Gc M. l:
978.602
B98f
1523766
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
1833 01066 9205
a^liu-a l.y IJ.niiicl Dutr
THE EARLY 'eO'S.
A BRIEF history''
BUTTE. MONTANA
THE WORLD'S
GREATEST MINING CAMP
INCLUDING A STORY OF
THE EXTRACTION AND
TREATMENT OF ORES
FROM ITS GIGANTIC
COPPER PROPERTIES
SlllustratetJ
By HARRY C . FREEMAN
BUTTE, MONTANA
CHICAGO
THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY
^tintct^ of arhc Jntanft printer
1900
Copyright, 1900, by H. C. Freeman.
l5.Nl,KAVlNO!> B\ PRESS OF
Illinois Engraving Company The Henry O. Shei
chk \co chicago
1523766
INTRODUCTION.
OUT of the boundless West from time to
time comes literature of every descrip-
tion concerning its resources, develop-
ment, life, grandeur of scenery and every phase
that can possibly serve as a vehicle to relieve the
mind. One efifort emanates from the pen of the
student of events, who sees the unfolding of
mighty things which shall leave their imprint
upon the future of a great and growing nation.
Another purports to be the work of the critic,
who, after a superficial study of prevailing condi-
tions, finds much delight in exaggerating the
primitiveness of its institutions, the roughness of
its life and the depravity of its public morality,
with little or no thought as to the obstacles which
have been overcome, the rapidity with which
events have followed one another nor the influ-
ences which have been thrown about them. Still
another is of a commercial character, inspired by
the demand for sensational nonsense upon the
part of the great newspapers of the East, who still
find profit in stigmatizing this new country as
abnormally " wild and woolly " in contra-distinc-
tion to the " civilized and effete East." The " cat-
tle king," the " copper king," the " silver king "
and a dozen other titles are still forced upon the
credulity of the uninformed to assist in throwing
an air of mystery and awe about this bovmtifully
endowed country and to strengthen the stories of
fabulous wealth popularly supposed to be found
beneath every rock and along every stream
thereof.
Some writers studiously adhere to the path of
truthfulness ; others assume that truthfulness is
the last element required. The result can be but
one. The average mind is confused and clouded.
The resources of the country are admitted, but
the state of society is too unattractive. Large
opportunities are conceded, but it means a
divorcement from all civilizing influences to
grasp them. The delightful healthfulness of its
climate is recognized, but the weather is too rigor-
ous. Educational institutions are crude, plodding,
and partake nothing of the higher standards.
Religiou.s life is stunted and warped, and a
thoughtful pulpit and a comfortable church home
are impossible of attainment. A thousand things
are lacking which are necessary and another thou-
sand are present which must be eliminated to
make the country tenable. And thus doth the
imagination today perform the functions that
should rest with certain knowledge, as much as
was the case forty or forty-five years ago, when
stories of Western exploration and discovery were
beginning to work themselves from thence. At
tliat time but little was known of true conditions.
From California had come stories of great wealth
and, in due course of time, the bones of many a
hardy adventurer lay bleaching along the over-
land trails to guide other courageous spirits
toward the setting sun. Fremont's expedition had
added a little cumulative testimony to that of dar-
ing explorers who had previously sought the
source of the great Missouri, but which still left
to the imagination the task of adding all the
details in arriving at any given fact concerning
the whole West. The Mormons had shut them-
selves in along the banks of the Jordan and about
the shores of Great Salt Lake, and details of their
fanatical crimes ofttimes carried with them mea-
ger facts concerning the country contiguous, but
to imagination was left the duty of setting the
frame. As it was then, so it is now to almost as
great an extent.
Misinformation has erected an average opinion
concerning the Great West quite as much at vari-
ance with the true conditions as lack of informa-
tion in the past has done. The West has devel-
oped so rapidly and transition from condition to
condition has so speedily followed one another
that today a new West is presented while the
world is still wrestling with the traditions and the
legends of the old. While the East is straining
its eyes to catch a glimpse of some evidence of a
higher degree of civilization, the unsatisfied trav-
eler is wearing himself out in a vain search for
lingering relics of primitive life.
Yet all seems to be the part of God's economy.
BUTTE, MONTANA.
and logic approves of the enveloping of true con-
ditions in a certain mystery, which shall be dis-
pelled by slow stages of discovery and develop-
ment in the working out for the whole nation of a
destiny palpably intended for it. It furnishes not
only a school to the brawn and brain of coming
generations, as in the past, but, equally as neces-
sary, perhaps, it supplies a reserve of treasure
which shall be at the disposal of the whole nation
when most needed.
Step by step have the borders of civilization
been pushed from the banks of the Mississippi and
the shores of the Pacific until they have merged
into one. Gradually have the agricultural, graz-
ing and mineral resources of the Western plains,
valleys and mountains been developed until today
they are the great producers of raw materials for
the gigantic industries of the East. And, so
surely, in due time will the industries of the East
come creeping westward to utilize these materials
at the point of production, while in their wake will
come the people of a congesting East. But it will
all come in God's time. It will come when an
increasing national vigor is vitally necessary.
When the voice of power of a great nation in the
events of the world must needs be reinforced by
the best manhood, by the highest industrial attain-
ment, by the greatest material wealth and by the
broadest civilization. How better could this end
be reached than by the methods which at present
obtain? What better school for the development
of the sturdiest, the best that manhood should
know for the strenuous struggle for supremacy of
a whole nation than the trials and hardships con-
sequent upon the settlement of a great expanse
like our West ? It was the same school where was
learned the spirit of the Revolution which gave us
the Republic, and which perpetuated the Republic
in the Civil War, and it is the same school which
will develop the youth of coming generations
who shall stand as sponsors for the Republic's
integrity for all time.
There they will go on, seeking out the dangers
and the hardships, redeeming the dark, forbidding
places, developing and expanding the resources of
the country until the East shall know no line of
distinction, can see no flaw in its institutions and
its civilization, and the best in customs and mor-
ality of the one shall be engrafted into the lives
and the minds of the people of the other; when
the East sliall be more Western and the West
more Eastern. It is a consummation much to be
desired, a condition some day certain of realiza-
tion. It is the most pregnant promise that is pre-
sented to its people at the dawn of the new cen-
tury of a continued survival and growth of the
Republic unto the time when its voice shall be the
most potent and its influence the most far reach-
ing of all the nations of the earth. All honor to
the West from whence beckoneth the star of
empire to the youth of the East and the whole
world — not to an empire where royalty reigns,
but to a free country where brain and brawn are
kings and where determination to do is a more
priceless treasure than much fine gold.
That which follows is a story touching upon
one of the great landmarks of the West. Here
and there others have been erected which, in slight
measure only, point what the future has in store.
Many States of the great West enjoy such land-
marks. They indicate the slow, certain develop-
ment of the great industries of that great expanse.
Still other States are but awakening to a realiza-
tion of latent possibilities. A generation or so
hence thousands, aye millions, of acres of arid
lands, rendered, it once seemed, useless, will be
reclaimed and put to the plow by the agency of
irrigation, and Kansas and the Dakotas will be
met by lusty rivals in new grain-bearing States.
Stretching along the great Rockies from border to
border discoveries are fast being made which tend
to identify the whole range as a vast storehouse of
mineral wealth. Great camps have sprung into
existence whose futures for long years to come
are assured. Some are gold camps, others silver,
but that of which our story deals is a copper camp.
If the same elements had controlled the devel-
opment of Butte as have shaped the destinies of
other equally promising mining-camps, its end
would, no doubt, have been as inglorious.
Denuded, as it seemed, of all the wealth that
nature had hidden beneath its surface and ren-
dered unattractive as a source of further treasure,
it seems nothing short of marvel Dus that the camp
was not abandoned for at least a long cycle of
years — perchance forever — unmarked save by
the tell-tale ruins of its early exploitation.
Situated in an almost inaccessible valley, shut
in by an alirupt curve of the Rocky Mountains
anil off-running spurs and foothills, it most cer-
tainly would have been least sought in the pursuit
of all the engagements of the human race but for
that one industry which has made its fame world-
wide as tlie greatest citv of its kind on earth.
INTRODUCTION.
namely, mining. Mineral wealth was there and in
abundance. God seems even to have allowed the
scale of equal distribution to go sadly out of hori-
zontal in his endowment of that small area of hills
which surround Butte proper, from which have
been taken the riches of an empire and which are
yet but in the babyhood of their development.
But upon their discovery hinges the most remark-
able feature of the story of Butte, aside from the
unequaled story of its wonderful development
and growth and its present wealth and pregnant
future.
It is with regret that the following contents are,
of necessity, confined to the one city of Butte. So
great are the other resources of the whole State
of Montana that a recital of them all would
immeasurably add to the value of the work in dis-
pelling erroneous ideas concerning the common-
wealth in particular and the whole West in gen-
eral and create a more healthful opinion of the
same in the minds of the uninformed. The great
sheep-raising industries of the State surpass over-
whelmingly those of any other State in the Union ;
consequently this is true of wool. On a thousand
ranges are fattened the cattle whose delicious
qualities the whole world knows, and herein is
presented an industry closely rivaling any other
State, and so advantageously endowed is the State
in this respect that a matter of a few years will
place it at the head in this industry. No richer
agricultural lands can be found the country over
than along many of the valleys of the State, and
especially is this true of the Gallatin and Bitter
Root valleys, whose fame has crossed the borders
of the State, which present opportunities of the
greatest magnitude. Irrigation is rapidly reclaim-
ing large portions of the State for agricultural
purposes and, when the fact is realized that the
products of the State from this source are wholly
inadequate to supply the needs of home consump-
tion, the advantages here presented are palpable.
Mining is being largely developed along the whole
length of the Rockies and off-running ranges
throughout the State and opportunities in this
direction have but had their surface pricked.
In compiling the matter for this work the idea
has been to create a healthful opinion and erect a
curiosity for a deeper knowledge of the subject
treated and present to the people of the city and
State something that will adequately do justice to
one phase of Montana's resources and prospects.
To accomplish this it has been considered wise to
depart from too dry details and wearisome statis-
tics, seeking to encourage the reader to peruse its
entire contents so that, at its conclusion, he may
be forced to the admission that something new has
been revealed and a desire excited for further
facts concerning the great West. To this end the
following humble effort is respectfully submitted.
HARRY C. FREEMAN.
Butte, Montan.\, November 17, 1900.
TABLE or OUTPUTS Or LEADING niNING STATES.
No.
State.
CO.^L.
Iron.
Copper.
Gold.
Silver.
Total OvTPiT,
Lead and Zinc.
Michigan
$ 720,000
161,209,231
2,227,998
|iS6,433,37i
127,444,442
$214,597,813
161,209,231
68.447,309
54,907.853
56,791.425
25,845,623
20,343,682
19,799,628
14,191.557
11,830,773
9,425,827
9,180,376
7,484,763
7,277,554
6,990,711
5.937.350
5,.8oo,oc..
5.656.509
5.542.402
5,301,127
4,318,211
3,811,697
2, 371, ,882
1,600,588
,
3
Montana
40,941,906
40,882,492
1,869,169
22,079,023
$4,819,157
1,282,447
26,508,675
2,575,000
$21,786,834
12,742,893
13,771,731
1,191,600
Colorado
Ariz<ina
8,471,105
5
6
Illinois
California .
18,443,946
430,631
14. 191.557
11,830,773
4,211,517
14,800,000
357,480
R
Ohio
lo
i:tah
1,639,550
3,506,582
1,750,000
4,279,695
2,859,840
Idaho
Alabama
7,484.763
5,124,248
3,582,111
5,937,350
13
Kansas
T'1
Missouri
15
Iowa
Tfi
.South Dakota
5,800,000
WVouiini?
5,656,509
5,542,402
4,318,211
3,811,697
T.S
Indiana
Alaska
Maryland
Kentucky
Nevada
ig
5,125,000
163,845
20
2,371,882
^3
1,600,588
Total U. S., including )
remaining States ... \
1276,147,056
1248,577,829
1102,372,291
$70,096,021
134,036,168
1750,680,827
A classification of iron ore production can not be made, further tlian that southern and western States produced
$62,144,458, as ai;aiust the remainder, whicli was all produced in the Lake Superior district. To Michigan is credited
the entire Lake Superior output of this mineral, though, doubtless, a portion should be allotted to Minnesota and
Wisconsin. This fact, howexer, could in nou ise materially change the positions of respective States as shown above.
Lead ,iiid zinc are not shown, the products from tliese lieiiig of uuicli smaller figures and of no hearing on tliis
table, the totals in each case being credited to the .States included in the table.
HALLOWED DAYS.
IVE miles east of the
present city of Butte
rises the extreme apex
of the eastern and
western watersheds of
the Rocky Mountains.
Waters governed by
the levels thus estab-
lished start upon their
widely separating
courses, those descending the western slope fol-
lowing their devious ways — under the successive
names of Silver Bow creek, and Deer Lodge, Mis-
soula, Flathead, Pen d'Oreille, Clarke's Fork and
Semiacquitaine rivers — into the Willamette river,
below Portland, Oregon, and thence to the Paciiic
Ocean ; while the waters descending the eastern
slope, in like manner, under different names of
creeks and rivers, finally complete their flow at the
junction of the Mississippi with the Gulf of Mex-
ico. To Silver Bow creek belongs the distinction
of being the stream whose rise is further east than
that of any other stream whose waters eventually
reach the Pacific
About twelve miles southwest from the apex
or watershed divide and at a point where the
waters of this creek have ceased their precipitous
flow and have entered into the level of the valley,
with an altitude of S./OO feet above sea level, rests
CONTINENTAL DIVIDE
HON. GRANVILLE STUART.
toda\ the ruins of Silver Bow village, a drowsy
lelic of Its former boom days.
In the summer of 1864, four prospectors —
P.udd Paiker, P. Allison, and Joseph and James
Esler — unmindful of the rich discoveries the pre-
\ lous yeai m Alder Gulch, at Virginia City — left
that camp and pushed on across the main range of
the Rockies, striking alluring placers along the
banks of Silver Bow creek. It is worthv of notic^
BUTTE, MONTANA.
that Silver Bow village ranks with Helena, or, as
it was then more familiarly known, Last Chance
Gulch, in point of discovery, as one of the pioneer
mining settlements of the State, though never at
any time so rich in placer deposits. Bannack was
easily the pioneer of them all, followed closely by
Virginia City, they being located in 1862 and
1863, respectively.
The point selected by these prospectors is
" upon a bend of the stream, which forms a per-
fect figure of a gracefully curved Indian bow, and,
Alder Gulch and speedily a stampede set in and,
like all mining-camps of easily opened and pro-
ductive placers, the section sprang up rapidly.
Prospecting was extended along the creek in
either direction and, during the winter following,
or i864-'65, had proceeded to within six miles of
its mouth — within the present site of Butte, on
Town Gulch. This same winter several wooden
structures were erected at Silver Bow and one
store was erected in Butte.
On February 6, 1865, a commission, of which
^BUSH OF PACK TRAIN.
f Schatzleiti Paint Co.
from the mountain peaks which surround the val-
ley, the glistening waters of the ' silver bow '
etched in a shimmering sheen upon a dark ground
of furzy grass, form a striking feature of the
landscape." Thus was born the name of Silver
Bow, which name was given to both village and
creek.
While the advent of these adventurous prospec-
tors marked the beginning of mining activity in
this district, it is related that a party of prospec-
tors, headed by Caleb E. Irvine, traveling through
the section as early as 1856, found evidences of
prehistoric mining.
News of rich strikes soon communicated to
Hon. Granville Stuart was a member, was
empowered to lay out the town of Silver Bow.
Silver Bow was made the county seat of Deer
Lodge County in this year and on July 10 the first
court was held. The village also enjoyed for a
short time the distinction of being the capital of
the young territory, but was soon removed by no
other warrant than physical force to the village of
Deer Lodge.
In the latter part of June of the same year the
Democrats held at Silver Bow the first political
convention of Deer Lodge County, and at the first
election, upon September i following, the county
seat followed the capital to Deer Lodge village.
HALLOWED DAYS.
By 1866 the entire creek channel from Silver
Bow to Butte was worked by a company of four
or more men to every two-hundred-foot claim.
These toilers lived almost exclusively in tents or
brush shanties adjoining their labors, worked
faithfully six days of the week and generally
showed up in one of the two towns on the seventh.
This was the business day of the week. Gambling
flourished, the merchant then made his weekly
clean-up and the dance-house keeper panned out
more than the richest placer. Prosperity was uni-
versal ; every one was emplo3'ed. Wages were $6
to $7 per day.
One writer at this time describes the style of
architecture of the two towns as follows : " We
should judge the prevailing style of architecture
to be the Pan-Doric — a heathenish one of many
evils. The material used is wood. Speaking of
buildings, in Butte and Silver Bow, seven miles
apart, year about houses are torn down in one
and removed to the
other. Last year
houses were hauled
from Silver Bow to
Butte : this year the
movement is re-
versed," concluding
sarcastically: "This
was to save timber,
we suppose, as there
is not more than a
million or two acres
of good timber in
this immediate vi-
cinity."
A decline in min-
ing activity began in
this vicinity in 1870
and even the revival
of 1 874-' 75 did not
strike the pioneer village of the county, and in 1880
the population had so dwindled that the census
enumerators made no mention of the historic camp.
The early-day history of Silver Bow and that of
Butte, which follows, is replete with the names of
men who, at one time or another, became promi-
nent in the affairs of the State. A great many
have crossed the " Great Divide," while others
have drifted to other parts in search of new dis-
coveries. A few are still alive, some of whose
names and faces have gone beyond the borders of
the State and are found in the larger affairs of the
nation. They were men who came to Montana, as
did hundreds of others, by ox-team and on horse-
back, blazing the trail through an untraveled wil-
derness — over snow-clad mountains, across
treacherous, unbridged streams and through val-
leys and passes infested with unfriendly tribes of
savage Indians. Men who bore the hardships of
the miner's life and discomforts of the primitive
shack ; who harbored their treasure, profited by
frontier conditions and assured for themselves
futures of plenty and comfort, and in many cases,
of gigantic wealth, or, yielding to the lax moral
conditions of the mining-camp, squandered their
all in riotous living, and, in no few cases, are pub-
lic 'charges today upon the charity of the city
whose future they in part made possible. It is a
story of a race for all — the survival of the fittest.
Hon. Granville Stuart, whose very faithful
portrait is shown on a preceding page, is at pres-
SILVER BOW VILLAGE.
■ A relic of bygone days."
ent a most honored citizen of the city of Butte.
.Mr. Stuart antedates any living pioneer of the
Silver Bow district, if not of the entire State,
having, in company with his brother and a party
of prospectors, passed through the section in
1858. Mr. Stuart, after having held responsible
positions in municipal and State affairs at various
times during his long residence in the State,
more recently represented the Government as
general consul to the Argentina Republic under
President Cleveland, with distinguished ability.
His recollections of early days are very vivid.
BUTTE, MONTANA.
many of them liaving been reduced to print, and
are worthy of careful perusal.
Meanwhile, in 1864, the same year of the orig-
inal discoveries at Silver Bow village, William
Allison, Jr., and G. O. Humphreys had pushed on
up the stream and pitched their camp at the pres-
ent site of Butte. At the time of their advent
there were no stakes nor signs of mining having
been previously prosecuted, save on what is
known as the Original lode, where a hole four or
five feet in depth was found. Indications pointed
to the hole having been dug years before — by
whom will probably never be known. No doubt
it is the same hole reported to have been discov-
ered by Caleb E. Irvine in 1856, and in all likeli-
hood is attributable to the work of the native
Indian.
Hon. Granville Stuart and others most inti-
mately acquainted with early-day history are
authority for the statement that the valley to the
The initial settlers above mentioned were
shortly followed by Dennis Leary and H. H. Por-
ter. Rich placers were rapidly uncovered and a
marked influx of goldseekers from Silver Bow
and Alder Gulch resulted. So important were the
discoveries and large the influx that in this year
the first mining district was formed and the old
town was located on Town Gulch and the name
of Butte was given it. This name was derived
from the majestic butte which reared its peak to
the northwest of the new mining-camp, like a
grim and lonely sentinel guarding the approach to
the encircled valley within, rich in that vast treas-
ure of mineral stores, the extent of which to this
day — thirty-six years hence — has not been com-
passed.
In this year G. W. Newkirk, coming on from
Alder Gulch, joined with Dennis Leary, T. C.
Porter and the Humphrey Brothers in the erec-
tion of the first wooden house within the town,
located on what is now Ouartz street, and, until
east and south of the new camp and running west
to the Deer Lodge valley was the scene of much
large game before the advent of the white man.
Countless buft'alo here found excellent grazing
and were hunted by the various tribes of Indians
adjacent to the region. It is likewise learned that
many conflicts arose between these several tribes
as to which should enjoy the supreme right to
these hunting-grounds and many a hapless band
of braves, separated from the main tribe by pre-
mature snows filling the passes of the divide, felt
the sharp sting of cliastisement for their presump-
tuous trespass.
recently destroyed by fire, was occupied as a por-
tion of the Girton house.
Even at this early date quartz-mining was
receiving some attention, the first lead of this
nature probably being the old Deer Lodge mine,
now the Black Chief, this lead having been dis-
covered by Charles Murphy and others in 1864.
The next authentic record of quartz-mining of
an important nature is not found until 1867, at
which time "Joe " Ramsdell, known, of all men,
as the father of quartz-mining in this camp, struck
a good character of ore in the Parrot lode and a
company composed of himself. W. J. Parks, Den-
HALLOWED DAYS.
11
nis Leary, T. C. Porter and others was formed.
A small arastra smelter was subsequently built
by Charles E. Savage to handle the silver ore
from this mine, but, owing to the insurmountable
olistacles encountered, it was abandoned and all
traces of the smelter almost immediately disap-
peared. Some ore from this mine was also taken
wholly effaced, though cause therefor has long
years since disappeared.
This element, immune from the rapid methods
of apprehension common to well-settled communi-
ties, driven from one section, found perfect safety
for short sojourns within the confines of others,
and it was of this class that the population of
FOR SUPREMACY
to Swansea, but the enterprise presented too many
drawbacks and active work was soon abandoned.
In the meantime the placer operations along the
creek and up a portion of Missoula Gulch to the
west of the city were booming, as was also the
camp of Rocker, situated midway between Butte
and Silver Bow.
In 1865 and 1866 the moral character of the
town was probably the most deplorable of its
placer days. It is said that at this time no man
was safe without a brace of revolvers in his belt
and a bowie-knife tucked in his bootleg. No
small percentage of the numbers who had flocked
to the district were of that daring, lawless type
whose greatest pleasure was found in pastimes
similar to " shooting up the town," which type
has given to the entire West a name of " wild and
woollv.'" and which name to tliis dav has not been
Butte at this time was in no small measure com-
posed. The conditions thus erected were, no
doubt, in a measure responsible for the establish-
ment of the jNIountain Code, which obtained
throughout the territory about this time, and for
the issuance in the year 1865 of an edict from the
highest tribunal of this peculiar court — the ter-
ritorial Vigilance Committee — serving notice
upon wrong-doers of swift punishment wherever
apprehended. That this notice was something
other than a mere formality all old-timers will
gladly testify, and early-day history abounds with
accounts of many a hard-fought battle between
outlaws and vigilantes.
The year 1866 was, all things considered, the
most prosperous experienced by the camp as a
placer-producer, and marked the advent of several
settlers who afterward acquired a wide reputa-
12
BUTTE, MONTANA.
tion, some of whom today are among the most
substantial citizens of Butte, possessed of large
holdings of real and mining property. Prominent
among these settlers were A. W. Barnard, John
Noyes, William Owsley, W. L. Farlin, W. J.
Parks, A. J. Davis, David N. Upton and others.
Mr. Upton, writing of Butte at this time, says :
" There were no buildings where the town site is
esses known to the camp, there had not been one
instance up to this time of a quartz strike which
promised even a meager reward to its persever-
ing owners and the hopelessness of failing confi-
dence well nigh completed the desolation felt at
the placer outlook.
Notwithstanding this overcasting prospect and
subsequent events, the demand for schooling
SHOOTING UP THE TOWN.'
now located, but in Buffalo Gulch, near the pres-
ent site of Centerville, there were about forty men
and five women engaged in placer-mining with
rockers who were doing pretty well."
