a medicine to assist in the
expulsion of the retained membranes is recommended
by Hering.
Carbonate of Potash z © : half an ounce
Savin leaves a = ~ “ Hs one ounce
These to be infused into one pint of water, then fil-
tered, and given warm in conjunction with linseed tea,
and repeated every six hours until the membranes are
expelled.
INVERSION OF THE UTERUS.
Ir sometimes happens that the uterus is turned in-
side out as it were, and the whole organ will be pro-
truded from the vagina, and hang in a pendulous man- °
ner when the animal is in the standing posture. When
in this condition an attempt should be made to return
the organ. The following method will usually be the
most successful.
If the animal isin the lying position, she must be made
to rise if possible, as it will be much easier to return the
organ when in the upright position. Also attempt to
rig a contrivance whereby the hind quarters will be
raised higher than the front part of the body. Now
take a bed sheet or something similar and fold it double.
Place assistants holding two corners of it each side
of the uterus, and place it under the organ. Now have
the men raise the uterus. The operator, standing be-
32 BREEDING OF
hind, should begin to return the organ to the abdomi-
nal cavity by pushing carefully the parts nearest the
vulva, and gradually working more and more back into
the cavity until the whole of the uterus has been re-
turned. The animal will strain considerably at times
while this is gcing on, and it will be necessary for the
operator to use continuous pressure to prevent the ute-
a
eee
‘
‘
‘
4
‘
‘
‘
t
’
Fig. 7. Delwart’s truss applied,
Fig.6 Loop of
rope tu form Del-
wart’s truss.
rus from returning again to the outside. But it can be
accomplished successfully if the operator uses patience
and does not for a moment relax his vigilance. After
the return there is sometimes considerable straining,
and it may be necessary to keep in close proximity for
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 33
a few minutes to prevent the uterus from being forced
out again. The organ being in place again it is usually
necessary to take steps to prevent another inversion. I
have found the following to be very successful: take a
large bag needle and thread it with strong tape. Insert
two stitches, allowing them to cross each other. They
should be inserted rather deeply so as to secure a good
hold. In this way a return of the organ or even a por-
tion of it very rarely takes place. Another method to
prevent a re-inversion is by the application of Delwart’s
truss, which can be made with an ordinary rope, (fig-
ure 6) and applied as in figure 7. Several other
contrivances have been used, all having the same end in
view, namely narrowing the outlet from the vagina.
None of these appliances should be placed so tightly
that the animal cannot pass the urine.
Many seemingly hopeless cases of inversion may be
remedied by using the above means. I will give one
instance to show the recuperative powers of the organ.
Being sent for by a breeder, six miles from my residenee,
T arrived at the farm in a storm of sleet and rain which
had lasted several hours. I found the cow in the field,
lying down with the whole uterus protruding. It was
covered with darkish purple spots and cold, and to all
appearance had no chance of being restored to a normal
condition again. I hada sheet brought, and with the
necessary assistants we raised the cow and lifted the
uterus with the sheet; then led the cow to a shed, where
I operated as above explained to return the organ, and
placed two stitches across the lips of the vulva. The
uterus was retained and a complete recovery took place
in a few days The uterus retained its normal position.
3
34 BREEDING OF
PRESENTATION OF THE PESOS
By presentation is meant the part of the fetus which
first presents itself to the uterine outlet.
In Fig. 8, is a representation of a twin pregnancy
from Fleming.
Fig. 8. Position in normal twil pregnancy,
Hig. 9. Normal presentation.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 35
The most common way for the fetus to be presented
is represented is Fig. 9, and is usually considered its
natural position. As will be seen, the nose and fore
feet are presented first. With this method of presen-
tation there is rarely need for artificial assistance.
Fig. 10.
A presentation of the hind feet. is seen in Fig. 10,
In this case delivery is usually effected by natural
forces of the mother without outside help.
There are many cases of what may be termed false
presentations where the greatest skill and ingenuity
of the operator will fail to make a successful delivery.
There are other causes which may prevent a normal
delivery, but they can only be mentioned in this place
and the more common cases slightly touched upon.
The cases of difficult labor are from ten to fifteen
times more frequent in cows than in mares. They
are also very, common in bitches, caused to a
great extent by the fact that large males are
36 BREEDING OF
frequently mated with small females, in which case
the fetal animals will probably be larger than the
mother can expel under normal conditions of labor.
Difficult parturition is much more dangerous in mares
than in cows. It is said that if labor is delayed more
than three or four hours in the mare the death of the
fetus is sure to result, whereas in the cow it frequently
happens that parturition is delayed from 24 to 48 hours
without any disastrous result to the fetus. However:
where labor is delayed over a reasonable time, no delay
should be allowed, but an attempt made to discover in
what position the fetus is placed. In order to do this
the hand should be well oiled, and inserted into the
vagina, and if the opening into the uterus is suf-
ficiently dilated, the hand should be carried into that
organ also. By this time some of the fetus will be felt.
If it isa limb, an attempt should be made to discover
whether it is a fore or hind hmb. This will be easily
determined if the hand is carried as far up the limb as
the knee or hock. If itis a hind leg, the joint of the
hock will be felt. It should also be remembered that
the hock joint bends in the opposite direction to that of
the knee. If it is a fore leg, an attempt should be
made to find its mate, and also to try and feel the head,
and discover if the nose is pointing toward the vagina
If it is a hind limb, an attempt should be made to find
the other and feel if the tail is coming toward the uter-
ine opening. While making these explorations it should
also be noticed whether it is an extraordinarily large
fetus or not, or anything that may be peculiar about
it. And here I may mention that in my practice I
have found one case in which the uterus was twisted as
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. oO”
seen in Fig. 11. In this case it was impossible to intro-
duce the hand or even two fingers. Of course the case
terminated fatally. This impediment is rare.
\
\
\
at
YAN
\\ \\
V\\\\
iM
ii
|
By)
Fig. 11. Twisted Uterus.
It may be found that the fetus is very large as a
whole, or parts of it abnormally large, as in dropsy of
the head, chest or abdomen, or from emphysema ; that
is, where decomposing or putrefactive gases have been
generated in the tissues under the skin of a dead fetus.
If there is found to be dropsy of any part of the body,
it may be necessary to puncture the cavity and allow the
fluid to escape, when the fetus will more nearly assume
its normal size and probably allow of a fairly easy de-
livery. If there is general emphysema, it will be detect-
ed by the skin having an elastic feel when pressed.
When this is the case it will often be necessary to make
38 BREEDING OF
numerous punctures through the skin. This can be
done by a knife or any pointed instrument. Where this
is present, it will be found that the walls of the uterus ©
and vagina will be very dry and it 1s necessary to use
oil or grease freely before an attempt is made to de-
liver a fetus of this description.
In this place it may be also mentioned that monstros-
ities are sometimes found. These vary in numerous
ways, which are exceedingly interesting tothe embryo-
logist, but which cannot be noticed here. I can only
give a short description of one of the most interesting
as well as a very rare specimen that I met with several
years ago when practicing my profession in an agricul-
tural neighborhood. On examination I found three
feet coming almost together. Passing my hand along
the lees, I found that I had two hind feet and a fore
foot. Groping further I soon felt what apparently was
some of the intestines and internal viscera of the fetus.
Being all at sea as to what it meant, I followed up the
fore lee and tried to find the head, in which I was un-
suecessful, neither could I find the other fore foot. I
expected to have a difficult labor, so attached two ropes
to the two hind legs and gave them to assistants. After
using a quantity of oil to lubricate the parts, I ordered
the assistants to pull gently but firmly, while I attempt-
ed to guide the fetus so that the hind quarters would
come through the outlet all right. By strong and
steady pulling, together with the efforts of the cow, a
successful delivery was accomplished in about ten
minutes, when the following fetal condition was seen.
The abdominal and thoracic cavities were open, the
walls of which were turned back, much like the abdo-
minal walls of a lamb when killed and dressed for the
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 39
market. The diaphragm was in place and the viscera
in their normal situations, but the neck was doubled
backward and the head lay back on the dorsal portion
of the spine, which explained why I had been unable to
find it on making the manual examination. I believe
the fetus had been alive up to the time of my manipu-
lations, but probably died while coming through the
outlet from pressure or perhaps some other cause. At
any rate it did not breathe after being born. The cow
progressed in the normal way after delivery. We will
now consider a few of the more common presentations
in which assistance is required,
If there is a normal presentation and the water-bag
has ruptured, the operator can frequently cause a com-
plete delivery by simply oiling the parts, taking hold
of the legs above the feet, and pulling strongly at the
same time that the animal has the pains. In this man-
ner the fetus comes nearer to complete expulsion at
each period of labor pains. If it cannot be accomplished
in this way, ropes or strong cords should be applied
above the feet and given to assistants. The operator,
passing the hand up, tries to place the head in an easy
position for exit, and he may at the same time use trac-
tion on one of the jaws, while the assistants exert trac-
tion on the cords or ropes at the time of pains, thus as-
sisting delivery.
FETUS WITH FORE-LIMIBS BENT AT THE
KNEE.—Ficure 12. Sometimes one knee only is bent,
_at other times both. This is usually a difficult presen-
tation to remedy unless the attempt be made early. The
hand should be passed back alongside of the neck and
the limb grasped just above the knee and pushed back,
40 BREEDING OF
the shoulder elevated toward the ears of the fetus ; then
secure the leg at the feltock and try to bring it toward
the outlet. If both knees are bent, this should be re-
peated to get both feet near the opening. Having
done this, deliver in the way described for normal pre-
sentation when difficult.
Fig. 12. Fetus with fore-limbs bent at the knee.
FORELIMBS COMPLETELY BENT BACK UN-
DER.—Figure 13. In this presentation push back the
foal or calf as far as possible into the uterus, and bring
the limbs gradually toward the outlet, as recommended
in the last presentation (bent knee). Then deliver in
the same manner as normal presentation.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 4]
Fig.15. Fore-limbs completely bent back under.
Fig 14. Head of fetus turned downward.
HEAD OF THE FETUS TURNED DOWNWARD.—
Pass the hand along toward the nose of the fetus;
erasp it and lift the head so as to be able to turn it to-
ward the opening, and deliver as before recommended.
42 BREEDING OF
If there is an upper deviation of the head, an attempt
must also be made to bring the nose toward the outlet
by bringing the head around. If it is sideways the same
method of procedure is indicated.
Fig. 15, H ck presentation with cord attuched.
HOCK PRESENTATION.—Push the fetus as
far as possible into the uterus. This will be material-
ly assisted by raising the hind quarters of the dam
above the level of the fore limbs. If possible, turn
the feet backward and let the labor take place by hind
foot presentation. If necessary, to complete delivery
ropes can be attached to the legs and traction applied,
as already explained, by assistants under the direc-
tion of the operator. If the legs cannot be turned
back in this manner, ropes may be applied, as shown
in the figure, the assistants bringing the limbs as far
out in the vagina as possible, when the operator can with
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 43
comparative ease-cut off the hmbs at the hocks, or at any
rate divide the tendons behind and above the hock,
when the limbs will easily bend up double, with the feet
close to the styfle. The delivery will usually be ef-
fected with comparative ease.
IT have not mentioned the various instruments used
by veterinarians to facilitate delivery, asin most cases it
would be dangerous for an ordinary operator to attempt
their use. In all cases where the limbs are turned back
and cannot be easily brought around, there should be
no hesitation in using a great deal of force to push
back the body of the fetus, to allow the limbs to be
turned the more easily. The principles to be observed
in effecting delivery are purely mechanical, and allow
a considerable degree of latitude in the selection of ap-
pliances to aid the natural powers of the mother.
BREAKING AND TRAINING OF COLTS.
Ir is a very simple matter to break and train colts
when the handling is begun at a sufficiently early age
and the earlier the education of the future horse begins,
the easier will be the task. However, on account of the
breaking taking up more time than the ordinary bree-
der is willing to give to it at an early age, it often oc-
curs that colts are not broken until they are two or
three years old. The breeder has now a very difficult
problem to deal with, for if he makes a serious mistake,
it is likely that his colt will turn out a run-away, a
kicker, or evince his vicious propensity in other ways.
We will therefore consider first, the proper steps to take
’ to properly bring up a colt so that he will be a quiet,
tractable animal, and therefore very desirable to own.
4.4. BREEDING OF
It will be found that on account of great difference in
disposition, temperament, tractability, docility and in-
telligence, colts will require various means to educate
them to become useful horses. Some are naturally stu-
pid and difficult to teach ; others are very nervous, and
everything strange alarms them; others are stubborn
and perverse ; each requiring to be handled according
to its temperament and tendency. The two governing
principles with the handler should be kindness and
firmness.
Begin to break the colt to the halter when a few
weeks old, and get him so that he will lead easily.
Run the hands down over his legs occasionally and
after a time lift his fore feet one after another for a few
moments. In this way you will get him used to being
handled in various parts of the body without any fear
of his being harmed. Having done this, it will be a
great help to the horse-shoer when he is taken to the
shop to be shod for the first time ; and he should be
taken at a time when no other horses are around, or
only one or two, so that he will not be apt to get rest-
less and excited while waiting to be shod, for, on ac-
count of the strange noises made by the hammer on the
anvil, etc, colts are often wrought up to a high
pitch of excitement previous to the beginning of the
shoeing operation. It may be well to give spirited colts
a considerable amount of exercise before taking them
to the shop, to make them more tractable to the manipu-
lations of the horse-shoer. Neither should any colt be
placed in the stall alongside of a kicker, cribber, wind-
sucker, weaver, or horse with other visible vices, as they
are often imitated in an incredibly short space of time. I
have known a cribber placed alongside of another horse
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 45
for only one night and the other horse to become an
incurable cribber within a few days afterward. Young
colts should not be overworked, as it often causes them
to become apathetic, lazy, and sometimes vicious, be-
sides being a cause of various diseases.
Fig. 16. Leg strap.
Fig. 17. Horse showing leg-strap applied.
We will now consider what is best to be done with a
colt that proves to be unmanageable, when ordinary
means are uséd to get him broken. We will suppose
45 BREEDING OF
that the breaker has succeeded in getting on an ordin-
ary halter, but that the colt refuses to be led, or has
broken away from the man as soon as he gained the
open air. He must be returned to the stable again.
At the end of the halter should be tied an extra rope
about 20 or 30 feet long. The breaker should take in
his hand a rope about 5 feet long with a loop .in one
end, or what is better, a stirrup strap or breeching
strap of a single harness, or the leg strap seen in Fig.
16, and advancing carefully alongside the colt or vi-
cious horse, pat him gently on the neck and shoulders
for some minutes, gradually but steadily working his
way with his caresses toward the fetlock of the fore leg.
Now attempt to lft the foot and put it down again,
repeating this operation 3 or 4 times, each time keeping
the foot suspended longer than before. Having to
some extent gained his confidence, try to pass the rope
or strap around the fetlock, and when the foot is lifted
again, secure the strap by tightly buckling around the
arm. If a rope is used, it should be secured by a
half-hitch bow knot, so that if the necessity occurs the
rope can be slackened immediately, which cou!d not be
done if a proper half-hitch knot were used. Now the
horse will begin to plunge and move around lively—
even if he is on three legs—and the breaker should
keep at a respectfnl distance, with a good hold of the
rope at the end of the halter shank, trying to steer or
drive him toward the door into the open yard or lot.
Of course it will be best to get him on to a field where
the ground is soft, although there is no danger of the
horse injuring himself when restrained in this manner,
but sooner or later he will probably lie down, and as it
will be best to give him a large amount of 3-legged
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 47
exercise, let him run as much as he is inelined to, oc-
casionally giving him a sudden pull around by tugging
strongly at the halter shank, just to let him feel that
he is under control. After giving him time to become
a little fagged, gather the rope up slowly toward the
head, and as soon as he will allow it, pat him on the
neck and body, gradually working your way so as to
handle the hind quarters and limbs. If he suddenly
starts up and tries to jump away from you, give him
some more running around, until he will let you handle
him all over. He should be thoroughly tired out before
being allowed to get on all four feet again. He must
also be willing to allow the breaker to get around him
without showing fear. Now let down the foot, and try
to lead him around gently for some time, which will
usually be accomplished without trouble. I have never
yet found a horse that I have been unable to secure in
this manner, although I have handled a large number
of wild mustangs and other vicious horses. It may be
necessary to repeat this operation the next day and for
several days afterward, if the animal is stubbornly vi-
cious. I believe it is possible to tame any horse by this
means if it is persevered in for several days. Another
method for securing a vicious animal, and in fact any
horse that is liable to be dangerous to the attendant,
and also one that will be very useful when having to
perform small operations on the quarters or hind limbs,
as sewing up wounds or firing, is to place a strap on
the front leg, as described above and shown in Fig. 16,
In addition apply a side-line, to the hind fetlock, as
shown in Fig. 18, having the rope brought around to the
front and held by an assistant. This will also prevent
the horse from rearing. It will be found that no matter
48 BREEDING OF
od
how vicious the horse may be he is comparatively pow-
erless for mischief when this is applied, and the oper-
ator will be quite safe even when placed behind the
hind limb. These will be all the special appliances
necessary to be used in breaking even the most refrac-
tory animals.
Fig. 18, Hind-limb secured by a sideline,
/
It is well in this place to introduce a common, and
it may be said, a very convenient method for throwing
horses, a method that can also be used on vicious
horses when the necessity for throwing them arises. A
drawing of this is seen in Fig. 19. As will be seen, the
only special apparatus required is a strong rope about
25 to 30 feet long, such as can be found on every farm.
This should be doubled, and about two or three feet
from the bend a knot is tied, as seen at A. This forms
a loop, which should be large enough to encirele the
neck like a collar. It will be well now to strap up the
ae
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 49
fore foot as seen in Fig. 16 previously described
Then, having chosen a soft place, carry the ropes back
under the breast, between the fore legs and between
the hind legs around below the fetlock, then bring
them forward, one on each side, and through the loop.
Two assistants should take the rope on each side with
one man at the head. By pulling on the ropes the ani-
mal will soon be taken off his legs and fall down, when
the man at the head should immediately place the
weight of his body on it to prevent struggling. The
ropes can be securely fastened and the casting com-
pleted at the will of the operator.
Fig.19. Rope arranged for throwing Horses.
This will be very convenient as a means of restraining
animals on farms at a distance from towns where hobbles
might be obtained, as some horses will not allow even
the stitching tp of small wounds without being thrown.
4
50 TRAINING OF
Second. Having got the horse or colt under control
for leading purposes, it will be well to put on a bridle
and get him used to having a bit in the mouth, wearing
it for some time each day, and gradually get him used
to being led by the bit. Care should be taken that the
bit is not buckled too high in the mouth; also avoid
sudden jerking, as itis apt to bruise the gums, which
are now very tender. This is probably the most fre-
queut cause of bad mouths. Tf farmers could only ap-
_preciate the enormous losses in value that occurs in the
best grade of horses through this circumstance, I am
sure they would be more careful than they now are to
keep the mouth in as perfect a condition as possible. If
they will once grasp the fact that their best interest
centres in breeding horses for carriage purposes, in-
stead of raising them with a little speed and less
size, in the hope that lightning will strike them and
make fast trotters of them, they will be in a fair way to
get a good price for them. In order to get a good
price for a horse for carriage driving he must be of
good size, well formed with a good head and neck, a
good mouth and sound. A breeder need not look for cus-
tomers for such stock, for dealers in fine horses are con-
tinually scouring the country in search of them. It
is really surprising to see the large number of other-
wise valuable carriage horses that arrive in New York
every year, with spoiled mouths, which by bad training
become pullers and have to be sold at an uncommonly
low figure to be used at some common every day ser-
vice. Now, if it is proposed to make a harness horse of
the colt, the harness should be placed on him and al-
lowed to stay on for some time, while the attendant
handles it in various ways—pulling at the traces and
HORSES. 51
tugs, tightening the breeching, etc. This should be re-
peated a few times before hitching up the animal. The
colt should now be placed in a two-wheeled cart, and a
kicking strap applied. It is usually good policy to al-
low the colt to stand still until he moves off of his own
free will; then to move along slowly being gradually
made to feel the bit and to go slower or faster by
gently tightening or slackening the reins. This pro-
cess to be repeated every day until he is quite tractable
to all changes of vehicle or grade of road.
In regard to the training of running or trotting
horses, there can be no regular rule laid down, as each
horse will have to get a special and individual treat-
ment, in order to get the very best results from his
training. In general terms it can be said that the most
successful race horses are those that have a perfect di-
gestion, and that have the power thereby of changing
the stored-up force or energy that is contained in a
large amount of food, into active and potential force, so
that some of our most noted running horses take daily
from 15 to 20 quarts of oats, and keep in the most per-
fect condition when taking even such large quantities.
Then again some horses require from 8 to 12 miles of a
canter while others will only stand a quarter of this
amount, yet will win some very fast races for short dis-
tances. The rule is, however, that the animal that will
stand the most severe work in training is the animal
that wins large amounts of money. William Day, the
celebrated English trainer of race horses, lays down
the following valuable rule: “Ifa young colt that is
trained or exercised along side of an old horse has not:
passed him when near the end of his trial, the old horse
should be held up to allow the young colt to get cou-
52 MANAGEMENT OF
,
rage and confidence in himself.” This rule will also be
advantageously applied to trotting horses. Mr. Day
adds: “Many horses are made rogues by a violation of
the above rule.” and by the abusive use of whip and
spur on two-year-old colts.
MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE.
STABLE —This should be roomy, with high ceilings
and good ventilation. The temperature should be kept
as near 60 degrees, Fah., as possible, but heat should
not be preserved at the expense of ventilation. I¢ is
much better to keep your animals warm by extra cloth-
ing, than to keep them warm in a hot, close stable,
with no adequate means of ventilation. A cold stable
is also to be prefered to one that is too hot.
FOOD. —The principle of feeding, is to feed on such
food and in such quantity and manner as will maintain °
the horse in the most perfect health possible, having
regard to the service required of it. Some foods are
much more easily digested than others. It has been
calculated that only 20 per cent. of wheat straw is diges-
ted as compared with 76 per cent.of hay. A healthy,
strong horse can digest much more food and quicker
than a weakly one, and a sick horse may have its diges-
tive powers seriously enfeebled, while hardship and fa-
tigue have the same effect.
Food that has much dirt mixed with it may cause
colic, indigestion, etc. Food that has become mouldy,
from imperfect preservation or otherwise, 1s less nutri-
tious and less digestible than clean food and is, besides,
a frequent cause of colic, diarrhea, diabetes, skin dis-
HORSES. 53
eases, paralysis and abortion in breeding animals. <A
sudden change from dry to green food often causes
diarrhea, as also does new hay or oats, and especially is
this the case with horses that are kept for fast work.
On the contrary, a change of diet from green food to a
dry and comparatively indigestible food will often cause
constipation and indigestion, with other complications
as aresult, This is very frequently seen in the change
of food that is given to horses when taken from the ru-
ral districts to large cities.
COOKING FOOD.—There are several reasons why
the dry foods used for feeding the domestic animals
should be cooked. First, is that of economy, the saving
being from fifteen to twenty-five per cent. besides less-
ening the tendency to disease, and consequent loss
thereby. It has also been proven that animals fed with
steam cooked food, take on fat much faster than those
that are fed on the same quantity of dry uncooked food
showing that a considerable saving can be made in
time required for fattening animals for market, and al-
lowing the owner to dispose of them sooner than if dry
fed, thus saving the feed that would be required to be
given if kept feeding for a longer time.
Second. It would allow of the safe feeding of food
that had been partly spoiled by being improperly cured
—ihat is, mildewed—and containing the various fungi
in large quantities. Musty hay and oats could be mixed
with other materials and when properly steamed would
be perfectly harmless and wholesome. Various appara-
tus are used, mostly consisting of an iron boiler with
a connecting furnace and tubes for conducting the
steam to the tubs containing the food to be cooked.
It requires little or no attention and a very small
54 MANAGEMENT OF
amount of fuel will suffice to cook food for 100 horses.
The price of the various apparatus ranges from fifty to
two hundred dollars.
GROOPIING.—The beauty, health and vigor of the
horse are largely dependent on the condition of the
skin. To harden the skin under a saddle or collar
where there is apt to be very profuse -perspiration,
there should be applied, after taking off the harness, a
diluted solution of Herarn’s Dermat Liniment, as di-
rected on the label.
REMEDY FOR TEARING THE CLOTHING,
Fig. 20. Remedy for tearing the clothing.
In figure 20 is shown a good remedy for the preven-
tion of the habit of tearing the clothing.
HORSES. 55
CLIPPING.—This prevents undue perspiration in
horses that are worked hard, and they are less subject
to colds than horses with long coats. This is explained
by the fact that horses that have long coats perspire
very readily when working. The perspiration does not
quickly evaporate through the hair, and the coat be-
comes saturated and hanes on the animal in much the
same manner as would a wet blanketonaman. Exper-
ience has proved to me in a large number of instances
that clipping horses is a great hygienic improvement
on the old-fashioned way of allowing the old coat to
remain on until spring.
LOSS of KNEE ACTION.—This sometimes occurs
as a result of some acute disease. It is also frequently
caused by working a young animal too hard, and I have
frequently had my patrons say: “I gave one thousand
or twelve hundred dollars for that team, and when I
bought it six months ago it had splendid action ; now
it looks like a pair of old hack horses.” On inquiry I
have found that the horses which are probably only 5
years old, have been in the carriage for 3, 4, or 5 hours
a day. The reason they have lost their stylish action
is that the wear on the nervous system has been more
than the supply of nerve producing elements would
justify. This is also the case when good action dis-
appears after sickness. And I may say here that this
alone explains why some horses lose their speed after a
severe attack of illness. It is my opinion that speed
and fine action depend much more on the quality of
development of the nervous system than it does on
muscular development.
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PAR oP DISEASES.
During a very busy practice as a veterinarian for the
past 27 years, some of the early part of which was
spent as veterinarian to the Third Avenue Street Rail-
road Co. (2,100 horses), the Bleecker Street Railroad Co.
(600 horses), the Knickerbocker Ice Co. (400 horses),
and the New York Transfer Co. (400 horses), I have
naturally had the opportunity—seldom offered to vet-
eriarians of the present day—to study in a practical
manner the nature of all the various diseased conditions
to which horses are subject, and to demonstrate by ex-
periment the efficacy of the various means of treatment
for the cure of each disease. This has been rendered
all the more easy of accomplishment by my early train-
ing in the sciences of Chemistry and Animal Physiology,
in each of which branches I received a government
prize, given by the Science and Art department of the
administration in Great Britain. Neither have I neg-
lected the opportunity that this city affords of keeping
up to date in the line of progress, having taken the
special course in Pathology that is offered at the New
York Polyclinic Post Graduate Medical School. Having
done a large amount of work in Chemical and Patho-
logical laboratories, I have had opportunities that fall
to the lot of but few veterinarians.
in the few following pages I shall attempt to give
the stock owner the benefit of my past experience as
well as the best instruction that is offered by other au-
thors in the treatment of diseases.
58 DISEASES OF
It is not my purpose to give a detailed account of
the various diseases to which the domestic animals are
subject, as that would require several volumes, each sey-
eral times the size of this book. I shall aim, however,
to give a short description of the causes, symptoms, the
best means of treatment, and the directions to be car-
ried out, in language that may be easily understood by
any one who is in the habit of handling stock. Neither
shall I take up the reader’s time by describing those
rare diseases that are often only met with once or twice
in the lifetime of very busy veterinarians.
To make it easy for the ordinary reader to find a de-
scription of the disease that his animal may be suffering
from, I shall divide the subject into the following heads :
Diseases of bones and joints, contagious diseases, dis-
eases of the respiratory system, diseases of the diges-
tive system, diseases of the urinary organs, constitu-
tional diseases, injuries, abnormalities of teeth, and
parasites.
DISEASES OF BONES AND JOINTS:
SORE SHINS.
This is a disease that the majority of running horses
are subject to, and usually occurs soon after the
beginning of severe training. In this disease we
have an inflammation of the metacarpal or cannon bone
and its fibrous covering.
Causes.—Violent concussion, such as the race-horse
is subject to while the structures are in a young and
us
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 59
tender condition and easily the subject of change, when
conditions are unfavorable to the normal development
of the bone. Winter training is particularly adapted
to act as a cause of sore shins, on account of the severe
concussions to which horses are subject when galloped
on frozen ground.
Symptoms —Lameness in one or both limbs, after
becoming very pronounced in a day or two, slight Sue
ing, usually beginning on the front of
the lower part of the PAS, bone
and sometimes extending upward,
and to the sides. This swelling will
have a doughy feel. There will be a
good deal of tenderness on pressure
being applied. When very severe
there is some fever and occasionally a
loss of appetite.
Treatment.—If the disease is dis-
covered early, the leg should be placed
in a bucket of hot water—as warm as
can be comfortably borne by the hand
—and renewed as often as required, to
be continued for two or three hours,
after which Hrarp’s American Empro-
cation should be well rubbed in and a
woolen bandage applied. This treat- Wi ug) Biss
ment to be repeated in twelve hours Fig. 2 22. Metacarpal
and continued until the skin gets one showing effects
of sore shins.
somewhat roughened—the same as
in a very light blister. This will usually be much bet-
ter than blistering, because the soothing influence is
more continuously applied. When severe, it is also ad-
visable to give a cathartic ball containing four or five
60 DISEASES OF
drams of Aloes. The diet should be somewhat re-
stricted.
In figure 22 is seen a drawing of the resuits on the
metacarpal bone of a severe attack of sore shins. It
will be seen that the bone is very much roughened from
the extensive inflammation.
SPLINTS.
Splints are tumors of the metacarpal bones. They
are pecuhar to the inside of the leg, and are usually
situated from the middle of the metacarpal to two inches
below the knee.
Causes.—In the evolution of the horse from three
toes to one toe, the two side toes have gradually tended
to become united to the center toe (see figure 23).
Fig. 23. Showing toes of the ancestors of the horse.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 61
The transformation to the one-toed animal is not even
yet complete, for the young horse has quite a respectable
remnant of the two lateral toes still in existence. This
is true also of fetal hfe. Butit may be asserted that
the horse is fast arriving at the stage where there will
be no separate splint bones, and therefore no necessity
for them to become consolidated in order to have a
stronger toe to stand the great weight and severe
strains and concussion of hard work.