During this year, however, and the succeeding
one appeared signs only too visible to all, which
cast a most forlorn horoscope for the future of the
camp. Placer claims had about reached the cli-
max of their productiveness and new fields were
less frequently found and of inferior richness,
and the spirit of uneasiness stalked unfeelingly
about the camp. On the other hand, though there
were many who had never faltered in their confi-
dence in rich quartz deposits and who religiously
picked away for unfound leads or who uncovered
ores impossible of treatment by the limited proc-
pressed itself upon the attention of the more seri-
ous minded of the camp, and in the winter of
i866-'67 the first school of Butte was established
and was taught by Colonel Wood. Its life was
short, but in the following winter a second one
was opened, and since that time there has been at
least one term of school each year.
The decadence of Butte as a placer camp, which
began in 1866, became most pronounced the suc-
ceeding year, and before the close of this year the
placers had given out completely. It was a blow
that almost without exception has tolled the doom
of every camp, which, prior or subsequent thereto,
has owed its existence to placer-mining. Nearly
every one left the district, disposing of their
belongings to the stalwart few remaining, and
HALLOWED DAYS.
13
each succeeding year for eight long years painted
a more gloomy picture.
Notwithstanding the crushing experience thus
sustained, there were a few whose confidence
required a still further shock before their faith in
Butte could be destroyed, for in this year the
town site was laid out.
Now follows a dreary repetition of heroic
efforts and almost invariable failure, the only sur-
viving works being a mill erected by Harvey Bay,
Jr., and Charles Hendrie, in 1868, and later
known as the Davis mill. An important failure
the same year was that of a furnace erected by
Dennis Leary and Porter Brothers for the pur-
pose of smelting ores from the Parrot lode. A
bellows was used for a blast, but. ignorant of
ing with incidents that illustrate the tenacity with
which the remaining little band of heroes clung to
tiie latent possibilities of the camp as a quartz-pro-
ducer. Pathetic experiences, culminating invari-
ably in blasted hopes, were both the woof and the
warp of the whole fabric of life during each suc-
ceeding day for these many long years. And yet
the little handful that now composed the camp
hung grimly on.
The labors of William J. Parks through these
dark days are characteristic of the unyielding per-
severance of these few. This tireless man, almost
single-handed and alone, commenced work on his
claim on the Parrot lode, alternately working for
a short time for wages with which to secure a
" grub-stake " and then returning to the mine and
By C. M. Russell.
SURRENDER OF THE OUTLAWS.
proper methods by which to flux the ores, they
were compelled to abandon the effort.
The succeeding years of 1869 to 1874, inclusive,
were uneventful ones, each one emphasizing a lit-
tle more the downward progress of the camp,
although representation work was unwaveringly
performed upon the Parrot, Original, Gray Eagle
and Mountain Brilliant claims and many others.
Of this period chapters might be written deal-
continuing his labors until his resources were
exhausted. By this persistent policy, when at a
depth of 155 feet, his labors and sacrifices were
rewarded by the striking of pay ore. While thus
toiling single-handed, it is related that a few
well-to-do owners of claims on the same lode
stood idly by and left it to this one man to develop
the wealth of the whole lode. Thomas C. Porter,
Dennis Learv and Henrv H. Porter also ventured
14
BUTTE, MONTANA.
their all in developing the camp, coming from dis-
tant points yearly to represent their claims.
A particularly affecting story is told of James
Gilchrist, one of nature's noblemen, beloved and
honored by his contemporaries, who, after sinking
shafts on the Original, Gambetta and Colusa
lodes, was about to realize his dreams of wealth
when his health completely failed him and he was
forced to return to the East, where he soon died.
And thus might be written in different keys the
experiences of nearly every individual who went
to make up the little band of toilers. A few others
who stand out conspicuously as having possessed
tion of insufficient fluxes rendered all their labors
alike unprofitable.
There is a strange coincidence between this par-
ticular portion of the history of Butte, however,
and that of many other camps and even of many
individual mines of whatsoever section. While
hopes had reached the lowest ebb and the future
seemed most barren, there was hidden away in the
uncovered levels of events, toward which Father
Time was daily hastening, an epoch which was to
revolutionize the whole future of the camp and
proclaim it the greatest of its kind the world over.
Some time previous to the date reached by this
Copyrighted. Printed by k
of Mrs. Simon Hausw
an unshaken faith in the future of the camp were
Capt. Nick Wall, William Berkins, Joseph Town-
send, Capt. J. H. Rodgers and A. J. Davis, these
members of the small roll of honor, year by year,
performing their necessary representation work
despite all sacrifices and all hardships. The
efforts of all these early prospectors were directed
toward the quest of quartz ores, but the old ques-
sketch, William Farlin, one of the early arrivals
during the prosperous placer period of the camp,
had left the district for other parts, taking with
him specimens of the ores removed from several
of the quartz leads about the camp. Journeying
to Owyhee, Idaho, he had these specimens sub-
jected to assay analysis and found that they were
rich in the precious metals and carried some cop-
HALLOWED DAYS.
15
per. He also acquired some beneficial informa-
tion concerning the treatment of these ores.
Returning to Butte in the year 1874 he wisely
retained his secret, plying his efforts ostensibly in
the quest of copper ore, and patiently awaited the
arrival of January i of the succeeding year, at
which time became operative the new Congres-
sional act relative to the forfeiture to the LTnited
States of unrepresented claims. At twelve o'clock
" Waiting for the Stage Coach," which buildings
at that time were probably the most pretentious of
the city. The postoffice is shown at the left of the
three structures in the larger picture ; Simon
Hauswirth's hotel — the only one at the time —
occupies the center, and a saloon the one to the
right. It was located on the corner now occupied
by Clark Brothers' bank — Main and Broadway.
Main street runs directlv across the center of the
" PI")"!" ' ^ ' ' '"^" '
■:-^;-^-«K»«^!^?ii^-:
FOR THE STAGE COACH.
on the night of the last day of 1874 Farlin placed
notices of relocation on the Trevona and other
lodes since made famous, these lodes falling under
the conditions of the new act. By this action Far-
lin may be numbered as one of the first, if not the
original, pioneer in a practice which has since
become a universal one in mining sections,
namely, the jumping of claims, the law going into
effect at that time being practically the same as the
one in existence at present.
The illustration herewith shown of " Butte in
1875 " gives a most satisfactory idea of its gen-
eral character at that period. In it will be seen the
buildings shown in another illustration entitled
picture from right to left. Those acquainted with
present Butte will be able to trace out the sites of
many present landmarks. A short distance to the
right from the structures mentioned, along Main
street, will be found where Granite street now
crosses Main and upon respective corners of
which are at present located the mammoth stores
of the D. J. Hennessy Mercantile Company and
the M. J. Council Company. Tracing this imag-
inary street toward the bottom of the picture, run-
ning to the left, may be found the present site of
the Noyes homestead. Continuing up Main street
to the right, at its extreme end, toward the outer
edge of the picture, will be found the Chastine
Humphrey home — a white structure — showing
16
BUTTE, MONTANA.
the only tree which existed within the town site at
that time. It is by the kindness of Mrs. Simon
Hauswirth that we are permitted to present these
two rare pictures, copyrighted copies of which are
in her possession.
Now followed an exposure of the true facts
concerning the value of the ores of the camp and
the news spread like wildfire far and near, and
newcomers flocked in in great number. Old loca-
tions were renewed and new ones made in rapid
succession. The discovery of the Alice, La Plata,
Burlington, Late Acquisition, Great Republic and
other less famous mines followed quickly, and the
movement toward Butte resolved itself into a
stampede.
The town had become metamorphosed. From
the hopeless, abandoned camp of a year before, it
unknown. Smelters for the proper handling of
the various ores of the camp were begun in this
year, the Centennial and De.xter being especially
notable among them.
Following this period is a story of a steady
growth and development in all directions. In
1878 the erection of smelters was being prose-
cuted vigorously. In this year a postoffice was
created. By 1880 the population of the camp had
reached 3,000. In the following year, under
authority of a legislative act, the southern town-
ships of Deer Lodge County were detached and
organized under the name of Silver Bow.
On December 21 of this year was witnessed
an event quite as pregnant with promise of a
greater future for the camp as was the discovery
of quartz. At 11 o'clock p. m. of that day the
Utah & Northern connected Butte with Ogden,
MISSOULA GULCH IN 1885.
was now tJie Mecca of all who could possibly
reach it and its growth was magic-like. The char-
acter of the new arrivals was a marked improve-
ment upon a large portion of those attracted to
the camp during placer days. The permanency
guaranteed the camp by quartz-mining encour-
aged many to bring their families with them, and
the town took on an air of stability theretofore
L'tah, by a narrow-gauge railroad, which since
has been widened into a standard gauge and has
been a most potent element in the development
of the city.
Mining was now being conducted over a large
range of territory. In the Travona district, to
the southwest, numerous mines were producing
good returns and the Centennial and Dexter
HALLOWED DAYS.
17
mills in the same district were being worked to
their full capacity. The presence of water near
the surface, however, made efforts in this local-
ity difficult.
Running- in a general way from north to south-
east of the camp, with jagged spurs and erratic
dips, was a foothill of commanding proportions,
which common consent had dubbed " the hill."
A mile or more to the north of the town proper,
on the western slope of the " hill," the little town
of Walkerville had sprung into existence upon
the discovery of promising silver properties at
this point, and at this time the Alice and Lexing-
ton had developed into enormous proportions,
exceeding the wildest hopes of their owners.
These easily were the most promising mines at
this period.
Scattered on either side along the hill in its
southeasterly course from Walkerville, until hill
and valley merge into one, some two miles dis-
tant, were numerous mines of good promise.
The Original, Parrot, Clark's Colusa, Ramsdell's
Parrot, Mountain Consolidated and numerous
other less noted mines were obtaining most satis-
factory results. Smelters had been erected ai
convenient places over this large area to ham He
the ores from these many mines. Silver at tln^
time was the metal exclusively sought, due to ilu-
presence of such large quantities of this character
of ore in the Walkerville properties and the i i\rr
whelming proportion of silver found in the orr>
being mined in the other properties. Copper was
encountered in no great quantity except in one
instance. This exception was Clark's Colusa.
In the early 70's W. A. Clark shipped a carload
of ore from this mine carrying over thirty-five
per cent of copper, to Baltimore, IMd., by means
of wagon trains to Corinne, Utah, and from
thence by rail, but the excessive expense entailed
prevented further shipments and work on the
mine was discontinued.
Montana people generally will be pleased to
find the accompanying very excellent likeness of
Charles T. Meader, who did so much at this
period to further mining in this section. By
some he is yet known as the true father of cop-
per-mining in the whole West, and is a fine
type of the early settler. He was one of the
original " forty-niners " to go to California by
way of Cape Horn, and as early as 1865 erected
a copper blast furnace in Calaveras County of
that State, shipping the matte to Swansea, Wales,
for final treatment. J\Ir. Meader came to
Butte in 1876, purchasing the then undeveloped
East and West Colusa claims. In 1881 he
erected the Bell smelter. It was for Mr. Meader
that the present suburb of Meaderville was
named. Mr. Meader is at present eighty-two
years of age and is located at Chewelah, Wash-
ington, where he is engaged in the pursuit of his
old love, that of mining.
The following year, or 1882, will ever stand as
one of the great landmarks in the record of events.
In that year occurred the discovery of the great
copper body of the Anaconda mine. Its effect
was revolutionary and it was this event which
finally and completely established the perma-
nency of the camp. The peculiarities of the ores
of the Butte section had utterly failed to prepare
the most visionary mind for such a wonderful
deposit of the red metal and the discovery came
as a tremendous surprise to all alike.
The advent of the railroad the year previous
had removed all obstacles theretofore presented,
and with the revelation that underlying all the
18
BUTTE, MONTANA.
mines operating along the " hill," outside of the
Walkerville district, was an enormous deposit of
copper, came Butte's second transition to a camp
of a new character, which doubled and trebled the
importance of the previous one, and old scenes
were reenacted upon a larger scale.
Other properties which had been working on
a reduced scale or had closed down, lying adja-
cent to the Anaconda, renewed their efforts with
great vigor and, with each succeeding success-
ful strike, there gradually dawned the truth that
" the hill " was a veritable mountain of copper.
Both the western and eastern slopes of the hill
were now subjected to more careful scrutiny, and
many mines sprang into existence. At the east-
ern extremity of the hill, as it descends into the
valley and disappears, had sprung up the town
of Meaderville. Almost without exception it
was discovered that in the mines of " the hill "
proper, or that portion lying south of Walker-
ville, the surface ores were richer in silver, but,
as depth was gained and the water level passed,
their character was changed overwhelmingly to
copper.
In 1883 was emphasized the great importance
to Butte of the copper discoveries in the Ana-
conda. While in 1882 the entire camp produced
12,093,750 fine ounces of gold, 2,699,296.38 fine
ounces of silver and 9,058,284 fine pounds of cop-
per, in the succeeding year gold gained but about
twenty-five per cent, silver a trifle less than that
percentage, and copper gained over 250 per cent.
The year 1884 was marked by no great inci-
dent save the increasing mining activity. The
payroll of the mines and smelters for that year
aggregated $620,000. with the Anaconda contrib-
uting $150,000, the ^Montana $65,000, the Lex-
ington $50,000, and the Alice $50,000.
The following year was equally uneventful,
unless that it more thoroughly established the
preeminence of copper. The assessed valuation
of the city at this time was about $7,500,000 as
against $4,106,767 in 1881, and the gains in all
directions of public growth over the latter year
had been tremendous. From a turbulent, un-
settled population, Butte had developed into a
well-established city of 14,000, possessed of all
manner of civilizing influences. The character
of the buildings had increased with the growth
of the town, and at this time many substantial
structures of brick and stone had been erected,
and many more were in course of construction.
All lines of business had been introduced and
from this time forward the garb of a typical min-
ing town was gradually laid aside.
As a historical fact, it should be recorded that
at this period placer mining was revived by the
hydraulic process along Missoula Gulch. The
gulch parallels Main street about one-third of a
mile to the west, and from the accompanying
illustration it will be seen how little the city had
progressed in this direction at that time.
The principal mines of this period were the
Anaconda, Original, Parrot, Colusa Parrot,
Ramsdell Parrot, Bell, Mountain Consolidated,
St. Lawrence, Mountain View and Colusa —
all copper mines — and the Alice, Lexington and
Moulton — exclusively silver.
GREATER BUTTE.
TEPPING forward to
the dawn of the
twentieth century,
one stands amazed
at Butte's wonder-
ful development.
Where, in 1S85,
rested a thriving
mining camp of
14,000 souls —
though even then
recognized as the greatest of all mining camps
on earth — there now stands a metropolis. Like
an engulfing wave, progress and growth have
placed their mark upon every nook of the city
and entered into every cranny of its environ-
ments.
.\ population of about 65,000 people at present,
or a 50.000 increase in fifteen years, tells its own
ties of former days. In their place commodious
streets, flanked on either side by business blocks
and residences of the most modern types, disre-
garding in most instances the cowpath irregu-
larity of hallowed days, cross each other at uni-
form intervals and run far into the valley on the
south, to the hills on the west or the mining
suburbs to the north and east.
From Walkerville south to Centerville, and
from thence to Butte proper, one now passes as
through one city. Meaderville, on the east, is
rapidly being absorbed by the greater city. To
the west, past Missoula Gulch and to the very
base of " Big Butte," the city has pushed itself,
and a mile south of the old town South Butte
has been added to the city's suburbs and is as of
the city itself.
Beautiful residences are the rule in new con-
struction. Handsome church edifices and school
story of growth in point of number. This
lueans a logical growth in the city's limits. Where
were once the humble shacks of the early settlers,
there now remains but an occasional grim ruin,
like a mocking skull, to conjure up the humani-
structures are seen in every portion of the city
and their influence is percolating the whole pub-
lic mind.
Main street, once the sole thoroughfare, is the
main street still, but what a change. Starting
20
BUTTE, MONTANA.
REJUVENATED EARLY-DAV ARCHITECTURE.
from the soutliern limits of Centerville, it runs
well nigh to South Butte, the greater portion of it
rebuilt with modern blocks. Paralleling Main
street on the east and west for varying distances
thoroughfares of much older and more preten-
tious cities of the East.
It is excessively mild to say that no city in
the whole West can boast of such scenes of
bustling, crowding humanity as congest the main
channels of trade from early morning until far
into the night as may be seen in Butte on any
day of the week. It is the marvel of every
stranger and the result of Butte's wonderfiU
growth — - a growth which has received added
significance in the past year by an increase of
over 6,000 in population. A happy commentary,
liy way of an aside, is that the city has absorbed
this tremendous influx with no apparent effort,
and there is probably a smaller number of unem-
ployed per capita among those who would work
than any city in the country.
With the growth of the city has increased the
morale of the people. Elevating influences
everywhere have deeply implanted themselves
and are rapidly becoming a powerful agencv for
IS in baikKiouii
are a half dozen less impurtant Inisiness thor-
oughfares, while these, in turn, are crossed from
east to west by as many more, equally as impor-
tant as and vieing with Alain for supremacy, far
exceeding in architectural apjiearance the main
good. The time has long passed when the li-
cense of the saloon and the variety playhouse
found approbation in the best public mind.
Though still in evidence, the latter has found its
level in the lower portions of the city, frequented
GREATER BUTTE.
21
only by a degenerate class common to all like
communities, while the saloon boasts of as high
a character as that traffic can boast wheresoever.
When it is considered that the personnel of
ment a city whose earlier antecedents were the
manifold licenses of every new border town, the
wonder is that there is any public morality. Yet,
under such strenuous conditions, a public moral-
Butte's population is in part made up of a floating-
element, gathered from all the nations of the
earth, some of whom find employment in the
luines and are colonized in cheap boarding-
houses, unrestrained by elevating influences, and
many never having known such influences in
their whole lifetime, and havin? for their environ-
ity, stable and sure, is most certainly extending
its leaven through the minds of the community.
Elocjuent testimony to the improved morale of
the labor employed in the mines is found in the
rapidly increasing number of homes being erected
Ijy this class. Pretty little cottages of four and
five rooms, built of wood and brick, are being
LOOKING NORTHWEST
22
BUTTE, MONTANA.
erected in every portion of the city. In most
cases tliese are convenient to the place of employ-
ment, although the instinct of thrift and invest-
ment, taught by the successes of earlier settlers,
has inspired many to seek the best portions of the
city in the hopes of future enhancement of prop-
erty. Oftentimes a double house is built, the
rentals of one assisting the thrifty home-builder
in the payment for both.
Many pungent object lessons are found
throughout the city in structures of different
periods belonging to one owner, showing a mod-
est beginning in an old log shack, an expanding
ing. the influences springing therefrom will, of
their own force, speedily work out a like condi-
tion for all.
The city at present is most pronouncedly cos-
mopolitan. Nothing of which another metrop-
olis may boast, in the way of up-to-dateness, is
here lacking. Its public institutions are models
of their kind. Twenty-eight schools and an-
nexes are distributed throughout the city and its
suburbs, attended the current year by 6,307 pu-
pils and employing 170 teachers. Both curricu-
lum and structures are of the most modern type.
Gymnasiums and manual training are features
LOOKING SOUTH FROM CENTER OF CITY.
means in a more pretentious cottage, and the final
attainment of an independent state in a pretty
home, a business block or other like material
evidences. With the growth of such instincts, a
growth in other elevating attributes logically fol-
lows. Cleanly home surroundings, a higher
standard of home life, assimilation of better
ideals and more prominent participation in the
city's affairs all have their l)eneficial effect, lend-
ing a responsibility to the individual, which is
leaving its imprint upon the mining class and
raising it to the plane of loftier citizenship. To
the very small minority now belongs the objec-
tionable element and. with tliis condition obtain-
of the system, while training-classes for the
teachers assure a constant introduction of new
normal methods, and military organizations and
school teams in many of the sports add the touch
of completeness to an otherwise broad learning.
For the first time in its history, Butte is but be-
ginning to experience the benefits which must ac-
crue to a public morality from the quickened im-
pulses and higher ideals which are knit into the
mind of the student of a city's free schools and.
in turn, become the uplifting heritage of that
city's economy. The untold benefits which this
new condition assures must prove a potent ele-
ment in Butte's future life, as each succeeding
GREATER BUTTE.
23
generation injects a new morality into the place
of the lingering old. Besides these institutions,
opportunity for special instruction is found in the
new School of Mines, and a half dozen or more
ment branches. A beautiful courthouse adds its
quota to the enhancing architectural excellence
of Butte's structures, and the city government
is comfortably housed in an attractive city hall.
LOOKING WEST.
private schools of different character, teaching
music, languages, etc.
The city is amply supplied with churches of a
high order, twenty-eight church organizations
telling their own story of religious activity. A
public library, erected at a cost of $100,000 and
containing 25,000 volumes, but emphasizes the
Clubs of every description and organized for
every purpose are making their influence felt in
the regeneration of social and literary conditions,
the Montana club supplying a public necessity
as a club home for professional and business men
and a place of entertainment for the city's guests,
and is a model in its furnishinsrs.
I m^
'^^■^
NORTHWEST.
ORIGINAL MINE.
trend of public improvement. Plans are about
completed for the erection of a new federal build-
ing at a cost of $250,000, to accommodate the
growing requirements of the postoffice service,
with its six sub-stations, as well as other govern-
The theater has felt the uplifting influence of
succeeding events and is patronized by the most
critical of publics, who both exact and are fur-
nished with the best in opera and drama that is
known to the American stage.
24
BUTTE, MONTANA.
Of newspapers there are many. The Butte
Miner and the Anaconda Standard, the latter
published in Anaconda, twenty-eight miles dis-
tant, but with headquarters in this city, are daily
morning papers, enjoying an eighteen-hour
leased wire service of the Associated Press, and
are of a much higher order than cities of twice
the size in the East generally know. The Inter
Mountain is an afternoon paper published six
ville water system, there recently has been com-
pleted a system which gives much promise to the
city's future, when it shall have become the lead-
ing manufacturing center of the State, which its
logical location and prominence assure it. Some
thirty miles distant from the city the Big Hole
river — an exceptionally sanitary mountain
stream — has been dammed and the electric
power generated by this dam has been brought
days in the week, and supplies the same high
class of newspaper excellence as do the morning
publications, it also enjoying the leased wire
service of the Associated Press. In addition to
these are nine weeklies, devoted to different pur-
poses, ranging from mining news to religious
matters.
The city is provided with power, water and
light supplies sufficient for a city four times its
size. Besides the old system of water-works,
which supplies the city proper, and the Walker-
into the city, solving for all time the question of
sufficiency of power. The water of the Big Hole
is also piped into the city and large reservoirs are
being prepared for its reception, which, in due
time, will be connected with the city's present
supply.
Railroads connect the city with all sections of
the State and the whole country as well. The
pioneer line, the Utah and Northern, is now a
part of the Oregon Short Line system, connect-
ing the city with the South and tapping the
LOOKING NORTHEAST.
West slope of ■■hill."
GRPIATER BUTTE.
25
Union and Central Pacifies at Ogdeii. and the
Oregon Railroad and Navigation system in Ore-
gon. The Northern Pacific penetrates the exact
center of the State from east to west, giving
Butte a direct line to the Pacific, and, with St.
Paul connections, to the Atlantic, and is easily
Montana's leading railroad. The Great North-
ern reaches the city from Great Falls over the
Montana Central Railway and handles the great
quantities of ore shipped daily to the smelters
of that city from the Butte mines. In addition
has a most enviable record in saving property
from that element.
Within the last few years the system of pave-
ments has been extended along all of the princi-
pal business streets of the city. The material
used is granite blocks, scientifically laid, and an
extreme longevity is assured. The system is
being pushed in every direction and is now reach-
ing toward the residence portions.
Rapid transit, too, has felt the hand of im-
provement. Electric lines now connect the city
,IN STREET, LOOKING SOUTH.
to these roads, general agencies of the Chicago
Great Western, the Burlington, Missouri Pacific,
Oregon Railroad and Navigation, Rio Grande
Western and Union Pacific have been established
in the city, thus making Butte the center of rail-
road activity in the Northwest, as well as of com-
merce and mining.
The city has police and fire departments of
unusually high standards. The former numbers
a force of some forty patrolmen and detectives,
is equipped with patrol wagon and is well disci-
plined, while the latter is supplied with all mod-
ern apparatus for fighting fire and, divided by
sub-stations throughout the city and suburbs.
proper with every outlying district, including
Aleaderville, Centerville, South Butte, the West
Side and the Columbia Gardens, while the cur-
rent year will doubtless see Walkerville added
to the list. A close schedule maintained on these
many lines permits a free flow of traffic to any
point and gives the city as a whole a system not
enjoyed by many larger cities.
Electric lights are, of course, a conspicuous
part of the city's public improvements, the sys-
tem contemplating not only the lighting of every
section of the city, but also its extremest environ-
ments.
Of hotels there are many of a high standard.
26
BUTTE, MONTANA.
BROADWAY LOOKING EAST.
GRANITE STREET, LOCKING EAST.
GREATER BUTTE.
27
The }iIcDermott and LUitte are first-class Ameri-
can and European hostelries, respectively, while
a new home for the traveling wayfarer, in the
Thornton hotel, is in course of construction, and
promises to be one of the finest of its kind in the
Northwest. Private apartment houses, con-
nected with up-to-date cafes, are becoming pop-
ular v,ith Butte's people who prefer the quiet
which they afford, and many of these provide
elegant homes for this class.
Both the telephone and the telegraph, it seems
quite needless to say. have long since reached the
a potent deterrent to many prospective home-
seekers from other States who might otherwise
look Montanaward.
Without hesitation and without equivocation,
it can not be too heartily emphasized that no State
in the Union enjoys so healthful a climate as does
Montana. Its altitude, while not being excessive
in any case, removes it from the blighting effects
common to lower sections and provides for it an
atmosphere which is pure and sweet and beneficial
to the last degree. No water remains upon the
surface to gather infectious germs, but finds its
PARK STREET,
perfection mark. The latter is taking on the last
improvement necessary to make it thoroughly
cosmopolitan, in the acquisition of the district
messenger service, while the former has just
completed the recent innovations of the East, to
wit. the abandonment of the bell system and the
introduction of the electric light for call pur-
poses, and the installment of long-distance serv-
ice for all subscribers in place of older instru-
ments.
One word should lie said of climatic conditions
in Butte, which, in a general way, applies to all
of Montana. It is a question upon which rests
much ignorance, and which, dispelled, removes
way immediately to running streams which carry
it entirely away. The extreme dryness of the
air secured by the altitude renders it far less pene-
trating than is the case with damp-laden air, and
it is no conceit to say that thirty degrees colder
weather is felt less acutely than in sections of
lower altitude. In other words, one is less con-
scious of what ought to be the bitter cold of
thirty degrees below zero in Montana than he is
of zero weather in lower sections. An erron-
eous impression should not be created by reason
of this statement, for, if the thermometer ever
reaches that point, it is never for more than
twenty-four or forty-eight hours throughout an
GREATER BUTTE.
29
entire winter, and many winters pass without that
point being reached. Its snows, too, do not
acquire the depth popularly attributed to them.
What would be rains in lower altitudes are often
snows here, but they are short-lived and, once
fallen, do not remain long upon the ground, being
dissipated by the warm winds from the Pacific,
which bare the ground as one sleeps. The holi-
days have usually passed before the ground is
covered bv a snow which survives one day of
sunshine.
Butte, as a center of mining industry, does not
exhaust its virtues. The prestige which its great
wealth of mineral affords makes it the logical
No more fruitful subject is presented to the
progressive mind for consideration than are the
manufacturing opportunities which e.xist, not
only in Butte, but throughout the State. Al-
though one of the greatest producers of raw ma-
terials of any State in the Union, Montana thus
far has consented to the importation of a large
portion of the materials necessary to satisfy the
needs of its people, whether it be for the cover-
ing of the body, the feeding of mouths or for the
purposes of construction, or for materials used
in the larger industries of the State. In Butte
alone $1,000,000 a month is paid in wages to the
]ieople working in the mines and smelters, to say
ID COUNTY INSTITUTIONS.
center of capital, commerce, politics, and a leader
of social life throughout the State. Its capital
is doing much, not only in developing other sec-
tions of the State, but also the rapidly opening
sections of contiguous States as well as of Brit-
ish Columbia. This fact has not robbed the city,
however, of the blessings of this agency, and
great institutions which are reaching out into the
whole State and attracting the trade thereof to
Butte have been established in all lines of
commerce. Wholesale establishments of every
character, as well as general agencies of large
concerns of the East, are rapidly centering in the
city. Manufacturing, too, is beginning to find
encouragement by reason of new conditions
throughout the State and many ventures have
found in Butte the most logical site for their
plants.
nothing of the large sums paid out monthly to
thousands of others elsewhere employed, there
being a total of 24,000 wage-earners in the city.
Yet the production of a large majority of the sup-
plies necessary to meet their demands is left to
others foreign to the State.
With the vast amounts of wool, of hides and
pelts and of mineral products of all kinds which
Montana produces and the unequaled opportu-
nities offered agriculturally, there exist advan-
tages of which but few States can boast, and the
wonder is that the present shall reserve to com-
ing generations the task and profit of utilizing
the great bulk of these raw materials where they
may be obtained the cheapest, content to let in-
terests wholly uninterested in Montana's devel-
opment grow rich upon opportunities offered its
own people. Yet this question, as well as many
TYPES OF CHURCHES.
GREATER BUTTE.
31
others, will undoubtedly be met, as have the
questions of the past. The city is too large and
its industries, as well as those of the whole State,
are too great for them to be held back by these
questions.
For the city a great future is in store, and the
prediction is well founded that four or five years
hence will witness a city as easternlike, as mod-
ern, and of as high a public morality as the mis-
ter, covering one generation — yet today it stands
the peer in wealth and prospects of any inland
Western city.
Mining activity of wider range but increases
the belief that the supply of mineral is limitless,
and that, as time shall unfold, works of greater
magnitude covering an immensely larger field
will take the place of those which today seem in-
credibly great and point the truth that Butte is
CATHOLIC INSTITUTIONS.
guided East can expect or the most exacting de-
mand. What it will be in point of number con-
jecture alone can prophesy and events prove.
That it will approximate a total of 100,000 is a
conservative statement. Such a total would be
in harmony with its present ratio of increase and
every sign would point to an abnormal increase
over present ratios rather than a recession there-
from. History records but few parellels to Butte
— with such unpromising nucleus, rapid transi-
tions, undesirable hordes, marvelous growth,
whose Genesis to Revelations is but as one chap-
not yet out of its swaddlings in greatness nor
opportunity.
True, it is not a haven for the unemployed of
a whole nation, and it is not for the purpose of
attracting the unemployed to this particular city
that these statements are made. More specific-
ally is it intended to show the general conditions
which exist in the whole West, and point the
thought that what exists in Butte today will
exist elsewhere tomorrow, and that these gen-
eral conditions are an invitation to a sturdy class
of people who would carve out for themselves a
GREATER BUTTE.
33
future in a land where large opportunities exist.
No more uninviting spot in the world could be
found for profligacy than in the great West. No
more tempting a field is ofifered for sobriety.
ability and business acumen. It has ever been the
graveyard of the indolent and ne"er-do-well, the
goal of success for energy, pluck and persever-
ance.
PRODUCERS or WEALTH.
An unpardonable slight would mark our effort
to reflect true conditions if prominent attention
were not drawn to the miners and smeltermen as
a class, as upon them rests no li.ght mantle of
honor. For they are primarily the ones whose
efforts really make Butte great. They are the
men whose lives are jeopardized in the perilous
duty of wresting riches from the bowels of the
earth and of refining it, and it is the wealth so
produced by them upon which a few are enabled
to mount to positions of great power and influ-
ence. While the raw material produced by their
efforts is shipped to the East and converted into
dividends for the mine owners, their wages,
amounting to a million or more a month, goes to
increase the prosperity of the city. No factor
which enters into the life of Butte as a metropolis
stands so conspicuously in relief as a guarantee
for greater things than does the enormous pay-
roll of the wage-earners, alwa}-s excepting the life
of the mines themselves, and in the case of the
mines of Butte, years of increasing productive-
ness are assured for them.
Too little thought is apt to be the portion of this
courageous, honest, hard-working class of men.
Not only does the miner, who goes beneath the
ground to delve in semi-darkness, subject himself
to accidents of every description, any one of which
may render him a cripple for life or lay him cold
in death, with a large family dependent upon him
for support, but it is equally true of the smelter-
man, whose task at all times is a most hazardous
and a dangerous one.
From eight to ten hours a day is the miner
engaged at his perilous task, with giant-powder
and deep, cavernous shafts as his work-fellows,
with not the best of ventilation, subjected to the
dampness common to deep levels, and, in no few
cases, working in deep mire by reason of the pres-
ence of water, perspiring like a stoker, with hol-
low, unnatural noises as the only sounds to reach
his ear, and shot to the surface or dropped to the
bottom, thousands of feet below, day after day,
with onlv a cable or steel belt between him and
certain death, "^'et he goes cheerfully to his task
that he may meet the responsibilities of life like a
man, educate his children to lives of usefulness
and provide for his family in a manner fitting and
appropriate. He is a hero, every inch of him, and
he heroically performs a daily task from which a
strong man might well quail and shrink back in
terror.
The smelterman, too, does not escape the haz-
ard consequent upon the production of the " red
metal." Though working in the bright light of
day, or by artificial light, which makes his voca-
tion less dangerous, his task is not for children or
weak-hearted men. Dangers are his, every
moment of the day, and one has but to spend the
briefest of time in witnessing the progress of his
eiforts in order to lend assent to this statement.
As the furnaces are tapped and throw out their
myriads of sparks of molten matter, which mer-
cilessly burn to the bone whenever human flesh is
touched, and as the larger volume comes splutter-
ing out, the smelterman stands closely at his post
of duty, conveying the burning liquid to converter
and back to furnace again, if necessity requires,
subject at any moment to direful accidents which
may horribly mutilate him or cost him his life.
.\11 honor is due to the class of men who will con-
sent to follow a vocation so dangerous — an
honor as lasting and as exalted as was ever
extended to the pioneer.
No less than thirteen thousand men are em-
ployed in the mines and smelters. Their pay runs
from $3.50 to $4 per day, and, in some cases, still
higher, and a finer aggregation of wage-earners
can not be found the length of the land. They
are an extremely intelligent class, differing in this
respect from those of many other mining sections,
and among them will be found the student of
every profession, the musician, the thinker, the
mining expert, the orator and the political leader.
Many of the leading professional and business
men of the city are graduates from the mining
and smelting classes, and their success denotes the
character of the men engaged in these vocations.
34
BUTTE, MONTANA.
GREATER BUTTE.
1523766
35
The nationalities represented amono- these two
classes are principally American, English and
Irish, although other nationalities are encountered
in smaller numbers. The vast majority of the
thousands following the respective vocations are
thrifty, have built pretty homes, own bank
accounts, attire their families in the warmest and
best and are raising their children in such a way
as to make them aggressive and independent, giv-
ing them good educations in the public schools
and, in a large number of cases, providing them
with higher advantages. Unlike mining sections
of other States, no class distinction is drawn
between those working in the mines in Butte and
the general public, either socially or otherwise, it
being recognized that some of the best types of
citizens are thus employed.
The miners and smeltermen, as well as every
other branch of labor in the city, have their labor
organizations, which have done much to improve
the conditions and morals of the entire class. One
lodge alone of the Miner's Union numbers some-
thing over six thousand members, and the union
as a whole is the parent organization of all organ-
ized mining labor throughout the West, the lodges
or branches of the larger organization, until a
short time ago, if not at present, receiving their
>IERS' UNION
charters from the Butte body. Many of the offi-
cers of this larger body are, or until recently were,
employed in the mines of the city and are recog-
nized as the foremost advocates of organized labor
in the entire West.
BOSTON AND AVONTANA BAND.
To the miners of Butte has been reserved the
proud distinction of furnishing the finest musical
organization in the State. It seems quite unneces-
sary to state that this organization is the Boston
and Montana Band, the entire State for many
years having recognized this truth.
Prof. S. H. Treloar is the organizer of the band,
which took place so long ago as December 22,
1887, and for these many years the band has had
no successful competitor for first place.
The band was encouraged by a former manager
of the Boston and Montana mines, Capt. Thomas
Couch, himself an ardent admirer of high-class
band music, and, as the original members, num-
bering six men, were employed by the Boston and
Montana Company, the organization took the
name of that company for its own. For over a
year and a half after organization, the band did
not make a public appearance, confining itself
to careful study and gradually increasing its
membership, until it numbered eighteen. Its first
appearance was met with an enthusiastic welcome
and its popularity slowly increased, until the
whole State learned to seek its services when a
high order of music was required. When it is
remembered that many of the military posts had
their crack musical organizations, the palm thus
yielded to the Boston and Montana Band receives
added significance.
In June, 1890, the band was installed as the
regimental band for the Montana National Guard
and its presence did much to enhance the inter-
est taken in the State encampments of that mili-
tary organization.
In May, 1892, the band was incorporated and at
this time numbered twenty-one members. The
band henceforth began to receive engagements
from all parts of the State and was oftentimes
taken beyond the borders. In 1896 it was taken
to Chicago by the Montana delegation to be in
attendance upon the national Democratic conven-
tion. The press notices of the Eastern papers
.fl^.
^^4lf»l.
m>i:
"miit,:
ii^UI^
\^v
GREATER BUTTE.
37
were extremely flattering', much surprise being
expressed that so high class a nuisical organiza-
tion could be assembled so far West and among a
class of men who went beneath ground to earn
their daily bread. So great was the interest felt
in the band throughout the East that, while
returning, the band was met at the depot in Min-
neapolis by a large committee and made to leave
the train and become the guests of the citizens of
that city. The continued success of the band has
never faltered and, including this year's engage-
ments, it has realized about $60,000. The current
year has been by far the most successful one of
its existence, something over $12,000 having
been turned into its treasury as a result of the
year's engagements. The band now comprises
about thirty members, who are well equipped with
the very latest instruments. They own their own
headquarters hall and are most zealous in their
practice and technical study. The men are all
practical miners, engaged in different duties about
the mines, and are a fine body of men.
They were in attendance upon the national con-
vention of the Democratic party at Kansas City
the current year and to them was accorded the
high honor of adding the keystone to an otherwise
spectacular scene during that convention. Ameri-
can flags had been lowered over a portion of the
stage during the proceedings of the convention
and behind them had been placed an heroic-sized
bust of Hon. W. J. Bryan. When the proper
moment arrived and the flags were drawn aside
amid tremendous excitement, it was the Boston
and Montana Band that came down the center of
the aisle playing " Dixie " as a fitting climax to
the impressive scene.
The great success of the band lies largely in the
fact that, while every one is an artist unto himself,
their occupation is such as to more largely develop
their lung capacity and thereby give greater zest
and tone than is possible in many other musical
organizations, its flattering prominence at Kansas
City being largely due to this fact.
The band has had no little part in eliminating
baneful class distinctions throughout the city, its
entire personnel having long ago demonstrated
that as high culture can work below ground as
above it.
Professor Treloar is still at the head of the
great organization, and this fact in itself is a
standing promise of the perpetuation of the previ-
ous high standard of the band.
MINING MAGNATES.
Before passing to new subjects, a pause is
mandatory for the review of a few of the men
who, as actual residents of the city, have done
the most to develop its wonderful resources by
bringing it to its present high position and assur-
ing for it a future still more exalted. Many per-
sons might be brought under this head with the
greatest propriety, did space but permit, and, in
confining the number to a few, regret is felt that
a fuller justice can not be done to scores who
have builded so well and so unremittingly.
What the city is today is the result of the united
efforts of many, who, crowned by success, have, in
turn, transmitted a measure of their success to
the upbuilding of the whole community.
M. J. Connell, D. J. Hennessy, A. J. Davis
(deceased), A. W. Barnard, William Owsley,
John Noyes, Hon. Lee Mantle, William Thomp-
son (deceased), and others, all have had their
place in Butte's history, and all of these who sur-
vive are among the most prominent citizens and
business men of the citv to-dav. Scores of others.
in varying degrees of prominence, have Ijeen iden-
tified with the large things of Ilutte's rlevelop-
ment, and failure in their mention in imwise is a
slight upon their worth. Other works extant deal
most interestingly of these men. The nature of
this effort precludes their treatment in a like
manner.
Rutte, and ^Montana as well, for many years
has enjoyed the distinction of being the scene of
the largest operations of two giants of national
repute — William A. Clark and Marcus Daly.
Each was supreme in his given field, Mr. Clark,
as the largest individual mine owner in the
world, and Mr. Daly, as easily, as the largest
manager of mines. Their fields of action have
never lieen the same, when carefully studied,
although both were identified with a common
object, the mining industry. As owner, .Mr.
Clark's activity tended always to the acquisition
of properties as a personal investment. As
manager, Mr. Daly was associated with co-own-
ers for the purpose of developing their properties.
WILLIAM A. CLARK
GREATER BUTTE.
Each, in his respective function, became a giant
among men, and the life of either is a most fit-
ting example of what an unswerving will and
determination will do in the grappling with and
bending of events as they present themselves in
the course of human life. Opportunit}- they both
had. but it was not so much the opportunity as
the determination to grasp it which characterized
their lives.
Both men started from the bottom rung and re-
lied upon their own faculties and own resources to
work out their careers. While both became im-
mensely wealthy wholly by their own efforts,
thus weaving an example for others who would
emulate them, the more commendable fact re-
mains that they also builded for themselves a
character which, as citizen, as man of affairs, as
husband, father and son, enabled them to reflect
some of the noblest traits which mankind can
own. Both have ever been men among men,
counting their friends by the thousands and scat-
tered through every State of the Union, though
to Montana has fallen the heritage which their
genius has wrought.
Perfections were never embodied in any hu-
man, and, if varying degrees of success have
marked their lives, natural causes have worked
them. Different temperaments, qualifications
of mind and body widely at variance, opportu-
nities springing from dift'erent events, environ-
ments, associations and the dozen other influences
which are responsible for every life have all
worked their part, and the memories of both will
ever be reverenced by the people of Montana.
Both were supernaturally endowed, and have
easily proven themselves the superior in genius
of their fellow creatures. Only as the older
resident pioneer of the section treated, preced-
ence, in point of order, is given to Mr. Clark.
WILLIAn A. CLARK.
The subject of this sketch was born near Con-
nellsville, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in 1839.
His father was a farmer, and, while working
summers on the farm, Mr. Clark attended the
public schools during the winter months until
fourteen years of age. He then entered Laurel
Hill Academy for a short time. In 1856, he,
with his father, moved to Iowa, where he worked
on the farm for one season, teaching school the
following winter. The following term he at-
tended an academy at Birmingham, thereafter
spending one term at the University at Mount
Pleasant. Following this he began the practice
of law at the latter place, which profession he
prosecuted for two years. In 1859-60 he taught
school in Central Missouri.
Two years later, or in 1862, was born the idea
in Mr. Clark's mind to go West, and, when but
twenty-three years of age, he mounted the seat
of an overland wagon and started out into that
great expanse in quest of fortune. The country
was wild and dangerous, and " blazing the trail "
presented obstacles sufficient to deter an older
and stronger heart.
He arrived in South Park, Colorado, in due
time, and for a year worked in the quartz mines
of that place, little thinking that in this humble
capacity he was laying the groundwork for a
career which would eventually stamp him as the
■' largest individual mine-owner on earth." While
thus engaged, stories of the discovery of large
gold deposits on Grasshopper Creek, at Bannack,
Montana, determined Mr. Clark to emigrate
hence. After sixty-five days of severe hardships,
traveling by slow-going ox-team, he arrived at
Bannack on the 7th of July, 1863. The charac-
ter of the man finds eloquent testimony in Mr.
Clark's first act upon his arrival and reveals the
secret of his repeated subsequent successes — his
promptitude to act wisely on the instant. Though
weary with travel, he joined a stampede party on
the same night and secured a placer claim on
Horse Prairie. The wisdom of the step succeed-
ing events proved.
After working his claim until the close of the
season, Mr. Clark found himself possessed of his
first thousand dollars, which amount served as
the basis for his present immense fortune, his
wealth thenceforward being marked by a steady
increase over this sum. With the coming of
winter and the cessation of mining operations
until spring, Mr. Clark's shrewd business in-
stincts discovered opportunities for increasing
his small means. Purchasing a mule, he set out
for Salt Lake, where he stocked himself with
much-needed provisions, which he sold on his re-
turn at extraordinarily high prices. In the
spring he again resumed mining, continuing his
operations until fall.
With his means thus enhanced by mining and
trading, he now sought larger opportunities.
Selling his mining interests at Bannack, he again
returned to Salt Lake, where he purchased a
larger supply of merchandise of a general charac-
40
BUTTE, MONTANA.
ter and freighted it to Virginia City, arriving
there in the winter of 1864-65. It was during
this winter that the great flour famine, which
spread over the entire State, occurred, and flour
sold at from $1 to $1.50 per pound. Riots en-
sued, all flour that could be found was seized, and
many persons were compelled to live exclusively
on meat and beans for a long time. While Mr.
Clark did not hold his flour, as did many others,
at prohibitive prices, he nevertheless received
large legitimate prolits by reason of its great
scarcity.
From now on, for the next three years, Mr.
Clark availed himself of his greatly enhanced
means in conducting mercantile enterprises on
a much larger scale. Bv bold freighting expedi-
tions from distant points, some even so far as San
Francisco, into sparsely settled sections where
comforts were scarce, he rapidly accumulated a
fortune of considerable size. In one tobacco
transaction alone he netted many thousands.
By 1868 his enterprises covered a large range,
including sub-contracting of mail routes, Mr.
Clark at this time having Helena as his head-
quarters. In 1870 he entered into partnership
with Mr. S. E. Larabie and others and a banking
house was established at Deer Lodge by the
firm, a general mercantile business also being
conducted. The latter interests were disposed of
in the summer of this year and exclusive atten-
tion was paid to banking by the firm. In 1872
they organized a national bank, Mr. Clark being
elected its president. The purchase and ship-
ment of gold dust formed a leading feature of the
institution's transactions, this alone amounting
each season to over a million dollars. In 1878
the charter was surrendered and the business
was continued under the previous firm style. A
branch at this time was also established at Butte.
In 1884 Messrs. Clark and Larabie purchased the
interests of the firm, and for some time afterward
continued this partnership, though it was finally
dissolved.
Meanwhile, as far liack as 1872, ]\Ir. Clark
had turned his attention to quartz-mining in the
Butte district, purchasing an interest in the Orig-
inal. Colusa, Mountain Chief and Gambetta
mines. In these acts is fdund a culmination of
the benefits which he acquired many years previ-
ous in his quartz-mining experiences in Colorado.
Not content, however, with his crude knowledge
of this character of mining, gained from practical
experience, Mr. Clark recognized the necessity
of a more exact science, and, during the winter
following, studied assaying at the School of
Mines. Columbia College. New York City.
With the discoveries of the Trevona and other
silver properties in 1875. Mr. Clark entered
quite extensively into prospecting for and the
purchasing of mines of this character. The Dex-
ter smelter mentioned previously was completed
with funds furnished by Mr. Clark, this smelter
being the first successful silver stamp mill oper-
ated in the camp. In 1875 Mr. Clark located
the Moulton mine at Walkerville, arranging with
a syndicate to improve the same, including the
sinking of an 800-foot shaft, at a total cost of
$400,000. In May. 1879, he organized the Colo-
rado and Montana Smelting Company.
By 1885 Mr. Clark was part or entire owner in
no less than forty-six paying silver or copper
properties, many of which have since been aban-
doned, while a number of others have developed
into enormously rich copper mines.
Mr. Clark has from time to time relinquished
his holdings in properties in which he held a
minority interest, retaining those in which he was
entire or major owner, thereby displaying one of
his strongest characteristics — a desire to be in-
dependent in all of his investments. The same
shrewd business acumen which had character-
ized his operations from the first quite naturally
was displayed at such times as these holdings
were released, and Mr. Clark never allowed any
great time to elapse before utilizing the means
thus secured in investments equally promising in
returns. These investments covered every re-
source of the rapidly growing territory, and
gradually extended over the most promising sec-
tions of the whole West, including not only min-
ing, but the development of great plantations,
such as coffee and sugar beet, and the construc-
tion of railroads.
His United Verde copper mine at Jerome. Ari-
zona, is. perhaps, the richest mine of its kind in
the world, producing an enormously high per-
centage of ore, which is mined literally by quarry-
ing, without the counter expense of timbering,
etc., incident to other mines of like mineral prop-
erties. He has also erected in the East large re-
fining plants for the final treatment of ores from
his many mines.