Splints may be considered as additions of bony mat-
erial to the leg, thrown out by nature to strengthen the
lhmb that has been found too weak to withstand the la-
bor required of it. The addition of this material is
sometimes carried on so gradually that no lameness re-
sults, while at other times, especially when young
horses are put to violent exercise, an intense inflamma-
tion is set up and great lameness is the result, which
sometimes continues for several weeks, or until the
process of deposition of the new bone is completed.
We may safely say, therefore, that inheritance and ac-
tive straining or concussion are the great causes of
splint lameness.
Symptoms.—lIf they develop very slowly, it will fre-
quently be noticed that splints will be found on the in-
side of the leg without the owner having observed any
lameness or other symptoms that indicated disease of
the limb. Ifitis caused by active concussion, there
will often be considerable pain on pressure, and great
lameness, which is more pronounced when going down
hill.
Treatment.—When detected early, the horse should
be taken from work and an application of Hxarp’s AmzRI-
62 DISEASES OF
can Emprocation made twice a day, rub in well and ap-
ply a piece of sponge or rag which has been soaked in
the Emprocation, retaining it with a flannel bandage.
In nine cases out of ten, this will effect a cure in from
two to four weeks. In cases that resist these compara-
tively mild measures, recourse should be had to the fir-
ing iron, followed by a cantharides blister. I have
found two or three cases in which on post-mortem ex-
amination, small bony tumors with sharp edges or
points something like a knife, have grown out at the
back of the metacarpal bone, and of course, right under
the suspensory ligament, causing lameness whenever
the animal was subjected to labor. In those cases it
was impossible to discover the cause of the lameness,
and it would have been useless to have attempted a
cure even if the cause had been discovered. A horse
that has perfectly sound action should not be considered
unsound because splints are present ; on the contrary,
vhe limb is certainly stronger after the so-called splint
has become fully developed, than +t was previous to the
beginning of the growth.
SPAVIN.
In this place we shall treat of the diseases known as
bone-spavin only, leaving the consideration of bog and
blood-spavins for notice in another place.
It has usually been considered that the enlargement
which occurs on the inside of the hock joint constitutes
the disease known as bone-spavin. This narrow inter-
eters
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 63
pretation has been a fruitful cause of dissension among
veterinarians, and a source of a great deal of litigation
between buyers and sellers of horses. It will be my
aim to make the description of the changes that take
place in the hock joint—as a result of disease leading
to the enlargement called spavin—so plain that the or-
dinary reader will have a tolerably clear perception of
them. As will be seen in Fig. 24, there are a num-
ber of small bones entering into the
formation of the hock joint (in the
young animal there are 9), Between
those various bones there is very little
motion at any time, yet it may be as-
serted that in the normal condition
some motion is allowed. The bones
are held together by a strong kind of
fibre—a kind of gristle. It quite
frequently happens that from some
cause or other an inflammation is
started in either the bones themselves or
in the fibrous structures which hold
them together. If this inflammation
becomes extensive,or is long continued,
one of two things happens: either 7
portions of the bone or bones ulcerate eae.
and waste away, causing what is of hock.
known as necrosis, or the opposite condition is the
result, viz: that there is new material of a bony nature
added to existing structures, filling up the space be-
tween the bones and of course destroying what little
motion 1s normally present. Now, we can have this con-
64 DISEASES OF
dition of new bone formation between other bones oe-
cur in any part of the hock joint. Sometimes its ex-
tension from the point of beginning to other bones in
the joint is extremely slow. We can also have this bony
material thrown out between any two of the bones, and
as can be readily understood, without any extra en-
largement outside of the joint. We may, in fact, have
severe and long-continued lameness from inflammation
or ulceration occuring all through the joint between
the various bones, and yet have no external enlarge-
ment. This, then, is why there is such a variety of
opinion on the subject of the presence or absence of
spavin in horses that are lame in the hind lmb. I
have made a dissection in which all the bones entering
into the formation of the hock joint were joined togeth-
er as if in one bone, and in which there was only a
small amount of enlargement on the surface of the
bones where the so-called spavin is usually situated.
In this place we shall call all cases spavin where there
is an inflammation, or its results (which usually lead to
anew bony formation) in any part of the hock joint,
whether there is an enlargement on the surface of the
bones or not. It can now be seen that the enlargement
is apt to occur on almost any part of the surface of the
bones of the hock. It is found, however, that in most
cases the new growth is situated on the inside of the
hock ; very rarely on the outside. This is accounted
for by the inside of the hmb being more under the cen-
tre of gravity, and apparently having to take more’ of
the concussion than the outside. Probably for the
same reason the front of the inside is more frequently
the subject of spavin than is the surface toward the
inte Xe
DOMESTIG ANIMALS. 65
back of the joint. Professor Williams says: “We can
now understand why the external deposit is not the
cause, but the result of the disease. So long as the
ulcerated surfaces of the bones are unrepaired, the
lameness will remain, but when the bones are united
together (anchylosed) so as to form one bone and per-
forming the functions of one bone, the lameness disap-
pears, and the new material becomes as one of the es-
sential structures of the body.”
Causes.—Inheritance is perhaps the greatest cause.
Hard work at an early age is also a frequent cause. In
young horses, where the growth is not yet completed,
the natural condition of the structures of the body is
very easily upset, and diseased characters arise. It is
also found that horses with small hocks are more fre-
quently the subject of spavin lameness than those that
are known as coarse hocked. Sprain of the fibrous
ligaments, situated between the bones of the hock, and
concussion of the bones—setting up an inflammation in
the bones themselves—are the most frequent active
causes. External violence may also be a cause. In
many cases animals are foaled with one hock formed
somewhat different from the other, and it will remain
larger than the other, and no disease will be present,
so that a horse is not necessarily spavined because one
hock is larger than the other. A remark of Percivall
may be quoted here: ‘“Spavin, like splint and other
transformations of soft, elastic tissues into bone, may be
regarded as nature’s means of fortification against more
serious failures.”
Symptoms.—Perhaps the most constant symptom is
the tendency to stand on the toe with the heel elevated
5
66 DISEASES OF
when resting; the horse usually moves very stiff or lame
for the first few minutes, which passes off in many in-
stances after travelling a mile or so. If the inflammation
has extended to the surface, there will be pain on pres-
sure; later, there will probably be some enlargement.
It will be found, however, that the symptoms of spavin
vary considerably and depend on the situation of the
diseased part, and the amount of destruction of normal
tissues that is going on.
Treatment.—Have a high heeled shoe applied as soon
as the nature of the disease is known, and, in my opin-
ion, this is one of the most important requirements. If
the lameness does not increase with exercise or perhaps
light work, it is sometimes advisable to continue to work
the horse every day. In fact, we frequently meet with
cases that do notimprove with rest, though sometimes
persisted in for months at a time, but when turned out
to pasture immediately do so, and soon become useful
animals. This probably occurs in consequence of the
process of bony union between the diseased bones be-
coming completed quicker when the bone is actively
exercised. Other cases require long and absolute rest.
The rule should be that all horses in which the lame-
ness is increased by work, shall have absolute rest.
The very best application as a remedy for spavin is
Hearv’s American Emprocation, well rubbed in three
times a day for five minutes each time, until a blistering
effectis produced. Then cease for five or six days after
which repeat the treatment. This willcure any of the
ordinary cases of spavin. If we have ulceration on the
inside of the joint, and consequently great lameness, the
horse should be fired and a blister composed of one part
of biniodide of mercury and six parts of vaseline ap-
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 67
plied. A shoe with ‘very high heel calks must not be
omitted.
RINGBONE.
We shall consider an inflammation of the upper or low-
er pastern bones as ringbone, (see P. B. & R. D. in skele-
ton on page 1),or that frequent result of such inflamma-
tion, the formation of bony tumors on those bones. It
is known as upper ringbone when the upper pastern
bone is affected, and lower ringbone when the lower or
short pastern bone is the seat of the disease. We not
unfrequently have the joint between those two bones
also involved, and in many instances the two bones be-
come firmly united together (anclylosed ) to form one
bone.
Causes.—Inheritance is certainly one of the most com-
mon causes. Williams says : “I advise breeders of horses
never to breed from a sire or dam having ring bones, un-
less their origin can be readily traced to some accident-
al cause.” Age is an important consideration, as it usual-
ly occurs in young horses that are very early put to hard
work. The shape of the limbs also has an important
bearing on the frequency of the disease, horses with
very upright pasterns being especially liable to it. This
is what we might expect, for concussion to the bones
will be much more severe in upright limbs than when
they are more obliquely placed. Concussion and strain-
ing, and sometimes external blows are the active causes
of this disease.
Symptoms. —The horse attempts to give the leg an ob-
lique or slanting position, and therefore travels on his
68 DISEASES OF
heels, except when the disease is located on the outside
or back of the pastern of the hind leg, when he will put
the toe down first, or what is known as “travel on the
toe,” if the disease is active there will be very severe
lameness and some pain on pressure around the pastern.
After some little time, depending on the extent and
severity of the inflammation, there will be found an en-
largement at some point on the pastern, sometimes in-
volving the two pastern bones, as seen in fig 25.
Treatment.—If there is increased heat in the part and
tenderness on pressure use hot water fomentations for
half an hour, after which apply Herarp’s American Em-
BROCATION, rubbing it in well; then saturate a bandage
with the same agent, and wrap it around the pastern.
This should be repeated twice daily until the skin is well
roughened. Then stop the active treatment fora few
days, when if the horse is still lame, the treatment should
be repeated. Unless the disease is situated on the out-
side or back of the hind pastern, there should be ap-
plied a bar shoe, made very thin at the heels. If the
disease is located on the hind lmb at the outside and
back a high-heeled shoe must be used; in fact, it may
be laid down as a rule that whenever a horse rests by
standing on the toe or with the heels raised off the
cround, a shoe raised at the heels should be applied.
If the lameness still persists after repeated trials with
the Emsrocation, it will be absolute proof that the
joint is involved, and the horse should be fired and blis
tered as soon as possible
7. aK
DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
Fig. 25. Showing effects of ringbone on the bones of pastern
69
70 DISEASES OF
Fig. 26. Coffin bone showing side- bones at A.A.
SIDEBONE—OSSIFICATION- OF THE LATERA
CARTILAGES.
Ar A.A. in Fig. 26 is seen the side bones which have
taken the place of the cartilages; at B. is situated the
coffin bone.
This is a disease that usually attacks the fore feet,
and most frequently in heavy made horses. The change
that takes place in the lateral cartilages, by which they
are transformed into bone, is commonly a very slow one;
in fact, takes place so slowly that no pain is felt and no
lameness is noticed during development. At times
however, the change is more rapid and inflammatory in
its nature, and lameness becomes quite pronounced.
Causes—Inheritance, hard work at a very early age
(principally drawing heavy weights), and active concus-
sion.
Symptoms.—The sure sign is that the usually elastic
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. TL
cartilages over the heels of the hoof become unyielding,
stiff and hard. In a horse with normal lateral cartilages,
slight thumb pressure over the quarters of the hoof
will cause the cartilage to bend inward toward the pas-
tern bone; but if sidebones have formed, there will be
no give to the part when pressed with considerable
force.
Treatmemt.—Rest, bar shoe, the firing iron and blis-
ters.
FRACTURES.
In fractures of bone we have a portion broken off so
that itis not closely continuous with the remainder.
We may have the bone simply cracked through without
displacement, or it may be displaced to a considerable
degree from its proper location. The bone may be
broken straight across, or the crack may be in an oblique
direction. The outside projecting points on bones are
frequently the subject of fracture, as for example, the
breaking off of a portion of the point of the ilium.
(15in figure of skeleton). In this article only the most
common kinds of fracture will be treated on.
FRACTURE OF LOWER JAW.
Causes.—Perhaps this bone is more frequently the
subject of fracture than any other. It is usually caused
by the bit bruising the gum and covering of the bone,
so that a portion of it dies for want of nutrition, and a
breaking off of the dead portion is the result. It is
re. DISEASES OF
sometimes caused by the curb-chain bruising the cover-
ing of the bone under the jaw, and the break will take
place the same as described above. It is sometimes
caused by blows or external violence of some kind, when
it is usually of a more serious nature.
Symptoms.—lf from the bit, there will be swelling of
the gums and considerable tenderness ; if the animal is
worked, the saliva will dribble from the mouth in large
quantities ; some horses get exceedingly ill-tempered
when suffering from this accident, and will continually
fight the bit if driven. Others again will not drive up
to the bit and are apt to be made balky. If the curb-
chain is the cause of the fracture, there will be swelling
of the soft structures under the jaw, and very great
tenderness. Abscesses sometimes form in this location
as a result of the fractures, and we sometimes have
formed a great deal of pus. When the fractured piece
of bone has separated from the main bone, we will
shortly get small portions of dead bone working toward
the surface, so that when examining horses with sore
mouths I quite frequently find sharp pieces of bone
protruding through the open sore in the gum. This
can be easily felt when the finger is run back over the
cum. There is often a very bad smell from the horse’s
mouth. The horse will sometimes refuse to eat solid
food, or only in small quantities, when the subject of
this accident.
Treatment.—If it is caused by the bit, and the gum is
simply swollen, the following lotion should be used 38
or 4 times a day: powdered borax, 1 ounce ; dissolved
in half a pint of water, then add 4an ounce of laudanum.
If there is a wound in the gum and a bad odor from the
breath, the finger should be inserted in the wound, and
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 73
if any pieces of bone are felt, they should be removed.
This can often be done by simply catching the piece
with the finger and thumb and pulling it out ; at other
times it seems to be wedged in tightly, and it will be
necessary to use some kind of instrument to get it out.
A forceps or a stout nail will usually answer the purpose.
The nail should be run down alongside the loose piece
of bone and the dead portion lifted out. Be sure that
you have removed all the pieces, for if not, the wound
will not heal. This should be followed by the applica-
tion twice a day, with a small sponge or piece of cloth,
of alittle of Hearp’s Heatrye Lotion, and if the fractured
pieces of bone are all removed, the wound will heal very
quickly. The bit should not be used, as the pressure
will retard healing and cause the animal great suffering.
Feed soft food. If the swelling is on the outside of the
jaw, and is caused by the curb-strap or curb-chain, it
will be well to apply a poultice of linseed meal, to which
has been added about atablespoonful of Hrarp’s Amert-
can Emprocarion, and repeat twice a day. If there are
any wounds from ruptured abscesses, they should be
dressed with Hearp’s Hearina Lorton twice a day. If
possible insert the httle finger or a wooden probe to see
if there is any loose bone. You may be sure that there
is a fractured piece of bone if there is any very bad
smell from the wound. This must be removed before
the outside wound will heal. The curb-chain or strap
must not be used until the wounds have healed.
74. DISEASES OF
PRACTURE OF: THE IEA
THe illeum is seen at 13 in the figure of the skeleton.
Next to fracture of the lower jaw this is the most fre-
quent. Sometimes a large part of the projecting spine
is broken off from the main bone ; at other times only
a small piece is chipped off.
Causes. —External violence, such as catching the pro-
jecting point of the illeum in passing through narrow
doorways, falls on hard substances, ete.
Symptoms.—lf seen soon after the accident, the side
on which the fracture has taken place will look flatter
than the other side. The fractured piece will have been
drawn forward and inward by the contraction of the
abdominal muscles, so that there will be quite a space
between the two fractured ends; consequently there
will be no grating sound heard when the parts are
moved about. The animal will be slightly lame at first
which soon increases and may become quite pronounced.
There will probably be some pain on pressing on the
illeum. If astring is passed from the middle of the
spine to the point of the illeum that has not been in-
jured and the exact measurement taken, it will be found
to be longer than the measurement when taken on the
side of the fracture.
Treatment.—Rest, and the application three times a
day of Hearp’s American Emprocation, well rubbed in.
This to be continued until the quarter is well blistered.
With this treatment these cases always become useful
for slow work and often make good driving horses. To
a close observer, however—no matter how small a
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 15
piece of bone is chipped off—the subjects of this injury
will always seem to move slightly to one side behind,
and have a perceptible imp. The best method to de-
tect an old fracture of the illeum is to stand exactly be-
hind the horse and look over the quarters, when any
uneveness of the two sides will be immediately de-
tected.
meet URES OF THE BONES: OF THE LIMBS.
Causes.—Falls, kicks and blows of various kinds.
Sometimes the bones themselves are in an extra brittle
condition, when they are ‘easily broken. An illustra-
tion of this occurred in my own practice. A horse was
being driven along the street when he suddenly gave
way on one side, and, trying to save himself on the op-
posite side, suddenly fell down flat and was unable to
rise. On examination, both thigh bones were found to
be fractured at about the same place on each bone.
When the bones were examined, they were found to
contain an excess of earthy matter, and a very small
amount of animal matter, which latter makes the bones
tough and not so easily broken. In the bones of old
animals the earthy matter is in much greater proportion
than in those of young animals. The bones of old ani-
mals are therefore more easily broken.
Symptoms.—We may have fracture of the bones of
the limbs without displacement, the bone being simply
cracked across, or partly through, and not moved out
of its place. In some of those cases there is not much
lameness. " The horse may even work again in a few
days, to be followed perhaps by a sudden fall while be-
76 DISEASES OF
ing driven, in consequence of displacement. A case
which occured in my own practice will be interesting
here. A horse was kicked in the thigh and the skin
somewhat bruised and a little swollen. When found in
the morning, there was scarcely any lameness and in a
few days he trotted out sound. He was driven two
days, apparently all right, when the owner concluded
to send him out to pasture for two months. About ten
days after going to pasture he was found in a good
roomy box stall with a fracture of the thigh bone at
about the point where the kick had been received. The
displacement probably took place when the horse at-
tempted to get up in the stall, and although the kick
had been received three weeks previously, there was
no marked symptom of fracture being present. In most
cases, however, displacement takes place immediately,
and the hmb can be swung around in unusual direc-
tions. When moved, a grating sound will be heard,
and a grating motion felt. The animal will be unable
to bear any weight on the fractured limb. |
Treatment.—Tf the horse is of anervous temperament
he had better be destroyed, as it is necessary for the
limb to have absolute rest to secure union of the frac:
tured bones. If the bones are protruding through the
soft structures or through the skin, he had better be
destroyed. If he is a young, quiet, docile animal, and
the bone is simply broken in two pieces, the chances of
recovery are fairly good, and the following rules are to
be observed : If it is any part of the fore-limb, from the
elbow to the foot, that is fractured, the bones should be
brought together in the natural position. A padding
of oakum should now be placed around the limb. The
next thing to do is to place two or more thin pieces of
¢
pees.
(nd Aieat
; rev De
> wk eee
et a Oe ae a
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 77
wood, such as lath, in front and behind the limb, so
that there will be no motion allowed. Now apply a
bandage that has been soaked in starch and plaster of
paris. Begin to apply the bandage from the bottom of
the hmb and continue it upward until the whole limb
is well wrapped. There need be no fear of the bandage
looking clumsy, by having too much bandage material.
The animal should now be placed in slings as seen in
figure 27. The splints and bandages should be allowed
SEAS Ry
, o, = = ee
“A ned Bessel 57
Tes —
GEN Para
= Mia. a
Z Suis
Fig. 27, Horse placed in slings.
to remain on for six to eight weeks, unless the animal
seems to have excessive pain in the leg, with swelling
78 DISEASES OF
of the soft parts above the bandages, when suppuration
under the bandage may be suspected. The bandage
must now be removed, and if no abscesses or ulcers are
discovered, it should be immediately reapplied. After
the fracture has become reunited, there will still be
some swelling around the bone at that part. This will
be gradually removed by applying a small quantity of
Hearp’s American Hmprocation every other day.
LUMP-JAW IN CATTLE—BIG HEAD—
ACTINOMYCOSIS.
Tuts is a disease known to scientists as Actinomycosis
and is found in man, cattle, and swine.
Causes. —It is in all cases caused by the growth of a
plant fungus that takes for its sustenance, first the soft
structures of the mouth and then the bone, spreading in
this manner until, in old cases, a considerable portion
of the jaw is destroyed. It is asserted by some authors
that the fungus or its spores are sometimes found on the
fodder that the cattle feed on. Especially is this true
of barley and some other cereals. The spores of this
fungus may be taken into the stomach and intestines,
and the disease has been found in many of the internal
organs as well as the jaw.
Spmptoms.—There will first be noticed a swelling at
some part of the jaw. This slowly increases in size un-
til it bursts, leaving an open sore which will not heal
and prevents the animal from thriving or eating solid
food. The disease is fatal in all cases that are allowed
to run their course to the end.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 79
An interesting subject to the breeder is as to what
shall be done with the carcass of an animal that has
been slaughtered while suffering from this disease.
Shall it be destroyed? or can it be used for food?
These are important questions, and the common opinion
of the eminent authors who have written on this disease
is that all the body, except those parts in immediate
proximity to the diseased tissues, are eatable. An ani-
mal affected with this disease should be immediately
removed from a herd, as it is hable to spread it among
the other cattle. Fig. 28 shows a small piece of a cow’s
tongue, magnified 250 times (diameters). The fungus
is seen at a and b.
7
Fig. 28. Microscopic section of tongue showing fungus of actinomycosis
ata and b,
80 DISEASES OF
DISEASES OF JOINTS.
INFLAMMATION OF JOINTS (ARTHRITIS).
Causes.—This is usually caused by external violence,
but may be a result of concussion in traveling at a fast
pace, or may be caused by sprains. We may also have
a rheumatic inflammation affecting the joints. When
an animal is the subject of kicks or bruises on the limbs,
the important point is to note whether the injury is in
close proximity to a joint or not, because an injury to a
joint that has considerable motion is always a serious
affair, and will require more than ordinary care in the
management.
Symptoms—If we have inflammation of any of the
jeints of the limbs, there will be lameness, and the de-
eree of lameness will depend on the severity of the in-
flammation. There will also be swelling and consid-
erable pain on pressure. If severe, there will be fever
and loss of appetite, the frequency of the pulse in-
creased, and often a tendency to suddenly jerk the limb
upward, as if suffering great pain.
Treatment.—lf the lameness is very great, fomenta-
tions of hot water should be used, 3 or 4 times a day,
immediately followed by the application of a small
quantity of Hrarp’s American Emprocarion. If possi-
ble, apply a hot poultice of linseed meal, to which has
been added about a tablespoonful of Hearp’s AMERICAN
Emprocation, this to be renewed twice a day. The fol-
lowing pill should be administered: Aloes 5 drams,
ginger 1 dram and syrup sufficient to give it the
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 81
proper consistency. Perfect rest is absolutely necessary,
and it will be found beneficial to place the horse in
slings, as seen in Fig. 27. If the injury is slight and
the animal is not very lame, it is stili necessary to en-
join absolute rest, and not to allow any motion until
recovery is complete. Fomentations of hot water and
poultices with the application twice a day of Hzarp’s
American Emprocation will soon effect a cure in light
cases.
A case which occured in my own practice will serve
to illustrate the necessity for rest. A horse fell in the
street and injured a fore-imb. I saw him two days
afterward and found him quite stiff and swollen in the
vicinity of the elbow joint. I ordered fomentations and
Emsrocation, and at the end of five or six days the ani-
mal trotted out sound. The owner being anxious to
work the animal—against my protest—took him out
and worked him two days, and the third morning sent
for me. I found the horse much lamer than when I
saw him first. The treatment was repeated, but at the
end of three days was followed by the soft parts break-
ing away and leaving an open elbow joint. I immedi-
ately told the owner the case was hopeless. He then
sent for a professor, who now presides over a veterinary
college in New York, who said that the horse could be
cured if he was removed to his hospital. This was done
and the result was that at the end of three weeks the
horse was shot. We may always be sure that an in-
flammation of a joint which has much motion, is a very
serious matter.
6
82 DISEASES OF
CPE | JOTN As
Causes. —This is usually caused by external violence
and frequently by sharp, pointed substances penetrat-
ing the parts covering a joint. It sometimes follows
an inflammation in a joint where there has been no
puncture.
Symptoms—tIntense pain ; if in the limbs, there will
be excessive lameness; temperature raised, appetite
poor, and a discharge of a yellowish semi-oily fluid from
the wound; this usually escapes in large quantity.
The animal frequently jerks the leg up, often refusing
to place the foot to the ground at all. If it is a joint
of great motion, as the elbow, knee, or fetlock in
the fore-limb, or the stifle, hock, or fetlock of the
hind limb, there will be very little hope of cure. The
only way acure could result would be by having a bony
union effected between the two bones forming the joint.
This would result in a stiff, immovable joint, which
would leave the horse comparatively useless for work.
If the pastern joints are the ones affected, a stiff joint
will not render the animal useless, as they are joints of
quite hmited motion.
Treatment.—If the joints of great motion are affected,
the animal had better be destroyed. If the joints of
limited motion are the ones affected, keep the outside
wound well open, and thus allow the full discharge of
pus and other inflammatory products from the joint.
The external opening may be kept open by inserting a
red hotiron. This should be done as often as required.
While there is any discharge, the outside should be
kept open, for it is a rule that all wounds have to heal
_
ee
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 83
from the bottom. Hot fomentations and poultices are
beneficial. The horse should be kept in slings.
DISLOCATIONS.
Tur displacement of bones from their normal position
in a joint is comparatively a rare condition in the horse
and ox. Butin dogs itis afrequent accident. Although
it is possible to have dislocations of many of the joints
in horses, there is only one that is common enough to
require notice in this short work.
DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR DIS-
PLACEMENT OF ONE OF THE BONES OF THE
STIFLE.—This bone is seen at x in the figure of the
skeleton on page 1, and is the analogue of the knee-pan
inman. Thisis very frequently the seat of dislocation,
the patella becoming displaced by slipping out over the
prominence on the femur.
Causes.—The patella is kept in position by three
ligaments holding it down, one on each side and the
other in the middle. The eminence on the femur also
assists to keep it in its proper place. Above, it is held
in place by some of the muscles on the front of the
thigh. Now, I am of the opinion that the under liga-
ments sometimes become unduly stretched, so that they
fail to hold the bone down far enough. It may be said
that they become too long, and the contractions of the
muscles above will pull the bone from its normal posi-
tion. At any rate we know that some horses while even
standing in"the stall, if made to move, will displace the
patella, and whew made to change position again, the
84 DISEASES OF
bone will slip into its place again. It was only last
summer that I had under treatment a horse that would
frequently displace first one patella and then the other,
and if made to change position, they would slip into
place again. The treatment continued for about three
months, the dislocations becoming gradually less fre-
quent. When the horse first came under my treatment
the accident occurred several times a day. Only on
one occasion did I have to use force to replace the dis-
located bone.
Symptoms. —The horse will be found perfectly stiff
in the dislocated limb which will be dragged along if
made to walk, it being impossible for the animal to
bring the limb even with its fellow, until the dislocation
is reduced. The position of the limb is seen in figure
29.
Fig. 29. Position of hind limb with dislocated stifle.
Treatment —Reduction can frequently be effected by
simply taking hold of the bone and pushing it inward
and downward, when it slips into its place. At other
times it will be necessary to attach a rope to the pas-
a. or ee
'
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 85
tern. An attendant standing in front pulls the limb
forward while the operator grasps the patella and
pushes it inward and downward, using as much force
as is necessary to accomplish the reduction, as seen in
— ——
KuLlely,
Fig. 30. Method of reducing dislocation of stifle.
figure 30. It is well to bear in mind that bringing the
limb forward relaxes the muscles that are attached to
the upper part of the bone, and the operator will not
have as much force to overcome as he would if the
muscles were kept tense by the limb being held back.
Having reduced the dislocation, the animal can walk as
well as ever ; if lame it will be only in a slight degree;
but remember that the ligaments are now stretched,
and that the bone will easily slip out of place again.
Steps should be taken to retain the bone in place and
cause a shortening of the ligaments. This can be ef-
fected by placing the horse in a single stall; tie him
short enough to prevent his lying down ; place a col-
lar on the neck and attach a rope about 10 to 12 feet
S86 DISEASES OF
long to a leather strap, buckling the strap around the
pastern of the limb that was dislocated. Now bring
the rope forward between the fore-legs and tie it
around the collar. If the hmb is a little in advance of
its fellow, it will prevent another dislocation. Now ap-
ply Hearp’s American Emprocation around the stifle,
rubbing it in well three times a day until a good blis-
tering effect is produced. Let the horse stay in this
position for two or three weeks. Although I have
treated scores of cases by this method, I have never
known it to fail in effecting a perfect cure.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 87
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
Ir is not my intention to describe all the contagious
diseases to which the domestic animals are liable, as
that would take up more space than is contained in this
small volume. Ishall therefore only notice two or three
of the most common and give such advice on manage-
ment and prevention of the spread of the diseases as
any stock owner can easily understand and carry out.
Some of the common contagious diseases that I shall
omit to describe are spinal-meningitis in the horse,
pleuro-pneumonia in cattle and cholera in hogs.
INFLUENZA, STRANGLES, DISTEMPER, PINK-
Eres EPIZOOE, COLT-ILL, HORSE-AIE:
Ir is not certain whether all the various forms of dis-
ease known by the above names are caused by the same
species of germ or not. Judging from clinical exper-
ience, it would seem that they are only varying forms
of one specific disease. It is commonly said that one
attack of distemper will prevent a second attack; but
this is certainly erroneous, as I have repeatedly seen
the same horse suffer from two or three attacks of this
disease.
Causess—Young horses are much more liable to this
disease than horses of mature age, although we quite
8S DISEASES OF
frequently see it in aged horses. Horses kept in small
and badly ventilated stables are more hable to the dis-
ease than those kept in large, well ventilated stables.
Horses that are hard worked, especially while young,
will suffer more severely than those that are kept in a
strong, hardy condition. Change of food will also act
as a cause, as when horses are shipped from the farm—
where they are fed on some kind of soft food—to large
cities, where they are immediately placed on a diet of
dry food and usually in much larger quantity than they
received while in the country. Undue exposure to in-
clement weather is frequently a cause. It will be no-
ticed that the various causes above enumerated all act
by depressing the vitality of the horse, thus making
him an easy prey to disease. |
It is now perfectly well understood that all contagious
diseases are caused by some living organism gaining
access to the interior of the body, and there setting up
a destructive action of some kind. Influenza in horses
is no exception to this rule, although the particular
germ which causes it has not been isolated and experi-
mented with to the extent that it can be easily identified.
Several observers have described germs which they
assert to be the cause of influenza in horses, but as yet
there is no particular germ accepted by all experiment-
ers as the cause of this disease. The germs, however,
are certainly the active cause of all forms of distemper.
How do the germs cause the disease? Most likely
they act in several ways, each setting up a special form
of the disease. We will first describe the most common
form, where we have about the following:
Symptoms.—The animal is first noticed to lag more
than usual at work ; then a loss of appetite, or, if a mild
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 89
case, a partial loss of appetite. Often we have cough ;
the glands under the jaw are often somewhat swollen
at this time, and the limbs soon begin to swell about
the fetlocks. If the temperature of the animal be taken,
it will be found from 2 to 7 degrees above the normal
(984° Fah.). The pulse will be much quickened. This
is usually followed in a day or two by a flow of mucus
from the nostrils, the cough increasing in frequency.
If properly treated, these symptoms usually begin to
abate about the fifth day, gradually decreasing until
the appetite is fully restored and the animal is again fit
for work.
We will now describe a more severe case. To the
above symptoms may be added a very dull appearance,
the head straightened out and held down as if asleep,
ereat disinclination to move, and often the subject of
chills after drinking water. This severe form is often
complicated with pneumonia, the lung trouble being a
result of the general interference with the action of the
heart and blood circulation. We always have a high
temperature in this form, often reaching 106° Fah. on
the second or third day after the attack. Jf the lungs
are involved, the breathing will be quickened and the
animal will rarely lie down. The appetite is totally
lost, and by placing the finger in the mouth it will be
usually found hot. In about two days the animal will
frequently have a rambling gait, especially of the hind
limbs; seems to have very little control over the
muscles of the hind limbs. If the throat is very sore
and much swollen inside, there will be a considerable
dribbling of saliva from the mouth, and when the
patient attempts to drink, the water taken in by the
- mouth will frequently escape through the nostrils.
90 DISEASES OF
This is a very severe form, and unless great care is used
in the management, it will often prove fatal.
The “Strangles” form is seen where we have, besides
many of the above-mentioned symptoms, the formation
of abscesses under the jaw. We sometimes have very
large swellings develop in this location ina day or two.
At first they are usually hard and very tender, and here
we may have a total disinclination for food—at most
only a little hay—on account of the abscesses interfer-
ing with the muscles used in the act of swallowing.
The saliva will usually dribble from the mouth quite
profusely. Sometimes these abscesses are deep enough
in the throat to prevent breathing with any considerable
freedom; in fact,in severe cases the obstruction to breath-
ing causes very great distress. and the loud sound made
by the air passing through the constricted passage in
the throat can be heard for a considerable distance, In
such cases there are frequent spasms of coughing, which
sometimes last for two or three minutes. This form of
the disease is not nearly so dangerous to life as the form
last described, but when improperly treated, frequently
leaves the animal a roarer. This is especially the case
in race horses.
One other form of influenza may be considered typi-
cal, viz., pink-eye. Here the most prominent symptom is
a swelling of the eyelids and a great tendency to have
swellings of the limbs, due to an effusion under the skin.
The eyelids are often seen swollen so large as to be en-
tirely closed, and the attack seems to come on very sud-
denly. The general symptoms are much the same as
those described for the mild form of distemper, We
have sore throat, high temperature, quick pulse, loss of
appetite and a rapid loss of strength.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 91
I will notice still another form, which, however, is usu-
ally of a very mild character, a form which every vet-
erinary surgeon of experience will recognize when I
mention measles. This form is characterized by erup-
tions which frequently cover large surfaces of the body;
in fact, the subjects of this disease are frequently cov-
ered all over with pimples. There is usually a slight
rise of temperature, with sore throat, and often a loss
of appetite. I have known horses affected with this form
to loose all the hair on the body and be completely bare
until the new coat came out; but this is an unusual oc-
currence. Except that the course of the disease is usu-
ally limited to a few days, it is very suggestive of mea-
sles in man.
As to grouping all the above described forms of di-
sease under the general term “Influenza,” it is suggest-
ed by the fact that we often find all the various forms
exhibited in one large stable during a single outbreak.
Some horses will be affected with one form, others with
other forms of the disease at the same time. It is usu-
ally more prevalent in the spring and fall of the year,
but an outbreak may occur at any time. The great epi-
demic of 1872 occurred in November and December, and
spread over the entire country in about five or six weeks,
in this respect, as in some others, resembling the great
erip epidemic in man of 1891.
Treatment.—If the simple form first described be pres-
ent very little medicinal treatment will be required.
The most important will be to apply Hearp’s American
Emprocation to the neck, under the throat, and down
along under the windpipe three times a day, rubbing it
well in eachstime. See that the surface of the body is
kept warm by sufficient clothing and bandages on the
92 DISEASES OF
legs, The nasal discharges should be frequently sponged
off by soaking a sponge in a solution of Boracic Acid—
two teaspoonfuls in a pint of water. Restrict the diet
to a small quantity of bran, or grass, if in season. Two
quarts of bran made into a mash twice a day will be
quite sufficient. If the animal improves, give it a quart
of oats three times a day as soon as the fever has dis-
appeared. Absolute rest is required until recovery is
complete.
If this simple form runs into the severe second de-
scribed form, we must take more energetic measures
about as follows: Place enough clothing on the horse
to keep him comfortably warm; bandage the legs; keep
the food away entirely for 36 or 48 hours; have water
constantly in front of the patient; rub the neck with
Hearp’s Amertcan Emprocarion three times a day until
the skin is roughened, and administer, three times a day
the following made into a ball: Quinine, one dram, ni-
trate of potash, six drams, camphor, one dram, with
sufficient syrup to give it the proper consistency. This
to be continued daily until the serious symptoms dis-
appear or abate. Dosing a horse with half an ounce of
quinine a day would have been thought quite extrava-
gant some years ago, but with the price at 25 cents an
ounce, as at present, it 1s not an expensive treatment
and will be found very effective. If this form is com-
plicated with pneumonia, we must treat the same as is
laid down for that disease on pages 110 and 111.
Treatment for Strangles Form.—Here the same gen-
eral treatment as regards clothing and diet is indicated;
also the administration of the quinine ball as above de-
scribed. To the enlargements or abscesses under the
jaw, apply poultices of linseed meal or turnips, to which
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Se
has been added about a tablespoonful of Hzarp’s Amerti-
coAN Eimprocatrion, to be changed twice aday. Assoonas
they become soft, the abscesses should be opened by
puncturing with a sharp knife, and the finger should
be inserted into the wound, and all the pus squeezed
out of it. Now dress the wound by soaking a little pad
of oakum or a small clean rag with Hearp’s Hearne
Lorron—which is a perfect antiseptic—and insert it into
the wound, allowing it to remain there 12 hours. This
method of dressing should be repeated twice a day
until the wound becomes so small as to prevent the in-
sertion of the plug, when the sore is to be simply sat-
urated with the Lotion to prevent the formation of
proud flesh. If the breathing is much obstructed anc.
suffocation is threatened, the operation shown in Fig. 31
must be performed. This is exceedingly simple, and
Fig. 31, Performing the operation of Tracheaotomy at night,
94. DISEASES OF
no possible injury can be done if the following direc-
tions are strictly followed out: with a sharp knife make
a slit through the skin about 4 inches long; now cut
and divide the soft structures until the windpipe comes
into view; then push the knife through and cut outa
portion of two of the rings of the windpipe, making a
circular opening about three-fourths of an inch in diam-
eter. Place a tube in this opening; but this is not
immediately necessary. To prevent suffocation the oper-
ation can be performed by any one, the opening being
simply allowed to remain without a tube until one can
be obtained. There are various kinds of tubes sold by
instrument makers for this purpose, but as it is my in-
tention to enable the ordinary breeder or stock owner
to save the life of his stock in cases of emergency, I
will deseribe a very simple tube which will answer the
purpose, and which can be obtained in a few minutes
at any tinshop. The tube shown in Fig. 32 should be
¥ig. 32. Simple tube for insertion in trachea.
about five-eighths of an inch in diameter, the length of
tube to be about 3 inches. The two rims seen in
the figure are for the purpose of making a hold to
attach a piece of tape to tie around the neck. This will
hold the tube in place and prevent it from shpping out
of the windpipe. After the opening is made, relief wil!
be instantaneous. The tube should be kept in severa’
te
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 95
days. The condition of the throat can be easily tested
by simply placing the hand in front of the tube and
compeliing the horse to breathe through the nostrils
again. As soon as the animal can breathe in this man-
ner without showing any obstruction in the throat, the
tube should be removed and the wound dressed twice
a day with Hxrarp’s Heating Lorion. It will close up in
a few days. It is sometimes necessary to allow the
tube to remain in the trachea 2 or 3 weeks before the
obstruction in the threat is entirely gone. If it gets
stopped up with mucus, clear it out by scraping with a
knife or piece of wood. Keep it clear. The diet should
be restricted to about 4 quarts of milk with water in
which oatmeal has been soaked for an hour or two. If
the case is very protracted, a nice nutritious drink can
be made by boiling, for 15 minutes, half a pint of lin-
seed in a gallon of water, giving it as often as the pa-
tient will take it. After a day or two a small quantity
of hay can be given, and a little bran mash will some-
times be relished. But it is much better to restrict the
diet to very small proportions.
The treatment of the next described form, pink-eye,
will have to be varied in only one particular, and that
relates to the local management of the eye. It is im-
portant that the inflammation of the eye-lids and sur-
rounding structures should be reduced as soon as pos-
sible, otherwise we are very likely to have a horse with
defective sight, and consequently of greatly reduced
value. To reduce this inflammation there should be
inserted, with a syringe, about a teaspoonful of
Hearp’s Lorton for moon-eye, to be repeated 3 times a
day. There as a great tendency in some horses to rub
the lids against the side or front of the stall. Prevent
96 DISEASES OF
this by turning the horse around in the stall, and tying
him to two posts so that he cannot get a chance to rub
the eyes. This is a very important part of the treat-
ment. The diet, clothing and medicinal part of the
treatment must be similar to that described for the
treatment of the severe or second form of influenza. If
there is any whiteness on any part of the front of the
eye, the application of Hearp’s Eyr Lorton should be
continued until it has all disappeared.
In the treatment of the measles form a half dram of
calomel should be added to the ball before described, the
diet similarly restricted, with the application of a wash
to the eruptions made by mixing one-fourth Hzarp’s
Heauine Lotion and three-fourths water. The nostrils
should be kept as clean as possible by frequently wip-
ing off the mucus with a wet sponge or cloth. The legs
will frequently remain swollen for some time, but with
exercise, after recovery, this will gradually disappear.
TUBERCULOSIS.
‘THis 1s an infectious disease common to many species
of animals. Man jis especially hable to it, in whom it is
the disease known as consumption. Cows, hogs, and
poultry are frequently the subjects of it. Itis extreme-
ly rare in horses and dogs. Perhaps there is no dis-
ease which has attracted so much attention in the last
decade as tuberculosis, yet we have not discovered any
method by which it can be detected in all cases. On
account of the difficulty of making a diagnosis, even by
experts, I shall not attempt a detailed article on this
disease, but simply refer to a few general facts relating
to it that should be known by all owners of cattle. It
-
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 97
is asserted by very competent observers that about 5
per cent. of the cattle in this country are affected with
this disease. It is usually propagated by the germs be-
ing inhaled into the lungs with the air. It is also pro-
pagated by the germs being taken into the stomach
with the food or water. In stables where a large num-
ber of cattle are kept it is very liable to spread if there
is an infected cow in the herd. It is not nearly so fatal
in cattle asin man. It is only when aconsiderable sur-
face of the lungs or some other organ becomes invol-
ved that disease will be suspected. In the first stages
of the disease not even an expert could detect it unless
he should by chance find the germs in the discharge
from the nostrils, that is, if there is such a discharge.
The disease sometimes attacks the udder and teats of
cows. The germs are then frequently found in the milk it-
self, rendering the latter dangerous to the health of
calves or human beings that partake of it. The disease
also occasionally attacks the joints of cows, causing
them to ulcerate. The cow becomes emaciated and
either dies or has to be killed. When the lungs become
badly affected there will be a cough and often a dis-
charge from the nostrils. If several cows should show
these symptoms, tuberculosis will very probably be pre-
sent, and an expert should be immediately called in to
discover, if possible, how far the disease has progressed
in the herd.
TETANUS—LOCK-JAW.
Tus disease usually follows wounds, especially punc-
tured wounds, and more especially the wound called,
7
98 DISEASES OF
“ punctured foot,” caused usually by “picking up nails.”
It is also caused by a germ. The reason that it so often
follows punctured wounds is that the entrance of
air into such wounds is prevented by the walls of the
wound immediately closing. Investigations have re-
cently discovered that the germ that causes lock-jaw
cannot grow and propagate if exposed to the air; but
if plante | in suitable material and air be excluded, it
thrives and is propagated with rapidity. This germ,
when growing, generates an intensely active poisonous
substance, having much the same properties as strych-
nine. ‘This poison is absorbed into the system, and,
acting on the central nervous system, causes the pecu-
Fig. 33. Appearance of horse suffering from Lockjaw
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 99
lar muscular contractions seen in lock-jaw. There is
not the least doubt that this is the true cause, as recent
experimentors have frequently cultivated the germs
out of the body and filtered them so as to separate them
from the poison, and then injected the poison into ani-
mals and produced true lock-jaw.
Symptoms—The first thing noticed usually is that the
animal moves rather stiffly ; this is soon followed by an
inability to take food, although the attempt to eat is
frequently made. The head is now straightened out,
and the animal will present the appearance as seen in
figure 33. If an attempt is made to turn the patient
around, it will be found that it is unable to bend the
body. The muscles will be very hard to the touch.
On account of the spasm of the muscles of the throat,
the saliva will dribble from the mouth in large quanti-
ties.
Treatment—The principles of treatment that are here
indicated are to attempt to stop the growth of the
germs, and consequently the formation of the poison,
by allowing free access of air to all parts of the wound 3
and to drive the poison out of the body ; also, if there
is much excitement, to give something to keep the ani-
mal quiet. First, then, the wound should be opened so
that every part of it is fully exposed to the air.
Second, give the following draught as soon as possible :
barbadoes aloes, 14 ounce, powdered, and well mixed
with a pint of warm water.
With this may be given a pint of linseed oil. It is
frequently very difficult to administer medicine in any
form by the mouth. I have occasionally caused purg-
ing by injecting a fluid solution of aloes into the rec-
tum. The animal should be given no food for at least
100 DISEASES OF
two days, and must be kept in a quiet, dark stall.
Allow the patient as much water as it will take. Dress —
the wound twice a day with Hzarp’s Hearne Lorton,
and if the patient seems to suffer much pain, adminis-
ter a bottle of Hrarp’s Maeic Mixturr. If the animal
inproves, give it soft food, oat-meal drinks, grass if in
season and linseed-tea. I have had success in a num-
ber of cases of this fatal disease by the above men-
tioned treatment.
GLANDERS—FARCY.
Tuis is one of the most dangerous and fatal diseases
to which the horse is liable.
Causes.—An animal that has suffered from any de-
bilitating disease,such, as for example, distemper, is more
hable to contract the disease than one in perfect health.
Abrasions or sores on the gums or lips will afford easy
access to the germs. In a large number of cases this
disease is taken at a public watering trough; sometimes
in blacksmith shops, sometimes in livery stables, where
strange horses are frequently put up for a short time
to feed, etc. In every case we may be certain that it is
taken from a pre-existing case of glanders, although
the animal from which the disease is taken may not
have been in contact with the inoculated animal at all,
nor in fact been at the place of infection for months. It
has been asserted that the germs of glanders will live
for many months when deposited on boards or other
materials which enter into the composition of stables.
The germs may be mixed with mucus and be deposited
on the boards in front of a stall; another animal rub-
bing its lips on the boards is liable to take the disease.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 101
The growth of the germs of glanders is very slow when
compared with many others, but they are extremely tena-
cious of life.
Symptoms—The germs having gained access to the
body, they usually cause small tubercles to be formed
in the lungs and air-passages.
When these tubercles break down there will be a dis-
charge of pus and mucus from the nostrils. The first
thing noticed usually is that there is a slight discharge
from one nostril with a swelling under the lower jaw
about the size of a walnut, rather loosely connected,
and not very tender to the touch. This may continue
about the same size for a long time, and as there are no
constitutional symptoms, no dangerous disease is sus-
pected. These are the really dangerous cases and the
ones from which nine-tenths of the cases are propa-
cated. The owner will usually say the horse has had
distemper and hasn’t got rid of it yet: that he eats all
right and works well, in fact that there is virtually
nothing the matter with his horse. I have known
horses to keep fat and work well for a year or two with
elanders in this mild and evidently localform. Always
beware of a horse that has a movable swelling under
the jaw and a discharge from the nostril on the corres-
ponding side. After a while the disease assumes a
more severe form ; there is a discharge from both nos-
trils; the horse gets thin, cannot work with comfort
any more, and we will be liable to notice ulcers on the
mucus membrane of the nostrils which makes the
diagnosis certain. Swellings may now appear on the
surface of the body, which soon break and discharge
pus and the resulting sores refuse to heal. In a short
time the animal will die.
102 DISEASES OF
At other times this disease will appear as farcy, a
disease that is caused by the same germ, and in fact
may have been taken from one of the above described
cases. Farcy selects the skin for attack instead of the
air-passages. It is indicated by little swellings on the
skin, usually of the limbs. These soon break and dis-
charge pus freely, and do not heal when treated as ordi-
nary wounds. Ina day or two the limbs are seen to
swell considerably, and after two or three weeks they
are a mass of sores.
Prevention.—It has usually been considered that all
cases were fatal, but there are two or three facts that
indicate an occasional recovery from a local infection.
First, it is known that a glanderous ulcer in the nostril
has healed. Second, there are a few pretty well authenti-
cated cases of recovery from mild local attacks. Third,’
one of the most celebrated cases of recovery from gland-
ers Inman is that of Doctor Paquin, who was for a long
time state veterinarian in one of the western states
(Ilhnois, I think). Recovery, however, is exceedingly
rare, and on account of the ease with which man is in-
oculated with this disease, all animals suffering from it
should be immediately destroyed; in fact, nearly all of
the states have laws to this effect. All suspected cases
should be immediately isolated in a small pen or shed.
I have known a single glandered horse to infect a herd
of 40 when turned out to pasture. Therefore on no ac-
count should a horse that is even suspected to have
glanders be turned out to pasture with other horses.
And remember that the most dangerous ease is the ani-
mal that is supposed to have very little the matter with
it. All stables where horses with glanders have been
kept should be thoroughly disinfected by washing all
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 103
materials with which the horse may have been in con-
tact with the following solution: corrosive sublimate,
one ounce, dissolved in two gallons of water; everything
to be washed with it twice a week for two weeks.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
| SORE THROAT.
It is a very common thing for horses to have an
inflammation of some part of the throat. This part may
be the tonsils, the palate or the larynx.
Causes.—Anything which predisposes an animal to
take cold, as a debilitated state of the constitution,
standing in drafts when perspiring, etc., are the most
frequent causes of this trouble.
Symptoms.—There will often. be slight fever in the
first stages of this disease, with the pulse somewhat
quickened. If the palate and tonsils are involved, there
will be a great disinclination to take food, and if the
mouth is opened it will be frequently found filled with
saliva and mucus, which will dribble from it. Most
horses suffering from this disorder will only take small
quantities of water and often none at all for a day or
two. Unless there is much swelling in the larynx, the
breathing will be about normal. We may not have any
cough, but if, by squeezing the upper part of the wind-
pipe, a cough is forced, it will be very soft, as if the
animal was afraid of hurting the already tender throat.
In fact, the cough of sore throat is entirely character-
istic. The horse sometimes holds the head somewhat
straightened out. When the walls of the pharynx are
104 DISEASES OF
much swollen, if allowed to drink, the water will escape
by the nostrils as shown in Fig. 34.
Fig. 34; Representation of horse with sore throat and water escaping by the
nostrils while drinking.
Treatment.—Perfect rest; keep the animal warm
with plenty of surface clothing and bandages on the
legs, and rub Hrarp’s American Emprocation on the throat
3 times a day. Place on the tongue with a spoon or
flat piece of wood about a tablespoonful of the follow-
ing paste: syrup, one-half pint; chlorate of potash, 2
oz.; quinine, 2 drams; oil of tar, 2 drams; licorice
powder, 1 oz.; mix well. Give this 4 times a day. If
there is no other complication, this is not a dangerous
disease, but when badly treated the membranes of the
throat are sometimes permanently thickened, which is
occasionally the cause of roaring. The animal should
be allowed to properly recover from the disease before
being worked. When the appetite returns give Hearp’s
QuintinE Conpition Powpers 3 times a day as a tonic.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 105
This will be found: to produce the best possible eondi-
tion in a very short space of time.
ROARING.
Tus is a disease in which there is a loud sound pro-
duced by the air passing through a restricted tube dur-
ing respiration, while the animal is undergoing great
exertion. The constriction in the air passage is in the
larynx, and in nearly all cases is due to a paralysis of
the muscles on one side of the throat, which allows the
muscles on the other side to draw the cartilages toward
that side, and thus obstruct the passage of air through
the windpipe. If the constriction is due to a thicken-
ing of the membranes of the throat, following a sore
throat, there is good ground to hope for a recovery,
and I have known many such cases ; but when it is due
to a paralysis of the muscles of one side of the throat,
the case is a hopeless one, or at any rate is only curable by
an operation, and then the chances are rather against a
perfect cure. If the roaring follows a severe sore throat,
it is always prudent to attempt a cure, and nothing will
be so successful in bringing about that event as the
administration of Hrarp’s Quinine Conpition Powpers
and the application 3 times a day of Hrarp’s American
Emprocation, to be continued until the neck is slightly
blistered. The animal to have gentle work.
106 DISEASES OF
BRONCHITIS AND PNEUMONIA—LUNG FEVER
—INFLAMMATION OF LUNGS.
Auruovuas for the professional veterinarian these two
diseases should be studied apart and their individuality
be kept distinct, the ordinary, every-day stock owner
would be simply baffled should an attempt be made to
distinguish them in a book of this description. For the
convenience of the stockman I shall therefore consider
them as one.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the air tubes that
ramify all through the lungs. Pneumonia is an inflam-
mation of the structures of the lungs that lie outside of
the bronchial tubes. But the two diseases very fre-
quently exist together, and we find in most cases that
the tubes and other structures of the lungs are all
considerably involved in the diseased process.
Causes.—The most common is exposure to cold damp
weather or drafts, especially when a long coat is satu-
rated with perspiration. Consequently in the fall before
horses are clipped, these diseases are always more or less
common. It is sometimes caused by small, thread-like
worms (filaria) in the windpipe or trachea. Calves and
lambs are particularly subject to the disease from this
cause in some localities. I have seen many cases of
bronchitis follow careless drenchings (giving liquid med-
icines).
Symptoms.—Usually the first thing noticed is that
the animal seems disinclined to move around freely or
it may seem to lag in its work. The attendant will no-
tice that it does not look as well as usual. After being
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 107
allowed to stay quiet for half an hour in the stable, an
examination should be made about as follows :
First—The number of respirations in the minute
should be counted; if normal, they will probably num-
ber between 12 and 16 a minute. If the number is
greater than 16 the lungs are probably diseased.
Second—By placing the ear to the chest behind the
elbow, the heart will be heard beating against it. The
beats should be counted; if normal, we shall find between
30 and 42 beats a minute. I will here mention that in some
horses, especially if they are at all nervous, the heart
beats will be much quickened when the ear is first
placed to the chest, therefore the count should be made
about two minutes after applying the ear to it. If the
pulse numbers more than 42 to the minute, there will be
some fever. The rise in temperature will be indicated
pretty correctly by the pulse; and the experienced ex-
aminer can usually guess the temperature pretty accu-
rately by noting the quality and number of the pulse
or heart beats.
Third—Every stock owner should be supplied with
a clinical thermometer for taking the temperature of
animals that may be sick, and as they can be obtained
for about $1.25, the price is no object when compared
to the advantages to be derived fronrits use. Many a
severe attack of disease would be cut in the bud if the
owner of the animal could detect its beginning. A
stock owner would soon learn the value of such an
accurate aid as the clinical thermometer. If the tem-
perature of the horse is above 102 degrees, Fah., there
is disturbance enough in the system to make it obliga-
tory on the owner to take some steps either to stop its
further rise or to diminish it. It should be remembered
108 DISEASES OF
that exercise will always increase the number of respir-
ations and pulse beats, and also the temperature,
so that this examination should be made at least a half
an hour or an hour after exercise or work. The tem-
perature should be taken as follows: First shake the
mercury toward the bulb until it falls below 983 de-
grees; then insert the thermometer in the rectum,
bulb end first, till it is within a half-inch of the end,
which must be held between the finger and thumb.
Allow it to remain in the rectum 4 minutes and then
withdraw it. By noting the height of the mercury from
the bulb the number of degrees of temperature will be
accurately shown.
If the horse is suffering from bronchitis, there will
frequently be a cough from the first. But this is not
so noticeable in pneumonia without bronchitis. If
bronchitis predominates, it will be discovered by plac-
ing the ear in front of the chest just below the bottom
of the windpipe, and hearing a sound such as would be
produced by air passing through a fluid-lke material.
This is a sure symptom of bronchitis. If pneumonia of
one lung only is present, it may be distinguished by
placing the ear over the two sides of the chest and
listening to the sounds ; there will be a difference be-
tween the sound on the diseased side and the normal
side. I shall forego an explanation of this difference,
as this work is written for the average stock owner and
not for the veterinarian. The importance of the dis-
covery that the two lungs do not give the same sound
is very great—it determines the fact that one or the
other lung is diseased. I would only be causing the
stock owner more difficulty in arriving at a correct con-
clusion, by complicating the description with matter
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 109
that would take up at least seven or eight pages of this
book if I were writing for the purpose of educating
veterinarians in the art of the discovery of pneumonia
in all or a small part of alung. The ears of the animal
will usually be cold, but in some cases they are warmer
than usual. The appetite usually fails shortly after the
begining of the disease ; but some horses will eat con-
siderable quantities of food, especially hay, until a few
hours before death ; and here les the danger in these
eases, The stockman will not suspect a serious and
probably fatal disease to be present while the animal is
eating almost a normal amount of food. It cannot be too
strongly impressed upon the minds of stockmen that the
appetite is often fairly good even in cases of bronchitis
and pneumonia. In bronchitis we often have a discharge
of mucus from both nostrils, which becomes very pro-
fuse as the disease advances. In pneumonia we some-
times have a discharge, but here it has a pinkish ap-
pearance; if the disease is severe it may somewhat
resemble blood. This is the so-called pneumonia exu-
date. There is only very sight pain in either bronchitis
or pheumonia ; in fact, almost none at all, except when
pleurisy is present with the pneumonia ; then the ani-
mal will usually grunt when made to turn around, and
will sometimes be heard to do so when standing in the
stall. A horse affected with these diseases will rarely
lhe down, and when a horse that is in the habit of lying
down every night, is discovered to have remained
standing all night, he should be carefully watched to
see if itis repeated on the following night. This does
not apply to horses that rarely or never lay down at
nicht, ;
Treatment.—If discovered in time and remedial
110 DISEASES OF
measures are applied immediately, bronchitis and pneu-
monia are rarely fatal ; in fact, taking mild and severe
cases together, I don’t think the losses from these dis-
eases in my practice will average more than 10 per cent.
Of course if the animal is continued at work after the
advent of the disease, the chances of recovery will be
diminished. Rest should be ordered immediately,
blankets should be put on to keep the surface of the
body warm, bandages to the legs and a hood over the
neck and head. Allow no food to be given for at least
24 hours, and then only one quart of bran mixed with
a gallon of water. Allow the patient as much water as
it will take. Give injections of warm water and soap
twice a day, throwing about two quarts of water into
the rectum at each injection. Allow good ventilation
through the stable night and day; don’t allow your stable
to have a suffocating odor when you enter at night
a few hours after all the horses are in and the doors
closed. Administer a tablespoonful of the following
paste four times a day: syrup, one-half pint; quinine,
1 oz.; extract belladonna, one-half ounce; to be well
mixed and placed on the tongue with a spoon or a flat
piece of wood. This treatment to be continued until
an improvement takes place, when the paste may be
given twice a day. Rub the sides of the chest and un-
der the windpipe 4 times a day with Hzarp’s AMERICAN
EMBRocATION, as it gives instant relief to the tired mus-
cles that are used in breathing, and gives them exactly
the stimulation they require. After a day or two the
patient should be given an oatmeal drink—made by
soaking 2 Ibs. of oatmeal in a pail of water for a couple
of hours, the meal to be well rubbed up between the
hands to squeeze out the most nutritious part of it. If
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 111
the animal refuses to eat for 3 or 4 days, and the debil-
ity becomes pronounced, so that the horse sways from
side to side when led out of the stall—a frequent thing
in such cases—give about 4 quarts of milk a day until
the appetite returns. Some patients will drink milk
very readily, while others will steadily refuse it, and
must be made to take it by being drenched with it out
of a bottle or preferably a horn. A half a pint of whis-
key, mixed with a pint of linseed tea and given 3 times
a day by drenching, is often followed by an immediate
change for the better. Keep this up while the intense
_ debility lasts. As soon as the temperature of the pa-
tient is materially reduced, give a pint or two of oats
twice or three times a day, allowing only a pound or
two of hay a day while the temperature is high. If
grass 1s in season, the patient should get from 2 to 6
pounds a day until the temperature is nearly normal.
As soon as the appetite has been fairly well established,
give Hrarn’s Conpition Powpers as per directions on the
can. It will be found that the strength will be very
rapidly re-established. By carrying out the treatment
here described, many animals that would die from this
disease will make a good recovery. On no account
must the animal be put to work before a complete re-
covery is established, and then the labor should be very
hght for some time.
PEEURISY:
Causes.—Same as mentioned for bronchitis and pneu-
monia.
Symptoms—Mostly the same symptoms as described
112 DISEASES OF
for pneumonia, except that there is rarely any cough;
considerable pain, with frequent grunting, especially
when the patient is made to turn. This is a much more
dangerous disease because of the tendency to rapidly fill
the chest with fluid, besides which it is frequently com-
plicated with pneumonia. In fact, the inflammation of
the pleura, if not checked, will very soon extend to the
lung itself.