Mr. Clark, though an unusually active man in
the conducting of his rapidly growing and di-
versified interests, has found time for the grati-
fication of various other doniinatin"- instincts,
GREATER BUTTE.
artistic, scholastic, social and political activity all
having their quota of time and thought. He is a
gentleman almost delicate in appearance, refined
and cultured, and capable of versatile conversa-
tion on subjects of wide range. Whether as a
humble wage-earner, as a man of growing means
and larger ideas or as a giant in the mining
world, he has ever been the same frank, courteous
gentleman, easy of approach, considerate of the
feelings of others, and always ready to lend his
generous aid and kindly counsel to movements
which promised good for the State or for the
people thereof.
Mr. Clark was married in 1869 to Miss Kath-
erine Stauffer, of his native town, Connells-
ville, Pennsylvania, and, though deceased for
many years, there still survive her a host of
friends who never tire in extolling her beautiful
character, sweet disposition and womanly love-
liness. Six children were the fruits of this happy
union, four of whom, now grown, still survive.
Two sons, Charles W. and William A., Jr.. reside
at Butte, and are identified with many of the
largest institutions of the city, conducting their
own affairs and promising to follow in their
father's footsteps as men of large ability and
executive attainments.
Mr. Clark maintains a beautiful home in Butte,
where he spends a large portion of his time. A
beautiful residence is in course of erection on
Fifth avenue. New York, if. indeed, it is not al-
ready completed, to be occupied by his two mar-
ried daughters, who reside in that city. His
mother is living and resides at Los Angeles,
California, and is visited very frequently by Mr.
Clark, who has surrounded her with every luxury
in her old age. Mr. Clark is vigorous and in-
tensely active, and Alontana will doubtless enjoy
many additional benefits from his generous
hands, as in the past, before that unfortunate
da}- when he shall join that large body of pio-
neers who, in proportion to their abilitv, have
helped to work out a great destiny for the young
conunonwealth.
Mr. Clark is variously reputed to be worth
from $50,000,000 to $100,000,000. Whether the
first or last figure is more nearly correct Mr.
Clark himself probably could not state, intrinsic
antl income valuations always differing so widely.
A statement oftentimes made and never disputed,
however, is that INlr. Clark's annual income ranges
from $5,000,000 to $6,000,000, or five to six per
cent on $100,000,000.
MARCUS DALY.
In presenting a brief sketch of Mr. Daly's
wonderful career, so closely identified with the
large things of the whole State as it was, it be-
comes the sad duty to also chronicle its sad close.
When a portion of the sketch which follows was
first prepared, Mr. Daly was in full possession
of all the powers which his wonderful genius
had wrought for him, and, though suffering
from the malady which finally brought his la-
mentable end, no one dreamed that the mortal
coil had so nearly unwound. To him Montana has
erected a monument more beautiful and more
lasting than could be hewn from the granite
which today is being extracted from the deep
levels of the Great Anaconda — the masterpiece
of his great genius. For an immortal column
that reaches to heaven, bound with ties of love
and affection, lingers in the minds of the people
of this great commonwealth, whose memory
runneth back over the score of years just ending,
recalling his modest advent, his rapid ascent to
places of power and wide influence, his love of and
faith in the great commonwealth, his devotion to
friends of every degree and walk of life and
countless acts which will endear him in their
memory, until the grave shall claim them, and
whose children's children will ever preserve a
tender place in their hearts for this great giant
among men, who builded so well and died so
nobly.
Of 'Sir. Daly's early life and many important
facts throughout his whole career knowledge is
lacking to a most lamentable extent. He was
born in a hamlet on the edge of Ballyjamesduff,
County Cavan, Ireland, in about the year 1841.
He is supposed to have spent an uneventful boy-
hood upon the farm. Educational advantages, it
is well known, were wholly denied him, and,
when he secretly decided, at the age of fifteen, to
seek new fortunes in America, he was reinforced
by nothing that could possibly aid him in rising
in the world save an indomitable will, which
ever characterized him, and a strong physique.
He first found employment in Brooklyn as a
dockhand, but the work was severely hard for his
young years and a desire for further travel soon
possessed him.
Deciding to emigrate to San Francisco, he lived
frugally and saved his means until he had accu-
mulated sufficient to pay his passage by way of the
Horn. He eventualh- arrived in the latter city
MARCUS DALY
GREATER BITTE.
43
in rather straitened circumstances, but in what
year all record seems to be lacking. Here he
found it difficult to secure employment, and for a
time he earned a livelihood by various means,
having no trade to assist him. His earlier farm-
ing experience, however, played him a good
service here and he was enabled to obtain fre-
quent employment as a farm or garden helper.
At other times he secured subordinate positions
about the adjacent placer camps. He finally ob-
tained permanent occupation in the quartz mines
of Utah, after having drifted between this State
and California a number of times. It was dur-
ing this period that Mr. Daly became acquainted
with George Hearst, afterward the California
millionaire, who at that time was an ardent pros-
pector, though then possessed of little means.
This acquaintance afterward proved of large
benefit to him.
Mr. Daly continued in his position in the quartz
mines until the year 1876, nothing of event trans-
piring, though he was naturally absorbing the
principles of this character of mining and laying
the foundation for a future which ripened him
into its greatest exponent, perhaps, the world
over. In this year he decided to cast his for-
tunes with the mining operations of the rejuve-
nated Butte. The previous year had occurred the
discovery of the Travona and other promising
properties, and Mr. Daly's advent was at a time
when many others were stampeding in the same
direction.
Many persons who are most familiar with Mr.
Daly's life at this time assume that Mr. Daly
came as the representative of the Walker Broth-
ers of Salt Lake, and that he acquired an interest
in the Alice mine, which was owned by them, as a
part consideration in his assuming control of that
property. Others say to the contrary, claiming
that Mr. Daly arrived without means, but subse-
quent events would seem to disprove their con-
tention. This counts for little, however, save to
rob a most wonderful career of a little color of
romance and to cloud the real event whereby he
acquired the foundation for his future wealth.
Suffice to say, Mr. Daly was soon in complete
charge of the Alice mine, and it vas Mr. Daly's
tremendous success in this capacity that earned
for him the recognition as the ablest practical
mining man in the camp, as well as a leading ex-
pert throughout the whole West.
In another place it has been shown that the
Alice soon became the richest silver property in
the camp, having in its day produced many
millions for its owners. It was here that Mr.
Daly demonstrated his large ability as a developer
of mining properties, displaying almost super-
human shrewdness and oftentimes proceeding
against the unanimous counsel of the best ex-
perts of the camp, but invariably proving the
correctness of his position. It is not too broad,
perhaps, to state that, but for, him, many of the
adjacent silver properties, afterward made fa-
mous, would never have been developed on so
enormous a scale but for the shrewd mining
judgment displayed by Mr. Daly in establishing
the value of the Alice lode.
But a larger field was destined for Mr. Daly.
While engaged in the management of the Alice,
other properties had been developing on a mod-
erate scale, and among these was the Anaconda,
which was producing a good quality of silver
ore. Realizing that this new mine had a large
future before it, he relinquished his connection
with the Alice property for the purpose of iden-
tifying himself with the Anaconda. Here again
arises the contention as to whether Mr. Daly was
enabled to receive a cash consideration upon his
severance of relations with the Walker brothers,
but, as Mr. Daly was eventually a large holder of
Anaconda stock, the assumption seems logical
that he must have had ineans at this time with
which to procure the same.
A deal was finally completed, however, through
the agency of Mr. Hearst, whereby that gentleman
and Mr. Daly, together with Messrs. Haggin and
Tevis, became joint owners of the Anaconda
property for the consideration of $30,000. Mr.
Daly, by the terms of the deal, passed to the head
of the mine in the management of its active opera-
tions, and shortly the strike was made which so
wonderfully revolutionized the character of the
camp from a silver to a copper one.
The demands for larger smelter accommoda-
tions now presented themselves, and Mr. Daly
was given instructions to locate an available site
for their erection. After considerable study of
the situation, Mr. Daly finaly decided upon Ana-
conda — thirty miles distant — as the most prac-
ticable location, and work was begun upon the
construction of smelters, which, in time, grew to
be the largest, probably, of any smelting plant in
the world. With the growth of not only the
original Anaconda property, but also numerous
other mines acquired by the company at Butte.
including the St. Lawrence, the growth of the
PATRICK A. LARGEY
GREATER BUTTE.
45
citv of Anaconda kept pace, until, today, that
city is one of the handsomest in the State, with a
population of about 13,000.
To better facilitate the handling; of ores from
these many mines an independent railroad was
constructed, known as the Butte, Anaconda &
Pacific, which is one of the finest equipped sys-
tems to be found an\'where for both passenger
and freight traffic. The demands upon the
smelters at Anaconda grew to such gigantic pro-
portions that a second immense smelting plant
soon became necessary and, more recently, still
another has been started, and is in course of erec-
tion at Anaconda, which will double the capacity
of the old smelters. Mr. Daly, as its founder
and most enthusiastic patron, was closely identi-
fied with everything which had for its object the
improvement of Anaconda, erecting an elegant
hotel, which is probably the finest in the State,
establishing a newspaper of the very first class,
and in every way bringing the city up to the
highest standard.
The Anaconda mine, under Mr. Daly's shrewd
management, soon grew into a colossal system,
including many new mines lying adjacent to the
original one, until today it is of tremendous pro-
portions, employing thousands of men and having
diversified interests all over the State.
Besides his interests in this property, Mr. Daly
was responsible in great measure for the develop-
ment of the great agricultural possibilities of the
Bitter Root valley, in Western Montana, where
he established his famous Bitter Root stock
farm, as well as putting countless acres under
cultivation, and today his stock and fruit ranch
in that valley is one of the handsomest and most
complete in the entire country. He was a great
fancier of blooded racing stock and his colors
have led the way in many of the large Derbys of
the East for many years past. Mr. Daly was
also interested as large stockholder in many of
the leading mercantile establishments of both
Butte and Anaconda, besides many manufacturing
enterprises scattered throughout the State. No
instances are known where he engaged in mining
operations on an independent basis, although the
Washoe Mining Company's stock was largely
held by him. The constantly enhancing values
of the great Anaconda properties, however,
yielded him a princely fortune, to say nothing of
his other immense holdings.
Mr. Daly has made his home at Anaconda in
recent years, although spending a portion of his
time in the East in consultation with other large
stockholders of the Anaconda, and on his Bitter
Root ranch with his family, who have made it
their permanent headquarters for some time.
Mr. Daly was married at Salt Lake, in 1872, to
Miss Margaret Evans, who survives him, and has
a circle of friends larger than the borders of the
State, who mourn with her in her dark days of
affliction. Four children also survive Mr. Daly
— Misses Margaret, Mary and Hattie, and a son,
Marcus.
He was an enthusiastic lover of Montana, and
had he been spared for further years would have
been an invaluable agency in bringing forward
the resources of the whole commonwealth, as he
so loyally did in the past. Mr. Daly's fortune
has been variously estimated at from $15,000,000
to $50,000,000, but it is believed that the first
figure is more nearly correct, though the broaden-
ing of his opportunities and the working out of
])lans known to have been formulated by him
previous to his death, in a few years would have
added immensely to this amount.
To few men is given the privilege of gather-
ing around him so many warm friends as Mr.
Daly possessed, who saw in him the personifica-
tion of many virtues, of which not the least was
his kindly consideration of friends of early days,
many of whose widows today have reason to bless
his memory. Mr. Daly was an extremely mod-
est and retiring gentleman, who aspired to no
elective or appointive political preferment, and
seemed happiest in the pursuit of his business
duties or in the quiet of his home.
PATRICK A. LARGEY.
When the present shall have become crystallized
into the past and a more accurate view of events
shall permit, few names will stand out in such
relief as will that of the late Patrick A. Largey,
in connection with Butte's development. Born
of modest parentage, he took into life the ster-
ling f|ualities of integrity and business ability, and
with these wrought out for himself a handsome
heritage, besides leaving behind him throughout
that life — thirty-three years of which were spent
in Montana — a path of kindly deeds and en-
nobling examples.
Mr. Largey was born in Perry County, Ohio,
in 1848, and, as a young man, engaged in mer-
cantile pursuits in Iowa. In 1865 he crossed the
plains at the head of a wagon train of sixty
46
BUTTE, MONTANA.
wagons, having as a business associate John A.
Creighton, at present a large property-holder in
Montana and a resident of Omaha, Neb.
Arriving at Virginia City, Mr. Largey became
engaged in merchandising and invested quite
extensively in placer properties adjacent to that
famous camp, which he operated for many years.
He continued in business in Virginia City until
1879, and in 1881 adopted Butte as his future
home. Meanwhile, Mr. Largey had broadened
his field of activity and usefulness, and in the
year 1878 constructed overland a telegraph line
from Virginia City to Butte and hence, by way
of the Deer Lodge valley, to Helena and Boze-
man, thereby preceding the railroad by three
years, and aflfording the isolated people of the
State the first opportunity for rapid communica-
tion with the outside world. Hon. Lee Mantle
was at this time engaged as telegraph operator
in Mr. Largey's service, and, to his connection
with Mr. Largey and the benefits arising there-
from, Mr. Mantle's later success in life is, doubt-
less, no little due.
Mr. Largey's interests developed rapidly and
his entire fortune, as well as thought, were loaned
to the city's development. Both mercantile and
mining pursuits received his attention. In the
former he was associated with many men who
were at the head of different mines of the local-
ity, and in this manner opportunity was offered
him to secure valuable properties. It is said by
many of his old associates that he was the pos-
sessor of more patented mining claims than any
other man in the LTnited States. The most valu-
able of his mining acquisitions was undoubtedly
the Speculator mine, and the returns therefrom
are supposed to have made him one of the largest
operators in the State. With two other gentle-
men, Mr. Largey established the first electric
light plant in the city. He also established the
Butte Inter Mountain, and for many years was
the president of the company publishing that
journal, and was stockholder in many other
leading establishments of the city.
Mr. Largey's most useful and successful career
was brought to a sad termination on January 11,
1898. Some three years previous had occurred
the direful explosion of giant powder which re-
sulted in the death of some three-score persons.
Many others were injured and much ill-directed
feeling was engendered thereby. Mr. Largey
was least responsible for the explosion and its
calamitous results than, possibly, any man in the
city, yet he went far beyond the most exacting
requirements of duty or public spirit in appeasing
the suffering caused thereby. He was especially
annoyed by one Thomas J. Riley, who repeatedly
called upon and demanded assistance from Mr.
Largey, after the latter, in connection with
others, had contributed $1,500 to compensate
Riley for the loss of a leg in the explosion.
Riley's demands at last became threats and,
while engaged in his duties as president of the
State Savings bank upon the day mentioned, Mr.
Largey was cruelly shot down by the former as a
revenge for his injuries — injuries for which Mr.
Largey never was in any way responsible.
Mr. Largey left a widow, formerly Miss Lulu
Sellers of Chicago, to whom he was married in
1877, who accompanied him in those rugged early
days wherever his interests took him, and who
today is administering his affairs where his in-
terrupted life laid them down. Four children
also survived him. To the stricken family, how-
ever, was not confined the grief caused by his
death. Not only the city, but the whole State
recognized and mourned the loss of one of the
best types of the men to whom all time must ac-
cord the honor of having achieved the develop-
ment of the great West, as well as a man, who,
with a few others, made Butte's future possible
and attracted to Montana the causes and events,
which, in their unwinding, are making and will
continue to make it one of the greatest States of
the Union.
r. AUGUSTUS HEINZE.
The last, though not least, of the prominent
characters to whom special mention is due as one
who has done much to develop Butte's wonder-
ful resources and who, as one of the large owners
of its mining properties, stands as joint sponsor
for a still greater future, is F. Augustus Heinze.
Some eleven years ago Mr. Heinze came to the
city as a mere boy — about twentv years of age.
Of means or resources he had but little, so far as
is known, although he had the advantage of the
subjects of the preceding sketches in that he had
received an advanced education in the very
things necessary to successful mining operations.
He was well versed in metallurgy, geology and
the other essentials to mining, and to this learn-
ing was added the keenest of intellects and
shrewdest of natures.
Mr. Heinze first entered the mining field in a
moderately humble capacity — that of mining
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F AUGUSTUS HEINZE
48
BUTTE, MONTANA.
engineer for the lioston and Montana Mining
Company — but his quick perception soon dis-
covered the larger possibilities which were pre-
sented to him, and he concluded to try for higher
things. Before a year had passed he had a most
thorough knowledge of the intricate mineral
formations of the entire mining district, and was
so sure that there was room for him in this great
industry that he shortly returned to New York
to facilitate matters. Even at this extremely
youthful age, before a year had passed he had
succeeded in enlisting capital sufficient to erect a
large smelter at Butte for the purpose of reducing
ores from some of the independent mines not
provided with such plants.
A company was formed under the style of the
Montana Ore Purchasing Company, and Mr.
Heinze passed to its official head and directed its
operations. Old heads looked askance at Mr.
Heinze's temerity in venturing upon apparently
so hopeless a course, but before the smelter was
completed he had leased a mine and had begun
operations therein. Powerful influences were
brought to bear in the hope of eliminating Mr.
Heinze from the field as a competitor for smelter
business, but his young genius was not easily
balked. Obstacles, seemingly overpowering,
were met by bolder enterprises until he soon had
acquired sufficient mining property to keep his
smelter running to its full capacity independent
of business from other sources.
Slowly it dawned upon the mining magnates of
the camp that the Montana Ore Purchasing Com-
pany was a permanent factor in the field, and that
Mr. Heinze was a Richmond who had come to
stay. Mr. Heinze has commanded the admira-
tion of a host of the citizens of not only the city
of Butte, but of the whole State, by his nerve and
daring, and, though many years behind the pio-
neers in his advent upon the scene, they see in
him the kind of material of which the hardiest
early settlers were made.
Mr. Heinze, as before stated, is a collegiate
graduate, is cultured and refined, and has in him
the promise of becoming one of Montana's great
benefactors. He is unmarried and spends the
greater portion of his time in Butte looking after
the affairs of the company, living modestly and
without the ostentation common to many upon
whom fortune has so lavishly rained success.
.\ few years ago Mr. Heinze embarked quite
extensively upon operations in the Rossland dis-
trict of British Columbia, but the antagonism of
the Canadian Government, through the instru-
mentality of subsidized corporations of that
country, made his efforts extremely hazardous
and he retired from the field, but not, however,
before he had enhanced his wealth to a most sat-
isfactory extent.
Mr. Heinze's wealth is not accurately known,
but, as the largest owner of Montana Ore Pur-
chasing Company stock, he unquestionably is
many times a millionaire, and in his meteor-like
elevation lies but another demonstration of what
unwavering will and pluck will work out. Like
his successful predecessors and contemporaries,
Mr. Heinze has a large place in his heart for his
old associates, and in this respect reflects the cus-
toms of his adopted State quite as happily as
ever have those whose names precede this sketch.
COLU/HBIA GARDENS.
For the past year a pleasure resort of the very
first class has been accessible to the people of
Butte. Across the valley and three miles east
of the city one of the numerous caiions com-
mon to the Rockies has been utilized for this
purpose. It has been preserved almost as na-
ture made it, with additions only of such char-
acter as would enhance its inviting rusticity.
As the waters from the springs and melting
snows high up the mountain side start upon
their downward course, they join with others
coming from different directions, and long be-
fore the bed of the canon is reached a delight-
ful stream babbles along over pebbly bottoms
and gurgles over an occasional rock into inviting
pools below. • Luxuriant foliage fringes the
banks of these tributary streams long ere their
junction in the more level sweep below, and, as
they emerge into one, a perfect Eden of green is
massed about them, hiding, from a distance, the
winding stream completely from the eye. Closer
approach, however, but enhances the picture, and,
as detail is added to detail, the withered soul
creeps slowly out of its musty cave and breathes
anew the joys of childhood. Willows and alders,
with here and there a lonely pine, strayed from
GREATER BUTTE.
51
its mountain side, have entwined themselves into
inciting bowers and cozy nooks. Here nature
has been aided for the comfort of man by the
supplementing of rustic seats, the creation of
shaded parks, by the clearing away of under-
growth, and the building of queer little bridges
and aimless paths, while fountains for swans and
goldfish add to the enchantment of this quiet re-
treat. Proceeding further, the trees terminate
abruptly, and in all directions spread away before
the view every conceivable device which may de-
light the heart, the mind or the soul of both old
and young. Great rows of swings and merry-
go-rounds attract the little ones like flies to mo-
lasses, while the more sedate mind has had every
wish anticipated.
A great pavilion occupies a commanding posi-
tion in the center of the grounds. Within its
walls are cafe, banquet-room, smoking-room, re-
freshment booths of all kinds, and a dance floor
of gigantic proportions and of ethereal surface,
with its balconies for guests and orchestra, while
surrounding the whole structure are broad prom-
enade verandas and open-air band-stand.
The landscape gardener has given his touch
of completeness to the scene by the creating of
beautiful flower beds. Designs of striking like-
nesses have been worked out inside of odd-
shaped plots created by the broad paths which
wind about through the grounds. Still further
toward the mouth of the cafion irregular paths
lead through rustic ways, dotted by little pago-
das of oriental style, to a delightful body of
water, whereon glide lazily many boats at the
will of idle pleasure-seekers.
The resort is peculiarly charming by reason of
tlie fact that the citizens of Butte are deprived of
a close communion with nature, due to the an-
tagonism of the mineral nature of the soil to
vegetation, and who, but for this beautiful re-
treat, would be denied the hallowing influences
so necessary to the softening of natures and the
expansion of the souls of men. Not only the
thousands belonging to the laboring classes, but
those of high estate have been quick to accept the
privilege presented them to enjoy the pleasures
of this bountifully endowed mountain retreat,
so gratuitously thrown open to them, at no
further cost than car fare, and immense picnic
parties composed of people of both high and low
degree are becoming daily sights within the
grounds. Many excursions from about the State
are scheduled for the coming year.
The gardens are under the control of the City
Railway Company, but to Hon. W. A. Clark
is entitled the honor for having provided so
necessary a public institution, that gentleman,
as president of the system, having been its in-
stigator and enthusiastic patron. Something
like $50,000 has been spent within the year in
adding to the general improvement of the
grounds. Electric light, fire, sewerage and
water systems have been extended about the en-
tire forty acres comprising the gardens, the first-
mentioned system rendering the grounds as at-
tractive by night as by day. In addition to these
improvements a fine botanical garden and zoo-
logical collection are planned for the near future
to supplement those already started, and which
will be free to the public. Over 80,000 plants
have been taken from the hothouses operated
upon the grounds and have been placed in the
numerous beds, and many rare trees comprise
those which line the walks and paths.
scnooL or /Hines.
The Montana State School of Mines is lo-
cated on an eminence just west of the city limits
of Butte. The building is constructed of brick
and stone in the Renaissance style of architec-
ture. It is practically fireproof and has been
considered the finest public structure in the
State. It was erected in 1896-98, and has re-
cently been supplied with $15,000 worth of fur-
niture and apparatus. Everything that goes to
make up this furnishing is of the best quality
and of modern construction. The illustrations
here given are all half-tones taken from photo-
graphs and will give a correct idea of the style of
the building and its equipment.
The institution was opened for the reception of
pupils on September 11, 1900, and at that time
freshman and sophomore classes were formed.
The courses of study adopted require four years
for their completion and lead either to the de-
gree of Mining Engineer or Electrical Engineer,
according to the lines of topics chosen by the
student. The requirements for admission and
INVITING BOWERS ANDlCCZY NOOKS, COLUMBIA GARDENS.
GREATER BUTTE.
for graduation corre-
spond closely to those of
similar institutions in
other States.
This school is under
the control of the State
Board of Education and
a local Board of Trus-
tees. The members of
the local board are :
John E. Rickards, ex-
governor of the State ;
James W. Forbis, W. Y.
Pemberton, ex-chief jus-
tice : George E. Moul-
throp and Joseph \'.
Long. The members of
the faculty are : Nathan
R. Leonard, president
and professor of mathe-
matics ; William G. King,
professor of chemistry
and metallurgy ; Alexan-
der X. Wincheli, profes-
SCHOOL OF MINES.
Lecture Room of Laboratoi
Lecture Room, Physics Depart
CLASS ROOMS. SCHOOL OF
BUTTE, MONTANA.
of this commonwealth.
It is hoped that in a com-
paratively short time this
institution will be in pos-
session of very large and
valuable collections of
minerals, mine models,
etc., illustrating the re-
sources of the State and
the latest and best meth-
sor of geology, nunmg
and mineralogy, and
Charles H. Bowman, pro-
fessor of mechanics and
mining engineering.
The Act of Congress
providing for the organ-
ization of the State
granted 100,000 acres of
land for the establish-
ment of a School of
Mines. The legislature
of the State located the
school at Butte, and has
made liberal appropriations for its equipment
and current expenses.