Treatment.—Pursue the same general principles of
treatment laid down for bronchitis and pneumonia,
with this variation: Drench with 4 oz. of linseed oil
twice a day for two days. Apply a blister prepared by
mixing one-quarter of a pound of mustard and one-
third of a bottle of Hzarp’s American Emprocation to the
sides of the chest, immediately behind the elbow. This
should be well rubbed in for 5 minutes each side, and
covered by a layer of paper. Don’t omit the injections
of warm water and soap. The diet should be regulated
as directed for pneumonia; also clothing, ventilation,
and after treatment.
BROKEN WIND—HEAVES.
Tus should not be confounded with the disease of the
throat in which a loud noise is heard when the animal
is forced to great exertion and known as “roaring.”
In broken wind the abdominal muscles will be seen
to heave strongly at the flanks when the animal is put
to any considerable exertion. There is also a peculiar
cough, which is quite distinctive, and this is often ac-
companied by an escape of flatus from the anus. There
is nearly always a disordered condition of the digestive
system, with an extraordinary appetite. As this is an
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 113
incurable disease, the treatment can only be palliative.
The most important point is to attend strictly to the
diet. Give only small quantities of hay, not more than
6 lbs. a day, in two portions, for an ordinary horse. The
administration of Dr. Hrarp’s Conpition Powpers will
cause a great improvement in the breathing, and if
given steadily, many wind-broken horses will scarcely
show the effects of the disease, when put to ordinary
work. Its effectis also to greatly diminish the ten-
dency to cough.
DISEASES’ OF FHE DIGESTIVE:SYSTEM.
CHOKING.
Ir is quite common for the veterinarian to be called
to see both horses and cows suffering from this accident.
Causes.—A. constriction in the gullet is sometimes
the cause of an obstruction to the passage of food into
the stomach. Cows are often choked by having an ear
of corn impacted in the gullet. Other obstructive agents
are potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots, and sometimes hay;
and I have seen several cases in horses that were caused
by the impaction of oats and even grass.
Symptoms.—In the horse there is a very profuse flow
of saliva and mucus from the mouth and nostrils; spasms
of the muscles of the neck will occur every two or three
minutes; the head will be drawn back, the neck arched
and the animal will show great uneasiness as seen in
8
114 DISEASES OF
Fig. 35. A sweliing will often be noticed on the left side
of the neck in the grove, above the windpipe. The horse
will often cry out with the pain when the spasms come
on.
ih i
lf fi, :
a
Fig. 35. Horse choked by an obstruction in the gullet.
Treatment.—lf the choking is in that part cf the gul-
let forward of the chest, and the swelling caused by the
obstruction can be seen and felt, an attempt must be
made to dislodge it by moving it up and down with the
hand, using great pressure if necessary. If this does
not succeed, half a pint of linseed oil should be given
asadrench. This lubricates the walls of the gullet and
aids the passage of the obstruction. If after working
in this manner for an hour orso the obstruction still re-
mains, an attempt mnst be made to force it along by
mechanical means. The instrument known as a pro-
bang is used by veterinarians, but as the average stock-
man would not be able to obtain its use readily and as
in many cases time is precious, an instrument must be
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 115
improvised. A stiff new rope, about three fourths of an
inch in diameter will usually answer the purpose. Open
the mouth and give the tongue to an assistant to hold,
while the operator pushes the rope back over the tongue
and through the pharynx to the gullet Push it along
until it reaches the obstruction; then turn it around by
a rotary motion, good pressure being exerted at the
same time. In this way the obstruction will usually be
passed along the gullet and into the stomach. With-
draw therope. There is no danger in this operation.
Immediately after the obstruction is removed, the mus-
cular spasms will cease, the animal will appear to be
easy, and the pain have disappeared. The horse should
now be fed on soft, sloppy food for about 24 hours to
prevent a recurrence of the trouble.
STOMACH STAGGERS, SLEEPY STAGGERS, OR
GORGED STOMACH.
Causes.—Over feeding is the main cause—often the
result of a horse being loose at night, gaining access to
the grain bin, and gorging itself with food.
Sympioms.—As a result of decomposition or chemi-
cal change of the food in cases of this disease, there
seems to be formed a product which has a very strong
toxic effect on the nervous system. The animal will
probably be found standing in the stall with the head
drooping or perhaps with the forehead pushed up close
to the wall in front of the stall. When asked to move
in the usual way, it takes no notice of the request. If
made to move over in the stall by pushing, it will prob-
ably stagger, and almost fall down. If you take it by
the halter and push it back a step or_two, it is likely to
116 DISEASES OF
push forward again as soon as allowed freedom of the
head. This condition is well represented in Fig. 36.
Fig. 36. Horse suffering from stomach staggers.
Horses remain in this condition for days at a time, but
by appropriate treatment gradually regain their nor-
mal powers of motion. They sometimes get worse, de-
lerium comes on, and they know nothing that is going
on around them. They may become furiously mad or
utterly paralyzed and helpless, which increases until
death.
Treatment.—No time should be lost in getting the
following medicines into the patient : one ounce of bar-
badoes aloes, powdered, and mixed with a quart of lin-
seed oil, to be given as a drench. Injections of soap and
warm water to be given every three hours. One oz. of
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 117
bicarbonate of soda, disolved in a pint of water, to be
given every four hours. If the bowels have not moved
briskly in 36 hours, give a pint of linseed oil, and re-
peat every 12 hours until they do so move. Give no
food, but allow as much water as the animal will take.
FLATULENT OR WIND COLIC.
Causes.— In these cases we have great distention of
some of the abdominal viscera by gases that are formed
as a product of the decomposition of food. It may fol-
low a hearty meal of grass, or even an ordinary feed of
oats.
Sympioms.— The animal usually shows’ the first
symptom of uneasiness by pawing; soon an attempt is
made to lie down; the belly soon begins to enlarge;
there is swelling at the flanks; perspiration becomes pro-
fuse; breathing becomes somewhat labored and difficult;
eructation of gases often takes place, when the stomach
is the seat of the disease, and food is often ejected from
the stomach through the mouth and nostrils in consider-
able quantities. I know that most authorities have as-
serted the impossibility of the latter proceeding, but I
have witnessed it in many cases, and in which recovery
subsequently took place. The distention is sometimes
so great that the animal in tumbling around ruptures
the stomach or perhaps an intestine. This allows
the escape of the contents of the viscera, and is sure to
end in death.
Treatment.— When first noticed give a_ bottle of
Hearv’s Maaio Coric Mixture, and begin to give the
soap and warm water injections every hour. Now ap-
ply some of Hearv’s American Emprocation to the skin
118
DISEASES OF
under the abdomen, rubbing it well in. This often
Fig. 37. Trochar for puncturing intestine in fiatulent colic.
starts an immediate action of the
bowels. If not relieved in an hour
and a half, give another bottle of
the Maaeic Mixturr, and apply the
Emerocation as before. If at the end
of another hour the gases are not
freely escaping from the rectum, the
operation of tapping should be per-
formed as follows: with a trochar,
seen in Figure 37, make a puncture
as seen in Figure 38, as deep as the
Fig.38, Place to puncture in flatulent colic.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 119
length of the trochar will allow. On withdrawing the
trochar the gases will usually escape until the distention
nearly or quite disappears. The animal immediately
becomes easy, and will frequently remain so. If you do
not succeed in striking the gases at A in the above
figure, a puncture should be made at B, in the floor of
the abdomen. I have never seen any bad result from
this operation, except the occasional formation of an
abscess on the side, which is easily cured. Give the pa-
tient no food for 24 hours, and then very sparingly.
Allow plenty of water to drink.
SPASMODIC COLIC.
Causes.—This form of colic is produced by spasm of
a portion of the intestine. Itis frequently caused by
the animal taking too large a quantity of indigestible
food, as the straw used for bedding, &c., or a large
quantity of cold water when in a heated condition; also
by exposure to cold rains, over-driving for long distan-
‘ces, etc.
Symptoms.—A notable fact is that the pains come
and go at short intervals. The intermissions will vary in
all cases, sometimes being only a minute or two; at
other times the animal may enjoy a rest of at least 15
minutes, when the pains will suddenly come again.
The pain is rarely continuous in the early stage of the
disease. The presence of pain is shown by the animal
pawing, lying down, and in some cases kicking around
violently, rolling over, etc. There is great uneasiness
generally. As the disease progresses the intermissions
between ,the pains become shorter and shorter until
pain becomes continuous. The animal often makes fre-
120 DISEASES OF
quent attempts to pass the urine, without passing much
at any one time; from this fact the owner is usually con-
vinced that it is suffering from disease of the kidneys,
or bladder ; but although I have made examinations of
the bladder in hundreds of such cases, 1 have never
found it distended with urine in but one case, and in
that case I drew off the water by the catheter. The
animal continued to suffer pain for some time after, thus
showing that the bladder distention was not the cause
of the pains. In fact, about the only disease of the
urinary organs that would cause such severe pains
would be stone in the bladder, which is a very rare oc-
currence.
Treatment.—As soon as an animal is taken with this
disease, give a bottle of Dr. Hzarp’s Maeic Cozic Mix-
TURE, and the effect will really seem to be magical, for
in many instances the pains cease in a few seconds and
the animal becomes quiet. If the disease is allowed to
progress for some time before the mixture is given, the
medicine is not absorbed so readily, and the effect is
not so sudden and well marked. Because the animal
has become quiet, it is not always safe to treat it as if
there had been nothing ailing it; but injections of warm
water and soap should be given every hour until the
bowels move freely. Allow a moderate quantity of
water to drink, but no food for 12 hours, and then only
a small quantity. If the pains return, or if they do not
cease within an hour or so, give another bottle of the
Maerc Mixrovrz, and apply very hot fomentations to the
abdomen for 15 minutes, after which rub in a couple of
tablespoonfuls of Dr. Hrarp’s American Emprocation to
prevent the animal being chilled. This will cure all
cases of ordinary colic. When it fails, if you will take
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 12%
the trouble to make a post-mortem examination, you will
most likely find one of the following conditions; Gut-tie,
intussusception (the doubling of a portion of an intes-
tine within another portion), twisted intestine, rupture of
the intestine, or mechanical stoppage in the bowels from
some cause. In all these accidents the pain resulting
will be continuous. If the bowels do not act fairly well
within 36 hours after an attack of colic, the patient
should be given a pint of linseed oil, which may be re-
peated every 12 hours until the bowels move freely.
When recovery occurs it will be noticed that the attacks
of pain become less and less frequent until they cease
altogether.
DIARRHEA—SCOURS.
Causes.—The causes of this disease are frequently of
a constitutional nature, but it may also be caused by
feeding too much green and tender grass, new hay or
oats, musty hay, in which there is a large amount of the
various forms of fungi. Hard driving will often cause
it. But whatever the cause, the looseness of the bowels
will be due to an abnormal irritation of the intestinal
canal.
Symptoms.—The animal will show an unnatural loose-
ness of the bowels, which if continued for any length of
time will cause it to feel weary, and to lag in the har-
ness. It will often refuse to take its food after a drive;
perhaps it will take a chill after being allowed a drink
of water. Horses subject to this disease rarely carry
much flesh, although they will frequently stand con-
siderable hard work. Symptoms of colicky pains will
sometimes be noticed after a hard drive. If driven
123 DISEASES OF
long distances in very warm weather, they are lable
to become exhausted and die in a short time. I can
call to mind several such cases.
Treatment.—Try to prevent the occurrence of this
condition by changing the diet, and if no improvement
is noticed mix a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda with
the food inthe morning. This will counteract the tend-
ency to acidity in the intestinal canal. I have cured
many bad cases of chronic diarrhea in horses by this
simple treatment. In some cases however, very little
improvement is noticed. Give a drink of a half a pail
of water, in which has been mixed a handful of starch.
If symptoms of colicky pains are present, give a bottle of
Dr. Hearpn’s Maatc Coric Mixture, and allow the horse to
rest a day or two. There are cases in which Dr. Hearp’s
Conprrion Powvers will effect a cure, but I cannot re-
commend it as a universal remedy for this disease.
DISEASES "OF -THE‘EIVER:
Serious disease of this organ is very rare in horses, al-
though temporary derangement of function is often pres-
ent as a result of disease of other organs, or in attacks
of influenza, and from over-feeding with no exercise.
Symptoms.—When the liver cells fail to perform their
function, the mucus membranes of the eye-lids and nos-
trils will show a yellowish tinge, the bowels are con-
stipated, and if long continued, the appetite begins to
fail.
Treatment.—Give the animal some exercise if the de-
rangement is due to want of work and over-feeding.
Cut down the allowance of food a half, and give Dr.
Hearp’s Conprrion Powpers three times a day as directed
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 123
on the printed label. This will stimulate the action of
the liver-cells, and cause the bile to flow move freely.
DISEASE OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
Here again it is rare to find horses affected with dis-
ease of those organs. A few years ago I was much in-
terested in the special study of kidney diseases, and I
embraced the opportunity of making examinations of
the kidneys of all the worn out horses that were killed
to be used as food by the animals in the Central Park
menagerie. Although I made over 70 post-mortems
and a detailed microscopic examination of stained sec-
tions of the kidney in each case, I failed to find any
with serious kidney disease, the same as is seen so fre-
quently inman. Ifound one animal that had a cyst
that contained over a pint of water, but its physical
condition seemed to be fair. The tubules and glomer- '
uli of the kidney in all cases were in fairly good condi-
tion. However, we do occasionally have inflammation
of the kidneys, as also the condition known as diabetes
(sugar in the urine), but although I have made numer-
ous chemical examinations of horse urine, I have never
yet been able to find sugar present. I know that the
common opinion among horsemen is that horses are fre-
quently the subjects of kidney troubles. I think this
is due to the fact that in many cases of disease the urine
is only scantily voided ; but this is because absorption
from the bowels is not going on, or only very slowly,
and the condition of the blood is such that excretion by
the kidneys,s partly or wholly suspended, and not be-
cause the kidneys themselves are diseased.
124 DISEASES OF
In this place it will probably be a convenience to the
stock-owner if I say a few words on
POLYUREA—PROFUSE STALING OR PROFUSE
URINATION.—Although not strictly due to disease of
the kidneys, the most prominent symptom—that of pas-
sing a large quantity of urine—will lead the horse own-
er to look for a description of this disease under the
heading of ‘“ Diseases of the Urinary Organs.”
Causes.—The real cause or causes of the disordered
condition of the system in this disease is not well under-
stood. A functional derangement of the nervous sys-
tem, or a part of it, seems in some cases to be the lead-
ing cause of excessive urination. The condition of the
blood is frequently abnormal. In other cases we cer-
tainly have functional derangement of the digestive
system. It is sometimes present as a complication of
pneumonia or other lung disease. It is much more com-
mon in some localities and in some seasons than in others,
which would seem to show that either local climatic or
food influences have a great deal to do with its causa-
tion. It is said that improperly cured, or musty hay
and grain are active causes; we know that several cases
will sometimes occur on the same farm.
Symptoms.—The one prominent symptom of course
is that the animal passes an excessive quantity of urine
and has consequently excessive thirst. This is often pre-
ceeded by a dull feeling. The animal doesn’t drive up
as well as usual; there may or may not be a loss of ap-
petite, but it will lose flesh ravidly, and in a day or two
will appear to be unusually weak; when in this condi-
tion it is peculiarly susceptible to colds, and lung fever
is very easily developed. The urine is usually clear—
like water.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 125
Treatment.—When this condition is discovered, the
animal should be immediately taken from work; apply
extra clothing to keep the surface of the body warm;
the method of feeding should be changed. Put a tea-
spoonful of bicarbonate of soda in half a pail of drink-
ing water three times a day; give a liberal allowance of
water to drink—I usually allow the animal as much as
it will take; give it about three quarts of milk at the
first morning drink, before the water. Most horses
will drink milk when suffering from polyurea. If the
milk is refused at the first offer, try again in half an
hour, put the pail in the manger if the horse is slow
about taking it. Give a liberal allowance of oatmeal
water—water in which oatmeal has been soaked for a
couple of hours and rubbed between the hands to ex-
tract its nutritious elements. Keep the bowels moving
by giving warm water and soap injections twice a day.
In many cases with this simple treatment the profuse
urination will disappear in two or three days. If, how-
ever, it still persists, two drams of iodide of potash
should be mixed with an equal amount of powdered
gentian, made into a ball and given twice daily. This
treatment can be very beneficially combined with Dr.
Hearp’s Conprtion Powpers. The latter should be ad-
ministered for some time after the disease has abated, as
they are essentially tonic and will greatly assist the as-
similation of the food.
CATARRH OF THE BLADDER AND URETHRA.
Causes.—Stone in the bladder may be a cause, but in
the majority of cases it is caused by errors of diet, the
administration of medicines, exposure to inclement
weather, or is a complication of other diseases,
126 DISEASES OF
Symptoms.—There is a frequent desire to urinate, but
at each attempt only asmall quantity is passed; frequent-
ly, a few drops only, every few minutes. In this respect
it differs altogether from the disease last described—
Polyurea. There is often considerable uneasiness,
which is shown by the frequent changing of the posi-
tion of the hind feet. The urine is apt to be of a yellow
cream color from an admixture of mucus with it. In
severe cases the pain will become more severe and con-
tinuous, and there will be a loss of appetite, with fast
breathing and accelerated pulse.
Treatment-—The bowels should be kept regular by
the use of warm water and soap injections twice a day.
The following to be made into a ball and given twice a
day: Sulphate of iron, half a dram, calomel, half a dram,
gentian, two drams, linseed meal, two drams. Twenty
drops of dilute sulphuric acid may be advantageously
given in the water three times a day. In cases where
the urine is markedly acid, give a teaspoonful of the bi-
carbonate of soda three times a day in the water. See
that the food is clean and sweet smelling. The diet
may be changed to advantage in many cases.
It will be often found that this disease is very slow
to disappear, but perseverance in the above methods of
treatment will in nearly all cases be followed by a per-
manent cure. If there are calculi or stones in the bladder,
it will be necessary to remove them before recovery can
take place.
CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES.
RHEUMATISM.
Tuts disease is much more common in the domestic
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 127
animals than is generally supposed, and is frequently a
very stubborn one to treat.
Causes.—A sluggish liver is a frequent constitution-
al cause. There may also be an inherited tendency to
the disease. The direct causes are usually connected
with such agencies as lower the vital energies, as bad
ventilation, errors of diet, hard work, with exposure to
great changes of temperature, and atmospheric humidi-
ty (moisture). Young animals are more subject to
rheumatism than those of mature age.
Symptoms.—In mild cases and where local, there will
be pain on pressure. If situated in the limbs, there will
be lameness, and usually of a rather severe character.
We frequently have a swelling of the part affected.
The bowels are usually constipated. There is often a
tendency in this disease to shift from one limb to an-
other. I have seen two such cases within a month, in
one of which it first attacked one limb, then another,
and a few days afterward a third. At each new attack
the lameness disappeared from the limb previously affect-
ed although it was very severe in each limb while it last-
ed. There was also considerable swelling and intense
pain on pressure. There is frequently a great tendency
to lie down the greater part of the time. This is very
pronounced where we have constitutional rheumatism
affecting the whole body. Here we have loss of appetite,
high fever, and the early appearance of sores on the hips
and elbows of the patient, by constantly lying on the
sides. The animal will often refuse to stand long enough
to eat a little food. The joints and tendons of the limbs
are peculiarly susceptible to rheumatic inflammations.
Treatment —In all cases of Rheumatism, whether
local or general, the early administration of the follow-
128 DISEASES OF
ing ball will be beneficial: Barbadoes aloes, 5 drams,
ginger, 2drams. As soon as the cathartic action of this
medicine has passed off, give the following ball three
times aday : iodide of potash, 1 dram, calomel, 20 grains,
gentian, 2 drams, to be continued for several days. Al-
low as much water as the animal will take. The food
should be given rather sparingly, and flax-seed tea made
as follows, will be a valuable adjunct: Boil a half a pint
of flax-seed in a gallon of water for 15 minutes, and give
as much as the animal will take. The administration of
Dr. Hearp’s Conpition Powpers will be found very bene-
ficial. Apply a small quantity of Hrarp’s American Em-
BROCATION to the affected limb, over which should be
placed a woolen bandage, this to be continued twice a
day until the skin is slightly roughened. Then band-
age loosely, without the Emsrocation for a few days,
when, if the animal is still lame, the treatment with the
Emprocation should be repeated.
LYMPHANGITIS.— INFLAMMATORY CEDEMA. —
WEED.—MONDAY MORNING DISEASE.
This is a peculiar disease, which has several well
marked characteristics. _Common bred horses are the
most liable toit. Itis usually caused by standing a
day or two in the stable after an extra hard week's work.
This characteristic is so prominent that it has been
named Monday morning disease. It may occur, how-
ever, in horses that have had no exercise for several
days, and that have had a liberal allowance of food
while restin The hind limbsare much more frequent-
ly attacked by the prominent local symptom,than are the
fore limbs, and the left hind limb more frequently than
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 129
the right. In figure 39, we have a good picture of the
appearance of a horse suffering with this disease. A1-
though the most prominent symptom is the localized
inflammatory swelling, it is undoubtedly a constitutional
disease, in which the bloodis surcharged with the tissue-
or
-.
Fig. 39. Appearance of horse with Lymphangitis.
forming element known as lymph, and containing an
excess of white blood cells.
Causes.—Over feeding at a time when there is a
want of sufficient exercise to use up elements that are
carried into the circulatory system. An overflow is na-
ture’s remedy for such crowding. The circulation being
weakest in the hind limbs, the exudate of white cor-
puscles and watery parts of the blood takes place in
this locality.
Symptoms.—The most prominent and diagnostic, is
the swelling of one or more of the limbs. This is fre-
quently so sudden that the limb is swollen to double
the natural size over night. There is a considerable
rise of temperature, the pulse is quickened, and the res-
9
130 DISEASES OF
pirations will probably be accelerated. There will be
great stiffness of the affected limb and considerable
pain when handled. The pain is sometimes so great in
the early stages that the animal is covered with perspir-
ation. There is often a marked loss of appetite. The
disease has a tendency to recur in an animal that has
once been the subject of it. |
Treatment.—lf taken in time —and there is no excuse
for delay in the treatment of these cases— a perfect cure
may be effected. The following are the guiding princi-
ples: allow no food for at least 24 hours, but all the
water that the animal will take. The medicinal treat-
ment will consist in giving a cathartic ball made as fol-
lows: Barbadoes aloes, six drams, ginger, 1 dram, with
injections of warm water and soap until purgation fol-
lows. The local treatment will consist in applying hot
water to the limb 3 or 4 times a day for about 20 min-
utes each time. After each bath apply alittle of Hzarn’s
American Emprocation, which has been diluted with 4
parts of water to one of the Emprocation. As soon as
the purging ceases, this should be followed by the ad-
ministration of the following ball twice a day : Iodide
of potassium, 1 dram, calomel, 1 dram, gentian, 3 drams.
As soon as the patient can walk around without evinc-
ing much pain, it should be given a short walk several
times aday. Feed sparingly for about 2 weeks. As
soon as the appetite returns and there is no lameness,
give gentle work for a short time each day, increasing
the amount gradually until a full day’s work is well
borne. By following this treatment the permanent en-
largement of the limb called elephantiasis or milk leg is
prevented. We see many cases where the limb is twice
the natural size, the enlargement being of a permanent
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 131
character. When this condition exists the case is incur-
able. This permanent growth is formed by the organiza-
tion of the first exudate, in the same manner as granula-
tion tissue is formed. Dr. Hrarpv’s Conprtion PowpsErs
are an excellent preventive of a return of the malady.
PURPURA HAEMORRHAGICA, SOMETIMES
CALLED BIG HEAD
Somewhat closely related to the last described disease
is that of Purpura Haemorrhagica, when we have swell-
ings suddenly appear in different parts of the body.
They are very frequent around the head, the lips are
sometimes enormously swollen, the walls of the nostrils
are sometimes so much enlarged that the animal is
threatened with suffocation, and the eyelids are often
enormously swollen. The limbs, too, are frequently the
parts where large swellings suddenly appear. To deter-
mine the exact change in the constitution of the animal
exhibiting these local evidences of disease seems to be
a question of great difficulty wtth pathologists. It seems
to me that writers on this disease have unnecessarily
complicated the subject, especially that part of it relat-
ing to causes. The swellings are undoubtedly due to
an escape of some of the blood elements from the vessels
that normally carry the blood. Now, if we remember
that the blood is a fluid containing an enormous num-
ber of individuals perfectly formed, many of them lead-
ing an independent existence in that fluid in the same
manner as do some of the animalculae in water, having
the power of locomotion, digestion, respiration, and
propagation, apparently independent of each other, in- ”
dividually subject to the change known as death, which
i ps DISEASES OF
sometimes takes place in great numbers in a short time
without the death of the whole animal: we know that in
this disease the coloring matter of the blood ( haematin )
—which is mostly contained in the red corpuscles—is
filtered through the walls of the blood vessels in large
quantities, thus showing that there is a disintegration
or breaking up of the formed elements of the blood itself.
We may therefore consider it purely as a blood disease.
Causes.— It usually, though not always, follows some
debilitating disease, as distemperand pneumonia. Bad
ventilation is often an auxiliary cause, as are also errors
in feeding, and very hard work, especially if long con-
tinued, where the vital energies are very much weak-
ened.
Symptoms.—Sudden appearance of swellings on va-
rious parts of the body; the head and limbs rarely
escape. There is always some rise of temperature, but
usually not toa very high point; the breathing and
pulse are nearly always quickened; the animal will
show stiffness in the limbs, depending on the extent of
the swellings in them. The appetite is sometimes very
bad, at other times fairly good. Red spots the size of
a copper cent or larger are frequently seen on the inside
of the nostrils. It should be borne in mind that the
same kind of swellings that occur on the surface of the
body may occur internally, in which case the complica-
tions may be of a very serious nature. For instance, if
the lungs are invaded, pneumonia ensues ; if the intes-
tines are affected over any large surface, we may have
active purgation. The development of internal swel-
lings is where the great danger lies in this disease.
Treatment.—First of all, good ventilation, and plenty
of clothing on the surface of the body. . For the first
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 133
day or two allow no food, but instead, mix a pound of
oatmeal in a pail of water; after soaking 2 hours, rub
the meal well between the hands to impart its nutri-
ment to the water. If the breathing is easy and quiet,
give a quarter of a pint of whiskey, mixed with an equal
amount of water, 3 times a day. It may be necessary
to drench the horse with this. The following ball
should also be given 3 times a day: Nitrate of potash, 6
drams, quinine, 2 drams; to be continued until the kid-
neys are acting freely, when the nitre should be stopped.
The following ball should be given once a day, but not
with the nitre ball: Sulphate of iron, 1 dram, Gentian
8 drams; to be continued daily for two weeks. After
the 2nd day give the horse 4 quarts of milk a day,
drenching him if necessary; this to be continued for 2
weeks, unless purging ensues, when it may be necessary
-tostop for a day or two. If the appetite is fair, a quart of
oats with a half a pint of flaxseed may be allowed 3
times a day, after the 2nd day; a little flaxseed tea, 2 or
3 times a day, is a good material for building up the de-
pleted system, and is easily digested. If the bowels are
constipated, give injections of warm water and soap 3
times a day.
As to the treatment of the local swellings, there is
considerable diversity of opinion whether they should
be punctured or not. If the breathing is obstructed by
the swellings around the nosrils, they should be punc-
tured in several places, either with a lancet or a common
pocket knife to the depth of a halfinch. This will al-
low the fluid to escape and relieve the breathing. Punc-
turing may also be recommended for the swellings on
the limbs and under the chest. It may be repeated
every day, for several days in stubborn cases. Hot
134 DISEASES OF
fomentations are sometimes of very great benefit, fol-
lowed by the application of Dr. Hearp’s Dermat Lint-
MENT, diluted with 8 parts of water to one part of Lint
ment. This will prevent a chill to the skin, especially if
followed by rubbing with a dry cloth. In many cases
the skin will die and slough off in large patches, leaving
large raw sores. These should be dressed daily with
Hearp’s Heatine Lorion. When the appetite returns,
Hearp’s Conpition Powpsrs will be found an excellent
tonic for the bloodvessels. Although the successful
treatment of this disease often requires great patience,
if steadily persevered in, many apparently hopeless cases
will be perfectly cured.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS -SYSTEM:
STAGGERS—FITS.
THERE are several disorders of the nervous system
that give rise to the condition known as staggers.
True epilepsy may cause a horse to stagger for several
paces, when it may suddenly fall and have convulsions
for a longer or shorter space of time. We may also
have attacks of vertigo or fainting, when the horse will
stagger for a few steps, then fall, rising again in a min-
ute or two. This may be due to a variety of causes, as
indigestion ; absorption of poisonous substances that are
generated in the digestive canal, weakness of the heart,
or structural changes in the brain itself. That the
most prominent symptoms of this disease, namely,
staggering and sometimes falling, with frequently
a loss of consciousness, is due to a large number of
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 135
different disorders, accounts for the variety of symp-
toms that are seen in different cases of it. |
As an illustration of what may happen in this line
from certain diseases of the heart, I will give a case
that occurred in my own practice. A horse had suffered
from several attacks of staggers for about six months,
and the night before I was sent for it had staggered
and fell while being driven to the carriage, smashing
the vehicle besides damaging another with which it
had collided. I began an examination by counting the
pulsations at the submaxillary artery in the usual way.
Waiting 3 or 4 seconds without getting a pulsation, I
was almost afraid the animal was about to have an-
other attack ; but still keeping my finger on the artery,
and noticing the unusual slowness of the pulse, I
took the count for several minutes. I found that the
number scarcely varied at all from 13 beats to the min-
ute—scarcely 4 the usual number. I suspected heart
trouble and advised that the horse be kept in the stable
for a few days, saying that I thought it exceedingly
dangerous to drive it in such a condition. I also said
that it will be likely to drop dead if worked to any ex-
tent. At the end of a week I made another examina-
tion. I advised no treatment. At the end of gix days
I made still another examination. I found no noticeable
change in the pulse or condition of the horse, which to
all outward appearance was healthy, and the appetite
was good. I again said that it would be dangerous to
work the animal and gave no hope of improvement.
But much sooner than was expected was my early prog-
nosis fulfilled, for the very next morning, about half
past seven,,the coachman came running around to my
house for me, and when we got to the stable the horse
136 DISEASES OF
was dead, notwithstanding he had eaten his breakfast
as usual that morning. I have never seen a case re-
ported in which there was such a slow pulse, and pre-
vious to it I had never taken a horse’s pulse where the
count was below 28 beats in the minute.
Symptoms.—When an attack begins, the first thing
usually noticed is that the animal lags, and in a few
seconds begins to shake its head. This is soon followed
by an unsteady gait. If continued, the animal will fall;
sometimes it plunges violently, and cannot be controlled.
It may lie on the ground in convulsions for several min-
utes, and then get up looking very stupid and full of
fear.
Treatment.—When an animal that is being driven rap-
idly shakes its head in an unusual manner, it should be
allowed to come toa walk. In this way it will frequent-
ly recover itself and after that may be driven for several
miles without showing any excitable symptoms. A cath-
artic ball containing six drams of Barbadoes aloes and
one dram of ginger should be given about every six
weeks to horses subject to this disease. The diet should
be kept low, with a quantity of grass when it can be ob-
tained. A teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda should be
given in the food once a day, and to strengthen the di-
eestive system Dr. Hrearp’s Conprtion Powversare the best
possible remedy. A horse subject to this disease is a
dangerous animal to drive, as he is apt to be suddenly
attacked in the most inconvenient places.
DISEASES: OF THE EYE;
THERE are several diseases of the eyes found in our
domestic animals, some of which are very rare and will
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. £57
not need to be considered in this little book. There is
one disease, however, which is very frequent in horses
in this country and will therefore require consideration.
I refer to
CONSTITUTIONAL OPHTHALMIA—MOON
BLINDNESS—MOON EYE.
Causes.—This disease is very strongly inherited. It
may appear in the offspring at about the same age that
it appeared in the parent, or perhaps earlier. The ten-
dency of this desease to transmission is so well under-
stood in France that the French government studs will
not allow one of their stallions to serve a mare that has
suffered from it. Bad ventilation in close stables is an
active cause. If the drainage is bad the ammonia em-
anation from the urine will act as a strong irritant to
the eyelids. Exposure in stormy weather is also a cause;
also pasturing colts on a damp, marshy soil. It is very
apt to appear during the teething period. Over-work-
ing young animals is a frequent cause.
Symptoms.—The eyelids are usually considerably in-
flamed, swollen and tender; in a day or two there will be
a white material deposited over the front of the eyeball,
sometimes slight fever and loss of appetite; great desire
to rub the eyelids on the side of the stall, and usually a
flow of tears over the face.
Treatment.—If the patient is run down from over-
work, it should have rest and be liberally fed with good,
nutritious food. Give internally the following ball:
Barbadoes dloes, five drams, ginger, one dram, and re-
move any irritating cause that may be present. A most
138 DISEASES OF
important part of the management will be to prevent
the animal from rubbing the eyelids against the front
or side of the stall. This can be done by turning it
around in the stall and hitching a rope to the stall posts
on each side, only allowing the horse to stand proper-
ly in the stall while feeding. Inject under the eyelids,
twice a day—with the syringe that is inclosed with the
Lotion—a few drops of Dr. Herarp’s Eye Lorion for
moonblindness, and continue as long as there is any
whiteness remaining on the front of the eye. A horse
with this disease should not be worked in the sun or
snow, as they are both eye irritants. No time should be
lost in beginning the treatment and in nearly all cases
the sight will remain good for years, though the animal
may be the subject of frequent attacks. To prevent its
recurrence, the animal should be kept in the best pos-
sible condition,.and nothing conduces more to this end
than Dr. Hrarp’s Conpirion Pownpers, given as directed.
LAMINITIS—FOUNDER—FEVER IN THE FEET.
A picture of a horse suffering from an acute attack of
this disease is seen in (Fig. 40.) In this disease the
sensitive parts of the foot, which are in close connec-
tion with the folds seen in (Fig. 41) inside the hoof,—
are in an inflamed condition. The sensitive parts of the
sole or bottom of the foot are also sometimes the seat of
inflammation.
Causes.—Over feeding is a frequent cause, many
cases occurring a day or two after a greedy horse has
got loose at night and going to the feed box, has over-
eaten itself. A frequent cause is standing in a draft
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 139
after driving. This is a common occurrence in summer.
Jt may follow a chill, which is common enough after a
hard day’s work in the late summer, when the coat is
getting long. Evaporation does not take place readily,
and some horses will stand in the stall for hours with-
out the coat drying, even in very warm weather, and
especially is this likely to be the case if there is much
humidity in the atmosphere. Standing long in the
stable without excercise is often a cause, especially of
the chronic variety, as it weakens the circulation of the
foot to stand stillfor many days at atime. Indigestion
is a frequent cause; also exposure to very rough
weather.
Fig. 40. Horse suffering from Laminitis. Fig. 41. Folds of Laminae.
Symptoms.—The common mode of discovery is to go
into the stable in the morning and upon trying to back
the horse out of the stall it is found to be very stiff, and
is made to move with great difficulty. If all four feet
are affected, the animal will be found in the position
140 DISEASES OF
seen in (Fig. 40.) If only the fore feet are affected, they
will be put well out to the front, and an attempt made
to stand on the heels. If the hind feet only are affected
they will be carried forward under the abdomen, as seen
in the figure. The breathing will be quickened, the
frequency of the pulse increased, pain in the feet is
often shown by frequently lifting first one foot and then
the other ; especially is this true of the hind feet. The
bowels are usually constipated.
Treatment.—Give the following cathartic ball imme-
diately : barbadoes aloes, 6 drams, ginger, 2 drams, fol-
lowed by an ounce of nitrate of potash once a day,
either in a ball or dissolved in the drinking water,
which should be allowed in liberal quantity. Give in-
jections of warm water and soap 3 timesa day until
purging ensues, allow no food for 36 hours, keep the
surface of the body warm with extra clothing.
The local treatment should be as follows : Remove
the shoes from the affected feet, place the fore feet in a
soaking tub filled with warm water and allow them to
remain four or five hours, occasionally removing a pail
of the cooling water and adding hot water, to keep up
a steady heat. Apply poultices of linseed meal, to
which has been added a tablespoonful of Hrarp’s Ameri-
can Emprocation. This treatment must be kept up until
improvement follows, and the hot water baths should
be continued till complete recovery. Keep the patient
out of the drafts. After about two days give three
quarts of oats a day for a week, with two or three
pounds of hay, and a few carrots or a small quantity of
erass if in season. Half of an ordinary kerosene barrel
makes a very cheap and convenient soaking tub. When
the acute disease has passed away, a course of Dr.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 141
Hearp’s Conpition Powpers will improve the general
condition of the patient very materially. If properly
treated, the average case of laminitis will recover in
about a week or ten days. If the disease is extremely
acute and hard to get rid of, it sometimes results in a
change of structure taking place in the inside of the
hoof, whereby the coffin bone is dislocated by being
pushed down at the toe, and the sole will be seen bulging
downward in a convex position, as seen in Figs. 42 & 43.
Fig. 42. Side view of foot Fig. 43. Bottom view of foot
with convex sole. - with convex sole.
If this occurs, complete recovery is impossible. After
an attack of laminitis apply a bar shoe seen in Fig. 44
allowing it to set close to the hoof. If the sole has be-
come convex or bulging—sometimes called drop-sole—
the shoe seen in Fig. 45 will be the best to prevent
Fig. 44. Bar shoe. Fig. 45. Shoe for convex sole,
142 DISEASES OF
bruising of the diseased sole. There will always be
tenderness that will be noticed whenever the horse is
trotted out.
Wd DR ES
WOUNDS.
HEMORRHAGE.—In attempting to stop bleeding
from a wound, don’t use the means ordinarily employed,
viz: swabbing with a sponge, as that will only prevent
the stopping of the flow. Actas follows : If from alarge
surface, pack a sponge, or cloths into the wound and
retain them there either by hand pressure or by band-
age ; and the stronger the pressure the quicker will
the bleeding stop. If on slacking the pressure slightly,
it is found that the bleeding still continues, apply
pressure again, without removing the compress of
sponge or rags. In a little while this will stay in place,
as it is held by the blood clot. It should not be re-
moved for a little while, so as to give time for clots to
be formed in the bloodvessels.
Treatment.—In all clean cut wounds where it is pos-
sible to bring the edges together, they should be
stitched. Various kinds of stitches—sutures—are
used by surgeons, depending on the kind of wound
they are called on to treat. It will not be necessary ©
for me to go into detail, but to give some plain
advice as to sewing up the wounds. It will be nec-
essary first to get the animal under control, and for
ordinary wounds the apparatus seen in Figs. 17 and 18 will
usually answer the purpose. In fact I sew up many
wounds by applying a twitch on the horse’s nose only,
with one fore foot tied up. I use heavy silk, made
specially for sewing wounds; but when this cannot be
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 143
conveniently obtained use common strong twine with a
small bag needle. The first stitch should be placed so
as to bring the edges of the wound together in the
middle, going as deep as practical, so that it will not
tear out. Now place the second stitch midway be-
tween the first and the end of the wound, and so on,
always putting the stitch in the middle of the space to
be sewn. Bring the edges of the wound close together
and tie tightly. It is advisable to leave a small space
at the deepest part of the wound for drainage. The
cas , eam 7;
Neth Mf
“ Sass
(eh
iM 0 i us die Fi ‘ a |
Flg.46. Sutures for ordinary wounds.
common suture seen in Fig. 46 is the simplest and
easiest applied. If there is any dirt in the wound, it
must be washed out before being sewn, otherwise no
water or dressing should be applied. As soon as the
wound is sewn apply on the outside and over the
stitches some of Dr. Hrarn’s Heatrne Lotion, as directed
on the label. This agent being a thorough antiseptic,
will kill all germs that would be likely to cause sup-
puration in the wound. If the wound is not favorably
located for bandaging, the lotion should be applied
twice or three times a day and to the parts near it. Tf it
144 DISEASES OF
is situated on a limb, where itis feasible to apply a band-
age, the treatment may be varied as follows: after
carefully sewing up the wound and applying the heal-
ing lotion as above to the surrounding hair, take a wad
of cotton or oakum and, after saturating it thoroughly
with the lotion, lay it over the wound; then wind a
bandage over this so that it will cover the wounded
space and retain the cotton pad in position. If the
edges of the wound have been brought together at all
points, except the bottom part of it and the dressing
applied as above directed it should not be disturbed
for 3 days ; neither should the animal be allowed to le
down, nor allowed to move more than is absolutely
necessary, as absolute quiet is needed to allow of heal-
ing by what is known as “direct union.” Until the dis-
covery of Dr. Hearp’s Hearine Lotion, it was taught by
all authorities that common wounds in the horse ex-
cept those cn the eyelids and nose, never healed by
“direct union,” or without suppuraiion or the forma-
tion of pus. By the above treatment more than half
the cases will heal without suppuration, and conse-
quent discharge of pus. On the third day the bandage
should be removed and the lotion appled all around
the wound ; also apply the cotton and bandage as be-
fore, after being well soaked with the lotion. This
dressing may be changed every day until the wound
has thoroughly healed. The union must become solid
before any considerable motion is allowed, as the young
tissues by which it is brought about will be very tender
and easily torn if stretched. There is great danger of
the wound opening up again if motion is allowed too
soon. If there is much pain in the part or great
swelling, with some discharge of pus, the bottom stitch
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 145
should be opened and the pus squeezed toward that
part. Apply the healing lotion liberally. Dress twice
a day now. In most cases where the wounds are of
any considerable size, it will be best to keep the horse
tied to a high ring in front of the stall, to prevent mo-
tion by lying down or getting up. Most wounds
when treated in the way above described, will heal kind-
ly, but when allowed to run along without treatment,
we frequently have complications which are difficult to
cure, and which in many cases will retard the healing
for some time.
PROUD FLESH (EXCESS OF GRANULATIONS.)
Whenever the raw surface of the wound projects be-
yond the level of the skin at the edges, we have an
excess of new material, which will have to be removed
before the wound will properly heal. The healing of
such a raw surface will have to take place by new
growths (additions of new skin around the edges of old
skin) until the new skin finally covers the entire raw
surface. A common cause of proud flesh in a wound is
rubbing or biting it. When such a wound is situated
on the inside of the limb, the animal will frequently
rub it with the opposite limb, causing it to look un-
usually angry, sore, and swollen, with a reddish dis-
charge from it. In such cases, to cause healing, it is
necessary to prevent mechanical irritation. Ivritations
which delay the healing of wounds are very common in
summer, flies causing the animal to rub the part to re-
lieve the itching. To destroy the excessive growth of
repair material, the application of powdered sulphate
10
146 DISEASES OF
of zinc is usually sufficiently strong. This can be re-
peated every two days or so until the sore is level with
the surrounding skin. In some cases where the growth
has been going on for some time and is of considerable
size, the most convenient method of destroying it is to
burn it with ared hot iron. There need be no fear of
damage, provided there is nothing more than the proud
flesh that is destroyed. It is in all cases necessary to
discover and prevent the irritation that is the cause of
the exuberant growths. Ordinary wounds that cannct
be sewn up, are best treated by the application of Dr.
Hearp’s Hearina Lotion twice a day ; and even in these
case8 there is rarely any considerable amount of pus or
swelling in the vicinity of the wound when the lotion is
used.
WOUNDS OF THE FEET.
These are often of the punctured variety and are usual-
ly caused by nails.
Treatment.—As soon as discovered the nail or other
sharp implement should be extracted. In some cases
considerable force will be required. Having pulled out
the nail, if there is no lameness, nothing more is neces-
sary than the introduction of a few drops of Dr. Hrarp’s
Heauina Lorton, into the orifice of the wound; but if
there is much lameness, the horn around the place of
puncture must be pared away by a smith until the bot-
tom is reached by a funnel shaped opening. This
operation is very important for reasons which will be
easily understood by referring to the article on Teta-
nus or Lockjaw, (page 97.) Having made a good large
opening in the horn, drop in plenty of the healing lo-
tion, after which apply a poultice of linseed meal or
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 147
;
some pulpyagent. This should be changed twice a day,
and the healing lotion applied liberally before the ap-
plication of each poultice. Give very little food for a
day or two, and if there is any fever, administer a ball
as follows ; Barbadoes Aloes, 6 drams, ginger, 1 dram.
The poulticing should not be continued for more than
4 days, as it is apt to produce proud flesh in the wound.
SCRATCHES—CRACKED HEELS.
Causes.—These are constitutional and local. What
pecular condition of the skin most predisposes an ani-
mal to this disease is unknown, when, from any cause,
except that the circulation of the blood in the skin on
the heel is weakened, it will be much more susceptible
to scratches. The most frequent local cause is long con-
tinued exposure to very low temperature, as when the
animal has to work in ice water during thawing periods,
especially after snow storms. This is greatly aggra-
_ vated by street railroad companies salting the tracks.
This not only increases the irritating effect of the street
filth, but it lowers its temperature many degrees. The
effect of such a material on any part of the body is to
lessen the force of the circulation of the blood. If ex-
posed to it for many hours, complete stagnation of blood
is apt to occur, and if long continued will cause death
of the part. On account of the low vascularity of the
connective tissue and structures under the skin of the
limbs of horses, this local death from long exposure to
low temperature often occurs. The first symptom is swel-
ling near the fetlock, with great lameness, usually fol-
lowed in a few days by a bursting of the skin and the
escape of a foul smelling, pasty material, which is the
debris of the dead structures. In other cases a portion
148 DISEASES OF
of the skin itself is killed by a suspension of the blood
circulation, caused by the low temperature. The skin
will crack open and the surrounding dead parts ulcer-
ate and fall off as foul smelling debris, leaving an ulcer
or ulcers of varying sizes. The destruction is some-
times so great that the tendons and their sheaths be-
come involved, and the results are of a very serious
nature.
Treatment :—Whenever an animal is found lame and
an inflamed swelling appears in the neighborhood of
the heels, a poultice of linseed meal, made very soft,
should be immediately applied, and changed twice a
day. This will have a beneficial effect in various ways ;
first, by assisting in restoring the weakened circulation
in tissues that are not already dead ; second in causing
a softening of tissues that are already dead, and pre-
paring them for removal. In a few days after the at-
tack begins the dead parts of skin will crack and slough
off, leaving an open sore. Such wounds often heal very
slowly. In order to hasten the reparative process, the
poultice, preceded by the application of Hzarp’s Hzarine
Lorton should be continued until the new flesh has grown
out even with the edges of the skin, when its use should
cease. Now, after applying the lotion every day, a little
alum should be sprinkled over the wound. A scab will
soon be formed, which should not be disturbed, but a
fresh dressing of lotion and alum added every day. A
ball of aloes, 6 drams, ginger, 1 dram should be given as
soon as the disease is discovered.
FISTULA.
This species of wound occurs in various parts of the
body. In most cases on account of the complicated re-
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 149
quirements to successfully treat them, I would advise
that none but experts should do so.
ABSCESS—BOILS.
Any local collection of pus ina closed cavity is called
an abscess. Abscesses may occur in any part of the
body, as a result of local inflammations from blows or
other injuries.
Symptoms :—A rise of temperature frequently accom-
panies the formation of abscesses. The enlargements
when pressed on, will usually have an elastic feel, and
as the pus gets nearer the surface, the swelling will be
much softer.
Treatment :—When the presence of an abscess is dis-
covered, the sooner the pus is evacuated the better, but
be careful that you do not puncture a joint or a tendon.
Make a large opening, and as low down as practicable,
to get free drainage. This done, the wound should be
dressed twice a day by injecting, with a small syringe,
Hearp’s Heating Lorion. The wound must not be al-
lowed to heal outside until the bottom parts heal, so it
will be necessary In many cases to insert the finger
every day to keep the wound pervious. To assist in
bringing an abscess to a head or getting it soft and ripe,
a poultice of linseed meal, to which has been added a
tablespoonful of Dr. Hzarp’s Amerrtcan Emprocartion,
should be continuously applied.
WARTS—SKIN TUMORS.
Warts are extra growths of the skin, the causes of
which are partly constitutional and partly local. They
150 DISEASES OF
are of various shapes, some having very broad bases,
others having a very narrow base and a full round top,
something in the shape of a growing pear. They some-
times grow very fast, especially when the animal rubs
them against a hard substance; the outside may even
be raw and sore from this cause; in other cases the
erowth is exceedingly slow.
Treatment.—Warts may be removed by the knife or
by medicines. Removal by medicines is usually very
unsatisfactory, and my advice is not to attempt it.
They may.also be removed by cutting through the base
with scissors, or a red hot iron may be used to sever the
base. This will have the advantage of stopping the
hemorrhage; in fact, of preventing it. After removal,
treat the sore in the manner described for the treatment
of wounds.
ECZEMA.
This is an inflammation of the skin, with swellings
that arise quite suddenly, and usually of small size. The
inflammation of the skin produced by a blister is a typ-
ical eczema. Slight attacks are sometimes caused by
the irritation produced by the products of perspiration,
especially in the summer months. This will cause the
animal to rub against anything that may be convenient
for the purpose to relieve the itching. There is also a
constitutional tendency to eczema in some horses.
Treatment.—Dr. Hearv’s Conpition Pownrrs are of
ereat benefit; also Hzarp’s Dermat Livment, diluting a
tablespoonful of Linment with 2 quarts of water; rub
on immediately after coming from work, after which rub
dry with a cloth.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 151
CAPPED ELBOWS—SHOE BOIL AND
CAPPED HOCK
Shoe boil is an enlargement on the elbow, caused by
the horse lying with the elbow resting on the heels of
the shoe. Capped hock is usually caused by the horse
kicking against the side of the stall, or by blows admin-
istered in various ways.
Treatment.—Apply a small quantity of Dr. Hearp’s
American Emerocation twice a day. Some means must be
devised to prevent the horse from again injuring itself.
For shoe boil it may be necessary to keep the animal
standing by tying it short to a high ring in front of the
stall. Asa preventive, the ordinary shoe boil boot is
usually successful, if worn every night. If the boil is of
long standing and hard, it can only be removed by an
operation. When recent, it can be cured as above
recommended, if the treatment is persevered in.
SPRAINS—STRAINS.
A sprain is frequently aserious injury. The muscles,
tendons, and ligaments of any part of the body are the
wost frequent seats of sprains. The most common loca-
tion in the horse is the tendons on the back of the limbs.
Symptoms.—Lameness and tenderness on pressure,
followed by swelling and unusual heat in the part.
Treatment-—Absolute rest is the first requisite ; fre-
quent bathing with hot water, to which has been added
a tablespoonful of Dr. Hearp’s American Emprocation to
each half gallon of water, to be continued for several days
in bad cases. Give six drams of aloes in the form of a
ball, and feed in limited quantity. If there is still con-
siderable lameness at the end of a week, rub with Hrarp’s
Emprocation twice a day; saturate a rag with it and
152 DISEASES OF
cover the whole with a flannel bandage, to be repeated
until the skin is well roughened. If the back sinews
are the seat of the sprain, considerable relief will be af-
forded by the application of a shoe, made thin at the
toe, with heel calks about two inches long. This shoe
may be worn when first put to exercise after a severe
sprain, and as the calks become gradually worn down,
the fibres of the tendon will become slowly stretched
until they resume their usual length. Allow perfect
rest for several days after the animal is able to travel
sound.
SPEEDY-CUT—BRUISING
When the soft structures under the knee on the inside
of the leg are struck and bruised by the opposite foot,
the injury is called speedy-cut. If the injury be severe,
it may cause the formation of an abscess, the pus in
which will have to be evacuated before recovery will
occur. More frequently, however, an inflammation with
swelling ensues, followed in a day or two by the thick-
ening of the tissues at this point. If treated now, the
enlargement will be removed without difficulty, but if
neglected, and, as often happens, the animal is again
ridden or driven, the tendency to bruise by striking is
much increased. A new inflammation is set up, and
little by little the original swelling is daily added to,
until it comes out even with the knee, and has become
hard and calloused. This condition is much more diffi-
cult to treat, and will require more patience on the part
of the owner. Apply Dr. Hearn’s American Emprocation
twice a day rubbing well with the hand until the skin
is roughened ; then cease for a day or two, when
the treatment should be renewed. By persevering’
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 153
in this treatment, I have never known a failure to
result. Hard, calloused bunches on any part of the
body should be treated in the same way.
WINDGALLS (WIND PUFFS).
Those may be cured by applying a very small quan-
tity of the Emprocation and keeping a linen bandage
constantly applied while in the stable. This should be
continued for a considerable time after the enlarge-
ments have disappeared.
CURB.
This is a sprain of some of the ligaments situated be-
hind the hock, giving rise to a considerable swelling
and in some cases great lameness. Its situation is seen
at page 56,in Fig. 21.
Causes.—Hard riding or driving when young, espe-
cially in hilly localities. Inheritance plays a consider-
able part in the causation of curb in many horses.
Treatment.—The animal must be placed in a condition
of absolute rest, and Dr. Hearp’s American EMBROCATION,
applied three times a day until the skin is roughened ;
then allow an intermission for a few days, when if there
is still lameness, the treatment should be repeated. This
will cure the very worst case of curb. A high heeled
shoe as recommended for sprain of the back sinews, will
materially assist in curing the lameness.
LHE, BOOT.
On account of the great change that has occurred in
the foot of the horse during its evolution from a five-toed
154 DISEASES OF
to a one-toed animal, there is constant deviation froni
any one absolute, special, and exact form and shape.
The foot of the horse is in a condition similar to any
structure that has been developed in comparatively re-
cent times—where change readily takes place—and
where the normal balance is readily upset. A glance
at the following diagram will show the changes in the
foot of the horse. Fig. 47.
Fig. 47. Showing feet of ancestors of Horse.
Again, the uses to which horses have been put by
civilized man have necessitated changes of structure
in many parts of the body, notably in that of the foot.
For instance, travel on macadamized roads requires
a foot structurally much stronger than on soft ground.
In other words, the foot that will suffer no disorder
when used for travel on soft, dirt roads, may be irrem-
ediably damaged by travel for only a short time on the
macadamized roads of to-day. It has been frequently
argued by writers on the foot that horses in a state of
nature rarely have foot disorders, and that therefore
shoeing is the cause of most of the ills that affect the
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 155
foot. But we should remember that the conditions un-
der which the horse of to-day has to labor are totally dif-
ferent from those in which the horse is found in a state
of nature. It has therefore been found necessary to
use various artificial means to preserve portions of the
animal body from partial or total destruction. In very
early times it was found necessary to protect the foot of
the horse, and up to the present time a rim of iron has
been deemed the most serviceable protection for the
bottom of the foot. But this takes no account of the
outside of the hoof which is also subject to a consider-
able change on account of the following departure from
natural conditions. In a state of nature the horse trav-
eled on pastures continually. These pastures were
kept moist by frequent rain and dew, thus keeping up
a water or moist saturation the greater part of the time,
thus enabling the horn to grow tough and strong and
preventing any undue dryness, except in unusually dry
Seasons, or in unusually dry and arid places. Now we
have the horse traveling much of the time on very dry
roads, covered with dust which assists in absorbing
the little moisture that may be near the outside of the
hoof, and at night a very large number of horses are
kept in stables where everything is dry under the feet—
just the opposite of natural conditions. Evaporation
goes on continually from the surface of the wall of the
foot. The horn becoms dry and brittle, is subject to
cracks and bruises, in fact, almost the reverse of the
tough, moist horn found in the hoof of the horse kept
under natural conditions. To counteract this tendency
to dryness of the horn, various applications have been
tried, and all with varying success, until by experiment-
ing with various agents that had been recommended by
156 DISEASES OF
previous writers, I came to the conclusion that a mix-
ture of Nonane, Hexadecane and certain fixed oils, when
applied daily to the horn, made a perfect protection
from evaporation of moisture and consequent brittleness
of the horn. It is now made and sold in large quanti-
ties as Dr. Hearn’s Hoor Linment, and should be used
by everyone who has a horse that is of necessity kept
from natural pastures, where the foot would be kept
moist by rain and dew. The advantage of using this
lniment instead of the ordinary tar compounds, will
be readily understood when it is considered that tar is an
acid substance, which absorbs and holds sand and dirt
in large quantities when brought in contact with it.
CONTRACTED HEELS.
This is a condition in which the hoof is smaller than
normal, and may exist with or without lameness. The
effect, however, is to canse a pressure on the bloodves-
sels and nerves contained in the sensitive structures in-
side the horn.
Causes.—Inheritance is a frequent cause. Huide-
koper says that a horse that is contracted, though not
lame, should be excluded from the stud. Hot dry
weather tends to diminish the quantity of moisture in
the horn and predisposes to a shriveling of the horny
fibres. We have already referred to the bad effect on
horn of keeping horses in the stable. This is aggravat-
ed if the animal is kept in the stable without exercise
for any great length of time. The circulation of blood
through the foot will be diminished, as will also the
amount of horn moisture. The practice of many smiths
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 157
in filing away the gelatine coating that forms on the
outside of a healthy hoof, is also to be deprecated, as
it removes the natural protection against excessive evap-
oration. Opening up of the heels is also a great cause
of curling in of the heels, for if the horn was not re-
moved, it would tend to act as a wedge to prevent the
curling inward.
Symptoms.—A pointing of the contracted foot is usu-
ally an early symptom, as is also a gradual curling in of
the heels of the hoof toward the frog. If lame, the
lameness is usually most severe when first coming out
of the stable.
Treatment.—Should be both preventive and curative.
To prevent contraction, colts and horses should not be
_kept in stables for days at a time where the floors are of
dry boards. The hoof requires exercise and soft, but
clean boards. This has especial reference to young
farm horses that do not wear shoes. The application
of Dr. Hearp’s Hoor Linmenr is an excellent preventive
of the dryness and brittleness that leads to contraction.
Proper shoeing is also a preventive. The kind of shoe
which most frequently causes contraction is that in which
the outer rim of the heel is higher than the inside. The
heels in this case will be pressed inward toward the
frog at each step the horse takes. I have seen many
shoes made and fitted with this evident defect. The
bearing of the shoe at the heel should be perfectly lev-
el, if it is meant to be applied to a healthy foot.
Curative Measures.—Various devices have been in-
vented to spread contracted heels, one of the most sim-
ple being ay instrument which works on the principal
of the jack screw. As to the efficiency of this instrument
as an expander there is no doubt, but its use is founded
158 DISEASES OF
on the error that the foot of the horse is a non vital
piece of machinery.
Some years ago one of my employers owned a horse
that was the subject of contraction, and having heard
high recommendations of the use of this screw by a
professional operator, he asked my opinion of it. Iwas
compelled to say that unless such force was used as
would cause a temporary laminitis, it would take longer
to expand the contracted heels in this manner than by
other and less vigorous measures. The ease with which
the heels could be forced open by means of this jack
screw appeared so plain that the gentleman concluded
to give it a trial; and I had the opportunity of
watching the results, in which I confess I had some
curiosity. I found that immediately after the screw
had been used, the horse appeared to have relief for
a few minutes, but that it was soon followed by in-
creasing pain to such an extent that one day when I
happened in the stable (about an hour after the-.operator
had gone ), I exclaimed,“ Why your horse is foundered!”
The attendant informed me that the horse always stif-
fened up in that way about an hour after being oper-
ated on. I was not surprised, as I had told the owner
(when my opinion was asked) that,“on account of the
close vascular connection between the heels of the cof-
fin bone, which could not be made to expand, and the
heels of the hoof—which would be pushed apart by the
use of the screw—some of the bloodvessels would nec-
essarily be ruptured, and the remainder would be
stretched so as to be considerably weakened, and thus al-
low blood to be extravasated and an inflammation set
up.” This was precisely what had happened in the
above mentioned case, and sure enough the horse was
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 159
foundered, but a part of the treatment being the immer-
sion of the feet in a tub of hot water for 4 hours each
day, the acute symptoms were relieved by the time of
the next operation—two days after. I mention this
case because at first sight, and without a knowledge of
the minute anatomy of the foot, it would appear that
the use of the jack screw would accomplish expansion
of the heels much more completely and easier than any
other means. I have no doubt that there are at pres-
ent men traveling through this and other countries
making money by the use of such injurious devices, for
the field for their labors is unlimited.