The large mineral resources of Montana and
the vast amount of capital employed in their de-
velopment have made mining the chief industry
of the State. The School of Mines is therefore
an object of the greatest interest to the people
ENTRANCE AND FOYER, SCHOOL OF MINES.
ods in the extraction and treatment of ores.
The City of Butte is the greatest mining center
in America. The thousands of trained super-
intendents, engineers, metallurgists and practical
miners here employed constitute an environment
that will prove of inestimable value to the School
of Mines.
TME PAUL CLARK MO/HE.
" To help the worthy poor to help them-
selves " was the motto adopted by a little band
of charitable women one fall day in 1897. About
three years later, or upon Friday evening, Nov-
ember 16, 1900, there was formally opened, by
an unqualifiedly successful charity ball, the Paul
Clark Home as a fitting monument to their un-
tiring labors, and but for which this beautiful
structure would, perhaps, never have been
erected.
So generously did their motto and the high
standing of the organizers appeal to public sen-
timent that success followed success rapidly un-
til their organization — the Associated Chari-
ties — soon became the recognized leader in
charitable work in the city. The charter mem-
bers of the infant organization numbered about
fifty, but, so enthusiastic have been their efforts,
that in the short years since its incorporation the
membership has increased to nearly 200 — ex-
GREATER BUTTE.
55
clusively of ladies — most of whom are leaders
in social and religious life in the city. The first
officers and trustees of the organization are en-
titled to distinct mention, together with all honor
that might go with it, for upon the proper shap-
ing of the association's affairs at its inception
rests, in large measure, the credit for subsequent
successes. Their names are: President, Mrs.
J. M. White; first vice-president, Mrs. John
Noyes ; second vice-president, Mrs. A. S. Chris-
tie ; secretary, Mrs. Irene Morshead ; treasurer,
the assisted to help themselves. In the language
of its noble president, Mrs. J. M. White: "To
put one family beyond the necessity of charity is
more useful than to tide twenty over into next
week's misery."
Truths are often best left unsaid, but it is felt
to be the fact, concurred in by every one and
whose relation is a pleasure to all, that if a canvass
were made for an explanation of the large meas-
ure of success which has attended the associa-
tion's history, the unanimous reply would be
.iPAUL CLARK HOME.
Mrs. A. M. Wethey ; trustees, Mrs. J. M. White,
Mrs. C. W. Clark, Mrs. Annie E. Hammond,
Mrs. Jennie H. Moore, Mrs. Sarah Broughton,
Mrs. Ruth Burton and Mrs. John Noyes. Aside
from its membership, nearly every business and
professional man of note in the city is numbered
among the association's list of donors.
The objects of the association are: To help
the worthy poor to help themselves, to visit and
assist the poor, relieve their distress by providing
physicians, nurses, food, clothing, fuel and what-
ever may be necessary in their particular cases.
A home was secured where those seeking em-
ployment and without means could remain tem-
porarily, the end sought in all cases being to help
" Mrs. White." While a score of others have
loaned their every thought to the upbuilding of
the association and sacrificed their personal com-
forts in ministering to the wants of others, yet
undoubtedly is due to Mrs. White the credit for
the growing success of this ennobling work.
Hers is the genius, the tact, the farsightedness,
the generalship, which, combined with a sweet,
pure woman's heart, has tided the association
over the dark places and brought to its support
assistance which otherwise might not have been
enjoyed.
Mrs. John Noyes has always been a most able
lieutenant, making light the many burdens and
lending her best efforts at all times, and not in-
56
BUTTE, MONTANA.
frequently of her large means, for the success
cf the association.
Another earnest worker, as well as donor, is
Mrs. C. W. Clark, who. as one of its first trus-
tees, has been identified with the work from its
start and has ever been willing with her means
wherein its plans might be worked out unham-
pered. The suggestion, seemingly, took root in
Mr. Clark's mind, and some months later, while
in the East, he notified Mrs. White to confer
with architects in the drafting of plans for a
building to cost some $20,000. His communica-
SUN PARLOR
and kindly personal eft'ort to further the best
interests of the association.
Scores of others might be mentioned who have
loaned both effort, thought and means to the
success of this God-given task, whom many a
hungry, dejected soul has learned to bless from
a touched and softened heart.
As the association grew in age and stature, its
needs rapidly multiplied and the small frame
building originally occupied by it proved wholly
inadequate to meet them. The burning question
of how to meet this new demand with the lim-
ited funds at its command lay heavily upon the
hearts of more than one zealous member for
many days before its solution was reached.
Meanwhile, Mrs. White, anticipating events,
had taken the matter up quite seriously with
Hon. W. A. Clark, suggesting to him the neces-
sity for an ample home for the association.
tion also stated that his immediate family would
supply the furnishings for the institution in all
details. This was supposed to represent an ad-
ditional outlay of $10,000.
Plans were drawn and work begun, and, as
construction and furnishing progressed, the orig-
inal sums appropriated became exhausted many
times and, as often as this occurred, new appro-
priations were generously made until the build-
ing completed represents a total cost of not less
than $50,000. The only condition imposed upon
the association was that the name of the insti-
tution should be the Paul Clark Home, in mem-
ory of Mr. Clark's youngest son, who. during his
lamentably short life, devoted so much to deeds
of charity.
Mrs. White, at the request of Mr. Clark, as-
sumed complete control of the plans, material,
furnishings, etc., and, so great a burden did this
GREATER BUTTE.
57
impose upon her, she was forced to withdraw
from active charge of the Associated Charities,
and, for the last two years, has given her entire
thought and time to her new duties.
The completed structure, both exterior and in-
terior, is a most beautiful adornment to the city
and a lasting monument to Mr. Clark's public-
spiritedness. As it shall become better known,
its usefulness will impress more deeply the citi-
zens of Butte and a still keener appreciation of it
is in store. That it will immeasurably facilitate
the work of the Associated Charities is palpable,
and it is predicted that untold sutTering and dis-
tress will be relieved by its agency.
The building is constructed of rustic brick
with granite facings and arched entrance, and fin-
ished inside w-ith highly polished oak and ar-
into two large wards. Connecting the main
building and the hosjiital is a large sun parlor, the
sides of which are composed almost wholly of
glass. The illustration but faintly shows what
a great boon this feature will prove to the con-
valescing patient.
The first floor of the main building is com-
prised of office, reception, writing, reading and
dining rooms, day nursery, wardrobe, soup-room,
pantries and kitchen. On the second floor are the
sleeping-room for the day nursery, seven single
and three double bedrooms, matron's room, two
large linen-clnsets and hath and toilet rooms,
fitted up with every cnn\cnience. The third floor
has six single and two double bedrooms and a
trunk-room. Each room has its convenient
closets. The basement contains a large laun-
READING-ROOM.
tistic red brick fireplaces, and all the latest de-
vices for perfect ventilation. Its furnishings
are in perfect accord with the purposes for which
they are to be used, and, as shown by accompany-
ing illustrations, are simple but elegant.
The main building is three stories in height,
with a large, well-lighted basement. In the rear
is a hospital building one story high and divided
drv, drying-room, four large rooms for indus-
trial purposes, bath, toilet-rooms, wash-rooms,
fumigating closets, store-rooms, furnace-room
and large fuel compartments.
While the Paul Clark Home was originally
built for the purpose of serving as an auxiliary to
the .\ssociated Charities in the prosecution of a
larger work, the idea has more recentlv been ad-
58
BUTTE, MONTANA.
vanced with considerable reason that it presented
untold opportunities complete in themselves.
Many of those most actively interested in its
future feel that a great economic benefit may be
worked by converting the institution into an in-
dustrial home. In so doing opportunity will be
given many worthy persons for fitting themselves
to become independent, thereby carrying out on a
larger scale the idea of " helping the worthy poor
to help themselves." Even this course, how-
ever, would not deprive the Associated Charities
of the benefits originally sought in the erection
of the Home, the only result gained being a
broadening of the institution's possibilities.
A feature which will be adopted in any case
will serve as a great blessing to many dependent
women of large families, who at present are re-
strained from earning the means necessary for
their support. A nursery has been provided
for the care of the children of these women who
are of too tender an age to be left at their homes,
and by this means their mothers will be enabled
to seek employment otherwise denied them,
thereby being relieved of " next week's misery."
Even within the institution, if present plans are
carried out, opportunity will be granted a limited
number of these mothers to gain a livelihood by
performing work from which the institution may
derive a revenue, and, so far as possible, the
children will be given an opportunity to learn
vocations whereby they may make themselves
self-supporting. It is a grand work and both
the donors of the institution and those most
closely interested in its direction may be sure of a
full measure of reward for their liberality and
Christian charitv.
niNING.
The widespread growth encountered through-
out every other portion of Butte is multiplied by
a much larger number with respect to the mines.
True, the old Travona district, the first active
scene of quartz-mining, to the southwest of the
same uncouth desolation in which the last pick
left it — eloquently pleads for reverence.
Walkerville, to the extreme north, too, has its
mournful tale. There, gaunt in their deserted
grandeur, stand the gigantic mine and smelter
Stack of Centennial Smelter.
CRUMBLING RELICS OF THE TRAVONA DISTRICT.
city, is deserted. An occasional weed-grown
shack sheds the elements for some wayfarer, but
mining is dead, and the old surface structures,
fast crumbling to decay, are uncanny in the mem-
ories they conjure in the mind. Missoula Gulch,
though fast losing its identity northward under
the hand of new improvements, here — in the
structures of the Lexington, Moulton and Alice,
the two former never to resume their lives of use-
fulness, and the latter probably doomed to the
same destiny. The Magna Charta, Valdemere.
and other once important, though less noted,
mines, also, in their crumbling state, but add to
the truth that mining in this section is fast
exington Mine.
Lexington Smelt
Alice Mine.
Moulto
iMl
le and Smeller.
Alice Smelter.
Valdemere.
Magna Charta
ABANDONED SILVER PROPERTIES AT WALKERVILLE.
BUTTE, MONTANA.
laeconiing a lost industry. Some three miles west
from the city's limits, the Blue Bird and other
noted silver properties, contemporaries and lusty
rivals of the larger ones in Walkerville, have
yielded up the ghost and are being demolished.
But here ends the list of decline and decay.
Overwhelmingly outbalancing it, is the list of in-
crease and growth in mining activity elsewhere.
" The hill " is tlie old hill still, but a greater mys-
into the respective valleys. So well grounded is
this idea that there are many who hold that, as the
many leads are extended under the hill, thev will
take their owners completely under the city to the
south or across the valley to the east and into the
main range of the Rockies. Color is given this
theory by discoveries, while excavating, of several
most important leads in the very heart of the
business and residence sections of the citv, as well
IING SPOT ON EART
tery. Hundreds of claims, under the control of
a few owners, cover every available inch of this
wonderful spot from a point immediately south-
east of Walkerville to Meaderville. But the list
does not stop here. Not a square inch of ground
is there within the city's limits and running be-
yond, to east, south and west, but what is a pros-
pective mining claim, titles to which are almost
universally exempted in all deeds of conveyance
transferring surface rights. In other words, the
instance is rare indeed where a transfer of surface
rights by sale does not exclude the mineral de-
posits beneath such surface, so impressed is the
whole community with the idea that copper de-
posits on " the hill " do not end at its borders, but
extend downward on either side of the same, and
as in the lowest levels of the valley to the east.
Even beyond and along the opposite side thereof
and up the main pass through the divide, some
five miles east, important operations are being
prosecuted. The Homestake property is an im-
portant member of this group and promises new
and important fields in entirely new quarters.
Not one of the dozens of mines which honey-
comb " the hill " from either side has failed to
retain its " lead " at whatever depth it has sunk
its shaft and the general tendency of such lead is
to widen as greater depth is reached. As previ-
ously stated, copper is the ore primarily sought in
the whole Butte district, and the precious metals
are but by-products. In some cases these latter
furnish sufficient revenue to maintain the o]5era-
GREATER BUTTE.
tioiis of the entire property and the copper
liecomes a net profit to its owners.
In all there are some 225 mines in the immedi-
ate environments of the city, though many, it is
true, are but infantile in their proportions and
their owners are only performing their legal " rejj-
resentation " work. In the neighborhood of 13.-
000 men are employed in these mines and smelters
of this city. It may be added, in this connection,
that two other cities — Anaconda and (jreat Falls
— owe their existence to the smelters, which are
owned and operated at those points by the mine
owners of Butte. The largest institutions of
district today is the most important, from a min-
ing view, of any district on earth. For Mon-
tana's reputation as a great mining State, Butte
is almost wholly responsible. In fact, the state-
ment is often made that " Butte is Montana."
Though increased mining activity is beginning to
develop throughout other portions of the State
and many old sections are holding their own, the
gross output therefrom at present is insignificant
compared with the Butte section.
The relation of this section to outside sections
is shown in the following table of outputs for
1899:
Copper.
Silver.
Gold.
Lead.
Total.
..
140,882,492
59,414
112,742,893
9.043,942
11,292,447
3,526,710
$54,917,833
13,539,476
( )utside
1909,410
Totals . .. .
140,941,906
121,786,835
14,819,157
$909,410
$68,457,309
which this country at least can boast of that char-
acter are shuated in these three cities and give
employment to thousands of men.
To enumerate in detail all of the numberless
phases of the mining conditions existing through-
out the district would be in turn an endless task
and a tiresome repetition. Suffice to say that tiie
Too much importance can not be attached to
the fact that in this year the output of the State
increased just thirty-three per cent over the
previous year.
With Butte's mineral preeminence in Montana
established, its relation to the entire country and
to the world as a copper-producer is worthy of
^^
't: M
^M
mm^^.
FROM SOUTH SIDE.
62
BUTTE, MONTANA.
consideration. Perhaps nothing that could be
said upon the subject would speak more elo-
quently than a short excerpt from the annual
report of Hon. E. B. Braden, United States As-
sayer in Charge for Montana, which reads as fol-
lows :
" Previous to 1882, 80 per cent of all the cop-
per of the United States came from the mines
bordering on Lake Superior. In the following
year the Lake Superior region produced 51.6
per cent, Arizona 27 per cent, and Butte 21.4
per cent of the domestic copper. The percentage
of the Butte output continued to increase stead-
ily, and in 1887 it became greater than the yield
from the Lake Superior district. This lead has
ever since been advanced until, in 1898, when 60
per cent of all the world's copper was supplied
by the United States, Butte furnished 41 per cent.
Lake Superior 30 per cent, and Arizona 21 per
cent of all the domestic production. Butte thus
practically furnishes a quarter of the copper prod-
uct of the world."
The ratio of growth in mineral output in Sil-
ver Bow district during the period of 1882- 1899
is shown in the subjoined table from Mr. Braden's
report :
Gold, Silver, Copper,
Vear. Fine Ounces. Fine Ounces. Fine Pounds.
1SS2 12,093,750 2,699,296 9,058,284
1883 14,560,875 3,480,468 24,664,346
1884 21,776,006 4,481,180 43,093,1)54
1885 13,838,297 4,126,677 67,797,864
18S6- 31,223,450 5,924,180 57,611,485
1887 48,175,743 6,958,822 78,700,000
188S 44,320,062 8,275,768 98,504,000
1889 31,652,325 6,560,038 104,589,000
1890 25,704,730 7,500,000 112,700,000
189I 29,395,356 7,985,089 112,383,420
1892 36,222,560 8,311,130 158,413,284
1893 33.807,877 6,668,730 159,875,490
1894 36,768,015 7,561,124 185,194,385
1895 41,493,363 10,051,760 197,190,650
1896 59.815,755 11,120,731 228,886,962
1897 54,198,037 10,710,815 236,826,597
1898 55.038,589 8,996,555 216,648,077
1899 62,038,377 9.855.831 245,245,908
T(-)tal 652,368,167 131,268,203 2,337,382,824
To the above may be added the fact that the
world's output for the following year, or 1899,
showed a slight increase over the preceding one,
so divided as to maintain the percentage deduced
by Mr. Braden.
Figuring copper at the price prevailing during
the year of its production, the revenue from this
commodity represents a gross sum of $284,331.-
746. If the same price had been enjoyed during
these years, as will doubtless maintain, if not in-
crease, in the future, the copper output to date
would have represented a gross revenue of about
$400,000,000.
It is doubtful if the people of this, or any
other, section fully comprehend the importance of
Montana as a mining State. It has been more
generally classed as one of the States of the
" mining West," many other States enjoying the
same general reputation that should specifically
apply to Montana first — placing even the much
boasted Colorado mineral wealth well into second
position. From the table shown on page 6 it is
THE "SMOKEHOUSE."
Discov ered within the \ear in heart of city, while excavating,
and sold for half a million.
believed that the true relation of Montana to the
mining industry, not only of the West, but to the
whole country, will be universally recognized for
the first time. In this table it is impossible to
show the precise value of iron production. This
GREATER BUTTE.
63
kind of ore is treated or reduced to pig iron at
points foreign to the mine, and no credits are
given to the producing section, values being
placed upon the pig iron after treatment of the
ore. Of the three sections producing iron ore,
the Lake Superior region produces approximately
three-fourths, the Southern States two-thirds of
the remainder, and all other States but one-third.
As the Lake Superior region undoubtedly is syn-
onymous with Ll'pper Michigan as regards the
iron industry, for purposes of calculation. Michi-
only leads the entire West, but will be a competi-
tor for first place as the greatest mining State of
the Union.
As for Butte's part in the State's great future,
precise prediction would appear presumptive.
That it will continue its present tremendous lead
no competent authority doubts. That it will en-
joy the steady growth of the past, trebled and
quadrupled by virtue of increased mining activ-
ity, aided no little by a logical growth along com-
mercial and manufacturing lines, seems modest
gan is credited with three-fourths of the total
value of pig iron production in the table. This,
no doubt, is greatly in excess of the true value of
the crude ore, but hardly sufficient to change the
relative positions of the States as named.
It will be seen that Montana is easily the third
wealthiest in point of production of all the min-
ing States of the country. Michigan leading, with
Pennsylvania second. In copper production
Montana leads all other States, approximately
40 per cent of the nation's output coming from
Butte. First place in silver production also be-
longs to Montana, the greater percentage of
which comes from Butte as a by-product in cop-
per mining. Gold, coal and lead make a most
creditable showing, especially in the two latter,
considering the brevity of operations in those
fields.
With the prestige thus enjoyed and with the
prosecution of extensive development work all
along the line throughout the whole State, the
prediction seems quite permissible that Montana
will not only continue to hold her own. but will
forge ahead each succeeding vear. until she not
enough to predict ; but, without infallibility, a
prediction less optimistic would seem absurd, and
every sign but reinforces its truth.
A more detailed reference to the principal mines
of the city, located, without exception, upon or
contiguous to " the hill." together with smelters
operated in connection therewith, lying along the
valley to the south, follows, and verifies elo-
quently many statements preceding, which, but
for such corroboration, may have been open to the
charge of too much zeal.
It has been shown elsewhere that the large ma-
jority of the mines and smelters of the Butte
district are controlled by a few large mining
corporations. These companies control in over-
whelming proportions all of the mineral rights
underlying " the hill " on either side from Walk-
erville to Meaderville and. in most cases, the sur-
face rights as well.
The corporations thus referred to are the Ana-
conda Copper Mining Company. Colusa Parrot
Mining Company (Clark interests), Boston and
Alontana JNIining Company, Butte and Boston
Mining Company, Montana Ore Purchasing
BUTTE, MONTANA.
Company, Colorado Mining and Smelting Com-
pany, Parrot Mining Company and the Largey
estate interests.
Smelters are operated in Butte in connection
with the Colusa Parrot, Butte and Boston, Mon-
tana Ore Purchasing, Colorado Mining and
Smelting and Parrot Mining Companies' prop-
erties, while the Anaconda mines send their ores
to their smelters at Anaconda over their own
railroad — the Butte, Anaconda & Pacific —
and those of the Boston and Montana are sent to
their Great Falls works over the Montana Cen-
tral Railroad for reduction.
In addition to these corporations there are any
number of smaller ones and, in many cases, of
individual owners whose properties are scat-
finality a work of twice the thickness would be
required.
All through the area most generously endowed
are hundreds of shafts, marked by gallows frames
and dumps of various sizes, which mark the
varying progress of different claims, all of such
an identical appearance that no distinctive fea-
ture could be shown, save in the name. This is
true of many sections of the city itself, and the
instance is not rare of mining operations on a lim-
ited scale being conducted in vacant lots lying
between two dwellings, stores, etc.
The order observed in the following illustra-
tions, it is thought, will give a clearer idea of the
general mining situation in connection with the
distribution of the mines according to district
tered throughout the same area covered by the
larger corporations and which are developing
into first-class propositions. The ores from
these mines are sent to the various smelters above
enumerated for reduction.
In making specific reference to the mines of
Butte by means of illustration, the method thus
employed of reinforcing Butte's claims to first
position among the mining districts of the world
presented such an endless task, so characterized
by a seemingly tireless repetition, that the neces-
sity of confining the list to the larger interests
appeared mandatory. If taken through to a
than if classification were made under heads of
tlie various corporations. The idea has been to
pick up the thread of the earlier portion of this
chapter, and by illustration show where active
mining operations begin as compared to the de-
cay in other sections. It will thus be seen what
is meant by the overwhelming increase of the
new over the old. The list begins at Walkerville,
proceeds thence to Centerville along the south-
ern and western slopes of " the hill " as it zig-
zags in its southeasterly direction until Meader-
ville is reached, and thence north along the eastern
slope until operations ]iracticallv cease.
GREATER BUTTE.
Anaconda property. Southwest slope of Hi
BUFFALO,
iistrict. Depth, i, 600 feet. Emplo
Weekly output, 500 tons.
BUTTE, MONTANA.
MOUNTAIN CONSOLIDATED. No. 2.
Anaconda property. South slope of Hill. Center^ille district. Depth, I, Soo feet. Employs 300 men. Weekly output, 2,500 tons.
GREATER BUTTE.
67
-/fei:^'.^^ --
r^^fi^(l^<W'^^ '
~1^-n^^^t
MOUNTAIN CONSOLIDATED,
68
BUTTE, MONTANA.
UnderleasetoM.O. p. Co. Ce:
pth, 400 feet. Employs 50 r
GREATER BUTTE.
4
i
DIAMOND,
naconda property. Crest of Hill. Center\ ille district. Depth, 2.200 feet. Employs 550 men. Weekly output, 6,000 tons.
BUTTE, MONTANA.
GREATER BUTTE.
•Anaconda Hill." Largest mine in city. Scene of ^^^ °=''>''^ <^='''^.^f";;''" "I, "
Depth, 1,800 feet. Employs 1,400 men. W eekly output, 9,
icleus of all .\naconda properti^
NEVERSWEAT.
elow ground. Southwest of .Xnaconda mine. A. C. M. Co. property.
Employs 600 men. Weekly output, 4,500 tons.
BUTTE, MONTANA.
RAMSDELL'S PARROT.
South of Neversweat. Named for Joe Ramsdell. A. C. M. Co. property. Depth, 600 feet. Emplo
Weekly output, 1,600 t
COLUSA PARROT.
West of Ranisilcll Parrot. Clark's property. Depth, 1,600 feet. Employs 350 r
GREATER BUTTE.
Before destruction by fire the
St year. Depth, 1,300 feet,
iiployed 350 men. West of
• lusa Parrot.
STEWART.
Clark property. Depth, 1,100 feet. Employs
BUTTE, MONTANA.
ORIGINAL
On lode where was found a hole dug presumably by Indians. Siiulli
Depth, 1,300 feel. Employs 200 mei
GREATER BUTTE.
75
Adjoining Origin
GAGNON.
Col. M. & S. Co. property. Depth, i.Soo feet. Employs
Anaconda Hill in background to the t
BUTTE, MONTANA.
^
H
^IH
-!i n, n ii 5 ^^[n
***'"'•- ""'r^S-JW|^
''V^^^ , ^^ft ^^^0^ .
■^K|fe^ >■■"' >^- "^ A/'^ ■'
Washoe property. South side Anaconda Hill. Depth, 1,500 feet. Employs 350 r
Depth, 1,600 feet. Empl
GREATER BUTTE.
SILVER BOW, NO.
stabled OH 400 level
78
BUTTE, MONTANA.
SILVER BOW. NO. 3.
B. & B. property. South of Hill. Ee
city. Depth, 500 feet. Employs 50 i
MOUNTAIN VIEW.