Fig. 48, Dr. Roberges’ Spring inserted in Hoof.
Another ingenious device has been invented by Dr.
Roberge, Fig 48. It consists of asteel spring, which,
160 DISEASES OF
when inserted inside the heels, exerts a steady pressure
on them in an outward direction. As this pressure is
not severe and is continuous, no bad effects follow the
use of the spring, but it is continuously exerting an
expanding pressure on the parts to be spread. This in-
vention can therefore be highly recommended.
After all, expansion of contracted heels can be accom-
plished by shoeing, and in a very simple manner. The
kinds of shoe are shown in Figs. 49 & 50. It will be seen
Figs. 49 and 50. Expanding shoes for contracted feet.
that they are plain shoes, differing from the ordinary shoe
by having a slant or bevel at the heels in an outward
direction, instead of being precisely level. The extent
of this slant or bevel is regulated entirely by the smith
who makes the shoe, and may be either slight or of con-
siderable extent. If the contraction is slight, the bevel
may be shallow, whereas if the contraction is very great,
the bevel may be at a more acute angle. The care nec-
essary in the application of this shoe is to be sure that
the inside edge of the heel of the shoe shall be set in-
side the contracted heel, so that every time the horse
steps the heel will be pressed outward by the bevel of
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 161
the shoe. This shoe should not be fitted exactly tight
to the heels, as they drop slightly each time the ani-
mal places the weight of the body on the foot. It is
also necessary to remove the shoe about every two weeks
to have it refitted, as the heels will be expanding while
the quarters of the foot are held in one position by the
nails.
CORNS.
Corns in horses feet are of an entirely different na-
ture from those of the human feet. In horses there is
an escape of some portions of the blood from the blood-
vessels located in the sensitive sole of the foot. There
is, in fact, a local congestion or inflammation of the
part affected.
Fig. 51. Contracted Fig. 52. Flat foot Fig. 53. Testing foot
foot showing seat showing seat for tender sole.
of corn, of corn.
Causes.—Contracted heels, wearing shoes for too long
a time without removal and concussion on hard roads
are all prolific causes of the bruising which produces
the escape of blood from the vessels. To test for ten-
derness in any part of the sensitive sole use a smith’s
11
162 DISEASES OF
tongs as shown in Fig. 53. A deep-seated and fresh
corn will often be discovered by this means when no
superficial discoloration can be seen.
Treatment.—lf the heels are contracted, they should
be expanded in the manner recommended for the cure
of contraction. If the shoes have been allowed to re-
main on too long, they should be removed more fre-
quently. To prevent bruising the shoe should not be
fitted too tightly to the heels. A small open space
should be allowed between the heel of the shoe and the
heel of the foot. The application of Dr. Hearp’s Hoor
Lintment will materially assist the horn to become
tough and elastic, when the concussion or jar to the
foot will be greatly lessened. Unless the lameness is
severe, gentle exercise is better than standing in the
stable. If the lameness is severe, Showing that the lo-
cal inflammation is also severe, it is best treated by
poulticing with linseed meal, to which has been added
about a tablespoonful of Dr. Hearp’s American Emproca-
rion. If the animal is turned out to pasture, the shoe
ealled a tip, Fig. 54 should first be put on to prevent
the wall of the hoof from being broken away.
Fig. 54. Tip. Fig. 55. Hoof with Quarter Orack.
QUARTER CRACK.
This is a separation of the fibres of, the hoof from
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 163
their connections with each other, occurring at the
quarters.
Treatmenit.—The application of a bar shoe—round
shoe, Fig. 44, and making a grove into the horn across
the direction of the fibres at the top of the crack with a
thin hot iron, as seen in Fig. 55, to prevent the further
extension of the splitting as the hew horn grows down.
To stimulate the new growth of horn, apply Dr.Hxarp’s
American Emprocatioy, daily to the coronet over the quar-
ter where the crack is situated, until the skin is rough-
ened. After an intermission of a few days, repeat the
treatment. Use Dr. Hearp’s Hoor Liyiment to prevent
brittleness and a dry condition of the horn.
164 DISEASES OF
TEETH.
CUTTING TEETH.
When young horses are cutting their teeth, they are
frequently the subjects of great nervous tension, and are
predisposed to become easy victims to numerous ail-
ments. Many cases are met with in which the second
teeth are cut before the first teeth (which they will re-
place) are shed. In these cases the first teeth ought to
be removed so as to allow the second teeth to come up
in their proper place, otherwise they are apt to be
crowded out from the normal position, and leave the
mouth somewhat deformed. Itis a very easy matter
to remove the first or milk teeth at the time of the cut-
ting of the second permanent teeth, as the root has
been mostly absorbed, and the tooth can be extracted
by any kind of pliers, when no proper tooth forceps are
handy.
WOLF TEETH.
Another frequent annoyance among horses—and colts
are as frequently the subjects of it as old horses—is the
presence of wolf teeth—also known as Remnant teeth.
They are found immediately in front of the first up-
per molar, and they are the only remains of what was
in the early ancestors of the horse the first molar. To
discover their presence it is only necessary to hold the
tongue with one hand and run the thumb of the other
hand back against the first upper molar, and if a wolf
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 165
tooth be present, a small tip probably no larger than a
pea, will be felt right in front of the root of the first
back tooth. They will be occasionally found an inch
or two in front of the first molar, but of course behind
the tush or bridle tooth. In some cases they may be
felt beneath the gum before they have cut through.
Symptoms.—Wolf teeth often cause a horse to drive
badly, especially when an upper-jaw bit and check rein
is used, as the bit will be brought right back in contact
with them, and apparently cause the animal much pain.
They often cause a horse to slobber a great deal when
being driven.
Removal.—Various forms of forceps have been in-
vented for extracting these teeth, and when easily ob-
tained should be used; but as stock owners as a rule
cannot conveniently command the use of dental instru-
ments, nor the services of a skilled dentist, a simple
means of removal may be mentioned, namely a blunt
chisel. Place it against the base of the tooth and
strike a slight blow with a hammer or mallet. The
tooth will usually become loosened, and if it does not
drop out, will be easily removed by the finger and
thumb. The chisel should be so placed that it will
glide by the first molar when the wolf tooth is struck.
Tt is rather a crude method of removal, but is often the
most convenient obtainable and quite as effectual as
any other.
MOLARS.
Another,anomaly is also frequently found in our
present domesticated horse, viz., the outer edges of the
upper molars are found to overhang the edges of the
166 DISEASES OF
lower molars, as seen in Fig. 56. The cause of this
seems to be that with our present method of feeding,
where the horse often gets through a meal in a half an
hour or less time, there is not sufficient wear of the
teeth to keep them level. A question frequently put to-
Fig.56. Teeth showing overhanging upper molars,
me by employers is “What does the wild horse in a
state of nature do about getting his teeth filed?” The
answer to the question is that, as the wild horse is
about all the time grinding food that he has to search
for so diligently, the teeth are worn sufficiently fast to
keep them level. By looking at the above picture we
can easily see that the effect of these overhanging
edges is to cut the cheek while feeding, or more fre-
quently perhaps when the bit is placed in the mouth
and held by the reins ; the cheek is now puckered up
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 167
and will be brought with some force against the sharp
edges of the teeth. It is no uncommon thing to find
Tooth rasp.
Fig. 57.
horses with large sores on the inside
of the cheek that have been caused
by these sharp edges of the teeth.
To examine a horse’s mouth for these
sharp edges it is only necessary to
hold the tongue with one hand and
run the thumb of the other hand back
alone the outside of the upper teeth,
when, if any sharp edges or points
are present, they will be immediately
felt. Having discovered the sharp
edges, it will be necessary to level
them down with some kind of rasp.
Different kinds are used, but one of the
simplest and most convenient will be
found pictured in Fig. 57. This should
be rubbed on the edges of the teeth
until they have a level feel when
examined by the thumb as above
described. Care should be taken that
the last molars are reached with the
file, and that they are made level as
well as those placed more toward the
front of the mouth. Nearly every
horse that is fed in the ordinary way
on oats and hay will require to have
his teeth dressed about once a year.
168
DISEASES OF
*THE GROWTH AND WEAR OF TEETH.
Healthy horses’ teeth (the second set, not the first),
erow practically throughout life, but much slower after
it \
i y te,
i |
\\\\\ Ny / 1 \\ }
NS y, \ y
Ss AY
S WW
Fig. 59. Back lower molar ;
extra growth begins at
dotted line.
fifteen or sixteen years of age
than before. This growth is
designed by nature to counter-
act the enormous wear of the
teeth, the horse having to
perform for himself that which
the miller performs for man.
If the lower molar, illustrated
in figure 59, had met its
corresponding upper molar,
its two inches of extra growth
should have been worn off by
attrition (mastication) and a
hke amount from the upper
tooth. But the upper tooth
was unfortunately lost. The
lower tooth therefore, grew till
the friction from it on the
upper jaw killed the horse.
Various kinds of instruments
are used to remove this extra
growth of teeth. A moderately
sharp chisel may be used, but
there is danger of its slipping
and cutting the soft structres
of the mouth or throat, for it
has to be struck with considera-
ble force. When convenient send for a veterinary den-
* This page is from ‘‘ Horse’s Teeth,” by W. H. Clarke.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 169
tist. There are very few animals besides the horse
whose teeth grow throughout life.
There are many diseases to which the teeth are sub-
ject, but we shall only notice one, viz.:
ULCERATION OF TEETH—NECROSIS—ROTTEN
TOOTH.
Fortunately the horse is not as liable to necrosis of
the teeth as is man ; in fact, it is rather rare except in
very old animals. In many cases horses undoubtedly
suffer from ulceration of the teeth and the consequent
pain for some time before discovery. The animal will
lose flesh, the hair looks dry and there is a general ap-
pearance of poor nutrition. In advanced cases there is
sometimes swelling of the glands under the jaw, with
foul-smelling breath ; a little later, if an upper tooth is
the subject of ulceration, we are likely to have a foul-
smelling discharge from the nostril of the affected side.
I have known this condition to continue for many
months without the true cause being discovered.
The mouth should be examined by inserting the
mouth speculum, shown in figure 60. The tongue
=
Fig. 60. Mouth speculum.
170 DISEASES OF
should be held by an assistant and the head kept steady
by another assistant, holding one ear with one hand,
and the nose with the other. The operator can now
run the hand back through the opening in the specu-
lum, and examine the teeth carefully. If ulceration has
progressed to any extent, he will feel the hollow space
(cavity) in the tooth, or perhaps between two teeth.
Having discovered this hollow space, the diagnosis is
certain. I shall not describe the methods of removal
of the remaining portion of the ulcerated tooth, as the
services of a skilled operator with complicated instru-
ments will in nearly every case be found necessary. If
an old horse is the subject of the disease, it is best that
he be destroyed.
PARASITES.
Parasites are living organisms that obtain their sub-
stance from the nutritious material contained in the
bodies of other living organisms. Some of the para-
sites are of a vegetable nature, as the fungus of the
ringworm, occurring on the skin of man and most of
the domestic animals. Many parasites belong to the
animal kingdom, as worms, ticks, lice, fleas and various
kinds of flies. Then again some of the most destruc-
tive parasites that infect man and animals are neither
vegetable nor animal, but seem to have a realm by
themselves, about midway between the vegetable and
animal kingdoms. To this class belong the various
species of bacteria and cocci that are the cause of
most of the infectious aud contageous diseases in man
and animals.
We shall not attempt to describe this last class. For
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 171
their effects we must refer the reader to the various in-
fectious and contagious diseases mentioned in another
part of this work. We shall only consider the most
common vegetable and animal species and their effects
on the system.
RINGWORM.
This is a disease of the skin and is caused by a pecu-
_ har plant, seen in Fig. 61. This plant causes ringworm
in horses, Fig. 62 represents a plant which causes
ringworm in poultry. Most of the domestic animals
Fig. 61. Parasite causing ringworm in horse.
are subject to the invasions of this parasite, and I have
noticed that in damp climates or in unusually wet sea-
sons, especially in hot weather, the disease is much
more common than in cold or dry climates or seasons.
There are several species of vegetable fungi which
cause skin diseases, each giving symptoms somewhat
different from,the other, but as they will require about
the same kind of treatment to destroy the plant, I shall
describe them all as ringworms.
172 DISEASES OF
The most common form is where the mode of growth
of the fungi isin the form of circles of greater or less
regularity. These fungi attach themselves to the skin
and burrow down into the sheaths of the hairs, causing
more or less irritation and inflammation. They live and
develop by absorbing the nutritive elements of the
skin. Young animals or those poorly nourished are
more frequently the subjects of the disease than older
and stronger animals. In calves it is found most fre-
quently on the eyelids and lips and skin of the neck ;
rarely on the hind limbs. In horses it is most frequent-
ly found in the region of the root of the tail, and seems
to be caused in many cases by the crupper of the har-
ness carrying the spores or germs of the disease. It is
quite common in dogs, and may occur in any part of
the body, causing an intolerable itching.
Fig. 62. Microscopic appearance of parasite causing ringworm in poultry,
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 173
Perhaps the worst feature about this disease is that
children—and sometimes adults—frequently take it from
the horse, calf or dog.
Grooming utensils, clothing, harness, etc., often con-
vey the parasites from one animal to another. I be-
lieve that at least 10 per cent. of the horses that are
brought here from the west, become affected with ring-
worm before they have been here a year.
Treatment.—The treatment for ringworm in horses is
usually not a very difficult matter, yet there are some
cases that are unusually obstinate. In most cases a few
applications once a day of Dr. Hearp’s Mancre Core
will be sufficient to completely destroy the parasite. It
should be used full strength, by rubbing a little of the
salve into the spot with the fingers. In a few days the
young hairs will be seen sprouting out of the skin.
This is the proof of cure. If the parasite has burrowed
down into the hair sheaths and sebaceous follicles, it
will be more difficult to get at the spores, and the dis-
ease will persist longer and will require a longer treat-
ment, sometimes for 2 or 3 weeks. But the important
point is to persist in the treatment without intermission
until the parasite is destroyed which it will certainly
be, no matter how severe the case, if the daily applica-
tion of the mange cure is steadily continued. The treat-
ment for calves is the same as for horses.
For dogs the mange cure should be applied twice a
day by dissolving a tablespoonful in a pint of warm
water and rubbing in with a brush. After the first
week, once a day will be sufficient. It should be re-
membered, however, that in dogs the disease is very
persistent, on account of the spores being deeply imbed-
ded in the skin. The treatment will sometimes have to
174 DISEASES OF
be continued for a month or six weeks, although I have
often cured recent cases in 2 or 3 applications I have
never yet found a case that has resisted this treatment
when I have personally supervised the applications.
The utensils and stalls should be thoroughly disin-
fected by being boiled if possible. The immovable
parts of the stable fixtures should be well washed with
hot water and soap and then coated with a solution of
the Manger Cure—a half pint to two gallons of warm
water.
FLIES AND MOSQUITOES.
In some climates these parasites are exceedingly
deleterious to the health of domestic animals. In Fig.
63 we give a picture of the business end of a mosquito,
in which it will be seen that it is built especially for the
purpose of boring into tough structures. The sharp
pointed dagger is inserted through the skin of many
animals with the greatest ease.
« ™
Fig. 63. Head of Mosquito showing the sharp proboscis.
There is a fly known as the grey horse-fly, in some lo-
calities as the green-head which is very annoying to
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 175
horses with sensitive skins. The common fly too is
very annoying to many animals in the latter part of the
summer. The annoyance and irritation caused by the
parasites tend to keep many horses poor in flesh, re-
duce the amount of milk yeilded by cows, and when
they are exceedingly numerous, often act as predis-
posing causes of other and more serious disorders. We
shall not in this place notice the gad, bot, or grub-fly,
but describe each under the heading of the disease it
Causes, :
Treatment.—Keep stable and other buildings where
animals are housed as dark as possible; use screens to
prevent the entrance of flies when the windows and
doors are open. When at work where these pests are
especially annoying, fly nets may be advantageously
used. Twigs or the small branches of trees attached
to parts of the harness are very useful as preventives.
The application of a solution of walnut tree leaves once
a week is said to be an excellent preventive. The
leaves should be boiled for a few minutes; but the ani-
mals may be simply rubbed with the leaves themselves.
FLEAS.
This order of parasite is very annoying to many ani-
mals. Drawings of the heads of some of them are shown
in Figs. 64, 65, 66 and 67.
Fig. 64. Head of man flea. Fig, 65, Head of dog flea.
176 DISEASES OF
Fig. 66. Head of rabbit flea. Fig. 67. Head of fowl flea.
The above illustrations show the heads magnified 30 diameters.
Treatment.—Dr. Hearp’s Mance Core, applied as di-
rected. Persian Insect Powder will drive the fleas off,
but will not kill them. Kennels should be frequently
treated with boiling water. The floors should be
sprinkled with Creoline Powder, which will also drive
the fleas away.
CHIGOE—JIGGER—SAND FLEA.
Fig. 68. Chigoe or sand flea.
In Fig. 68 we have a representation of this insect,
which is such a pest to man and animals in Texas, Kan-
sas, and many Southern States. It attacks sheep,
goats, horses, mules, cattle, cats, dogs, and pigs and
chickens are its especial prey. The female of this in-
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Lit
sect penetrates the skin of man or animal, remaining
imbedded for from three to seven days. It contains
from 150 to 250 eggs. These are implanted and some-
times hatched in the pustule that is formed by the irri-
tation which the parasite sets up.
Treatment.—To prevent the access of this insect, the
body should be sponged with a solution of a table-
spoonful of Dr. Hzarn’s Mane Core in a gallon of wa-
ter about twice a week. When the parasite is already
in the skin and the pustule formed, it should be punc-
tured with a needle and dressed twice a day with Dr.
Hearv’s Huarine Lotion. This will prevent the devel-
opement of the eggs which are nearly always present
and may cause dangerous symptoms if not destroyed.
Fig. 69. Head of tick Fig. 70. Dog tick enlarged =\g. 71. Dog tick
enlarged 50 times, after feeding, * natural size
12
178 : DISEASES OF
In Fig. 69 is seen the head of one of the ticks, en-
larged 50 times, and in Fig. 71 is seen a dog tick of
natural size and in Fig. 70 same enlarged after feeding.
These parasites do not seem to cause a great amount of
suffering as nearly all sheep seem to be affected with
them without ever noticing their presence.. LHaclr
species of domestic animals has its peculiar species of
tick, each being different from the other.
LICE.
Most of these parasites have the mouth arranged so
as to act as suckers, and many of the species have only
one claw on each foot, as will be seen on referring to
Fig. 73.
Fig. 72. Horse louse. Fig. 73. Ox louse.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 179
it Hi ih
UW
ie
li
‘At
A
Fig. 74, Sheep louse. Fig. 75. Goat louse. Fig. 76, Pig louse.
Fig. 77. Dog louse. Fig. 78. Fowl louse.
They are propagated by eggs. These are known as
nits, and in many species of animal are found attached
to the hair by a gluey substance.
Symptoms.—All animals reveal the presence of these
parasites by rubbing and scratching. If long contin-
ued, the skin will be bare in spots, and a little later
sores will be produced. Such animals are usually in a
bad condition, unable to stand a hard days work.
Long hair, lack of cleanliness, and general debility all
conduce to the multiplication of lice.
Treatment.—Cleanliness is a paramount necessity.
180 DISEASES OF
In short-haired animals it is comparatively easy to get
rid of lice. In animals with long hair a cure will be
ereatly expedited if the hair is removed. This will also
prevent the nits from having a suitable place for depo-
sition. The use of Dr. Hearp’s Maneazt Core of the
strength of a tablespoonful to a pint of warm water, will
kill the lice, but it will be necessary to repeat the treat-
ment about every 4 days to destroy the parasites that
have been hatched since the last application. When a
large number of animals are the subjects of a plague of —
lice, it will be advisable to disinfect the stables or
buildings by washing either with 5 per cent creoline so-
lution or with pure vinegar once a week for 3 or 4
weeks. A decoction of 3 ounces of tobacco, boiled in a
quart of water, is alsoa good remedy when applied
every 4 days.
SCAB, ITCH, MANGE.
These parasites are a very serious scourge to some of
the domestic animals, especially to sheep. Man is also
occasionally the subject of this pest, in whom it is quite
difficult to cure. Drawings of the insects which cause
mange in the horse, scab in sheep and itch in man are
seen in Figs. 79, 80 and 81.
It will be seen that they are all supplied with a boring
apparatus at the point of the head, and also suckers at
the ends of the extremities or legs. These suckers are
especially brought into use when the female enters the
skin, for only the female enters it. They hold the in-
sect fast to the skin, and the point of the nose is pushed
through in much the same way that a mole enters a
burrow in the ground. Once inside the outer skin, the
burrowing continues. The eggs are gradually de-
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 181
posited along the burrow until about 15 have been left
in the gallery at different intervals, as is seen in Fig. 82
In from 36 to 100 hours the young insects are hatched
and begin their work of destruction. There are said to
be twice as many females hatched as males, which is
in accordanee with the well known law that where the
Fig.79. Mange insect, Fig. 80. Scab insect. Fig. 81. Itch insect.
Horse. Sheep. Man.
EZ
Z Z4
EOL
eo 9 9 z
Fig. 82, Gallery or burrow under the skin made by the female mange
parasite (showing eggs along the track of the animal.)
182 DISEASES OF
conditions of animal life are favorable, the females al-
ways outnumber the males. In this case nutrition is in
abundant supply. The eggs will retain their vital
properties from 1 day to 3 weeks, depending on the
temperature after removal from the body. Hence the
great liability of a recurrence from reinfection after
the parasites themselves have been destroyed. —
Symptoms.—In all animals the invasion of this insect
causes intense irritation and prevents ordinary and
necessary rest. They lose condition and from frequent
rubbing will soon be covered with sores as the disease
will extend in various directions. In sheep, hard crusts
or scabs are soon formed over the spot where the para-
site is located. The,loss from this disease is probably
not very serious in this country, except in the case of
sheep in which it is enormous. Many parts of this
country that are well adapted to raising sheep are al-
most entirely devoid of this very profitable animal be-
cause of the difficulty of preventing infection. Many
farmers in Kansas have informed me that the great
losses from scab in sheep have compelled them to
abandon an otherwise profitable industry.
Treatment.—In mange of the horse the affected
animal should be isolated. No grooming instrument
used on the infected animal should be used on the un-
infected ; neither should the same harness be used.
The affected horse should ‘be clipped and kept at some
distance from the stable and the hair burnt. The
horse should now be well covered with soft soap and
rubbed with the hand to soften the scabs. At the end
of 2 hours the animal should receive a thorough scrub-
bing with a brush and warm water, after which it
should be dried with whisks of straw or cloth, the latter
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 183
being burnt, as they will contain both the parasites and
theiregegs. Nowa 15 per cent. solution of creoline in
water should be applied, and the treatment repeated 5
days after, two or three times successively ; or the fol-
lowing application may be used instead: 2 ounces of
tobacco, boiled in a quart of water for 15 minutes, and
repeated every 4 or 5days. As this solution does not
destroy the vitality of the eggs, and as they hatch out
in a few days, repetition of the application will destroy
each new brood.
Treatment for Scab in Sheep.—When only a few sheep
are affected, and the invasion is recent, the application
3 or 4 times at intervals of 4 or 5 days of the tobacco
solution mentioned above will be sufficient to effect a
cure ; but if, as frequently happens, a whole flock be-
comes infected, the successful treatment will be a
problem of much greater difficulty, on account of the
impossibility of isolating those that may be easily cured
from those in which the disease is deep-seated and hard
to cure. The following will eradicate the scab from a
large flock when fully carried out. The most economi-
eal treatment for a large number of animals will be by
using a dipping fluid, to make which there are numer-
ous receipts. The cause of the non-success of most of
them is that the details of application are rarely carried
out. If the wool is long it will be much more difficult
to effect a cure than just after its removal. The sheep
to be treated should therefore be shorn before the
treatment is begun. The French use a solution of
creoline in water in the proportion of 1 pint creoline to
10 gallons of water aud a pint of glycerine. In Great
Britain the preparations of arsenic are mostly used, a
formula of which Iwill here give. Arsenic 354 ounces,
184 DISEASES OF
sulphate of zinc (commercial) 11 pounds 14 ounces,
aloes 1 lb. 2 ounces, water, 22 gallons.
Dissolve the arsenic in 4 gallons of boiling water ;
also dissolve the aloes and sulphate of zinc in 2 gals. of
cold water, then gradually mix the 2 solutions, and
add the remainder of the water. This will not be an
expensive dipping solution, and is considered sufficient
for dressing 100 sheep. It does not stain the wool.
The dipping fluid should be kept continuously warm
while the dipping is goingon. A large tub is required
for the dipping process, and if a large number are to be
dipped, four men should be employed, one to get the
sheep as they are required by the men at the tub. Three
men should be at the bath, two of whom must be sup-
pled with brushes to scrub the sheep with while
immersed in the bath. As fast as the sheep are com-
pletely dipped, they should be passed to another inclo-
sure, to prevent them from mixing with the undipped.
No man with sores on his hands should handle
_ arsenical preparations. The sheep should be kept im-
mersed in the bath for about 2 minutes, care being taken
to keep the nose and mouth out of the solution. <A so-
lation of tobacco in the same proportion as recommend-
ed for mange in the horse is a cheap and effective dip,
but it should be repeated 3 or 4 times at intervals of
about a week. The arsenical bath should be repeated
in about 2 weeks. The sheep should not be allowed to
return to the same pasture for 6 or 8 weeks if the tem-
perature is at all high.
WORMS.
The bots and stomach grubs are the most frequent
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 185
in the horse and are well illustrated in Fig. 83. The
origin of the bot is traced to the gad fly, seen in Fig.
84.
Fig. 84. Gad fly.
During the later summer months these flies may be
seen about the knees and legs of horses at pasture, lay-
ing their eggs, which are carried into the stomach by
the horse licking the hair. On arriving in the stomach,
which is the natural habitat of the grub, they fasten
themselves to the mucus membrane, and there remain
for perhaps several months. In some cases they are so
numerous as to materially interfere with the process of
digestion, and the horse will lose flesh and suffer undue
irritation of the stomach. In such cases it will be
necessary to get them out of the system, for which pur-
pose Dr. Hxrarpn’s Worm Powpers are an excellent
remedy. They should be given for 2 or 3 weeks after
the discovery of the bots.
186
DISEASES OF
THE ASCARIDE OR LARGE HORSEWORM.
This is seen in Fig. 85 and is usually from 4 to 10
inches long. These worms are sometimes very numer-
ous in the horse and may give rise to frequent attacks
Fig. 85. The ascaride or large horse worm.
of colic, diarrhea and debility. They also
cause bad condition and predispose to
disease. It has been estimated that the eggs
produced by a single female often number
several millions. They are usually taken
into the alimentary canal with food and
water. The treatment will consist in giving
Dr. Hrarp’s Worm Powpers every day for
ten days, to be followed by 6 drams of
Barbadoes aloes and 1 dram of ginger made
into a ball to be given on the tenth night
after beginning the powders.
OXYURIS, PIN-WORM, THREAD-WORM
This worm is very common in horses that
have been pastured on grass in the summer,
and is shown in Fig. 86.
These parasites often cause debility and
loss of flesh, and cannot be got rid of too
soon,
Treatment.—Give Hzarpv’s*Worm Powpers
as directed and on the 5th day after
beginning the powders, inject into the
rectum one ounce of turpentine mixed with
a pint of linseed oil. On the 12th day give
a ball containing 6 drams of Barbadoes
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 187
aloes and 1 dram of ginger after which the horse must
be allowed to rest two or three days.
Fig. 86. Oxyuris or horse thread worm.
DISTOMA HEPATICUM—LIVER-FLUKE.
Fig. 87. Young flukeworm. Fig. 88. Adult flukeworm.
188 DISEASES OF
The disease caused by this parasite is very common
in some seasons and in some localities. It is peculiar
to sheep and is known as liver-rot, fluke-disease, sheep
rot, etc. In Figs.87 and 88 are seen specimens of the para-
sites with their size and shape. The body is flattened
and the color is pale-brown. It is peculiar to low, wet
pastures and wet seasons. Its life-history is very in-
teresting. It passes a portion of its life in one of the
snails. As these are found only in moist places, it ex-
plains the cause of the parasite being found only on
wet pastures or during extraordinary wet seasons.
Sympioms.—For the first three months after sheep are
infected, they will often fatten very fast. This is soon
followed by diminished appetite and great thirst.
Wasting now begins and continues until death occurs
from anemia, unless the flukes are expelled and conva-
lescence begins. The latter event usually occurs in
May or June, but unfortunately most of the diseased
sheep die before that time. On making an examination
of the liver of a sheep that has died of this disease the
flukes will be seen in the bile-ducts of the organ, vary-
ing in size from the young to the full-grown, as seen in
Figs. 87and 88. The losses of sheep from this disease in
the whole world are said to be much greater than those
from any other known disease. The losses in England in
one year were estimated at 3,000,000 sheep.
Treatment.—Sheep should always be kept away from
wet pastures. As to medicines, the infusion of pine-
leaves, spruce-leaves, oak-leaves, walnut-leaves, lime-
water, sulphate of iron, and common salt all have their
special advocates. The two last seem to have the
preference.
The experience of most observers has been that when
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 189
the parasite has once established a foothold in a sheep,
it is almost useless to attempt to dislodge it.
STRONGYLUS FILARIA, LUNG-WORM.
This worm, which is so destructive to young lambs
and calves, is seen in Figs. 89 and 90. The disease which
it produces is known as “hose in lambs,” white-skin,
pelt-rot, ete. When the parasites are present in large
numbers, they cause bronchitis and pneumonia.
Figs. 89 & 90. Two specimens of strongylus filaria,
190 DISEASES OF
Symptoms.—Coughing attracts, early attention; if the
animal is made to move, a fit of coughing is sure to oc;
cur. There isa thick discharge of mucus from the nos-
trils, and the worms are often found in it. As the dis-
ease advances the animal becomes greatly weakened
and loses condition; the breathing becomes labored,
and all the symptoms of pneumonia may be present.
The animal looks dull and stupid and does not care to
move.
Treatment.—To prevent infection, sheep should be
kept on new pastures. The old pastures on which
infected sheep have been kept will contain the eggs of
the worms, which will reach the lungs after being
taken in with the food. The fumes of sulphur is about
the best remedy after the disease has once got a foot-
hold. The sheep must be placed in a closed building,
and a small quantity of sulphur set on fire. This will
produce hard fits of coughing, during which large
numbers of the worms will ve expelled. The animals
must not remain in the sulphurous atmosphere more
than ten minutes, as there is danger of suffocation.
Another good remedy is the following : Oil of tar 1 o0z.,
oil of turpentine 1 0z., sweet oil 6 ozs. Give 10 to 20
drops in the nostrils daily.
CENURUS CEREBRALIS.
This worm produces the disease in sheep known as
Gid, Turn-Sick, Hydatid on the Brain. The cenurus
cerebralis is the cystic form of the tenia cenurus, which
is one of the common tape-worms of the dog. In Fig.
91 is seen a cyst containing a number of the eggs of
this worm. These cysts are found in the brain, and are
the cause of the curious symptoms seen in gid. In Fig.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 191
92 is seen the fully developed tape-worm as found in
the dog. The eggs from the cyst are taken in by dogs
Fig. 92. Tenia cenurus, a dog tapeworm.
192 DISEASES OF
when devouring the head of the sheep, and the contin-
uation of the development produces the tenia cenurus
or dog tape-worm. As the worm developes, the eggs are
voided by the dog. They are voided in great num-
bers and are distributed on the grass over which the
dog has passed. The sheep eat them with the grass,
and in this way the parasite gains access to the internal
organs.
Symptoms.—In from 8 to 20 days after the ‘parasite
has reached the brain, signs of congestion appear ; the
head is carried lower or higher than usual and to one
side ; the animal performs forward movements to the ~
right or left, in a circle, or it rotates in one spot—going
round as if on a pivot. In some cases the animal acts
as if intoxicated, and frequently stumbles and falls.
It will keep by itself and shun other sheep. In some
cases it goes straight forward, lifting the head and
feet higher than usual. The symptoms will vary accord-
ing to the situation in the brain that the parasite oc-
cupies; we may have partial or complete paralysis.
Treatment—We shall not recommend any treatment
for cases in which gid has already developed, but must
be content to advise that the heads of sheep that have
died from it should be burnt ; and in fact the heads of
sheep should never be fed to dogs. If this rule was
carefully observed, the species of cenurus cerebralis
would soon become extinct.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 193
THE ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES.
There are various methods of administering medi-
cines to the domestic animals, depending on the nature
of the medicine to be given and the species of animal
to which it is proposed to give it.
Liquid medicines are given to the horse mostly by
the mouth, sometimes by the rectum and in some cases
by injecting it under the skin. In Fig. 93 is seen a
Fig. 98, Administering a drench.
194 DISEASES OF
picture of a man in the act of giving a dose of liquid
medicine by the mouth. It will be seen that one man
is holding up the head of the animal by placing a loop
of rope or a leather strap in the mouth and then insert-
ing one of the prongs of a fork and holding up the
mouth to the height desired ; the other man is seen
standing on a box holding a bottle so that the contents
will slowly flow into the mouth of the horse to be
drenched. One or two warnings must be given here.
Don’t drench the horse through the nostrils. If the
horse gives a cough while being drenched, lower the
head immediately. Not more than 2 fluid ounces should
be placed in the mouth at once and see that the animal
swallows that before getting another two ounces. The
throat should not be squeezed to make the animal
swallow. Don’t hold the tongue while drenching.
Don’t be in too much hurry to get the bottle or drench-
ing horn emptied. This is a very simple way of giving
bulky medicines that are in a liquid state and the most
of our best medicines for the common diseases such as
colic, chills and indigestion can only be given in this
form. Oatmeal grueland linseed tea or milk and eggs
for nutriment can often be advantageously given by
this method. In lock-jaw or other diseases where
drenching is not practicable the medicines may be
given by being injected into the rectum with the syringe
seen in Fig. 94. Cows may be drenched by having an
Fig. 94. Syringe for rectal injections,
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 195
assistant steady the head by holding the horn and nos-
trils and using a bottle or drenching horn.
Dogs can be made to take liquid medicine by simply
holding the mouth open and allowing it to drop down-
ward toward the gullet. }
~ Whenever the properties of the medicines will allow
it, for dogs and horses their administration in pill form
will be most desirable for many reasons. The reason
that this is not more commonly done in the case of
horses is the fear of having the hand crushed. This
can be very readily overcame by the use of the little
instrument seen in Fig. 95 called a “ mouth speculum,”
196 DISEASES OF
which is inexpensive and will last a lifetime. This
should be placed in the mouth, the tongue held with the
left hand and the ball between the thumb and first and
second fingers of the right hand ; this should now be
passed back through the round opening in the mouth |
speculum toward the throat, going right back.over the
tongue and leaving the ball as near the throat as pos-
sible. After trying this two or three times anyone may
become proficient and rarely make a mistake. ‘To give
pills to dogs the mouth should be held well open and
the pill dropped as far back towards the throat as pos-
sible and the mouth closed for a minute or two.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 197
TABLE OF DISEASES AND THEIR
REMEDIES.
Abortion.—Isolate aborting from pregnant animals
Burn or bury fetus and afterbirth.
Abscess.— Fomentations of hot water; poultices;
Hearp’s American Emprocation ; use the knife as early
as possible to evacuate the pus after which inject and
dress with Hzarv’s Hratine Lotion.
Actinomycosis.—F atten the animal and send to the
butcher as early as possible, but destroy all diseased
parts.
Anemia.—Tonics ; iron and arsenic, gentian, quinine,
Hearp’s Conpition Powpers, good air; clip long coated
horses ; phosphate of lime in growing animals. Two
ounces of linseed oil a day until the bowels are slightly
relaxed.
Anthrax.—Inoculation with attenuated virus as a
preventive. Burn or bury deeply all animals that die of
the disease and remove all young stock from the same
pasture. Disinfect freely with corrosive sublimate.
Aphtha—Thrush—Vesicles in mouth.—Wash out
mouth three times a day with a solution of borax, a
teaspoonful in a half pint of water. Give lime water or
solution of bicarbonate of soda to drink. Mix a little
linseed with bran mashes for food.
198 DISEASES OF
Apoplexy parturient; see Milk Fever,
Arthritis—Inflammation of joints—Synovitis.—
Hot fomentations, poultices mixed with Hrarp’s AMERICAN
Emprocation, perfect rest; Hzarp’s American Emproca-
TION well rubbed in and a bandage applied to cause a
blister. Place horse in slingsif very lame. Internally:
cathartic ball ; if pain is very great a half a bottle of
Hearp’s Maaic Mrxrvurs twice a day; chloral.
Ascarides ; see Worms.
Asthma in horses; see broken wind. j
Azoturia.—Aloes cathartic ball, frequent injections
of warm water. If very much excited give a bottle of
Hearp’s Macic Mixture. Saltpetre in large doses three
times a day. Remove urine with catheter, apply Hzarp’s
American Emprocation to loins. Place animal in slings.
Give very little food for two or three days.
Black-leg.—Prevent by keeping young cattle and
sheep out of infected pastures. Burn or deeply bury
all animals that die of this disease.
Bladder irritable.—Linseed tea, change diet; bi-
carbonate of soda, iodide of potassium, sulphate of iron.
Bog spavin.—Rest ; Hzarp’s Amzrican Emprocarion;
high heeled shoe; hot fomentations if very lame. Truss
in young animals.
Boils see Abscess.
Bots.—Hzarp’s Worm Powpers as directed on the
box.
Broken wind—Hzarpv’s Conpition Pownvers; give
only a small quantity of hay; allow only small quantity
of water immediately before hard work.
Bronchitis.—Keep surface of body warm with extra
clothing and bandages. Hzrarp’p American EmBrocation
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 199
to front and sides of chest three times a day. Give
following ball; quinine 1 dram, nitrate of potash 4 drams,
tartar emetic 1 dram, to be repeated three times a day
until the fever has disappeared.
Bruises.—Hot water fomentations, the application of
Hearp’s American Emprocation.
Burns and Scalds.—Hearp’s Heauina Lotion ; Vase-
line ; Lime water.
Capped Hock.—Prevent kicking ; Hrarp’s American
Emprocation; use high-heeled shoe; ointment of bini-
odide of mercury.
Capped Elbow.—TIf large and recent evacuate fluid
from bottom surface and keep open until healed inside,
dress twice a day by injecting a little of Hzarp’s Hrarina
Lorton. The application of Hrarp’s American Empro-
CATION cures slight cases. Prevent the horse from
lying down by securing to a high ring in the front of
the stall until cured.
Caries.—Remove diseased bone, and dress with
Hearp’s Heatina Lotion twice a day.
Cataract.—Incurable except by difficult operation.
Cerebro-spinal Meningitis.—see Spinal Meningitis
Choking.—External pressure over the obstruction ;
give linseed oil ; use new rope or probang.
Colic Flatulent.—Hzarp’s Maeico Mrxrore; Injec-
tions of warm water and soap ; tapping abdominal con-
tents with trochar ; Hot fomentations long continued
to abdomen, bicarbonate of soda in solution.
Colic—Spasmodic.—Hearp’s Maaic Mrxrurg, injec-
tions of warm water and soap ; hot fomentations to ab-
domen, application of Hrarp’s American Emprocation,
to abdomen.
200 DISEASES OF
Constipation.—Aloes Cathartic ball ; Linseed oil ;
Injections of warm water and soap. Give soft food.
Corns in feet.—Apply bar shoe ; soak feet in soak-
ing tub of hot water for 4 hours a day ; blisters to coro-
net ; apply Heard’s Hoof Liniment to hoof to get the
horn healthy. .
Cough.—Hearp’s Conpition Pownpers; restrict the
quantity of hay to less than 8 lbs. a day. Baking
soda in the drinking water. Clip horses with long
coats.
Crib-biting.—Apply strap to neck; use iron stall
fittings; apply muzzle.
Curb.—-Herarn’s American Emprocation, firing and
blistering ; Nigh heeled shoe ; rest while lame.
Debility.—Harp’s Tonic Conpition Powpers: Sul-
phate of iron ; Fowlers’ solution, quinine, generous diet
that is easily digested, as milk, oatmeal drinks and lin-
seed tea.
Diabetes.—Polyurea: Bicarbonate of soda; iron and
iodine. Change food.
Diarrhea.—Bicarbonate of soda; chalk; gum cate-
chu; laudanum; restrict the quantity of water, when
obstinate, try beef tea, milk and eggs.
Dislocations.—Replace bones in their natural posi-
tion. Retain in place by splints, bandages and blisters.
Reduce surrounding inflammation by hot fomentations
and Hearp’s American Emrrocation. Sling if neces-
sary.
Distemper.—See Influenza.
Dropsy.—Nitrate of potash in large doses, hot fo-
mentations, and scarifications with a lancet. Ailow
very little food until recovery is advanced. As soon as
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 201
kidneys act briskly give iron and the vegetable tonics :
Hearp’s Conpition PowpErs.
Eczema.—Hearp’s Dermat Liniment; Extract of
witch-hazel; solution of borax; infusion of arnica root;
glycerine, Internally, Hearp’s Conpition Pownpers.
Emphyscma.—tThis is a swelling filled with a gas.
Puncture, hot fomentations, Hrarp’s American EXmBroca-
TION.
Emphysema of Lungs.—See Broken Wind.
Epizootic.—See Influenza.
Erysipelas.—Use Hzarp’s Heatina Lorton locally
and poultices where practicable, also hot fomentations.
Internally, stimulants and tonics.
Farcy—See Glanders.
Fever.—Quinine in large doses; nitrate of potash,
alcohol ; keep on very low diet until the high tempera-
ture has disappeared.
Fistula.—Lay open sinus with knife or iron heated
to a white heat ; insert seton, dress with Hrarp’s Hearina
Lorton ; prevent the animal from rubbing or other-
wise irritating it. Inject strong solution of corrosive
sublimate, when obstinate, slough out walls of sinus
with plug of corrosive sublimate.
Fleas.—Herarp’s Manee Cure; Persian insect powder,
pine saw-dust bed for dogs.
Foot rot in Sheep.—Remove loose horn ; powdered
sulphate of zine dressings, strong bichloride of mercury
solution, dress feet at least three times a week.
Founder.—See Laminitis.
Fractures.—See Index.
Frost bites.—See Scratches.
Garget.—_See Mammitis.
202 DISEASES oF
Glanders and Farcy.—Destroy animal and isolate
all suspected cases, and report to local health authori-
ties. This disease is also dangerous to man.
Hematuria.—Salts of iron, iodide of potassium, bi-
carbonate of soda, arsenic, injections of warm water and
soap, Hzarp’s Conprrion Powprrs, feed on good nu-.
tritious diet.
Hemorrhage.—Apply bandages where practicable,
oakum soaked in strong bichloride of mercury solu-
tions, extract of witch-hazel, opium, continuous pres-
sure in the neighborhood of the wound. Actual cautery.
Hernia.—Treated by operations ani bandages where
recent.
Hydrophobia.—See Rabies.
Indigestion.—Soda bicarbonate, iodide of potassium
tartar emetic, calomel, injections of warm water and
soap. Herarp’s ConpiTion Powprers. If pain is present
give Hearp’s Macic Mixture.
Inflammation.—Internally. Small doses of aconite,
in the early stage, bleeding in acute cases, belladonna,
tartar emetic, cathartics, nitrate of potash.
Externally. Hot fomentations followed by Hearp’s
AMERICAN EMBROCATION.
Influenza.—Internal; quinine, nitrate of potash,
antipyrine, acetanelid, chlorate of potash, whiskey; ex-
ternal, Hrarp’s AMERICAN Emsrocation to the throat,
plenty of warm clothing and bandages to the legs.
Diet ; good nourishing food as milk, linseed tea, small
quantity of oats when the temperature becomes nearly
normal. ‘
Laminitis.—Internally ; Barbadoes aloes, nitrate of
potash, tartar emetic, salicylate of soda. Externally
Remove shoes, soak feet in a soaking tub full of hot
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 203
water, apply poultices to feet;if chronic, blister coronet,
subsequently apply bar shoe.
Lampas.—Scearify with lancet,apply astringent lotion.
Laryngitis,—See Sore throat.
Lice.—Herarp’s Mancr Core, tobacco water, cleanli-
ness.
Lock-jaw.—Large doses of cathartics and nitrate of
potash, chloral, keep patient perfectly quiet, blisters to
spine.
Lung fever.—See Pneumonia.
Lymphangitis —Give cathartic ball, chlorate of pot-
ash, bicarbonate of soda. Externally, hot fomentations
followed by Herarv’s Amertwan Emprocation. After two
or three days give gentle exercise and Hrarp’s ConpiTI0on
PowbeErs.
Mammitis.—Hot fomentations and poultices to ud-
der, followed by Hearn’s American Emprocatton, milk 3
or 4 times a day. Internally; cathartic medicine. Give
very little food in the active stages of the disease.
Mange —Wash -and apply Hearp’s Maxar Core as
directed. Internally. Hzarp’s Conpition Pownrrs.
Milk Fever.—Bleeding, large dose of epsom salts,
ergot, cold pack to spine, aconite, belladonna, chloral,
aloes, spirits nitre, whiskey.
Moon Blindness.—Cathartic medicine, chloride of
ammonium, calomel. Application to eye of Hexarp’s
Moon Eve Lorton.
Mud Fever.—Internal. Cathartic medicine; bicar-
bonate of soda; followed by Hearp’s ConpitT1on PowpeErs.
204 DISEASES OF
External. Hxarp’s Hzatine Lotion; poultices of linseed
meal.
Navicular Disease.—Remove shoes; rest; soaking
feet in cold water; cold water swabs: blisters to coronet;
neurotomy.
Necrosis.—Remove dead bone; application of
Hearp’s Heatine Lorton.
Open Joints.—Internal. Cathartics and nitrate of
potash, tartar emetic. External, rest; hot fomentations
and poultices and antiseptic injections, cold water irri-
gation; blister.
Ophthalmia.—See Moon-blindness.
Over-reach.—Hot fomentations; poultices; Hzarn’s
AmERIcAN EXmBrocarion.
Paralysis.—Strychnia; potassium iodide; sulphate
of iron; friction to the spine and an application of
Hearv’s AmEricaN Emprocation; easily digested food.
Palpitation of Heart.—Belladonna; aconite; digi-
talis.
Peritonitis.—Locai hot fomentation; poultices: ap-
plication of Hrarp’s American Erocation. Internally;
aconite; chloral; opium; colomel; digitalis; injections
of warm water in the rectum.
Pharyngitis.—See Sore Throat.
Periostitis.—Rest; hot fomentations and the appli-
cation of Hrarp’s AMERICAN EmprocaTion; cathartic ball.
Pleurisy.—Internal. Calomel; tartar emetic; nitrate
of potash; digitalis; nux vomica; bleeding. Externally;
applications to the sides of mustard made into a paste
by the addition of Hranp’s American Emrocation; poul-
tices to chest; plenty of surface clothing.
Pneumonia.—Quinine; whiskey; calomel, nitrate of
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 205
potash ; linseed oil in 4 oz. doses if the bowels are cos-
tive; camphor, plenty of drinking water ; if much de-
bility, give milk diet ; enemas of warm water 3 times a
day; the application of Hrarp’s American Emprocation 3
times a day to the chest and sides. Hzarp’s Conpirion
Powpers to build up the system when recovering.
Pumiced foot.—see page 141.
Purpura Hemorrhagica.—Nitrate of Potash; sul-
phate of iron; sulphate of soda; calomel; ergot; spirits
of turpentine; whiskey; application of hot fomentations;
diluted embrocation; plenty of fresh air; milk diet; in-
jections of hot water if bowels are costive.
Quittor.—Lay sinus open and allow perfectly free
drainage; inject carbolic acid solution twice daily.
Rabies.—Pasteur inoculations with attenuated virus
as a preventive.
Rheumatism ,—Internally,Salicylate of soda; calomel;
tartar emetic; colchicum; nitrate of potash; bicarbonate
of potash; antipyrin; when chronic; quinine; arsenic ;
Hearv’s Conprrion Powpers. Externally, Hzarp’s AMEr-
1cAN Emprocation; hot fomentations; poultices; blisters.
Ringbone.—In early stages Hzarp’s American Empro-
catton; firing and blistering.
Ringworm.—Disinfect brushes, clothing, harness,
and articles that come in contact with the parts affected.
Hearp’s Manas Cure; tincture of iocine.
Roaring.—To relieve distressed breathing after vio-
lent exercise give Hzarp’s Conpition Powpers.
Spinal Meningitis.—Place in slings; linseed oil;
hypo-sulphite of soda; nitrate of potash; muriate of am-
monia; injections; mustard blister to spine.
Saddle Galls.—Apply properly fitting saddles and if
the skin is broken Hearp’s Heatina Lorton. If skin
206 DISEASES OF
is swollen and inflamed and not broken apply diluted
Embrocation one part to 4 of water.
Scab in Sheep.—Blue Mercurial ointment or the
sheep dip recommended in the article on Scab.
Side bone.—Rest; fire aud blister.
Sore shins.—Rest; hot fomentations; Hxrarp’s
AMERICAN EmsrocaTion. Cathartic ball.
Sore throat.—Poultices to throat; Hrarp’s AMERICAN
EmsrocatTion; nitrate of potash; camphor; swab inside
of throat with solution of chlorate of potash. Tar and
licorice paste on tongue.
Spavin-bone.—Fire and blister.
Spavin-bog.—HeEarp’s AMERICAN EMBROCATION.
Splint.— When causing lameness, fire and blister and
rest.
Speedycut.—Hot fomentations; Hzarp’s AmERIcAN
EmsrocaTion; open abscesses if they are formed; lessen
the quantity of work.
Sprains.—Hot fomentations; Hrarp’s American Em-
BROCATION ; if back tendons are sprained, use shoe
with very high heel calks.
Staggers.—Bleeding; cathartic ball; Hzarp’s Conpi-
TION PownERs.
Strangles.—External. Poultices to throat and
swellings; Hearp’s AMERICAN EmBrocaTION; open ab-
scess when ripe. Internal same as for Influenza.
Synovitis.—See Open Joint.
Tetanus.—See Lock Jaw.
Thoroughpin.—Dr. Hearp’s American EmBROCATION;
firing and blistering,
Thrush in Feet.—Hearp’s Hzatinc Powprrs. Ca-
thartic ball,
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 207
Udder.—Inflammation of. Hot fomentations;
Hearp’s AMERICAN Emprocation; if abscess forms it
must be opened.
Uterus.—Inflammation of. Woolen clothes wrung
out in hot water, and placed under abdomen and over
the loins followed by application of Hxarp’s AMERICAN
Emsrocation. Cathartic medicine.
Warts.—Remove with knife or ligature.
Windgalls.—Hearp’s American EmsrocaTion and
bandages.
Worms.—Dr. Hearp’s Worm Powners.
Wounds.—Hearp’s Hearne Lotion; bandages; and
touch proud flesh with sulphate of zine.
“wy
208 DISEASES OF
TABLE OF MEDICINES AND THEIR
DOSES:
The doses given are for an ordinary sized horse of
three years old and upwards. Under three years, the
dose will have to be lessened according to the age, de-
creasing the dose so that from 14 to 3 years, the quantity
should be about one-half ; from 9 to 18 months, + the
dose mentioned.
Acacia gum, 2 to 6 oz.
Acetanilid, 14 to 2 drams.
Acid Acetic (diluted) 1 to 3 oz.
Acid Arsenious (Arsenic) 2 to 8 grs,
Acid Boracic, 1 to 3 dr.
Acid Carbolic, 14 to 144 dr.
Acid Hydrochloric, (dil.) 1 to 3 dr.
Acid Tannic 4% to1}¢ dr.
Aconite (Tincture) 20 drops to 1 dr.
Aconitine ¥ to 1 gr.
Aether (Sulphuric) 1 to 1?4 oz.
Aether Nitrous (Spirits of Nitre. ¥
to 3 ozs.
Alcohol 1 to 3 ozs.
Aloes (barbadoes) 4 to 8 drs.
Aloin 44 to2 dr.
Alum Sulphate 2 to 5 drs.
Ammonia: Aromatic spirits 42 to
14 ozs.
AmmoniaChloride 2 to 6drs.
Anise Seed 14 to 14¢ ozs.
Antimony: Black 1 to 3 drs.
Antipyrine }2z to3 drs.
Antifebrine 4 to 3 drs.
Areca Nut 44 tol ozs.
Arsenic 2 to 8 ers.
Atropine sulphate ¥ to 2 grs.
Belladonna (extract) 34 to 144 drs.
Borax 2 to 6 drs.
Bicarbonate of Soda 1 to 8 drs.
Calomel 34 to 4 drs.'
Camphor 1 to 4 drs.
Cantharides 2 to 15 grs.
Capsicum 10 to 30 grs.
Caraway seeds 2 to 8 drs.
Carbolic acid 44 to 134 drs.
Carbonate of Ammonia }4 to 3 drs.
Carbonate of Iron 1 to'4 drs.
Carbonate of Magnesia 1 to 6 drs.
Cascara Segrada 20 to 40 grs.
Catechu 1 to 8 drs.
Chalk 2to 8 drs.
Chlora] Hydrate 4 to 2 ozs.
Chloroform 144 tol oz.
Chlorate of Potash 14 to 1 oz.
Colchicum ¥% to 3drs.
Cod Liver Oil1 to 4 ozs.
Croton Oil 5 to 20 drops.
Copper Sulphate 14 to 2 dre.
Oream of Tartar 1 to 4 ozs.
Creolin 1 to 4 drs.
Digitalin 14 to 1 gr.
Digitalis 34 to 2 drs.
Elaterium 10 to 30 grs.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 209
Ergot 14 to 1 oz.
Eserine Sulphate 34 to 3 grs.
Ether Sulphuric % to 1 oz.
Fenegeric 34 to 1 oz.
Fowlers Solution 4 to 1 oz.
Gentian 2 to 8 drs.
Ginger 1 to 4 drs.
Glycerine 1 to 4 ozs.
Hyoscymus Extract 134 to 4 drs.
Hyoscymine 1 to 3 grs,
Iodine 10 to 30 grs,
Iodide of Iron 1 to 3 drs.
Iodide of Potash 14 to 2 drs.
Ipecacuanha 1 to 2. drs.
Jaborandi ¥4 to 1 oz,
Jalap 14 to2 ozs.
Kino 1 to 3 drs,
Linseed Oil 4 oz to 1 quart. ©
Liquor Arsenicalis 14 to 1 oz.
Magnesia Sulphate ¥ to ¥ Ib.
Morphine 3 to 10 grs.,
Nicotine 2 to 6 grs.
Nitre (Saltpetre) 14 to 2 ozs.
Nux Vomica 20 to 60 grs.
Opium powdered 1 to 2 drs,
14
Pepsin 1 to 2 drs.
Phosphorous 14 to 2 grs.
Phenacetin 2 to 4 drs.
Peppermint Oil 15 to 30 drops.
Pilocarpine 2 to 5 grs.
Podophylin 10 to 30 grs.
Potash Nitrate (Saltpetre) % to 2 ozs.
Potash Bromide of 2 to 6 drs.
Potash Iodide 44 to 2 drs.
Prussic Acid (diluted) 34 to 1 dr.
Quinine 144 to 3 drs.
Resin 14 tol oz.
Rhubarb % to1 oz.
Santonin 10 to 40 grs.
Salicylic Acid 1 to3 drs.
Salicylate of soda 1 to 4 drs.
Strychnia ¥ to 3 grs,
Tartar Emetic 14 to 6 drs.
Turpentine Spirits 14 to 2 ozs.
Tincture of Aconite 20 drops to 1 dr.
Tincture of Opium Laudanum) %
to 2 ozs.
Tincture of Belladonna 34 to 2ozs,
Valerian Root 2 to 12 drs,
R. HEARD’S preparations all keep perfectly
r good for any length of time.
All questions relating to the use of these medicines
will be cheerfully answered by mail. In fact, Dr.
Heard wishes his patrons to communicate with him
whenever they are in doubt about the treatment of any
given case.
If your Harness or Drug store does not keep a
supply on hand it is because they wish to run off an
inferior preparation on which they reap a larger profit,
but remember that it always pays the consumer to buy
the best.
Dr. Heard will ship his preparations to any address
on receipt of the advertised price, with a liberal dis-
count on large orders.
Local Agents wanted everywhere for Dr. Heard’s
Books and Veterinary Preparations.
IN DEX.
Paar
Tee a aie | he a cel J 25
h MEAIB OE rere. 2 6 shaici ah bigtn aloe aban 27
EM oh, gaita ania crete hide Poe a es cde ie 149
‘3 DEMRN A rei 82. a ee cece ire joe 72
PUM OSS a Se so ele hss sy oes Kd eens Oe 78
Aammistration Of medicines. ......... 66.0. 193
POPMRMPRMEININT ne ts ee a wes wie MES 6 o's se: 30
Pemermtorig- OF JOints.. PE 15
pr eek: JO0nb sy 215:.i5.2siue wivts wandioraee 15
0 os ee oa Sa eS CO ae a ce 80
MRO EC yo rr SM Ne ie Se gt hig foul ati 186
ENR Ree At a iex Gherer Obes ania e eeleteese 141
Heme ROHR TD CATES 5: 5)a:ia ig 95inje 9b sie clan ble bas ote 78
Be eM TOTRE so nto ai et i as a 2 ae 131
er OM ADOPTION. o/h. ca aia oS aes cece en ee 25
peooder,.catarrl: of 1N6..4.. 6. bees. cee ES 125
a BONA Peete dkcs FS oelegixn wis t 126
MEIER GO GRO, ho a a ek ie 142
MMMM RNG SEEI (Fe or oe BAe sok ciel Niahace «atis 131
ae er Wi tee ke 149
Buea: old animals. (i. oP). oe ck 75
ne... soy SEM pey eterna aga s mec. Wenig ale aie 184
Peper ONPG Se oe a hidey Sie 43
eee OTE oy cg oon cle ein on 9 B Bee Leer 107
212 INDEX.
PSP OOGEIE sii ele at ates 'sje fold ¥ \oin es ato'o vale cies piaimtenets 9
re INT Ss ioe aie caps suelo ne se ae: Sateen 10
2 general principles of........ .... 12
oy Metaie VOLS TOL. . oes vases 's swowiale 14
POGUE WICKS 2 os 2a ses ote, bs oly age xe 0 a wpe cio whe eae 112
rf AV AAMMUOUT EOC cule wit mela! dsel hee we Ree | 16
TBS6 2a GL SET rc RAMP Sa Mapp ATR USCS RUS PRE SRR A ME hc 106
wy SOUMGS Ws isa ernst Wee le ele sions ea caren 108
SVMS Yc 2c cide lg "ote yaw hd Ss aos et eran tere ee 152
Calcalran'the bladders jit. se ta ae ee 126
Capped GLOOW << 'c-0icltiw = nih sem cie, St sem settee 151
f OCIS eee ccstane oa ae we oe wine o eke Ye 151
Darrigee® WOTSES +.) 2 .\s4e0. ss. be wa eee eee 50
CaParAct) AMMOIUCU ss os Ls alee Caines steele 16
Genurus corebralis. 2 ¢.0245 5%. 0 se ce eee 190
FOROS) area imiajis 6 who e's! (ee wae aces (eas sg ereeiale 176
S16 1 aR AR SS NR PERRIS Ge De I 5. 113
Climate, influence on breeding cette Ga alee eee 24
COTE OP Note Wh ues hve eeei hele talon ewes woe te ema 55
Colic Ha hilentitc. vate cca sce oxck eee oe ee | del mj
Be SN TED ASTARO OIG or 2hs coo che ak weer eee 119
Colp PLGA Ss: F164)0 i pts se ae i ee Cee 43
SOL esos ya ose Reet ae Ras Ok ene eke’ 5 eee 87
Congeripion <2 Cos odie sage hes eee mee 96
Contacious diseases! 2.013) ic ee 87
Contracted heels. 3.4. 62201055. ee 156
SOOM Socio e Seta aaah tae B auatee hye Meee ee te ae 161
Cough of sore thromteos sts oie eee 103
Cracked Tisela-.% uy pode. bet ete 147
CALE )s fe eek we eee te hie eke 153
Me EEN = [cle LR RC AS cm eT eo 16
Day Williamiseco ees ae oe eee 25 & 51
Delwarts truss) oe ee ee eee ae AT? 32
INDEX
MIGROH end ere aw ek Ot era k ae ae cae ce « op
ET eek se eh wie Be A a Padaue 6 Sid eye Kw whe
ay BENG PERC es nicti tal Sus Novelnt Bie ele share «i pic
eT ey a a ae BUEN abet aia aha atten ge ect
Re and remedies; table iof 2... 6 32.505
« contagious
25 SiS 21 CL 25 aa aOR ae ORE ne a aye
My FELINE ek at Coch lc cs sol Seana: Lie ata wees
Paslocation Of joints. Hn.-..0...02< 5
a of patella
F ik it reduction OF |.5. 0%
DE ESI E ES Airtel sign acenda'e oiere' Ce iaa dot Ret
Distoma hepaticum............ pes ae eaters
Pennertechions) OF! hs wows od Ad a es oe
“« large (inherited)
Pe SUMMASOMENT OF Osi. 5 coals 2% 6 se sonnets
© or ancestors of the’ horse. ©. <2: «. os.