&M. property. Highest point on Anaconda Hill, f.iiiiig Mtadenille. Depth, 1,750 feet. Employs 125 men. Has 14 <
GREATER BUTTE.
79
M. O. P. Go's property. First mine acquired by F. Aug. He
RARUS.
East slope of Hill. Meade
) district. Employs 250 men. Depth, 1,100 feet.
BUTTE, MONTANA.
GREATER BUTTE.
WEST COLUSA.
.& M. property. East side of Hill. Meaderville District. Depth, 1.370 feet. Employs
, & M.iiropertv. Bas
EAST COLUSA,
.slope of Hill. Meaderville district. Depth, Soo feet. Empio
BUTTE, .MONTANA.
Weekly output, 1.200 tons.
GREATER BUTTE
SPECULATOR,
argey estate property. East slope of Hill. Farthest north in Meaderville i
Depth, r,20o feet. Employs 70 n
One of the best equipped 1
MONTANA ORE PURCHASING COMPANY'S SMELTER.
East slope of Hill. MeaderN ilk- district. Scene of Heinzes initial operations. Employs 350 r
BUTTE, MONTANA.
rE AND BOSTON SMELTER
Southeast slope of Hi
GREATER BUTTE.
THE RED nETAL.
MMm
STEEL STACK
12 FEET HIGH.
HE mechanical
steps, as fol-
lowed in a
general way
t h r o u ghout
the various
( le V e lopments
iif a mine,
from its in-
ception to a
stage which surpasses the imagination and
makes description impossible, can not fail of a
lively interest.
It has already been stated that the mineral
right underlying every available inch of surface
ground for a large area is firmly held by virtue
of location, purchase or otherwise, oftentimes
by parties other than the surface owners. That
these rights are subject to purchase is as true,
in a majority of cases, as is the fact that the
surface right may be bought for sufficient con-
sideration.
Whoever is fortunate enough to own the
mineral right of a particular portion of this
THE PRIMITIVE WINDLASS.
wonderful area has made an important start.
Failing this, he is compelled either to purchase
such right or to " lease and bond " the same.
By the terms of the latter agreement the lessee
undertakes to develop such claim to a certain
depth, to employ a given number of men. to tim-
ber all shafts and drifts, and to pay the lessee a
royalty on all ores extracted from the claim.
The lessor, on his part, agrees and undertakes
to sell such claim to the lessee within the time
stipulated in the lease at a price agreed upon
therein. Thus the lessee becomes the nominal
owner for the time being, with the right to pur-
chase. By this process he either takes up the
work where the owner or a previous lessee has
laid it down, or starts at the very beginning
and breaks ground for the first time upon the
claim. In the latter case a " prospect hole " is
the first step taken and the thing sought is pal-
pably a " lead." If the lead is found and a
vein of sufficient value is uncovered to warrant
it work is continued.
As the vein becomes more clearly defined and
the prospect hole deepens, excavation by the
usual methods employed in digging a hole or
ditch becomes impracticable, and the first sur-
face structure, a " windlass," is erected over
the opening or the mouth of the hole, and the lat-
THE RED lAIETAL.
ter is thenceforth designated as a " shaft." At
this juncture, to prevent shifting of the earth
from the sides of the shaft, heavy timbers are
installed to brace the side walls, and in this
manner the shaft is boarded in on all sides as it
deepens. A large bucket is lowered from or
raised to the surface by means of the windlass,
and as the excavated matter is hauled to the sur-
face it is " dumped " into a primitive ore bin if
it carries ore values, otherwise onto the waste
dump and there to remain.
It is the practice of all mines in this section to
establish a " level " at every hundred feet of the
shaft, and when this important stage is reached
many instances this order of things is not found
expedient, and the gallows frame is erected at the
very outset. The bucket, too, has gone the way of
the windlass, and the whim and a steel skeleton-
like contrivance known as the " cage " is intro-
duced as the vehicle for hoisting purposes, the ore
cars being run upon them and car and cage raised
to the surface. A more pretentious ore bin, too,
has been constructed and tracks are run both to it
and to the waste pile or dump. To one of these
the cars are taken and unloaded, propelled by
either man or horse power.
As the drift extends new leads are encountered
and new drifts or " crosscuts " are established.
HORSE WHII
the mine takes on a new significance. While
work continues to be prosecuted at the " sump "
end or bottom of the shaft to secure greater
depth, a " drift " or tunnel is also started at a
right angle to or in a horizontal direction from
the shaft and approximately in the direction of
the ore body. Thus is established the first or
" one hundred " level. Tracks are now laid
along the floor of the drift, and along these
" ore cars " are run from the point of operations
to the " station " at the shaft end of the drift.
Meanwhile the surface structure has taken on
a new aspect. The windlass has outlived its
usefulness, as greater hoisting power is re-
quired, and in its place a horse " whim " is
erected. This is soon followed by a more sub-
stantial though diminutive hoisting device known
as the " gallows frame," made of heavy timbers,
and steam power is substituted for horse. In
By the time this stage of development has been
reached, if not previously found necessary, al-
though it ordinarily has been from the very outset,
the rebellious nature of the ground has compelled
the use of other implements than pick and shovel,
and resort is made to giant explosives in breaking
the way. Before these explosives can be used,
deep holes are first necessary and, for the purpose
of making them, a drill team of two men is put to
work, one of the team holding the drill — a cold
chisel sort of device — while the other wields his
sledge, pounding the drill deeper and deeper into
the face of the rock.
No more machine-like exhibition can be found
anywhere than is displayed by this class of miner.
Every stroke is in perfect rhythm, the sledge strik-
ing the drill squarely upon the head with uner-
ring precision. Whether swung from above, be-
low or either side, the result is alwavs the same,
BUTTE, MONTANA.
the sledge always finding the mark. As the first
drill, by reason of its inferior length, renders its
holding dangerous to the hand, it is neatly extri-
cated, while yet the sledge is in motion for the suc-
ceeding stroke, and another inserted of greater
length, and the blow falls as before, squarely upon
the head of the new drill and not a motion or a
second wasted. Likewise with the changing of
positions of the two inen. As the sledge descends
dozen or more have been drilled into the face of the
rock. Then is inserted the explosive, a fuse is at-
tached and all withdraw to safe distances until the
report tells them to return. Thus foot by foot
and yard by yard the drift is pushed further and
further along toward or through the ore body,
cars speedily removing the debris to the station
and thence to the surface, while new tracks con-
stantly keep apace with the progress of the drift.
'TWO-DECKER.'
GALLOWS FRAME.
upon the drill and begins to describe a new circle
for another blow the member of the team who
previously held the drill grasps the sledge without
so much as a pause in its course, the other member
grasps the drill and the blow descends as before,
squarely upon the head of the drill and not a mo-
tion or a second wasted.
Thus turn about, first one and then the other
wields the sledge until the hole is complete. An-
other hole and still another follows, until a half
jNIeanwhile the ore body is attacked along the
ceiling of the main drift by the " stoping " proc-
ess, great quantities of ore being blasted away
from the top of the drift and, falling to the floor
thereof, are carried to the surface. If the charac-
ter of the ground through which the drift is run
is of a yielding nature common to earth formation,
as the drift progresses its sides are timbered by
strong beams and boards, and, as the stoping
process continues, a timbered roof is built to the
THE RED METAL.
drift, which becomes the first floor of the stope.
In many cases the character of the ground worked
is of such a nature that very little or no timbering
is required, the safety of the mine or miners in
nowise being jeopardized by the absence of the
same.
Skeleton frames of powerful scafifolding are
erected, however, from the floor of the drift, even
in this class of ground, in order to permit of the
laying of additional floors in the stope above.
Stoping operations are exclusively followed, in
working from one level to another, larger quan-
tities of earth being more easily dislodged by
working from the ceiling, and the drift floors are
1
9
1
1
•
first few levels, which follow in regular order of
one hundred feet as the shaft descends, the stop-
ing process does not constitute so large a portion
of the operations, the vein at this depth not hav-
ing developed sufficient width nor value to war-
thus kept intact for the rapid transit of cars to
and from the station. In many mines of Butte
these stoping chambers are three hundred or more
feet wide, but the presence of so much timbering
renders their illustration impossible. Along the
CARRYING ORE TO THE BIN.
rant it. As greater depths are reached, however,
the mine expands in every direction.
Then comes the widening of the shaft. From
a " one compartment " shaft, admitting of the
passage of but one cage, it graduates into a two-
compartment shaft and another cage is intro-
duced, each operated separately from the other.
A third compartment is also found necessary in
most cases, for the running of all manner of pipes
and wires necessary to the successful operation of
the mines. Unlike many other kinds of mining,
no gases are encountered in the mines of Butte.
Notwithstanding this fact, every care is taken to
supply all levels with a constantly changing air,
thus overcoming in short order the bad effects
caused by blasting, etc. Immense engines for this
purpose are installed at a convenient point near
the mouth of the shaft, and are most carefully in-
spected. Water, too, is an element to be figured
upon no little in the operation of the mine, large
quantities of it seeping through the sides and
roofs of the respective drifts, and upon its im-
mediate elimination from the workings very
much depends.
Compressed air for the operation of the air-
drills throughout the mines is also found neces-
sarv with the introduction of this class of drill in
90
BUTTE, MONTANA.
substitution for the hand drill. These drills are
many times more efficacious than the more primi-
tive drill heretofore described, operating much the
same as an auger, boring their way into solid rock
with the ease that that instrument would into a
pine board. Power to operate them is furnished
in compressed air, and when it is realized that no
less than 250 of these machines are being oper-
ated in one single mine, the Anaconda, this fea-
ture alone takes on a gigantic significance.
has the surface appearance undergone a change.
Still again has the gallows frame proved its in-
sufficiency. A greater hoisting power has been
found necessary by reason of increased quanti-
ties of ore and waste resulting from the exten-
sion of shaft, drift, stope and crosscut, and with
this necessity is born the steel gallows frame. So
popular is this style of frame becoming that
many of the mines are tearing down their old
shafthouses, which enclosed the less pretentious
HAND DRILLING.
Aside from the proverbial candle with which all
miners go armed, a complete system of electric
lighting is installed in every mine, lights running
along the roof of all drifts and crosscuts, light-
ing the dark interiors and permitting of the most
expeditious prosecution of all branches of opera-
tions. The lamp is an unknown article below
ground in this section.
For these pipes of all kinds, wires, speaking
tubes, etc., the creation of the third compartment
in nearly all mines is a most necessary essential.
But the expansion does not stop here. Again
wooden affairs, and are erecting these mammoth
skeletons of steel, securing greater strength and
longevity and minimizing the possibilities of fire
being communicated underground in case of the
burning of the surface works. They are so built
as to support the greatest weight at the least ex-
pense to the permanent stability of the structure
and range in height from no to 125 feet.
Nicely poised at the top are two immense wheels,
independent of each other, over which a woven
belt or cable passes, connecting the cage with the
hoisting apparatus. This belt is a powerfully
THE RED METAL.
91
made arrangement about one inch in thickness
and about eight in width. So perfect is the ac-
tion of this belt over the winding drum of the
hoisting machine and the wheel of the gallows
frame, and so sure the progress of the cage, either
up or down, that the latter seems rather to he
a novice in descending by the cage route, and
some of the illustrations are products of his first
trip.
In raising and lowering the cages to and from
the different levels, broad stripes, painted on the
outer side of the belt described, indicate to the
dropped to the bottom or shot to the top than to
be handled like an elevator in our modern busi-
ness buildings.
The novice on his first trip can thank his patron
saint if his heart still beats at the completion of
the same, providing the same degree of speed is
given his particular cage as is given those han-
dling the hardened miners. It will be observed
that some of the accompanying illustrations of
scenes below ground are not so good as others.
The photographer responsible for the same was
engineer, sitting at his most responsible post, the
exact location of either cage and permit the pre-
cise stoppage of the same at whatever level is
desired. It might be mentioned that safety locks
are placed at the top of each cage, which auto-
matically fall out, in the event of the breaking of
the belt or cable, holding the same and arresting
its further descent.
Change is also noted elsewhere. In addition to
the increase in the number of shafts or compart-
ments thereto, increase also is made in the nuinber
92
BUTTE, MONTANA.
of cages to each shaft. Palpably two cages can
not ascend or descend in opposite directions in the
same compartment. To obviate further increase
of compartments, " two decker " and " four
decker " cages, or what is the same as two or four
single cages fastened one on top of the other, are
employed in many of the mines. In still other
mines but two decks are thus utilized for cages,
the space devoted in the four decker to the two
remaining cages being used for a " skip." This
skip is an arrangement not much different from
what two cages would be if placed one on top
taneousiy. Once filled, signals are rung by an
electric bell system into the engine-room and the
skip and cages are elevated.
Arrived at the top, the cars are run off onto
the tracks at the surface, after which the skip is
hoisted to about twice its length above the
surface, and, by an automatic arrangement,
turns completely over and outward from the
gallows frame, and empties its contents into
a temporary bin immediately alongside of the
structure. This system contemplates the use of
larger cars, which, propelled by a steam locomo-
iioo-foot le\'el, Original Mine, i
of the other with the floor of the upper and the
roof of the lower one removed and a sheet-iron or
steel jacket placed on the outside of the whole.
Thus, both skip or cages or both may be used for
hoisting ore or waste to the surface while the
cages may be used in raising and lowering min-
ers.
In filling the skips at the different levels, a
chute is dug a few feet back from each station in
the center of the drift, descending for some feet
and finding an outlet in the side of the shaft.
Into this chute the ore is dumped and is released
into the skip at the will of the attendant. In
this manner both skip and cages are filled simul-
tive of diminutive size, are backed under the tem-
porary bin and transfer its contents to the larger
ore bin. So perfect is the discipline maintained
in the loading and unloading of cages and skips,
and so well timed are these operations that almost
to the second the signals to lower the one cage and
raise the other are sounded in the engine room.
With the mine's development and the creation
of immense tunnels wholly denuded of ore and
abandoned, the waste matter, which carries no
ore, is thrown into these deserted workings and
the necessity of its elevation to the surface is
obviated. Long before this period is reached,
however, the waste dump has grown to immense
THE RED METAL.
93
WORTHINGTON PUMP IN OPERATION, 1,100 FEET BELOW SURFACE.
*^i,- I*
f\
Drilling into solid granite. 1,700-loot level, Anaconda Mi
94
BUTTE, :\IOXTA\A.
proportions, towering moimtain high above the
ground. The plan usually pursued is to erect an
immense trestle, running off from the lower slope
of the hill, along which a track is laid and gradu-
ally the whole trestle loses its shape, buried be-
neath tons and tons of waste matter dug from the
bowels of the earth, of no possible value, yet silent
witnesses to one of the world's greatest industries.
Extension of these dumps are made from time to
time, or entirely new ones are erected, running at
a different angle.
With development have come other changes in
the surface workings. New machinery of pow-
erful capacity, and for every necessity has suc-
ceeded the old; with the increased demand for
timber, large sawmills are erected at convenient
access to the shafthouse or gallows frame, ant!
millions of feet of lumber are cut into exact sizes
and sent below to reinforce the battered walls.
Where once a series of stacks carried away
the smoke from the mammoth furnaces, the single
stack, from loo to 125 feet in height, is gradually
superseding them. And thus the development
goes on. One mine, older or richer than the
other, setting a new example and the remainder
falling into line.
Below the surface, also, expansion and growth
follow rapidly. Each day sees the drifts and
crosscuts extended, the stoping pushed further
to either side or higher up and the sump sunk
to a deeper level. So consistently, so persever-
ingly is the system pursued that oftentimes a
new shaft is sunk at the farthest opposite boun-
STEEL GALLOWS FRAME.
STEAM ORE CARS.
THE RED ^[ETAL.
95
dary of the claim, and thus the work of digging,
tearing, blowing out is prosecuted from both ends
of the vein and the output thereby largely in-
creased. In such cases or in groups of mines
operated by one company the machinery of one
mine is made to do duty for all, supplying fresh
and compressed air, electricity, etc., to the levels
of all.
One remarkable fact not common to all mining
sections is that one can pass from one mine to an-
other on the different levels for great distances.
It is a truth that one can descend a shaft of a mine
in Walkerville and ascend through the shaft of
another at Meaderville, two miles or more away,
without coming to the surface. So convenient
is this system, due to the establishment of regular
levels at given depths, that many surface workings
of large mines have been wholly abandoned, even
the ore being run into the levels of one mine
■ FOUR-DECKER.
GOING DOWN.
centrally located and all hoisted through the one
shaft.
In the case of the recent fire which destroyed
the surface buildings of the Parrot mine, the
miners, shut off from the raging flames at the very
mouth of the shaft, found easy escape through the
levels and shafts of no less than half a dozen
different mines.
It is upon this fact of proximity and continuity
of veins that so many mining suits of such tre-
mendous proportions have been based, and which
has made the term " apex " so common a word in
the Butte vernacular. The generally recognized
mining laws hold that the establishment of the
fact that any given vein " apexes " in any certain
claim gives the owner of that claim the right to
work the whole of said vein wherever -it takes
him, if across the side boundary lines of such
claim, although estopping him from proceeding
bevond the end lines. With hundreds of claims,
BUTTE, MONTANA.
if not thousands, paralleling each other, some line
of one serving as some line of another, the oppor-
tunity for irreconcilable differences in many in-
stances at once suggests itself.
And thus in a general way proceeds the never-
ceasing search and production of Butte's hidden
treasures. By day and by night the work goes
on — once the elusive vein is found — one shift
following the other and taking up the work where
it was left off. Each mine has its superintendent
or foreman, and also its shift boss, whose duties
include a continuous inspection of the work being
performed throughout the mine, along the drifts
and crosscuts, up in the stope and down in the low
levels of the sump.
What the great body of men employed, working
year in and year out, have accomplished for
these many years the most active imagination
fails to grasp. What a honeycomb of tunnels and
shafts shooting in every conceivable direction lies
beneath the surface of the small area surround-
ing Butte, braced and supported by millions and
millions of feet of stanch timbers, no pen can
describe, no picture show.
And yet a start only has been made. New ma-
chinery of greater power is being added to all the
plants. Hoisting apparatus capable of raising or
lowering cages from or to a depth of 4,000 or
5,000 feet are being installed, a depth not yet half
attained, the average depth of the larger mines
being about 2,000 feet, with a few reaching to the
2,300 level. Page upon page could be written of
INCLINE SHAFT.
specific incidents which would but reinforce the
truth that the half has never yet been told con-
cerning the possibilities of the future and increase
the wonderment as to what the whole will reveal.
any opera-
tions enter-
ing into the
pro duction
of copper do
not end here.
In fact they
have but be-
in a general way,
:icd beneath the ground, ele-
vated to the surface and finds its way to the
dump or to the ore bin. The ore bin, in the
mine's greater development, is not unlike a large
grain elevator. On the side opposite from where
the ore is emptied into it and some ten or twelve
feet from the ground, large chutes, operated by
cranks and gears, are raised and lowered and
through these the ore is removed.
In most cases, standard gauge tracks have been
run beneath the chutes, which enable ore cars,
similar to the ordinary flat car, with sides and
special unloading devices, to be run alongside,
propelled by the ordinary switch engine. In
other cases much smaller cars, propelled by elec-
tric power are used, and, in rare cases, either ore
wagons or miniature ore cars, running upon nar-
row tracks, are utilized, drawn, respectively, by
two and three teams or by a single horse. In
cases where standard tracks are used, as the ore
accumulates the cars are run in and loaded, and
as rapidly as complete trains are made up they
are hauled by powerful locomotives to the smelt-
ers controlled by the respective mining compa-
nies.
So complete has this system of railroad devel-
opment proceeded that " the hill " is a perfect
network of lines, running in every conceivable
direction and at all manner of grades, the hill on
closer inspection appearing to be terraced at
every few yards by recurring tracks. Much
smaller quantities of ore are handled by electric
cars and never more than four cars constitute a
train of this character. The amount of ore han-
dled by horse-power is infinitesimal, and as the
mine develops sufficiently to justify it steam
power is substituted.
THE RED ^[ETAL.
97
Li addition to the numerous smelters oper-
ated in Butte, immense plants have been erected
in Great Falls and Anaconda, and still further
additions are in course of construction in the
latter city, making that city easily the largest
smelter town in the country, if not m the world
Trains consisting of from twenty to ti)it\ t ii ^
carrying ore exclusively, are constanth tollnw
ing each other to the smelters of these lUrs m
those in Butte, in the former case o\li the luu-.
of railroad operated by the respectne raihuul
companies.
Arrived at the smelter, the ore is again placed
ELECTRIC ORE CARS.
Operated through center of
STEAM ORE CARS.
in receiving bins. There are two kinds of ores,
in point of quality — first and second class.
First-class ore, according to the Butte classifica-
tion, runs not less than seven per cent copper
and is known as smelting ore or ore that is im-
mediately melted without preliminary treatment.
Second-class ore runs from two and one-half to
seven per cent copper and is known as " concen-
trating " ore, and is sent to the concentrator. The
purpose of concentration, plainly, is to eliminate
a portion of the foreign matter and thus mini-
mize the burden of the smelting department. As
the treatment to which this class of ore is sub-
jected precedes the smelting process, this phase
will be considered first.
The principle employed throughout the con-
centration stages in every case is specific gravity,
the specific gravity of mineral over the other
ingredients being utilized to disintegrate the one
from the other. The ore is first released from
the bin through a chute and fed into the jaws
(if a powerful crusher, which reduces the rock
HORSE ORE CAR
SIX-HORSE ORE TEAMS.
to the approximate size of a walnut. The ore
in turn then passes through succeeding sets of
crushers, each reducing the size of the rock until
it passes finally between two wheel crushers, the
wheels revolving in opposite directions, which
reiluce the rock to about the size of sifted gravel.
Ilie ore is now run into jigs, at which stage the
principle of specific gravity first is utilized.
Water has been combined with the crushed rock
98
BUTTE, MONTANA.
and all is hydraulically forced through the
troughs of the jigs, the silica being sufficiently
light to be carried off, while sieves underneath
the troughs allow a portion of the minerals, by
reason of their specific gravity, to pass through,
the jigs being given a motion similar to that
which their name indicates to aid this operation.
The mineral thus abstracted is called " con-
centrates," and is conducted directlv to the roast-
undergo exactly the same treatment as in the
initial one, resulting in the abstraction of some
mineral and the elimination of some silica. And
thus on. from one series of jigs to another, one
a little lower than the other, the middlings arc
carried from floor to floor, each series perform-
ing its proportion of work. Finally is reached
the Huntingdon crusher at the lowermost end
of the jigs and into this the middlings are run
(HUNTINGDON CRUSHER.
INITIAL CRUSHER.
ing furnaces, all necessity for further concentra-
tion palpably being obviated. While some min-
eral has thus been abstracted and some silica
has been eliminated from the crushed rock, quan-
tities of either still remain in the great bulk that
has passed over the initial jig, and must be fur-
ther concentrated. That which remains yet to
be concentrated is called " middlings," and is
carried on to the ne.xt series of jigs, there to
and ground into a fine powder, not much coarser
than flour.
Emerging from the Huntingdon the ore seems
to have disappeared and muddy water to have
been substituted. This is now conveyed to the
" tables," which, likewise, utilize the principle
of separation by specific gravity. The " round
table " is the first to which the muddy water is
run. It is an immense circular affair, its surface
THE RED METAL.
99
CONCENTRATING JIGS.
Sliowin.e: four floors de\-oled to these
ROUND TABLES.
100
BUTTE, MOXTANA.
sloping iinifornily from the center to the outer
edge, and is given a revolving motion which
never ceases. Large pipes run separately from
above the center of the table, carrying, respec-
tively, the muddy w^ater and clear water.
The muddy water is released from the center
upon a given half of the table under a nicely
adjusted pressure and the clear water likewise
upon the other half. As the muddy water passes
downward over the surface of the table, the min ■
eral, in its powdered condition, naturally flows
less rapidly by reason of its greater weight and
point where the muddy water will be poured
upon it, a series of small waterspouts arranged
above the surface of the table from center to
outer edge, shoot strong streams across the sur-
face, clearing it of the mineral as the table passes
under. Thus a clean surface is constantly pass-
ing under the pipes carrying the muddy water
and, automatically and without ceasing, the table
is continually carrying its treasure of mineral
around to the spouts to be swept ofl^ and treated
as other concentrates.
Still another process is necessary, however,
WILFLEY TABLE.
Showitig separation of niiiieia
cleaves to the surface, while the water and less
weighty ground substances How with sufficient
rapidity to pass completely from off the table
and into receiving sluices provided therefor.