** small (inherited)
see ere ere ce eeet*e ese eer ese
sees es eee ee eee se ee 8 @
pee WOURE BOM arts “Aral eins yi ase ce sate
Brctis, presentation Of... .. ei soe. voc esee
OS TE VARESE OIE Sk A ae Sree ee ee en oe
213
123
121
17
57
197
87
58
80
83
83
85
87
187
191
141
208
150
13
87
136
100
138
LT
18
155
154
17
146
34
148
134
117
214 INDEX.
“« Vesting for sOMNANESS b\.'.5.05.04h epee lepe
cc. Wath .CODVEX SOLS |... 4. : tds soual pee
3 of the lower (jaW..ii 4s: 2. 26a pene
~ OP SUI. GS cb eo ocd v0 bees 2
‘ of bones of imbs |... .......055 cen
Res avant cis a3 i.b «a olde sale, pe wi a
Gert. OF LOCK AAW sj. <2 e10 <0 bos ies ose eee
iotch THGRNRED oie ook ie dale pncedino = sof glade eee
CBG OU: F cig do aid Mele Soa o's Gdns este eee cree
Hemorrhage iobiiasitnask «. «6c 32 'on ae ee
SS imheribed) ) sii.) tt. ay ehaaeue ae
Heredity qe < <i s ob nono coos es ate 44 ane
FLOPS Osada. isc ads sin be pene obo seers ase
Hose. im clambs ws ice ove gic oes pee ee eee eee
Inflammation of the lungs..........6. oeceees
175
174
29
52
53
153
161
141
138
71
(e's
74
75
147
185
98
190
100
145
54
Lf
13
144
107
135
112
142
i
12
87
189
106
&” ~ taberculosis of. :....... 0:
Madney, disenses Of 2.0. einen cee ean de
Knee setion, loss of 2:32 255 3 2b Mg dag eds ENS
Miemitigs “roles: Gite ie a i.-24 oo LOO. OU leo.
MEME EIS. os sae av We ce bes een CaO tae.
IST SG: aa ee ne a A EEO ek SO oe a
natn Sr eid ncl so ota'a site ata a oe aye He POE
SLE C277 12 Ae a ea
eT eae CP aero oe eT Od Od
ERIS Seen, ect ie eet oes bee hs OSES
MERA UA Ceo 02's Y Get view a MAY Silos?» rate
Lung fever........ Uk gee Eh seaisia) ish Ree eee
ERENT aie ahve inclelntais) avian ea hes cbhbes
MeperOrU ROP UGAAU CUES © 0) 5d. folteces tabnderee¥iuaidnttvante tee
Sranmeroment of horses 2.2. O02 ik Aol
y me stables ss. ia Jed a
¥ “ POO ht ls alta a Oetehe
JL eels 5 coph ese ae hy ee RE SET? Fe
Measles form: of influenza). .;.:6..6e.-6-0 os oto
. baa tigs Je treatment. of 2.00.00
Medicines, giving to horses..............-..
Medicines and their doses.<%...... 064.004
Molar teeth pega o ee eee He aC Vt yh le he! Stonetalon ae
PPOMeOSIERS 5 56545. 9 bis cane e CR OWILAR
215
180
176
123
139
138
178
122
187
106
189
128
180
193
208
165
916 InDEX.
Moon-blindness.\.i¢:3e0cccce2ccceescace sens
MigOneOyel. ca cee 2 cee a Ae ee eid a sre sta eee
MVopaItORS; .yasierotie hs Seas 2 o¢ eae tere eee
Mouth-spéenluit isis. ccc ceca ceded seas
) a SHAMINGLION OL. a5 c5% s'4 80 aioe
Nayicular disease, inherited ........5..0..0s03%
Nervous organization.) yanel jsjcdmjsie’s sexier erlens
Normal presentation. . 2). 2.23. cagineeheiiee dt
Osdema, inflammatory: .. 23... 2: ss suetstnae
Moen: FOMIts Dope aw, oe «cn sin sic pte i Se
Ophthalmia—constitutional.................
fe te inherited ......'
Ossification of lateral cartilages.............
(WataGis: INBETITOd oo ey Vey sales kee eee Ce
MC UITAS) etl Liisa «a's ieee s oie ns was MOGELY Eee
BREST LO ie gis Sh oa os pectin busleha None cold tabi
7 1s SSL: UMS 2 oe eee gree Sr ORC
PMU PONG pose aisiars boa 9.69. om a's oe eee
i SPM HONIG OL nif es 1o)2% anes» pyejorepan
Patella, dislocation: Of... 4 3 oo hse aie old aoe
REE: Lie ne wo. sew sae bss oe DS ae
og LreatMment' OF . . 5.4 see aos eee
ata WIA 2c sae a oe wep ee pire eae
PAREN eles oc wis, oie atere, sadn a sede eee
MR ARITIG Vi hee othe cheesy oie: okt oh dealer ei mrniae ore eens ae
WPePENIINONIS, 5). 5 55g esrb ass wee 2 he! ponduine Oo Ceara
Ply uPea oie ose kk Se See eee ep ae = eee
iPreonancy, durationiot 2.600... oe eee
PEO POLCTGY 42. di52)e hiss qua pip temieie iia 6m, oa ee
Presentation, normal 2.\s;:..9\ 04 sskweaeke- eee
a in normal twin pregnancy......
Presentation, fore limbs bent at knee.........
INDEX
Presentation, fore limbs bent back wnder.....
Presentation, head turned back.......:.-....
“ area toetn see ever oP as rye ads 8
2 rine he ahaa Nek seek SATE SL OY!
Punctured foot a cause of lock-jaw..........
Parra hemorrharica:, 2.1... eee
Sremnree CRACK Sy Walaa atk teehee eee
ET IOTUEN. 12 lhc et 2% cos Wie wis Aes’ Wie ora DS LO
se es inberited.)422 EVN Eat
PER WOTI s 5552.42 2006 4 oe ES EO SERIAL &
PEPOCUMEMIEI So 8c52 525 5.005 ka 5A T See ab ee
BS ans ima bs 2 25)5's 2d 2s oa aoe a Reteterehate's
a SAHOPRLOOS area's ots SAH BES Baa’ g
NN EOS tA KPa it oP aiaal at a arviPiatgh a akan ala g'%
ROM NMOTLUC 5 62 S55 235 boa h Ss REE
Roberge’s spring for the cure of contraction. .
mysay es hembletomian.... 2.2.60. AOL
pet SHOOT: ota 8 kins OS es we tos be wR SS
Puuredsimenh 108. ec aes o 6 oe ds cf EO A
EIN 0 ee ic ha Nee ie ara SRS is ae ne SON a bie we BR we
PERO ch oie ard e dele Po wah boy eid he ch Acedia hihe
MNES WL ooo aa Peseta oe Peta ia Pd Pstetara
pioedor convex sole...........%3. epee Kae’
Shoe, expanding, for contraction............
Pee DONG: Serhan cttaedoees Feds 82 OS!
Fae) “AT OME OO s.-.) <harartie n'a leiaeinioe'e'el «a's anes.
I LEE, § nah Se aritd asc latee a teta asso She ee wee
Sem, infianwpawmom Or: oot 2. oe ODS Boe se
ManpY BIAB LOLS. ys ev eds vr ves serie ecese cee
217
40
4}
34
42
145
107
98
131
162
67
20
19
171
126
127
19
105
20
159
13
180
183
121
147
151
141
160
70
20
49
150
115
ce PAM OTUbeG YAS 2 Sits sooner
SUE SpE ees ee a krsieke Licaivieterdsd ie sie ale Seem
SOASIMOGIC COLE 6 foe nis w.0 6 «= MERC -
RPO UN, LOOT arene ls Srasatoy & Uieye Goin ola Saeko ae
« « imhETbAM ee Tce ee ae Oe
Die CIAs - sn sie ts hm Ses one pie ee ya ee
55 imboribed jiis.c% 2 a6)4 ws wise tea ee
POHANG: BIAS CEST S01 cas apn ca aes Pee
Stone inthe: bladders...) eyes. 08 te eae
Simon eylus MAIO... 63 dos. leg nee ee
DIbUres fOr WOUNES oi 60% 4534 on ee oe
Tapping, operation OF 6050s... vitbaides «eee
Tearing the clothing, remedy for............
$5 CUTAN. sca iuets eis ae Sele eet oe a
« growth and Wear...c.).5./..%«: 532 oe
needing ALN, .).\:<j.i)s.0-10 5 el ee
‘S. leeratiOncOl ©. x0). ie senate eee Se
Temper: inherited. 2.505 Ss. a= a
TLemperature‘of the horse......,.< assure
Tenia cenurus or dog tapeworm........ ....
Detanusies 66.625 eS wae Set pew ba Se
PFDs...
ce
INDEX
SSO Oe Se O17 a) 6 SOS) ere eo S © 6 a) 6 o)'e1e 6 @ 10, 6 6.5 @
Pamir OF COltA 0. et bak eae wae
eC UOGES, 2 cc Mapa ier ies wel ate eek ee
MenoHM MOSNAMCWS, «2 Fone aw Wie bce OS Bed heres ek
Mrinaiwon, protase; 22>...) 666.2 St R's te
Porerue, anversion Of; .. 3200 So PN aa
BEC. yet one sh ss kd esas epee
PRE cn. a ee Sat astesor ST et
SPO OFS 0) Gia) @) eSB 6:0 6 (0.6. 0.6 6 6: 686.6 (a © 6 O06 Sle « ae
ie ca he ho oe oe aoe Oe ce Ee eek
UR HCE re ncn, tee ee OL BLES he
2 Se ie eee 8 Oe Shee 8 6 8 40) 9) @ eo 86s = « © 0 a of © 8 6 6
BOC S! 12). 6.10 C1016. Cee 87 @ 66" 6.0 ee. 9600 6.6) 6) 6 wabnd ~e%.e. 6
219
186
49
LW
162
167
93
94
43
96
149
o4
124
31
oT
23
149
39
128
117
153
164
184
142
APPENDIX.
HOW TO OBTAIN ADVICE ON ANY
DISEASE WHERE THE SERVICES OF
A VETERINARIAN ARE DIFFICULT
TO OBTAIN.
If the animal is sick give the details of symptoms in
answer to the following questions :
What species of animal ?
Ma’e or female?
Agi ?
How long sick?
Is appetite good or bad?
What kind of labor has it been used at?
How many respirations (times of breathing) in a
minute ?
Is there any cough and if so how long have you
noticed it?
Does the animal drink the average quantity of water?
Are the bowels working all right?
If you have a thermometer take the temperature of
the patient and report the same.
Are there any swellings on any part of the animal,
and if so, where ?
Have you examined the mouth and found anything
wrong with the teeth ?
How has the animal been fed for the past three
months? and describe fully any other symptoms that
may be noticeable, and enclose one dollar addressed to
DR. J. M. HEARD, [I1.R.C.V.S.
119 West 56th St., New York City,
N. Y.
APPENDIX.
TO GET ADVICE ON LAMENESS SEND
FULL ANSWERS TO THE FOL-
LOWING QUESTIONS.
Age of horse?
How long lame and in which limb?
Do you notice any swelling, and if so where?
Did you first notice the animal lame while at work or
when being taken out of the stable?
Does the animal get better or worse when exercised ?
Is it more noticeable when going up or down hill?
Is there any tenderness on pressing any part of the
limb, and if so, at what part?
How has the horse been managed since you first
noticed the lameness ?
Has any treatment been applied to get rid of the
disease and if so, what?
By forwarding answers to the above questions,
and enclosing One Dollar addressed to
DR. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S.
119 West 56th St., New York City.
1 Ape
Advice as to the best method of treatment will be
forwarded by return mail,
APPENDIX.
‘dsvy 43007,
sosutrsg
——
pom
acini fl
iii
UT;
Mouth Speculum,
*IVYOOLT,
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tl
APPENDIX.
INSTRUMENTS THAT ARE ABSOLUTELY
NECESSARY TO ALL STOCK
OWNERS.
One of the most serviceable of all instruments is the
Syringe seen on the opposite page; it is in frequent
demand for giving injections of warm water and soap
in a great many diseases. The price of this syringe,
which holds 36 ounces is $3.50.
Thermometer.—This is a very important instrument
for taking the animal’s temperature and is a great aid
in making a diagnosis. Before using, see that the top
of the column of mercury is below the figure 100. Now
place thermometer in the rectum, bulb end first, and
allow it to remain in four minutes, remove the thermom-
eter and observe the height of the column of mer-
eury and that will indicate the temperature of the ani-
mal. The price of a good self-registering thermometer
is $1.50. The cheaper ones all have some defect.
Trochar.—The use of this instrument is explained
on pages 118 and 119. The price is $2.25.
The Mouth Speculum is used to keep the mouth
open for the purpose of passing back the hand towards
-the throat to give balls to horses or to allow of a ready
examination of the back teeth. The price is $1.00.
The Tooth Rasp is the instrument used for filing off
the sharp edges or points which frequently project from
the molar or back teeth as explained on page 167. The
APPENDIX.
price is $2.25 and 25 cents each for new file blades
to replace the file when it is worn out. By sending the
price of any of those instruments either together or
separately with an order describing which instruments
are required they will be immediately forwarded to the
nearest express office. The thermometer and trochar
may be sent by mail if requested when six cents in
stamps should be added to the price as given above.
The five instruments will be forwarded to any address
on receipt of $10.00.
Address all communications to
DR. J. M. HEARD, 119 West 56th St.,
NEW YORK CITY.
DR. HEARD’S AMERICAN
L.MBROCATION)
For All Animals.
This is absolutely the best Liniment for all pur-
poses where a stimulant is required for external use.
It is exceedingly valuable in Sore Throats, Rheumatism,
Distemper, Bronchitis, Sprains, Splints when the horse
is lame, Windgalls, Capped hock, Capped elbow, Curbs,
Blood spavins and all kinds of lameness.
PRICE ONE DOLLAR PER BOTTLE.
May be obtained at all Harness and Drug Stores, or
sent by express to any part of the United States or
Canada on receipt of price.
Address all communications to
DR. J. M. HEARD, [1.R.C.V.S.
119 West 56th Street, NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.
DR. HEARD’s
Magic Colic Mixture
For Horses and Cattle.
This mixture is unequalled as a remedy for Colic,
Chills, Inflammation of the bowels, Gripes, Indigestion,
Wind Colic, Staggers, all Liver and Stomach com-
plaints, Kidney and Bladder diseases and all Bowel
derangements.
No stock owner should be without a supply of this
medicine as it has saved the ives of thousands of ani-
mals and keeps its strength for any length of time.
Price one Dollar per bottle and may be obtained at
all Harness and Drug stores.
Will be forwarded to any address in the United
States and Canada on receipt of price.
Address
DR. J M,- HEARD, MOR. C Wes
119) - WEST ,56TH STREES
NEW YORK*.Cl hives
DR. J. M. HEARD’S
SPECIFIC HEALING LOTION
For Wounds of all kinds in all animals especially
SCRATCHES.
This preparation heals all kinds of Cuts, soft Corns
in horse’s feet, abscesses after ‘being opened, Saddle
and Collar galls where the skin is broken, Sores under
the jaw in colt distemper, Scratches, which is such a
dreaded Winter disease and wounds of whatever de-
scription in shorter time and with less suppuration
formation of pus than with the application of any other
substance.
Price fifty cents and one dollar per bottle.
For sale by all Harness and Drug stores and sent
to any address in the United States and Canada on
receipt of price.
Address
DR. Je McC HEARD, MR. C: VS:
119 WEST 56TH STREET,
NEW. TORK MCI Mao.
DR. J. M. HEARD’S
Condition Powders
As a remedy for Debility, Constipation, Anemia,
Rheumatism, Chronic Cough, Roaring, Broken Wind,
Heaves, Dyspepsia and Indigestion, this preparation
has no equal. And for a general Tonic and giving
horses a good glossy coat with a tendency to put on
flesh rapidly these Powders are unsurpassed in value.
Sold in tin cans in which they keep perfectly good
—containing enough Powders for 30 doses for a full
grown horse.
Price one dollar per can.
Sold by all Harness and Drug stores and sent free
to any address in the United States on receipt of price.
Address
DRid. MoH BARD MM ReGoi
119 WEST. 56TH SEREoe
NEW -YORK~ CRY eee
DR J. M. HEARD’S
WORM POWDERS
These worm Powders have been successfully used
for many years past as a safe and sure remedy for all
kinds of Worms especially those described on pages
185-186-187 in this book.
Price one dollar per box.
For sale by all Harness and Drug stores and sent
free on receipt of price to any address in the United
States and Canada.
Address
DR. J- M< HEARD, M.R.C;V.:S:
119 WEST 56TH STREET,
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.
When ordering from Harness or Drug stores either
wholesale or retail, be sure and specify by name Dr.
Heard’s preparations to prevent the sending by them
of inferior imitations of Dr. Heard’s medicines.
DR. J. M. HEARD’S
Dermal Liniment
This is a stimulating Liniment used to cure pimples,
blotches, bites and stings of reptiles, eczema, col-
lar and saddle galls where the skin is not broken, and
to prevent chills after exposure to severe cold, or after
profuse perspiration, to prevent aches and pains in
the limbs of Race horses after severe exertion and to
strengthen the muscles of the back and limbs.
For rubbing down Trotting, Running or Carriage
Horses after hard work in exercise or Racing it is in-
valuable ; and no trainer should be without it.
For all purposes this Liniment must be diluted with
water, which is explained on the label.
Price 50 cents per quart bottle. Sold by all Harness
and Drug stores and sent to any address on receipt of
price.
Address
Dr. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S.
119, WEST. 560TH SRITEER
NEW YORK. CLIY,: Nisy.
DR. J. M. HEARD’S
HOOF LINIMENT.
This is the most valuable preparation for
the preservation of the natural elasticity of the
horn, and instead of extracting the moisture as most
of the Hoof Dressings do, this prevents all evaporation;
hence, acts to prevent Contracted Feet, Dry,
Hard and Brittle Horn, Quarter Cracks, Ete.
The benefits of the Hoof Liniment are ex-
plained in detail on page 155.
Price One Dollar per quart can.
Sold by all Harness and Drug stores and
sent to any address in the United States and Canada
on receipt of price.
Address
Dr. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V.S.
119 WEST s6TH SRTEET,
NEW WORK? CEES Ny Ys
DR. J. M. HEARD’S
Golden Healing Powders
Will form a crust or scab on a sore in less -
time than any other application, and makes the wound
perfectly aseptic and prevents the access of germs
from the outside.
Price Twenty-Five and Fifty Cents.
For sale at all Harness and Drug Stores
and sent free by mail on receipt of price.
DR: J. M. HEARD'S
Lotion for Moon Eye.
Stock owners who reside in districts where this
disease is common should always keep a bottle of this
Lotion on hand, and thereby prevent permanent injury
to the eye and often total loss of sight. Its use will
clear off the white scum that forms on the eye, better
than any other application.
Price, with syringe, One Dollar.
Sent to any address in the United States and
Canada on receipt of price, and for sale at all Harness
and Drug Stores.
Address
DR. J) ME AEARD, RC ve
119° WEST 56TH STREEI
NEW. YORK’ CITY, tere
DR. HEARD’S
Chart for Horse Owners.
Printed on stout board 16x20 inches, con-
taining 26 engravings with accompanying explanatory
text, arranged to be hung in offices, making an
artistic and instructive decoration. Will be, mailed
inside a suitable mailing tube on receipt of an
application accompanied by Ten cents in stamps.
HORSE SHORING, PAST & PRESENT.
In preparation and will be issued about
March Ist., 1894. A revised and enlarged edition
of ‘“‘ Horse SuHormnc, Past anp Present,” will be well
illustrated and bound in cloth.
Price Fifty Cents.
Sent free by mail on receipt of price, when issued.
Address
DR NW BEARD. Me Rol: VeS.
119 WEST s6TH STREET,
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.
DR J. M. HEARD'S
Chart for Drug Stores.
This chart is gotten up especially for Drug-
gists, and contains a Table of Animal Diseases and
their remedies ; with a Table of Medicines and ‘their
doses for the Horse, Ox and Dog.
Printed on stout cardboard suitable for hanging
in Drug Laboratories, where it will be a valuable
reference chart, enabling the owner to correctly
prescribe for common animal ailments to his own
prefit as well as that of his patrons.
Sent free to all Drug Stores on application to
DR. J; M. HEARD; MRC vee
119 WEST s6TH STREET,
NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.
HOW 10 Tel the Age of (he Horse
By DR. J. M. HEARD, M.R.C.V. 5S.
iLLUSTRATED. PRICES SG
SOLD BY
M. T. RICHARDSON,
86 READE STREET, NEW YORK CITY.
. TESTIMONIALS .
THE following are a few of the numerous letters that
have been received within the past few mouths:
“One of the most troublesome things we have had to
contend with for several years has been the bunches
that grow on the limbs of horses as the result of bruis-
ing with the opposite foot. These bunches often become
hard and colloused and no remedy that we could find
or that the veterinarians could suggest seemed to be of
any benefit until we accidentally came across your Em-
BROCATION, since which we have not had a ease of this
kind that has not been completely cured by the appli-
cation of your Emsrocation as directed. I can there-
fore recommend it in the highest degree for all pur-
poses where it is necessary to get rid of either tempo-
rary or chronic enlargements.”
CHAS. W. DICKEL, of Dickel’s Riding Academy,
N. Y. City.
“T have used your Emrrocation with great success.
One case in particular I wish to mention. A horse
owned by Mr. Ginter the large cigarette manufacturer,
was badly affected with eczema; he broke out all over
in large abscesses and in two days the Emprocarion en-
tirely killed the whole thing, and in two weeks the
hair had grown out again so that no one could see that
there had been anything the matter with him. I
would not be without it at any cost.”
HERBERT CODD,
Richmond, Va.
“We have used large quantities of your Maaic Cotic
Mrxrtvrz for all kinds of painful diseases of the bowels
and the various forms of colic which are continually oc-
curring in some of the two thousand horses of our es-
tablishment and I have always found it a very efficient
remedy.
I. HOUGH, V. S.
od Ave. R. R. Stables, -
New York City.
TESTIMONIALS.
“We have used a number of bottles of your American
Emprocation on horses with sore throats and various
forms of lameness, and can affirm, without hesitation,
that it is the best liniment we have used in thirty years
experience. Please send us one dozen as soon as possi-
ble, as we cannot do without it.”
J. Ho WHE: :
Supt. of Central Park Riding Academy Stables,
New York City.
“T have had several cases of colic in horses under
my charge in the last 2 years and never failed to cure
it in a very short time with a bottle of your Macic
MrxTuRE.”
T. J. ROEBUCK,
West Townsend, Mass.
«“T have used your American Emprocation on several
bad cases and can honestly say it is the best I ever
used, and it will surely do everything you claim for it.”
EK. T. LANE,
Supt. of Brooklyn Riding and Driving Club,
Brooklyn, N. Y.
“One of Mr. F. S. Kinney’s horses was last week at-
tacked with a violent colic and we administered a bot-
tle of your Macic Coric Mixture which brought entire
relief in a few minutes, in fact its action was so prompt
that I would advise every horse owner to keep some of
the Mixture continually on hand for sudden emergen-
cies.”
W. H. MITCHELL, Supt.,
Kinnelon, Morris Co., N. J.
“JT have used your Hoor Liniment and Moon Eye Lo-
tron for some years past and they are the best prepara-
tions that I have ever known to be used on horses.”
MICHAEL CLANCY,
Philadelphia, Pa.
“T have used your Dermat Liniment on all our car-
riage horses to rub down with after coming in from
TESTIMONIALS.
work every day during the past summer and I have
not had a shake or a chill or a particle of soreness or
lameness during all the time that it has been used. It
is also a good cleansing agent and makes a great im-
provement in the appearance of the coat.”
F. COOK, Bellevue Court,
Newport, R. I.
“Tt gives me great pleasure to testify to the excellence
of your Emprocation. With such a large number of
horses as I have under my charge it is in constant use,
and believe me, I would not be without it if its cost
were double what it is, and I should still esteem it the
cheapest liniment in the market.”
WILLIAM MATHEWS,
New York City.
“T have used the Emprocatton in a bad case of chronic
sprain and a capped hock, and I never saw anything
act so promptly in relieving lameness and swelling as this
Emeprocation, and I shall certainly recommend it to ail
my friends who have the care of valuable trotters; in
fact, I wouldn’t be without it if the cost was three times
as high as it is.
WILLIAM CURLEY,
Supt. Frank Work’s Stable, 7
New York City.
‘T have used your Heatine Lotion for the healing of
strangles sores and am surprised how quick they heal
up.”
MAURICE McAULIFFH,
Druid Hill Ave.,
Baltimore, Md.
“T have used the Emprocation received from you on
several cases of long standing lameness. I can cheer-
fully testify to the great benefit that our horses have re-
ceived from its use; and have found it especially bene-
ficial in shoulder lameness.”
: J. BAUGHAN.
Supt. 26th Street Stables,
New York Transfer Co.
TESTIMONIALS.
“About two months ago I had to have a large tumor
removed from a horse’s shoulder and after the tumor
was cut out there was a hole in the flesh that I could
easily lay my fist in and I expected it would take at least
three months to heal it, but by the use, twice a day,
of your Hrauine Lotion it was entirely closed up ina
month’s time.” é
THOS. CONATY,
K. 52nd Street, New York City.
“Last summer one of my horses had a large abscess
on the thigh, which, when opened, was relieved of over
a quart of fluid. I used your Heatine Lorton as directed
and the wound healed up very quickly without leaving
any swelling or other bad effects. It certainly made a
wonderful cure.”
W. H. ADAMS.
Weaver Ave.,
Newport, R. L
“T have used several dozen bottles of your Emproca-
TION, and always with the best success.”
J. PARSONS, —
New York City.
“T have used your Emsprocarton for sore throats for the
past 6 years and always with success.”
FRANK DUFFY,
German Street,
Baltimore, Md.
“T have used your Emprocation on several horses with
curb and found thatit takes them off clean in every
case, and I recommend it as being the most valuable
Lintent in the market for horse dealers.”
H. W. SWAN,
Bourn Street,
Providence, R. L.
“Tn the last month two of our horses have had bad at-
tacks of colic from over driving and standing in the cold
afterwards, and in each case immediate relief from the
pain followed the giving of a bottle of your Magic Mrx-
TESTIMONIALS.
TuRE. It is the greatest remedy for colic that we have
ever used, and everybody who owns a horse should al-
ways have a bottle on hand.”
BROWN & EVANS,
6th Ave., New York City.
“Having used your Emsrocation for pinkeye, distem-
per, and sore throats in green horses for several years
past, it gives me pleasure to testify to its very bene-
ficial effects in all those diseases. I also use it continually
for sprains and bruises, and would not be without it for
a good deal.”
STRAUS & IMMEN,
159 and 161 E. 24th St., N. Y.
“T have used the two dozen bottles of Emprocation with
every satisfaction. In cases of splint in their infancy ib
think it superior to any imported Emprocation.”
HERBERT CODD,
Richmond, Va.
«T have used your Hoor Liniment for the past four
years, and have always found that its use keeps the horn
naturally moist and tough and makes a growth of
strong horn at the coronet. It is far ahead of anything
that I have ever seen used.”
JAMES SKELLY,
40 Tennison Street,
Boston, Mass.
* Your Conpition Powpers I have always found to
produce a fine coat and create a good appetite.”
GEORGE DAWSON,
St. Paul Street,
Baltimore, Md.
**T have found your Conpition Powpers very useful
as producers of good appetite after any weakening dis-
ease.”
: WILLIAM GILES,
Clinton Street,
Buffalo, N. Y.
TESTIMONIALS.
“A couple of weeks ago one of our horses got kicked
in the hip and it made quite a large deep wound in
through the skin and muscles. I used your Heatine
Lorton on it twice a day, as directed, and now it has all
healed up. Ihave often seen similar cases take two
months to heal.”
JOHN CASSON,
W. 52nd Street, New York City.
« The Worm Pownpers I received lately have fully ac-
complished the extinction of the worms with which my
horses were affected.”
ABNER BAKER,
Fall River, Mass.
“The Hoor Lintment that I ordered from you has
grown down such’ a strong hoof that there is now no
sien of the quarter crack that I referred to in my
letter.”
THOS. WILLIS,
Lenox, Mass.
“T have used large quantities of your Hoor Lintmenr
and Conpition Powpers, and I consider them to be the
most valuable remedies, and they should be universally
used by stockowners.”
WILLIAM MARTIN,
Ledge Road,
Newport, R. L.
«JT have used your Emsprocation and Hoor Linimeyr
for several years now, and they both are exceedingly
valuable applications for general use in many diseases
of the limbs and feet of horses.”
JAMES COLBROUGH,
Baltimore, Md.
«Please send me another dozen Hoor Liniment soon,
as Lam selling it right along since the carriage teams
are returning home and they want no other kind aiter
using yours.”
W. W. ROBERTS,
1810 Market St.,
Philadelphia.
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