.Meanwhile the table, constantly turning, has
carried the mineral remaining upon the surface
around to the ojiposite side and over this the
clear water is allowed to flow, eliminating still
further ])ortions of foreign matter not carried
away by separation u])on the initial half of the
table.
As the table still furlhcr revolves, carrying tiie
mineral with it. ;uid iust before it reaches the
before the middlings are deprived of sufficient
values to warrant a termination of further treat-
ment by concentration. The middlings that have
passed over the round table are next conducted
through sluices to a different type of table,
known as the Wilfley, in which the principle of
specific gravity, differently applied, is used.
These tables are long and narrow, with the foot
a trifle lower than the head, and with a slight
slant from side to side. A quick, jerking move-
ment from end to end, similar to the jigs, is given
these tables.
Along the surface from end to end and about
THR RED METAL.
101
END OF CALCINE OVEN
Showing plo«s cnergins from
102
BUTTE, MONTANA.
DRAWING OFF
PREPARING TO FILL CONVERTER WITH CHARGE OF MATTE.
THE RED METAL.
103
an inch apart are fastened most delicate strips
of metal of barely perceptible thickness. As the
middlings or muddy water is rnn from the round
table it is brought to the Wilfley table and pre-
cipitated from along the side, near the head.
Here again the specific gravity of the mineral
permits it to cling to the surface of the table,
aided by the strips, while the foreign matter
passes on over the table and is carried away to
the final tailings dumps. Eight-tenths to one and
two-tenths per cent of mineral is carried in these
tailings anfl no machinery would pay for its oper-
second-class ore, carrying from two and one-
lialf to seven per cent, were taken directly to the
smelter, as is the first-class ore, all of the foreign
matter disposed of by concentration would have
to be handled through the succeeding stages.
Whereas, by eliminating it, the matter abstracted
and taken to the smelter carries fully two to five
times as large a percentage of copper. In other
words, tons of ore turned into the crusher are
taken away to the tailings dump and the neces-
sity of smelting this great amount is obviated.
While much foreign matter has been separated
k ' ■ ' ^^ff ^^^i: -Id mi
■ByM^^_^
CONVERTERS BLOWING.
ation in abstracting values from them. The min-
eral meanwhile adhering to the surface of the
table gradually works its way to the foot and is
held in its place by the strips, while constantly
running water still further eliminates the foreign
matter not washed away by the first separation
of the tailings. As it reaches the end of the
table, it passes over and, like the previously
secured concentrates, is taken to the furnaces.
The average percentage of copper in all the
concentrates secured front the concentrating
process by means of the jigs and tables is about
twelve per cent. It will thus be seen how by this
process the operations following concentration
are relieved of a vast amount of work. If the
from the ore, however, there still remains a great
deal.
The foreign matter in Butte ores consists of
from forty-five to seventy per cent silica and the
lialaiice of iron and sulphur.
The concentrates still contain but nine to four-
teen per cent of copper, the remainder running
about twenty to twenty-five per cent silica, forty
per cent sulphur and the balance in iron and
other base metals.
The next step is the elimination of the greater
portion of the sulphur by roasting, which step
is the first one encoimtered in the smelter proper.
The concentrates are run through hoppers upon
the beds of huge enclosed ovens, under which
104
BUTTE, MONTANA.
fires are constantly kept burning, the concentrates
lying about two inches deep. These ovens are of
a great length and lie usually one above the
other. As the concentrates drop from the hopper
into the oven, a plow-like device, with teeth a
few inches apart, guided by wheels running upon
tracks at either side of the oven and propelled
by endless metal belts, scatter them along the
surface and push them a little farther into the
oven. At given intervals, other plows appear,
turning the concentrates, pushing them a little
eight or nine per cent. This being a sufficiently
low per cent they are automatically pushed into
waiting cars at the ends of the oven, and are car-
ried to the " reverberatory furnaces."
The roasted ore is now known as " calcines."
The reverberatory furnace is so called for the
reason that the flames therein are made to rever-
berate and whirl. The calcines are dumped into
hoppers directly above the furnaces and, as a
slide in the hopper is pulled, the " charge " is
dropped directly into the flames. The object of
THE FINAL STAGE.
Drawing of! ck> per cent copper
further along and, passing on tlirough the oven,
follow the course of the belt to the oven below,
performing a like service there.
Thus the plows continue their endless jour-
ney from one oven to the other, the concentrates
gradually being deprived of the greater portion
of the sulphur therein contained by virtue of the
inflammable properties of that ingredient and
the absence of such properties in other minerals.
By the time the concentrates have been pushed
through one oven, have dropped into the lower
one and covered the length of that, the sulphur
contained in them has been reduced to about
this process is obvioush' to melt or smelt the
charge, the time taken in so doing ranging from
four to si.x hours, according to its size.
When the charge is thoroughly smelted the
mineral, by reason of its specific gravity, seeks
the bottom, while the waste matter, composed
mostly now of silica and iron, rises to the top.
This waste matter is called " slag," and is skim-
med off into immense pots through holes in the
front of the furnace. The slag pots, when filled,
are lifted by immense electric cranes at the top
of the building, deposited on electric cars and run
to the waste dump. The matter still remaining in
THE RED METAL.
105
the furnace is called " matte." This matte is
drawn off into cast-iron molds or tapped directly
into the converters.
The converter is a huge iron pot, composed of
two half shells. These shells, before using, are
first lined with a deep bed of clay, some thirty
inches in thickness, and are then fastened to-
gether. The crane then carries the converter to
a point adjacent to the reverberatory furnace and
is lowered into a hole sufficiently deep to allow
the molten matter to run into it from the fur-
naces. The converter is now returned to its
proper place beneath an exaggerated funnel-
shaped pipe and compressed air is forced into the
matte. This process is called " blowing."
As the blowing proceeds, the iron combines
with the clay lining, forming a slag, which is
poured off and the blowing continued ; the sul-
phur, combining with the air, causes oxidation,
and, presto, all foreign matter has disappeared
and ninety-nine per cent pure copper remains.
This is run off into molds, the bars being called
copper pigs. These pigs are now too fine in cop-
per to permit of treatment in local works and are
shipped East to the refineries.
As " first-class " ores proceed directly from the
mine to the smelter, the process to which they are
subjected begins with the reverberatory furnace
and their subsequent treatment is identically the
same as the calcines from the
id-class ores.
PUBLISriER'S NOTICE.
In submitting this humble effort, kindly thanks
are publicly due to many who have assisted so
generously in its production.
To August Christian, chief engineer of the
Anaconda properties ; John O'Xeil, superintendent
of the Anaconda, Neversweat and St. Lawrence
mines ; W. C. Thomas, superintendent of the
Butte and Boston smelter, and Thomas Bryant,
superintendent of the Original mine, special ac-
knowledgments are due for having assisted in
securing the most complete collection of mining
and smelting views that, undoubtedly, has ever
been assembled under one cover.
The engravings were made by the Illinois En-
graving Company, of Chicago, whom we believe
to be the peers in their line anywhere.
The paper was furnished by the Dwight Paper
Company, of Chicago, and its high quality speaks
for itself.
The composition, presswork and binding were
performed by The Henry O. Shepard Company,
of Chicago, printers of The Inland Printer, who
require no eulogy from us.
Mr. Samuel Hamilton, of the Elite Studio, in
Butte, has reflected his unquestioned ability as
an artist in the character of the photographs, all
of which are his handiwork.
No effort has been spared to provide a publi-
cation which every Montanian will be proud to
see go beyond the State, and yet keep its selling
price within so nominal a range as to make it a
popular one and within the reach of all.
This publication may be secured from news-
dealers and booksellers for $1.50 per copy, or will
be sent by mail to any address in the United
States or Canada, carefully wrapped, for $1.75.
HARRY C. FREEMAN,
Manager Montana Art View Company.
Butte, Montan.^, V. S. A.
106
BUTTE. MONTANA.
nCNNESSY A\nRCANTILE CO/HPANY.
Hennessy's, the " Biggest, Best and Busiest
Store in Montana,'' is located on the southeast
corner of Main and Granite streets, Butte. It is
a l^rick building with steel framework and stone
The building, in its entirety, was put up in the
most substantial manner possible, and is as near
fireproof as human skill could construct, cost-
ing over $fioo.ooo. It measures 84 by 192 feet, is
HENNESSY BLOCK.
facings. It is an imposing structure, six stories
high. The three upper floors, with the exception
of a few rooms occupied by Hennessy's as store-
rooms and offices, are rented by many of Butte's
leading lawyers, physicians and professional men.
The halls of these floors are covered with inlaid
marble tiling. Fireproof vaults, for the use of
tenants, are built in the solid masonry and occupy
the center of each floor.
thoroughly lighted by electricity, and furnished
with all the modern improvements.
Hennessy's store, about which so much has
been said and written, occupies the three lower
floors and the large, well-lighted basement ex-
tending under the sidewalks of Main and Granite
streets. This store was first opened to the public
on Novcmlicr 21. 1898, but the formal opening
was defcir(.'<l until ^^\>(lI;esdav, I^eccmber 7, some
BUTTE, :M0-\"TAXA.
107
two weeks later, and was recognized as the most
important mercantile event in the history of the
State, marking the transition of Butte from a
so-called mining camp to a metropolitan city.
It engendered confidence in the minds of
Btitte's citizens, who are now rapidh- improving
the city hy the erection of handsome and substan-
tial buildings, in Ijoth the business and residence
portions.
Hennessy's store is the chief attraction in the
city for shoppers from all ])arts of the State, who
can save both time and money by the facilities
furnished for sup-
plying under one
roof everything
that everybody
can need for
their homes or
personal use.
Heavy French
plate-glass win-
dows, framed in
copper, extend
the entire length
and width of the
building on both
the first and sec-
ond floors, fur-
nishing admira-
ble light to the
interiors, and
giving an oppor-
tunity for dis-
playing goods
that no other
store in the State
possesses. These
windows are a
sight in them-
selves. The main
entrance to the store is on Alain
eery department
a good showing in any first-class store in New
^'ork or other large city, and which surpass any
that can be seen in the Xorthwest.
Step to the left and thousands of dollars' worth
of silks, fresh from the looms of h'rance, Switz-
erland and domestic points, fill the shelves, cover
the counters and lend their graceful drapings to
make a display of rich fabrics that can not be
matched in the West.
.\re you wanting an evening gown? There is
a dark-room handy into which you can step to
test th.e efl'ect of electric light upon tints lovely
SILKS AND DRESS
street. The gro-
the rear is entered from Gran-
ite street, and between this and the main portion
of the store is a handsome hallway entrance for
the offices above, reached by electric elevator and
Tennessee marble staircase with solid bronze bal-
ustrades, etc. The main floor of Hennessy's con-
tains the silks and dress goods, domestics, notions,
trimmings, hosiery and gloves, boots and shoes,
men's clothing, men's hats, men's jewelry and
furnishing departments, all of which are as com-
plete in every detail as was possible to make them,
and filled with stocks of goods that would make
DEPARTMENTS, ON MAIN FLOOR.,
bv day and more or less so at night. Everything
new in silks and velvets, imported trimmings and
hand-made laces can be seen for the asking, and
readily transformed in the dressmaking depart-
ment to the richest reception gown that a reign-
ing society belle could desire.
Pass on to the dress goods. Do you want a
French novelty? It's here in a hundred styles.
Pneumatic tubes of polished brass connect the
meat market, grjcery and the several departments
on the secontl and third floors and in the base-
ment with the cashier's desk and wrapping depart-
meiUs in the center of the main floor.
108
BUTTE, MONTANA.
Two passen-
ger elevators and
five fi-eight ele-
vators run b )'
electricity are
taxed to their ut-
most capacity,
for, come when
you may, you
will find this store
crowded and its
three hundred
and more em-
ployes busy at-
tending to the
wants of the
many customers.
We said the
departments
were complete in
every detail.
They are, and
noticeably so.
As you enter
from Main street
you can not help
NOTIONS AND SHOES, ON
K yf"
1 WBw'i -^ ii3
w^^BVf^^Jj
'-'^tR t-4^iE
■HJH^^^L-A^ "t Tt
^-<t'^ ^^ T^^S^
■^P* c^w mB
JF^ Xr^ J^H
{(itnimifM^/mwt/wn. - ''^"^i^^^HMMiniH
MEN'S CLOTHING AND FURNISHINGS DEPARTMENT, ON MAIN FLOOR.
admiring the
rich and highly
polished quarter-
sawed oak coun-
ters, fixtures and
tables, and the
show-cases of
finest plate glass,
showing off to
the best advan-
tage silks, laces,
shoes, shirts or
what not.
Do you ad-
mire the fashion-
able fabrics of
finest wool or
wool and silk for
a tailormade suit?
Here are the lat-
est in Scotch,
Irish and English
tweeds, French
Venetians, broad-
cloths, zibelines,
BUTTE, MONTANA.
109
homespuns, goli
suitings, covert
cloths, camels' -
hair serges,
English diago-
nals, worsteds,
and many otiier
stylish materials
for that com-
fortable cos-
tume. Many a
swell tailormade
garment has
been correctly
f a s h i o n e d in
Hennessy's
dress- making
department this
season. E.xpert
men-tailors
from New York
do the work and
it's the finest.
Are you a
housekeeper?
Then domestics
will have some attraction, for pretty Irish linen
table sets, Barnaby linen towelings, sheetings,
bedspreads, muslins, English, French, Scotch,
imenseh
LADIES' SUIT AND WRAP DEPARTMENT, ON SECOND FLOOR.
California and other flannels are shown in the
greatest variety. Notions, the little things, but
important. The "Reynier" kid
gloves, prizewin-
ners at Paris this
season, the " P.
>S: L." and oth-
ers in kid, silk,
wool and lisle ;
hosiery, plain
and fancy, laces,
such a lot and so
many styles. Isa-
bel C a s s i d y ' s
toilet prepara-
tions, soaps, per-
umery, ribbons,
belts and a mil-
ion articles ol
everyday use are
here.
Boots and
shoes — Banis-
ter's — the best
shoes made for
men, shown in
FURNITURE DEPARTMENT, ON THIRD FLOOR.
110
ll'TTE, ^[^)XTAXA.
sixteen new
styles, and Hen-
nessy's celebra-
ted EEEE (for
ease ). Shoes for
women have
made this de-
partment in-
tensely popular.
There's a style
about the fit and
finish of Hennes-
sy's shoes that's
hard to dupli-
cate, and it shows
up in the heavy
walking as well
as the lightest
shoes for dress.
Here are boys',
misses' and chil-
dren's shoes, rub-
ber goods, min-
ing boots and
shoes and the
celebrated
SH ROOM, ON THIRD FLOOR.
THE ART ROOM, IN BASEMENT BAZAAR.
"Workingman's
Friend" and
' ' Never Sweat ' '
shoes, so well
and favorably
known through-
out Montana.
The south side
of the main floor
is devoted to
men's goods, the
furnishings de-
partment, with
its long row of
plate-glass show-
cases, filled with
shirts, neckwear,
jewelry, etc. , is
particularly a t -
tracti\e. Exam-
ine the men's
clothing. Such
an assortment of
rich styles in suits
and overcoats,
such a stock ol
BUTTE, M(3XTANA.
11
serviceable garments for business and working-
men you will not find elsewhere. The world's
leading makes in underwear, hosiery, gloves,
shirts and neckwear have a showing here that
can not be duplicated, for here is done the biggest
business in Butte. Kno.x liats and other well-
known makes are shown in tlie latest shapes
and tints.
The second floor contains everything for
women and children and more too. Ready-to-
wear costumes, tailor suits, dress skirts, tailor-
made skirts, golf suits, silk petticoats, dress and
shirt waists, cor-
sets, underwear,
boys' clothing
and furnishings,
jackets, capes,
coats, furs, all
are here, as also
are the millinery,
dressmaking,
stationery and
men's tailoring
departments.
Each is the best
that money can
buy or skill pro-
duce.
Then the third
floor, covering a
space of o v c r
16,000 square
feet, devoted to
furniture, carpets
and draperies.
On this floor are
sample pieces of
furniture, h u n -
dreds of chairs,
tables and other things, and no two are alike.
Immense warehouses down town hold the
stock of furniture of which these pieces are but
the samples. Hennessy's is the largest, richest,
handsomest and best stock of furniture in Mon-
tana, and the biggest business in that line is done
at Hennessy's.
When you have looked through the lines of
carpets you will have noticed the richest Axmin-
sters, Wiltons, moquettes and body brussels,
and the lower-priced tapestries, ingrains and
mattings. Here are lovely rugs from the mills of
Pennsylvania and New York, and gems of orien-
tal beauty from the hand looms of antiquity,
shown in the Moorish room, with teak-wood
stands, battle-axes, cushions and other requisites
for cozy corners and home comforts generally.
Hennessy's are house furnishers in the truest
sense of the word. Compare the work on draper-
ies, the fit of carpets or anything else with what
has been done by others, and every time you will
find Hennessy's the best.
Don't miss that art room in the basement ba-
zaar! It's a gem, ftill of gems in cut-glass, fancy
china, pretty bric-a-brac, graceful statuary, lovely
CROCKERY DEPARTMENT
lamps. pedestals, vases, tea and coffee sets, chafing-
dishes, five o'clock teas and odd pieces of every-
thing from everywhere. It seems to be the
ideal spot in which to select a Christmas
present. New Year's gift, something to beau-
tify your own home or that of a bride about
to establisli one. Arranged on tables and
shelves that meet the eye as you enter this
section are china and crockery, glassware,
stoves, heaters, toilet sets, dinner sets, hardware
and the thousand and one big things and little
things in house furnishings that every woman
wants.
112
BUTTE. MOXTAXA.
Then if something really good to eat and drink
is wanted, there's no place like Hennessy's gro-
cery for supplying that want. Most of Butte
people appreciate this, if one can judge by the
number of teams which deliver the goods to all
parts of the city.
If you are a resident of Butte you can appre-
ciate the advantages of dealing at Hennessy's,
where goods are marked in plain figures, and
twenty stores with the largest and best stocks
in their line, valued at over half a million dol-
lars, are under one roof, and so displayed as to
make selections an easy task.
If you live in another part of Montana send in
your order by mail. It will be filled promptly and
carefully, and you will be given the advantages
of low prices, of new and dependable goods at the
Biggest, Best and Busiest Store in Butte.
KENNEDY PURNITURE COHPANY.
The Kennedy Furniture Company is one of
the large commercial establishments of the city.
It occupies the entire four floors of its retail store
on West Broadway, and in addition has an im-
mense warehouse. Both of these buildings are
crowded with the most complete line of furni-
ture to be found, probably, in the Northwest.
Not only do the lines of goods carried contem-
plate the more necessary articles of furniture
ordinarily carried by smaller dealers, but extend
into every branch of house-furnishing. So com-
plete are these numberless departments that any
person in any walk of life, from the wage-earner
to the merchant, the bank-owner and the million-
aire, can supply every want in the furnishing of
his home, his office or store with the most minute
article which could possibly suggest itself to his
mind.
The Kennedy Furniture Company was organ-
ized on the ruins of the old Northwestern Furni-
ture Company, in 1894. To the fine line of goods
carried by this firm, consisting of stoves, ranges,
crockery, bedding, etc., was added everything
that possibly could be desired, until in a short
time it occupied the position which it now enjoys
— that of the leading furniture house in the
Northwest.
One of the leading features of the stock car-
ried by the Kennedy Furniture Company is its
enormous line of carpets, rugs and tapestries,
which equals any display that can be found any-
where, not excepting the large establishments of
the East.
The motto of the firm, adopted at its birth,
" The best goods, at the lowest possible prices,
with fair, courteous treatment to all," has been
so religiouslv observed bv this concern that it
MEDY FURNITURE COMPANY
BUTTE, MONTANA.
113
CARPET, RUG AND TAPESTRY DEPARTMENT
CHAIR DEPARTMENT.
114
BUTTE. :M0XTAXA.
has gained the widest of reputations throughout
the State for fair treatment, its trade extending
to the farthest confines of Montana.
Responsibility is assumed for the statement
that no better satisfaction can be secured any-
where in the Northwest, or even by going to the
extreme East, than can be secured at this institu-
tion, and the people of Montana are learning that
they can safely entrust their orders by mail to
the Kenned}' Eurniture Company and have them
filled, in cases where more limited stocks of home
concerns are inadequate, quite as satisfactorily as
if permitted to deal personally with the ordinary
dealer.
BUTTE BREWERY.
Elsewhere has been shown the advantages to
be gained by coming to the base of production of
raw materials, both of mining, agriculture and
sheep and cattle raising, for which Montana is
growing famous. While a plea has been made
for a larger activity in this direction, it should
not be assumed that a start has not been made.
On the contrary, many manufacturing institutions
have been quick to see the benefits presented and
are today receiving a rich reward for their far-
sightedness.
In no instance is this more true than of the
Thitte Brewery. While an old landmark of the
city, its life as an expanding institution is of
recent birth. .-Mthough the raw materials used
are not Butte productions they are among the
many produced throughout the State, and in the
large success attained by this institution lies a
pungent mora! which others might well consider.
The brewery was originally established by
Henry Muntzer, in the year 1885, on Wyoming
street, between (h-anite and Quartz, within a
block of the busiest portion of the city. Eor
many years Muntzer"s beer enjoyed the highest
local reputation, but it remained for the advent
of Mr. J. V. Collins, as the head of the institu-
tion, to take its name and the excellence of its
product beyond the city's confines and into the
furthermost portions of the State.
Realizing the great future of Butte and the
grand opportunity presented for greatly increas-
ing the output of the plant, Mr. Collins, about a
year ago, purchased the plant outright and imme-
diately set about enlarging its capacity with the
idea of making it the largest and most represen-
tative brewery in the State. That he is meeting
a full measure of his anticipations is eloquently
evidenced by the constant increase of output, and
with the changes continually lieing inaugurated
llic time is not far distant when his most san-
guine ideas will have been realized. Experts
claim that the product now equals, if it does not
excel, any foreign article, and the logic of such
a claim is not far to seek.
All materials used in the making of the Butte
Brewery's beer are grown either in Montana or
the Pacific States — the barley in the former and
the hops in the latter — and the fact that the
largest brewers of the United States, as well as
those of Germany, are exerting every effort to
secure the entire products of these sections as the
liest of their kind in the world, speaks with elo-
quent emphasis of their superior qualities.
A fact which but few beer drinkers know is
that, before l)eer can be shipped for great dis-
tances and sulijected to severe handling and con-
stantly cjiangin;^- temperatures, it is necessary to
fortify it liy tin- use of unsanitary drugs, else it
would be undrinkalile at its destination. Equipped
as the Butte Brewery is with the latest machinery
and employing ])recisely the same methods as the
large foreign brewers, it becomes immediately
apparent wliy the alcove referred to claims are
unanswerably true, it being palpable that the
necessity for the use of drugs in this brewery's
]iroduct is entirely eliminated. By virtue of its
proximity to its field of distril^ution, it is possible
to draw it from the cellars to the kegs and for it
to be consumed in the same day, thus obviating
its subjection to abnormal temperature changes.
These facts alone should be sufficient to show the
unjirejudiced the fallacy of crying for Eastern
beer.
Mr. Collins, the president of the company, is
an old-time Montanian, having come to Butte in
the spring of 1884. He was for many years the
manager for H. L. Frank, and for the past six
years has conducted a wholesale liquor store and
the Pabst beer agency in Anaconda. By virtue
of his extended experience. Mr. Collins is thor-
BUTTE, AIOXTAXA.
115
oughly equipped tv handle the financial and busi-
ness affairs of the concern, and in the technical
details of brewing; he is most ably advised and
assisted by Mr. E. W. Walsh, a thorough gen-
tleman and an experienced brewer, who serves
as secretary-treasurer of the concern, and of
whom the trade sa}s he is second to none.
Immediately upon his assumption of the con-
trol of the ])lant, 'Sir. Collins set about him to
reconstruct, tear down, build up and increase in
Plans have been drawn up to entirely rehabilitate
the old structure, which the next year will see
coniiileted, and in the place of the old will be
found an apparently new ins'.itntion, more mod-
ern, more scientifically constructed and with its
capacity more than doubled.
First, there will be a new brewhouse, with a
capacity of 125 barrels a day. This, of course,
means an entirely new brew outfit throughdut,
the present one being wholly inadequate to meet
BUTTE BREWERY.
every way the possibilities of the brewery, to the
end that the highest quality of beer might be pro-
duced. His efforts were not long without re-
ward, for from the very beginning of his control
the output of the plant has steadily increased,
and the fame of the product has worked its way
over the entire State, until the institution was
taxed to its utmost to meet the demand.
Anticipating some time ago the trend of the
new conditions, Mr. Collins foresaw what this
all meant and set about to meet the situation.
even the present demands, to say nothing of the
growing ones of the future. New cellars, nat-
nrallv. must follow to meet these new conditions,
and such additions contemplate a capacity twice
3s great as those at present in use. A malthouse,
too. is on the list of improvements, and its new
capacity will approximate about 10.000 pounds
per da\-. In fact, an entirel}' new brewery will
have taken the place of the old before the year
has rolled around, as large, complete and up to
date as anv in the State, if not more so.
Malt room
Brew kulll
Fcrmcntini; r.
Mash tub.
Cellar, showing chiii casks
FEW DEPARTMENTS OF THE BUTTE BREWERY.
BUTTE, iM(.)NTAi\'A.
The watchword of the brewery management,
as it has been since taking up tlie reins of control,
will be the best brewery in the country and the
completest plant, conducted upon honest, upright
methods, and, with the combination of brains
and business sagacity at its head, it is safe to
say that when time has a little further elapsed, it
will become manifest to all that the half has
never yet been told in point of prophecy concern-
ing its fu'.urc.
THE GREATEST TRANS-CONTINENTAL RAILROAD.
As elsewhere shown, liutte is adequately sup-
plied with railroads. There is one among them,
however, easily occupying the place of prestige,
and not only Butte, but all Montana, is in accord
in yielding that prestige to the Northern Pacific
Railway. While neither terminal of that svstem
is found within the State, it nevertheless is the
most distinctively Montana railroad entering the
city of Butte or tapping the most resourceful sec-
tions of the State. Following closely the growth
of the great Xorthwest, from the time its rails
first connected the Great Lakes with the Pacific
coast, today finds it one of the completest railway
systems in the Ignited States.
Starting from St. Paul, it taps the best agricul-
tural sections of Minnesota and North Dakota,
has an absolute monopuh' b\" the time Montana is
reached, by exclusive!}' touching nearly every
desirable portion of the State, and, on to Port-
land, Seattle and Tacoma, runs through the more
thickly settled sections, giving the traveler a bet-
ter idea of the resources of the country traversed
than can be secured by any other route across the
country.
Its equipment is new and bright ; its roadbed,
gradually straightened by constant labor, presents
none of the sharp curves of a few years ago, and
except where contour of river, valley or moun-
tain makes it impossible, pursues an air-line course
for miles and miles. Its rails, too, have increased
in weight and the rolling stock glides over them
so easilv as to entirely obviate the nerve-racking,
bodv-tiring jerks so common to many so-called
railroads of the first class.
Science in railroad Iniilding has even gone fur-
ther. Where once existed many trestles, now is
found a roadbed and gracefully sloping bank
identical with the remainder of the road. In
all cases where the trestle was advantageously
placed, immense hydraulic apparatus was set in
operation on the higher side of a gorge and a
large portion of the mountain washed away, the
earth being carried by the force of the water to
the deeper levels of the gorge. Here it settled
into all the nooks and corners and, accumulating,
gradually buried the trestle beneath it until the
last beam had been covered, and a lied, as firm
as any that nature had built, rested beneath the
rails. In scores of instances new wooden tres-
tles have first been erected only to be thus buried
beneath their load of earth, the result being that
no railroad in the country todav boasts of a more
secure roadbed, more free from danger of fire
or washout, than is the Northern Pacific road.
Not only is its line the only trans-continental
line entering directly into the city of Butte, but
it is also the only one enjoying that distinction
in nearly every one of the remaining prominent
cities of Montana. Anaconda, the great smelter
city : Helena, the capital : ]\Iissoula. in the heart
of the noted Bitter Root valley ; Bozeman, the
metropolis of the Gallatin valley, famous for its
wonderful bar]e\- : Li\ingston, the gateway to
the matchless ^\H( .w >t(>ne Park, and Billings and
(jlendive, from whence are shipped the cattle and
sheep whose delicious qualities have given Mon-
tana an enviable reputation as a great stock coun-
try : all these, running midway across the State
and adjacent to every great industry of Montana,
know the Northern Pacific as their greatest rail-
road, in most cases enjoying the presence of no
other — nor seeking it.
Recently there has been added to the equipment
of the system the last feature necessary to destroy
whatever distinction might have existed between
the Northern Pacific and its great Eastern con-
temporaries — the Pennsylvania and the New
York Central systems. This feature consisted of
the latest innovation in railroad comfort — the
Observation car — and made of the " North
Coast Limited " the most magnificent trans-con-
tinental express rumiing between the East and
the \\'est over any line. A more complete and
detailed description of this great railway achieve-
118
BUTTE, MONTANA.
ment should lie included in a description of the
train as a whole.
Something that will please the overland trav-
eler as a happy improvement over previous con-
ditions is the elimination of frequent stops at
unimportant points. For hours at a time this
wonderful train pounds across the country, over
mountain and \alley alike, past village after vil-
lage, without so much as a slackening of speed,
drawn by powerful engines, and the impression
at the conclusion of a journey covering thousands
experienced. Whatever the cause mav be is not
known, but the effect is a most pronounced and
acceptable innovation. It, for the first time,
loaned realism to the comforts manifestly in-
tended by the originators of " palace cars." and
without which one so often wishes he had re-
mained at home.
If possible, the sleeping car is an improvement.
The seats seem more designed for comfort — a
curve here for the ease of the arm or hand, a
cushion there for cheek or head prolongs the time
NORTH COAST
of miles is that not over half a dozen stops could
possibly have been made. Another improvement,
heretofore commonly reserved for the millennium,
is. by way of an aside, the entire and total absei.ce
of courteous treatment " for revenue only " upon
the part of attendants, the writer for the first time
in a dozen or more similar journeys feeling free
to command the services of respective attaches
at will without the spur of financial consideration.
Tn not a single instance was service rendered in
any spirit other tiian that the attendant was pres-
ent to minister to the comforts of the traveler,
and the feeling that the more desirable comforts
were reser\ed for the lew was in no instance
before bodily aches common to long journeys
present themselves, and the journev, presto, is
over before the ache is located. The smoothness
and air line directness of the roadbed, too, lends
its beneficial eft'ects to architectural comforts and
accounts largely, no doubt, for this result.
Electricity has forced its usefulness upon the
comforts encountered elsewhere and, besides the
brilliant rays shed from the many chandeliers
running the length of the train, each berth is sup-
l)lied with a bulb at either end. The necessity
which heretofore compelled the traveler to lay
aside his novel and disrobe amid impenetrable
darkness at the l)idding of the all-mighty porter
BUTTE, MONTAXA.
119
has gone the way of other early inconveniences
and the traveler for the first time experiences the
delights of " reading himself to sleep " aboard
train. No noise of hilarity nor the fumes of foul
tobacco now find their way to the ear or nostril of
the would-be sleeper to disturb his slumbers. The
smoking-room, formerly used for cards, conver-
sation and smoking at the far end of the sleep-
ing car, could be entirely dispensed with now so
far as its use for any of the purposes originally
intended are concerned. This is due to the pres-
ence upon the same train of an innovation so
much more commodious, comfortable and sani-
tary as to make the once indispensable smoking-
room a thing to be avoided, if only by contrast.
This innovation is the previously mentioned
observation car, which is attached to the rear
end of the tram, immediately next to the sleeping
cars. This car is more, by far, than its name
implies. It is a combination of
everything that can lend bodily
or mental comfort to the travelei
If he would play cards, two com
modious rooms, each electric
lighted, containing a half-dozen
wicker chairs movable at
which, in turn, surround a regu
lation card table, are provided
for this exclusive purpose. \
of comfort rarely encountered upon a train in any
portion of the country and the first to be seen on
a Western road. Before him lies a complete bar-
ber shop, presided over by the best of artists in
his line and e(|uipped with great lockers of snowy
PALACE SLEEPING CAR, ELECTRIC LIGHTED.
TOURIST SLEEPING CAR.
complete Iniffet, attended by a willing porter,
adjoins these rooms, and solid or liquid refresh-
ments are promptly to be had at any hour of the
day and part of the night.
A corridor leading from the train end of this
car passes these card rooms and, continuing,
brings the traveler upon a scene and a suggestion
every instrument and convenience
jniniiin to a first-class city shop. By a
se through the open door to the left of the
shop one experiences a still further sensation
and promise of comforts to come in the pres-
ence of the neatest of little bathrooms,
equipped, as is the shop, with everything pos-
sil)le to make it complete — perfect seclusion,
electric lights, hot and cold water, brushes, show-
ers, the whitest of linen and perfect ventilation.
Surely the question of comfort seems to have been
exhausted.
Proceeding along the corridor, however,
toward the rear, the traveler finds that others
120
BUTTE, MONTANA.
more thoughtful than himself have studied out
this question. As the corridor takes a graceful
turn, he sees before him the embodiment of suffi-
cient aids to comfort to fill three ordinary cars.
Coming as he does into the center of the car, he
finds himself in the coziest of little libraries.
Here is a bookcase filled with all the latest maga-
zines bound in soft leather covers, together with
every conceivable literary work adapted to train
reading, capable of being picked up or laid down
at the will of the reader and as diversion demands.
A delightfully appointed desk is a part of the
library, which fills a long-felt necessity, and here
the traveler finds it possible to write in comfort
with everything at his fingers' ends necessary to
do so, with the ease and facility enjoyed^Mn his
home or office. A mail box, even, is provided,
from which the mail is taken and attended to by
the omnipresent porter.
Passing from the library, the traveler encoun-
ters stationary seats, upholstered in a rich mate-
rial of soft green hue in harmony with the general
coloring of the interior of the whole car. Beyond
these stationary seats one emerges into a parlor
as exquisitely appointed as those of the modern
hotel. Soft Wilton rugs cover the fioors, and
large, inviting wicker chairs, of different sizes
and shapes, upholstered in harmonious colors, are
distributed the length of the room and are reve-
lations of comfort. The windows — huge plate
glass allairs some four feet square — are hung
with shades to match and permit of an easy and
advantageous indoor observation of the fleeing
landscape not enjoyed from the ordinary car
window.
But the greatest feature of all remains. Be-
yond the parlor and through the rear door of the
car is the observation platform. For a space of
about seven feet beyond the door and the width of
the car the floor is extended, and from either
side around the outer edge a high brass railing
of artistic design is run. The platform floor is
covered with some ornamental material resem-
bling tiling or marble, an electric light is sus-
pended from an arched dome above and folding
camp chairs are numerously provided. Here,
removed from smoke and dust, with the land-
scape running away from either side of the car,
one sits for hours enjoying the delicious air, the
sunshine, the ever changing scenes, quietly smok-
ing his cigar or pipe, reading his novel or en-
gaged in conversation, or, totally absorbed in the
very charm presented, remaining perfectly silent
and drinking this new cup of happiness to the
full. Plainly the " sleeping" car has acquired a
new significance in that; henceforth, it will be
known and used as the " bed chamber " of a now
complete train.
With the refreshing sleep to be obtained from
the improved accommodations and the absence of
objectionable features noted in the sleeping car,
and the invigorated condition created by the
diversified comforts of the observation car, comes
the increased appetite. One hesitates in noting
improvement in the dining cars, for time out of
mind the fare spread before the traveler on this
road has far surpassed the most extravagant ex-
pectations, and but little room for improvement
existed. One feature most acceptable is the serving
of breakfast and luncheon a la carte, enabling the
traveler to satisfy his needs at an expense in pro-
portion to them, orders costing as little as 25
cents being served in the same first-class manner
as the highest-priced meals. Constantly revolv-
ing electric fans cool the car and keep it at a
refreshing temperature, while fresh flowers adorn
the various tables. Here, as elsewhere in the car,
that remarkable something has been at work, elim-
inating the " courtesy for revenue only " feature
of the service and one finds himself as carefully
looked after as if attended by his personal man-
servant.
Another feature, although of long standing, is
the tourist sleeping car. A potent deterrent to
overland travel in the present day is more largely
due to ignorance concerning the reasonableness
with which such journeys can be made than, per-
haps, any other one cause. For the purpose of
carrying large families, homeseekers of modest
means, etc., at a much more reasonable figure than
travel by regular Pullman service entails, the
Northern Pacific has introduced a rate to espe-
cially meet these conditions. For the benefit of
persons so traveling, exact counterparts of the
Pullman sleeping cars are included in the train,
the only difference being that the former are fin-
ished in fine furniture leather rather than in softer
draperies. A Pullman porter presides over the car
exclusively and, to the slightest detail, every nec-
essary comfort enjoyed in the more expensive
Pullman is here present. The berths are pre-
pared by the porter and the whitest of linen is
furnished. Travelers by this car enjoy the privi-
leges of the Pullman dining car, and the only
difference between the two methods of travel is
the reduced rail and sleeping-car fares.
BUTTE, AIOXTANA.
121
A first-class day coach is also run upon this
train as well as the recjulation sniokingf haa;sfage
ELECTRIC LIGHTED DINING CARS.
and mail cars and, from end to end, the train is
probably as complete, comfortable and delightful
as any train running in the United States today,
and by far and away is this true as concerns any
train crossing the continent.
What the home presents and not found here is
a humane omission, fraught with worry and care
and not conducive to a pleasure journey; while
everything that lends comfort to the body, pleas-
ure to the inner man, rest and quiet to the dis-
tracted mind and food to the very soul are
here all present, and the traveler arrives at the
journey's end, whether it be Seattle or St. Paul.
rested and invigorated, hardly realizing that
thousands of miles have been stretched between
himself and his starting-point.
CMICAGO GREAT WESTERN.
THE LEADING EASTERN LINE.
Following is an illustrated description of the
" Great Western Limited," the evening express
from St. Paul to Chicago over the Chicago Great
Western, which connects with the North Coast
Limited at the former city. This train is run
over the line of the Chicago Great Western Rail-
way and has a peculiar interest to Alontana read-
ers in general and those of Butte in particular,
in that this line has a general agency at 15 West
Broadway, in Butte, and is therefore a part of
Butte's institutions.
To the traveler whose journey's end lies be-
yond the eastern terminal of the Northern Pacific
at St. Paul, is presented the new question of a
route to his destination. With a mind quickened
with the knowledge of the good things in rail-
road travel but recently enjoyed on the elegant
North Coast Limited, and a lingering relish for
their continued enjoyment, the question's solution
is freighted with no little need for consideration.
Five hours of waiting and an all night's ride to
Chicago confront him in whatever direction he
turns. What an acceptable five hours for recrea-
tion and a general stretching of limbs and mus-
cles preparatory to the continuation of the jour-
ney, free from all thought concerning this mo-
mentous question, provided its solution is reached
in advance. If the experiences of another, like-
wise situated and keenly anxious to thus employ
these hours, aids in anv way the solution of this
question for the traveler, the purpose of this arti-
cle will have been happily realized.
Arriving in St. Paul at three o'clock in the af-
ternoon, the shadows of night will long have fal-
len before the time of departure eastward. The
journey then resolves itself not into one of sight-
seeing, but rather presents the question of how
best to spend the evening, to secure a refreshing
sleep and obtain an enjoyable morning meal be-
fore leaving the train in Chicago. If this be the end
sought as the happiest solution, then full respon-
sibility is assumed for the statement that nowhere
can this consummation be attained so completely
as by continuing the journey over the evening
train of the Chicago Great Western line.
Here are found two complete innovations —
an elegantly appointed
buflfet car for gentle-
men, and a perfect
revelation of a com-
partment car — with
a free chair car to
supplement the day
coach of the North
Coast Limited. The
compartment car is a
novelty in palace-car
construction. It could
be likened to a living
floor of a modern
122
BUTTE, .MONTANA.
hotel. A corridor runs its entire length, flanked
upon one side by a series of staterooms or com-
partments, each complete within itself and capa-
ble, like a hotel room, of being entirely shut off
from all other parts of the car or thrown together
en suite. Doors connect each stateroom, not only
with the main corridor, but open upon either side
into the adjoining compartment through heavily
mirrored doors. These doors in all instances,
however, may be locked at the will of the trav-
eler, or a number of compartments may be thrown
together for the accommodation of many mem-
bers of a family or a large jiarty traveling
together.
The initiated traveler will find in these com-
partments the embodiment of every essential of
the drawing-room of the regulation sleeper, with
toilet, hot and cold water for bathing purposes,
ice-cfild drinlcinq; water, mirrors, ample floor
nm.yv |- ^\
^
If
L*^*'
f"
lii^
?■
space for convenient disroliing or dressing, inde-
pendent of the berth, and the delightful privacy
which the drawing-room permits. The traveler
whii prnPits b\- the well-intended suggestion here
offered will have his confidence rewarded within
the first five minutes' investigation of this most
ideal departure in car building, and will have
nothing but words of praise for the one responsi-
ble for the suggestion.
Safely ensconced in his quarters, privilege is
afforded him to leisurely arrange his luggage to
suit no one's convenience but his own, to remove
the effects of dust and heat acquired by his rec-
reation between trains by a dip in his private
washbowl, to dress his hair and don fresh linen
and a more comfortable coat and hat, and, if so
moved, to light a good cigar without fear of
restraint from his neighbors. For he is absolutely
alone and is controlled by nothing save his own
wishes and his own comforts. A four-burner
gas chandelier is provided in each compartment
and a pleasant hour or two may he devoted to
uninterrupted reading with all the comfort of the
traveler's own parlor if he so wills. If, perchance,
the inner man presents sufficient argument to
entitle him to consideration, the traveler may pass
through the train and into the buffet car, where
an obliging waiter will quickly furnish him with
a most appetizing lunch of cold or potted meats.
sandwiches and relishes of all kinds. Liquid
refreshments of the sparkling kind or the more
domestic cup of coffee may also be had for the
asking, all of which may either be served at an
individual table in the adjoining lounging and
reading room or in his private compartment.
If accompanied by his wife he may even secure
all of this by the slightest pressure of a bell at the
side of his seat in the compartment car, whereat
nn accommodating porter will do the rest. If he
elects to enjoy his lunch in the lounging room of
the buffet car, long before its discussion is com-
iileted he has become so enamored of the home-
BUTTE. MOXTAXA.
128
like atmospliere everywhere surrounding him,
that it is a safe guess that he will remain and read
until too sleepy to do so longer.
Few metropolitan cluhs furnish a more
delightful corner than does this lihrary-
buffet car in which to while away the
hours of an evening, smoking, reading
or chatting.
For those who so
desire, of course,
the regulation Pull-
man sleeper is at
their disposal on this train
and is as complete and com-
fortable as those the traveler
enjoyed on the North Coast
Limited. On this line, also,
the roadbed has been
brought to the highest degree
of perfection, and the sleep
enjoyed by the traveler in consequence thereof is
as refreshing as any strange bed permits, and
with the coming of the morning he is profoundly
conscious of an ability to eat the better portion
of a Afontana beef. If anything is needed to give
zest to his appetite, it is supplied in the excellence
of the fare itself. After its full discussion the
traveler, again finding his way to the Ijuffet car
enjL
loke.
his morning paper and after-breakfast
fully prepared to agree that no trip of
I and priv
i .#fr/..J
a similar character was ever so pleasantly spent;
and, as he alights at the magnificent Grand Cen-
tral station in Chicago,
the Chicago terminal of
the Chicago Great West-
ern, an hour later, con-
scious of having spent
less than $4 for all the
privileges enjoyed, he at
least promises himself a
repetition of the same in
the near future.
DALY, DONAMOE & /AOYER
Bankers
BUTTE, MONTANA
MANAGER'S OFFICE
Safe deposit
boxes for rent
at reasonable
rates.
A cordial
invitation is
extended to the
public to
inspect our
new offices
and vaults.
A general banking business trans-
acted in all its branches.
Accounts of firms, individuals and
corporations solicited.
Loans made on collateral and to
customers whose business war-
rants such accommodations.
Certificates of deposit, payable on
demand, issued for small as
well as large amounts.
Drafts drawn on all the leading
cities in the United States,
Europe and the Orient.
INTERIOR VIEW OF BANK.
Cbe mortbington Pump
ooooooo
THE cut herewith shown gfivcs an excellent idea of the above named pump. It is one
an endless line of like machines made for every purpose and of every size and capacity.
This pump is located at the 1,100 level of the original mine, Butte, Montana, and
is pumping 200 gallons of water per minute against a vertical head of t,050 feet. It is
one of the features of deep mining. Too much attention can not be paid to having
reliable machinery for this work, as a stoppage of the pumps would mean a loss of
thousands of dollars as well as jeopardizing the safety of the mine and miners.
This type of an engine is accepted and used in Butte mines generally as repre-
senting the highest degree of economy and durability.
The water end is made entirely of phosphor-bronze, which makes the first cost of such an
engine much larger than those of inferior qualities. The extreme long life of this pump, as well as
all others manufactured by HENRY R. WORTHINGTON, which this superior material assures,
more than compensates for first cost in a total absence of supplementary costs which are bound to
attend an inferior grade. The saving in fuel alone over the regular compound condensing engine
is very great, while the machine is so simple that it requires no more expensive labor in its care.
Pumps of this kind can be built for any service and contracts made with guarantee of duty.
The accompanying cut is significant in that it shows that the Worthington Pump is one that
gets outside of the warehouse and into active use in the largest fields, where absolutely perfect
results are required.
Carlisle Mason, at No. IJO North Wyoming Street, is the Butte Sales Manager for HENRY
R. WORTHINGTON, the manufacturer of the Worthington Pump. The Home Office is in
New York City, while Branch Offices are located at Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, Cleve-
land, Detroit, Atlanta, Pittsburg and New Orleans.
ESTABLISHED JU
Montana Music Co.
119 North Main St., BUTTE, MONTANA,
CARRY THE LARGEST
STOCK OF
MUSICAL GOODS
IN
MONTANy
A. B. CHASE, STECK, BALDWIN,
VOSE, CROWN, ELLINGTON,
SMITH & BARNES AND HOWARD
PIANOS
CROWN, ESTEY AND OD/^ A MC
CHICAGO COTTAGE VJIvVj/\l.> O
AGENTS FOR THE ANGELUS PIANO PLAYER.
Stock of Sheet Music, Instruction Boolis,
Guitars, Violins, Mandolins, Banjos, Zithers,
Music Boxes, etc., very complete.
CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION.
E,
9
V-r-
^^^.4
mm
m
m
1
pH
^^^^^^^■Hx^'
9
am--
******
MONTANA MUSIC CO
SALESROOM, MONTANA MUSIC CO.
J, ROSS CLARK, President.
ALEX. J. JOHNSTON, Vice-President.
W. B. HAMILTON, Secretary and Treasurer
E. H, RENISCH, Manager.
Montana Hardware Company
216-218 North Main Street, BUTTE, MONTANA
DEALERS I\
Hardware, Mining and Milling Supplies
WE ARE AGENTS FOR THE
Knowles Steam and Electric
Pumps and Repairs,
Revere Rubber Go's Belts,
Hose and Packing,
Magnolia Metal, King
Governors, Oil Gity Boiler
Works' Boilers and Engines,
Schneider Gandles,
Miller-Monitor Ranges,
Broderick & Bascom
Wire Rope.
etc
We carry a full
line of Mining and
Milling Supplies,
Engines, Boilers,
Iron Pipe and
Fittings of all
kinds, Iron, Steel,
Drill and Tool
Steel, etc.
Also a full line of
Builders' and
Shelf Hardware,
Macfiinists' and
Carpenters' Tools
MONTANA HARDWARE CO. RETAIL
WHOLESALE.
gorrespondence
soligited
BUTTE, MONTANA
DANDRUFF IS A GERM DISEASE
Dandruff
Means
Itching Scalp ;
Thin, Brittle and
Falling Hair ; and,
Finally, Baldness.
Without Dandruff,
There'd be
No Falling Hair,
No Baldness ;
And Hair
Would Grow
Luxuriantly.
" Destroy the
Cause, You
Remove the
Effect."
a
Use
Herpicide."
n
Dandruff is
Germ Disease
fU^idxg^'^,
r.
Herpicide," $1.00
At All Druggists
,ri
L^
d
771
You'll Have
Dandruff
All Your Life,
Unless You
Kill the
Dandruff Germ.
You Can't
Do that Unless
You Use
Newbro's
"Herpicide,"
The Only Hair
Preparation
That Actually
Does Kill the
Dandruff Germ.
Allays Itching.
Makes Hair
Soft as Silk.
Open Library
